ODORS AND AIR POLLUTION:
      A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
        i
•Ml
J
       U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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    ODORS  AND AIR POLLUTION:

A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
                   Air Pollution Technical
                    Information Center
            ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                  Office of Air Programs
             Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
                    October 1972

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The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the Informa-
tional  Services Division  of the  Office of Administration  for  the  Office  of Air Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, to report the results of scientific and engineering studies ,
and information of general  interest in the field of air pollution.   Information reported  in
this series  includes  coverage  of intramural  activities  and of  cooperative studies con-
ducted  in conjunction with state  and local agencies,  research institutes,  and industrial
organizations.  Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to Federal employees,
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the Air Pollution Technical Information Center,  Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle  Park,  North Carolina 27711 or for the cost  indicated  on the title page from the
Superintendent of Documents.
                      Office of Air Programs Publication No.  AP-113
                      For sole by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

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                                    CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION	    V
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
     A.  Emission Sources	    1
     B.  Control Methods	   41
     C.  Measurement Methods	129
     D.  Air Quality Measurements	166
     E.  Atmospheric Interaction	178
     F.  Basic Science and Technology	180
                                •
     G.  Effects  - Human Health	186
     H.  Effects  - Plants and Livestock	192
      I.  Effects  - Materials	193
      J.  Effects  - Economic	194
     K.  Standards and Criteria	195
     L.  Legal and Administrative	199
     M.  Social Aspects	215
     N.  General	219
AUTHOR INDEX	221
SUBJECT INDEX	227
                                          111

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                ODORS AND AIR  POLLUTION:
           A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  WITH ABSTRACTS

                               INTRODUCTION
     The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air Programs
has selected and compiled this bibliography of abstracts on odors.  The abstracted docu-
ments are thought to be representative of available literature,  and no claim is made to all-
inclusiveness.

     The abstracts are arranged  within the categories listed in the Contents. Within each
category,  they are arranged in ascending order by APTIC accession number.  Generally,
higher  numbers, representing later accessions,  have been assigned to more recent docu-
ments.  Subject and author indexes  refer to the abstracts by category letter  and accession
number.  The author index lists all authors individually. Primary authorship is  indicated
by an asterisk (*).

     All documents abstracted herein are  currently  on file at the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711. Readers outside the Environmental Protection Agency may seek duplicates
of the documents directly from libraries, publishers, or authors.

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                                A.   EMISSION  SOURCES
00393
A. T. Rossano, Jr. and R. R. Ott
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN  ODOR AND  PARTICU-
LATE MATTER IN DIESEL EXHAUST.  Preprint. (Presented
at the Annual Meeting Pacific Northwest International Section
of the Air Pollution Control Association, Portland, Ore., Nov.
5-6,  1964.)
The  odor emanating from diesel engine exhaust has become a
more prominent nuisance within recent  years. Past studies
have been primarily based upon investigations of the chemical
constituents in  diesel exhaust.  In  this  study,  a  thermal
precipitator was used to collect the diesel soot. The use of this
particular device prevented abnormal contact between the par-
ticulate and vapors or gas present in the diesel exhaust. 'Olfac-
tometers' were used before and after soot collection to deter-
mine subjectively the intensity of odor in the diesel exhaust
stream with and without the presence of the soot  particles.
The  results of this investigation showed a significant reduction
of the odor-causing substance through  proper removal of the
diesel exhaust  soot particulates. Other  correlative  findings
strongly suggest that the diesel exhaust soot is  indeed the
odor-carrier causing the electron microscopy studies showed
that  the soot particles  were essentially  nonuniformly dis-
tributed agglomerates of  one micron  diamter or less, in size.
The  basic elemental spheres  forming the  agglomerates were
found to be approximately  400-500  Angstroms in diameter.
Literature studies appear to support the premise that particles
of this  type can be effective carriers of gases and vapor.
(Author)

00402
Horton, R. J. M. and R. O. McCaldin
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF
IRAZU VOLCANO, COSTS RICA, - DECEMBER 8-16, 1963.
Public Health Rept. (U. S.), no. 79:925-929, Oct. 1964.
Based on observations,  examination of  available data, and
analyses of limited samples, it appears  that the heavy ashfall
resulting from the volcanic activity  of Irazu, in Costa Rica,
contained a substantial portion of respirable particles with a
free  silica content of about 1 percent.  Sulfur gases were not
measured but reports of taste and odor indicated that these
were a minor factor in emissions. The  ashfall causes redness
and burning of the eyes, sore throat, and nasal irritation. Much
of the pastureland was ruined. Cattle suffered intestinal dis-
ease from  ingestion of  ash. Large  crews anf trucks were
required to remove ash from San Jose  plus constant cleaning
indoors, and removal of ash from gutters and roofs to prevent
their collapse.

00525
D. F. Adams
EUROPEAN AIR POLLUTION, 1964. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15(8):375-379, Aug. 1965. (Presented at the Second An-
nual Meeting, Pacific  Northwest International  Section, Air
Pollution Control  Association,  Portland,  Oreg.,  Nov.  5-6,
1964.)
A study was made of the status of air pollution technology and
research in Western Europe during the spring and summer of
1964. This report is based primarily upon information obtained
by interview, visitation and observation at various industrial
operations, governmental research laboratories, and communi-
ties. Various approaches to  odor abatement are described.
Vegetation damage from air pollution, and the community air
pollution problem are discussed. Trends in research, standard
sampling and analysis methods, and performance standards are
reported. (Author's abstract)

01565
E. S. Starkman
ENGINE GENERATED  ABR  POLLUTION - A  STUDY OF
SOURCE  AND  SEVERITY.    Preprint.  (Presented  at the
Federal  International Societes  Ingeneures  Techniques De
L'Automobile, Germany, June 15, 1966.)
A brief comprehensive view of the state of knowledge, legisla-
tion, research and application of devices to control  the in-
fluence of reciprocating engine emissions  on  man and his en-
vironment is presented from the viewpoint and experiences of
a California observer. The pollutants considered are: unowned
hydrocarbons; carbon  monoxide;  oxides of nitrogen;  car-
cinogens; paniculate matter; lead; odor; and oxides of sulfur.
Engine operating modes and severity of emissions; engine fac-
tors  and emissions; and legislative  control of emissions are
considered.

01644
I. B. Douglass and L. Price
A STUDY OF METHYL  MERCAPTAN AND  DIMETHYL
SULFIDE FORMATION IN KRAFT PULPING. Tappi 49, (8)
335-42,  Aug. 1966. (Presented at the  51st Annual Meeting,
Technical Association of the  Pulp  and  Paper Industry,  New
York City, Feb. 20-24, 1966.)
The  formation of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide in
kraft pulping has been studied with regard to the influence of
wood type, temperature of cooking, sulfidity, and length of
cooking. Digestions were carried out on a semimicro scale us-
ing,  1.0 g of wood and 4.0 ml of cooking liquor in a 7.5-ml
stainless steel digester. Four types of wood, spruce, loblolly
pine, red maple, and paper birch, were digested at 150,  160,
170,  and 180C for 1,2,3, and 4 hr at 14.7,22.2 and 30.5% sul-
fidities. After completing  each  cook, the  content  of the
digester was acidified to liberate methyl mercaptan and the
amounts of organosulfur compounds formed were then deter-
mined by gas-liquid chromatography. Under comparable condi-
tions,  hardwoods  produce  more  methyl  mercaptan  and
dimethyl sulfide than softwoods. Cooks carried out at lower
temperatures and for shorter  times produce  more mercaptan
than sulfide but those carried out at higher temperatures and
for longer periods, especially  at high sulfidity, produce much
more dimethyl sulfide than  mercaptan. Curves prepared from
the data clearly demonstrate that  methyl mercaptan is the pri-
mary product and is  consumed in the formation  of dimethyl
sulfide.  Extrapolation of results  obtained on this semimicro

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                                                       ODORS
 scale agree well with results reported from mill and pilot plant
 studies. (Author abstract)

 01885
 W. T. McKean, Jr., B. F. Hrutfiord, and K. V. Sarkanen
 KINETIC  ANALYSIS  OF  ODOR  FORMATION  IN THE
 KRAFT PULPING PROCESS I.  Paper Trade J. 149, (35) 41-2,
 Aug. 30,  1965 and Tappi 48,  (12)  699-704,  Dec.  1965.
 (Presented at the National Meeting, American Inst. of Chemi-
 cal Engineers, San Francisco, Calif., May 1965.)
 The kinetics of the consecutive formation of methyl mercaptan
 and dimethyl sulfide at  constant liquor composition were
 determined at several temperatures using a novel gas analysis
 based on  vapor  phase sampling. Comparison of kraft pulping
 of softwood and hardwood  species shows that more organic
 sulfur compounds are produced from the latter group. In soft-
 wood pulping, a general enhancement in the  reactivity of the
 lignin methoxyls occurs  during the alkaline  delignification
 process which results in accelerated odor formation during the
 last  phase of pulping. The activation energies of these reac-
 tions suggest a substantial reduction in total  formation of or-
 ganic sulfur compounds may be accomplished by raising the
 reaction  temperature and shortening the time of  the kraft
 cook. The significance of the results to actual kraft pulping
 process is discussed. (Author abstract)

 02001
 B. GUIs E.L. Howe
 OIL BURNERS  FOR DOMESTIC  APPLICATION: PRESENT
 DESIGN AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS.  Proc. (Part D In-
 tern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper HI/2.) pp. 37-44.
 Published work from various research organizations in Europe
 and  the U.S.A.  concerning  malfunctioning of domestic pres-
 sure jet burners  is reviewed. It is shown that  when poor com-
 bustion performance of pressure jet burners is experienced the
 cause can be traced to one,  or a combination of the following
 factors: 1. Poor design  of the air/fuel mixing system. 2.  Bad
 maintenance. 3. Bad matching of the burner  characteristics to
 the heating appliance requirements. Bad performance of any
 combustion system is reflected in the composition of the final
 exhaust products. Results are presented which show that a
 combustion  system  can generally be  operated  so  that  it
 products no smoke, carbon monoxide or unburnt hydrocar-
 bons. Due to attention which has recently been drawn to 'ex-
 haust odor* from  oil-fired appliances reference is made to
 methods  of measuring the total hydrocarbon content of flue
gases. Recent  developments  with  the  objective  of  impo
 developments with the objective of improving the combustion
performance  and  reliability of  domestic  oil burners  are
 described, together  with references to research into  methods
 of distillate fuel  atomization  and combustion  using novel prin-
ciples. (Author abstract modified)

02765
J.J. Schueneman C.G. Beard, II
 CHARLESTON-KANAWHA   VALLEY   AIR  POLLUTION
 STUDY -  A DESCRD7TION.  Preprint. (Presented at the 55th
 National Meeting, American Institute  of Chemical Engineers,
 Houston, Tex., Feb. 7-11, 1965, Paper No. 46c.)
The Kanawha River Valley area around Charleston, West Vir-
ginia, contains one  of the nation's largest concentrations of
basic chemical production. The chemical processes and other
industrial  operations, along  with substantial  use of  coal for
fuel, have resulted in an air pollution problem. The situation is
 aggravated by meteorological conditions and  a rugged terrain
that hamper atmospheric dispersion of air pollutants. The West
Virginia Air Pollution  Commission  and the United  States
Public Health Service, with many operators, have initiated a
study  that  encompasses  air  quality,  pollutant  emissions,
meteorology, effects of pollution on materials, odors, vegeta-
tion damage, and means of pollution control. The area  being
studied and past air pollution studies are described briefly. The
organization, outline,  and work plan of the present study are
presented in summary form. (Author abstract)

03097
S. Duckworth
THE METEOROLOGICALLY SCHEDULED OPEN BURN. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3) 274-7, June 1965
The feasibiloty of open buring under selected meteorological
conditions is  discussed.  Meteorological provisos  and  non-
meteorological factors are enumerated. Topics discussed in-
clude:  combustion, fuel  moisture, fire hazard, forecasting, fal-
lout and odor, and air pollution potential.  A mathematical esti-
mate  of visibility reduction is  described  and evaluated. A
procedure for estimating atmospheric  ventilation is presented.
The author concludes that most massive  open firest result in
adverse effects on either a local or area wide scale. Hence, the
best meteorological decision possible is  frequently one that
minimizes one scale of effect at the expense of the other.
(Author abstract)

03825
Harris, Elliott S.
PROBLEMS  OF SPACECRAFT MATERIALS SELECTION
AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION.  In: Proceedings of
the Conference  on Atmospheric Contamination  in Confined
Spaces: 30 March - 1 April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research
Lab.,  (6570th)  Wright-Patterson  AFB, Ohio, Contract AF
33(657)-! 1305, Proj. 6302, AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 231-241,  Nov.
1965. 8 refs. CFSTI, DDC: 629622
Inhalation toxicity could result from  the off-gassing of non-
metallic materials within the confines  of the habitable area of
a  spacecraft. The criteria  used  to  ensure an innocuous at-
mosphere  in the spacecraft have not been the same for each
spacecraft manufacturer. The  manufacturer of Gemini deter-
mines the  acceptability of a non-metallic material by establish-
ing the maximum temperature at which it is anticipated that it
will be used. The acceptance  limits  are based upon 3 to 24
hours of continuous use tests in 100 percent 5  psia oxygen
without producing irritating or obnoxious odors. The accepta-
bility  of  non-metallic materials  for  the Apollo  Command
Module is based upon heating to 200 deg F in 100 percent ox-
ygen at 5 psia for 48 hours. A gas sample is drawn off, passed
through the  gas  chromatograph, and the total organic content
of the vapors, as determined by a flame ionization detector, is
expressed as pentane equivalents. Condensable materials are
determined by evacuating the test chamber into a condensate
trap and then returning non-condensables  to the test chamber.
The test chamber is brought to atmospheric pressure with ox-
ygen and  tested for odor by use of a Fair-Wells type olfac-
tometer. The criteria are given for material to be considered
acceptable. The  test program for the qualification of the non-
metallic materials used in the habitable area of the Lunar Ex-
cursion Module  is similar to that used  for  the  Command
Module. The non-metallic materials are heated to 200 deg F
for 72  hours in 100 percent 5 psia oxygen. The products that
off-gas  under  these conditions are trapped, separated cnro-
matographically,  and identified by the combined or individual
utilization of mass, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy.  Odor
evaluation is performed  by subjecting the material to the con-

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
 ditions  described previously. The gasses are brought to at-
 mospheric pressure with oxygen and the odor is evaluated by
 a panel of 10 male non-smokers. Several factors are given
 which aid in minimizing the risk of a toxic response. The fac-
 tors enumerated would insure that probability of contaminant
 buildups is quite low.

 04785
 D. A. Kendall and A. J. Neilson
 ODOR PROFILE STUDIES OF EFFLUENT WASTE WATERS
 FROM SEVEN REFINERIES. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. 44, (Sec.
 3) 62-7, 1964. (Presented before a  Session on  Controlling
 Refinery Wastes, 29th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum
 Inst. Division of Refining, St. Louis, Mo., May 11, 1964.)
 Currently odor measurement must  rely on human  sensory
 analysis as there are no instruments which have  a comparable
 response or sensitivity. In many instances, chemical analyses
 and instrumental techniques can provide supporting informa-
 tion which is helpful in expanding, confirming, and interpret-
 ing subjective odor data. The human nose is an extremely con-
 venient  and useful instrument in providing both qualitative and
 quantitative information about odor, if, as is done by the odor
 profile method, adequate  controls  are exercised  in presenting
 samples and in carrying out the analyses, and appropriate ex-
 ternal reference  standards  are used.  In profiling  effluent
 wastes from a variety of refineries operating  on  various types
 of crude oil and with various treating facilities, in general, the
 effluents from the API gravity separator are quite similar in
 odor components, and in strength of odor generally fall within
 a  range  of a factor of  10  in threshold odor number. Each
 refinery appears to have specific odor characteristics by which
 it can be identified, as well as  minor variations in the odor
 character from day to day or even hour to hour.

 04860
 R. T. Walsh
 AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF THE  INEDIBLE RENDER-
 ING INDUSTRY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17, (2) 94-7,
 Feb. 1967.
 The fats rendering process;  its air pollution aspects; quantita-
 tive odor measurements; sanitation; odor control methods in-
 cluding  incineration, condensers,  interceptors in  vent lines,
 scrubbing, hoods and ventilation, carbon adsorption, masking
 agents and odor counteractants are reviewed.

 04879
                                                        \
 I. B. Douglass, and L. Price
 SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. E. SOME
 REACTIONS IN THE  RECOVERY FURNACE. Preprint.
 (Presented before the Odor  Abatement  Session,  52nd Annual
 Meeting, Technical  Association of the Pulp and  Paper Indus-
 try, New York City, Feb. 22, 1967.)
 In the recovery furnace  concentrated black liquor loses its
 remaining water and the residual solids then undergo pyrolysis.
 One may assume that the black liquor solids consist of lignin-
 and carbohydrate- derived organics and  various inorganic sul-
fur-containing substances such  as sodium  sulfate,  sodium
 sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide or elemental sulfur.
 One series of experiments was carried out in which soda lignin
was heated at 600 degree C with  each  of the inorganic sub-
 stances  listed  and a second  series in  which each was heated
with glucose. Sodium sulfate and sodium sulfite produced
negligible  amounts of hydrogen  sulfide.  With the other sub-
stances, however, both soda lignin and glucose converted 30-
75% of the inorganic sulfur to hydrogen sulfide. These results
clearly indicate the air pollution problem which will develop if
the  recovery furnace is operated in such a  manner  that
complete combustion of the hydrogen sulfide does not occur.
(Author abstract)

04893
Douglas, I. B.
THE  CHEMISTRY  OF  POLLUTANT  FORMATION  IN
KRAFT PULPING.  In: Proceedings of the International Con-
ference on  Atmospheric Emissions  from  Sulfate  Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by:  U. S. Public Health Service,  National Council
for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. Deland,
Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 41-71. 14 refs.
The emission of  malodorous compounds from the digester
arises from a stripping of hydrogen sulfide and from the reac-
tion of sulfide or hydrosulfide ions with the methoxyl groups
present in lignin. Methyl mercaptan is the primary product of
the reaction  but it reacts,  as the  mercaptide ion, in a more
rapid secondary reaction to produce dimethyl sulfide. Hard-
woods produce more malodorous compounds than soft woods.
High temperatures,  high sulfidity  and  long  reaction time all
favor the  production of the sulfur compounds. There may be
some production of malodorous compounds during the process
of evaporation but it is not yet clear whether this is primarily a
stripping action or whether there is additional formation of
methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide.  The biggest sources of
odorous compounds are the direct evaporator and the recovery
furnace.  Black  liquor oxidation  will  largely eliminate  the
problem of the direct evaporator. The recovery furnace, how-
ever, presents a more serious problem since it is often over-
loaded and when this occurs large quantities of hydrogen sul-
fide, methylated sulfur compounds and sulfur compounds with
two- and  three-carbon groups will be emitted. (Author's ab-
stract)

05007
J. H. Ludwig
SEMINAR ON AIR  POLLUTION  BY MOTOR VEHICLES.
Preprint. 1967. 54 pp.
The various facets of the vehicle pollution problem from the
standpoint of both effects on community  atmospheres nation-
wide  and  the  source  of  variables  are summarized. The
problems that remain today encompass a number of considera-
tions,  which may be enumerated as  follows:  (1) The  im-
portance of the diesel problem as it relates to smoke and odor
control, the means for securing reduction of smoke and odors,
and the development of test procedures  for the setting of stan-
dards; (2)  The importance of relative reactivity of the various
organic species, particularly hydrocarbons, and the effects of
reactivity on  both  standards and  control methods; (3) The im-
portance of various emission sources (exhaust, crankcase ven-
tilation, fuel tank evaporation  and carburetor evaporation
losses) in  relation to reactivity and need for control and the
development  of test procedures for these sources from  all
types of vehicles (passenger cars,  trucks  and buses); (4) The
need for control of  nitrogen oxides from vehicular sources,
both gasoline engine  and diesel engine power  sources and con-
currently for  stationary sources; (5) The importance of instru-
mentation  in  measurement  of  pollution  parameters  for
research, enforcement (certification) procedures, surveillance
and inspection; (6) The problems of maintenance of devices on
vehicles to insure  their continued operation (surveillance  and
inspection), and/or the upgrading of such devices such that
they will  be  essentially  maintenance free; and  (8) The  im-
portance of  in-traffic  carbon monoxide  levels,  particularly
their significance relative to driver fatigue.

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                                                      ODORS
05335
Schmidt, R. C., A. W. Carey and R. Kamo
EXHAUST  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  AUTOMOTIVE
DIESEL.   In: Vehicle Emissions, Part n,  SAE Prigress  in
Technology Series, Vol. 12, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., N. Y., 1966, p. 394-401. 11 refs. (Presented at the SAE
West Coast Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Aug. 8-11, 1966.)
The production of pollutants and an increasing need for pollu-
tion management are an inevitable concomitant of a society
with a high standard of living. The automotive diesel engine is
used more than  any other type of engine  for transporting
freight over high- ways. Two kinds  of pollution to  be con-
sidered with regard to the diesel engine are the dark exhaust
smoke and odor, of which the public is quite cognizant, and
the less obvious but possible toxic carbon monoxide, oxides of
nitrogen, unbumed hydrocarbons, and  trace compounds of
other toxic materials. This paper discusses sampling, measure-
ment techniques, and established standards for exhaust smoke
and odor. Examination of diesel exhaust shows it to be less of-
fensive in terms of harmful effects than the invisible exhaust
from other types of engines. The major problem is exhaust
color and odor. (Author abstract)

05527
Meyer, W.  E.
CONTROLLING  ODOR  AND SMOKE  FROM DIESEL  EX-
HAUST. Proc. Sanitary Eng. Conf.,  Air Resources Planning
Eng., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965, pp. 41- 54.
To the public the distinguishing features of a diesel engine are
its smoke  and its  odor. Neither  has  been proven to be con-
nected with any direct or indirect effect of diesel exhaust on
the health of man or beast, nor damage to plant life or proper-
ty.  Diesels  do not emit significant amounts  of  either carbon
monoxide or hydrocarbons. The only  noxious  emission of any
consequence with  which  diesels  can  be charged are  nitrogen
oxides. Diesels can be built and adjusted not to smoke but this
would  mean accepting less output from a given  engine. It has
become customary in the indus- try to set the maximum engine
output so that the exhaust smoke  does not excede No. 2 on
the Ringelman  chart. There is no way of preventing diesel
smoke once and for all. It can be controlled and there are nu-
merous devices,  means, methods and  procedures for con-
trolling it.  The real cure is, therefore, to legislate that diesels
shall not emit smoke above a  certain density and leave it to
engine, accessory and fuel manufacturers,  owner, operator
and driver to decide among and  for themselves  how  com-
pliance with the law is to be obtained.

05549
Hochheiser, S., E.E. Lozano, and W.  W. Melvin
AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM JET ENGINES.  J. Air
Pollution Control  Assoc.,  18(6):392-394, June  1968.  8 refs.
(Presented  at the 60th Annual  Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Associa- tion, Cleveland,  Ohio,  June 11-16,  1967, Paper 67-
126.)
Pollution emissions from three representatives types of jet en-
gines were  determined. Pollutants measured included nitrogen
oxides, aldehydes,  carbon monoxide,  hydrocarbons,  and
odors.  A method is presented for determining the magnitude of
pollution emissions due to commercial jet aircraft operation by
using basic emission factors. These engines were: 1) the T-56
turboprop  engine,  2) the  J-57 conventional jet engine, and 3)
the TF-33  fan-jet engine. Oxide of nitrogen emissions mainly
take the form of nitric oxide. In TF-33 exhaust, the percent of
nitric oxide in the total nigrogen oxides varied from 82 to 93;
and in  J-57  exhaust, the percent composition varied from 62 to
76 percent, de- pending upon engine power setting. Percent
composition of nitric oxide was  greatest at the  100 percent
power setting and  lowest at  the 65 percent power setting.
Photochemically reactive  hydro-  carbon  content (olefins and
aromatics) of  T-56, J-57,  and TF-33 exhaust represented  35,
51, and 40 percent, respectively, of the total hydrocarbons
emitted at the 65 percent  power setting. Ole- fin content was
significantly greater than  aromatic content in TF-33 exhaust.
The principal aldehyde present in jet engine exhaust was for-
maldehyde. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon con-  centra-
lions  in exhaust products generally varied inversely with  en-
gine power setting, and nitrogen oxide concentration generally
varied directly with engine power setting. (Author abstract)

05608
C. E.  Schumann and C. W. Gruber
MOTORIST EXPOSURES TO ALDEHYDES FROM DIESEL-
POWERED BUSES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (2)  53-
5, Feb. 1964. (Presented  at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
A sampling survey of the  amounts of aldehydes to which mo-
torists are exposed while following diesel buses in the City of
Cincinnati  is reported. The data  obtained from this survey,
coupled with personal observations by the authors, indicate
the following:  (1)  Motorist  exposures  to  aldehydes  (low
molecular  weight  aldehydes,  such  as   formaldehyde and
acrolein)  from diesel buses in  Cincinnati  are  well  below
published   maximum  average  atmospheric  concentration  of
contaminants for industrial workers  for  8-hr day exposures.
However, this does not preclude, nor is it the intent of the
authors  to state, that exposure to such levels of aldehydes or
related diesel exhaust products cannot produce adverse health
effects,  either directly or indirectly. Standards have not been
established for general population exposures to community  air
pollution.  (2) Of  the  15 buses sampled,  none could be clas-
sified as  excessive 'smokers.' This could be attributed  to
several  factors; e.g. the use of better quality fuels, and im-
proved  inspection and  maintenance program,  and  a recent
change in fuel injector tips to improve fuel atomization into
the combustion chambers. (3) Aldehyde concentrations two or
three  car lengths behind  buses can, and sometimes do, exceed
the odor  threshold of the lower aliphatic aldehydes. It has
been estimated that the per gallon aldehyde losses from diesel
fuel exceed that of gasoline by a factor of three. Based upon a
four mile per gallon diesel fuel requirement for city bus opera-
tions  compared to a 12  mile per  gallon requirement for con-
ventional automobiles, the diesel bus will emit nine times  more
aldehydes per mile traveled than  the automobile. In spite of
obvious improvements in visible smoke emissions, the diesel-
bus odors  in Cincinnati still  exist in sufficient quantities to
prompt  public complaints. Whether  future improvements  or
developments in fuel, engine design, maintenance, or control
devices  will result in  an adequate reduction of offensive ex-
haust  constituents to eliminate these public objections remains
to be  seen. (Author conclusions modified)

06039
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE  ODOR
AND  SMOKE  - PART 2 (MONTHLY PROGRESS REPT. NO.
4, APR. 15, - MAY 15, 1967).  Southwest Research Inst, San
Antonio, Tex., Vehicle  Emissions Research Lab. (May 26,
1967)  Up.
Studies  of the effect of engine derating on exhaust smoke and
odor are in progress. The 6-month fleet test of a  smoke sup-
pressant additive, which  began  on April 1, is  continuing.

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
 Preparations for the evaluation of the three types of catalytic
 mufflers for use with two-cycle powered buses are nearing
 completion. Preliminary studies are under way to establish the
 feasibility in the laboratory of relating an instrumental odor
 measurement method with the human odor panel.

 06240
 Y. Suzuki, K. Nishiyama, M. Oe, and F. Kametani
 STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
 BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
 (PART I. ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES.) ((Tohoku J. Exp.
 Med. (Tokyo))) 11 (2), 120-6 (Aug. 1964). (Presented at the 37th
 Annual Meeting, Japan Society of Industrial Medicine, Kurume,
 Apr. 7, 1964.)
 Exhaust  gases of a Japanese  kraft pulp mill were analyzed.
 The reported results were as follows:  In the stack gases were
 contained: 0.259 g/cc of sodium sulfate, 750 ppm of hydrogen
 sulfide,  196 ppm of sulfur dioxide and organic compounds of
 sulfur. The organic sulfur compounds were as follows in order
 of amount: methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, isopropyl mer-
 captan, dimethyl disulfide, propyl mercaptan or ethyl methyl
 sulfide,  diethyl sulfide and ethyl mercaptan. The  amount of
 dimethyl sulfide was 8.7 ppm. Organic sulfur compounds in
 the gases in the  upper part of the Jansson screen were of the
 same composition as those in the stack gases, but the arrange-
 ment of the constituents in order of amount are somewhat dif-
 ferent. All of these  gaseous sulfur compounds smell offensive
 and  characterize the  exhaust  gases  from a  kraft pulp mill.
 (Author conclusion)

 06981
 06981 D. L. Brink, J. F. Thomas, K. H. Jones
 MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
 KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. HI. A RATIONALE FOR CON-
 TROLLING ODORS.  Preprint.  1967.
 In processing concentrated kraft black liquor the recovery fur-
 nace has been designed to carry out several unit operations
 and processes simultaneously but without specific  control on
 the individual functions. A program of research is  being con-
 ducted to isolate and study these functions  independently in
 the laboratory.  Conceptual designs are presented  which are
 being studied with the objective of providing  information  that
 could result in  improvements  in recovery furnace operation.
 Such improvements could include greater control in operation
 -  particularly in combustion  phases,  improved startup  and
 shutdown procedures, elimination of  the hazard  associated
 with  smelt  explosions,   and  minimizing   emissions   of
 malodorous  products. The basis for the conceptual design has
 been provided through an investigation with particular empha-
 sis on pyrolysis  of black liquor solids—one of the critical  fur-
 nace  functions.  Pyrolysis, studied  previously  by  a batch
 technique and currently by a continuous steady state opera-
 tion, has been shown to produce large volumes of highly com-
 bustible gases containing high percentages of the total sulfur in
 black liquor solids. The volatile sulfur compounds comprise a
 malodorous  array with a composition that is  highly tempera-
 ture dependent. (Authors' abstract)

 07089
 Rosen, A.A., R. T. Skeel, and M. B. Ettinger
RELATIONSHIP OF RIVER  WATER  ODOR TO  SPECIFIC
 ORGANIC  CONTAMINANTS.   J.  Water Pollution Control
 Federation (Presented at the 35th Annual Meeting, Water Pol-
lution Control Federation, Toronto, Canada,  Oct. 7-11, 1962.)
35(6):777-782, June,  1963.
The results of odor tests  conducted in conjunction  with a
study of organic contaminants in the Kanawha River at (itro,
West Virginia are  reported. A major part of the odor  of the
river can be ascribed to  11  organic chemical compounds that
were identified and measured. Naphthalene, Tetralin, Styrene,
Acetophenone, Ethyl benzene, Bis(2-chloro-isopropyl)  ether,
2-Ethyl hexanol, Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, Di-isobutyl carbinol,
Phenyl   methyl  carbinol   and  2-Methyl-5-ethyl  pyridine.
Threshold odor concentrations for each of these compounds
were determined from the responses of an odor panel. A mix-
ture of all the identified pollutants, in the same proportions as
found in the river,  was shown to contribute nearly twice the
amount of odor that can be calculated on the basis of the sum
of  the individual contributions.  Thus,  it  was indicated that
odor synergism plays its role as effectively in polluted streams
as in the simulated instances tested in the laboratory.

07394
W. Pickel
QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TOTAL EMISSIONS. (ANALY-
SIS  OF  EMISSIONS   FROM  COFFEE  PRODUCTION.)
Preprint, ((8)) p., July 31, 1966. 1 ref.
Fifteen  companies  prepare and roast approximately  eighty
three million pounds of green coffee beans in a year  in the
Chicago  area. The process consists of  (1) pre-cleaning green
coffee beans to remove  foreign matter, (2) blending various
quality  green beans for flavor,  (3) roasting to chemically
change  the beans, (4)  cleaning  and cooling the beans  to
remove the  heavy contaminants, and (5) grinding and packag-
ing for consumption. With  few exceptions, the only controll-
device used for each of  the first four operation  si a cyclone
which attempts to collect particulates, such as chaff, from the
air strea. Results of the survey show that  roasters emit  an
average of 330 pounds of  chaff and dust per day while the
cleaning  operation  discharges another  60  pounds to the at-
mosphere. Dense emissions from the roasting process contain
smoke and odors which cyclically discharge from uncontrolled
operations thereby constituting  nuisance and other violations
of most cities' air pollution codes. This project was instituted
to determine total emissions entering the atmosphere from this
industry.  Only paniculate  emissions are  considered at this
time. (Author's summary, modified)

07561
Kaiser, E. R., J. Halitsky, M. B. Jacobs, and L. C. McCabe
PERFORMANCE OF A FLUE-FED INCINERATOR.  J. Air
Pollution  Control   Assoc.,  9(2):85-91,   Aug.  1959.  7 refs.
(Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., May 25-28, 1958.)
A limited survey of representative modes of operation and
results of one flue-fed incinerator is reported. The tests were
conducted to serve as a basis for comparison with fruture tests
on identical incinerators with modifications to improve com-
bustion and reduce air pollution. The incinerated refuse from a
128-apartment building was approximately  430 Ib. a day. The
flue-fed incinerator reduced the apartment refuse to about 37%
of its original weight and to about 10%  of its original volume.
The bulk density of the refuse averaged 4.1 Ib/cu ft. in the in-
cinerator. The residue had  a bulk density  of  15.4 Ib/cu ft. in
the ash cans. The residue averaged 64% metal and glass, 12%
ash, 16% combustible, and 8% moisture,  excluding quench
water. The air normally supplied to the furnace was 10 to  20
times the theoretical air necessary for  complete  combustion.
The high excess air reduced the furnace temperatures and un-
doubtedly affected adversely the combustion of volatile matter
and  emission of fly ash. The infiltration air entering the flue

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                                                       ODORS
 through vents on the service doors and cracks averaged 35%
 more than entered the furnace. Sealing the vents reduced the
 infiltration air to the flue to 45% of the furnace air during the
 period of fast burning. The peak furnace temperatures varied
 from 970 to 1200 deg F. The emissions of paniculate matter to
 the atmosphere via the flue gases ranged from 0.85 to 1.55% of
 the refuse weight. The weights of paniculate matter ranged
 from 2.5 to 4.7 lb/1000 Ib  of furnace gas corrected to 12%
 CO2. The  emission of eight noxious  gases totaled 0.9 to 3.0
 lb/100  Ib  refuse.  The presence of additional  unbumed
 hydrocarbons in the flue gases was confirmed by mass-spec-
 trometer tests.  The average odor concentrations ranged from
 2.5 to 100 ASTM odor units. The incinerator had inherent fea-
 tures of  design  and  operation that caused high emissions of
 paniculate  matter and unbumed organic compounds.  The
 charging  of refuse  during  burning could  contribute to  the
 discharge of paniculate matter. Suggested modifications to the
 conventional incinerator include  control of  the furnace air
 supply, better mixing  of air and  volatile products from the
 burning refuse  in a  zone of high temperature,  new furnace
 designs to  eliminate  the necessity  for hooking and raking the
 refuse and residue,  and residue  removal with  minimum air
 flow.

 08359
 Feuerstein, D. L., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
 MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
 KRAFT  BLACK  LIQUOR.  I.  PYROLYSIS   AND  COM-
 BUSTION ASPECTS. TAPPI, 50(6):258-262, June 1967. 7 refs.
 (Presented  at the 51st Annual Meeting of  the Technical  As-
 sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y.,
 Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
 The production of malodors is an  undesirable side effect that
 has always been associated with  the kraft pulping process.
 Such malodors may originate at six major points in the overall
 digestion and combined recovery (inorganic chemical and heat)
 and organic waste elimination processes. Based on information
 in the literature,  these  points  may  be  listed  in order  of
 decreasing  contribution to atmospheric pollution: the  recovery
 furnace is the major source, followed by evaporators, digester,
 lime kiln, oxidation tower,  and dissolving tank. In the present
 study it  was assumed  that  the recovery  furnace operation
 covers a wide spectrum, such as  distillation and  sublimation,
 pyrolysis,  auto-oxidation,   stoichiometric  combustion,  and
 quenching.  It was found possible  to  carry single charges of
 spent reaction liquors sequentially through the various steps in
 the laboratory under controlled conditions as well as to quan-
 titatively collect and analyze all products. The  contributions
 from individual, simultaneously occurring processes  within a
 furnace are thus being considered  for the first time from the
 standpoint of air pollution.  Several unique control possibilities
 have been  indicated  as a  result of this work. Results of the
 work relating to combustion techniques and sample collection
 are contained in this paper. Analytical methods and a discus-
 sion of the results obtained are presented in the second paper
of this series. (Authors' abstract)

08373
Baum, Fritz and Wolfgang Steinbach
 WASTE INCINERATION IN SMALL UNITS. Staub (English
 translation), 27(7):23-25, July  1967. 10 refs.  CFSTI: TT 67-
 51408/7
The incinerator  investigated has  a triple jacket combustion
 chamber, and is heated up and charged with dry paper waste.
The CO and CO2 concentration was recorded by infrared gas
 analyzers. During charging,  CO concentration rose rapidly to
0.4-0.6 vol.% then dropped gradually. CO2 concentration rose
rapidly to 1.0 - 1.5 vol. percent, then dropped slowly. The CO
and CO2 concentrations were as a rule much lower than with
medium  units.  Measurements to determine the  emission  of
solids were performed with a Strohlein instrument at the chim-
ney end. The results yielded a solid concentration between 300
and 425 mg/ cu m. Large  quantities of  hydrocarbons were
deposited on the measuring filters apart  from solids, which
gave an impression of a deceptively high dust emission. The
stong hydrocarbon development was confirmed  by  observa-
tions and measurements.  For a long time white-gray  clouds
were emitted from the chimney, causing noxious  odors in the
vicinity.

08802
Hoffmann, H.
THE COMPOSITION OF EXHAUST GASES FROM DIESEL
MOTORS.    ((Die  Zusammensetzung der  Auspuffgase bei
Dieselmotoren.)) Text in German. Z. Praeventivmed. Vol. 11,
p. 104-121, March-April 1966.
The smoke emission of different types of diesel motors was
determined and the results  presented in  a series of graphs.
Under full load little difference in smoke emission was ob-
served between chambered engines  and  direct injection en-
gines,  while the latter were superior  under partial load. The
various factors in engine development which influence  smoke
emissions are discussed. The carbon monoxide, aldehyde, and
nitrogen oxide content of the exhaust gas was determined and
it  was  found that the CO content is of no concern in diesel
motors, since the concentration is not over 0.1-0.15 Vol.% and
in many cases below 0.05  Vol.%. The same  is  true for al-
dehydes whose odorous annoyance has a psychological but not
medical effect  at  the emitted concentrations. The  nitrogen
oxide content was found to be higher with direct fuel injection
engines.  The  amount of  3,4-benzopyrene emission  is  in-
fluenced by the fuel composition and the combustion system
and is  only of concern if the motor is operated under high
mean pressure, when as  much as 0.5 gamma benzopyrene  in
500 liters of exhaust gas was found at 1200-1500 U/min. under
3/4 load. It is  concluded that  by proper  construction and
development and particularly by proper care of the engine, the
smoke  from modern diesel engines can be reduced to an unob-
jectionable amount.

08912
Loquercio, Peter A. and William J. Stanley
AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL  FOR COFFEE ROASTING.
Air Eng. 9(11): 22-26, 29, Nov. 1967.
Results of a study of the coffee roasting industry in Chicago's
Emission Inventory Project revealed the identity of all the air
pollution sources,  the equipment associated with them, the
type of pollutant emitted,  their amounts and the frequency of
emission. In the whole coffee process, excluding the prepara-
tion of instant coffee, air pollution is generated from 3 areas;
(1) pre-cleaning of the green beans; (2) the  coffee roaster; and,
(3) the final cleaning of the roasted beans. The chief source
was from the coffee roaster. Pollutants emitted from the entire
process are dust and trash from the pre-cleaning phase; fumes,
participates and odors from the roasting operation; and chaff
debris  and resid- ual smoke from the final cleaning stage. To
control emissions from the roaster, mechanical cyclone collec-
tors are almost always employed. The paniculate or chaff col-
lected  from the cyclone is conveyed into a special chaff in-
cineratorwhich is serviced by an afterburner for the prevention
of odor emissions. In order to comply with Chicago's strigent
laws,  the cyclone  must  be followed with another  control

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
 device that will eliminate  the  fumes, tars, non-condensibles
 and odors discharging  from the top of the  unit.  The  only
 device that has proven  successful in this function, as well as
 in eliminating odors from the chaff incinerator, is  the cirect
 fired afterburner,  properly designed to operate in  a  temper-
 ature range of 1200-1400 F. Several other approaches for con-
 trol of these emissions  from the  roaster have been suggested
 to Chicago's Department of Air Pollution Control—(1) the cata-
 ly- tic afterburner, and (2) the  scrubber utilizing  potassium
 perman-  ganate  solutions or similar  oxidizing agents. Upon
 completion of the  survey of coffee roasting operations, it was
 found that they contribute approximately SO tons annually to
 the city's atmos- phere.

 09175
 M. W. First, P. Zilles, J. Walkley
 DISPOSAL  OF  LOW  LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN
 COMMERCIAL INCINERATORS.  In:  Proc. Ninth AEC Air
 Cleaning Conference, Boston, Mass., Sept.  13-16, 1966. James
 M Morgan, Jr. and Melvin W. First (eds.), Washington, D. C.,
 Atomic  Energy Commission, Vol. 1, Jan. 1967, p. 570-585. 7
 refs. CFSTI: CONF 660904
 A comparison was made of the performance of a crematory-
 type incinerator and a combination steam-boiler incinerator in
 the combustion of  difficult laboratory and hospital wastes such
 as animals and cage litter. Because of  excessive stack emis-
 sions of smoke, fly ash, and malodorous gases and vapors, the
 crematory-type proved unsatisfactory. Under the most favora-
 ble operating conditions for avoidance of air pollution and for
 production of a good quality residue,  burning capacity was
 only 2 to 3 Ibs/sq  ft/hr.  Higher burning  rates produced severe
 nuisances.  The mechanized steam-boiler incinerator, on  the
 other hand, provided a sanitary method for  handling and burn-
 ing such wastes in an efficient and rapid manner. A  cyclone
 dust collector proved superfluous for use with gas or oil fuels
 and it was found that it could be eliminated  without decreasing
 the overall collection efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator
 which served as a final cleaning stage. (Authors' abstract)

 09255
 Styles, H. E., J. Vrebos, and P.  J. 6awther
 THE DIESEL  ENGINE  AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
 World Health  Organization Chronick (Geneva), 21(5):201-206,
 May 1967. 6 refs.
 According  to this  review (based on report WHO/AP/67/2^),
 the actual contribution of the diesel engine to air pollution is a
 relatively minor one and could be  controlled with little difficul-
 ty and at small cost by  appropriate  selection of engine power
 and  by the proper calibration,  maintenance, and overhaul of
fuel pumps and injectors. No excess of lung cancer or chronic
 bronchitis has  been demonstrated  in groups  occupationally ex-
posed to high levels of  vehicular  exhaust. A usual method of
investigation is that involving  detailed  analysis of materials
from engine exhausts under controlled, defined operating con-
 ditions. This method should be supplemented by accurate mea-
surements of the levels of specific pollutants  in the ambient
air. Motor vehicle exhausts are regarded  as very minor  sources
of atmospheric pollution compared  with the inefficient com-
bustion of coal. The odor of diesel exhausts is frequently ob-
jectionable,  but the chemical nature of the  offending sub-
stances is unknown. Diesel engines that emit needless amounts
 of smoke are either underpowered or overloaded, and in either
 case are being overfuelled.
09853
Walsh, Robert T., Karl D. Luedtke, and Lewis K. Smith
FISH CANNERIES AND FISH REDUCTION PLANTS.  In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A.  Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 760-770,  1967.
GPQ: 806-614-30
There are two types of fish-canning operations in use today. In
the  older,  so-called  'wet-fish'  method, trimmed  fish are
cooked directly in  the can.  The  more  popular  'pre-cooked'
process is used primarily to can  tuna.  The latter method is
characterized by the cooking of whole,  eviscerated fish, and
the hand sorting of choice parts before canning. The main pol-
lutants  from fish and fish  byproduct processing are odors.
Control  methods  are  discussed for  such  operations  as
digestion, drying, conveying, evaporating, and cooking.

10075
Williams, A. F.
ODL FIRING AND ODOUR PROBLEMS. (Due Olfeuerung im
Hinblick auf Emissionsprobleme.)  Text  in German. Schweiz,
Arch.   Angew,  Wiss.  Tech.  31(4):105-112,  April   1965.
(presented at the S.V.M.T. Meetin Zurich, Switzerland,  Sept.
11, 1964, Preprint in English.)
Smoke  and smells  are indicative  of  incomplete combustion.
We propose to deal with underlying causes and curative  mea-
sures which concern mainly the design  and operation of the
combustion appliance We shall discuss  the  various types of
burners which are  being  used, particularly those which are
prevalent in Switzerland for room and  whole house heating.
These are mainly  pressure  jet burners  with so pot burners
rated 15000 k cal/h. and above and operated on distillated gas
oil. We shall comment on the relative merits of ON OFF and
HIGH/LOW fire operation and quote test results for smoke an
unbumt  hydrocarbons produced  by  various burners  during
continuous  firing  or  intermittent operation. Such unbumt
hydrocarbons can gi rise to unpleasant odours. We shall show
that a low smoke conditio is related primarily to good draught
and an  optimum excess air  valu inside the fire box. Various
new attempts to procude small, highly efficient atomizing bur-
ners will be mentioned. These include ultrasonic atomization
and the Venires blue flame,  atomizing with vaporising burner.
Lastly,  in reference to typical Swiss oil quali and  the  stan-
dards set  by SNV Institute,  we shall give some  results show-
ing the influence of aromatic content of the oil on its smoking
propensity. Some mention will also be made about sulphur in
the fu and SO2 emission from the chimney. (Author's summa-
ry, modified)

10699
Peterson, Carl M., Bruce Bruce F. McLouth, and Arthur J
Roberts
RECOVERY OF PRECIOUS METALS  BY  INCINERATION
OF EPOXY GLASS  LAMINATES.  Preprint, Minnesota Univ.,
Minneapolis Burn-Zol Inc., and Air Pollution Control Program,
St. Paul,  Minn., 12p., 1968. (Presented at the 61st Annual
Meeting of  the Air Pollution Control Association,  St. Paul,
Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-185.)
Recovery of precious metals from electrical circuits printed on
epoxy impregnated  fiber glass laminates presents a difficult
operation. Improper combustion of epoxy resin will produce a
large amount of unburned  hydrocarbons, soot, smoke and ob-
noxious odors. Furthermore, for recovery of gold and silver,
the ash must be of proper consistency produced by burning at

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 8
ODORS
 controlled tempera- ture.  Many complaints were  registered
 against a St. Paul Minnesota company whenever this recovery
 process was undertaken. Consequently, the company with the
 air of the city pollution con-  trol agency enlisted a local in-
 cinerator manufacturer to determine the feasibility of modify-
 ing the existing incinerator or  designing a special unit to meet
 emission  requirements.  After  experimenta- tion it was found
 that the  initial combustion temperature of the epoxy resin
 must be kept below 700 deg. F. to inhibit the soften- ing of the
 glass fibers which would prevent good separation of the metal.
 Afterburner temperatures of about 2000 deg.F. were needed to
 complete  the combustion of the  gaseous compounds and par-
 ticu- lates in the waste gas. a  vertical multi-chamber incinera-
 tor was designed with a gas burner in the combustion chamber
 and two addi- tional gas burners were provided in the after-
 burner chamber to ob- tain the necessary temperatures. An air
 inlet to the secondary chamber was needed to provide oxygen
 for complete combustion. Comparative tests conducted on the
 old and new incinerator in- dicated that a waste gas dust  load
 reduction of about 83% was  achieved with the new design.
 (Authors' abstract)

 11144
 Douglass, Irwin B.and Lawrence  Price
 SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. U. REAC-
 TIONS    FORMING   HYDROGEN  SULFIDE   IN   THE
 RECOVERY FURNACE. TAPPI, 51(10):465-467. Oct. 1968. 9
 refs.
 In the recovery furnace concentrated black liquor loses its
 remaining water and the residual  solids then indergo pyrolysis.
 On may assume that the balck liquor solids consist of lignin-
 and car- bohydrate-derived organics and various inorganic sul-
 fur containing  substances  such  as  sodium  sulfate, sodium
 sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide, or elemental sulfur.
 In two series of experiments, each of the inorganic substances
 listed was heated at 600 deg. C, first with soda lignin and then
 with glucose. In  the  experiments using  sodium sulfate  and
 sodium  sulfite, negligible amounts of hydrogen sulfide  were
formed. In the experiments with  elemental sulfur, sodium sul-
fide, and sodium thiosulfate, however, heating with soda lignin
 or glucose caused  30-75% of the inorganic sulfur to be con-
 verted to  hydrogen  sulfide. These results clearly indicate  that
in a. recovery furnace large volumes of hydrogen sulfide are
formed  which, if the furnace is not  operated  properly may
 escape to the atmosphere and be a major cause of air pollu-
tion. (Authors' abstract)

 11651T
 Walter Hanstedt
PLANNING OF REFUSE ELIMINATION AND UTILIZATION
PLANTS IN THE RUHR AREA WITH EMPHASIS ON MAIN-
TAINING  THE  PURITY  OF THE  AIR.   ((Planung  von
beseitigungs—und Verwertungsanlagen  fur Mull im Ruhrgebiet
im  Hinblick auf die Reinhaltung der luft.)) Translated from
German. Staub, 23(3):218-225, March 1963. 6 refs.
A working group comprising 22 townships was  established in
the German Ruhr area to develop and implement measures for
refuse  removal. Four possibilities  of  disposal are listed: the
deposition of refuse in alternating layers with soil, composting
of refuse, incineration combined with heat utilization, incinera-
tion without heat  utilization. The advantages  and  disad-
vantages of these methods are  discussed in detail, with special
emphasis  on air pollution by fly  ash. Experience with a com-
posting  plant in Duisburg showed that for odor removal air
coolers  and scrubbers had to  be installed. Finally a process
was adopted which used chlorine dioxide for decomposing or-
       ganic compounds. It is recommended that composting plants
       be located at least 500 m from residential areas. In refuse in-
       cineration it is shown that there is a difficulty in finding mar-
       kets for the heat produced. An example of a large incineration
       plant with  heat  utilization  in  Karnap  is  given  and  it  is
       emphasized that incinerators can be used in combination with
       peak power plants. Experience  with a small incinerating plant
       without heat recovery is also described.

       11692
       Wessler, Max Alden
       MASS  SPECTROGRAPfflC   ANALYSIS  OF   EXHAUST
       PRODUCTS  FROM  AN  AIR  ASPIRATING DIESEL  FUEL
       BURNER.  Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., Dept. of Mechanical
       Engineering, Thesis  (Ph.D),  Ann Arbor, Univ.  Microfilms,
       Inc., 1968, 126p. 20 refs.
       Samples of exhaust from a laboratory diesel-fuel spray burner
       operating  on cetane  and  air, or cetane and an artificial  air
       where argon replaced nitrogen,  were condensed in a series of
       cold traps. The exhaust vapors were analyzed by a mass spec-
       trometer as the traps wanned to room temperature. In some
       tests, the exhaust was bubbled through a five percent aqueous
       sodium bicaronate solution to trap acids from  the  sample be-
       fore they entered the cold traps. The basic solution assumed a
       strong yellow color in the standard-air test but was milky in
       appearance  in the argon-air test. No other significant  dif-
       ferences between the results from tests with the two kinds of
       air were observed, either  from  the standpoint  of odor or the
       mass spectra. The color of the  bubbler solution is apparently
       the result of nitrogen  compounds in the exhaust. The work
       demonstrates, however, that nitrogen compounds are not sig-
       nificant  contributors  to the diesel odor problem. Evidence is
       presented  for the presence in the exhaust of longer series of
       alkenes and alkynes in addition to lower aldehydes, including
       acrolein and a series  of alkadienes. Ethylene oxide, propylene
       oxide, and benzene are identified, and there is good evidence
       for alkadiynes, dimethyl ether,  and l-buten-3-yne.  The possi-
       bility of lower ketones, saturated and unsaturated cyclics, and
       heterocyclics is suggested. A group of peaks including  mass-
       to-charge ratios 130,132, and 134 were present in all tests. No
       mass spectra data were found  that would  identify the com-
       pound that  is the source for these  peaks.  (Author abstract
       modified)

       11700
       Alkire, H. L.
       AIR POLLUTION IN SOMERSET COUNTY MARYLAND.
       Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
       Quality Control, 12p., Nov. 1968. 8 refs.
       Somerset County, Md., with a population of 19,300, is charac-
       terized by either flat or slightly  undulating topography. Ninety
       percent of the county's area  if  20 ft or less above sea level,
       and  12% of the county is water. The  county's  air pollution
       problems are intense in small local areas and are associated
       with odors generated by the processing of seafood and agricul-
       tural products.  Though accepted by local  residents without
       complaint, the odors should be controlled in the interest of air
       quality. The prospects of a significant increase in pollution due
       to industrialization appear to be slight in the foreseeable fu-
       ture. Despite the presence of light winds and a stable tempera-
       ture lapse rate which tend to increase their concentration, pol-
       lutants are in general quickly dispersed by vertical air currents.
       Diffusion is good over long periods of time.

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
 11969
 TRASH INCINERATION PLANT FOR DARMSTADT. (Muell-
 verbrennungsanlage  fuer  Darmstadt).  Brennstoff-Waerme-
 Kraft,  16(8):408, Aug. 1964. Translated from German. Ip.
 Two steel-tube boilers, each of 25 tons/hi steam capacity at 48
 excess atm and 450 C are being furnished for a trash incinera-
 tion plant for the city of  Darmstadt. The trash incineration
 grates are designed for a trash throughput of 200 tons/day. The
 trash does not require preliminary pulverization or sorting.  At
 about 1000 C incineration temperature,  all possible putrefac-
 tion agents are  destroyed; the ashes are therefore sterile and
 odorless.  The  dust is  collected by filtering equipment  to
 prevent pollution hi the vicinity of the plant.

 12083
 Ewing, R. C.
 REFINERY   WASTE    PRODUCTS   POSE   POLLUTION
 PROBLEM.  Oil Gas J., 66(50):77-82, Dec. 9, 1968. 3 refs.
 Oily waters  and oil-soaked sludges are  a  major problem for
 petroleum refiners. Smoke and odors,  usually  attendant  to
 plant upsets, also  plague  plant personnel and surrounding
 neighbors. The trends in refinery waste disposal are discussed.
 Where possible, chemical processes are used to convert plant
 wastes to salable materials. Fluidized-bed  and ultrasonic  in-
 cineration, biological processes, and deep-well  disposal  are
 among the disposal methods discussed.

 12377
 Millington, B. W.
 THE NATURE  AND CAUSE OF DIESEL  EMISSIONS. Inst.
 of Mechanical Engineers, London (England), Automobile Div.,
 Symp. Motor Vehicle Air Pollution  Control, London, 1968, 5p.
 16 refs. (Nov. 25-26, Paper 2.)
 The combustion  mechanism   in   a diesel  engine  differs
 somewhat from that in a gasoline engine, tending nearer to dif-
 fusion  flame conditions than premixed flame, as a result  of
 which a higher level of smoke appears in the exhaust. In order
 to keep the smoke emission within reasonable limits, the diesel
 engine is  always operated  at overall fuel/air ratios weak  of
 stoichiometry; this probably contributes to the lower levels of
 other objectionable emissions such as carbon  monoxide, un-
 burned hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. Continued detail
 development of the  combustion chamber  geometry, air flow
 pattern, and fuel spray  distribution should lead to reduced
 smoke  emission, and possibly to reduced HC and CO at the
 same time.  Oxides of nitrogen may be increased  by these
 changes, but on the other  hand, chamber configurations  are
known which materially reduce the NOX levels; chamber
developments along these lines could be beneficial. Exhaust
recirculation or  retarded timing can help, but at a loss in ther-
mal efficiency. Odor is associated with such poor combustion
conditions as excessively weak zones in the mixture pattern or
unduly  late  combustion.  Appropriate  engine development
should improve the situation. Carcinogens are  only produced
in appreciable quantities  under very poor combustion condi-
tions; even then, there is little evidence that they are a hazard.
Modification of fuel properties may assist in some measure to
reduce emissions, but this route appears to have only limited
possibilities.  (Author conclusions modified)

 12505
 Marshall, W. F. and R. W. Hum
FACTORS INFLUENCING DIESEL EMISSIONS.   Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 12p., 1968.
6 refs.  (Presented at the West Coast Meeting, Soc. Auto.
Engrs., San Francisco, Calif., Aug. 12-15, 1968, Paper 680528.)

Smoke, odor, and other emissions of concern in environmental
pollution from four diesel engines were studied experimentally.
Engine design, operational mode, and fuel characteristics were
considered as  variable factors  influencing the emissions. The
engine  included  a turbocharged  4-cycle  unit,   normally
aspirated 4-cycle  units,  and an air-scavenged 2-cycle engine.
All were direct injection, truck-type power units. Fuel charac-
teristics differed widely among eight fuels used in the study,
with principal differences  occurring in sulfur and  aromatic
content. Results of  the experimental study showed that emis-
sions levels in all categories are markedly influenced by engine
operation. Within the group of engines tested, generally high
emissions of unbumed hydrocarbons are associated with the 2-
cycle design,  high  smoke  levels with the 4-cycle  normally
aspirated  engines,  and high  emissions of NO(x)  and  ox-
ygenates with the turbocharged 4-cycle engine. Exhaust odor
intensity levels were roughly equivalent for all engine types.
Emissions  in  all  categories were surprisingly insensitive  to
variation in fuel characteristics, with the exception that smoke
levels were significantly reduced with addition of a smoke sup-
pressant  additive  to the fuel. Neither of two odor inhibitors
was found effective. (Author abstract modified)

12507
Murray, F. E.
AIR POLLUTION FROM BIVALENT SULFUR COMPOUNDS
IN THE PULP INDUSTRY.   Preprint, Engineering Inst.  of
Canada,  16p.,  1968. 10 refs. (Presented at the Banff  Pollution
Conference, Banff, Alberta, Can., March 1968.)
In  the kraft process of producing chemical cellulose from
wood chips, the chips are cooked in a solution containing sodi-
um hydroxide and sodium sulfide in about a four-to-one pro-
portion. This method produces  much greater air pollution, in
the form of highly  malodorous compounds, than the alterna-
tive sulfite  processes.  The three primary sources  of odor
production in a kraft pulp mill  are the digestion process,  the
direct-contact  evaporator, and  the recovery furnance.  In  the
digestion process, control must be effected on the noncon-
densible gases from the digester and blow tank, from the mul-
tiple-effect evaporators, and on the foul condensates that are
formed in contact with these gases. The emission of hydrogen
sulfide from black liquor during direct contact evaporation can
be very substantially reduced by oxidation of the sulfide. The
problem of the recovery furnance is one of good operation and
combustion control within the furnace design capacity. Present
laboratory studies are expected to lead to continuing  improve-
ment in the control of odorous emission from kraft pulping
operations.

12621
Benjamin, M., I. B. Douglass, G. A. Hansen, W. D. Major, A.
J. Navarre, and H. J. Yarger
A  GENERAL DESCRIPTION  OF COMMERCIAL WOOD
PULPING AND BLEACHING  PROCESSES.  TI-9 Pulp and
Paper Committee. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  19(3):155-
61, Mar. 1969.
The purpose of Informative Report No. 1, prepared by the TI-
9 Pulp and Paper Committee of the air Pollution Control As-
sociation, is to present a general description of the commonly
used processes for preparing and bleaching wood pulp. Further
reports of a more specific  nature will  be published  as these
become available. (Author's Abstract)

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 10
ODORS
 12832
 Alkire, H. L.
 AIR  POLLUTION  IN CALVERT COUNTY, MARYLAND.
 Maryland State Dept. of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air Quali-
 ty Control. 22p., Aug. 1969 14 refs.
 A survey  of  air pollution in  Calvert  County, Maryland is
 presented.  The topography and meteorology of the area are
 described, and the aspects of land use, transportation, popula-
 tion,  and fuel use  are discussed. The only industry  in this
 County which causes air pollution is associated with lumbering
 or the processing of wood products.  The types of pollutants
 which are  created  are those which can be reasonably  con-
 trolled. The amount of urban-type pollution  is very small due
 to a relatively low population  density and  the lack of large
 urban  areas. A nuclear power  generating station under  con-
 struction caused mixed public reaction. Unsatisfactory levels
 of dustfall and sulfation exist in the  vicinity of a large elec-
 tricity generating plant. The three county dumps  often bum
 and cause unpleasant odors. The area has relatively good at-
 mospheric ventilation which tends to disperse any pollutants
 emitted into the atmosphere.  Recommendations for  control
 and abatement procedures  are given.

 12834
 Alkire, H. L.
 AIR POLLUTION IN WORCESTER COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Dept. of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air Quali-
ty Control, 24p., July 1969. 19 refs.
A survey of the air pollution in Worcester  County, Md., is
presented. The topography and meteorology of the county are
 described, and the aspects of land use, population, transporta-
 tion,  and fuel usage  are discussed. Specific  air  pollution
 problems are  associated with poultry raising and processing,
grain  milling operations, fertilizer blending, mink farms, open
 dumps, and a plywood factory. The major pollutant from these
 sources is odor.  Projected statistics indicate  that the area will
 not have large urban  types of  pollution in  the near  future.
 Recommendations for  control  and abatement procedures are
 presented.

 12998
 EXHAUST PURIFIERS CLEAN THE Am.   Mater. Handling
Eng.,  24(8):  108-110, Aug. 1969.
Air inside Armstrong Rubber Company's West Haven, Conn.
warehouse  is  kept  clean by using a  combination  of exhaust
blowers and LP gas lift trucks fitted with catalytic mufflers.
Three blowers on each of the three storage floors are used to
change interior air in the 600,000 sq ft building. The LP gas-
fueled lift trucks are fitted with PTX  purifiers. Platinum on a
special ceramic  support catalyzes the oxidation  of  the  CO,
hydrocarbons, and  exhaust odors into CO2 and H2O vapor.
The  catalyst  lasts  thousands   of  hours without requiring
replacement. The purifiers replace the conventional mufflers
and work well with LP gas, white gasoline, or diesel fuel.
They  warm  up in 30 to 45 sec.  Zenith Corp.  has equipped its
seven tractors and  42 lift trucks with Oxy-Catalyst catalytic
mufflers. These  vehicles  are fueled  with  87 octane  naptha
gasoline.  Exhaust gases are oxidized into CO2 and H2O  as
they pass through a bed of catalyst-coated pellets in the purifi-
er. The mufflers require maintenance after 500 to 600 hrs  of
use. A 90 psi  air stream is used to blow off carbon deposits
and more pellets are added. After 2000 hrs  of operation, the
entire catalytic bed is replaced.
       14116
       Hum, R. W.
       AIR POLLUTION AND THE COMPRESSION-IGNITION EN-
       GINE.  Preprint. Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 14p., 1968.
       9 refs.  (Presented at The Combustion Inst. Twelfth Interna-
       tional Symposium on Combustion, Poitiers Univ., Prance, July
       14-20, 1968, Paper 61-7.)
       The compression-ignition engine,  popularly  known as  the
       diesel, is examined as a  contributor to metropolitan  air pollu-
       tion. Smoke and odor are recognized as the primary targets of
       public  objection to the  diesel, and  factors relevant to  the
       smoke and odor problem are  discussed. Problems  of diesel
       smoke are  seen  as readily manageable, but a satisfactory solu-
       tion to the diesel odor problem is not yet available. Other pol-
       lutants, e.g., unbumed or partially  burned hydrocarbons,  ox-
       ides of nitrogen,   and  carbon monoxide,  are  significant
       products of diesel combustion.  Of these, only  nitrogen oxides
       and possibly the aldehydes are typically  discharged in quanti-
       ties that in  equivalent volumes may exceed the  quantities
       discharged by spark ignition reciprocating internal combustion
       engines. Features unique to the diesel combustion process are
       discussed as factors relevant to generation or avoidance of ob-
       jectionable  pollutants. The high temperatures and oxygen
       availability in diesel combustion are  seen as  serious impedi-
       ments to satisfactory reduction of the  yield of nitrogen oxides,
       but they are favorable in holding concentrations of pollutants
       in other categories to acceptable low levels. To compound this
       advantage, the diesel has advantages both in fuel economy and
       in higher heat value of diesel fuel compared with lighter fuels.
       Thus, it would appear that diesel power offers an excellent op-
       portunity for continued and expanded application to meet in-
       creasingly  stringent  clean air requirements. (Author  abstract
       modified)

       14297
       Hind, C. J.
       CLEAN AIR AND THE DIESEL. Indian  Eastern Engr. (Bom-
       bay), lll(2):77-79, Feb. 1969.
       A defense of the diesel engine against  criticism that it  is a
       heavy contributor to air pollution is presented. Under ideal
       conditions  if all gasoline engines were replaced by diesel  en-
       gines,  the  emission of carbon monoxide,  aldehydes,  and
       nitrogen oxides  would be reduced,  carbon dioxide,  hydrocar-
       bons, and soot would  be increased, and  sulfur dioxide would
       be unchanged. Carbon dioxide is not seen as a health hazard,
       and hydrocarbons are not considered dangerous, as they are in
       parts of the U. S., because the  other conditions necessary for
       the creation of photochemical smog, particularly climatic fac-
       tors, are not present in the U.K. Carbon monoxide, possibly
       the emission most hazardous to health, would be reduced to
       almost negligible amounts. Sulfur dioxide  would necessarily be
       kept to  a minimum, since in diesel engines the sulfur content
       of the fuel  is deliberately kept very low to reduce internal cor-1
       rosion  of engines.  In  addition,  because  the diesel engine is
       more efficient than the gasoline engine, the absolute quantity1
       of fuel oil used  would be reduced, thus lowering the total im-
       purities discharged into the atmosphere. Efforts are underway
       to reduce the major pollutants from  diesels: smoke (carbon)
       and odor (sulfur dioxide).  Supercharging by  making use  of
       energy remaining in the exhaust gases to drive a turbine and
       compressor, is seen as one way of maintaining a satisfactory
       fuel/air ratio for smokeless operation and greater efficiency as
       fuel input  is increased.  Improvements  in the combustion
       process are being investigated  as an  engineering goal and  to
       reduce odorous emissions.

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                                            A. EMISSION  SOURCES
 14580
 Schoening, M. A. and R. H. Wright
 INTENSITY  OF  THE  ODOR  RELEASE  AT  VARIOUS
 POINTS IN  THE  KRAFT  PULPING  PROCESS.   TAPPI,
 35(12):564-569, Dec. 1952. 6 refs.
 The concentration of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptans
 in various  plant  effluents were surveyed in a study of the
 problem of odor reduction  in  kraft processing.  Speicies of
 wood cooked were  western hemlock,  Douglas-fir,  and red
 cedar;  each was  cooked separately and the concentration of
 malodorous gas measured at the following points: digester re-
 lief  and gas-off, blow  gases,  evaporator effluents, furnace
 gases, stack gases, green liquor tank vapors, and sewer outfall.
 Results  indicated that a higher concentration of mercaptan, on
 occasion 100,000 micrograms per liter, is given off in the non-
 condensable gas from a fir cook than from a hemlock cook, a
 fact that may be  due  to the turpentine formed from fir. Blow
 tank vapors were clearly the major source of odor since no at-
 tempt was made to condense the stream  in  the digester
 discharge. The use of raw sulfur produced a two to threefold
 increase in the  mercaptan concentration  in  noncondensable
 gases. Though the total  volume of condensable  and uncon-
 densable gases released from the blow tank could not be mea-
 sured,  rough calculatio  suggest that the loss of sulfur may
 have exceeded 20 Ib per cook.  Stack gases carried about one
 third as much odorous material as the  noncondensable blow
 gases and  at a  much lower concentration. Neither furnace
 gases nor  evaporator effluents constituted a high  intensity
 source of odor.

 14914
 Marshall, W.  F. and R. W. Hum
 FACTORS  INFLUENCING DIESEL EMISSIONS.  Preprint,
 Society  of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 12p., Aug.
 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the West Coast Meeting, Soc. Auto.
 Engrs.,  San Francisco, Calif., Aug. 12-15, 1968, Paper 680528.)

 Smoke,  odor, and other emissions of concern in environmental
 pollution from four diesel engines were studied experimentally.
 Engine design, operational mode, and fuel characteristics were
 considered  as variable factors influencing the emissions. The
 engine  included  a   turbocharged 4-cycle  unit,  normally
 aspirated 4-cycle units,  and an air-scavenged 2-cycle engine.
 All were direct injection, truck-type power units. Fuel charac-
 teristics differed widely among eight fuels used in the study,
 with principal differences occurring in sulfur  and aromatic
 content. Results  of the experimental study showed that emis-
 sions levels in all categories are  markedly influenced by engine
 operation. Within the group  of  engines tested, generally high
 emissions of unburned hydrocarbons are associated with the 2-
 cycle design, high  smoke levels with  the 4-cycle normally
 aspirated engines, and  high emissions  of NO(x)  and  ox-
 ygenates with the turbocharged 4-cycle  engine. Exhaust odor
intensity levels  were roughly equivalent for all engine types.
Emissions  in all  categories  were  surprisingly insensitive to
variation in fuel characteristics,  with the exception that smoke
levels were significantly reduced with addition of a smoke sup-
pressant additive  to the fuel. Neither of two odor inhibitors
was found effective. (Author abstract modified)

 14972
Smith, David  B. and David H. Scott
COMPREHENSIVE  AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL  PLANT.
PART  ONE. DATA  SUMMARY.  AIR  POLLUTION AND
METEOROLOGY.    David  B.  Smith   Engineers,   Inc.,
Gainesville, Fla.,  HUD Proj. FLA. P-65, 38p., July  1968. 23
refs. CFSTI: PB-184678
A background study of air pollution in Palm Beach County
identifies and locates the county's major emission sources. Cli-
matological and  meteorological conditions which increase the
severity of pollution are described. It was found that common
air pollution complaints to  the county involve commercial in-
cineration in close  proximity to residential areas, caused by
careless operating procedures. Improperly operated, the 74 ap-
proved small commercial incinerators produce soot, fly ash,
and smoke. Seven sugar mills  and two major fossil-fuel elec-
tric generating plants emit significant quantities of smoke and
related pollutants due to either improper operation, low grade
plant  fuel, or can field burning  with uncontrolled emissions.
Pratt  & Whitney Aircraft emits atmospheric pollutants  on an
occasional short-term  basis. Burning of junked automobile
hulks and production of asphalt  contributes to the emissions.
Only  in the Pahokee-Belle  Glade  area do  dustfall measure-
ments exceed  a  median residential-commercial threshold con-
centration of 14.4 tons/square  mile/month under average con-
ditions. All sampling points experience greater maximum dust-
fall concentrations except Royal Palm Beach. Dustfall concen-
trations in Riviera  Beach,  West Palm  Beach, Palm Springs,
Delray Beach, Boca Raton and the Pahokee-Belle Glade area
exceed  the standard  concentrations for  strictly residential
areas. Salhaven,  Cross  State, Boca Raton Rubbish, Lake Park,
Pahokee  North, and Belle  Glade  solid waste disposal sites
practice open burning of wastes. Uncontrolled burning at some
of these sites greatly reduces night time visibility along  major
transportation arteries  including the Sunshine State Parkway.
(Author abstract modified)

15297
Little, Arthur D., Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
CHEMICAL  IDENTIFICATION  OF  THE  ODOR  COM-
PONENTS IN DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST.  Contracts PH 22-
68-20 and CD-13-64, Proj.  CAPE-7, Final Report. 92p., July
1969.
As part of an on-going program to determine the relationship
between chemical species  in diesel exhaust and the intensity
and character of the exhaust odor, techniques were developed
to isolate  and chemically characterize the species responsible
for the smoky-burnt portion of total exhaust odor. The system
developed: silica liquid column chromatography,  followed by
silicone and carbowax gas  chromatography, and monitoring of
the effluent compounds by odor as well as by  instruments,
demonstrates the variety of odor types and complexity of the
chemical mixture of diesel exhaust. These techniques should
be sufficient to  permit identification, particularly with regard
to the lower-boiling temperature  fractions, by high resolution
mass  spectrometry of the materials responsible for the  diesel
exhaust odor. Once such identifications have been made, stu-
dies  will  be  initiated to determine the influence of engine
operating parameters and fuel types on the production of these
odor species.

16058
AIR  POLLUTION  STUDY  -  MUSKEGON,  MICHIGAN
METROPOLITAN AREA.  Preprint, Michigan Dept. of Public
Health, Lansing, Div. of Occupational Health, 24p., 1964 (?). 1
ref.
An emission inventory type air pollution study was conducted
in the Muskegon metropolitan area  to collect data on the
amounts and character of industrial contaminants. The type of
process being conducted, production rates, fuel consumption,
the nature of air cleaning equipment, and the total quantities
of pollutants emitted were investigated. Seventy-three industri-
al establishments were found to emit gaseous and paniculate
contaminants  amounting  to  106 tons/day,  excluding  com-

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 12
ODORS
bustion products. Combustion of coal was a serious source of
air pollution: eleven plants emitted a total of 417 tons/day of
combustion products to the atmosphere. Combustion of natu-
ral gas accounted for the emission of 3.6 tons/day of contami-
nants.  No estimates  of pollution from domestic heating ap-
pliances and domestic and industrial open or incineration type
burning were made. Motor vehicles were believed to account
for the release of 20 tons/day of hydrocarbons into the at-
mosphere as compared to 38 tons/day from refineries and bulk
fuel stations and 3.2 tons/day  from engine testing.  Excessive
dust, dense brown metallic oxide plumes, dense black plumes,
characteristic odors, and a light to dense haze were observed.
Manifestations of economic loss included car surface damage,
accelerated corrosion of other  metallic surfaces, discoloration
of buildings,  and increased   everyday  housekeeping costs.
However, climatology is generally  beneficial  in  terms  of
dispersion and removal of pollutants in the area. Inversions
are infrequent and short-lived. Proper application and use of
cleaning  equipment should eliminate much of  the  pollution
emanating from  industrial processing and industrial  com-
bustion sources.  It is recommended that an air pollution con-
trol board be established and that emissions of solid particles,
sulfur dioxide, smoke,  hydrocarbon vapors, and open burning
of refuse and leaves be regulated by law.

16135
Hashimoto, Michio and Masahiro Fujiwara
EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS EMISSION ON
AIR POLLUTION. (Jidoshahaikigasu no taikiosen eno eikyo).
Text  in  Japanese.   Jidosha   Gijutsu  (Automobile  Eng.),
23(11):1151-1163, 1969. 25 refs.
In 1968, automobile production in Japan was almost 4,100,000
cars, a million more  than produced in West Germany, and
second  only to the United State's production of 11,000,000
cars  in  the same year. While  the  United States,  West  Ger-
many,  France, England,  and Italy show no annual increase,
automobile production in Japan is increasing at an annual rate
of 25-30%. If this rate is maintained, the approximate annual
output  should match  that of the United Stated by 1974. It is
difficult to imagine the extent  of pollution by automobile en-
gine exhaust when automobile production in a country approx-
imately the area of California approximates that of the United
States.  Based on the results of  measurements in several cities,
the following aspects of pollution by automobile exhaust are
discussed in detail: carbon monoxide emissions; dust fall in-
cluding  lead  and  pyrene; photochemical  contaminations;
hydrocarbon emissions; and odors. The toxicity of air pollu-
tants for humans and vegetation is also examined. Although
work on carbon  monoxide began  late in Japan,  air quality
criteria  are  now being formulated with respect to carbon
monoxide. Air pollution from automobile exhaust is found to
be increasing by approximately 10-15%. It is hoped that con-
trol policies will  be  in effect before automobile  production
reaches one car for every two individuals.

16494
Akamatsu, Isao, Hiroshi Kamishima, and Yutaka Kimura
DEODORIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS IN KRAFT PULPING.
(PART I). ON THE FORMATION OF MALODOROUS COM-
PONENTS IN KRAFT PULPING.   (Kurafuto-  parupu seize
kotei haishutsu gasu  no mushuka (1 ho): Jokai-chu ni okeru
akushu-seibun no seisei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kami-pa
Gikyoshi (J.  Japan Tech. Assoc. Pulp Paper Ind.), 22(8): 406-
410, Aug. 1968. 3 refs.
The  formation of malodorous substances,  methy mercaptan
(MMA) and  dimethyl  sulfide (DMS), in the process of kraft
       pulping was  studied in two types of Japanese pulp woods:
       softwoods  (red pine, cedar and Japanese cypress) and hard-
       woods  (beech,  poplar, cherry  and pasania  oak). Alkaline
       (Na2O) and sodium sulfide (NaS) were added to a 400 g dried
       pulpwood block in an  electric autoclave and boiled for 5-1/2
       hours at 185  C. Then 5 cc of exhaust gas (raw blow gas) was
       sent into the cyclone-separator (a cylinder with the diameter of
       3 cm and the length of 18 cm) and analyzed for  malodorous
       substances (MMA and  DMS) by the use of Yanagimoto GCG-
       5DH type gas chromatograph. Larger amounts of MMA and
       DMS, especially MMA, were produced by pulping hardwoods
       than by  pulping softwoods. In  pulping the same  wood type,
       the amount of malodorous substances was increased with the
       increase  of cooking hour and temperature, and the concentra-
       tion of NaS.  The white lauan produced the same  malodorous
       substances in quality and quantity  as obtained in  the pulping
       of Japanese hardwoods. When the pulping was performed by a
       batch system, the concentration of  DMS was decreased to
       trace with the depression of pressure in the autoclave.

       17198
       Endo, Ryosaka
       RESEARCH  ON THE  SOURCE OF ODOR DEVELOPMENT
       AND  THE  RESTOENTIAL  REACTION  IN HOKKAIDO.
       (Hokkaido ni okeru akushu no hasseigen to jumin hanno). Text
       in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4):209-
       220, April 15, 1968. 23 refs.
       The results of an  empirical field survey  of odor  sources are
       presented.  Residents of Hokkaido  were  sent olfactory test
       questionnaires and asked to identify the source of  an odor, its
       degree,  and its variation with time and season. The residents
       lived in an area of fish processing plants, oil and fat works,
       excrement-disposal facilities, paper mills,  crematories,  in-
       cineration plants, refuse dumping sites,  and fox-breeding ken-
       nels. The returns, which amounted to 1,023,348 identifications
       of an odor source, were centered on fish- processing plants.
       This means that they are the major source of an odor problem
       affecting an estimated  218,300 persons. Next in order of im-
       portance were paper factories, incineration plants,  agricultural
       processing plants,  and  animal breeding buildings. Of the fish-
       processing  plants,  the  most offensive and noxious odor was
       produced by fertilizer made from fish flesh, fish oil, and other
       fish refuse. The major  odors were generated in gas emissions
       from  boiling  and  drying operations. Following the olfaction
       survey, the quantitative odor measurements and chemical anal-
       ysis of odor components were undertaken in fishery fertilizer-
       processing plants. Volatile organic acid was observed to occu-
       py the greatest proportion of offensive odors of fish fertilizers
       followed by ammonia, amines, mercaptans, and sulfurous acid.
       17236
       Nakamura, Naohiko
       UTILIZATION OF REFUSE  COMPOST.   (Konposuto no
       riyo). Text  in Japanese. Shigen (Resources),  no.  175:19-21,
       Dec. 5, 1969.                                        >
       Two potential merits of refuse compost are discussed. Refuse
       compost improves humus more effectively  than conventional
       compost of which the dominant components are ricestraw rub-
       bish and other refuse common to fanning. From an eight-year
       investigation of the effect of refuse compost fertilization on
       vegetation, it was determined that the remaining rate of humus
       soil in an underground refuse  compost is higher than that in
       ricestraw compost. Refuse compost is appropriate for soil defi-
       cient in organic matter or in B, Mn, Mo, and Zn, since it is en-
       riched in these minerals after  being composited in many  dif-

-------
                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      13
 ferent types of soil. In addition, refuse compost generally con-
 tains a considerable amount of lime,  which makes it suitable
 for  reforming the acid soil in Japan. In spite of  these  ad-
 vantages, the use  of refuse  compost is not  widespread in
 Japan, partly because its benefits are  not understood and also
 because city refuse treatment facilities are directed toward in-
 cineration. As a consequence,  the prevailing method of refuse
 treatment results in  compost which  is  not sufficiently fer-
 mented, often odorous, or injurious to  vegetation when util-
 ized for soil improvement or fanning. Refuse compost can be
 also applied to green zones in cities and  used for many other
 purposes  if it  is of  enriched quality. Results of laboratory
 research on the effect of refuse compost application on egg-
 plant, tomatoes, cucumbers, and cabbages are reported.

 17462
 Murakami, M., T. Kawashima, and K. Kamitsu
 INCINERATION PLANT AT ISOGO IN YOKOHAMA CITY.
 (Yokohamashi  seisokyoku  isogo  kojo  ni  tsuite).  Text  in
 Japanese. Kukichowa Eisei Kogaku (J. Japan Soc. of Heating
 Air Conditioning Sanitary Engrs.), 44(2):131-138, 1970.
 The design and operation of the recently constructed Isogo in-
 cineration plant  is presented. The plant site area covers  13141
 sq m, of which buildings occupy 7330 sq m. The plant is com-
 posed of three basements, five floors, a waste dumping build-
 ing,  a charging building, furnace building, central building, and
 other adjoining buildings. The average  yearly  incineration
 capacity is 300 t/24 hrs; the maximum capacity of 450 t/24 hrs
 is designed to meet seasonal increases in refuse. The plant is
 characterized by a sanitary working environment and the  ap-
 plication of modern technology. The  quantity of smoke dust
 emitted is less  than  0.1  g/cu Nm due  to  the use of mul-
 ticyclone and electric dust collectors.  Effective smoke disper-
 sion is promoted by a chimney height of 85 m; emission speed
 is more  than  20 m/s. An airtight pit chamber prevents  the
 discharge of odors.  Waste water is chemically treated to meet
 water quality standards. At night, noise is suppressed to less
 than 50  phon.  Furnace operations are  automated  and, like
 other proceedings,  observed on television sets in  a control
 room.  Furnace  rooms are ventilated 20 times/hr and  other
 rooms between 10 and 15  times/hr. Surplus steam from waste
 heat in boilers is utilized for a sludge digestion tank and sur-
 plus gas, mainly methane, as a subsidiary fuel. The first floor
 of the plant is 5  m higher than the average tide level of Tokyo
 Bay.

 17603
 Miner, Sydney
 PRELIMINARY  AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF HYDROGEN
 SULFIDE. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton Systems, Inc.,
 Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Contract PH
 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-37, 91p., Oct. 1969.  148 refs.
 CFSTI: PB 188068
 The  literature on effects, sources, abatement, economics, and
 methods  of analysis  of  atmospheric  hydrogen  sulfide  is
reviewed, with an appendix of tabular material from selected
references. Hydrogen sulfide gas is very toxic to humans and
 at concentrations over 1,000,000 micrograms/cu m, quickly
causes  death by paralysis of the respiratory tract.  At  lower
concentrations, it has an obnoxious odor and causes conjunc-
tivitis with reddening and lachrymal secretion, respiratory tract
irritation, pulmonary edema, damage to heart muscle, psychic
changes, disturbed equilibrium, nerve paralysis, spasms, un-
consciousness, and circulatory collapse. It also tarnishes silver
and  copper and combines with heavy  metals in paints to
 discolor or darken the paint  surface. The  primary natural
sources of H2S is biological decay of protein material in stag-
nant water. Among the many industrial sources are kraft paper
mills, oil refineries, natural gas plants, and chemical plants, as
well as sewage and sewage disposal plants. Average concentra-
tions of H2S in  urban atmospheres range from  1-92 micro-
grams/cu m.  Emissions can  be controlled by black liquor ox-
idation  systems,  scrubbers,   and   incineration  devices.
Hydrogen sulfide corrosion of silver has required  substitution
of gold contacts  in electrical  appliances at an estimated in-
creased cost of $14.8  million during 1963. Abatement of air
pollution from the pulp and paper industry, in which H2S is a
major factor, has cost  approximately $10 million per year and
is predicted to increase. Major expenditures have been made
by refineries and natural gas plants to remove H2S from sour
gases and to recover sulfur as a valuable byproduct. Analytical
techniques based  on the methylene blue and molybdenum blue
methods are available for laboratory analysis of H2S. The spot
method, based on tiles  or paper impregnated with lead acetate,
is also widely used. (Author abstrac modified)

17631
Endo, Ryosaku, Tetsutaro Kogo, Tatsunori Oyake, and
Hiroshi Hirakawa
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 10.  INVESTIGATION OF THE EXIST-
ING CONDITIONS IN  HOKKAIDO WITH RESPECT TO OF-
FENSIVE ODORS (SECOND REPORT). CHEMICAL ANALY-
SIS OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE ODORS.   Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967.  Trans-
lated from Japanese. 4p.
An investigation  of offensive  odor constituents by  chemical
analysis was conducted at various marine  processing  plants.
The  waste gases from the  exsiccation flue and vapor from the
steam boiling process were collected and analyzed. The results
were as follows: ammoniacal nitrogen, 4.13 g/1; volatile amino-
nitrogen, 3.8 g/1; volatile organic  acid, 19.53 g/1; hydrogen sul-
fide,  0.35 g/1; and mercaptans,  0.95 g/1- The  concentrations
perceived by the  sense of smell were different than these for
each  constituent. If  the  average or maximum value  of  the
volume of each constituent is evaluated from the offensive
odor threshold concentration, volatile organic acid would be
greatest in volume  perceivable  by smell. Second would be
mercaptans, then H2S, and ammonia which is actually  the
second most abundant. This may account for many of the dif-
ficulties involved in the evaluation of offensive  odor com-
ponents, their disposal, and counter-measures for them. In all
cases,  there was a relationship between freshness of materials
and the degree of odor. The degree of freshness was especially
low in the plants where mercaptans were abundant. Therefore,
mercaptans may be regarded as an indicator in the  method for
evaluating offensive odors.

17632
Sone, Hikaru, Tetsuo Takijima, Shinsaku Sato, and Itaru
Kikuchi
OFFENSIVE   ODORS.  11.  OFFENSIVE  ODORS  FROM
MARINE  PRODUCTS  PROCESSING PLANTS.  Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.  Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Trans-
lated from Japanese. 3p.
The  offensive  odors  from  28  marine  products  processing
plants  were measured,  using the saline solution equilibration
method. Odor specimens were drawn off from the  chimney
flue with a vacuum pump into a 1% saline solution until satu-
rated. The solution  was then diluted to  determine the odor
concentration by the dilution multiple. It was found that 60%
of the  plants exceeded  the standard limit  set  for  public
hazards. The maximum value was  2500. The odor concentra-

-------
 14
ODORS
tion was high for sharks and for fish entrails which had lain
for several days. Six different types of plants were selected as
test plants in Ishinomaki City to determine the efficiency of
deordorizing equipment. The rate of elimination of offensive
odor was 80-90%, and the odor concentrations  were reduced
to below 300. The efficiency was even  greater when a large
amount of water was used.

17633
Kikuchi,  Itaru, Shinsaku Sato, Hiroshi Funaki, and Hikaru
Sone
OFFENSIVE  ODORS. 12. AIR  POLLUTANTS GENERATED
AT KP PLANTS. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 2p.
Measuring operations were conducted at several kraft pulping
plants to  determine the source of pollutants, especially the of-
fensive odors. Measurements were made of the exhaust gases
from the  heavy oil boilers, the recovery boiler, and the turpen-
tine  condenser. The  JIS method was used to measure sulfur
oxides, and the MB method for hydrogen sulfide. With respect
to offensive odors, efforts were concentrated on the measure-
ment of  volatile organic sulfur compounds, such as methyl-
mercaptan and methylsulfide; for this purpose, gas chromatog-
raphy was used. The results showed that  the  sulfur oxides
were within the prefectural limit for public hazards. It was
confirmed, however, that an excessive amount of fine dust is
generated from the  recovery boilers and bark boilers. Also,
H2S amounting to 60 ppm  was detected from the recovery
boilers. Substantial amounts of  methylmercaptan and methyl-
sulfide were detected from the turpentine condensers and from
the recovery  boilers. These compounds were identified and
quantitatively determined. Some peaks not yet identified were
also obtained  in the gas chromatograms.

17634
Fujii, Toru
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 13. CONSTITUENTS  OF, AND COUN-
TERMEASURES FOR, THE ODORIFEROUS FUMES FROM
VINYL CHLORIDE  'LEATHER' FACTORDES.  Taiki  Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Trans-
lated from Japanese.  Ip.
In vinyl  chloride 'leather' manufacturing, a large amount of
waste gas  with an  offensive odor is evolved  in  the effer-
vescence treatment process. The constituents of the gas and a
method for its  disposal  were investigated. When the gas was
directly drawn off into distilled water, a decrease in the pH of
the water was noted. The aqueous solution in which the gas
has  been  absorbed  contained NH4(+)  and Cl(-). The eluate
from extraction with benzene has a large amount of phthalic
acid. These  components were  regarded as  the substances
which cause the offensive odor. They could be satisfactorily
eliminated by using a venturi scrubber.

19366
American Foundrymen's Society, Des Plaines, HI.
AIR CLEANING EQUIPMENT.  In: Foundry  Air Pollution
Control Manual. 2nd ed., 1967, Chapt. 7, p. 33-56.
The  basic  types of industrial gas  cleaning equipment are
mechanical or  inertia! collectors, electrostatic  precipitators,
wet scrubbers, and fabric filters or bag collectors. Detailed in-
formation is given on characteristics and structure, selection
criteria, advantages  and disadvantages,  operation,  and main-
tenance for each of these. Operation and maintenance of cata-
lytic combustion systems for odor control are also discussed.
The  efficiency, pressure  drop  variations,  and temperature
       limits of various types of dust collecting equipment are con-
       sidered, as well as the types and selection criteria for the fan
       components of these systems.  Tables  of collector efficiency
       and usual collector  selection for foundry operations  are  in-
       cluded. Approximate equipment costs are briefly discussed.

       19814
       Rasmussen, Reinhold A.
       ISOPRENE: IDENTIFIED AS A FOREST-TYPE EMISSION
       TO THE ATMOSPHERE.  Environ. Sci.  Technol., 4(8):667-
       671, Aug. 1970. 26 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
       Society 157th  National Meeting, Division of Water, Air, and
       Waste Chemistry, Minneapolis, Minn., 1969.)
       Direct gas chromatographic, infrared, and mass spectrometric
       analyses  of the air in contact with the plant foliage for five
       common tree species confirm previous observations of the ex-
       istence of isoprene as a plant product. The foliages  studies
       were on intact plants in leaf assimilation chambers under static
       conditions. Light quality was a mixture of Gro-Lux, cool white
       fluorescent tubes, and incandescent bulbs. The light intensity
       was 1100 ft candella and the temperature was 28 C;  relative
       humidity reached 92% in the closed chamber within  10 min.
       Increasing  concentration of the foliage-released volatile or-
       ganic (isoprene) was monitored using   1-ml gas samples  in-
       jected into the gas chromatograph.  When the concentration of
       isoprene  in the chamber reached 15-20  ppm, 1 liter of air in
       the chamber was transferred by a syringe pump to a saran
       plastic gas sampling bag which was usually analyzed  by  in-
       frared and mass spectroscopy within four hours after collec-
       tion. The presence of isoprene as indicated by gas chromato-
       graphic retention time data was observed in more than 30% of
       the 230 plant species surveyed.  Nonaromatic foliages of oaks,
       willows,  aspens, cottonwoods,  and plane-trees released only
       isoprene in any appreciable quantity. When a group of  16 peo-
       ple in the laboratory was asked to smell these accumulated
       foliage isoprene volatiles  from  the nonaromatic leaves, the
       description given most often  was 'smells like an oak  forest,'
       whereas  the  response  for  smelling  nonisoprene  releasing
       foliages like maples, ash, birches, and alders was 'smells like
       fresh leaves.'  Analysis of the  air in  contact with  conifer
       foliages showed that only the genus Picea (spruce) released
       isoprene as a foliage volatile. Emanations of isoprene from the
       spruce needles did  not  respond to short-term fluctuations in
       transpiration. Mass spectra of isoprene and the foliage  volatile
       were identical  with a parent ion having  a mass to charge ratio
       (m/e) of 68, representing the molecular weight of isoprene and
       a base peak of m/e 67 formed by the loss of a single H atom.
       Other  prominent peaks were m/e  of 53 from  the loss of a
       methyl group  and  m/e  of  39  which  is  the  possible
       cyclopropene ring from skeletal rearrangement. Isoprene was
       also resolved  directly from the out-of-doors  air over mango
       foliages in Panama at concentrations of 0.5 to 24 ppb  in 5  ml
       of air. The biological and air chemistry fates of isoprene are
       discussed. The fate  of  alpha-pinene and isoprene  in  the  at-
       mosphere may be similar  to  that of olefins from automobile
       exhaust; these studies suggest that naturally occurring  organic
       volatiles are disposed of in a biological sink. (Author abstract
       modified)

       19899
       Sawaya, Tsugio
       SURVEY  ON  THE PUBLIC  NUISANCE BY  OFFENSIVE
       ODOR. (Akushu kogai gairon).  Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo
       (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 8(2):34-46,
       June 1970. 12 refs.

-------
                                            A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      15
Offensive odor as a public nuisance can be classified accord-
ing to its  composition in the following  industrial  sources:
hydrocarbons and mercaptan from petroleum refining; organic
sulfur compounds such as mercaptan from paper and pulp fac-
tories; and amine and fatty acids from fish meal and rendering
factories and  stockyards.  Odors of  each category  are ex-
plained. While it is well established that olfactory reception is
caused by a stimulus given to nerves by gaseous substances or
air-borne participates,  the mechanism  of the stimulus  is not
yet known. Odors of industrial waste water are classified into
the following, that is, aromatic, free  chlorine,  disagreeable,
earthy,  fishy,  grassy,  moldy,  musty, peaty,  sweet,  free
hydrogen   sulfide,  and  vegetable.   Weber-Fechner's  law,
fatique, personal differences,  and interference of odors are
described. Definitions  of threshold and odor concentration are
provided. Measuring methods of odor include dilution by air,
equilibrium with salt water, and a method  used by processing
factories to monitor  the  total amount of odor substances.
Physical  or chemical  methods are available for  odor  abate-
ment. Scrubbers, condensation by cooling, adsorption by ac-
tive carbon, and  dilution by air  are in the physical category,
while chemical methods include processing by acid,  alkali,
chlorine, or ozone, ion exchange, masking, recombustion, and
catalytic combustion.

20101
Perez, J. M. and E. W. Landen
EXHAUST EMISSION  CHARACTERISTICS OF  PRECOM-
BUSTION  CHAMBER  ENGINES.   SAE (Soc.  Automotive
Engrs.) Trans., 77(2): 1516-1533, 1969. 10 refs. (Paper 680421.)
The  differences  between diesel engine combustion  systems
were demonstrated by  comparison of precombustion  chamber
and experimental direct injection engines; emission measure-
ments were made on total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, car-
bon  monoxide,   carbon dioxide,  and smoke.  The mobile
hydrocarbon analyzer  employed was a  modified commercially
available gas  chromatograph  containing  a  hydrogen  flame
ionization detector.  A sample of exhaust gas was drawn from
a probe in the exhaust stack through a heated inlet line and a
heated oven compartment by an oil-less vane type pump, and
it was split 35:1 by use of suitable tubing in the discharge line
from the pump.  The smaller portion of the sample flowed to
the hydrogen flame detector while the  bulk of the gas stream
exited  through a static head water  bubbler  that  served as a
constant  pressure line. The precombustion chamber  was sig-
nificantly lower in emissions, but odors from both the precom-
bustion chamber and the direct injection systems were similar
when both engines burned the same fuel. The total weight of
exhausted hydrocarbons per 1000 gal of fuel measured from a
precombustion chamber type engine, as used in highway truck
applications, was about 10% of  the current automotive stan-
dard. Odor intensity was about 20-30% of that from the direct
injection engine, based on volume concentration of a sensory
reference odor, and the oxides of nitrogen were appreciably
lower in the exhaust of precombustion chamber engines.

20118
Barnes, Gerald J.
RELATION OF LEAN COMBUSTION LIMITS IN  DIESEL
ENGINES TO EXHAUST ODOR INTENSITY. SAE (Soc. Au-
tomotive Engrs.) Trans., 77(3): 1706-1725, 1969.19 refs. (Paper
680445.)
Exhaust gas odor threshold dilution ratios were determined by
a single panelist  using the Sniff-Mask technique during idle
operation of a single-cylinder 4-stroke cycle diese engine using
n-heptane as a fuel; the effect of various changes in the intake
atmosphere composition on odor thresholds was determined.
The substitutions of argon and helium for the nitrogen in the
normal intake air produced a  15-fold reduction in the exhaust
odor thresholds, while the  substitution of carbon dioxide in-
creased the odor threshold by a factor of 4. Changes in the in-
take atmosphere  composition altered the diffusional  mixing
processes, the fuel spray patterns, the compression and com-
bustion temperatures, and  the combustion limits within the
combustion chamber.  A good correlation was found between
the measured exhaust  odor thresholds and the lean flammabili-
ty limits of  pre-mixed  flames determined in  the  intake at-
mospheres  used, suggesting  that  diesel  odor is caused by
odorous products of partial oxidation that are produced in re-
gions of fuel/oxidizer  mixtures too lean to bum at the start of
combustion. (Author abstract modified)

20125
Lienesch, John H. and Wallace R. Wade
STIRLING ENGINE PROGRESS REPORT: SMOKE, ODOR,
NOISE AND  EXHAUST EMISSIONS.  SAE (Soc. Automotive
Engrs.) Trans., 77(1):292-307,  1969. 17 refs. (Paper 680081.)
The Stirling engine is  a closed cycle external combustion en-
gine that differs  from most  heat engines  in that energy is
added to and withdrawn from the working fluid  through two
multitube heat  exchangers, i.e., the heater and the cooler.
Thermal energy can be supplied to the heater from practically
any high-temperature  source.  Measurements made on a 10 hp
single cylinder engine  operating on diesel fuels indicate that it
is unobjectionable with regard to smoke, odor, and noise. No
smoke was detected at engine speeds of 3000 rpm at idle  half-
load, or full load. Exhaust odor was undetectable at concentra-
tions normally encountered in the atmosphere. When observed
at 100  ft, the Stirling  unit was 21 dB quieter than a standard
internal combustion unit. The  levels of unbumed hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide  in Stirling engine exhaust are two orders
of magnitude less than the 50  ppm value for hydrocarbons and
the 0.5 value  for carbon monoxide that may be established for
new internal combustion engines. Emissions of nitrogen oxides
are the same order of magnitude as those for a spark ignition
engine. These can be reduced  at the expense of engine thermal
efficiency by lower combustion  air-inlet  temperature, leaner
air-fuel ratios, and an exhaust gas recirculation system.

20134
Sullivan, J. L.
AIR POLLUTION-CAUSES AND  CONTROL.  Occupational
Health Rev. (Ottawa),  20(3-4):9-23,  1968-69.
Pollution due to the burning of liquid and gaseous fuels, and
industrial emissions is discussed; methods for measuring solid
particles  and gases are described, and their  prevention or
elimination is considered. Gasoline internal combustion en-
gines seldom bum fuel completely, resulting in discharges of
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, while nitrogen  oxides
occur as the combination of nitrogen and oxygen in air under
the influence of high temperatures inside the cylinders of the
engine. These compounds are significant  as components of
sunlight-induced or photo-chemical pollution, causing eye ir-
ritation, and  damage  to vegetation and materials. Diesel ex-
hausts  discharge greater quantities of carbon particulates and
odorous materials, partly attributable to aldehydes and other
fuel  decomposition products,  than the  emissions  of  the
gasoline engine. Lead, zinc, copper and nickel smelting release
large quantities of sulfur dioxide, while the manufacture of
iron and steel causes  visible fine paniculate plumes. Gaseous
and solid fluoride compounds are evolved by the electrolysis
of aluminum oxide, and paper manufacturing results in the

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 16
ODORS
 escape of odorous sulfide and mercaptan compounds. Soot or
 dust-fall can be  collected very simply in open-top gauges,
 separated from the water by filtration, then dried and weighed;
 dust  can be measured by means of a  device similar to  a
 vacuum cleaner, in which a sample of air is drawn through a
 filter, composed usually of paper or fibre-glass, and the quan-
 tity of dust is determined by  subtracting the previously-deter-
 mined weight of the filter. Gases are often measured continu-
 ously by absorption of infrared or ultra violet electromagnetic
 rays.  Legislation for the reduction of emissions has two main
 objectives: to extablish standards and to enforce them. It is
 preferable to employ methods which do not create pollution,
 but filters are mentioned for the many processes which cannot
 avoid generating dust. Pollution control has been a provincial
 responsibility in Canada, and specific acts of legislation are
 cited.

 20276
 Rue, Phillip G. La
 ELECTRIC SMOKELESS AND ODORLESS INCINERATOR.
 (Calculator Corp., Bay City, Mich.) U. S. Pat. 3,496,890. 6p.,
 Feb. 24, 1970. 4 refs. (Appl. Nov. 6, 1967, 9 claims).
 A smokeless and odorless incinerator for burning garbage and
 other refuse is described. The  refuse is placed in a primary
 combustion  chamber where it is ignited by  mounted heating
 elements. An afterburner is provided which rebums the smoke
 and gases as they flow from the primary chamber. The remain-
 ing unburned refuse in the primary chamber is dried up by a
 second heating device  before being burned.  The heating ele-
 ments may be open coil resistance wires which are protected
 by a  grid placed  between them and the refuse. The second
 heating device is preferably placed from the bottom of the pri-
 mary chamber. (Author abstract modified)

 20553
 Sullivan, Ralph J.
 PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF ODOROUS
 COMPOUNDS.  A LITERATURE REVIEW.  Litton  Systems,
 Inc., Silver  Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div.,  Con-
 tract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTP 66-42, 244p., Oct.  1969.
 443 refs. CFSTI: PB 188089
 Odors may cause mental and  physiological effects in humans,
 such as  nausea, headache, loss of sleep, loss of appetite, im-
 paired breathing, and in some  cases allergic reactions. Commu-
 nity and personal pride and status may be adversely affected.
 No information on the  effect  of odorous air pollutants on the
 health or behavior of  domestic, commercial, or experimental
 animals  was found in  the literature.  The petroleum  industry,
 petrochemical  plant complexes, chemical industry, pulp and
paper mills, coke ovens,  coal, iron-steel industry and  foun-
 dries, food processing,  meat  industry (including  livestock
 slaughtering, inedible  rendering  of  animal  matter,  fish
processing,  tanneries,  etc), combustion processes (including
diesel engines), and sewage are listed  as sources of odors. The
literature contains no quantitative data on the odor concentra-
tion in ambient air. Surveys have been made,  but they show
only the  detective  disagreeable odors and not  their intensity.
Abatement methods fall into  several categories: combustion,
absorption, adsorption, odor masking, odor removal, chemical
control,  biological  control, and containment. Combustion is
generally accepted as  the  best way to deodorize malodorous
gases. Oxidation at 1,200 F or above usually gives satisfactory
results.  Economically,  odor  pollution  depresses  property
 values. The human nose  is  the only reliable detector, and
 several laboratory  and field methods (organoleptic methods,
 such as  the vapor  dilution technique and the syringe dilution
       techinque) and instrumental methods (such as gas chromatog-
       raphy) have been deveolped to quantify human observations.

       20557
       CHEMICAL  IDENTIFICATION  OF  THE  ODOR  COM-
       PONENTS IN DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST (FINAL REPORT).
        Little (Arthur D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass Contracts PH 22-68-
       20 and CD-13-64, Proj. CAPE-7, 92p.,  July 1969. 3 refs. CF-
       STI: PB 185878
       As part of a total program related to the chemistry of diesel
       exhaust, odor compounds in diesel exhaust were characterized
       with  respect  to  their  type,  intensity,  threshold   values,
       character, and possible contribution to human irritation. In ad-
       dition, techniques  were  developed for separating the odor
       components from diesel exhaust. The odor profile of diesel ex-
       haust at a 1/600 dilution in air describes three odor character
       notes - oily, burnt, and kerosene - and two feeling sensations -
       nose irritation  and eye irritation. These five elements appear to
       vary in intensity as a function of diesel exhaust level in the
       test room. The system for separating the components of diesel
       exhaust uses silica liquid column chromatography followed by
       silicone and carbowax gas chromatography. Preliminary analy-
       sis shows that several individual components with odors relat-
       ing to the burnt complex are present in sufficient concentra-
       tion  to permit identification,  particularly with regard to  the
       low-boiling-temperature fractions. The  separation techniques
       should be sufficient for isolating the odor components related
       to kerosene and those which are described as oily.

       20706
       Shigeta, Y.,  Y. Hoshika, T.  Ishiguro, and S. Tsuchihashi
       THE  RESEARCH  OF BAD  ODOR  ON THE  FISH  MEAL
       PLANTS.   (Gyochokotsu shorikojogun no akushu chosarei).
       Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
       tion), 4(1):86,  1969.  (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting
       of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
       In Shimonoseki, four plants in fishmeal and  feather meal
       production  as well  as rendering were investigated  as  the
       source of obnoxious odors in the area. For all plants, the most
       odorous emissions  originated  from the  fish meal dryers and
       the exhaust  of the odor control equipment. Various strengths
       of odor are tabulated according to the emission source and the
       types of products. From odor measurements of the surround-
       ing area by  the syringe method, most  of the extensive odor
       pollution was again found to originate from the dryers  as well
       as the raw material storerooms. A questionnaire survey was
       conducted of  the local residents, concerning meteorological
       conditions and subjective opinions on odors; it became evident
       that the odors  from the dryers are spread out by the westerly
       wind, with high intensity even half a kilometer away. This in-
       fluences the daily life of the residents  as far as one  to two
       kilometers away.

       21395
       Vogelhuber, W. W. and H. C. Parish
       COMPACT  LNG   SYSTEM  USING   LARGE  STERLING
       CYCLE  COLD GAS REFRIGERATOR.    Inst.  of  Gas
       Technology, Chicago, HI., Proc. Intern.  Conf. LNG,  1st,
       Chicago, HI., 1968, 12p. (April 7-12, Paper 5-28).
       A liquefaction system is discussed which utilizes a Cold Gas
       Refrigerator operating on the Stirling cycle to remove some or
       all of the sensible and latent heat from  natural gas. For capa-
       bilities below about 1.4 MMCFD, the CGR system would be
       expected to have  a lower  initial cost  than  conventional
       systems. The unit comprises an ambient temperature drive and

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      17
a cylinder assembly which houses a compression piston and a
displacer  piston, both  coupled to a  unique rhombic drive
mechanism by separate connecting rods. The rhombic drive
produces  sinusoidal phased  harmonic  motions of  the  two
pistons which alternately  compress, transfer, and expand the
working fluid (hydrogen or helium gas) within  the  cylinder.
Space just beneath the displacer piston is used  for compres-
sion, while the space above the displacer is used for expanding
and  cooling  the  working medium. These sections  are  con-
nected by a  channel containing three heat exchangers. If the
refrigeration  capacity  requirement exceeds  that of a single
cylinder, two, three or four cylinders may  be  combined to
form a single, multi-cylinder unit with a  common drive shaft.
An advantage of the multi-cylinder  unit  is  the  capability of
operating the cylinders at different temperatures, while it is a
relatively compact unit resulting in minimum field installation
effort. The CGR unit can be  charged, started and cooled to
operating temperatures within ten minutes. It is generally in-
sensitive to load variations and if load and  capacity are un-
balanced, the condensing temperature will change until a new
equilibrium point is reached. Features of the  CGR  system
promote its use in an installation where redundant refrigeration
capacity is required, as in barge transport of liquefied natural
gas or other cryogenic fluids.

21661
Kanno, Kyoichi
ON OZONE.  Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc., Tokyo), 2(1), 1964. 11  refs. Translated from Japanese.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 15p., April 7, 1970.
Some  general aspects  of ozone science  and technology are
briefly  reviewed. The odor  of ozone  was  first  recognized
preceding thunderstorms  or near electric generators,  and is
chiefly due to impurities in the gas. The  theory, testing, and
temperature  and humidity effects  of ozone production by
silent dischargers are discussed. Conflicting opinions exist con-
cerning the  poisonous nature of the gas, although  it seems
clear that impurities, concentration, and length of time of ex-
posure  are important parameters. Because of its strong ten-
dency  toward acidification, ozone  has important bactericidal,
bleaching, and anti-odor applications.  In recent indoor  air pu-
rification technology, polluted air may be passed through an
ozonizer to kill constituent microorganisms with a heavy  dose
of ozone; the  polluted and  purified air are then mixed to
gradually purify the total  ambient atmosphere. As a  powerful
oxidizing agent, ozone is effective in counteracting the odors
of such substances as oxides, mercaptans,  skatoles, and in-
dols. A brief description of chemical and physical ozone detec-
tion methods  is also given. The physical methods are preferred
because they  are faster, continuous, and more readily adjusted
for precise measurements and sensitive changes.

21700
Feitzelmayer  Karl and Karl Conradi
DEVICE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE COMPOSITION OF
THE EXHAUST  OF DIESEL  ENGINES DURING IDLING.
(Vonichtung  zur Verbesserung der Zusammensetzung der Ab-
gase  von  Dieselmotoren  im  Leerlauf). Text  in  German.
(Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg A. G., Munich W.  Ger-
many)) Swiss Pat 457 032. 3p. May 31, 1968. (Appl. Oct 13,
1967, 1 claim).
Disagreeable  odors  in  the exhaust of diesel engines  during
idling can be  reduced by diminishing the fresh air supply.  This
is achieved by installation of a throttle valve in the  fresh air
intake  duct which reduces the air  supply in  accordance  with
the lower fuel supply during idling. The position of the throttle
valve can be adjusted by the piston of a pneumatic actuator,
which is connected to the pneumatic control system. The latter
operates the fuel control system.

21857
Hamanabe, Y., S. Harima, T. Miura, T. Domon, and T.
Namiki
THE  SENSITIVE  MEASUREMENT  OF  BAD  ODOR  IN
USING OF AN ODORLESS CHAMBER. (Mooshushitsoohoh
ni yoloo shuki kannoh sokootei (II). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 115, 1969. 2
refs. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of  Air Pollution An-
nual Meeting, 10th,  1969.)
The odor of methyl-mercaptan, ammonia, and dimethyl sulfide
was measured  using an odorless chamber  from whose win-
dows odor was sniffed by a panel of 5-6  members on the
threshold  level, environmental level,  and  nuisance level  of
malodor. The  first  level means the minimum one, when the
odor starts to  smell; the second one does not give any actual
effects on the body; and  the  last one results in headache,
nausea, reduced appetite, etc. The results in ppm for threshold
level, environmental level and nuisance level, respectively, are
as follows: methyl mercaptan: 0.0001, 0.02, and 1.0; ammonia:
0.04,  8.0, and  40;  and dimethyl sulfide: 0.01, 2.0,  and 10.
Although  the  comparison is made between  these individual
odors and mixed odors, it  is difficult to know their relation-
ship.

21882
Franzke, H. H.
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS AT REFUSE INCINERATORS.
(Emissionsverminderung bei der Abfallverbrennung).  Text in
German. VDI (Ver.  Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 149:313-317, 1970.
The heterogeneous nature of refuse material makes any reduc-
tion of emissions difficult. Incinerators primarily emit dust (1
to 20 g/cu m),  sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide  (500 to 2500
mg/cu m), hydrogen chloride (150 to  1500  mg/cu m), and
odors. The Federal government has imposed emission limits  on
incinerators, namely 150 mg/cu m of dust for plants with a cir-
culation of 1.5 tons/h, and 200 mg/cu m of dust and a carbon
dioxide-content of  7% for plants  with a capacity below  1.5
tons/h. Technical measures for the reduction of emissions are
discussed  in the VDI (Association of  German Engineers)
guidelines 2114 and 2301.  High stacks help to  reduce high
emission concentrations. For flue gas cleaning, the gases must
first be cooled to temperatures between 150 and 250 C, while
the liberated heat can be used for power generation. If no heat
utilization is contemplated, water or fresh air must be used for
cooling the gases. Electrostatic precipitators are primarily used
for dust separation in large incinerators. In storage bunkers  an
underpressure  must  be maintained to avoid spread of disagree-
able odors.

21887
Franzky,U.
THE USE OF OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR REDUCTION
OF ODOROUS EMISSIONS. (Ueber den Einsatz von Oxida-
tionsverfahren  zur   Verminderung geruchsintensiver  Emis-
sionen). Text  in  German. VDI (Ver.  Deut.  Ingr.) Ber.,  no.
149:291-302, 1970. 29 refs.
Thermal  waste gas  treatment is by  far the most efficient
method, but also the one with the highest operating costs, for
the reduction  of  odorous emissions from  animal rendering,
coffee roasting, pyrolysis of beech wood, and foundries. The
waste gas is pressed into a combustion chamber where guide

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 18
ODORS
vanes  impart a rotary movement to the gas. The oil or gas
burner is tangentially attached to the cylindrical chamber wall.
Waste gases from a  coffee roasting plant could be cleaned
from 575 mg C/cu Nm to 170 mg C/cu Nm when temperatures
in the chamber did not exceed 485 C. Better results are ob-
tained at temperatures between 680 and 800 C,  while concen-
trations of more than 10 g/cu Nm in the uncleaned gas could
be reduced to less than 100 mg C/cu Nm at 740 C. Catalytic
oxidation has found wide-spread use in the past few years, in
which it generally suffices to heat the waste gases to just 350
or 400 C. Thus, costs for energy can be saved.  Catalysts with
palladium  or platinum as active ingredients are used. Efficien-
cies  of 90 to 95% are achieved with this method, but a higher
maintenance service is required. Deodorization of the air in a
poultry farm and pig sty by addition of ozone was unsuccess-
ful. Better results were obtained in a mink farm by soaking a
bed  of sand with potassium permanganate solution 100g/12
liter  water, 1 liter solution per 1 sq m sand). Mink feces falling
onto this soaked  bed were deodorized to a large extent. No
final results are available as experiments with this method are
still in progress.

21978
Pustinger, J. V. Jr., F. N. Hodgson, J. E. Strobel, and R. L.
Evers
IDENTIFICATION  OF  VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS  OF
SPACE CABIN  MATERIALS.   Monsanto Research Corp.,
Dayton, Ohio, AF Contract F33615-67-C-1357 Proj. 6302, Task
630204, Work  Unit  008, AMRL-TR-69-71, 68p., Oct. 1969. 4
refs. CFSTI: N70-19600
Nineteen candidate space-cabin materials were tested to deter-
mine weight loss  characteristics  and to identify their gas-off
products.  The materials were screened initially,  using  ther-
mogravimetric  techniques  for  measuring  weight  loss  at
moderate temperatures (ambient to 68 plus  or minus 2 C) for
22.5  hours in 5 psia  nitrogen, to select those candidate materi-
als that lose from 0.001 to 1.0 of their weight, excluding water.
The  selected materials were then stored in 9-liter chambers at
68 plus or minus 2 C for 72 hours and at 25 plus or minus 2 C
for 30 days. Atmosphere  in the chambers was oxygen at 5
psia. The gaseous contaminants evolved from the test materi-
als were identified  by combinations of gas chromatography
and  mass  spectrometry. Gas-  off  products  observed  were
mostly entrapped solvents. Only two materials exhibited ex-
cessively high (greater  than 1.0) emission  values. The  ther-
mogravimetric procedures for screening candidate materials
provided a good  measure  of the  rate  of  volatile emission.
However,  the use  of  this  approach  as a rapid screening
technique requires excessive time.

22860
Chansky, Steven H., Anne N. Dimitriou, Edwin  L. Field,
Charles R. LaMantia, and Robert E.  Zinn
SYSTEMS STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MUNICIPAL
INCINERATION.  VOLUME  H.  (APPENDICES).    Little
(Arthur D.) Inc.,  Cambridge, Mass., NAPCA Contract CPA-
22-69-23, 312p., March 1970. 39 refs. CFSTI: PB  192379
Volume II of a three volume report presents, largely in tabular
and graphic format, data pertinent to a systems study  of air
pollution from municipal incineration. The scope, conclusions,
and recommendations are contained hi  Volume  I;  Volume IH
consists of a comprehensive bibliography. The cost of reduc-
ing solid waste to a workable  size; processes, physics, and
costs of reducing flue gas temperatures for compatability with
air pollution control  equipment; the stoichiometry of refuse in-
cineration; operating  experience  on  European electrostatic
       precipitators; by-product recovery, including paper, metal, and
       heat; composition of refuse;  and the projected composition
       and quantities through the year 2000 are presented. A detailed
       description is provided of the incineration process from collec-
       tion to disposition of residue, with consideration being given
       to equipment options; air pollution via odors, smoke, particu-
       lates, and gases; process  control; waste water disposal; site
       requirements;  buildings; and  utilities.  A specimen question-
       naire is included that was  used to obtain data from the indus-
       try  on  incinerator  inventories,  capacities,  current  design
       trends, and operating practices. Data obtained through  the use
       of this questionnaire are presented and analyzed. The causes
       and extent of air pollution problems associated with municipal
       incineration are defined, and a data bank of incinerator emis-
       sion data is presented. Causes and cures for incinerator defi-
       ciencies are discussed.

       22973
       Jensen, Robert M.
       INTRODUCTION  TO  AIR QUALITY CONTROL.   Pacer,
       1(5):1-14, 1970.
       The hazard of and the  harm  caused by air pollution  depend
       upon concentration and exposure. As  can be demonstrated
       statistically, the incidence of health hazards due to air pollu-
       tion is about 100 times  greater in a city than in a rural  area.
       Transportation contributes nearly 60% of the total atmospheric
       pollution and  yields 74,800,000 tons  of pollutants per year;
       manufacturing is the next  biggest producer  at 23,400,000 tons
       per year. The biggest single pollutant is the  65,000,000  tons of
       deadly carbon monoxide which we pump into our atmosphere
       each year. There is a large and rapidly increasing amount of
       evidence which relates air pollution to chronic bronchitis and
       respiratory cancer. Air pollution  damages crops, livestock,
       shrubbery, and trees. Fluorine compounds in forage will cause
       cattle to lose  teeth and to have an overgrowth  of leg bones
       and ribs. Odor from a rendering plant or from some chemical
       plants can depress the value of land for both commercial and
       residential use. New York City estimates that corrosion costs
       the city about $6 million per year.  Alternatives in sulfur diox-
       ide control include the use of fuels with no  sulfur, removal of
       the  sulfur from  the fuel,  and removal  from  the  gaseous
       products of combustion.

       22987
       Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
       ODOR   REMOVAL  AT  FISH   AND   ANIMAL   MEAL
       PROCESSING PLANTS IN NORTHERN EUROPE. PART H.
       (Hokuo ni okeru gyochokotsu, jukotsu shori  koj  no  dasshu
       taisaku. sono ni). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor
       Research J. Japan), l(2):28-34, June 20, 1970.
       Dank Andels Fish AMBA is a fish meal factory on an island
       of Denmar and owns nearly 200 ships which amounts  to one-
       half of the all the ships on this island. The materials processed
       are  mainly  codfish and  herring.  The company processes
       between 4000 t and 5000 t/year. Plant equipped by Atlas, with
       indirect thermal dryers,  are operated by five employees. As it
       is this factory that successfully commenced odor removal so-
       oner than in any other country in Europe, there is  little or no
       fish smell in this plant. As one of the biggest companies in Eu-
       rope, Andels Sildeli Fabriken AMBA in Esbjerg of Denmark,
       runs nine plants with the  capacity of 300 t/day and 150 em-
       ployees process about 230,000 t in raw materials, about 40,000
       t in fish meal, 13,000 t in soluble materials, and 12,000 in fish
       oil annually. Odor removal appeared rather  poorly carried out
       at this  plant  There is  much to be improved on, especially
       washing as a  whole. Blackkd Moae Fabriken in Hanstholm,

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      19
 Denmark was under construction at the time of author's visit
 and is supposed to be currently operating. As briefly com-
 mented,  although  many  were  considered instructive  with
 respect to fish  meal processing there  were few  with  odor
 removal so far. Reports of management aspects are presented.

 23000
 Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
 ODOR   REMOVAL  AT   FISH  AND   ANIMAL  MEAL
 PROCESSING PLANTS IN NORTHERN EUROPE.  PART I.
 (Hokuo  ni  okeru  gyochokotsu, jukotsu  shorikojo  dasshu
 taisaku. sono ichi).  Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu
 (Odor Research J. Japan), l(l):38-45, April 20, 1970.
 Various  remarks on the  fish  meal processing factories in
 Northern Europe are presented.  They are concerned with the
 present situation of fish and animal meal processing industries,
general concerns of some plants for odor  removal, facilities
for odor removal, general conditions and  outlooks of those
buildings, maintenance of equipments, and specifically techni-
cal aspects of odor removal in  practice. Two plants  are  in-
troduced. Doggerbank Fishmelsfabrikken in Denmark special-
ize in  herring with fat content of between 15 and 20%  and
processes 22,000 t/year (220 days worked in  1967) or 100 t/day.
The workers numbered only three, operating the Alfa Laval
equipment. The  water  consumed for both  odor removal  and
washing totals between 45 cu m and 50 cu m/ hour.  Fish odor
can hardly be recognized, even inside the building. Eidelsteder
 Extraktions  und Fishmeklwerke in West Germany  processes
 between 400  and 500 t/day and the main material is fish rub-
 bish, occasionally round herring and codfish. The  building is
 equipped with two roter desk-dryers by Atlas with the capaci-
 ty of 300 t/day and two cookers with the capacity of 250 t/day
 and of 150 t/day,  respectively. The  employees number 45.
Odor removal is poor at this plant.

23313
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN  CAROLINE COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Department of Health,  Baltimore,  Div. of Air
Quality Control and Caroline County Dept. of Health, Denton,
 Md., 19p., Jan. 1970. 15 refs.
The present survey emanated from the need of the Division of
Air  Quality Control of the  Maryland  State Department of
Health to have a county by county statement, based on availa-
ble information, on the status of air contamination in the vari-
ous areas. The survey was made in accordance with authority
granted under the Maryland Air Quality Control Act (Article
43, Annotated Code of Maryland, 1957 Edition and Supple-
ment).  Regulations have been adopted by the county governing
the control  and prohibition of  open fires, the control and
prohibition of visible emissions,  and the control and prohibi-
tion of paniculate emissions from fuel combustion. Amend-
ments to  these regulations which became effective on January
29, 1969 govern the sulfur content of all heating oils and of oil
used in very large installations  after July 1, 1970; prohibit
removing air pollution control devices from motor vehicles as
well as requiring that the devices be kept in operating condi-
tion; provide for the control of the discharge of gases, vapors
or odors; and, in addition, are concerned with control of visi-
ble and paniculate emissions from industrial and incineration
operations. Plants  at Denton and Ridgely fortunately have
been located so that those  communities are upwind  of the
prevailing west and northwest winds. Two poultry processing
plants create the types of odors usually associated therewith
but they are rurally located. There  are no plants for  the
rendering of inedible portions of chickens in the county. Five
dumps are used  for the  disposition of about  8500  tons  of
refuse annually. The burning  of  material is on an irregular
schedule and is somewhat controlled. However, material is not
covered frequently and the dumps are odorous. Investigations
are under way with the aim of substituting sanitary  landfills
for the dumps. The disposal of home-generated  trash and
leaves in smaller communities and by burning is a general
practice. The processing of clams near Ridgely produces some
odors which escape into the town and may lead to objectiona-
ble conditions.  However, some residents of the  area reported
that they were not of an objectionable nature. Smoke has been
emanating periodically from the stack of milk plant in Green-
sboro, but this is resulting from improper operation of new
equipment  which was  installed  to  correct  previously un-
satisfactory smoke emissions.

23314
Alkire, H. L.
AIR  POLLUTION  IN  TALBOT COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality Control and Talbot County Dept.  of Health,  Easton,
Md., 19p., Jan.  1970. 14 refs.
The present survey emanated from the need of the Division  of
Air Quality Control of the Maryland State  Department  of
Health to have  a county by county statement, based on availa-
ble information, on the status of air contamination in the vari-
ous areas. The  survey was made in accordance with authority
for the Secretary of Health and Mental Hygiene to adopt regu-
lations governing the control  of  air pollution  in the State.
Regulations applicable  in  Talbot County have been  adopted
governing the control and prohibition of open fires, the control
and prohibition of visible emissions,  and the  control and
prohibition of  participate emissions  from fuel  combustion.
Amendments to these regulations  which became effective on
January 29, 1969  govern the sulfur content of all heating oils
and of coal used in very large installations after July  1, 1970;
prohibit removing air pollution control devices  from motor
vehicles as well as requiring that the devices be kept in operat-
ing conditions; provide for the control of the discharge  of
gases, vapors or odors; and, in addition, are concerned with
control of visible and paniculate emissions  from industrial and
incineration operations. Most sources of air pollution in Talbot
County,  although relatively small and few in  number, are
clustered in the Easton area. Pollution generally is associated
with the processing of vegetables, the shelling and drying  of
corn  which create 'beeswing' chaff, and the  processing  of
seafood. Other  than in the Easton area, these are widely scat-
tered and objectionable levels of  pollution are localized. Al-
most  all refuse material is disposed of  in landfills. However,
burning sometimes occurs  at  the Tilghman-Sherwood dump
and occasionally at the St. Michaels dump.

23843
Merz, Otto
PRACTICAL   DETERMINATION   OF   GASES   FROM
VARNISH  DRYING OVENS.  (Praxisnahe Bestimmung von
Abgasen aus  Lacktrockenoefen). Text in German. Blech,
15(1):12-16, Jan. 1968. 19 refs.
An exact chemical analysis of gases emanating  from lacquer
drying ovens which are a complex mixture of various organic
compounds of  unknown exact composition can  be  accom-
plished only by a combination of  gas chromatography, flame
ionization detection, and infrared spectroscopy. The emission
consists largely of solvents which can be dealt with by cata-
lytic combustion and of less than 1% decomposition products
the smell of which is sometimes  objectionable. Some sulfur

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 20
ODORS
dioxide is also generated if fuel oil i used in the installation.
Maximal permissible  work site concentrations and  maximal
permissible  emission  levels of various  solvents and formal-
dehyde, furfurol, mono- di- and trimethylamine, mono- di- and
triethylamine (which have in  1964 been  reduced to up to one
tenth of their former levels) are reviewed. Portable explosime-
ters  are used for  the determination of the  concentration of
combustible gases, vapors, and their mixtures with air for con-
centration within a range of  up to the lower explosion  limit.
Especially  suited  for gas  emanations  from lacquer drying
ovens are gas detectors using detection cartridges for almost
all  solvents  and  lacquer  decomposition  products  such as
phenol, monostyrol, polyacrylate, formaldehyde, and  acrolein.
A color  conversion of the  test substance  in the cartridge
represents a qualitative  and sometimes  a quantitative test of
the presence of the objectionable substance. The presence of
100 mg hydrocarbon N/cu m is considered to be the upper per-
missible limit, but the figure is arbitrary because the olfactory
threshold of various compounds varies widely.

24007
VAPOUR  INCINERATION.   Process  Biochem.,  5(l):54-56,
Jan.  1970.
Direct-fired  fume  incinerators  should  destroy  most  organic
particles as well as organic solvent fumes, while discharge to
the atmosphere from the units is odor-free.  The operation prin-
ciple  is  to  pass organic pollutants through a  dwell  or  com-
bustion chamber where they are raised to self-ignition tem-
perature by  contact with a direct flame so that all pollutants
are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.  In general, exhaust
gas discharge  temperatures of  1200-1400 F  are sufficient to
reduce pollution in effluent by 85-95%. When the oxygen con-
tent of the effluent is high, it is recommended practice to use
the effluent as either primary or secondary  air for the  com-
bustion process. As the oxygen content in the effluent drops
below 18%,  it is advisable to use an increasing percentage of
fresh air as primary and secondary combustion air. When ef-
fluent is used  as 'air'  for the  combustion of the selected fuel,
the temperature of the  effluent 'air'   should  be controlled
below 700  F,  if fuel gas  is used,  to  prevent cracking; if
propane or butane is  the fuel selected,  an effluent 'air' tem-
perature below 650 F is recommended. Formulae  are provide
for calculating the net or  gross heat input  required for the
combustion of a given volume of effluent. Burner types are
mentioned,  including an AH-O-, TAH-O, RAH-, and TAH-R-
type burner, as well as indications for their use.

24350
Copley International Corp.
NATIONAL SURVEY OF THE ODOR PROBLEM. PHASE I
OF A STUDY OF  THE  SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF ODORS.   Contract  CPA 22-69-50, 246p.,  Jan. 1970. 175
refs. NTIS: PB 194376
Information relative to the basic definition, identification, and
assessment of the social  and economic impact of odors is
presented. In  order to  fully understand  the  odor problem,
several  tasks  were  defined,  including:  identification  and
description  of major odors  and sources; a survey of local air
pollution control agencies;  selection  of  several areas for in-
vestigations  of actual  problems;  public  opinion  surveys;
technical field investigations;  and sensory  evaluation of odor
studies.  Primary sources  include  meat packing  operations,
chemical plants,   dumps  and  incinerators,  and  petroleum
production. Results of the surveys and public opinion polls are
discussed. The scentometer, a vapor dilution technique device,
is a utilitarian and effective tool for odor  problem identifica-
       tion. Many citizens are aware of and object to odor problems,
       but very few people are motivated to seek official recourse.

       24459
       Morriss, F. V., Calvin Bolze, and John T. Goodwin, Jr.
       SMOG  CHAMBER STUDDZS  OF UNLEADED VS. LEADED
       FUELS.  Ind. Eng. Chem. 50(4):673-676, April 1958. 9 refs.
       Because automobile exhaust gas has been  implicated as a
       major source of smog-producing chemicals, it was  undertaken
       to investigat the possible effect of tetraethyl lead and halogen
       scavengers used in antiknock  fluids on smog manifestations.
       The major exhaust products from TEL and these  scavengers
       are particulate solids from 0.01 micron to several  millimeters
       in diameter, composed mainly of lead chlorobromide and alpha
       and beta forms of the binary complex of this halide with am-
       monium chloride. Experimental apparatus consisted essentially
       of two large  glass reaction chamber built from a greenhouse,
       and equipped with air-sampling systems to measure  the con-
       centrations of various chemicals.  Test fuels were burned in a
       1952 Ford station wagon with  an  automatic  transmission.
       When measurements were made of oxidants, eye irritation and
       odor, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and
       aldehydes, no significant  differences were  found  between
       leaded and unleaded gasolines.

       24500
       Mie Prefecture (Japan), Public Nuisance Control Bureau
       REPORT ON THE SPECIAL INVESTIGATION OF AIR POL-
       LUTION IN THE YOKKAICHI DISTRICT.  (Yokkaichi chiku
       taiki osen  tokubetsu chosa hokoku sho). Text in Japanese.
       20p., March 1964.
       The industrial complexes in Yokkaichi consists of two large-
       scale complexes  and a heavy-oil  combustion steam  power
       plant; the total amount of fuel oil used per year occupies 99%
       of the total.  The complexes were built during the period of
       economic growth,  and little  attention  was  paid to  public
       nuisance control.  Winds  blow  NW in winter and SE in
       summer. The main pollutants are sulfur oxides arising primari-
       ly from heavy-sulfur oil combustion. The concentration some-
       times goes up to about  0.2 ppm  (electroconductivity method).
       Soot and dust particles are also  a  problem,  but they are
       decreasing over the years due to the decreasing use of solid
       fuels. There  are, however, individual factories  that produce
       much soot and dust. Other pollutants include obnoxious odors
       and noise. The control measures involve enforcing  environ-
       mental standards (tabulated); taking appropriate steps such as
       treating sulfur oxides arising from sulfuric acid manufacturing
       plants; restructuring the urban structure of Yokkaichi; creating
       buffer  zones between factories and nearby residential  areas;
       establishing clean-air rooms in medical  facilities to treat the
       emergency cases of respiratory diseases caused by air pollu-
       tion; creating an air pollution monitoring network; and building
       meteorological stations.

       24527
       Lunche, R. G.
       VACUUM JETS.  In: Emissions to the Atmosphere  from Eight
       Miscellaneous Sources  in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles County
       Air  Pollution  Control  District,   Calif., California Dept.  of
       Public  Health, Berkeley,  Bureau of Air Sanitation,  Public
       Health Service, Washington, D.  C., Community Air Pollution
       Program,  and  Western Oil and Gas Assoc.,  Los Angeles,
       Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Kept 8, Section 8, p.
       47-51, June 1958. 9 refs.

-------
                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      21
 A steam-driven vacuum ejector or jet, consisting of several
 ejector stages in series with interstage condensers, is the com-
 mon  method for producing  and maintaining a vacuum  in
 refinery process  equipment. Malodorous hydrocarbon  emis-
 sions were vented to the atmosphere as non-condensable gases
 from the last stage of the vacuum jet system. These emissions
 decreased progressively from  17 tons in 1951  in Los Angeles
 County to zero in 1957 as a result of control installations,
 which condense as much of the vacuum jet effluent as is prac-
 tical and recover the remaining gases and vapors, which are
 then vented to a  fume incinerator or firebox.  The liquid con-
 densate can be separated into water and hydrocarbon. No test-
 ing program was  conducted, since all known refinery jets are
 under control.

 24754
 Franzky,U.
 RESULTS OF THERMAL AND OF CATALYTIC PROCESSES
 TO LIMIT OLFACTORY EMISSIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMI-
 CAL  COMPOUNDS.   (Ergebnisse thermischer  und  kata-
 lytischer  Verfahren  zur   Einschraenkung  geruchsintensiver
 Emissionen organisch-chemischer Verbindungen). Text in Ger-
 man.    Landesanstalt   fuer   Immissions-und   Bodennut-
 zungsschutz, Essen (West Germany), 9p., 1970 (?). 13 refs.
 A reliable process for the elimination of emissions of organic
 chemical compounds  with  an objectionable smell is thermal
 combustion. Organic compounds are completely destroyed by
 heating the exhaust gas flow to above 800 C for a sufficiently
 long time.  The process is  expensive  because the  oxidation
 does  not generate heat. The concentration of olfactory  sub-
 stances is always minute and all heat for the  combustion has
 to be provided from the outside.  Catalytic combustion which
 achieves satisfactory combustion at temperatures between 350
 and 400 C is  therefore  used more frequently. Such  tempera-
 tures  can often Be produced by means of heat exchangers. But
 catalytic purification  cannot be applied universally because
 dust and other admixtures (phosphorus  compounds for exam-
 ple)  can prematurely deactivate the catalyst. With  catalytic
 combustion at temperatures above 350 C, residual concentra-
 tions are largely independent of the nature and quantity of the
 original impurities.  The effectiveness  of these processes  is
 judged by the carbon content of the gas before and following
 combustion. Thermal and  catalytic installations  designed  to
 reduce  objectionable emission from lacquer drying furnaces,
 from  poly vinyl chloride jelling canals, from  coffee and  malt
 roasting drums, from  curing chambers and  other  emission
 sources are described.

 24903
 Wright, R. H.
 IS IT POSSIBLE TO BUILD AND  OPERATE A COMPLETE-
LY ODORLESS KRAFT MILL? Can. Pulp Paper Ind. (Van-
couver), 10(9):21-22, 24, 26,  28, 30, 32, 34, Sept. 1957.
It is  possbile to build a  completely  odorless kraft mill  if
management is willing to pay the price.  The  initial down  pay-
 ment would pay for odor control equipment;  the direct install-
 ment  payments are the costs of maintaining  all the odor  con-
 trol equipment at top efficiency;  indirect installment charges
occur whenever it is necessary to limit production to prevent
odor emission. Most kraft odors are due to organic sulfur com-
pounds  such as methyl mercaptan  and its oxidation products.
The kraft operation also emits paniculate matter, mostly com-
pounds  of  sodium. The sources of emissions are discussed,
and  control   measures  are  described.  Dusts  are usually
removed by a combination of scrubbers,  bag filters, or electro-
static precipitators. The process of black liquor oxidation  is
discussed. When it is properly oxidized, the release of odors
from black liquor is greatly curtailed. Research in the areas of
contaminant  identification and quantification is  necessary in
order to get a better understanding of effective design charac-
teristics.

25056
Ishii, Kazuo, Matsuoki Okuda, Mutsuo Koizumi, Tadahiro
Machiyama, Katsuya Nagata, and Noboru Sugimoto
HIGH  PERFORMANCE  INCINERATION  OF  SEWAGE
SLUDGE. PART U. INCINERATOR WITH SLAG-TAP FUR-
NACE.  (Konoritsu no gesui odei shokyaku sochi ni kansuru
kenkyu. ni. Yukaishiki odei shokyaku sochi). Text in Japanese.
Nenryo Kyokaishi  (J.  Fuel  Soc.  Japan,  Tokyo), 49(521):674-
682, Sept. 20, 1970. 7 refs.
A new type of  incinerator with a slag-tap furnace for de-
watered  sludge consists  of an atomizing feeder  of sludge, a
heat exchanger, an air preheater and a cyclone dust collector.
The air-jet type sludge atomizer, referred to in Part I of the ar-
ticle, and a heavy fuel oil burner are placed at the top of the
furnace.  Refractory materials which are packed in the furnace
are suspended by five water-cooled tubes with refractory coat-
ing and are heated by firing fuel  oil. Dewatered sludge is fed
in particulate form and  burned immediately when it  gets in
contact with  the high temperature, high speed combustion gas
of the fuel oil. Ash in the sludge is melted into slag and flows
down into a  slag pit through the bank of refractory materials.
The incinerator system has the following merits:  dustless flue
gas is emitted from the furnace, because the ash in sludge is
melted into slag at the bank of refractory materials; flue gas is
odorless because of high temperature combustion; and the in-
cineration plant can be compact in size and still possesses high
performance. This type of incinerator is used more effectively
for dewatered raw sludge than for dehydrated sludge, just as
in the case of the AST method, since dewatered sludge con-
tains more water and  is more convenient for transportation
and  dispersion. Further,  since dewatered raw sludge has not
gone through digestion, it contains  more organic matter and
emits higher heat. The system is applicable to not only sewage
sludge, but also for burning sludge in factory effluents which
hardly contains any flammable matter, or the sludge which is
especially high in water  content.  The system is only a small
test  incinerator, with only 100 kg/h capacity. After more ex-
perience is gained in taking out melted ash and in testing dura-
bility of the incinerator, more problems will be solved.

25179
Huch, Rheinhold, Helmut Beine, and Werner Brocke
STUDD3S AND DEVELOPMENTS ON THE REDUCTION OF
ENVmONMENTAL ODOR MOLESTATION.  Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 82p.,
1970. 13  refs. (Presented at the International dean Air Con-
gress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11  1970, Paper EN-
MA.)
The  county  of Northrhine-Westfalia has widely financed a
group of projects dealing with the increasing environmental
pollution by odors; known and new basic techniques and con-
cepts had to  be checked, developed,  or modified.  'Run' ex-
periences, attainable limiting values of emissions,  and also
failures, which at least have brought about clearness concern-
ing some control techniques are discussed: thermal combustion
in food-smoking and coffee- roasting plants and in processes
producing color-malt and some special products;  the catalytic
combustion of organic atmospheric contaminants,  mainly in
the flue gases of a starch factory, at the casting of cores in
foundries, from jellying  channels, printing works, from the

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22
ODORS
production of grinding wheels and  mineral  fiber mats, and
from some special sources; the removal of organic compounds
and  of hydrogen  sulfide  with wet  processes from the flue
gases of plants processing phenolic resins, coating, impregnat-
ing,  and varnishing textiles, a beer-wort boilery, an establish-
ment pre-frying  apple fritters, and of some  plants with low
hydrogen sulfide concentrations in their exhaust air; the appli-
cation of ozone and ultraviolet irradiators to purify air con-
taminated by intensive animal farming; the treatment of feces
of a mink farm  with  chemicals to suppress the development
and release of odoriferous substances; and the recovery of the
solvent or  diluent in dry  cleaners with active  coal.  It was
found that  thermal combustion rather often proved to be su-
perior to catalytic combustion for its greater operational sta-
bility, in spite of the lower process costs ascribed to the latter.
Moreover the experiences investigated enabled legal  defini-
tions confining the emissions for two great groups of sources.
These definitions cover dry cleaners and drying furnaces, dry-
ing,  solidifying, or congealing organic substances in the most
diverse  plants. A  review  of the relevant  experiences is in-
cluded, the details giving some insight and stimulation to the
research scientist,  and  enabling the  technician  to  check
whether a solution of his problems  is possible  in  this, or  a
similar way. (Author abstract)

25205
Martin-Lof, Rutger
HOW THE SWEDISH PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY COM-
BATS AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, 42p., 1970. (Presented  at
the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C.,
Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-28G.)
The  sulfite  pulp  industry is responsible for more than  half of
the air pollution from the pulp industry in spite of the fact that
the sulfite pulp production  only amounts to about 29% of the
total chemical pulp production. This  is due to the fact  that in
the calcium sulfite process, at present the dominating sulfite
process in Sweden, no method for chemical recovery is availa-
ble. The production of sulfate pulp, sulfite pulp on a so called
soluble base, and  semichemical pulp is expected to increase
and to be concentrated to a few large units, while the produc-
tion  of calcium sulfite pulp, is expected to cease in the long
run.  Dust emission emanates from soda recovery boilers, lime
kilns, lye furnaces, and bark furnaces. Electrostatic  filters are
used at all Swedish sulfate mills for purification of the flue
gases from the recovery boilers and  at more  than half of the
mills there are scrubbers for washing  of the gases as  well. Flue
gases from  lime  kilns are usually  cleaned in  a venturi gas
scrubber. Dust separation  from  lye and  bark furnaces  are
usually performed in cyclone type mechanical equipment. The
emission of acidic gases consists of sulfur dioxide  and some
sulfur trioxide, and emanates mainly from the lye furnace for
burning of the sulfite waste  liquors and from the recovery
boilers in the sulfate mills. As distinguished from the calcium-
based  sulfite  process, the  other pulping  processes  involve
chemical recovery processes and  the emissions are  due to in-
evitable losses in the recovery processes. The  emission of
odorous substances on a large scale occurs in connection with
the sulfate process only. In order to  collect the odorous gases
a pipeline can be  set up through the sulfate mill. As  a con-
sequence of The Environmental Preservation Act, which came
into  force in  Sweden on July 1, 1969, the nature conservation
authorities and the pulp and paper industry have in close col-
laboration carried out a very comprehensive investigation com-
prising the  charting of existing emissions and an  examination
of the technical  and economic possibilities of lowering these
emissions. On the basis of these  investigations, The National
       (Swedish) Environment Protection Board  has issued  recom-
       mendations   for  restriction  of  emissions at  air  polluting
       establishments. The investments in water and  air preservation
       measures are expected to amount to about  10% of the total in-
       vestments in the pulp industry. (Author abstract)

       25228
       Hicks, Ronald
       ODOUR  CONTROL  IN  WASTE-WATER   TREATMENT
       SYSTEMS.   Preprint, International Union of  Air  Pollution
       Prevention Associations, 38p., 1970. 10 refs. (Presented at the
       International Clean Air Congress 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec.
       6-11, 1970, Paper EN-34B.)
       As sewers become  extended, odors have often been  increased
       by the longer time of passage  through  the sewerage system,
       and the increasing usage of household garbage grinders has in-
       terfered  with both  flow rates and strengths. Industrial wastes
       have also been increasingly diverted into municipal sewers and
       many types  of  wastes from abattoirs, meat cooking,  food
       processing,  brewing,  tanning, and wool scouring have  con-
       tributed in increasing quantity, both to the variety and intensi-
       ty of the prevalent odors. Control measures demanded by air
       pollution control officers  at meat and fish-cooking factories,
       include condensation of volatile matters previously discharged
       into the air, resulting in liquid trades waste of high odor levels
       being discharged into the sewers. In the factories themselves,
       and in the smaller pumping stations  a reasonable  degree of
       odor control has been established by  the use of masking
       agents,  of chlorine compounds,  and of  ozone  by  injection
       techniques. Dry  towers have included the use of regenerative
       resins, specific for amines and sulfides, as well as  activated
       carbon. Wet  scrubbing methods, on a small scale, have proved
       effective for a range  of odors  when permanganate solutions,
       hypochlorite  solutions, and solutions containing chelated iron
       compounds  have been used. On  a large  scale, where large
       volumes  of contaminated air have needed odor control, water
       scrubbing and hypochlorite scrubbing did not  prove  economi-
       cally practicable, but a filtration system  depending upon short-
       time contact with a  biologically-active surface, preferably
       where nitrification is actively taking place, has been found to
       give a high degree of odor removal with relatively short reten-
       tion periods and involving low energy input to  conveying fans.
       Chemical determinatons of odorant compounds were used for
       volatile  gases such as hydrogen  sulfide, ammonia,  and  a
       limited number of known amines. In the case of hydrogen sul-
       fide, continuous monitoring with lead-acetate impregnated tape
       was carried  out with the major pilot plants. The use  of gas-
       chromatography was attempted for determinaton of  the input
       and output concentrations of many odors not chemically mea-
       surable but without much success, although pre-concentration
       techniques were  employed, using either dry ice or  liquid air
       surrounding packed columns. A reasonable indication of odor
       intensity was given by using a splitter tube on the line between
       the evaporated concentrate and the chromatograph  input, so
       that what was recognized nasally by the operator, could be re-
       lated to the corresponding instrument record. (Author abstract)
       25327
       Stockham, J., A. O'Donnell, and A. Dravnieks
       CHEMICAL SPECIES IN ENGINE EXHAUST AND THEIR
       CONTRIBUTION TO EXHAUST ODOR. (FINAL REPORT).
       ITT  Research Inst., Chicago, Dl. Technology Center,  Rept.
       ITTRI C8150-5, 92p., June 30, 1969. 6 refs. CFSTI: PB 189651
       High-resolution  gas chromatography was used to separate the
       organic components of  diesel engine exhaust and evaluate

-------
                                            A. EMISSION  SOURCES
                                                       23
their contribution  to  exhaust odor.  Specialized  sampling
procedures excluded  water vapor collection and provided an
enriched sample for analysis without the use of solvents. Ex-
haust components  were classified into  two general groups:
those that are most probably odor irrelevant, and those that
may contribute  significantly to exhaust odor.  Between 1000
and 2000 compounds were estimated to be present in diesel ex-
haust. The majority were saturated and unsaturated hydrocar-
bons that independently were relatively minor contributors to
the overall odor character of diesel exhaust, but collectively
may be responsible for the oily note of the exhaust.  To the
present, about 50 compounds were strongly odor relevant, and
approximately 10 of these were very strongly  odor relevant.
The  most likely chemical class of these  10  components is al-
dehydic, quite likely with an unsaturated structure containing
one  or  two double bonds  and probably including  branched
chain molecules. Di-aldehydes were apparently  absent.  The
strongly odorous compounds were encountered throughout the
boiling range investigated  (30 to 260 C). The gas chromato-
graphic  columns used did  not permit elucidation of the role
free  fatty acids  and phenols may play as contributors  to ex-
haust odor. The intensity of diesel exhaust  odor was not sig-
nificantly lowered by removal of the paniculate matter present
in the exhaust. The intensity reference standards for diesel ex-
haust odor  developed  by  Professor Amos Turk correlated
satisfactorily with the IITRI nine-port olfactometer using n-bu-
tanol as the odorant. No significant changes in the Turk inten-
sity  scale occurred over an 18 month shelf-life test. (Author
abstract)

25455
Milks, D., C. W. Slavery, J. L. Steinberg, and R. A. Matula
STUDIES AND ANALYSIS  OF  DIESEL  ENGINE  ODOR
PRODUCTION.  Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 46p., 1970. 31 refs. (Presented at the
International  Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington,  D. C.,
Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-5E.)
Experimental methods for  odor  measurement, determination
of the composition of diesel exhaust, experimental simulation
studies, and proposed odor control techniques were reviewed.
The  experimental facilities, results of simulation studies, and
the direction of the diesel odor research program at  Drexel
University are summarized. Both a single cylinder CFR diesel
engine  and  a  laboratory  spray  burner  operating  on  pure
hydrocarbon fuels are used to simulate diesel exhaust. Com-
bined gas chromatographic-  mass spectrometric techniques
have been developed to determine the  components of diesel
exhaust which are collected in cold traps. The effect of com-
pression  ratio on the  exhaust gas  components in the aqueous
condensate collected at O C from a CFR engine operating on
n-hexadecane under lightly loaded, low speed operating condi-
tions is reported. The design of laboratory Ospray burner ex-
periments in  which  the  nitrogen in  air  is  replaced  by
monatomic gases and carbon dioxide are also discussed. Cal-
culations which can be utilized to estimate the effects of sub-
stituting  rare gases and carbon dioxide for nitrogen  on the
flame temperature and physical ignition lag in burner experi-
ments are reported. It is concluded that effective control of
diesel odor hinges  on the  isolation and identification  of the
compound or compounds which are the  primary contributors
to diesel odor. (Author abstract modified)

25638
PROTECTION  AGAINST IMMISSION.   (Immissionsschutz).
Text  in   German.  Rheinisch-Westfaelischer   Technischer
Uberwach.- Verein E.V., Jahresbericht, 1969:38-41, 1969.
The five principles promulgated in the framework of an inten-
sified air pollution control campaign by the state of Nordrhein-
Westfalen and adopted also by the other West German states
postulate that all polluters be identified and  included in the
pollution control program, that the atmosphere be kept  as
clean as possible and not as dirty as just about tolerable; that
the costs of the program be born equally by  all polluters  so
that no competitive  advantages arise; that the polluters  bear
the cost of their pollution control measures and public funds
be used only in special situations;  and that air pollution control
as a community responsibility requires the cooperation of  all
concerned. Thus, all polluters are subject to certification and
must meet all prescribed  maximal  emission regulations pertain-
ing to dust emission, SO2 emission, and other applicable regu-
lations. Fluorine is  emitted  by brick  factories  in quantities
between 30 and 300 mg/N cu m, by cupola furnaces in quanti-
ties between  4 and 280  mg N/cu  m, by Siemens-Martin fur-
naces in quantities between 7 and 70 mg N/cu m, by fertilizer
plants in quantities between 6 and 80 mg N/cu m and by plants
manufacturing insulating wool in  quantities  between 0.4  to 3
mg N/cu m. Guidelines regarding the required height of smoke
stacks,  emissions by refuse incineration plants, supervision of
pollutant concentration and emission of pollutants,  control of
emission by boiler plants, control of olfactory pollutants and
of noise pollution are outlined.

26048
Yasui, N.
LIGHT  OIL  AS   DIESEL   ENGINE  FUEL   AND  ITS
PROBLEMS.  (Diizeru keiyu no doko to mondaiten). Text in
Japanese.  Sekiyu Gakkai Shi  (J.  Japan  Petroleum  Inst.,
Tokyo), 13(ll):13-22, 1970. 131 refs.
The use of light oil as a  fuel for internal combustion engines,
particularly automobile diesel engines, is discussed. In  Japan,
consumption of light oil by automobiles reached 10.8 mil kl in
1970 and is projected to reach 16.7 mil kl in 1974. Quality stan-
dards by which  to classify light oil are  briefly reviewed. The
all-purpose light  oil used in Japan has an average specific
gravity of 0.830-0.833, an average viscosity of 3.1-3.6 CST, an
average sulfur content of 0.5-7%,  and an average cetane value
of 54-57. Temperatures required for 90% distillation and pour
point are 205-312 C and  -17 to -15 C, respectively. The direct
injection system is increasingly preferred over  pre-combustion
chambers for 4-cycle, high-speed  diesel  engines. Problems as-
sociated with obtaining high-speed combustion in the direct in-
jection  systems  are  noted, as are  the problems  of reducing
combustion noise and density of exhaust gas. Compared  to
gasoline engines, diesels  omit much less carbon monoxide and
smoke but more nitrogen oxides and aldehydes; the latter con-
tribute to the odor of diesel smoke. The mechanism of diesel
smoke generation, its measurement and  control, and other re-
lated problems are also considered.

26402
Blythe, D. J.
LEAD  AND ARSENIC  REPORT. INFORMATIVE REPORT
NO. 1.  J. Air Pollution  Control Assoc., 10(4):296,  343, Aug.
1960.
Methods in  current use to  control metallurgical  fumes
produced during the  smelting, refining, and alloying of  secon-
dary lead and its alloys are reported. In plants where seconda-
ry lead smelting with either a blast furnace or a reverberatory
furnace involves treatment  of  scrap  lead,  heavy metallic
odorous fumes  are generated which must be filtered through
cloth bags of over 99% efficiency before emission to the at-
mosphere. Though  less  efficient, the  fumes  are sometimes

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 24
ODORS
 passed through settling chambers or water spray curtains.
 Where local emissions regulations are very strict, hot furnace
 emissions are passed through cooling tubes into a baghouse for
 filtering; the collected material is then sintered for recharging
 into the  furnaces. The gas stream may be passed through an
 electrostatic precipitator before stack discharge, and additional
 steps may be taken to eliminate odorous sulfur compounds
 and sulfur dioxide from the stack gases.  Control of emissions
 from refining and  alloying  secondary lead are simpler than
 those from scrap treatment,  and involves mainly collecting the
 fumes from kettle hoods and passing them through a baghouse
 for filtering. When arsenic  is an alloy component, collected
 kettle fumes are removed by fan into a cooling unit and then
 filtered through a 99%-efficient baghouse  before discharge.

 26574
 Ishii, K.
 JET-TYPE WASTE LIQUIDS INCINERATOR.  (Funmushiki
 haieki  shoyakuro). Text  in  Japanese.  Netsu  Kami  (Heat
 Management:  Energy  and  Pollution Control),  22(12):10-15,
 Dec. 1970.
 The choice of  a method  for incinerating sludge depends  on
 whether the sludge is solid, liquid, or fluid. When the sludge is
 transportable by pump, jet-type incineration can be adopted
 because the pressure is easily determined. Since long fibrous
 material would clog the nozzle tips, this type of incineration
 requires  close  attention to the  size of  sludge particulates.
 Provision must  also be made to eliminate  dust, odor, and
 poisonous gas from the exhaust. In addition, it is necessary to
 know the amount of heat generated by the waste liquid  to
 determine the amount  of chemicals required for incineration.
 The COD value, as determined  by the potassium bichromate
 method, can be regarded as the  theoretical amount of oxygen
 in the  waste liquid. A  formula  is given for determining the
 relationship between the degree of heat generated by the waste
 liquid and  the  required amount of supplementary  fuel. The
 most widely-used supplementary fuel is C heavy oil; it  cannot
 be used, however, where exhaust gas regulations are stringent.
 Digestion gas can  be  used by  sewage-treatment plants and
 blast furnace gas by steel mills.  Depending on the method  of
 incineration,  burners  for  liquid  waste   are  classified into
 evaporation,  2-fluids  burner, screw feeder, and  emulsion
 types.

 26575
Atarashi, Y.
INCINERATOR FOR WASTE RESINS AND ANIMAL CORP-
SES.  (Jushirui  oyobi dobutsu obutsurui shokyakuro). Text in
Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat Management: Energy and Pollu-
tion Control), 22(12):21-24, Dec. 1970.
An incinerator for waste resins and an incinerator for  animal
carcasses are described, each of which  is lined with special
fire-proof material.  In the two-chamber resin incinerator, gas
and air are fully mixed in the second chamber to insure effec-
tive  contact between the  wastes and  the burner flame. No
black smoke is released from the incinerator.  Burners on each
of  the side  walls  of the  second incinerator promote the
thorough incineration of animal  wastes on a hot hearth. The
heat generated is used to  reheat the burned  gas and destroy
odors.

26605
Takuma Boiler Mfg. Co. (Japan)
INCINERATOR FOR CITY WASTES. (Toshi gomi shokyaku-
ro). Text in Japanese. Netsu  Kanri (Heat Management: Energy
and Pollution Control),  22(12):5-9, Dec. 1970.
       Continuous  municipal   incinerators   are   described  which
       produce a minimum of  smoke, odor,  and noise and are com-
       bined with boilers utilizing the residual heat. Capacities of the
       incinerator range from 30-70 tons/day to 150-300 tons/day and
       over. The incinerators  are characterized by a special stoker
       that stirs the refuse and dries it using  radial heat from the fur-
       nace. Hard-to-burn material is further  treated in rotary-type
       post-incineration equipment. A model  available for small cities
       consists of vibrating, staircase-like grids along which refuse is
       moved and on which it  is vibrated and dried. A provision for
       pre-heating of air in the chimney stack helps insure economic
       incineration. The temperature inside the incinerator varies little
       because of the continuous movement of dry waste along  the
       grids; adequate ventilation is produced by the vibration of the
       grids. At the point where ash is removed from the incinerator,
       the gas is cooled  by high-pressure water jets to prevent  the
       emission of effluent. From the incinerator the collected ash is
       carried by conveyor to an ash bunker.

       26826
       Okamoto, Mansaburo, Hajime Fukui, Senzo Kawai, Susumu
       Takada, Toshio Tada, and Junichi Ueda
       CONTROL OF  OFFENSIVE  ODOR IN A FISH-MANURE
       MDLL BY MEANS OF COMMUNITY OPINION.  (Kaseijo set-
       subi kaizen ni  yoru akushu kogai  boshi  no koka kansatsu).
       Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan J. Public
       Health), 17(6):299-306, June 1970. 9 refs.
       Investigations were carried out before  and  after a fish-meal
       plant enclosed  its fish-manure mill operations.  The purpose
       was to evaluate the effectiveness of the enclosed operations in
       reducing offensive odors. In addition  to chemical analysis of
       air at the mill site and of mill  drainage, each investigation in-
       volved  a  survey of 282 randomly  selected  housewives who
       were questioned abou their reactions to mill odors. While the
       second   chemical  examination  indicated   no  remarkable
       changes, the second survey produced  a considerable decrease
       in the number of complaints. Henc an area survey, when used
       in conjunction with chemical analysis, is a  valuable tool for
       measuring nuisance from odors. Such a survey should consider
       the age and length of residence of the subjects as well as the
       distance and direction of their households from the  source of
       the odor.

       26911
       Perrine, Richard L.
       INTRODUCTION AND  SUMMARY.  In: Project Clean Air.
       California Univ., Berkeley, Task Force 5, Vol. 1, Section 1,
       9p., Sept. 1, 1970.
       Agriculture and forestry  both are affected by and contribute to
       air pollution. Project Clean Air  will  establish  a centrally
       located information center to collect and disseminate technical
       information on air pollution and provide educational materials
       and services. Use of power has grown at an alarming rate, and
       Project  Clean Air will participate in the development of both
       selection criteria and basic data  needed to facilitate energy
       management  in  California. More  accurate  methods will  be
       developed by which to assess the economic  losses to agricul-
       ture and forestry resulting from air pollution.  A comprehensive
       program of  research will be  developed to determine: the
       growth depression effects on plants due to long-term low-level
       exposure to ethylene, sulfur dioxide,  fluoride, and  oxides of
       nitrogen;  the extent of  synergistic  effects  of  combined
       sublethal concentrations  of air pollutants on plants; the effects
       of air pollutants on the  biochemistry,  metabolism, and anato-
       my of plants; and the quality of the forest air environment
       where new damage is suspected. Ways and means to alleviate
       or  modify agricultural,  forest,  and wood processing  residue

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                       25
burning so as to minimize its contribution to air pollution are
also indicated. A major program of research will be developed
to make the expected transition to primarily nuclear power
generation a safe one. Research will be developed to reduce
nitrogen oxide emissions by means of combustion control, and
several parallel projects  will be developed to determine the
potential usefulness  of post-combustion removal of nitrogen
oxides. Other recommendations include a program  relating
animal health to pollutants transported by air, ways to reduce
dust resulting from livestock  and  poultry  operations, and
means  to  eliminate  objectionable  odors.  The  hazard from
pesticide drift needs to be  reduced,  as well as sulfur dioxide
emissions;  industrial  hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emis-
sions also need to be controlled.  Project Clean Air will support
research in  which  process  engineering,  meteorology, and
economics are brought  together  to  develop methods and
criteria to optimally site the industrial emission sources which
are currently most costly and hazardous.

27129
Merrion, David F.
DIESEL AND TURBINE DRIVEN VEHICLES AND AIR POL-
LUTION.   Preprint,  Missouri  Univ., Columbia, 8p, 1969.  20
refs. (Presented at the Conference on Air Pollution, Columbia,
Mo., Nov.  18, 1969.)
Superior combustion resulting from a needle valve fuel injec-
tor has reduced emissions of carbon  monoxide, hydrocarbons,
odor, and smoke from the GM Series 71 diesel engine, which
is used in trucks and buses. The engines also demonstrate im-
proved thermal efficiency and  durability. However, the new
injection system and an increased  compression ratio have in-
creased nitrogen oxide emissions. On the basis of mass emis-
sions, the 71  engine emissions are within the range of all diesel
emissions with hydrocarbon emissions on the low side and car-
bon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions in the mid-range.
Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions from  the gas
turbine are lower than the  best  diesel, while turbine nitrogen
oxides  are within the range of the best diesel.

27235
Prowler, Millard E.
ROOF-TOP INCINERATOR PREVENTS AIR POLLUTION.
Environ. Control Management, 141(2):18-19, Feb. 1971.
A roof-top incinerator was installed to burn the effluents from
drying  and heat-setting processes which vaporize yarn paraf-
fins and waxes, spinning oil, dye solvents, and resins at about
325 F.  These fumes contain paraffinic and olefinic compounds
which  give rise to dark smoke  and unpleasant odors. Ducts
convey gases from the range on the top floor of the plant to
the roof-top; a 40-hp fan discharges into one side of  the in-
cinerator inlet chamber. The register within  the inlet chamber
directs  the incoming  gases at right angles, through a circle of
fire created by the ring-type burner, and into the combustion
chamber. The burner flame ignites the impurities in  the gas
stream   and  they  burn  to completion in  the  combustion
chamber at about 1500 F. A certain amount of gases from the
range bypass the burner and enter  the combustion chamber
directly, through ports in the refractory wall between the inlet
and combustion chambers. Cleaned gases from the combustion
chamber enter the  stack via the  stack elbow, and  are ex-
hausted to the atmosphere. Flow of  fuel gas to the burner is
controlled by two solenoid operated shut-off valves and a sole-
noid operated bleed valve. A pressure regulator in the supply
line evens out pressure fluctuations  in the  fuel supply to as-
sure uniform  burning.
27249
Hum, R. W.
AIR POLLUTANTS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION EN-
GINES.   Preprint, American Inst. of  Aeronautics  and As-
tronautics, New York,  14p., 1971. 3 refs. (Presented  at the
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 9th, New York, Jan. 25-27, 1971,
Paper 71-122.)
The basic engine and fuel factors which influence pollutants
are discussed in the context of achieving low emissions; the
penalty to performance, if any, is also discussed. Advantages
and disadvantages  in the use of lead-free gasoline, natural gas,
and propane are  reviewed.  Finally,  the  more prominent
characteristics of the several types of internal combustion en-
gines are summarized with respect to the potential each holds
for development to meet clean-air requirements.  With less air
than required for  complete combustion, carbon monoxide  is
produced  in addition  to the  dioxide  and,  typically,  more
hydrocarbon is left unburned than is the case with fuel-lean
mixtures. In  spark ignited engines, very lean mixtures tend to
misfire  with  a resultant sharp increase  in hydrocarbon emis-
sions. Ignition timing and injection also have an influence on
hydrocarbon  emissions.   The  concentration  of oxides  of
nitrogen in combustion gases is dependent primarily upon peak
flame temperature reached in the combustion,  but oxygen
availabilit and time-temperature history also have an influence.
While the relationship to combustion parameters is  not well
defined, it is believed that aldehydes are produced as inter-
mediates in the  combustion process. High temperature stress
upon fuels in the  presence of  oxygen yields aldehydes, and
they therefore are produced  in misfire of very rich mixtures
and in  quenched or partial combustion. Smoke  is  produced
when fuel is burned with insufficient oxygen. Although odor
sources and  originating  mechanisms  are very  poorly un-
derstood,  attention to  efficient air utilization and some en-
gineering measures are  effective in  reducing combustion re-
lated odor. The amount of carbonaceous particulate  is related
primarily to the availability of oxygen and to quenching in the
combustion process; the  amount of lead particulate  is related
to lead in gasoline.

27451
Lozano, Eloy R., Walter W. Melvin, Jr., and Seymour
Hochheiser
AIR POLLUTION  EMISSIONS  FROM JET ENGINES.  J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 18(6):392-394, June 1968. 8 refs.
Air pollution emissions from three types of turbine engines are
characterized and a method for estimating the magnitude of air
pollution emissions due to commercial jet aircraft operations is
presented. These engines are: the T-56 turboprop engine  manu-
factured by the Allison Corp. and used to power the AF C-130
and the Lockheed Electra;  the J-57 conventional jet  engine
manufactured by the Pratt and Whitney Corp. and used  on the
AF B-52 the Boeing 707, and other aircraft; the TF-33 fan-jet
engine  also manufactured by Pratt and Whitney  and used on
the Boeing 707,  720, and  Douglas DC-8. Power settings, fuel
flow, and other performance specifications of the three en-
gines are presented tabularly. JP-4 fuel was used.  Sampling ap-
paratus  and the  analytical methods used are summarized for
the determination of oxides of nitrogen, nitric oxide, carbon
dioxide, total aldehydes, formaldehyde,  carbon monoxide,
total hydrocarbons, paraffin, olefin, aromatic characterization,
particulates, and odor threshold. In TF-33 exhaust the volume
percent of nitric  oxide in the total nitrogen oxides varied from
82 to 93%, and in J-57 exhaust the percent composition  varied
from 62 to 76% depending upon engine power setting. Percent
composition  of  nitric  oxide was greatest at the  'take-off
power  setting and lowest at 'idle'. PhotochemicaDy reactive

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 26
ODORS
 hydrocarbon  content  of  T-56,  J-57,  and TF-33  exhaust
 represented  35,  51,  and  40%,  respectively,  of  the total
 hydrocarbon emitted. Olefin content was significantly greater
 than  aromatic  content in TF-33  exhaust. The  formaldehyde
 content of the aldehydes measured was greater than 60% in J-
 57 and T-56, except at the idle power setting in T-56 exhaust
 when it was 38%. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concen-
 trations in exhaust products generally increased with decreas-
 ing engine power setting  and nitrogen  oxide  concentration
 generally increased with increasing engine power setting. Odor
 dilution threshold varied from 15 to 1000, depending upon en-
 gine type  and power setting.  It is greatest for the fan-jet en-
 gine at the idle power setting. Further tests on emissions of
 particulates would be desirable.

 27669
 Nagoya Municipal Office (Japan)
 GUIDANCE GIVEN ON POLLUTION  IN  NAGOYA  CITY,
 1968. (Nagoyashi kogai shido jokyo). Text in Japanese. 63p.,
 March 1970.
 Complaints made during 1968 concerning pollution are out-
 lined, showing  an increase  over the proceeding  year of 9.4%.
 Since 1964, the total number of complaints  has increased by
 approximately  12.5% each  year,  although the  percentage of
 particular  types of complaints to the total has  remainded al-
 most  unchanged: sooty  smoke, 13-16%; dust, 8-12%; gas,  1-
 3%;  odor,  11-13%; effluent, 2-4%; noise, 47-49%; and vibra-
 tion, 9-12%. There  were a greater number  of  complaints in
 areas with a higher concentration  of  buildings.  More com-
 plaints were received during the summer months, particularly
 pertaining to  noise,  while complaints concerning sooty smoke
 were  greater during the winter. Approximately 80% of the
 complaints concerned factories employing less  than 49 wor-
 kers.  These smaller  enterprises mingle  with residences and,
 financially  and technically, they find it difficult  to take the
 necessary  steps to prevent  pollution. With respect to the
 smaller  enterprises,  53.8%  of the complaints pertained to
 noise, while there were more  complaints about odors, gases,
 and effluents from the larger industries. According to the type
 of enterprise, 44.0% of the complaints concerned the manufac-
 turing of metal products, 8.4% lumber and wood products, and
 decreased  with textile, chemical petroleum and coal products,
 cement  and others. More than half of the complaints were
 solved, while 1252 enterprises were inspected.

 27821
 Kaplan, Lawrence M. and Arnold Risman
 HELD EVALUATION OF ON-SITE INCINERATION AND
 WASTE COMPACTION PROCESSES.  Preprint, Air Pollution
 Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 37p., 1970. 3 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 63rd,
 St. Louis,  Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-52.)
Several  years  ago,  New  York  City established  minimum
requirements for the upgrading of existing on-site incinerators,
which had been a significant source of paniculate and smoke
emissions. Subsequent  source sampling revealed that no up-
graded apartment house incinerator complied with particulate
emission limits. Most of the  incinerators tested  were  often
misused or abused, either intentionally or through  ignorance
by improper maintenance and operation; furnace temperatures
never reached the specified 14-1600 F range, and the smell of
burnt garbage  was  generally  noticeable  in  apartment house
halls. Compactors are now being installed on Onew construc-
tions and as an alternative to upgrading on-site incinerators. If
these are going to alleviate the air pollution problem and the
solid-waste disposal problem, they should be designed to com-
       pact refuse to a density of 1800 Ibs per cu yard. Present indi-
       cations are that compactors are being installed with as little
       forethought as incinerators have been in the past.

       27972
       Okubo, Shigeyuki
       INCINERATOR.  (Jinai shokyakuro). Text in Japanese. (As-
       signee not given.) Japan. Pat. Sho 45-8394. 2p., March 25,
       1970. (Appl. July 30,  1966, claims not given).
       A three-chamber incinerator  is described  that permits the
       odorless combustion  of garbage and similar water waste. From
       top to  bottom the chambers are a heated air outlet chamber, a
       burner chamber, and an incinerator chamber. The incinerator
       and  burner chambers are  separated  by a lattice  rostrum
       through which the burner chamber is able to  dry and complete
       the combustion of garbag as it passes through a hot air circula-
       tion channel, located between the inner and outer walls of the
       incinerator,  to  the hot air outlet  chamber. Odorous gases
       generated in the incinerator are passed to a gas discharge pipe
       and  deodorized by water jets prior to their  discharge from a
       tap aspirator.

       27986
       Alberte, Tony
       ENGINE PROGRAMS EXAMINE DIESEL SMOKE, NOISE,
       ODOR. Diesel Gas Turbine Progr., 37(1):28, Jan. 1971.
       The  Caterpillar Company  is examining several approaches to
       the smoke control problem  of  diesel engines from the basic
       premise that smoke can be reduced only by limiting fuel input
       or by increasing air input or a combination  of both.  Work is
       being carried out on  turbocharging, blower turbocharger com-
       binations, and air/fuel ratio controls. An air/fuel ratio control
       and modified engine combustion system have been installed on
       a truck. Odor  control and  noise control activities are also
       under investigation and will be examined in future issues.

       28295
       Sugjura, Kimiaki
       ODOR POLLUTION.  (Midori  kagaku  no akushu 'Kogai' ni
       tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Inst. for  Disaster Preven-
       tion  (Japan), p.  40-41, 1971. (Presented at the Disaster Preven-
       tion  Chemistry Meeting, llth, Japan, Jan. 22-23, 1971.)
       An investigation made at  the request of a hospital identified
       certain aldehydes and aromatics as the source of objectionable
       odors issuing from a neighboring pharmaceutical plant.  Sub-
       sequently, questionnaires were  sent to 993 households within a
       300-m radius  of the plant. Of the 591 households responding,
       12% reported the continuous presence of odors, 24.2% the in-
       termittent presence,  and 19.5% the occasional  presence. An
       additional 1.4% noted the past occurrence of odors. Following
       this  survey, the prefectural government tested the  plant ef-
       fluent on three occasions and ultimately recommended effluent
       treatment facilities. The value of the survey is noted1 to be that
       it established a relationship between the  odor and citizens'
       complaints, thus entitling the  citizens to the right  of  odor
       abatement. The plant is now installing an odor control device
       on its vacuum rotating dryer.

       28352
       Ainsley, Yvon
       POLLUTION CAUSED BY AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES.  (Pol-
       lution causee par les vehicules-automobiles). Text in French.
       Ingenieur, 57e(263): 11-14, Feb.  1971. 5 refs.

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                                           A. EMISSION  SOURCES
                                                      27
 Acceleration of « vehicle contributes a higher percentage of
 carbon monoxide (83%) and of nitrogen oxides (89.3%), while
 deceleration  contributes the  highest  amount  of  unburned
 hydrocarbons. (50.2%). A vehicle not equipped with an antipol-
 lution  device  gives off about 0.64 tons per year of carbon
 monoxide when driven 7000 miles. Pollution due to  unburned
 hydrocarbons  comes  from 3 sources.  Hydrocarbons passing
 through the combustion chamber and into the exhaust account
 for 60%, while blow-by gas  accounts for about 20%,  and
 another 20% escapes by evaporation from the gas  tank and
 carburetor. This can add up to a total of 1500 ppm of emis-
 sions,  or 0.12  tons annually,  with a mileage  of  7000  miles,
 when the vehicle is not equipped with an antipollution device.
 The annual emission of nitrogen oxides amounts to about 0.047
 tons. Automobile manufacturers are making available, to the
 owners of older cars,  a device,  costing  about  $50,  which
 reduces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions by about
 40%. It has been shown by tests in the United States  that
 hydrocarbons can be reduced by 10% and carbon monoxide by
 16% by  a  proper adjustment  of  the carburetor.  Automobile
 dealers must be equipped with devices  for reading  the emis-
 sions of CO and hydrocarbons with instruments, so that it will
 no longer be necessary to make carburetor adjustments by the
 'sound' of the motor.  A device for diesel vehicles, to be made
 available in 1971, would permit reduction of undesirable odors
 in the  diesel exhaust.  The use of diesel automobiles should be
 recommended,  especially by vehicles, such as taxis, that are
 used entirely in town. The  development of vehicles  that burn
 natural gas and propane would  also reduce pollution levels.
 The planning of roads is also an important factor in  pollution.
 Road beds that are below the level of the ground, or highways
 flanked by tall buildings on both sides hinder the dispersion of
 pollutants, increasing their danger.

 28527
 Hoshika, Yasuyuki, Tomohiko Ishiguro, and Yoshihiro Shigeta

 ANALYSIS  OF ODOR  COMPONENTS  FROM  FEATHER
 RENDERING PLANTS.  (Feza kanetsu shoriji ni  hassei suru
 gasu seibun no bunseki). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu
 (J. Japan Soc.  Air Pollution),  5(1): 99,  1970. (Proceedings of
 the Japan  Society  of Air  Pollution,  Annual Meeting, 10th,
 1970.)
 An analysis was made of the odorous gas emitted in the
 feather-meal heating process. For  heating at 200  C, reaction
 with an organic qualitative reagent showed that the gas is posi-
 tive for 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, H.CHO-H2SO4, fuchsine
 sulfur  dioxide reagent, and CH3COCH3 - KMnO4 tests. The
 central organoleptic radical was estimated  to be  unsaturated
 bondings (aliphatic or  aromatic)  and  aldehydes. Gas  chro-
 matography  of  sample gas concentrated  by  liquid oxygen
 showed  that  the central  substance  contain acrolein  and
 CH3SH, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, and n-C3H7nH2.

 28614
 Okamoto, Yoshihiko and Norio Asakura
 SURVEYS OF  ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION EXHAUST
 GAS IN OSAKA CITY. PART I. (Osaka shinai akushu haigasu
 chosahokoku). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.  Japan
 Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1): 228, 1970. (Proceedings of the  Japan
 Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
The obnoxious odor of white smoke emitted from  an auto-
parts foundr was investigated. White smoke is produced when
 molten iron is poured into moulding sand containing Unseed oil
 and powdered tar-pitch as moulding agents. The lack of a hood
 on top of the cooling line had contributed to excess emissions
of smoke. Source  sampling was done with a high-volume air
sampler. In addition, samples were collected 10 cm above the
smoke source by means of three large baffles and 6% sodium
carbonate solution. The solution turned yellow and upon cool-
ing became a gel such as soap water. Water from the scrubber
tower was also collected once every day for a week. To mea-
sure particle size, cascade impactors were placed at the top of
the cupola and the  cooling line, where over 50 of the separated
particles were about  2.2  micron, and  at  the cupola ceiling,
about 0.55 micron.  The particles were mostly ferric oxide.

28861
Essenhigh, Robert  H. and Ta-jin Kuo
DEVELOPMENT  OF  FUNDAMENTAL  BASIS  FOR  IN-
CINERATOR DESIGN EQUATIONS  AND STANDARDS.
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Combustion Lab.,
Contract 5R01 AP00397, TR.  FS/PHS 8/69-4, 45p., Aug. 1969.
42  refs. (Presented at the Industrial  Waste Conference  3rd
Mid-Atlantic, 1969.)
A review of existing standards for construction and operation
of incinerators indicates  two  potentially important emissions.
There  is no  requirement for minimum combustion intensity
(though there is for maximum), or alternatively for minimum
overfire jet momentum to ensure adequate mixing and main-
tenance of proper overfire  combustio Neither is  there any
requirement for control of bed depth.  Though generally less
important than overfire air pressure, improper depth control
can lead to intense smoke generation at one extreme,  or to
chanelling and underfire air bypass with excessive grit pick up
at the  other extreme. The analysis and discussion includes a
general qualitative  description and incipient physical model of
combustion  processes in an incinerator,  with  some  com-
ponents of the model also quantified, notably the combustion
intensity and burning rates  in the bed. Alternatively,  the
problem is represented in terms of control, that is: smoke and
odor control- achieved by complete combustion, good mixing,
and low excess  air; grit control-assisted by low bed and set-
ding chamber velocities, and completed by stack gas cleaning;
slag control-  affected  by underfire air rate, wall composition,
and degree of cooling; waste water quality control; and opera-
tional control, which becomes possible with adequate instru-
mentation. (Author summary modified)

28885
Douglass, Irwin B.  and Lawrence Price
SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. H. REAC-
TIONS   FORMING   HYDROGEN   SULFIDE   IN   THE
RECOVERY FURNACE.  TAPPI, 51(10):465-467, Oct. 1968. 9
refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Annual Meeting, 52nd, New York, Feb. 19-23,
1967.)
The production  of hydrogen  sulfide during pyrolysis in  the
kraft pulping  process was studied in the laboratory by heating
inorganic substances assumed to be present in the black liquor
at 600  C, first with soda lignin  and then with glucose. In  ex-
periments using sodium sulfate  and  sodium sulfite, negligible
amounts of hydrogen  sulfide were formed. In  experiments
with elemental sulfur, sodium sulfide, and sodium thiosulfate,
however, heating with soda lignin or glucose caused 30-75% of
the inorganic sulfur to be converted to hydrogen sulfide. These
result clearly indicate that large volumes  of hydrogen sulfide
are formed in a recovery furnace. If conditions for combustion
are optimum in the furnace, this hydrogen sulfide will quickly
burn to sulfur dioxide and water. The former will react with
the alkali in the incoming black liquor and be retained. If  the
furnace is not operated  properly, the  hydrogen sulfide can

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 28
ODORS
 escape to the atmosphere to become a major cause of air pol-
 lution. (Author abstract modified)

 29332
 Hiraike, Makoto
 GARBAGE INCINERATOR. (Jinkai shyokyaku sochi). Text in
 Japanese. (Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan))  Japan.  Pat.
 Sho 43-27320.  2p., Nov. 25, 1968. (Appl. Feb. 8, 1965, claims
 not given).
 This invention is a modification of another incinerator, (Japan.
 Pat. Sho  39-35987) that suffered from highly odorous low tem-
 perature  exhaust gas and other problems.  To eliminate those
 defects the low temperature exhaust gas from the outlet of the
 crusher-drier is led into a supplementary incinerating chamber
 provided in the smoke duct of the incinerator, which is heated
 to a high temperature. Organic materials  and heavy oils are
 burned  in  this   supplementary chamber.  The  steam is
 eliminated in the form of vapor. Thus odor is eliminated and
 the exhaust gas is led into a simplified wet-type  dust collector
 before discharge to the atmosphere.  Wet and odorous garbage
 is completely incinerated. The incinerator is suitable for indus-
 trial use.

 29353
 Higginson, A. E.
 THE DISPOSAL OF REFUSE  BY INCINERATION.  Public
 Cleansing (London),  61(3):100-117, March  1971.  (Presented at
 the National Society for Clean Air Conference, Southport, En-
 gland.)
 Most municipal incinerators bum a mixture of domestic, com-
 mercial, and some industrial refuse which  produce pollutants.
 The amount of pollution depends on the nature and proportion
 of  any  special  wastes,  the efficiency  of  the  combustion
 process, gas cleaning techniques, and the  dispersal height of
 the chimney. The combustio of plastics produces  pollution in
 the form  of dark smoke and odor. Two major kinds of plastics
 are  thermoplastics which  can  be heated and  softened re-
 peatedly  and thermosetting that can be moulded only once.
The most important incinerator statutes are provisions of the
 Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968 which deal with the  control
 rate of emissions of dark smoke, grit, and  dust from the com-
bustion process.  Other aspects  are covered under the Public
Health Act of 1939 and the Alkali Works Regulation Act of
 1906. Noise  can  also be a  pollutant; the recommendations of
the Wilson Committee can  be used as standards. Stack height
can effect the dispersion of dust and gas. Mathematical formu-
lae have been devised to calculate the plume rise, wind speed,
and  effect  on  ground  level  pollutant   concentration,  but
geophysical  factors must also be used. The Civic Amenities
Act of 1967  controls the disposal of  bulky  waste. Its size may
cause problems  and require additional manual attention or
shredding. When burning bulky waste, care must  be taken in
charging the incinerator, temperature and  turbulence must be
 sufficient,  and  ample oxygen  is  required.  Industrial  and
 sewage sludge can  be odorous and difficult to dispose. Factors
such as the waste calorific value, weight, moisture content,
and  volume  must be known to  properly build and use an in-
cinerator.  Gas  cleaning  can  be achieved  by electrostatic
precipitators, scrubbers, and cyclones. Some standards, instru-
mentation, and costs are also discussed. Another problem is
the disposal of fly-ash which remains  after incineration. All
waste and sewage is potential raw material for organic humus
and inorganic land fill.
       29455
       Takamatsu, Yoji
       INCINERATOR.  (Jinkai shokyakuki). Text in Japanese. (As-
       signee no given.) Japan. Pat. Sho 38-5387. 2p., May 8, 1963.
       (Appl. Jan. 17 1961, claims not given).
       The incinerator described  uses  an inclined  fire  rostrum or
       grate made up  of water pipes to produce hot water with the
       heat of the incineration and to cool the rostrum with water and
       avoid overheating from the high temperatures that may occur
       in such a down-draft furnace. The furnace is oblong and the
       inclined rostrum or grate is located in the lower part of the
       combustion chamber, with the ash discharge port below the
       rostrum. The vertical stack or chimney opens into the lower
       part of  the combustion chamber and at about the same level
       with the rostrum. The  lower  half of the stacks is surrounded
       with a hollow double-pipe tube, the lower half of which is bu-
       ried in the furnace. Above and outside the furnace is a water
       tank connected to the rostrum. The rostrum pipe closest to the
       stack is  connected to  the hollow double-pipe tube  which in
       turn is  connected to the water tank  by a hot water pipe.
       Between two air inlet pipes  on the top of the furnace is a
       lidded garbage  feed-in port. Combustible  trash and solid
       wastes are first thrown in and burned; the feed-in port is then
       closed. As combustion progresses, air enters from above  and
       flames and smoke  run downward under the rostrum, then
       ascend upward through and out of the  stack. Water running
       through the rostrum pipes  and the  double-pipe tube is thus
       heated. As more garbage is thrown, to make a red hot carbon
       layer is  formed which can rapidly evaporate the water content
       of water kitchen garbage. When contacted with the red  hot
       carbon  layer, the steam produced  by  the  evaporation  and
       mixed with the  air becomes semi-watered gas which raises the
       furnace temperature to about  800 C, high enough to melt glass
       and deodorize fuel odors.

       29599
       Okuno, Toshihide, Masahiko Tsuji, and Kokei Takada
       PROBLEMS  OF PUBLIC NUISANCE  CAUSED BY BAD
       ODORS IN HYOGO PREFECTURE.  (Hyogo kenka ni okeru
       akushu kogai no mondaiten). T in Japanese. Hyogo Prefecture,
       Kobe (Japan), Environmental Science Inst., Kept. 2,  p.  18-24,
       Feb. 1971.
       Hyogo factories which generated bad odors included fish bone
       and waste treatment plants, oil and fat manufacturing, petrole-
       um refineries, nitrogenous superphosphate of lime manufactur-
       ing plants synthetic resin processing plants, and sewage treat-
       ment plants.  The odorants were amine ammonia, low fatty
       acids, sulfur  compounds, including mercaptan and hydrogen
       sulfide,  olefin, paraffin hydrocarbons, and  polycyclic aro-
       matics.  In a nitrogenous superphosphate of lime  fertilizer
       manufacturing plant, most  odors were  produced during  the
       processing stages where the nitrogenous superphosphate of
       lime completely matured in the  reactor,  was taken  out, was
       carried over to the dryer by  a belt conveyor, and was dried.
       The odorants of the matured superphosphate of lime in the
       stock room were aldehyde  (0.04-0.63 ppm) and amine (0.004-
       0.252 ppm). The quantity of the aldehyde and amine varies
       with the amount of ammonium sulfate added  and  with  the
       heating temperature. When measured under weather conditions
       of 15 C and wind velocity of  1-2 m/sec, the density of the al-
       dehyde was 50-200 ppb at a spot 500 m away and 240-460 ppb
       100 m away, while the  amin was 100-150 ppb and 150-210 ppb
       respectively.  The lowest odor producing density was 0.066
       ppm for acetaldehyde and 0.7-0.4 ppm and 1.0-0.8 ppm for n-
       butylamine. Thus, the odor can be smelled as far away as 1400
       m, depending on weather conditions. A fish bone and wpste

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                                           A. EMISSION  SOURCES
                                                      29
processing plant and a synthetic resin processing plant were
similarly  studied.  Since  the odor-producing substances are
discharged at various stages of the production process, it  is
difficult to lead all the odorants into an odor treatment device.
It is also economically impractical to seal or encase the entire
building and  then treat all the air in the building. The lowest
odor producing density of the odorants is very low, indicating
the technical difficulty of the deodorization. Also, it is doubt-
ful  that the  problem can be solved by increasing  chimney
height. A possible solution is a sealed plant equipped with both
a continuous scrubber to wash the exhaust gas and chemical
treatment  or a Cottrell system.

29698
Smoyer, John C., Donald E.  Shaffer, and I.  Lee DeWitt
A PROGRAM  TO  SAMPLE AND  ANALYZE AIR  POLLU-
TION IN THE VICINITY OF A CHEMICAL RECLAMATION
PLANT.   Inst. of Environmental Sciences,  Mt. Prospect, El.,
Proceedings of the Institute of Environmental Sciences Annual
Technical  Meeting, 17th, Los Angeles, Calif., 1971, p. 339-345.
5 refs. (April 26-30.)
A preliminary survey of the  air pollution in a valley surround-
ing a reclamation plant was  requested by the State of Mary-
land, which had been receiving complaints from local residents
about unusual odors and illnesses for several years. The odors
appeared strongest near the plant, which processes mixtures of
liquid solvents. Although the odors appeared complex  in na-
ture, they could be classified  in  two general categories:  a
highly disagreeable and nauseating odor; and an ethereal, or
fragrant, odor characteristic of some ketones and alcohols. Air
samples were obtained in stainless steel tubes and transported
back to the  laboratory for analysis. Pollutant concentrations
were determined in a Hewlett Packard Model 810 Research
Chromatograph equipped with a dual flame  ionization detector
head. The pollutants  were  identified by  infrared and  mass
spectrometry. At least 16 compounds, not including carbon
monoxide, nitrogen, and water vapor, were detected in the
valley air during four sampling periods. The highest concentra-
tion detected was 94 ppm  of methyl ethyl ketone.  (Author
summary modified)

29842
Okuno Toshihide and Masahiko Tsuji
SOME PROBLEMS ON THE OFFENSIVE ODOR IN HYOGO
PREFECTURE.  (Hyogo-kenka ni okeru akushu kogai  no mon-
daiten). Text in  Japanese. Hyogo-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Ken-
kyu Hokoku  (Rept. Environ. Sci. Inst. Hyogo Prefect.), no.
2:18-24, March 1971.
Problems  of  odor pollution Hyogo Prefecture were in-
vestigated. The composition of the offensive odor was roughly
classified into amine and ammonium compounds, fatty subox-
ides, mercaptan  sulfur  compounds such as hydrogen sulfide,
olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic com-
pounds, and other organic acids. The chief  sources of the of-
fensive odor were fish processing factories, factories using
nitrogen-containing  superphosphate  of  lime,  and  factories
producing  synthetic resins. It is difficult to introduce the com-
ponents of the offensive  odor into the disposal equipment. A
closed system to treat the exhaust gas by continuous  washing
should be  employed. Absorption, burning, and pharmaceutical
treatment are additional control techniques.
30218
Tichatschke, J.
STUDIES OF  THE EMISSIONS FROM REFUSE INCINERA-
TORS.   (Untersuchungen  ueber Emissionen  aus Muellver-
brennungsanlagen).  Text in German. Mitt.  Ver. Grosskessel-
besitzer, 51(3)219-223, June 1971. (Presented  at the VGB
Fachtagung Muellverbrennung  1970, Salzburg, Austria  Aug.
28, 1970, Hamburg, West Germany, Sept. 11, 1970, and Koln,
West Germany, Sept. 25, 1970.)
In  an  experimental  refuse  combustion  furnace,  with  a
throughput of 20 t/hr at a heating value of 1600 kcal/kg,  mea-
surements of the gaseous emissions were taken over a three
year period with an electrically heated quartz probe and a sub-
sequent electrically heated quartz wool  filter. The sampling
point was at the boiler end after the economizer.  The  waste
gas temperature at this point was  220 C. For determination of
sulfur trioxide, absorption in 80%  isopropanol and photometric
methods were used. Sulfur  dioxide was absorbed in an iodine
solution. Prior to  this method, the gravimetric method was
used. The chloride content of the flue  gases was determined
with the mercury(ir)-oxide-cyanide method. For this purpose,
50 to 100 liters of flue gas were drawn through a scrubber. For
hydrogen fluoride  measurements  500 liters of flue gas  were
drawn through a fritted gas scrubber. Diluted sodium lye was
used as absorption solution. The volatile organic acids and  al-
dehydes were  also  determined. The  hydrogen  chloride,
hydrogen fluoride, and sulfur dioxide  concentrations  rose
gradually over the years. For HC1, a maximum concentration
of 18 mg/cu m was measured.  For SO2, the frequency max-
imum ranged  from 0.8  to one g/cu m.  The most  frequently
measured  SOS  concentration  was  0.03  g/cu  m.  For
CH3COOH, a maximum concentratio of 120  mg  was mea-
sured, and for HCHO, of 200 mg/cu m. The ammonia content,
which was measured over a period of two years, ranged from
0.5 to  4.5  mg/cu m.  No hydrogen  sulfide, chlorine,  or
phosgene could  be detected. The odor of  the gases became
more pronounced as the temperatures dropped to below 650 C.
Rain water samples taken just beneath the smoke plume from
an incinerator  revealed that the rain is influenced by the waste
gas, but is not a concentrated acid.

30327
Engstrom, Staffan
THE STEAM CAR WHICH ALMOST SUCCEEDED.  (Angan
som nastan dog). Text in Swedish. Tek. Tidskr., 101(3):40-42,
Feb. 1971.
Some type of steam-propelled  land mobile has been on the
market since the 19th century.  The Stanley Company, which
produces the Stanley Steamer, was one of only 126 steam car
manufacturers, but was the most successful. The  Stanley
Steamer made its debut in  1899, and 200 cars  were sold that
year, and in 1910  there  were  2500 sold, for a price ranging
from $2800-4000. In 1906, a specially built  Stanley broke the
then world s record by  traveling at 205 m/hr (127 mph). The
disadvantages  of the Stanley included the  unpleasant odors,
the noises, the dangers to visibility caused by clouds of steam
emitted, and the 45-minute warmup time required. It also con-
sumed an inordinate amount of water: 1.8 liters (0.75 gallons)
per mile. An old-style steam car with greater prospects of suc-
cess was first built in 1912. The company planned to build
10,000 chassis per  year, and there were 11,000 orders for the
cars, but the U. S. War Emergency Board  declared this ven^
ture unnecessary to the war effort, and by  the end of World
War I  there  were difficulties in reviving plans  for  mass
production. The  Doble car required only  500 rpm to  attain a
speed of 50 km and did not require a transmission. The  1920

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 30
ODORS
 model could be accelerated from 0 to 75 mph in 10 seconds.
 After the 1929 Depression, Doble moved to Germany and con-
 tinued to make improvements  on his steam car. In 1951 he
 began  collaborating with Robert McCulloch in the design of a
 sports car,  but the project was abandoned in 1954, possibly
 because  it  was impossible to  raise the 50 million  dollars
 needed to initiate mass production.

 30389
 Carlsson, Bernt-Olof
 ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE  PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
 WITH BROILER PRODUCTION. (Arbets- och omgivningshy-
 gieniska  problem  vid  broilerproduktion). Text  in Swedish.
 Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm), 52(1):22-31, 1971. 22 refs.
 A survey of environmental problems associated with poultry
 production has been conducted. Poultry production gives rise
 to dust that originates from feathers,  manure, fodder, and
 litter. Inhalation of dust of similar origin has  been reported to
 cause  pulmonary  diseases. Ammonia  is formed  from  the
 anaerobic degradation  of manure. Relatively high concentra-
 tions of dust and ammonia were found in the work environ-
 ment, nine to 17 mg/cu  m and  10-50 ppm, respectively, par-
 ticularly during the last part of the breeding period and during
 cleaning  of  the  chicken  houses. Some  means to reduce  the
 concentrations of dust and ammonia are recommended, includ-
 ing an alternative performance  of the ventilation system and
 new work methods. It is  important that the contents of chemi-
 cal disinfectants be declared by the manufacturers. The solid
 waste  management  may  sometimes  cause problems.  The
 development of methods  for reuse of the waste that has a high
 nutritive  value as a fodder component is recommended. The
 proper location of the  breeding  units can help to control  the
 odor  problem.  Some  water pollution  may  arise  from  the
 slaughterhouse due  to  waste blood.  This  can be avoided by
 separate collection of the blood. (Author summary modified)

 30513
 Kobaysshi, Yoshitaka
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES
 IN FACTORY.   (Kojo ni okeru kogai boshi taisaku). Text in
Japanese.  Preprint, Safety Engineering Assoc., Tokyo (Japan),
 22p., 1970. (Presented at the Association of Safety Engineering
 Seminar, 19th, Yokohama, Japan, Nov. 26-27, 1970.)
 Various forms of environmental pollution for which industrial
 activities are primarily  responsible are discussed,  including the
results of a  survey of measures  taken by 2512 plants to com-
 bat industrial pollution. With regard to air pollution, several
 major cities  in the U. S. are compared with Tokyo in terms of
 sulfur dioxide,  hydrocarbon, oxidant, carbon monoxide, and
 nitric oxide. Sources of industrial pollution are tabulated to in-
 dicate  types of  air  pollutants  discharged  from  particular
 branches of industry; for instance,  SO2 from power genera-
tion, iron and steel manufacturing, oil refining and petrochemi-
cal operations. Of the 2512 plants surveyed in February 1970,
only 1089 attempted to  check industrial pollution. Antipollution
measures being taken by representative firms are also listed by
individual firms. The effects of  sulfur oxides on human health
is shown by a graphic representation of the case of Yokkaichi
asthma; according to the graph, significant health effects  are
 seen when man is exposed to air with an SO2 density of even
less than 0.02 ppm for  about a year, or to air with 1.0 and 2.0
ppm SO2 for a few minutes. The atmospheric density  of CO
(ppm)  and  rate of carboxyhemoglobin  in  blood  (%)  are
 discussed in relation to human health. A table of chemical sub-
 stances with their critical density for offensive odors is given
as well as a diagram indicating lead density by month in rela-
       tion to rainfall and wind velocity. Another diagram indicates
       photochemical  process in  an  experimental  case and still
       another shows the relationship between lead density and cad-
       mium density in the atmosphere.

       30603
       Hind, C. J.
       AIR POLLUTION THROUGH EXHAUST GASES.  (Umwelt-
       verschmutzung durch Auspuffgase). Text in German. Antrieb-
       stechnik, 10(3): 104-105, March 1971.
       Motor vehicles is operation in Great Britain used 4.79 million
       tons Diesel  fuel and 13.2 million tons  gasoline in  1969.  If all
       gasoline engines were converted to Diesel engines, the  emis-
       sion of carbon monoxide would drop from 6.1 to 0.3 million
       tons, that of carbon dioxide would increase from 15.8 to 17.8
       million tons, hydrocarbons would increase from 0.48 to 0.56
       million tons, aldehydes would be reduced from 0.25 to 0.16
       million tons, and sulfur dioxide emission would increase from
       0.05 to 0.08 million tons. The differences are  due to the cir-
       cumstance that in contrast  to the internal combustion engine,
       the Diesel engine never chokes  the intake air; engine output
       depends on  direct regulation of the quantity of fuel injected
       into the cylinder. Diesel fuels are lead-free. British medical
       authorities claim that no evidence exists that  Diesel exhaust
       gases present a health hazard or that  they are carcinogenic,
       even in case of vigorous smoke emission. Smoke and odors
       characteristically emitted by Diesel engines are a nuisance but
       not a hazard. In Europe, there are no two countries that would
       have identical or even comparable  Diesel emission limiting
       regulations,  partly   because  of the  difference  in  testing
       procedures.  A British norm promulgated in 1967 (BS/AU 141)
       is the strictest of all European norms stipulated maximum per-
       misslbe smoke emission levels for a defined number of revolu-
       tions. But the norm has a weak point: it is applied to  new
       vehicles but not  in  periodic compulsory automobile  inspec-
       tions. Standardization of testing  procedures for all of Europe
       is highly desirable.

       30687
       Hayashi, Miyoko and Satori Hayashi
       ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY PROCESSING
       POLY  VINYL CHLORIDE RESIN. (Enkabiniru jushikakokojo
       no  haigasu to  kogai). Text in Japanese. Osaka-furitsu Koshu
       Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu  Hokoku,  Rodo Eisei=Hen (Proc.
       Osaka  Public Health Inst., Ed.  Ind.  Health), (7):46-55,  Sept.
       1969. 7 refs. (Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution,
       Annual Meeting, 9th, 1968.)
       The exhaust gas components and the efficiency of the exhaust
       gas washing devices were  investigated in two  vinyl chloride
       resin processing plants, A  plant and B plant. The conditions
       necessary for the occurrence of air  pollution damage are
       discussed. The A plant is presently a source of air pollution,
       however, no marked air  pollution damage  has been found
       around the  B plant. Gas  chromatography was used for the
       analysis  of  exhaust gas  components. A characteristic dif-
       ference between the plants is that a bubbling  process is in-
       cluded in the manufacturing process in the A plant. The  com-
       plaints of the inhabitants living around  the A plant were clas-
       sified in two groups: irritation in the throat and coughing and
       nausea, vomiting, and headaches. It is believed that the former
       are due to the  fumes of the plasticizer, especially DOP, and
       the latter are due  to  the  mixed  effects of the fumes and
       decomposed substances, such as DOP. The latter  is also the
       indirect, psychological effect of the  offensive odor. The ex-
       haust gas washing device in the A plant, mainly composed of a
       jet- collector,  decreased the concentration of DOP or  DBF

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      31
down to 10%. However, the sensitive effect was not reduced
proportionally.  Also, the temperature of the exhaust gas is
low, therefore, the complaints of the inhabitants  have not
decreased. Although the results of investigation suggested that
the total amount of air pollution is almost the same in the two
plants, the damage was found only in the area around the A
plant. One reason for this  may  be that the pollutants are
emitted in different ways by the two  plants. Also, the B  plant
is located in a district with severe air pollution damage, so that
a new air pollution source cannot be detected.

30701
Werner, Jack and Lillian Roth
AIR POLLUTION  IN  THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
Inst. Paper Chem., Bibliog. Sen, no. 237:1-224, 1969. 769 refs.
A bibliography on air pollution is given limited to problems of
the pulp and paper industry.  A subject and author index are
also included.  The bibliography  includes  control  methods,
measurement methods,  analytical methods, odor  counterac-
tion, air quality studies, specific pollutants, and so on.

30851
Somers, Joseph H. and George D. Kittredge
REVIEW OF FEDERALLY  SPONSORED  RESEARCH ON
DIESEL  EXHAUST ODORS.   Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa.,  39p., 1971. 17 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, At-
lantic City, June 28-July 2, 1971.)
Projects  sponsored by the Air Pollution Control Office  over
the past years  in the field of diesel exhaust odor are  sum-
marized. These investigations have concentrated on developing
measurement methods  for quantifying different  odor levels,
evaluating various odor control methods, and evaluating public
opinions of  such odors.  A human panel method using  odor
reference standards has been found suitable to measure these
odor levels. In addition  to this technique, chemical charac-
terization work has been jointly sponsored by the Coordinating
Research Council and the Air Pollution Control Office to iso-
late  and identify  those  species  responsible for  the odor.
Knowledge of these odorous compounds and the techniques
necessary to isolate them should lead to development  of  a
chemical method  to measure this type of odor, in place  of
human panelists. Such basic  information would also lead to
developing control techniques  to minimize this odor. Several
control techniques  were evaluated for diesel exhaust odor. To
date, the only effective method is an improved needle injector
for use in the Detroit Diesel type E  6V-71 engine  commonly
used in  buses. Finally, public  objections to diesel engine ex-
haust were measured. A systematic relationship exists between
increasing public objections  and increasing odor  intensity.
(Author abstract modified)

31044
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
SOME  EXAMPLES  OF THE INVESTIGATION  OF  BAD
ODOR  CAUSED BY POLLUTION.  (Akushu kogai chosa no
nisan no jirei).  Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor
Research J. Japan), 1(1): 28-37, April 1970. 1 ref. See H131-74
Detailed  odor measurement  studies  were conducted on  a
chemical manufacturing plant, a pharmaceutical plant, and  a
fish  meal processing  plant.  The raw  material,  products,
production process, place of odor sampling, and  degree of
odor measured by  various methods  are listed. The odors in-
cluded methyl mercaptan, acrolein, dimethyl sulfide, amines,
and  ammonia.  Results obtained by both  detector and or-
ganoleptic  methods  are  tabulated. Gas chromatograms of
odorants from the fish meal processing plant and the  phar-
maceutical plant are presented, showing the peaks representing
the substances.

31155
Maeda, Takeshi
STRUCTURE OF COMBUSTION DEODORING INCINERA-
TOR.  (Shokyaku dasshuro no kozo). Text in  Japanese.  (Aru-
ma Sangyo K. K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-19386. 3p., May
31, 1971. (Appl. June 12, 1968, 1 claim).
A deodorizing incinerator which has a sharply inclining first
wall at the bottom of the partitioning wall facing  the burner
was described. A second inclining wall  slopes  down less
sharply. On top of  the partitioning wall, there is  an inlet to
dump the garbage in. The upper inside wall of the incineration
chamber in front of the  partitioning wall is warped. The in-
cinerator is economical,  since  it combines  combustion and
deodorizing. When excretion is dumped into the incineration
chamber,  the flame  from the burner is radiated,  and  air  is
sucked in by the blower.  The matter quickly goes down the
first wall, while its water content is removed. It goes down the
second inclined wall slowly, burns and falls to the bottom as
ash which is discharged as it accumulates. The gas generated
in the incineration chamber rises along  the curved wall and
part of the flame from the burner breaks down the obnoxious
odor.  The deodorized  gas goes through the deodorizing
chamber, enters smoke duct, and is discharged. The burner is
efficient, inexpensive, and there  is no  need  to operate the
whole incinerator at high  temperature. The waste material can
be thrown in continuously. The incinerator is suitable for gar-
bage containing a certain amount of water; there  is no wall
necessary for the division of the flame from the burner; and it
is easy to maintain and operate.

31157
Maeda, Takeshi
COMBUSTION DEODORING  DEVICE.  (Shokyaku  dasshu
sochi). Text in Japanese. (Aruma Sangyo K. K. (Japan)) Japan.
Pat. Sho 46-19156. 3p., May 28, 1971. (Appl. June  12, 1968, 1
claim).
A  combustion  and  deodorizing  device which  bums  and
disposes of organic matter such as excretion was described.
When excretion is burned in an incinerator, there is very little
residue. However, there is an obnoxious odor which causes air
pollution. The burner is tilted at a 10-35 deg angle, so that a
part of burner s flame is directed toward the passage of  burn-
ing gas, and combustion and deodorization can be  carried out
by  one burner.  Inside the  incinerator,  there is  a partition
where the combustion chamber  is located.  The burner  is
placed opposite the partitioning wall. Outside the  opening of
the partitioning wall, there  is a smoke duct, and the  com-
bustion gas generated in  the  combustion chamber whirls
round, flows to the  opening of the partitioning wall, and part
of the burner s  flame is radiated toward this stream of gas to
deodorize it.

31263
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
SOME  EXAMPLES  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION  OF  BAD
ODOR CAUSED BY POLLUTION (CONTINUED). (Akushu
kogai chosa no nisan no jirei. (Tsuzuki)). Text in Japanese.
Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan), 1(2): 19-23, June
1970. 27 refs. See H131-73

-------
 32
ODORS
 Questionnaire surveys were conducted concerning bad odors
 on residents of city S living near chemical plants, of city E
 also living near chemical plants, and those living near plant N
 of a pharmaceutical company. Various opinions such as bad
 smell, get headaches, lose appetite, and complaints from visi-
 tors were obtained. Also, the time of day in which the odor is
 the worst and the  accompanying  meteorological conditions
 were noted.  The types of odorants detected by a gas-chro-
 matograph included methyl  mercaptan  and sulfides.  Odor
 thresholds are presented for hydrogen  sulfide, ammonia, and
 methyl mercaptan according to different methods of measure-
 ment, and a tabulation is shown for the amount of odor de-
 tected by detector tube, gas-chromatography and organoleptic
 methods for odors emitted from an amino acid manufacturing
 and a fish meal plant.
       idation or combustion of sludges in incinerators,  evaporation
       of gases from exposed screenings, and poor housekeeping or
       poor plant operations. Four different types of sewage treat-
       ment plants are described,  each of increasing complexity and
       treatment capabilities. In each of the flowsheets of the plants,
       the  specific locations  were  odors can be  generated  are
       identified.   Twelve  different   techniques  for  controlling,
       minimising,  or preventing odors from being generated or dis-
       sipated are described. They include the prevention of uncon-
       trolled  anaerobic  conditions,  the  prevention of  algae  or
       microorganism  formation,  confinement  of  odors, chemical
       treatment of waste water, treatment of collected gases, biolog-
       ical treatment of odorous gases, radiation treatment, activated
       carbon, combustion, electrolysis treatment, masking or coun-
       teracting, and dilution of gases.
31323
Sherwood, P. T. and P. H. Bowers
AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRAFFIC-A REVIEW OF
THE   PRESENT  POSITION.     Ministry  of  Transport,
Crowthorne  (England), Road  Research Lab.;  Ministry  of
Transport, Crowthorne (England), Earthworks and Founda-
tions Section; Ministry of Transport, Crowthorne (England),
Climate Section,  RRL Rept. LR 352,  28p.,  1970. 28 refs.
NTIS: PB 196744
To provide a basis for assessing the needs for further research
into the problem,  the  present position in Great Britain con-
cerning air pollution from  traffic is presented. Carbon monox-
ide, oxides  of  nitrogen, lead compounds,  smoke,  unburned
fuel and secondary products produced from the fuel, and vari-
ous paniculate matter  are cited.  None  of the major  com-
ponents of air pollution from traffic has been identified in con-
centrations large enough to be considered to have a more or
less immediate  and permanent effect on health, though  some
temporary effects  may  be present. There may, however,  be
temporary effects that affect behavior and there is  no doubt
that smoke and smell from traffic are unpleasant. Considera-
tion should be given to these two aspects to find the extent of
the  problem  so that the value of emission controls can be as-
sessed. Methods of reducing emissions from road vehicles are
discussed, as well as the legislation in  force  for controlling
emissions  in other countries. If controls of invisible emissions
are introduced in Great Britain, it will be necessry to establish
whether the  legislation is having any  effect. There will, there-
fore, be a need for a rapid method of assessing whether a
vehicle complies with the law and for monitoring the levels of
pollutants  in the air. (Author abstract modified)

31602
Sutton, G. P.
ODORS AND  AIR POLLUTION FROM THE TREATMENT
OF  MUNICIPAL  WASTE WATER.  Preprint, Air  Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  35p., 1971. 13 refs. (Presented
at the  Air Pollution  Control Association, Annual  Meeting,
64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-103.)
The principal effects, causes, and types of odor, their major
sources and common treatment methods in municipal waste
water treatment were summarized. There is an effect on the
neighboring  community and  also a potentially serious health
effect because pathogens from the sewage  can be carried  by
air currents  some distance away from the waste water treat-
ment plants.  Odors originating from waste water treatment can
be  grouped  into  several different  categories: gases  from
anaerobic  biological processes, gases originating from certain
types of algae, flow-off gases from high temperature pressure
cooking processes, gases from the incomplete or improper ox-
       31759
       Lear Motors Corp., Reno, Nevada
       A REALISTIC EVALUATION OF THE AIR POLLUTION
       PROBLEM  AND THE  SUPPORTING  MATHEMATICAL
       ANALYSIS. 37p., 1970 (?). 9 refs.
       Primary sources of air pollution are electric power plants and
       space heating, industrial plants, and automotive vehicles. The
       concentration and composition of pollutants vary with the size
       and area of a population center, with the industry surrounding
       it, and with climatic conditions. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen
       oxides are generally found in high concentrations in all major
       cities  of the United States. Health  hazards due to  air pollu-
       tants  were discussed.  Carbon monoxide interferes  with the
       capacity of blood to transport and release oxygen to the tis-
       sues. This interference can impair vision and psychomotor per-
       formance. The precise effects of hydrocarbons  are not so well
       known. Some  hydrocarbons interact with nitrogen  oxides in
       sunlight, producing odorous smog, eye irritation, and vegeta-
       tion damage. Nitrogen dioxide is directly toxic  to man. Sulfur
       dioxide is  linked  with respiratory  ailments,  asthma,  pneu-
       monia, and emphysema. As far as utilities and heavy indus-
       tries are concerned,  stringent policies are being  pursued to
       reduce their contributions to  the air pollution.  These policies
       prohibit the use of high sulfur content fuels, shift to natural
       gas as a fuel when weather inversions threaten, and the use of
       electrostatic precipitators for  chemicals  and particulates. The
       situation of automobile emission appears to be going  from bad
       to worse because of the increasing number of cars and the lit-
       tle or no progress made so far in reducing the emission of pol-
       lutants. Federal emission control  standards were issued. But
       there  is no assurance that the automobile industry  will  meet
       the standards.  Alternatives to the internal combustion engine
       include a steam power  propulsion system, electric battery
       propulsion system, and electric fuel-cell propulsion system.

       31880
       Steigerwald, Bernard J. and A. H. Rose
       ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM PETROLEUM  REFINE-
       RIES.  A GUIDE FOR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL.
       Public Health Service,  Cincinnati, Ohio Div. of Air Pollution,
       PHS Pub.-763, 56p., 1960. 11 refs. NTIS: PB 198096
       The process of petroleum refining and atmospheric emissions
       from oil refineries were discussed. General information on the
       processes and equipment used in oil refineries to manufacture
       petroleum products was given. Crude oil distillation, conver-
       sion by cracking, catalytic reforming, polymerization, alkyla-
       tion, isomerization, treatment with  hydrogen and chemicals,
       and blending were also briefly described. Sources of emission
       from oil refineries include storage tanks, catalyst regeneration
       units,  pipeline  valves and  flanges, pressure   relief valves,

-------
                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                       33
 pumps and compressors, compressor engines,  cooling towers,
 loading facilities, waste water separators, blowdown systems,
 boilers, process heaters, vacuum jets, sampling, air blowing,
 and  acid treating.  The main  emissions  are  sulfur oxides,
 nitrogen  oxides,   hydrocarbons,  carbon  monoxide,  and
 malodorous materials.  Lesser emissions include particulates,
 aldehydes, ammonia, and organic acids. The  most important
 factors affecting refinery emissions are crude oil capacity, air
 pollution control measures, general level of maintenance and
 good housekeeping in the refinery, and the processing scheme
 employed. The estimation of atmospheric emissions from oil
 refineries was demonstrated.

 31882
 Blokker, P. C.
 AIR POLLUTION BY THE OIL INDUSTRY.  (Luchtbezoedel-
 ing door de  olie-industrie). Text in Flemish.  Meded. VTaam.
 Chem. Ver., 32(6):203-212, Nov./Dec. 1970. 14 refs.
 The  main potential sources of air pollution from the petroleum
 industry, excluding the petrochemical  industry, are given. The
 emissions are  compared  with those  from  power stations,
 domestic fuel, and motor traffic. Emissions of nitrogen oxides,
 hydrocarbons,  carbon  monoxide,  and particulates from  the
 petroleum industry are  low in  comparison with those  arising
 from other sources. The industry s most important pollutants
 are sulfur dioxide and  odorous gases. Dispersion from high
 stacks is often an effective means of solving local pollution by
 sulfur dioxide. For  odor  abatement,  prevention is the best
 method;  examples are  given. The  problem of  abatement cost
 and norms are briefly discussed. Where health  is not impaired,
 the aim should be a low cost/benefit ratio. The industry is not
 averse to reasonable norms provided that the  level and main-
 tenace are  similar in  different  countries. (Author abstract
 modified)

 32385
 Balakrishman, S., D. E. Williamson, and R. W. Okey
 STATE  OF THE ART REVIEW ON SLUDGE INCINERA-
 TION PRACTICE.  Resource Engineering Associates, Wilton,
 Conn., Federal Water Quality Administration  Contract 14-12-
 499,  Program 17070DIV, 135p., April 1970. 61 refs.
 Consierable development  in  sludge disposal  procedures are
 taking  place  and sludge handling  and  disposal is receiving
 more attention. Sludge handling and disposal is a costly opera-
 tion and represents 25 to 50% of the total capital and operating
 cost  of a wastewater treatment plant. It is estimated that the
 volume of waste sludge will increase 60 to 70% within the next
 15 years. Sludge handling processes such as incineration and
 heat drying require pretreatment of sludge. The pretreatment
 steps include grit removal, blending, thickening, conditioning,
and  dewatering. The heat value of sludge depends on the
amount  of combustible elements such as carbon, hydrogen,
and sulfur present in the sludge. When chemicals are used in
the pretreatment stage, the weight of  the sludge increases by
about 10% and, because of their inert nature, the heat content
of the sludge is reduced.  The various incineration  processes
are discussed in detail, including their performance and opera-
tional problems. Incineration is generally more  expensive than
other sludge disposal systems. The capital and operating cost
of incineration systems depends on the type and size of  in-
cinerator,  nature  and amount   of  sludge,   and  whether
deodorization, dust collection, and disposal are included. Sup-
plemental fuels are  invariably required for sewage sludge  in-
cineration, but their requirements  flucuate depending on the
characteristics of the sludge and are reflected in the operating
costs. (Author summary modified)
32411
Boegly, W. J., Jr., W. L. Griffith, and W. E. Clark
ADVANCED SOLID WASTE  TREATMENT.    In:  Annual
Progress Report, Civil Defense Research Project. March 1969 -
 March 1970. Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., AEC Contract
W-7405-eng-26, 12p., April 1971. 31 refs. NTIS: ORNL-4566,
Part 1
The wet-air oxidation of cellulose and paper mixtures, with or
without catalysts, was carried out in autoclaves to study solid
waste treatment. Off-gases contained no more than a few ppm
of organic materials and thus would probably be easily decon-
taminated by charcoal. The trace quantities present were al-
ways detectable by odor,  though not always by the  analytical
methods used (lower limit approximately 10 ppm as  methane).
The only major off-gas constituents (except nitrogen and ox-
ygen) were carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. In some
cases, the CO content was negligible. Usually the  partial pres-
sure ratio increased with increasing  oxidation. In the most ex-
treme case, it was less than 0.1.  Hydrolysis is the first step in
the wet oxidation of cellulose. The products of hydrolysis are
then oxidized to CO2 and water, undergo reactions  with each
other,  or are  pyrolyzed. Some pyrolysis or other secondary
reaction must always take  place to produce CO and acetic acid
during the oxidation of pure cellulose in excess  oxygen. Since
the intermediate oxidation products are acidic, they tend to in-
crease  the  rate  of  hydrolysis  as  the reaction processes.
Complete oxidation of the products is another problem: the
compounds  (such as acetic acid) which are responsible for at
least 10-15% of the oxygen demand will be difficult to oxidize.
A modification of this process will be studied to determine its
feasibility in municipal waste.

32465
Gondim, Pedro M.
CONTRIBUTION  OF INDUSTRY  TO AIR  POLLUTION.
(Contribuicao  da industria para a  poluicao do ar). Text in
Spanish. Rev. Service Especial Saude Pub., 16(1):69-91, 1971.
13 refs.
Petroleum refineries, metallurgical processing, and the produc-
tion of cement are examples of industrial sources of air pollu-
tion. These are stationary sources. Mobile sources  of air pollu-
tion, in particular, the automobile, are becoming an increasing
source of problems in urban areas. Automobiles are  a product
of industry, and industry should be responsible for the control
of their emissions. Crankcase and fuel evaporation emissions
are under control in the United States, but thermal  and cata-
lytic afterburners  do not yet satisfactorily control exhaust
emissions. In developing countries, such as Brazil, industry is
needed, but there are good reasons for also starting an air pol-
lution  control  program.  Pollutants  such  as sulfur  oxides,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen  oxides,  particulates,  aldehydes, am-
monia, odors, and carbon  monoxides are emitted by industry.
(Author summary modified)

32475
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
REPORT  OF  SURVEY OF  THE SPECIFIED  POISONOUS
SUBSTANCES  AND  THE PREVENTION OF OFFENSIVE
ODOR.  REPORT 4.  (Tokutei yugaibusshitsu narabini  akushu
boshi ni kansuru chosa kenkyu hokokusho (Dai 4 po)). Text in
Japanese.  67p., Aug. 1969.  14 refs.
The kraft pulp and petro-chemical industries were examined as
sources of offensive odors and the actual cotdition of the of-
fensive odor was analyzed. The present state of odorous emis-
sions from these industries, problems, and countermeasures
are discussed. The offensive odors  produced in the digester

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 34
ODORS
 process of a kraft pulp industry in Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefec-
 ture were measured by a sense organ method,  obtained by
 modifying the odorless chamber. The odors were analyzed by
 the salt-balanced method,  the glass beads tube (selective ad-
 sorption of offensive odors), and the low temperature adsorp-
 tion method (concentration of the odor by liquid oxygen). The
 volumes of  dimethyl-disulfide,  hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan,
 and dimethyl sulfide in the odor were great. Odors analyzed
 from the recovery  boiler in the kraft pulp factories in Miyagi
 Prefecture contained 1-4 ppm methyl mercaptan, 20-300 ppm
 hydrogen sulfide, and approximately 1 ppm dimethyl sulfide.
 The volume of gas emitted  at  that time was 290,000 cu m.
 About  1% of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide was de-
 tected  from the turpentine tank. Odors from petro-chemical
 factories in Yamaguchi Prefecture were measured by gas chro-
 matography. The odors were composed of vinyl chloride, 1,3-
 butadiene, propylene oxide, acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, and
 ethylene dichloride.

 32489
 Giever, P. M.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUNDRY EFFLUENTS.  Preprint,
 American Foundrymen s Society, Des Plaines, HI., 3p., 1970. 7
 refs. (Presented at the Total  Environmental  Control  Con-
 ference, Ann Arbor, Mich., Nov. 16-19 1970.)
 Effluents from the numerous types of foundry furnaces and
 products vary over a  wide  range  of physical and chemical
 characteristics including visible plumes, particulates, irritating
 fumes, and gases,  as well as explosive dusts. Approximately
 90% of the gray iron melting furnaces are cupolas and only 15
 to 18% of these have  air  pollution control devices installed.
 One of the most important characteristics  of cupola effluent is
 the high temperature. In addition to particulates, the effluent
 from cupolas contains gases which  are primarily carbon diox-
 ide and  nitrogen  with some  excess  oxygen  and  varying
 amounts of sulfur dioxide.  Smoke, oil vapor, and fumes  make
 up the  remainder of the emissions. Emissions from electric arc
 furnaces and non-ferrous foundries are also discussed. These
 include zinc  dust, ammonium chloride, carbon monoxide, car-
 bon dioxide, fumes, sulfur oxides, sulfides, sulfates, metal ox-
 ides, aluminum oxides, odors, particulates, and many others.
 Particle size can be an important aspect.

 32653
 Donaldson, Wallace R.
 AIR POLLUTION BY  JET   AIRCRAFT  AT  SEATTLE-
 TACOMA AIRPORT.  Weather Bureau, Salt Lake City, Utah,
 Western Region, Proj. 2949793, ESSA-WBTM-WR-58,  22p.,
 Oct. 1970. 13 refs. NTIS: COM 71 0017
The air pollution by jet engines  at the Seattle-Tacoma Airport
is discussed.  Air traffic patterns and social factors are also
 described.  Jet  aircraft  engines  emit  carbon  monoxide,
hydrocarbons, oxygenated organic  compounds,  and nitrogen
oxides  which vary  during operating modes. Engine smoke  is
 composed of  fine  carbon particles with diameters of 0.6
 micron or less. The combination of  size and composition gives
 the exhaust light-scattering properties. Also, the exhaust  emits
 small  amounts of  aerosols, soots, sulfur compounds, and
 odors.  Comparisons are given of automobile and aircraft en-
gine emissions and  of daily contaminant emissions in Los An-
geles from motor vehicles, power plants, and jet engines. Stu-
 dies were made of  Air Force commercial engine comparisons,
jet aircraft time comparisons, pollution emissions for various
 operations, local dispersion areas, and area fuel consumption
rates. Jet exhaust pollutants can generally be reduced by the
addition of smokeless burner cans, but this increases the  emis-
       sion of nitrogen oxides. When fuel additives were used, par-
       ticulate matter, hydrocarbons, organic gases, and sulfur diox-
       ide decreased, but carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in-
       creased. The visible smoke plume is an additional problem.

       32855
       Ishiguro, Tatsukichi, Kazuo Hishida, and Tsunehiro Yajima
       PRESENT STATE OF PUBLIC NUSIANCE CAUSED BY OF-
       FENSIVE ODORS IN TOKYO. (Tokyo ni okeru akushu kogai
       no genjo). Text in Japanese Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),
       13(8):972-978, Aug. 1971.
       Control criteria  were  designated for  emissions of  smoke,
       gases,  and  offensive odors in Tokyo. The harmful gases in-
       cluded ammonia, fluorine and its  compounds,  hydrogen cya-
       nide, carbon  monoxide,  formaldehyde, methanol, isoamyl
       alchohol,  isopropyl  alcohol,  hydrogen sulfide,  hydrogen
       chloride, acrolein, acetone, sulfur dioxide, benzene, nitrogen
       oxides, toluene,  phenol, sulfuric acid, and chromic  acid. The
       public Nuisance Bureau received 2751 complaints about offen-
       sive odors and 416 complaints about deleterious gases  during
       1970. The major sources of the offensive odors  were plants
       processing fish guts  and bones,  animal bones and fat, and
       feathers,  stock yards,  poultry farms,  urban  waste disposal
       plants, sewage  treatment plants,  fish oil processing plants,
       varnish manufacturing plants, lubricant oil regenerating facto-
       ries, soy sauce  lees  and other  vegetable protein processing
       plants, organic fertilizer manufacturing plants, and food manu-
       facturing plants. Deodorization experiments were conducted
       with respect  to  the  analysis of the components of  odors,
       deodorizing devices, sensory tests, interrelation of odor con-
       stituents, and process improvements.

       32878
       Okada, Seisuke
       COLLECTED  DATA  ON  ALLOWABLE AND  MINIMUM
       PERCEPTIBLE   CONCENTRATIONS   OF  ODOR   SUB-
       STANCES.  (Yushu busshitsu no jintai ni taisuru kyoyo nodo
       narabini shuki chikaku ninchi genkai nodo ni tsuite no shu-
       roku). Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),
       13(9):1136-1142, Sept 1971. 15 refs.
       The toxicity of  odor producing materials their perceptibility
       threshold, and recognition  threshold are presented in table
       form, including data on 232 items, compiled from a number of
       sources. There  are approximately 13  substances among the
       listed elements,  including carbon tetracbloride and  phosgene
       for which the threshold values are greater than the  maximum
       permissible concentrations in the human body.

       32879
       Hoshika, Yasuyuki
       ON THE FIELD  EXPERIENCE OF ODOR POLLUTION SUR-
       VEY METHOD  IN KRAFT PULP  INDUSTRY.   (Kurafuto
       parupu kogyo ni okeru akushu chosa no genjoteki  keiken 'ni
       tsuite). Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),
       13(9):1128-1135, Sept 1971.12 refs.
       The digesting process, dehydration and scrubbing, black liquor
       oxidation, evaporation, and recovery boiler operations in Kraft
       Pulp mills are explained with a flowsheet The Kraft Pulp Mill
       in Fuji City was investigated by the olfactory method and the
       injection  method (odor concentration times exhaust quantity)
       on Dec. 6, 1970. Compared with other odor emission rates of a
       fishmeal plant complex in Yamaguchi Prefecture, (ten to the
       6th power - ten to the 7th power), a fishmeal plant complex in
       Tokyo (ten to the 7th power - ten to the 9th power), a phar-
       maceutical plant  complex in Tokyo (ten to the 5th power - ten

-------
                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      35
to the 9th power), and a fishmeal plant complex in Yamanashi
Prefecture (ten to the 8th power - ten to the 9th power), all the
high emission  sources being usually contained in one area, the
Fuji KP Mill had three locations  with more than ten to the 9th
power odor emission rate. The ten locations where odor emis-
sion rates  were taken all had rates between ten to the 7th
power - ten to the  9th power. The three locations with high
counts  were  2K washer,  IK  turpentine  cooler,  and  the
recovery boiler.  A large portion of the emission comes from
the stack exhaust gas in the recovery process, and the next
largest from the  digestion process;  the emissions from these
two  sources amount to  two-thirds  of the  total  quantity. The
breakdown of the sulfur compounds  produced by the Kraft
Pulp Mill is: CH3SH, 500 kg/500 ton  pulp; (CH3)2S 1500 kg;
and (CH3)2S2, 50 kg, a total of 2050 kg.

33188
Field, Joseph H.
PRINCIPLES  OF CLEANING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.
In: Principles and Practices of Incineration. Richard  C. Corey
(ed.), New  York, Wiley-Interscience, 1969, Chapt, 3, p. 34-73.
54 refs.
In the incineration  of waste material, problems often arise
from the emission of particulate matter and foul odors. The
fundamental principles involved  in control devices,  including
basic particle dynamics, and the principles used in odor con-
trol  are presented,  an  understanding of  these  principles  is
necessary  in evaluating  control  equipment for  a specific in-
cinerator. Cyclone separators, settling chambers, filters, scrub-
bers, and electrostatic precipitators  are reviewed.  For  con-
trolling  or eliminating odors from incineration,  dispersal, ad-
sorption, afterburning with or without catalysts,  odor  modifi-
cation, and wet scrubbing are employed. Important aspects of
these methods of odor control are discussed.

33564
Spindt, R. S., G. J. Barnes, and J. H. Somers
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF ODOR COMPONENTS IN
DIESEL EXHAUST GAS.  Preprint,  Society of Automotive
Engineers,  Inc.,  New York, 31p., 1971.  9  refs. (Presented at
the Society  of .Automotive Engineers International Mid-Year
Meeting, Montreal, Canada, June 7-11, 1971.)
The  chemistry of diesel  exhaust  odor is discussed. One study
separated the  exhaust samples into two odor-important frac-
tions and facilitated more complete and comprehensive struc-
ture  determination.  Fuel-like  chemical species contributed to
the exhaust odor. The aromatic  hydrocarbon classes of alkyl
benzenes,  indenes,  indans, tetralins, and  naphthalenes were
identified. The greatest differences  found in  two studies were
associated with the odor of partially oxidized fuel species. One
analysis showed  that paraffinic aldehydes  were significant
odor contributors, while  the second suggested that these com-
pounds were present,  but were not significant contributors to
the characteristic diesel odor. Some of the general classes con-
tributing to  the odor were hydroxy and methoxy indanones,
methyl and methoxy phenols, furans, alkyl benzaldehydes, al-
kenones, dienones, and hydroxy  cyclocarbonyls.  The  un-
derstanding of the relative contribution of these chemical spe-
cies  to diesel exhaust odor will provide a basis for reduction
of diesel odor. (Author summary modified)

33648
Pachernegg, Siegfried J.
EXPERIMENTS  WITH  THE SINGLE CYLINDER  ENGINE
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DIESEL ENGINES WITH HIGH
CHARGING AND HIGH RATE OF REVOLUTIONS. (Experi-
mente am Einzylinder-Motor zur Entwicklung von Diesel- mil
hoher Aufladung und hoher Drehzahl). Text in German. Mo-
tortech. Z. (Stuttgart), 32(10):356-360, Oct. 1971. 7 refs.
A single-cylinder, turbocharged engine was tested on a spe-
cially  constructed dynamometer to determine its ability to
operate at up to 75 hp/1. Combustion was characterized by the
face that the first 60-70% of injected  fuel burned at the mo-
ment of injection while the residual 30-40%  required  almost
twice the time. This had a negative effect on combustion effi-
ciency and resulted in soot formation. With the exception of
nitrogen oxides, the emission of unburned components (soot,
carbon monoxide, and, to a lesser extent, hydrocarbons)  and
odors depends on the second phase of the  combustion  period.
Exhaust gas analysis revealed a concentration of 1.5% of un-
burned or  incompletely  burned  components  of the fuel
referred to the  supplied fuel heat. Therefore, the degree of
conversion was 98.5%.

33713
Hilliger, H. G., H. J. Langner, V. Hilbig, and Ursula Heckel
EXPERIMENTS FOR CHARACTERIZATION  OF ODOUR
STUFFS CONTAINED IN THE AIR OF THE INTERIOR OF
A LAYING-HEN HOUSE.   (Versuche zur Charakterisierung
geruchsaktiver  Stoffe in der Luft eines Legehennenstalles).
Text in German. Zentralbl. Bakteriol., Parasitenk. Infektionskr.
Hyg.  Abt. 1:  Orig., Reihe  B, vol. 155:87-92, 1971.  6 refs.
(Presented at the Internationalen Arbeitstagung, Einfluss  der
Umweltfaktoren in Viehstaellen, Gent/Belgien, Sept.  11-Dec.
12, 1970.)
The air of a hen house was examined for odorous  substances,
especially carbonyl compounds;  23 different carbonyl com-
pounds were identified chromatographically. Air samples con-
tained an average of  28.6 ppm ammonia and 2.22 ppm total
carbonyl compounds, expressed as ethanol.  Major carbonyl
compounds were methanol,  ethanol, and acetone; other car-
bonyl compounds were present only in low percentages. Until
the role of the latter in the development of poultry-house odor
is known, they should not be neglected when analyzing odors.
A suitable technique for collecting and preparing samples is
described.

33719
Stueckrad Joachim and Ulrich Dorstewitz
WHAT DO  WE HAVE TO EXPECT? (Was  konunt auf  uns
zu)?  Text  in   German.  Umwelt  (Duesseldorf),  l(5):35-42,
Oct./Nov. 1971. 6 rets.
Most of the pollutants in our atmosphere stem from vehicles,
industries, homes, and  small businesses. About  20.5 million
tons of pollutants were emitted in the year 1970, of which 60%
came from the automobiles. This becomes plausible when it is
considered that an automobile emits 0.14 to 5.6 cu m of  ex-
haust gas each minute depending on the stroke volume. At the
combustion of a fuel quantity of 1000 1, 360 kg carbon monox-
ide develop, 24 to 28 kg hydrocarbons, 6 to  8 kg oxides of
nitrogen, 0.6 to 1.2 kg sulfur compounds, 36g dusts, and other
pollutants. Diesel engines and airplanes emit considerably less
pollutants than the Otto engines. The most  important polluters
in the industrial sector are the power  plants with 14% of  the
total pollution, followed by the chemical industry metallurgical
plants, coke ovens, incinerators, and the cement industry. The
emissions  by domestic heating systems are remarkable. Coal-
fired  heaters  emit  sulfur dioxide and soot, oil-fired emit
odorous gases. Of all the pollutants, CO makes up the largest
portion, dusts make up 20%. The anti-pollution measures have

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36
ODORS
gaps, e.g., maximum  allowable emission concentrations have
not been set up for all pollutants, the study of the synergetic
effects is still at the very beginning.

33828
Papetti, R. A. and F. R. Gilmore
AIR POLLUTION. Endeavour, 30(111):107-114, Sept. 1971. 32
refs.
Sources of air pollution are discussed, as well as its distribu-
tion, harmful effects, and mathematical modeling. The number
and size distribution of atmospheric particles is controlled by
the balance between their  continual  generation, transport,
chemical and physical alteration, and removal. The relative im-
portance of gravitational settling and diffusion due to Browni-
an motion is discussed.  Sources  and urban concentrations of
the oxides of  sulfur are indicated, as  well as photochemical
smog  constituents,  carbon monoxide,  and metals.  The  in-
fluence  of wind, turbulence,  and stability on air pollution is
discussed. Visibility  may be reduced due  to  aerosols  or
nitrogen dioxide. Unpleasant  odors  may  result from  sulfur
compounds.  The harmful effects of air pollution  that can be
treated in simple economic terms include damage to materials,
to agricultural  crops,  and livestock. Physiological effects and
health impairment are  also discussed. Mathematical models for
calculating air quality are considered.

33883
Rayzacher, B.
THE OIL  INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.  Stichting
Concawe,  The  Hague (Netherlands),  Rept.  8/70, 17p., April
1970. 15 refs.
The initial step  in oil production, recovery of the  crude  oil
from its natural deposits, does not have any appreciable ad-
verse  environmental  effects. Transport  by  ocean tanker,
pipeline, and road and river tankers does often cause pollution
of the soil, land and surface,  and  of ground  and surface
waters. Malodorous emissions during the refining process are
complicated  by  the  numerous points,  some  a  considerable
distance from the ground, where leakages may occur, and by
the human olfactory sense which can detect the presence of
some compounds at extremely low concentrations. Good main-
tenance and constant  equipment control are  required. Sulfur
emissions  in the refining process stem from the frequent use
of high-sulfur fuels for various plant operations and from flare
burn-off. Control methods in the former case include  desul-
furization  and  dispersion by  tall stacks. Water pollution and
noise  problems  from  refining are also discussed. Wrong or
negligent  use  of petroleum  products  contribute  to air  and
water pollution, but here correction rests  to a  large degree
with the individual user. For example, by correct adjustment
of the  carburetor and ignition, automotive  exhaust emissions
can be reduced by up to 50%. The costs of producing unleaded
no-knock  gasolines, of desulfurizing fuel oils, and of using
naturally low-sulfur fuels are discussed.

33983
Wilson, Donald F. and Bjorn F. Hrutfiord
SEKOR IV.  FORMATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COM-
POUNDS  IN  THE  KRAFT  PULPING PROCESS.   Tappi,
54(7): 1094-1098, July 1971. 36 refs. (Presented at the Technical
Association of the Pulp  and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting,
56th, New York, Feb. 22-25, 1971.)
The formation  of  steam volatile organic compounds in the
kraft  pulping  process other than the recovery furnace  is
reviewed. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of hydrocar-
       bons,  sulfur compounds, alcohols,  and terpenes are deter-
       mined.  The route to the formation of methyl ketones was
       established  as  air  oxidation  of  extractives  followed  by
       hydroperoxide  decomposition to unsaturated ketones which
       undergo a reversed  aldol condensation in  the  kraft digester.
       Fermentation was proposed to account for the formation of all
       the alcohols except  methanol. Guaiacol and related phenolic
       compounds  were determined of  importance in overall kraft
       mill odor. (Author summary modified)

       34018
       Bemhart, A. P.
       NOTES   ON   AIR  POLLUTION:   THE  INGREDIENTS
       DEFINED. PART I.   Water  Pollution Control (Toronto),
       109(10):41-42, Oct. 1971. 19 refs.
       The problem  of air pollution  in Canada  is reviewed with
       respect to effects  on human  health  (respiratory  diseases),
       animals, plants, buildings (soiling and deterioration), traffic
       (visibility), and economy; breakdown by individual pollutant;
       and major sources. The major pollutants and their sources in-
       cluded suspended particulates and dust fall  from furnaces, in-
       cineration, and cement plants; pollen from grasses and trees;
       sulfur oxides from coal furnaces;  carbon monoxide from cars;
       hydrocarbons from engine exhausts and gasoline evaporation;
       aldehydes from diesel exhausts and dry cleaners; nitrogen  ox-
       ides from power plants; oxidants; odors from slaughterhouses,
       garment factories, glue  factories, and  diesel buses; fluorides
       from aluminum and  fertilizer plants; lead from car exhausts;
       benzopyrene; carbon dioxide; and other minor pollutants, i.e.,
       organic  acids, hydrogen sulfide,  ammonia,  chlorine,  and
       bromine.

       34228
       Engdahl, Richard B.
       ON-STTE  INCINERATION  OF  SPECIAL  INDUSTRIAL
       WASTES.   In:  Principles  and  Practices  of  Incineration.
       Richard C. Corey (ed.), New York, Wiley-Interscience,  1969,
       Chapt. 7, p. 210-226.  32 refs.
       As a means of controlling air pollution, on-site incineration of
       special industrial wastes is often advantageous. The worthless,
       solid, combustible residues from manufacturing processes can
       be disposed of by the Class in incinerator. Skillful operation
       is necessary, however, to avoid the discharge of fly ash and
       smoke. Refractory-lined rotary kilns are also used to burn in-
       dustrial solid wastes. Conical burners  and silo burners have
       been  used to dispose of wood  wastes. The silo  burner is
       preferred, since the conical burner tends to emit dusts, cin-
       ders, and fly ash. Special incinerators have been developed for
       burning scrap  automobiles. Afterburners are often required to
       completely burn the combustible gases as  they enter the in-
       cinerator chimney. Dust collecting systems are required with
       most  methods  of  solid  waste  disposal. The incineration of
       liquid wastes is  also discussed in detail. Some effluents con-
       tain combustible hydrocarbons; they can  be incinerated by
       direct flame of may  be catalytically oxidized. The incineration
       of gaseous wastes must be complete or products of partial  ox-
       idation,  such  as  aldehydes  or  organic   acids,  may  be
       discharged. Cost of data are given for direct-flame incineration
       in several cases of industrial odor and fume problems, and for
       odor control by catalytic combustion and  direct-flame after-
       burning.

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      37
 34287
 Natusch, D. F. S.
 THE  EFFECTS,  MEASUREMENT  AND  CONTROL  OF
 HYDROGEN  SULPHIDE POLLUTION  IN  GEOTHERMAL
 AREAS.  Clean Air  (J.  Clean Soc. Australi  New Zealand),
 4(4):69-75, Dec. 1970.  13 refs.
 New Zealand produces a  disproportionate amount of the world
 s atmospheric hydrogen sulfide because of geothermal activity.
 Geothermal occurrence of H2S differs from industrial sources
 in that the gas is produced at ground level from vents and fis-
 sures and from the exhaust gases of bores. Besides some odor
 and health problems, the  most widespread effect in geothermal
 areas from H2S is metal  corrosion, and the  corrosion of  silver
 and  copper components  in electrical and  electronic  circuits
 constitutes  a rapidly increasing  problem where H2S is present
 in concentrations above 0.01 ppm. The probable  long-term ef-
 fects of sulfide  corrosion  are best  assessed by observing
 susceptible metals present in a given locality for a long period.
 Measurement and control methods are detailed. Accurate mea-
 surements of H2S concentrations in air are best obtained using
 an impregnated tape method, preferably utilizing silver nitrate
 tapes. Adequate protection from H2S can be achieved by fil-
 tration with activated  carbon, provided that certain criteria are
 observed. (Author conclusions modified)

 34290
 Murphy, R. P. and J. F. Pottinger
 ABR POLLUTION FROM WOOD WASTE  INCINERATION.
 Clean Air (J. Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand), 5(2):26-
 30, May 1971. Presented at the Australian  Waste Disposal
 Conference, New South Wales Univ., Australia, 1971.)
 About  70% of wood  wastes from timber processing  in New
 South Wales, Australia, are disposed of by incineration, which
 can give rise to excessive emissions of smoke, odors, ash, and
 charred particles if  not carried  out in a properly designed in-
 cinerator equipped with adequate pollution controls. Emissions
 from wood waste combustion are related to  the components of
 wood:  moisture, volatile  matter, fixed carbon, and ash. Emis-
 sion data and design considerations are given for  refractory in-
 cinerators,  conical or tepee burners, and wood-fired boilers.
 Tests were conducted which, together with  other evidence in-
 dicate that tepee burners  in their present form cannot meet the
 requirements of the  New  South Wales Clean Air Act, although
 they are widely used because of their low cost and flexibility.
 Design  improvements  are suggested.  Successful  control, of
 smoke  emissions  from boilers is possible with secondary air
 jets. Provisions of  the Clean Air Act and government  stan-
 dards for incinerators in New South Wales are reported.

 34585
 Meuthen, Bernd
 WASTE ADI PROBLEMS IN THE COIL COATING  INDUS-
TRY.  (Abluftfragen aus  der Sicht der coil coating-Industrie).
Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(10):407-410, Oct.
 1971. 23 refs.
 During  the coil coating  process, organic gaseous  emissions
develop. The  gaseous emissions are primarily composed of
 volatilized organic solvents of a known nature, as well as com-
ponents developing  during the reaction of the binding agents
and solvents on the hot furnace walls. Such reaction products
are marked by annoying  odors. According to the present ex-
perience, they amount to approximately  four percent of the
 solid content. Type  and quantity of the organic emissions are
 subject to  great  temporal  fluctuations.  The  fraction  of
 hydrocarbons emitted by  such plants amounts to 0.1% of the
total  hydrocarbon  emissions.  Regulations  in  North  Rhine
Westphalia require cleaning of such waste gases to a residual
carbon content of 300 mg/cu m. In other West European coun-
tries, no such stringent regulations exist. In the U. S., the use
of certain solvents is prohibited  and the  emission quantities
are limited.  Catalytic combustion has been used as a control
method.  But  this  method is  not very suitable because of
catalyst poisoning. Thermal afterburning has found little appli-
cation in Europe,  but is the accepted method in the  United
States. The best solution would be the use of coating material
which is free of solvents. Such coating material is available in
form of so called power lacquers  whose quality has yet to be
improved for satisfactory use. A special  method of lacquer
drying,  electron beam curing, is  in the developmental  stage.
With the method, none  of the present solvents will cause any
emissions.

34654
Haedike, Edward W.
BUILDING A BETTER  INCINERATOR.  Ind. Gas, 51(11):15-
17, Nov. 1971.
Engineers know well the necessity for adequate temperatures
in incinerators for  clean, smokeless combustion. The need for
supplemental heat, and  sometimes for furnace preheating, is
recognized as a practical solution  to the problem of low com-
bustion temperatures. The burnout  of smoke is achieved at
1500  F and the oxidation  of most  odorous compounds is
completed  at this  temperature. The  Incinerator Institute of
America classification of waste is cited. Commercial fuel gas
or fuel oil can be considered for firing incinerators. Modern in-
cinerators are designed  to locate the package burner in the
side  wall and firing  into the combustion chamber  above the
grate level and above the refuse  heap. The flame  preferably
should be of the long and luminous type, so that it may sweep
across to all sides of the waste and quickly transfer its radiant
heat  to  the  combustion chamber. Sidewall  location of the
burner, the above grate  installation, and a double-chamber in-
cinerator are mentioned. Manual operating control, automatic
operating control,  thermoelectric  control,  electronic control,
and non-electronic spark are available for  use with the bur-
ners.

34766
Aaronson, Allen E. and Richard A. Matula
DIESEL  ODOR AND THE FORMATION OF  AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS DURING THE HETEROGENEOUS COM-
BUSTION OF PURE CETANE  IN  A SINGLE-CYLINDER
DIESEL  ENGINE.   Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh, Pa., Symp.
(Int.) Combust., (Proc.), 13th,  Salt Lake City, Utah, 1970, p.
471-481, 1971. 13 refs. (Aug. 23-29.)
Experimental facilities and methods, based on combined gas
chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques, are ex-
amined  for  the qualitative analysis of odoriferous and car-
cinogenic compounds formed during  the heterogeneous com-
bustion  of pure hydrocarbon. Exhaust gas samples  from a
diesel engine operating on a lean pure cetane-air mixture were
analyzed for saturated  and unsaturated aldehydes, alcohols,
acids, homo- and heterocyclic compounds, and aromatic com-
pounds. The diesel odor problem  and potential  biological ac-
tivity of diesel exhaust were examined. The pyrolysis and par-
tial oxidation of lubricating oil blowby enhanced the produc-
tion of aromatic hydrocarbons. (Author abstract modified)

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 38
ODORS
34891
Springer, Karl J.
BASELINE  EXHAUST EMISSIONS  FROM  U. S.  ARMY
MS4A2 LDS 465 POWERED FIVE-TON TRUCKS. (FINAL
REPORT).  Southwest Research Inst.,  San Antonio, Tex.,
Army   Materiel  Command  Contract  DAAD05-67-C-0361-
Modification POOS, Kept. Ar-690, 36p., April 30, 1969. 14 refs.
NTIS, DDC: AD 722832
Baseline exhaust  emissions data were  obtained  as part of a
20,000-mile test of lubricant oils in four M54A2 five-ton Army
trucks powered by the LDS 465 turbocharged, four-cycle,
compression ignition engine.  These  emissions included odor,
smoke, and chemical/instrumental measurements of total un-
burned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ox-
ides of nitrogen, nitric oxide,  total aliphatic aldehydes, formal-
dehyde, acrolein, and sulfur dioxide using the latest techniques
available. Power checks as well as emissions were obtained at
the beginning, end, and at about 6500 and 12,000 miles dura-
tion. The effects of vehicle operating condition and test mile-
age are presented  as part of the analysis of the results. Typical
data  for two widely used, commercial truck-tractors powered
by four-cycle, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines
are indicated to place  the military truck emissions in perspec-
tive.  Limited back-to-back type operation of two vehicles on a
commercial barium smoke suppressant fuel  additive  was con-
ducted  periodically  and the  constant and  transient  smoke
results are presented. (Author  abstract)

34964
ODonnell, A. and  A. Dravnieks
CHEMICAL SPECIES IN ENGINE EXHAUST AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTIONS TO  EXHAUST  ODORS.   nT  Research
Inst., Chicago, Dl., Rept. HTRI C6183-5, 81p., Nov. 1970. 10
refs.  NTIS: PB 198072
The nature of odorous species in the exhaust from  a Detroit
Diesel Engine Division 6V-71N, operated at constant load and
fuel  conditions,  was  investigated using high-resolution  two
column gas  chromatography,  mass spectrometry on resolved
species, and sensory observations. Solid  adsorbent collection
devices were used to  sample  from a nitrogen-diluted exhaust
stream. Although the presence of many hundred of compounds
was  indicated  by the chromatograms,  only a small fraction
were found to exhibit distinct odors at concentrations encoun-
tered  in the exhaust.  The  major concentration  species, the
paraffinic  hydrocarbons, are individually non-odorous.  The
odor-relevant species  are polar, and many exhibit low odor
thresholds, occurring in the exhaust in relatively small concen-
trations. From  mass  spectral data, a  variety of compound
types was found among the more important odor contributors
including:  aliphatic aldehydes, aliphatic compounds with more
that one position of unsaturation, alkyl derivatives of benzene,
indan,  tetralin, and naphthalene, aldehyde and ketone deriva-
tives of benzene and alkylbenzenes, and sulfur species. Aux-
iliary gas chromatographic methods suggest that aliphatic acids
are also odor relevant. (Author abstract modified)

35383
Keshen, Albert S.
SOLID RUBBER WASTES.  Ind. Wastes, 4(1): 14-15, Jan. 1959.

A prefabricated  steel-framed,  brick-lined,  two-chamber in-
cinerator incorporating an oil burner in each chamber  was
used insure complete combustion of rubber wastes at a manu-
facturing plant.  Temperatures from 1600  to 2400 F are main-
tained  by the use of  the two oil burners. Because  of the
       heterogeneous  nature  of the  waste,  which  includes some
       asphalt products, the usual 2100 F which provides operation
       free of objectionable smoke  and odor. The unit is hand fed
       with a capacity sufficient to handle over 20 tons of waste dai-
       ly.  Burning is started and maintained in the primary chamber
       by  one of the oil  burners. Unhurried gases and  paniculate
       matter pass to the secondary  chamber where they continue to
       bum. If a sufficiently high temperature is not self-sustaining in
       this chamber a  second  burner  is  provided to  carry  out
       complete combustion. The capital investment in the incinerator
       is about $40,000. 0

       35564
       Elliott, L. F. and T. M. McCalla
       Am POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURE.  Nebraska Univ.,
       Lincoln, Extension Service; Dept. of Agriculture, Washington,
       D.  C.;  and Nebraska Univ., Lincoln, Coll.  of Home  Ex-
       onomics,  Proc. Explor. Nebr. Pollut. Probl. Lincoln, Nebr.,
       1971, p. C-l - C-6. 29 refs. (April 22.)
       The major atmospheric  pollutants from agriculture are ex-
       amined. Dust due to wind erosion and agriculture-related in-
       dustries (alfalfa mills, lime kilns, cotton gins), allergens from
       weeds and crops,  pesticides, smoke from open burning of crop
       residues, odors from animal wastes and processing of agricul-
       tural products, and gases released by animal wastes (carbon
       dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide,  ammonia,  and
       methane) contributed heavily  to air pollution. Possible control
       methods  include improved  tillage practices  and  cropping
       methods; electrostatic precipitators and dust filters for indus-
       trial usage; weed  control programs; controlled spraying; treat-
       ment facilities for odor prevention; and chemical  control of
       animal waste odors.

       35581
       Weiner, Jack and  Lillian Roth
       AIR POLLUTION IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
       Inst. Paper Chem. Bibliog. Sen, no. 237, 67p., 1970. 208 refs.
       A bibliography of 208 references and abstracts on air pollution
       in the pulp and paper industry is presented. Control methods,
       measurement and analysis techniques, air quality criteria,
       deodorization, basic chemical reactions, operating procedures,
       exonomic  factors, emission toxicity, meteorological factors,
       effects  on human  health and vegetation,  defined sources
       within the industry, control legislation, and technological im-
       provements are examined.

       35590
       Elliot, Martin A. and Roger F. Davis
       COMPOSITION OF DIESEL EXHAUST GAS. SAE  (Soc.  Au-
       tomot. Engrs.) Quart. Trans.,  4(3):330-346, July 1950. 16 refs.
       (Presented at the Society of automotive Engineers National
       Diesel-Engine Meeting, St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 2,  1949.)
       The relationship between air/fuel ratio and the products of in-
       complete  combustion  is discussed.   A  relation  observed
       between the concentration of aldehydes and the  odorous  and
       irritating  character  of diesel  exhaust gas  suggested   that
       removal of aldehydes  should reduce both properties.  Tests
       with water as a scrubbing medium showed that aldehydes can-
       not be removed completely by such a system. However, aque-
       ous  sodium  sulfite  solutions inhibited by the  addition of
       hydroquinone to prevent oxidation of the sulfite removed sub-
       stantially all of the aldehydes and produced significant reduc-
       tions in odor and irritation for extended periods of time.  The
       application of data  on exhaust-gas composition to the deter-
       mination of operating and performance  data on diesel engines

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                                           A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                     39
 is discussed and methods of calculation and relevant equations
 are given. (Author abstract modified)

 35599
 McCauley, Robert F.
 THE PRESENT STATUS OF COMPOSTING AND  ITS AIR
 POLLUTION  ASPECTS.  J. Air  Pollution  Control Assoc.,
 6(4):233-237, Feb. 1957.
 Modern composting is an aerobic process in which waste or-
 ganic materials are ground or shredded and then either piled in
 windrows or fed into the decks of a digester. Oxygen from the
 air penetrates into the voids of the material where it  dissolves
 in the liquid moisture films and is carrried to aerobic bacterial
 organisms. In composting, the potential for creating  odor and
 other nuisances  is high. The grinding  of garbage in  fully en-
 closed areas, unless  fully automatic, is most offensive to the
 workmen  conducting  the  operation.  Some  ventilation  is
 required;  the more  the ventilation, the greater possibility  of
 creation of air pollution problems.  During the early  stages of
 composting a definite acrid or acid odor is noticeable. Later,
 the odor becomes musty, and may become extremely objec-
 tionable to the inhabitants of the plant area who must be faced
 with the plant odor for  long time periods.  Heavy  moisture
 vapors are a  serious consideration  during  periods  of cold
 weather operation. Odor problems  can probably be overcome
 by the use of tall stacks,  high-temperature burning of air, and
 similar processes. However, these devices  limit the economic
 value of composting and will probably have  to be avoided if
 the process is  to compete with incineration and other conven-
 tional methods. The most hopeful approach  appears to be a
 recapture of water and odor vapors.

 35622
 Coordinating Research Council Inc., New York, Air Pollution
 Research Advisory Committee
 APRAC. INTERIM STATUS REPORT. 31p., July 1971.
 Engineering, atmospheric, medical, and in-house projects an
 automotive air  pollution, generated  by  the  Air  Pollution
 Research  Advisory  Committee of the Coordinating Research
 Council,  are briefly  summarized. The projects include studies
 on the effects of gasoline additives; use of leaded fuels; fuel
 volatility; gasoline  composition; exhaust odors; combustion
 processes; automotive fueling emission; driving patterns; mea-
 surement  methods for nitrogen oxides,  oxygenates,  particu-
 lates, and  poly nuclear aromatics;  chamber  reactivity;  plant
 damage;   diffusion   models;  carbon  monoxide  and   light
 hydrocarbons in the  atmosphere; haze formation; pollution in
 urban areas; effects  of carbon monoxide, aromatic hydrocar-
bons, oxidants, and nitrogen oxides human health; exhaust gas
 sampling;  and vehicle emissions. A list of published reports is
included.

35635
 Reckner, L. R., W. E. Scott, and W. F. Biller
THE COMPOSITION AND ODOR OF DIESEL EXHAUST.
Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Sect. Ill, vol. 45:133-147, 1965. 11 refs.
 (Presented at  the American Petroleum Institute  Division of
Refining, Midyear Meeting, 30th, Montreal, Quebec,  May 10,
 1965.)
 Sampling and analysis techniques are described for determin-
ing  light  hydrocarbons,  nitrogen  oxides,  formaldehyde,
acrolein,  total aldehydes, total paniculate, and polycyclic aro-
matic hydrocarbons  in diesel exhaust, using infrared  spec-
trometry,  chromatography,  fluorescence  spectrophotometry,
colorimetry, and mass spectrometry. Using these techniques,
results are reported on the composition of exhaust from two
diesel engines, a two- and a four-cycle,  under a variety of
operating  conditions. Smoke ratings using different techniques
are also reported and compared to total paniculate results. No
correlation was  found between smokemeter ratings and par-
ticulate loadings at other than black smoke conditions. Human
panel observations of exhaust odor are being made as part of a
continuing program, but no panel data are reported. (Author
abstract modified)

35638
Hemeon, Wesley C. L.
GAS CLEANING EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR DIF-
FERENT  POLLUTANTS.   J.  Air Pollution Control  Assoc.,
12(3): 105-108,  March 1962. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 54th, New York,
June 11-15, 1961.)
Knowledge is now available to identify the particular air pollu-
tion problems  of  a  community and to  derive engineering
specifications for the performance of gas cleaning equipment,
stack heights,  or other control measures based on permissible
ground concentrations. Dust weight emission rates, stack gas
smoke and haze units, stack gas dustfall, incinerator paper
ash, corrosion potential, and odors are discussed. Concentra-
tions of a gaseous contaminant, usually expressed as  ppm in
the ambient ground level atmosphere, demand the same kind
of units to express stack gas concentrations which, when mul-
tiplied by the  stack gas flow rate, give the emission rate in
cubic feet per hour. The common description of smoke and
haze ground concentration in  the units COHs  per foot of air
demands the same kind of units for a description of smoke
concentration in stack gases and consistent units for total rate
of emission of smoke. Measurement methods appropriate to
the same  kind of  measurement at ground level as in stack
gases are needed.

35673
Seltzer, William, Stanley G. Mourn, and Tevis M. Goldhaft
A METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES
TO CONTROL  AMMONIA AND OTHER  ODORS.   Poultry
Sci., 48(6): 1912-1918, 1969. 10 refs.
Flake paraformaldehyde  as it disintegrates has the  unique
ability to neutralize ammonia gas produced by animal  wastes.
Because falke paraformaldehyde liberates  formaldehyde gas
slowly, it has an antimicrobial action that destroys a variety of
organisms capable of producing noxious gases, thus minimiz-
ing odors  that accompany decaying animal wastes for a pro-
longed period. The retention of nitrogen in flake parafonnal-
dehyde-treated manure under a variety of field conditions was
repeatedly confirmed by tests. Animals produce manure at  a
rate  of  approximately one pound of wet manure for  each
pound of  feed consumed; flake paraformaldehyde should be
placed in anticipation of manure production on the area where
the manure would be deposited. The level used should be half
of 1% of the total anticipated manure  production for a  3- to 4-
week period. (Author summary modified)

35693
McCabe, Louis C.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Ind.  Eng. Chem., 45(6):107A-
108A, June 1953. 1 ref.
Atmospheric conditions in the San Francisco Bay area  were
summarized. In  San  Francisco there are  complaints  of  two
types of odors: odors localized in the Islais Creek area and at-
tributed  to packing house,  fish cannery, and  fertilizer plant

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40                                                    ODORS

operations  and odors  in  the  Richmond,  Sunset,  Pacific     in the Redwood City area. A number of reports indicate there
Heights, and Nob Hill areas which are comparable to smog,     is frequent circling of the wind and a localized reduction of
Residents of Napa, Solano,  and Contra Costa Counties, com-     visibility with some odor nuisance in the location.  There is
plain that, under unfavorable weather conditions, there are ob-     reason to believe that a large portion of the nuisance to re-
jectionable  odors from the industrial plants located along the     sidents of San Mateo County is attributable to burning of trash
shores of San Pablo and Suisun Bays. The discharge of pollu-     and garbage dumps. Dumps are located where the volume and
tants from  operations located between Palo  Alto and South     drift-direction of the smoke  are  readily discerned. Savings
San Francisco are,  in general, blown over the bay and cause     resulting from smoke elimination in Pittsburgh amount to  27
no complaints from residents of San Mateo County other than     million dollars.

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                                                                                                                   41
                                B.  CONTROL  METHODS
00025
P. A. Kenline and J. M. Hales
AIR POLLUTION AND THE KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY
(AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY).  Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div.  of Air Pollution. (999-AP-4) Nov. 1963,
126 pp.
Since  the first  kraft mill  came into existence  in  1891, the
potential odor problem has been well recognized. Accordingly,
a great deal of literature has been published describing practi-
cal and theoretical work in the field of kraft mill odor control.
Some progress has been made, but even today most kraft mills
are faced with serious  problems of atmospheric pollution. The
following work provides an annotated bibliography of articles
concerning measurement and  control of kraft  mill air-borne
pollution currently available in the literature. It is the author's
intention that this should provide a retrospective view of what
has  been accomplished and  should form a sound basis for
further work in the field. In addition to 154 abstracts, this
bibliography  contains  a  description  of  the  iraft  pulping
process,  a survey of mill  emissions, and a consideration of
control measures. (Author)

00032
M.F. Kasparick
ODOR CONTROL  FOR A CHEMICAL  PLANT.  Air Eng.,
7(l):22-25, Jan. 1965.
Daily checks, testing  and  efficient  use  of pollution control
equipment were used to control odor at  a  Neoprene plant in
Montague,  Michigan. This  was achieved  by on and off plant
odor patrols,  prompt  odor comment  investigations  and air
sampling. The extent of odor created by a chemical can be cal-
culated by knowing the threshold odor concentration of the
chemical or chemicals involved. Redesign  or replacement of
inadequate odor abatement equipment reduces or eliminates
sources of odor. As a  test of overall plant  effectiveness, off-
plant monitoring of the air is done daily.  If a rise in odors is
noted,  corrective measures can be  applied  before the odors
become a problem.

00246
TROUBLE FREE WASTE  INCINERATION.  Southern Eng.,
84(6):54-55, June 1966.
A  three-burner natural gas incinerator having a capacity of
3,000 pounds per hour is described. The  patented 3-chamber,
semi- parabolic  design of  the  incinerator  affords maximum
reflection and heat concentration  for complete combustion.
Centrifugal force traps soot and fly ash. Partially-combusted
gases and non- combustible particles from  the  first chamber
are drawn into a second chamber, where a continous supply of
fresh air is introduced to  complete combustion  of the gases
and burn off smoke and odors. Combusted gases and particles
enter a third chamber, in  which the after-burning process is
continued and particles are removed before gases enter the
stack. Five hundred pounds of refuse are  reduced to a shovel
full of ashes.
00257
A. G. Sandomirsky, D. M. Benforado, L. D. Grames, and C.
E. Pauletta
FUME CONTROL IN RUBBER PROCESSING BY  DIRECT-
FLAME  INCINERATION.   J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
16(12):673-676, Dec. 1966 (Presented at the 59th Annual Meet-
ing,  Air  Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif.,
Paper 66-55, June 24, 1966.)
The  application of direct-flame incineration to successfully
eliminate a smoke-oil-mist and odor problem in the  manufac-
ture  of rubber-base rug underlay is presented. The investiga-
tion  of various air pollution control processes leading to the
development and adoption  of  the  direct flame incineration
system is covered. The rug underlay curing process incorporat-
ing the  direct-flame incineration system  with primary heat
recovery is described. Results and discussion of a source test
to determine the effectiveness of direct-flame  incineration in
this application are included. (Authors' abstract)

00286
D. L. Brooman and E. Edgerley, Jr.
CONCENTRATION AND RECOVERY  OF ATMOSPHERIC
ODOR POLLUTANTS USING ACTIVATED CARBON.  J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 16(l):25-29, Jan. 1966.
Activated carbon filters were used to concentrate atmospheric
mixtures of acrolein, methyl sulfide, and n-propyl mercaptan.
Removal efficiency  and carbon capacity for each of the odor
compounds  were investigated using two different  carbons,
Cliffchar (4-10  mesh) and Barnebey-Cheney (C-4). A closed
system was devised to establish a  known atmospheric  odor
concentration for each filter run. Solvent extraction techniques
were employed  to desorb and  recover  the odor compounds
from the carbon filters. All quantitative analyses were con-
ducted with gas liquid cnromatography utilizing the hydrogen
flame ionization detector. The removal studies conducted in-
dicate that the efficiency of removal of a carbon filter is es-
sentially  100%  up to the point of  filter breakthrough.  This
breakthrough point is governed by the filter's  capacity for a
particular compound.  This  study  indicated  that  the filter
capacity  is dependent both on the type of carbon employed
and the particular odor compound adsorbed. Solvent recovery
of the odor compounds from  the carbons varied from 0 to
4.5% for the mercaptan up to 96 to 98% for acrolein. Percent
recovery was found to vary for a given odor compound with
different carbons and for a  given carbon with different odor
pollutants. (Authors' abstract)

00358
W. Viessman
CONTROL OF  ODORS IN WORKING ENVIRONMENTS.
Occupational Health Rev. 17, (2) 12-22, 1965.
A need for odor control in our industrial complexes and large
congested cities  is indicated. The quality, intensity, accepta-
bility and pervasiveness of common household and industrial
odors are discussed, as  a means of identification and evalua-

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 42
ODORS
 don.  Tolerances  and sources of  odors are given.  Various
 means of odor control are presented. These include: dilution
 by ventilation  air; physical  and chemical  absorption using
 washers, scrubbers and condensers; adsorption with activated
 charcoal  filters  and  by-product  recovery;  semi-sorption;
 modification, counteraction and masking; and catalytic oxida-
 tion and combustion methods. (Author)

 00379
 G. A. Jansen and D. F. Adams
 ABSORPTION  AND CHLORINE OXIDATION OF SULFUR
 COMPOUNDS  ASSOCIATED  WITH   KRAFT  MILL  EF-
 FLUENT GASES. Preprint. 1966.
 Absorption of methyl mercaptan and H2S into aqueous solu-
 tions of Cl, NaOH, and Cl plus NaOH has been studied using
 a 2 in diameter absorption column packed with 1/4  in. Intalox
 saddles. Absorption rates were noticeably affected  by chemi-
 cal reactions occurring in  aqueous Cl and OH media. Poten-
 tiometric methods  were used to follow the reactions of mer-
 captan and sulfide in aqueous chlorine  solutions. Mercaptan
 apparently was converted by  aqueous Cl absorption media to
 dimethyl disulfide  and stripped off in  the  effluent gas. The
percentage conversion increased with increasing pH.  The ab-
 sorption of H2S in aqueous Cl (pH 2 to 13) was highly pH de-
pendent. The absorption rate increased slowly as the pH of the
feed solution increased to pH 11. Sulfate was the resulting ox-
idation product. At pH 11, the rate of absorption  dropped
 slightly, then rose  sharply at pH 12. Elemental S became the
 major product at pH 12 and above and fouling of the packed
 column  occurred. The effect of pH on formation  of sulfate
 and/or elemental S in chlorine-sulfide reactions was explained
 by Choppin and Faulkenberry (1937). The absorption of sulfide
 in aqueous NaOH increased until the feed hydroxide to sulfide
 ratio was 1. At higher ratios, the absorption rate remained con-
 stant.   Apparently, sodium  bisulfide  was  the  absorption
product. The results of these  studies indicate that aqueous Cl
 solutions at pH above 12 can be effectively used for removal
 of H2S in  absorption equipment designed to handle S in
 suspension. The absorption of methyl mercaptan in aqueous Cl
 solution appeared  to be impractical since dimethyl disulfide
was apparently the only  product formed and was  stripped
from the tower by  the gas stream. Hydroxide solution was ef-
fective for absorption of both methyl  mercaptan and H2S
when  hydroxide to  sulfide  or mercaptan  feed  ratios were
greater than  1 or 1.8 respectively. (Author)

00504
D.A.Jensen
SEPARATING  FACT FROM FICTION IN AUTO SMOG
CONTROL.  Arch. Environ. Health, 14(1): 150-155,  Jan. 1967.
(Presented at the American Medical Association Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., March 2-4,
 1966.)
Author gives a  status state-of the -art summary of the various
sources  of emissions from automobiles. Topics covered are:
crankcase  emission  controls;  servicing  and maintenance;
requirement  of  a 'closed*  system or  one  equally effective, ex-
haust  emission controls;  evaporative  emissions;  oxides  of
nitrogen emission  controls; diesel smoke and odor emission
controls; cars and fuels  of  the future.  In  addition, author
 discusses the impending vehicle emission control which will be
put into effect for 1968 motor vehicles.

00541
FUMES INCINERATION EFFECTIVE  FOR ODOR POLLU-
TION CONTROL.  Ind. Heating 33(7): 1266-1272, July 1966.
       Fume incineration, employed in a new installation for sewage
       treatment to eliminate  odors,  is  described.  During sewage
       processing, odorous  gases are present at  several points: the
       sedimentation tanks, the outfall system and the  inlet sewage
       supply line. The odorous gases are collected  at these critical
       points, piped to the  incinerator and destroyed by burning at
       temperatures of 1100-1500 F. At these  temperatures, the odor-
       causing materials are no longer organically stable and become
       decomposed, so that the incinerator exhaust is odor-free.

       00552
       F.H. Cady
       A KRAFT  MILL WASTE CHLORINE  GAS RECOVERY
       SCRUBBER.  Preprint. (Presented at the Second Annual Meet-
       ing,  Pacific Northwest International  Section, Air Pollution
       Control Association, Portland, Oreg., Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
       Although most  of the normal air contaminants around Weyer-
       haeuser's  Kraft Pulp Mill at Everett, Washington had been
       removed,   obnoxious  waste  chlorine  gases   occasionally
       produced  poor working  conditions. A  caustic gas-recovery
       scrubber  with  appropriate  ductwork  was  installed.   This
       scrubber,  while removing  the waste  gases from  the at-
       mosphere,  pays for  itself  by the resulting formation  of
       hypochlorite bleach liquor. (Author's abstract)

       00571
       T. B. Henshaw
       ODOR CONTROL AT 2, 4-D PRODUCTION  PLANT. J. Air
       Pollution Control Assoc. 15(11):516-518, Nov. 1965. (Presented
       at the Second Annual Meeting of the Pacific Northwest Inter-
       national Section, Air Pollution Control Association, Portland,
       Oreg., Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
       Report describes an odor control system for 2, 4-D weed killer
       production which is based on  an efficient countercurrent
       scrubbing of the odorous acidic gases with a sodium hydroxide
       solution. System described seems to be effective. 00571  T. B.
       Henshaw

       00975
       M. I. Weisburd, (Compiler and Ed.)
       ATR    POLLUTION   CONTROL   FIELD   OPERATIONS
       MANUAL (A GUIDE FOR INSPECTION AND ENFORCE-
       MENT).  Public Health Service, Washing- ton, D. C, Div. of
       Air Pollution, 1962. 291p.
       Author discusses sources, control methods, training techniques
       and related aspects of air pollution. Document is an excellent
       source for specific information on equipment being used in air
       pollution control. Pictures,  diagrams,  schematics and charts
       are given.

       01352
       C. Duerden
       A PROBLEM OF FUME EMISSION. Public Health Inspector
       74, 21-9, Oct. 1965.
       A case study of the efforts to control the fumes and odor from
       hardboard  heat  treatment  chamber   in  Great  Britain  is
       presented.

       01414
       J. L. Sullivan, F. L. Kafka, and L. M. Ferrari
       AN EVALUATION  OF CATALYTIC  AND DIRECT FIRED
       AFTERBURNERS FOR COFFEE AND CHICORY ROASTING
       ODORS .  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 15(12):583-586, Dec.
       1965.

-------
                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      43
 Though the aroma of roasting coffee can be pleasant in small
 amounts, large scale plants tend to cause public complaints.
 As a means of control thermal afterburners operating at 1200
 F and higher have been commonly employed. Australian cof-
 fee consumption in  the past has been relatively small but in
 recent years it has been increasing markedly. As a result, odor
 complaints have been increasing and one plant, large by Aus-
 tralian standards, caused  a public outcry of no small order.
 High cost of fuel rendered thermal afterburning unattractive
 and, consequently, the firm in question decided upon catalytic
 combustion as  an alternative. Subsequently, the unit  was in-
 stalled and before and after tests were made for various com-
 ponents.  At  an operating temperature of about  700 F  the
 results showed comparable fume reductions to thermal after-
 burning and the findings were confirmed by  the cessation of
 complaints by the public. (Author abstract)

 01505
 C. I. Harding and J. E. Landry
 FUTURE TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE
 KRAFT  PULPING  INDUSTRY.  TAPPI 49(8):61A-7A, Aug.
 1966. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, National Council for
 Stream Improvement, New York City, Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
 Measured  gaseous  and   paniculate  emission  figures  are
 presented with recent advances in emission control technology
 as bases for proposing the types and extent of emission con-
 trol to be utilized by the pulp industry during the  next 5 yrs. A
 major detrimental effect is the corrosive nature of the panicu-
 late and gaseous emissions from kraft pulping. Sources of sul-
 fur compounds are 2 large kraft mills and 2 large oil-fired elec-
 tric generating stations. Sampling can be done by simple tests
 to give total monthly exposure. Three determinations are dust-
 fall,  lead peroxide candles for sulfation rates, and corrosion
 rate  measurements. Subjective tests for odors and odor inten-
 sity  can  be accomplished  through odor panels or odor recor-
 ders  at  various distances from the  mill.  A  simple wet
 technique for measuring the concentrations of SO2, hydrogen
 sulfide, mercaptans,  organic sulfides, and organic disulfides in
 mill  vents was developed  and  has been utilized in Southern
 mills.

 01508
 J. O. Ledbetter
 AIR  POLLUTION FROM WASTE WATER  TREATMENT.
 Water Sewage Works 113(2):43-45, Feb. 1966.
 There is  air pollution from the treatment of wastewaters. This
 pollution involves not only the notorious odors and the recog-
 nized volatiles but also the aerosol emissions. The aerosols of
 most interest are probably the bacteria. Significant numbers of
bacteria,  including some pathogens, are emitted from activated
 sludge and trickling  filter units. The  methods of engineering
 control currently available  can readily solve the problem. Even
 better solutions will likely be forthcoming if the problem ever
 warrants  considerable research.

 01537
 ELIMINATING  SMELL  FROM  A REFINERY.   Petroleum
 (London) 29(4):148-I50, Aug. 1966.
 The  methods used for eliminating smell from a refinery  are
described. Even after use  of an elaborate water purification
 system, schematically presented in this article, odor remained.
The odor was traced to the waste water collection pit.  It was
found  that a  triple  layer  of  Allplas polypropylene 45 mm
 diameter  balls spread over the surface of the water in the col-
lecting pit eliminated the odors. A single layer of balls reduced
the amount of fuel needed to maintain a given solution tem-
perature by 70%, and reduced evaporation by 88%.

01549
S. Undberg
HOW UDDEHOLM  DESTROYS AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TANTS AT THE SKOGHALL WORKS.   Svensk Papperstid.
(Stockholm), 69(15):484-487, Aug. 15, 1966.
Measures  taken  at  the Skoghall  sulfate  mill  in  order to
eliminate  malodorous air and  water polutants are described.
The malodorous gases  are destroyed by combustion. Gaseous
mixtures  not containing oxygen  are burned  in a recovery
boilder. The gases,  however,  which are  mixed with air on
cleection, are eliminated in a specially designed furnace in-
stalled as  a preliminary oven to a  conventional boiler.  The
worst water pollutants are cooking and evaporation conden-
sates. Before being  released into  the recipient, the cooking
condensate is freed from malodorous components by blowing
with steam through  a column. The evaporation condensate,
whose  impurity  mainly  consists  of hydrogen sulfide, is
scrubbed in a satisfactory manner by mixture with blackwater
from the  chlorination stage of the bleaching plant The total
sulfide content in  the  waste water has been reduced from 6
Ibs. to 1 Ib. H2S per ton pulp.  These measures have given the
desired results, and the plant now functions in a safe manner.
The capital outlay has been moderate and the process costs
are very low. (Author summary)

01563
R. C. Gumerman and D. A. Carlson
METHYL MERCAPTAN REMOVAL BY SOIL FttTRATION.
 Preprint.  (Presented at the Annual  Meeting  of the Pacific
Northwest International  Section,  Air Pollution  Control  As-
sociation, VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, NOV.  2-4,
1965.)
The use of soil bacteria as a method for removing odor from
gaseous mixtures appears  highly feasible. In this study, effi-
ciencies approaching 100% removal were obtained after a  six-
week acclimation period, using only three and one-half feet of
soil. Apparently this is not the limit toward applicability of this
method,  since at the end of the  six-week study period,  the
bacterial population  was  still  increasing, indicating further
potential still to be displayed. Although this idea could be ap-
plicable in itself in large installations such as kraft pulp mills,
it may be more economically promising if it could be used in
conjunction with  a  spray irrigation  network used  for  the
removal of excess BOD in the waste liquor. In essence,  this
would provide double benefit from the land. This idea assumes
that the  spent  liquor is  not toxic to  the  odor  reducing
microbes, and conversely that the odor  is not  toxic to  the
waste utilizing microbes. As an additional benefit, the alkaline
waste  liquor  would  keep the  soil  pH  from  consistently
dropping as was shown to occur in this research. Although  this
idea is  only a hypothesis, it  is felt that due consideration
should be given to it, as it performs the dual role of odor  and
BOD removal, which would be of economic advantage to  any
kraft mill utilizing it. (Author conclusions)

01613
A.H. Rose, Jr
DIESEL SMOKE PROBLEM.  Preprint. (Presented at the 1963
Metropolitan Conference on Air Pollution Control, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Oct. 22, 1963.)
The problems of diesel smoke, odors, and irritation have long
been recognized. Considerable  effort has been  made over the

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44
ODORS
past several years toward the measurement and control of the
objectionable qualities of diesel exhaust. No new information
or control devices are needed to control the smoke emissions
from diesel engines. If properly designed, operated, and main-
tained, if supplied with proper fuels, and if not overloaded or
lugged, diesel engines can be operated without emitting smoke
in objectionable  amounts.  The  odorous and  irritating com-
pounds  of  diesel exhaust  have  not  yet been adequately
defined.  In  contrast  to  reduction  of  excessive  smoke, the
odors and irritating effects will  not be eliminated merely by
improving  engine operation,  maintenance,   and  fuel.  No
adequate methods of odor control  for the diesel engine are
currently available. Some reduction in odor intensity can be
achieved by proper engine operation and maintenance and by
the use of proper fuels.

01672
U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Div. of Air
Pollution
REPORT  ON  INTERSTATE  AIR POLLUTION  DM  THE
SHOREHAM,  VERMONT - TICONDEROGA, NEW  YORK,
AREA. Preprint,  ((43))p., 1965. 14 refs.
A summary is presented of the activities undertaken by the
Abatement Branch, Division of Air Pollution, Public Health
Service,  DHEW, subsequent to  a  request by the Vermont
government alleging that air pollution emanating from an Inter-
national  Paper Company pulp  plant  in Ticonderoga, New
York, endangers  the  health and welfare of persons  in nearby
Vermont.  The activities of the  Abatement  Branch  were
threefold: (1) inspection of the pulp  mill operated by the Inter-
national  Paper Company in Ticonderoga, New York,  (2)
review of available topographical and meteorological informa-
tion, and (3) calculations  of emissions,  transport and diffusion
of odorous materials from the mill site.

01867
K.J.  Springer, P. Lepisto, C. Wood
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL  POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE.  Southwest Research Inst. San Antonio, Tex.,
Div.  of Engines,  Fuels,  and Lubricants. (SwRI Proposal  10-
4336A) Nov. 19, 1965. 46  pp.
This is a proposal from  the Southwest Institute to  assist the
U.S. Public Health Service in setting reasonable, practical, and
realistic smoke and odor standards for diesel powered vehi-
cles. This assistance  will involve  obtaining  additional basic
data  in the  form of dilution ratios and operating conditions
most conducive to the production of odor and smoke. A usa-
ble  panel  technique  for  measurement of  odor  will  be
developed as will  chassis  dymamometer procedures for evalua-
tion  and  test of smoke and/or odor control devices. Various
control   devices  will be   evaluated   using   these  chassis
dynamometer methods and finally, fleet evaluation of the most
promising control device(s) will be conducted.

01900
E. R. Hendrickson and C. I. Harding.
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION AS A METHOD FOR REDUC-
ING  AIR POLLUTION FROM  SULFATE PULPING.  J. Air
Pollution Control  Assoc. 14, (12) 487-90, Dec.  1964. (Presented
at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Houston, Tex., June 20-21, 1964.)
This  paper will discuss the sources of odorous air pollutants
from sulfate pulping  operations. One of the major sources is
the recovery furnace. Odors from this  source can be reduced
considerably by oxidation of the black liquor prior to evapora-
       tion and burning. The procedure has been used with considera-
       ble success in the northwestern and northeastern parts of the
       United  States. Unfortunately,  the majority of sulfate  pulp
       production occurs in areas where southern pine is the basic
       raw material. For several reasons  the  black liquor resulting
       from southern pine operations presents problems when the
       usual oxidation procedures are used. Although not as effective
       as normal balck liquor oxidation strong black liquor can be ox-
       idized without too much difficulty. Various procedures of ox-
       idation of black liquor will be discussed. Results of stack  sam-
       pling in U.S. pulp  mills  with and without the oxidation unit in
       operation will be reported. (Author abstract)

       02018
       E.R. Hendrickson C.I. Harding
       AIR   POLLUTION  PROBLEMS   ASSOCIATED   WITH
       'KRAFT* PULPING.  Proc.  (Part I) Intern.  Clean Air Cong.,
       London, 1966. (Paper IV/6). pp. 95-7.
       The Air Pollution  Research Laboratory of the University of
       Florida has been investigating  air pollution problems of the
       kraft pulping industry since the early 1950's. The problems of
       this industry involve emission of a variety of particulates plus
       odorous and non-odorous  gases.  The  problems  are com-
       pounded by the complicated nature of the organic reactions in-
       volved. The industry,  however,  has made great  strides in
       reducing its  air pollution potential. This paper describes the
       process by which kraft pulp is produced, the sources of pollu-
       tants, and the methods presently known for alleviating the air
       pollution problems. New approaches also are discussed which
       might prove beneficial in improving air  quality in the vicinity
       of pulp and paper mills.  (Author abstract)

       02047
       M. W. First
       CONTROL OF  HAZE  AND ODOURS  FROM CURING OF
       PLASTICS.  Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London,
       1966. (Paper VI/11). pp.  188-91.
       The curing of plastisols and highly plasticized vinyl products
       by heat in  continuous processing ovens requires ventilation to
       prevent formation of explosive atmospheres by the volatile
       components and to eliminate product spoilage by condensation
       and dripping of the higher-boiling fractions. Exhaust ventila-
       tion rates  of one  or more air changes per minute  are  used
       frequently  and the effluent  air is heavily contaminated  with
       condensed,  submicronsize  oil  droplets  derived  from  the
       volatilization of plasticizers, such as dioctyl phthalate (DOP)
       and a number of amines and organic sulphur-containing  sub-
       stances that form from  the curing of rubber and plastic-based
       strips, films, and coatings. The resulting haze and malodours
       represent  a severe air  pollution  nuisance  in  the  vicinity of
       these processing factories. Experiences  with emission control
       by direct and catalytic combustion and by a number of water
       scrubbing devices  are described and test data are presented.
       (Author abstract)

       02279
       J.E. Landry D.H. Longwell
       ADVANCES  IN AIR  POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE PULP
       AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Tappi 48, (6) 66A-70A, June 1965.
       (Presented at  the Annual  Meeting,  National  Council  for
       Stream Improvement, New York City, Feb. 23, 1965.)
       Black liquor oxidation, electrostatic precipitation,  secondary
       scrubbing,  lime kiln  scrubbers, digester relief and  vent gas
       disposal are covered.

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      45
 02427
 R. L. Stenburg
 CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM PAINT
 AND VARNISH MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS.  Public
 Health  Service, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Div.  of  Air  Pollution
 (Technical Rept. No. A58-4) 33 pp., June 1958. Also published
 in Paint Varnish Prod. 49, 61-5, Sept. 1959 and Paint Varnish
 Prod. 49, 111-4, Oct. 1959.
 Air pollution problems associated with the manufacture of pro-
 tective  coatings result primarily from  the high  temperature
 processing of natural and synthetic oils  and resins to produce
 paint and varnish vehicles. The release of malodorous materi-
 als is the most widespread problem and the most difficult to
 control.  Since  fume  components  are  predominantly   of
 hydrocarbon compositions,  they have  the potential to con-
 tribute to the formation of smog in those areas where air pol-
 lution is well established. Property damage is also a definite
 possibility from some of the processes employed. The majority
 of fumes from cooking processes may be controlled by liquid
 scrubbing or by incineration, the latter being more effective in
 reducing the small but offensive portion of the total fume out-
 put that is largely responsible for the odor problem. Activated
 carbon  adsorption  is effective  on  certain  highly odorous
 materials  in  processes other than cooking. These  and  other
 types of controls are in general usage throughout  the industry
 and  are serving to  greatly reduce the amount of undesirable
 materials discharged to the atmosphere. (Author summary)

 02488
 C. N. Stutz.
 TREATING PARATHION WASTES.  Chem. Eng. Progr.  62,
 (10)  82-4, Oct. 1966.
 Pilot plant tests were made of parathion  wastes combined with
 domestic  wastes  to assure the  city that the  wastes can be
 treated  successfully in the municipal activated sludge treat-
 ment plant.  Expansion of the  parathion plant requires  the
 development of design criteria for a pretreatment plant.  In-
 cineration of residues and scrubbing and demisting of the off-
 gases are  practical.  Limestone neutralization of  the acid
 streams followed by blending with alkaline streams before
 biological treatment is used to control the pH.

 02725
 A. P. Banner and E. M. Ilgenfritz
 DISPOSAL OF COAL  TAR PITCH DISTILLATE  OBTAINED
 FROM CARBON BAKING FURNACE BY CATALYTIC COM-
 BUSTION.  Preprint. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (12)
 610-2, Dec. 1963. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air
 Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13,  1963,
 Paper No. 63-34.)
The  air pollution problems associated with coal tar pitch fumes
 evolved  in the manufacture  of  baked carbon   cannot  be
 tolerated  due  to  odor  of fumes  which  contain pyrene,
 phenanthrene, fluorene, chrysene  and related aromatic  com-
pounds. Elimination of coal tar fumes was obtained by  cata-
lytic destruction at a temperature of 550 C.  Complete destruc-
tion  of aromatic compounds is realized with some unburnt free
 carbon discharged to the atmosphere. Choice of  installation
 was  based upon economics and ability to eliminate fumes.
Preliminary data were obtained from work on a pilot unit.
(Author abstract)
02729
J. F. Byrd, H. A. Mills, C. H. Schellhase, and H. E. Stokes
SOLVING A  MAJOR ODOR PROBLEM DM A CHEMICAL
PROCESS.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (12) 509-16,
Dec. 1964. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13,  1963.)
Paper describes the control os a highly objectionable odor (di-
methyl amine) from one of the raw materials which  are han-
dled at Proctor and Gamble Company, Kansas City Plant, for
ultimate  use in the  manufacture of synthetic  detergents. In-
cluded is a discussion of methods of actually placing a quan-
titative concept on odor to determine the maximum discharge
of  odorous material to the  atmosphere without creating an
odor problem. Engineering design approaches  to odor abate-
ment are discussed.

02794
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION  IN  THE  SELBYVBLLE,
DELAWARE - BISHOP, MARYLAND AREA. Preprint. Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C., Div. of Air Pollution. Nov.
1965.
Pursuant to a request from the State of Delaware  official air
pollution control agency, the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare,  under provisions of Section 5 of the Clean Air
Act, Public Law 88-206 (42 U.S.C.  1857-1857g), called a con-
ference to be  held November 9, 1965, in Selbyville, Delaware,
regarding an interstate air pollution  problem in which it is al-
leged that 'an obnoxious and nauseating odor' and  'a horrible
stench' originating at a plant operated by Bishop  Processing
Company in Bishop, Maryland, endanger the health or welfare
of persons in  the Selbyville, Delaware area. Operations of the
plant consist of the rendering of chicken offal and feathers,
beef bones and fish for the  production of  high-protein addi-
tives used in dog, cat and poultry feed; bone meal for fertil-
izer; tallow; and mixed vegetable-animal fats. This report sum-
marizes the activities undertaken, subsequent to receipt of the
Delaware request, by the Abatement Branch, Division of Air
Pollution, along the following lines:  (1) investigation of odors
in the  Selbyville-Bishop area, (2)  review of available topo-
graphical and meteorological information, and (3) inspection of
the plant operated by Bishop Processing Company.

03129
Avy., A.  P.
METHODS  OF REDUCING  POLLUTION  CAUSED  BY
SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES. (CHAPTER VI. CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY).  European Conf. of Air Pollution, Strasburg,  1964. p.
337-356.
The pollutants discharged by the chemical  industry  may be
subdivided into  several classes. The first and most important
class is that of harmful products emitted in large quantities by
the 'heavy'  chemical  industry  and, in particular,  organic
chemical  works: Sulphur dioxide,  sulphuric acid, chlorine,
whether manufactured or in the form of impurities in the basic
material:  fluorine in the case of fertilizers and fluorine again in
aluminum electro-chemistry. The chemical industry has a wide
range of  special problems which is in a constant state of flux
owing to  the wide and ever-increasing variety of new synthetic
products  (intermediate and finished) in  the  organic chemical
industry.  From the technical point of view,  the prevention of
pollution by such products depends  on their presentation and
manner  of application.  A problem  directly connected with
chemical  manufacture is that of smell:  mercaptans, hydrogen
phosphide, methylamines, etc., although, of course, it does not
arise in the chemical industry alone. Technical methods used

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46
ODORS
to reduce pollution are highly devellped for dusts and smoke
and there is a wide choice of apparatus. The chemical indus-
try, like all others, is subject to laws and regulations governing
industrial air pollution.  A  fairly sharp distinction,  however,
should be  drawn between  laws, which lay down in general
terms the objects to be attained and the obligations to be ful-
filled, and the regulations which embody detailes of  the limits
imposed  and the degree of reduction demanded. In this last re-
port, caution is necessary and impossible or unnecessary stan-
dards should not be set. It is  clear that international  liaison or
even  international  collaboration is not only desirable, but
necessary.

03297
W.  L. Faith.
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS.  J. Air POL-
LUTION Control Assoc. 14, (11) 459-60, Nov. 1964 (Presented
at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Houston, Tex., June 20-25, 1964.)
Commercial cattle-feeding is a large  industry in the United
States. In California,  for instance, there are more  than 500
commercial feedlots. Each of these lots handles from less than
500 to more than 50,000 head of cattle at one time.  With the
urban and suburban explosion, feedlots that were at one time
many miles from residential centers are now  'just across the
street.' Naturally the high odor level from improperly operated
yards gives rise to considerable complaint and citizen indigna-
tion. A variety of methods to reduce odor to an acceptable
level have been tried with varying results. A highly satisfacto-
ry  procedure  is  based  on  'good  housekeeping*  practices,
frequent  removal of fecal material, and abatement of residual
odor by  spraying the lots at designated intervals with a solu-
tion of potassium permanganate.  Details of the method are
discussed.

03499
A. Turk
ODOR CONTROL METHODS: A CRITICAL  REVIEW.  Am.
Soc. Testing Mater., Spec. Tech. Publ.  164 69-80, 1954
Methods  now  commercially available for control of  odors by
treatment of the odorous air may be divided into four general
classifications: combustion, adsorption, absorption, and vapor
mixing. This review highlights the  facts that  there is no one
universal 'odor control  method,' that the technology of the
subject often presents complexities, and that there  are areas
wherein no commercially available equipment or materials are
as yet economically satisfactory. These considerations account
for  the fact that practical odor problems  require  individual
study that  may be based on familiarity with the process or
materials that  constitute the source, chemical analysis of the
composition and concentration  of the offending  gases  or
vapors, and organoleptic appraisal of their effects on humans.
Whenever feasible, it is advisable that pilot installations be
made before  large-scale applications of any control method.
Combinations of treatments, possibly with dispersal  methods,
may be indicated.

03807L
THE CHLORINE OXIDATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN
DILUTE  AQUEOUS SOLUTION. National Council for Stream
Improvement,  Inc., New York City.  (Atmospheric  Pollution
Technical Bulleting 18.) June 1963. 16 pp.
Oxidation of  sulfide in  aqueous solution requires between 2
and 3.4 moles of C12 per mole of sulfide, depending upon con-
ditions and the fraction of the sulfide oxidized. Oxidation of
       all the sulfide present requires at least 2.35 moles of C12 per
       mole of sulfide. Sulfate is a major product. Complete oxida-
       tion of  methyl mercaptan in neutral or acid solutions requires
       between 2.4  and 3.3 moles of C12 per  mole of mercaptan.
       Under basic conditions, methyl mercaptan apparently reacts to
       form an intermediate which, in turn,  appears to oxidized by
       C12  once  all the mercaptan has reacted. Formation of the
       suspected intermediate requires  some 1.5 moles  of C12 per
       mole of mercaptan, but a total of about 2.6 moles of C12 per
       mole of mercaptan must be added before the first trace of ex-
       cess 02 can be detected. All attempts to identify the products
       of these reactions failed—probably because the concentrations
       involved were below the  sensitivity limits of the tests used.
       Oxidation of dimethyl sulfide required 1.8 moles C12 per mole
       of sulfur. Oxidation of dimethyl disulfide required 5.2 moles of
       02 per mole of disulfide—equivalent to 2.6 moles of C12 per
       mole of sulfur. All of the C12 oxidations were rapid enough to
       be complete before  iodine was added. This means that the ox-
       idations of inorganic sulfides  and  mercaptans  required less
       than one minute and oxidation of the organic sulfides took less
       than five minutes.

       03946
       W. Lenz A. Tirade
       MEXICAN KRAFT MILL USES OBSERVERS TO CHECK
       ITS ODOR CONTROL PROGRAM.  Paper Trade J. 150, (34)
       64, 68, Aug. 1966.
       A method is  described whereby  a Mexican kraft pulp mill is
       able to  evaluate the effectiveness of its odor control program.
       Persons residing within a given distance of the mill are asked
       to provide information regarding odors at their homes  on  a
       standard  form.  This   information   is  coordinated   with
       meteorological data  and plant activities. Under the assumption
       that either the blow or  the gas relief are the main cause of
       trouble, a 'relative  index*  is compiled by dividing the  total
       weekly  complaints by the total number of blows for the week.
       This is used as a measure of odor level and is recorded graphi-
       cally to  illustrate the improvement or decline of conditions.

       03966
       M. J. Boldue, R. K.  Severes, and G.  L. Brewer
       TEST PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL
       FUME  CONVERTERS   (SAMPLING  AND  ANALYTICAL
       TECHNIQUES REVIEWED FOR).  Air Eng. 8,  (2) 20-3, Feb.
       1966. (Presented at the 58th Annual  Meeting,  Air Pollution
       Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965.)
       The purpose for development of the source testing outline was
       to permit systematic evaluation of air  pollution control equip-
       ment on gaseous organic fume streams. Data were obtained to
       fulfill the following  objectives of the source outline: (1) Deter-
       mination of combustible  emission and conversion efficiency.
       (2) Determination of particulate matter emissions. (3) Identifi-
       cation of specific emissions by laboratory analyses. (4) Deter-
       mination of the odor concentration of the effluent  stream in
       conjunction with these objectives  of source test  measure-
       ments, the outlined program was to include: (5) A method to
       check credibility of  sampling and analyses. (6) A technique for
       future  monitoring  of  the control  equipment  performance.
       Source  tests were conducted on catalytic fume converter units
       located  on a metal-coating oven, a varnish-cooking kettle,  a
       phthalic anhydride  plant and a  wire-coating  oven.  Sampling
       procedures, analytical techniques  and developed  equipment
       are discussed. The  results of each  of the evaluations of the
       catalytic fume converters are presented.

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      47
03972
A. J. Emanuel
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE OFFERS NEW SOLUTIONS
TO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.  Air Eng. 7, (9) 19-21, Sept.
1965.
The use of potassium permanganate to counteract a variety of
odoriferous  materials is described. Examples of its effective-
ness in combating odors from rendering plants, asphalt plants,
feed lots, manure piles, fish processing and sewage plants are
given.  Many air pollutants are attacked by the parmanganate
solution, but due to the difficulty of predicting the degree of
oxidation which occurs, it is usually necessary to make an ac-
tual trial before the economics of potassium permanganate ap-
plication can be determined.

03976
S. I. Masuda, T. Onishi, H. Saito
INLET-GAS  HUMIDIFICATION  SYSTEM FOR AN ELEC-
TROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR.   Ind. Eng.  Chem. Process
Design Develop. 5 (2) 135-45, Apr. 1966.
A system for  rapid evaporation of  mist  was developed for
inlet-gas humidification in an electrostatic precipitator, which
can evaporate  a large quantity of  water in a small  spray
chamber in  the temperature range of  150 to  200  C. An im-
proved  type of multiple twin-fluid nozzles, developed for this
purpose, can produce extremely uniform and small particles of
mist in any amount, with the aid of an equal magnitude of high
fluid resistances inserted into its  water branches. Confinement
of mist within the narrow space of a spray chamber was made
possible by  the mist thermal repulsion action of the  wall sur-
face kept at elevated temperature. The mist lifetime measured
in an actual spray chamber can be explained by the theory, if
a new  type  of  mist  average diameter is utilized. (Author ab-
stract)

04045
A. A. Tirado, M. V. Guevara, and J. S.  Banduni
OXIDATION OF BLACK LIQUOR BY AIR UNDER PRES-
SURE.   J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12, (1) 34-8, Jan. 1962.
(Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
It was  decided  to investigate the oxidation of black liquor by
means  of air under pressure. A samll reactor was used which
consisted  of a  six-inch pipe about 28 inches long,  provided
with a diffuser at the bottom. Compressed air was  admitted
through that diffuser.  Liquor and  air, at  variable quantities,
were fed through the bottom, and the products of the reaction
escaped through a pressure relief valve on the top of the reac-
tor. The pressure relief valve was adjusted, so that  a predeter-
mined pressure was  maintained in the reactor, while the tem-
perature of the  liquor was varied in order to see the effect of
temperature. Liquors at the inlet and outlet of the reactor were
titrated  only by the  Borlew and  Pascoe  method  analysis
(potentiometric), as it was known that such method practically
determines both mercaptans and sulfieds. The  oxidation of
black liquor by air at 25 to 75 psig shows definite gains spe-
cially regarding the conversion of mercaptans, which are dif-
ficult to oxidize  in  conventional processes as  used so far.
Liquors at 50 psig and 65 C were well oxidized, provided that
air was  supplied at a rate of about 2.3 times the theoretical air
requirement. This quantity of air is about one-third of the air
usually added in conventional procedures at atmospheric pres-
sure. Due to the increased pressure, the total power require-
ment including  pumps, compressed air, etc.,  in the process
being studied, was estimated to be approximately twice of the
power consumption in a conventional Trobeck system. How-
ever, it is thought that the higher efficiencies obtained in the
system under pressure  should justify  such increased  power
consumption. The oxidation of black liquors in kraft pulp mills
is desirable because of three principal reasons: (a) elimination
of malodors, (b) prevention of corrosion, and (c) reduction of
sulfur losses. Nevertheless,  the oxidized solids  are  to  be
burned in a boiler and their heat value should be preserved as
much as possible. Thus,  the oxidation of organic compounds,
including mercaptans, should  be limited,  so that only those
desirable effects  are attained.  It is believed that the reaction
with air at a pressure  of 50 psig or so is still mild enough as to
perform this limited oxidation.

04227
E. R. Harris and F. R, Beiser
CLEANING   SINTER   PLANT  GAS   WITH   VENTURI
SCRUBBER.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (2) 46-9, Feb.
1965
The installation and operating  experience on what is believed
to be the first application of a Venturi scrubber for cleaning
sinter plant gases is reported. After running pilot plant tests at
the stack, the Venturi scrubber was chosen in preference to
the dry precipitators because it was believed that this  would
more effectively eliminate certain odors  particular to this
plant. A ruggedly built stainless steel fan with a rotor having
forwardly curved, backwardly inclined blades  was  selected
with extra heavy  steel plate housing for quiet operation. Stain-
less steel moving parts and a rubber coated carbon steel hous-
ing  were used  to  resist corrosion.  The  installation was
completed and put on the line  for the first time April 9, 1963.
The discharge from the  stack was only a small  white  plume
and the stack dust loading was far below the County require-
ments and appreciably better than the manufacturer's guaran-
tee. Vibration readings and noise level of the fan were  excel-
lent and the only indication of any problem was in  carry-over
through the fan of an  estimated 50 to 60 gallons per minute of
dirty water. This  was  somewhat higher than hoped for but not
considered critical. On April 17, 8 days after start-up, a slight
increase in vibration of the fan was noticed. Cursory inspec-
tion of the damage indicated that the failure was due to abra-
sion from the dust laden water carried over from the scrubber.
Following the failure of the  fan, several studies were un-
dertaken in an effort  to prevent rapid deterioration of the ro-
tor. After a rebuilt rotor was  put into service, an automatic
vibration cutoff was installed which would shut the fan down
in case of excessive vibration.

04300
E. Betz
ODOUR CONTROL BY CATALYTIC COMBUSTION.  Proc.
Clean Air Conf., 32nd, Eastbourne, Engl., 1965. pp. 69-78.
This paper outlines generally the problems which have been
dealt   with   satisfactorily by  catalytic   combustion,  the
economics of catalytic combustion and alternative methods for
the removal of odorous effluents. (Author abstract)

04361T
B. G. Gills, E. L.  Howe
OIL BURNERS  FOR DOMESTIC USE: PRESENT  STATE,
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS   AND  FUTURE  DEVELOP-
MENTS.   ((Olbrenner  fur den  Hausbrand: Gegenwartiger
Stand,  erzielte   Verbesserungen  und  Moglichkeiten der
Weiterentwicklung.)) Schweiz.  Arch. (Zurich), 31(4):119-126,
April 1965. 7 refs.

-------
 48
ODORS
 An oil furnace well built and maintained should cause no in-
 tolerable air pollution. Soot and a smell of oil will occur only
 in case of improper adjustment or perhaps in starting up. In
 the latter case an inadequate means of ignition, too low carbu-
 retor temperature, or excessive cooling of the flame  may be
 the  cause. Some  methods of combating this  difficulty are
 described here  (beginning injection  of fuel only  after  an
 adequate oil  pressure is achieved,  in the pressure atomizer
 burner;  as  nearly  continuous  operation as  possible  for
 evaporator furnaces; use of higher pressure for the air of com-
 bustion). In pressure atomizer burners such difficulties  can
 usually be traced to defective nozzles or to poor combustion
 from other causes. Installations which give reise to complaints
 must therefore be overhauled and if necessary replaced. Deter-
 mination of concerns itself among other things with the follow-
 ing problems: improved mixing of air and oil  mists;  influence
 of systems for recirculating smoke  gases; ultrasonic and air-
foam  atomizer  burners;  electrostatic  oil  atomizing;  total
evaporation of the fuel in the vaporizer burner; and speed of
combustion.

04533
A. Wallach
SOME DATA AND OBSERVATIONS ON  COMBUSTION OF
GASEOUS  EFFLUENTS   FROM   BAKED   LITHOGRAPH
COATINGS.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12, (3)  109-10,
Mar. 1962. (Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
The waste gaseous effluents from baked coating operations are
a concern in air pollution because of their odor as well as the
irritant effects of the aldehydes present. A series of tests were
made dealing with the effectiveness of high  temperature in-
cineration as well as catalytic combustion in controlling the ef-
fluent from the baking of lithographed cans. The data and in-
formation obtained are presented.

04627
H. S. Posselt and A. H. Reidies
ODOR ABATEMENT WITH POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
SOLUTIONS.  Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop.  4, (1) 48-
50, Mar. 1965. (Presented  at the Division  of Water, Air, and
Waste  Chemistry, 148th  Meeting, American Chemical Society,
Chicago, 111., Sept. 1964.)
With the objective of evaluating potassium permanganate for
use in  air pollution abatement, its  odor-destroying properties
were investigated on a number of malodorous organic and in-
organic compounds. Reactions conditions similar to those ex-
isting in gas-scrubbing devices were employed. Threshold odor
determinations before and after permanganate treatment were
used for measuring the deodorizing  action. Although perman-
ganate will not destroy all odors, its spectrum  of effectiveness
appears to warrant its consideration as an air pollution abate-
ment  chemical,  particularly since odoriferous samples from
process streams of asphalt and rendering plants were success-
fully treated by the permanganate method. (Author abstract
modified)

04664
S. Ono
ODOR  PRODUCED  AND   ITS   CONTROL  BY  WET
SCRUBBING  IN NIGHTSOIL TREATMENT PLANT.   Trans.
Soc. Heating, Air- Conditioning, and Sanitary Engrs.  (Japan)
3, 42-7, 1965.
The aim was  to reinforce existing knowledge  by fundamental
studies of wet scrubbing systems as  odor  controlling systems
       in nightsoil treatment plants. Experimentswere conducted to
       determine  the effectiveness of removing H2S and NH3 by
       spray  scrubbing  and  water  film  scrubbing.  Water  film
       scrubbing was more effective than spray scrubbing.

       04666
       I. W. Santry, Jr.
       HYDROGEN SULFIDE ODOR CONTROL  MEASURES.  J.
       Water  Pollution  Control Federation 38, (3) 459-63, Mar. 1966.
       (Presented at the Texas Water  and  Sewage Works Short
       School, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Mar. 2, 1965.)
       Physical, chemical and biological procedures are discussed as
       methods for the  control of hydrogen sulfide odors from sewers
       and wastewater  treatment plants. Included are: venting air in-
       jection, chlorine compounds, ozone  and bacteria.  It  is.con-
       cluded that combinations of the above methods yield the best
       total results, and that good housekeeping practices accomplish
       the most economical, multi-purpose odor control.

       04669
       W. Strauss
       ODOUR CONTROL FOR THE  PROCESS  INDUSTRIES.
       Chem.  Process. Eng 46, (3) 133-7, 139, Mar. 1965.
       The sources and nature of odor, as well as means of measur-
       ing odors,  are reviewed. Various methods  of prevention are
       compared:  gas scrubbing, adsorption, combustion and mask-
       ing. Although these approximate to chemical engineering prac-
       tice in  some respects, they  differ markedly  and  these dif-
       ferences are examined.

       04773
       D. F. Adams
       A SURVEY OF  EUROPEAN KRAFT MILL ODOR REDUC-
       TION SYSTEMS.  TAPPI, 48 TAPPI 48, (5) 83V4A-7A, May
       2965. (Presented at the Air  Pollution Symposium,  148th Na-
       tional  Meeting,  American Chemical  Society, Chicago,  HI.,
       Aug. 30-Sept. 4,  1964.)
       During the spring and summer of 1964,  a study was made of
       selected kraft pulp mill installations in Norway, Sweden, Fin-
       land, France, Italy, and Austria. Information was obtained by
       personal interview with technical personnel in the mills and
       research workers in institutes and universities. Equipment in
       eighteen mills was observed and the  unique features of these
       processes reported. The principal methods contributing to odor
       reduction   included incineration,   alkaline  absorption, heat
       recovery,   black liquor  oxidation,  and chlorine  treatment.
       (Author abstract modified)

       04781
       T. T. Collins, Jr.
       NEW  SYSTEMS PROPOSED  FOR KRAFT MILL  ODOR
       CONTROL AND HEAT RECOVERY. Paper Trade J. 149, (22)
       34-5, May 31, 1965.
       Venturi scrubbing  and  block  liquor  oxidation are  briefly
       reviewed.   If oxidation  is coupled  with  black liquor soap
       skimming  the combination becomes  a profitable proposition
       for increased soap yield.  Using stack gas heat recovery ap-
       paratus as  a part of the odor control  system for the first time
       makes  profitable a combination process for the  reduction of
       kraft pulp mill odors. Heat recovery from stack gases coupled
       with black liquor oxidation and increased  black liquor soap
       skimmings  can play a profitable role in the future odor control
       requirements of the kraft pulp industry.OO

-------
                                          B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     49
04783
W. H. Buxton and M. W. Lapointe
CHEMICAL  RECOVERY  AND ODOR ABATEMENT  ON  A
KRAFT RECOVERY  FURNACE.  TAPPI 48, (5)  112A-3A,
May 1965. (Presented  at the Pacific Section Meeting, Techni-
cal Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Longview,
Wash., Nov. 18, 1964.)
Air pollution at Western Kraft Corp. in Albany, Ore., has been
substantially reduced by establishing uniform recovery furnace
control and utilizing secondary stack gas chemical  recovery.
Using  wet gas scrubbers  in  conjunction with  an alkaline
shower wash, sodium  ion  collection efficiencies as high as
50% have been reported Hydrogen  sulfide recovery of 90%
was  obtained during  extensive testing.  Chemical  fallout in
general on mill property has been reduced 94%. (Author ab-
stract)

04861
I. B. Douglass
SOME CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF KRAFT ODOR CONTROL.
 Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 15, 1967.)
The kraft process,  by  which more than 60% of all wood pulp
made in the  U.  S. is  manufactured  creates  an air pollution
problem by releasing methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and
hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere. Most of the problem is as-
sociated with the  emission of gases from the  digester, the
direct evaporator and  the recovery furnace.  In  this  paper the
chemistry involved in  odor formation, in  black liquor  oxida-
tion, and  in  the  destruction of malodorous compounds  by
burning,  chlorination   and treatment with  ozone  will  be
discussed. (Author abstract)

04882L
National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc., New York,
N. Y.
STATUS  OF PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS AND  FUTURE
RESEARCH NEEDS IN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CON-
TROL AT-TBull-29, 13p., June  1966.
The  current status of  research and  technical programs con-
cerning the kraft mill industry is reviewed. The  following top-
ics are included: (1) Analytical methods for  source-gas sam-
pling and gas-flow measurement, (2) Black liquor oxidation, (3)
Absorption  and oxidation of sulfur compounds,  (4) Paniculate
emission  control,  (5) Meteorology and ambient-air- sampling
techniques, (6) Cooperative mill  service activities, and (7)
Staff technical activities.

04887L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
ABSORPTION OF  ODOROUS SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN
CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SOLUTIONS.  (Atmospheric Pol-
lution Technical Bulletin No. 23.) Mar. 1965. 23 pp.
The data reported herein cover  the complete study on the utili-
ty of NaOH and acidic and basic C12 solutions as absorbents
for odor  producing sulfur  compounds associated with kraft
pulp mills. Absorption of H2S and CH3SH into aqueous solu-
tion of C12, NaOH, and C12 plus sodium NaOH was studied
using a 2' diameter absorption column packed with 1/4' Intalox
saddles. Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemi-
cal reactions  occurring in aqueous C12 and hydroxide media.
Potentiometric titration methods were used to follow the reac-
tions of C12 CH3SH, (CH3)2 S2, (CH3)2S in aqueous O2 solu-
tions. The final product of C12 oxidation of H2S in aqueous
solution is sulfate or collodial sulfur and sulfate. The sulfur-
sulfate production ratio requires between 1.5 and 4 moles of
C12 per mole of sulfide oxidized depending upon pH. CH3SH
reacts with one mole of C12 forming (CH3)2S2 as a stable in-
termediate product.  Continued C12 addition to aqueous acid
systems  results  in  formation  of  a second  intermediate,
probably dimethyl  disulfoxide, and  a final product sulfonyl
chloride. In basic soltuion only disulfide is formed by the C12-
mercaptan reaction. (CH3)2S forms sulfoxide upon reaction
with C12 and further reactions do not appear to occur.  The
results of the absorption  studies  indicate  that  aqueous  C12
solutions at  a pH above 12 are effective absorbents for H2S
removal in absorption equipment designed to handle sulfur in
suspension. The absorption of CH3SH in aqueous C12 solution
appeared to  be impractical since (CH3)S2 was apparently the
only product formed and was stripped from the tower by the
gas stream. Hydroxide solution was an effective absorbent for
both CH3SH and H2)s  when hydroxide to sulfide or mercap-
tan feed ratios were greater than 1  or 1.8  respectively,  and
mercaptan absorption rate  was twice that for sulfide absorp-
tion. (Author summary)

04943
H. L. Bamebey
REMOVAL  OF EXHAUST ODORS  FROM SOLVENT EX-
TRACTION  OPERATION BY ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AD-
SORPTION.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (9) 422, Sept.
1965.
Isopropyl alcohol vapor is being exhausted in 2000 cfm of air
at 120 deg F from a process involving the extraction of lemon
pulp by the  solvent. The emission also contains  trace quanti-
ties of hydrochloric acid droplets and a varying amount of par-
ticulate  matter from fruit  skins and peelings. The emission
caused a fire hazard and was credited with a contribution to
the smog problem. The rate of emission of  isopropyl alcohol
was 35 gallons per hour. A liquid scrubber is used to remove
the paniculate matter and acid fumes. The scrubber uses a  1 N
sodium carbonate solution. The scrubber is followed by the ac-
tivated  charcoal adsorption system. This  consists of two
horizontal absorbers containing beds of activated charcoal, a
condenser,  and the  necessary storage tanks, piping,  valves,
and controls. The solvent is removed from the charcoal bed by
steam stripping and is condensed along with pan of the steam.
This adsorption-desorption  cycle can be repeated many times
per day for  a period of years until the charcoal bed becomes
contaminated with high molecular weight substances. The con-
densed dilute alcohol is  concentrated in a fractionating column
so that it can be reused in the process. The odor, hydrochloric
acid fumes,  and paniculate matter are reduced  to  the point
that they are not readily detectable. The effluent  air stream
contains less than 0.05 Ib per hour of isopropyl  alcohol. The
system continuously removes and returns for reuse in excess
of 95 percent of the isopropyl alcohol vapor coming to  the
unit. The five percent loss of solvent does not represent ex-
haust to the  atmosphere but is mainly caused by losses in col-
lection and in the distillation of the  dilute  solvent.  The total
operating costs for the required electrical power, cooling
water,  steam, maintenance, chemicals,  and  supervision is
about one-seventh of the market value for new alcohol.

04949
J. S. Eckert
USE OF PACKED BEDS FOR  SEPARATION  OF  EN-
TRAINED PARTICLES AND FUMES  FROM  AND  ADI
STREAM. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  16, (2)  95-8, Feb.
1966.

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 50
ODORS
The principles upon  which the applications of the  various
types of packed beds are based, as well as the applications
themselves, are discussed. The packed bed originates from the
classical concept of mass  transfer which theorizes that the
transfer of mass from a gas to a liquid phase will be controlled
principally at the  interface  between the gas and the liquid.
Although packed beds are the key pan of most of the univer-
sal scrubbing equipment in present use, there are  definite
limitations  to their application. They will remove paniculate
matter of 1 micron-(or larger)  size by impingement. Between
0.01 to 1 micron-mean-diameter-size  particles require  electro-
static precipitation for efficient removal. Below 0.01  micron-
size particles can again be efficiently removed by packed beds
by a different mechanism where turbulence of the gas  and the
liquid brings the molecules or groups of molecules into  inti-
mate contact to effect a transfer from the  gas to the liquid
phase. Various types of scrubbers are discussed  as follows: (1)
Cross Flow Scrubbers operate with the gas stream  moving
horizontally through the bed while it is irrigated by liquid flow-
ing downward through it These scrubbers are useful in remov-
ing particles of 10 microns or more; (2) Counter-Current Flow
beds are the most commonly used by industry. Here the ir-
rigating liquid moves downward  through the bed and  the gas
moves  upward. These beds  can develop  more  than  one
theoretical  plate  of  transfer  per unit  and they  use  less
scrubbing liquid than other types where a large amount of gas
is to be removed; (3) Parallel Flow Scrubbers operate with gas
and liquid progressing through the bed in the same direction
and are ideal for dust  laden atmospheres; (4) Co-Current Flow
Scrubbers operate much as the parallel flow  except that much
more liquid is used per cubic ft of gas scrubbed.  High pressure
drop makes them useful in removal of particles down to less
than 1 micron in  size. The fluid flow is usually  vertically
downward. Odorous constituents are commonly removed by
packed beds, sometimes in conjunction with adsorbents.

04950
McKean, William T., Jr., Bjorn F. Hmtfiord,  K.  V. Sarkanen,
L. Price, and I. B. Douglas
EFFECT OF KRAFT PULPING CONDITIONS ON THE FOR-
MATION  OF  METHYL  MERCAPTAN  AND DIMETHYL
SULFIDE.  Tappi, 50(8):400-405, Aug. 1968. 23 refs. (Presented
in pan at the 50th Annual Meeting,  Technical  Assoc. of the
Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N.Y., Feb.  21-25,  1965.)
Review of the available data on the formation of methyl mer-
captan and dimethyl sulfide in kraft pulping allows the estima-
tion of the kinetic characteristics of  these reactions for soft-
wood species. The summative  rate of methyl mercaptan plus
dimethyl sulfide  formation is  proportional  to  the initial
hydrosulfide  concentration  in  accordance  with  an  SN2
mechanism. The formation of dimethyl sulfide from methyl
mercaptan and lignin methoxyl groups appears to be subject to
some unusual catalytic effects. Larger amounts of methyl mer-
captan  and  dimethyl  sulfide are produced  from hardwoods
than from softwoods because of a rapid initial  demethylation
of some labile methoxyl groups. In softwood cooks the forma-
tion of dimethyl sulfide can be  reduced by short,  high-tem-
perature cooks while the temperature effect on mercaptan for-
mation is rather insignificant. More effective  reduction in odor
formation is possible by lowering the sulfidity and by keeping
black liquor recycle at a minimum. (Authors' abstract)

04951
Sarkanen, K. V.
EFFECT OF NEW PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ON AIR POL-
LUTION POTENTIAL.  In: Proceedings of  the International
       Conference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
       Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
       Sponsored by: U. S. Public Health Service, National Council
       for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. ((1966)),
       p. 311-334. 19 refs.
       An ideal pulping process would selectively remove the major
       pan of lignin (28% in conifers) and extractives of wood leav-
       ing the major pan of polysaccharide  components  (69%  in
       conifers) in  the  pulp.  In the long run, sulfide-free alkaline
       pulping systems  may well provide the ultimate solution for
       kraft mill  odor problems.  Meanwhile, the  odor emission
       problems of existing kraft mills require more immediate atten-
       tion. Several  methods  are already available for the efficient
       control of odor emissions from digester systems. The chemical
       recovery,  including black  liquor evaporation and combustion,
       leaves, however, much to  be desired in terms of efficient odor
       containment. The carbonation transfer of hydrogen sulfide  is
       proposed as  an alternative to black liquor oxidation. Another
       approach is to stabilize the polysaccharide components to the
       degree of sufficient survival under the longer reaction periods
       necessary for delignification by NaOH alone.

       04952
       T. T. C. Shin, B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen, and L. N.
       Johanson
       HYDROGEN  SULFIDE VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM IN
       AQUEOUS SYSTEMS AS  A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
       AND PH.  Preprint. 1966.
       The Kraft pulping process continues to increase in importance,
       both  as to  number  and capacity  of mills. Concurrently,
       requirements  are becoming ever more stringent concerning
       emanation  of odors. In this and a subsequent paper, data are
       presented which are  of fundamental importance  to  an un-
       derstanding of situations in which hydrogen sulfide or methyl
       mercaptan  may  be transferred between liquid and  vapor
       phases. Vapor-liquid equilibrium relationships of hydrogen sul-
       fide in buffered systems are  presented as a function of tem-
       perature and pH. Measurements were  made by a potentiomet-
       ric titration technique, at temperatures ranging from 80 to 185
       C and using  solutions buffered to pH values of 2, 5, 6, 7,  8,
       10, 12 and 13 at 25 C.  Concentrations ranged from 0.00097 to
       0.0315 moles of hydrogen sulfide per liter of buffered solution.
       If the degree of dissociation of hydrogen sulfide  is taken into
       consideration, it is then possible to express vapor pressure of
       hydrogen sulfide in equation form, in terms of  temperature,
       concentration, and pH of the solution. New values of the first
       dissociation constant up to 185 C are presented.

       04953
       T. T. C. Shih, B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen, and L. N.
       Johanson
       METHYL MERCAPTAN VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM IN
       AQUEOUS SYSTEMS AS  A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
       AND PH.  Preprint. 1965.                      ,
       The vapor-liquid equilibria of methyl mercaptan in buffer solu-
       tions were studied as a function of temperature and pH. Mea-
       surements were made at temperatures ranging from 80 to 185
       C., using solutions buffered to pH values of 7, 8, 10,  12,  13
       and 14 at 25 C.,  and containing from 0.00182 to  0.0451 moles
       per liter of methyl mercaptan. These measurements also neces-
       sitated preliminary kinetic studies of the rate of dispropor-
       tionation  of  methyl mercaptan to  hydrogen  sulfide and
       dimethyl sulfide in alkaline solutions. An activation energy of
       22.4 Kcal/g-mole was found for the  reaction in one normal
       NaOH  solution.  Small corrections to the methyl  mercaptan

-------
                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      51
 concentration were required at high concentration levels, as a
 result  of  this  reaction. Vapor pressure-temperature relation-
 ships for  0.01  N methyl mercaptan solution were formulated
 with pH level as a parameter. Henry's Law was found to be
 valid for  any  particular pH and temperature. Henry's  Law
 Constants, the dissociation constant and vaporization equilibri-
 um constants  as a function of  temperature were calculated
 from experimental data. The overall  expression relating the
 vapor  pressure of methyl mercaptan to its  concentration and
 to hydrogen ion concentration is given for dilute aqueous  solu-
 tions. (Author abstract)

 05093
 W. Strauss
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONDENSER FOR ODOR CON-
 TROL FROM  DRY RENDERING PLANTS. J. Air Pollution
 Control Assoc. 14, (10) 424-6, Oct. 1964.
 Objectionable odors associated with offensive trades, such as
 the rendering of meat, fish, and offal have,  in the past, led to
 the creation of special 'offensive trades' areas,  well beyond
 town limits. The  growth of our  cities, however,  has sur-
 rounded the offensive trades areas with residential districts. In
 addition, increased demand for meat has increased throughput
 of offal. An important factor is that this material,  which would
 be otherwise useless, and would have to be disposed of by bu-
 rying,  is converted into tallow and poultry  food. This makes
 the design and operation of suitable plant to  minimize odors of
 major importance to operators of rendering plants. The present
 paper describes a condensing plant followed by a carbon  filter
 which  has proved effective and is most  economic in capital
 charges and operating costs. Three  alternative  methods for
 condensing the vapours investigated were:  Direct spray  con-
 denser; Surface condenser with cooling water; and Air cooled
 fin tube condenser.

 05332
 A. H. Phelps
 WHAT DOESN'T GO UP MUST COME DOWN.  Chem.  Eng.
 Progr.  62 (10), 37-40 (Oct. 1966).
 It has  been the experience of the  Procter and  Gamble En-
 gineering Division that air and water pollution control must be
 a combined effort. Attempts to control pollution in the one
 realm can easily generate a problem in the other. Several short
 examples  of the combination of problems  are presented.  In
 one of the processes where  HC1 is evolved in small concentra-
 tions the quantities are enough to generate a major odor or
 corrosion  problem in  the immediate area. The quantities are
 too small to justify any recovery, so a simple, packed water
 scrubber was used. The exhaust to the atmosphere is pure, but
 the discharge out the bottom is an acid  solution which  to a
 user is a weak solution; however, from the viewpoint of the
 sewer, it is quite strong. The solution to avoid a water pollu-
tion problem in this case was to neutralize  the effluent from
 the scrubber. A rock pit filled with coarse limestone is used,
 discharging from there to the sewer. Other caustic solutions
could be used, but in  these quantities, a truck load of rock a
 month  is all that is needed to take care of the acid. A second
example arises from control of particulates. When spray dry-
ing detergents, large volumes of hot air are exhausted which
contain some fine dust particles from the spray drying opera-
tion. The concentration of paniculate in this gas is around 3
gr./cu.  ft. and represents an  economically recoverable fraction.
Therefore, cyclones are used to  separate  the particles  dry  so
they  may be recycled  back  to the process. The effluent from
the cyclone contains about 0.3 gr./cu. ft of even finer particles.
While this would meet the air pollution code for many commu-
nities it would certainly not meet the stricter laws being writ-
ten now.

05408
M. J. Matteson, L. N. Johanson, and J. L. McCarthy
SEKOR H:  STEAM STRIPPING OF VOLATILE ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES  FROM  KRAFT PULP  MILL  EFFLUENT
STREAMS.  TAPPI 50, (2) 86-91, Feb. 1967.
A pilot plant study has  been carried  out of the SEKOR
process, which consists, in its main application, of the follow-
ing elements:  the  continuous steam stripping with reflux  of
kraft pulp mill effluents to remove volatile organic compounds
and  the  collection of the resultant bottoms  and overhead
streams to  avoid  discharging effluent  volatile organic com-
pounds into the air; the recovery of an overhead stream  of
water-immiscible oils; the substantial removal of volatile com-
pounds from  the  condensate effluents, which  reduces the
hazard of water pollution should the  effluent be discharged
into water courses; and the recovery of a  bottom stream  of
condensate water now  purified to such a degree  that often it
may be reused in  kraft pulp mill process operations. Experi-
ments demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,
dimethyl sulfide,  and dimethyl  disulfide were removed to a
degree exceeding 95%. Operations were conducted satisfactori-
ly using steam stripping without reflux  (SENKOR-A) or with
reflux  (SEKOR-B). When the SEKOR-B process was used
under appropriate conditions, nearly all  of the volatile organic
compounds  were  collected in the water-immiscible overhead
stream.

05409
B. F. Hrutfiord and J. L. McCarthy
SEKOR I: VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS  IN KRAFT
PULP  MILL EFFLUENT  STREAMS.   TAPPI 50, (2) 82-58
Feb. 1967.
As part  of a  program of  development of  a  process for
stripping aqueous effluents for kraft pulp mill odor reduction
(SEKOR), a study has been made of the volatile organic com-
pounds that may be steam-distilled from kraft pulp mill ef-
fluent  liquors.  Some  compounds  have been isolated  and
characterized by gas chromatography. The  materials studied
include an oil isolated from blow gas condensate, an aqueous
blow gas  condensate, and several  crude sulfate  turpentines.
Compounds  identified include hydrogen sulfide, methyl mer-
captan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyldisulfide, methanol, ethanol,
acetone,  methyl isobutyl ketone, alpha-pinene,  beta-pinene,
delta 3- carene, camphene, limonene, cineole, and alpha-ter-
pineol. A large number of additional compounds have been de-
tected. Turpentines from  a number of  sources  have been
analyzed and compared. (Authors' abstract)

05490
K. J. Springer
AN  INVESTIGATION  OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE
ODOR AND SMOKE. PART  I. (FINAL KEPT.).   Southwest
Research  Inst.,  San  Antonio, Tex.,   Vehicle  Emissions
Research Lab. Mar. 1967. 644 pp.
This investigation  was concerned  with noticeable levels of
diesel smoke and odor both from two-cycle powered  city
buses and four-cycle powered intercity  trucks. The program
included   field  studies,  development  of  facilities   and
procedures,  study  of vehicle variability, and investigation of
two techniques for smoke reduction. Result of field studies in-
dicated that  the two-cycle powered  bus  odor and  smoke were
grossly different from the four-cycle powered truck. Reasona-

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 52
ODORS
ble atmospheric dilution levels from a typical horizontal bus
exhaust were found to range from 100:1 to 1000:1, whereas the
dilution levels from  a  vertical exhaust stack equipped truck
ranged from 700:1 to 7000:1. These results permitted realistic
simulation of field operation in a specially designed laboratory
odor and smoke measurement facility. The odor measurement
method involved simultaneous exposure of a  panel of ten per-
sons to a dynamically diluted  sample of diesel  exhaust. A
diesel odor evaluation kit,  composed of an overall diesel odor
and four different qualities at various intensities, was used as
a reference by the panel. Smoke was measured by means of a
PHS smokemeter under both constant speed and accelerating
type vehicle conditions. Utilizing these measurement  methods,
chassis dynamometer, panel and smokemeter procedures were
developed for the city bus (five odor  and six smoke condi-
tions) and for the intercity tractor (six odor and seven smoke
conditions). The trained panel was able to relate the effect of
dilution, load, and other operating parameters to the quality/in-
tensity of the dilute sample. These conditions and procedures
were then employed to measure the smoke and odor variability
from ten similar buses and ten similar trucks. Limited in-
vestigations of fumigation  and dilution resulted in only a par-
tial or technical success.

05532
A. Lieberman
FINE   PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY  IN  THE  CHEMICAL
PROCESS INDUSTRIES. PART I.  Chem. Eng. 74,(7) 97-102,
Mar. 27, 1967.
The two main topics  of this review are: (1) how the physical
and chemical properties of very fine particles (ranging from
about 0.05  to 100 microns) affect manufacturing processes;
and (2) how fine particles, solid  and liquid, are produced. In
the first category, the manufacture  and processing of foods,
drugs, pigments, metals ceramics and many other materials is
affected by particle properties. For example:  rates of reaction
can be  controlled by available concentration of  one of the
reactants which can be in-  creased by extending the surface of
subdivision; the  handling of powders,  etc., may involve con-
siderations relating to flammability and explosive limits; power
required for bulk  handling can be re-  duced by  including a
range of particle size; particle size of stack emissions will af-
fect visibility of the exhaust plume. Op- tical properties (opaci-
ty, light scattering, etc.) can be  con- trolled by particle size
limitations. Other properties involving fine particle technology,
discussed briefly, are shape, electrical nature and magnetism.
Hazards of particle inhalation can be con- trolled by particle
size considerations, i.e., where particles from 35 to 5 microns
are captured  hi  the  upper respiratory passages from 5 to 1
microns are retained in the alveoli, particles from 1 to 0.1
microns tend to be exhaled and those smaller than 0.1 microns
tend to be captured and  retained. Brief  discussion of the
production of particles includes, for solid particles: crystalliza-
tion,   spray   drying,   gas-phase  reactions,   high-energy
discharges,  and flame decomposition; and for liquid  particles:
conventional  atomizers,   nozzle  atomizers,   spinning-disk
atomizers, ultrasonic  atomizers, elecfostatic  atomizers,  vapor
condensation and emulsification.

05624
W. Summer
ODOUR   DESTRUCTION  (TECHNICAL   AND   LEGAL
ASPECTS AND  HOW THEY AFFECT YHE VENTILATING
ENGINEER).  J. Inst. Heating Ventilating Engrs. (London) 34,
229-36, Nov.  1966 and Public Health In- specter, 75:(7):291-
300, Apr.  1967.  (Presented at a Sessional Meeting, Inst.  of
       Heating and Ventilating Engineers, London, England, Dec. 8,
       1965.)
       Destruction of odors by oxidation with  nascent  oxygen is
       reviewed, in contrast to masking or neutralizing by addition of
       another odoriferous material. The  nascent oxygen is produced
       by ultra- violet irradiation of the polluted air, preferably in an
       expansion  chamber providing  a 6 to 8 sec.  residence time.
       Design criteria for the 'odourless factory* are given and exam-
       ples of application described.

       05808
       F. E. Murray
       REACTIONS OF SULFUROUS AIR POLLUTANTS. ((British
       Columbia Research Council, Vancouver, Canada)). May 12,
       1967. 88 pp.
       The object of the work was to generate information on the
       reactions of methyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide,  methyl  disul-
       fide and the reaction  between hydrogen  sulfide  and sulfur
       dioxide - all in the gas  phase.  It was a  further  object of the
       studies to devise methods, using  the information gained, for
       modifying these  compounds by chemical reaction to alleviate
       the odorous air pollution from kraft pulp  mills. Reactions in
       the gas phase were  conducted between oxygen and methyl
       mercaptan, methyl sulfide and  methyl disulfide both with and
       without catalysts. The reaction between  hydrogen sulfide and
       sulfur dioxide in the gas was the subject of a preliminary stu-
       dy. The work done and  the apparatus used is described in the
       following publications which form an Appendix to this report:
       (1) Gas Phase Oxidation of Methyl Mercaptan, A. C. Harkness
       and F. E. Murray, Air and Water Pollution,  Int. J. v. 10, pp
       245-251 (1966); (2) Gas Phase Oxidation of Methyl  Sulfide, A.
       C. Harkness and  F. E.  Murray, Air and Water Pollution, Int.
       J.; (3) Method of Analyzing the Effluent from a Microreader,
       L. T.  Girard  and A. C. Harkness; (4) Catalytic  Oxidation  of
       Sulfurous Air Pollutants, A. C.  Harkness, F. E. Murray and L.
       T. Girard;  and (5) Application is being prepared for  patent
       coverage on  the  catalytic oxidation of  the organic sulfides.
       From the results  on catalytic oxidation, a large-scale experi-
       mental reactor packed with iron shot was assembled and stu-
       dies are continuing at a local pulp  mill. It appears to be a very
       promising approach to  the oxidation of organic sulfur com-
       pounds  in  the gas  phase.  One of  the  principal  advantages
       seems to be that no explosions  or tendency to explosions have
       occurred in the catalytic reactor.

       05852
       R. J. Reed and S. M. Truitt
       SELECTING  INCINERATOR  SMOKE  AND ODOR BUR-
       NERS. Air Repair 4 (3), 109-17 (Nov. 1954).
       A method for controlling smoke and odor emission by flue-fed
       incinerators is discussed. The burning process, the differences
       from industrial and municipal incinerators,  a solution using an
       auxiliary gas diffusion flame, the selection and location of bur-
       ners, a case history of  an  approved installation, settling and
       combustion chambers,   the luminous  flame  burner, starting
       procedure, and  recently  announced  installations  are con-
       sidered. A discussion and the authors' replies are included.

       05862
       J. E. Molos
       CONTROL OF ODORS FROM A CONTINUOUS SOAP MAK-
       ING PROCESS.  J. Air  Pollution Control Assoc. 11 (1), 9-13,
       44 (Jan. 1961). (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pol-
       lution Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26,1960.)

-------
                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      53
 A semi-residential neighborhood in south St. Louis suddenly,
 in the spring of 1957, became a focal point of air pollution
 complaints. Tracing the odor from the points at which it was
 faint to the area where it was pronounced, suggested strongly
 that a soap plant, which had been located in the neighborhood
 for many years, was the source of this odor. It was found that
 the company had been a formulator  of soap compounds for
 many  years at its present location. To soap which had been
 manufactured elsewhere were added modifiers, perfumes, etc.,
 to get finished products. The company subsequently decided
 to manufacture  its own soap and installed a unique, continu-
 ous, countercurrent, three-stage process to make neat soap
 from coconut oil, tallow, soybean and cottonseed soap stocks.
 A large spray drier was erected to make granulated soap from
 the neat soap. Break-in  processing with the new equipment
 commenced  in  the spring of 1957,  exactly coinciding with
 origination of complaints. The fishy odor appeared due to the
 presence of low boiling point amines which were not effective-
 ly scrubbed out in  the  boric acid scrubber. The  ultra-cen-
 trifuges appeared to create oil aerosols which  seemed to act
 partially as a carrier for the amines.  It is, however, quite
 possible that the formation of the oil aerosol and the escape of
 the  amines  were quite  independent of one  another.  The
 described control systems resulted in relatively odorless condi-
 tions in the neighborhood of the plant for several months.
 There were two  brief breakdowns both based on the extremely
 cold weather experienced. Steps were taken to  prevent recur-
 rence  of these  breakdowns under  similar  or even more  ex-
 treme  weather conditions. With these exceptions, one could
 drive by or walk around  the plant without detecting any fishy
 odor.

 05880
 V. P. Owens
 CONSIDERATIONS  FOR FUTURE RECOVERY  UNITS IN
 MEXICAN  AND LATIN AMERICAN ALKALINE PULPING
 MILLS.  Combustion 38  (5), 38-44 (Nov. 1966). (Presented at
 the Sixth Annual Meeting, Asocion Mexicana de Tecnicos de
 las Industries de Celulosa y del Papel A.  C., Mexico City,
 Mex., May 24-28, 1966.)
 Air pollution is a major problem  in  recovery  unit operation
 because  the recovery  unit  produces  the largest volume of
 gases discharged to atmosphere. For many years electrostatic
 precipitators have  been  installed  after  recovery  units  to
 remove the chemical fume  in the gases.  The  gas is heavily
 laden with submicron size particles which is condensed sodium
 vapor  formed in the furnace.  Several mills  are working with
 venturi-scrubber installations to improve  collection efficien-
 ceies in operation.  Oxidation of black liquor is becoming a
 'must'  for  mills that hope to  reduce  the odor  nuisance to a
 tolerable limit. In the future, efforts will be concentrated on
 the analysis of sulfur compounds in the flue gases. Good kraft-
 recovery-fumace operation   demands  a  deficiency of  air
 through the primary-air ports for good reduction performance.
 Under these conditions  hydrogen  sulfide  is formed in the
lower furnace. Sulfur oxides formed in combustion of a black
liquor will react with the sodium oxide to form salt cake and
prevent sulfur loss from the  furnace in this form. Direct- con-
 tact evaporators, either the cascade or the cyclonic type use
the flue gases for evaporation of the water in the liquor to in-
crease  concentration from the approximately 50 per cent level
to 60-70 per cent dry solids. This is the prime source of odor
 when  black liquor is not  oxidized  before direct- contact
 evaporation. Oxidation converts the sodium sulfite to a stable
form,  usually sodium thiosulfate.  Direct-contact evaporators
 can be removed by designing multiple-effect evaporators for
60 per  cent dry solids for feed directly  to the furnace.
05929
W. S. Tyler
CATALYTIC  OXIDATION  OF ODOROUS INK  SOLVENT
VAPORS.   ((Proc.  Tech.  Conference,  Mid-Atlantic  States
Sect., Air Pollution Control Assoc., Newark, N.J.,)) 1-7 (1962).

This article reports the engineering approach to the develop-
ment of controls for fumes emitted during high speed printing
opera- tions. It was found that the kerosene-like solvent used
was being partially  oxidized to irritating and  obnoxious al-
dehydes by the severe drying conditions, i.e., hot circulating
air blast of 650 - 700 F. After pilot plant  runs to test catalytic
oxidation, it was concluded  that 30 to 40% of the recirculated
solvent  vapors were oxidized  to  objectionable  materials
without a catalyst being present, and with one present, 90 to
95% of the solvent vapors being recirculated were converted
to unobjectionable CO2 and water. With this encouraging in-
formation, the Pt catalyst installation was made. A second in-
stallation provided a six deep catalyst bed of half the original
cross sectional area.  This not only evened out the flow across
the bed but appeared to improve efficiency as evidenced by
increased temperature rise across the catalyst. Location of the
catalyst in the  circulating systems has  the disadvantage of
using about 4  times as much catalyst as would  be required in
the stacks with  their much smaller fans.  This disadvantage is
more than compensated by the simplicity  of operation and the
fuel gas economy. Catalytic oxidation not only reduces the
partly oxidized hydrocarbons discharged  but also the amount
of tar formed in process.

05930
Massiello, J.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AT DREW CHEMICAL  COR-
PORATION.   Proc.  Tech.  Conference  Mid-Atlantic  States
Sect, Air Pollution Control  Assoc., Newark, N. J., 1962. pp.
8-12.
The installation of equipment to reduce  air pollution in the
chemical  processes   involved  in edible  oil  refining  and
byproduct  manufacture is discussed.  In the initial refining of
oils when the  soap stock is separated, the oil must be dried
under vacuum and bleached. This resulted in entrainment  par-
ticles of oil discharged to the atmosphere. This pollution  was
eliminated by  changing the design of the  vacuum system  and
installing a surface condenser before the steam jet, which con-
densed the steam and stopped 99 percent  of the oil mist carry
over. The different design of the vacuum  system resulted  in a
steam savings  that paid for the installation in a period of  two
years. The new design also resulted in a better vacuum. In the
next step of processing, oils are deodorized by blowing steam
through the oil under high temperature and 1 millimeter of ab-
solute pressure. The possible pollution of the atmosphere by
evaporation and entrainment of water laden with oil was coun-
teracted by installing an extra set of eliminators in  all cooling
towers reducing entrainment into the atmosphere by about 75
percent. A centrifuge for cooling tower waters  to continually
centrifuge  out  oil thereby reduces  the air  pollution due to
residual entrainment. Other  control equipment included: wire
mesh demisters; a rachis ring caustic scrubber;  a large tangen-
tial separator and an air cooling baffled  condenser in series;
extra eliminators in the cooling towers; a centrifuge. Controls
for utilities emissions are also discussed. In summary $250,000
has been  spent  on the various air pollution control devices.
Expenditure of  another $50,000 is  anticipated for the  next
year.

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54
ODORS
06088
J. L. Mills, W. F. Hammond, R. C. Adrian
DESIGN OF AFTERBURNERS FOR VARNISH COOKERS. J.
Air  Pollution  Control  Assoc.  10  (2),  161-8  (Apr.  1960).
(Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959.)
The  airborne discharge from  varnish  cookers is particularly
difficult to control because it  consists  of  varying mixtures of
solid particles, liquid droplets,  condensable vapors and volatile
vapors. Two most widely used methods of control, scrubbing
and combustion, leave the odor problem unsolved. This report
concerns the design characteristics of direct-fired afterburners
which  were constructed  to destroy  these  air  contaminants
produced during varnish cooking. Results show that the  pollu-
tion problems from oil bodying and varnish cooking in  batch
type vessels can be adequately and economically solved  by
direct  incineration of the combined paniculate and  gaseous
pollutants. In designing a control system,  the  following  items
should be  considered: 1. Hooding. Hoods should be  tight-
fitting  to assure adequate mist capture  with minimum airflow.
Ease of  cleaning is a critical consideration  because of the
danger of batch spoilage from dripping condensate.  2. Duct
work. Ducts should be sloped  away from the hoods and spots
should be eliminated or provided with drainage. 3. Flashback
protection and precleaning. A water spray  leg is recommended
for precleaning and flashback  protection.  4. Afterburner. The
afterburner should be designed for a minimum gas temperature
of 1200 F with a capability of being operated at 1400 F and
should provide for intimate mixing of the gas stream with a  lu-
minous flame. The combustion chamber should be refractory-
lined and  should provide  for a residence  time of 0.5 second.
The velocity of the gases through the chamber should not  be
less than 15 fps. 5. Controls. Burner controls should be of the
modulating type to insure continuous and  uninterrupted  flame
coverage in the  combustion chamber.

06103
A. J. Teller
ODOR ABATEMENT IN THE  RENDERING AND  ALLIED
INDUSTRIES.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  13 (4),  148-9,
166 (Apr. 1963). (Presented  at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Chicago, HI., May 20-24, 1962.)
In feasibility studies of odor abatement it  was  decided that  an
integration of  pollution   abatement components  within  the
process system might reduce  the economic burden to an ac-
ceptable level. Systems were designed for the three different
types of rendering operations.  Two have been operating for a
satisfactory evaluation period and a third will  be on-stream in
the near  future. It was found  that the  problems of the  pollu-
tion  abatement  could be divided into  four  basic  areas.  (1)
Cooker and cooker vapor control; (2) Drier effluent treatment;
(3) Restriction  of product  dumping areas; and (4)  Solvent
recovery systems. Of the four basic areas of  control the sol-
vent recovery can be considered as the only one where early
payout can be achieved.  It was felt, however,  that integration
of the pollution abatement control system  with  the actual
process equipment would reduce the actual cost of pollution
abatement. Adsorption  was chosen as the  odoriferous gas
removal process for the  cooker  system because of  the low
cost  of activated carbon, its high capacity for  organic com-
pounds, and the simplicity of the process.  The combination of
all vapor streams in the  condensation operation resulted in a
capital investment of the  same  magnitude as that for individual
condensers. Thus the net cost of capital equipment for  pollu-
tion abatement was still nil. In addition, via modulated control
of water feed for condensation, insignificant savings of  water
       are achieved when compared with continuous full flow con-
       densers used with individual condensers. The savings of water
       consumption will vary significantly as a function of plant loca-
       tion.  The pollution  abatement expense costs  total  $550 per
       year compared with a savings in water consumption costs of
       the same magnitude  based on river water use. The net  cost of
       installation and operation of a pollution abatement system is,
       therefore, essentially zero for this integrated  installation. In
       the case of urban installations, considerable savings are ob-
       tained. Additional benefits other than that of pollution abate-
       ment have been observed as a result of operation at pressures
       slightly below atmospheric.

       06106
       R. H. Wright
       NEW WORK IN  KRAFT MILL ODOR CONTROL.   (J. Air
       Pollution Control Assoc.)  13 (3),  101-4,  136 (Mar.  1963).
       (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
       Association, Chicago, LI., May 20-24, 1962.)
       Procedures for the control of odor in the kraft pulping process
       are reviewed. The theory behind black liquor oxidation is that
       when the hot liquor is brought in contact with air, the sodium
       sulfide is oxidized to sodium  thiosulfate and the methyl mer-
       captan is converted  to  dimethyl disulfide,  resulting in reduc-
       tion of the more odiferous compounds.  If the oxidation tower
       is situated so that the  black  liquor passes through it  before
       going to the multiple-effect  evaporator the odor released is
       eliminated or very greatly reduced. Thus, in a mill using black
       liquor oxidation,  the most serious remaining sources of odor
       are, in order of decreasing importance, the recovery furnace,
       the direct contact  evaporator, and the air exhausting from the
       oxidation towers. With  a properly designed and operated fur-
       nace  the flue gas should contain no  significant amounts of
       H2S or other reduced sulfur compounds. In principle, a suffi-
       ciently  complete  prior  oxidation of  the black  liquor will
       prevent the furnace gases from picking up any malodors in the
       direct contact evaporator, apart from substances like dimethyl
       sulfide which are  not acidic and not retained  by alkali. One
       may be forced to  carry out the black liquor oxidation  in two
       stages, using a partial oxidation of the weak liquor and finish-
       ing off  the reaction  after  the  liquor  has  been  partially
       evaporated.  An alternative is to do away with the direct con-
       tact evaporator entirely. The elimination of the direct contact
       evaporators can  confer an over-all  operating  benefit  in the
       form of heat economy, but at the cost of a substantial increase
       in complexity. The balance of advantage from this has to be
       worked out  by each mill for itself. In the oxidation tower ex-
       haust gas process  a two-stage process has been developed for
       the absorption and oxidation of the malodorous substances in
       the oxidation tower exhaust  gas, using a gas-liquid reactor.
       The gases are first exposed to chlorine solutions of low pH so
       as to absorb and  oxidize the  sulfur compounds to innocuous
       products. Then a solution of pH about 8 is  used to absorb any
       residual  chlorine or acid products of the oxidation., Kraft mill
       odor control measures are still by no means complete or fully
       effective. Black liquor  oxidation is  not a complete answer,
       though it would  be difficult to imagine an effective control
       system that did not include it.

       06280
       Folke Hedlund, Gustav  Ekberg, Sten Erik Mortstedt
       DIESEL   EXHAUST   GASES.   INVESTIGATION   WITH
       PROPOSALS   FOR  ACTION.    (Communications  Dept.,
       Stockholm,  Sweden, Guidance  Group Concerning Develop-
       ment Work  in the Field of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas,  Sept.
       1967. Translated from  Swedish. Joint  Publications Research
       Service R-8943-D, 74p.,  Dec. 12, 1967. 27 refs.

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      55
 Diesel exhaust emissions and  methods of  controlling these
 emissions in Sweden  are reviewed. The diesel engine differs
 from the gasoline engine in several respects, which have a.
 decisive  influence on  the pollution it emits. It uses a fuel that
 is less volatile than gasoline. It normally works with a higher
 excess of air (leaner mixture) and the devices for feed and ig-
 nition of the fuel are  quite different. Due to the discharge by
 individual vehicles of dense smoke  and by  the discharge of
 foul-smelling substances  they have been pointed out by the
 public as qualified air polluters. Poor maintenance of the en-
 gine or intentionally wrong pump adjustments can result in the
 giving off of such dense  smoke  that this  can constitute a
 hazard for overtaking vehicles  due  to impaired or obscured
 visibility. Diesel engines can give off various types of smoke.
 One type is the heavy load  smoke, which  arises through load
 on a hot  engine. Exhaust gases from diesel vehicles, especially
 under certain driving  conditions, contain substances that are
 irritating  to eyes, nose  and throat. These include:  oxides of
 nitrogen,  hydrocarbons,  polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbons,
 carbon monoxide and  sulfur dioxide. The smoke from a diesel
 engine can be limited  by various measures, undertaken on the
 engine or the fuel pump, the fuel, and finally on  the exhaust
 gases. Regular maintenance of the engine is necessary to keep
 the smoke values  at  the lowest possible  level.  Current and
 proposed regulation of diesel exhaust emissions are discussed.

 06363
 F. J. Anderson H. S. Posselt
 PERMANGANATE OXIDATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS;
 APPLICATION TO AIR SCRUBBING.  Preprint. (Presented at
 the 60th  Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
 Cleveland, Ohio, June 11, 1967,  Paper No. 67-114.)
 The oxidation of thio compounds by permanganate in terms of
 stoichiometry, oxidation products and relative rates to deter-
 mine  its  effectiveness in destroying the  odoriferious sulfur
 functional group was  examined. From the general classes of
 thiols, sulfides,  disulfides   and sulfoxides,   only  the lower
 molecular weight - more volatile — compounds were studied.
 Because  of their volatility, these compounds,  or compounds of
 similar functionality, might be expected to be found in process
 gas streams. Permanganic has proved useful in scrubbing vari-
 ous process  gas streams; the results obtained in this study
 demonstrate the usefulness of permanganate in removing sul-
 furous compounds  from   gas  streams.  (Author  abstract
 modified)

 06366
 David M. Benforado, Joseph Waitkus
 FUME CONTROL  IN  WIRE  ENAMELING BY  DIRECT-
 FLAME  INCINERATION.   J. Air Pollution  Control Assoc.,
 18(l):24-26, Jan. 1968. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control  Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-
 16, 1967.)
 The results of source  tests to demonstrate  the applicability of
 direct-flame incineration for the control of the effluent from a
 wire-enameling bake oven are presented. The tests were con-
 ducted with a portable  direct-flame  incinerator under actual
 plant  conditions. The efficiency of  direct-flame incineration
 was established at incineration temperatures of 1000, 1200, and
 1400 deg F.  Evaluation  of incineration efficiency  was per-
formed by both analysis and quantitative  odor measurement
using an odor panel. (Authors' abstract)
06412
J. L. Mills, J. A. Danielson, L. K. Smith
CONTROL OF ODORS FROM INEDIBLE RENDERING AND
FISH MEAL  REDUCTION IN LOS  ANGELES COUNTY.
Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio,  June 11-16, 1967, Paper
No. 67-10.)
Control equipment for the counteraction of odors emitted dur-
ing the reduction processes at rendering plants and fish meal
reduction plants  were described. The condenser-afterburner
odor  control  system and  chlorinator-scrubber  odor control
system are used  to control odors from the rendering cooker
and fish meal dryer, respectively. Both systems reduce these
prominent  odors by  nearly  100 percent. When these main
sources have been controlled, further reductions of odors from
reduction plants can be achieved using similar control devices
on other sources such as expellers, centrifuges,  heated tallow
processes,  fish oil defatting  equipment,  etc. Lastly,  but  of
equal importance, is a good housekeeping program incorporat-
ing a thorough washdown of equipment and floors each work-
ing day, and a conscientious maintenance program for  the
equipment, which is constantly subject to severe corrosion.

06453
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE - PART 2 (MONTHLY PROGRESS REPT. NO.
3, MAR. 15 -  APR. 15, 1967).  Southwest Research Inst., San
Antonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab. 12 pp. (May
3, 1967).
The fleet test of a smoke suppressant  additive began on April
1 and is currently in progress. The initial tests indicate that the
smoke suppressant additive was effective in reducing visible
exhaust smoke. The investigation of the effect of the Jacobs
engine brake  on  exhaust smoke and  odor from a two-cycle
powered bus is under way.  A plan of test  has been formulated
for the evaluation of the three types of catalytic mufflers for
installation on two-cycle  powered municipal  buses. Clarifica-
tion of the  exhaust gas constituents of primary interest and
their method of analysis for correlation with human odor panel
responses has been obtained.

06525
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AMD SMOKE - PART 2 (MONTHLY PROGRESS REPT. NO.
5, MAY 15 - - JUNE 15, 1967). Southwest Research Inst., San
Antonio, Tex.,  Vehicle  Emissions  Research Lab.  (July  1,
1967). 102 pp.
The results are presented of the investigation of the effect of
engine derating on smoke and odor using the Detroit Diesel 6-
71 N and Cummins NH-220 powered truck-tractors. The fleet
test of a  smoke suppressant  additive  has completed two
months of operation. Initial experiments were under way using
a variety of gas chromatography columns, sampling methods,
and procedures to determine  the feasibility of relating an in-
strumental technique with the human panel responses.

06636
Bureau of Mines, Washington, C.C.
AIR  POLLUTION  RESEARCH  PROGRESS REPORT FOR
THE QUARTER  ENDED MARCH 31, 1968.  In cooperation
with the Public Health Health Service.) (Mar. 31,  1967) 87 pp.

-------
 56
ODORS
 This report covers progress on research in the tailoring areas:
 Sulfur dioxide removal from flue gas; Removal of sulfur ox-
 ides  from flue gas  with manganese  oxide and  improved
 regeneration;  Economic  evaluation  of processes  for the
 removal of sulfur dioxide from  flue gas; Characteristics and
 removal of pyritic sulfur from selected American coals; Pollu-
 tion by chlorine in coal combustion;  Flame characteristics
 causing air pollution;  Characteristics and photochemical reac-
 tivity of vehicular emissions; Mechanisms  of air pollution
 reactions;  Effects  of  engine, fuel  and combustion  system
 parameters on vehicular emissions; Composition, smoke and
 odor of diesel exhausts.

 06688
 W. S. Sease and G. F. Connell
 PUT  OZONE   TO  WORK   TREATING  PLANT  WASTE
 WATER. Plant Eng. 20 (11), 126-7 (Nov. 1966).
 Ozone is an extremely versatile chemical used for water treat-
 ment, and waste,  odor and air  pollution control. In  natural
 states it occurs  in concentrations of  0.01   0.02 ppm  by
 volume.  Of all the methods of commercial production, corona
 discharge is the most successful technique for industrial appli-
 cation. In  generating ozone, a minimum voltage of 1500V  is
 impressed upon  a conductor.  Between conductor and ground,
 there is  a non-conductor and an air gap. The corona discharge
 occurs in this gap.  Concentrations of 1% by weight, or 6000
 ppm by volume can be produced on a consistent and practical
 basis. Ozone,  as an oxidizing agent, purifies water from or-
 ganic  matter, bacteria  and viruses and  facilitates filtering of
 solvable ferrous  and  manganese  salts.  In  waste  treatment
 plants which employ primary and secondary systems for waste
 removal, ozone  provides the  tertiary or final polishing treat-
 ment  of the effluent.  Properly  handled, toxicity of  ozone
 presents no greater problem than any  normal compressor or
 motor.

 06859
 I. S. Shah
 NEW FLUE-GAS SCRUBBING SYSTEM REDUCES AIR POL-
 LUTION. Chem. Eng., 74(7):84-86, March 27, 1967.
A new two-stage scrubbing system is described which consists
of evaporator, scrubber, separator and cooling tower in which
99% cleaner and 500-600F cooler. Two oxidation systems are
utilized,  one for weak black  liquor and the other for  strong
black liquor. The latter is installed immediately after the multi-
ple effect evaporator.  Air  oxidation of black liquor decreases
the loss  of hydrogen sulfide because oxygen converts Na2S to
less volatile  forms that minimize  release  of sulfur-bearing
gases.

06979
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED  VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE -  PART 2 (Monthly progress rept. No. 6, June
15-July  15, 1967). ((Southwest Research Inst.,  San Antonio,
Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab.)) (Aug. 1, 1967). 17 pp.
The evaluation of the  catalytic  mufflers for use with two-
cycle powered city buses  has  begun. An investigation of the
effect of adding fresh air to exhaust valves of a two-cycle
powered municipal bus has been completed with little benefi-
cial effect on odor and smoke noticed. The five-truck fleet test
of a smoke suppressant additive is  continuing satisfactorily.
The preliminary  feasibility study  of an instrumental technique
for correlation  with  odor panel  response  is in  progress.
(Author's abstract)
       07224
       E. Fiala and E. G. Zeschmann
       THE  EXHAUST  GAS PROBLEM  OF  MOTOR  VEHICLES
       (PART 2).  Zum Abgasproblem der Strassenfahrzeuge (Teil 2).
       Automobiltech. Z. (Stuttgart) 67(12), 419-22 (Dec. 1965). Ger.
       The CO content of cigarette smoke  was determined by means
       of the Orsat apparatus and the Draeger probe. The CO con-
       centration varied between 2 to 5% which is about ten times the
       concentration in  the  engine  exhaust gas of  an automobile
       cruising at constant speed. The origin of unpleasant odors of
       two-stroke  engines  was traced back  to  strongly  heated
       hydrocarbons forming aldehydes. The effects  of  various ad-
       justments of the carburetor  on the CO concentration  were
       determined. Optimal positions of the choke plate and other ad-
       justable parts of the carburetor  were determined for some
       compact  cars. Photographs illustrate the  experimental set-up,
       and results are presented in graphs. Ignition limits  of mixtures
       of air, nitrogen, and n-heptane were determined. The exhaust
       gas composition can be improved considerably with little ef-
       fort if the loss of some peak power is tolerated.

       07362
       Feist, H. J.
       ELIMINATING ODORS  BY  CATALYTIC COMBUSTION.
       ((Die  Geruchsbeseitigung durch katalytische  Verbrennung.))
       Text in German. Stadtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg),  16(3):55-61,
       Mar. 1965. 11 refs.
       With the rapid growth of the chemical industry, air pollution
       by odors has also increased. Catalytic oxidation and reduction
       offer possibilities for an economic  solution of the  problem.
       The principles of catalytic reactions are described. In a table
       the properties of four catalysts are compared with each other.
       These catalysts are: platinum  on metal, platinum-palladium on
       ceramics, copper-chromium on aluminum oxide, and platinum
       on ceramics. The effectiveness of a catalyst depends on the
       gas mixture, the  temperature, the type of catalyst, and the
       ratio:  volume  of gas/hour/volume  of  catalyst. The  heat
       generated by the  catalytic process is usually used to preheat
       the gas before it enters the catalyst. If the  concentration  of
       combustible substances is sufficient, steam may be produced
       in addition. An example is quoted where 47,000 cu. m. gas per
       hour with a latent heat of 400 kcal/cu. m. produce 31 tons  of
       steam per hour. The equipment pays for itself  in 2 1/4 years.
       For gases of low  heat content, catalytic combustion under in-
       creased pressure  is  advantageous. Most economical is  a gas
       turbine which compresses the gas and, after it  has passed the
       catalytic chamber, uses the hot cleaned gas. The use of a gas
       turbine is recommended for gas volumes of more than 100,000
       cu. rn./hr, if measures for air pollution control  become neces-
       sary.

       07374
       Hettche, H. O., H. Schwarz, and W. Luhr
       WASTE GAS CLEANING IN THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN-
       DUSTRY.  PART  3.     ((Abgasreinigung in  dei;  Industrie
       Tierischer Produkte. Teil 3.)) Text in German. Stadtehygiene
       (Uelzen/Hamburg), 15(9):210-212, Sept. 1964.
       The dimensioning of a spray tower simultaneously operating as
       a jet pump is described. For a fish meal plant, a scaled down
       version of three spray towers in tandem was built.  The first
       tower worked with water/steam, the second with  NaOH and
       NaOCL,  TOWER WORKED WITH WATER/STEAM, THE
       SECOND WITH NAOH AND NAOCL, and  the third with
       H2SO4. Necessary pump power, water volume, and the quan-
       tity of chemicals  were determined. From these data the rele-
       vant figures for the full  size plant were derived. Some of the

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      57
 figures quoted are for a plant producing 10 tons of fish meal
 per hour. For example, the pumps have a power of 24  kW,
 and 110 cu. m. cooling water per hour are needed. The factors
 influencing  the efficiency of a spray tower are discussed in
 detail .

 07415
 Blosser, R. O., and H. B. H. Cooper, Jr.
 TRENDS  IN  REDUCTION  OF  SUSPENDED  SOLIDS IN
 KRAFT MILL STACK.  Paper Trade J., 151(11):46-51, Mar.
 13, 1967. 6 refs.
 A survey of secondary wet scrubbing practices showed  that
 relatively  low pressure drop devices may  produce a 50 per
 cent 3 80 per cent reduction in paniculate  emission from
 precipitator streams. The per cent reduction is somewhat less
 where  these devices are employed behind Venturi  recovery
 units. Removal efficiency was observed to be  independent of
 the type  of scrubber  used behind precipitators  at  the  inlet
 loadings observed. Final effluent quality was  related directly
 to scrubber inlet grain loading. Effective scrubbing has been
 shown to reduce participate fallout in the  area  adjacent to
 mills. Scrubbing may reduce paniculate emissions to the at-
 mosphere, but may also reduce the height of plume rise, hence
 dispersion is reduced and an  odor problem  may  be accentu-
 ated. It is difficult to predict that any real benefit in either fal-
 lout or total emission is obtained at the low loadings found be-
 hind some of the new high efficiency precipitators. This  sug-
 gests that schemes which assure essentially continuous opera-
 tions of these units in a good state  of repair  may be as ad-
 vantageous as wet scrubbing. (Authors' summary)

 07429
 A. H. Phelps, Jr.
 AIR  POLLUTION ASPECTS  OF  SOAP AND DETERGENT
 MANUFACTURE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 17(8):505-
 507, Aug.  1967.
 The spray drying of synthetic detergents is the major source
 of paniculate emissions. Suitable  control equipment utilized
 during  trhe  drying process  is  discussed. There will be up to
 three grains of paniculate/standard cu ft in the  hot,  humid
 tower  exhaust  gas. The  fines  comprise an economically
 recoverable portion and cyclones would usually be provided to
 collect this material and return it dry to where it may be recy-
 cled. Dry  collection  devices  are desired  here so  that  the
 product may be returned directly to the process. The  cyclones
 are high efficiency, high-pressure drop cyclones with a pres-
 sure drop across them  of about 8-10 in. of water and have an
 efficiency of between 90 and 95%. After the cyclone, the gas
 will sually  contain about 0.3 grain  of dust/standard  cu ft,
although this figure will vary depending upon the efficiency of
 the cyclones and their inlet concentrations.  Control  between
the cyclone and  the exhaust  will vary  depending upon  the
 source  of  emission with respect to boundary lines, and the na-
ture of the  surrounding community. This fallout can be con-
 trolled  rather easily  by devices  as crude as a simple spray
 chamber without packing, although packed scrubbers and ven-
 turi scrubbers are used. The dust at  this concentration is not
exonomically recoverable and thus, a wet collector is a suita-
 ble application. Some misoperations which may cause air  pol-
lution problems are also covered.

07434
E. Thomas, S. Broaddus, E. W. Ransdell
AIR  POLLUTION ABATEMENT AT  S.  D.  WARREN'S
 KRAFT MILL IN WESTBROOK, ME.  Tappi, 50(8):81A, Aug.
1968. (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Technical As-
sociation  of  the Pulp  and Paper Industry,  New York  City,
Feb. 19-23, 1968.)
Sources of gas emission in a kraft mill were studied and cor-
rective equipment  was  installed. A system was developed in
which digester blow gases  are passed  through  primary and
secondary deodorizing  scrubbers,  utilizing the chlorination
stage effluent. As backup, weak hypo bleach can be added to
the secondary unit. Noncondensable digester relief gases are
burned in the lime kiln. Oxidation control instruments  have
been installed on the two recovery boilers to ensure complete
combustion.  Number  1  recovery  boiler stack has a Cottrell
precipitator, and a venturi scrubber is on no. 2. Both recovery
boilers have scrubbers  on their smelt tank vents. Black liquor
is presently oxidized in a Trobeck-Lundberg- Tomlison oxida-
tion tower before  passing to the  evaporators.  Chemical  tests
are performed daily to determine the efficiency of black liquor
oxidation. Periodic surveys are conducted on all suspected
sources of air pollution ot determine the effectiveness of this
abatement program.

07479
Springer,  K. J.
INVESTIGATION  OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE. PART 2. Southwest Research Inst., San An-
tonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab., PHS Contract
No. PH 86-67-72, Mon.  Progr. Rept. No. 7 ((184)) p., Sept. 1,
1967. 3 refs.
The effectiveness of several exhaust catalytic devices on odor
and smoke from diesel powered  city buses was determined.
The devices were installed on municipal buses operated by the
San Antonio  Transit System fleet and put into routine opera-
tion. After a period of time the buses were taken out of ser-
vice and  the measurements  of  odor,  smoke and  selected
chemical  and  physical parameters were  obtained. These
evaluations were made with the catalytic muffler installed and
then with the stock muffler installed. Preliminary results in-
dicate that the effectiveness of these two identical GM  muf-
flers may not be as significant as may have been expected,
although some differences were noted. Secondly, the effect of
exhaust manifold oxidation on odor and smoke emissions  from
a  two-cycle  powered  municipal  bus was determined.   The
system injects fresh air at the underside of each exhaust valve
in an attempt to partially or further oxidize various exhaust
constituents under maximum available exhaust heat conditions.
The results of these initial investigations indicated that  addi-
tion of fresh  air  at  the  underside  of  the  exhaust  valve
noticeably reduced  the  visible smoke. The experiments  were
conducted under maximum  power output high engine speed
conditions. Thirdly, the Jacobs engine brake, which tends to
remove soot  and carbon build-up  in the combustion chamber
and exhaust ports as well as keep  the exhaust manifolds clean
was studied.  The last  fifty buses  were equipped with Jacobs
engine brakes and  a  bus was randomly  selected from this
group of vehicles for purposes of  evaluating the effectiveness
of the Jacobs engine brake on the odor  and smoke emissions
from a two-cycle powered municipal bus. Little beneficial ef-
fect on diesel odor was noticed when the Jacobs brake was
operative  versus when  it was  disconnected. Fourthly, a  fleet
test was performed on five similar truck-tractors operating on
a fuel which  had been  treated with a commercial smoke sup-
pressant additive. The  additive treatment method employed
was recommended by the Lubrizol  Company.  The treatment
level of 565 additive, prediluted in equal parts  of kerosene to
promote mixing, is 0.5 percent by volume of the base fuel. The
smoke suppressant additive is apparently effective in all trucks

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 58
ODORS
 under both constant  speed and transient acceleration smoke
 measurement conditions.

 07530
 H. O. Hettche, H. Schwarz, W. Luhr
 WASTE GAS  CLEANING IN THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN-
 DUSTRY -  PART  L    (Abgasreinigung in  der Industrie
 Tierischer Produkte - Teil  I.) Text in German. Stadtehygiene
 (Uelzen/Hamburg), 15(5):103-104, May 1964.
 Complaints  by the  neighborhood  of a  fish processing plant
 about annoying odors led to a series of experiments to deter-
 mine an economical way for cleaning the plant's waste gas.
 Drying  of fish meal can   be  done in  three  ways:  1)  the
 azeotropic method with perchloroethylene which is rather ex-
 pensive; 2)  steam drying; and  3) fire drying. The waste  gas
 from steam  drying is rich in amines, and from fire drying rich
 in sulfur dioxide. Both  carry large amounts of reducing sub-
 stances.  Spraying the  gas  in  two steps  brought satisfying
 results. In the first stage the waste gas is sprayed with a base
 and in the second stage  with diluted sulfuric acid. In this stage
 agglomeration  of aerosols from the drying fish meal occurred
 which were to a large degree responsible for the bad odors.
 This two-stage washing method, together with the  1:1000 dilut-
 ing effect of a high chimney were sufficient to eliminate the
 obnoxious odors from the fish meal plant.

 07531
 H. O. Hettche, H. Schwarz, W. Luhr
 WASTE GAS CLEANING IN THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS  IN-
 DUSTRY  - PART n.    (Abgasreinigung in  der Industrie
 tierischer Produkte - Teil II.) Text in German.  Stadtehygiene
 (Uelzen/Hamburg), 15(7):155-158, July 1964.
 Waste gas  from the production of fish meal contains up to
 about 200 mg/cu m of  ammonia, 15 mg/cu m  of substances
 containing sulfur (H2S and  mercaptans), 5 to 10  mg/cu m of
 carbonylic compounds, and  sulfurous and organic acids up to
 100 mg/cu m. There are also substances which are reduce by
potassium permanganate, of the amount of 1000 to 1500 mg/cu
 m.  Such waste  gas  could  be  successfully deodorized by a
 three- stage  scrubber.  In the first stage the waste gas is cooled
 below 30 degrees C by  spraying it with water hi a jet spray
 tower. The second tower used 2% NaOH and sodium bleach,
 and the third tower sprayed 0.5% H2SO4. Cooling below 30
 degrees was necessary to reduce the concentration of organic
 (mostly oily) compounds. Results of other experiments in this
 series are also reported in the form of th*ee tables.

07875
T. E. Kreichelt, D. A.  Kemnitz, S. T. Cuffe
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS  FROM THE MANUFACTURE
OF PORTLAND CEMENT.   Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
 Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-
AP-17, 47p., 1967. 29 refs. GPO: 803-789-2
Information is presented on actual and potential atmospheric
emissions resulting  from the  manufacture  of  cement. Raw
materials, process equipment, and production  processes  are
described,  as  well  as  the  location  of plants,  and  process
trends.  Emission and related  operating  data  are presented,
along with  methods normally employed to limit or  control
emissions from  the dry, semi-dry, and  wet processes.  The
main  source of emissions in the cement industry is the kiln
operation. Dust  generated  in the dry-process kiln  may vary
from  1 to 25 percent  expressed in terms of finished cement;
from  the wet  process,  1 to 33 percent. Sulfur dioxide emis-
 sions from the kiln gases combine with the alkalies  as con-
       densed sulfates. In  the  wet process,  an odor problem  may
       arise from  heating  certain types of  raw material such  as
       marine shellls, marl, clay, or shale. Another important source
       of dust emissions in the cement industry is the dryer normally
       used in dry  process plants. Dust can be adequately arrested in
       the cement  industry by proper plant layout and proper selec-
       tion of high-efficiency  niulticyclones,  electrostatic precipita-
       tors, or fabric filters. Electrostatic precipitators or fiber-glass
       fabric  filters  that  have  been properly designed, installed,
       operated, and maintained will adequately collect the dust from
       the  hot  kiln  gases.  In  many plant  designs,  multicyclones
       precede the precipitator or fabric filter. Precipitators or  low-
       temperature fabric filters alone may be adequate on other unit
       operations such as handling,  crushing, grinding,  drying, and
       packaging. Dust emissions as low as 0.03 to 0.05 grains per
       standard cubic foot have been  obtained in newly designed,
       well controlled plants.

       07971
       Kukin, Ira
       CHEMICAL SUPPLEMENTS IN AIR  POLLUTION CON-
       TROL PROGRAMS.  Apollo Chemical Corp.,  Clifton, N.J.,
       FL-67-65, ((32))p., 1967. 12 refs. (Presented at the National
       Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, New York, N. Y.,  Sept. 13-14,
       1967.)
       Several classes of chemical additives for petroleum fuels and
       coals have  been developed that reduce air pollutants from
       smoke stacks. These are: (1) combustion catalysts, (2) smoke-
       suppressants, (3) oil-ash (slag) modifiers, (4) absorptive agents,
       (5) SO3 neutralizing agents. The application of these products
       to specific  air  pollution reduction  programs  is  shown by
       several case histories involving the following power plants: (1)
       4-cycle diesel trucks, (2) 2-cycle diesel  buses, (3) diesel power
       generating equipment, (4) gas  turbine for peaking operations,
       (5) school heating equipment with No. 4 oil, (6) industrial plant
       boiler with Bunker C fuel, (7) refinery boiler burning No. 6 oil
       and  gas, (8) marine  steam plant, (9) utility power plant, (10)
       coal-fired utility. These specific examples cover the known
       types of  polluting materials from fuel and coal burning power
       plants. A ready  guide for specific utilization of the chemical
       treatments is summarized. It  has been shown  that chemical
       supplements are 80 to 100% effective for improving the com-
       bustion of the fuels resulting in a decrease of smoke, particu-
       late matter, odors and aerosols as well as acidic  and acrid SO3
       with a resultant reduction in  stack plume. Chemical supple-
       ments  appear to be uneconomical  generally  to completely
       eliminate SO2 from the exhaust gases.  There are  indications,
       however, that by reducing the aerosols  forming  soots and par-
       ticulate matter from the  exit gases, the smog-forming  ten-
       dencies of SO2 are reduced substantially.

       08104
       ON  THE EFFECT OF AIR  CLEANING EQUIPMENT IN-
       STALLED IN THE CLEAN SHELTER.   Text in Japanese. Air
       Filtering System Designing  Committee, Japan.  Kuki  Seijo
       (Clean Air:  J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 5(2): 1-26,
       July 1967
       The  effectiveness  of air  cleaning equipment,  installed in a
       small building to be used as a shelter  against air  pollution  hi
       one  of the most polluted  areas of Japan (Yokkaichi City),  is
       discussed. The shelter was an old building, recently rebuilt  to
       provide airtight windows and  doors. The equipment included
       an electric precipitator (capacity 96 cu  m/minute; dust remov-
       ing efficiency 90 percent) and two charcoal beds (30 kg  of
       charcoal for circulating air and 5 kg for fresh air). Concentra-
       tions of  dust and SO2 were determined for the air  in ithe

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                                            B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                       59
shelter and for outside air. It was found that: (1) the concen-
tration of SO2 in the shelter was much lower than outside the
shelter; (2) the bad odor of the outside air was completely ab-
sorbed by the charcoal filter;  (3) the dust generated in the
shelter was due chiefly to cigarette smoking (the quantity per
cigarette is estimated): and (4) the quantity of fresh air in the
shelter was 570 cu m/h which is not sufficient if the number of
people exceeds 200 (in which case the concentration of  CO2
exceeds the limit of 1500 ppm  in about 2 hours). The shelter
can be effectively used during  periods of particularly bad at-
mospheric pollution, provided  that such periods are not of
long duration. The results were analyzed theoretically with re-
gard to the design of air pollution shelters.

08360
Hansen, G. A.
ODOR  AND  FALLOUT  CONTROL  IN  A  KRAFT  PULP
MILL.  J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc., 12(9):409-414, Sept.
1962. 4 refs. (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of APCA,
Sheraton-Chicago Hotel, Chicago, ID., May 20-24, 1962.)
A kraft mill  air pollution problem exists in two phases: The
general  odor-control  systems  currently being  used in  two
Weyerhaeuser kraft mills are described. The systems  are prac-
tical from a  cost standpoint and  are  reasonably  effective.
These  systems are based on  collecting  and destroying the
malodorous compounds by burning or by chlorine oxidation in
the case of digester blow and relief gases. In the recovery fur-
naces and evaporators, release  of odors  is prevented through
black liquor oxidation  and by carrying  excess oxygen in the
recovery furnace flue gas. Flyash at the Everett Kraft Mill has
been reduced effectively by combining lime kiln and  recovery
furnace flue  gases before passing  them through a  modified
Venturi scrubber.  Paniculate matter discharged, as  measured
by sodium concentration in the flue gas at the top of the stack,
has been reduced over 90%. This is confirmed by fallout  sam-
ples taken in the vicinity of the mill itself. The installation of
the systems described has reduced complaints to the vanishing
point. ASM

08361
Hartler, Nils
RECENT  EXPERIENCES  IN  POLYSULFIDE  COOKING.
TAPPI, 50(3):156-160, March 1967. 18 refs. (Presented at the
20th Alkaline Pulping Conference of the Technical Association
of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Richmond, Va., Sept. 13-16,
1966.)
A changeover to polysulfide pulping in a kraft mill requires the
introduction  of  new  techniques  or  modifications  of those
presently  existing. Preparation  of  the  cooking  liquor  is
preferably done  by dissolving sulfur in white  liquor from the
recovery cycle. The dissolution process is considered from a
theoretical as well as a practical chemical engineering view-
point. The procedure of adding sulfur to the digester together
with the wood is  compared  that of  separate dissolution. In
order to fully control  the  cook, a knowledge of two parame-
ters, effective alkali and excess sulfur content, is sufficient.
Some procedures  for  the determination  of the latter  are
described,  and preference is given for the  redox  method.
Polysulfide does not affect the removal  of lignin to any ap-
preciable extent It is  shown  that, with no extra alkali added
fairly small amounts of carbohydrate polymers are dissolved in
the cooking liquor. The achieved stabilization caused by oxida-
tion is probably not as complete as in the case of reduced car-
bohydrates. The net effect on pulp yield  is, however,  very
much the same as in the case  of borohydride cooking.  This
build-up of sulfide is  probably the cause of  the higher odor
level. The differences between the quality of polysulfide and
kraft pulp are summarized, and the implications are that if the
papermaker places the main emphasis on testability and stock
freeness, polysulfide cooking would be a very attractive alter-
native to conventional kraft cooking. If, however, tear factor
is an  important  strength consideration, polysulfide cooking
becomes less attractive. AA

08364
Landry, J. E.
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION PRACTICE  AND DEVELOP-
MENT-A CRITICAL REVIEW. TAPPI, 46(12):766-772, Dec.
1963. 22 refs.
The progress in black liquor oxidation research, development,
and application is summarized, along with experimental  data
from laboratory  research  and mill  operations.  In  the kraft
recovery process,  oxidation  of  the black liquor prior to
evaporation and burning leads to a considerable reduction in
sulfur loss to the  atmosphere and improved chemical recovery.
For these  reasons, research and  development  on  oxidation
processes during the  last five  years have proceeded rapidly
and kraft mills in this country have been quick in applying the
results of these investigations, despite the fact that problems
still remain  to  be solved under some conditions of operation.
(Author's abstract, modified)

08467
Vogel, H. E.
THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SWISS ASSOCIATION
FOR FLOOD  PROTECTION AND AIR HYGIENE (VGL).
((Die  Jahrestagung der Schweizerischen  Vereiningung  fur
Gewasserschutz und Lufthygiene (VGL).)) Text in German.
Wasser Abwasser (Munich), 108(38):1088-1089, Sept. 1967.
A report is given in which the 'Purity of the air in the vicinity
of the Shell refinery at Cressier' is reviewed. There are  four
plants  in the vicinity of Cressier which  may pollute the air: a
cement factory, a refinery, a thermal paper mill, and a plant
for the drying  of potato  flakes. In the refinery,  several steps
are taken to ensure air purification: the  use of floating covers
to prevent  vaporization  of volatile  compounds from  drying
pans, siphoning off and  burning of noxious vapors, prepara-
tion of odorless sulfur from H2S and mercaptans, and the use
of refinery gas to limit sulfur dioxide emissions. In contrast to
water pollution, the area of air pollution  may entail psycholog-
ical problems such as fears of sickness from breathing noxiuos
odors, of impaired breathing, or even smothering.

08497
Hoffman, Heinz
EXHAUST GAS PROBLEMS WITH GASOLINE AND DIESEL
ENGINES. H. DIESEL ENGINES.  ((Abgasprobleme bei Otto-
und Dieselmotoren. n. Dieselmotoren.)) Text in German. Er-
doel Kohle (Hamburg), 20(9):644-648, Sept. 1967.
The various pollutants  present in  the  smoke produced by
diesel engines were measured and discussed. The results, illus-
trated  in tables and graphs, show that  CO  emission is only
1/10 that allowed for gasoline engines and is  therefore of
minor importance. Aldehydes with their characteristic irritating
odor are also produced in small quantities and are considered
annoying, but medically unimportant. The nitrogen oxides, NO
and NO2, are produced in sufficiently large quantities to cause
lack of oxygen in  the blood, and inflammation of the respirato-
ry tract. The antechamber motor produces fewer nitrogen ox-
ides than the direct injection motor. Amount of SO2 produced
is negligible. 3,4-Benzopyrene is emitted in significant quanti-

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 60
ODORS
 ties when an engine emits a large quantity of smoke and then
 only if the motor is run under high pressure. As a control mea-
 sure a reduction in smoke quantity is  recommended. The
 smoke characteristics  can also be greatly influenced by the
 design of the combustion chamber and proper maintenance of
 the engines.

 08506
 EXPLORING THE APPLICABILITY OF DIRECT-FLAME IN-
 CINERATION  TO WIRE ENAMELING FUME CONTROL.
 Wire  Prod.,  42(11):1981-1988,  Nov.  1968. (Presented at  the
 Electrical  Conductor   Division  of  the   Wire Association,
 Chicago, m., Oct. 23, 1968.)
 To test the applicability of direct-flame incineration to control
 fumes emitted in the wire enameling process, a portable direct-
 flame incinerator was used. The effectiveness of the incinera-
 tion of objectionable fumes at temperatures of 1,400, 1,200
 and 1,000 + deg.  F. was investigated by chemical and instru-
 ment  analysis  of phenolic  compounds,  heavy  hydrocarbons
 and light gaseous  hydro- carbons as well  as by  a quantitative
 odor measurement,  using an odor panel. A description and
 schematic diagram of the portable incinerator unit is provided.
 Tabulated data include  summaries of operating conditions, of
 the analysis and of odor panel tests. The test program showed
 that excellent cleanup of the exhaust from a wire-enameling
 oven could be achieved with direct-flame inciner- ation.  On
 the basis of test data analysis it was concluded that an effi-
 ciency of 90% (based  on p.p.m. by weight reduction of con-
 taminant) could be achieved at an incineration temperature of
 1,350  + deg. F. with residence time of one-half second when
 using  a nozzle-mix burner in a properly designed  combustor.
 As a result of an engineering study to establish the most prac-
 tical  physical  arrangement  of  a direct-flame incineration
 system that could fulfill the  requirements of a typical wire
 enameling  plant, a  system was developed for a battery  of
 enameling  towers which is  highly efficient and  includes  a
 waste  heat recovery feature to make it more economical.

 08604
 Fiala,  Ernst, and Zeschmann, Emst-Georg
 IRKSOMENESS OF EXHAUST GAS ODOR.  ((Lastigkeit von
 Abgasgeruch.)  Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.)  Z.
 (Duesseldorf), 109(24):! 139-1141, Aug. 1967. 5 refs.
 The fresh air  dilution  of automotive exhaust gases at which
 the odor was just detected by 10 subjects was used to measure
 the odor intensity. The  engine was operated at various condi-
 tions and  with air added directly toward exhaust  valve. The
 subjects first  breated fresh air, to which untreated  exhaust
 was added until the odor was detected. The amounts of carbon
 monoxide and hydrocarbons were measured at this point,  for
 each of the different operating conditions. The same procedure
 was repeated with the addition of air toward the exhust valve.
 Graphically presented  data  show that while the emission  of
 CO and hydrocarbons  considerably diminished with the addi-
 tion of air, the odor intensity of the gas increased significantly.
08663
Starkman, Ernest S.
CHEMICAL POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORTATION VEHI-
CLES. Preprint, California Univ., Berkeley, Coll. of Engineer-
ing, 16p., 1967. (Presented at the 134th Annual Meeting, Amer-
ican Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Interdisciplinary
Symposia on Man and Transportation, New York, N. Y., Dec.
30, 1967.)
       The gasoline engine will probably be the principal power plant
       for passenger cars for at least the next decade. Chemical pol-
       lutants discharged by the gasoline engine are now under partial
       control. Carbon monoxide and unbumed hydrocarbons  from
       1968 model cars are  approximately 30 percent of that  from
       prior production. Further demonstrated reductions can reduce
       this number to  less than 10 percent in a decade. Additionally,
       in ten  years, oxides of nitrogen can be reduced to about 20
       percent of existing levels. Theory shows that carbon monox-
       ide, unbumed hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen ultimately
       can be completely removed from gasoline engine exhaust.
       Present designs of gas turbines for aircraft and for future pro-
       jected  application to  ground vehicles yield pollutant (except
       for smoke) at levels  below that  of the gasoline engine of a
       decade  hence.  It has also been shown  possible to eliminate
       smoke as well as odor from the gas turbine. Thus with proper
       effort,  it is feasible to effectively reduce pollution of the at-
       mosphere due to transportation to an acceptable level, even if
       electrically  or  alternatively powered  vehicles  cannot  be
       developed for a decade. (Authors summary, modified)

       08946
       Mellor, Joseph F., Jr.
       A MULTIPURPOSE  FLARE  STACK  FOR CONTROL OF
       CHEMICAL PROCESS WASTES. J. Air Pollution Control As-
       soc., 10(6):465-467, Dec. 1960. 4 refs. (Presented at the 53rd
       Annual  Meeting Air Pollution  Control  Assoc., Cincinnati,
       Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
       A flare  stack was constructed to  dispose of hydrogen sulfide
       gas in lieu of scrubbing or recovery. Investigation was made to
       determine the feasibility of using this flare stack to incinerate
       the volatiles entrained by the vacuum system. Discharge of the
       odorous vapors  at ground level was discontinued and an im-
       proved olfactory effect was immediately apparent. By divert-
       ing contaminated process waters  into a collection  tank  they
       can be pumped into the hot well at a slow rate and, given suf-
       ficient  residence time, the volatiles can be  flashed  off and
       vented to; the flare. The  burning flame was relatively smoke-
       less. The cost of propane used on the flare  was 3.22 dollars
       per day. The system described has been successfully applied
       to five 500-gal glass lined Pfaudler reactors.

       09407
       Robinette, Gary
       PLANTS AS AIR CONDITIONERS.  Horticulture, 46(3):26-29,
       March 1968.
       Plants are known to emit oxygen, consume carbon dioxide, as
       well as  'eat' dust. They  remove air-borne  impurities by  dilu-
       tion, precipitation or  filtration, narcosis, air washing, oxida-
       tion, and reodorization or masking. Thus, plants can be  con-
       sidered among the most effective air conditioners in existence.
       The author mentions potentials utilization of these properties,
       for example, planting a half-mile greenbelt on either side of
       highways or planting fragrant plants near sources of disagreea-
       ble odors.

       09508
       Harding, C. I.
       SOURCE REDUCTION IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY.  Proc.
       Fifth Ann. Vanderbilt Unit Sanitary and Water Resources En-
       gineering Conf., p. 192-204, June 2-3,1966. 6 refs.
       It is possible at this time to drastically reduce the normal
       odorous emissions from kraft mills. Few mills, if any, have ut-
       lized all of the possible control steps, many of which are
       discussed. Most new mills are being designed with reduction

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      61
 of atmospheric emissions as a primary aim. Recent and current
 research efforts are pointing the way to better control of mill
 emissions by reducing the quantity of pollutants formed during
 the  pulping  and  recovery processes. (Author's  summary,
 modified)

 09608
 Stahman, Ralph C, and George D. Kittredge, and Karl J.
 Springer
 SMOKE AND  ODOR CONTROL FOR DIESEL-POWERED
 TRUCKS AND BUSES. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cin-
 cinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control and
 Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, Tex., Dept. of Au-
 tomotive  Research,  85p., 1968.  3  refs.  (Presented at the
 Society of Automotive Engineers Mid-Year Meeting, Detroit,
 Mich., May 1968.)
 A test facility  was developed in which full-scale trucks and
 buses  were  operated  on a  chassis  dynamometer through
 operating modes that  yielded maximum exhaust smoke and
 odor. A  system of exhaust dilution was employed to provide
 realistic  odor concentrations  to a panel of judges who rated
 the intensity  and quality of the exhaust in terms of a set of
 chemical standards. Smoke levels were measured with  PHS-
 designed full-flow optical smokemeter.  After an initial baseline
 evaluation of groups  of buses and trucks with  standard en-
 gines,  various control  techniques  including manifold  fumiga-
 tion, exhaust dilution, engine derating, Jacobs engine brake,
 smoke suppressant fuel additive,  catalytic mufflers, and two-
 cycle versus  four-cycle engines were  evaluated to  determine
 their effectiveness in reducing smoke and/or odor.  Chemical
 analyses of the exhaust were made for the purpose of correlt-
 ing the smoke  and odor reductions  with changes in exhaust
 compositon.  Extended mileage tests  in commercial  fleet ser-
 vice were initiated on  those control  techniques that appeared
 most promising. (Authors' abstract, modified)

 09655
 Major, William D.
 VARIATIONS IN PULPING PRACTICES WHICH MAY EF-
 FECT EMISSIONS. In: Proceedings  of the International Con-
 ference  on  Atmospheric Emissions from  Sulfate  Pulping,
 Sanibel Island,  Fla.,  April 28, 1966.  E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
 Sponsored by:  Public  Health Service, National Council for
 Stream  Improvement,  and  University of  Florida.  DeLand,
 Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 265-281. 8 refs.
 Emissions from a kraft mill can be divided into two categories,
 gaseous and  paniculate. Malodorous  emissions are subject to
 far less control  and precision of analysis than paniculate emis-
 sions. The magnitude of loss is  more sensitive  to  operating
 variables, the chemistry is more complicated  and  the sources
 are more numerous. This discussion is concerned with the ef-
fect of operating variables on gaseous  sulfur losses.  Evidence
is given which  indicates that the  wood species has a definite
effect on the odor produced during kraft pulping.  Cooking
variables include: sulfidity of  the white liquor, cooking time
and cooking  temperature.  More recent cooking variables are:
continuous vs.  batch  digestion, and  the use  of  black liquor
dilution in the digester as a means of  controlling the liquor -to-
wood ratio. Multiple-effect evaporators are the second largest
source of  gaseous  sulfur  losses in  the process. The high
vacuums set  up by condensers result in the  release of low
vapor pressure sulfur compounds.  Operating variables in direct
contact evaporation are: black liquor pH, sodium sulfide con-
centration, and per cent CO2 in the flue gas. Dust losses from
the recovery furnace  are controlled  with either a  venturi
 scrubber or an  electrostatic precipitator. Operating variables
which influence the efficiencies of these two units  are over-
loading, and the temperature of the flue gas. The key to the
effect of operating variables on emissions from a kraft pulp
mill is to recognize the degree to which the various steps in
the kraft  process  are  interrelated, especially in the case of
gaseous sulfur losses.

09656
Lindberg, Siguard
REDUCTION OF AIR  AND WATER POLLUTANTS AT THE
SKOGHALL MILLS.   In:  Proceedings  of the  International
Conference on Atmospher- ic Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by:  Pub- lie Health Service, National Council for
Stream Improvement,  and  University  of Florida.  DeLand,
Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 335-346.
Over the years several measures have been taken to destroy or
to reduce  air and water pollutants from the sulfate mill in
Skoghall,  Sweden. To identify the emission points, the actual
departments at the sulfate  mill are described.  The primary
sources of odor at the  mill,  and measures taken to dispose of
them are shown in a table. A detailed discussion, with the aid
of illustrations, describes fully the measures taken to control
the odors at each  point. It is concluded that the measures to
improve the factory surroundings with regard to malodorous
pollutants had the intended result, and at a reasonable cost.

09661
Lindberg, Sigvard
COMBUSTION  OF MALODOROUS  GASES   FROM  AL-
KALINE PULP COOKING. In: Proceedings of the Interna-
tional  Conference on  Atmospheric Emissions  from Sulfate
Pulping, Sanibel  Island, Fla., April 28, 1966.  E.  R.  Hen-
drickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health Service, National
Council for Stream Improvement, and  University of Florida.
DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 370-372.
This paper describes an invention to get rid of malodorous air
and water pollutants by combustion of gases from the cooking
in a continuous digester of alkaline pulp, especially sulfate
pulp. The aim of this invention is to destroy both air and water
pollutants in one single  operation. The application to continu-
ous cooking is demonstrated with a flow diagram.

09729
STABILIZED CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR ODOR CONTROL.
Public works, 99 (4):166, April  1968.
When a blower in the  wastewater treatment plant in Phillip-
sburg, New Jersey, failed during the summer, the superinten-
dent arranged for addition of stabilized aqueous chlorine diox-
ide. This com-  mercially available product was  added to the
aeration tank effluent by a simple petcock arrangement on the
drum, and a drip feed.  Odors began to diminish rapidly and
were under control by  the next day. Addition of the chlorine
dioxide continued for the next 41 days at the rate of 1.3 mg./l-
This product can be activated by the reduction of pH, by the
presence of free residual chlorine in the water, or by the addi-
tion of small amounts of sodium hypochlorite.

09733
 Shah, I. S. and Louis Mason
NEW  TWO-STAGE EVAPORATOR-SCRUBBER   SYSTEM
FOR EFFICIENT RECOVERY OF HEAT, FUME, AND DUST
FROM RECOVERY BOILERS.  TAPPI, 5
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 62
ODORS
 In  recent years, Federal,  State, and local authorities have
 enacted laws and regulations to reduce the quantities  of air
 pol- lutants. This has created a necessity for the  pulp and
 paper in- dustry to  improve  overall  collection  and  odor
 removal efficiencies. Presently  available equipment, because
 of  some inherent design problems  is not able to meet these
 new requirements. This has led to the development  of a two-
 stage evaporator-scrubber system, which offers almost all the
 advantages and eliminates most of the dis- avantages of exist-
 ing  systems.  Secondary   scrubbing  systems  have   been
 developed to enable Ipulp mills to improve the overall dust
 collection  and  odor removal efficiencies  of  their existing
 systems. This paper  describes in detail the history of develop-
 ment and operating  characteristics  of the two-stage evapora-
 tor-scrubber sys- tern and of the secondary scrubbing systems.
 A new improved S-F  type venturi scrubber, as applied suc-
 cessfully  in the  pulp and  paper industry, is also described.
 (Authors' abstract)

 09784
 Danielson, John A. (comp. and ed.)
 AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING MANUAL. (AIR POLLU-
 TION CONTROL DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES.)
 Public Health Service, Cincinnati, National Center for Air Pollu-
 tion Control,  PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, 999-AP-40, 892p.,  1967.
 ((314)) rets. GPO: 806-614-30
 The control of air pollution at individual sources peculiar to
 the Los Angeles  area is considered. The practical engineering
 problems of design and operation for many sources of air pol-
 lution  are emphasized. There are  11 chapters, each by dif-
 ferent authors, and 4 appendixes. The chapter titles are: (1) In-
 troduction;  (2) Contaminants;  (3) Design  of Local Exhaust
 Systems;  (4) Air Pollution  Control  Equipment for Particulate
 Matter; (5)  Control Equipment for  Gases and Vapors;  (6)
 Metallurgical Equipment; (7) Control Equipment; (8)  Incinera-
 tion; (9) Combustion Equipment; (10) Petroleum Equipment;
 and (11)  Chemical  Processing  Equipment. The introduction
 discusses the Los Angeles Basin, rules and regulations in Los
 Angeles County, and the use of the manual. The appendixes'
 titles  are:  (A)  Rules  and  Regulations;  (B)  Odor-Testing
 Techniques;  (C)  Hypothetical Available Heats  from Natural
 Gas; and (D) Miscellaneous Data.

 09791
 Dey, Howard F.
 AFTERBURNERS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air
 Pollution Control District,  County of Los Angeles.) John A.
 Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
 Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-
 AP-40, p. 171-187, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
 Specifications and design parameters, the operation, applica-
 tions, and efficiency of direct-fired and catalytic afterburners
 are discussed. Examples showing calculations of some factors
 considered in the design of a direct-fired afterburner to be in-
 stalled in a meat smokehouse and a catalytic afterburner to be
installed to eliminate odor from a direct-fired process oven are
illustrated. Results of stack emissions from several direct-fired
and catalytic afterburners are also outlined. The process equip-
ment  and  the afterburner used  in  each  case are briefly
described. A survey of  installation cost of direct-fired and
catalytic afterburners reveals a general range from 5 to 10 dol-
lars per scfm contaminated gas.
       09794
       Walsh, Robert R. and Robert C. Murray
       VAPOR  CONDENSERS.   In:  Air  Pollution  Engineering
       Manual.  (Air Pollution  Control District, County  of Los An-
       geles.) John A. Danielson (comp.  and ed.), Public Health Ser-
       vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
       trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, . 201-210, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
       In specific instances, control of vapor-type discharges can best
       be accomplished by condensation. Other applications require a
       condenser to be an integral part of other air pollution control
       equipment. In these cases, a condenser reduces the load on a
       more expensive control device or removes vapor components
       that may affect the operation or cause corrosion of the main
       control element. Probably their most common application is as
       auxiliary to afterburners, absorbers, baghouses, and other con-
       trol devices. Air Pollution Control condensers operate through
       removal  of heat from the vapor. Condensers differ principally
       in the means of  cooling. In surface condensers, the coolant
       does not contact the vapor or condensate. In contact conden-
       sers,  coolant, vapor, and condensate are  intimately mixed.
       Several types of condensers and several combinations of con-
       densers with other types of control devices are illustrated. An
       example  calculating the  quantity of cooling water required for
       a contact condenser used to condense malodorous vapors from
       a dry rendering cooker is illustrated. The  design of a con-
       denser for condensation of vapor in the presence of a noncon-
       densable gas is discussed with the aid of several mathematical
       equations. Eighteen pertinent facts that will assist in handling
       condenser problems, and processes or equipment whose con-
       densers have been used successfully  either separately or with
       additional control equipment are listed.

       09813
       Vincent,  Edwin J. and John L. McGinnity
       DRIER, In:  Air Pollution Engineering Manual (Air Pol- hition
       Control District, County of  Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson
       (comp. and ed.), Public  Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
       tional Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub- 999-AP-40, p.
       367-372,  1967. GPO: 806-614-30
       Some general characteristics of driers and some details of the
       rotary, flash, and spray driers are considered. Air Pollution
       problems, hooding and  ventilation requirements,  and control
       equipment are included.  Air contaminants that may be emitted
       from driers are dust, vapors, smoke,  and odor. Dust can be a
       problem in any drier in which the material is agitated or stirred
       during the drying process. Drier types that can be prolific dust
       producers are direct-fired rotary driers, flash driers and spray
       driers. Types that produce less dust are indirect-fired rotary
       driers, pan driers, any cylinder driers. Other types that may
       emit no dust include tray driers, sheeting driers, and driers of
       products  such as  lumber, bricks,  ceramic ware and so forth.
       When an organic liquid  is to be removed from a material, the >
       emissions may include  vapor, mist, odor,  and smoke. In
       gereral, three types of control are used on driers: dust collec-
       tors, condensers, and afterburners. All types of dust collectors
       are used, depending upon the amount and particle size of the
       dust emitted. The types of dust collectors most commonly
       used on  driers  are cyclones, scrubbers, and baghouses.  Con-
       densers are used when a material wet with an organic solvent
       is dried. Vacuum driers are well suited to recov- ery of solvent
       vapors. Afterburners are used to  control smoke, combustible
       paniculate matter, vapors, and odors.

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                       63
 09815
 D'Imperio, Joseph
 RUBBER-COMPOUNDING EQUIPMENT.  In: Air Pollution
 Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
 Los  Angeles.) John  A. Danielson  (comp. and ed.),  Public
 Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
 lution Control, PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 375-378,  1967. GPO:
 806-614-30
 The two  most commonly  employed pieces of equipment for
 blending  rubber  and additives are rubbermills and Banbury
 mixes. Types of additives that are compounded into the rubber
 may be classified as vulcanizing agents, vulcanizing accelera-
 tors,  accelerator  activators, retorders, antioxidants, pigments
 plasticizes and softeners, and fillers. Examples of each  type
 additive are listed. Sources of air  pollution from the mills are
 (1) finely ground dust introduced  as  additives,  (2)  fumes
 generated by mechanical working of the  batch by the mill rol-
 lers,  (3) oil mist  from liquid additives, and (4) odor. A major
 source of air pollution from rubber mills  occurs when the fine-
 ly divided dust are introduced into the batch. Introduction of
 ingredients into a Banbury mixer is effected through the  feed
 hopper. It is at this point, during charging, that air contami-
 nants may center the  atmosphere. Emissions are similar to
 those from the mills. Generally, rubber mills are provided  with
 hoods. Sufficient volume should be exhausted to give an in-
 draft velocity of  100 fpm through the open face of the enclo-
 sure.  The minimum required exhaust volume for Banbury  mix-
 ers is equal to 200 cfm per square foot of mixer charg- ing
 opening. Exhaust provisions supplied with two Banbury  mix-
 ers are shown schematically. In  general emissions are  in a
 finely divided  form and smaller  than  15 micron. The most
 common  control device employed is the baghouse.  A  well
 designed baghouse can be operated with  98 to 99 per cent  effi-
 ciency. In some cases scrub- also proved satisfactory and ad-
 vantageous in scrubbing out some  oil bing out some oil vapors
 and oil mist that may be present in some

 09819
 Chatfield, Harry E.
 PIPE-COATING  EQUIPMENT.  In: Air  Pollution Engineering
 Manual.  (Air Pollution Control  District, Coutny of Los  An-
 eles.) John A. Danielson ncomp. and ed.). Public Health  Ser-
 vice,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
 trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 390-393, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
 Asphalt and coal  for enamel is applied to pipes on order to ex-
 clude corrosive elements from contacting the metals. The three
 usual methods of applying asphalt or coal coatings are dipping,
 wrapping  and  spinning. Each application method is described.
 The  largest source of air  pollution from asphalt or coal tar
 operations is the  dense white emissions  caused by vaporation
 and  subsequent condensation of  volatile components in the
 enamel. This cloud is composed of minute oil droplet. These
 emissions are objectionable on three counts that include opaci-
 ty, odor, and toxicity—those from  coal tar being the more ob-
jectionable. Because of the nature of all three of the methods
 used to  apply asphalt and coal tar enamels to pipe, collection
 of the contaminants is difficult. One solution is to install a sta-
 tionary hood at the end of the pipe where the lance is inserted.
A portable fan or blower is used at the other end to blow air
 through the pipe, conveying the emissions to the hood at the
 other end. Another solution of the fume collection problem is
 to house all the equipment and vent the building to the air  pol-
lution control system selected. This method may not be neces-
 sary for an isolated spinner or wrapper, but a dipping process
 or a  process  using several coating  operations,  it is more
 satisfactory  than using local exhaust systems. Three basic
types of devices can be considered for control of the emis-
sions from asphalt  and coal tar application.  These are (1)
scrubbers, (2) incinerators (afterburner),  and  (3)  electrical
precipitators.   Water   scrubbers   have  been  used  most
frequently.  Incineration is  the most  positive method  of
complete control, but economic factors practically eliminate its
application. The high initial cost of electrical precipitators as
compared with that of scrubber systems, has also made them
unattractive.

09827
Talens, Paul G.
PATHOLOGICAL-WASTE INCINERATORS.   In: Air Pollu-
tion Engineering  Manual.  (Air Pollution  Control  District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp.  and ed.),
Public Health Service,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution  Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 460-471, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
Multiple-chamber incinerator design considerations for burning
pathological-waste are discussed. Crematory furnaces are also
discussed since they have design standards similar to those of
pathological-waste  incinerators.  The  cremation  of  human
remains differs  from other pathological incineration only in
that the body is usually contained in a wooden casket. The
casket  must  be  considered  when  designing these units.
Pathological-waste incinerators can produce  emissions of fly
ash, smoke, gases, and  odors that would be highly objectiona-
ble.  The  prevention of air contaminant emissions  by good
equipment design is the best air pollution control procedure to
follow.  As with other incinerator design calculations, those for
pathological-waste incinerators  also  fall into three general
categories: (1) Combustion calculations, (2) flow calculations
and  (3) dimensional calculation. The  factors to be used in
these calculations for pathological incinerator design are listed.
Typical calculations involved in the  design of an incinerator to
dispose of 100 pounds of dog bodies per hour are illustrated.

09830
Netzley, Arthur B.
WIRE  RECLAMATION.   In:  Air  Pollution  Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution  Control  District, County  of  Los An-
geles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 495-503, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Scrap copper wire, with a diameter in the range 14 gage to one
inch, which has combustible insulation is reclaimed by burning
off the insulation in an incinerator. A great variety of materials
composes the combustible  insulation: Rubber,  paper, cotton,
silk, and plastics such as polyethylene and polyvinyl  chloride.
Moreover, the wire itself  may have a  baked-on coating of
plastics, paint, or varnish.  As received for burning,  the total
combustible content of the insulated wire may vary widely
from several percent to  over 50 percent by weight Most com-
mercial wire contains from 20 to 35 percent insulation. Burning
in the open is accompanied by copious quantities of dense
smoke,  disagreeable  odors,  inorganic  materials,  and   ox-
ygenated hydrocarbons.  Burning in single-chamber incinerators
produces somewhat less smoke, odors, and other air  contami-
nants than open burning does,  since combustion air can be
regulated.  The only practical industrial equipment available
today for controlling emissions from single-chamber insulation-
burning incinerators is an afterburner or secondary combustion
chamber. The composition of stack gases from equipment with
and without afterburners is presented. Design methods, materi-
als of construction,  and operating  procedures are discussed
and illustrated.

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 64
ODORS
 09836
 Murray, Robert C.
 STORAGE VESSELS.  In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
 (Air Pollution Control District,  County of Los Ageles.) John
 A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
 nati,  Ohio,  National Center for Air Pollution Control,  PHS-
 Pub-999-AP-40, p. 606-629, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
 Various types  of  storage vessels  for  liquid and gaseous
 petroleum products are described and discussed in light  of
 vapor emission problems (evaporation and breathing), pressure
 (advantages  and tank design limitations), solar heating, and
 design of vessels and vapor seals. The types of vessels con-
 sidered are:  pressure;  fixed, floating, and  vapor seal  roof;
 open top; reservoirs, pits, and ponds; and floating microsphere
 foam roof tanks. Specific emissions are vapors, mists, and
 odors. These are due to evaporation from  wet vessel  walls
 during draining operations, entrainment of material by winds,
 evaporation from the bulk caused by solar heating, and tank
 breathing due  to diurnal  temperature changes. Quantitative
 methods for determining the extent of these  emissions are
 presented  and   illustrated.  Emission  control  devices  and
 methods included are vapor seals for floating-roof vessels,
 vent  scrubbers,  floating  plastic  blankets,   vapor  recovery
 systems,  vapor  conservation vessels,  and vapor balance
 systems where various tank vents are connected. Graphs  of in-
 stalled  cost  for various  types  and sizes  of vessels are
 presented.

 09839
 Kinsey, Robert H.
 OIL-WATER EFFLUENT SYSTEMS.Q In:  Air Pollution Con-
 trol Dis- trict, County of Los  Angeles.) John A. Danielson
 (comp.  and ed.),  Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
 tional Cen- ter for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40,
 p. 652j6j2J367./iJGPO: 8063614-30
 Oil-water effluent systems found  in the petroleum industry
 collect and separate wastes recover valuable oils, and remove
 undesirable  contaminants before  discharge  of  the  water  to
 ocean, rivers, or channels. The  type of liquid wastes may be
 classified as  waste  water with: Oil present as free oil, emul-
 sified oil, or  as oil coating on suspended matter;  and chemicals
 include acids, alkalies,  phenols, sulfur compounds,  clay, and
 others.  The oil-water separator design must provide for effi-
 cient inlet construction, sediment collection mechanisms, and
 oil skimmers. Clarification of final-effluent  water streams  is
 accomplished by filtration, chemical flocculation, and biologi-
 cal treatment. The most  objectionable contaminants emitted
 from liquid  waste  streams  are  hydrocarbons, sulfur  com-
 pounds,  and  other  malodorous  materials.  The  method
 presented may be used to estimate the hydrocarbon  loss from
 oil-water separators. The  most effective means of control  of
 hydrocarbon emissions from oil-water separators has been the
 covering of forebays or primary separator sections with fixed
 roofs or floating roofs. Isolation of certain odor-and  chemical-
 bearing liquid  wastes at their  source for treatment before
 discharge of the water to the refinery waste-water gathering
 system  is an effective  and economical means  of minimizing
 odor  and chemicals problems.  Principal  streams  that are
 treated  separately are  oil-in-water emulsions,  sulfur-bearing
 waters, acid sludge, and spent caustic wastes. Gravity-type oil-
 water separators are ineffective in breaking the  oil-in-water
 emulsions. Meth ods of separation include direct application  of
heat,  distillation, centrifuging, filtration, use of  an electric
field coagulating chemicals, air flotation systems, and biologi-
cal treatment. Sulfide  -and mercaptan bearing water may be
 steam stripped, or the sulfides may  be oxidized to form ac-
ceptable thiosulfates,  will  produce H.  S.   Acid  sludge  is
       dumped, burned, or processed to recover acid or to produce
       byproduct. Spent caustic wastes are generally dumped, or can
       be used in the neutralization of acid wastes.

       09840
       Kinsey, R. H.
       PUMPS.  In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution
       Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson
       (comp. and  ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
       tional Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p.
       659-665,  1967. GPO: 836-614-30
       Pumps are used in  every phase of the petroleum industry and
       are available in wide variety of models, sizes, capacities and
       materials used for  construction. All the common  machinable
       metals and  alloys,  as well as plastics, rubber, and ceramics,
       are used. Pumps may be classified under two general headings,
       positive  displacement  and  centrifugal. Positive-displacement
       pumps have as their principle of operation the displacement of
       the liquid from the pump case by  reciprocating action of a
       piston or diaphragm, or rotating action of a gear,  cam, vane,
       or screw. Centrifugal pumps operated by the principle of con-
       verting  velocity pressure generated by  centrifugal force to
       static pressure. Velocity is imparted to the fluid by an impeller
       that is rotated at high speeds. The fluid enters at the center of
       the impeller that is  rotated at high speeds. The fluid enters of
       the impeller and is discharged from its periphery. Power for
       driving the  various  types of pumps is usually derived from
       electric motors, internal combustion engines, or steam drives.
       Any  leak  in  the  pumping  equipment  causes emission  of
       hydrocarbon  vapors  and  malodorous   sulfur  compounds.
       Several  means  have been  devised for sealing  the annular
       clearance between  pump shafts  and fluid casings to retard
       leakage.  For  most  refinery applications,  packed  seals  and
       mechanical  seals  are  widely  used.  Typical  packed  seal
       generally consist of a stuffing box filled  with sealing material
       that encases the moving shaft. Lubrication of the contact sur-
       faces of the packing and shaft  is  effected by a  controlled
       amount of product  leakage to the  atmosphere. The second
       commonly used means of sealing is the mechanical seal. This
       type of seal can be  used only in pump that have a rotary shaft
       motion. A simple mechanical  seal consists of two rings with
       wearing surfaces at right angles to the shaft. One ring is  sta-
       tionary while  the other is attached  to the shaft and rotates
       with it. A spring and the action of fluid pressure keep the two
       faces in  contact. Lubrication of the  wearing faces is  effected
       by a thin film of the material being pumped. The wearing faces
       are precisely finished  to  ensure perfectly flat surfaces.  For
       cases not feasible to control with mechanical seals, specialized
       types of pumps, such as canned, diaphragm, or electromag-
       netic,  are  required. A  pressure-seal-type  application  can
       reduce packing gland leakage.  A liquid,  less volatile or gan-
       gerous than the product being pumped, is introduced between
       two sets of packing at a higher pressure than the product.
       Volatile vapors that leak past a main  seal may be vented to
       vapor recovery by using dual 09840  Kinsey, R. H.

       09842
       Murray, Robert C.
       COOLING TOWERS.   In: Air Pollution  Engineering  Manual.
       (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John
       A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),  Public Health Service, Cincin-
       nati, Ohio,  National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
       Pub-999-AP-40, p. 672-675, 1967. GPO: 806-614030
       Cooling towers are  major items of heat-transfer equipment in
       the petroleum and petrochemical industries. They are designed
       to cool,  by air, the water used to cool industrial processes.

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                       65
Cooling of the water by air involves evaporation of a portion
of the water into the air so that the remaining water is cooled
by  furnishing  heat for this evaporation process. This  cooled
water  is used, in turn,  in heat-exchange equipment to cool
other liquids and gases. The tower is packed with an open
checker work  of  wood  or metal. Hot water splashes down
over the packing into a pool at the bottom. Air, by either natu-
ral, forced, or induced draft, contacts the water counter cur-
rently. Performance of  the tower is at a maximum at water
rates of 2  to 3 gallons per minute per square foot of  ground
area. General  aspects of tower design are discussed. Cooling
towers  used   in  conjunction  with  equipment  processing
hydrocarbons and their derivatives are potential sources of air
pollution because  of possible contamination of water.  A sur-
vey of the oil refineries  operating in Los Angeles County in-
dicated hydrocarbon concentrations  of approximately 20 per-
cent in the cooling water of the cooling towers. Individually
the emissions varied from 4 to 1,500 pounds per cooling tower
per day. The amount of hydrocarbon present in the water de-
pends  upon the state of maintenance of the process equip-
ment, particularly the heat- exchange equipment, condensers,
and coolers through which the water is circulated. The control
of hydrocarbon discharges or of release of odoriferous com-
pounds at the  cooling tower is not practical. Instead, the con-
trol must  be at the point where the contaminant enters the
cooling water.  Hence, systems of detection of contamination
in water, proper  maintenance, speedy repair of leakage from
process equipment and piping,  and good housekeeping pro-
grams  in general are necessary  to minimize the air pollution
occurring at the cooling tower. Greater use  of fin-fan coolers
can  also  control the  emissions  indirectly  by  reducing  or
eliminating the volume  of cooling  water to be aerated in  a
cooling tower.

09849
Murray, Robert C. and Edwin J. Vincent
SOAPS AND SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS.  In: Air Pollution
Engineer- ing Manual. (Air Pollution Ontrol District, County of
Los  Angeles.)  John A.  Danielson  (comp.  and  ed.),  Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution  Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 716-720, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
Soaps consist principally of sodium or potassium salts of fatty
acids containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms.  The soaps are made
by reacting sodium or potassium hydroxide with fats  or  oils
(saponification). They can also be  prepared  by neutralizing
fatty acids  with sodium or potassium hydroxide or sodium car-
bonate. Raw materials  for soap production  include  tallow,
grease, and coconut oil. These are hydrolyzed to obtain fatty
acids and glycerol by three common methods: Twitchell, batch
autoclave,  and continuous high-pressure  processes. Manufac-
ture of soap is accomplished by the kettle  or full-boil batch
process, the Sharpies  continuous process,  or the semi-boil
process. Raw soap contains approximately 30 percent moisture
and must  be dried in hot-air driers, spray  driers,  or  steam-
heated  tubes.  The  surface-active  agents  most commonly
known as detergents are sulfated fatty alcohols, alkyl-aryl sul-
fonates, miscellaneous sulfates and sulfonates, cationic agents,
and nonionic agents. The principal air pollution problem in the
preparation of soap is odors. Blending, mixing, and packaging
the finished soap can cause local dust problems. The air pollu-
tion problems  encountered in preparing  the base stocks  are
similar to  those associated with a petroleum  refinery. Relief
valves,  storage vessels,  and pump  seals can allow  volatile
hydrocarbons to escape to the atmosphere. Odors can be most
successful! controlled by incineration. The  most economical
method of incineration consists of venting the noncondensable
effluent into the firebox  of  a continuously operating  boiler.
Absorption of odors in scrubbing liquids has been tried with
varying success.  Spray driers  are usually  controllable  by
scrubbers.  A high-efficiency scrubber, such  as a  venturi
scrubber, is required to ensure the collection of the very fine
particles.  For detergents  relief valves can be vented to a
smokeless flare. Atmospheric vents on condensers and accu-
mulators can be controlled by connecting the vent to a vapor
recovery system.

09852
Polglase, W. L., H. F. Dey, and Robert T. Walsh
FOOD-PROCESSING EQUIPMENT.   In:  Air  Pollution  En-
gineering Manual. (Air  Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.)  John A. Danielson (comp.  and  ed.),  Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution  Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 746-760,  1967. GPO:
806-614-30
Food processing  includes operations  such as slaughtering,
smoking,  cooking,  baking,  frying,   boiling,  dehydrating,
hydrogenating,  fermenting, distilling, curing, ripening, roast-
ing, broiling,  barbecuing,  canning, freezing,  enriching,  and
packaging. Some produce large volumes of air contaminants,
such as odors and particulates. Pollution problems and control
equipment are discussed for  the following  operations:  coffee
processing, food smoking, deep fat frying, livestock slaughter-
ing, and fats rendering.

09854
Walsh, Robert T. and Paul G. Talens
REDUCTION OF INEDIBLE ANIMAL MATTER.  In: Air Pol-
lution Eng-  ineering Manual.  (Air Pollution Control  District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control,  PHS-Pub-999-TP-40, p.  770-784, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
The  principal   products   of   reduction   processes  are
proteinaceous meals and tallow. Raw materials and process ex-
haust gases are highly malodorous and capable of eliciting
nuisance complaints in  surrounding  areas.  Rendering is  a
specific,  heated  reduction  process  wherein  fat-containing
materials are reduced to tallow and proteinaceous  meal. Blood
drying, feather cooking, and grease reclaiming are other reduc-
tion operations usually performed as companion processes in
rendering plants. The most widely used reduction process is
dry rendering, wherein materials containing tallow are heated
indirectly, usually  in a  stream-jacketed vessel.  In  the  wet
process, animal matter is  cooked in a closed vessel with live
steam. When animal matter is subjected to heat, the cell struc-
ture breaks down liberating volatile gases and vapors. Further
heating causes some chemical decomposition, and the resultant
products are often highly  odorous. Emission control methods
include condensation of vapors, flame incineration  of non-
condensable odors, and adsorption of odorous  exhaust gases
on charcoal.

09857
D'Imperio, Joseph
OIL AND SOLVENT RE-REFINING.  In:  Air Pollution  En-
gineering Manual.  (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A.  Danielson  (comp. and ed.),  Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control,  PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 799-801,  1967. GPO:
806-614-30

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 66
ODORS
 Used lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and solvents are purified to
 produce usable products by re-refining techniques. Because
 the profit margin is small there is very little effort or money
 spent  on pollution  control in  re-refining plants.  Odors and
 hydrocarbon vapors are frequently released without control. A
 simple control technique is to enclose all emission sources and
 incinerate the exhaust gasses in boiler fireboxes.

 09922
 Bumhouse, W. A.
 HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND MERCAPTANS AS AIR POLLU-
 TANTS. American Petroleum Institute, Detroit, Mich., Com-
 mittee for Air and  Water Conservation, ((16))p., 1966. 8 refs.
 (Presented at the American Petroleum Institute, American In-
 stitute  of  Chemical Engineers National  Meeting, Detroit,
 Mich., Dec. 8, 1966.)
 The emissions of  hydrogen  sulfide and  mercaptans  from
 petroleum  operations and  methods  for control are given a
 general discussion. The specific sources of both compounds in
 refining operations  are discussed. The control processes used
 for  hydrogen  sulfide  include; scrubbing  processes,  heat
 regenerative methods, and absorption with various solutions.
 Several of  these methods currently being used are discussed.
 There  are  many processes for removing  mercaptans from
 petroleum products  for which a very brief discussion is given.
 The recovery of sulfur as a control process  is described. The
 cost of sulfur control to the petroleum industry is discussed.

 09933
 Arhippainen, Bengt, and E. Norman Westerberg
 KRAFT  ODOR   CONTROL—ITS  EFFECT  ON  MILL
 OPERATING PARAMETERS AND COSTS.  Pulp Paper Mag.
 Can. (Gardenvale), 69(8):65-70, April 19,  1968. 9 refs.
 Existing knowledge on kraft odor control is reviewed from a
 Scandinavian point of view. The ways a kraft odor control
 system  may affect  the mill environment and mill processing
 are briefly  discussed. Little is known about the effect of the
 odor  upon  people, their  psychology,  and their attitudes.
 Furthermore, the performance  of  the recovery unit and the
 liquor oxidation system,  if direct contact (DC) evaporation is
 used, are critical to the manintenance of low odor levels most
 of the  time. The recovery boiler system with no DC evapora-
 tor,  commonly used in Scandinavia,  is discussed in some
 detail.  Operating costs for this system are compared with
 those for a  system with  a DC evaporator, both with  and
 without additional odor control equipment. For typical Finnish
 cost conditions, the  system without the DC  evaporator  is
 slightly favored. Thus, with respect to odor control and cost-
 ing, the recovery boiler system without DC evaporator may
 prove to be very competitive in many North American loca-
 tions.

 10005
 Turk, Amos
 MEASURING AND CONTROLLING ODORS.  Heating, Pip-
 ing, Air Condi- tioning, 40(1):207-210, Jan. 1968. 12 refs.
 Odor problems  arise when an affected group of people  com-
 plains about a smell and demands that it  be corrected. An odor
 can be  characterized by  its intensity, its quality,  its absolute
 threshold and its affective tone pleasant/unpleasant dimension.
 It is important to relate any program of sensory odor measure-
 ment  to  realistic  analytical  objectives.  Control may  be
 achieved by use of increased dispersal  (stack or ventilation),
 activated carbon system scrubbers, and masking or counteract-
ing agents.  The state of the a in these areas of measurement
and control is reviewed.
       10009
       Fife, James A.
       CONTROLLED   COMBUSTION  FOR   SOIJD  WASTES
       DISPOSAL.  Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning, 40(3): 140-147,
       March 1968.
       The basic design and operating characteristics of several types
       of  large batch and continuous  solid waste incinarators are
       discussed. Methods of paniculate and odor emission control
       are considered wit emphasis on the  effects of firing and han-
       dling  methods  on emission rate. Economics  of incinerator
       operation are presented. Water-wal steam producing incinara-
       tors are compared with refractory incinerators.

       10277
       Blosser, R. O. and H. B. H. Cooper, Jr.
       TRENDS  IN  ATMOSPHERIC   PARTICULATE  MATTER
       REDUCTION  IN   THE  KRAFT   INDUSTRY.     TAPPI,
       51(5):73A-77A, May 1968. 6 refs.
       A survey of secondary  wet scrubbing practices showed that
       relatively  low-pressure-drop  devices  may  produce a 50-80%
       reduction  in paniculate emission from precipitator streams.
       The per cent reduction is somewhat less when these devices
       are  employed downsteam of venturi recovery units. Removal
       efficiency was  observed to be  independent of the type  of
       scrubber used at the paniculate concentrations in gas streams
       following  precipitators.  Final  effluent quality was  related
       directly to scrubber inlet paniculate concentration. Effective
       scrubbing has been shown to reduce paniculate fallout in the
       area adjacent to mills. Scrubbing may reduce paniculate emis-
       sions to the atmosphere, but may also reduce the height  of
       plume rise, hence dispersion is reduced and an odor problem
       may be  accentuated. The principal  benefits  of  secondary
       scrubbing have been upgrading of effluent  quality and the as-
       surance  of  an effluent of  reasonably  uniform  quality.
       (Authors' summary)

       10588 '
       Patczynski, R. and R. Gtowiak
       METHODS  OF  DEODORIZATION  OF  WASTE  GASES.
       ((Melody dezodoryzacji gazow odlotowych.)) Text in Polish.
       Gaz, Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warzaw),  42(5):157-160, May 1968.
       27 refs.
       Known methods for deodorizing waste gases  are  reviewed:
       deodorization by adsorption, absorption, oxidation, chemical
       means, and by treatment with substances which either mask or
       counteract odors. Technologically, the problem of removing
       odors differs from basic industrial adsorption processes in that
       no recovery of the adsorbed substances is intended since their
       concentration in ambient air is too small. Activated charcoal is
       the  most commonly  used  adsorbent, with  coconut  shells
       furnishing the best quality of charcoal. Most noxious vapors
       are  compounds with heavy specific gravity so that they are
       easily adsorbed by thin charcoal layers. The relative adsorp-
       tions of  coconut charcoal for  26 odors are tabulated.  Some
       other deodorants used are molecular  sieves  made from sodium
       or calcium aluminosilicon and zirconium sulfate, silica gel im-
       pregnated with a solution of (CH3COO) 2 Pb, CH3COOH and
       BAC12 or ozone ethanolamine.  Deodorization absorption is
       often used in scrubbers.

       10994
       Owens, V. P.
       TRENDS  IN ODOR  ABATEMENT FROM KRAFT  MILL
       RECOVERY UNITS.  Paper Trade J., 152(33):52-54, Aug. 12
       1968.                                                    '

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      67
The chemical recovery process used in the alkaline pulping in-
dustry produces two types  of pollutants - paniculate  matter
and malodorous compounds. Wet scrubbing of the paniculate
matter emitted  from the lime kiln stack and collection of par-
ticulate matter  from the recovery unit stack by electrostatic
precipitators in better than 99% collection efficiency. The con-
trol of the malodorous compounds has been more  difficult.
Recovery  units  designed   without  flue  gas  direct-contact
evaporation of  black liquor are  now  available,  and  when
properly  operated will efficiently complete combustion so that
the quantities of sulfur compounds delivered to the stack will
be below the minimum detectable limits at ground level. Mills
having recovery units with flue gas direct-contact evaporators
and efficient oxidation systems have  reduced odors  as much
as 98% as  compared with the same unit burning nonoxidized
liquors.

11008
Shah, I. S.
AIR POLLUTION.  PULP PLANT POLLUTION CONTROL.
Chem. Eng. Progr. 64{9):66-77, Sept. 1968.
In  Kraft process,  chemicals in  the  form of  solids,  mists,
odorous  and nonodorous gases are being emitted to the at-
mosphere. The  source of emission, the theoretical explanation
for the emissions, and the  various processes and equipment
used to reduce the  chemical and  heat losses are discussed in
detail.

11009
Shah, I. S. and  Wayne D. Stephenson
WEAK   BLACK   LIQUOR OXIDATION   SYSTEM:  ITS
OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE.  TAPPI, 51(9):87A-94A,
Sept. 1968.
After a  thorough analysis  of the advantages  of weak and
strong  black liquor  oxidation and  after an evaluation of weak
black liquor oxidation in a pilot plant (capable of handling 100
gal/min of  liquor equivalent to 50 tons/day of pulp produc-
tion), a full-scale weal black liquor oxidation system was in-
stalled. The system  is designed to handle 400 gal/min of weak
black liquor at 16-17* solids concentration and 4.0-6.0  g/liter of
sodium sulfide content. The  wood furnish is a mixture of pine
and  hardwood, with pine content varying to a maximum of
60%. The commercial system has successfully operated since
startup and provides essentially  100%  oxidation  efficiency,
even with variations in liquor flow and sodium sulfide content
from 300 to 475 gal/min and 2.3 to 6.6 g/liter, respectively. The
total operating power, including fan, pump, and foam  breakers
is  less than 100 hp.  The extensive and stable foam that is
formed during oxidation is  efficiently handled and causes no
operating problems.  As a result of the  oxidation of weak black
liquor, the  sulfidities of green  and white liquors  are  raised
from 18.2 to 27.1%  and 22.6 to 27.9%, respectively. The total
lime requirement is  reduced by 0.085 Ib of lime per gal/min of
green liquor, a  15.4% reduction. The amount of hydrogen sul-
fide leaving the recovery furnace stack is reduced by 98.5%.
The biochemical oxygen  demand of  the  multiple  effect
evaporator  condensate is reduced by  27% and the pH raised
from 6.5  to 9.0, thus making the 175 gal/min of the evaporator
condensate suirable for reuse in the pulp mill. Overall, a sig-
nificant reduction in odor and chemical loss is achieved, as a
direct  result of  the weak black liquor oxidation  system.
(Authors' abstract)
11059
U. Franzky
COUNTERING  UNPLEASANT  ODORS  CAUSED  BY OR-
GANIC OMPOUNDS. Staub (English translation). 28(3):33^2,
March, 1968. 13 refs. CFSTI: TT 68-50448/3
Methods for the removal of highly odorous  exhaust-air and
waste- air components become more and more important. As a
result of the high number of chemical processes and treatment
methods, a correct selection  of the purification  processes is
frequently very  difficult.  A  survey of  the most  popular
methods is, therefore, given and measure to  be  taken to im-
prove  conditions in a group of  small plants are pointrd out.
(Author's summary)

11136
Benforado, D.
INCINERATION HELPS CONTROL SOLVENT EMISSIONS.
Air Eng., 10(9):20-2, 25,  Sept. 1968.
The control of  solvent  emissions  has been under study for
many years in the Los Angeles County and San Fransisco Bay
areas.  To methods of incineration  which  have been found to
provide  satisfactory control  of solvent  emissions  are  the
direct-flame and catalytic type.  The characteristics of these
systems which affect design elements are discussed. With each
new installation, something more is learned about incineration.
It has been found that  a properly designed system offers  a
permanent solution to the air pollution control problem. Design
of afterburner systems  is discussed, and catalyst fouling is
considered. A panel odor testin method is briefly presented.

11137
Brewer, Gerald L.
FUME INCINERATION. Chem.  Eng., 75(22):160-165, Oct. 14,
1968.
Odors can be eliminated effectively by either catalytic or ther-
mal incineration in nearly all cases where combustible gases or
vapors are involved. Catalytic combustion is more economical,
whether or not heat is recovered, however, thermal  units are
necessary when  he  exhaust stream contains catalyst poisons.
Success in developing th most effective and low cost system
rests  in thorough consideration  of design parameters. While
there are guidelines to equipment design, it is  often necessary
to run laboratory tests to determine the degree of incineration
that will produce odor elimination for individual installation.

11153
F. W. Hochmuth
ODOR  CONTROL SYSTEM  FOR CHEMICAL RECOVERY
UNITS. Paper Trade J. 152 (40), 53-5 (Sept. 30, 1968).
The  problem  of odor  pollution as it  relates  to  chemical
recovery units operating on waste black liquor from  the kraft
process is discussed. Background information,  such as furnace
operation,  source of odor, and  direct-contact evaporation is
given.  Emphasis is placed on  a  new system, the air contact
evaporation system, which permits odor free operation  of
kraft recovery units. Data to support the new system, such as
performance comparisons, cost comparisons,  and test results
are  presented.  152(40):53-55,  Sept 30,  1968.  CONTROL
METHODS:  By-product recovery, Air contact  evaporation.
Odor counteraction, Chemical processes The problem of odor
pollution as it relates to chemical recovery units operating on
waste black liquor from the kraft process is dis

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 68
ODORS
 11158
 E. J. Malarkey and C. Rudosky
 HIGH EFFICIENCY KRAFT MILL PRECEPITATORS.  Paper
 Trade J. 152 (40), 57-8 (Sept. 30, 1968).
 A dry collection system for recovery boilers in kraft mills is
 compared  with  a dry-wet system. Although high efficiency
 electrostatic precipitators can minimize fall-out or snowing,
 the dry-wet system can virtually guarantee that it will not oc-
 cur.  Comparative  installation   and  operating   costs  are
 presented.

 11220
 Tessier, K.C. and H. E. Bachman
 FUEL ADDITIVES FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF DIESEL EX-
 HAUST  ODOR  AND SMOKE. PART H: FIELD TRIALS.
 Preprint, American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  New
 York,  5p., 1967. (Presented at  the  American  Society of
 Mechanical Engineers  Annual Meeting and Energy  Systems
 Exposition, New  York,  N.Y.,  Dec.  1-5,  1968,  Paper 68-
 WA/DGP-5.)
 A combination of odor mask and barium containing additive in
 diesel fuel  is effective in reducing smoke, odor and irritation
 from diesel exhaust. It has shown no injurious effects on fuel
 systems, exhaust systems or engines. Field testing of these ad-
 ditives in American diesel engines is discussed. The major im-
 plications of using barium additives in the fuel are discussed
 as well as possible mechanisms for their action. Of special in-
 terest is a description of the results of using  the Ricardo,  high
 speed cine  technique to visually study the combustion of addi-
 tive treated fuel. This  technique shows in a spectacular  way
 that smoke clearing occurs principally in the  combustion
 chamber. (Authors' abstract, modified)

 11234
 K. C. Tessier,  and H. E. Bachman
 FUEL ADDITIVES FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF DIESEL EX-
 HAUST  ODOR  AND   SMOKE.   PART  I:  PROPOSED
 MECHANISM FOR SMOKE SUPPRESSION. Preprint, Amer-
 ican Society of Mechanical Engineers,  New  York , 8p.,  1968.
 28 refs. (Presented at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting and
 Energy Systems Exposition, New York, N. Y., Dec. 1-5, 1968,
 Paper 68-WA/DGP-4.)
 A combination of odor mask and barium containing additive in
 diesel fuel  is effective in reducing smoke, odor and irritation
 from diesel exhaust. It has shown no injurious effects on fuel
 systems, exhaust systems or engines. This paper discusses the
 engine  evaluation  of these additives in American diesel en-
 gines. The  major implications of  using barium additives in the
 fuel are discussed  as well as possible mechanisms for their ac-
 tion. Of special interest is a description of the results of using
 the Ricardo, high  speed cine technique to visually study the
 combustion of additive treated fuel. This technique shows in a
 spectacular way that smoke clearing occurs  principally in the
 combustion chamber. (Authors' abstract, modified)

 11673
Jones, K. H., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
 CONTROL  OF  MALODORS FROM  KRAFT  RECOVERY
 OPERATIONS BY PYROLYSIS.  Preprint, Public Health  Ser-
 vice, Arlington,  Va., National Air Pollution  Control Adminis-
tration, 20p., June  1968. 15 refs.
The pyrolysis and recombination steps of combustion in kraft
mill processes  were isolated for study because they encompass
the reaction mechanisms responsible for producing malodorous
       compounds.  Steady-state  pyrolysis  of  concentrated  black
       liquor was carried out over a temperature range of 480 to 1135
       C to describe the process variables that would influence the
       design of a pyrolysis unit to minimize emissions of malodorous
       sulfur compounds from recovery operations. Several additional
       preliminary  experiments were conducted using soda pulping
       liquor as a substrate with various inorganic sulfur salts  added
       as the sole sulfur source for the purpose of describing produc-
       tion mechanisms for hydrogen sulfide as well as organic sulfur
       compounds. Results indicate the importance of temperature
       with respect to the relative  production of malodorous  sulfur
       compounds  during the pyrolysis and recombination steps of
       kraft black liquor combustion. The requirement for definitive
       temperature control makes isolation  of pyrolysis into  a  unit
       process attractive. The  thermal efficiency of such a system
       coupled with the elimination of two unit processes currently in
       use further enhances such a design. The steady state data ob-
       tained in this study have provided the design parameters for a
       scale prototype system now under construction. The isolation
       and quantitation of organic sulfur compounds other than those
       most commonly reported suggest that they may be responsible
       for environmental perception when viewed  in  the  relative
       framework represented by a simple odor model. The need for
       improved  sampling  and analysis  of draft  recovery  process
       streams is indicated. (Author conclusions modified)

       11843
       National Swedish Inst. for Building Research, Stockholm,
       Sweden
       BUILDING CLIMATOLOGY PART I: ODOR. RN-7/66, 64p.,
       April 1966. CFSTI: PB-179562
       To assist in investigating the  possibility of measuring  and
       evaluating odor, the following survey of the literature contains
       an  account of the research reported on odor perception  and
       odor analysis. The call for more precise measurements of odor
       is emphasised by its great influence on ventilation costs,  which
       often  amount to about one fifthof the total initial cost of  a
       building, and can answer for one half of operating costs. With
       a view  to investigating  the possibilities of formulating more
       precise  recommendations on ventilation psecifications and on
       the location of odor sources in communities, a survey of door
       literature of special interest for building research is presented.
       The first  heading 'Odor general' covers literature of interest
       for all aspects. Under the three following headings the  litera-
       ture is distributed  after the purpose of the investigation re-
       ported:  'Perception',  'Analysis' or 'Control'.  Abstracts  are
       given with most references.

       12133
       Korth, Merrill W.
       EVALUATION OF A CATALYTIC MUFFLER ON A DIESEL
       BUS.  Preprint, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,
       Cincinnati, Ohio, Engineering Research and Development Sec-
       tion, 19p., Sept. 1964. 1 ref.
       A catalytic muffler, was evaluated on a conventional  diesel
       city transit bus. Based on a limited study, this muffler was re-
       ported to  be effective in the removal of the typical diesel  and
       acrid types of odors associated with diesel engine exhaust. The
       tests were performed at three different times during the inter-
       val required for the bus to accumulate 20,000 miles in normal
       operation. The most significant effects of the catalytic muffler
       were on odor  intensity and  total hydrocarbon.  The typical
       diesel type of  odor was greatly removed even  after 20,000
       miles  of  operation. Exhaust total hydrocarbon  levels were
       lower with the catalytic muffler. An average  of the results
       from four power conditions indicated removal of approximate-

-------
                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       69
 ly 37% of the total hydrocarbon at the beginning of the test
 and 18% after 20,000 miles. Odor dilution ratio or smoke levels
 were not improved. (Author abstract modified)

 12346
 Pircon, L. J. and O. H. M. Wilder
 ODOR  CONTROL  BY   CATALYTIC   OXIDATION  OF
 RENDERED EXHAUST VAPORS.    Bull. Am.  Meat  Inst.
 Found., no. 37, 22p., April 1958. 2 refs.
 The feasibility and effectiveness of the catalytic  combustion
 technique in eliminating odors from the rendering of animal
 tissue was  studied. An electric heat  source was  used for con-
 venience, although a gas or oil burner  could also be used; the
 catalyst was of platinum-palladium. The apparatus and per-
 formance tests are described in detail.  The temperature of the
 vapor entering the catalyst  reached  700-800 F;  the maximum
 flow rate was 1210 Ib/hr/sq ft of transverse catalyst area for a
 normal packing depth of 3-3/4 in.,  although there was no indi-
 cation that higher  velocities could not  be handled  adequately.
 All offensive odors were eliminated from the cooker exhaust
 by passing through the  catalyst; this was true all through the
 cooking and rendering cycle and was accomplished  at a tem-
 perature considerably  below  the  incineration temperature
 necessary if a catalyst  had  not been used. Considerable cost
 savings are foreseen with the use of this method.

 12434
 Marn, W. L.
 A STUDY  OF METHODS  OF  GREASE REMOVAL  FROM
 COMMERCIAL KITCHEN  EXHAUST AIR.  American Gas
 Association, Inc., New York. Proj. 1A-12. RR-1323, 26p., Dec.
 1960. 10 refs.
 Methods of removing grease  and  odor from kitchen exhaust
 gases were investigated. Various basic designs  were developed
 and  evaluated for a grease  vapor incinerator.  Consideration
 was given to such  factors as gas consumption, grease removal
 efficiency,  size and application, and  materials of construction.
 Experiments were  conducted  to evaluate  the performance of
 commercially available  filters and  ventilators and  the  experi-
 mental designs of grease vapor incinerators built to determine
 the advantages and disadvantages of these methods of  remov-
 ing grease  from exhaust air.  The  filters used were standard
 low  velocity and  low  cost  velocity models, 20 inches by  2
 inches in size. There were five experimental models  of grease
 vapor incinerators. These consisted of two basic designs: cen-
 trifugal separation of particles,  and particle  impingement on
 hot  surfaces. Although conventional  grease  filters remove
 some grease from the kitchen exhaust air, they are limited.
They do not remove all the grease from the  air and must be
frequently cleaned. It is possible to remove grease vapor and
particles by impinging the vapor and particles on surfaces hot
 enough to incinerate the grease. The grease can be removed
 more completely by incineration than by the use of commer-
cially available filters, which was evidenced by  the compara-
tive efficiencies. Because it is necessary to heat  the baffles in
the incinerator to temperatures high enough to burn the grease
vapor, the grease vapor incinerator should be installed so that
only the grease laden air passes through it. Any excess air will
have a cooling effect on the baffles, reducing the  efficiency,
or they will require more heat to maintain the same efficiency.
(Author summary modified)
 12480
 Yamamoto, Tadashi, Shozo Matsuda, Toshihide Okuno,
 Hideki Tanaka, Masahiko Tsuji
 OFFENSIVE ODORS.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
 Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 53p.
 Sixteen short reports on various aspects of odor pollution in
 Japan are  presented. Analyses of amines and of odors from
 petroleum  refineries,  marine processing and  fish  handling
 plants, KP plants and vinyl chloride 'leather' factories, usually
 made by  gas chromatography, are described, as well  as the
 development  of  a container for collecting samples  to be
 analyzed by this method. Surveys of the extent and composi-
 tion of odor pollution, and of control programs, are given for
 Hokkaido  and  Tokyo.  Other  reports on  control  projects
 describe a method of  eliminating odors from fish entrails by
 use of bamboo leaves,  and countermeasures taken in an Osaka
 chemical plant. Odorimetry  techniques by sensory perception
 in an odor-free room,  by detection tubes, by the air dilution
 method, and by the saline solution equilibration method  are re-
 ported.  These documents  are abstracted individually  under
 APTIC numbers 17628 through 17641.

 12482
 Shigeta, Yoshihiro
 THE PROBLEM OF ODOR NUISANCE. 6. THE BAD-ODOR
 NUISANCE AND  ITS CONTROL.  Taiki Osen  Kenkyu (J.
 Japan Soc.  Air Pollution),  2(1):  30-33, 1967. Translated from
 Japanese. 13p.
 Offensive  odors  from industrial processes are a  particular
 problem in Japan  because  industries are located close  to re-
 sidential areas and because most factories are too small to af-
 ford deodorizing facilities. Moreover, there has been no strict
 enforcement policy. Common sources  of  odors are chemical
 plants  which  process  fish  solubles into  wheat or rice bran.
 Measures  for controlling  odors from these processes are
 discussed. One method is to adopt modem, closed equipment.
 Another is the installation of dedorizing apparatus. Deodoriz-
 ing methods currently used by chemical plants and feed facto-
 ries include combustion, adsorption, ion oxidation, ozone ox-
 idation, rinsing, neutralization, and electric dust collection.

 12506
 Jones, K. H., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
 MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
 KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR, V.  STEADY STATE PYROLYSIS.
 Preprint, 30p., 1968 (?). 12 refs.
 The variables associated with the steady state  pyrolysis of
 unoxidized kraft black  liquor as  well as soda liquor combined
 with various sulfur salts were determined. The temperature
 range spanned 480 to  1135  C. Measurements included mass
 balances of gross pyrolysis products, the qualitative and quan-
 titative analysis of fixed gases, the qualitative and quantitative
 analysis of sulfur, and the heat  content of the  gas and solid
 phases.  The  results showed that pyrolysis has  promise as a
 unit process for the control  of emission levels of malodorous
 combustion products. The requirement  for definitive tempera-
 ture control in the pyrolysis step of combustion was clearly
 demonstrated. The thermal efficiency of the pyrolysis process
 with respect to potential heat  recovery was quite acceptable.
The  fact that the  wet gas effluent was  self sustaining with
respect  to  flame propagation  eliminates  the need for  direct
evaporation which in turn would eliminate the need for black
liquor oxidation. Possible design schemes for the application
of pyrolysis were presented  previously. The steady state data
provided design parameters which allow the construction of a

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 70
ODORS
 scale prototype system. The isolation and quantitation of or-
 ganic sulfur compounds other than those most commonly re-
 ported suggested that there is a definite need  for  improved
 sampling  and analytical  methods for  the  identification and
 quantitation of the total array of malodorous compounds being
 emitted to the environment of kraft mills.

 12658
 J. L. Clement, J. S. Elliott
 KRAFT RECOVERY BOILER DESIGN FOR  ODOR CON-
 TROL. Paper Trade J., 152(40):59-60, Sept. 30, 1968.
 It is from the direct-contact evaporator, not the recovery fur-
 nace, that malodorous gases are emitted. Black liquor recovery
 furnaces   can be  operated  with  complete  combustion  of
 malodorous  compounds.  A recovery  boiler design  that will
 eliminate the direct-contact evaporator and is arranged to bum
 unoxidized black liquor supplied directly from the multiple ef-
 fect evaporator to  the furnace is presented.  This design incor-
 porated Scandinavian boiler design experience interpreted in
 terms of the North American kraft operations.

 13072
 Akamatsu, Isao and Hiroshi Kamishima
 DEODORIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS IN KRAFT PULPING.
 2. ON THE DEODORIZATION ACCORDING TO THE AD-
 SORPTION AND ABSORPTION. (Kurafuto  parupu seizo kotei
 haisui gasu no mushuka (dai nifo). Kyuchaku  oyobi kyushu ni
 yoru akushu seibun no jokyo ni kansuru kisoteki kenkyu). Text
 in Japanese.  Kami-pa Gikyoshi (J. Japan Tech.  Assoc. Pulp
 Paper Ind.), 23(6):25-30, June 1969. 16 refs.
 Adsorption and  absorption capacities  for  malodorous com-
 ponents were estimated at 20 and 29 C. The  adsorption  capaci-
 ty of activated carbon for methyl mercaptan was larger than
 that for dimethyl sulfide. For  the hydrogen sulfide,  activated
 carbon acted not only as an adsorbent but also  as a catalyst,
 so adsorption capacity of activated carbon  for hydrogen sul-
 fide was  larger  than that for the other sulfur compounds.
 When a mixture of dimethyl sulfide and methyl mercaptan was
 adsorbed on activated carbon,  the total adsorption capacity of
 activated carbon was a medium capacity between those for in-
 dividual components.  Because real kraft pulp blow gas is  a
 mixture of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and others, the
 adsorption of activated carbon for one was the mixture  ad-
 sorption,  and the adsorption capacity was 30 to  40%. The ab-
 sorption capacity of polyvinyl chloride for dimethyl  sulfide
 was moderately large, but dimethyl sulfide in air  was absorbed
only partially. The absorption reaction of  ferric  oxide  for
hydrogen sulfide resulted in water as a reaction product, there-
fore exact measurement of absorption was difficult. (Author
 abstract modified)

 13334
Ruus, Av Lennart
 INVESTIGATION  OF ODOR  ELIMINATION BY AB MOR-
 RUMS BRUK, MORRUM.  (Undersokning av lukteliminering-
 sanlaggning  vid AB Morrums  Bruk,  Morrum).  Text  in
 Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 66(15):554-557, Aug.
 15,  1963. 1 ref.
An  oxidation tower system for reducing odorous compounds
formed during alkaline pulping was developed by the  British
Columbia  Research  Council  and installed  at AB  Morrums
 Bruk, Morrum, Sweden, where its efficiency was investigated.
The system involves  the pumping of black liquor through the
oxidation tower in the same direction as a gas mixture contain-
ing  air, uncondensed gases from the turpentine recovery, and
       gases from the digester blow. After leaving the oxidation
       tower, the mixture is washed with chlorine and dilute sodium
       hydroxide  in a scrubber  before  being  vented into  the at-
       mosphere.  Gas  chromatographic determination of the  amount
       of  methyl mercaptan, dimethyl monosulfide, and dimethyl
       disulfide in the gas mixture  before and  after it had passed
       through  the  tower and  scrubber reveals  that  the  system
       removes more than 99% of the methylsulfides and more than
       97% of the mercaptans. The greater part of these compounds
       is taken up by the black liquor in the oxidation tower;  the rest
       is oxidized in the scrubber. The concentration of the odorous
       compounds in the  outlet from the scrubber is very low and
       their smell can be  characterized as 'faint'. About 90% of the
       sodium sulfide in the black liquor is oxidized  in the oxidation
       tower. (Author abstract modified)

       13398
       Fones, R. E. and J. E. Sapp
       OXIDATION OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR WITH PURE OX-
       YGEN.  TAPPI, 43(4): 369-373, April 1960. 6 refs.
       Oxidizing black liquor from a kraft cooking process  reduces
       kraft- mill odor, reduces  corrosion in the  evaporators, and
       minimizes  the  loss of sulfur  compounds  in the recovery
       process.  Oxidation of kraft black liquor in  a  pressure vessel
       with pure oxygen as a possible means of  circumventing some
       of  the foaming problems attending the  oxidation of  black
       liquor is investigated. Experimental investigations tested the
       feasibility of oxidizing black liquor with  pure oxygen either
       after separation from the pulp or just prior  to blowing at the
       end of a normal kraft  cook. All cooks were carried out in a
       laboratory experimental digester. Oxidation of the pulp  alone
       resulted in the pulp darkening and the lignin content increas-
       ing. Oxidation  of the  black  liquor alone would require  the
       reducing the sodium sulfide content to prevent the formation
       of  sodium thiosulfate.  Costs  of reducing the sodium sulfide
       content and the cost of the oxygen ($1100 per day) were too
       expensive for current applications. Although oxidation  of pulp
       and black liquor at the end of a normal kraft cook results in
       complete oxidation, oxygen consumption rates are high and
       pulp strength and color are adversely affected.

       13551
       Faith, W. L.
       AIR POLLUTION  ABATEMENT.  SURVEY  OF CURRENT
       PRACTICES AND  COSTS.   Chem Eng.  Progr., 55(3):38-43,
       March 1959. 8 refs.
       Pollutants and control methods of the chemical manufacturing,
       pulping, petroleum  refining, steel, food, and cement manufac-
       turing  industries are  reviewed.  Chief pollutants from the
       chemical industry are dilute vent gases, acid mists, waste sul-
       fides, nitrogen  oxides, combustible wastes, and dust.  Vent
       gases are best  controlled by catalytic oxidation, sulfides by
       caustic scrubbers, nitrogen oxides by catalytic reduction, com-
       bustible wastes  by incineration, and  dust by filtration. No
       standard procedure has been adopted for abatement  of acid
       mists. Pulp and paper industry pollutants are fly ash, dust and
       odors.  Electrostatic precipitators,  dust scrubbers, and  spray
       towers are used to combat these  problems. Air pollution by
       the petroleum refining industry is caused by sulfur compounds
       and hydrocarbon loss.  Sulfur compounds can be reduced by
       absorption and hydrocarbons by several control methods. The
       main pollutant from the steel industry is  dust, which can be
       controlled  by  electrostatic  precipitators  and  wet scrubbers.
       The main problem of  the food industry  is control of  odor,
       which is  combatted by activated carbon adsorbers. JJust from
       cement industries is best controlled by glass fabric bag filters

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      71
 or cyclone collectors. Costs for 1959 are given for the various
 control methods.

 13697
 Obering, E. Albrecht
 SLUDGE INCINERATION IN THE FLUIDIZED BED  FUR-
 NACE. (Schlammverbrennung im Wirbelschichtofen). Text in
 German. Chem. Ing. Tech., 41(10):615-619, 1969. 2 refs.
 Sewage sludge disposal becomes an ever greater problem since
 dump  sites are becoming scarce and awareness of the danger
 of uncontrolled dumping is spreading. Disposal by incineration
 decreases the volume and leaves sterile ash and inert odorless
 gases.  Sludge incineration must  be  preceded by mechanical
 dehydration to avoid emission of  volatile organic sludge com-
 ponents with the waste gas and  to permit autonomous com-
 bustion. To achieve  the latter goal,  the combustion tempera-
 ture must be high, the excess air in the reaction chamber low,
 the incineration complete, and the temperatures of the waste
 gases and  vapors  low. However, the waste  gas temperature
 may not drop below 750 C if odors  are to be avoided and if
 the residues ought to be sterile. To solve the  problem, the
 fluidized bed furnace must be used. The sludge falls into a bed
 of turbulent sand particles where  it is dried, degassed, and ig-
 nited.  The temperature of the waste gas at the combustion
 chamber outlet is 800 to 900 C. It is cooled in an air preheater
 and  the heat is returned to the  combustion  chamber.  In the
 subsequent dust collector, the mineral sludge components are
 separated as dust  either by a wet or dry  process and tapped
 off to an  ash  pit. The  turbulent sand particles  are  slowly
 eroded and carried off with the ash.  They  are  replaced by
 larger  ash particles and by sand brought in  by the sewage
 sludge. The furnace  has  no movable parts  aside from the
 charging facility and the ventilators so that wear and tear are
 low. The city of Lausanne has operated such a fluidized bed
 furnace since 1965. The furnace burns 2600 kg of dehydrated
 sludge per hour (max. water content 60%). Part of the waste
 gas is  used to heat the combustion air and the rest goes to a
 boiler. The waste gases are cleaned in cyclone separators and
 electrostatic precipitators.

 13772
 Guest, E. T.
 DEVELOPMENTS IN BLACK LIQUOR  OXIDATION.   Pulp
 Paper  Mag. Can., 66(12):T  617-T  622,  Dec.  1965.  8  refs.
 (Presented at the Annual Meeting  of the Pacific Coast Branch,
 Tech.  Sect., Canadian Pulp and Paper Assoc., Harrison Hot
 Springs, B. C., May 9-11, 1963.)
 The  overall status  of black liquor oxidation in the West Coast
 kraft pulp industry is reviewed. The  most prevalent oxidation
techniques are the Collins system, the B. C. Research Council
 system, and the Troebeck-Ahlen system. The  Troebeck-Ahlen
 and the Collins type systems oxidize by forcing air through the
liquor  to  make a controlled volume  of foam. The  B. C.
 Research Council unit operates with air blowing concurrently
with the  liquor over specially designed plates. Other systems
 use packed columns  with  either concurrent or countercurrent
air, compressed air in a tank of liquor,  or compressed air in a
pipeline. The Crofton pilot plant has incorporated a more posi-
 tive pattern of liquor flow to combat difficulties in maintaining
pressure drops, an integral foam box with carryover space, a
new type of combination cyclone  with a foam breaker, and a
simplified square  design  into its system. The  several  ad-
 vantages to black liquor oxidation include a reduction of odor
in the evaporator condensate and recovery  stacks, reduction in
sulfur losses, and  less corrosion of the mild steel evaporator
tubes and strong black liquor piping. Reduction in the recovery
furnace odor emission can only be obtained when a furnace is
not  overloaded and therefore operated with sufficient air.
13772  Guest, E. T.

13812
Grillot, R. and A. Ladam
A FEW  METHODS  USED  IN  FRANCE  TO PREVENT
ODOURS.   (Quelques  methodes utilisees en France pour  la
prevention des  odeurs). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris),
11(41): 1-14, Jan./ March 1969. 59 refs.
A consideration of the difficulty  of establishing a scientific
basis for the detection of pollution by odors is followed by a
review of methods used in France  to prevent odors.  These in-
clude  ventilation, adsorption, thermal  and catalytic  com-
bustion, dry and wet processes, absorption, ozonization, and
the use of masking and neutralizing agents. Characteristic ex-
amples of applications are given for each method together with
available economic data. Factors interfering with the adaption
of deodorization methods are the high cost of appliances and
agents, the limited effectiveness of methods, and the absence
of legislation on maximum contents. A classified bibliography
is included. (Author abstract modified)

13971
Benforado, D. M., W. J. Rotella, and D. L. Horton
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ODOR PANEL FOR EVALUATION
OF ODOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT.  Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 27p., 1968.  12 refs. (Presented at the 61st An-
nual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  St.  Paul,
Minn., June 23-27, 1968.)
The  use of a trained odor panel of six to eight members was
found  to have considerable practical applicability in the  mea-
surement and evaluation of industrial odors and control equip-
ment. The panel was tested by the syringe dilution technique,
in which odor strength is measured in terms of the 'number of
dilutions of  clean air' required to reduce the  'sample plus
clean air mixture* to 'no odor'. Panel members were asked to
inhale  and evaluate three different dilutions of field samples of
stack gas  emissions;  only positive  or negative response  as to
the presence of odor in the syringe sample was reported. The
odor strength of the exhaust gases was reported in odor  units
per standard cubic foot (scf);  the odor unit was defined as the
ratio of the cubic feet of clean air needed to dilute each 'cubic
foot  of contaminated effluent' so that 50% of the panel does
not detect any odor in the diluted mixture.  Results showed
that  if the odor strength of the stack gas can be reduced to
less than 150 odor units per scf, preferably in the range of 25-
50 odor units per scf, odor nuisances in a community can be
prevented.  By  converting this measure  to  an odor emission
rate, it appears that up to about one million odor  units per
minute is  acceptable to avoid odor complaints from a single
stack or for the combined effluent from a group of stacks. The
odor panel method was used to judge the effectiveness of vari-
ous types of ovens as control equipment. Results showed, for
example, that with the use of wire enameling ovens, incinera-
tion  produces &  satisfactory  effluent at 1400 F but is un-
satisfactory at 1000 F. The method was judged to be a simple,
inexpensive,  and practical  tool for  quantitatively  analyzing
odors and for monitoring stack emissions to determine the ef-
ficiency of control equipment, and provides an easy method
for obtaining field samples for laboratory analysis.

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 72
ODORS
 14004
 Franzky, Ulrich
 COUNTERACTING OFFENSIVE  ODORS  CAUSED BY OR-
 GANIC     COMPOUNDS.          (Bekaempfung     von
 Geruchsbelaestigungen,  die  durch organische Verbindungen
 verursacht  sind).  Text in  German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
 28(3):113-119, March 1968. 13 refs.
 The importance of removing odorous components from waste
 air and exhaust gases  is now recognized, but  the selection of
 an  appropriate purification  process  is  complicated  by  the
 proliferation of chemical processes and treatment methods. A
 survey of the most popular methods is  given and measures
 that can be taken to improve conditions in a small plant are
 pointed out. (Author summary modified)

 14013
 Maria, Gubola
 ON THE PROBLEMS OF THE  ODOUR-PARAMETER  OF
AIR POLLUTION.  (A legszennyezodes szagparameterenek
kerdeseirol). Text in Hungarian. Idojaras  (Budapest), 73(1):38-
43, Jan.-Feb. 1969. 14 refs.
 One of the important  aspects of air pollution which is often
neglected is the odor  of pollutants, an aspect which can no
longer  be disregarded. The sources of odors,  the quality and
intensity of odors, methods of odor assessment (subjective ob-
servation,  instrumental  measurements,  mathematical  deter-
mination),  and methods for the  elimination of  odors  are
reviewed. (Author summary modified)

 14094
 Shah, I. S.
 NEW FLUE-GAS SCRUBBING SYSTEM REDUCES AIR POL-
 LUTION. Chem. Eng., 1967:84-86, March 27, 1967.
 Chemico's new two-stage scrubbing system enables pulp mills
to greatly improve  overall dust collection efficiency and  to
 meet  stricter  air  pollution regulations. Flue  gases  from  the
 recovery  boiler enter the two-stage system,  which consists of
 evaporator, scrubber,  separator, and cooling  tower, and are
 vented to the  stack 99% cleaner and 500-600 F cooler. Concen-
 trated  black liquor  is  further concentrated to 60-70%  solids
 content by direct contact with  flue gases  in the Venturi
 evaporator. With  about 40  in.  H2O static pressure for the
 system, the outlet dust leading  can be reduced to 1 Ib/ton of
 pulp.  The  two-stage system provides greater heat recovery
 because it exhausts stack gases at temperatures below  120 F,
 as compared to 325 F from electrostatic precipitators, and 180-
 190 F from single-stage scrubbing systems. Chemico has also
 perfected two oxidation systems for black liquor that  reduce
 the amount of H2S emitted  to  atmosphere. One is for weak
 black liquor and the other for strong black liquor.

 14113
 Murray, F.  E.
 AIR POLLUTION FROM BIVALENT SULFUR COMPOUNDS
IN THE PULP INDUSTRY.  Preprint, Engineering Institute of
 Canada, March 1968,  16p.,  10  refs. (Presented at the  Banff
 Pollution Conference, Banff,  Alberta, Can.)
In the kraft  process  of producing chemical cellulose from
wood  chips, the chips are cooked in a solution containing sodi-
um hydroxide and sodium sulfide in about a four-to-one pro-
portion. This  method produces  much greater  air pollution, in
 the form of highly malodorous compounds, than the alterna-
tive sulfite processes. The  three primary sources of odor
production  in a kraft pulp mill  are the digestion process, the
       direct-contact  evaporator, and the recovery furnace. In the
       digestion process, control must  be effected on the  noncon-
       densible gases from the digester and blow tank, from the mul-
       tiple-effect evaporators, and on the foul condensates  that are
       formed in contact with these gases. The emission of hydrogen
       sulfide from black liquor during direct contact evaporation can
       be very substantially reduced by oxidation of the sulfide. The
       problem of the recovery furnace  is one of good operation and
       combustion control within the furnace design capacity. Present
       laboratory studies are expected to lead to continuing improve-
       ment in the control of odorous emissions  from kraft pulping
       operations.

       14118
       Markant, H. P.
       THE MEAD RECOVERY PROCESS. TAPPI, 43(8):699-702,
       Aug.  1960. 2 refs. (Presented at  the  45th Annual Meeting of
       the Technical  Assoc. of  the  Pulp and Paper Industry, New
       York, Feb. 22-25, 1960.)
       The  Mead neutral sulfite recovery process consists  of two
       basic stages: the  total carbonation stage and the sulfiting stage.
       Green liquor from a storage tank is  fed to a precarbonation
       tower, where it comes in contact with 15% of the total gas in
       the carbonation tower. When the gas enters the precarbonation
       tower, it contains H2S that was released  in the carbonation
       tower. This is reabsorbed by the green liquor, and H2S-free
       gas is discharged to the atmosphere. The precarbonated liquor
       is passed to the carbonation tower, where it absorbs CO2 and
       releases H2S.  The gas loses  CO2 and gains H2S. The  next
       phase of the process takes place in a  sulfiting tower. Here the
       SO2  in the flue gas from  a venturi scrubber cyclone separator
       is scrubbed with  the carbonated liquor. The addition of more
       contact surface in the absorption system  has reduced odors
       from the process and brought them  within acceptable limits.
       Improvements in the venturi scrubber and the installation of a
       droplet agglomerator in the sulfiting  tower have reduced the
       amount of particulate  matter leaving the  process  to an  ex-
       tremely low level. The total stack gases are  continuously moni-
       tored for SO2 and H2S, and concentrations are not permitted
       to exceed 0.03 and 0.01%, respectively.

       14203
       lida, Suetoshi, Yoshio Marushima, and Nobuyasu Hasebe
       METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE
       IN THE AIR OF  WASTE GAS.   (Tokyo Gas  Kabushiki
       Kaisha, Inc., Tokyo) U. S. Pat. 3,459,495. 4p., Aug. 5, 1969. 3
       refs. (Nov. 4, 1965, 5 claims).
       A method is described for removing hydrogen sulfide from the
       air or from combustible  waste gases by a wet process and
       recovering  sulfur. The method comprises passing hydrogen
       sulfide-containing gases through an aqueous alkaline medium
       containing an  amount between 0.001  to 0.5 moles of sodium
       1,4-naphthoquinone-2- sulfonate in the presence of molecular
       oxygen, thereby  desulfurizing the hydrogen sulfide-containing
       gases  and  at the  same  time   regenerating  the  catalytic
       naphthoquinone.  Thus, the method, by introducing an acidic
       radical into quinones, hydroquinones, or their salts, employs
       as an absorption liquid an aqueous solution of a catalytic com-
       pounds, the normal oxidation- reduction potential of which is
       in the range from 0.45 to 0.70 v at 25 C. The catalytic com-
       pound is water-soluble, not polymerizable,  and must be easily
       reduced by hydrogen sulfide; this reduced  compound  must in
       turn  be easily oxidized by the air. The method  is considered
       applicable  to  the desulfurization  of hydrogen  sulfide-con-
       taminated air, to contaminated  exhaust  gases  from certain
       chemical plants,  and to combustible gases from the fermenta-

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                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       73
 tive treatment of biological and other waste products. Details
 of the  process  and of the  chemical  reactions involved are
 presented.

 14341
 Lunche, Robert G.
 FUME  AND ODOR  DESTRUCTION  BY CATALYTIC AF-
 TERBURNERS.   Franklin Inst. Research  Labs., Philadelphia,
 Pa., Materials Science  and  Engineering Dept. and  Public
 Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution Control
 Administration,  Proc.  First  Natl.  Symp.  on Heterogeneous
 Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution,  Philadelphia, Pa., Nov.
 1968, p. 297-320. 6 refs.
 The operating and design aspects of the catalytic afterburning
 process are reviewed, and its application and effectiveness are
 discussed on the basis of the experience  of the Los Angeles
 County Air Pollution Control District in testing a wide variety
 of catalytic afterburners in industrial use. Because of certain
 operating characteristics of these afterburners,  they  represent
 a partial oxidation process which produces compounds in the
 treated  effluents  that are often more  offensive and odorous
 than the original  fumes and odors. Investigations by the Dis-
 trict show that partial oxidation produces olefinic and other
 oxidation  products  that  often  increase  the  eye-irritating,
 photochemical smog-forming potential  of  treated effluents to
 levels greater than those of the original fumes and  odors. In
 general,  an afterburner must oxidize 90%  or more of the car-
 bon in the entering materials to CO2 to be judged  effective.
 On the  basis of the District's own experience and reports of
 others,  the actual performance of catalytic  afterburners for
 reducing  many fumes and odors  is considered inadequate.
 Without an advance in performance, it does not seem  likely
 that catalytic afterburners will be able to comply with Los An-
 geles County's organic emissions standards unless the operat-
 ing temperatures  are at a level that renders  the catalyst un-
 necessary. 14341  Lunche, Robert G.

 14354
 Strauss, W.
 DIRTY  AIR  CAN CAUSE PLANT  SHUTDOWNS.  Factory
 and  Plant, p. 18-23, Sept.  1968. 2 refs. (Also: Chem. Process.
 (Chicago)).
 Removal of particulates from the environmental air of industri-
 al sites by fiber filtration is described. In such processes, par-
 ticles of the same or larger dimensions as the diameter of the
 fibers in the collecting  medium are generally captured by iner-
 tial impaction and interception, while smaller particles are cap-
 tured by their diffusion to the fiber surface.  It is considered
good practice when collecting fine particles to have a relative-
ly deep  bed,  with fibers as fine as is feasible for a stable bed
structure. The velocity through the bed must be based on an
economic balance, with smaller bed  sizes,  higher  pressure
losses, and lower efficiency being offset against greater costs
and other process considerations. Air conditioning systems can
be modified for the collection of fine particles by the use of
pleated  filter media or the two-stage positive corona electro-
static precipitator, which produces almost none of the nitrogen
oxides  and ozone caused by the usual  industrial  negative
corona precipitator. Various types of filters are reviewed, in-
cluding  fibrous and viscous filters. The deep-bed filter, con-
sisting of a 2-in. bed of glass fibers and fire-resistant felt fil-
ters, is considered relatively  effective.  Very high efficiencies
in collecting very fine dusts, such as methylene blue, are ob-
tained with the 'Absolute'  filter, which  also has the advantage
of eliminating the bulk usually associated with high-efficiency
filters; its cost, however, remains high.  Apart from the prima-
ry function of air filters in preventing contamination and sub-
sequent deleterious effects on equipment, an important secon-
dary consideration is their role in industrial safety to  remove
the fine airborne  dust,  particularly of metal  origin, which
represents  a fairly serious health  hazard to workers. Removal
of odors and organic vapors from air streams by adsorption of
the vapors on the  micropores of  a solid, most commonly  ac-
tivated carbon, is also described. 14354  Strauss, W.

14453
Krane, Dieter
EMISSION  PROBLEMS   IN   CHICKEN  FARMS.  EX-
PERIENCES WITH THE  ELIMINATION  OF  DISAGREEA-
BLE ODORS.  (Emissionsprobleme durch Huehnerfarmen. Er-
fahrungen  ueber die Beseitigung  schaedlicher Geruchsstoffe.)
Text  in  German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 12(8): 482-483,  Aug.
1968.
High-temperature drying of chicken excreta usually leaves dis-
agreeable odors due to  decomposition of various nitrogen-
containing  organic substances, mainly proteins, amines, and al-
bumins.  Proteins are not  heat-resistant and begin to  decom-
pose at temperatures as low as 100 C. Thus, any odor-prevent-
ing drying  method  must operate at temperatures below 100 C.
Since none of the conventional methods such as afterburning,
decomposition by bacteria, ozonizing, etc. operates odorlessly,
a new method has been developed. The installations necessary
for the drying of the excreta comprise  a sheet steel trough in
which a  bundle of pocketed pipes slowly rotates.  The  heaters
installed in the pipes  develop  pipe wall temperatures of  no
more than 140 C  so that the manure  itself never gets any
wanner than 70 C. The liquid material slowly moves on in the
trough while constantly being turned. The fumes are caught by
an exhaust fan. The excreta is granulated in the dryer to grains
of 1 to  3  mm diameter. The dried material is blown into a
storage bin. Since  the  fine parts of the dried excreta  are the
odor  carriers, they  are  eliminated  in  a wet  scrubber. The
separated particles are returned to the  wet excreta at  the en-
trance of the dryer.

14488
Shoji, H., K. Nishida, T. Denda, Y. Koyama, and T. Ando
REMOVAL  OF   OFFENSIVE   COMPONENTS   BY  THE
DEODORIZER.  (Dasshu zai ni yoru aku shu seibun no jokyo
koka  ni  tsuite). Text in  Japanese.  Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi
(Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):83, April 1969.
The efficiency of an easily-used spray  deodorizer comprising
vegetable oil,  perfume, and surfactant  was determined in  an
experimental deodorizing chamber. A spray of 50 to 100 g/min
removed 50 to 91.2% of ammonia (45 to 100 ppm) at a flow
rate of 2.2 to 5.6 cu m/min. A spray of 20 to 60 g/min removed
60 to 89.7% of hydrogen  sulfide  (125 to 250 ppm) at a flow
rate of 2.0  to 2.4 cu m/min. Measurements  of the deodorizer's
ability to counteract odors in sealed cars transporting human
excretion show a 54.1 to 93.5% removal efficiency for methyl
mercaptan  and diethyl  sulfide. Only 9.1% removal efficiency
was obtained for di-n-propylamine. These  measurements sug-
gest that the deodorizer not only neutralizes malodorants but
also effects some occlusion of components.

14609
McLouth, B. F., H. J. Paulus, and A. J.  Roberts
INCINERATION  OF  EPOXY   GLASS  LAMINATES  TO
RECOVER  PRECIOUS  METALS.    American  Society  of
Mechanical Engineers New York Incinerator Div., Proc.  Natl.
Incinerator  Conf., New York, 1968, p. 171-175. (May 5-8).

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 74
ODORS
 Recovery of precious metals from electrical circuits printed on
 epoxy-impregnated fiberglass laminates was carried out by in-
 cineration of the scrap and rejected printed circuits at con-
 trolled temperatures, which resulted in the liberation of  a con-
 siderable  amount of unburned hydrocarbons and  obnoxious
 odors into the  atmosphere. The glass laminates consisted of
 approximately  65%  fiberglass  (by  weight)  and 35%  epoxy
 resins. The material contained no chlorines and not more than
 a trace of sulfur, but 16% petra-bromo had been added  to the
 resins to permit the use of the final product under various am-
 bient temperatures. In addition, there was variance in type and
 consistency of the epoxy scrap. Based on information obtained
 by research  on  the combustion characteristics of the material,
 a prototype  unit was constructed and tested. After  successful
 testing of the prototype unit, a new incinerator was installed
 that  solved the  problem of hydrocarbon and odor emission. A
 control system was designed that should assure proper burner
 operation and unit temperatures and at the same time be flexi-
 ble in case adjustments become necessary in the new unit. The
 new  incinerator simplifies recovery of the precious metals due
 to more consistent ash quality.  Polyesters and other plastics,
 as well as wool and vinyls have been burned in this incinera-
 tor, all with equal success.

 14671
 Kurmeier, Hans H.
 REMOVAL AND DEODORIZING OF GASEOUS EMISSIONS
 FROM  FISH   MEAL  AND  OTHER  FACTORIES.    (Die
 Beseitigung und Desodorierung  gasfoermiger Emissionen von
 Fischmehlfabriken und anderen Betrieben). Text in German.
 Wasser Luft Betrieb, 5(1):7-10, Jan. 1961. 1 ref.
 The  development of a new deodorizing process for emissions
 from fish meal plants  is described. There  are two types  of
 emissions in the fish  meal industry, namely, those from  steam
 driers and those from air lift driers. The former are alkaline
 waste gases composed mainly of water, odorous bases, and
 carbon dioxide. Waste gases from air lift dries are acidic and
 contain  water,  and sulfur dioxide. By  scrubbing  the  waste
 gases from  the air lift drier with water, almost all odorous
 bases bound to SO2 could be removed. Experiments showed
 that  the remaining odors disappeared when the waste gas was
 passed over  CaCOS in the presence of SO2. By raising the pH,
 the   odorous compounds  were  liberated  and the fishy odor
 returned. Thus  it is  seen  that the  odors are chemically  bound
 to CaCOS. Based on this finding,  a  scrubbing tower was con-
 structed filled with limestone to a height of 600 cm and wood
 which is constantly sprayed with water. The gases from the air
 lift  drier after  passing through the scrubber had  a slightly
 bluish color  but no odor. The waste  scrubbing water contained
 11.8% SO2 at a pH of 6.1 compared to ph 6.85 in the entering
 water.  Drum driers  are likewise  discussed  briefly  for com-
 parison, although they are only used today in Japan.

 14687
 Walker, A. B.
OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
 EQUIPMENT.  GUIDELINES FOR  THEIR APPLICATION.
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, N. Y.,
American Inst.  of  Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum En-
gineers (AIME), New York,  N.  Y., American Society of Civil
Engineers,   New  York,  American  Society  of  Heating,
Refrigerating and Air  Conditioning Engineers,  New  York,
American Society of Mechanical  Engineers, New York, and
American Soceity for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Proc. MECAR Symp., Design and Operation for Air Pollution
Control, New York, N. Y., 1968, p. 49-74.
       Equipment for emission control at the source comprises two
       categories: particulates and  gases and odors.  Equipment for
       control  of particulates falls into four generic types: filters
       (principally fabric), electrostatic precipitators, dry inertia! col-
       lectors (principally cyclones), and wet scrubbers. For control
       of gases and odors, there are wet absorbers (scrubbers and
       packed  towers), dry adsorbers, and  thermal or catalytic in-
       cinerators. In cases of complex emissions, these devices can
       be combined. The basic operating principles of these devices
       are examined and the critical factors in their application are
       identified. The latter involves certain  basic data requirements.
       As an absolute minimum, the following must be defined: the
       volumetric flow rate of gases; the gas temperature, pressure,
       and humidity; the paniculate form and concentration; the par-
       ticipate  size distribution and specific gravity;  the paniculate
       bulk electrical resistivity (dry); the required removal efficien-
       cy;  and process  constraints with regard to the  use of water.
       From these basic data, it  is possible to perform an initial
       screening  on the type of  system required. This  screening will
       define technically feasible alternate solutions. Selection of the
       optimum equipment requires a detailed analysis of additonal
       technical and economic factors, including capital investment,
       operating costs, and costs of capital.

       14692
       Tuerkoelmez, S.
       NEW METHOD FOR WASTE GAS  CLEANING. ELIMINA-
       TION OF ODORS BY EXCHANGE ADSORPTION WITH AR-
       TIFICIAL RESIN ION EXCHANGERS. PART I.  (Neues Ver-
       f ahren der Abgasreinigung. Beseitigung der Geruchbelaestigun-
       gen   durch   Austausch-Adsorption   mittels   Kunstharz-
       lonenaustauschem. Teil I).  Text in  German.  Wasser Luft
       Betrieb, no. 11:737-743, 1965.
       For the  removal of odors from industrial waste gases, the use
       of artificial ion exchanger resins  is  suggested. The reaction
       takes place in the gas phase in the  case of inorganic waste
       gases and in the liquid phase for organic compounds. Four
       types of  exchangers, IR-45(OH), IRA-4KXOH),  IRC-50(H),
       and IR-120(H), were successfully tested with phenols, mercap-
       tans,  bromides, fluorides, cyanides,  nitriles, chlorides, SO2,
       and  a number of organic  compounds.  Fluorides, cyanides,
       chlorides,  and SO2 could be completely removed. Pre-adsorp-
       tion with alkaline  earth hydroxides in  scrubbers was used only
       in the case of phenols.

       14757
       Meites,  Leonard
       WEB PRINTERS AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.  Web
       Printer,  1(6): 1-7, 1969.
       Air pollution from web printing plants consists mainly of a
       smoke problem, which is relatively simple to control with af-
       terburners, and an odor problem, which presents considerable
       control difficulties. The most practical means of counteracting
       odors from paper coatings, ink solvents, improperly adjusted
       gas burners, and soiled papers is by either catalytic or thermal
       combustion. The first works best with a pure gas stream from
       the press  dryer; in practice, however, the effluent of  a press
       dryer may have  impurities which can cause  trouble with the
       catalyst and must therefore be considered when the system is
       designed. Direct flame combustion can handle impurities in the
       dryer effluent since its temperature range is from 1000 to 1400
       F. The initial cost of a catalytic afterburner  system is higher
       than that  of a thermal system, but  its operating costs are
       usually  considered lower, although recently there has been
       some controversy on this point. The possibility of controlling
       pollution by using mild and low aromatic solvents is briefly

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                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       75
 discussed;  the inks  now  used  in  web  presses  contain
 photochemically-reactant hydrocarbon solvents which violate
 regulations  such as  Rule 66 of the Los Angeles County Air
 Pollution  Control District, and therefore require the installa-
 tion of highly efficient afterburners. It is noted that the cost of
 air pollution control are mitigated somewhat because good af-
 terburners reduce condensate  formation on oven  walls  and
 thus increase production and improve printing quality.

 14895
 Sallee, Elgin D.
 FOUR TYPES  OF  AIR  POLLUTION.   Mod. Lithography,
 36(9):79-8l, 84, 87, Sept. 1968.
 Air pollution emissions and control methods  involved in the
 operation of coating ovens for metal decorating are reviewed.
 Particulates  or  smoke from  litho  or coating oven exhaust
 stacks consist primarily of breakdown by-products of the resin
 or drying oil in the coating or ink during the bake. Several
 methods of reducing plume  density  are mentioned; it is noted,
 however,  that these apply mainly to diluting stack gases  and
 simply reducing their visibility, rather than to decreasing the
 absolute amount of emissions. Odorous pollutants are the most
 difficult to control; the bulk of the odors from coating ovens
 come from aldehydic and other resin-breakdown products  that
 have very low odor thresholds despite their low concentrations
 in stack air, rather than from the more frequently blamed sol-
 vent vapors which have much higher concentrations but  also
 higher thresholds.  No  one method  of odor control  has been
 found completely satisfactory, but the most success has been
 obtained by incinerating stack gases at 1300 F or more. Vapors
 of many of the solvents and thinners used in coating ovens are
 photochemically reactive and  thus of major concern in areas
 where other conditions tend  to promote smog formation.
 Because of stringent regulations  in  the Los Angeles area, all
 coating ovens must have solvent-elimination devices if the sol-
 vent amounts to more  than 15 pounds per  day. Some general
 discussion is given to the problems of applying various control
 methods to coating ovens, including high and low temperature
 incineration, catalytic oxidation, and scrubbing and adsorption
 systems.

 14940
 Tada, Mitsuru
 INDUSTRIAL  WASTE  INCINERATION  BY FLUIDIZING
 SYSTEM.  (Sangyo haikibutsu no ryudoshokyakuho). (Text in
 Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(7):529-533,
July 1969.
 Fluidizing systems, which are widely applied to petroleum  and
mineral combustion, are highly efficient.  The  outstanding
 merits of this  system  are a capacity  of 500 kg/cu m-hr in-
cineration; the ability to incinerate low-calorie wastes (1000/k-
 cal/kg, water 70%) without catalysts; perfect combustion with
kiln  heat  around 750 C; no stack  smoke or odor  problems;
simplicity of structure, with no vibrations inside the kiln  and
 constant and stable internal heat; availability of electric power,
produced though the process in large-scale (400 t/day) kilns of
this system; convenient operation requiring no heavy or inten-
sive labor;  and economical maintenance. The system has  a
wide range of applications, including waste incineration in the
 chemical,  food  processing, and petroleum industries, and  ex-
crement and sludge treatment. For example, the liquid wastes
from paper manufacturing plants that used to be discharged
into rivers, bays, or seas and caused problems for agriculture,
fishing, and shipping may now be incinerated, removing all the
organic matter  contained in pulp wastes, and chemical com-
pounds  such as Na2SO4 or Na2CO3 may be recovered and
reused in kraft pulp production. Adaptation of this system to
watery wastes in the food and chemical industries  has the ad-
vantages of deodorizing wastes and recovering ash for use as
fertilizer.  The system can  be  adapted to  petroleum and
petrochemical wastes and to high-temperature wastes.

14951
Fujii, Shoichi
A RESEARCH REPORT ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR
CIRCULATION INSIDE A RAILROAD CARRIAGE.  (Syanai
kanki kaized no kenkyu ni  tsuite).  Text in Japanese. Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 7(1):4-
31, April 1969. 10 refs.
The purpose of this research was to  examine the air pollution
inside a highly  modernized railroad  carriage using the new
Tokaido Line as an example. It was also aimed at finding a
device to solve  the problem.  In  the  first test, the dust was
measured using a dust meter, an air filter, a hygro-thermome-
ter, and deodorant musk inside the controlled atmosphere car-
riage. In the second test,  the air circulation in the carriage
under operating  conditions was  studied. This  carriage was
equipped with a dust meter, an ionizer, an ion density meter,
and an air filter unit with active carbon. The third test studied
the influence of cigarette smoking in a carriage. Results show
that the 35  cu m/min of fresh air provided by air circulation
was sufficient in terms of CO2 supply. Pollution increased
while the train  went through a tunnel. An  ordinary ionizer
could not cover a wide enough area in the carriage. Odor in
the train was mainly caused by cigarette smoke, and a high-
fidelity  air filter was recommended to diminish the odor and
dust density. Two problems left to further study are pressure
in the high-fidelity air filter and economic feasibility of opera-
tion.

14956
Tanaka, Isamu
AN  EXAMPLE  OF INDUSTRIAL  WASTE  TREATMENT.
BRBDGSTONE TIRE  INDUSTRY, YOKOHAMA PLANT.
(Kagakusangyo haikibutsu  no short jitsurei.  Brigiston taiya
(kabu) Yokohama  kojo  niokeru  ichirei). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to  Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(7): 535-540, July
1969.
A newly-designed kiln (SP type) for industrial rubber and
urethane waste treatment is described. The  SP type-kiln was
first examined with respect to stack smoke and toxic gas, and
treatment cost reduction.  Perfect incineration of synthetic
rubber and foaming urethane is characteristic of this kiln. The
main  feature of the kiln is that the waste and organic gas
produced during combustion in the incinerator is directed to a
second  incinerator,  heated  up to 1000-1600  C, and  finally
discharged in dustless and odorless form. The SP type-kiln is
fireproof and is designed to keep the  kiln heat constant. Kiln
no. 1  was designed  to treat synthetic solid wastes and  rubber-
urethane wastes with a capacity of 1 t/7 hrs, and kiln no. 2 for
metallic materials of rejected rubber articles at low tempera-
tures with a 1 t/7 hrs capacity. Operating efficiency of kun no.
1 is reported as highly reliable and effective. Combustion rate
was constantly  115-125 kg/sq m-hr  and  977,500-1,062,500
kcal/sq  m-hr in  the case of synthetic rubber. After  perfect
combustion, the  standard smoke volume was 0-0.1  g/N cu m,
and Rmgelmann density was 0-0.1 degree.  These  figures are
far below the standard stipulated in the Air Pollution Control
Law. Odors  were removed by 700-800 C heat in the kfln.

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76
ODORS
14967
Hein, G. M. and R. B. Engdahl
A STUDY  OF EFFLUENTS FROM DOMESTIC GAS-FIRED
INCINERATORS.   (American  Gas  Association,  Inc., New
York, Proj. DG-3M, 27p., June 1959. 24 refs.
Measurements were made of the effluents from nine domestic
gas- fired incinerators, including two new prototype models,
five new commercial units, and two older units. Standard test
charges that typified wet domestic wastes and dry combustible
materials,  and two special refuse mixtures were  burned.  A
free-standing chimney provided natural  draft for the units.
Sampling and analytical techniques were  based on recognized
methods. The concentrations in ppm  in the flue gas and the
emission rates in pounds per ton of refuse burned were deter-
mined for aldehydes, nitrogen oxides,  organic acids, ammonia,
and hydrocarbons. Grain loadings and emission  rates were
determined for paniculate matter which included tarry organic
materials.  Odor and  smoke density  were also  determined.
Results demonstrated that significant reduction in emissions
has been achieved through recent improvements in incinerator
design.  When wet domestic wastes  are  incinerated  in new
units, of up to 6-fold decreases in the rate of aldehyde emis-
sions are  achieved.  Decrease  in  organic acids is  3-fold;
decrease  in  saturated  hydrocarbons  is  8-fold.  Although
nitrogen oxides have increased 3-fold because of increased gas
in the afterburner, their concentration is  still lower compared
to other combustion  sources.  Smoke, odor,  and paniculate
matter emissions decreased to  acceptable levels. Comparison
of these emission rates with those from municipal incinerators
shows  that the new unproved gas-fired domestic incinerators
have lower paniculate emissions, and, in general, equally low
emissions of gaseous pollutants. Emissions from improved gas-
fired units  were  in most cases lower than those from other in-
cinerators and large gas- and oil-fired industrial heating units;
they were  much lower than those from automobile exhaust.
The results of the study provide a basis for modification of the
present restrictions in certain  areas  on  the use of  gas-fired
domestic incinerators and  for confirmation of their present ac-
ceptance in other areas.

15153
Schoeffmann, Ernst and Willi Schneider
A  METHOD FOR  ELIMINATION  OF  DISAGREEABLE
ODORS FROM  FOOD INDUSTRIES.   (Bin Verfahren  zur
Beseitigung  von  belaestigenden  Geruchsimmissionen  aus
Lebensmittelbetrieben). Text in German.  Staedtehygiene (Uel-
zen/Hamburg), 20(10):246-248, 1969.
The efforts to deodorize odors emitted by a fish frying plant
are described. The plant fried fish in four pans with each con-
taining 40 liters oil. The waste  air was initially drawn off and
discharged  through a chimney 18 m high;  the fan had a capaci-
ty of 4000 cu m/hr.  Since this proved to  be insufficient to
eliminate odors, deodorizing chemicals with the trade name
'Alamaske' were  added to the waste air; thorough  mixing
neutralized the disagreeable odors. A 1% aqueous solution of
the deodorant was injected tangentially into the flow of waste
air at a rate of 3 1/hr. The injecting device shuts off operation
of the fan as soon as the solution is consumed. Installation and
operating costs of this deodorizing device are discussed.

15170
Tanaka, Isamu
A PRACTICAL  EXAMPLE  OF  OILY WASTE INCINERA-
TION.   (Yusei sangyohaikibutsu  no  nenshoshori no jitsurei).
Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control),
5(9):711-714, Sept. 1969.
       The operation and efficiency of the Katayori oily waste in-
       cineration system which is in use at  a chemical plant is re-
       ported. Incineration of urethane, rubber, vinyl chloride, waste
       solvents,  rubber paste, and the  like produces stack odors and
       toxic gas. The SP-type incinerator was designed to burn all the
       waste solvents such as toluol, thinners, xylol, rubber solvents,
       and gelled rubber refuse. The SP-type plant consists of an oily
       waste incineration kiln (2.5 t-3.0 t/8 hrs), annexed installations
       consisting of five oily  waste  tanks,  two  gearpumps,  two
       blowers, and a conveyor. In case of liquid waste, the waste is
       first pressurized by a gearpump, checked by inflow control
       valve, and then brought into the incinerator at a fixed quantity
       and interval. Gelled waste is canned and put  into the incinera-
       tor in batches. In  this type of incinerator, the smoke and gas
       from the first combustion are conducted to a second incinera-
       tor and heated to  800-900  C; in a third incinerator the gas is
       heated to 1100-1600 C,  and in  a fourth  incinerator  it  is
       discharged at 800-  850 C as dustless, non-toxic gas. An  addi-
       tional merit of the SP-type incinerator lies in  utilization of sur-
       plus heat from waste gas combustion; the heat is recycled for
       the  incineration  energy  source,   facilitating  perfect   and
       economical combustion. The SP-type incinerator, therefore, is
       designed to be durable at high temperature, and all the inside
       fittings are fireproof.

       15690
       Oloman, C., F. E.  Murray, and J. B. Risk
       THE SELECTIVE  ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE
       FROM STACK GAS.    Pulp  Paper  Mag.  Can. (Quebec),
       1969:69-74, Dec. 5, 1969.  7 refs. (Presented at  55th  Annual
       Meeting of the Technical  Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper
       Association, Montreal, Jan. 28-31, 1969.)
       Selective absorption of hydrogen sulfide in a wet scrubber is
       proposed as a method of  reducing the odor from kraft pulp
       mill recovery stack gases. A solution of sodium carbonate and
       bicarbonate, which is 2M in sodium, is  in equilibrium with the
       carbon-dioxide content of the recovery stack  gas and has  a pH
       of about 9.5. The solution will selectively absorb hydrogen sul-
       fide from the stack gas provided its  sulfide content is kept
       low.  Hydrogen sulfide absorption efficiencies of over 90%
       were obtained in a pilot absorption unit consisting of a packed
       column working in series with air sparged liquor oxidizers. The
       process rates indicated that an efficient absorption system for
       a 500 t.p.d. kraft pulp mill would require a 20-ft-diameter ab-
       sorption column, with 10 ft of  packing, using 3000 g.p.m. of
       recyling carbonate liquor. The value of the recovered chemi-
       cals  was not expected to pay  for the cost of recovery-gas
       scrubbing. (Author abstract modified)

        15709
       Hough, Gerald W. and Lyle J. Gross
       AIR  EMISSION  CONTROL IN  A MODERN  PULP  AND
       PAPER MILL.  Am. Paper Ind.,  51(2):36-37, 40-42  44.  Feb
        1969.  18 refs.                                      /
       Increasing concern about the environment in  the U. S. is  caus-
       ing federal, state,  and local governments to  legislate increas-
       ingly stringent laws governing emissions from industrial plants.
       The concepts which a pulp and  paper mill can adopt to reduce
       emissions to  levels which have been proven to be attainable
       are discussed. The amount of water vapor, paniculate matter,
       and sulfur emissions in pounds per ton  of pulp from  each
       operation of the kraft pulp mill is compared before and  after
       application of suitable controls. Air emission control systems
       increase  both the  capital  and operating  costs of pulp mills.
       Order of magnitude capital cost estimates for the air emission
       control equipment for a new 500 tpd pulp mill are presented. I

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      77
 15772
 Okuno, Tosihide
 THE REACTION BAD ODOR SUBSTANCES WITH OZONE.
 (Akushu seibun to ozon no hannosei). Text in Japanese. Kogai
 to Taisaku (J. PoUution Control), 5(8):633-639, Aug. 15, 1969. 8
 refs.
 The removal of industrial odors by the use of ozone oxidation
 was studied, and their properties and behavior were described
 with the  introduction of electron theory. Malodorous  com-
 ponents are amine- ammoniacal compounds,  lower aliphatic
 acidic  compounds,  sulfurous  compounds,  ofefin-paraffin
 hydrocarbons,   and  other  organic  compounds.  Olefinic
 hydrocarbons  have  a  characteristic  odor and  a reaction
 mechanism   for  olefinic  hydrocarbons   and  ozone   was
 described. One  of the most general  reactions  of the carbon-
 carbon double bond is an addition of  ozone and rearrangement
 of  the resultant ozonide  whereby  the ozonide  is directly
 hydrolyzed  by  boiling  with water.  Secondary  and tertiary
 amines were  employed  to examine  reactivity  and reaction
 products.  Reactivity  was determined  by  measuring residual
 ozone quantity, and reaction products were monitored by gas-
 chromatography. Tertiary  amines reacted  extensively  with
 ozone and formed various compounds. Acrylic ester monomer,
 used as a raw  material of acrylic acid  resin, is very odorous.
 An oxidation experiment using acrylic  ester  and  methacrylate
 was done for the removal  of this odor. Acrylic  ester reacted
 faster than methacrylate; a reaction of acrylic ester with ozone
 proceeded relatively  fast,  so  this  odor can most readily be
 removed by selecting appropriate reaction conditions. In con-
 clusion, not all odorous components can be removed by ozone
 oxidation,  due  to  the  difficulty  in  reducing  1  ppm of
 malodorous  components  to 1  ppb (99.9% removal rate).  Op-
 timum reaction  conditions  and apparatus  must be found for
 the use of ozone reaction methods on odorous sources.

 15779
 Collins, Theron T., Jr.
 ODOR CONTROL AND HEAT RECOVERY IN WOOD PULP-
 ING PROCESS.  (Assignee not given.) U. S.  Pat. 3,183,145.
 9p., May 11, 1965. 6 refs. (Appl. June  22, 1962, 10 claims).
 Methods are described for  controlling the  pollution of the at-
 mosphere  and bodies  of water in the  vicinity of wood pulping
 mills. The method is  described in terms of the wood pulping
 process; however, it may readily be adapted for use with other
 wood pulping processes  that emit waste  condensates which
 contain such odorous and noxious gases as methyl mercaptan
 and hydrogen sulfide, as well as hot  water vapor laden gases
 which contain sulfur dioxide. The gases are passed into con-
 tact with black liquor prior to the concentration, thus oxidizing
 the  liquor.  For example,  sulfur  dioxide containing  gases
 derived from the lime kiln and/or the recovery furnace are
 contacted with one or more of the condensates containing the
 sulfur compounds as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan,
under conditions which cause condensation of at least a portio
of the water vapor in the hot gases. A portion of the sulfur
dioxide content of the hot gases reacts with a portion of the
 hydrogen sulfide and/or methyl mercaptan content of the con-
densates to render the undersirable odor producing compounds
innocuous.  Simultaneously, the alkaline  components of  the
condensates  are carbonated and the condensates  are stripped
of substantial portions of the unreacted sulfur compounds. The
effluent gases  are then oxidized, preferably  using active
chlorine containing bleach plant wastes, to oxidize the remain-
ing odor producing materials in the gases. The condensates are
cooled so as to recover a portion of their heat content and to
simultaneously render the residual unstripped gases more solu-
ble.
 15948
 Nakano, Toshihiro
 THE EXAMPLE OF  ODOR CONTROL  WITH  OZONE.
 (Akushuh taisaku to shite no ozon riyo no jissari rei: Nagoya
 shi Horidome shorijoh ni okeru  ichi rei).  Text in Japanese.
 Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(6):359-363, June 15,
 1968. 6 refs.
 Deodorant and ventilation facilities at a sewer treatment plant
 at Horidome, Nagoya city are described. The volume of air
 treated is 11,910 cubic meters. The air can be changed eight
 times an hour, since the ducts and ventilator handle 1600 cu m
 per min. Because the sewer odor is a mixture of many gases,
 its analysis is difficult. Among the  principal ingredients are
 hydrogen sulfide, indole, skatole, and ammonia. Deodorizing
 methods considered were adsorption, absorption,  masking,
 counteraction,   combustion,  autotrophy,   and   oxidation.
 Because of  space  limitations,  the method of oxidation by
 ozone was chosen.  The amount of ozone required  is about 1
 ppm, i.e., 1.75 mg per cu m air. Total ozone used is 168 gr per
 hour. The amount of raw material is 269 liters air per min, and
 the rate of ozone generation is 7.6 liters per min. Four seconds
 are required  for the mixing of odor  and  ozone. The reaction
 takes place in the exhaust duct of the ozone generator. Operat-
 ing costs of the process are 104,520 yen ($290) per year. Am-
 monia has decreased about 60 percent. Other components can
 not be measured because of their low concentration. Factors
 affecting the continuous operation of the  ozone generator will
 be reported later.

 16113
 Franzky, Ulrich
 ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FILTER FOR RECLAMATION OF
 SOLVENT FROM  THE  EXHAUST AJR  OF CHEMICAL
 (DRY) CLEANING  MACHINES.  (Kleinaktivkohlefilter  zur
 Loesungsmittelrueckgewinnung  aus  der  Abluft chemischer
 Reinigungsmaschinen).  Text  in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
 12(3):157-161, March 1968.
 Beginning January  1, 1968 all dry cleaning machines in  the
 state  of  North Rhine-Westphalia  must be equipped with ac-
 tivated charcoal filters  if trichlorethylene or perchloroethylene
 are used  as solvents. Not more than 200 mg of solvent/cu m of
 waste gas  may  be  emitted. This will eliminate disagreeable
 odors and halve solvent consumption. The  activated coal fil-
 ters come in various sizes. The simplest version adsorbs 10 to
 100 kg perchlorethylene. The twin version is fully automatic
 and has  an electric  steam generator.  Waste air entering from
 the top of the unit is pressed through the activated coal. The
 steam passes the coal in the  reverse direction, from bottom to
 top.  The mixture of solvent and steam  is  condensed in the
 cooler. If in sufficient steam for the regeneration of the coal is
 available, because  a  dry  cleaning  machine  is electrically
 heated, an electric steam generator must be installed or the en-
 tire dry cleaning machinery is switched to steam heating. The
 question  of the most economical bag to use must be decided
 on an individual basis. The regeneration time is generally 20 to
 40 min.

 16365
 Tuerkoelmez, S.
 NEW METHOD  OF WASTE GAS  CLEANING.  ELIMINA-
 TION OF  ODORS  THROUGH EXCHANGE ADSORPTION
 WITH ARTIFICIAL ION EXCHANGERS. PART n.  (Neues
Verfahren    der    Abgasreinigung.    Beseitigung    der
 Geruchbelaestigungen  durch  Austausch-Adsorption   mittels
Kunstharz- lonenaustauschem.  Teil   H). Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 9(12):812-816, 1965.

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78
ODORS
Experiments in the laboratory and in a pilot plant were con-
ducted with waste gases containing nitrogen oxides. Removal
by exchange adsorption with artificial resins (such as amberlite
IRA-410 and IR-45) using air or nitrogen as the carrier gas
showed that the capacity  of the  resins  was  lower in the
presence of air. For 1 kg nitrogen gas, 27 1 amberlite IRA-410
were  needed. Tests on the  stability of the artificial resins by
saturation in 15% nitric acid  for  132 days brought positive
results.  Experiments with various scrubbing liquids such as
water, sodium  lye,  and dimethylsulfoxide showed  that the
scrubbing process, which is actually an  oxidation process, is
improved  by  the  presence of sufficient oxygen. Eleven tests
with dimethylsulfoxide  solution  were performed. The  waste
gas was first cooled to 20 C and then passed over dimethylsul-
foxide solution. The solution was regenerated  over artificial
resins which  bound the HNO3 and possibly also the HNO2
through exchange adsorption. The efficiency of this method
was between 80 and 98%. For regeneration of  the  scrubbing
liquid, 300 liters of artificial resin per week were needed. The
resins in turn had to be regenerated once a week  with  10%
sodium  lye. During the experimental period, the resins  suf-
fered  no decline in capacity.

16498
Heuser, A. R.
TRENDS IN AIR  CONSERVATION IN THE GRAPHIC ARTS
INDUSTRY. Gravure, 1969:22-25, 45-48, Feb. 1969. (Presented
at the Fifth Graphic Arts  Conference of the Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Chicago, Nov. 1968.)

The main  sources of pollution from processes involving print-
ing and coating operations is exhaust from ovens and dryers.
The principal contaminants  are  hydrocarbons  from the sol-
vents  used in the inks and coatings. In addition, there can be
some  hydrocarbon residue from incomplete combustion of the
fuel in flame dryers and ovens. Odors are also  a problem, at-
tributed to complex  organic products of  cracking and  partial
oxidation of resinous materials in solvents. In general, the sol-
vents  themselves  are not responsible for odor complaints. Sol-
vent emissions can be limited by direct-flame incineration or
catalytic combustion, the  latter technique being  the  more
economical. Because of  the possibility of catalyst poisoning or
suppression, catalytic combustion may not meet Los Angeles
air pollution regulations limiting solvent emissions to a max-
imum of 8% olefins and 20% toluene. Direct-flame  ionization
has been approved by the Los Angeles Air Pollution Control
District.  A  newer  approach  to  curtailing emissions  from
graphic  art processes involves the use of inks and coatings
which do  not pollute air or require expensive  effluent treat-
ment. Ways by which this goal might be met are  examined.

16535
Ikehata, Akira and Yasuo Kumagai
REMOVAL OF ODOR ON WASTE WATER FROM POTATO
STARCH PLANT. (Bareisho denpun kojo haisui no dasshu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai  to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 4(9):575-579, Sept.  15, 1968. 10 refs.
The pollution of rivers by waste  water discharged from potato
starch plants  is discussed.  The  harmful  effect  of the waste
water is caused mainly by the so-called 'water  cotton' which
kills microorganisms and plankton,  the staple food of fish. The
waste water also creates an odor problem. The present authors
studied  the elimination  of the odor by  ozone,  chlorine, and
open air. Aggregation and filtration alone did not remove the
odor of the waste gas,  but reduced biochemical oxygen de-
mand  (BOD) by  65%,  chemical oxygen  demand (COD) by
       68%, and chromaticity by 60%. Treatment with ozone reduced
       COD by 55%, chromaticity by 69%, and odor by almost 100%.
       Chlorine also reduced odor, though its excessive use produced
       chlorine odor. Treatment with open air removed most of the
       odor, and reduced BOD by  19%, COD  by 16%, and  chro-
       maticity by 32%. Joint treatment with chlorine for 20 min and
       ozone  for one min completely removed odor, and reduced
       BOD by 66%, COD by 94%,  and chromaticity  by 97%. Joint
       treatment with air for one half hr and chlorine for twenty min
       removed most of the odor. Joint treatment with air for one
       half-hr  and ozone for 3 min  completely  removed odor, and
       reduced BOD by 70%,  COD by 67%, and chromaticity by
       76%.

       16712
       Bretscher, Dr. Hans
       ELIMINATION  OF MALODOROUS  EMISSIONS IN  THE
       CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Chem. Engr. (London), 221:CE268-
       270, Sept. 1968.
       Many chemical processes are accompanied by the emission of
       odorous substances, which may have unpleasant effects even
       when present in concentrations of less than 0.001 mg/N cu m.
       Odors  are particularly difficult to deal with because: They are
       subjective in  nature; satisfactory measurement methods  are
       not  available;  and  meteorological  conditions  affect   the
       response to odors. As a general principle, elimination of odors
       at the source is the preferred method of dealing with them. A
       number of waste gas purification methods which are available
       are listed.

       16747
       Clement, J. L. and J. S. Elliot
       NEW KRAFT RECOVERY BOILER DESIGN  ELIMINATES
       UNPLEASANT ODOR.   Paper Trade J.,  153(16):63-65,  April
       21, 1969. 5 refs.
       The dse of multiple effect  evaporators in place of direct-con-
       tact evaporators  in  kraft  recovery boilers results  in  the
       elimination of most of  the unpleasant odors associated with
       this process. In this new boiler design, unoxidized black liquor
       supplied directly from the multiple  effect evaporator to  the
       furnace is burned with  complete combustion of malodorous
       compounds. A large bare tube economizer to cool combustion
       gases to a final stack temperature of 350 to 400 F is incor-
       porated into the  new design. Increased SO2  emission and
       changes in electrostatic precipitator  operation are  among  the
       effects of the new design that are discussed. Well accepted in
       the  Scandinavian countries, the new system is  just being in-
       troduced into the U. S.

       16807
       Roberson, James E.
       EFFECT OF RECOVERY  ODOR CONTROL ON A KRAFT
       MILL ENERGY BALANCE.  Paper Trade  J.,  153(34):86-89,
       August 25, 1969. 2 refs.
       In the U. S., kraft pulping  accounts for approximately 75 per-
       cent of the total U. S. chemical pulp production. From an air
       emission standpoint, odor reduction is a significant considera-
       tion in  the kraft process. The  energy balances associated with
       various odor control systems are discussed. Since each mill
       situation is unique, capital cost, operating cost, and acceptable
       emission levels  must all be considered  before arriving at a
       total evaluation of a recovery odor control system. The energy
       costs discussed are based on new recovery and multiple effect
       evaporation installations  and assume  that the turbine generator
       condenser is not operating at minimum condensing load.

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      79
 16842
 Walther, James E. and Herman R. Amberg
 A POSITIVE AER QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM AT A
 NEW KRAFT MILL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 2
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 80
ODORS
 cms refuse  are  incinerated; the sulfuric compounds  are  ox-
 idized by  controlling incineration conditions. A cooperative
 system for  industrial pollution involving industry and control
 officials is briefly outlined.

 17293
 Terabe, Mototsugu
 BAD  SMELLS  AND   COUNTERMEASURES  FOR  THE
 PUBLIS NUISANCE.  (Akushuh to kohgai taisaku).  Text in
 Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(12):696-702,
 Dec. 25, 1969. 17 refs.
 Most malodorous substances are organic substances containing
 nitrogen or sulfur,  such as  amines  and mercaptans. Other
 malodorous substances containing no nitrogen and sulfur  are
 phenols, cresols, butyric acid,  and  valeric acid.  Industrial
 plants  which  possibly emit  malodorous substances  process
 paints,  metals,  plastics,  oils, fats,  petroleum  refinery,  and
 gum. Unpleasant odors  are one of the most complex public
 nuisances. Odors are generated by many kinds and small quan-
 tities of substances, and the only measuring apparatus is man's
 nose. Katz classified the intensities of smells into five classes:
 zero is no  odor; one, barely perceptable; two, faint; three,
 easily noticed; four, strong; and five very strong. The relation-
 ship of this scale to ppm with several sulfur compounds was
 studied. The intensity of smell did not directly  correspond to
 the density. When the density became ten times, the intensity
 becomes about double. The degree of odor, odor unit, odor
 concentration  and  odor   emission  rate  were  explained.  G.
 Leonardos  measured  odor  thresholds  of  57  chemicals.
 Deodorization methods  were classified into absorption,  ad-
 sorption, chemical oxidation, combustion, and  neutralization.
 Deodorization methods having practical utility were explained.
 The adsorption  method  using  activated  coal  is useful  for
 alchols, acetic acid, butyric acid, caprylic acid, benzene, and
 mercaptans. Adsorption  efficiencies of activated coal were
 tabulated for 97  substances. Removal of hydrogen sulfide was
 studied by many methods. The Takahax wet method, absorp-
 tion by naphtoquinone sulfonic  acid was noteworthy. Organic
 substances  are removed  efficiently  by direct  gas flame  in-
 cineration.

 17314
 Eguchi, Yoshitomo
 TREATMENT OF NOXIOUS GASES BY AN ACTIVATED
 CHARCOAL.  (Kasseitan ni yoru yugaigasu no shori). Text in
 Japanese. Nenryo  Oyobi Nensyo (Fuel  and  Combustion),
 36(10):937-950, Oct. 1, 1969. 10 refs.
 Present investigations of gaseous atmospheric contaminants
 are inadequate because they are limited to gases which can be
 easily measured  or which have  an offensive musty odor. The
 range of contaminants is  greater than assumed and increasing
 year after year. On frequent occasions, harmful gases con-
 taminate the atmosphere  in working and living quarters. With
 regard  to the disposal of  harmful gases by the activated char-
 coal method, fields of application include  the  elimination or
recovery of  organic solvents generated in chemical plants, fol-
lowing: prevention of emission  of gasoline vapors discharged
 by  automobiles; prevention of  release of radioactive gases
 discharged from  atomic installations, and elimination of harm-
ful gases in  indoor environments. The present status of the  ac-
tivated charcoal  process in these fields is described and cost
estimates are given.
       17395
       Ishikawa, Keiichi and Syunzi Otobe
       ODOR REMOVAL BY METHOD OF CONTACT OXIDATION
       CATALYSIS, ESPECIALLY ON CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
       SYSTEM. (Sesshoku sankashokubaiho ni yor akushu jokyo no
       oyorei — catalytic combustion  system o  chushin toshite). Text
       in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2(7):487-
       489, Aug. 15, 1966.
       The reliability of removing odors by contact oxidation cataly-
       sis was qualitatively determined by gas chromatographic analy-
       sis.  The following  conditions  are  imposed on  the method:
       odorous  compounds must be  completely oxidized; the odor-
       bearing atmosphere must be mixed with a  sufficient quantity
       of oxygen and the  speed of catalysis contact must be regu-
       lated; the amount of gas can not exceed the catalytic faculty;
       the  chemical reaction  requires gas to be preheated to bring
       about catalysis at the right moment, combustion heat for com-
       bustible components contained in the  gas should be less than
       110  k cal/cu  run. Compounds  reacting to a platinum-alloy
       catalyst are phosphorus, chlorine, lead, zinc mercury, arsenic,
       silicon bromine,  and solid state accretions which adhere to
       catalyst  surface. The  temperature limit  of the  catalyst  is
       around 650 C, the catalyst must be kept  away from the flame.
       The catalyst facility resembles  an  air filter, since it is  sur-
       rounded  by stainless-steel frames and wire gauge  and inside
       the frame, the activated platinum is attached to alloy ribbons
       for convenient handling. A platinum alloy catalyst is suitable
       for  coasting  furnaces, separate  or  continuous  processing
       systems, high- pressure waste gas, over-all treatment systems,
       and  waste incinerators. Flow diagrams presented in this paper
       illustrate the catalytic combustion system for each application.
       17403
       Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
       THE POINT  OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
       TION  RESULT  OF AN  ELECTRIC  PRECBPITATOR  IN
       VARIOUS INDUSTRY SMOKE ABATEMENT (IX) - TREAT-
       MENT OF EXHAUST GAS FROM REFUSE INCINERATOR.
       (Gyohshubetsu ni mini denkishuhjin sohchi no setsubikeikaku
       to untenkohka (IX)  - Jinkai  shohkyaku no tomonau haigasu
       shori ndao). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
       Control), 3(9):543-548, Sept. 15, 1967. 11 refs.
       Urban refuse includes many inorganic  containers and  vinyl
       bags that present difficulties with respect to perfect  com-
       bustion. In Japan, the choice of incineration by equipment and
       incinerating schedules is left to each municipality indepen-
       dently; an  8  hr/day operation is common. In such cases, im-
       perfect  combustion interferes with the  performance of dust
       collectors when they start or stop operations,  and odorous
       waste gas emissions are inavoidable. Corrosion of the installa-
       tions  and damage by the  heat-cycle are increased by C12,
       NH3, SO2, SO3, etc.. Consequently, a 24 hr/day  operation
       plan with standardized equipment is advisable. For adequate
       combustion,  O2-rich air should  be used. Most recently con-
       structed incinerators employ the following types of treatment:
       flow rate is controlled by a continuous dust-feeding method;
       dry waste gas is resolved and the odor removed through high-
       temperature combustion area in incinerators; temperature of
       the combustion waste gas is controlled, and dust removed by
       dry methods. Because of the wide variety of refuse in Japan,
       little progress  has  been made in standardizing incinerator
       operations. It is necessary to set up pretreatment installations
       and to improve dust removal installations.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      81
 17409
 Walther, J. E. and H. R. Amberg
 ODOR CONTROL IN THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY. Chem.
 Eng. Progr., 66(3):73-80, March 1970. 12 refs.
 As determined by  year-long odor inventories  at four West
 Coast kraft mills, present technology will permit reduction of
 total sulfur compounds  by 90-94%. High efficiency  oxidation
 of  black  liquor  should reduce  sulfur emissions  from the
 recovery furnace to about 0.1 Ibs/AD ton of pulp. Emissions
 as  low  as 0.01  Ibs/AD  ton  of  pulp  could  be achieved  by
 eliminating direct contact of hot flue gas and black liquor in
 accordance with two new systems. One system  relies on con-
 centrating the black liquor in multiple-  effect evaporators to
 the desired concentration for direct firing to the furnace. The
 other systems use the hot flue gases  from the  recovery fur-
 nace to heat air in  a laminar flow heater.  This heated air is
passed through a conventional cascade evaporator to raise the
 solids content of the black liquor coming from the multiple-ef-
 fect evaporators to  the concentration desired for firing in the
 furnace. Burning of noncondensable gases from digesters and
 multiple-effect evaporators in the lime kiln, recovery furnace,
 or incinerator is a positive method of  completely eliminating
 this source of odors. The lime kiln can be operated at daily
 hydrogen sulfude emissions as low as 0.06 Ibs/ton of AD pulp.
 Miscellaneous source odors are the washer hood vent gas, the
 washer filtrate seal  tank gas, and the knotter hood  vent gas.
 Although their concentration  is relatively low, the volume of
 reduced sulfur compounds is these streams can be substantial.
 This area will require considerable research and development
 work before a completely satisfactory solution is found.

 17635
Taman, Shuku, Hiroshi Muranaka, Tadabumi Tsuchida, and
 Hiroshi Ikeda
 OFFENSIVE  ODORS.  14. CHEMICAL PLANT COUNTER-
 MEASURES IN OSAKA  PREFECTURE.  Taiki  Osen Kenkyu
 (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59,  1967. Translated from
Japanese. 5p.
The progress of the  Nishinari Health Center in promoting mea-
 sures  to  control offensive  odors from chemical  plants is
 discussed. The area concerned  is one  of private houses and
factories. It contains eight chemical plants:  six  manufacturing
 bone meal, oil, and fat; one,  fish meal; and one, blood meal.
 In bone meal plants, the bones,  horns,  and hooves  of cattle,
hogs, and other animals are  boiled to obtain oils,  fats, and
glue. The sources of odor are the exhaust  fumes  from the
 steam boiler, the glue kiln, and the exsiccation furnace. In fish
meal chemical plants, the steam boiler and exsiccation furnace
 exhaust fumes are the sources of odor. In blood meal plants,
the blood is boiled  by steam to  be changed into blood meal.
The exhaust fumes of  this steam  are the odor sources.
Deodorization experiments with resin were successful, but due
to technical and economical problems  could  not be put into
practice. Deodorization by adsorption was not very  effective.
In another experiment, the exhaust gas was cooled in a water
tower and  passed through an absorption vat  where  it was
mixed  with a solution  of NaOH and  NaClO.  It  was then
passed through a solution of oxalic acid. This method proved
to be very  successful. A Committee for Solving the  Chemical
Plant Problem was formed to promote experimental research
in deodorization  methods, secure funds, and  aid in  construc-
tion.
17636
Takeda, Minoru, Osamu Koyama, and Tatsukichi Ishiguro
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 15. PRESENT SITUATION IN TOKYO
WITH RESPECT TO OFFENSIVE  ODOR CONTROL MEA-
SURES.   Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc Air Pollution),
2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
The problems  connected  with fish refuse collected in and
around Tokyo include the following: method of collection and
transportation; contamination; lack of uniformity; and fluctua-
tions in the quantity to be handled. These factors have delayed
the development of proper and efficient procedures for refuse
handling.  The factories in  Tokyo  are not modernized in their
processing methods. The raw materials are boiled in flat kilns,
compressed by a  hydraulic press,  and the  oil is collected.
Therefore, the  process was modified by using a 'cooker', by
having the press and  drying processes done  with  closed-type
equipment, and by using a deodorizing device. Thus, by reduc-
ing the number of odor sources within the plant one  by one,
some progress in eliminating the offensive odor was made. Im-
provement of the present  manufacturing processes is being
made by  using gas chromatography  and other methods to in-
vestigate the constituents of offensive odors evolved from the
present treatment process.

17637
Shigeno, Kenji
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 16.  ELIMINATION OF OFFENSIVE
ODOR OF FISH ENTRAILS AND  BONES WITH BAMBOO
LEAVES.  Taiki Osen  Kenkyu  (J.  Jap Soc. Air Pollution),
2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 3p.
Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of
bamboo  leaves in eliminating  the odor  of  fish   entrails.
Chopped up bamboo leaves were added to fresh cuttlefish en-
trails in amounts of 2% to 20%. After the mixture has been al-
lowed to stand at 26 C, its odor was compared with that of an
untreated sample. The odor of the untreated entrails was very
bad, and increased after  the first  or second  day,  but  the
material containing 2%-5% bamboo  leaves remained odorless.
The odor was tested after boiling  a mixture containing 2%-5%
bamboo leaves, and no offensive  odor was detected. Bamboo
leaves  were  mixed with cuttlefish  entrails which has been
standing for seven days and were emitting a strong  odor. After
three to four days, the odor had almost disappeared. The com-
position  of  the leaf  and other factors  are being studied to
determine why bamboo leaves prevent  the emission of bad
odor.

17906
Agnew, W. G.
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH.  Proc. Roy.
Soc. (Ixmdon), Ser. A., 307(1489):153-181, Oct. 1968. 68 refs.
Some of  the progress which has been  made in  the United
States  toward  the objectives  of  automotive  air pollution
research  with respect  to photochemical smog, carbon  monox-
ide, polynuclear  aromatic hydrocarbons, lead,  and diesel
smoke and odor are reviewed and discussed. Automotive air
pollution research has as its objectives: (1) to understand  the
nature of  the atmospheric effects; (2) to understand the nature
of vehicle emissions; and (3) to develop concepts for the con-
trol of significant pollutants. Attempts to determine the mag-
nitude of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions from vehi-
cles immediately face  two severe difficulties: (1) automobiles
are operated in an almost  infinite variety of steady-state and
transient  driving conditions, ambient conditions,  and states of
repair; and (2) the exhaust is made up of  hundreds of in-

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 82
ODORS
 dividual compounds with different degrees of significance and
 the proportions of these compounds vary with operating condi-
 tions and fuel types. The estimated contributions of the engine
 crankcase,  exhaust,  and carburetor and  fuel  tank to the
 hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions from an average un-
 controlled vehicle are  presented. Numerous  charts and illustra-
 tions are given. Polynuclear aromatic  hydrocarbons and lead in
 the atmosphere  appear  to be below  the levels  of any health
 hazards, but information in this area, as well as understanding
 of the  vehicle emissions of these materials, is inadequate.
 Diesel smoke is currently a commercial economic  problem
 requiring legal enforcement, but its odor remains a chemical
 mystery.

 180SO
 Stresen-Reuter, James
 CATALYTIC INCINERATOR CONTROLS HYDROCARBONS
 AND ODORS. Plant Eng., 23(8):142, April 17, 1969.
 In the production of  varnishes, vehicles and compounds for
 the paint industry and resins for  the foundry industry, batch
 processing in  heated, cooled,  and agitated reactors, mixing
 tanks, and filtering equipment  is  used. Catalytic incineration
 has proven to be the most effective method for eliminating
 any  odors  from this  type of process. A schematic drawing
 shows the  control of fumes from  the reactor through a spray
 tower to the catalytic incinerator.

 18140
 Hawkins, Gerald
 SCRUBBER LICKS TOUGH  FUME  PROBLEM.  Plant Eng.,
 23(13):70, June 26, 1969.
 Air pollution  control  with scrubbers at Champion Papers is
 discussed.  To  eliminate the low-volume, highly concentrated
 sulfur-containing pollutants, two gas  scrubbers  were  installed
 in parallel on two 600-ton black liquor evaporators used in the
 kraft pulping  process. Non-condensable gases leave  the sur-
 face condensers, pass through a pre-cooler, through jets, and
 into the gas scrubber. The scrubber's  effectiveness is excellent
 and can easily be evaluated by observing the exhaust vents for
 plume evidence.

 18153
 Bernicchi, Robert V.
 ODOR  CONTROL AT TREATMENT PLANT WITHOUT
 MASKING. Western City Mag., 44<4):34-35, April 1968.
 Abatement of  odor from the sewage  treatment plant of North
 San   Mateo County  is  reviewed.  Treatment  facility odor
 problems could not be solved by chemical additions to sewage,
 but the gases  emalnating had to  be  treated.  The sources of
 odor  were: the bar screen chamber, the sludge  thickener, the
 sedimentation  tank, the grit chamber, and the gas blow off on
 the  primary digester.  Odor from  the sedimentation tank was
eliminated by sealing off the tank with a concrete slab. Instead
 of masking the odors from the other sources, oxidation was
utilized. The chemical used was  Odorex,  a potassium man-
ganate compound, the  chemical  being automatically mixed
 with water  and atomized over the  affected area. Odors emitted
by the gas blow off of the primary digester were controlled by
a special scrubber unit utilizing Cataban, a compound not as
effective as Odorex  but capable of being regenerated and
reused. Aside  from odors at the treatment facility, the district
had  experienced problems  with  an inverted  syphon con-
structed to temporarily  transport  sewage from a distant sub-
division. The syphon emitted  sulfides at a rate as high as 400
 ppm.  The  syphon problem was  solved by the addition of fer-
       rous sulfate to the sewage being discharged into the syphon.
       The chemical was automatically added at the rate  of 250
       Ibs/day.

       18169
       AIR WASH SYSTEMS HANDLE ODOUR  FROM  PACKING
       PLANT.  Mod. Power Eng., 63(6):78-79, June 1969.
       Five types of treatment were used  in combination in a meat
       packing plant to handle odor problems from the hog plant, the
       oil refinery, and the acidulation plant. The five systems are:
       Dilution    mixing large  volumes of odor-free air with air
       requiring dilution; single stage air-wash   all exhaust air  is
       spray-washed  with chlorine; two-stage air-wash - the second
       stage washes the  air using  clear  water  that adsorbs the
       chlorine; submerged-orifice scrubber - the air is washed in a
       submerged state in chlorinated water; two-stage wetted-fiber
       air-washing system - provides more intimate contact between
       chlorinated water and the air. The hog plant utilizes the two-
       stage air-wash with a chlorine rate of 50 ppm,  the refinery unit
       utilizes the submerged-orifice scrubber with a chlorine rate of
       50 to 100 ppm, and the acidulation  odors are handled by the
       two-stage wetted-fiber system using  a Terylene filter and clear
       water washing to remove chlorine.

       19182
       Burnett, W. E. and N. C. Dondero
       CONTROL OF  ODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES.  Trans.
       ASAE (Am. Soc. Agr. Engrs.), 13(2):221-224, 231, March-April
       1970. 17 refs.  (Presented  at the Winter Meeting of  the Amer-
       ican Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago,  111.,  1968,
       Paper 68-909.)
       A matching-standard method  for the evaluation of  the ability
       of commercial odor-control chemicals to mask or eliminate the
       offensive  odor of an animal waste (poultry  manure) when
       added directly to the waste in both laboratory and field tests  is
       described.  The  lowest concentration of the most effective
       chemical can be determined. Masking agents and  counterac-
       tants  were   the  most   effective   odor-control  products,
       deodorants   were  moderately  effective,  and   digestive
       deodorants were least effective. Further research is  needed on
       the effect of repeated applications of odor-control products on
       soil, so as not to  harm the soil for other  purposes.  (Author
       conclusions modified)

       19218
       Nakajima, Shinichi
       ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND COUNTERMEASURE  FOR
       PUBLIC NUISANCE OF RECOVERY BOILER.  (Kaishu boira
       no jiko  boshi  narabini  kogai  taisaku  ni tsuite). Text  in
       Japanese.  Kami-Pa Gikyoshi (Journal of the Japanese Techni-
       cal Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), 24(7):351-355,
       July 1, 1970. Locomotive Manufacturing Co. (Japan).
       The kraft pulp recovery boiler has  more difficulties than the
       boiler using only heavy oil as fuel. Public nuisance is also one
       of the pressing problems  of the day. The slight  accidents that
       prevent continuous operation are due to corrosion  of the su-
       perheated tube  or leaking of  the  smelt. Corrosion can be
       avoided by using a suitable material for the wall of the tube
       and by maintaining a uniform wall  temperature. The serious
       accidents accompanied by an explosion in  the furnace occur
       through a smelting-water explosion or an explosion  of the sub
       fuel The former is avoided by preventing the black liquor
       from becoming  thin and  by preventing cooling water  from
       flowing into the furnace. The latter is avoided  by preventing
       the fire from going out. The  development of  a dust collector

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      83
has solved the problems of smog, but offensive odor is still a
problem. The principal components of the offensive odor are
hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan. They are emitted by
the direct contact evaporator and the combustion room. There-
fore,  facilities without  a  direct contact  evaporator must be
established. There are two kinds of facilities without  a direct
contact evaporator; one has been developed in the U.S.A. and
another in Scandinavia. The latter is considered to be more ef-
fective than the  former. Even if the direct contact evaporator
is not used, offensive odor is generated when combustion of
black liquor is incomplete. The method developed by a cor-
poration in Sweden was adopted.

19221
Tarala, Frederick E.
FILTER.   (Dollinger Corp.,  Rochester, N. Y.)  U.  S.  Pat
3,513,643. 3p., May 26, 1970.  17 refs. (Appl.  May 21,  1968, 2
claims).
A corrugated, porous air filter is described. The filter is a fiber
glass  layer secured between a relatively stiff, thermosetting
layer, which resiliency retains the corrugations in  place, and a
pourous  charcoal  filter paper for removing odors from air
passed through  the filter. Electrical air filtering  systems  are
expensive to manufacture and maintain. Previous mechanical
systems were  not efficient in removing dust, pollen, and other
air-borne particulates. The filter described combines the better
qualities of both  electrostatic and mechanical type  air filters. It
can be readily assembled in a preformed housing.

19363
American Foundrymen's Society, Des Plaines, HI.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.  In: Foundry Air Pollution
Control Manual.  2nd ed., 1967, Chapt. 2, p. 4-14.
Each  major branch of the foundry industry - gray iron, nonfer-
rous,  malleable,  and steel founding - has pollution problems
peculiar to it as  well as certain common difficulties. Foundry
omissions are described tabularly, while pollutant sources  are
classified  as:  effluents  from  dust-producing operations,  for
which almost all  foundries routinely  employ some type of
dust-  collecting  equipment; odors and gaseous  compounds,
most  commonly from corebaking ovens; and effluents from
ferrous  and nonferrous furnaces. Pollutants  from cupola ef-
fluent gases are  described in detail and present the most com-
plex and high-cost control problems,  although there are also
emissions from  electric melting and duplexing furnaces,  air
furnaces, and open hearth furnaces. Effluents from nonferrous
operations on such metals as brass, bronze, copper, aluminum,
and  magnesium   alloys, about which less  is  known, are
discussed. Serious air pollution exists  from alloys of copper
with beryllium, which is extremely toxic and requires the most
efficient gas-cleaning equipment. Techniques and economics of
control are discussed. The cost of dust cleaning equipment is a
function of the gas volume handled, quantity and  size of par-
ticulates, and temperature-corrosion considerations.

19493
Fawcett, R. L.
AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
MANUFACTURE.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(7):461-
465, July 1970. 13 refs.
Production of phthalic anhydride  will  approach  1,200,000
pounds in 1970. The process off-gas from this production con-
sists of large volumes of air contaminated with small quantities
of organic vapor and particulates and carbon monoxide. Some
of the major organic contaminants in the process  exhaust gas
include phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, naphthoquione,
benzoic acid, and aldehydes. A 100 million pound per year dry
recovery plant will discharge from 300 to 1200 Ib/hr of or-
ganics. Experience has shown that when a plant has an air pol-
lution problem, it is one associated with nuisance odors and
lachrymatory emissions. However, in certain West Coast loca-
tions, where extended periods of poor air shed ventilation ex-
ists, the problem has also been one of contribution of organics
to the build-up of excessive air contaminants. Normal stack
heights alone  frequently have not been sufficient to prevent
complaints when atmospheric conditions  were not conducive
to good dispersion. Plants with stacks rising to 170 ft  have
found that gas dispersion alone, without abatement equipment,
would  not consistently prevent unsatisfactory conditions  from
developing in the neighborhood. Today, those plants providing
abatement equipment are split roughly  equally between some
form of water scrubbing and  incineration, the  latter  either
catalytic or direct flame.  It has  been  suggested  that by
recycling a portion of the off-gases back to process, a substan-
tial reduction in  size and  investment  for control  equipment
would  be realized. This scheme would  only have possibilities
for fixed-bed plants inasmuch as the fluid-bed units operate at
or near the lower concentrations of oxygen permissable in the
off-gas  to effect design efficiencies for conversion to phthalic
anhydride. It might be possible to reduce the off-gases from a
fixed-bed plant by as much as 50%, but pilot work would be
required to evaluate the effect of the contaminants in the recy-
cle gas on catalyst life and product yields

19705
Stone, Ralph
SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM ODORS AND AIR POLLU-
TION.  J. Sank.  Eng., Div. Am. Soc. Civil  Engrs., 96(SA
4):905-909, Aug. 1970. (Presented  at the American Society of
Civil Engineers,  Water Resources  Engineering  Conference,
Memphis, Term., Jan. 26-29, 1970.)
The major  air pollution problem associated with  sewerage
systems is  odor.  Sludge  or screening  incinerators  may
discharge particulate matter, incompletely combusted organic
compounds, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxides, all of which
are air pollutants. The  intensity of sewage odor production is
dependent upon the following factors:  organic concentration,
temperature,  sulfate  content,  detention time,   agitation,
microbes, pH, and flow depth. Methods of odor control are:
preventing the odors from forming; preventing the odors from
reaching the  atmosphere;  and removing  or  renovating the
odors which have been  formed. Odors  may be suppressed by
the following methods: sewer maintenance to remove biologi-
cal slimes, grease, and silt; addition of  oxidation or reduction
compounds; precipitation of sulfides; waste pre-treatment to
reduce  waste  strength; and the  use  of  perfumed masking
agents. Odors  can be prevented from reaching the atmosphere
by sealed enclosures, and collected by a partial vacuum within
the disposal facility. The odors and air pollutants such as par-
ticulate matter or nitrogen oxides  can be reduced by ap-
propriate afterburners, scrubbers, activated carbon or  other
specialized equipment. (Author abstract)

19850
Stormont, D. H.
REFINERS CONTINUE ATTACK ON ADX POLLUTION.  Oil
Gas J., voL 58, 12p., Feb. 20, 1961.
A survey of 56 petroleum refineries was  conducted to deter-
mine the extent of their control of aerial wastes from  their
plants. It was estimated that $12.7 million was spent in 1961 for
air pollution control measures, compared with $22.5 million in

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 84
ODORS
 1956. The reason for this decline is that more controls are
 being designed into new units before they are built. The largest
 expenditures are for controlling hydrocarbons; sulfur  com-
 pounds require the second largest outlay, followed by smoke
 and paniculate matter,  odors and fumes. Hydrocarbons are
 controlled by floating roof tankage or vapor recovery systems.
 The use of hydrogenation units to reduce the olefin content of
 motor fuel is another high cost control item. Almost all of the
 cost  of sulfur  compounds  control  is  in  connection  with
 hydrogen  sulfide recovery  plants.  Smokes have been con-
 trolled by afterburners and proper air-fuel ratios. Cyclones and
 electrostatic precipitators are widely used for control  of par-
 ticulates,  with cyclones being  more economical.  There are
 several methods for controlling odors and fumes, including the
 separation and incineration of mercaptans and H2S from refin-
 ing wastes. Benefits of air pollution control to the refinery and
 several research projects conducted by various plants are also
 discussed.

 20120
 Stahman,  Ralph C., George D. Kittredge, and Karl J. Springer
 SMOKE AND ODOR  CONTROL FOR  DIESEL-POWERED
 TRUCKS AND BUSES.  SAE (Soc. Automotive Engrs.) Trans.,
 77(3): 1657-1693, 1969. 5 refs. (Paper 680443.)
 Diluted samples of exhaust from trucks powered by Cummins
 NH 220 four-cycle engines and buses powered  by GM Detroit
 Diesel 6-V-71 two-cycle engines were presented to  a panel of
 odor judges, who rated the intensity and quality of the  odor in
 terms  of  reference  standards.  Smoke  measurements  were
 made with a PHS-designed optical  smokemeter, and  experi-
 ments  were  conducted to  measure  the effectiveness  of  a
 variety  of control techniques. Although smoke emissions from
 the buses  were substantially lower than from trucks, the buses
 presented  a worse odor problem. Fumigation  systems which
 meter a small amount of fuel into the intake manifold of the
 engine to  initiate precombustion reactions before and during
 the compression stroke decreased exhaust  smoke from both
 engines but only  at low engine speeds. Significant  smoke
 reductions occurred when air was injected as close as possible
 to each exhaust valve of a four-cycle engine, probably due to
 oxidation  of the  carbon particles; but  no  beneficial  effects
 were observed when this system was investigated with a two-
 cycle engine powered bus. Engine derating was attributed to
 reduced emissions of two over-the-road  tractors, although  a
 third tractor exhibited very low baseline smoke  characteristics,
 and tests  with a 5 truck fleet using  a single commercial fuel
 additive confirmed significantly reduced smoke levels. The
 Jacobs  Engine Brake showed no promise in reducing smoke
 and odor,  while two types of catalytic mufflers  showed signifi-
 cant influence on odor levels.

 20258
 Brink, David L., Jerome F. Thomas, and Kay H. Jones
 MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM  THE COMBUSTION OF
 KRAFT BLACK  LIQUOR.  HI. A RATIONALE FOR CON-
TROLLING ODORS. Tappi, 53(5):837-843, May 1970.  12 refs.
 (Presented, in part, at the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting,  New York, Feb. 1967.)
 Studies of batch and  steady-state  pyrolysis  in kraft black
liquor combustion are  summarized and pertinent  differences
are discussed in a series of experiments  covering a tempera-
 ture range from 400 to  1135 C. A many-fold increase in the
volume of uncondensed gases formed in the higher tempera-
 ture ranges, and the composition of these gases, are presented
as evidence for the occurrence of extensive gasification of car-
bonaceous residues by the steam-char reaction under  steady-
       state  conditions. This reaction is significantly reduced under
       batch conditions. In the lower temperature ranges, a high per-
       centage of the sulfur present in the black liquor is converted
       to  an  array of  at  least  57  different  sulfur-containing
       malodorous products.  Under steady-state conditions,  these
       products are decomposed  as temperature is increased with
       only small amounts remaining above  1000 C. A summation of
       the calorific values of the major  steady-  state  pyrolysis
       products isolated from black liquor solids  shows the overall
       system to be endothermic. The significance of the study with
       respect  to furnace operation and associated problems, espe-
       cially odor emission  and its abatement, are discussed, and a
       conceptual basis for  designing a pyrolysis-combustion system
       employing multistage pyrolysis is suggested.

       20369
       Rothe, Wilfried
       PROCESS FOR DESULFURIZING  AND DEODORIZING
       HYDROCARBONS, ESPECIALLY HYDROCARBON  OILS.
       (Deutsche  Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt vormals Roessler
       (West Germany)) U. S. Pat.  3,496,098. 2p., Feb. 17,  1970. 4
       refs. (Appl. Feb. 23, 1967, 5 claims).
       Carriers which improve the desulfurizing and deodorizing ac-
       tion of sodium compounds used to treat hydrocarbon vapors
       are presented. The carriers  are mixtures of carbon, preferably
       graphite, and an alkaline earth metal, preferably calcium ox-
       ide; the ratio of oxide  to carbon is between 1:0.2 and 1:5  by
       weight. The carriers are intimately mixed with sodium monox-
       ide or sodium hydride  in the form of spheres,  cylinders,
       tablets,  and the like by compression  molding or extrusion.
       Because the desulfurizing composition has  high heat conduc-
       tivity, heat accumulations in the reactor bed are avoided and
       the ability of the alkaline earth metal  oxide to absorb sulfur is
       fully utilized. In addition, the desulfurizing compositions  do
       not sinter during the  reaction condition to such an extent that
       they  are   impermeable  to  the  hydrocarbon  vapors.  The
       hydrocarbons to be purified are  passed over  the catalysts at
       150 to 300 C, whereby all types of organic sulfur compounds
       are removed.

       20625
       Tsuiji, M., T. Okuno  and T. Yamamoto
       STUDIES  ON ODOR  ADSORBING  ABILITY OF  ADSOR-
       BENTS  AND THEIR APPLICATION TO ODOR SOURCES.
       PART n.  (Kyuchakuzai ni yoru akush no johoritsu oyobi has-
       seigen ni  okeru  riyoho no kento (II). Text Japanese. Taiki
       Osen  Kenkyu (J.  Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):71, 1969.
       (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society
       of Air Pollution,  1969.)
       The continuous  flow of odorous gas through the adsorbent
       tower reduces the effectiveness of  the  adsorbent  until the
       equilibrium state is attained. It is then necessary  to exchange
       the adsorbents  or to  reactivate  them. The  change  in the
       amount of adsorption due to temperature of reactivation and
       the frequency of reactivation was studied. The change in the
       surface structure of  the  adsorbent during gas  release due to
       reactivation heating was investigated.  In order to  confirm that
       during heating, the released gas reacts with oxygen in  air and
       the adsorbent surface, the resulting gas was analyzed. The ad-
       sorbents  used were  vegetable-type  activated charcoal, sul-
       fonated coal, and MGP. The odorous gases were hydrogen sul-
       fide, mercaptan, ammonia,  methylamine, dimethylamine, and
       trimethylamine.

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                                            B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                       85
 20628
 Odaira, T., J. Kazumi, K. Koyama, and T. Ishiguro
 CONTROL  ON ODOR OF FISH MEAL PLANTS IN DRYER
 EXHAUST.   (Gyochokotsu shori kojo no kansoki  haikigasu
 dasshushori ni  tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (
 J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):72,  1969. (Proceedings of the
 10th Annual Meeting  of the Japan Society of Air Pollution,
 1969.)
 Among the  nuisance complaints to  the Tokyo Metropolitan
 Government, 20% concern obnoxious odors. One of the main
 sources is considered to  be the fish meal plants. A  study was
 conducted on how odors can be removed within the existing
 production  framework. The  main sources are the exhausts
 from  the dryers and  the  liquids produced by pressing fish
 parU.  Limiting the scope  to  exhausts, the following control
 methods were  tested:  ozone  oxidation, chemical purification,
 and  absorption; the  block   diagram, for each process  is
 presented.  The tabulated results  show that  each control
 method,  the rate of odor removal was 60 -80%. Although the
 percentage is  tolerable for ordinary dust particles, it is  not
 enough for bad odors and further improvement is necessary.

 20709
 Sato,  S.
 DISPOSAL  OF  ODOR   IN   FERTILIZER  INDUSTRIES.
 (Keifun kansokojo  no akushugasu no shori ni tsuite). Text in
 Japanese. Taiki Osen  Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
 4(1):73, 1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the
 Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
 The exhaust gas from the dryer for fertilizer manufacturing in
 a chicken farm is  a severe pollution problem  due  to its  ex-
 tremely obnoxious  odor.  Most dryers fall into the rotary kiln
 category, to which the discussion is limited. Among various
 ways  of  removing the odor, for a farm with the capacity less
 than ten thousand  chickens,  the process of  passing the gas
 through earth, particularly from agricultural land, is effective,
 apparently due to  the action  of bacteria  and  physical adsorp-
 tion. For larger farms, the purification method using alkali
 solution  is more useful,  and the process was actually  em-
 ployed in a  farm with three dryers,  each with  a capacity for
 ten thousand chickens. A nearby stream of pH 3-4 was used
 with 1%  alkali solution in order to eliminate the odor and was
 found to be very effective.

 20754
 Kline, Millard F.
 RETAINER  FOR PURIFICATION MEDIA FOR GAS FROM
 SEWER  LINE  VENTS.   (Assignee  not  given.) U. S.  Pat.
 3,475,885. 4p.,  Nov. 4, 1969.  15  refs. (Appl.  May 2, 1968, 2
 claims).
 Building  sewage systems  are usually  provided with vent pipes
 which  extend vertically through the  roof and through which
germs  and other impurities can pass. In densely  populated
 areas, a significant amount of polluting agents are this emitted
 to the atmosphere. However, the often inaccessible location of
 the vent  pipes  has  discouraged utilization of filtration means.
A solution to these problems is offered by a three-part retainer
which is  adaptable to conventional pipes. The three parts are a
 cap, a cup-shaped  container, and baffle means which includes
 an annular space  filled with  activated charcoal filters or a
liquid  cleaner-germicide-deodorizer.  The annular  space  is
disposed around the existing vent pipes so that the entire puri-
fying medium is utilized without a portion of it becoming stale
and ineffective while other portions go  largely unused. The
design facilitates  replacement  of   the  purifying   medium.
Moreover, the purifying element is so located that undue back
pressure is not created in the vent pipe to adversely affect its
ventilating function.

20796
Turk, Amos
INDUSTRIAL ODOR  CONTROL.   Chem. Eng.  JJeskbook,
77(9):199-206, April 27, 1970. 13 refs.
Accepted methods of odor control are examined with special
emphasis on what can go wrong in the methods themselves or
in assumptions of the degree of control thought to be necessa-
ry. Odors are extremely difficult to measure, and it is equally
difficult to decide what levels are accepted. Distance from a
source  at which  odor may be detected is not predicted even
approximately from dilution ratios and dispersion calculations.
Meteorological dispersion formulae give little help  in estimat-
ing the  ratio of peak to mean concentration, since the parame-
ters they incorporate are to a large  extent empirical and are
well  established only  for  prolonged release and  average
plumes. Particles may contribute to odor if they are volatile, if
they  release adsorbed odorous vapors,  or they  are indeed
odorous in themselves. Thus, if a single particle carries odor,
it constitutes transport  with  dilution. Complete oxidation of
odorous vapors  eliminates their odors, but when oxidation  is
incomplete, the odor quality may actually get worse before it
gets  better.  Catalyst deterioration,  selection of temperature
and residence time, and comparison with  solvent recovery are
some of the  main problems in air oxidation to which the en-
gineer  should  be  alert.  Other  oxidizing agents used for
deodorization  include  ozone,  chlorine,  chlorine  dioxide,
hypochlorites and permanganates, but the question of  odors of
intermediates may be  critical.  Activated carbon is the only
practical adsorbent that can be used  for odor control because
its performance is not weakened by the presence of moisture,
but there are problems  of catalytic action,  rapid saturation
from spills and vapor surges, and special reactivation methods.
The vapor screen or neutralization concept consists  of inter-
posing a vertical wall of odor-neutralizing vapor between the
odor source and the sensitive noses of neighborhood residents.
Washing and scrubbing,  counteraction and masking  are also
considered.

20817
Walker, Alan B. and Norman W. Frisch
SCRUBBING AIR.   Sci.  Technol., no. 95:18-21, 24-27, Nov.-
Dec. 1969.
Several devices  and methods for controlling air pollution are
discussed. The simplest particulate collector is the dry inertia!
or mechanical type of which the most common is the  cyclone.
Mechanical collectors are applied where the particulates are
coarse,  high efficiency is not required, and concentrations of
entrained particles are high. Less simple  and more costly are
the wet, inertia! scrubbers which can collect droplets  and par-
ticulates. There are  many types, all operating on the principle
of impaction on wetted surfaces or on individual  droplets of
the scrubbing liquid. Most filtration methods to remove parti-
cles from a gas use  fabric filters. The most highly developed
are fabric bags inflated with the gas  to be cleaned. The elec-
trostatic precipitator is unique because it applies its  cleaning
action only to the particulates, and  its power  input  require-
ment  is  thus very low. It is suited for very large gas volumes,
and can collect particles down to sub-micron size with high ef-
ficiency. Flame afterburners can remove combustible  aerosols
and gases, eliminate toxic or  odorous compounds  and the
danger of explosions, with efficiencies of 90% or more. A tall
chimney is also  an air  pollution device, because some pollu-

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 86
ODORS
 tants,  when  released in the air, are acted upon  by natural
 processes that convert them to relatively harmless substances.
 Adsorption and absorption are also discussed, and the costs of
 these methods are given.

 20824
 Yocom, John E. and Richard A. Duffee
 CONTROLLING INDUSTRIAL  ODORS.    Chem.  Eng.,
 77(13): 160-168, June 15, 1970. 22 refs.
 Various methods for controlling odors from industrial sources
 are discussed.  Odorous emissions can be reduced by con-
 trolling  the  process temperature,  pressure,  ventilation,  and
 maintenance. Destruction by flame is the most certain  and
 most flexible method of odor control. Afterburners have been
 applied  to many processes.  A temperature of 1200 F  in the
 presence of excess air is needed to completely destroy  odors.
 Combustion  with air on catalyst surfaces reaches completion
 at lower temperatures and is flameless. It has many  limita-
 tions, however,  and should  be  applied only after pilot tests.
 Many organic gases are converted to odorless compounds by
 chemical oxidation using oxidants  such as chlorine,  chlorine
 dioxide,  ozone,  or  potassium permanganate. Many odorants
 can exist as  liquids under ambients conditions; cooling such
 vapors can remove much of the odor by simple condensation.
 Absorption is used to remove soluble inorganic gases such as
 hydrogen chloride and ammonia. Organic gases and vapors can
 be removed from air streams by adsorption with activated car-
 bon. Many odors can be controlled by dilution at the source of
 emission. The costs of these various control methods are  also
 discussed.

 20877
 Springer, Karl J.
 AN INVESTIGATION  OF  DIESEL  POWERED  VEHICLE
 ODOR AND SMOKE.  (PART II).  Southwest Research Inst.,
 San Antonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab., NAPCA
 Contract PH  86-67-72, Rept.  11-2056-01, 634p., Feb. 1968. 19
 refs.
 A ten-person odor  panel, trained  in  the  characterization of
 dilute diesel exhaust samples according to the PHS quality/in-
 tensity rating kit and  the PHS light-extinction smokemeter,
 were used to measure  odor and smoke. Evaluation of several
 two-cycle powered municipal buses equipped with automotive
 type catalytic devices  revealed that one  device  noticeably
 reduced  exhaust odor and other emissions such  as formal-
 dehyde, total aldehydes, and acrolein, but had no positive ef-
 fect on smoke.  The smoke  suppressing ability of a barium
 diesel fuel additive  was successfully demonstrated in a five-
 truck  fleet. Power rating had a pronounced effect on  visible
 smoke output, although it appeared to have little or no effect
on perceived odor, when engine derating was investigated with
a Cummins NH-220, GM 6-71 N and a Mack END-673P. A
limited study of the effect of injecting air in the exhaust at the
underside of exhaust valves of a two-cycle powered municipal
bus had  a negligible effect,  while a brief evaluation  of the
Jacobs engine brake also resulted in  no  noticeable change.
 Special studies were conducted and reported, including the ef-
fect of exhaust pipe size on smoke readings, preliminary  stu-
dies of a tentative PHS smoke procedure, attempted evalua-
tion of an electrostatic precipitator, and base line odor, smoke,
and emissions from a municipal coach powered by a four-
cycle V8 engine. (Author abstract modified)
       20878
       Springer, Karl J.
       AN  INVESTIGATION  OF DIESEL  POWERED  VEHICLE
       ODOR AND SMOKE (PART ffl).  Southwest Research Inst.,
       San Antonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab., NAPCA
       Contract PH 22-68-23,  Rept. 11- 2600, 766p., Oct  1969. 12
       refs.
       A ten-person  odor panel,  trained in  the characterization of
       dilute diesel exhaust samples according to the PHS quality/in-
       tensity rating  kit and the  PHS light-extinction  smokemeter,
       were used to measure odor and  smoke. A commercially availa-
       ble diesel fuel odor additive had no effect on perceived odor
       from  three  two-cycle Detroit Diesel  6V-71  E  powered mu-
       nicipal buses, and inconsistent reductions in odor generally
       resulted from a catalytic muffler device,  although certain of
       the chemical  emissions such  as  hydrocarbons and carbon
       monoxide were generally  always reduced.  Both odor and
       smoke were less from similar buses powered by a 6V-71 N
       type engine. A number of truck-tractors with a variety  of en-
       gines  and drivelines  were evaluated to develop  dynamometer
       procedures and acquire limited baseline emissions. Due to low
       exhaust temperature and unsteady flow conditions with ex-
       tended engine idle, the city bus exhaust represents one  of the
       most difficult to treat by catalysis, and  a number of catalytic
       devices employing both transition metal and precious metal
       catalyst  coatings  were   unsatisfactory.  An   electrostatic
       precipitator  was completely unsuccessful in  reducing smoke
       according to the smokemeter, while fuel seemed  to have little
       or no effect on perceived odor from three buses powered by
       8V-71  N  engines. A modified needle  type  or  'N' injector
       resulted in lower smoke, odor, and other emissions such as
       HC, CO, and acrolein under all conditions investigated. Cor-
       relation studies were undertaken to develop  an instrumental
       technique to extend the usefulness of the trained odor  panel,
       including  the  measurement  of total hydrocarbons, carbon
       monpxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and
       total aldehydes, formaldehyde and acrolein.

       21006
       Burt, Leslie R.
       Am TREATMENT.   (Hexatron, Inc., Arcadia,  Calif.)  U. S.
       Pat. 3,486,308. 5p., Dec. 30, 1969. 21 refs. (Appl.  Jan. 2,  1968,
       1 claim).
       An air treatment  device  is  described  which is capable of
       removing obnoxious odors from the air, collecting bacteria for
       test purposes,  and generating negative  ions  to  promote the
       comfort and health of patients. The exterior  housing has ap-
       paratus for filtering paniculate matter, such as dust and  pollen
       from air flowing through an inlet opening. An ultraviolet lamp
       is located within the interior housing and generates radiation
       having a wave length above  1800 A for sterilizing and nega-
       tively ionizing the air. A blower is provided, causing the air to
       flow through  the  filter apparatus and  the interior housing,
       while a plurality of baffles increases the path  length  of the air
       flow to longer than the length of the interior housing, thereby
       exposing the air flowing through to the ultraviolet radiation for
       greater periods of time. The surfaces of the  interior housing
       and of the baffles are provided with a reflective finish, thus
       increasing the  effects  of  the  ultraviolet radiation. Growth
       medium may be supported within the interior housing to col-
       lect bacteria from the air passing through. Switch apparatus is
       provided to  turn off the untraviolet lamp so that the bacteria
       are not killed during the sampling process, until after they are
       grown when they may be killed by redirecting  the  radiation.
       (Author abstract modified)

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      87
21051
Roberson, James E.
THE  EFFECT  OF  ODOR  CONTROL ON A  KRAFT MILL
ENERGY BALANCE.   J. Air  Pollution  Control  Assoc.,
20(6): 373-376, June 1970. 3 refs.
Thirteen different  recovery  unit  odor  control  cases are
analyzed to determine the variation in energy costs for a kraft
mill. Incineration or scrubbing is often used to reduce odors,
except for  the  recovery  unit which  is the greatest offender.
Oxidation or removal of the direct contact evaporator appears
to be the most reasonable  method of reducing the odorous
emissions of hydrogen sulfide. New recovery systems, which
eliminate the direct contact of flue gas and black liquor, have
several  variables that affect  energy  costs:  steam  coil  air
heaters, recirculating air heaters, regenerative air heaters, 55%
to 60% solid evaporators, and large economizers. These varia-
tions are calculated and presented as energy balances, indicat-
ing that engery costs for various odor control  systems are of
sufficient value to be considered during  evaluations. The
newer recovery systems have the lowest expected fuel cost as
well as  significant chemical cost savings. Capital  costs, fuel
costs, and  acceptable  emmission  levels should all be con-
sidered before arriving at a total odor control  system evalua-
tion.

21220
Rutherford, J. G.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AT  INCO  UNDERGROUND
DIESEL  OPERATIONS.   Can. Mining  J., 89(10):54-58, Oct.
1968.
The 88  diesel-powered engines in service at 10 underground
mines  in Sudbury,  Ontario,  include  load-haul   machines,
locomotives,  drill  jumbos,  secondary drill tractors, service
tractors,  and  a jeep. Th  methods employed to ensure proper
engine  fuel-to-air   ratios,   to  eliminate   toxic  combustion
products, and to provide  adequate ventilation in diesel operat-
ing areas are described. To maintain clean burning engines, the
oil  in each intake  air cleaner  is periodically changed on site
and the entire cleaner  unit is  completely cleaned once every
two or three months. Oxy-catalytic scrubbers on diesel engine
exhaust convert approximately 96% of the carbon monoxide to
carbon  dioxide. Similarly,  hydrogen is  converted to water
vapor; aldehydes are  almost completely removed; solid car-
bon, tars, and unburnt oil are oxidized to carbon dioxide,, thus
eliminating the  smoke and smell associated with internal com-
bustion  engines. Since  nitrogen dioxide is not affected by the
oxidation process,  adequate ventilation is  required to dilute
and ventilate this gas.  Special mechanical ventilation systems
are provided at all disel development operations and at all ore
extraction operations not directly ventilated by a main surface
fan. Both electric and compressed-air fans are used for auxilia-
ry  ventilation.  These procedures are augmented by weekly
tests and volume surveys at each machine.

21294
Bauch, Heinrich and Harry Burchard
ATTEMPTS FOR IMPROVING STRONGLY SMELLING OR
TOXIC  EFFLUENTS  BY OZONE.  (Ueber Versuche,  stark
riechende Oder schaedliche  Abwaesser  mil  Ozon  zu  verbes-
sern). Text in  German.  Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(4):134-137,
1970.
The influence of ozone on  waste water from the lacquer and
paint industry containing alcohols, esters, ketones,  aldehydes,
benzene,  xylol,   toluol,   phenols,   thioesters,  chlorinated
hydrocarbons, fats,  and oils was studied. The waste water was
subjected to  preliminary treatment. The  pH was reduced to
between 2 and 4 with sulfuric acid; 0.05  to 0.1 g iron and/or
aluminum was added. Calcium hydroxide was added until a pH
of 6.5 to 8 was obtained. Most metals, organic solvents, oils,
and resins were removed. The  phenols, esters, alcohols, etc.
were  not affected by  this  treatment.  Addition of  ozone
(ozonized air, or ozonized oxygen) markedly  diminished the
KMnO4 demand. Odors were strikingly reduced. But not  all
organic   substances  were  oxidized.   Acids,   chlorinated
hydrocarbons, pyridine, and  saturated paraffins were hardly
attacked by ozone. Preliminary treatment of the waste water
with chlorine reduced the ozone consumption.

21647
NIPPON  KOKKAN   KK-KOKO   MODEL.    BROCHURE
DESCRIBING  AMMONIA SCRUBBING PILOT  PLANT.
Translated from Japanese. Belov and Associates,  Denver,
Colo., 4p., April 22, 1970.
A pilot  installation is described which simultaneously controls
a very high percentage of emissions of dust particles and 90 to
95% of sulfurous  acid gas. The  apparatus embodies a wet-
type, atmospheric  vapor exchange method, in  which  liquid is
poured through an anti-corrosive synthetic net and spreads out
to form a film,  through which the gases pass with a special
contact  mechanism. With very  little pressure loss, nearly in-
soluble  gases are effectively  absorbed. Gas that has  been in-
ducted  into the tower cannot  leave  without  contacting  the
treated solution, and since it makes contact repeatedly, the gas
absorption rate is  greatly improved.  Because pressure losses
are small, the cost of  running the gas conduction blower is
reduced. Flexibility, ease of  operation, and  maintenance are
improved, and recovery of valuable particulates from the gas
stream is facilitated. Applications include use in boilers, high
temperature furnaces, control of sulfurous gas from oil-burn-
ing fuel systems,  odor counteraction,  and gas recovery and
heat exchange in the chemical and oil industries.

21677
OFFENSIVE  ODOURS FROM  MEAT  PACKING  PLANT
ELIMINATED IN  TWO STAGE AIR  WASHING SYSTEMS.
Mod. Power Eng.,  64(6):78-79, June 1970.
Air pollution in meat packing plants comes  mainly from the
odors created in the processing of animal  carcasses and in the
refining  of  oils.  A system  to  control  offensive  odors  is
described. The system involves washing the  odorous air with
chlorine-treated water in a two-stage process. Individual treat-
ment of different odors produced is accomplished through dif-
ferent types of air washes for the stronger odors, and with air
make-up units for dilution of the weaker ones. A classification
of the types  of odors produced is included,  as well  as other
possible treatment methods. The  system described is almost
100% successful in eliminating odors,  and is  used as  a model
for other odor control systems.

21702
Sponsel, Kurt
FILTER FOR  CLEANING GASES,  VAPORS  AND AER.
(Filter zur Reinigung von Gasen, Daempfen und Luft). Text in
German. (Collo Rheincollodium Koeln GmbH,  Bonn (West
Germany), Werk Hersel) Swiss Pat. 450 816. 2p. Jan. 31, 1968.
(Appl. Sept. 11, 1963, 7 claims).
A filter  was devised for cleaning waste gases, vapors and air,
which  consists  of an organic, hydrophilic  open-cell foam
matrix containing a catalyst. A redox system containing metal
oxides is preferably used as catalyst, but other organic com-

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 88
ODORS
 pounds such as enzymes and fermentations can be used too.
 The catalysts  are incorporated on  linear or meshed polyu-
 rethane foam. If the filter is used to clean the waste gases of
 combustion engines,  phenolic resin can be  used  as matrix
 material. It is advantageous to add an emulsifier to the foam
 mass.  If the filter is used  for deodorizing waste gases, the
 foam  mass  should  contain montmorillonite  which  adsorbs
 proteins and their decomposition products, while prolonging
 the activity of the filter.

 21888
 Bernert, J.
 EXPERIMENTS CONCERNING ODOR  ELIMINATION  AT
 FOOD OPERATIONS. (Versuche ueber Geruchsbeseitigung in
 der Lebensmittelproduktion). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut.
 Ingr.) Ber., no. 149:303-312,  1970. 20 refs.
 The efficiency of waste gas cleaning systems  at various food
 operations  was determined by  a silica  gel method. Treatment
 in a flame afterburner of the  waste gases developing during
 hot-curing of meat reduced the C-content from a maximum of
 more than 300 mg/cu Nm  to 150 mg/cu Nm. At the cold-smok-
 ing process, C-concentrations of less than 100 mg/cu Nm were
 achieved.  Efficiencies as  high  as 97% were achieved with  a
 combination of flame  afterburners and cyclones in the produc-
 tion of malt and separation of husks at a brewery.  Pressure
 jump condensers installed in beer breweries  were found  to
 precipitate  32.5% of the condensate  and 36.5% of the C-con-
 tent after a temperature drop of 3.8 C (from 88.8 C to 85 Q. It
 is indicated that greater temperature drops would bring even
 better  efficiencies. At a  protein dissociation  phase  in spice
 production  plants, microorganisms  are  used  for   biologic
 decomposition  of the harmful  and/or odorous gaseous com-
 ponents. The efficiency of this cleaning method was found to
 reach 75.7%, but the above method was not suitable for deter-
 mining the efficiency of an air filter installed in a meat canning
 plant. It is estimated, however, that their efficiency  amounts
 to about 80%.

 21938
 Goldfield, Joseph, Vincent Greco, and Kumud Gandhi
 GLASS FIBER MATS TO REDUCE  EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
 DUSTRIAL  PROCESSES.  J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc.,
 20(7):466-469, July  1970.
 Many effluents from  process  operations produce submicron,
 organic, sticky particulates  that are difficult  to  filter. They
may be associated  with odors. Until now, incineration or high
energy scrubbers operating at  as high as 60-70 in. of water
were among the possible  air cleaners that could solve these
problems. The operating costs and the possible water pollution
problems make it desirable  to  find alternative solutions. Ef-
fluents from glass fiber ovens and forming chambers and from
roofing plant saturators are filtered.  Samples  are  drawn from
the stacks of these machines  through  samples of glass fiber
mats of various fiber  diameters and  through relatively coarse
fiber mats impregnated with  asbestos fibers.  Efficiencies are
measured by a Sinclair-Phoenix photometer,  gravimetrically,
and by odor tests. In the ranges tested, efficiency appeared to
increase with increasing velocity through the mats. At veloci-
ties of 500-700 ft/min through the glass fiber mats, efficiencies
of well over 90% are not uncommon. Pressure  drops are 16-18
in. water. Odor tests show that odor  reduction correlates with
paniculate removal, indicating that most of the odor is due  to
particulates. The useful life of the filter depends on the degree
of plugging. For the  effluents  tested,  two to three  hours  is
practical and economically feasible. A full-scale installation of
 10,000-11,000 cfm  capacity  has been made and is operating
 successfully. (Author abstract)
       22061
       Akamatsu, K.
       OZONE   OXIDATION  OF  DIMETHYL  SULFIDE  AND
       DEODORIZING OF KP BLOW-GAS.  (Jimechiru sarufaido no
       ozonsanka to KP burogasu no mushuka ni tsuite). Text  in
       Japanese.  Kami-pa Gikyoshi  (J. Japan.  Tech.  Assoc. Pulp
       Paper Ind.), 22(4):200-204, April, 1968. 7 refs.
       The main cause of obnoxious odor from kraft pulping (KP) is
       in the sulfur compounds that arise in the process. Sulfur com-
       pounds in reduced form are odoriferous whereas those in ox-
       idized form are  either odorless or just  irritants. Tables are
       presented on the amount  of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) that can
       be retrieved from KP black liquor at various temperatures and
       with different amounts of Na2S added. Different quantities of
       organosulfur compounds released in KP of different types of
       trees are listed for various pulping conditions. In general, the
       broad-leaved trees yield more odorant substances than  do the
       coniferous trees.  The data were obtained by a process  similar
       to the  theoretical method, and the quantity of organosulfur
       compounds from real KP process is probably much smaller.
       The gaseous sulfur loss balance sheet for two factories in the
       South (U. S.) show that most of the sulfur released is in the
       H2S emitted from the recovery furnace,  followed  by sulfur
       dioxide gas and DMS. A brief description of a  process for
       deodorizing DMS by ozone  oxidation is given. However, un-
       less  inexpensive  methods are  found for the production of
       ozone, the method is still far from application.

       22353
       Mitchell,  G. E.
       ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION-BENICIA REFINERY.
       American Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of Refining, Proc.
       Am. Petrol. Inst., Sect.  Ill, vol.  50:638-650, 1970. (Presented at
       the  American  Petroleum  Institute,  Division  of  Refining,
       Midyear Meeting, 35th, Houston, Tex., May 13-15, 1970.)
       Protection  of the environment was a basic concept  in the
       design of the Benicia Refinery. From the inception of the pro-
       ject, plans were included to provide the equipment needed to
       maintain  air, water, and noise level standards which conform
       with best practices. The refinery is designed to meet the strin-
       gent air and waste water quality standards  prescribed by regu-
       latory agencies in the San  Francisco Bay Area. As part of the
       program  to define the performance and  equipment require-
       ments to  meet these quality commitments, an extensive survey
       of environmental conditions at the site was made before start-
       ing construction.  The abatement systems  that were installed
       have resulted in air and waste water qualities that have been
       generally satisfactory. Particulate emissions are controlled by
       cyclones  and an electrostatic precipitator. Plume opacity does
       not exceed Ringelmann No. 2 for more than three minutes out
       of every  hour. Sulfur dioxide concentrations are minimized by
       Claus process  recovery  units.  Hydrocarbon emissions  are
       restricted by vapor  recovery systems. Odors originating from
       sulfur compounds are  treated satisfactorily. Stacks are high
       enough to allow stack gases  to  disperse  easily.  The low
       refinery water usage along with the need to handle  relatively
       large amounts of sour water has complicated the waste water
       treating operations.  Some equipment changes are planned to
       improve the treating. Careful attention was given in the  design
       and equipment procurement stages to minimizing noise levels
       to protect conditions in the  community and also to  avoid ad-
       verse effects on plant personnel. A few relatively minor defi-
       ciencies  found after  startup were corrected by equipment
       modifications. (Author abstract modified)

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      89
 22357
 Fernandes, J. H.
 ELIMINATION OF ODORS AND DUSTS CREATED BY THE
 COMMUNITY  AND BY INDUSTRY.   (L'eliminazione degli
 odori e delle polveri provocate da comunita e industrie). Text
 in Italian. Inquinamento, 12(3):27-35, 1970.
 The various processes  are reviewed by which odors and dust
 particles in the atmosphere can be  reduced or  eliminated.
 Reference is made to an extensive series  of studies by the Air
 Preheater Company, which has developed an odor-eliminating
 device  known  as  Cor-Pak,  which  eliminates  disagreeable
 vapors by burning them in a flame. Odors can also  be reduced
 by wet processes and by oxidation with a catalyst.  Special at-
 tention is given to the  elimination of odors from a paper mill
 and from incinerators where solid waste is burned. Included in
 the discussion of dust removal  is a  discussion  of cyclones,
 scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and  the various types  of
 filters. Cyclones are effective with dust particles of 20 micron
 or  larger.  Electrostatic  precipitators  require a  voltage   of
 50,000-100,000 V. On the other hand, the pressure drop is only
 about 2.5 12 cm H2O, and the  dust collecting  efficiency is
 better than 99%. Particles of less than 1  micron are captured
 just about as readily as those 100 micron in size. Although bag
 filters are highly efficient (99.9% dust removal), the cost of in-
 stallation and of replacing the bags is a  serious  drawback  to
 their extensive use.

 22400
 Vedernikov, V. G. and  V. F. Maksimov
 SOME  PROBLEMS IN  THE  DEODORIZATION OF GAS
 DISCHARGES IN THE SULFATE-CELLULOSE INDUSTRY.
 (Nekotorye voprosy dezodoratsii gazovykh vybrosov sul'fat-
 no-tsellyuloznogo proizvodstva). Tr. Tsellyul. Bum.  Prom., vol.
 13:148-154, 1964. 10 refs. Translated  from Russian. Franklin
 Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
 13p., Nov. 11, 1969.
 The use of uncondensed exhaust gases as a deodorizing agent
 in the  sulfate-cellulose industry  is discussed. Mercaptan and
 hydrogen sulfide trapping methods  are  described.  A sulfane
 production system  which employs  condensation,  scrubbing,
 absorption, and  a  methanol bath is considered.  Experiments
 with black liquor oxidation are  conducted in an  attempt  to
 solve deodorizing problems. The  industrial  method of obtain-
 ing  dimethylsulfoxide  from  the   toxic   sulfur-containing
 discharge dimethylsulfide is discussed. Gases uncondensed by
 water discharged by the digestion works must be  combined
 and directed into an absorption  chamber. On evaporation of
 black alkalies, H2S and  methyl  mercaptan are isolated as a
 consequence of the hydrolysis of sodium sulfide and sodium
 mercaptide contained in the  black alkali. Deodorization in the
 soda section with an electrofilter and a scrubber is  feasible,
 but requires corrosion resistant conduit.

 22435
 Mallatt, R. C., J. F.  Grutsch, and H.  E. Simons
 TERTIARY   TREATMENT   AND  FLUIDIZED   BED  IN-
CINERATION AT  AMERICAN OIL COMPANY.  American
Petroleum Inst., New  York,  Div.  of Refining,  Proc. Am.
 Petrol. Inst., Sect. Ill, vol. 50:651-669, 1970. (Presented at the
American Petroleum Institute, Division of Refining,  Midyear
Meeting, 35th, Houston, Tex., May 13-15, 1970.)
American Oil Company has carried out  pilot plant work  on
 two combination treatment sequences which reduce oil, BOD,
suspended solids, taste  and odor contributing substances, and
other impurities in  spent process water to levels normally as-
sociated with tertiary treatment. This has been accomplished
by treating effluent from the company's patented Bio-Flotation
process  with alum and  polyelectrolytes  to coagulate the
residual  contaminants,  followed  by phase  separation  using
either the air flotation process or mixed media filtration. Com-
mercial facilities  have been constructed at American's Whit-
ing,  Indiana, refinery  and  are  presently  being  evaluated.
Present plans call for disposal of sludges in a fluidized bed in-
cinerator, based upon successful operation of a prototype unit
at the company's Mandan, North Dakota refinery. (Author ab-
stract)

22518
Paulson, E. G.
ADSORPTION  AS  A  TREATMENT  OF  REFINERY  EF-
FLUENT.   American  Petroleum Inst.,  New York, Div. of
Refining, Proc. Am.  Petrol.  Inst.  Ill,  vol.  50:693-722,  1970.
(Presented at the American  Petroleum Institute, Division of
Refining, Midyear Meeting, 35th, Houston,  Tex., May 13-15,
1970.)
An investigation  to  determine  the  technical and economical
feasibility of treating refinery effluents by means of the granu-
lar activated carbon waste  treatment is presented. Data  show
that  granular activated carbon  treatment  can  produce  a
refinery effluent  containing less than 20 mg/1 BOd and less
than 10 units of Recognition Odor Number (RON) from either
primary  or secondary refinery effluents.  Evidence  that those
organic compounds contributing to odor are preferentially ad-
sorbed relative to total mixture of organic contaminants is also
shown.  In addition, necessary pretreatment requirements to ef-
fect suspended solids reduction below 60 mg/1 and oil less than
20 mg/1 prior to  carbon treatment are described. Capital cost
estimates for 1,  5 and 10 MGD plants  are given. B6reeak-
downs include estimates for clarification and adsorption/reac-
tivation systems.  (Author abstract modified)

22522
NOW...RECOVERY  BOILERS  CONTROL  ODOURS.   Mod.
Power Eng., 64(7): 50-53, July 1970.
A recovery boiler which controls the odors emitted  by a kraft
pulping plant is described. The new type of unit  features a
design eliminating any  contact between  odor bearing black
liquor and cool stack gases, preventing the escape of odors to
the atmosphere and  minimizing the  odor  problems  associated
with conventional black liquor chemical and heat recovery
boilers.  The new boiler design uses multiple-effect evaporators
to concentrate the liquor to 65% solids, suitable for direct fir-
ing in  the  boiler.  Heat  recovered by  the direct-contact
evaporator in conventional designs is recovered by an enlarged
economizer section.  The  new  units  use  a wall spraying
technique of liquor firing to provide  stable furnace combustion
over a wide  range of liquor concentrations. Liquor drying is
achieved by secondary  air. Air admitted  to  the hearth burns
liquor char, reduces sulfates to  sulfides, and smelts chemicals
for recovery. Gases discharged from the unit can be controlled
to less than 1 ppm hydrogen sulfide. Elimination of the direct-
contact   evaporator  causes  changes  in  the  electrostatic
precipitator design. The precipitator must have an increased
efficiency to maintain  the  weight  of  sodium  sulfate fume
passing  up the stack at the same level that could be achieved
with conventional designs. The units  will discharge more sulfur
dioxide to the atmosphere,  but it is  expected to be  below 500
ppm.

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 90
ODORS
 22525
 Heller, Arnold
 MEASURES DESIGNED TO REMOVE ODOR GENERATED
 BY  A COCOA PROCESSING PLANT.   (Massnahmen zur
 Beseitigung    von     durch    Kakaowerke     bedingte
 Geruchsbelaestigungen). Text in German. Schriftenreihe Ver.
 Wasser Boden Lufthyg. (Berlin), no. 33:57-60, 1970.
 The roasting of cocoa beans at 130 C generates a characteristic
 sweet  pungent  roasting odor,  the  processing of the roasted
 beans  liberates  tannic  acid,  and finally cocoa  butter emits a
 not unpleasant but in the long  run offensive odor. To neutral-
 ize the roasting gas, a smoke  burner made of chrome-nickel
 steel alloy was developed using city gas which in a combustion
 chamber at 1000  C oxidizes  quantitively  all odorous sub-
 stances. The discharge temperature of the purified gases is 450
 C. To  neutralize  the residual  odor still emanating from the
 work rooms of  the plant, the air was channeled with the help
 of powerful ventilators by means of air ducts into a second
 smoke burner where combustion of the odor-laden air took
 place and eliminated what odor was  still emanating from the
 plant after the roasting odor was neutralized. Newly designed
 equipment for  chocolate and  related factories is now being
 built (vacuum  containers with agitators  and vacuum  pump
 heated by a  steam jacket) which  eliminate the emission of
 odors  by plants using such equipment. The vacuum  pump
 draws  off  the odor containing air  which is absorbed by the
 cooling water and discharged into the  drainage system.

 22538
 Kikuchi, Kazumasa
 OFFENSIVE  ODOR REMOVAL  BY COMBUSTION AND
 THE DEVELOPMENT  OF THE APPARATUS.  (Nenshoho ni
 yoru akushu jyokyo sochi. Nensho dasshu sochi no kaihatsu).
 Text in Japanese.  Akushu no  Kenkyu (J. of Odor Control),
 1(2):43-50, June 20, 1970.
 An invention for  deodorizing  an ill-smelling waste gas is re-
 ported. The device operates by burning the gas at high tem-
 perature  to convert ill-smelling particles into ultra-fine parti-
 cles, which are subsequently subjected to thermal decomposi-
 tion. The  combustion  chamber consists of two concentric
 cylinders. The ill-smelling gas  is first introduced to the space
 between  the two  cylinders and flows down along the inner
 cylinder before entering the  inner cylinder.  As it flows along
 the inner cylinder  the  gas is rapidly heated up and becomes
 ultra-fine particles, since the inner cylinder is heated at 1400-
 1600 C by a burner. Infra-red light is also employed to decom-
 pose the ill-smelling elements by oxidation. High-pressure hot
 air jets are emitted from around the burner frame to obtain the
 maximum heat  from the crude oil combustion.  High tempera-
 ture exhaust  gas  from the  device is efficiently utilized to
 reduce the running cost. Odor  removal of 90-95% is achieved.
 The  whole system can be made portable to be  used for an
 excreta-collection  vehicle. Propane gas is used as fuel. A test
 showed an odor-removal rate of 95-99%. Test procedures for
odor, bacteria, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide
are described in detail.

22550
Loehr, Raymond C. and Samuel A. Hart
CHANGING PRACTICES IN  AGRICULTURE  AND THEIR
EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT.  CRC Critical Rev.  En-
viron. Control, l(l):69-99, Feb  1970. 67 refs.
Animal production is discussed in terms of productivity in-
 creases,  changes  in size  of operations,  handling problems,
 waste  characteristics, surface  and ground water quality, land
       application of wastes, land runoff, odor production, and waste
       management techniques. Confinement feeding of livestock and
       increased numbers of animals per production unit have created
       large volumes of wastes with low value and societal and/or
       economic restrictions that limit the feasibility of  recycling
       animal wastes through the soil environment. Animal  wastes
       may contribute to water pollution in many ways such  as: ex-
       cessive nutrients that unbalance natural ecological systems and
       increase  eutrophication; microorganisms that may impair the
       use of surface waters for recreational use; impurities in  ground
       water; contaminants  that complicate water treatment;  and
       depletion of dissolved oxygen, causing fish kills. While odors
       can  be reduced by proper sanitation in  production facilities
       and  by proper  treatment facilities, odor  control is  both dif-
       ficult and costly. Pollution characteristics of animal wastes are
       presented tabularly. Handling  and  storage  techniques  are
       discussed,  as well as  water problems  and land  disposal.
       Agricultural runoff is the major source of  nutrient and silt pol-
       lution to  Lake Erie; increasingly larger quanitities of nitrogen
       and  phosphrous fertilizers are being applied to the  land and
       find their way  to  the  lake  during  runoff. Odor and dust
       production and control are discussed in detail, as well as site
       selection of agricultural operations.

       22837
       Monscvitz, Joseph T. and Leonard D. Ainsworth
       DETECTION AND CONTROL OF HYDROGEN POLYSUL-
       FTDE IN WATER.  Public Works, 101(9):113-115, Sept. 1970.
       11 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society Meeting,
       April 1969.)
       During the processing of ground or surface water supplies con-
       taining hydrogen  sulfide,  post-treatment  odors  sometimes
       occur  and  are  usually  attributed to deterioration of  water
       quality in the distribution system. Existence of the problem is
       usually evident by  the appearance of a  milky-blue turbidity
       and, upon heating, the pungent odor of hydrogen sulfide. As
       determined by  the  authors,  the source  of the  odors  is the
       polysulfides produced by the natural or chlorine oxidation of
       sulfides.  The answer to making the  nuisance  sulfur species
       susceptible  to chloride oxidation appears  to lie  in converting
       them to a relatively stable sulfate end product, with sulfite ion
       used as intermediate. The stable sulfate  can be oxidized by
       post-chlorination. While current laboratory  tests of  additives
       containing or hydrolyzing to a sulfate  ion are  centering on
       sodium metabisulfite, sulfur dioxide  may be used in future
       tests.

       22838
       Sweny, John W. and John P. Valentine
       PHYSICAL  SOLVENT  STARS IN  GAS TREATMENT/PU-
       RmCATION. Chem. Eng., 77(19):54-56, Sept 7, 1970.
       Selexol,  a new  process, is  applicable  for removing and
       recovering hydrogen sulfide, in high or low volume, from sour
       natural gas; full removal of carbon dioxide  from sour  natural
       gas and from synthesis gas before conversion to  ammonia and
       methanol; H2S  and CO2 from refinery processes; and  carbon
       oxysulfide, carbon disulfide, and other sulfur compounds from
       a gas  stream. A photograph and  flowsheet are shown of a
       Selexol facility at Ft. Stockton, Texas, which removes 97% of
       the H2S  and  86% of the CO2 from gas  gathered in the Dates
       field. Capital  and operating costs are lower than  for chemical-
       separation  methods.  Steam  regeneration,  large  cooling
       systems,  and extensive  heat-exchange equipment are  practi-
       cally eliminated. Due to its special solvent, the dimethyl ether
       of polyethylene glycol,  the  Selexol flowscheme can  accept
       very high loadings of acid gases such as H2S and CO2, sulfur

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                                           B.  CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      91
 compounds  like COS, CS2, and mercaptans  without solvent
 degradation. It also gives extremely quick response to changes
 in feed-gas  composition. The  solvent itself is noncorrosive,
 nontoxic, and inherently nonf earning.

 22988
 Okuno, Toshihide
 THE   CHEMICAL   COMPONENTS  OF  ODOR  FROM
 PLASTIC PLANTS AND SOME EXAMPLES OF ODOR CON-
 TROL.   (Purasuchiku  kojo yori haishutsu sareru akushu
 kagaku seibun oyobi sono dasshu taisaku). Text  in Japanese.
 Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan), 1(1):46-50, April
 20, 1970.  2 refs.
 Chemical change of odor bearing waste gas in the course of
 syntheti resin processing and some odor removal measures in
 practice at plastic plants are discussed. Because of the diversi-
 ty in  the synthetic products,  odor components  and organic
 compound residues are also different. The typical process for
 acrylic acid ester  compounds production involves  a closed
 reactor to prevent self-polymerization  of monomers due to
 sunlight and oxygen, and polymerization occurs in the nitrogen
 stream. In this process the monomer-tank, the reactor and the
 storage  tank are  the possible  sources  of  odor  emission.
 Characterized by their irritating odor, acrylic  acid ester com-
 pounds even with  a concentration below  1 ppm can be per-
 ceived from 20  m away. Adsorption,  catalytic oxidation, com-
 bustion, and chemical  solvents  methods can remove this odor.
 Some examples  of odor removal by  the use of chemical  sol-
 vents  are demonstrated.  In  a  process where plastic paint is
 made  of  resin mixed with other synthetic materials, resin odor
 stimulates eyes and throat. The result of  ga chromatography
 made  on  terpene gas has indicated that in a thermal treatment
 tall rosin was greater in terpene emission than gum rosin. Set-
 ding of terpene gas by cooling treatment can be an odor coun-
 termeasure due  to the  difference in the boiling point of terpene
 gas and resin acid. Some resin  acid which is difficult to settle
 by cooling can be neutralized by an alkaline substance.

 23002
 Morikawa, Takaaki and Isao Fujita
 CLOSED SYSTEM ODOR REMOVAL PLANT FOR  ANIMAL
 FIBERS,  RUBBISH AND FATS.  (Senkuzu, niber, jushi nado
 no mippeihoshiki ni yoru kanze dasshu  no puranto). Text in
Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu  (Odor Research J. Japan),
 l(l):61-65, April 20, 1970.
 Manufacturers of cooking oil and livestock feed have been the
 biggest producers of odor in the community. A disposal plant
 was established to  improve the waste quality and to  solve the
 odor problem at the the same time.  Raw animal fat of high
 quality and with 75%  oil content is attractive from the stand-
point of oil and  fat processing. Other animal rubbish and fibers
consist of as much as 50% water and gelatine and are rather
hard to be  utilized for oil and fat  processing  and also  for
livestock  feed. The main efforts were directed to eliminate the
 drawbacks of the  conventiona type of  open kilns.  The local
 overheating  of the kiln due to the oilbumer it uses  scorches
 the materials and results in poor-qualit oil and fat byproducts.
The merit of the currently devised plant can be characterized
as its  closed system. The kiln designed to collect odor bearing
vapor and to send it to a pressure reducer where the emission
gas is mixed with water for dilution effect. Th material can be
treated to a  better quality under reduced pressure along with
less temperature variation according to the kind of raw materi-
als  being processed.  Odor contained in  the vapor can be
reduced.  The flowchart of this closed  system plant and related
data are presented.
23008
Vandaveer, F. E.
THE  DOMESTIC  GAS-FOXED INCINERATOR'S ROLE IN
Am POLLUTION CONTROL.  J. Air Pollution  Control As-
soc., 6(2):90-97, Aug. 1956. 15 refs.
Progress in the development of a smokeless, odorless, fly ash-
free, domestic gas-fired incinerator is reported. Test charges
and methods for producing and determining odor, smoke, and
fly ash were selected. Two-stage incineration with gas heat in
both stages  is necessary to eliminate smoke and odor from
domestic incinerators, the first stage  for burning the garbage
and paper, the second stage for oxidizing the smoke and odor.
For second  stage incineration, catalysts impregnated on por-
celain or on chrome alloy heated to 500-700 F, ceramic balls or
slabs heated to 1400-1500 F., stainless steel grids heated above
1400 F, smokeless downdraft combustion with a gas  after-
burner,  and the flame of a gas-fired afterburner may be used.
Drawings of two prototype models of smokeless, odorless and
fly ash-free incinerators, and test data on them, are presented.
Major changes and additions to gas association requirements
for approval of domestic incinerators  are reported. Drawings
are presented of  two  commercially-developed  incinerators
being field-tested, one with a gas-heated catalyst in the second
stage  and the other with  downdraft combustion  and a com-
bined incineration  burner and gas  flame afterburner. Calcula-
tions  made  from  published data show that an incinerator in
every house  in a large city should not cause an increase in
nitrogen oxides,  sulfur  dioxide,   or  aldehydes  in the  at-
mosphere  to anywhere near the allowable maximum level for
health. (Author summary modified)

23067
Springer, Karl J. and Charles T. Hare
FOUR YEARS OF DIESEL ODOR AND SMOKE CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY  EVALUATIONS-  A  SUMMARY.   Preprint,
American  Society  of Mechanical  Engineers, N  York, 16p.,
1969. 7 refs. (Presented at the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Winter  Annual Meeting, Los Angeles,  Calif., Nov.
16-20, 1969, Paper 69-WA/APC-3.)
Methods to  control smoke and odors from diesel engines  are
considered. The reduction of smoke from new engines may be
affected by engine design, fueling,  and combustion alterations.
Maintaining  the reduced  levels will depend  on maintenance,
driver, and  fleet  practices. Effective  control of diesel odor
continues  to  be elusive,  although  a few approaches such as
catalytic mufflers and improved fuel injection for one type of
engine have demonstrated merit. Much remains to be done in
both  smoke and  odor  areas  of  diesel  emission control
technology to identify new control methods and to investigate
their performance and cost-effectiveness relationships. Evalua-
tion and measurement techniques are described for the various
control mechanism tests. (Author abstract modified)

23117
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
KRAFT PULP MILL ODORS  AND THEK COUNTERMEA-
SURES.  PART n.  (Kurafuto parupukojo no akushu to sono
taisaku.  sono ni). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (J. of
Odor Control), l(2):35-42, June 20,  1970. 14 refs.
The odors from kraft pulp mills  originate  in the  cooking,
evaporation, and recovery processes which are all more or less
related to the use of chemical solvents and agents.  Odors
produced through chip cooking depend on the types of woods,
cooking  temperature and time, and on the concentrations of
sulfur compounds.  The control of  steam containing  gas  emis-
sion from  the digester and the blow tank is the first  effective

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 92
ODORS
 countermeasure. In a batch type unit, odor emission can be
 reduced when steam thus lowering the blow gas and the waste
 gas temperatures down to exchanger  thus lowering the blow
 gas and the waste  gas temperatures  down too below 60 C.
 Another feasible means of removing odor in a cooking process
 is the chlorine  water  contact and combustion method where
 the waste gas temperature is lowered to about 50 C by wash-
 ing then preheated to between 80 C and 90 C for drying and
 finally burnt at 700 C for 0.8 second in a heavy oil burner. Ox-
 idization of kraft black liquor is recommended for the removal
 of  odor in  the  evaporation process. Kraft black liquor col-
 lected in solvent recovery boilers can be changed by pyrolysis
 into sulfur  compounds most of which are combustible. It is
 noted  that these odor removal techniques have to be applied
 very carefully in terms of boiler operation less excessive loads
 in a recovery boiler  shoul result in the increase in H2S genera-
 tion.

 23319
 Briganti, Antonio
 FILTRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR.  (La filtrazione dell-
 'aria atmosferica). Text in Italian. Condizionamento dell*Aria
 Riscaldemento Refrigerazione (Air Conditioning Heating Cool-
 ing), 6(14):215-225, June 1970.
 A classification of relative size, weight, and percentage of par-
 ticles present in the atmosphere  is given. Particles  below 1
 micron  represent  99.9%  of  the  number,   although  they
 represent only 30% of  the total weight. Methods for evaluating
 the efficiency of a  filter are Air Filter Institute Code Test
 (based on weight), National Bureau of Standards (calorimetric
 method), and D.O.P. (numerical or photometric method). Each
 of  these methods is useful to evaluate a single and unique
 class of filters, characterized by a well-defined field and per-
 formance: the AFI, for low efficiency filters;  the MBS, for
 medium efficiency filters; and the DOP, for high efficiency fil-
 ters. To evaluate the difference among filters with different fil-
 tration  efficiencies,  but obtained with the same method, the
 index of quality K is introduced,  and  its expression is given.
 Two mechanisms of filtration for coarse filters and for very
 fine filters are presented  in addition to a series of elements
 helpful in evaluating the useful duration of  the filter and the
 mathematical expression of the useful time of a  filter  (in
 hours).  Physical  characteristics of absolute filters, microfilters,
 and active charcoal filters are indicated. Some microfilters can
 be constructed with  programmed variable filtrating efficiency.
 Charcoal filters  (to be used in conjunction with a preceding
 stage of dust filters) are mainly used to eliminate odors.

 23371
 Bretscher, Hans
 ELIMINATION  OF MALODOROUS  EMISSIONS  IN THE
 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY.   Chem. Engr. (London),  46(7):268-
 270, Sept. 1968.
 Meteorological conditions are an important factor in the emis-
 sion of odorous pollutants,  for example in  the frequency of
 unpleasant odors during the night. The best method available
 at present for analyzing odors is gas chromatography, particu-
 larly for odors from traces  of  organic compounds. Measures
 for  control of malodorous emissions in the chemical industry
 fall into three groups: (1) prevention of waste-gas components
at their origin by plant  and process design and/or modification;
 (2)  a variety of  suitable processes for purifying waste gases;
and (3)  dilution in the atmosphere  from stacks. Since purifica-
tion methods cannot yet provide complete removal of odorous
components, they must be combined with stack expulsion for
adequate dispersion. Effective organizational administration is
       essential to the success of any control program. Areas recom-
       mended  for intensive future work are meteorology (tracer
       methods to rapidly gain regional information, and improved
       wind gauges), improved and lower-cost gas chromatography
       analyzers,  and process-engineering measures to eliminate 'ol-
       factorily intensive' substances.

       23456
       Olsson, Hans
       FOOD INDUSTRY-VENTILATION FOR MACHINES.  (Liv-
       smedelsindustri- ventilation for maskiner).  Text  in  Swedish.
       WS  (J.   Assoc.  Heating,   Ventilation,   Sanit.    Engrs.)
       (Stockholm), 61(0:20-25, Jan. 1970.
       Air pollution is mainly a problem of odors in the food indus-
       try. Compared with other gaseous pollutants, odors are a dif-
       ficult technical problem. There are different methods to reduce
       the concentration of odors, such as ventilation, adsorption, ab-
       sorption, chemical reaction,  and combustion. To choose the
       right  air cleaning equipment is difficult. It seems that good
       processing and acceptable localizing are as effective as any air
       cleaning equipment.

       23493
       Ochs, Hans-Joachim
       AIR  PURIFICATION  IN A  ROLLING  MILL.    (Umluf-
       treinigung  in Walzbetrieben).  Text in German. Wasser  Luft
       Betrieb, 12(2):70-72, Feb. 1968.
       Practical experience with various types of air filtering systems
       indicates that the electrostatic  filter is  to date the only type
       capable of handling the dust problems in  a rolling mill. A
       detailed description is given of an electrostatic air filter operat-
       ing on the  Penney principle. According to tests conducted by
       the US  National  Bureau of  Standards, when  the  airflow
       velocity through the filter is  1.7 meters per second,  the elec-
       trostatic filter removes at least 90% of the dust. If the velocity
       is slowed" to less than 2 m/sec, the separating efficiency ap-
       proaches 100%. The  operating temperature  should not exceed
       60 C. The electrostatic filter offers the additional advantage of
       removing many unpleasant odors, by virtue of the  fact that
       much of the odoriferous material is bound to liquid particles
       suspended  in the  air.  The ozone created  by the electrical
       discharges  also provides  a means of  oxidizing  undesirable
       gaseous components in  the air. The principal impurity to be
       removed from air aspirated from above a cold-rolling mill is an
       oil mist, while in the case of a hot mill the chief product is an
       oil-water emulsion.  The  normal  airflow  velocity  from an
       operating mill is 1.7 m/sec.,  whereas the use of  the electro-
       static filter requires a rate of flow not exceeding 1.3 m/sec; the
       ideal rate is  1.0 m/sec., or 60% of the rate corresponding to
       maximum operating efficiency.  The specific problems relating
       to the removal of  oil  mists  and  oil-water emulsions  are
       discussed,   together  with some  brief comments   on  the
       economics  of the filtering system.

       23538
       Nolan, William J.
       PREPULPING CHIP EXTRACTION TO REDUCE AIR POL-
       LUTION. FINAL  REPORT AND RECOMMENDED FUTURE
       RESEARCH.  Florida Univ.,  Gainesville, Engineering and In-
       dustrial Experiment Station, PHS Grants AP 00612-01 and AP
       00612-02, 18p., Jan. 17, 1970.
       Results are summarized and future work recommended from a
       study to  determine whether rosin removal from chips before
       kraft pulping would permit efficient oxidation of dilute black
       liquors, and to explore the pulping of rosin-extracted chips by

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      93
the neutral sulfite process. Prepulping rosin extraction had no
benefits in black liquor oxidation. The following conclusions
were drawn from this and other phases of the investigation. (1)
Pulping of the southern pines with sodium sulfite solutions in-
stead of conventional kraft solutions of sodium hydroxide and
sulfide will prevent the formatio of mercaptan, hydrogen sul-
fide, dimethyl sulfide, and disulfide, thus eliminating the air
pollution problem characteristic of kraft pulping. (2) Sodium
sulfite pulping (pH range  8.5-7.8) will produce pulps with im-
proved yield in the range of 62-68%, with strong burst, tensile,
and  tear characteristics.  (3)  Small additions of sodium car-
bonate to the sodium sulfite liquors may benefit pulp strength.
(4) Two-stage pulping with fibration between stages will im-
prove pulp quality  with probable  lower equipment costs. (5)
Three-stage  screw press washers will reduce stream pollution
to less than a fourth of  that caused by conventional 3-stage
vacuum washers. (6) Conventional kraft recovery equipment
can be used to recover sodium  sulfite waste liquors, replacing
the recausticizing unit used in kraft recovery by three gas ab-
sorption towers. (Author summary modified)

23594
Kellum, James
SEWER ODOR CONTROL. Water Wastes Eng., 7(7):43, July
1970.
A newly  developed process  is available for the  control of
odors in sewers, lift stations,  and sewage  treatment plants.
The  process involves the  installation of a gas-producing unit
into  which air is introduced  and passed through a series of
baffles. With the passage  of the air, electrical current is con-
tinuously discharged across the  space between the baffles. The
result is the production of an activated mixture of gases that,
when discharged into  a lift station or sewer line,  eliminates
more odors  and  prevents septicization and  the  formation of
hydrogen sulfide. When used for upline treatment, the process
is reported  to raise the  DO content of the liquid, promote
aerobic biological growth, and  reduce BOD  where sufficient
retention times are available. Other advantages claimed for the
process and equipment are discribed.

23836
LaRue, Phillip G.
SMOKELESS  AND  ODORLESS  DOMESTIC  INCINERA-
TORS.   (Calcinator Corp.,  Bay City, Mich.)  U.  S. Pat.
3,527,177. 7p., Sept. 8, 1970. 7 refs. (Appl.  Jan. 4, 1968, 12
claims).
An incinerator for  the smokeless  and odorless burning of
domestic rubbish is  described.  The off-gases of the primary
combustion chamber are  channeled into the  path of a torch-
like burner where they are heated to an elevated temperature,
mixed  with  additional oxygen,  and forced  to take  a definite
time-delay path in order for recombustion to take place before
the gases are vented to the atmosphere. A venting mechanism
is provided which reduces the temperature of the gases from
the secondary chamber before they  are released  to the  at-
mosphere. The incinerator is of  a compact and efficient design
and utilizes a minimum number of parts.
A successful annual testing  of more than  300,000 oil-firing
plants in North Rhine-Westphalia requires the use of the filter
paper method for a reliable detection  of particle emissions
(soot), and  of the pyridine test for detecting odorous  com-
ponents (oil derivatives). A series of special investigations has
clarified the relationship between the test gas volume and soot
number,  between soot concentrations and soot  number, and
also between the emission of oil  derivatives  and nuisance
caused by odor.  Reliably regulated atomizing burners of good
construction used for EL fuel  oil ensure soot concentrations
well below 10 mg/N cu m and odorless waste gases.

23901
Morgan, John P.
ODOR CONTROL IN KRAFT PULP  MILLS.   Chem 26,
6(9):30-34, Sept.  1970.
Bivalent sulfur compounds in various gaseous effluents are the
main source of odor from Kraft pulp mills. Systems for reduc-
ing odors from digester and  multiple  evaporator areas,  from
black liquor oxidation,  and from contaminated condensate are
detailed.  The system  for the non-condensables from the
digester and evaporator areas is based  on a special burning
system  operated on  the  simple  principle  of  an inverted
chamber inside a contaminant tank  partially  filled with water
to provide a gas seal. Gases from the evaporators are scrubbed
with a recycled caustic. A strong black liquor oxidation system
prevents hydrogen sulfide stripping and reduces lime reburning
requirements. Treatment of the contaminated condensate  is ef-
fectly handled by air stripping alone  or in combination with
thermal oxidation processes.

23967
Hardison, L. C.
GASEOUS WASTE DISPOSAL.  Ind. Gas, vol. 47:16-23, July
1968. (Presented at the East Ohio Gas Co. seminar on waste
disposal, Cleveland, Ohio.)
The three basic oxidation processes for incineration of waste
gases are flame, thermal, and catalytic incineration. The  three
differ basically in the  temperature  to which the gas  stream
must be heated. Flame incinerators are most often used for
closed chemical reactors; however, if  the  concentration  of
combustible contaminants  in air air stream is well below the
lower limit of flammability, direct thermal incineration is con-
siderably more economical. Catalytic incineration is  widely
used for the oxidation  of paint  solvents, odors from chemical
and food operations, and for other  functions that help offset
the cost of air pollution control equipment; it operates below
the limits of flammability and below the normal oxidation tem-
peratures of the contaminants.  The  catalytic systems are the
least costly when comparisons are made at the optimum level
of heat recovery. Details of the three methods are given, par-
ticularly in  terms  of the  operating costs  of the equipment;
several  applications  are briefly considered, including  wire
enameling,  metal lithography, and kettle cooking. Carbon ab-
sorption and wet  scrubbing  are among the alternatives for
some applications where incineration is not  appropriate. The
general steps in choosing a gas disposal system for a particular
emission are outlined.
23885
Baum, Fritz and Werner Brocke
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE CONTROL OF OIL
BURNERS  FOR THE REDUCTION OF SOOT EMISSIONS
AND  ODOR ENVELOPMENT.  (Praktische Erfahrungen bei
der Kontrolle von  Oelfeuerungen zur Verminderung des Rus-
sauswurfs  und  der  Geruchsentwicklung).  Text in German.
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 30(8):328-333, Aug. 1970. 23 refs.
24065
Schiele, G.
ELECTRICAL CLEANING OF WASTE GASES FROM ELEC-
TRODE FURNACES.  (Elektrische Reinigung der Abgase aus
Elektrodenbrennoefen).   Aluminium,  43(3):171-174,  March
1967. 4 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 16p., Nov. 4,
1969.

-------
 94
ODORS
 Flue-gas of electrode firing kilns contains extremely fine tar
 mists of fractions having different boiling points. Particularly
 during temperature inversion conditions, the usually disagreea-
 ble odor can constitute a great nuisance in both the  closer and
 more distant environment. On account of its fineness, the mist
 can  be  separated most effectively by electrostatic filters. The
 higher  the  operating voltage of the electrostatic  filter,  the
 better is the separation. However, the voltage cannot be raised
 arbitrarily  high,  since  it  will  ultimately lead to  electrical
 discharges between the spray and the precipitation-electrodes.
 One should strive to cool the flue-gas before tar separation to
 such an extent that the  renewed condensation of  tar mists
 after cleaning  is as slight as possible. At  a temperature  of
 about 70 C, the vapor pressures of the tar oils in question are
 already so  low  that,  on  dilution of the flue  gas with at-
 mospheric air and on cooling of the mixture, they remain in
 the aerosol form  and evaporate very  rapidly. Methods of cool-
 ing are  discussed, as well as effective means of controlling the
 danger of fire.

 24079
 Gommi, J. V.
 DESIGN AND  OPERATION OF ACE SYSTEM FOR KRAFT
 ODOR  REDUCTION.  Paper Trade  J., 154(27):44-46, July 6,
 1970. 8  refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical
 Engineers National Meeting, 67th,  Atlanta,  Ga., Feb. 15-18,
 1970.)
 The air contact evaporator (ACE) system eliminates the kraft
 recovery furnace contribution to total reduced sulfur emission
 by eliminating  gas  contact with black liquor. In this system,
 hot gases leaving the economizer are cooled  in a regenerative
 Ljungstrom-type  heat exchanger whose heat absorbing surface
 is composed of closely-spaced elements. The heat is given up
 by the  rotation of the surface into  the incoming air stream.
 The  resulting air is sufficiently hot  to  be used in  a cascade
 evaporator to concentrate black liquor to 68% dry solids. It is
 then routed to the furnace for use as combustion air. With the
 system, there is no carbon dioxide present to contact the black
 liquor. In addition, no  volatiles or products  of hydrolysis can
 escape  to the stack; whatever  small amounts might theoreti-
 cally be present  are swept into the  furnace and oxidized  to
 SO2. Pilot development of the  system and the first commer-
 cially installed unit are discussed. The latter gives lower levels
 of odorous reduced sulfur with unozidized liquor than required
 by any existing state code.

 24090
 HIGH-ENERGY AIR FILTER FOR REDUCING INDUSTRIAL
 EFFLUENTS. Filtration Eng., 1(9):9-13, May  1970.
 Faced with  a tacky organic smoke emission from two of its
 major processes,  asphalt  saturation and  the baking of phenol-
 formaldehyde binders, Johns-Manville set about developing a
 technique for dealing with the effluent. The key to the process
 developed, called HEAP,  for  high-energy  air  filter, is the
 utilization of high velocity effluent  air through a  fiberglass
 filter medium.  Increasing efficiency is  due  either  to an in-
 crease of inertia!  forces,  which throw the particle against the
 fibers and capture it by that mechanism, or by compression of
 that  material at higher flow rates and pressure  drops. It has
 rarely been reported that  odors are due to participates, but the
 results obtained with the  two effluents tested seem to indicate
 that  the liquid  particulates in these  effluents are almost the
 sole  cause  of odor. If this were not so, there would not be
 such a close correlation between the odor-removal  efficiency
 and  the paniculate-removal efficiency.  An  economic  com-
parison  of seven different systems designed to filter 30,000 cu
ft per minute from a roofing plant saturator is presented tabu-
 larly.
       24197
       Elnicki, Walter
       A CONTROL  MODE FOR AIR POLLUTION.   All Clear,
       2(3):15-16, May/June 1970.
       Thermal incineration is a process of oxidation of the organic
       material in a waste gas by means of bringing the gas to a tem-
       perature above the automatic ignition temperature of the com-
       bustible, and holding it there long enough to oxidize it. These
       contaminants may be  odors and/or solvents  in the  gaseous
       form.  In order to obtain  good  conversion efficiencies,  the
       hydrocarbons must be heated to  temperatures between  1300
       and  1500 F with  a residence time of .3 to .6 seconds. The
       design of a thermal incineration system must incorporate  tem-
       perature, holding time, and turbulence  of the waste air stream
       to produce proper clean-up efficiencies. When properly baf-
       fled, the holding chamber will produce enough turbulence to
       get thorough mixing of the waste gases to produce  maximum
       burning. It is extremely critical that the minimum allowable ex-
       haust rate be used, since the air flow rate governs the amount
       of gas which is burned, the size of the incinerator, the exhaust
       fan, and relative  ductwork to feed the  thermal incinerator.
       Costs can be reduced with the addition of heat exchangers to
       preheat the process exhaust air, and/or to heat make up air to
       supply back to the process, or to heat air from space heating
       in the building itself.

       24380
       Kuzuma, Junji, Tadashi Sakurai, Isao Koyama, Tatsukichi
       Ishiguro, and Toshio Odaira
       RESEARCH  ON  ODOR  EMITTED  FROM FISH  MEAL
       PLANTS. (Gyochokotsu shorikojo no akushujokyo ni kansuru
       chosahokoku). Text in Japanese Tokyo-to Kogai Kenkyusho-
       ho (Ann. Kept. Tokyo Metropol. Res. Inst. Environ.  Protec-
       tion), Sect. 1:140-155, Jan. 1970.
       A general description of fish meal processing  plants is given,
       and  the  number  of  complaints  received in each district  of
       Tokyo concerning smoke, dust, and odor are listed in a table.
       Flow chart describe ordinary fish meal processing as well as
       the continuous sealed process. Removal of bad odor from the
       drying process and from  the liquid resulting from the pressing
       process  were  investigated. The  methods  tested  for odor
       removal in the drying process were chemical scrubbing, ozone
       oxidation, and sulfonic carbon adsorption. Odor samples were
       tested by organoleptic methods, gas chromatography,  and ab-
       sorption  photometry. Each  odor removal process is explained
       in detail; diagrams are given;  and some  of the measurement
       results are tabulated according to the odorant  chemicals such
       as ethyl  mercaptan and diethyl sulfide. For press liquid,  the
       samples were quantitatively analyzed for  water content, crude
       protein, and crude fat. The results show that a  process such as
       the one involving indirect heating  of the juice in a sealed tank,
       passing it through the desludger, and the  three-laye separation
       and  concentration in  the evaporation  chamber would preve
       odor emission. A detailed table is given on the analysis of the
       components of the liquid  at various processing  stages.

       24743
       Damon, W. A.
       ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CHEMICAL IN-
       DUSTRY.  Chem. Ind. (London), vol. 41:1266-1270,  Oct. 8,
       1955. 11  refs. (Presented  at the London Section of the Society
       of Chemical  Industry  Symposium on  the Prevention of.At-
       mospheric and Water Pollution in the Chemical Industry, Lon-
       don (England). (April 4-5, 1955.)
       The  special problems of air pollution arising from chemical
       processes are largely dealt with under the provisions of the Al- <

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                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       95
kali etc. Works Registration Act, 1906,  and the Alkali, etc.,
Works Regulation (Scotland) Act, 1951,  as extended by sub-
sequent legislation. Those processes that are considered to be
the greatest potential contributors to air  pollution are defined
and not permitted to operate in the absence of control equip-
ment for noxious  or offensive gases. In  connection with cer-
tain processes, e.g., sulfur acid manufacture,  statutory limits
of acidity are laid down; but,  in general, reliance is placed on
the use of the best practicable  means.  Suitable methods of
treatment are given for noxious constituents of  chemical  re-
agents,  odorous  permanent  gases from petroleum refining
processes,  sulfur  oxides  from fuel combustion, and  waste
gases from  metallurgical  processes, including  electrolysis of
alumina. It is emphasized that the control of these sources
often requires changes in the processes themselves.

24810
PLANT SERVICES BEAT  EXPLOSION HAZARDS.   Mod.
Power Eng., 64(11): 40-44, Nov. 1970.
Modern  air  conditioning  and  dust control techniques  in a
Canadian  flour mill have produced a virtually  dust-free  at-
mosphere and drastically reduced the need for explosion-proof
electrical equipment. In addition, dry-cleaning of raw wheat
grains, as opposed  to water  washing, has eliminated odors.
The dust  collection system  comprises five  separate systems,
each using bag filters. In the cleaning section, the dust collec-
tor aspirates  all receivers  on intermediate relift  conveyors and
the  screenings section conveyor. In addition,  all cleaning
machinery, feeders, and screw conveyors in the cleaning sec-
tion are aspirated through this filter. Clean exhaust air from
this and the  other filters  is fed to an air make-up unit which
creates a positive air pressure  within the  mill and prevents the
build-up of dangerous dust concentrations.

24845
Takei, Kazuo
DIESEL   ENGINE  EXHAUST  SMOKE.    (Diizeru  kikan
kaikien).  Text  in  Japanese.  Sangyo  Kogai  (Ind.  Public
Nuisance), 6(9):547-552, Sept. 25, 1970. 4  refs.
Although  generally  considered less objectionable  and  dan-
gerous than  petrol  engine  exhausts,  diesel engine exhaust
gases  nevertheless  constitute  an  important   air  pollution
problem because  of their  smoke and odor.  The chief sources
of  troublesome emissions are hydrocarbons,  nitrous oxides,
carbon monoxide, and aldehydes. Suppression of pollutants in
diesel exhaust is  the subject of a wide  research effort, with
particular emphasis  on barium-containing fuel  additives. The
main causes  of unusually black smoke  are often inadequate
engine installation and tuning,  such as improper adjustment of
the injection  pump. Thus, diesel smoke can  be suppressed
principally by effective maintenance. Smoke from  an old or
overloaded engine can best be controlled by effective use of
the barium additives.

24969
Rueb, Friedmund
A  PROCESS FOR THE NEUTRALIZATION  OF TOXIC
VAPOURS AND WASTE GASES. (Verfahren und Anlagen zur
Unschaedlichmachung giftiger  Daempfe und Abgase). Text in
German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,  11(2):65-70, 1967.
Offensive, toxic, or noxious waste gases  emanating from vari-
ous industrial processes are neutralized by absorption, by ad-
sorption  on  activated carbon  or by catalytic  combustion.
Processes include the old method of washing acid waste gases
in  adsorption towers with   chemically   resistant  polyvi-
nylchloride or polyethylene lining by means of water or of al-
kaline washing liquids and the new method  of wet pressure
change separation which divides the stream  of gas  into thin
layers by numerous  ducts  which  system is suited  for the
separation of aerosols and for gas purification by absorption.
Adsorption on activated carbon permits the recovery  of valua-
ble solvents which is accomplished by various methods de-
pending on the degree of water solubility of  the substance  to
be recovered. Catalytic combustion operates with temperatures
between 150 and 400 C and is often employed where offending
odors must be controlled like in the production of phthalic and
maleic acids where naphthoquinone, benzoic  acid and carbon
monoxide must be destroyed because they are toxic and corro-
sive. Currently widely used is a modern  arrangement consist-
ing of two steel towers where  SO2  containing gases are
washed with diluted ammonia. Other methods separate aerosol
fogs by means of electrofilters with simultaneous recovery  of
the pollutant  and control of  objectionable odors emanating
from biological processes by biofilters in which certain bacteri-
al strains deodorize the air by consuming the offending sub-
stances as food.

24988
Teyogj, N.
EXHAUST FROM DIESEL ENGINE. (Diesel Haiki). Text  in
Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind.  Public Nuisance), vol.  6(9):539-
546, Sept. 25, 1970. 18 refs.O
Studies of pollutants,  such as black smoke, hydrocarbons, car-
bon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and aldehydes  and of diesel ex-
haust odors are presented. It is not clear how much the pollu-
tants contribute to air pollution in urban areas, but citizens ob-
ject to the black  smoke and bad smell of the exhaust. Of the
numerous smoke-meters developed, to measure diesel smoke,
none has proved satisfactory. Hydrocarbons are considered  to
contribute  to  the generation of  photochemical smog,  and
benzopyrene, a carcinogen, is found in diesel exhaust. It is not
known how factors like fuel composition and  operation of en-
gine affect the generation of the latter. Maximum CO levels
under normal operation are 0.25-0.5%; these levels will be per-
missible  for some years to come in Japan,  but will not be
tolerated in the  U.  S. after  1975.  Nitrogen oxides  can be
reduced by modifying engine design and operating conditions.
Aldehydes  are  suspected to promote photochemical  reaction.
Since the cause of diesel exhaust odor is unknown, only sub-
jective evaluation by a human panel is possible so the problem
is difficult to solve. A Catalytic muffler or reactor is  effective
in reducing the smell of diesel exhaust. Exhaust deodorant fuel
additives have  been  tried but  without conclusive results. Ef-
forts to solve  exhaus problems from diesel engines have just
started, and many problems remain.

25017
Stokes, Rufus
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICE.  (Assignee not given.)
U. S. Pat. 3,520,113. 7p., July 14,  1970. 7 refs. (Appl. Jan.  8,
1968,  8 claims).
An improved apparatus is described for removing impurities  in
the form of paniculate matter, gases,  chemicals  and odors
from exhaust fumes or other gases, prior to  exhausting them
into the atmosphere. In the smelting business,  especially in the
reclaiming of metals such as lead and zinc, a  real problem ex-
ists where extraneous material such as, for  example, rubber
insulation on the  metals, is burned  by the heat of the molten
metal.  Apparatus  including cyclone filters, bag filters, electro-
static  precipitators and the like have been used in the past  to
remove these impurities; however,  all of them are generally

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 96
ODORS
 unsatisfactory, for one reason or another. The present process
 includes a high pressure blower system for forcing the exhaust
 gases into a primary mixing chamber, below the surface of the
 water, so that the fumes  will bubble through the water upon
 rising to the top. As the fumes rise to the top  of the water, ad-
 ditional high speed blowers draw them out of  the primary mix-
 ing chamber and force them into a precipitator filter unit. In
 the precipitator filter unit, the fumes are washed by means of
 a water  spray and  are filtered to remove still additional par-
 ticulate  matter. The fumes  are returned to another mixing
 chamber wherein they are retained under pressure, so that the
 gases are absorbed by the  water within the chamber. From this
 mixing chamber, the gases flow into  a settling chamber within
 the tank. (Author abstract  modified)

 25085
 Lindberg, Erik Axel Sigvard
 METHOD OF GETTING  RID OF MALODOROUS AIR AND
 WATER POLLUTANTS FROM ALKALINE PULP COOKING.
 (Uddeholms A B,  Uddeholm (Sweden) U. S. Pat. 3,520,772.
 3p., July 14, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl. April 25, 1966, 1 claim).
 In an alkaline pulping process, especially the manufacture of
 so-called 'sulfate pulp,' the noxious and malodorous gases and
 vapors leaving the digesters in the cooking of the wood chips,
 without passing through a condenser, are brought,  together
 with steam from the digesters directly to a furnace, where the
 gases are burned or rendered  innocuous by  thermal decom-
 position. In the process described, the pollutant gases  leave
 the digester together with steam and are passed directly to a
 furnace  without passing  through a  condenser.  The  furnace
 where the combustion takes place is preferably associated with
 a conventional boiler,  such as a soda  recovery boiler, or a
 continuous lime kiln. The  gases flow from the digester to  the
 furnace without condensation of noxious constituents which
 when condensed would only  be a different kind of nuisance;
 but they may  pass  through a superheater in order to prevent
 such condensation during  such passage. Thus, not  only is  the
 atmosphere in the vicinity of  the pulp mill protected from pol-
 lution by the discharge of noxious gases, but  the streams and
 lakes and low places which might be used as settling ponds  are
 also protected against pollution. The waste gases consisting of
 the pollutants mixed with steam from the cooking process and
 oxygen  for the burning are proportioned so  that the oxygen
 concentration is below that of an  explosive mixture, so that
 the combustion is safe. The heat content of the gases can be
 recovered by use of a flue gas scrubber. Previous methods in-
 volve cooling the gases in  a condenser, or destroying  the non-
 condensible gases b combustion. The effluents of these opera-
 tions either leave the plant in the form of water pollution, or
 require  further expensive processing to be  eliminated. The
 method described avoids these unnecessary  problems. (Author
 abstract modified)

 25224
 Summer, W.
 DEODORIZATION  OF  AIR  AND  OF  WATER.    (Das
 Geruchlosmachen von  Luft und Wasser).  Text in  German.
 Staub-Reinhaltung Luft, 30(9): 371-372, Sept. 1970.
The control methods of osmogens through adsorption, absorp-
tion  or  precipitation suffer  from the  drawback that the
osmogens are  only  transferred  from one medium  to another
which then becomes an osmogen in its own  right, only greatly
concentrated. Normal combustion requires  high temperatures
not easily generated. Catalytic combustion while practicable at
comparatively  low  temperatures has the  drawback of the
catalyst  being vulnerable to catalytic  poisons.  At low concen-
       trations of osmogens like  10 ppm, combustion as a control
       method is uneconomical. The only method of controlling small
       quantities of osmogens  is the substitution of the atom in the
       molecule which causes  the olfactory problem  by nascent ox-
       ygen which can be produced  by drawing air through a field of
       rays whose wavelength  corresponds to the absorption spec-
       trum of oxygen. As the  short life span of atomic oxygen does
       not permit its  transport,  air  to  be  deodorized  must  pass
       through the field of rays. Experiments disclosed that mercap-
       tans, sulfides, and amines in the air can be deodorized by ir-
       radiation with  an efficiency  of up to 97%. Similarly, waste
       water containing H2S can be deodorized by expelling the dis-
       solved H2S through blowing in air and treating the expelled
       H2S with atomic oxygen. An H2S content of 178 mg H2S/1
       H2O can be  thus reduced to 12 mg/1 H2O after a 30 minute
       treatment. Industrially applied, a volume of 7800 N cu m/h air
       containing 2.0 mg H2S/N cu m and 1.8 mg amines/N cu m was
       deodorized by 65-85% with an energy expenditure of 6400 W.

       25379
       (Inventor not given.)
       DRYING   APPARATUS COMPRISING   A  DEVICE  FOR
       BURNING   AND  DEODORIZING  ODOROUS   GASES.
       (Kabushiki Kaisha Okawara Seisakusho, Shizuoka (Japan) and
       Tohzai  Sango  Boeki Co., Ltd., Tokyo  (Japan)) Brit.  Pat.
       1,174,072. 3p., Dec.  10, 1969. (Appl. Sept. 26, 1967, 2 claims).
       An apparatus is described for drying chicken droppings, or the
       like, which comprises a cylindrical rotary drum for stirring and
       pulverizing the droppings. Hot gases blown into the drum stir
       and dry the  droppings.  The  odorous  gases generated  in the
       drying drum  are led into a combustion furnace wherein they
       are deodorized upon oxidation, and the resultant deodorized
       gases  are partially recirculated into the drum  to be used for
       drying and  partially released into the atmosphere.

       25479
              i'
       Rotterdam  Soil, Water and Air Committee (Netherlands)
       ROTTERDAM  SOIL, WATER AND AIR COMMITTEE 1969
       REPORT.  (Commissie Bodem, Water  en Lucht Verslag over
       het jaar 1969. Rotterdam). Text in Dutch, 60p., 1969.
       The report of  the commission responsible for  dealing with
       ground, water, and air  pollution in Rotterdam for the year
       1969 includes sections on air pollution and the medical aspects
       of air pollution. The largest number of  complaints  (1440)
       turned in to the central office during the  period reported on
       had to do  with the  Gekro Company,  which  seems to have
       made  every effort within their financial means to prevent the
       dissemination of unpleasant odors. When a burner failed to do
       the job, two scrubbers were also installed. The difficulty could
       be avoided by relocation, but the cost  of relocating the plant
       would be prohibitive. On the other hand, failure to bring ac-
       tion against the company would violate the spirit of the laws
       and regulations pertaining to this question. At the end of 1969,
       the commission saw little hope of  resolving the  problem. A
       total of  1326 complaints  were received against the oil industry,
       but this situation is analogious to the first, except that the
       Shell  Refinery has  erected a high smokestack that has im-
       proved the situation in  the Rotterdam suburbs of Hoogvliet
       and Vlaardingen. About 50% of home heating is now with
       natural gas, and about 85% for medium-sized  plants such as
       for schools, office builVfengs, apartments, and small businesses.
       The 'nuisance laws' in this case cover 'noise pollution" as well
       as air pollution and  citizens are entitled to complain of  exces-
       sive  noise  to  the appropriate office. The commission has
       designated  an average sulfur dioxide concentration of more
       than 500 micrograms per cubic meter in a 24-hour period as a

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      97
 'red light'  concentration in terms of bronchitis  risk,  while a
 concentration of 350 micrograms for more than one day out of
 a  month is designated as a 'yellow light'  concentration. A
 number of  air samples from the Rotterdam area were analyzed
 for asbestos content, inspired by recent  published statements
 concerning a connection between asbestos  and public health.
 A connection was established between asbestos  and a certain
 type of tumor,  but the problem so far seems to be one of oc-
 cupational medicine rather than of public health.

 25554
 Henderson, Wayne L.
 CATALYTIC OXIDATION UNIT  FOR  DOMESTIC OVEN
 EXHAUST.  (General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.)  U. S.
 Pat. 3,536,457. 5p., Oct. 27, 1970. 9 refs. (Appl. Feb. 21, 1968,
 2 claims).
 A catalytic  oxidation unit is  described that  eliminates smoke
 and odors issuing from the exhaust vents of domestic  cooking
 ovens, particularly the high-temperature, self-cleaning ovens
 using a pyrolytic process for degrading  food  soils. The unit
 comprises a hollow housing supporting catalyst-coated gas bur-
 ners of cellular ceramic construction and having a high sur-
 face-to-volume  ratio. The housing has an intake port and an
 exhaust port and includes a partition which separates the  hous-
 ing into intake  and afterburner  compartments.  Gas  flow is
 directed from the oven cavity to the intake compartment, then
 through the catalyst-coated  gas  burners to the afterburner
 compartment, and finally to  the  exhaust port. Primary com-
 bustion air can be supplied to the intake compartment,  while
 secondary combustion air can be supplied to the afterburner
 compartment to  create  afterburning of the  oven exhaust.
 Complete degradation and conversion of gases to carbon diox-
 ide is achieved since the velocity is  automatically controlled
 and they are exposed to high temperatures for a sufficient
 amount of time. (Author abstract modified)

 25594
 Pardoe, E. S.
 GASSING....THE BUG-A-BOO OF THE BUS BUSINESS.  Bus
 Transportation, 16(10):480-482, Oct. 1937.
 Experience  with de-gassing valves for the control  of  exhaust
 gas odors from their buses led Capital Transit to look  for a
 measure for odors. The first step was to collect samples of ex-
 haust gas and test them qualitatively for aldehydes. Next, the
 susceptibility of  different  fuels  to form aldyhyde was in-
 vestigated. The  third stage of these studies had as its objective
 to ascertain what engine operating  conditions produced  max-
 imum exhaust fuming, developing a test technique  for obtain-
 ing and analyzing these  gases, and determining what engine
 and fuel characteristics  were influential in controlling  this.
 Probably the first result of the Esso Laboratories tests was a
 definite proof that, in this particular bus at least,  the aldehyde
 content was 40  times greater in the exhaust when decelerating
 than when accelerating or running along. For any of the types
 of fuel tried, the aldehyde  content decreased as  the volatility
increased. A general improvement of 78% was effected by the
rigid adjustment of carburetor and ignition systems with a high
 temperature manifold and a total improvement or reduction in
odor and fuming of 94% by the use of a more volatile fuel on
 top of the other improvements was made.

 25623
Desiderati, Paul
 ODOR CONTROL WITH CHLORINE CUTS COST.  Water
 Sewage Works,  114(12): 469-470, Dec.  1967.
Chlorination was selected for odor control of hydrogen sulfide
coming from sewage at the entrance of a wet well and at the
effluent weir of the primary settling tank. On the basis of ex-
perience gained by running chlorine demand tests, the chlorine
required for  any given situation  is  indicated to be inversely
proportional to the flow. The results of chlorine application for
odor control was further demonstrated by taking grab samples
during the day when the flow was 30,000 gph. Hydrogen sul-
fide tests were made to determine the effectiveness of odor
control. Physical layout of the system which includes two 150
Ib chlorine gas cylinders is described.

25694
Moehle, Fred  W.
FLY  ASH AIDS  IN  SLUDGE DISPOSAL.    Environ. Sci.
Technol., 1(5): 374-379, May 1967.  (Presented at the Purdue
Industrial Waste Conference, 22nd Annual, May 2-4, 1967.)
Dewatering industrial waste plant  sludge using fly ash as a fil-
tering  aid has proved  successful. To fully  understand  where
the sludge comes from, how it is  collected, and how dewater-
ing is accomplished, the entire waste treatment plant operation
is first described. Fly ash is introduced  approximately  10
inches downstrea from the point at which the sludge enters the
top of the sludge feed mixing conveyor. The optimum mixture
should be in the range  of four parts  sludge to one part fly ash
by weight. Dewatering starts when the mixture enters the
filter, and the mixture continues to dewater, forming a cake on
top of the drum. Because of a 15-20 inch mercury vacuum in
the chambers  beneath the cloth, the water is filtered out into
the vacuum chamber.  When a vacuum chamber rotates  to the
top of  the drum,  the  vacuum  is automatically shut off and
compressed air at 3  psig  is  introduced  to the  chamber,
dislodging the cake which then falls into a collecting  chute.
The dewatered sludge has no discernable odor. A sludge tem-
perature of 65 C was most suitable.  Some operating problems
in using this method are mentioned.

25711
Jahnke, Herbert
ELECTROSTATIC   CONDITIONING   ARRANGEMENT.
(Constanu'n Graf von Berckheim,  Weinheim an  der  Berg-
strasse, Germany)  U.  S. Pat.  3,531,150. 4p., Sept. 29, 1970.  5
refs. (Appl. June 5, 1968, 14 claims).
An arrangement is described for electrostatically conditioning
the air in the  passenger compartment of a motor vehicle. Such
conditioning delays the development of fatigue and, at least to
a certain extent, eliminates contaminants and odors from the
air. The arrangement comprises an electrode mounting on the
ceiling, insulation from the body of  the vehicle, and a source
of direct current supplying between  90  and 150  volts. Electri-
cally conductive means are provided on at least one  of the in-
terior surfaces with which a passenger comes into contact.

25858
Schirz, Stefan
ON PROTECTION AGAINST EMISSION: REMOVAL OF OF-
FENDING SMELLS.  (Zum Thema  'Immissionsschutz': Ver-
such der Geruchsbeseitigung). Text in German. Landtechnik,
25(21):672-674, Nov. 1970.
While offending smells emitted by agricultural enterprises rais-
ing large numbers of domestic animals for meat production are
of low significance in the overall pollution picture, large scale
animal fanning is on the increase. In West Germany, the pig
population increased by 120% since 1950 while the number of
farms decreased by 52%. The use of chemicals to control the

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 98
ODORS
 smells emitted presents no  solution to the  problem;  on the
 contrary,  this approach aggravates  it because the chemicals
 emit  their  own  pollution.  Chemical processes  allegedly
 destroying the smelly substances must be viewed with skepti-
 cism; it is more probable that  the chemical  reaction takes
 place on  the  nasal membrane which is de-sensitized to the
 smell.  Similar caution is indicated  in the case of ionization
 because ozone requires a long contact time to be effective and
 these conditions do not prevail in agriculture. Technical con-
 trol methods including purification of air by  scrubbers, filter-
 ing of air, and combustion of smells in the air are too expen-
 sive to be feasible.  The only inexpensive and effective ap-
 proach is the prevention of smells by the maintenance of max-
 imal cleanliness in barns, pig pens, or chicken houses, by
 maintaining an optimal climate in these enclosures, by separat-
 ing air emanating from manure pits from barn air, by mechani-
 cal cooling of manure piles and pits, and by  covering open
 manure piles  containers with muck, and silos containing fer-
 mented feed.

 25950
 Archibald, E. Ł., Jr. and A. van Donkelaar
 AIR QUALITY CONTROL IN A BLEACHED KRAFT MILL.
 Preprint, Canadian Pulp and  Paper Assoc., 14p., 1967. 10 refs.
 (Presented at the Paper Industry Air and Stream Improvement
 Conference,  Third,  Vancouver, B. C.,  Oct.  23-26,  1967,
 Technical  Paper T346.)
 The engineering equipment  and practices employed  at one
 bleached kraft pulp mill to reduce malodorous gaseous emis-
 sions are described. Black liquor oxidation combined with op-
 timum conditions in the recovery furnace can reduce hydrogen
 sulfide emissions from the main stack to near zero. Noncon-
 densibles from cooking and evaporation processes are success-
 fully collected and subsequently destroyed with a high degree
 of efficiency  by a  system of incineration and/or chlorination.
 Typical emission  data are  tabulated. A  home-monitoring
 system, supplemented by in-plant monitoring is providing in-
 formation  on changes and improvements in mill emissions.

 25977
 Osterli, Victor P.
 AIR  POLLUTION  CAUSED  BY  AGRICULTURE  AND
 FORESTRY: ODOR.  In: Project Clean Air.  California Univ.,
 Berkeley,  Task Force No. 5, Section 6, 4p.,  Sept. 1, 1970. 20
 refs.
 The development of methods to control odor at the site and
 for disposal of livestock and poultry fecal matter is a  major
 need.  One possible process, wet oxidation,  could be of real
 significance since it would not only  eliminate the fecal matter
 but would produce energy to carry out the  disposal process
 and possibly even convert the wastes to animal feed. Treating
 the manure with chemical deodorants may provide a  partial
 solution. A specific  application  of  the pyrolysis-combustion
process could be an alternative to current methods of incinera-
tion used  which would eliminate or  substantially alleviate the
problem of malodors. Afterburner-type devices are available
for some kinds of  rendering plants to control odors. In addi-
tion to animal  wastes  and  odors from meat processing and
rendering plants, more than 28 million tons of wood pulp are
produced  yearly in the United States by the sulfate or kraft
process which produces a pollution problem.
       26002
       Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
       ODOR CONTROL IN FISH AND BONE MEAL FACTORIES
       IN NORTH EUROPE. (HI). (DE LAVAL SYSTEM AND ATV
       SYSTEM).  (Hoku ni okeru gyochokotsu, jukotsu to shori kojo
       no dasshu taisaku (sono ffl) (de rabaru hoshiki to ATV hoshiki
       ni tsirite)). Text in Japanese.  Akushu  no  Kenkyu  (Odor
       Research J. Japan), l(3):54-63, Oct. 1970.
       The de Laval system (Swedish) and the ATV system (Danish)
       for odor control in fish and bone meal factories are discussed,
       as well as an example  in Tokyo.  The  Swedish system is
       characterized by  being closed with  odors collected  into one
       place,  minimizing the amount  of  air which  escapes.  An
       adequate balance is maintained between the amount of odor
       generated, wind,  and the amount of water in the  scrubbing
       tower. In the case of fish meal, it is best to combine washing
       and  a combustion  method. To prevent corrosion  and  the
       lowering of combustion efficiency, a demister and water trap
       are provided  following washing. Also,  after heating the gas,
       some part of it is burnt as secondary air which makes it easier
       to maintain a constantly high temperature in the furnace. The
       ATV method is also a closed system. Asbestos plates are ar-
       ranged in the scrubbing tower, which is equipped with special
       nozzles. After the air is washed, it is burnt in a boiler at 750-
       1100C.

       26014
       Hoshika, Y. and T. Ishiguro
       QUALITATIVE ANALYSES OF  ODOR  COMPONENTS IN
       THE PYROLYSIS OF FEATHER IN THE LABORATORY
       TEST.  (Feza kanetsu shoriji ni hassei sum shu seibun to sono
       taisaku—tokuni  akurorein no  kakunin  ni  tsuite).  Text  in
       Japanese. Akushu no  Kenkyu  (Odor Research J.  Japan),
       l(3):34-44, Oct. 1970. 5 refs.
       Feather treatment in the  rendering process generates odorous
       acroleih in amounts of 0.01 to 0.1 ml out of 25 mg of feather.
       In addition to acrolein, such odorous gases as methyl mercap-
       tan, acetaldehyde, diethylamine, n-propylamine, ammonia, and
       hydrogen  sulfide are also generated. A pyrolysis  method
       should be  adopted, and a  low temperature condensation
       method should be applied to eliminate water,  or  an electrical
       water elimination method developed, so that the  rendering
       process  can be  accomplished without heating.  If a heating
       process  cannot be applied, use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
       in a  scrubbing tower is recommended. The rendering process
       is explained, and a pyrolysis flow sheet is provided.

       26056
       Nishida, K.
       THE REMOVALS FOR  THE  STINKING COMPOUNDS  BY
       SPRAYING THE DEODORANT SOLUTIONS. (1). (Dasshueki
       ni yoru shinyo shuki seibun  no jokyo tsuite (1)). Text  in
       Japanese.  Akushu No Kenkyu (Odor Research J.  Japan),
       l(3):21-28, Oct. 1970. 23 refs.                        <
       In Japan, complaints about odors are third only to complaints
       about air pollution and noise and in 1968 reached 19.4% of the
       total complaints  involving these  three categories of public
       nuisances. Although the Pollution Countermeasure Fundamen-
       tal Law of 1967 clearly defined odor as a pollutant,  little  ad-
       vance has been made in the measurement and evaluation of
       odors. As a result, there is no possibility of odors coming
       under legal control in the near future. Most of the complaints
       center on the collection and treatment of human excrement in
       cities without sewer systems, in particular on the  trucks using
       vacuum suction hoses. Commercial  deodorants are  available

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      99
for neutralizing and masking odors in the home and, to a
lesser extent, in industry. The use of a spray deodorant con-
taining  chlorophyll for eliminating odors from the vacuum
trucks was studied. Adsorbents such as activated charcoal and
resins are ineffective in these cases since they rapidly become
coated with water and with oil from the suction pump.  As
determined by gas chromatogrpahy, the chlorophyll deodorant
did not completely eliminate methylamine though it effectively
neutralized its  odor. Fifteen peaks in the chromatogram  for
untreated gas were  not  detected in the chromatogram  for
treated gas, which indicated a 100% elimination. On the other
hand, the post-treatment  chromatogram showed 11 new peaks
attributable to components of the deodorant.

26057
Shigeta, Y.
RESEARCH  ON  ODOR  CONTROL  IN  THE U.S.A.  (A
CHAPTER OF RENDERING  PLANTS IN  WEST COAST).
(Amerika ni okeru askushu no genjo to taisaku (taiheiyogen
toshio kaseijo  hen).  Text in Japanese. Akushu No Kenkyu
(Odor Research J. Japan), 1(3): 10-20, Oct. 1970. 5 refs.
Rule 64 of the Los Angeles Air Pollution code is explained.
The rule pertains to odors and applies, among others, to com-
panies such as those making fish meal from offal and bones of
tuna,  those treating animal bones and carcases, and those
producing feather  meal from poultry feathers. Existing plants
are required  to use dry rendering, (indirect heating of  the
cooker and dryer), to  suppress generation of odors. For  the
elimination of odors, steam in the gas exhausted  from  the
cooker  and dryer must  be  thoroughly eliminated  by com-
bustion  of 648 C. Fish meal  factories  are permitted to  add
chlorine to the washing water. New rendering plants can use
no heating process other  than the cooker and must limit their
use of  the dryer. To encourage  the  adopting of modern
processes and control technology,  new plants are required to
proces 500 tons/day to 2000 tons/day. By reducing the main-
tenance cost  of odor-control equipment, these  plants should
yield higher profits. It  is  hoped that 99.9-99.99% odor control
can be achieved.

26087
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Durham, N. C.,
Consumer Protection and  Environmental Health Service
NEW    CUMBERLAND,    WEST   VIRGINIA   --   KNOX
TOWNSHIP,  OHIO --  AIR  POLLUTION ABATEMENT AC-
TIVITY. NAPCA-Pub.-APTD-69-13, 83p., June 1969. 24 refs.
Based on air  quality  and  meteorological measurements, levels
of dustfall, fly ash,  and  suspended particulate  matter  in  the
New Cumberland, West  Virginia-Knox Township, Ohio area
are excessive.  Levels  of sulfur dioxide, although  not con-
sistently  high, reach short-term concentrations  at which un-
desirable effects are produced Pollution is heaviest in the area
closest to a power plant, but all areas of the New Cumberland
valley are affected. Topography  in  the  valley greatly  in-
fluences wind flow, limiting the ability of the atmosphere to
adequately disperse pollutants. Frequent inversions, restricted
lateral dispersion,  and  weak winds allow periods of pollutant
accumulation.  Undersirable  effects of the  pollution include
reduced visibility,  soiling, excessive dustfall,  paint damage,
vegetation damage, and irritating odors. The effect of pollution
on health, as  inferred by  comparison of measured levels with
air quality criteria, is of  concern. Emissions from the power
plant can  be  reduced by available control technology,  or by
the use of low-sulfur  fuel combined with  good combustion
practices.
26125
Suzuki, Fushito
REFUSE TREATMENT BY COMPRESSION. (Assaku kokaho
ni yoru gomi shori ni tsuite). Text  in  Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(12):973-979> Dec. 1970.
A compression system for the disposal of city and industrial
refuse was developed, able to handle 50  tons of waste in an
eight hour day Consisting of sundry trash (38%), excrements
(21%), synthetic resin  (6%), incombustible refuse (10%),  and
others (25%), the gathered refuse is pressed by a preliminary
and a main compression press, then covered with wire mesh to
be dipped in an asphalt melt for coating.  This process is  car-
ried  out automatically and the resultant product, named 'Tek-
kaishi', is produced in about 8 minute and weighs 850-900 kg.
An air curtain shuts off the foul smell fro the refuse, while the
odor from the asphalt melt is improved  with deodorization
equipment. The water compressed out of the refuse is treated
by  oxidation  for the  removal of organic  matter and is
discharged. Waste water is screened to be accumulated with
activated  sludge and is purified  in sedimentation tanks.
Problems  connected with the adoption of an asphalt method
concern the high temperatures of operation, foul odors,  and
the life of the melting furnace. Pollution by the 'Tekkaishi' bu-
ried in the earth has not been observed.

26128
Baba, Y.
DEODORIZING EQUIPMENT AND DEODORANTS.  (Dasshu
sochi  oyobi  dasshuzai).  Text  in Japanese. Kogai  (Hakua
Shobo) (Pollution Control), 5(2):62-81, March 1970. 3 refs.
Of the 5986 complaints  received by 30  prefecture]  govern-
ments  in  1967, 1232,  or 20.6%, concerned odors. Sixty-five
percent of the odors  originated  in  agricultural and livestock
operations and 45% in industrial processes, mainly  those of
chemical and food industries. As determined by a survey of
3000 enterprises, the mos commonly used deodorizing method
is gas cleaning. The principles o which a number of odor con-
trol methods are based are  described together with areas of
application and equipment used. Major equipment manufac-
turers  are noted, as are operating costs of the methods. The
methods include ozone oxidation, catalytic combustion adsorp-
tion, chlorine treatment, air oxidation, combustion, and use of
chemical  deodorants.  Ozone  oxidation  is  mainly  used  to
eliminat odors of human  excrement; its operating cost is low.
Catalytic combustion has wide application, and its operating
cost  is lower than that  of the heat tube method. Depending on
application, gas cleaning  methods vary greatly in scale, type,
and materials. The adsorption method is applicable to render-
ing plants and feed processing plants. Air oxidation is used to
treat effluent  containing hydrogen  sulfide, and  direct com-
bustion by oil and fat industries. Thirty seven deodorants are
described.

26172
Collins, T. T., Jr.
OXIDATION OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR - WHERE DOES
IT STAND? Paper Trad J.,  14«(30):39-48,  July 23, 1962.  153
rets.
The  literature  and patents on  black liquor  oxidation  are
reviewed  in an attempt to clarify the sources  of  original
discoveries. In addition, objections to foaming-type oxidation
units are noted as are the advantages claimed for new systems
such as the  British Columbia Research  Council, modified
Trobeck, Tomlinson, and Weyerhauscr systems. Also reported
are studies on the application of oxidation systems in sutfite
recovery, studies of the economics resulting from black liquor

-------
 100
ODORS
 oxidation, studies showing reduced tube corrosion by oxidized
 liquor,  catalyzed reactions  of oxygen with alkaline  sulfide
 solutions, and  procedures for analyzing oxidized liquor  sam-
 ples.  It is noted that many mills will now be forced to install
 oxidation systems as one step in more complete odor  control
 programs. Mills that are not under criticism for stream or air
 pollution will probably  continue to operate without oxidation
 systems. These mills will be among those not using extra sul-
 fur above salt cake for make-up for desired sulfidity, that do
 not find an appreciable cost advantage in substituting soda ash
 for part of the salt cake, and that do not wish to oxidize liquor
 merely to balance the saving of fuel for reburning lime.

 26173
 Guest, E. T.
 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BLACK LIQUOR OXIDA-
 TION.  Paper Trade J., 148(12):30-34, March 23, 1964. 8 refs.
 It is possible to eliminate almost completely hydrogen  sulfide
 from  kraft mill stack gases with a fully oxidized black liquor,
 followed by a properly loaded and operated furnace. When the
 definite odor reduction in the evaporator condensate  is also
 considered,  it is evident that oxidation  is an essential  link in
 overall  odor control. The most prevalent oxidation techniques
 are the  Collins system, the British Columbia Research Council
 system,  and  the Troebeck-Ahlen  system.  Of  these, the
 Troebeck- Ahlen and the Collins type oxidize  by forcing air
 through the liquor in a manner to make a controlled volume of
 foam. The BCRC unit  operates with air blowing concurrently
 with the liquor over specially  designed  plates.  Other systems
 are packed columns  with either concurrent or  counter-current
 air, compressed air in a tank of liquor, or compressed air in a
 pipeline. A detailed discussion is presented of pilot-plant work
 on the Troebeck-Ahlen unit together with a summary of pilot-
 plant  results. The data have been incorporated into the design
 of commercially available towers.

 26176
 Ghisoni, Pietro
 ELIMINATION  OF ODORS IN A SULPHATE  PULP MILL.
 Tappi, 37(5):201- 205, May 1954. 12 refs. (Presented at the 7th
 Alkaline Pulping Conference of  the Technical Association of
 the Pulp  and Paper Industry,  Houston, Tex., Nov.  18-20,
 1953.)
 A plant for eliminating  mercaptans from an Italian sulfate  pulp
 mill is described. The mill is located in a narrow valley, on a
 river with a very limited water flow, near a heavily populated
 area.  The main  operations in  the odor  control plant are: (1)
 condensation of all relief and blow gases with indirect conden-
 sers;  (2) use of the condensed  water as dilution water  in a
 chlorination tower of the bleaching plant; (3) the noncondensa-
 ble gases are burnt in one boiler together with natural gas; (4)
 the smoke from the recovery boiler is cooled to  the dew point,
 then oxidated with chlorine and again heated to avoid corro-
 sion  in  the  chimney.  (Author  abstract modified) 26176
 Ghisoni, Pietro

 26254
 Perrine, Richard L. and Limin Hsueh
 MISCELLANEOUS  INDUSTRIAL  EMISSIONS.  In:  Project
 Clean Air. California, Univ., Berkeley, Task Force  5, Vol.  1,
 Section 14, 5p., Sept. 1, 1970. 3 refs.
Five broad categories of industrial polluters  are briefly  con-
sidered,  as  well as their kinds of  emissions and  control
problems. The inorganic  chemical industry has  problems  with
hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid,
       calcium oxide, chlorine, soaps and detergents. Steel produc-
       tion is a  major industry, but  the open hearth furnaces  are
       gradually  being  replaced  by  the  basic  oxygen  furnace.
       Although this also produces fumes, the new plants can be con-
       structed with proper control equipment. Foundries may change
       the work they do from day to day so that control problems are
       at their worst, but methods to trap particles and fumes  are
       available. The handling of large volumes of minerals normally
       involves problems with dust, while the special biological ef-
       fects of asbestos must be noted. Glass fibers  can also be a
       problem, as well as fluoride-containing ores. Copper lead, and
       zinc mining  and milling  operations involve dust problems,
       while sulfur oxides may be released during smelting. Hydrogen
       sulfide, mercaptans, sulfide  and polysulfides which have very
       bad odors, and other noxious gases are emitted during wood
       pulp processing. Typical gaseous emissions from Kraft pulping
       are  presented  tabularly.  Coffee roasting  plants, slaughter-
       houses, and pickel plants emit strong odors. An areas of con-
       cern is new processes  to break down waste and return it to a
       state useful in natural  processes without problems of storage.
       A particularly important point which needs to be considered is
       site location.

       26296
       Okatsuka, Hisashi and  Tomizo Honma
       TOSHIBA ELECTROSTATIC AIR FILTER.  (Toshiba kuki
       seijoki). Text in Japanese.  Toshiba Rebyu  (Toshiba Rev.),
       24(1):100-106, Jan. 1969. 7 refs.
       An effective method  utilizing  static  electricity is  described
       which removes dust in the atmosphere. By covering the posi-
       tive plates with an insulator, the negatively charged plates can
       be brought within a distance of 1.5 to 2.5 mm to the positively
       charges plates thus increasing  their adhesive force.  The ap-
       paratus comprises a filter, an ionizing section, a precipitator, a
       deodorization filter and a cation generator. The first filter col-
       lects the comparativel  large particles more than 5 micron in
       diameter.  An ionizing  section, which  is formed by several
       grounded metal plates  placed parallel to the  air flow and by
       tungsten wires  placed  between the plates,  generates  a small
       amount of injurious gases such  as ozone and nitrogen dioxide.
       The small distance  between the negative and positive bands
       results in low voltage between them during operation and im-
       proves the collection efficiency and spark noise. An activated
       carbon deodorization filter  effectively removes the  injurous
       gases.  The  cation  generator  utilizes  a method  of corona
       discharge, while reflected light from the wall of the ionizing
       section is included to reduce dust accumulation. A removal ef-
       ficiency of 95% can be achieved, while the smallest particles
       which  can be  removed are 0.01  micron  in diameter. The
       number of filter units to be installed can be determined by the
       use of a char and a dust meter.

       26308
       Endo, T. and T. Okazaki
       REMOVAL   OF  ODOR  OF  ORGANIC  SOLVENT  AND
       UTILIZATION OF  RECOVERED  HEAT BY U.O.P. CATA-
       LYTIC COMBUSTION SYSTEM.  (Sesshoku sanka shokubai
       sochi ni yom yuki yozai shuki jokyo to kaishu netsu riyo ni
       tsuite). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research
       J. Japan), l(3):45-53, Oct. 1970.
       The U.O.P.  catalytic combustion system is utilized for coun-
       teractin odors, while  also recovering  heat to  economic ad-
       vantage. It features a catalytic element made of platinum and a
       combustion system which preheats  the gas to be treated up to
       the temperature at  which catalysis occurs. After eliminating
       the odor,  the gas is recycled. Examples are included fon a

-------
                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                     101
 metal  printing  and automobil painting factory. There  are  a
 number of variations in  the  system, such as the use of ox-
 idized ethylene or nitric  acid equipment. In these cases, the
 exhaust gas which was passed through the catalytic element in
 a high pressure vessel is  transmitted to a gas turbine and util-
 ized for generation at the plant. At the enamel baking furnace,
 color iron sheet baking furnace, or canning sheet printing fur-
 nace, the remainder of the exhaust gas which contains solvent
 fumes is preheated before being passed through the catalytic
 elemen and returned  to the heat generation furnace, economiz-
 ing fuel. Low concentrations  of gas can be oxidized at 260 to
 350 C, with the fuel cost about  1/3 of the direct  combustion
 method. The element can  easily be detached for maintenance.

 26567
 Kikuchi, K. and K. Wada
 DEVELOPMENT  OF BURNING APPARATUS DEODORIZ-
 ING AND  MAKING SMOKELESS.   (Mushu muen nensho
 sochi no  kaihatsu).  Text in Japanese.  Netsu Kanri  (Heat
 Management:  Energy  and Pollution  Control), 22(12):25-31,
 Dec. 1970.
 An apparatus is described which promotes the complete com-
 bustion of odorous gas and smoke generated by incinerators
 and  rendering,  fertilizer, chemical, and  leather plants,  thus
 rendering emissions  odorless and smokeless.  Exhaust gas is
 first led into the outer chamber of a heat-proof, special metal
 (SUS-33) combustion chamber and rapidly heated by contact
 with flame at 1400-1600  C to produce ultra fine particulates.
 Radial heat from an infrared generator  is utilized for oxida-
 tion-cracking  of the odorous compounds  contained in the ultra
 fine particulates. The pre-heated and completely burned gas is
 then jetted to the combustion chamber where the  tempeature
 is maintained at plus 400  C. The apparatus affords economies
 in  the use  of heavy oil  required for reburning in the com-
 bustion chamber.  In  addition, the pre-heating of the gas per-
 mits the combustion chamber to be compact.

 26568
 Onishi, I.
 DE.  ROLL  TYPE INCINERATOR.   (De  roru  shiki gomi
 shokyaku  sochi).  Text  in   Japanese.  Netsu  Kanri  (Heat
 Management: Energy and Pollution Control), 22(12): 1-4, Dec.
 1970.
 Based on technology developed by the von Roll Co. in Swit-
 zerland, the Hitachi  Shipbuilding Co. has developed  the  'de
 Roll'  incinerator  for handling  garbage. The  incinerator  is
 characterized  by   complete   combustion,  even of plastics,
 thorough automation, low maintenance costs, ease of opera-
 tion, and smokeless, odorless, and dustless incineration. The
 system includes combustion and postcombustion chambers and
provisions for  drying.  Air for burning is  supplied through
grids, which  are  equipped with shredders  that expedite in-
cineration  by exposing the inner unburnt portion of garbage.
Exhaust gas is cooled by water jets, while soot is trapped by a
 multicyclone and electric  dust collector. Odors are confined to
the incinerator area by a  negative load inside the  garbage pit
 and by air curtains at the entrances and exists of garbage col-
lection cars. Equipment such as the ventilator and  steam con-
densor are made soundproof by concrete covers and sound-ab-
sorbing materials.

26618
Japan Oil Refinery Co., Negishi Works
REPORT EXPLAINING THE MEASURES TAKEN BY THE
COMPANY IN PREVENTING POLLUTION.  (Kogai boshi
taisaku genkyo  setsumeisyo). Text in Japanese. 61p.,  July
1970.
A description is  given of the measures adopted to prevent air,
seawater, and noise pollution by a refinery constructed near a
residential area  of Yokohama. Control measures  include a
green belt, the adoption of hydrogen  refining, circulation  of
cooling water, and effluent stripping. In constructing facilities
for the production of high-grade lubricating oil, stacks 130-m
high were built  and  noise prevention  devices such as closed
heaters,  silent fans for  air-fin coolers, and water-cooled mo-
tors were adopted. The plant itself was built close to the coast
and the tanks were placed nearer the residential area. The sol-
vent tank is  equipped with a deodorizer and filled with ac-
tivated charcoal; the compressor is surrounded by soundproof
walls and located to the side of the residential area. Ammonia
and hydrogen sulfide effluent from the Isomac (?) equipment
is recovered as ammonia and sulfur. Other innovations include
the use of a PPI oil separator and the  recovery of the caustic
soda employed in washing liquefied petroleum gas for use  in
manufacturing soda sulfide. By the end of 1969, about 20%  of
the total plant investment had gone toward the pollution abate-
ment program. When completed, the capacity of the refinery
will reach 310,000 barrels a day but emissions of sulfur oxides
are expected  to be relatively low.

26730
Essenhigh, R. H. and T.  J. Kuo
DEVELOPMENT OF  PHYSICAL  AND  MATHEMATICAL
MODELS OF INCINERATORS. PART 1:  STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM. American Society of Mechanica Engineers,
New York, Incinerator Div., Natl. Incinerator Conf., Cincin-
nati, Ohio, 1970,  p. 261-271. 18 refs. (May 17-20.)
Combustion  in an  incinerator  occurs in  two differentiated
zones: the solid bed, where the principal combustion processes
are pyrolysis, gasification, and  combustion; and  the overbed
region, where the  principal processes  are  flame  holding and
final burnup.  Equations are developed to relate combustion in-
tensity in each zone independently to the average combustion
rate in each zone. This amplifies a previously developed equa-
tion relating the overall combustion intensity to the area firing
rate and  incinerator capacity. The basis for predicting limts  to
capacity  and burning rate, by application of the thermal theory
of ignition and extinction, it also outlined. The  smoke-fume
and odor-pollutio problem is dominated by the overbed com-
bustion   since it is  here that  burnout is or  is  not  fully
completed. For  matching  burning times to residence  times,
kinetic data on the reaction of the smoke during burn-up must
be developed. (Author abstract modified)

26731
Biswas, B. K., T. Kuo, and R. H. Essenhigh
STUDIES ON COMBUSTION BEHAVIOR AND EXTINCTION
LIMITS  OF  SMOKE  FLAMES.     American  Society  of
Mechanical Engineers,  New York, Incinerator  Div., Proc.
Natl. Incineration Conf., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1970, p. 304-313. 18
refs. (May 17-20.)
Smoke emission  from incinerators is  a result of failure of
overbed  burning  of carbon-bearing volatiles. This failure can
be complete,  meaning that there is no overbed flame at all, or
it  can be partial,  meaning  either the smoke  reaction  is
quenched before completion or else that there is inadequate
mixing so that some of the smoke-bearing gases bypass the
overbed flame and escape. The effectiveness of countervortex
mixing for flame holding was qualitatively studied by burning
smoke from pyrolyzing computer cards in a circular pipe with

-------
 102
ODORS
air injection ports arranged to produce opposed vortex flows.
Kinetic constants were determined for equations  governing
burnout so that overbed combustion volume can  be correctly
sized by means of previously developed equations. The initial
results reported  provide  support both  for  the flame-holding
concept of the countervortex flow pattern  and for  the view
that  complex smoke can be treated as a single reactive com-
ponent with operationally valid kinetic constants. The  activa-
tion energy for smoke flames was 25 plus or  minus 5 kcal. Cal-
culations  of  extinction temperatures  showed that overbed
flames can be maintained at temperatures (500 F) below the
generally quoted low limit for destruction of odor. Extinction
temperature rose with increasing excess air,  indicating  the
need for good feed control.

26778
NEW REFUSE INCINERATOR DEMONSTRATED  IN  WEST
GERMANY.  Surveyor -  Local Govt. Technol., 135(4054):44,
Feb. 20, 1970.
A German firm  has invented a rotary automatic incinerator
which  is  said to produce  a completely sterile  ash and to
release no smoke or odors to the atmosphere. The improved
efficiency of incineration is attributed to removing  the need
for a grate. Operating  at 1150 C, the system  is  designed to
handle  all household  refuse  together  with  the  waste of
hospitals,  markets, and abattoirs.  Between  one and one-half
tons  of refuse are burned per hr, depending on the calorific
value of the materials. Cost of the incinerator without housing
is less than $195,3000. The added cost of  housing is about
$150,000.

26836
Tsuji, M., T. Okuno, and T. Yamamoto
MEASUREMENT   OF   ADSORBING    ABILITY   FOR
ODORANTS TO ADSORBENTS.  (Shuk seibun no kyuchaku-
zai yoru jokyoritsu no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Hyogo-Ken
Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Kept. Environ. Sci. Inst.
Hyogo Prefect.), vol. 1:16-18, March 1970. 5 refs.
Measurements were made of the amount of odorous gases ad-
sorbed by active carbon and a chemical adsorbent  consisting
of nitro-humic acid derived from coal  (MGP). Approximately
10 to 1000 ppm of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, dimethylamine,
and trimethylamine were passed, respectively, through the ad-
sorbent bed at 2-40 m/min. Gas adsorption  decreased  slowly
with  increasing  gas flow rate  up  to  10 m/min, rapidly
decreased at flow rates between  10-25 m/min,  and  decreased
slowly again at flow rates above 25 m/min. Within the experi-
mental conditions, the capacity of the adsorbents was not in-
fluenced by gas concentrations. Exceptions to this observation
were adsorption of ammonia on active carbon and adsorption
of hydrogen sulfide on MGP.

26843
Yukawa, N.
ANALYSIS OF SOME  ODOR SOURCES  AND THEIR CON-
TROL.  (2,3 no shuki hasseigen no kaiseki to sono  taisaku ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kankyo Kogaku (Ind. En-
viron. Eng.), no. 65/66:69-82, July 1968. 15 refs.
Methods for treating obnoxious odors include adsorption con-
sisting of passing the  gas through active  carbon  or other
porous materials, scrubbers using water or chemical solutions,
chemical oxidation method, masking, catalytic oxidation, and
direct flame deodorization. Data showing the effectiveness of
these methods are presented. The types of processes that emit
odor include the phthalic  anhydride manufacturing process in
       which the basic odor problem stems from the emission of air
       used for oxidation. Data ar introduced for fixed bed and fluid
       bed phthalic anhydride manufacturing. The best deodorization
       method seems to be the direc flame method, although it is still
       uneconomical. Odor  from  polyvinylchloride  manufacturing
       processes  requires   combustion  and   dechlorination   for
       deodorizing. The main odor source for glass fiber manufactur-
       ing is  phenol, and it  can  be  countered by the combustion
       method.  Further discussions are presented on  counteractions
       for odors from rendering plants, fish meal plants, halogenated
       hydrocarbon emission gas,  enamel  wire  coating furnace, and
       furnace for cooking rubber for wire coating. A brief treatise is
       given on the theory of olfaction diagrams.

       26908
       Benger, Michael
       REDUCTION  OF  AIR   POLLUTION  ARISING  FROM
       REFINERIES.  In:  Pollution Prevention. Inst.  of Petroleum,
       London  (England),  Proc. Inst. Petroleum, Summer Meeting,
       Brighton (England), 1968, p. 28-38.
       When a new refinery project is under consideration, consulta-
       tions are held to ensure that the anti-pollution proposals  are
       acceptable. Statuatory  limits which are  laid  down by act of
       Parliament  are well-established  ones  in  which the technical
       possibilities by way of controlling emissions  are well known.
       With the great majority of emissions, presumptive standards
       are laid down  at the discretion of the  Chief Alkali Inspector,
       and these can be altered as circumstances change. Technical
       feasibility, the effect on human and animal health, damage to
       vegetation, and odor  thresholds are  all taken into account.
       Potential nuisances include  sulfur  dioxide, hydrogen sulfide
       and mercaptans, fluorine,  smoke, fuel ash,  acid smuts,  and
       noise. A major breakthrough in petroleum processing has been
       the replacement of the old liquid refining processes by cata-
       lytic  desulfurization. Various methods used  to control these
       pollutants are  discussed, including cost factors. The Reinluft
       process  is mentioned, as  well  as   the  Monsanto/Penelec
       process. The former utilizes activated  carbon while the latter
       employs  vanadium pentoxide. A dry  absorption process util-
       ized by the U. S. Bureau of Mines employs alkalized alumina
       to control SO2. The offensive odor of mercaptans may be con-
       trolled  by stripping the condensate  with  steam  or flue gas or
       both. Recently it has become common practice to use the sour
       condensates as wash water to crude oil desalters.

       26944
       Wertzler, John E.
       THERMAL DESTRUCTION OF FUMES. Preprint, American
       Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Fuels Div., 9p.,
       1969. (Presented  at the American Society of Mechanical En-
       gineers, Winter Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Nov.  16-
       20, 1969, Paper 69-WA/Fu-l.)
       A number of industrial processes employing commercial sol-
       vents, including a variety of baking, drying, and curing opera-
       tions performed in ovens, dryers, and kilns, are responsible
       for odorous  discharges. A review of  methods of thermal
       destruction of these odorous compounds is presented. The two
       major problems associated with fume incineration are tempera-
       ture  and dwell time.  Several conventional  types of burner
       designs  are compared in terms of their hydrocarbon removal
       efficiency as a function of carbon monoxide  content The  ef-
       fluent can be rendered harmless (in conformation with even
       the most stringent air pollution codes) prior to being emitted to
       the atmosphere.

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     103
27154
Acres, G. J. K.
THE   CONTROL   OF   AIR  POLLUTION.  PLATINUM
CATALYST  SYSTEMS FOR  INDUSTRIAL ODOUR  CON-
TROL.  Platinum Metals Rev.,  15(1):9-12, Jan. 1971. 4 refs.
Since catalytic and direct flame combustion systems complete-
ly destroy odor-creating organic compounds by oxidizing them
to carbon dioxide and water, they are generally recognized as
the ultimate answer to odor abatement. The development of a
honeycomb platinized catalyst makes it possible to incorporate
a  catalyst in a  combustion system without introducing the
problems  previously  experienced with catalytic  combustion
systems. Noticeable  among these were pressure drop across
the catalyst bed, catalyst  attrition,  and catalyst poisoning. A
honeycomb  catalytic system with heat recovery is schemati-
cally illustrated.  Process  gases are  heated  in the  combustion
chamber and passed  directly to the catalyst, which is installed
in modular form to simplify installation and maintenance. By
giving  about 50%  heat  recovery,   the addition   of  a heat
exchanger ensures that odor free outlet gases are above the
dew point and thus  prevents  condensation in the unit. This
system  has  been successfully evaluated for the  removal of
odors from animal, fish, and food processing industries.

27288
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
TECHNIQUE CONCERNING  THE  PROCESS TO REMOVE
OFFENSIVE SMELL BY COMBUSTION.  (Nensho hoshiki ni
yoru akushu jokyo gijutsu). Text in Japanese.  PPM (Japan),
2(l):54-59, Jan. 1971. 7 refs.
Difficulties in odor countermeasures are caused  by the follow-
ing factors:  first, impulse  measurement of  the sense of  smell
varies logarithmically with the concentration of the substance
of the offensive odor. Thus, slight increase in the offensive
substance is not easily sensed.  The second factor is based
upon the law of Weber-Fechner. A  50% removal rate of the
offensive  odor is  scarcely perceived by the sense of  smell
while when  a removal rate  of between 99.9% and 99.99% is
obtained,  the decrease in offensive odor  is admitted by the
neighboring citizens. Third, sense of smell fatigue may become
an obstacle when the concentration  of offensive odor is mea-
sured or a test of the sense of smell is conducted.  Fourth, the
offensive  odor  that  causes complaints of the  neighboring
citizens comprises multiple contents  of which each has its own
threshold value.  Fifth, there is a great difference in each in-
dividual's sensory organ.  Sixth, the  evaluation of offensive
odor pollution varies with areas. In connection with a  com-
bustion  deodorization  process,  at  first an odor  has  to  go
through the  minimum condition of heating  to 650  C for  more
than 3 seconds. It is not  permissible for an offensive odor to
go through imperfect combustion in stoking equipment. Setting
two sheets of steel in stoking equipment helps to avoid such a
possibility. In case oversaturated moisture and offensive odors
are mixed with  each other  at such  a high temperature in a
digester used in a kraft pulp factory or in a dryer, glossal stok-
ing equipment and an energy source are necessary to remove
the offensive odor by burning. Therefore,  moisture in the of-
fensive  odor has to be removed in  advance before the  com-
bustion  deodorization  process  is  operated. The following
process  is most often adopted as effective  for removing
moisture:  dust mixed with the  offensive odor  is  at  first
removed by a cyclone. Then vapor in the offensive odor is
removed because the temperature of the  offensive smell is
reduced until it is about 15 degrees higher than that of air. The
residual vapor is eliminated by an ejecter  while the residual
moisture is again eliminated by an after- condenser.
27336
Carlson, Dale A. and Curtis P. Leiser
ODOR CONTROL WITH SOIL FILTERS.  Trend Eng. Univ.
Wash., 1965, p. 14-18, 24, Jan. 1965. 15 refs.
An economical method of removal of sewage odors, utilizing
soil system processes especially adapted to volatile materials
emanating  from sewerage facilities, is described. Soil filters
were  used successfully in reducing the emission of odorous
gases into the atmosphere. The experimental system described
is applicable to odor problems associated with  industry and
with waste-water transport.  The removal mechanism for soil
filters is primarily biological; thus, under proper environment
conditions,  process efficiency does not diminish during ex-
tended time periods. Designs are suggested for economical and
easily  operated systems  of odor  removal from  waste-gas
streams. (Author abstract modified)

27357
Wright, R.  H. and R. W. Klinck
WHAT   PORT  ALBERNI  HAVE DONE  TO  CONTROL
KRAFT  MILL  ODORS.  Paper Trade J., 139(41):22-24, Oct.
10, 1955. 11 refs.
A kraft pulp mill has reduced recovery system odors with a
well- designed black liquor oxidation system employing a very
large ratio  of air to black liquor and with a simple provision
for adding digester gases to the air supply. The system uses
twin  oxidation  towers  in  which  the  black  liquor flows
downward  through asbestos- cement plates. The two towers
are located immediately adjacent to the hot-water accumulator
tank which is part of the blow-heat recovery system, and the
forced air fan which  supplies air to the towers draws its air
through a duct connected to the accumulator tank vent  pipe.
When the towers are operating, their air supply is first drawn
downard through the  accumulator vent; when the towers are
not operating, the vent pipe continues to fulfill its original pur-
pose.  In this way,  noncondensible digester gases are easily
mixed  with the air supplied to the towers, or,  alternatively
discharged  to the atmosphere. With the towers, the mean rate
of emission during a digester blow is now 0.36 rather than 2.24
gr/sec Although the rate is still sufficient to produce a noticea-
ble odor for a short distance downwind, both the intensity of
the odor and its range are much less than they would be in the
absence of the oxidation system.

27401
Leak, Robert J., John T. Brandenburt, and Milton D. Behrens
USE OF ALUMINA-COATED FILAMENTS IN CATALYTIC
MUFFLERS: TESTING WITH MULTICYLINDER ENGINE
AND VEHICLES.  National Air Pollution Control Administra-
tion, Raleigh, N. C., Proc. Symp. Heterogeneous  Catalysis
Control Air Pollution, 1st Natl., Philadelphia, Pa.,  1968, p. 161-
173. 3 refs. (Nov. 21-22.) NTIS: PB 194169
Catalytic mufflers with an alumina-coated filamentary struc-
ture wer tested for  oxidation of  hydrocarbons  and  carbon
monoxide in automotive exhaust. The  catalytic mufflers were
evaluated in combination with a manifold afterburner system,
which wanned the catalysts rapidly and  prevented them from
overheating. A  dual  catalyst system of vanadia  plus  copper
chromite on alumina-coated steel wool  had the highest activity
and the best life characteristics. However, copper chromite on
the same structure was used for road tests because of superior
odor of the treated bases and simplicity of preparation. On
cars with large displacement engines, catalytic muffler plus
manifold afterburner  passed  the official  California cycle  after
12,000 miles of operations. On a car with a small displacement
engine, which emitted excessive amounts of carbon monoxide.

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 104
ODORS
 the  system did not reduce the combustives enough to pass
 after 12,000 miles. (Author introduction modified)

 27541
 Yamamura, Yoshio and Michimoto Hirabayashi
 SMOKELESS,  ODORLESS INCINERATOR FOR REFUSES.
 (Jinai  no muen mushu  shokyaku  sochi).  Text in Japanese.
 (Daido Enka Kogyo K.  K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho  45-8948.
 4p.,  March 31,  1970. (Appl. Dec. 3, 1966, claims not given).
 An  economical,  smokeless   and  odorless   incinerator  is
 presented that  can be built in a compact size according to  in-
 dividual  need  for use  such  as  in a  small factory or a
 household. Although in central, large-scale, incineration equip-
 ment,  since the heat is often utilized for power generation, it
 is economical to heat generated gas to 800 C or higher in order
 to remove  bad odors,  and  smoke by means of a  red-hot
 chamber provided at the  exit  to the chimney stack; in a small-
 scale incinerator for individual use, it is not. The new incinera-
 tor for small factory or individual household use can incinerate
 even organic refuse without generating visible smoke or a bad
 odor. A  dry distillation kiln is built into the incinerator. The
 kiln  has  a cover on the top side and a bottom  lid, and a gas-
 discharge pipe  on one side near the top.  The gas-discharge
 pipe is led into the auxiliary  fuel combustion chambe  next to
 the bottom of the incinerator. This auxiliary fuel combustion
 chamber has a  burner, a secondary air-intake port and a gas-
 mixing combustion cylinder equipped with spiral blades. The
 chimney  is in the upper part of the side wall of the incinerate
 opposite  to the gas discharge pipe, while a  small air blower is
 installed  outside of the bottom of the incinerator and is con-
 nected to the kiln through the wall by means of an air-feeder
 pipe. Refuse is  put into the kiln through the top. As the burner
 in the  auxiliary fuel combustion chamber is ignited, auxiliary
 fuel, together with secondary air  taken in, bums at a fairly
 high temperature. Hot gas generated by the combustion goes
 through  the  cylinder into the channel formed between the
 inner wall of the incinerator and the outer wall  of the  kiln and
 is let out through the chimney. As the hot gas goes through the
 channel,  the kiln is sufficiently heated to volatilize the refuse.
 The  gas is then led into the auxiliary fuel combustion chamber
 through the gas-discharg  pipe, mixed with burner gas there,
 and  circulated into  the gas channel of the  incinerator to heat
 the kiln.  It is then discharged thus completely deodorizing the
 volatilized refuse that causes  the bad odor, making the smoke
 invisible. When gas is no longer generated in the kiln, and air,
 which  has  been heated to 400 C or higher is blown  into the
 kiln to burn the remaining refuse therein. The combustion gas,
 carbon dioxide, generated in the kiln is circulated through the
gas-discharge pipe,  the  auxiliary  combustion  chamber,  the
 cylinder, and the channel to heat the kiln again and is finally
discharged through the chimney.

27548
Katayose, Saburo
INCINERATOR FOR BUTCHERY AND SIMILAR WASTES.
(Obutsu shokyakuro). Text in Japanese. (Assignee not given.)
Japan. Pat.  Sho 45-8396. 4p., March 25,  1970. 1  ref. (Appl.
 Sept. 20, 1966, claims not given).
An incinerator is designed to dispose of watery  wastes such as
butchering  and fish processing wastes,  including  entrails,
giblets, plucks, and bones of animals and fish. These wastes,
produced in large  quantities  at  a  slaughterhouse  or fish
processing factory, are hard to incinerate, generate bad odors,
and  require a lot of fuel if incinerated with an ordinary  in-
cinerator. The  offensive odor and  the  amount of smoke
generated during the incineration have  been  serious public
       nuisances.  The  incinerator  offering  a  solution  to  these
       problems is constructed mainly of fireproof bricks. It is  di-
       vided into two main rooms by means of a brick partition wall.
       The larger room, the combustion room, has the firs platform
       projecting from the partition wall,  the  second platform from
       the opposite wall,  and the third from the partition wall, in
       sequential order from top to bottom. The smaller room on the
       other side of  the  partition wall has a short partition wall
       erected on the bottom and another still shorter wall suspended
       under the chimney. A few flame holes are provided above the
       first platform  on the partition  wall; the  flame throw-in hole is
       provided  on the opposite wall at about the same  height with
       the flame holes. Immediately above the third platform on the
       partition wall  is another flame hole that is twice as big as all
       the flame holes above the first platform combined. Under the
       third platform on the partition wall  is a still bigger flame hole
       that is twice as big  as the flame hole above the third partition.
       This relationship is important in that it makes the main fire
       flames jut downward. As the watery and fat wastes thrown
       onto the first platform are burned by flames jetted in through
       the flame throw-in  hole, the fat content melts  and drops onto
       the third  platform,  while the  water content evaporates. The
       flame now  runs  toward the next larger flam hole, growing
       bigger as it bums the fat content on the third platform, and
       heats the  wastes under the first platform. The flame then goes
       through the largest  flame hole into the other side of the parti-
       tion wall where the second and third flame chambers are pro-
       vided.  As the flame goes repeatedly through this  main path,
       the wastes which are defatted and dried on the first platform
       fall down onto the second platform and  are effectively burned
       by the flame. Gas generated during this process is led into the
       second and third flame chambers where  it is further burned by
       the flame for the complete combustion that assures deodoriza-
       tion of the gas.

       27605
       Taylor, E. F. and F. T. Bodurtha
       CONTROL  OF DIMETHYLAMINE ODORS.   Ind.  Water
       Wastes, vol. 5:92-94, Aug. 1960. (Presented at the Symposium
       on Industrial  Wastes,  American Chemical Society, Annual
       Meeting, 137th, Cleveland, Ohio, April 11-12, 1960.)
       In the manufacture of Orion, the  recovery  of the solvent
       dimethylformamide  is by  distillation from what is  basically «
       two- component system of  DMF and water. However, some
       hydrolysis occurs which forms dimethylamine and formic acid
       in the system. Initial practice at the May Plant in Camden, S.
       C. was to condense the heads and let them flow via an open
       ditch  to  retention ponds  before  discharging to the Wateree
       River, but an odor problem  developed. At the  May  Plant
       where the river has  a minimum flow of 200 cfs, the condensed
       heads are neutralized with sulfuric acid and discharged below
       the surface of the river. The use of a closed pipe to eliminate
       completely the odors that remained after neutralization proved
       to be necessary.  At the Waynesboro Plant, the South  River
       has a minimum flow of 25 cfs and the community's waste load
       to the river cannot  be increased. Also, the plant is in a valley
       which, similar to Los Angeles, hinders the dispersion of air
       pollutants. Solution to this problem was achieved  by a com-
       bination of direct and catalytic oxidation of the heads. Operat-
       ing conditions are indicated for the  catalytic unit, as well as
       experimental data from a pilot test.

       27674
       Inoue, Tatsuo
       DEODORIZATION  OF  RANK ODORS.  (Akushu no Jokyoho
       ni tsuite). Text in  Japanese.  PPM  (Japan), 2(2):48-52,  Feb.
       1971.

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      105
Elimination of offensive smells is reviewed, and a process of
low temperature  deodorizing by catalyst  is introduced.  Sub-
stances causing odors are discussed. The features of odor sub-
stances are  as  follows:  1) gas or  volatile  substances;  2)
molecular weight of 30-300;  and 3) a molecular size of 3-10 A,
as in chemicals such as amines,  mercaptans, and such groups
as nitro, nitrile,  hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, and carboxyl. A
strong  odor is expected with substances containing  sulfur or
nitrogen atoms in their molecules. Generally, a high  unsatura-
tion of an organic  compound  gives  a strong odor. Odors
become stronger as the number of carbon atoms in a molecule
increase, and the nature of  the smell  differs with the number
of atoms. The minimum amount  of odor that can be  sensed is
called the  threshold  of the  sense of  smell. Most rank odors
substances are hygroscopic;  they tend  to form mist from water
in the  air.  Natural and artificial  sources of odor  are  con-
sidered. Deodorization  methods  include:  1) dilution by  air
(strong deodorization is from oxygen or ultraviolet rays in this
case); 2) ventilation or draft (essential for indoor or basement
areas); 3) adsorption  (use of substances  such as active car-
bon); 4) purification (in the case  of  gas); 5)' combustion  (at
high temperature for organic substances with  rank odors); 6)
chemical   treatments;   and  7)   biochemical  treatments.
Deodorization of large amounts requires mainly methods  5, 6,
or 7. For method 5, a low  concentration of odor  substances
requires temperatures higher than 800 C.  However,  low  tem-
peratures can be employed if a catalyst is used; this works in
the range  of 250-400  C. High deodorization efficiency is ex-
pected  for  the  contact  oxidation method. Features of this
method are the lack of regeneration problems and the long life
of catalysts. Several kinds of catalysts are arranged according
to odor types.

27719
Hopper, W. C. and B. Rayzacher
THE IMPACT OF THE OIL INDUSTRY ON THE ENVIRON-
MENT, 2ND  EDITION.    Stichting  Concawe, The  Hague
(Netherlands), Rept. 4/70, 19p., March 1970.  12 refs.
The environmental  impact of  refining  operations  and  oil
products is assessed. While super tankers represent a  very
great potential for pollution, the industry is generally careful
to minimize oil losses during transportation—both at sea and
overland. The problem of odors can be reduced by good main-
tenance and should gradually diminish with the introduction of
modern refining  techniques  and engineering innovation. Many
refineries are reducing sulfur dioxide  emissions by recovering
sulfur from hydrogen-sulfide gas streams. The sulfur-free gas
is used to recover butane or for reforming to domestic gas or
for the production of liquefied petroleum gas. The problems of
refinery water effluent and refinery  noise  are complex, the
former sometimes calling for biological oxidation or cooling-
water recycle systems and  air cooling. Noise is difficult to
mask since most refinery equipment, for safety reasons, is
operated in the open  air. New engineering solutions must  be
found.  With respect to petroleum products,  there is already a
steady  downward trend in the sulfur content of fuel oils.  This
is due  to the increasing availability of low-sulfur crudes and
gradual changes in the refining pattern in response to changing
demands for products.

27732
Vos, A. W. D. and J. Smarsh
AUTOMOTIVE  COATINGS AND  POLLUTION.    Preprint,
Society of  Automotive Engineers, Inc.,  New York, 4p., 1970.
(Presented  at the Society of Automotive Engineers, Mid-Year
Meeting, Detroit, Mich., May 18-22, 1970, Paper 700466.)
Water  and  air  pollution which  result from the  various
processes in painting automotive sheet metal and bodies are
reviewed: cleaning and phosphate coating; spray painting and
treatment of spray paint sludge; electrocoating; paint 'curing'
and 'baking'; wet sanding; paint stripping;  and the use  of
sealers, deadeners,  and adhesive applications. Regulations in
effect in  various communities affecting these processes are
briefly  described; these concern  control of organic  and par-
ticulate emissions,  opacity and  odor,  and  water  treatment
requirements. Current control measures  being undertaken by
the Ford  Co. include incinerator  installations to control oven
emissions, undercoating,  and use  of electrostatic spray equip-
ment. In addition, several promising materials are being evalu-
ated, such  as thermosetting  and thermoplastic  nonaqueous
dispersion enamels,  higher solids  solution  acrylic  enamels,
water-based  enamels  and  primers,  and powder  coatings.
Material and emission testing is conducted in the laboratory; in
addition,  tests are conducted  at  assembly plants to measure
exhaust or stack emissions, particularly when new  materials
are used in production

27793
Turpin, Alexander J.
FLARE STACK COMBUSTION TIP.  (Smoke-Ban Mfg., Inc.,
Pasadena, Tex.)  U. S. Pat. 3,547,567. 9p., Dec. 15, 1970. 6 refs.
(Appl. July 22, 1968, 10 claims).
One of the most important criteria for a combustion tip is that
it  provide for the burning of waste  gases  with little or no
smoke production and the substantial elimination of odors and
hazardous gases resulting from  incomplete combustion. In
general, previously proposed combustion tips have been rather
narrowly  limited in  the amount of waste gas  which can be
burned  per unit time without  smoke  production. In  most in-
stances, the failure to provide for an adequate supply of ox-
ygen, such as air, has been the major deficiency of the known
combustion dps. The present invention provides a new and im-
proved  flare  stack combustion tip. Complete drawings of the
tip are given. Large  quantities of waste gases may be rapidly
burned  with little or  no smoke production and the escaping of
odors and hazardous gases to the  atmosphere during the burn-
ing of waste  gases  is substantially alleviated.  A continuous
flame is provided with a significant reduction in fuel require-
ments as  compared  to conventional  combustion tips; waste
gases are readily ignited  on  exciting the combustion tip re-
gardless of wind velocity  and direction, and a substantially
fixed flame stand-off from the exit of the tip is provided. The
proposed  flare stack combustion tip requires fewer pilot lights
and allows an arrangement resulting in longer life for the pilot
lights. Also, i comparison with present tips, the proposed flare
stack combustion tip  remains cooler  during  combustion of
waste gases,  thereby reducing metal deterioration due to  high
temperatures. The proposed flare stack combustion tip is con-
structed with  a  centrally disposed gas conduit which has an
opening in the lower end for communication with a flare stack.
The upper end of the stack is  at least partially closed and has
a plurality of spaced apart gas conducting channels extending
outward from the gas conduit, in open communication along
one end with the conduit. There is a gas emission orifice in an
upper segment of each of the gas conducting channels, extend-
ing substantially the entire length of the upper segment. These
orifices are disposed  radially with respect to the axis of the
gas conduit.

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 106
ODORS
27818
Westall, George B., Jr.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL-IT'S NOT ALL BADM> CHAR-
BROILING-RESTAURANT.   Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 13p.,  1970 (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis,
Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-71.)
Char-broiling restaurants  emit a dense smoke which is a fine
aerosol mist of organic fat that carries a distinct odor. Not
only do they present  an external problem, but great  amounts
of grease are deposited throughout the ductwork of  the ex-
haust system. Thus, these ducts are a concern as a possible
source of fire and damage. The most effective method of con-
trol is through the use of an incineration system, as filters and
water wash scrubber have not removed the aerosol grease par-
ticles to any degree of success. With proper temperatures and
retention time, all odors  and fumes are converted to carbon
dioxide and  water  vapor. Excellent  flame patterns are ex-
perienced with gas pressures of a 5  inch water column in-
stalled within air  ducts having velocities of 2500 to 3000 feet
per minute. Measurement of the exhaust air volume is a most
important design consideration. Oxygen requirements are men-
tioned, as well as design features of the combustion and reten-
tion  chambers A  high temperature fan must be incorporated
within  the system to withstand the high  exhaust temperatures
from  the retention chamber. Incineration  of  char-broiling
restaurant odors and fumes will require capabilities of produc-
ing a flame retention temperature of 1000 F for 0.3 second.

28047
Fabuss, Bela M. and Wilson H. Dubois
CARBON ADSORPTION-ELECTRODESORPTION PROCESS.
 Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 18p.,
1970. 1 ref. (Presented at the Air  Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting  63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18,  1970,
Paper 70-68.)
Benzene  was adsorbed from an  air stream  saturated with
benzene at 20 C,  and  sulfur was adsorbed from an air stream
containing 1.2 to 1.3 volume percent sulfur dioxide. Desorption
of the adsorbate fro the  adsorbent was accomplished by
passing an  electric current  directly through the electrically
conductive adsorbent  bed. Resistivity  of the bed depends on
the activated carbon used,  its particle  size, and  packing
characteristics of the  bed. More than  80% of the benzene in-
troduced into the adsorber was recovered in liquid form using
a condenser cooled with tap  water, while the electric power
passed during desorption was 4 kWhr/cu ft carbon bed, heat-
ing the bed in about 5 minutes to 360  C. A unit recoverin one
pound of organic vapor will have a bed volume of about 0.1 cu
f and the electric  power cost will be about 1.6 to 2.0 cents per
pound  liquid product. This organic vapor recovery technique
would  be generally applicable to hydrocarbons, solvents, and
odorous materials. In the first experimental run, 64% of the
adsorbed SO2  was removed when the temperature was in-
creased in about 7 minutes  to  450  C,  and  the subsequent
desorption was carried out at  about 500 C. Only 56% SO2 was
removed  in the next run when the heating was maintained at a
level that gave a 300  C desorption temperature for about 15
minutes and then increased to about 420 C. Costs are also in-
dicated for sulfur dioxide processing.

28108
Rayzacher, B.
PETROLEUM REFINING AND UTILISATION: EFFECTS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT. (Le reffinage et 1'utilisation du petrole
       et I'environnement). Tex in French.  Ann. Mines, (Paris), no.
       11:45-54, Nov. 1970. 11 refs.
       The energy consumption of Western Europe in 1965 amounted
       to 7.9 trillion kcal. It is estimated that this figure reached 9.4
       trillion  in  1970 and will be  15 trillion in  1980. In recent
       decades, petroleum  has been replacing coal as a source of
       power. In 1965, 45.3% of the power used came from coal, and
       42.4% from petroleum products. By  1980, it is predicted that
       petroleum will be the source of 58.8% of the  power, and coal
       only 13.7%. During the  same period of time, nuclear power is
       expected to increase from 0.7% to 10.4%, the latter figure cor-
       responding to an output of 100,000 MW from nuclear genera-
       tors in  1980. Figures are given  of the number of petroleum
       refineries in Italy, West Germany, France, Great Britain, the
       Netherlands, and Belgium, together with their total production
       capacities.  The average capacity of the European refinery  is
       3.73 million tons per year, slightly above that of the United
       States. The Pernis refinery in the Netherlands, the largest in
       the world, produces 25 million tons per year. A study of pollu-
       tion due to escaping odors,  in which half the European refine-
       ries participated, found that about 85% or more of such odors
       escaping from  storage tanks could be eliminated by proper
       maintenance of pipe connections. The distillation units are an
       important source of odors, a condition that can  be corrected
       by installing condensers in new plants, while in existing plants
       the situation can be improved by  the installation  of screens
       and by the extracting and burning of gases that cannot be con-
       densed. A number of industries have sought a solution to sul-
       fur dioxide pollution by building high smokestacks, 150 meters
       or more in height.  One recently installed European plant built
       a chimney 213 meters high, costing 4.6 million dollars, which
       receives the combustion fumes from 24 furnaces and 14 boiler
       plants. Proper adjustment  of  carburetor and ignition by in-
       dividual automobile  owners would reduce  air pollution  from
       automobile exhaust by as much as 50%. The estimated cost of
       a new antiknock additive to replace tetraethyl lead in gasoline
       is'2.1 cents. It  has been estimated that Africa alone contains
       sufficient low-sulfur petroleum sources to meet all the needs
       of European consumption.

       28118
       Kranig, Lothar E.
       THE EXPANSION OF THE CALTEX REFINERY AT RAUN-
       HEIM.  (Der Ausbau der Caltex-Raffinerie in Raunheim). Text
       in  German.  Erdoel  Kohle  (Hamburg),  23(12):793-798,  Dec.
       1970.
       The recently (1970) completed plant capacity expansion of the
       Caltex refinery  at Raunheim included the erection of a second
       distillation  plant for crude  oil for  240 cu m/h Lybian  oil,  a
       steam cracking plant for the  production of  250,000 tons of
       ethylene per year,  a plant for the purification of propylene
       which is subsequently processed in Hoechst to poly propylene,
       three 100  t/hour boilers, a water cooling system, and the
       necessary storage  tanks. To cope with the increased  waste
       water output, special canal  systems were built for oil free and
       oil contaminated waste water. A second complete oil water
       processing plant was erected including an oil  separator (API),
       a rain water storage tank, a flocculator, and a two-step biologi-
       cal purification plant (Lurgi). The flocculator uses iron sulfate
       as  a flocculating substance. The API separator is enclosed
       which minimizes the emission of offensive  smelly substances.
       An acid stripper takes care of the removal of hydrogen sul-
       fide, ammonia,  and other offensive substances from the waste
       waters.  Air pollution is  minimized by the erection of a 135 m
       high stack  and  by the use of low sulfur heating ofl. A sulfur
       dioxide monitoring device  continuously measures  SO2 erbis-

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     107
 sion by the stack. The emission through evaporation of offen-
 sive hydrocarbon compounds is minimized  by thermal ox-
 idizers and by storage tanks with floating roofs.

 28146
 Yanagi, Fusao
 DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATION ASH OR
 THE  LIKE.   (Gesuidodei  tono shokyakubai no shorihoho).
 Text  in  Japanese.  (Ishigaki  Machineries  Co.,  Ltd.  (Japan))
 Japan. Pat. Sho 45-39317. Dec. 10, 1970. (Appl. Aug. 15, 1966,
 claims not given).
 An effective disposal method for the ash produced from in-
 cineration of sewage or industrial waste sludge is described. In
 the dewatering or dehydration of sludge or the  like by means
 of a vacuum filter,  coagulants such as iron  chloride  or iron
 sulfide and  slaked lime are generally added to the sludge to
 cause flocculent masses  to form. Thereafter the sludge is fil-
 tered to remove the  solids and incinerate them.  However, ash
 is produced in  large quantities as a result of the incineration,
 while bad odors and poisonous gases are also generated when
 heavy  oils or  the like are utilized as auxiliary fuel.  In the
 present method, sludge treated with coagulants and filtered for
 dehydration is incinerated at  800 C  or higher. By means of a
 cyclone,  the ash is  separated into  that chiefly composed of
 calcium oxide and that composed of ferric oxide. The CaO is
 recovered and  used  as coagulant to induce flocculant masses
 to form in the sludge to be  filtered; the Fe203 ash is mixed
 with water and used as a reaction agent for hydrochloric acid
 and sulfurous acid gas generated from the incinerator, thus
 forming iron chloride. The solution is then separated into solid
 and supernatant.  Only the acid supernatant containing iron is
 recovered and utilized as a coagulant for the raw sludge.

 28206
 Aikens, A.
 DESTRUCTION OF ODOURS. In: Gas Purification Processes.
 G. Nonhebel (ed.), London, George Newnes,  Ltd., Chapt. 11,
 Part B, p. 456-468. 25 refs.
 The design  and operating  features  of the Oxycat oxidation
 catalyst system are  reviewed. This  system eliminates  odors
 and other objectionable characteristics of process waste gases
 by oxidizing the combustible materials  over  platinum-coated
 porcelain rods  at temperatures far  below those required for
 direct  flame  incineration.  The  limiting  temperature   range
 through which  the Oxycat functions is from 500-1800 F (260-
 982 C). The system  is also used to obviate deposition of in-
 flammable condensates hi dust, thus reducing fire and corro-
 sion hazards as well as maintenance costs, and to convert the
 chemical energy of process  exhaust gas to useful heat.

 28756
Tohata, Heiichiro and Seitaro Kato
THE TREATMENT OF THE  WASTING GAS BY THE COM-
BUSTION OF PVC COATING WIRE. (Enbi hifukudensen no
 nensho ni yori haishutsu sum akushu  no jojyoho).  Text in
Japanese.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
 5(1):169,  1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
 Catalytic methods of deodorizing waste gases from the com-
bustion of polyvinyl chloride  were  investigated. Polyvinyl
chloride for electric wire  insulation was combusted in an elec-
 tric oven at 350 C. The gas was then scrubbed  with water to
remove hydrochloric acid, and the resulting gas was brought
 into contact with the following catalysts: active bauxite con-
 taining active alumina and  iron oxide; alumina; and stainless
steel. The strength of odor before passage of the gas through
the catalytic layer was 2500 - 5000; for all types of catalysts,
the odor was  considerably reduced The effectiveness was in
the order of bauxite, alumina, and stainless steel. The good
result obtained with bauxite is apparently due to the catalyst's
iron oxide content.

29131
Okuno, Toshihide and Masahiko Tsuji
ON THE REACTIVITY OF AMINES WITH OZONE.  (Amin-
kagobutsu to ozon no hannosei ni kansuru  kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Hygo-ken Esei Kenkyushu Kenkyu Hokoku (Kept.
Environ. Sci. Inst. Hyogo Prefect.), no. 2: 1-5, March 1971. 3
refs.
Oxidation with ozone  removes  the  offensive odor  due to
amine compounds. At the same time, in order to eliminate the
ozone's toxicity, it must be removed from the reaction system.
To estimate the optimal  conditions for the reaction with
ozone, the reaction rate constant (K) and the free energy of
three amine compounds (monomethyl amine, dimethyl amine,
trimethyl amine) were measured. The ozone-amine gas reac-
tion was carried out under a flow system using tubular reac-
tion apparatus  at constant temperature and flow volume (500
ml/min). To determine reaction order, experimental data was
inserted  into the different integrated rate equations until K
was found.  The concentration  of amines and ozone ranged
from 20-50  times 1,000,000 mole/1  to 4-5 times  1,000,000
mole/1,  respectively. The reaction rate constant (I/mole and
free energy  (Kcal/mole)  of amines at 20 C  were as follows:
MMA (monoethyl amine) 0.161 times 10,000 I/mole and 4.88
Kcal/mole, DMA (dimethyl amine) 3.340 times 10,000  I/mole
and 8.41 Kcal/mole, TMA (trimethyl amine) 1.380 times  10,000
I/mole  and 12.57 Kcal/mole In the reaction of DMA at 28.75
times 1,000,000 mole/1  with ozone  at 4.35 times  1,000,000
mole/1 at 10 C, the residual volume of ozone was zero when
the reaction time was more than 2.25 seconds. These results
play an important role in the structure of a deodorizing ap-
paratus. The linear velocity in the ordinary gas ducts of facto-
ries is more  than 1 m/sec. Therefore the contact time of ozone
in the presence of MMA requires more than four seconds and
a reaction tube of larger than four meters.

29251
Weston, Roy F.
FLUIDIZED  BED DISPOSAL  OF SECONDARY  SLUDGE
HIGH IN INORGANIC SALTS. American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers,  New York, Incinerator Div.  Natl. Incinerator
Conf., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1970, p. 79-80. (Discussion, p. 17-21.)
(May 17-20.)
Pilot-plant  studies  were conducted  of  the  feasibility  of
fluidized-bed incineration of  excessive activated sludge con-
taining a combination of inorganic salts  (calcium carbonate,
calcium chloride, calcium sulfate,  and sodium chloride). The
fluid-bed incinerator tested was  capable of both agglomerative
and nonagglomerative operation. The first method involves a
sand bed, the second a bed formed from the inorganic salts in
the sludge.  Pilot tests  indicated virtually  complete organic
destruction  without  odor problems  at  bed  temperatures
between 1300 and 1500 F. Both systems of operation seemed
acceptable. Based on the pilot-plant data, an incinerator was
designed to handle 15% total  solids and to burn 12,000 Ib/day
of dry solids. The system include provisions  for  separating
particulates entrained in reactor gases in a cyclone. Fine solids
from this cyclone  can be discharged to  a quench  tank and
from there transferred to a lagoon as inorganic ash, or they
can be recycled to the reactor. The  former mode represents

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 108
ODORS
 the nonagglomerative mode, in which the start-up sand with
 subsequent makeup will always be the bed material. The recy-
 cle could be used to agglomerate the naturally fusing salts and
 thus to form a bed of paniculate salts. Stack gases leaving the
 cyclone  pass  to a venturi scrubber guaranteed to limit stack
 emissions to less than 0.1 grains paniculate matter/dry stan-
 dard cu ft adjusted to 12% carbon dioxide.

 29261
 Anderson,  Leonard W.
 ODOR CONTROL IN RENDERING BY WET SCRUBBING-A
 CASE  HISTORY.    Preprint,  Carolina  By-Products, Inc.,
 Greensboro, N. C., 7p., 1970 (?).
 Chemically  basic  odors  (e.g.,  ammonia  and amides) at  a
 rendering plant are successfully scrubbed with a weak soda
 ash solution in 60,000 and  100,000 cfm spray scrubbers. All
 wetted parts of the scrubbers are 304 stainless steel. Polyvinyl
 chloride piping  and  polypropylene  nozzles  are used.  The
 60,000 cfm scrubber sprays about 300 gpm of solution at 15 psi
 through 200 spray nozzles; the 100,000 cfm unit pumps at 450
 gpm through 300 nozzles.  Operating costs of the scrubbers are
 minimal and installed costs were low: 65 cents per cfm for the
 60,000 cfm scrubber and 60 cents per cfm for the larger unit.
 Because of the satisfactory performance of the scrubbers, the
 company will prematurely retire the incinerators formerly used
 for controlling odors.

 29278
 Alferova, L. A. and G. A. Titova
 OXIDATION OF SODIUM SULFIDE AND MERCAPTIDE IN
 BLACK  LIQUOR.   Bumazhn.  Prom.  (Moscow), 41(10):5-6,
 Oct.  1966. Translated from  Russian by  Brenda Jacobsen,
 Washington Univ.,  Seattle,  Dept. of Civil Engineering, lip.,
 Oct. 31,  1970.
 To determine  optimum conditions for black liquor oxidation,
 aqueous solutions of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,  and
 their salts were oxidized by aeration at various flow rates  and
 temperatures and within a wide range of pH. For  all solutions,
 the rate  of oxidation was determined mainly  by temperature
 and area of contact between the solution and  oxidizing agent.
 Both  hydroxone and hydroxyl ions had a  catalytic action on
 the rate and mechanism of oxidation. To achieve a large con-
 tact area, aeration should be carried out in an atomizing-type
 apparatus. Temperature should be 80 to 100 C and pressure 4
 to 5 kg/sq cm. Under these conditions, the  rate of oxidation is
 determined by the value of the pH and of the  ionic salt of the
 black liquor. The final pH must not be lower than 12.5, as  at a
 lower  pH  other oxidation  products (thiosulfates,  sulfites,
 polythionates,  etc.)  predominate.  The  oxygen  consumption
 under optimum conditions is approximately equal to theoreti-
 cal calculations. (Author abstract modified)

 29323
Avery, Robert H.
 COST EFFECTIVE AIR  FILTRATION.  Heating, Piping, Air
Conditioning, 43(4):112-116, April 1971. 4 refs.
Air filtration removes paniculate material and gases that may
be either odorous or corrosive. Air filters are  used to protect
mechanical equipment, especially systems involving  heating
and  cooling coils with closely spaced fins,  to protect  the
product, to eliminate duct cleaning costs, and to keep interiors
clean.  The National Bureau of Standards  has established  a
definition for filter efficiency. Since efficiency is tested by the
dust spot method, it is defined by the  ability of the  filter to
remove the staining  portion of airborne particulates from at-
       mospheric air. Arrestance is the weight removal of an injected
       standard dust. Air filters include electronic air filters, roll fil-
       ters, extended surface filters, and combinations of two filters.
       Criteria  for choosing  the  proper filter  include efficiency,
       required face velocity, required pressure drop, available in-line
       space, and required filter life. Also, the owning and operating
       costs must be considered in  the final selection. Because  filter
       requirements change, many filters have the ability to be easily
       converted. Other ways to reduce air filtration system costs in-
       clude the use of manometers, prefliters, dynamic loading, and
       an underrated filter. For reasons of economy and convenience,
       more emphasis is being placed on the systems approach. Fil-
       ters can also remove odors; usually acid gas filtration using ac-
       tivated charcoal is most effective. If dust concentrations are
       too heavy for a filter, a dust collector should be  used, except
       in the case of coarse particles and fibers, where a self-cleaning
       filter with a vacuum cleaning system may be more economical.
       29363
       Fattinger, V.
       CLEANING OF WASTE AIR FROM CHEMICAL PLANTS
       THROUGH  SCRUBBING   WITH   VARIOUS   FLUIDS.
       (Reinigung von Abluft aus Chemie-Werken durch Gaswaesche
       mit verschiedenen Fluessigkeiten). Text in German. Chem. Ing.
       Tech., 43(7):426-431, 1971. 11 refs.
       Chemical plant waste air having a temperature of 15 to  30  C
       and containing various quantities of acidic vapors, amines, and
       odorous dusts is cleaned in a scrubbing tower with a height of
       9 m and a diameter of 1.2 m. Three scrubbing stages are ar-
       ranged atop each  other; each stage has its own container for
       the scrubbing fluid, a pump, nozzles, and return pipes. On in-
       termediate floors are 10 circular gas inlets  with a diameter of
       20 cm. The ring stacks rise above these openings. Diluted sul-
       furic  acid is  injected  into  the  gas flow.  The  mixture  of
       atomized sulfuric acid and gas flows through the apertures in
       the ring stacks. Above the ring stacks, nozzles for a downward
       directed jet flow  are installed. The  total injected volume  of
       scrubbing fluid at each stage is 3 cu m/1000 cu m gas. After
       scrubbing with sulfuric acid, the gas flows to a droplet separa-
       tor and to the second stage where it is scrubbed with sodium
       lye. The scrubbing fluid at the third stage is selected according
       to the type of dirt in the gas. Usually 3% hydrochloric acid
       suffices  to obtain an odorless gas.  The total pressure loss
       between inlet and  outlet of the scrubber is 550 kg of force per
       square m. One ring stack consists of 30 to 50 rings. Through
       deflection over the hairpin-like edges of the rings, an intense
       contact between scrubbing fluid and dirt in the gas is achieved.
       29437
       Terao, Kunio, Seiji Miyagi, and Takashi Mitadera
       EXHAUST GAS PURIFICATION DEVICE FOR DIESEL EN-
       GINE.  (Dizeru kikan n kaiki joka sochi). Text iii Japanese.
       Preprint,  Japan Society of Mechanical  Engineering, Tokyo,
       3p., 1970. (Presented at the Japan Society of Mechanical En-
       gineering  Conference, 805th, Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 19-20, 1970,
       Paper 27.)
       The diesel engine emission  gas purifier, developed through a
       practical application of Core formation  theory, is discussed.
       The purifier consists of  an evaporator containing water,  a
       cooling pipe, a condensation water tank and a polyurethane
       filter. Emission gas discharged from the diesel engine is taken
       from the  exhaust gas pipe into  the evaporator, in which the
       larger carbon particles are removed where water is evaporated
       with the exhaust gas heat. The exhaust gas, now containing al-

-------
                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      109
 most saturated steam, goes into the cooling pipe, which is air-
 cooled with ambient air of 3 m/sec wind velocity blown by an
 air fan. Cooled in the cooling pipe, the exhaust gas, containing
 the  saturated steam,  becomes  supersaturated and  liquefied.
 Since  core formation of water drops is most likely to take
 place  on  surfaces  of the  carbon   participates during  this
 process, water drops chiefly form on the surface of the carbon
 particulates which are used as its  core. Eve small participates
 thus expand with water drops  to become larger in size  and
 then go into the polyurethane filter,  where they are  easily ar-
 rested. The exhaust gas, thus removed of the soot and other
 particulates,  is then  discharged from the filter into the at-
 mosphere. Measurements made to verify effectiveness of the
 devic  have indicated that: smoke dust removal  efficiency is
 more than 80%; about 70% removal efficiency for sulfur diox-
 ide and bad odor obtained with use of water alone can  be in-
 creased to 100% when about 0.3% NaOH is added  to water;
 NO2, NCHO, CH3CHO, and CO  are inclined to decrease but
 definite confirmation of the decrease was not possible because
 they existed in extremely small quantities fro the beginning;
 water  consumption is roughly 400 g/ps.h or about twice as
 much as fuel consumption; and loss in developed power  of the
 engine is  negligible. The purifier could be made in a practica
 sense, in that the one designed for  a  10-litre,  190  ps  diesel
 engin was used in an 8-ton dump truck weighed about 170 kgs.
29448
Nishida, Konosuke
THE REMOVAL  FOR THE STINKING COMPOUNDS  BY
SPRAYING THE DEODORANT SOLUTIONS (II).  (Dasshu-
eki  ni yoru  shinyo shuki seibun no  jokyo tsuite).  Text in
Japanese.  Akushu  no  Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan),
l(4):21-32, March 1971. 6 refs.
At the human manure treatment plants, (with 14-300 cu m/day
capacity; 30-70.5 cu m tank volume; 14-265 cu m/day charge),
solid adsorbents are used to eliminate the odor and  to desul-
furize. Their effectiveness rapidly decreases after a few days,
although  at  first  it  was  58-78%  effective. Therefore  the
deodorant   effectiveness   was  tested   in  a   laboratory.
Diethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia were  used as
obnoxious  odors.  When the  deodorant  was sprinkled over
dimethylamine, diluted to  10 times, no  amine was  detected
when the odor source was 800 ppm and 1000 ppm. The detec-
tion  range was approximately 0.01 ppm. As the odor  source is
stirred up by  rotating wings, and contacts the deodorant,  the
effectiveness improves greatly. When the deodorant is sprayed
at more than 0.85 ml/sec, the odors were eliminated even more
efficiently. Hydrogen sulfide  and  ammonia  odors, the main
constituents of manure odor, were measured when the source
concentration of ammonia was 40 ppm  (2.0 cu m/min), 45 ppm
(4.7 cu m/min), 50 ppm (2.0 cu m/min),  60 ppm (5.6 cu m/min),
and  100 pp (2.0 cu m/min),  and the amount of deodorant
sprayed at 17.5,  28.0, 50.0, 77.5 and 108.0 g/min. The revolu-
tion  of rotating wings  was  100  ppm. As  the  ammonia  in-
creased,  the concentration in the exhaust air decreased to  10-
20 ppm, and when the amount of spray reach 108.0 g/min,  the
concentration in  the air decreased to 2.0-4.0  ppm. Irrespective
of the  source concentration and treated air amount, when  the
deodorant spray in the air reaches a certain range, the elimina-
tion  of ammonia is influenced by the time of contact between
gas and liquid. The maximum was 2-4 ppm  at 13.5- 37.8 sec.
With hydrogen sulfide, as  the deodorant increased,  the con-
centration of odor in exhaust decreased greatly, but when  the
spray exceeded 45.0 g/min, the concentration in  the  exhaust
decreased more slowly. When the spray reached 65 g/min, as
in the case of ammonia, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide
 in the exhaust gas became 20-30 ppm, which is the limit of
 elimination with a 31.5-37.8 second stay in the tank. The mask-
 ing method is simple to handle, requires a simple device, and
 causes no change in the deodorizing effect when used continu-
 ously. Eleven deodorants were tested. When analyzed,  using a
 PEG column 14-48 peaks were detected, of which 3.16-21.75%
 were effective elements. The deodorant is stable up to 40 C.
 The spray method was much  more advantageous than other
 methods.

 29533
 Terao, Kunio
 EXHAUST GAS CLEANER FOR DIESEL ENGINES.  (Dizeru
 kikan no haikijoka sochi). Text in Japanese. Nainen Kikan (In-
 ternal Combust. Eng.), 10(109):115-120, April, 1971. 4 refs.
 Diesel engine smoke consists primarily of porous carbon par-
 ticulate of 0.1-10 micron size which are accompanied by sulfur
 dioxide and benzpyrene, a carcinogenic substance.  The most
 dangerous to human health are carbon  particulates  ranging
 from 0.5 to 2.0 microns in grain size which are likely to be
 deposited in the lungs when inhaled. These particulates are too
 small for a filter to remove  and too light for a centrifuge to
 separate. For an electric dust collector, the exhaust gas  from a
 diesel engine is considerably moist and contains too much soot
 and  dust. These  particulates can be made larger for easier
 removal by  means  of  a thermodynamic method developed
 from the nucleus formation theory. When the temperature of
 the gas  saturated with steam is lowered to produce  a state of
 supersaturation, the nucleus formation of water begins to  take
 place; water drops are formed. This process was theoretically
 analyzed and evaluated for practical application using the for-
 mulas developed  by J. P. Hirth, et al. for the probability of
 nucleus  formation.  The exhaust  gas  from  the combustion
 chamber of a diesel engine goes through the  water  in  the
 evaporator of the cleaner wher the water is evaporated with
 the heat of the gas. The exhaust gas now saturated with steam,
 flows through a cooling pipe and becomes supersaturated. In
 this state of supersaturation, water drops take dust particulates
 to form nuclei. The water drops are then arreste as  the  ex-
 haust gas goes through the filter, and is cleaned. The liquefied
 water returns  through a pipe into the evaporator. The cleaner
 can remove 95% or more of the soot and dust and sulfur diox-
 ide is also almost completely removed. About 70% of the for-
 maldehyde is removed; carbon monoxide and nitrogen  oxides
 are partially removed; and bad odors are almost completely
 removed. The exhaust  gas as  well as noise  is remarkably
 reduced. This device results hi no loss in the power of the en-
 gine.

 29601
 Shigeta, Yoshihiro
 ODOR TREATMENT AND ITS COST AT  RENDERING FAC-
 TORIES. (Kaseijo no akushu shoriho to sono hiyo). Text in
 Japanese. PPM (Japan), 2(5):78-85, May 1971. 6 refs.
At rendering factories, the raw material should be placed  in a
 concrete pit, 2-3 m underground, with a V-shaped bottom. At
 the bottom, a screw conveyor  is installed through which the
 raw materia is sent to the  crusher. The pit can be equipped
 with  a lid. Although  a stone separator and metal detector can
eliminate stone, gravel, and metal, such things  as vinyl, cloth,
and rope have to be eliminated by hand. Dead animals, animal
bones, and large fish, ar put into the hasher before they  are
put in a cooker. These machine save labor, and the processes
can be air tight. The continuous cooker is operated at 80-90 C
for 10-20 minutes for fish offal. Animal bones and feathers are
placed in a dry rendering plant.  After cooking, a screw press

-------
 110
ODORS
removes 30-35% of the water from the fish offal and the fish
cake is dried. The water is desludged. The animal bones and
feathers are dried to decrease their water content to 6-10%. If
an expeller is used for the fish offal to decrease the water con-
tent to 45-55%, the odor is decreased.  The  water  removed
from the offal should be utilized as fish soluble,  as it contains
3-6%  protein. The  odor  can be  treated by combustion,  ac-
tivated coal,  ozone, or oxidation catalyst methods, a neutral-
izer or masking method, or dilution. The cost of these methods
is calculated.

29628
LAW-MAKERS SAY:  CLEAN UP OR SHUT DOWN.  Can.
Chem. Process., 55(4):47-50, April 1971.
The major push by the Canadian government to control air
pollution will surely come  once Parliament approves Bill C-
224, the Clean  Air  Act Under the Act, air polluters may be
fined up to $200,000 per instance of  violating  one or more of
the emission standards to be set by  the Federal government.
Also, the Act will empower federal authorities  to fine any pol-
lution source regardless of location; this is a major departure
from current federal/provincial division of powers. Controlling
the fumes from coking is mentioned, as  well as regulations
pertaining to the emissions from petroleum refineries, lead-in
gasoline, automotive emissions,  and aircraft exhaust smoke.
Processes for the  removal of sulfur dioxide are listed tabu-
larly. The British Columbia government has offered a prize of
$250,000 for the first individual or company to come up with a
device to eliminate air pollution and odor of pulpmills.

29745
Sawatani, Tsugio
PROBLEM OF OBNOXIOUS ODOR IN INDUSTRIAL POL-
LUTIONS.  (Sangyo kogai ni okeru  akushu mondai). Text in
Japanese.   Preprint,  Association  of  Safety  Engineering,
Yokohama (Japan), 24p., 1970.  (Presented at  the Association
of Safety  Engineering  Seminar, 17th, Yokohama, Japan, Feb.
1970.)
Among the causes  of obnoxious odors  from  industry  are
hydrocarbons, and  mercaptan from oil refineries, mercaptan,
from paper  and pulp mills, and amines and fatty acids from
rendering  factories. Small local sources include plants which
house  and  process  animals  (fisheries,  pig  sties,  poultry
houses), and garbage incineration plants. The kinds and inten-
sity of odor are very vague, subjective, and difficult to classi-
fy.  Weber-Fechner  s law is explained, as well as fatigue from
smelling,  individual differences,  and molar  olfactory. Gas
chromatography is  generally  used  for  measuring  odors,
although the gases which  constitute  the odors in  the  at- .
mosphere must be condensed before they are analyzed.  Other
methods of measuring odor concentration include air dilution
and saline water  balance. Methods  to  eliminate odors  are
washing, cooling  (condensation), adsorption  (activated  coal),
air  dilution,  addition  of  such  chemicals  as acids, alkalis,
chlorine, or ozone, and  combustion (re-combustion, contact
oxidization). Venturi scrubbers and  towers  are effective  for
trapping odors. Condensation is effective when odorous gases
are at high temperatures and contain steam. Activated charcoal
is expensive and if the charcoal is to be reused, the odor must
again be eliminated. Air dilution requires a few hundreds or a
few thousands times of air  and  at present is not feasible.
Washing is successful if it can eliminate 90% of the odor. The
use of acid or alkali instead of water is more effective. Waste
liquid disposal again presents a problem and the facility itself
is costly with high operating expenses. Recently, a mixture of
acidic and basic powder was sprinkled on poultry droppings to
       eliminate odor. Ion-exchange is a combination of the acid-al-
       kali and adsorption methods, but still  is costly to maintain.
       Chlorine and ozone are not practical. Recombustion in a rotary
       drier would break down odor  at 700 C. Contact combustion
       uses  platinum catalytic wire net kept at 350 C, but the gas
       should not contain dust. If this condition is met, the method
       may have possibilities.

       29761
       Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan)
       ON PUBLIC NUISANCE BY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HY-
       GIENE OF, PAINT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.  (Toryo
       seizogyo, kogai kankyo eisei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Rept.
       417, p. 40-41, March 1971.
       A survey was taken on public  nuisances in small enterprises.
       In  the  paint  manufacturing industry  fire  hazards  received
       32.9% of the complaints  and guidance  by  the supervising
       governmental offices bad odors received 28.2%. Other items in
       the list were effluents, smoke, noise, traffic noise and danger,
       and dust. Enterprises with a  work force  of 50-99  persons
       headed  the list with 24 cases, followed by those with 30 per-
       sons  or  less with 22 cases.  Of the 28 cases of fire hazard
       grievances,  20 cases have been corrected by improving the
       production facilities (17  cases) and by  other  corrective mea-
       sures (three). Eight still remain incorrected. The reasons given
       for the pending corrective actions were  that the preventive
       devices and facilities cost too much (one case), or that the fac-
       tory space was too limited to spare extra space for installation
       of the preventive devices and faculties (seven  cases). Also, 22
       of 24 odor grievance cases were solved by equipment improve-
       ment (16), change of blended material (two),  stoppage of the
       production of those products causing  public  nuisances (six),
       and other measures (two). Two cases still were uncorrected
       due to the lack of knowledge of what to do about the  solution
       (one), and the cost of preventive equipment (one). The devices
       and equipment installed to improve the working environment
       were shown by purpose. Of the 85 enterprises surveyed, 17
       had the heating/cooling facilities, 26 the deodorizing facilities,
       30  the dust-removing, 69 the ventilating, and 18 the sound-
       proofing.

       29877
       Elliot, Thomas C.
       ODOR CONTROL: ITS TIME  IS COMING.  Power,  115(6):S
       12-S  13, June 1971.
       Leading industrial odors, their sources  and means of control
       are identified. Unlike the situation existing in most phases of
       pollution control,  effective measures abound  for odor abate-
       ment; but analytical limits are still in a state of flux due to the
       questionable nature  of  odor-measurement  techniques.  This
       long-standing deficiency  will be corrected, probably within a
       year, when  the  Environmental  Protection Agency  releases
       recommended limits for a broad range of obnoxious pollutants.
       Local ordinances, moreover, are becoming more specific  and
       quantitative, defining excessive odor intensity in several in-
       stances in terms of the  number of volumes of odor-free air
       required to  dilute one volume of odorous air to unobjectiona-
       ble levels, and rating as unacceptable  any odor found objec-
       tionable by a percentage  (usually 30%) of people exposed to it.
       The odor control methods discussed include combustion, ab-
       sorption, ozonation,  masking and counteraction. Advantages
       of each method are indicated.                             '

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                     111
29978
Okuno, Toshihide and Masahiko Tsuji
ON THE REACTIVITY OF AMINES WITH OZONE.  (Amin
kagobutsu to ozon no hannosei nikansuru kenkyu). Text in
Japanese.  Hyogo  Prefecture,  Kobe (Japan),  Environmental
Science Inst., Kept. 2, p. 1-5, Feb. 1971. 3 refs.
The unpleasant odor of most of aliphatic amines with basicity
stronger  than ammonia  was  removed  by oxidation  ozone.
Because of its toxicity, ozone must be completely used in the
reaction. The reaction rate constant (K)  and activation energy
(E) were measured for the gas-gas reaction of monomethyl,
dimethyl, and trimethyl amines  with ozone. Because of the
high reaction rate,  a flow system using a vinyl chloride tubular
reaction apparatus  at constant volume and temperature (20 C)
was employed to reduce the contact time to as low as 0.25 sec.
The reaction rate constant ranged from 0.161 times 100,000 to
3.340 times 100,000 I/mole, and the activation energy from 4.88
to 12.57 Kcal/mole. To determine  the reaction order,  a  first-
order reaction was first assumed and th basic  equation in-
tegrated. The experimental data was inserted into the equation;
the assumption failed to give the measured value for the  reac-
tion rate constant.  By way of a similar procedure, the reaction
was second  order until 3.5 sec of the reaction time. Since the
flow velocity in the exhaust  ducts of  factories is normally
above 1 m/sec, duct length of  over 4 m is required to realize
the contact time over 4 sec. The reaction rate of ozone  decom-
position by vapor or heat needs further studies.

30062
Davis, John C.
PULPERS APPLY  ODOR CONTROL. Chem. Eng., 78(13):52-
54, June 14, 1971.
Total  reduced sulfides from the pulping industry, composed
mainly of hydrogen  sulfide, can be detected  by the  human
nose at a concentration of 1-5 ppb. To get below the threshold
for smell  at ground level, the  stack concentration of  total
reduced sulfides  cannot be much more  than 1-5 ppb. To
reduce H2S emissions, Babcock  and Wilcox has designed out
the evaporator. The three main design changes in the recovery
boiler are: an increased reliance on forced circulation of liquor
through the exchangers; a revised tube-surface arrangement to
offset sealing and  poorer rates of heat transfer; and a steam
pressure limit of 35 psig coming  into the multiple-effect train.
The Combustion Engineering Corp. offers five recovery boiler
designs that can be tailored to fit a specific pulpmill. Despite
its economy, oxidation has been abandoned in many pulpmills
in the southern U. S. due to excessive foaming in weak black
liquor. However, the tonnage  oxidation system,  operated by
Owens-Illinois, reportedly has  solved this  problem; a  94-97%
efficiency is claimed in converting sulfides to  thiosulfates.
Western Kraft Corp. has introduced another type of stack gas
cleaning,  namely,  scrubbing  with  a weakly  alkaline wash
liquor.

30124
LEAD SMELTING PLANT CONTROLS AIR  EMISSIONS.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 5(4):304-305, April 1971.
In a secondary  lead  smelter where lead from old batteries is
remelted and used  to make new ones, odors from the smelting
process are disposed of by incineration at 2400 F;  lead oxide
emissions and lead aerosols are trapped by baghouses; and sul-
fur oxide emissions are scrubbed with a venturi scrubber and
mist eliminator.  All  water and  acid from the operation  in
which the tops of  old batteries are sheared off are collected,
retained, and subsequently neutralized to eliminate acid before
discharge to a water course. Old battery cases are crushed and
used as landfill.

30260
ENVIRONMENTAL  POLLUTION  CONTROL  INDUSTRY
HANDBOOK-SPECIAL ISSUE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POL-
LUTION CONTROL EXHIBITION  71.   (Kogaiboshi sangyo
Yoran.  71   kogaiboshi  sangyoten.  Kankyo  eisei  kikiten
tokushu). Text in Japanese. Japan Nippon Kogyo Shinbunsha
and Kankyo Kogai Shinbun, March 1971. 128p.
A list is compiled of companies manufacturing environmental
pollution control devices. Companies manufacturing control
devices exclusively for air pollution and odor are included. For
each company, key personnel, plant locations and  products are
given,  together with its agents. The remaining pages of the
handbook are ddevoted to laws and regulations  for environ-
mental pollution control, government agencies, measurement
methods, sulfur  contents of oils imported by Japan, flue gas
desulfurization methods, auto exhaust  control,  leasing and
financing control devices, and books on environmental pollu-
tion. The list is exhaustive  and the  book is  useful  as a
reference in choosing control devices for a specific problem in
the field of environmental pollution control.

30339
Jonsson, Sven-Erik
EVAPORATION OF BLACK  LIQUOR: DEVELOPMENT TO
DATE  FROM THE STANDPOINT OF  ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION.   (Industning  av svartlut: Nagra utveckling-
slinjer  hittills fran miljovardssynpunkt).  Text  in Swedish.
Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 7:191-196, April 15, 1971.
Three problem areas in the evaporation of black liquor are:
reducing  the  loss  of  solids (containing sodium  sulfate);
recovering sulfur compounds from liquid and gaseous wastes;
undesirable biochemical oxygen demand of condensates. The
volatile sulfur compounds  liberated by  the evaporation of
black liquor are  80-90% hydrogen  sulfide, the remainder  con-
sisting  of thiols.  Unless measures are taken to prevent it, sul-
fur compounds will be  found partly dissolved in  the conden-
sate and water from the vacuum pump set, while part will be
liberated in the form of uncondensable gases. The  oxidation of
black liquor has a history of 40 years. In more recent times the
Uddeholm method has been used to recover sulfur compounds
from the liquid and gas  phases. The condensate is  purified in a
column, which removes almost 100% of the sulfur compounds.
Gases with an unpleasant odor are  collected and neutralized
by means of combustion. Another new method is the Delary
system, which is  also described.

30350
Kurmeier, H.
THE LIMESTONE-TOWER PROCESS FOR DEODORIZING
ODOROUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE GASES.  (Das Kalkstein-
Turmverfahren zur Desodorierung von riechenden  Industrieab-
gasen). Text in German. Gesundh. Ingr., 92(6): 169-173, 1971. 9
refs.
For  ten  years  now,  odorous waste  gases from  industrial
processes have been treated by passing them through a tower
packed with  calcium carbonate.  Prior  to entrance into the
tower,  chemicals are sprayed into the gases. This  process has
been successfully applied in the food industry. Criticism that
the injection  of chlorine into  the odorous waste  gas prior to
entry into the limestone tower does not eliminate the odor but
masks it was unfounded by laboratory tests. Chlorine was con-
verted  into neutralized  hydrochloric  acid and HC10. A medi-

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 112
ODORS
 um-size plant with a waste gas througput of 40,000 cu m/hr
 requires about 200 g Cl/hr.

 30479
 Katagiri, Toshio and Kenzo Tatematsu
 DUST-COLLECTING  DEVICE.    (Shujin  sochi).  Text  in
 Japanese. (Matsushita Denki K. K. (Japan) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-
 5519. 2p., Feb. 10 1971. (Appl. Feb. 2, 1967, 1 claim).
 An air cleaner equipped with a filter of activated carbon fibers
 and  designed  to  perform  electrical and  mechanical  dust
 removal and  deodorization is described.  The  structural  ar-
 rangement of the dust-collecting unit is  similar to that of an
 electric  dust  collector. Several discharge  lines are  fitted  in
 parallel to the activated carbon filter. The lines are linked with
 each  other by means of a lead wire connected to the positive
 side of the power source, while the filter is  connected to the
 negative side. When high voltage is applied between the filter
 and the discharge line  assembly, corona  discharge takes place
 between the two electrodes. Dust coming into the electric field
 formed between the two  is,  therefore, charged and attracted
 by  the  filter. Since the filter is porous, it also performs
 mechanical filtration. Ozone generated by the corona discharge
 and harmful  gases flowing into the unit are removed by the
 filter  made of activated  carbon  fibers  giving  deodorization
 function. The use of this new tri- purpose filter improves dust
 collection efficiency  and removes the need of another filter for
 deodorization. Porous in structure, the filter  is highly flexible
 and can be easily rolled up for storage or replacement.

 30530
 Nakai, Yoshiyuki
 ON ELIMINATION  OF  OBNOXIOUS  GASES  AND COUN-
 TERMEASURES.  (Akushu gasu no jokyo to sono taisaku  ni
 tsuite). Text in Japanese.  Kogai To Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
 trol),  6(2):61-72, March 1971.
 Because of the large amounts of dust they contain, obnoxious
 gases are not completely eliminated by  methods such as ad-
 sorption on activated coal or catalytic oxidation by (nickel or
 platinum). The dust adheres to the surface  of the activated
 coal or the catalyst,  thus  lowering their efficiency.  The steam
 generated also lowers the efficiency of reaction. The molecular
 cross section of  a harmful  gas  is extremely small  and the
 atomic distance of activated coal and catalysts seem to have a
 great  influence, as does the distance between grid points of a
 catalyst surface. Included  among dust collecting equipment are
 venturi scrubbers, cyclone scrubbers, and bag filters. A wet
 type bag filter is effective. In any method,  power costs are
 very  great. The  Kanagawa Prefectural Industrial Experiment
 Laboratory devised  a  wet-type gas absorbing apparatus that
 has a 95%  collection  rate  and traps dust from five  to 20
 micron. Equipment for eliminating gas and sulfur, also devised
 by  the  Laboratory,  is more than 90%  effective. The  waste
liquid absorbed is made harmless with  caustic  soda. A dry-
 type  drier,   devised  by  the Laboratory, renders  material
 completely odor free. The material is heated  in an incinerator
continuously, and the obnoxious gas and steam generated are
washed and cooled. Their  heat is recorded as secondary air for
the  burner. When water content is less than 85%, the drier can
be used for sludge, bone meal, and dead animal carcasses.

30738
Waid, Donald E.
THE CONTROL OF  ODORS BY DIRECT FIRED GAS THER-
MAL  INCINERATION.  Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 50p., 1971.  (Presented at the Air Pollu-
       tion Control Association Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City,
       N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-23.)
       The thermal incineration process  and its application to odor
       control are  discussed. Thermal incineration is  the process of
       oxidizing combustible material by raising the temperature of
       the material above its auto ignition temperature and holding it
       there for a  brief period of time to complete its oxidation.
       Direct flame thermal incineration can control organic air pollu-
       tants to almost any  desired limit.  The simple control of tem-
       perature allows the required amount of pollutant control. This
       flexible method can be  changed simply as  the code require-
       ments  change  by modifying the operating temperature. In
       many cases, the oxygen from the effluent can be used for
       combustion,  reducing the  fuel  consumption  requirements.
       When  the heat is reused in the system or elsewhere in the
       plant, little fuel is needed for incineration.  The planning and
       designing of  a thermal incinerator are discussed. Plant survey
       information required, design objectives, and  operating parame-
       ters for the unit are listed. Extensive field tests and field ex-
       perience are cited to point out the practical aspects of success-
       ful and efficient design and operation of thermal incinerators.
       One advantage of this method is  that total hydrocarbon and
       carbon  monoxide control can be combined  with odor control
       in the same process.  (Author abstract modified)

       30773
       Hescheles, C. A.
       ULTIMATE  DISPOSAL  OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.  Amer-
       ican Society  of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator
       Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., Cincinnati, Ohio,  1970, p.
       73-77, 235-243. (May 17-20.)
       A description is presented of a new disposal facility designed
       to chemically treat and/or to incinerate, without pollution, in-
       dustrial wastes received  from process industries within a re-
       gional  area. Noncombustible  liquid wastes will be chemically
       treated to render them inoffensive and nonpolluting. The clean
       effluent will be returned  to nature, and the solids will be used
       for  land  reclamation. Combustible  liquids  and combustible
       solids will be incinerated in a Loddby furnace and rotary in-
       cinerator, respectively. Both furnaces are noted for high-tem-
       perature, turbulent, and efficient combustion. Discharge gases
       from each furnace enter a common afterburner, where the
       combustion of unburned  particles is completed before entering
       a common gas scrubber. A gas-impingement scrubber has been
       selected to neutralize acids, remove participates, and to cool
       the flue gases. The ash resulting from incineration will also be
       used for land reclamation. (Author abstract modified)

       30782
       Shibahara, Toshio
       ASSEMBLY OF FILTER ELEMENTS FOR  AIR CLEANER.
       (Kuki  seijoki no firuta  so). Text in Japanese. (Matsushita
       Seiko K.K.  (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-12463. 2p , April 30,
       1971. (Appl. March 14, 1968, claims not given).
       An air  cleaner is equipped  with  a filter unit  consisting of
       several  filter layers:  pre-filter,  deodorizing  filter, rear  filter,
       and  high-performance filter.  These filter layers are installed
       separately in the cabinet of the air cleaner. Since the internal
       space of the cabinet is limited, to install them separately is dif-
       ficult, time-consuming and requires more space for the instal-
       lation.  A method  for installing the  filters  as  one  block is
       described. The filter elements are  placed  in the following
       order,  from bottom  to top: prefilter, deodorizing filter, rear
       filter, and high-performance filter. An L-shaped frame is fitted
       to the  right end of the prefilter and the rear filter. The right

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                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      113
 end of the deodorizing filter is trimmed by a U-shaped frame.
 The highrperformance filter is not trimmed  by a frame. The
 upper two filters are shorter  than the lower two, leaving an
 oblong space above the extra  portion of the lower two filters.
 A block-like supporting frame for the  upper two filters fills
 this space. A large U-shaped frame is mounted to hold all four
 filters and the supporting frame in place. The large U-shaped
 frame is mounted in such a way that its  lower bent edge goes
 under the bottom  of the  right-end portion  of the prefilter,
 while its upper bent edge goes to  the top side of the  support-
 ing frame. The large U-shaped frame can slide sideways. It has
 a slit whose right side is open so that it  may become engaged
 with a tightening bolt when the frame is slid to  the right. The
 bolt is a butterfly  type, and  plunges through the supporting
 frame into the right end of the rear filter. Since the L-shaped
 frame fitted to the rear filter has a screw hole, the butterfly
 bolt can  be  screwed to hold  the entire assembly tightly in
 place.

 30809
 Courau,  P. J.
 THE ELIMINATION OF ODORS.  (L elimination des odeurs).
 Text in French. Cah. Med. Inter Profess., no. 41:61-69, 1971. 8
 refs.
 Unpleasant odors are being released into  the air in installations
 of various kinds, such as slaughter houses, dairies, breweries,
 distilleries, tanneries, oil refineries, coke oven  batteries, and
 chemical and pharmaceutical plants. Odor is a volatile emana-
 tion which causes sensations  in the human olfactory system.
 Methods of analysis of odors  are mostly of a subjective na-
 ture.  Odors are classified in relation to their quality, intensity,
 acceptability,  and  power  of  penetration.   Odor  quality is
 characterized by relating it to that of well  known odorants,
 such as  coffee, onions, and fruits. The intensity of odor is
 usually defined by  one  of  four classes:  absence of any  odor,
 odor hardly perceptible, marked odor, and excessive odor. Ac-
 ceptability signifies the  agreeable or disagreeable character of
 an odor.  In some cases  an  odor of a certain quality can be ag-
 greeable  at low intensity, but disagreeable at higher concentra-
 tions. Power of  penetration means the aptitude  of an odor to
 spread in a substantial volume of  air and be perceptible in it.
 Methods for eliminating odors  can be summarized as  follows:
 controlled circulation of air between a room  with  stronger
 odors and one without; Dilution of odors with outside air by
 ventilation; circulation  of  interior  air through  an installation
 for trapping odors  by adsorption  or absorption where active
 charcoal is widely used  as  an adsorbent;  use of substances for
 masking  or neutralizing odors; aspiration of  odors directly at
 the  source, and evacuation  of  the same  to  the open at-
 mosphere; thermal or catalytic combustion; and ozonization.

 30865
Hum, R. W.
 MOBILE COMBUSTION SOURCES.  In: Air  Pollution. Arthur
 C. Stem (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York,  Academic Press,
 1968, Chapt. 33,  p. 55-95. 43 refs.
 Mobile   combustion  sources   include   automobiles,  trucks,
 buses, railroad locomotives, aircraft, and marine vessels. Pol-
 lutants from these sources contain both toxic compounds and
organic materials that are not  in themselves objectionable but
which react in the atmosphere  to form smog. In addition, ob-
jectionable smoke  and odor, separately  or together, may ac-
company other exhaust  emissions.  It is useful to treat internal
combustion engine-powered vehicle  emissions  according  to
their  origin within  the  vehicular  system. Exhaust emissions
may include carbon monoxide, unburned  hydrocarbons, oxides
of nitrogen, partial oxidation products, and particulate matter.
Evaporative emissions and crankcase blowby, and the chemi-
cal composition and photochemical reactivity of  hydrocarbon
emissions  are  discussed. Air-fuel ratio and  other operating
variables which influence the relative properties of combustion
products are cited. Automotive emissions control  is discussed,
as well as testing for certification and inspection of vehicles.
The nature of diesel emissions is reviewed, including fuel and
engine effects on diesel  emissions. Gas turbines  operate with
fuel mixtures that, overall, are extremely lean compared with
the mixture ratios used in spark-ignited piston engines. Emis-
sions from automotive and aircraft gas turbines are mentioned.
30943
Edwards, Frank R.
OXIDATION  PROCESSES  FOR  CONTROLLING  FUMES
AND ODORS. Plant Eng., 25(14):49-50, July 8, 1971.
Catalytic  and thermal oxidation processes are discussed in
connection with the control of fumes and odors. The catalytic
unit includes a  preheat burner, a process  blower, a  catalyst
bed, a control system, and safety equipment.  Thermal units
differ only in respect to the type of burner and the size and
contents of the combustion chamber. Catalytic oxidation units
are smaller and  generally weigh less than comparable  thermal
incinerators. The costs of thermal incineration are controlled
by the choice of burner and its  associated efficiency. The effi-
ciency can be improved by designing  to  increase residence
time, turbulence, and operating temperature. The efficiency of
catalytic units can also be increased by using a greater quanti-
ty of catalyst and by increasing the operating temperature. In
either case, the  operating temperatures are chosen to  achieve
the desired results. Catalytic combustion systems are gaining
in popularity for a number of emission control applications, in-
cluding food and chemical processing and metal finishing.

31062
Green, William and Thomas Elliott
CONTROL OF RENDERING PLANT ODORS IN PHILADEL-
PHIA.  Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
40p., 1971. 6  refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting,  64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-
July2, 1971, Paper 71-9.)
The history  of  rendering  plant odor  control  methods  in
Philadelphia is discussed. The development  of the coordinated
administrative and technical efforts involving emission limita-
tion standards,   equipment  specifications,  and  operational
modifications is outlined. The history of odor control technolo-
gy relates development from the early counteractant methods
through hot wells, condensers,  and venturi scrubbers  and the
more recent  methods  involving  afterburners,  incinerators,
ozone  chambers,  potassium  permanganate  scrubbers,  and
charcoal absorbers. The effectiveness of these methods as ex-
perienced in Philadelphia, the degree of acceptance by the in-
dustry,  and a view of  the control methods  that  may be
required in the  future are discussed. This  history of odor
limitation  standards covers  the  period from 1948, when odors
detectable five or more miles from the source were common,
to the present, when odors detectable immediately outside the
plant are unacceptable.  (Author abstract modified)

31072
Kosaya, G. S.
OXIDATION  OF BLACK  LIQUOR WITH OXYGEN.   Bu-
mazhn.  Prom. (Moscow), 31(6):15, June 1956. 4  refs. Trans-

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 114
ODORS
lated from Russian by Brenda Jacobsen, Washington Univ.,
Seattle, Dept of Civil Engineering, 5p., Sept. 28, 1970.
Black liquor containing 7.54 gm/1 sodium sulfide (Na2S) and
7.4 gm/1 sodium sulfite (Na2S203) was oxidized with 100% ox-
ygen, and the effects of temperature, contact time,  and inten-
sity of mixing investigated. At 70 C, oxidation of  Na2S was
completed within a few minutes.  The bulk of the sulfide was
oxidized to thiosulfate, a part to sulfate. The observed oxygen
consumption was 370 cu m/metric ton Na2S, or about 20 cu m
oxygen/metric ton of pulp. Oxidation of black liquor with pure
oxygen is simpler and more convenient than  oxidation by aera-
tion, and has the important advantage of causing no foaming.
(Author abstract modified)

31091
Honda, Keisuke
PULP  EFFLUENT TREATING DEVICE.  (Parup haieki  shod
sochi). Text in Japanese. (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
(Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-12521. 5p., March 31, 1971. (Appl.
Feb. 13, 1968, 1 claim).
Among the defects of conventional boilers for burning pulp ef-
fluent  are evaporation of volatile substances in the effluent,
reduction of the calorific value of  effluent  solids on contact
with high-temperature  gas, and conversion of sulfur oxides
and carbon dioxide in  boiler exhaust gas to sulfuric acid and
carbonic acid. The latter compounds react with the  sulfides in
the  effluent  to generate  odorous  hydrogen  sulfide, which
lowers the  calorific value of solids. High H2S concentrations
are  harmful to  man.  The  improved equipment  described
eliminates  these problems  with an effluent  condensation
device and an incinerator for heating air. This incinerator is
located in the air passage. The condensation device permits
direct  contact between  pulp  effluent and heated  air and
evaporates  water from  the effluent. Air and condensed pulp
from the device  are jetted to the  incinerator for  pulp. The
equipment  thus  has two  systems. In the first, air is passed
through the air incinerator and condensation device to the air
outlet. In the  second, or  bypass  system, air goes through an
air-adjustment device. The two systems join at the air outlet of
the condensation device, where air temperature is measured to
insure that  both it and  that of condensed effluent are at
specified levels. For this purpose, both the air volume adjust-
ment device  and the  air incinerator  are controlled. Because
correct temperature is  maintained,  there  is no   corrosion
problem due to high-temperature air.

31160
Aoki, Teruo
DUST  ELIMINATOR.   (Jojinki).  Text in Japanese. (Assignee
not given.) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-13649. 2p.,  May 14, 1971. (Appl.
April 27, 1968, 1 claim).
The cleaner in a dust eliminator was improved. A spray pipe is
located in the core of a cylindrical  cleaner which has suction
inlet at one end. The wall facing the spray pipe holes is multi-
sided.  Several wire nets are on the inside of the suction inlet
and on the side of the discharging outlet to form partitioning
walls.  Inside the cylinder near the  suction inlet,  there are
spray nozzles in the direction of turning.  The dust-laden air is
fed into the cylinder with a horizontal axis, and the dust is
eliminated  by  the  pressurized spray. When the  air  goes
through the holes of the partitioning wall and enters the upper
chamber, it is again sprayed, where both odor and gases are
eliminated.  Cleaned air is discharged from the top. As the noz-
zles on the side of the suction inlet turn  the sucked-in air for
even spraying, the sprayed water hits the multi-sided wall, and
       very fine participates bounce off. In spite of compactness, this
       cleaner is very effective for the elimination of dust, odor, and
       gas.

       31167
       Krahl, H.
       CATALYTIC WASTE GAS  CLEANING.  (Katalytische  Ab-
       wassereinigung).   Text   in   German.  Chem.   Rundschau
       (Solothurn), 24<27):625-626, 1971.
       Catalytic exhaust gas  cleaning  is discussed with the aid of
       three practical examples. It is very economical to clean the ex-
       hausts  of diesel  engines. Diesel  fuel is lead-free  and  no
       catalyst  toxicants  are  present;  no additional equipment is
       needed. The cleaning effect can be improved by  using higher
       temperatures. Odor annoyance is drastically reduced and the
       soot content is slightly reduced. Catalytic waste  gas  cleaners
       with auxiliary heating are used in tanneries and similar plants.
       The temperatures of the waste gases in these plants are below
       the ignition temperature, so that auxiliary heating is required.
       The efficiency of catalytic afterburners in such cases ranges
       between 94 to 98%. The carbon monoxide concentration is
       99.8%  removed. When the waste gas volume is large, energy
       recovery becomes economical. A plant drying starch is given
       as an  example. The waste gases need auxiliary  heating  and
       preliminary cleaning in a  scrubber for removal of substances
       which  impair  the  functioning  of  the catalyst.  Through  a
       blower, the waste gases are pressed into combustion chamber
       where  they  are  heated to  the  necessary temperature. The
       cleaned hot waste gases are used for drying.

       31178
       Ricketts, C.
       THE CONTROL OF OFFENSIVE ODORS:  RESULTS OF A
       SURVEY.  Environ. Health, 79(5):136-138, 140-142, May 1971.
       A, survey  was conducted to  determine  the  amount  and the
       quality of odor control in several types of industries in urban
       areas.  Questionnaires were  sent to public health inspectors,
       asking them to indicate the odor producing trades in their dis-
       tricts. A list of control methods was included and each trade
       was to be indicated with respect to the control method applied
       to it. The operations covered by the survey were: the food in-
       dustry,  the   chemical  industry,  the  metal industry,   and
       unscheduled offensive  trades. From a total of 141 operations,
       51% were  controlled, of which 59.7% were successfully con-
       trolled. The overall success rate of controlled operations re-
       lated to the total number of operations is 30.4%. The most ef-
       fective methods  are electrostatic precipitation,  combustion,
       and absorption.   Control  methods  involving  the  use  of
       proprietary chemicals were the least effective.

       31211
       Clapham, T. M.f T. J. Junker, and G. S. Tobias
       ACTIVATED CARBON-ODORANT REMOVAL  FROM AIR
       QUANTIFIED. ASHRAE (Am. Soc. Heating, Refrig. Aircond.
       Engrs.) Trans., vol. 76, part 2:75-86, 1970. 6 refs. (Presented at
       the ASHRAE Annual Meeting, Kansas City, Mo.,  June 28-July
       1, 1970.)
       An attempt  has been  made  to establish performance  data
       which  will provide a sound and effective basis for the applica-
       tion of activated carbon for odor removal. Another aspect of
       the study concerned the dynamic aspects of odor removal with
       thin beds of activated carbon. The approach was to measure
       the efficiency of odorant removal with time at conditions of
       flow and concentration typical of an air conditioning system. It
       was found that the capacity of activated carbon for most or- :

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                     115
ganic chemical odorants in air, in the low concentration range,
can be determined by direct computation from physical data or
by extrapolation  from a minimum of experimental  data. A
technique was developed for measuring odorant breakthrough
on thin bed activated carbon filters.  This technique has been
used  to study the  key variables in odor  removal and to
develop a relationship between static equilibrium and flow per-
formance. This relationship, which  will allow  prediction of
breakthrough curves from static equilibrium data, needs to be
verified by further study. (Author summary modified)

31223
Kosaki, Motokiyo
ON EQUIPMENT DESIGNED TO  DISPOSE OF COMBUSTI-
BLE  WASTE GAS AND  DISPERSE IT  INTO  THE  AT-
MOSPHERE.  (Kanensei haigasu taiki hosen setsubi ni tsuite).
Text  in  Japanese.  Nenryo  Oyobi Nensho (Fuel  and Com-
bustion), 38(7):17-26, July 1971. 5 refs.
Combustion/dispersion  equipment, designed to  remove  the
combustibles,  noxious  contents,  and offensive odors from
waste gases by combustion, and thereafter discharge the waste
gas for  atmospheric diffusion is  described. The Technical
guidelines for designing the respective component units of the
equipment or plant are  also described. Among the combustible
waste gases are blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, converter
furnace gas, metal refining waste gas, naphtha refining waste
gas, gasoline cracking gas, and hydrocarbon cracking gas. The
main  component  units  of the equipment include a knockout
drum,  seal tank, flame arrester,  ignition  device, flare  gas
burner, and stack with a stack support  tower. The knockout
drum is designed  to remove solids, liquid  contents, and con-
densate from the  saturated gas contained in the flare gas, and
water content given off from washing. The seal tank prevents
back fire from going from the flare stack to the flare gas line.
The tank  is kept  filled to a specified water level to  seal  the
mouth of the  flare gas line, which  is held  underwater. The
flame arrester also prevents back fire. The ignition device ig-
nites the pilot burner, which in turn ignites the flare gas burner
nozzle, located above the ground level. The ignition device al-
lows the burner to be ignited from  the ground level. The flare
gas burner comes  in  various sizes  and types,  and  can be
selected  according  to  operating conditions. The  stack and
stack support  tower can also be built to suit the operational
conditions.

31233
Imai, Takao
GASEOUS POLLUTANT CLEANING  AND INDOOR  EN-
VIRONMENTS.  (Gasujo osenshitsu no joka to shitsunai kan-
kyo).  Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo,  (Clean Air J.  Japan  Air
Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 8(2):27-47, March 1971.
Air pollutants include  dust,  microorganisms, noxious gases,
and offensive odors. While an air filter developed for the ef-
fective removal of dust and microorganisms has been widely
used with an air conditioner or ventilation device, the need to
remove gaseous pollutants, including  offensive odor, from air
during air conditioning has only recently come to attention.
The noxious gases  and odors in connection with indoor  en-
vironment are discussed. An elaborate discussion of offensive
odor in a room was made to give a required air volume per oc-
cupant.  The gaseous air pollutants,  carbon  dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons,
emitted from boilers  and automobiles, were listed. A study on
the odors  from occupants of a room  was cited. Based on this
study,  the ventilation  requirement for an average Japanese
room occupant was estimated at 470 cu ft, if the body odor in
the room is to be kept below a moderate level. Studies con-
cerned with the odor of cigarette or cigar smoke were cited to
give basic idea about the characteristics of the smoke affecting
the indoor environmental  condition. According  to one  study
the number of smoke particles was estimated to be three times
10 to the 9th power/cc at  the initial stage, and its size at 0.1-
0.5 micron.  The  CO  contained  in the  smoke of various
cigarette brands ranged from 3.8  to 53.8 mg. The ventilation
requirement per room occupant, established according to the
smoke intensity is shown in tabular form. Of the control
methods for the odors and noxious gases, the adsorption
method  for  activated  carbon   is recommended.   Various
deodorization methods are introduced with their respective ad-
vantages and disadvantages. The swelling threshold density  of
various substances, such as  chloroform, methyl alcohol, car-
bon tetrachloride, and sulfuric acid are tabulated,  with ac-
tivated carbon s retentivity for the respective substances.

31301
Maier, Alfred
PROTECTION AGAINST IMMISSION  IN  THE  WOOD-
WORKING INDUSTRY.   (Immissionsschutz beim  holzbear-
beitenden  und -verarbeitenden Gewerbe). Text  in  German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(6):214-219, June 1971. 8 refs.
Woodworking industries may pollute the neighborhood through
dust emissions from firing  systems, odors from lacquering sta-
tions, and wood and sawdust from wood cutting and polishing.
Firing systems are usually  heated with wood. Measurement  of
the dust content in the waste gases revealed that the dust may
range from 650 to 4000 mg/cu m which grossly exceeds the 300
mg/cu m  demanded by the  VDI  standard 2300. The dust  is
very  fine-grained. About  50% of the  dust  was below  10
micron. The fraction of unburned material was almost  50%
and the specific weight of  the dusts averaged 1.9 g/cu cm. For
efficient  dust  collection, centrifugal separators can be  used.
The fine dust developing at wood  polishing machines is pneu-
matically drawn off and collected by cloth filters.

31302
Bendl, Herbert
IMMISSION  PROBLEMS  IN LARGE ANIMAL  BREEDING
STATIONS. (Immissionsprobleme in grosser) Tierbestaenden).
Text in German. Landtechnik, 26(14):375-377, July 1971.
The tendency toward concentration of animals in breeding sta-
tions compounds the problem of odor emission. The annoying
odors in  stables come from manure components, such as am-
monia, hydrogen sulfide,  mercaptans and  amines.  The an-
noyance   of  these  substances  is determined  by  human
odorimetry, since no other measurement method is yet availa-
ble. The  odors should be avoided  by immediate separation of
feces and urine. Mechanical  manure removal systems should
be installed. Any motion  of the  air immediately above the
manure should be avoided so that the heavy gases are not
stirred. The use of deodorants actually means further pollution
since  the odors are only masked by another strongly smelling
substance. It is better to use scrubbers, filters, and combustion
for the removal of odors.

31354
Eguchi, Yoshitomo
PRESENT  STATE AND  ECONOMICAL  SIDE OF   AIR
CLEANER FOR HARMFUL  GASES.   (Yugai  gasu  yo kuki
sejo sochi no genjo to keizaisei). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 8(2):4&-62,
March 1971. 20 refs.

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 116
ODORS
A discussion on the functions of air conditioning equipment
and the removal of dust and microorganisms is presented. The
removal of harmful gases and odors, such as sulfur dioxide,
carbon  monoxide,  and nitrogen oxides is the most important
function. Charts and graphs showing the annual change in SO2
concentrations in major cities, the effects of SO2 on human
health, the estimated emission of SO2, and other similar data
are presented. The concentration of air pollutants has sharply
increased with an increasing consumption of petroleum fuel in
recent years. The need to remove them by an air filter  in an
air conditioner is increasingly important. According to a 1967
survey,  CO emitted from petroleum fuel combustion was esti-
mated at 5080 kt (kilotons) for all of Japan and at 857 kt for
Tokyo;  SO2 at 3110 kt and 444 kt; nitrogen oxides at 1160 kt
and 181  kt; hydrocarbons at 1100 kt and 172 kt; and micro-par-
ticulates at 211 kt and 30 kt. Pollution of the indoor air is  often
indicated by an offensive odor. Types of odor and substances
causing  odors are listed. Odor-causing substances with their al-
lowable limits, smelling threshold densities, and adsorption re-
tentivities are also tabulated. The  commercially  available air
purifiers designed  to remove these harmful gases and odors
come in four types; activated carbon air filter, activated car-
bon sheet air filter, air filter using an alkali-coated filter ele-
ment, and a catalyst air filter. The advantages and disad-
vantages of the respective types are briefly discussed.

31400
Acres, G. J. K.
PLATINUM CATALYSTS FOR DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST
PURIFICATION.   Platinum  Metals Rev., 14(3):78-85,  July
1970. 4 refs.
Despite the  low concentration  of exhaust  emissions  from
diesel engines,  when these  are  emitted  into  a  confined at-
mosphere they can create a health problem. Many diesel en-
gines  are  operated in confined  spaces  in units such  as  mine
locomotives,  lifting equipment,  and stationary electric power
generators. Particularly hazardous in these conditions is car-
bon monoxide. Another  problem is  the unpleasant odor as-
sociated  with diesel  exhaust gases and  the  effect of  these
gases on the  eyes and throat. The origin of the various  emis-
sions  in diesel exhaust gases is considered. The various  emis-
sions include smoke,  carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons  and par-
tially  oxygenated hydrocarbons, and oxides  of nitrogen. By
careful attention to detailed engine design  and by limiting the
power output, the exhaust gas emissions  may be minimized
but not  eliminated. The two most common exhaust gas purifi-
cation systems in use are water scrubbing and catalytic  com-
bustion. A catalyst system is described which combines the
high activity/low ignition temperature properties  of platinum
with the unique properties of a honeycomb ceramic  support.
Tests which were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of
this system are presented.

31453
Heaney, Frank L.
AIR POLLUTION  CONTROLS AT BRAINTREE  INCINERA-
TOR. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
10p., 1971. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association
Annual  Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J.,  June 27-July 2,
1971, Paper 71-71.)
When the Town of Braintree, a suburb of Boston, discovered
that its huge rubbish dump was to be displaced,  efforts  were
made to locate a suitable site for an incinerator.  Components
of the incinerator plant were to include platform  scales,  scale
house, refuse storage, traveling bridge crain,  continuous feed
furnaces, flue gas  cooling by steam generation,  electrostatic
       precipitators, induced draft fans, and an insulated double wall
       steel  stack. The lowest bid received was based upon water
       wall furnaces, with integral boilers and economizers. Operating
       variables and pollution problems associated with water walled
       incineration are discussed. Pollutants include fly ash, smoke,
       and odors  which  can be eliminated by high combustion tem-
       perature and electrostatic precipitators.

       31456
       Miura Kagaku Sochi K. K. (Japan)
       ON DESULFURIZATION  OF EXHAUST SMOKE BY TURN-
       ING-FLOW GAS  LIQUID CONTACT METHOD.  (Senkairyu
       kieki  sesshokoho ho yoru haien datsuryu ni tsuite). Text in
       Japanese.   Nenryo  oyobi  nensyo  (Fuel  and  Combustion),
       38(5):51-58, May 1971.
       A conventional wet type desulfurization/dust removal method
       designed to clean  exhaust  gas usually  requires 20  1  wash
       water/cu m of gas to be treated. Suppose the water consump-
       tion is 10 1/N cu m the total amount of waste water will be 500
       T/hr when an exhaust gas of 50,000/N cu m/hr is treated. It
       thus requires a great amount of extra cost to treat the waste
       water. Designed to minimize the water consumption, and yet
       assure high efficiency of dust removal and desulfurization, are
       the Blue Bird, a  scrubber for dust removal, and the Totem-
       pole,  another  scrubber for the  removal of sulfur dioxide ab-
       sorption of gas, and removal of odors and fumes from boiler
       exhaust gases. Two cages with a number of tangential slits are
       provided within a bottle-like cylindrical unit.  The lower one is
       the intake cage, and the upper is the discharge  cage. The gas
       intake port is provided in the lower side of the cylindrical unit.
       This assembly of the cylindrical casing, the intake cage, and
       the discharge cage makes  the basic unit. The Blue Bird con-
       sists of  one basic unit, while the Totempole has two or  more
       basic  units. With the Blue Bird, the dust-containing exhaust
       gas flows into the intake cage through the slits at a velocity of
       15-25  m/sec and moves upward turning at the high speed. It is
       then discharged at the same velocity through  the tangential
       slits of  the discharge cage. The slits are 3 mm, 5 mm, or 10
       mm wide,  so  that the high-speed  gas atomizes water mem-
       branes,  formed on the inner walls of the  slits,  as  it flows
       through. Since there is a  high-speed turning current in the
       cage,  the atomized water droplets are driven toward the  inner
       walls  of the slits  by the  centrifugal  force, and  form water
       membranes. The dust is also driven toward the  inner walls of
       the slit  by the centrifugal  force, and are thus arrested by the
       water membranes. The water, having now adsorbed the  dust,
       is discharged through the  slits of the discharge  cage together
       with the gas that it turning at the high speed. The dust is then
       separated  from the water  in a centrifuge provided above the
       scrubber unit. Similar principles applying to the Totempole,
       except that the scrubbing  is repeated at several stages,  since
       the gaseous substances or fume-like micron dusts are too  small
       to be removed by a one-stage process.

       31463
       Blue, Jerry D. and William F. IJewellyn
       OPERATING  EXPERIENCE OF  A  RECOVERY  SYSTEM
       FOR ODOR CONTROL.  Tappi, 54(7): 1143-1147, July 1971. 2
       refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
       Paper Industry, Engineering Conference, Denver, Colo., Oct.
       25-29, 1970.)
       The first  operating  experience  of a control odor recovery
       system at the Halsey, Oregon, kraft pulp and paper mill of the
       American  Can Company has consistently shown daily average
       total reduced sulfur emission levels of approximately 1.0  ppm,
       with sulfur dioxide emissions below 200 ppm.  The recovery

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     117
 boiler design eliminates direct-contact evaporation and fires
 unoxidized black liquor supplied directly from multiple-effect
 evaporators.  The  operation has met or exceeded predicted
 emission limits. A collection and thermal oxidation system for
 miscellaneous emission sources has also contributed to mill
 operation essentially without odor. (Author abstract)

 31472
 Maier, Alfred
 IMMISSION  PROTECTION IN THE WOOD WORKING  IN-
 DUSTRY.  (Immissionsschutz beim holzbearbeitenden and und
 -verarbeitenden  Gewerbe).  Text in  German.  Wasser Luft
 Betrieb, 15(7):261-264, July 1971.
 In lacquering stations of wood working plants, odorous solvent
 vapors develop which are mixed with the lacquer dust. Wet
 collectors are best suited for  the removal of such emissions.
 With them,  collection  efficiencies  of 99  to  99.5%  can be
 achieved.  Such high efficiency, however, is achieved only for
 the particulates in the vaporous emissions. For the solvents,
 the efficiency is low. Examinations  of a cascade scrubber for
 emissions consisting of 29 mg/cu m of particulate matter and
 of 353 mg C/N cu m revealed that by doubling the water quan-
 tity the particulate emissions could be reduced to  nine mg/cu
 m. However, the solvent emission was reduced to  only 325 mg
 C/N cu m. The highest efficiency is achieved with a scrubber
 operating on the venturi principle. The lacquer mists are drawn
 off by a venturi-type nozzle. The atomized water  droplets ad-
 sorb the lacquer particles. The water droplets are separated on
 subsequent steel sheet plates.  An efficiency of 99.8% can be
 achieved.

 31631
 Muir, Arthur J.
 THE  APPLICATION OF  SONIC TECHNOLOGY IN THE
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL  OF AIR  POLLUTION.
 Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 46p.,
 1971. 9 refs.  (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
 tion, Annual  Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July
 2, 1971, Paper 71-82.)
 Completeness of combustion is directly related to the quality
 of fuel atomization prior to ignition.  The mechanism of sonic
 atomization is described and related to improvements in  the
 basic combustion process. Data on industrial oil burner instal-
 lations are reported including a case history in which improve-
 ment  of combustion efficiency resulted in a reduction of par-
 ticulate emissions by 84-87% relative to the national average.
 The use of sonic atomization in industrial oil burners not only
 reduces soot  emissions but also cuts fuel, maintenance, and
labor  costs. Similar performance improvements and emissions
 reductions are cited by the use of  sonic fuel atomization in
 home oil burners,  automotive carburetion and fuel injection
 systems,  catalyst regenerators,  afterburners,  steam engines,
 diesel engines, and liquid waste incinerators. A  case  history
 describes  the  use  of an auxiliary sonic  atomizing burner to
 regenerate catalytic mufflers used in diesel engines. Non-com-
 bustion applications of sonic atomization are described includ-
ing evaporative gas cooling, smoke and dust suppression, and
 odor  control. A  case history  describes the use of sonic
 atomizers to spray  water into hot gases from a copper smelter.
 (Author abstract modified)

31700
 Singer, Robert E.
HOW TO  CURB ODOR POLLUTION.  Am. Dyestuff  Reptr.,
60(8):30-33, Aug. 1971.
 Of the odors generated by textile processing, the most impor-
 tant  is free formaldehyde,  normally associated  with  resin
 finishing.  The addition of a chemical counteractant, usually as
 the first ingredient in the finish bath, noticeably lessens the ef-
 fects of formaldehyde fumes, e.g., eye and  nose irritation,
 throughout the production plant and storage areas. In addition,
 the  counteractant reduces the pungent odor of the gaseous
 plant effluent to the atmosphere. A counteractant developed
 for  formaldehyde control  also controls amine odors  coming
 from the  nitrogen-bearing portion of resins. Other counterac-
 tants are used for odors from polyester dyeing, sulfur-dyeing,
 hydrosulfite  reduction and  stripping,  and  for  the  smoke
 produced by heat- setting of polyester. Odors due  to chlorine
 dioxide bleaching are  better controlled by buffers. Costs of
 liquid  counteractants  are  low:   approximately  0.0001
 cents/running yd of fabric.

 31790
 Buxton, Winslow H., Jr.
 PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR PULP MILL CHEMICAL
 RECOVERY AND ODOR  ABATEMENT.   (Western Kraft
 Corp., Albany, Oreg.) U. S. Pat. 3,574,556. 6p., April 13,  1971.
 13 refs. (Appl. March 4, 1969, 8 claims).
 A process and  apparatus are presented for the recovery of
 chemicals and the abatement of odors emitted by the recovery
 furnace of kraft pulp mills. Gases from the discharge stack of
 the recovery furnace are diverted to an afterscrubber in which
 they are sprayed with  an alkaline weak wash liquor resulting
 from the  washing of calcium carbonate mud and solid dregs
 produced by causticizing the green liquor. Thus, hydrogen sul-
 fide, mercaptans, and  other malodorous  gaseous compounds
 are removed. Corrosion is minimized, heat is recovered, and a
 problem of waste  disposal in the mill  effluent streams is
 avoided. (Author abstract modified)

 31794
 OXYGEN TREATING  IS PROVING FEASIBLE.  Can. Chem.
 Process., 55(4):52-54, 56, April 1971.
 Among newer techniques being groomed for use in the pulp-
 mill are soda-oxygen pulping, oxygen bleaching of pulp,  and
 other oxidation systems using oxygen instead of air. One result
 of such wide use of oxygen would be the  need for a tonnage
 oxygen (air  separation) plant at or near most pulp and paper
 complexes. With tonnage oxygen available, it becomes feasible
 for existing kraft mills to  conduct  oxidation of  black liquor
 with  oxygen and hence automatically reduce the amount of
 malodorous   off-gases   produced  in  the  chemical-recovery
 system. Similarly,  existing biological treatment plants  for
 wastewater could be upgraded in operation through the use of
 oxygen instead of air as the aeration medium.  The use of an
 oxygen stage and the consequent reduction in chlorine  charge
 to  the bleachery  introduces  the  possibility  of  lowering
 bleachery  pollution  by  over 50%.  Operating variables  at
 several plants are mentioned.

 31911
 Obata, Kinichi
 COMBUSTION DEODORIZER. (Nensho dasshu sochi). Text
 in Japanese. (Nikko Sangyo K. K.  (Japan)) Japan.  Pat. Sho 46-
 16475. 2p., June 6,  1971.  (Appl.  Jan. 31, 1968,  claims  not
 given).
 A combustion  deodorizer  effectively preheats odorous  gas
 with heat produced by  combustion. Thus, the 700-800 C com-
bustion temperature necessary for gas deodorization is easily
and  economically attained. A blower is installed in the  top

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 118
ODORS
corner of the device; its intake port is connected to the gas in-
take pipe and the discharge port is connected to the gas chan-
nel box housing several heat-exchange pipes. The interior of
the device is horizontally divided into three sections. Vertical
divisions partition the interior into two vertical compartments.
The lowest horizontal compartment  serves as the combustion
chamber. The odorous gas in blown into the gas channel box.
Then it flows through the heat-exchange pipes into the upper
part of the right vertical compartment. Next, it passes through
the middle and left vertical compartments into the lower part
of the right vertical compartment, which is equipped with  a
burner. The preheated gas, with the  high temperature fuel gas
blows into the combustion chamber. Then the  burned  gas
flows upward  through  spaces  between the  heat-exchange
pipes,  heating  all the pipes.  This  effectively preheats  the
odorous gas before it is deodorized by burning. Finally, the
deodorized gas leaves through a stack.

31945
Miura, Mitsugu
DUST COLLECTION AND DESULFURIZATION OF STACK
GAS BY HIGH SPEED  SWIRLING FLOW.  (Kosoku sen-
kairyu ni yoru bojin haien datsuryu). Text in Japanese.  Netsu
Kami (Heat  Management:  Energy and Pollution  Control),
23(7):40-45, July 1971.
In selecting dust collectors and desulfurization  equipment, the
dust elimination ratio and desulfurization requirements must
be  taken into consideration together  with  equipment  costs,
operating costs, and the volume of liquid to be  used. Wet type
dust collectors are cheaper than electric dust collection equip-
ment, bag filters,  or dry  desulfurization, but  the volume of
solution required  does present  a problem.  If  dust collection
and desulfurization efficiencies are to be raised, a lot of water
must be used, which generates a considerable amount  of ef-
fluent. There  is a  Blue Bird scrubber for dust elimination, and
a Totem Pole scrubber for the elimination  of  sulfur  dioxide,
gas absorption, odor counteraction,  and fume  control.  These
scrubbers utilize  a high speed  swirling flow, which brings
about the maximum effect with a minimum amount of water.
As  the gas is swirled upward, the  film formed on the wall
turns to mist, and the dust and droplets are  contacted with
each other, and blown into the swirling gas stream. Because of
inertia, the dust is trapped by the droplets.

32057
Nordrhein-Westfalen Arbeits-und Sozialminister (West
Germany)
TECHNICAL   POLLUTION   CONTROL   MEASURES.
(Technische  Massnahmen  zur  Luftreinhaltung). Text in Ger-
man. In: Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrheiii  Westfalen. Essen,
West Germany, Brinck and Co. KG,  1969, p. 19-46.
Mandatory  pollution  control improvement  programs  which
were introduced in the state of Nordrhein-Westfalen in 1961
are described. These abatement programs  were designed to
reduce the emission of pollutants by the steel industry (from,
for example, Thomas  converters, Siemens-Martin furnaces,
flaming  installations  and ore sintering plants), by iron foun-
dries  (including cupola  ovens  and  induction  ovens),  steam
power plants, cement plants, stoneware plants, and by coal
processing plants  including cokeries and briquette works. In
recent  years  the  state government contributed  $2.8  million
towards the  development  of improved smoke  desulfurization
processes and about $280,000. towards the improvement of ex-
isting dust arresters. All together five processes which were
promising enough  to warrant  pilot  plant tests were further
developed:  the  Reinluft  process  (adsorption of  SO2  on
       semicoke and its subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid); the
       additive process (blowing of lime or dolomite dust into the fur-
       nace to remove oxides of sulfur); the Still process (absorption
       of SO2 by  the  CaO  contained in bituminous coal ash); the
       sulfacid process (wet  catalytic conversion of SO2 to H2SO4);
       and the Grillo process (absorption of SO2 by a contact mass
       containing metal oxides  which is  subsequently regenerated).
       The last process is the most promising of the five for applica-
       tion on a large scale because regeneration is carried out inde-
       pendently and the user does not have to invest in a regenera-
       tion installation.  New  developments in filtering technology are
       the separation of dusts of high electrical  resistance by means
       of an alternate current filter (ferrosilicon  dusts), a new waste
       gas purification installation for the reduction of the emission
       of soot and of SiO2 aerosol by silicon carbide plants. The con-
       trol of odors emitted  by  the chemical,  food and other indus-
       tries,  maximal smoke emission norms, and norms for emis-
       sions  from incinerator, oil fired furnaces,  chemical cleaning
       plants, plants manufacturing bituminous road building materi-
       als, and lacquer drying ovens are discussed.

       32070
       Turk, Amos
       SOURCE  CONTROL BY  GAS-SOLID ADSORPTION AND
       RELATED PROCESSES.  In:  Air  Pollution. Arthur C. Stern
       (ed.),  Vol. 3, 2nd  ed., New  York, Academic Press, 1968,
       Chapt. 47, p. 497-519. 19 refs.
       Adsorption is useful in air pollution control because  it is  a
       means of concentrating  gaseous pollutants, thus facilitating
       their disposal, their recovery, or their conversion to innocuous
       or valuable products. The quantity  of material that can be ad-
       sorbed by a given weight of adsorbent depends on the follow-
       ing factors: the concentration  of  the  material  in the space
       around the adsorbent; the total surface  area of the adsorbent;
       the temperature;  the presence of other molecules in the en-
       vironment which may compete for a place  on the adsorbent;
       the characteristics of the  molecules to be  adsorbed, especially
       their weight, electrical polarity, chemical activity, size, and
       shape; the microstructure of the adsorbing surface, especially
       the sizes and shapes of its pores; and the chemical nature of
       the adsorbent surface, including electrical polarity and chemi-
       cal activity. Activated carbon, siliceous adsorbents, and metal-
       lic oxide adsorbents are mentioned, as  well as the effective-
       ness of adsorbent impregnations. Design principles of adsorp-
       tion equipment and systems are reviewed. Adsorbent disposed
       on a carrier is mentioned, as well as thin-bed granular adsor-
       bers, and fluidized adsorbers.  Nonregenerative and regenera-
       tive systems are cited. The effects of process variables are in-
       dicated. Specific process applications include the deodoriza-
       tion  of odorous emissions, control of  gaseous  radioactive
       emissions, and the removal of  sulfur dioxide from flue gas by
       the alkalized alumina process, catalytic oxidation, the Reinluft
       Process, and the dolomite process.

       32099
       Japan Environmental Sanitary Center, Tokyo
       REPORT OF THE STUDIES OF THE PREVENTION OF OF-
       FENSIVE ODORS (NO. 3). (Akushuboshi ni kansuru kenkyu
       hokokusho. (Dai m ho)).  Text in Japanese. JESC-42-076. 82p.,
       March 1968.
       Environmental pollution problems  in every Japanese prefec-
       ture  include offensive odors  from fish  meal  plants,  fish
       manure mills, and factories for drying chicken droppings. The
       condition of deodorizing equipment installed in such factories,
       methods for measuring offensive odors,  and future counter-
       measures were surveyed. Eight models of deodorizing equip?

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                     119
ment were  tested. Construction and  maintenance costs of
these models are tabulated along with data for currently in-
stalled  equipment.  Since deodorizing  equipment  associated
with a  single method does not effectively eliminate odors,
deodorization by a combination of methods was postulated.
Gas chromatography  was adopted  as  the  main method for
measuring an offensive odor and as the method for collecting
samples. Sampling amines, mercaptans, and organic acids by
glass-bead tubes is also described, and results are reported for
actual measurements.  Based on  investigations of the sources
of offensive odors at  25  mills, the chief constituents  of basic
offensive odors are ammonium and trimethylamine. Other low-
grade amines were scarcely observed.  The usual rate of  am-
monium and trimethylamine in emission sources is  between 1
to 10 and 10 to  1 in fish meal plants and one to one in the  fac-
tories for drying chicken droppings. In some cases,  exhaust
concentrations  exceeded  100 ppm.  Six types of deodorizing
equipment  were  observed, but almost  no factory  had  a
satisfactory blueprint for eliminating pollution. The  economics
of proposed measures  are discussed.

32119
Ichikawa, Michio
PLASTIC WASTES DISPOSAL.  (Plastic  haikibutsu shori).
Text in  Japanese. Preprint,  Smaller Enterprises  Promotion
Corp. (Japan),  10p.,  1971. 7  refs.  (Presented  at  the Public
Nuisance Prevention Technique Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
Characteristics of the  incineration of various plastics,  the sub-
stances  generated, and  their  volume  and compositon after
burning are tabulated  and described. Incinerator temperatures
must be kept high to  assure that the plastics are completely
burned. The volume of wastes to be burned  and the air needed
for burning must also be regulated. If the wastes are in excess,
the air will be reduced and too much smoke will be produced;
however, if there are not enough wastes,  the  air  will be in
short supply,  and the incinerator  temperatures will be lowered.
If harmful gases such  as  hydrogen chloride are generated, the
exhaust gases must be cleaned or neutralized. Other emissions
include  carbon  monoxide, carbon dioxide,  nitrogen,  oxygen,
and polyvinyl chloride. It is often necessary  to crush or  pul-
verize  the  plastics before incineration.  Fireproof materials
should be used  for incinerator construction. In order to lower
the costs of incineration, the heat from the process should be
utilized. Rotary type and  whirling air current type incinerators
are  described.  Fluidized bed  combustion  is  suitable  for
eliminating odors and for wastes  with little water and low-tem-
peratures.

32166
Anderson, Catherine E. and Horst R. Adolf
ODOR  CONTROL  IN  THE  RENDERING  AND  FOOD
PROCESSING INDUSTRIES.   Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p.,  1971. 6 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution  Control  Association, Annual Meeting, 64th,  At-
lantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2,  1971, Paper 71-22.)
The effectiveness of potassium permanganate used in the solu-
tion of  an  air  scrubber  to control  the odors related to  the
rendering and  food processing  industries  was  investigated.
These  odors are  caused  by the  presence  of aldehydes,
ketones, organic acids, alcohols,  organic nitrogen compounds,
and organic sulfur compounds. Laboratory  scale experiments
were performed using a gas washing  bottle on these com-
pounds. The effectiveness of odor removal was measured by
the syringe technique  and by  gas chromatographic methods.
Odor reduction  ranging from 80 to 98% was achieved. Experi-
ments on simulated  samples  using  a  500 cfm Virotrol air
scrubber verified the laboratory results. An increase in effi-
ciency of odor removal can be accomplished by increasing the
pH of the scrubbing solution. In scrubbers which have a recir-
culating solution, maintenance of pH at levels higher than nine
requires  constant adjustment. However,  the use of scrubbers
in which the solution only passes through once provides a sim-
ple way to scrub  at any desired pH level. (Author abstract
modified)

32302
Clayton, P.
BRICKWORKS  ODOURS.  A LABORATORY INVESTIGA-
TION  OF  THEIR   PRODUCTION, EVALUATION  AND
REMOVAL.  Ministry of Technology, Stevenage (England),
Warren Spring Lab., Kept. LR122(AP), 10p., 1970. 8 refs.
An odor similar to  that experienced near brickworks was
produced by  heating clay at  a temperature between 440 and
500 C and diluting the products evolved. The  combustion of
organic material evolved was monitored with a flame ioniza-
tion detector; the odor was reduced when the  organic matter
was removed.  The  extent  of the  reduction  in  odor and
decrease in organic content depended upon the residence time
of the gases at the temperature of the hot zone and the flow
rate of secondary air through the hot zone of the second fur-
nace.  (Author abstract modified)

32497
Nuranaka, Kuniyoshi
ON WASTE DISPOSAL FROM PETROCHEMICAL PLANT.
(Sekiyu  kagaku  kojo no haikibutsu  hori ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensho (Fuel  and  Combustion),
38(8):l-6, Aug. 1971.
Wastes at the Chiba Plant of the Mitsui Petrochemical  Com-
pany are plastics produced  as by-products from polyethylene
and polypropylene processes,  but technical developments have
provided for their use as fuels. A boiler now exists to burn the
polymers. The volume of air is kept at 2-2.5 times the theoreti-
cal air volume, and the reactor temperature is maintained at
1100-1200 C. Gas flow and incineration velocity are kept high
to avoid  local excess heating. By constructing thermal cracking
equipment, part of the low polymer by-product is used as fuel
for the burner. An incinerator for plastics was constructed in
September 1969  at the Chiba Plant and is capable of burning
various wastes without odor and damage to the equipment.

32498
Miyagawa, Toshiki
ON DORU METHOD FLUID INCINERATION EQUIPMENT.
(Doru  shiki  ryudo  shokyaku  setsubi  ni  tsuite).  Text  in
Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensho (Fuel  and Combustion),
38(8):23-32, Aug. 1971.
The Doru incinerator comprises a fluid layer of high tempera-
ture sand to which the dehydrated cake of sewage is supplied.
As the dehydrated cake is briskly stirred in the fluid layer, it is
burned completely in a short period of time. The incinerator is
compact  in size, costs less to construct,  and is also inexpen-
sive to repair since it has no metal parts. Odors in the gas are
controlled as  the incineration temperatures  are high (700-800
deg). There is little excess air, and heat is recovered from the
combustion gas.  If the incineration is stopped for some time,
operation can easily be  resumed, since the sand stores heat.
An example is given of sewage  sludge with a 70-75% water
content to be incinerated with equipment capable of handling
10 tons of dehydrated cake a day. The equipment comprises a
cake  feeder,  reactor,  heat  exchanger, cyclone,  scrubber,
blower, and compressor. Silica sand is utilized.

-------
 120
ODORS
 32559
 Waid, Donald E.
 THE ROLE OF DIRECT GAS-FIRED THERMAL INCINERA-
 TION IN THE CONTROL OF HYDROCARBONS AND CAR-
 BON  MONOXIDE  BY  OXIDATION.   Preprint,  American
 Chemical Society, Washington,  D. C., 12p., 1970. 7  refs.
 Presented at the American Chemical Society Middle Atlantic
 Regional Meeting, 5th, Newark, Del., April 3, 1970.)
 Very extensive laboratory tests are described, illustrating the
 effects of temperature, mixing, and time upon the oxidation of
 hydrocarbons and carbon  monoxide, as well  as the elimination
 of  organic odors, by  thermal oxidation. The advantages  of
 thermal incineration are explained and the many methods  of
 heat recovery are illustrated. Field  test results  are included
 which show the ability to apply this knowledge to production
 equipment assembled from data taken from 36 different test
 sites in more than 10 different industries all over the United
 States. A comparison of these results with Los Angeles Coun-
 ty Rule 66 and San Francisco Bay Area Control District Regu-
 lation 3 is made. (Author abstract modified)

 32615
 Kleppe, Peder J.
 THE   CONTRIBUTION   OF  IMPLANT  CONTROLS  AND
 PROCESS MODIFICATIONS TO  POLLUTION ABATEMENT
 IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY. North Carolina Univ., Chapel
 Hill, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Proc.
 S. Water Resour.  Pollut.  Contr.  Conf.,  18th, Raleigh, N. C.,
 1969, p. 85-100. 45 refs. (April 9-10.)
 Air and  water  pollution,  as caused  by  the  pulping  industry,
 and some control methods are discussed. Water pollution may
 originate in the woodyard, pulp mill, bleaching plant, or paper
 or board mill; several methods of reducing  this pollution are
 given.  The condensate and non-condensed materials  from the
 evaporators are the major  sources of air pollution.  In the Kraft
 process,   the  non-condensable   gases,  methyl  mercaptan,
 dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and hydrogen sulfide, are
 responsible for  the  characteristic odor. The  main  pollutant
 from the combustion furnace is sulfur dioxide. Air pollutants
 from  the liquor  preparation are H2S, organic  sulfur  com-
 pounds, SO2, and particulates from the lime  kiln. Oxidation of
 spent kraft liquor before  evaporation converts the sulfide  to
 thiosulfate; the  sulfur losses by  evaporation  can be almost
 eliminated if  oxidation is  complete.  Mercaptans  are also ox-
 idized  to the less  odorous dimethyl disulfide.  A reduction  in
 the sulfidity of the cooking liquor and an increase in the alkali
 charge can reduce pollution caused by sulfur. The vent gases
 from  condensation of blow  and  evaporator-vapors can be
 freed of H2S and mercaptans by scrubbing with alkali pulping
 liquor. The vent gases from the melt dissolving tank  and lime
 kiln are  also purified  by scrubbing.  As much as 85% SO2
 removal  can  be achieved  by absorption by a sodium  sulfite
 solution  in a venturi  scrubber.  Paniculate emissions  from
recovery furnaces are reduced with electrostatic precipitators.
The present status and future trends in pollution abatement are
also discussed.

 32634
 TOOLS  THAT  ALLEVIATE POLLUTION.   Ind.  Power,
62(l):78-88, Jan. 1952.
Removal of contaminants  before  they reach the atmosphere,
both inplant and outplant, reduces air pollution and promotes
good relations between companies and  residents. Equipment
for collecting these contaminants  have definite characteristics
and efficiencies, and the selection of such a unit depends en-
tirely upon the  type and size of paniculate. Other factors
       about the contaminant which must be known include its  ap-
       parent density, chemical stability, hygroscopicity, volume,  the
       plant site and its operational cycle. The temperature and dew
       point of the carrying air or gases are also important. Types of
       collectors in general use are the settling chamber, baffle type
       collectors, and centrifugal collectors. Removal principles, par-
       ticle size and efficiency, and air leakage  are discussed. Wet
       methods of  removing contaminants from air  and gas streams
       are also described (scrubbers) as well as electrostatic precipita-
       tors and filters. Two methods of removing offensive odors and
       accompanying gases are adsorption and absorption. Incinera-
       tion and catalytic combustion is also mentioned.

       32646
       High, M. Dean and Terrence Li Puma
       CONTROL  OF ODORS FROM  A RENDERING PLANT.
       Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,  26p.,
       1971. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, An-
       nual Meeting,  64th,  Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2,  1971,
       Paper 71-20.)
       A study  was conducted to evaluate the importance of various
       rendering plant  odor  sources and to recommend control
       techniques for reducing emissions to the atmosphere.  Air dilu-
       tion procedures were used to determine odor concentrations
       from odor sources  and  from a pilot control scrubber. Ten
       chemical solutions were prepared, tested, and referenced to
       the scrubber efficiency performance of plain water: calcium
       hypochlorite, chlorine gas, hydrogen peroxide, lime, politol s,
       potassium permanganate, soda ash, and sodium bisulfite.  Odor
       efficiency tests were performed on two types of odors:  those
       generated by grease cookers, and those from fat and  bone
       conveyors and cookers. Samples were taken from the inlet and
       outlet sections of the scrubber. Calcium hypochlorite solutions
       were the most effective odor reducing agents. The recom-
       mended  control methods include  better control over  input
       materials, process changes, changes in operating procedures,
       and as a last resort, additional air pollution control equipment.
       (Author abstract modified)

       32681
       Adams, Donald F.
       PULP AND  PAPER INDUSTRY. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C.
       Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press,  1968,
       Chapt. 39, p. 243-268. 45 refs.
       Odorous and paniculate emissions are potential  by-products
       from many of the steps in kraft and sulfite pulping processes.
       In the kraft  process, such odorous  compounds as methyl mer-
       captan, methyl sulfide,  and hydrogen sulfide are emitted  by
       the digesters and evaporators; lime kilns emit H2S and dusts.
       In the chemical recovery process,  methyl  mercaptan, sulfur
       dioxide and H2S may  be discharged. Several  methods are
       available for controlling the gaseous emissions, including  black
       liquor oxidation, combustion  of organic sulfur compounds to
       convert them to SO2, chlorine oxidation, oxidation  by air or
       ozone, scrubbing, absorption by  charcoal, and waste  heat
       recovery. Modern equipment for controlling paniculate  emis-
       sions includes  electrostatic precipitators,  venturi scrubbers,
       wet cyclones,  and de-mister pads. The sulfite pulping process
       is briefly discussed.  Analytical methods used in stack and field
       sampling are also reviewed. Mercaptans and H2S are deter-
       mined iodometrically.  Sulfur dioxide is measured colorimetri-
       cally using  the modified West and  Gaeke  method. Flame
       ionization detectors  have been successfully used in the analy-
       sis  of organic compounds in kraft  mill gases. Instrumental
       methods for analyzing  effluents  and suggestions for future
       research are also given.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     121
32682
Faith, W. L.
FOOD AND FEED INDUSTRIES. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C.
Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968,
Chapt. 40, p.  269-288. 16 refs.
Dust and odor are the major air pollution problems in the food
and feed industries. In many air pollution jurisdictions, agricul-
tural operations are exempt from air pollution control regula-
tions. However,  several agricultural practices contribute to
pollution, including soil preparation, crop spraying, weed burn-
ing,  orchard  smudging, fruit  and vegetable  harvesting,  and
animal production. In the food and feed industries, wherever a
dry powder is produced or handled there is a potential for air
pollution from dusts. Principal operations in this category are
grain  milling, drying operations,  mixing  of dry  feeds  and
foods,  coffee roasting, and related shipping, packaging, and
conveying operations. Baffles, cyclones, bag  houses, and ab-
sorption are recommended to  help control this dust problem.
The  most important segments of the food industry from an
odor standpoint are the meat and meat products industry, fish
processing, and disposal of fruit  and vegetable wastes. Cata-
lytic and direct flame afterburners, a variety of scrubbers, and
several odor masking agents have been used for odor control.

32768
Okayama Prefecture (Japan), Industrial Experiment  Station
DEODORIZATION AND  REMOVAL  OF BAD-SMELLING
GAS.  (Akushu  gasu  no  dasshu jokyo ni  tsuite).  Text in
Japanese.  Okayama-ken Kogyo  Shikensho  Nyusu  (Okayama
Prefect. Expt. Sta. News), no. 110, 2p., April 1971.
The  most effective deodorization is direct burning whereby
bad odor gases are sent to a combustion chamber  or furnace
and  burned  at a temperature higher than  800 C.  However,
more than 90% of the material must be oxidized and turned
into carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen, or sulfur diox-
ide. When the combustibility of the material is low,  use  of ox-
idation catalysts such as platinum-palladium or platinum-rhodi-
um will  enable  hydrocarbons  to oxidize  completely  and
decompose at 260-320 C. These  catalysts are unsuitable for
treatment of  gases which  will create catalytic toxins such as
sulfur, zinc, mercury, lead,  arsenic, fluoride,  and tin. Free of
contact with such elements, these catalysts will last for 30,000
to 40,000  hours and still  be reclaimable. Another deodorizing
method  which  is frequently used in Japan is washing with
water,  saline  water,  acids, or alkalies.  Water is effective for
solubles such as ammonia and amines; acids should  be washed
with alkalies, and alkaline gases should  be washed  with acids
or should be oxidized by chlorine, chlorine dioxide,  or potassi-
um permanganate. Activated carbon is used for the  absorption
method. Gas  washing and adsorption combination  can  be ef-
fectively employed for deodorization of ammonias and amines.
The ozone-oxidation method is mainly used for sewage treat-
ment. The amount of ozone required for sewage treatment is
reported to be  1 ppm; for restaurants, 5 ppm; fish canneries,
10 ppm; and paper pulp mills,  10-50 ppm. For masking odors,
acetic acid benzene, heliotropine, and vanillin are used. More
than forty kinds of air wicks, mostly manufactured  from plant
extracts and  chlorophyll,  are  used for  neutralizing different
odors.

32781
ENCLOSED DRY RENDERING  PLANT ELIMINATES POL-
LtJTION.     (Gekapselte  Ausschmelzanlage   eliminiert  die
Verschmutzung).  Text in  German. Wasser  Luft Betrieb,
15(8):317, Aug.  1971.
The rendering of slaughterhouse by-products  produces fumes
and odors which are drawn off from the enclosed cooking con-
tainer and passed through a filter. Residual fluids are removed
from the waste gas in a cooling chamber, which consists of an
enclosed cylindrical jacket with cooling pipes  arranged inside.
These pipes are continuously supplied with water. The waste
gases then are sent to a tower where they are  scrubbed with a
chlorine solution.

32797
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
ODOR CONTROL  OF FISHMEAL AND ANIMAL  OFFAL
FACTORY IN NORTH EUROPE AND TOKYO.  (Kaseiba no
akushu boshi taisaku - Hokuo to Tokyoto no baai).  Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(9):811-823,
Sept. 1971.
The main odor emission sources in fishmeal manufacturing
and animal offal treatment plants are heat processing, espe-
cially the desiccation processes; squeezing  process; odor from
the decomposing material itself;  treatment of  miscellaneous
mixtures in the material;  and  carrier vehicles and the cleaning
water waste. Odor is created  also from oil  and solubles which
the present method of processing does not extract completely
from the material. Buildings and the  factory sites are saturated
by the odor. Main odor producing elements, various measuring
methods,  and  the presently known deodorizing methods are
reviewed. Efforts should  be made to minimize the creation of
odor rather than to deodorize already produced odor; plants
should be designed to suit the material types, contents and the
degree of freshness;  material should  be dried indirectly  by
steam or heated air  and  the  interior of the dvyer should be
coated with teflon at least half the length of the oven from the
entrance; the building material and structure should be erosion
resistant  and easy to clean; the operations  should be checked
at a push-button control  panel; from the initial chute to the
completion of the operation, there should be no leakage of hot
air,  steam, or  liquid;  transportation and  storage should  be
designed so that the  freshness of material will be maintained;
those parts of the facilities where the  materials come in  con-
tact should be of impervious material; upkeep of buildings
should be  maintained  and greenery and gardens should  be
added on the  site. The best  method of deodorization is the
combination of water-washing, combustion, and maintenance
of freshness of the raw material.  A general survey of fishmeal
plants in Norway, Denmark and  West Germany, and detailed
explanations of the De Raval (?) deodorizer,  Atlas and ATV
deodorization processes are given.

32798
Ishii, Tomio
AIR POLLUTION (ODOR) CONTROL FOR KRAFT PULP
MILL WITH OZONE.  (Taiki osen (shuki)  to kurafuto parupu
mini no ozon dasshu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 7(9):824-828, Sept. 1971.  6 refs.
A pilot odorimeter was tested in  1970 in England wherein the
upper part of  the test tube had a heated  coil which lighted
mixed  gas.  The flame  rapidly  spread below and  formed
dispersed light.  Sample gas was passed into the tube from the
lower opening and through the burner at the speed of 7 m/sec;
the light continuously scattered at the narrow point of the tube
and reached the upper part  of  the water jacket which en-
veloped the tube. The intensity of the light was photoamplified
and was sent to a penrecorder. At the test site, methylmercap-
tan was discharged for five minutes  at a height of two meters
from the  ground,  100 meters windway from the measuring
point. The record showed a wave pattern with six or seven

-------
 122
ODORS
 large peaks, probably due to the breeze. But the test was
 deemed successful. In the United States, the Kraft Pulp Mill s
 deodorization process by ozone is an example of successful
 treatment of industrial odor problems. In the process of chemi-
 cal digestion of pulp, hydrogen  sulfide and methylmercaptan
 are emitted and create odor. According to a study, 1000  kg of
 pulp creates 114.2 g H2S and 824.1 g of mercaptan at the  Kraft
 Pulp Mill. The main sources of emissions are the stacks of the
 black liquor combustion furnace; discharge from the digester;
 waste  gas  from the blowdown; and  the non-condensable
 materials from the  evaporator and vacuum pumps. Oxidation
 of the gas from the black liquor stack solved that  particular
 problem,  but  the  main source  of odor was  the blowdown
 which  oxidation did not help. More  recently,  waste gases at
 this mill are treated through condensers where  ozone is added
 to the gas at the entrance and exit, and has proved successful.
 The duration of gas-ozone contact is  also important, and a 2.2
 sec exposure gave the best result.

 32799
 Hirama, Masashi, Kazuo Murata, and Katsuji Ashida
 MICROPOROUS THIN MEMBRANE, YUMICRON. (Bikosei
 usumaku yumikuron  (Yumicron)). Text  in Japanese. Yuasa
Jiho (Yuasa Tech. Inform.), no. 36:33-45, Sept. 1970. 4 refs.
The  Yuasa  Battery Company  has  developed  a  special
microporous thin membrane, Yumicron, made from  various
kinds of thermoplastic resins  with extremely fine  micropores.
Those membranes which have very fine micropores show the
characteristics  of  semi-permeable membranes such  as cel-
lophane.  Other  kinds of  Yumicron are  chemical-resistant,
water repellent, heat-sealable, and also available  for  various
uses as: battery separators, dialysers, diaphragms for electrol-
ysis, deodorizer bags, artificial gills, artificial kidneys,  and ar-
tificial lungs. (Author abstract modified)

32847
Aoyama, Mitsugu
WET TYPE ROTATING SCREEN CLEANING DEVICE AND
LOW TEMPERATURE INCINERATOR.  (Shisshiki kaiten su-
kurin seijo sochi oyobi teion nensho ro).  Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Reutilization of Resources Technical Assoc. (Japan),
6p.,  1971.  (Presented at the Seminar  on Reutilization of
Resources Technology, 2nd, Japan, July 12-14, 1971, Paper 3.)
A low  temperature incinerator has been combined with a wet
type rotating screen device in  order to trap soot, smoke, harm-
ful gases, and obnoxious odors. Two separate boards are fitted
to a rotating axis within a  drum and,  between the two  boards,
there is a frame for the screen. A blower is at  one end of the
axis, with an inlet to  suck in  the polluted air and a  discharge
outlet and  pipe  on  the opposite side. As the  axis is  rotated
about 1000 times/min, the polluted air is  caused  to pass  the
screen. Steam,  which is continuously emitted  from  the  inlet,
cleans the screen and traps the participates. Trapped matter is
neutralized with a caustic soda solution and disposed. Water
from a tank is poured on the  screen, and carbon which floats
on the water in the tank is pumped up, dried,  and recovered.
High polymers are burned in one stage of the incinerator, then
drop to the floor of a second incinerator and are again  burned.
An ignition device and a  blower are  attached.  Carbon can be
recovered.

32900
Nippon Sekiyu Co., Ltd. (Japan), Negishi Refinery
EXPLANATORY NOTE ON  ACTUAL STATE OF PUBLIC
NUISANCE CONTROL  MEASURES.  (Kogai boshi  taisaku
genkyo setsumeisho). Text in Japanese. 61p., July 1970.
       Air pollution countenneasures adopted by a petroleum refinery
       are reviewed.  The hydro-refinery  process  was  adopted to
       eliminate the offensive odors and harmful gases emitted from
       waste  liquor  generated  in the conventional process  using
       chemicals  (sulfuric acid or  caustic soda).  Sulfur recovery
       devices and a centralized chimney (130 m high) for effective
       smoke diffusion were installed. An air cooler, cooling water
       circulation system, and waste  water stripper were adopted.
       Deodorizers packed with active  carbon  were  positioned at
       various spots  for  odor  control. Noise prevention and water
       treatment devices  were  also installed.  Data  are given on the
       detailed  control measures,  atmospheric diffusion of  sulfur
       dioxide by season and under different meteorological  condi-
       tions. Analysis of water pollutants, and effectiveness  of the
       control equipment and processes.

       32913
       General Council for Industrial Pollution (Japan)
       SUCCESSFUL CASES OF INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC  NUISANCE
       CONTROL, (SUPPLEMENT).   (Sangyo  kogai  boshi  seiko
       reishu. (Tsuiho)). Text in Japanese.  Preprint, 30p., May 1971.
       (Presented at  the Industrial Technology Liaison Conference,
       Japan.) 2 refs.
       Nine successful cases of industrial public nuisance control are
       presented, including three cases of  air pollution control, five
       cases of waste water treatment, and one case of  noise/vibra-
       tion control. Sulfur oxides emitted in exhaust smoke were con-
       trolled using a catalyst type dry desulfurization process, with
       96-99% efficiency for smoke containing 1500-800 ppm for sul-
       fur oxides. A deodorization filter was designed for  factory,
       hospital, home, and air  coolers. A crucible furnace, partially
       modified by a small hole of 25-micron diameter in the lower
       part, reduced the smoke density, as  determined by the Ringel-
       mann smoke chart, without deterioration of combustion.

       32935
       Goldberg, Alexander S.
       A PROCEDURE  FOR TREATMENT  AND  DISPOSAL OF
       WASTEWATER SLUDGE.  J. Water Pollution Control Federa-
       tion, 43(9):1912-1920, Sept. 1971. 3 refs.
       Traditional sludge  stabilization or digestion has usually been
       biological, either aerobic or anaerobic, with all the problems
       inherent in any biological process. In September 1965, a series
       of experiments was begun with the aim of substituting a relia-
       ble chemical or physical process for the biological system of
       digestion.  The  dewatering problem  was approached  first. A
       study was made  of the relative  filtration rates  of  primary
       sludge,  digested sludge,  and activated sludge. Best  results
       were consistently obtained  with primary sludge.  In order to
       eliminate odor, chlorine was added  to the samples in various
       quantities to determine the  strength at  which the  odor  would
       consistently disappear; this  point was approximately 500 mg/1
       Cl per percent of sludge solids.  Several  alternate oxidation
       methods were tried,  and  the  use of sodium hypochlorite
       resulted in a suspension that was free  of  odor and the usual
       sticky  grease.  Because the  chlorinated  sludge behaved  like a
       paper mill slurry,  it was decided to  use screens as a filtration
       procedure similar to the process  used in the paper industry
       with papermaking machines. Two sources of  sludge were used
       for experiments to convert sludge into a product  suitable for
       manufacturing or agricultural uses. Costs are indicated.

       32937
       Gommi, J. V.
       OPERATING  PERFORMANCE OF A  RECOVERY BOILER
       ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM.   Tappi,  54(9):1523-1526,  Sept.

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                                            B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      123
 1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the
 Pulp  and Paper  Industry, Engineering Conference, Denver,
 Colo., Oct. 25-29, 1971.)
 The air contact evaporator system was developed as a means
 of removing the source of the hydrogen sulfide odor in Kraft
 recovery furnaces. An air heater transfers the heat from the
 exiting gases to the incoming clean air; this heated clean air is
 then  routed  to  a  cascade evaporator  where  it  removes
 moisture from the black liquor. The system retains and  rein-
 forces the operating philosophy  which  maximizes chemical
 conversion and recovery,  and  minimizes unbumed fuel and
 sulfur emissions. This is achieved by proper attention to spray
 droplet size, hearth bed shape, primary to secondary air ratio,
 and sufficient secondary air pressure to take advantage of the
 tangentially fired turbulence available  in the furnace design.
 Two  contact evaporator  systems  are  discussed and  are
 operated below code  requirements  for  toal  reduced sulfur
 compounds. Operating problems  are considered, as  well as
 recent operating experience.

 32956
 VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
 der Luft, Duesseldorf (West Germany), Fachausschuss der
 Mineraloelindustrie fuer gas- und staubfoermige Emissionen
 RESTRICTION OF EMISSION MINERAL-OIL REFINERIES.
 (Auswurfbegrenzung Mineraloelraffinerien). VDI  (Ver. Deut.
 Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2440, May 1967. 8 refs. Translated from
 German. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem,
 9p., May 1970. NTIS: TT 68-50469/15
 Mineral-oil refineries give off dust and gaseous emissions, and
 the latter is of real concern. Hydrocarbons evaporate into the
 atmosphere when their vapor pressure exceeds 100 torr at the
 storage temperature. Other emissions include sulfur dioxide,
 hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and carbon monoxide (formed
 only in the regenerators of catalytic cracking plants). When at-
 mospheric  distillation (topping) separates the crude oil into
 fractions differing in evaporation behavior, methane,  ethane,
 H2S,  mercaptans,  and  other malodorous  substances  are
 formed. Further distillation can then take place with vacuum
 distillation, which produces defines and sulfur oxides. The
 production of air-blown bitumen (oxidized asphalt), visbreak-
 ing,  catalytic cracking, and  reforming also produce  various
 pollutants including  H2S, phenols,  mercaptans,  and  other
 malodorous  sulfur  and oxygen compounds.  The reforming
process often includes an H2S scrubbing stage. Desulfurizing
 by hydrogenation produces H2S  which is removed by  H2S
 scrubbing. The H2S is then returned to the process cycle. Gas
 separation is  also used to produce propane, butane, H2S, and
 a residual gas of ethane-ethylene and methane. Lubricating-oil
 refining produces acid resins which vary in viscosity which
 can be eliminated by hydrogenation or the use of solvents in
refining. Since hydrocarbons have a high vapor pressure,  they
should be stored  in special tanks with floating-roofs or  con-
necting a fixed-roof tank to an existing enclosed gas system.
Blending can also  reduce  hydrocarbon emissions. Volatile
hydrocarbons   may   also  be   emitted   during   pumping,
processing, or through safety valves, but engineering design
changes can  eliminate this. Sulfur dioxide content must be
taken  into   account  in   stack-height  computation.  Also,
hydrogen sulfide can be eliminated by a Claus-kiln unit which
converts  it to elemental sulfur, which  can be recovered and
reused. Alkaline and acid waste water containing sulfur can be
used  for corrosion  prevention or  neutralized.  Waste-water
discharge systems,  waste incineration, inspection,  sampling,
and waste gas emission are also discussed.
33003
Koyama, Yoshimasa
EXAMPLES  OF ODOR COUNTERACTION MEASURES IN
SEWAGE  TREATMENT PLANTS.   (Sesiso kojo ni okeru
akushu taisaku no jisshi rei). Te in Japanese. Sangyo Kankyo
Kogaku (Ind. Environ. Eng.), vol. 65-66:58-68, July 1969.
Methods of removing odors at a domestic sewage collection
plant are described. Various solutions are presented for cases
where odors  escape from sewage intake ports despite  air cu-
tains,  water  films, and spraying of odor  neutralizers.  The
elimination of odors from incineration plants, especially from
garbage pits  prior to  incineration, is  also examined. In addi-
tion, the OMK (?) deodorizing system is described. Waste gas
is sprayed in the first chamber with an odor neutralizing solu-
tion. The gas is then  stirred with the fan until more odorants
are neutralized and foams are formed. The foamy gas  is  sub-
sequently defoamed by  in a water shower and the gas  is  then
discharged. The actual  application of the OMK system  to a
sewage collection plant is demonstrated and the results shown.
33073
Adalberto, Tirado A.
PROCESS DESIGN FOR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUS-
TRIAL PLANTS.   Print,  American  Inst. of Chemical En-
gineers,   New  York  and  Inst.  Mexicano  de  Ingenieros
Quimicos, 13p., 1970. 6 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitite  of  Chemical Engineers,  Institute Mexicano  de  In-
genieros Quimicos Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo., Sept. 2,
1970.)
Principles of process design for pollution control  in industrial
plants  were discussed. Modem process design must consider
the plant and nature as a whole. The principles used to control
odors in a Kraft pulp plants were given. Tendencies or poten-
tials can only be modified by tendencies or potentials of the
same nature. Material  and energy balances  are  always true.
Energy should tze used in a cascade. Internal recycling to
change temperature, concentrations, flow rates, and equilibria
without affecting the external energy and material balances is
a useful tool in fighting pollution. In pulp mills, contaminated
water is recycled to increase the recovery of fibers or  other
substances and, at  the same time, save substantial  quantities
of water.

33077
Hein, Glen M. and Richard B. Engdahl
ON-SITE INCINERATION OF RESIDENTIAL  WASTES. A.
DOMESTIC DWELLINGS. In: Principles and Practices of In-
cineration. Richard C. Corey  (ed.), New York,  Wiley-Inter-
science, 1969, Chapt. 4, p. 74-83. 8 refs.
The simple household incinerator often used gas burners  to ig-
nite, dry, and  bum the  charge. A survey showed  the  most
common complaints were caused by ashes around the burner,
overloading the charging compartment,  not burning the charge
fast enough, not emptying the ashes, clogging the grates with
unbumable materials, and improper charging and maintenance.
These surveys led to research for smokeless, odorless, fly-ash-
free units. Municipal  refuse was analyzed and the heats of
combustion for various substances were determined. Laborato-
ry tests were used  to develop two prototype incinerators. In
the prototypes, combustion air and flue-gas-dilution air  were
used for cooling the jacket and flue gas. Also, combustion-air
supply was controlled, and a separate supply was  used for af-
terburning. Using a gas-fired afterburner, a 1500 F  temperature
was maintained and smoke and odors were completely ox-

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 124
ODORS
 idized. Impingement or change of flow direction and velocity
 reduction caused  fly  ash  to  drop out.  Also, a  barometric
 damper prevented excessive chimney  draft.  The  ash-drawer
 capacity was  20% of  the loading  capacity, and burners and
 controls had easy access. Several  multi-chamber incinerators
 are discussed along with their pollution potential, and are com-
 pared to gas- and oil-fired heating units and  automobile ex-
 haust. Stack emissions include aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, or-
 ganic acids, ammonia,  hydrocarbons, sulfur  dioxide, carbon
 monoxide, and paniculate matter.

 33120
 Ono, Shigeru
 DEODORIZATION OF  CLEANING  FACILITIES.    (Seiso
 shisetsu, chikusangyo no bo-dasshu taisaku). Text in Japanese.
 Yosui to Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(9):1091-1106,  Sept. 1971.
 45 refs.
 Odor producing sources and the amounts of odor from sewage
 treatment plants  and related  facilities,  from  waste disposal
 systems and related facilities, and from pig and poultry farms
 are discussed  in detail. Methods of deodorization  of vacuum
 cars, sanitation facilities, and  pig and poultry farms are also
 discussed. The survey of vacuum  car deodorization methods
 includes a table of currently available techniques  such as ad-
 sorption by  ion exchange resin, activated metal, and desalina-
 tion by sulfonated carbon; masking by neutralizers, chlorides,
 and sewage mixture; combustion with fuel and thermal decom-
 position  by propane  gas;  and other methods such  as wet
 scrubbing and the use of low-speed rotating suction pumps to
 prevent  dispersion of  sewage. Thermal  decomposition of
 sewage  and dusts is usually achieved at  700 to 1200 C tem-
 perature. The combustion methods are effective when the odor
 content  is high and the water content in the  material is low.
 When combustion is incomplete, the result can be adversary;
 for instance, butanol will change into butyraldehyde or acetic
 acid and increase  the odor.  Ammonia does not burn in normal
 air, but  will change into nitrogen oxides. According to experi-
 ments, sludge odor will decompose between 680-740 C. Among
 the low molecule fatty acids,  acetic acid  and propionic acid
 will decompose at 743 C and capronic and butyric  acid at 778
 C. Poultry extrate dryer exhaust gas requires 600 C for decom-
 position. The  same gas treated in  platinum black catalyst at
 300 C reportedly has satisfactory results.

 33122
 Honda, Akihiro
 FUNDAMENTAL   METHODS  FOR  ODOR  CONTROL.
 (Akushu boshi no kihonteki hoho). Text in Japanese. Yosui to
 Haisui (J. Water Waste),  13(9): 1079-1090, Sept.  1971.
 Of  various  basic  methods  of deodorization,  those by (1)
 decomposition or solution and  concentration or absorption; (2)
 chemical deodorants; (3) adsorption; (4) ion exchange; and (5)
oxidation are  discussed in  detail. The first method includes
water scrubbing apparatus of simple water washing; columns
packed with coke, Raschig rings, pipes, or ceramic balls; step
towers such as  multi-perforation steps,  mesh-steps, lattice-
steps, air-jet steps, umbrella-steps, and floating balls; and spe-
cial  absorption towers such as waterfilm  types and cyclone
scrubbers. Temperatures for  concentration of various odor
producing  elements  are given.  Chemical deodorants  are
discussed according to various  classifications such as powders,
liquids,  and gases;  organic and inorganic methods;  methods
such as direct application,  surface covering, aerosol contact,
flow-through;  and  mechanisms such as psychological (mask-
ing, neutralization), physical (solution, adsorption),  and chemi-
cal  (concentration, superimposition, oxidation, reduction, and
       disinfection). Tables of deodorization effects by direct and in-
       direct applications of inorganic deodorants and deodorization
       mechanisms of organic  deodorants are given. Tables for the
       adsorption capacity of  activated carbon  for various  odor
       producing elements, room  sizes that one  pound of activated
       carbon will deodorize for one year, and necessary amounts of
       activated carbon  per  person per year for various classes of
       facilities are included. A table is presented showing the effec-
       tiveness of various ion  exchange resins. Various methods of
       oxidation, such as ozone, chlorine, combustion, and bacteria
       are discussed.

       33380
       Koyama, Yoshimasa
       NEUTRALIZATION OF  ODOR BY DEODORANT.  (Shoshu-
       zai ni yoru shuki no chuwa). Text in Japanese. Kuki  Seijo
       (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc.,  Tokyo), 9(3):21-27,
       Aug. 1971. 8 refs.
       Various methods  of deodorization are reviewed, including the
       difference  between  deodorization and  elimination  of  odor
       producing material, neutralization  of odor, and the  masking
       method. Omi Brothers Co., Ltd. obtained the sales rights of
       airwick in Japan in 1952. Airwick is a neutralizer developed by
       Guy Pascal of Airkem  in  1940, and is now used widely in
       Japanese homes and by  commercial and industrial establish-
       ments. Several apparatus using airwick are introduced. The
       Aerosol deodorization apparatus used used at sewage treat-
       ment plants consists of an air compresser, a neutralizer forcing
       tank,  and a  spray gun.  Another apparatus used at  sewage
       treatment plants is the odor suction aerosol deodorizer, which
       consists of a scrubbing tank, a neutralizer aerosol tank, and a
       blower. The odor-containing air is sucked into the system and
       washed in the scrubbing tank where water-soluble material dis-
       solves; the air comes into contact with the neutralizer in the
       aerosol  tank,  then is emitted  into  the atmosphere  by the
       blower". Various types of airwick are recommended for various
       specific purposes  and types of odor  producing plants and
       facilities.

       33398
       Murahara, Masao
       DEODORIZAHON OF POULTRY EXCRETA BY BACTERIA
       PROCESSING.  (Biseibutsu ni yoru keifun no dasshu-ho). Text
       in Japanese. (Assignee not given.) Japan.  Pat. Sho 46-30764.
       4p., Sept. 7, 1971.  2  refs.  (Appl. April  25,  1967, claims not
       given).
       A newly discovered bacillus MM-43, No. 552 can be separated
       from  soil and  cultivated in amino acid culture  made  from
       agricultural product waste. This  bacillus has a characteristic of
       breeding and growing at a temperature of approximately 50 C
       and has a deodorizing ability. Amino acid dreg 250 g (water
       70%, nitrogen 0.8%), 160 ml of water, 7.5g  of slaked lime, and
       three  ml of the bacilli are  mixed and cultured for 42; hours.
       Fresh chicken feces, 500 g, is mixed in the culture. The odor
       will disappear as  the  mixture is stirred, and the excreta will
       stay odorless after it is dried.

       33617
       Miyahara, Kingo
       COMBUSTION DEVICE FOR ODOROUS  GAS.   Text  in
       Japanese. (Assignee not given.)  Japan. Pat. Sho 46-23829. 2p.,
       Aug. 17, 1971. (Appl. Dec. 9, 1963, 1 claim).
       An odor control device is described which comprises a suction
       section, a duct section, and a mixing/combustin section. The
       built-in blower  sucks  in the odorous gases together with air,

-------
                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     125
then mixes them with an auxiliary fuel gas, and noiselessly
burns  the  mixture  for  the  removal of  the  odor.  The mix-
ing/combustion section is a box-like case with a vane wheel in-
stalled at its entrance and a burning element at the exit.

33742
Nakajima,  Kazuo
ODOR  CONTROL BY  UOP  CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
SYSTEM.  (Shokubai nenshoho ni yoru akushu jokyo). Text in
Japanese.  Kuki Seijo  (Clean  Air - J. Japan Air  Cleaning As-
soc., Tokyo), 9(3):13-20, Aug. 1971.
The  UOP  catalytic combustion system, developed some  20
years ago  by the Catalytic  Combustion Company  (presently
called  Universal  Oil  Products,  Air   Correction  Div.),  is
discussed with the use of flowsheets and tables.  The catalysts
are thin ribbons of refractory  alloys of nickel  group  metals
used as carriers and those of platinum group metals used  as
activators.  They  are  highly  conductive, durable, light, and
adaptable  to variation of gas concentrations. The amount  of
catalyst is  determined by the amount of exhaust gas.  Among
some 20 kinds of catalytic elements, the D-2 type, which treats
16 N cu/min  is the most popular. Catalytic  toxin  producing
metals are mercury, lead, tin, and zinc.  When catalysts receive
damages by the steam of these  material, recovery of catalysts
at the  manufacturer s plant is necessary. Also,  when halogen
(fluoride, chlorine, or bromine) exist in exhaust  gas, catalytic
activity will decrease;  dust, soot, mud,  rust, oxidation,  organic
potassium compounds, and many other causes may lower the
activity, and the  catalysts may require washing or rejuvena-
tion. However, except  for  special catalytic  toxic  reactions,
washing on the plant  site once or  twice a year  will insure  at
least three  to five years of functioning, and with two or three
rejuvenations  at the  manufacturer s plant,  catalysts  should
have approximately 10  years of life.  One  advantage  of this
system is  its capacity of heat recovery. Exhaust gases from
enameling,  plating, or baking furnaces  contain solution steam
that is combustible. Successful examples of heat recovery are
presented.

33793
SEWAGE SLUDGE BURNED WITHOUT SMOKE OR  ODOR.
 Public Works, 102(10):72-74, Oct. 1971.
In San Mateo, California,  the  city  engineers solved the
problem of disposing of sewage sludge by  installing  an  in-
cinerator system. A multi-hearth furnace, fueled with natural
gas, reduces 25 tons of sludge cake per day to one ton of dry,
sterile ash.  Long-range plans for the treatment plant include a
proposed full secondary treatment  system and eventual tertia-
ry system  to reclaim wastewater  for municipal  parks and
recreation facilities. Solids and other materials are shredded by
two comminutors at the  main lift  station, and the sewage  is
then prechlorinated to  control odor and reduce BOD and
coliforms. The sewage is first pumped  into three clarifiers for
settling and separation of solids and liquids. Floating  grease
and skimmings are removed by a surface scraper and gravity-
fed into a pit for subsequent pumping to the natural gas sludge
incinerator.  During  the  combustion  process, all fumes and
odors are destroyed thermally.

33816
THE INSTALLATION OF HONEYCAT SYSTEMS.  Platinum
Metals Rev., 15(4):132-133, Oct. 1971. 2 refs.
The Honeycat air pollution control system depends on cata-
lytic combustion converting organic vapors, the main cause of
most  factory  smells,  to non-smelling  and harmless  carbon
dioxide and water. Effective odor abatement may be obtained
with the Honeycat platinized ceramic honeycomb catalyst at
operating temperatures of about 50%  of  those required  in
direct  incineration systems. The system is already being  ap-
plied in the animal by-products, food manufacturing, and fish
meal industries. The critical factors that affect the solving of
air pollution problems of this type are the composition, tem-
perature, and volume of the process gas to be treated.

33854
Bachmair, Anton
REPORT ON  LECTURE  GROUP  F OF  THE CONGRESS
REINHALTUNG DER LUFT 1969. Staub (English translation
from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 30(2):26-35, Feb.
1970. 18 refs. NTIS: TT 70-50047/2
Summaries are presented of lectures on odors,  waste incinera-
tion, and domestic fuels. Odors  are reduced by thermal waste-
gas purification, catalytic waste-gas purification, and chemical
oxidation; data is included on the efficiency of these processes
as used in  the  food industry. The state of the  art of reducing
emissions from waste incineration is described,  and regulations
covering large and small incinerator plants are noted. Smaller
plants  use primarily  mechanical separators; large plants, elec-
trostatic precipitators. Proposed processes for removing sulfur
dioxide from smoke are not yet suitable for practical use  in
waste incineration. With the increased use of gas and electrici-
ty, emission of solid matter from domestic furnaces will drop
by approximately 50% in the next 10 years, but SO2 emissions
will increase with  the increased use of oil for domestic fur-
naces.  Five processes for producing fuels  which emit little
smoke are  described:  the Inichar-sand-bed  furnace  process,
the alkali  briquette-making process, the BF-sanding coking
processes for smoldering anthracite briquettes and coal pellets,
and the hot briquette-making process.

34073
Ito, Norio, Masao Shimoda, and Hideo Takahashi
EFFECTIVE SLUDGE TREATMENT TECHNIQUE AND ITS
COST.  (Hedero no kokateki shori gijutsu to sono hiyo). Text
in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 2(9):58-61,  Sept. 1971.
Quicklime is an effective agent for  the treatment of sludge
containing  hydrogen sulfide. When  the  flow velocity of the
H2S is five 1/min or lower, 250  ppm H2S can be reduced to 0
ppm. The H2S  gas can be completely absorbed when the ratio
of the  thickness of the quicklime layer to the flow velocity is
larger than or equal to three. X-ray diffraction  analysis of the
quicklime after absorbing the H2S confirmed the formation of
slaked  lime and calcium sulfide. The odor peculiar to H2S gas
was completely removed when 100 g  quicklime were added to
10 kg sludge, then stirred at 50 rpm for five min. One ton of
quicklime is enough to control half a million cu m of sludge.

34385
Kalish, John
EUROPE  S  LARGEST  KRAFT DIGESTER  COMES  ON
STREAM AT BILLERUD.  Pulp Paper Int., 13(ll):51-55, Oct.
1971.
Europe s largest continuous kraft  digester — rated at 940
tons/day —  and a highly  advanced  evaporation and cross-
recovery system highlight the  recently completed kraft pulp
expansion at the Gruvon mill of Billerud AB in Sweden. About
half of the  output of the new digester is flash dried market
pulp from twin 275-ton/day flash dryers, marking Billerud s
entry as a producer of unbleached kraft market pulp. Environ-
mental and emission control at Billerud centers around a very

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 126
ODORS
well designed recovery system with several unique features for
optimal operation and order reduction.  A new technique  of
splitting  the condensates from the black liquor evaporation
stages has been employed to isolate contaminated condensates
and  provide for subsequent destruction  of the contaminants.
The  two present evaporator lines are attached to  a 20-ton/hr
forced circulation stage for concentration of the thick liquor to
65% solids, considered  to  facilitate subsequent combustion.
Sodium  hydroxide is added to the first stage of the stack gas
scrubber. The recovery boiler and other details of the recovery
system are described. (Author summary modified)

34679
Carruthers, J. D.
WEB OFFSET PRESS AIR  POLLUTION: HOW SERIOUS  IS
IT? Inland Printer/Am. Lithogr., 167(1):50-51, April 1971.
Thermal incineration systems are not suitable to pollution con-
trol in printing plants. Experiments were conducted using a gas
chromatograph with a mass-integral detector to analyze  both
quantitatively and qualitatively  the exhaust from two 38-in.
web  presses. Two kinds  of heat-set ink containing 20-30% sol-
vent were used on two kinds of stock, gloss-coated and matt-
coated no.  45  paper. Analysis  of the  ink  solvent showed
mainly C11-C12 hydrocarbons. Increasing the amount of flame
drying produced substantial changes. First, the high boiling
hydrocarbons  completely   disappeared  from the  exhaust.
Second, a low-boiling fraction of C3 to  C9 hydrocarbons ap-
peared. A change in the kind of paper also produced a noticea-
ble change in the effluent. The glossy paper promoted burning
and cracking of the solvent on the web. Consequently, fewer
high-boiling hydrocarbons were emitted. The  opposite effect
was observed for the matt-coated paper. These results indicate
that  by  adjustment of  heat in the dryer,  smoke and  odor
problems from high-boilers  and low-boilers, respectively, can
be controlled.

34778
Timby, E. A.
AIRFLOW  RATE  REQUIREMENTS IN PASSENGER AIR-
CRAFT.  Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnsborough  (En-
gland),  Engineering  Physics  DepL,  Ministry  of  Aviation
Supply Current Papers 1136, 27p.,  1970. 15  refs. NTIS: N71-
20849
Airflow  requirements for cabins of passenger transport aircraft
are considered from the aspects of breathing, temperature con-
trol,  odor control, pressurization, and equipment  cooling.  In
supersonic  aircraft  the  consequences  of  a pressurization
failure and the requirements of equipment cooling are likely to
prevent  much reduction  in airflow below current figures. The
present  fresh airflow rate is specified as 1.2  Ib/min per pas-
senger during flight and 0.5 Ib/min during taxi conditions.  In
subsonic aircraft the airflow could  be reduced for pressuriza-
tion but is likely to be dictated by odor control on which infor-
mation  is  lacking   under   representative  conditions.  The
minimum engine air bleed rate would occur for a system which
recirculates  and  purifies  a  proportion of  the  cabin air.
Development  of  cabin  air distribution  systems   would  be
required if airflow is to be reduced. Odors can be removed  by
adsorption,   scrubbing,  and  masking.  (Author   summary
modified)

34868
Duncan, Leon and Isaiah Gellman
THE AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL PROGRAM OF THE NA-
TIONAL COUNCIL OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY FOR AIR
       AND STREAM IMPROVEMENT.   Vanderbilt Univ., Nash-
       ville, Term. Dept of Environmental and Water Resources En-
       gineering, and Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board, En-
       viron. Water Resources  Eng.  Conf.,  9th, Annu., Nashville,
       Tenn., 1970, p. 41-44. (June 4-5.)
       During the past 15 years, the National Council of the Paper In-
       dustry for Air and Stream Improvement has been actively en-
       gaged in a research program aimed toward air quality protec-
       tion. These efforts encompass such areas as development and
       application of sampling and analytical techniques, adaptation
       and evaluation of air pollution control equipment, changes in
       processes and operations to effect improved atmospheric emis-
       sion,  and applications of new concepts in pulp and paper mak-
       ing operations for more effective emissions control. Currently,
       the major thrust is in the area of odor control from kraft mill
       operations.

       35554
       Klein, Nicholas
       SMOKE CLEANING APPARATUS.  (Assignee not given.) U.
       S. Pat. 3,582,051. 7p., June 1, 1971. 4 refs. (Appl. Jan. 8, 1969,
       10 claims).
       Previous apparatus for reducing air pollution caused by smoke
       discharging furnaces and incinerators has been limited to fil-
       ters  of  various kinds,  generally  screens placed  at outlets  of
       chimneys. These  filters have not been  satisfactory because
       they  quickly become  clogged and  ineffective.  Electrostatic
       precipitators have limited applications since they are complex,
       expensive, and most suitable for extremely fine particles.  In
       the present  process, smoke bearing  large particles  is first
       passed  through a conical baffle assembly made of closely
       spaced overlapping rings at the bottom of a smoke  stack  or
       chimney. The conical baffle assembly holds back larger parti-
       cles which fall back to  the furnace for rebuming and removal
       via cleanout  doors  in  the furnace.  The smoke then  passes
       through helical baffles in which an apertured spray pipe sprays
       water to cool the smoke and fumes and entrap more particles
       in the smoke. The dirty water flows down to the conical baffle
       and is then drained off  to a sewer or filter tank and recirculat-
       ing pump. The cleaned smoke is then deodorized by a sprayed
       deodorant and passes  up  out of  the chimney  to  the  at-
       mosphere.

       35566
       Shieh, Wen-shong and Robert H. Essenhigh
       EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF WASTE COMBUSTION IN
       A TEST INCINERATOR. Preprint, Delaware Univ., Newark,
       31p.,  1971. 20 refs. (Presented at the Mid-Atlantic Industrial
       Waste Conference, 4th, Newark, Del., Nov. 18-20, 1970.)
       Experiments on waste combustion in a test incinerator are ex-
       amined with respect to  incinerator design, instrumentation for
       analysis   and  determination   of   emissions,   operational
       procedures, and results. Smoke, fly ash, and odoriferous  or
       noxious gases were emitted in the process. The countervortex
       system  of overbed air supply was  capable  of  generating a
       stirred-reactor flame-holder  for the  overbed flame,  which
       could be maintained only above some minimum  rate of fuel
       and air supply. The fuel for the  overbed flame was mainly a
       product of pyrolysis. When the overbed flame was absent, the
       prime source of heat for pyrolysis was the convective heating
       from the bed. When air rich was burned,  the overbed flame
       was clean, but when fuel rich, it emitted smoke. With a suffi-
       ciently hot overbed flame, radiation  alone would be sufficient
       for total pyrolysis, thus minimizing fly ash emissions. (Author
       conclusions modified)

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     127
35595
McCabe, Louis C.
SANITARY ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engrs.,
vol. 80:392-1 to 392-4, Jan.  1954. (Presented at the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Annual Convention, New York,
Oct. 21, 1953.)
The sanitary engineer has extensive experience with air pollu-
tion problems, notably waste disposal and odors. The need for
odor control in industries which process dead animals may be
greater than in the packing plants which are preparing food for
human consumption. Some of the rendering plants in the Los
Angeles area have used venturi jet condensers successfully but
most rely on incineration to abate odors. Lack of cleanliness
in maintenance may also account for odors around rendering
plants. The greatest source of malodors in oil refineries are
mercaptans which contain sulfur and are commonly  derived
from high  sulfur crudes. Mercaptans may be removed from
petroleum products by treating in a variety of processes, prac-
tically  all of which utilize  caustic  action.  Paint  and  varnish
plants  may discharge highly irritating substances  such as
acrolein, aldehydes, and  fatty acids from their processes. In-
cineration  of  domestic   household waste  and garbage  is
generally not a  sure means of eliminating odors in air pollu-
tion. Poor design, intermittent operation, and the character of
the waste material are responsible for unsatisfactory operation.
It is also recognized that hydrocarbons in the air may be ox-
idized  to produce compounds  which will damage growing
crops and  cause eye irritation.  Some  control equipment for
dust, smoke, and fumes are noted.

35609
Lorentz, Fred
A CHEMICAL  PLANT  S SOLUTION OF AERIAL POLLU-
TION  AND  WASTE  DISPOSAL.    Chem.  Eng.  Progr.,
46(8):377-379, Aug. 1950.
The principal potential air pollution offense at a New Jersey
pharmaceutical plant arises from a few steps in the vitamin Bl
synthesis  where  the  production  and  handling of  sodium
dithioformate  is  involved. The  vapors  have  a  garlic-sulfide
stench. Activated carbon is the  most effective method of ar-
resting the  airborne odors which  cannot be easily destroyed by
chemical scrubbing solutions. The odor adsorption system con-
sists of a low speed exhaust fan drawing 12,000 cu ft/min of
air at  three-eighths-in. standard  pressure through a manifold
duct system connected  to the vents of about  15  pieces of
equipment,  all handling  the malodorous intermediates. This
method is  convenient to operate and  has a  high  capacity
resulting in a fairly long adsorbing cycle. Flexible design of an
incinerator makes it possible to dispose of large quantities of a
wide variety of liquid and solute  wastes in a completely innox-
ious manner, even to the extent of disposing  of objectionable
aqueous solutions.

35660
Lardieri, Nicholas J.
PRESENT TREATMENT PRECTICE OF KRAFT MILLS ON
AIR-BORNE EFFLUENTS.   Paper  Trade J.,  142(15):28-33,
April 14, 1958. 7 refs.
A survey was conducted to ascertain what methods are used
for treatment of  atmospheric  effluents from  kraft  pulping
mills; 58 mills participated. The  types of recovery equipment
used,  specific  abatement techniques for  various  effluents,
costs of abatement processes, and the public relations aspects
of the problem were considered. The equipment used for col-
lection of particulate matter and aerosols from recovery fur-
nace stacks included electrostatic precipitators (50 mills) and
venturi scrubbers  (nine mills) two mills used no equipment
whatever. Wet scrubbers were used by 54 mills and dry dust
collectors by one to control lime kiln exhaust; one mill did not
use any control equipment. Odorous emissions from  the kraft
industry occur primarily from digestion and chemical recovery.
Some  reduction in  these emissions  from digester  gases  is
achieved in most Southern kraft mills through the turpentine
recovery  system.  Odors from the  black liquor  recovery
systems arise from the multiple-effect evaporator condensates
and from furnace  stacks. Methods  used to abate odors from
these sources are scrubbing of evaporator noncondensables
with caustic or black liquor, air oxidation of black liquor prior
to recovery,  and  odor-masking of catalytic  reactant  com-
pounds. Capital costs are about $1000. per ton of productive
capacity.

35803
Miyajima, Hiroshi
TREATMENT  OF  EMISSION  GAS  FROM  RECOVERY
BOILERS.  (Kaishu  boira no haigasu shori ni  tsuite). Text  in
Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensho (Fuel and  CCombustion),
38(12):1161-1176, Dec. 1971.
The emission gas from the recovery boiler of a Kraft pulp mill
enters  an electrostatic precipitator and approximately 95% of
eight to ten g/N cu  m size dusts are collected. The  gas then
enters  a wet cyclone scrubber and most of 0.4 - 0.5 g/N cu  m
size dusts are collected and some 0.15 to 0.2  g/N cu m dust
particles  remain. Altogether, 98  to 99% of  the dusts are col-
lected. The dusts  are collected  mostly  by  colliding  with the
spray liquid in the  scrubber or diffusing or adhering to the sur-
face of the  liquid. The characteristics of this scrubber are its
simple structure, easy operation, cleansing operation without
power, little draft  loss, a wide design possibility for a variety
of particle sizes, types,  and quantities, a small space require-
ment, a high collection rate of  small particles, its multi-func-
tions, and an excellent anti-erosion capacity. The odor is con-
trolled by an alkaline solution additive in the  scrubber liquid
which  absorbs  hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans.  The  car-
ryover of the dusts  from the recovery boiler  is successfully
prevented by avoiding overloading, increasing the  concentra-
tion of the black liquor, reducing the inorganic  elements in the
liquor, reducing the  first air supply to the  minimum,  and
decreasing the black liquor jet pressure.

35879
Ludington, David C., Albert T. Sobel, and B. Gormel
CONTROL  OF ODORS  THROUGH  MANURE MANAGE-
MENT. Trans. ASAE (Am. Soc. Agr. Engrs.), 14(4):771-774,
780, July-Aug. 1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Winter Meeting, Chicago, HI., Dec.
1969, Paper 69-936.)
Two different experiments were conducted to check the in-
fluence of moisture removal and manure removal on the odor
offensiveness of the  gases released from chicken manure. An
odor panel was  used to evaluate odor offensiveness. Results
showed that removing moisture reduced the odor level. Diluted
manure always  produced the highest offensiveness  and un-
diluted manure the next highest. Daily scraping, which did not
allow for buildup of manure, also successfully controlled odor.
A manure management  system which either removes the
manure from the building at least daily without manure buil-
dup  or removes  moisture from the  manure  will  cause  a
minimum amount of air pollution by  the release of  odorous
compounds.  (Author summary)

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 128
ODORS
35955
Howorth, Frederic Hugh
APPARATUS FOR FILTERING POLLUTED AIR.  (Appareil
pour ffltrer de 1 air politic). Text in French. (Howorth (James)
and Co. Ltd, Bolton (England)) Swiss Pat. 503,511.  3p., April
15, 1971. (Appl. Sept. 10, 1968, 5 claims).
An apparatus  is  described for removing impurities such as
dust,  sludge, and oily  or tarry  particles from polluted  air
drawn  either from working premises or from the open  at-
mosphere, and projected through a conduit. Inside the conduit,
two sheet filters  made  of porous plastic material  and sup-
ported  by frames are mounted in parallel a short distance from
each other at an angle of 45 deg to the center line of the con-
duit. As the air flows through, the particles are trapped  by the
first filter, and are washed down by a water spray from a per-
forated tube located ahead of the filter. The polluted spray
       water is collected in a receiving tank attached to the underside
       of the conduit. From there the liquid flows by gravity into a
       sump  tank which  comprises two compartments,  separated
       from each other by an overflow partition wall. The  first com-
       partment  provides  for  settling  and sedimentation,  and  is
       designed to permit periodic removal of the sludge and replace-
       ment with clean water. The second compartment receives the
       clear overflow water, to which a deodorizing detergent solu-
       tion is added; the detergent is  selected  depending  on the
       source of the polluted air. The cleaned water is returned to the
       spray system and thus re-used in a closed  cycle. The  air that
       has passed through the first filter carries a  substantial  amount
       of humidity which forms into droplets on contact with the
       second filter in the conduit; the droplets fall back onto the
       first filter and are thus returned to the water collecting  system.
       After passing through the second  filter, the air is only slightly
       more humid than it was on entering the apparatus.

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                                                                                                                  129
                         C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
00178
N. A. Huey, L. C. Broering, and C. W. Gruber
ODOR MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES H (SECOND YEAR
FINAL REPT.) Cincinnati Dept. of Safety, Ohio, Bureau of Air
Pollution Control and Heating Inspection. Dec. 1959. 42 pp.
A brief review of instrumentation developments, and odor de-
tection and measurement problems is presented. Odor strength
measurement research involved the development of scentome-
ter instrumentation, the  1959 Model and the 1959A Model; in-
vestigation of  the  Liquid  Dilution Method;  and  studies  of
human odor detection abilities. Odor source detection research
included  the studies of meteorological equipment, meteorologi-
cal data,  complaint analysis, and investigation procedures.

00965
R. Cederlof, M. L. Edfors, L. Friberg, and T. Lindvall
ON THE DETERMINATION  OF ODOR  THRESHOLDS IN
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL - AN EXPERIMENTAL  FIELD
STUDY  ON  FLUE GASES FROM SULFATE CELLULOSE
PLANTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 16(2):92-94,  Feb.
1966.
From the hygienic point of view, not only the health hazards
caused by air pollutants but also the odor from emitted flue
gases  should be reduced to a minimum. An effective control of
the risk of odor at ground level presupposes knowledge of the
source concentration of the odoriferous gas as well as its  odor
threshold has to  be estimated empirically,  as  the flue gases
often  contain a complex mixture of different odoriferous sub-
stances,  the  odor thresholds of which are in most cases  unk-
nown. For this purpose a method has been developed for esti-
mating the odor thresholds of flue gases emitted from different
industrial processes. The method, a field method,  is based on
an exposure  procedure, a  number of subjects compare dif-
ferent concentrations of the flue gas with samples  of fresh air
and decide at  what concentration  the flue gas is no  longer
noticeable. The gas  samples used are neither compressed, nor
absorbed or  heated  before the exposure test. The method has
been used in  two  studies on gases from Swedish sulfate cellu-
lose  plants.   In order  to  estimate  the  effect on the  odor
threshold of different deodorizing measures, gas samples were
taken  not only from the stack but also from different phases in
the production  process. The results and a brief discussion on
the practical applications of the method are given. (Author ab-
stract)

01289
M. Feldstein, S. Balestrieri, and D. A. Levaggi
STUDIES ON  THE GAS  CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETER-
MINATION OF MERCAPTANS. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 15(5):215-7, May 1965. (Presented at the Sixth  Conference
on Methods in Air Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley,  Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
A series of partitioning agents were studied to determine their
ability  to separate  organic sulfur  compounds by gas chro-
matography.   Several columns  showed promise, but did not
separate  organic sulfur compounds  from normally occurring
atmospheric hydrocarbons. Higher concentrations of organic
sulfur compounds in stack gases are separated as metallic salts
in a series of impingers. The nature of the precipitated sulfur
compound can be  determined by gas chromatography after
regeneration of the compound by addition of acid to the metal-
lic precipitate. (Author abstract)

02786
R. H. LinneU and W. E. Scott
DIESEL EXHAUST COMPOSITION AND  ODOR STUDIES.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  12, (11) 10-5, Nov. 1962.
Some of the techniques being used and evaluated for exhaust
analysis are outlined.  Results except for some qualitative and
tentative findings are shown in  tables 1-8. Most values are
averages of 2 or 3 determinations. These determinations were
made on new samples taken at different times, with intervals
of several weeks elapsing in some cases. Paniculate matter in-
formation in table 1 indicates organic  compounds adsorption.
This is  of interest  in eye irritation and odor work  since al-
dehydes may be present on paniculate matter in higher con-
centrations than are present in the gas phase. The CC14 ex-
tracts of particulate matter show infrared bands characteristic
of  hydrocarbons,  olefins, aldehydes, and  carbonyl. Com-
parison  of  hydrocarbon  measurements,  formaldehyde  and
acrolein,  and  miscellaneous  compounds  are discussed.  26
references.

03010
H. Devorkin, R.L. Chass, A.P. Fudurich, C.V. Kanter
SOURCE TESTING MANUAL.  Los Angeles County Air Pol-
lution Control District, Calif. 181 pp., Nov. 1965
Specialized methods and  techniques  for the curtailment of
contaminants being released into the atmosphere, developed in
the laboratory and  in the  field are described in this manual.
These methods  are concerned primarily with the measurement
of emissions from stationary sources, and in general, with lit-
tle  or no modification, these methods can also be used for
testing vehicles or other moving sources. Information obtained
form  source tests  is  invaluable  as  a  guide  in selecting ap-
propriate control equipment and  improving the design of fu-
ture installations to minimize  the discharge  of  air contami-
nants. Following topics are discussed:  Planning a source test;
Determination of gas flow rate; Collection and analysis of par-
ticulate  matter, and of gaseous constituents; Odor measure-
ment; Source test report. The appendixes deal with rules and
regulations, conversion factors and constants, and auxiliary
field sampling equipment.

03354L
J. H. Sullivan, D. H. Robertson, and C. Merritt, Jr.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE VOLATILE COMPONENTS
OF FOODSTUFFS, m.  COFFEE AROMA.   Quartermaster
Research and Engineering Center, Natick, Mass., Pioneering
Research Division.  (Research Report Analytical Chemistry Se-
ries No. 12.) (Presented before the Division of Agricultural and

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 130
ODORS
 Food Chemistry, 135th National Meeting, American Chemical
 Society, Boston, Mass., Apr.  1959.) Sept.  30,  1959.  16  pp.
 CFSTI DDC 636331
 Mass spectrometric  analysis has led to the identification of
 several components of coffee aroma. The volatile compounds
 from ground roasted coffee are collected by distillation under
 high vacuum  at room temperature into a receiver  at liquid
 nitrogen temperature. Direct fractionation of a 'center cut* on
 the mass spectrometer and subsequent analysis has shown the
 presence of more  than twenty  compounds.  Among the com-
 pounds identified  are furans,  aldehydes,  esters, alcohols,
 nitriles  and sulfur compounds.  The  techniques which have
 been used offer the following advantages: (1) The method of
 collection by vacuum distillation in a closed system is superior
 to other methods of collection. (2) A minimum of sample han-
 dling reduces  greatly any loss of material. (3) Direct analysis
 on the spectrometer permits a complete  qualitative analysis in
 a rapid, efficient manner and also provides  for the extension
 to quantitative analysis, if desired. (Author abstract)

 03542L
 L. Reckner, F. R. Taylor, W. E. Scott, H. J. Wimette
 DIESEL  EXHAUST  COMPOSITION, ODOR AND EYE  IR-
 RITATION (PROGRESS  REPORT MAY 1, 1962 TO FEB 15,
 1963.  Preprint 1963.
 Further work  with the two-cycle 6-cylinder V-type diesel  en-
 gine is reported which which covers solid and liquid particu-
 late emissions at various operating conditions, odor intensity
 and eye irritation  observations  by a human panel  at three
 operating conditions, analyses of the particulate for polycyclic
 aromatic hydrocarbons and further  analyses of the gaseous
 emissions by long-path infrared and colorimetric techniques. A
 number  of  polycyclic  aromatic  hydrocarbons,  including
 benzo(a)pyrene and  several  other compounds with  reported
 positive biological  activity, have been detected  in diesel  ex-
 haust by fluorescence spectroscopy. The concentrations  of
 most polycyclics were highest from 1/2 load to 7/8 load with a
 sharp decrease from 7/8 load to full load. The benzo(a)pyrene
 concentrations found in diesel exhaust (0.6 to 7.4 micrograms
 per cubic meter) were lower than the 8.5 micrograms per cubic
 meter recently reported for automobile exhaust, but the diesel
 produced more benzo(a)pyrene (0.15 to 1.3 milligrams) per gal-
 lon of fuel than the automobile (0.27 milligrams).  Fluorescence
 analyses of  new and  used lubricating oil and the  rate of oil
 consumption indicate that the contribution of the  oil to the ex-
 haust particulate of this  engine is negligible. Values for  the
 emissions of nitrogen dioxide have been revised downward as
 a  result  of using an improved sampling  technique  which
minimizes the  oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide. Of
 the three engine operating modes studied, the odor intensities
 and eye irritation observed by the human panel were lowest at
 the 1200 RPM-1/4 load condition. It is  believed at this time
 that the eye irritation from the  exhaust  can  be accounted for
 by the formaldehyde and acrolein found in the exhaust. There
is  no  clear-cut correlation, however,  between the  concentra-
 tions of these aldehydes and the odor differences  observed.

 03789
J. S. Leonard
STACK EMISSION SAMPLING.  TAPPI 49, (10) 84A-85A,
Oct. 1966. (Presented at  the  Shipley Award Program, Pacific
 Section, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
West Linn, Oreg., Mar. 15, 1966.)
Potential air pollutants in kraft pulping  emissions  consist es-
 sentially of solid particulate and sulfur containing malodorous
       gases. The solid particulate is generally of a caustic nature,
       whereas the malodorous gases are of an acidic nature. In an
       effort to monitor these emissions effectively, a series of emis-
       sion sampling stations and specialized sampling devices have
       been constructed. The particulate sampling  device operates on
       an  electrostatic  precipitation principle  and  allows for the
       simultaneous  sampling  of solid particulate  and  malodorous
       gases. Four sampling stations are located on vertical stacks, at
       least five diameters downstream from obstructions. Sheltered
       work areas are provided with electricity and compressed air.
       (Author abstract)

       04117
       F. R. Rehm
       TEST   METHODS   FOR   DETERMINING   EMISSION
       CHARACTERISTICS OF INCINERATORS (INFORMATIVE
       REPORT NO. 2).  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3)  127-
       35, Mar. 1965.
       In considering the problem of incinerator  air pollution emis-
       sion characteristics, early attention must be given to defining
       the type discharges which are of greatest concern. At this time
       the following 3 categories of incinerator effluents-visual emis-
       sions (smoke), particulates, and odor are of  primary interest. It
       is in these 3 areas that the greatest present need exists with
       respect to air pollution performance  evaluation standards or
       limitations and standardized test methods. It is  toward the
       standardization of testing of these 3 classes of incinerator ef-
       fluents  that this  report is pointed.  Visual  Emission Testing:
       Until some better tool evolves, the Ringelmann Chart will un-
       doubtedly serve as the  most frequently used  method for as-
       sessing visual smoke emissions from incinerators and other
       combustion  equipment.  In  recent   years   refinement  of
       techniques has allowed for the grading  of colored effluents
       other than black or white. Other applications in this category
       have included paper tape filters and photoelectric devices.
       Odor Testing: A 1961 Performance Evaluation Sub-Committee
       survey disclosed that only a limited amount of work has been
       conducted on odor testing of incinerator effluents. The human
       nose has been relied upon to a great extent. The ASTM Stan-
       dard Method for Measurement of Odor in Atmospheres (Dilu-
       tion Method) D 1391-57 involves sampling  the gas for which
       the odor is to be measured and then diluting it with odor-free
       air until an observer can barely perceive the odor. Particulate
       Testing: This  has involved various approaches to attain the
       following: (1)  a  representative sample of gas  and suspensoid
       from a  main gas stream; (2) filtering the particulates from the
       sampled gas stream; (3) accurately measuring the sampled gas
       volume; (4) measurements to assess total emission charac-
       teristics  - temperature,  pressure, gas velocity, composition,
       molecular wt, density.  In summary, it is the Performance
       Evaluation Sub-Committee's  opinion  that  the ASME  Test
       Codes PTC 21-1941, 'Dust Separating Apparatus' and PTC 27-
       1957, 'Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream,' with
       modifications and additions as discussed, could form the basis
       of an acceptable  standardized test method for determining in-
       cinerator particulate emission characteristics.

       04883L
       National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
       A MANUAL  FOR  DIRECT  GAS  CHROMATOGRAPfflC
       ANALYSIS OF SULFUR GASES IN  PROCESS STREAMS.
       (Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin No. 30.) June 1966.
       27pp.
       The attached bulletin presents a detailed method for sampling
       and  gas chromatograpnic  analysis of kraft  mill gases at their
       sources. This  bulletin supersedes Bulletin  13, September  6,

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     131
I960, which is obsolete and is no longer recommended. In this
new, simplified method, source samples may be taken either in
evacuated  pressure  bottles,  plastic  bags,  modified McLean
tubes, or directly in  gas-tight syringes. A small volume of the
source gas (0.02 - 2.0 ml.) is injected directly onto the chro-
matographic column  in a  temperature-programmed oven. The
eluted sulfur  compounds  are  detected  with  a bromine,
microcoulometric  titration  cell.  The  instrumentation  and
methodology were field tested at a West Coast kraft mill. Ap-
proximately 20 minutes is  required to complete a single analy-
sis  for sulfur compounds ranging in molecular weight from
hydrogen  sulfide through dimethyl  disulfide  or  higher. The
rapidity of the analytical  technique  permits rapid qualitative
and  quantitative determination of the components of  gaseous
sulfur emissions from all sources,  determination of the effec-
tiveness of various odor control processes, and evaluation of
the effect of changes in mill operating conditions upon quanti-
ty and type of emissions. (Author abstract modified)

05170
F. G. Rounds, and H. W. Pearsall
DIESEL EXHAUST ODOR (ITS EVALUATION AND RELA-
TION TO EXHAUST GAS  COMPOSITION.  Vehicle Emis-
sions (Selected SAE  Papers) 6, 45- 69, 1964. (Presented at the
National  Diesel Engine Meeting, Society of Automotive En-
gineers, Chicago, 111., Nov. 1-2, 1956, Paper No. 863.)
Techniques, based on panel estimates, were developed  for
evaluating  the odor and irritation  intensities of undiluted
Diesel engine  exhaust gases  or  of various dilutions of these
gases in air. Along with the estimates, chemical analyses were
made to determine the concentrations of total  aldehydes, for-
maldehyde, and oxides of nitrogen. Statistically significant cor-
relations  were found between odor or irritation intensity esti-
mates and the analytical data, but  these correlations were  too
weak to permit accurate prediction of odor or irritation from
chemical analyses. The effects  of some engine variables on
Diesel odor were studied. Possible means of reducing Diesel
odor are  discussed. Limited  studies indicated that engine load
has a pronounced effect on exhaust odor and irritation intensi-
ty. Engine make, engine speed, engine condition, fuel type and
lubricating oil type had comparatively little effect.

05396
Turk, A.
APPROACHES TO SENSORY ODOR MEASUREMENT. Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. 116, (2) 564-6, July 30, 1964.
A critical evaluation  is given of the method by which stimulus
odorant concentrations  are   established. The  use  of tracer
methods  to  monitor  gas  dilution is  discussed. Two methods
suggested for the reproducible presentation of odor stimulation
to subjects from small containers  are the equilibrium sniffer
and the steady-rate sniffer.

05426
Adams, D. F.
LIMITATIONS IN ANALYSIS OF  MALADOROUS, SULFUR-
CONTAINING  GASES IN THE AMBIENT AIR.  Preprint,
Washington  State Univ., Pullman,  Research Div.,  12p., 1967.
45 refs.
The  lead acetate impregnated tape method yields low and vari-
able hydrogen sulfide concentrations.  The ultramicro collection
of ppb levels of hydrogen sulfide with the recommended cad-
mium hydroxide suspension  is  subject  to  approximately  50-
80% loss of added hydrogen sulfide  during and following air
aspiration in midget impingers. The methylene  blue colorimet-
ric analysis procedure for hydrogen sulfide collected in cadmi-
um hydroxide appears to be satisfactory. Static techniques for
hydrogen sulfide, including exposured lead acetate tiles, lead-
base painted panels and silver plated plaques, can not provide
adequate  information relating exposure duration and sulfide
concentration. The plasma emission spectrometer is inherently
the most versatile of the new instrumental methods of analysis
because  of its response to specific intramolecular bonds. Its
present sensitivity is approximately two-three orders of mag-
nitude above the odor-detection thresholds for the malodorous
sulfur-containing  compounds  and  its  application   may  be
limited to organic sulfur-containing compounds in the absence
of air. The flame ionization detector provides the greatest sen-
sitivity for organic, sulfur-containing compounds. Unfortunate-
ly, the F.E.D. responds to all organic compounds and thus the
detector  must be associated with a separation mode  such as a
gas chromatographic column. Several orders of magnitude of
detector  sensitivity are thus lost because of the  column losses
in the parts per billion concentration range. The F.I.D.  sen-
sitivity is inadequate for inorganic sulfur-containing gases and
thus  does not provide an all-purpose sulfur  gas  detector.
Similarly, the B.C. detector must  be used with a chromato-
graphic column and thereby loses its inherent sensitivity. The
most  sensitive, all-purpose sulfur-gas instrumentation presently
available is the bromine coulometric microtitration cell with an
instantaneous  sensitivity of approximately 5 ppb. When used
with  chemically treated membrane pre-fUtere,  the microtitra-
tion cell provides a sequential, five-step record for total sulfur,
SO2,  H2S, mercaptans and alkyl sulfides and disulfides.

05503
C. F.  Denmead
AIR  POLLUTION  BY HYDROGEN SULPHIDE FROM A
SHALLOW  POLLUTED  TIDAL INLET, AUCKLAND, NEW
ZEALAND.  Proc. dean Air Conf., Univ. New South Wales,
Vol. 1, 20p., 1962, Paper 4.
Gross pollution of a shallow tidal harbour backwater by liquid
waste products from industries and by urban sewage effluents
created conditions which resulted in the generation of suffi-
ciently large amounts of hydrogen  sulphide to create a major
air  pollution problem. Hydrogen sulphide  was present in the
air throughout the year near its source, but on very  many oc-
casions during the hours  of darkness and early  morning, par-
ticularly  in the late summer and autumn, its presence caused
widespread complaint of offensive odour and paint blackening
even  at considerable distances from its source. The  hydrogen
sulphide  was cound to  be derived from bacterial reduction of
sulphate  in the sea water. The pollution  of the inlet ceased in
May  1961 and in  the  following  four  months  considerable
evidence  was collected which  showed a substantial drop in
hydrogen sulphide being evolved from the inlet and its almost
complete  absence in the surrounding atmosphere. The abrupt
change in the hydrogen  sulphide levels in attributed to the
removal of abundant and readily available bacterial nutrients,
and the reappearance of normal levels of dissolved oxygen in
the water. (Author abstract)

05614
J. L. Mills, R.  T. Walsh, K. D. Luedtke, and L. K. Smith
QUANTITATIVE  ODOR  MEASUREMENT.  J.  Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 13 (10), 467-75, Oct. 1963. (Presented at the
56th  Annual  Meeting,  Air  Pollution Control  Association.
Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
The most satisfactory  device available for quantitative  odor
measurement is the human olfactory system. It is much more
sensitive  than chemical measurements in most  cases where

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 132
ODORS
odors are nuisance problems, and results are obtained where
chemical tests  fail. Threshold  response  odor measurements
produce quantitative results more quickly than other types of
tests. The definition of the odor concentration as 'the  dilution
factor at the odor perception threshold for 50% of the odor
panel' is believed to be a more reproducible standard than that
described  in the ASTM  method.  The odor unit  should be
redefined from 'one cubic foot of air at the odor threshold' to
'the quantity of any odorous substance or  of any given mix-
ture of odorous substances which, when completely dispersed
in  one cubic  foot  of  odor-free  air,  produces  a  median
threshold odor  detection response in humans.' The  modifica-
tions to the ASTM odor measurement method described herein
are believed to improve the  speed, reliabiligy, and reproduci-
bility of the method. Careful application of this method and
the use of good laboratory techniques should produce results
considerably more reproducible than plus or minus 50%. The
application of the threshold response method of quantitative
odor measurement is highly  successful in determining  the ac-
tual effectiveness of odor control measures and devices. Con-
trol of odors from the 'offensive trades'  can be achieved by
proper incineration for 0.3 sec at 1200 F, but certain of the ob-
jectionable  organic chemical industry odors require higher
temperatures of incineration before adequate odor control is
accomplished. Chlorination followed by  intensive scrubbing
has been found satisfactory under controlled conditions for the
off-gases from a direct-fired,  rotary fish  meal drier.  Odor
nuisances from animal matter reduction equipment used in the
'offensive trades' can be prevented by reducing the odor con-
centrations in the off-gases to a point where the average is not
more than 25 to  50 odor units/cu  ft and the absolute upper
limit is 150 odor units/cu ft.

05813
Turk, A.
ANALYTICAL  AND ODOR  STUDIES OF ORGANIC  GASES
IN AIR. (FINAL REPORT). Preprint, 1966.
Part I. Use of SF6 as a gas-air tracer. SF6 was used for tracer
research because it satisfied all  of the following requirements,
except for negligible  background  level:  (1)  non-toxic,  non-
radioactive,  colorless  and odorless; (2)  gaseous  at ambient
temperatures; (3) low background  levels;  (4) chemically and
thermally  stable; (5)  amenable to  rapid  and controlled at-
mospheric release from a point source; (6) amenable to routine
collection; (7) amenable to sensitive, rapid analytical detection
(electron capture detection). Part II. Preliminary comparison
between the atmospheric dispersion of fluorescent pigment
(FP) and SF6. Sampling results indicated a great deal of varia-
tion between the two tracers as shown by the low correlation
coefficient of 0.62. Centerline comparisons indicated that the
attenuation of FP by fallout or impingement might be signifi-
cant.  Part III. Studies  of brominated carbon. These included
the following: (1) Bromination procedures; (2) Preparation of  :
2  orthobromophenyl-2-propanol; ortho-bromocumene; meta-
bromocumene;  proof of surface reactions in olefin bromina-
tions; olefin brominations;  aromatic hydrocarbon  bromina-
tions. Part IV. Miscellaneous studies. These included (1) Appli-
cations of tracer methods to odor study; (2) Applications of
tracer methods  to study of adsorption efficiency of activated
carbon beds. SF6 is  not satisfactory because it is not  suffi-
ciently well  retained in carbon. A more satisfactory test gas
for this purpose is CC14.
       05898
       A. H. Phelps, Jr. J. F. Byrd
       ODOR AND THE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE INDUSTRY.  A.
       I. Ch. E. (American Inst. of Chemical Engineers) Preprint.
       (Presented at the Symposium on Industrial Air Pollution Con-
       trol, 59th Annual Meeting,  American Inst.  of Chemical En-
       gineers, Detroit, Mich., Dec. 4-8, 1966, Paper No. 51 E.)
       The major problem facing an engineer in controlling odor is in
       quantifying  the  problem. For most specific compounds,  an
       analytical method is available for establishing the concentra-
       tion of the material in a source or even in the lower concentra-
       tions in the ambient situation. There is  no device capable of
       registering the presence of an odor and its strength. The nose
       has  many other desirable features which make  it useful for
       measuring odor. The simplest is the ASTM method, where a
       syringe  is used to inject a sample into the nostril  and the
       judgment is made aa to whether or not an odor is present. The
       syringe  is filled with varying dilutions for each test and the
       measure of the odor strength is the number of dilutions neces-
       sary to dilute the sample  to threshold. Other methods are used
       for making the odor judgment: a face mask may be used, or
       the head may be immersed in a hood and bathed in a concen-
       tration.  But basically they all measure the  number of dilutions
       necessary to  reduce  the odor  sample  to a  level below
       threshold. The odor unit is used as the unit of measure. One
       odor unit is defined as that quantity of odor necessary to con-
       taminate one cubic foot of air to the threshold or barely per-
       ceptible level. This measure is simply one of concentration,
       and  while this is a valid measure of the odor strength in the
       ambient air it is not usable for a source. The concentration in
       a source is not as important as the quantity emitted. We need
       to know  how  many 'pounds per hour'  of odor units per
       minute.  This is obtained simply by the  product  of the stack
       flow and the odor concentration  or number of odor units in
       the stack. For example,  our exhaust with 100 odor units per
       cubic foot,  obtained  from the intensity measure, times the
       flow volume   say  1000 cfm -  gives an odor emission  of
       100,000 odor units per minute. This number can be used in the
       standard atmospheric  diffusion  formulae  to determine the
       ground  level concentration  in the neighborhood.  And  from
       this, the degree of control required to prevent a problem can
       be estimated. Besides human panels there are other methods
       of measuring the threshold  level of odor. However, the ad-
       vantage to this method is that the syringes are inexpensive and
       an odor test can be run for a minimum of expense. The  main
       problem for the chemical engineer in this field is not design of
       odor control equipment.  It is the problem of recognizing the
       odor potential in the pilot work preceding the actual facility.
       An alert nose, and an occasional thought toward sampling can
       provide for control equipment in the

       06112
       Tada, O.
       MEASUREMENT OF AIR  POLLUTANTS.  Bunseki  Kagaku
       (Japan Analyst) (Tokyo) pp. 110R-7R. 1966. Jap;
       Important papers published hi Japan Analyst in 1964 and 1965
       are  summarized. The  subject  is limited  to  measurement
       methods of air pollutants known  to be toxic .to health. Pollu-
       tants from stacks  and automobile exhausts are  covered, in-
       cluding  many cyclic  hydrocarbons, aldehydes, sulfur  oxides,
       nitrogen oxides, ozone,  carbon  monoxide,  carbon dioxide,
       fluorine compounds, hydrogen sulfide, lead compounds, and
       offensive odors. Various sampling methods  are  described,
       especially using filtering  with glass wool filters,  electric dust
       collectors, gas absorbers, and portable samplers containing sil-
       ica gel. The pollutants can be measured by electroconductivity.

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     133
 methods, colorimetric measurement recorder, gas chromato-
 graphic analysis, electron capturing detector, and hydrogen ion
 detector. The papers summarized do not include those dealing
 with industrial or occupational environment or mining.

 06381
 Duffee, R. A.
 APPRAISAL OF ODOR-MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES.  J.
 Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  18(7):472-474, July 1968. 13 refs.
 All odor measurement methods may be conveniently grouped
 into three categories: (1) threshold; (2) suprathreshold; and (3)
 analytical. The threshold techniques include such methods as
 syringe dilution, scentometer, and osmoscope. Suprathreshold
 techniques  include  both  direct  comparison  and  dilution
 methods involving subjective  ratings of preference as opposed
 to  intensity.  Analytical  techniques  involve  the  use  of
 physicochemical methods, e.g.,  for  monitoring of process
 streams or identification of individual  odorants. The relative
 advantages and disadvantages of each method, as presently
 used, are discussed. Recommended applications for the vari-
 ous methods and suggested modifications  are  also presented.
 (Author's abstract)

 06526
 D. F. Adams
 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY  APPLIED TO ATMOSPHERIC
 KRAFT  ODORS  (FINAL REPT. MAY 1,  1963  APR. 30,
 1966). Preprint. 1966.
 The objective was to analyze  qualitatively the malodorous,
 kraft pulp  mill air pollutants in the ambient air by  the gas-
 liquid chromatographic technique, including the use of ioniza-
 tion detection and Golay columns. Gas chromatographic detec-
 tors, available  in 1963, were evaluated for  sulfur-gas sensitivi-
 ty and specificity. Coulometric detectors gave the best overall
 sensitivity and  specificity. Therefore, the  research was con-
 tinued,  using the  coulometric detection principle. A sulfur-
 specific, bromine coulometric  detector, having a sensitivity ap-
 proaching the human sensory threshold, has been developed as
 a result of this research. This  cell is a significant improvement
 over the previously available iodine coulometric detector. Two
 circuit  improvements were made in the coulometer  which per-
 mitted  greater reproducibility  and control of the critical detec-
 tor bias voltage. Losses of sulfur-containing compounds on the
gas chromatographic  columns studies  were found to  be  so
large that direct GLC analysis of ambient  air was impossible.
The magnitude of  these losses  have been established.  Using
currently available GLC columns and detectors, a  successful
technique for analysis of sulfur compounds in the ambient air
will have to rely upon pre-concentration of these compounds
by either adsorption or freeze  out.

07214
Bethge, Per Olof and Lalla Ehrenborg
IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN KRAFT
MILL   EMISSIONS.     Svensk  Papperstid.   (Stockholm),
70(10):347-350, May 31, 1967. 3 refs.
Identification of compounds  contributing to the odour from
kraft mills was accomplished  by gas chromatography, and in
some cases in combination with mass spectrometry. Attention
was centered on the most volatile compounds. Besides seven
terpenes, 25 compounds were identified.
 07266L
 Reckner, L. R.
 FINAL REPORT  ON DIESEL EXHAUST:  COMPOSITION,
 ODOR AND EYE IRRITATION.  FOR PERIOD DECEMBER
 3, 1965 TO DECEMBER 2, 1966.  (Scott Research Lab., Inc.)
 Contract PH 86-66-91, Project 1054, ((52))p., June 12, 1967.
 Improved techniques were developed for measuring diesel ex-
 haust odor using a human panel. An odor profile kit of diesel
 odor standards were liquids contained in 32 polyethylene bot-
 tles. The head gas expelled by squeezing the bottles served as
 the reference odors. A correlation program was run to deter-
 mine possible correlation between panel ratings and chemical
 analyses. Analyses of variance were also made to relate the
 sensory and chemical data to the operating variables which in-
 cluded two speeds, four loads, two fuels, and two dilutions.
 Changing the exhaust dilution ratio had the greatest effect on
 panel response. The results indicate that a human panel trained
 to use  odor standards shows excellent promise toward provid-
 ing a means of measuring the intensity  of diesel exhaust odor.
 Considerable effort  was expended toward  identification  of
 compounds contributing to diesel exhaust odor. Attention was
 focused on extracts exhibiting odor qualities  which could be
 identified in exhaust. Revisions in  the collection method to
 trap the odorants as stable derivatives or complexes were stu-
 died.  Some  preliminary odor  evaluations   and  chemical
 analyses were made on exhaust from the  newly-installed
 precombustion-chamber-type engine. The limited observations
 made indicated that the exhaust odor intensity from  this en-
 gine was considerably  less,  and the  concentrations  of  un-
 bumed and partially burned hydrocarbons were slightly to sub-
 stantially lower than those from  the direct injection engines
 tested  previously.

 08066
 Wohlers, Henry C.
 RECOMMENDED   PROCEDURES    FOR   MEASURING
 ODOROUS CONTAMINANTS IN THE FIELD. J. Air Pollution
 Control Assoc., 17(9):609-613, Sept. 1967 15 refs.
 Although the perception of odorous contaminants cannot be
 precisely described, certain basic facts  about human olfaction
 are known. With known facts or principles, it is possible to in-
 vestigate odorous  contaminants for  air pollution control pur-
 poses.  Odor remains,  however, a very intangible commodity.
 Odorous contaminant investigations must be tailored to the in-
 dividual  problem  or locality.  Consequently,  the  methods
 described were  designed for individuals who have working
 knowledge   of  either  odor  or  air  pollution problems.
 Background references are available for workers who are not
 familiar with either field. Generalized facts concerning odors
 as well as subjective and objective methods for measuring
 odorous contaminants in the field are  described. The use of
 specific portions of the method depends upon each individual
 investigation. (AuthorOs summary,  modified)

 08268
 Adams, Donald F., Francis A. Young, and R. A. Luhr
 EVALUATION OF AN  ODOR PERCEPTION THRESHOLD
 TEST  FACILITY.   TAPPI, 51(3):62A-67A, MARCH  1968. 4
 refs. (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Technical
 Association of the Pulp and Paper Inductry, New York, N. Y.,
 Feb. 19-23, 1967.)
 The  design of a facility  for the study of odor perception and
 objectionability thresholds within a large human population is
described. A dynamic system of odor generation was  used to
provide a series of test atmospheres in the parts per billion

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 134
ODORS
 concentration range within six exposure chambers. Panelists
 were consecutively exposed to the six identical test chambers,
 each containing a different concentration of the same com-
 pound or purified  air.  Test  atmospheres were  presented in
 ascending, descending, or random order and ranged from un-
 detectable  to  objectionable for most panelists. The panelists
 reported, for each chamber, whether or not an odor was de-
 tected and, if an odor was detected, whether it iwas pleasant
 or unpleasant. In addition, each panelist provided comprehen-
 sive personal information including age grouping,  sex, smoking
 habits, respiratory abnormalities, occupation, and population
 range of residence. The variability of individual response was
 evaluated  for  eleven trained panelists through repeated expo-
 sure to four  compounds presented in ascending, descending,
 and random sequences over a period of several days. The nor-
 mal  variation  in threshold for each  individual and the entire
 test panel  are discussed. These data form a statistical basis for
 examination of the response of nearly 6000 untrained subjects
 who were exposed only  once to five concentrations of a single
 compound in the six chambers. (Authors' abstract)

 08354
 Brink, D. L., and J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Feuerstein
 MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
 KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. IL ANALYTICAL  ASPECTS.
 TAPPI, 50(6):276-285, June 1967.  25 refs.  (Presented  at the
 51st Annual Meeting of  the Technical Association of the  Pulp
 and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y., Feb.  21-24, 1966.)
 Gaseous and  liquid  products  isolated by pyrolysis  of kraft
 black liquor,  were analyzed qualitatively  and  quantitatively
 using  gas-liquid  chromatography  with detection by  flame
 ionization.  More than 60 compounds were  detected  in the
 pyrolysis liquid and at least 32 of these were present in the
pyrolysis gas.  Using the microcoulometric titration system,
 hydrogen   sulfide,   methyl  mercaptan,   dimethyl  sulfide,
 dimethyl disulfide, and at least 19 unidentified sulfur-contain-
 ing components were detected in the pyrolysis products;  7 of
 the major components were determined quantitatively. Using
 cochromatography and  the methods of detection noted, the
 identities of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,  and dimethyl
 disulfide were verified and tentative identifications of several
 other sulfur-containing products were also made. Hydrogen,
 oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, ethane, carbon
 dioxide, and acetylene were resolved and determined quantita-
 tively.  Hydrogen  sulfide,   methyl  mercaptan,  and  five
 unidentified components were also qualitatively detected. Sul-
 fur present in pyrolysis residues was determined using a wet
 oxidation procedure. A  powerful analytical method has been
 developed for detailed study of the effects of recovery furnace
operation on such emissions and it  should prove to be a valua-
 ble aid to industry. With adequate development, pyrolysis car-
ried  out independently of gaseous, liquid, and solid products
could provide  an answer to complete odor control; in addition,
isolation of organic by-products may be feasible. AAM

08355
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART I: THEORETICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS. TAPPI, 46(1): 1-5,  Jan. 1963. 4 refs.
A new method is proposed for the simultaneous  collection of
all pollutants  from gaseous kraft-mill effluents  and process
streams. The pollutants are in part frozen out in an empty cold
trap, and in part dissolved in traps containing ethylbenzene as
a solvent at about minus 78 C. Formulas are derived that pro-
 vide quantitative information  on  the performance of these
       traps toward pollutants having a wide range of boiling points.
       These formulas give the concentration of a pollutant in the sol-
       vent, as a function of the sample volume; the sampling time;
       the percentage of a pollutant retained by a trap from a pol-
       luted airstream; and the instantaneous concentration of a pol-
       lutant in the exhaust air from a trap. The  formulas  are not
       limited  to kraft-mill pollutants. The  special  case of a poorly
       absorbed pollutant is treated, and a sampling program for this
       case is  prescribed.  The distribution ratios of methyl mercap-
       tan, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide between an airstream
       and a solvent are calculated, and for the first two, values are
       also found by experiment. (Author's abstract)

       08356
       Cave, G. C. B.
       THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
       FROM  KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART H: A LABORATORY
       STUDY  OF THE  COLLECTION  OF  POLLUTANTS  FOR
       ANALYSIS. TAPPI, 46U):5-11, Jan. 1963. 5 refs.
       An experimental study was made of the performance of traps,
       in collecting kraft-mill pollutants from an air  stream. The traps
       were in a mixture of dry-ice and acetone. Some traps in the
       train were empty; others contained ethylbenzene as a solvent.
       A convenient experimental method is described for artificially
       producing a polluted  air stream, and for evaluating the per-
       formances of  traps. The distribution was found of hydrogen
       sulfide,  sulfur dioxide,  methyl mercaptan,  dimethyl  sulfide,
       and dimethyl disulfide among the traps of the train. The effect
       of flow-rate, volume of solvent, and trap design on trap per-
       formance was measured. The effect of varying the degree of
       air turbulence in an empty cold trap was studied. It was con-
       firmed that cold ethylbenzene is a satisfactory solvent for all
       the pollutants except  hydrogen sulfide. For this latter pollu-
       ,tant, an aqueous solution of cadmium was used to trap it. A
       study was included on the  losses of the pollutants that might
       occur on extended storage of their ethylbenzene solutions. Ap-
       paratus  and a procedure are described for the concentration of
       the original ethylbenzene solution of pollutants, to improve the
       sensitivity of the method. (Author's abstract)

       08357
       Cave, G. C. B.
       THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS  GASES
       FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART ffl: THE ANALYSIS OF
       COLLECTED  POLLUTANTS   BY  GAS   CHROMATOG-
       RAPHY. TAPPI, 46(1):11-14, Jan. 1963. 4 refs.
       The qualitative and quantitative analysis of kraft-mill pollu-
       tants in  ethylbenzene  by  using  gas  chromatography is
       discussed.  Columns of tri-m-cresyl  phosphate and of  Car-
       bowax  1540 are  proposed  for use at 35'and 85 C. These
       columns permit the resolution of all  known kraft-mill pollu-
       tants. Techniques are  described for qualitative analysis.  They
       include  the two-column method, and graphs prepared by this
       method  are presented for homologous series of mercaptans,
       ketones, esters, and normal alcohols. It is emphasized that the
       unequivocal identification of an unknown pollutant is rarely
       possible by gas chromatography alone. Quantitative analysis is
       also described, including the preparation of standard solutions
       and the presentation  of prepared calibration curves.  These
       curves were straight lines. The use of an ultrasensitive detec-
       tor, the ionization chamber, is briefly discussed. (Author's ab-
       stract)

-------
                                       C.  MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     135
 08358
 Cave, G. C. B.
 THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
 FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART IV: A FffiLD KIT FOR
 THE  COLLECTION   OF   THE   POLLUTANTS,    AND
 METHODS FOR THEIR ANALYSIS.  TAPPI, 46(1): 15-20, Jan.
 1963.
 A complete field kit is described and illustrated. A train of
 traps mounted in a portable carrying case includes an empty
 trap at 0 deg C. to collect mlisture, an empty trap at minus 78
 C. to collect high boiling pollutants, two traps containing ethyl-
 benzene  at minus  78 C.  to collect  pollutants  other  than
 hydrogen sulfide. and a trap containing cadmium solution for
 H2S. Heated glass sampling tubes convey the effluent sample
 to the  traps. Pollutants that are quantitatively and simultane-
 ously  collected  include hydrogen  sulfide,  sulfur dioxide,
 methyl mercaptan,  dimethyl  sulfide, and  dimethyl  disulfide.
 For hydrogen sulfide, an iodimetric determination is described
 to be made at the mill. For the other pollutants, gas chromato-
 graphic analyses are described which may be made at a later,
 more convenient time. (Author's abstract)

 08678
 Huey, Norman A., Louise C. Broering, George A. Jutze, and
 Charles W. Bruger
 OBJECTIVE ODOR POLLUTION CONTROL  INVESTIGA-
 TIONS. J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10(6):441-446,  Dec.
 1960. 4 refs. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
 tion Control Assoc., Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
 The objective of any odor investigation is to obtain elimination
 or correction of the source. More objective odor complaint in-
 vestigative  procedures must be developed. The  specific  odor
 characteristics of concern  in  these procedures are; quality,
 strength, and  occurrence  of  the  ambient odors. These are
 discussed. The scentometer has been designed to aid in more
 objective procedures. A detailed description is given of this or-
 ganoleptic instrument. The  accuracy  and precision of results
 depend upon the human olfactory sense. Variations in the ol-
 factory ability were observed in a human panel. A standard
 procedure  is described for  ambient odor  investigation.  A
 method used to determine wind direction in the odorous  area,
 using helium inflacted  balloons is presented. Also presented
 are results  of  a  study  of the meteorological effects on  odor
 nuisance occurrences.

 08953
 Lindvall, Thomas
 MEASUREMENT  OF  ODOROUS  Am  POLLUTANTS.
 (Bestamning av luktande luftfororeningar.) Text in  Swedish.
 Nord Hyg. Tidskr. (Copenhagen), 47(2):41-71, 1966. 91 refs.
 Psychometric  methods  for the sujective  determination  of
odorous air pollutants are surveyed, with a discussion of the
physiological and psychological bases of smell. Since odors are
 a a problem of emvironmental hygiene, they are studied at
present by the determination of an odor threshold in a series
of diluted air samples. Some of the problems involved in such
 determination of an odor threshold in a series of diluted air
 samples.  Some of  the problems involved in such determina-
tions   are   mentioned:  individual   variation,   adaptation,
background  variables,  climate etc.  Psychometric  methods
used, such as stimulus presintation and indicator response, and
the pricciples of extrapolationg supralim- inal intensities, are
discussed, as well as the  different  types of olfactometers.
Odor thresholds found in the  literature are rarely similar, due
to  the inaccuracy  of  the physical  and  chemical analytic
methods used  and to the  varying  statistical and  sampling
techniques employed. Different odors may also interact so that
the threshold to the combined smells may not be merely addi-
tive. Annoyance from odors is best studied by epidemiological
methods where the exposure dose is known.

09364
Hemeon, Wesley C. L.
TECHNIQUE   AND  APPARATUS  FOR  QUANnTATIVE
MEASUREMENT OF ODOR EMISSIONS.  J. Air  Pollution
Control Assoc., 18(3):166-170, March 1968. 5 refs.
A system and  apparatus is described for  a measurement of
rates  of odor emission from sources. Discussion deals only
with odor quantities, not with odor quality.  A dynamic dilution
system is  employed to avoid reliance on yes-no reports near
the odor threshold where greatest  confusion  and uncertainty
occurs and which requires a relatively large number of sub-
jects  and  statistical treatment of the sensation data derived
therefrom. The procedural aspect  of  the present  system
requires each test to develop a series of odor intensity votes
from exposure to a sequence of streams of increasing strength.
Graphical  analysis of these data validates  quantitatively the
sensation  of each individual subject separately  and  with a
minimum  of uncertainty. The apparatus is of liberal  dimen-
sions  to minimize loss of odor by adsorption on the walls of
the sampling device or of the  dilution mechanism, i.e., the
odor meter. The device  also is  designed to supply  a liberal
flow of the test stream  to  each subject and to  provide nu-
merous such exposures in rapid  sequence.  (Author's Summa-
ry)

09476
P. M. Giever
NEEDS FOR REMOTE SENSING DATA IN THE FD2LD OF
ADX AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.  In:  Proceedings
of the Fourth Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment,
12, 13, 14 April 1966, Michigan Univ. Ann Arbor,  Willow Run
Labs., Contract NRnr 1244(44), 4864-11-X, p. 21-23, June 1966.
CFSTI, DDC; AD 638919
One of the greatest needs is for instrumentation that will accu-
rately evaluate the several oxidants, such as NO,  NO2, NO3,
and O3 in  the range od parts  per  hundred million. These
devices are needed for evaluation of  stack gases, and for the
ambient atmosphere. Nondispersing infrared has been used for
many years  for evaluating  carbon monoxide but interference
from water  vapor has not been  satisfactorily  controlled. The
use of infrared with complete  accuracy  in  evaluating CO
would be very helpful and the hydrogen sulphide generation in
sewage sludge digesters and remote sensing instrument would
be very useful  as sentinals or its removal  from digester gas.
(Authors'  summary) alarms. Remote sensing of SO2  with the
data fed  into  a central  point  would  be  helpfuL  Accurate
identification and  quantifica- tion of  polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons in general atmosphere  without sampling and
laboratory analysis is  needed. Evaluating automobile exhaust
in the atmosphere, separating the constituents of interest and
analyzing each quantitatively would be a major aid to this area
of air  pollution control. Sensing devices to evalu- ate odors
would  be  particularly  helpful. There is a need for means of
determining  the effective stack height, levels of in-  version
layer, and of remote temperature sensing.  Instrumentation is
needed  for  accurately determining the  moisture content of
stack  gases, new and accurate  equipment  is needed for the
evalua- tion  of  rate of flow of effluent in  a discharge stack.
Determina- tion of  solids in a  stack and  in  the general at-
mosphere  by direct reading devices would be a  major con-

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 136
ODORS
 tribution. Instrumentation which will give accurate reproduci-
 ble results in the sizing or counting of the entire spectrum of
 size (and shapes) of solid particulate is  needed. New instru-
 ments and techniques  to provide  fast, accurate analysis  for
 fluorine, lead,  hydrocarbons and  many  others, each  having
 long periods of extraction or reaction and many intermediate
 steps are also needed.

 09521
 Dravnieks, A., and B. K. Krotozynski
 COLLECTION  AND PROCESSING OF AIRBORNE  CHEMI-
 CAL  INFORMATION, n.  J. Gas Chromatog., 6(3):144-149,
 March 1968. 6 refs.
 A previously  described method for collection of  airborne
 chemical information through equilibration and processing of
 the samples is considerably improved. The essential new fea-
 tures  are a sampler in  the form of a fluidized bed of  Teflon
 powder coated  with Apiezon L stationary phase, a redesigned
 collector-injector, and  a motor - operated bellows apparatus
 for injecting samples into the column by use of a carrier gas-
 derived helium  charge. A calibration method is decribed that
 permits relating the concentration of known substance in air to
 its peak area. The capability of the new method permits analy-
 sis of airborne organic vapors at concentrations of the order of
 1 ppb in air and well below the odor thresholds for the several
 substances tested.  The  concept  of  Tanimoto distance is
 proposed as a convenient, simple construct for characterizing
 the overall similarities  of olfactronic signatures of  complex
 sources.

 09619
Adams, Donald F.
 ANALYSIS   OF   MALODOROUS  SULFUR-CONTAINING
 GASES.    Preprint,  Wash-  ington State  Univ.,  Pullman,
 Research Div.,  18p. 1968. 41 refs  (Presented at the 9th Con-
ference on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial  Hygiene
 Studies, Pasadena, Calif., Feb. 7-9, 1968.)
 Five major sulfur containing gases which are known products
of combustion.decomposition or organic matter, and certain
 chemical  manufacturing  processes  have been selectively
 separated by use of a series of chemically-impregnated mem-
 brane filters. A sequential, substractive.stepwise analysis has
 been accomplished with a bromine coulometric micro-titration
 cell and is here described. The sensi- tivity of this system ap-
proaches the threshold of human detection  for these com-
pounds. Several methods and instruments used in the sampling
and  measuring  of  these  gases  are  reviewed.  The gases
discussed here include hydrogen  sulfide,methyl mercaptan,
sulfur dioxide dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide.

09620
Dravnieks, A., B. Krotoszynski, and J. Stockham
SAMPLING AND MEASUREMNT OF  ODOROUS GASEOUS
POLLUTANTS  IN INDUST- RIAL  EXHAUST  AND  ADR.
Preprint, IIT Research Inst., Chica- go,  111., ((12))p.,  1968. 4
refs. (Presented at the  9th Con- ference on Methods  in Air
Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies, Pasadena, Calif. Feb.
7-9, 1968.)
In studies of odorous sources of air pollution, several samples
of air must be  compared for odor intensity, odor threshold,
and odor quality. Furthermore,  to improve odor control at its
source or to judge the relative contribution of several sources
to air pollution components present in the 0.1 ppb range and to
establish the rela- live  relevance of each component  to the
characteristic odor of the  air sample or industrial or vehicular
       exhaust. Sampling collect- ion on Apiezon L-coated Teflon
       particles, kept in motion during sampling, gives an equilibrium
       mode of air-composition representa- it is sometimes necessary
       to determine the concentration of  organic tion. Consequently,
       such samples can be used for odor comparisons as well as for
       objective   analyses.   Odor-intensity  scales,   odor- dilution
       thresholds, and triangle odor-quality-difference tests using the
       'sensory titration' technique are used for odor charact- eriza-
       tion. Each of these tests requires  a different type of ol- fac-
       tometer. Gas-chromatographic analysis of samples obtained by
       the equilibrium mode  method, coupled  with  odor/no-odor
       judgment  of the components  emerging from the  analytical
       column, permits the re- lative odor relevance of various
       odorants to the odor of the whole air sample to be established.
       (Authors' abstract)

       09648
       Cederlof, Rune, Lars Friberg, and Thomas Lindvall
       THE  ORGANOLEPTIC  EVALUATION  OF  ODORS WITH
       SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY.
       In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Atmospheric
       Emissions from SuUate Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28,
       1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health Ser-
       vice, National Council for Stream Improvement, and University
       of Florida, DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p.
       111-140. 16 refs.
       The quantitative determination of malodorous air pollutants in
       ambient air is complicated by the fact that their smell becomes
       offensive at concentrations which are too weak for the practi-
       cal analysis of shortterm measurements. Organoleptic methods
       have therefore been resorted to. It  is of concern to be able to
       calculate the size and extent of an emission of odors. This is
       difficult because of the lack of knowledge of the identity of
       chemical substances  in the effluent, and  of  the relationship
       between interactions of the compounds and strength of  the
       smell. One approach is to determine the smell, either of emis-
       sions in the ambient air or of flue gases at the top of the stack
       in conjunction with calculations of  meteorological dispersions.
       This would give a measure of the  relevant, total exposure to
       odors at ground level at different  distances from the source.
       Another method is to study the occurrence of odors in  am-
       bient  air around a factory  with the aid  of observers.  The
       chemical substances generally held to be  responsible for  the
       odors in the effluent are: hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,
       dimethyl monosulfide and dimethyl disulfide. Applications of
       the first approach are described presenting results of smell of
       some of sulfur compounds and, field studies of the flue gases
       from two  sulfate cellulose plants in Sweden. The determina-
       tion of odor threshold, as a  solution to the problem, has  cer-
       tain obvious advantages, while studies with observations  are
       also of value.  What  is  wanted is a  comparative study to
       discover the extent to which results  from these  two   ap-
       proaches agree.  A lengthy discussion by one  of the authors
       and others is appended.

       09657
       Hasselhuhn, B.
       SAMPLING AND  ANALYTICAL  PROCEDURES  USED  IN
       CONNECTION WITH THE SWEDISH ODOR STUDD2S.   In:
       Proceedings of the International Conference on  Atmospheric
       Emissions from Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28,
       1966.  E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health
       Service, National Council  for Stream  Improvement,  and
       University  of Florida. DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing
       Co., ((1966)). p. 349-353.

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                                        C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      137
 The sampling methods and analytical procedures used in previ-
 ous odor threshold studies for SO2, H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S,
 and (CH3)2S2 are described. The instability of some reagents
 is also dealt with.

 09660
 Walter Lenz, and Adalberto Tirado A.
 METHOD OF MEASURING ODORS BY MEANS OF OBSER-
 VERS.  In:  Pro- ceedings of the International Conference on
 Atmospheric Emis- sions from Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel  Island,
 Fla., April 28,  1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by:
 Public Health Service, National Council for Stream Improve-
 ment, and Univer- sity of Florida. DeLand, Fla.,  E. O. Painter
 Printing Co. ((1966)), p. 365-369.
 A simple method  used to determine the effectiveness  of the
 control of malodors from a kraft mill is described. A specific
 number of persons are asked to make a weekly report  on the
 conditions of odor prevailing at their homes. The observers are
 located  at different distances  within a defined  radius.  The
 form delivered to the ob- server is arranged so that daily com-
 plaints can be reported for strong and slight odor, and  for no
 odor. The form is sent to the mill where  evaluation starts by
 completing the report with data of conditions prevailing in the
 mill at the time shown by the obser- ver. Next it is determined
 whether complaints are due to the kind of  wood being cooked,
 to stack  gases, or to improper  blowing and relieving  condi-
 tions. It  is also decided whether or not the par-  ticular com-
 plaint is  justified and finally, the probable cause  of the com-
 plaint  is recorded.  Criteria employed  in the evaluation
 procedure are listed. The total number of weekly  complaints is
 divided by the total number of blosw. The result is a relative
 index which measures  the  odor  level.  Finally the  annual
 average of weekly relative indexes is obtained.             :

 09716
 Just, Jan
 ON MEASUREMENT OF 'PERMISSIBLE  CONCENTRATION
 OF EXHAUSTS' EMITTED TO ATMOSPHERE.   ((W sprawie
 pomiaru  'dopuszczalnych stezen wyziewow* wydalanych do
 atmosfery.)) Text in Polish. Gaz, Woda Tech.  Sanit. (Warsaw),
 41(5):162-163, May 1967. 3 refs.
 The measurement of objectionable  odors is  discussed  with
 reference to the Sept. 1966 Decree of the Council of Ministers
 on  the degree  of  permissible concentration  of  emitted  sub-
 stances in the atmosphere. The  human  sense of  smell is the
 only practical way of measuring such odors, as exemplified by
 the classification of odors and identification methods used  in
 America,  such as the use of observer corps or firefighter
 brigades. The use of an odorimeter (made in USA) which  is  il-
 lustrated, is  suggested for determining the  permissible concen-
 tration of odors.  Using  a 0-5  scale, the tolerance limit  is
 proposed  at  2 for  odors of burning  fumes, at 1 for chemical-
 pharmaceutical  smells, and at 1 for putrid odors on the lee
 side of the wind.

 09860
 APPENDIX B: ODOR-TEXTING TECHNIQUES.   In: Air  Pol-
lution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control  District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson  (comp and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 861-864, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
The use of an odor panel for the evaluation  of odor is com-
monly employed. A panel has 6-8  subjects  so that average
results can be obtained.  Techniques of  odor sample dilution
 and odor sampling are discussed. A method of analyzing the
 experimental results is demonstrated with typical test data.

 10016
 Dravnieks, A. and B. K. Krotoszynski
 COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF AIRBORNE  CHEMI-
 CAL INFORMATION. J. Gas Chromatog., 4(10):367-370, Oct.
 1966. 9 refs.
' A novel method is advanced for collection and processing of
 airborne chemical information. The method is based on the
 concept collection through equilibration and utilizes thin films
 of  stationary organic phases residing on inner  surfaces of
 spiral Pyre traps. A special collector-ejector system is used for
 transfer of vapors from traps into a chromatograph for analy-
 sis. An illustrati is given of a typical human olfactronic signa-
 ture obtained by the method. (Author's abstract)

 10029
 National Swedish Inst. for Building Research, Stockholm,
 Sweden
 AN ATTEMPT TO MEASURE OBJECTIVELY THE QUALI-
 TY OF AIR.  Report 34/67, 42p., 1967. CFSTI: PB  177763
 The results of the tests  of validity, precision, reliability and
 correlation indicate that gas chromatographic analysis can be
 used for the objective measurement of air quality. It records
 not only great differences of quality between malodorous air
 and fresh air, but also provides a criterion for the air pollution
 which  takes pla during a lecture hour in an insufficiently venti-
 lated assembly room The objective measurement is in the form
 of a non-dimensional quantity which designates the relation
 between the surfaces under  a spectra for polluted  and for
 fresh air. The correlation to subjective judgement has been
 made by a simple  estimate of the air quality. This includes an
 uncertainty, because the test subject cannot make comparisons
 in pairs with clearly defined  reference samples and different
 dilution of the sample air. This means that the quality could
 only be divided into the three very rough categories:  fresh,
 stale and  very bad air. In order to ensure that the method of
 measurement of the air quality proposed here is relevant, it is
 certainly necessary for more  work  to be done. Firs of all,  a
 better  statistical basis must be found, by carrying out a large
 number of air tests in many different places of assembly with
 different kinds of  ventilation, such as schoolrooms. (Author's
 summary, modified)

 10534
 Trieff, Norman ., Theodore C. Erdman, Stevens N. Field,
 Lester Kershenbaum
 ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL  ODOR  EMISSIONS.  Preprint,
 Drexel Inst. of Technology, Philadelphia,  Pa., Environmental
 Engineering and  Science Program, ((39))p.,  1968. 24  refs.
 (Presented at  the  19th Pittsburgh  Conference on  Analytical
 Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Inc., Cleveland,  Ohio,
 March 7, 1968.)
 This investigation  is primarily concerned  with techniques for
 sampling and analysis of industrial odors. While the scope of
 the research is limited to a study of rendering plant emissions
 so as to permit investigation in depth, it will be clear that the
 techniques developed are applicable to other industrial emis-
 sions. The problem in the analysis  of odors are numberous.
 The first significant one is that the  odor-causing components
 are generally present in very low concentrations, i.e., in the
 parts per billion  (ppb)  range.  The second  problem of im-
 portance is the complexity of most odors. Some of the odor
 components are highly reactive, susceptible to oxidation or

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 138
ODORS
 decomposition, for example, and thus, in the sampling  and
 analysis procedure, the original components are destroyed.
 The theory of odor perception is still quite primitive. There is
 no clear-cut way of measuring any one or several physical or
 chemical properties of a molecule and predicting the odor. An
 even more involved problem is the prediction of  the qualities
 and respective intensities of a complex odorous mixture. One
 cannot look at a gas chromatogram of a complex mixture  and
 determine from the respective retention times and areas of the
 peaks on various columns which are  the odorous substances,
 what are the qualities of these odors, and what are the respec-
 tive intensities. It is necessary in this case to have enough of
 each component present to sniff the effluent. Fortunately,  this
 is not usually too difficult a task.

 10593
 Dravnieks, A. and B. K. Krotoszynski
 COLLECTION  AND PROCESSING OF AIRBORNE CHEMI-
 CAL INFORMATION. J. Gas Chromatog., 4(10):367-370, Oct.
 1966. 9 refs.
 A novel method is  advanced for collection and processing of
 airborne chemical information.  The method is based on  the
 concept of collection  through  equilibration  and  utilizes thin
 films of stationary organic phases residing on inner surfaces of
 spiral Pyrex traps. A special collector-ejector system is used
 for transfer of vapors  from traps  into a chromatograph for
 analysis. An illustration is given of a typical human olfactronic
 signature obtained by the method. (Authors' abstract)

 10693
 Krotoszynski, B. K., and A. Dravnieks
 ODOR-RELEVANT MEASUREMENT OF ODOROUS POLLU-
 TANTS IN AIR.  Preprint, HT  Research  Inst., Chicago,  HI.,
 17p., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the
 Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27,
 1968, Paper 68-17.)
 Frequently it is difficult to determine, by direct odor observa-
 tion, which of the possible odor sources contributes most to
 the odor. If the source is ascertained,  it is  difficult to estimate
 what reduction in odor emission will be needed to reduce odor
 to subthreshold values. These tasks are facilitated by an analy-
 sis  of air for odorants characteristic of the sources in the en-
 vironment and by comparison of the concentrations of these
 odorants in air with their threshold concentrations. Recently
 (1,2)  a  new technique, denoted equilibration  sampling,  has
 been developed for measurement of ppb concentrations of or-
ganic vapors in air. The air sampler (Figure  1) consists of a
glass cylinder  equipped  with   two  stainless  steel  screens
 between which  Teflon powder, coated with Apiezon L. film,
 can be maintained in floating state by air sample rapidly pulled
 by  means of a battery-powered air fan through the sampler.
 Vapors dissolve in the film until an equilibrum is reached. The
 collected vapors are transferred to a gas  chromatograph and
analyzed. The described air  sampling technique can be easily
adapted to calibration in terms of odor thresholds without an
intermediate need for calibration by weight or concentration.

 10983
Matsushita, Hidetsuru.S H. Arito, Y. Suzuki, R. Soda
DETERMINATION OF THRESHOLD VALUES FOR OLFAC-
TORY PERCEPTION  OF PRIMARY ODOUR SUBSTANCES.
Ind. Health, 5(3-4):221-237, Dec.  1967.
Population threshold for olfactory perception have been  ob-
 tained with eight kinds of primary odor substances to develop
the method of field study. Triangle method and serial method
       have been used for the measurement and the latter has  been
       proved to be suitable for the present purpose. Reliability of
       population threshold values for olfactory perception and effect
       of  volume of sample solution on  the  values have been ex-
       amined. A new device has been developed to illustrate the ol-
       factory function of subject. (Authors' abstract)

       11123
       Little (Arthor D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
       RESEARCH  ON  CHEMICAL  ODORS.  PART  I  «  ODOR
       THRESHOLDS  FOR 53 COMMERCIAL  CHEMICALS.
       Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C.,  26p.,
       Octo. 1968
       The odor  thresholds  in  air of  53  industrial chemicals  were
       determined by panel  test. The odor threshold  concentrations
       for th chemicals studied are tabulated in this report as  an
       alphabetical listing and by increasing threshold concentrations.
       All  concentrations are calculated  as  parts per million  by
       volume. Thes values are reported for 50 percent and 100 per-
       cent (two and four members) panel recognition. Based  on our
       experience in odor measurement, it is recommended that the
       concentrations given for 10 percent recognition should be con-
       sidered as the  recognition threshold values.  The  spread
       between 50 percent recognition  may be indicative  of the  in-
       dividuality of the odor type  as  well as the constancy  of the
       data  obtained. With 27 of the samples examined,  5 percent
       recognition was  equal to  the 100 percent  recognition concen-
       tration, while in  23 instances the 50 percent recognition was
       once concentration interval lower than the 100 percent recog-
       nition.

       11167
       Sableski, Joseph J.
       HOW TO  CONDUCT A JOINT COMMUNITY-WIDE  ODOR
       SURVEY.  Air Eng., 10(9):16-18,  Sept. 1968.
       A community wide odor survey  often is conducted as part of
       an air resource management plan to provide background infor-
       mation on air pollution. A guide is presented for setting objec-
       tives, selecting observers, evaluating  sensitivity,  and making
       odor measurements. Results from a Kansas City  survey illus-
       trates the method.

       11486
       Petrova, M. S. and O. N. Shevkun
       HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF  ODOR OF NONMETALLIC
       BUILDING MATERIALS. ((K  voprosu o gigienicheskoi ot-
       senke nemetallicheskikh stroitel'nykh materialov po ikh  zapak-
       hu.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of:  Gigiena i Sanit.), 33(4-
       6):218-220, April-June 1968. ((2)) refs. CFSTI: TT 68-50449/2
       Testers were first studied to ensure that they have a normal
       olfactory threshold (as described below). The testers then eval-
       uated the  odor of the building material under test (Vozhzhova
       and Denisenko). The odor  of  several coatings and other
       materials was tested. A varnish coating based on styrene  with
       epoxy ester was tested for its odor  8 months after its applica-
       tion to the substrate. In the testing of a special adhesive with a
       phenolformaldehyde  base,   an   olfactory  sensation  was
       produced by 0.6-0.8 ml air; i.e., it produced a 'moderate odor'.
       Every material tested by this method (taking into account the
       specified conditions of its envisaged use)  may be categorized
       in terms of its odor. The method makes it possible to appraise
       the odor of new articles  and materials at moderate cost and
       with simple equipment.

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                                       C.  MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     139
 12359
 Moulton, David G.
 TELEMETERING   OF   SPIKE   ACTIVITY    DURING
 BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO ODORANTS.  North Atlantic
 Treaty  Organization,  Paris,  Proc.  NATO Summer School,
 Theories Odors Odor Measurement, Istanbul, Turkey, 1968, p.
 489-491. 6 refs. CFSTI DDC: AD 680057
 One approach to understanding neural mechanisms involved in
 odor detection and discrimination  is  to examine the spike
 discharge from the olfactory bulb  of an animal. This can be
 achieved by  combining  the  use  of implanted  electrodes  and
 telemetering devices with the mass automatic training of rats.
 An  air-dilution olfactometer is  described  that  allows  such
 training. The  facility  is essentially in  two  parts: a circular
 training apparatus and an odor choice tunnel. The first is built
 around a rotating monodrum which supports two water bottles
 whose metal nozzles project between its base and  the floor of
 the cage. A current shocking device, connected to each noz-
 zle,  can be adjusted to produce  a shock sufficient to deter a
 rat from drinking.  Since the drum  rotates, the animal cannot
 select a shock-free nozzle on the basis of its position and is
 forced  to  use odor cues. After three nights in the apparatus,
 training is completed in the odor choice tunnel where odorant
 and  air streams are interchanged.  The training technique is
 similar  to that involved in  the  automatic  mass-training ap-
 paratus. Olfactory spike activity is telemetered from the olfac-
 tory bulb of a trained rat being tested in the odor choice tun-
 nel.

 12479
 Watanabe, Shinya
 THE PROBLEMS OF ODOR NUISANCE. 2. SELECTION OF
 ESTIMATORS IN  SENSORY MEASUREMENT OF ODORS.
 Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan  Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):15-17,
 1967. Translated from Japanese. 8p.
 Despite advances in the chemical analysis of odors, an evalua-
 tion of  an unpleasant odor in  relation  to  human feelings  and
 sensations must inevitably rely on the human sense of smell. A
 panel is  required  for  this  purpose  whose  judgement is
 representative of the local residents concerned. Panel members
 must have the ability to distinquish  a  specific  odor from
 another, to detect the existence of a specific component in  a
 mixture, and to differentiate accurately between variations in
 odor intensity. The size of a panel should be determined ac-
 cording  to the purpose and scale of the investigation. Six to
 ten persons can constitute an effective  panel if they are well
 trained  and properly selected. For a large-scale investigation
carried out simultaneously at numerous  points, a mass panel is
appropriate.

 12487
Kainosho, Masayasu
THE PROBLEMS OF ODOR NUISANCE. 3. MEASUREMENT
AND EVALUATION OF ODOR BY SENSE OF SMELL. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air  Pollution), 2(l):no pagination
given, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 8p.
 Environmental factors influencing functional tests of odor per-
ception  are considered. A room used for olfactory tests must
be able  to absorb sound and must be maintained  at approxi-
mately 25 C. Next in importance is  ventilation: a testing facili-
 ty of about 10 cu m requires a ventiltion fan with a capacity of
30 cu m/min. The room should be constructed from materials,
such as  stainless steel  or plastic board,  that adsorb odors. For
a room  of 10 cu  m, an illumination intensity  of 40-60 W is
satisfactory. The most commonly used  method of evaluating
an odor is the five-point system in which an odor is assigned
to one of the following categories: no odor, faint odor, tolera-
ble odor,  tolerable for a short period of time, intolerable. The
tendency  of an odor panel to underestimate the strength of an
odor must be watched.

12488
Kato, Tatsuo
THE PROBLEMS OF ODOR NUISANCE, S. SAMPLING AND
ANALYTICAL  PROCEDURES  IN  GAS   CHROMATO-
GRAPHIC MEASUREMENT.  Taiki Osen  Kenkyu (J.  Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1)pagination not given, 1967. Translated
from Japanese. 9p.
Gas chromatographic techniques for analyzing odorous com-
ponents of extremely low concentrations of sample gases are
reviewed: the low-temperature  absorption and  concentration
process, and the solid reaction tube  process. The first method
separates  the mixed components of a gas by cooling the gas to
a low  temperature. To  collect atmospheric pollutants,  liquid
oxygen is used. A disavantage of the method is that the carbon
dioxide and moisture in the air are condensed and collected at
the same time, and an operation to eliminate them is indispen-
sible. Soda lime is generally used as the removel  agent for car-
bon dioxide  and  granulated potassium  carbonate  as  the
dehydrating agent, a procedure that can lead to the loss of a
small amount  of pollution components. Though the low-tem-
perature  process  is  suited  to the  clarification of unknown
odors,  its operation is complicated. Many reactive components
of an odorous air sample are better collected by  reaction. In a
new technique for collecting reacted materials,  air is passed
through a glass tube packed with glass beads that are lightly
coated with a solid reagent.  Because  liquid is not used,  the
total amount of decomposed material can  be introduced and
analyzed in the gas chromatographic apparatus. Collection effi-
ciency is  high. A disadvantage of the method is that it does
not permit total analysis of a mixture.

12492
Sawatani, Tsugio
THE PROBLEMS OF ODOR NUISANCE. 4. THE MEASURE-
MENT OF ODOR.  Taik Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pol-
lution),  2(1): pagination not  given,  1967.  9 refs. Translated
from Japanese. 19p.
The measurement of odors is generally divided into separating
and estimating the  components of a gas sample and measuring
the intensity of an odor. There are few occasions  when the
components of a sample can be determined by gas chromatog-
raphy,  so measurements are usually made with  concentrates.
Measurements of the intensity of an odor generally depend on
the sense of smell. Because there is no way to evaluate the
response to an odor on a numerical basis, equipment for mea-
suring odor itensity has not been developed. A specific bond is
assumed  to  exist among the molecules of a substance which
has an offensive odor. For  example,  ammonia, methyl, and
amine have a similar smell that is presumably due to the -NEC
group.  The  idea the flexible vibration of  the N-H coupling
stimulates the  olfactory  nerve implies a possible relationship
between the propagation and quality of a small and the in-
frared-absorbing wave-length of its molecule. Problems com-
plicating the measurement of a gas mixture are discussed, and
a simple sampling  apparatus is described  for measuring  the
odor, of a mixed gas by the salt-solution equilibrium process.

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 140
ODORS
 12665
 Anon.
 ODOR PANEL SMELLS  TROUBLE.  Mod. Mfg., 1(7):164,
 Dec. 1968.
 The largest  cause  of  public complaints against industrial air
 pollution in  this country is noxious odors. Two methods for
 testing effectiveness of odor control are the odor panel of sen-
 sitive individuals and the Scentometer,  an instrument favored
 by many pollution enforcement agencies.

 12942
 Wienke, K.
 DETERMINING AND  TESTING ODOR INTENSITY CURVES
OF GASES  AND  ODORIZING AGENTS.   (Ermittlung und
Uberprufung der  Geruchsintensitatskurven  von Gasen und
 Odoriermitteln).  Text  in  German.  Intern.  Z. Gaswaerme,
 18(6):223-232, June 1969. 3 refs.
The odorizing of almost odorless natural gas is gaining increas-
ing importance with increased use of the fuel on the European
continent. Therefore,   the  development  of  odor  measuring
methods gains in urgency. Gaschromatic methods to determine
the additive concentrations are expensive because of equip-
ment costs and  the need of highly trained personnel. An alter-
native approach is  to measure odors subjectively by means of
test persons. Instructions are given on how  to  perform such
tests, and the use of the portable odorimeter and the odor test-
ing chamber is described. The additive  concentration for both
is varied in steps as follows:  1.0 x 10 to  the mth power, 1.8,
3.2, and 5.5 x 10 to the mth power, where m varies between -3
and =2. Ten measurements at each level should  be made. The
odor is  subjectively  classified according to five intensity
levels.  In most  cases, a linear relationship between the odor
levels and the  log of the additive concentration can be  ex-
pected. For higher precision an S-shaped curve  can be fitted.
Illustrative  examples  of graphical plots  and numerical data
analysis are given, the latter for the regression analysis.

 13099
 Merkel, J. A., T. E. Hazen, and J. R. Miner
IDENTIFICATION OF GASES IN A CONFINEMENT SWINE
BUILDING ATMOSPHERE.  Trans. ASAE (Am.  Soc. Agr.
 Engrs.), 12(3):310-313, May-June 1969. 11 refs.
In addition to the already known fixed gases, CO2, CO, H2S,
 NH3, and CH4, the environment within a confinement  swine
 unit was found to contain a complex mixture of volatile or-
ganic intermediates. These intermediates are important in the
characteristic odor resulting from  the storage of manure and
are suspected as being important  in animal and building per-
formance. Consideration  of  physical, as  well as  organic,
biochemical  phenomena, indicated that the  important  inter-
mediate products of anaerobic manure  decomposition include
organic acids, amines, amides, alcohols, carbonyls, and sul-
fides. Qualitative chemical analysis confirmed the presence of
these homologous groups  except for organic acids that were
decomposed upon formation by the high pH maintained within
the manure storage pit. Physiological odor investigations were
conducted to indicate the important compounds in the specific
odors in swine buildings. Results indicated that the major odor
constituents  are from  the  amine and sulfide groups. (Author
 summary modified)
       13143
       Henley, Don E., William H. Glaze, and J. K. G. Silvey
       ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF AN ODOR COM-
       POUND PRODUCED BY A SELECTED AQUATIC ACTINO-
       MYCETE.  Environ. Sci. Technol., 3(3): 268-271, March 1969.
       23 refs.
       Actinomycetes  have been reported to turn river water  a
       brownish color  and to  release a musty odor.  A method is
       presented for obtaining  pure  samples of materials which are
       reported to cause odors from actinomycetes cultures, and the
       structural elucidation of  one of the components is described. A
       Streptomyces cinnamoneus strain was grown in culture media,
       and the odor-laden gas  produced  was collected and removed
       from the culture to a trap containing dichloromethane at -10 C.
       Gas-liquid chromatography revealed the presence of  several
       compounds  in the  effluent gas. Spectroscopic  properties of
       one major component suggested the structure of 5-methyl-3-
       heptanone, which was confirmed by comparison with standard
       reference spectra.

       13367
       Kniebes, Duane  V., J. Adrian  Chisholm, and Robert C.  Stubbs

       DIRECT ODOR LEVEL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTA-
       TION. Gas Age, 136(8): 24-27, Aug. 1969. 4 refs.
       Odor thresholds  of natural gas are conventionally measured by
       personnel who sniff gas-air mixtures, different  operators ob-
       taining somewhat different results due to normal variations in
       olfactory sensitivity. These variations are eliminated  by the
       use of the Odotron, a new portable instrument which directly
       measures sulfur compounds in natural gas and provides for the
       translation of this measurement into the odor intensity of the
       gas. Although the instrument represents advanced technology,
       it is expected to perform well in the field because of well-
       tested, commercially available components. These include  a
       gas sampling valve  and liquid injection  port,  a chromato-
       graphic column  contained in a temperature-controlled oven,
       and a flame photometric detector with photomultiplier and am-
       plifier circuits. The instrument has not as  yet been subjected
       to extensive field tests.  Thus, it has not been possible to test
       the method for translation of detector output to total gas  odor
       level on a wide  variety  of gases.  Refinement of the combing
       rules is anticipated as more field data become available.

       13627
       Shigeta, Yoshihiro
       ODOR PROBLEM IN ROOMS. I. ODOR  MEASUREMENT.
       (Shitsunai Kankyoka ni okeru Shuki mondai.  I. Shutoshite
       Shuki Sokuteiho ni tsuite.) Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean
       Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 6(5):62-70, Nov.
       1968.5 refs.                             ,    ;
       The delay in the treatment of odor problems is Vnainly due to
       the b.ck of proper method of odor measurement. An Odor
       Study Group was formed in 1965 and studies on odor measure-
       ment have been  carried  out by the following five methods: ol-
       factory method, Kitagawa's detecting tube method, dilution
       method,  absorption  method,  and  gas chromatography.  The
       most common method for evaluating odor  at the present time
       is by the sense of smell. The  proper selection and appropriate
       training of technicians is  mandatory for this  purpose. These
       technicians must memorize and be able  to differentiate about
       60 to 70 kinds of odor.  They are also required to express the
       degrees of odor with proper expressions. In order to express
       these results numerically, the ASTM dilution  method on non-
       odoring chamber method has  been used. Individual sensitivity

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                                        C.  MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      141
 differences and difference in modes of expression among the
 technicians are still unavoidable, although the differences are
 minimal. Using the non-odoring chamber, standard concentra-
 tion levels (threshold, unpleasant, and hazardous concentra-
 tions)   have   been   obtained   for   hydrogen   sulfide,
 trimethylamine, and ammonia.

 13749
 Burnett, William E.
 AIR POLLUTION FROM  ANIMAL WASTES: DETERMINA-
 TION OF MALODORS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC AND
 ORGANOLEPTIC  TECHNIQUES.  Environ.  Sci. Technol.,
 3(8):744-749, Aug. 1969. 21  refs.
 A  combination  of gas  chromatographic  and  organoleptic
 techniques  was used to determine  the chemical compounds
 responsible for the  offensive  odor  of  accumulated  liquid
 poultry manure. The volatile  odorous substances were trapped
 and concentrated  hi short sections of gas  chromatographic
 columns held at -78 C, separated by gas chromatography and
 identified by  the  correspondence between relative  retention
 time and the odors of the peaks for the unknowns and authen-
 tic compounds. Mercaptans, sulfides, and diketones  were
 identified. Volatile organic acids and the nitrogen heterocycles,
 indole and skatole, were also identified, using direct injections
 of  liquid manure supernatant and standard gas chromato-
 graphic techniques. The sulfur compounds, organic acids, and
 skatole were implicated as important malodorous components
 involved in air pollution. Prevention of the odor causing sub-
 stances, rather than the use  of  masking chemicals, was sug-
 gested  as  the best  means of  control.  (Author abstract
 modified)

 13969
 Krotoszynski, B. K. and A. Dravnieks
 ODOR-RELEVANT MEASUREMENT OF ODOROUS POLLU-
 TANTS IN AIR.  Preprint,  Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  17p.,
 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air
 Pollution Control Assoc., St. Paul,  Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
 Paper 68-17.)
 Equilibration  sampling, a  recently  developed  technique for
 measurement of ppb concentrations of organic vapors in air, is
 described.  This method facilitates  the  analysis of  air for
 odorants characteristic of the sources in the environment and
 the comparison of the concentrations of these odorants in air
 with then- threshold concentrations.  The air sampler consists
 of a glass  cylinder equipped with two stainless steel screens
 between which Teflon powder, coated with Apiezon L film,
 can be maintained in  a floating  state by  air sample rapidly
 pulled  through the sampler by means of a battery-powered air
 fan. Vapors  dissolve  in  the  film  until  an equilibrium  is
 reached; the collected vapors are then transferred to a gas
 chromatograph and analyzed. One of  the  advantages  of the
 technique is that the headspace of the sampler contains odor
 of approximately the same intensity and quality as the original
 air, and the films  contain a sufficient  reserve of odorants to
 keep  supplying odor  for  a period  of time  sufficient for
 psychophysical evaluation in  the laboratory. The method can
 be easily adapted  to calibration in terms of odor thresholds
 without an intermediate need  for calibration by weight or con-
 centration, and the  original  gas  chromatogram can be  con-
 verted to a representation hi  terms of odor threshold units of
 each odorant, enabling an improved comparison of the odorant
 components. This permits judgements to be made on the fac-
 tor by  which the concentration of an odorant in air and in the
emission from its source must be reduced to suppress its value
to a given level below threshold. Theoretical considerations
 and experimental procedures are described, and some results
 are  given showing determination of group thresholds  and of
 peak areas at group threshold concentrations for selected pol-
 lutants.

 14108
 Wilby, Frank V.
 VARIATION IN  RECOGNITION ODOR THRESHOLD OF A
 PANEL.  Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh,
 17p., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the
 Air  Pollution Control Assoc., St.  Paul,  Minn., June  23-27,
 1968, Paper 68-16.)
 Recognition odor thresholds of an untrained panel of 35 people
 were determined for several mercaptans,  organic sulfides, di-
 and bisulfides, and hydrogen sulfide, a total of 18 compounds.
 This was part of a study to correlate the odor strength of natu-
 ral gas with  its sulfur analysis. The panel was selected to ap-
 proximate the age and sex distribution of the adult U. S. popu-
 lation. Other than to exclude anosmics, olfactory  acuity was
 not  a factor in selecting the panel. For each test of each odor,
 a hundred- fold range of concentration was presented to the
 panel hi eleven increments of the fifth root of ten. A concen-
 tration of zero was also included. The range of concentrations
 was selected so as to present concentrations above and below
 the  olfactory thresholds of all panelists. Data are presented on
 the  variations in  odor threshold of  individuals at  different
 times to the same compound, and of the panel to each of a se-
 ries  of 18 compounds. An attempt also was made  to identify
 anomalous  olfactory responses  of  specific individuals to
 specific compounds. Results of this phase  of the study  tended
 to confirm the assumption that in general a person's olfactory
 sensitivity is fairly constant, and indicated that odor threshold
 anomalies do exist, however,  more data is  required  before
 they can be measured accurately.

 14109
 Leonardos, Gregory, David A. Kendall, and Nancy J.  Barnard

 ODOR THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS OF 53 ODORANT
 CHEMICALS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
 sburgh, 23p., 1968. 4 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meet-
 ing of the Air Pollution Control Assoc., St. Paul, Minn., June
 23-27,  1968, Paper 68-13.)
 Recognition  odor thresholds for 53 commercially important
 chemicals were  determined in the laboratory by  an  expert
 panel of four members. By  standardizing the  method of sam-
 ple  presentation  and minimizing  extraneous sensory  inter-
 ference,  the  concentrations determined  as  producing the
 minimum identifiable odor response provided consistent and
 internally comparable data  for one parameter of  odor. The
 odorants were presented to the panel in  a static air system
 utilising  a low-odor background air as the dilution medium.
 The  odor threshold was defined as the first concentration at
 which  all panel members were able  to recognize the  odor.
 Aspects of human odor detection and of  the concept  of the
 odor threshold are  discussed. The thresholds determined for
 each odorant in  terms  of  parts  per  million by volume are
 presented.  The  minimum  threshold   observed  was  with
 trimethyl amine at 0.00021 ppm. As a group, compounds with
 sulfur  had the lowest thresholds of the compounds tested. It
 was  noted that carbon disulfide, sulfur dichloride,  and sulfur
 dioxide affect the other chemical senses  (taste  and feel) as
well. The presence of unsaturation in an odorant chemical was
 not found to  be associated with low threshold concentrations,
and  it  is  observed that extended generalizations pertaining to
the odor threshold based on similar chemical structures cannot

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 142
ODORS
easily be  made. With reference  to benzenoid-type materials,
substitution on the benzene ring reduced the odor threshold by
as much as a thousandfold depending on the nature of the
group added,  and in general  produced a wide variation in
thresholds. Three  chemicals, toluene,  styrene, and  tolylene
diisocyanate were purified by a gas-liquid chromatography to
note the effect of chemical purity on the odor threshold; dif-
ferences from thresholds determined from  starting materials
seemed  slight, if any.

14197
Binder,  Heinrich
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPfflC INVESTIGATION OF VAPOUR
PHASES.  H. CRITICAL  EXAMINATION  OF DIFFERENT
METHODS OF SAMPLING.   (Zur gas-chromatographischen
Untersuchung von  Dampfphasen. n. Beurteilung verschiedner
Mcthoden der Probennahme). Text in German. Z. Anal. Chem.
(Munich), 244(6):353-359, 1%9. 104 refs.
Odors, engine exhausts, aroma and cigarette smoke, urban air
pollution,  and  quality of foodstuffs are among the problems
that can be investigated by gas-chromatographic vapor phase
analysis. Completeness of qualitative analysis and accuracy of
quantitative analysis depend mainly on the type of collection
and on enrichment and introduction of the sample. Several col-
lection  problems  and  the  methods  of their solution  are
described in detail. (Author summary modified)

14606
Reckner, Louis R.
DIESEL ODOR MEASUREMENT.  Franklin Inst. Research
Labs.,  Philadelphia, Pa., Materials  Science  and Engineering
Dept. and  Public Health Service,  Durham, N. C., National Air
Pollution Control Administration, Proc. First Nad. Symp. on
Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution, Philadel-
phia, Pa., Nov.  1968, p. 199-208.
A procedure for measuring the intensity of diesel exhaust odor
using human panelists was developed and evaluated. Require-
ments in developing the odor panel techniques were an ex-
haust dilution and panel exposure system, a method of select-
ing and  training panelists, a set of diesel odor intensity stan-
dards, and the  design of the test program. The dilution  and
panel exposure consisted of a face box and exhaust diluted
with air at the engine exhaust pipe reaching the sniff box in 4
sec and  a residence time of 15 sec. Panelists were  selected by
testing the olfactory ability of a large number of  candidates.
Twelve  bottle standards were used in which odorants were dis-
solved in mineral oil and each successive bottle had twice the
concentration as  that  in  the  previous one. Panelists were
trained using peppermint and cinnamon to identify the twelve
bottle standards by number and  to rate diluted exhaust in a
sniff box. When this  was done  satisfactorily, test programs
were run. Test programs were designed to facilitate statistical
analysis. Three engine operating  conditions  and four exhaust
dilutions were used. Each test condition was presented once in
each of  the four sessions. Results showed that this procedure
can be used to  draw statistically  valid conclusions concerning
the effect of parameters such as engine types, operating condi-
tions, and fuels upon diesel exhaust odor intensity.

14607
Skala, H., F. G. Padrta, and P. C. Samson
DIESEL ENGINE POLLUTANTS.  PART  I.  IDENTIFICA-
TION.   Franklin  Inst. Research  Labs.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,
Materials  Science  and Engineering Dept, and Public Health
Service, Durham, N. C., National  Air Pollution Control  Ad-
       ministration, Proc. First Natl. Symp. on Heterogeneous Catal-
       ysis for Control of Air Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968,
       p. 209-220.
       High  molecular weight organic constituents of diesel exhaust
       other than unbumed diesel fuel were identified. Samples were
       collected  by the  use of a thermal gradient  trap from a  slip
       stream off the total exhaust effluent. The organic pollutants
       were  partitioned  out with n-hexane. A portion of the diesel
       odor  concentrate  was subjected to additional separation over
       silica  gel.  Identification of the components was made by mass
       spectrometry.  The pollutants were found  to be partially ox-
       idized components of the diesel fuel  over its full molecular
       weight range.  Five different classes of oxygenated hydrocar-
       bons  were found: aldehydes  and ketones, carboxylic acids, al-
       cohols, phenols,  and nitrophenols. These yielded  a total of
       over 400 observable species.  Aldehydes and ketone derivatives
       of paraffins,  cycloparaffins, olefins, and aromatics were ob-
       served. In the aromatic series, benzaldehyde,  indanone,  cin-
       namaldehyde,  indenone, naphthaldehyde, acenaphthenone, and
       fluorenone and their higher homologues were found. The  aro-
       matic carbonyl compounds were the predominant species.  The
       vital role of the aromatic oxygenates in the diesel odor picture
       was further substantiated by the absence of diesel odor in the
       exhaust when a fuel consisting of only n-paraffins was used.
       The precursors of diesel odor are therefore  considered to be
       primarily  the aromatics present in diesel fuel. Their observed
       relative enrichment is reasonable when one considers the rela-
       tive rates  for  oxidation of a paraffin versus  an aromatic.  For
       aromatics, oxidation to intermediate compounds is faster than
       for paraffins, and complete oxidation is slower.

       14680
       Wagner, T. O.
       COMPOSITION OF  DIESEL EXHAUST HYDROCARBONS.
       Franklin  Inst.  Research Labs., Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Materials
       Science and  Engineering Dept. and  Public Health Service,
       Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution  Control Administration,
       Proc.  First Natl. Symp.  on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Con-
       trol of Air Pollution,  Philadelphia, Pa.,  Nov. 1968, p. 241-252.
       The technology required to develop   an  odor standard  for
       diesel engines is being acquired. However,  diesel exhausts
       contain such a wide range of compounds that sampling  and
       analytical procedures are difficult. When no  more  than an in-
       ventory  of  hydrocarbon compounds  is  desired,  capillary-
       column chromatographic analysis of a bag sample is adequate,
       even  though  many  'heavy'  hydrocarbons are lost. Such an
       analysis revealed  the presence of Cl to CIS paraffins. Few, if
       any, of the light  and mid-boiling compounds were present in
       the fuel. Compounds causing diesel odor are in the C8 to  CIS
       range. Diesel  exhaust contains many  oxygenated  compounds
       which may be relevant  to odor, but their concentrations are
       low. The effect of fuel on diesel emissions is small; Concentra-
       tions  of hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust, adjusted  for excess-
       air dilution, are generally below passenger car emission stan-
       dards.

       15287
       Zur Muehlen,  Thorkul
       MEASUREMENTS OF STYRENE EMISSIONS AND IMMIS-
       SIONS  WITH THE AID OF GAS  CHROMATOGRAPHY.
       (Messungen von Styrol-Einissionen und -Immlsstonen mit Hilfe
       der Gaschromatographie). Text in German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed.
       Arbeitsschutz,  voL 18:41-43, Feb. 1968.15 refs.
       Air samples   for determining the concentration  of styrene
       fumes in  the vicinity of a processing plant for polyester resin

-------
                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     143
were obtained with a gas collecting tube. A membrane pump
was used to draw in 30 1 air within a period of 5 minutes. In
the  gas  chromatographic analysis  of the  samples;  helium
(99.99%) was used as a carrier gas and the operating tempera-
ture was 150 C. Calibration was  performed according to the
method described by J. May. At the outlet of the vapors, 340
ppm were  measured; at a distance of 1  m,  130 ppm, at a
distance of 10 m, 8 to 9 ppm; and at a distance of about 35 m,
about 1 ppm. The odor threshold  for styrene was found to be
1 ppm.

15677
Jutzi, W.
TESTING  OF  METHODS  FOR  REDUCTION  OF  ODOR
EMISSIONS.  (Pruefung  von Verfahren zur Reduktion  von
Geruchsemissionen).   Text in  German.  Z. Praeventivmed.,
14(5):305-306, 1969. 1 ref.
The Swiss Federal Material Testing Institute for Industrie and
Construction (EMPA) developed a new method for determin-
ing the odor intensity of emissions. Large, continuous samples
of the waste gas are mixed with fresh air. The latter is  cleaned
with activated charcoal prior to its use. The mixture is passed
through a steel or plastic pipe of about 40 cm inside diameter
to the persons  judging odor intensity. This method is more
complicated than the common method of obtaining one sam-
ple, mixing it with clean air, and having a test person deter-
mine the odor intensity but it is more easily reproducible and
more representative.  Two such pipes are used to  judge the ef-
ficiency of a method  for the reduction of odors.

16080
Lindvall, Thomas
MEASUREMENT  OF  ODOROUS  AIR  POLLUTANTS.
(Bestamning av luktande luftfororeningar). Nord. Hyg. Tidskr.,
47(21):41-71, 1966. 91 refs. Translated from Swedish. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
44p., Aug. 14, 1969.
Methods for determining  odorous  air pollutants are described,
with  special emphasis on  the organoleptic  principle.  The
physiological and psychological background of odor  is con-
sidered incompletely investigated. Existing knowledge of the
organoleptic principle of  measurement permits an approach to
the problem of odors from the viewpoint of environmental hy-
giene. The most important dimension of an odor is its accepta-
bility, but  a quantitative determination cannot  be obtained.
Consequently determination of odor threshold is  done  by stu-
dying the number of dilutions necessary to arrive at odorless-
ness. Difficulties connected with psycho-physical studies  in-
clude lack of individual consistency, effects of adaptation, and
background  variables  of climatological, psychological,  and
biological  origin. Different psychometric  methods including
principles of stimulus presentation and indicator response in
threshold studies. Principles of direct scaling of  supraliminal
intensities,   and  different  kinds  of  olfactometers were
discussed. Odor thresholds for pure substances given in litera-
ture are not compatible. This is probably because of inaccura-
cy of the physical/chemical methods of analysis,  lack of com-
fonnity  in   definitions,  exposure equipments  psychometric
methods, selection of subjects, and statistical treatment. There
may also be an interaction between different odorous com-
pounds, with respect to the resulting strength of smell, that is
not always a simple matter of addition. Annoyance effects are
considered  to  be best studied by  epidemiological methods
where a reliable  description of the exposure can  be obtained.
(Author summary modified)
16134
Atsumi, Michisato, Hiroshi Kiyozumi, Kazuko Ito, Teruyuki
Sudo, and Tsunako Oshima
AN  INVESTIGATION OF  AIR  POLLUTION  BY ODOR—
ESPECIALLY THE  COMPARISON OF THE  ADR POLLU-
TION IN AND OUT OF PLANTS.  (Akushu ni yoru taiki osen
chosa—toku ni kojo naigai ni okeru hikaku kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(7):407-410,
July 15, 1967. 5 refs.
Comparative measurements of indoor and outdoor air pollution
are reported for two petroleum plants in Yokkaichi city. In-
stantaneous concentration measurement methods were used:
the instant an odor  became offensive air was  collected and
analyzed by gas chromatography. The two plants were  com-
paratively isolated from other plants.  Inside one plant, nu-
merous ground-level  pollutants of high density were detected.
On the leeward  side of the plant  a variety of substances was
also present, but  in  smaller  concentrations. Few pollutants
were detected on the windward side. Certain substances  were
detected  at a point  one km  to the west of the plant; less
odorous substances were in  most cases detectable 100 meters
away. Under certain conditions the reverse occurred. The data
obtained by gas chromatographic analyses are tabulated.

16298
Fiala, Ernst and Ernst-Georg Zeschmann
ANNOYANCE CAUSED BY ODOROUS EXHAUST GASES.
(Laestigkeit von Abgasgeruch). Text in  German. VDI (Ver.
Deut. Ingr.) Z. (Duesseldorf), 109(24):1139-1141, 1967. 5 refs.
The intensity of odors caused by automobile exhaust gases
was evaluated by measuring the odor intensity of dilutions of
the  exhaust  gas  with fresh air that  exceeded the  odor
threshold. The tests were performed with a water-cooled four-
cylinder, four-  stroke Otto  engine. The measurements were
based on the following considerations.  At low traffic density
i.e.,  on well-ventilated streets, the exhaust gas odor is not
noticeable; the odor threshold is not reached. With increasing
traffic density,  i.e.,  less  ventilation, odor  threshold  is ex-
ceeded. The  mass flows  emitted under the latter condition
were indicative of the dilution which was the measure for the
odor intensity. The results showed the familiar  independence
of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentrations from en-
gine operating state. Test personnel could smell the exhaust
gas independently of  the operating  state at 800- to 1000-fold
dilution.  The carbon  monoxide and hydrocarbon concentra-
tions at the moment  the odor threshold was exceeded were
between 1 and 100 ppm and  0.6 to 8 ppm, respectively. Addi-
tion  of air in the exhaust  system  reduced the concentrations,
but increased the odor intensity.

16442
Reckner, Louis R. and Robert E. Squires
DIESEL EXHAUST COMPOSITION AND ODOR. (FINAL RE-
PORT FOR PERIOD DEC. 3, 1967 TO JUNE 30, 1968).  Scott
Research Labs.,  Inc., Perkasie, Pa., USPHS Div. of Air Pollu-
tion  Contract PH 86-67-134, SRL Proj. 1076, 106p., Sept. 3,
1968. 7 refs. (Presented in part at  the First National Symposi-
um on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution,
Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968.)
Reliable techniques for measuring the intensity  of diesel ex-
haust odor using human panels were developed and evaluated
in statistically-designed programs.  These techniques employed
panelists selected on the basis of superior olfactory ability and
trained to rate dilute exhaust using a series of twelve concen-
trations of an odor intensity standard as the reference scale A
test program, designed to  measure the difference in intensity

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 144
ODORS
 between exhausts produced  by two fuels at  three operating
 conditions,  was evaluated using both the  two-cycle and four-
 cycle engines. A No. 2 heating oil produced exhaust with a sig-
 nificantly higher intensity than that produced by a No. 2 diesel
 fuel at idle  than at half load and full load  with both the diesel
 fuel and heating oil. The two-cycle engine exhaust had a sig-
 nificantly higher intensity at full load than  at half load with the
 diesel fuel.  This program design is suitable for general use in
 determining exhaust intensity differences.  The quality, as well
 as the intensity  of exhaust, must be defined in order to deter-
 mine exhaust acceptability in terms of human response and
 achieve correlation between chemical tests and panel respon-
 ses. A different approach, which makes  use  of a technique
 known as selective adaption  in conjunction  with chromato-
 graphic separation, showed promise for characterizing diesel
 odor and developing adequate quality standards.  It was found
 that selective adaption could be used to unmask minor com-
 ponents  in   odorant  mixtures.  Work was directed  toward
 developing techniques for collecting exhaust carbonyls as their
 oxime derivatives and subsequently regenerating them for odor
 appraisal and identification. Reaction in aqueous and alcoholic
 solutions  of  hydroxylamine  hydrochloride  yielded  oximes
 which could be convened back to carbonyls by acid hydrolysis
 at elevated temperatures. (Author summary modified)

 16540
 Watanabe, Shinya
 SELECTION OF THE ODOR PANEL AND ODOR SURVEY
 BY  THE  PANEL.  (Akushu hyoka paneru  no sentaku  to
 paneru chosa). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
 Control), 4(9):557-562, Sept. 15, 1968. 21 refs.
 Despite improvements in odor analizer techniques, a high level
 of skill is still required to evaluate the data obtained when two
 or more odors are mixed. It appears more accurate so far to
 rely on olfactory perception. An odor panel is described whose
 members possess an ability to identify odors with great accu-
 racy and to grade odor concentrations. Determination of olfac-
 tory perception thresholds involves several procedures, includ-
 ing the widely recognized olfactgram. Another element which
 should be taken into consideration when selecting panel mem-
 bers is the individual tolerance limit of olfaction. Some  per-
 sons may have  a  specific disposition or liability to perceive
 some odor. The  selection of an odor panel, therefore, must be
 related to its objectivity;  the judgment  of  panel members
 should represent that of the people or community concerned,
 regardless of their subjective interest. Panel size is generally
 determined according to its initial purpose and research scale.
 A mass panel composed of a thousand persons is conceivable.
 While examinations of individual physical and psychological
 factors would be difficult, such a panel  would yield more ac-
 curate odor perception thresholds than smaller panels.

 16754
 Cleary, Graham J.
 THE CLASSIFICATION OF  ODOURS.  Clean Air (J. Clean
Air Soc.  Australia New Zealand), 3(1):13-15,  March 1969. 13
 refs.
The classification of odors is  difficult because of the inability
 to describe  the stimulus. A number of classification systems
that have been devised since 1855 are discussed. Most are  sub-
jective based on a pleasant-unpleasant reaction with subgroup
classes such as fresh, pungent, etc.  One system eliminates
most of the  subjectiveness found in earlier schemes by classi-
fying odors  on the basis of adsorption on  some common sur-
face active  agents. Extension of this work  should make it
possible to define odor quality even more precisely.
       16781
       Vogh, J. W.
       NATURE OF ODOR COMPONENTS IN DD2SEL EXHAUST.
       J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 19(10):773-777, October 1969.
       7 refs.
       Offensive exhaust odors are characteristic of diesel engines.
       One problem in control and reduction of odor is lack of un-
       derstanding of odorant sources and mode of formation. The
       solution of this  problem  depends on identification of the
       odorants so that study of their formation and control can be
       undertaken. A human panel  performed odor assessments in
       studying raw and modified diesel exhaust and synthetic blends
       representing portions  of  diesel exhaust. Their assessments
       were used in determining odorant identity and quantitative
       contribution to exhaust odor. Low molecular weight aldehydes
       appear  to contribute little to  diesel  odors.  The  sulfur and
       nitrogen oxides have been examined as odorants but of these
       apparently only nitrogen dioxide is  a potential odor contribu-
       tor. (Author's Abstract)

       17044
       Amoore, John E.
       PRIMARY  ODOR  CORRELATED  WITH  MOLECULAR
       SHAPE  BY SCANNING  COMPUTER.   J.  Soc.  Cosmetic
       Chemists, 21(2):99-106, Feb. 4, 1970. 10 refs.
       An  experimental method  is  described  for  identifying and
       mapping out the chemical extent  of the primary  odor of
       isovaleric acid and its homologs and isomers (to which certain
       persons are specifically 'odor-blind').  The production of this
       primary odor requires the carboxylic acid functional group in
       conjunction with a limited range of  molecular shapes and
       sizes. The odor was experimentally established by photogra-
       phing a molecular isovaleric acid model in silhouette and using
       a pattern recognition  machine to analyze the  silhouette. The
      i machine consists  of a  modified television  camera  linked
       directly to a computer. It  scans the silhouette by means of a
       large, reproducible collection  of random lines. The frequency
       with which each random  line  intersects the silhouette of a
       selected standard compound is compared  with the frequencies
       observed  for  other molecular  compounds.  The  degree of
       molecular similarity, assessed by 4096 random lines,  is then
       printed out. As determined by primary odor measurements for
       15 fatty acids, a strong correlation exists between molecular
       shape and odor quality.

       17288
       Baba, Yoshio
       MEASUREMENT   OF  MALODOROUS   SUBSTANCES.
       (Akushu seibun  no sokuteiho).  Text  in  Japanese. Kogai to
       Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4): 179-191, July 1969. 34 refs.
       Several problems exist in measuring malodorous substances in
       air,  the  largest  of  which  is that   susceptible  limits  of
       malodorous substances  are very low. Usually 'the value is
       several figures lower than the measurable value. The concen-
       tration method was  adopted in order to measure them. Water
       and  carbon dioxide were removed before that concentration
       was  determined. The concentration tube was cooled by liquid
       nitrogen. The apparatus and operation  of this method was dif-
       ficult;  therefore, easy  methods were  proposed. The first
       method is absorption  by an organic solvent such as acetone,
       methyl  alchol, ethyl alchol, and ethyl benzene. The  second
       method is adsorption by activated charcoal which is useful for
       hydrocarbons containing four  to six carbons. The third is a
       glass filter method  where  malodorous gases are analyzed by
       gas chromatography.  Chemical analysis was also  used.'The
       sample gas is passed through the absorption tube with specific

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     145
 reagents in it and analyzed by titration or by the colorimetric
 method. Functional measurements were also useful. There are
 three functional methods for measuring waste water odor: the
 ASTM method, the Japan Water Service Association method,
 and the  saline solution  method.  There are several functional
 methods for measuring  odors in air: the ASTM method, the
 Nader method, and the odorless room method. The gas detec-
 tor method is easy and fast.

 17290
 Hamauzu, Yoshio
 ODOR  PERCEPTION MEASUREMENT  BY THE USE OF
 ODORLESS ROOM.  (Mushushitsu ho ni yoru  shuki kanno
 sokutei).  Text in  Japanese.  Sangyo  Kogai  (Ind.  Public
 Nuisance), 5(12):718-723, Dec. 25, 1969. 7 refs.
 The function of the olfactory organ and some problems in-
 volved in olfactory  testing with the use of an odor panel, the
 preparation of an odorless testing room, and other problems
 which are commonly observed in conducting qualitative  odor
 measurements were described. It  is characteristic of the olfac-
 tory organ that the duration of odor perception is an extremely
 limited function, due to quick fatigue. This was construed to
 be  a function of adjustment.  Of nearly 2,000,000 chemical
 compounds which are known, one-fifth or 400,000 compounds,
 have odor, but only one percent of the one-fifth have pleasant
 odors.  Empirica attempts were aimed at systematizing  odor
 and the function of olfactory organ according  to a scientific
 method, but they were not very successful. For this reason the
 measurement of odor perception is largely dependent on use
 of an odor panel  or an observation group. Subjective judge-
 ment may be  unavoidable  in an olfaction test. To minimize
 measurement errors several conditions are  required:  people
 around 20 years have the most perceptible olfaction; sensitivi-
 ty  declines  with  age  and the  most qualified  persons  are
 between 20 and  40 years old;  very few differences  exist
 between males and females, but an  equal  number of  both
 should compose a panel; mental and physical health is of pri-
 mary importance;  and reasonableness and stability of both ol-
 factory perception and the judgement standard decide success
 to a great extent. The triangle test, the matching test, the rank-
 ing  test,  and others can  be applied for  panel  screening.
 Procedures of odor perception measurement by the use of an
 odorless room were explained.

 17627
 Okita, Toshiichi, Masao Mishima, and Fumimichi Shigeta
 OFFENSIVE ODORS. 6.  COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF
 OFFENSIVE ODOR BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY (THIRD
 REPORT). COLLECTION  AND  ANALYSIS OF  AMINES.
 Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59,
 1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
 A method of collecting and analyzing amines is discussed. The
 amines used in the tests were m, d, t-methylamines, which are
 the most difficult to collect and  separate. The  results of ex-
 amination of  the various types of packing materials  showed
 that Chromosorb  W (60-80 mesh) is the most  suitable  with
 TEP (diglycerol 15%, tetraethylenepentamine  5%, and potassi-
 um hydroxide 2%) applied  to it.  The  column was  3 m long,
with a temperature of 80  C. A  Hitachi Model  KGL-2  Gas
 Chromatograph was used,  and the measurement was made
with a  hydrogen-flame  detector. An  aqueous  solution of
methylamine was diluted with water, and after neutralization
titration, measurements  were made. The  retention time  and
minimum quantity detected for each of the methylamines are
shown in tabular form. A collection of 99% was obtained when
trimethylamine was collected with a glass fiber filter dipped in
a  20% aqueous  solution of sulfuric acid  and then dried.
Satisfactory results were also obtained when  glass beads were
used as packing.

17628
Ohira, Toshi, Minoru Takeda, Tatsukichi Ishiguro, and Osamu
Koyama
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 7. GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC ANAL-
YSIS OF OFFENSIVE ODOR AT PLANTS HANDLING FISH
ENTRAILS AND BONES. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
The offensive odors emitted by chemical plants  treating fish
entrails and bones were  analyzed by gas chromatography. The
solid reaction tube concentration - gas chromatographic analy-
sis method for ammonia and amines was used. To concentrate
the samples,  a glass tube packed with glass beads coated with
oxalic acid was used, and air was drawn into it and passed
through it to be collected. Satisfactory results were obtained
with No. 0-2 glass filters. A pump was used  for suction, and
the volume of air collected was  measured by a wet flowmeter.
Each sample was transferred to a decomposition tube, a con-
centrated  solution  of potassium  hydroxide  was  added to
liberate the ammonia and amines, and these were flushed out
with air. The gas was collected in a GC sample tube  cooled by
liquid oxygen, flushed out with  heat, and introduced into the
gas chromatograph. Most of the analytical  values  obtained
showed that ammonia,   trimethylamines, and  pyrrole com-
pounds are dominant, and that the proportion of other amines
is  low. High molecular compounds in the air decrease, and am-
monia,  which  decomposes  last, increases  as  the process
proceeds.

17629
Kato, Tatsuo, Zensho Munakata, Tatsuji Takahashi, and
Tomoaki Kawaguchi
OFFENSIVE  ODORS. 8. A  STUDY OF THE CONTAINER
USED IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS FOR COL-
LECTING THE ODOR  SAMPLE.  Taiki  Osen  Kenkyu  (J.
Japan  Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from
Japanese. 4p.
An investigation of the container used in gas  chromatography
was conducted. The capacity of  the collection container was 1
liter, and a glass vacuum collection container with  a Teflon-
glass screw cock was constructed. The cock had a vacuum O-
ring, and the  sample made contact with it when passing in and
out.  To test  the stability of the container in the  sampling
process and preservation of  materials of 100 ppm,  hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, and dialkyl  sulfides were used as sample
materials. Gas chromatographic analysis with  a sample collec-
tion vessel of this type can be used as a standard method with
an error of less than 6%, if the concentration  operation begins
within 5 to 7 hours.

17638
Sakuma, Kenzo, Taku Miura, Toru Domon, Koshiro
Kanazawa, Shinichi Harkna, and Taichiro Namiki
OFFENSIVE  ODORS. 17. MEASUREMENT  OF ODOR BY
SENSORY PERCEPTION WITH THE USE  OF  AN ODOR-
FREE ROOM.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 6p.
The threshold values for hydrogen sulfide and trimethylamine
were studied. The odor-free room, used for the test, was cubic
in  shape,  covered with stainless  steel, and of an interior
volume of 7.5 cu  m. The room had a water-wash device and,
in  an  upper part, a ventilation fan to change the air. Also, a

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 146
ODORS
 small fan for agitation was attached to ensure adequate diffu-
 sion of the sample. The sample was either injected through a
 window or introduced by some other method. The single sub-
 stances used in the tests were H2S filled in a bomb, and a 30%
 aqueous solution of trimethylamine. The latter was used in
 1%, 0.1%,  and 0.01% alcoholic solutions.  The panel for the
 odor measurement consisted of six investigators. The necessa-
 ry amount of H2S was taken by a syringe and injected through
 the window for the sensory test. The trimethylamine was
 placed in a watch glass and volatilized in the middle of the
 room. After agitation of the  air in the room for one minute,
 the panelists entered. The threshold value for H2S was 0.005
 ppm; the environmental offensive odor was 20 ppm; and the
 public  hazard  offensive  odor  level  was  150  ppm.  For
 trimethylamine, 0.0003 ppm  was  the  threshold value; 0.002
 ppm the environmental offensive odor; and 3 ppm the  public
 hazard offensive odor level.

 17639
 Nakamura, Ken, Shozo Fukuda, and Harumi Hirayama
 OFFENSIVE  ODORS.  18. OFFENSIVE ODOR MEASURE-
 MENT BY DETECTION TUBE.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
 Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-5 1967. Translated from Japanese.
4p.
 The measurement of offensive odor constituents by the  detec-
tion tube method is widely used. An  investigation was con-
 ducted to  determine the best  conditions  for measurement.
 Measurement  conditions  are  being established to  compare
 deodorizers of the direct addition type. The odor  emitting
 source was put in the container of the  device (a brown  2 liter
 bottle), a deodorizer was added, and air was introduced at a
 velocity of one liter/minute.  The  time when the flow  began
 was made the starting time, and after a certain period of time,
 the aspirator was stopped. The odor volume was immediately
 measured by the detection tube. Sample material to which no
 deodorizer  had been added was treated in  the same  way.  As
 sources of  odor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, ethylmercaptan,
 and raw urine were used. The deodorizers  were two  types of
powder,  and  three  types of liquid. Considerable differences
 occurred, depending on the deodorizer.  In the case of ofly sub-
 stances, the effectiveness of deodorization by entrapment of
 odor was quite high, being more effective than the deodorizer
itself.

 17640
 Shigeta, Yoshihiro, Shigeo Kobayashi, Michio Hayashino, and
Yoshimasa Koyama
 OFFENSIVE  ODORS.  19. SENSORY  PERCEPTION  MEA-
SUREMENT OF ODOR BY THE AIR DILUTION METHOD.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59,
 1967. Translated from Japanese. 7p.
The Olfacto-tester is a device for sensory perception measure-
 ments of odor using the air dilution method as its basis.  A 300
 ml portion of the prepared odor was put into the odor generat-
ing device and aerated when  flowing at a rate of 3600 ml/min
through a glass tube inserted 1 cm deep in the liquid. Measure-
 ment was done by the gradation method. The gradation levels
 were: 0 - odorless, 1   faint odor, 2 - weak odor, 3 - fairly
 strong odor, 4 - strong odor, and 5 - violent  odor. The odors of
 hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine,  isovaleric acid, diallyldisul-
fide, and ethylmercaptan were selected for study. Tests were
 also conducted on feces and urine, and lean fish solubles. The
 average value of level 1 was made the threshold value, and the
 average value of level 3, the  environmental offensive odor
level. The concentration of diluted odor of ammonia was mea-
 sured with the Kitagawa-type  detector tube, and was com-
       pared with the theoretical dilution concentration at the same
       multiple. In these experiments, there were differences between
       the odor dilution multiples of flowmeter and the actual mea-
       surement values of ammonia by detection tube. Reasons for
       this discrepancy are given.

       17641
       Nakagawa, Fumiyuki, Shoji Kuwata, Hiroyuki Sugjyama, and
       Tsutomu Yoshioka
       OFFENSIVE  ODORS.  20. OFFENSIVE ODOR MEASURE-
       MENT  BY  THE   SALINE   SOLUTION  EQUILIBRATION
       METHOD.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
       2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 3p.
       With respect to the saline solution  equilibration method for
       measuring offensive odors, such factors as kind of odor, its
       concentration, draft volume, draft time, and filter were stu-
       died. The odor emitting substance was put in a sample bottle,
       aerated, and  the offensive odor gas was absorbed in saline
       solution. When the  solution was   saturated  and  reached
       equilibrium, the concentrations in the first and second absorp-
       tion  bottles were presumed  to be equal and maintaining a
       definite concentration. The dilution multiple when the saline
       solution was  diluted with pure, odorless water until the odor
       disappeared,  represents the  degree of bad  odor. Some sub-
       stances which readily dissolve in water do not reach saturation
       in 4-5 hours.  Ammonia reaches  equilibrium in 2-3 hours, but
       draft volume effect seems to be fairly large. It seems to be
       questionable as to whether a general standard for the length of
       time required can be established, since the time to reach satu-
       ration varies  with substances and concentrations. The attain-
       ment of saturation  and equilibrium can be assumed when the
       concentration in the first absorption  bottle  has become con-
       stant. A comparative examination of glass filters and commer-
       cial diffusers was conducted, but no great difference was ob-
       served.
      •»•

       18093
       Smith, Hermes O. and Arthur D. Hochstettler
       DETERMINATION OF ODOR THRESHOLDS IN AIR USING
       C14-LABELED COMPOUNDS TO MONITOR CONCENTRA-
       TIONS. Environ. Sci. Technol., 3(2):169-170, Feb. 1969. 1 ref.
       The  minimum identifiable odor levels of  compounds  in air
       were determined using a static  dilution technique. Since ad-
       sorption of the compounds on the surfaces of equipment dur-
       ing the diluting procedures can potentially cause unknown and
       high errors, it is important to determine the true concentration
       in the air at the minimum identifiable odor level concentration.
       The authors do this  by using  C14-labeled compounds and scin-
       tillation counting. Results for styrene,  monochlorobenzene,
       and monochloroacetic acid are reported. (Author's Abstract)

       18194
       Sullivan, D. C, D. F. Adams, and F. A. Young
       DESIGN OF  AN 'ODOR PERCEPTION AND OBJECTIONA-
       BIUTY THRESHOLD' TEST FACILITY.   Atmos. Environ.,
       2(2):121-133, March 1968. 25 refs.
       The design requirements  for the study of the thresholds of
       odor perception and objectionability  within a large  population
       of human  subjects are discussed.  The  collection of  an
       adequate body of data was facilitated by the conversion of a
       35 ft.  bus  into an air conditioned,  mobile odor  perception
       laboratory  containing six identical face exposure  chambers,
       each providing a different,  known,  controlled  (and readily
       changeable) odor concentration. The mobility of the laboratory
       permits the evaluation of the responses of diverse groupV of

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     147
 test subjects  at  fairs,  expositions,  elementary schools and
 universities. A dynamic system of  odor generation  is used
 which provides a range of concentrations within the exposure
 chambers from ppm to at least 1 ppb. Subjects consecutively
 sample the test atmospheres from the six chambers, each con-
 taining a different  concentration of the same  compound.
 Ascending, descending and random presentation of concentra-
 tions have been employed.  Concentrations range from unde-
 tectable to detectable by most subjects. The test subjects re-
 port, for each chamber, whether or not an odor is  detected
 and whether their response to the odor was pleasant or un-
 pleasant. In addition, each subject provides comprehensive in-
 formation concerning many variables  including age, sex, smok-
 ing habits, respiratory abnormalities, and  occupation. These
 data  re transferred to punched cards and analyzed for possi-
 ble significant influence upon  the response to odor levels.
 (Author Abstract)

 19051
 McGinnity, J. L., K. W. Grimley, Jr., C. R. Hones, Jr., and J.
 D. Mulik
 MOBILE  SOURCE SAMPLING  LABORATORY  FOR  THE
 PULP AND  PAPER INDUSTRY.  Preprint,  Public Health Ser-
 vice, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
 tration, 12p.,  1970. 7  refs. (Presented at a Symposium  on
 Methods for Measuring and Evaluating Odorous Air Pollutants
 at the Source and in the Ambient Air, June 1-5, 1970.)
 A mobile source-sampling laboratory for the pulp and paper
 industry is discussed. A continuously operating stack-gas- con-
 ditioning system has been devised for the laboratory. From the
 source, the  gas sample first passes  through a heated glass-
 fiber filter to  remove particulates, and then into a 3/16-inch-
 ED Teflon sampling line. The continuous gas monitoring instru-
 ments provide analysis for oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon
 dioxide, hydrocarbons, and  various sulfur compounds. Seven
 instruments  are used: two gas chromatographs, a Melpar total
 sulfur analyzer, a Barton titrator,  and a Beckman O2,  CO2,
 and CO  analyzer. Another part  of the source sampling pro-
 gram is an odor panel.  Samples are diluted in 100 ml syringes
 and presented to the panel directly from the syringe. Emission
 data are  available for gas samples taken before and after the
 direct contact evaporators,  recovery  furnace  precipitator,
 smelt dissolving tank, lime kiln scrubber,  and multiple effect
 evaporator scrubbers.

 20100
 Hurn, R. W. and W. F. Marshall
 TECHNIQUES FOR DIESEL EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT.
 SAE  (Soc. Automotive Engrs.) Trans., 77(2): 1492-1501,  1969.
 10 refs. (Paper 680418.)
 The differences between diesel and  gasoline exhausts result
primarily  from  differences between  characteristics  of the
air/fuel mixtures inherent in the respective combustion cycles;
in addition, physical states are markedly different between the
two engine types. The diesel engine operates with its air-intake
unthrottled. The concentrations of the material to be measured
are lowered  as a result of dilution by the excess air and, with
an appreciable quantity of oxygen in the hot  exhaust gases,
post combustion oxidation may occur to introduce problems in
preserving sample integrity.  Diesel mixture is heterogeneous
with infinite  variation  in fuel richness throughout the  com-
bustion zone. Hydrocarbon is determined by a flame ionization
technique in which a heated  detector  and sampling system are
essential, but difficulties are encountered in sampling control,
absolute calibration, and probable nonuniform response to dif-
ferent hydrocarbon species. High  resolution gas chromatog-
raphy is the only means by which the complex mixture of
hydrocarbon in diesel exhaust can be determined in any detail.
The technique for total oxides of nitrogen involves the sum of
nitric  oxide and nitrogen  dioxide  determined  separately by
nondispersive infrared and  ultraviolet methods, but results are
subject to uncertainty due both to loss of NO2 and to product
reaction. Formaldehyde  is determined by  the  chromotropic-
acid procedure, and other aldehydes are determined using a
modified  version of the  3-methyl-2-benzothioazolone  test.
While the  absolute  values  from  determinations  by these
methods are not considered reliable,  useful information is
available from relative values and directional changes that they
may indicate. Diesel smoke is determined using a light extinc-
tion smokemeter as specified in Federal standards for 1970
vehicles or, alternatively, using the  specified instrument fitted
with a smoke tube in a closed smoke conductor circuit. No in-
strumental or analytical procedure is useful in evaluating diesel
odor, but a human panel is used for subjective measurement,
and observations are referred to standard reference materials.

20192
Trieff, Norman M., William Colver,  Stephen Field, Karl L.
Gabriel, and Anil K. Mukherji
ISOLATION OF ODOROUS COMPONENTS PRESENT IN
RENDERING PLANT EMISSIONS.  Preprint, Drexel Inst. of
Technology, Philadelphia, Pa., Environmental  Engineering and
Science Program and Drexel Inst. of Technology, Philadelphia,
Pa., Dept. of Chemistry, lip., 1968 (?). 4 refs.
Attempts were  made to isolate odorous  components responsi-
ble for the odor of rendering plant emissions. Three techniques
were used: adsorption of odors  on  charcoal followed by  sol-
vent extraction; solvent extraction of rendering plant products;
and extraction of solid from a Hi-volume filter. In each case
analysis was done by the infrared spectra. The first technique
gave  negative results; the second and third methods detected
the presence of a n-butylhexanoate or a  congener. The musky
odor  of the extract was different from the mixed odor of the
extract was different from  the mixed odor of the  commercial
product suggesting the presence in the extract of other com-
ponents in amounts too small to be detected. One of the com-
ponents could be hexanoic  acid, which presumably has a  low
threshold dilution level and, therefore, could  be detected or-
ganoleptically at a level  much lower than that required for in-
frared analysis. The component could also be  the congener n-
ethylhexanoate,  which has virtually the same infrared spec-
trum  as hexanoic acid. It is concluded that the musky type of
odorous emission from  rendering plants is  a  highly complex
emission containing a number of odorous components.

20202
Okita, T.
FILTER METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE
QUANTITIES OF AMINES, MERCAPTANS, AND ORGANIC
SULPHIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE.  Atmos. Environ., vol.
4:93-102, 1970. 9 refs.
Low-molecular   weight  mercaptans, dimethyl  sulfide,  and
methylamine  are  the dominant malodorous  pollutants  in
Japanese urban and  industrial areas. For measuring environ-
mental concentrations of these gases, glass fiber filters were
first stored hi a silica get dessicator and then impregnated with
mercuric salts and sulfuric acid. Air was drawn through the fil-
ters at 100 1 reciprocal  min by a commercial air-cleaner
blower. Sampling time ranged from 10 to 30 min. After collec-
tion, the gases were  recovered from the filters, concentrated,
and analyzed by a gas chromatograph with a. flame ionization
detector. This method enables gases to be determined in con-

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 148
ODORS
 centrations of 1 ppb or less, although olefins collected by the
 mercuric salts are a source of interference. Electron capture or
 electroconductivity  detectors  would eliminate  such  inter-
 ference. Measured concentrations of the gases at five sampling
 stations are tabulated, and chromatograms  are shown of the
 gases sampled at a primary school,  pulp mill, and fish meal
 plant.

 20264
 Shigeta, Y., Y. Hoshika, S. Tsuchibashi, and T. Ishiguro
 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MEASUREMENT FOR THE BAD
 ODOR   NUISANCES.     (Akushukoga   kihonchosaho  no
 ichihoko). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
 Air Pollution), 4<1):85, 1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual
 Meeting of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
 The  investigation of odor pollution  is based on the obnox-
 iousness  and the intensity of odor.  Various mechanical odor
 measurement devices such as gas chromatography and infrared
 spectroscopy are not complete in that they do not measure ob-
 noxiousness or low- threshold odors. In the United States, in-
 strumental as well as organoleptic tests are  used  by means of
 an odor panel. Several suggestions are made as  to the basic
 steps  in  the  odor investigation. The investigation  is broken
 down into three parts: the source,  the environment and the
 questionnaire  investigations, and  some technical procedures
 are recommended.

 20460
 Yamamoto, Tadashi, Shozo Matsuda, Toshihide Okuno,
 Hideki Tanaka, and Masahiko Tsuji
 OFFENSIVE   ODORS.   5.  ANALYSIS   OF  THE   CON-
 STITUENTS  OF OFFENSIVE ODORS  EMITTED FROM
 PETROLEUM REFINERIES.   Taiki  Osen  Kenkyu (J.  Japan
 Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese.
 3p-
 An analysis  of the offensive odors emitted by  petroleum
 refineries  is discussed. The samples which  were  analyzed in-
 cluded liquid fractions of petroleum collected and separated
from an ejector drain of a reduced pressure  distillation device;
 contact tower drainings  from  the  sulfuric  acid washing
process; and  odor constituents collected by active carbon ad-
 sorption. Gas chromatography was used for the analyses. The
first two samples were heated to 40 C, and a definite quantity
 of the gas in the container was directly introduced into the gas
 chromatograph  for  qualitative   analysis.   More  than 30
hydrocarbons  were  identified.  For the confirmation of these
 components,  the elimination process  with H2SO4  and other
chemicals was conducted at the same time. A  comparative
analysis of the gas volumes evolved at different temperatures
of the sample was conducted by varying the heating tempera-
 ture. The  third sample was also analyzed by gas chromatog-
 raphy, and when compared with the other constituents, a cor-
relation was  found between  the  detected  constituents. The
low-boiling hydrocarbons showed qualitative  agreement, but
the high-boiling ones gave inconclusive results.

20538
Franzky, Ulrich
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS  ON  DRYING  OVENS AND
JELLYING CHANNELS  WITH SECONDARY  WASTE-GAS
PURIFYING PLANTS FOR ODOR ABATEMENT. Staub (En-
glish translation from German of:  Staub, Reinhaltung Luft),
29(1):33-41, Jan. 1969. 9 refs.
Waste gases from ovens used for drying or baking colors have
an intense odor due to the solvents and softeners  emitted. For
       this  reason,  the  government  of North Rhine-Westphalia is
       limiting the carbon content of the combustible  organic sub-
       stances in undiluted, purified waste gas from drying ovens to
       300 mg/cu  m STP. A new technique will permit  sampling for
       carbon concentrations between 100 and 300 mg/cu m STP. A
       heated probe aspirates a sample from the waste gas through a
       quartz tube filled with silica gel. The combustible organic sub-
       stances are absorbed in the  process.  During subsequent treat-
       ment in the laboratory, the samples are desorbed in a flow of
       hot oxygen and combusted to  carbon dioxide, the quantity of
       which  is analytically determined. Emission measurements ob-
       tained  by the method are reported for three polyvinyl chloride
       jellying channels and four continuous or  quasi-continuous
       lacquer drying ovens.  A plant  that combined waste gas purifi-
       cation  by  catalytic  combustion  with waste-gas  feedback
       achieved satisfactory reductions in the total amount of com-
       bustible substances present in the flue gas.

       20624
       Okuno, T., M. Tsuiji, and T. Yamamoto
       THE SNIFF  TEST  OF ODOR SUBSTANCES BY OLFACT-
       TESTER. PART L  (Olfact-tester o michiita shukiseibun no
       kanno  tesuto  1).  Text in Japanese.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
       Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 114, 1969. (Proceedings of the
       10th Annual  Meeting  of  the Japan Society of Air Pollution,
       1969.)
       Most  odor-producing substances  fall  under  the following
       categories:    ammonia-amine-type   nitrogen    compounds,
       hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan-type sulfur compounds, low-
       grade fatty acid compounds, and paraffin-olefin hydrocarbons.
       Odor thresholds were determined for amine-type compounds
       by means of an odor panel  without prior  specific training as
       well as an  'olfact-tester' developed by Nader. The instrument
       was  modified so  that vacuum pumping could be  performed
       after each testing in order to prevent the prior odors from lin-
       gering in the pipes. The concentration of the odorous elements
       were measured by gas-chromatography and an infrared absorp-
       tion  equipment. The odor-producing compounds investigated
       were  methylamine,  ethylamine,  n-propylamine,  and  n-bu-
       tylamine; the experimental results  are tabulated according to
       molecular weight, boiling point (C), gas-chromatographic rela-
       tive gram-molecular sensitivity, odor threshold (ppm), specific
       weight (20 Q, and purity w/w (%).

       21208
       Fujii, Soichi
       MEASUREMENT OF  INTERIOR ENVDXONMENT AND ITS
       EVALUATION.   (Shitsunaikankyo no  sokutei  to hyokaho
       soron). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air
       Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 7(6): 1-4, March 1, 1970.
       Though evaluations of interior environments' have been  ex-
       tended to  cover  comfort and sanitation,  the attainment of
       satisfactory living and working conditions will  also require
       measurements of factors impercaptible to sensory organs. The
       eight kinds of measurements suggested in this paper comprise
       the following: (1)  interior temperatures,  which determine well-
       being to a great extent; (2) relative humidity; (3) radiant heat
       from both  ceilings and  walls; (4) air stream agreeable  in
       summer but hot in whiter; (5)  cleanliness of indoor air where
       major contaminants are dusts, toxic gases,  noxious odors, and
       bacteria and, in some cases, the amount of atmospheric ions;
       (6) ventilation; which may not  actually be necessary if the air
       is clean;  (7) illumination, involving intensity of light, light dis-
       tribution, glare or intrusion of direct rays of the sun, and color
       of light; and (8)  noise, which is  difficult to measure. It is
       recommended that  suitable criteria be provided tor  four

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                                        C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      149
 categories of indoor environments: ideal, good, average,  and
 the worst allowable limit.

 21652
 Ekman, G.
 QUANTITATIVE  PRINCIPLES  OF  ADAPTATION  AND
 RECOVERY.  Karl  Marx Univ., Leipzig (East Germany),
 Symp. Biokybernetik, 1st Intern., Leipzig, E. Germany, 1967,
 p. 141-146. 4 refs. (Sept. 19-22).
 Adaptation and recovery were studied in the modalities of ol-
 faction and vision. By developing scaling methods for measur-
 ing perceptual or subjective variables, an attempt was made to
 measure the  sensory  intensity as perceived by the observing
 sublet. Subjects  were  exposed  to  a  continuous flow  of
 hydrogen sulfide in air,  and estimates were obtained  of the
 perceived intensity of odor at  regular intervals. Results  are
 shown graphically. With  increasing time of exposure the per-
 ceived intensity diminishes until it  becomes practically asymp-
 totic after 10 minutes. An exponential function is given for the
 adaptation process. Measurements were also obtained during
 and immediately following recovery period, in which the trend
 was one of initially very rapid but successively slower growth.
 Full sensitivity was recovered after about five minutes. In the
 vision experiments,  the  subject's task was to estimate  the
 brightness perceived by  the dark-adapting eye in relation to
 the brightness  perceived  by the pre-adapted eye.  Perceived
 brightness was seen to grow with the time of dark-adaptation
 according to  two negatively accelerated curves intersecting at
 about  8 min.  The data  is described as the  sum of two
 logarithmic functions.

 21693
 Reckner, L. R. and R. E. Squires
 DIESEL EXHAUST ODOR MEASUREMENT USING HUMAN
 PANELS.   SAE (Soc. Automotive Engrs.) Trans., 77(3):1694-
 1705,  1968. 13 refs.
 A technique for measuring the intensity of diesel exhaust odor
 using  a human panel has been developed and evaluated. While
 the ratings are primarily useful for comparative  tests,  the
 degrees of difference  which can be shown to be significantly
 small  to make the procedure adequate for practical use. A
 system  was constructed which allowed presentation of diesel
 exhaust to a panel at controlled  dilutions in a manner simulat-
 ing on-the-street exposure. The panelists were selected on the
 basis of superior olfactory ability, and were trained to rate the
 odor of diluted diesel exhaust against a series of 12 odor inten-
 sity standards. The exhaust was diluted at the engine exhaust
 pipe and flowed dynamically through the presentation system
 to maintain its quality and  intensity. The  panelists were  ex-
 posed to the  diluted exhaust in  a  1/2 cu ft sniff box for  ap-
 proximately 5 sec. The standard deviations of the panelists'
 responses were significantly higher at 1200 and 600 dilutions.
 This indicated the panel ratings were less reproducible at low
 concentrations, and more reliable results were obtained at con-
 centrations with higher intensities.

 21858
 Nakagawa, F., S. Kuwata, H. Sugiyama, and K. Obata
 THE MEASUREMENT OF ODOR  WITH PORTABLE ODOR
 ABSORBING APPARATUS.   (Shuken kinoshita  shiki shuki
 sokootei sohchi ni yoloo shukido  sokootei (III)).  Text in
Japanese.  Taiki Osen  Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
4(1):117, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
 tion Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
 A portable odor level determining instrument has been con-
 structed; some experiments were conducted to know the range
 of its application and the relationship between measured odor
 level and the concentrations of the sources.  This instrument,
 in priciple, gives the odor level in terms of a multiple of dilu-
 tion when the liquid, which originally odorless  (pure water),
 has absorbed the odor and reached the equilibrium with it, and
 loses its odor by dilution with odorless  liquid (pure water,
 again). Hydrogen sulfide loses its odor too quickly to measure
 the odor level. For methyl mercaptan, odor levels are 40, 80,
 and 200 for source concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 ppm, respec-
 tively. Dimethyl sulfide gives 100 odor level  against 300 ppm
 of concentration. As a result, this instrument standardizes the
 odor measurement and  would be used for amines, ammonia,
 and mercaptans. However,  odors  from  matter insoluble  in
 water or ones not easily absorbed have to be  studied. In addi-
 tion, the data  on the relationship between sources and odor
 level has to be obtained.

 21859
 Okita, T., R. Sugai, and I. Kifune
 SAMPLING  AND  ANALYSIS  BY  FILTER  METHOD OF
 MALODOROUS GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE.  (Akooshu
 no sokootei V Loshishiki sampler ni yoloo  yuki ioh kagohboot-
 soo  no  hoshu boonsekihon  no kentoh  narabini ryukasooiso
 oyobi aldehyde rooi sokootei eno ohyoh). Text in Japanese.
 Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.  Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 118,
 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution An-
 nual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
 To determine malodors in the environment, filter type sampler
 for sampling organic sulfur  compounds using mercury com-
 pounds  was earlier introduced. Since then, the following items
 on sampling and analysis, by means of gas  chromatography, of
 ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide were
 examined. In the process of the analysis (sampling, separation,
 and  concentration), moisture should be removed before con-
 centrating the sample with potassium carbonate and soda lime.
 The velocity in concentrating the sample with liquid oxygen is
 0.2 1/min. The retention  time of each sample gas can  be re-
 markably reduced if  the column temperature  is 47  C, the
 flowrate of a carrier gas  (N2) 30 1/min, and the column length
 2.25 m.  The reproducibility of this method is approximately
 6%  in   terms  of variation  coefficients.  Filters  compared
 (Tohyoh No. 6 filter, AAWP  millipore filter, and glass fiber A
 filter) show the collection efficiency from 44% to  100%, de-
 pending on the gases. This method is applied  for gases in the
 water and  the air polluted by waste from pulp and petroleum
 refining industries to show 6.0-7.8 ppb of methyl mercaptan,
 2.9-3.7 ppb ethyl mercaptan,  and 5.1-7.2 ppb of dimethyl sul-
 fide  in river water and  4.0-5.2 ppb of methyl mercaptan and
 2.3-3 ppb dimethyl sulfide in the air.

 21866
 Demon, Tom, Yoshio Hamauzu, Shinichi Harima, and
 Yoshihiro Shigeta
 SELECTION OF ODOR PANEL AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
 FOR  THE  INVESTIGATION ON PUBLIC NUISANCE DUE
 TO OFFENSIVE SMELL.   (Akushu kogai chosa ni  okeru
 paneru no sentei to ikuseiho). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai
 (Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(12):714-717, Dec. 25,  1969. 2 refs.
A survey was conducted to establish general standards for an
olfactory perception test, to test  the  ability of olfactory
judgment, to test the ability to rank odors,  and to test olfacto-
ry ability compared to  group odor quality. Qualitative odor
judgment examines the ability to tell one odor from another.
Odor samples, chosen  from both 'enosmophore' and  'kit-

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 150
ODORS
kosmophore' groups were given to 20 candidates each in two
rooms with a time limit of five minutes.  Consideration was
given to the way odor samples could  reduce olfaction fatigue,
therefore  odor samples grew stronger. The test included two
questions  in each odor group: the ranking of odor samples and
the identification of odor samples. Results of the tests which
were  conducted  twice with three month intervals  showed
52.9% of  the passing rate with 36 candidates of the  total  68
candidates the first time, reaching 56 points as the passing
mark.  The highest passing  rate  was in the forties and the
lowest in the fifties the first time; the second time, the forties
marked a  great deal inverse passing rate and the twenties  at-
tained the highest passing rate. The rate of correct response
concealed the fact that the lower rate of correct responses
found in 'kukosmophore' group was interpreted to mean that
the  odor  group  was  harder  to  be   ranked  than  the
'enosmophore'  group.  It was added that the number of can-
didates probably was not large enough to draw a conclusion.
       on natural dilution  of  the  vehicle  exhaust  to the  odor
       threshold, are conducted in a controlled environment, indoors
       in large buildings.  Different degrees of exhaust dilution are
       achieved by randomly varying the distance from the test vehi-
       cle to the panelists. Panelists are required to make yes-or-no
       decisions  on whether or not they can detect an odor above the
       background level. Exhaust odor intensity is expressed in terms
       of  the threshold  response distance,  with greater threshold
       response  distances indicating greater exhaust odor intensity.
       The test procedures give adequate repeatability. Six repeat idle
       tests  with one bus give threshold response distances ranging
       from  27-32 ft,  averaging 29 ft. Four repeat acceleration tests
       with  another bus  gave threshold response distances ranging
       from  32-41 ft, averaging  36 ft.  Idle tests  with  two different
       busses in two different  test facilities show repeatable dif-
       ferences  in the exhaust  odor intensity, indicating that the
       procedure is  capable of  discriminating between  two  odor
       sources of differing intensity. (Author abstract modified)
22431
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
TWO OR THREE EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC NUISANCE DUE
TO BAD-SMELL.  (Akushu kogai chosa no  nisan no jirei).
Text in Japanese. Akushu No Kenkyu (Odor Res. J. Japan),
l(l):28-36, April 20, 1970.
In Japan, the number of complaints  against obnoxious odor
has rapidly increased. Broadly speaking, this is not due to the
rapid increase of sources but to increased public awareness.
People's consciousness of interest in noxious odors has in-
creased since  the  air  pollution,  water pollution, or noise
became big issues. Noxiou odor was not well defined, and it is
still  difficult to define  the odor nuisance. The range  of  the
odor sources has become extremely  large.  Urbanization  has
developed a great deal. Techniques and funds for odor preven-
tion  are lacking. As a starting point of odor prevention, a sur-
vey  was  made  of  factories  emitting  noxious  odors.  A
processing factory  for  fish entrails and  bones and a phar-
maceutical plant  were chosen  for this  purpose. The  survey
consisted of a  questionnaire and odor test. The test included
organoleptic  tests,  such  as the  odorless  chamber  method
ASTM injector method, and Kinoshita method, and instrumen-
tal analyses, such as gas chromatography, ultraviolet, visible,
and  infra-red  spectroscopy,  mass spectoscopy,  and  nuclear
magnetic resonance. By correlating these two sets of data, or-
ganoleptic and  instrumental, the measurement  of  odor pollu-
tion  can be  quite  reliable. Analysis and discussion of the data
obtained are given.

22448
Colucci, Joseph M.  and Gerald J. Barnes
EVALUATION OF  VEHICLE EXHAUST GAS ODOR INTEN-
SITY USING NATURAL DILUTION.  Preprint,  Society of Au-
tomotive  Engineers,  Inc., New  York,  10p.,  1970.  9 refs.
(Presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit,
Mich., Jan. 12-16, 1970, Paper 700105.)
Although exhaust gas odorants are generally  a  product of en-
gine and fuel parameters, it is  the vehicle that the public as-
sociates with exhaust  odor. The  vehicle  and its  movements
have a large influence on the dispersion of exhaust odorants
and, therefore, on the actual public exposure to exhaust odor.
A considerable amount of public exposure to vehicle exhaust
odor  results from  municipal   operation of diesel-powered
buses, especially during  the  bus-stop  sequence. Panel  test
procedures  are developed for  field  evaluation of full-scale
vehicle exhaust odor intensity during the idle and acceleration
portions of a simulated bus-stop sequence. Odor tests, based
       22958
       Wohlers, Henry C.
       ODOR INTENSITY AND ODOR TRAVEL FROM INDUSTRI-
       AL SOURCES.  Intern. J. Air Water Pollution (London), vol.
       7:71-78, 1963. 4 refs.
       Odor surveys were completed of stack effluents and in the
       vicinity of a petroleum coking plant, a  kraft-paper  mill, an
       onion and garlic dehydrating plant, and a retrogravure printing
       plant.  Gas  samples   were  taken   by  the  evacuated  bulb
       technique or by passing sufficient stack gas through a bottle to
       replace the original air in the bottle. Threshold measurements
       were made with an osmoscope consisting of  two telescoping
       metal tubes  complexly arranged for odor dilution with clean
       air. The odor intensity in the environs of the industrial plant
       was determined  subjectively while driving in a car at constant
       speed (30-35 mph) with the wind-wing of  the driver's window
       open so that the oncoming air was directed at the face of the
       observer. When  the extent of the odor travel from these plants
       was compared with the calculated  threshold dilution of the
       stack gases according to Sutton's equation, the odor measure-
       ments  at the stacks did not agree in all cases with the calcu-
       lated dilutions at  the  distances in the field where the odors
       were noted.  Unless the  diffusion coefficients are experimen-
       tally determined, the  Sutton equation should  not be used for
       distances greater than  2 miles; at distances greater than 1  or 2
       miles under  unstable  conditions,  the stack  height, the  exit
       velocity, and the temperature of the exhaust  gases no longer
       seriously   affect  the  plume  axis  concentrations.   The
       osmoscope, which assumes the validity of the Weber-Fechner
       law, had  an error of no  larger than about  25%. The  con-
       sequence  of  the logarithmic relation of this law  is that a 10-
       fold reduction in  odor concentration makes  a scarcely  per-
       ceptible alteration in the strength of the odor. This relation
       must be considered  in making field odor surveys. It is  sug-
       gested that these results are another example of only  partially
       diluted  stack gases moving as discrete eddies through the at-
       mosphere. (Author abstract modified)

       23004
       Ohkita, Toshikazu and Masao Watanabe
       MEASUREMENT OF MALODOUROUS GAS BY  GAS CHRO-
       MATOGRAPHY.  (Gasukuromatogurafu ni yoru  akushu gasu
       no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Akusho no  kenkyu (Odor
       Research J. Japan), 1(1): 16-27, April 20, 1970.
       Either qualitative  or quantitative measurement of an  odorous
       gas by  conventional methods are extremely difficult  because
       of its low density and because it is frequently a mixture of

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT  METHODS
                                                     151
 several kinds of different gases. Also, the intensity of the odor
 is affected  by human factors  and environmental conditions
 such as  humidity or temperature.  Scattering of data is  ob-
 served in the detection threshold, but very little in recognition
 threshold values. Gas chromatography is employed in the anal-
 ysis because normally odorous gas is a mixture of gases, each
 component of which can be analyzed by the method. Also, the
 development of high-sensitivity detectors such as flame ioniza-
 tion, electron capture, coulometric, and flame photometric de-
 tectors, contributed  to more use of the gas  chromatograph.
 Experimental procedures of the methods such as calibration
 for amine, mercaptan, and organic sulfide, and gas collections
 by  cooled  organic  solvents, filtration  with reagents, and
 powder surface  cooled by liquid oxygen are described. Field
 measurements are also presented together with the method of
 gas collection at the source. The application of gas chromatog-
 raphy for the qualitative analysis of excretal  smell is given in
 detail. Several methods of gas collection, including organic sol-
 vents and  U-tube  cooled  by liquid oxygen,  are  described
 together with gas chromatogram and infra-red spectrum.

 23106
 Kikuchi, Kaku
 EXAMPLES OF ODOR MEASUREMENT AT KRAFT  PULP
 MILLS.  (Kurafuto parupukojo no shukisokutei jirei). Text in
 Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (J. of Odor Control), 1(1):9-18,
 April 20, 1970.
 A  unique   method  of   measuring  odorant  concentration
 developed at Tohoku University. This is a new type of or-
 ganoleptic method based on  the olfactory  reaction to  deter-
 mine odor  perception  thresholds which are numerically  ex-
 pressed.  It  is  also  noteworthy that this  method  is legally
 authorized to  be the only valid  means of odor  measurement
 and  to be  employed as  such for air  pollution control. The
 flowchart of the apparatus used for the olfactory test as well
 as the  present odor removal equipments which the kraft pulp
 mills are operating are illustrated. The principle of this method
 is based on Henry's law that a gas is saturated in proportion to
 its partial pressure in the atmosphere after it has been passed
 through water for a while. The maximum  dilution  multiplier
 for the saturated solution which is  determined by olfactory
 sense provides the standard for the obnoxious odor level. The
 sampled  gas needs to be passed through the duct filled with
 salt  water until the concentration of the gas  arising from the
 salt  water becomes tantamount to its original level  in the at-
 mosphere. The  sample solution thus  obtained  have to be
 promptly examined by  an odor panel because some gases dis-
 solve very readily. The application of this olfactorium to gase-
 ous emissions from both the blow tank and the recovery  boiler
 in a  kraft pulp mill was made, and the values obtained showed
 700 and  200 respectively. The basic value  of 200 was deter-
 mined  from a  fish-meal  factory). The results of tests con-
ducted on each one of the processes  involved in kraft pulp
mills by use of this salt water olfactorium are presented in the
form of graphs and tables.

23107
Terabe, Mototsugu
MEASUREMENT  OF  AIR  POLLUTION  AND  SOME AS-
SOCIATED PROBLEMS.  (Taikiosen no sokutei to nisan no
mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Kukichowa to Reito (Air Condi-
tioning Refrig.), 10(2):56-64, Jan.  15, 1970. 3 refs.
The  methods of  atmospheric pollutant measurement are  di-
vided into two groups: one  dealing with the environmental
density of pollutants and the other at the sources with the flue
gas  or automotive exhausts. For the  latter,  a number of
Japanese Industrial Standards has recently  been established.
For the measurement of falling  dusts, a deposit gauge and a
dust jar are used. For the  suspended dusts or fumes,  three
kinds of samplers, tape, high-volume, or Andersen samplers,
are described. Sulfur oxides in the air are monitored by lead
dioxide,  rosaniline or  electro-conductivity  methods. Electro-
conductivity is not affected  by NO2 existing witn SO2, but is
considerably dependent on  Cl, HQ,  or NH3. The rosaniline
method, on the other hand,  is  affected by NO2, which can be
counteracted by sodium azide  of sulfamine acid. Nitrogen ox-
ides, NO2 or NO, are monitored by  Saltzman, phenol disul-
fonic  acid,  or an  automatic  continuous  method utilizing
colorimetry. The automatic  recorders can be calibrated by a
permeation tube. An example  employing DuPont's  fluorinated
ethylene propylene resin is described.  For the measurement of
odor in the atmosphere, the ASTM method, a dilution method,
is recommended. Definitions of an odor unit, concentration,
and emission rate are given, together  with a method of calcu-
lating odor concentration  and  odor threshold. For the details
of the measurement the reader is referred to the references.

23755
Frey, Allan H.
ELECTRO-OLFACTOGRAM    TECHNIQUE   AND    IN-
TERPRETATION. Randomline,  Inc. Willow Grove, Pa., ONR
Contract N0014-69-C-0181,  16p., Nov. 1969. 9 refs. CFSTI,
DDC: AD 705520
Experiments bearing on  the  controversy  regarding the in-
terpretation of the electro-olfactogram are reported, in which
frog olfactory receptor tissue was examined microscopically
after exposure in an experimental chamber to either odorized
or ambient air. The technique incorporated  new controls, in-
volving laminar airflow conditions and care in identifying and
patterning the electrostatic environment that earlier work had
indicated to be necessary in  EOG studies. Three different pat-
terns of EOG could be obtained  from  the same preparation as
a function of the controls used. The  classic negative voltage
response was obtained  when the olfactory receptor tissue was
exposed  to the classic high  velocity puff of  odorized air
without the new controls.  A  slowly developing negativ voltage
response to odorized air was obtained  when the tissue was ex-
posed to low velocity but  not laminar  flowing odorized air. In
contrast, a  biphasic  wave with  a large initial positive com-
ponent was obtained when laminar flowing air was used and
the electrostatic environment was controlled. Placement of the
electrode in non-olfactory  tissue as a control  indicates that the
latter effect is not electrochemical. Thus it appears that much
of the controversy in the olfactory literature may result in part
from the  use  of  a  classic  though unreliable  stimulated
technique as well as  from possible confounding  of  several ef-
fects in the past literature.  (Author abstract modified)

24071
Barynin, Jan
MEASURING  ODOUR   POLLUTION.     New   Scientist,
48(723):116-119, Oct.  15, 1970.
The prospects  are considered of introducing scientific stan-
dards for assessing odor pollution as an aid towards legislation
on odor abatement. In  much previous work on odors, human
beings  were subjected  to  different concentrations of odorous
materials under artificial conditions in laboratories. However,
the present experiments were  conducted out-of-doors with a
photomultiplier tube, and  observer responses were compared
with the detector curves. A  typical experiment which is illus-
trated suggest that the nose and the detector have similar sen-
sitivities and that the olfactory threshold for methylmercaptan

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 152
ODORS
 is a few micrograms/cu m. What the records did not indicate
 was the variety of other sensations experienced.

 24429
 Skinner, C. F.
 ODOR  CONTROL.    Nat.   Eng.,  74(7):12-14,  July  1970.
 (Presented at the National Association of Power Engineers,
 Pollution Control Conference, 2nd Annual, Chicago, HI., Nov.
 12, 1969.)
 An odor unit is defined as the quantity of any odor or mixture
 of odors which, when dispersed in one cu ft of Oder-free air,
 produces a median threshold odor detection response. A dilu-
 tion method has been developed that uses the human nose  to
 measure odor concentration. It consists, in essence, of succes-
 sively diluting a gas sample with odor-free air until a threshold
 dilution is reached; that is, at further dilution no odor is de-
 tectable by the human nose. Odor concentration is determined
 by  plotting dilution response on log-probability  coordinates.
 The choice of panel members should be limited to those with
 the most generally reliable olfactory  perception, and the odor
 evaluation room should be designed to minimize the possibility
 of extraneous odors in the vicinity of the panelists. Most or-
 ganic materials and inorganic combustibles such as  ammonia,
 hydrogen  sulfide,  and  cyanide  gases  can  be  effectively
 destroyed by incineration methods. Basic design requirements
 for incinerators are the same for both the catalytic and thermal
 methods. Systems must provide thorough  mixing  of the com-
 bustibles with air, enough heat input to raise the  temperature
 of the gas stream to the required level for oxidation, even tem-
 perature and flow distribution, and sufficient dwell time to ac-
 complish  the  degree  of  oxidation  required.  In a  catalytic
 system, dwell time is the time the gases spend  in the catalyst
 bed, while in a thermal incinerator, dwell time is a function  of
 the size of the holding chamber, which is determined on the
 basis of exhaust flow rate. Catalytic systems and thermal in- •
 cineration are discussed in more detail.

 24814
 Okita, Toshiichi
 CHEMISTRY  OF  SMELL.    (Nioi  no  kagaku).  Text  in
Japanese.  Eisei Kagaku (J. Hyg. Chem.), 16(5):235-240, Oct.
 31, 1970. 5refs.
 Various theories  on  the mechanism of  sense of smell are
described, but  there  is no definite  experimental method  of
confirmation yet established, which calls for a more biological
explanation. Analyses by the  use of  instruments, started only
recently, and was made possible with the development of gas
chromatography.  Threshold values and odor descriptions for
some 50  chemicals are listed. Various methods of trapping a
gas  were investigated. Organic solvents  such  as  alcohol,
acetone, or ethylbenzene, are cooled with a dry ice-acetone
refrigerant, trapping the gas  with  a  1 liter/min flow and in-
troducing  a part  of  it for gas chromatography. In a second
glass  method  glass  beads  fill  a U-tube  which cooled with
liquefied oxygen;  the gas is introduced at the rate of 0.3 1/min.
After the gas is trapped, the tube is  fixed  in the gas sampling
equipment  for gas chromatography. In  a  third  method,
trapping the gas with a filter, such reagents as mercury salt for
mercaptan and  sulfide and sulfuric acid for amines, etc., are
coated on the filter. Odorous gases are trapped on  the filter,
the gas is separated and  condensed, and either  the  first  or
second method is adopted for measurement. Infrared absorp-
tion spectra were used to identify mercaptans, sulfides, am-
monia, and methane from the gas emanating from feces were
identified.
       25054
       First, Melvin W.
       A MODEL ODOR CONTROL ORDINANCE.  Preprint, Inter-
       national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 18p.,
       1970. 12 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air Con-
       gress,  2nd,  Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11,  1970, Paper AD-
       36B.)
       The ability of the human nose to make odor measurements for
       which  no instrument has  yet  been devised  has retarded  the
       development  of objective  methods  for  evaluating  odor
       nuisances and the formulation of control ordinances and regu-
       lations that eliminate purely subjective judgments by control
       officials. A method of quantitatively evaluating and regulating
       odors in the atmosphere which takes into account objective
       measurements of odor intensity and quality, frequency and  du-
       ration of exposure, and recognizes the greater annoyance  as-
       sociated with odors which occur at times other than the usual
       business hours is outlined and formulated into a model  or-
       dinance for the regulation of odor nuisances when caused by
       odor concentrations below the threshold of instrumental analy-
       sis or by ill-defined  odor mixtures for which existing analytical
       methods are inadequate.  The  current trend  in  the United
       States  of formulating odor control ordinances based  on some
       number or percentage of complaining neighbors is critically  ex-
       amined as a method of  odor control and rejected in favor of
       relying on  properly trained professional air  pollution control
       officials to make the necessary judgments for effective com-
       munity odor control. (Author abstract)

       25065
       Cleary, Graham J.
       SOME  CONSIDERATIONS IN  THE EVALUATION AND
       CONTROL OF ODORS. Preprint, International Union  of Air
       Pollution  Prevention  Associations,  18p.,  1970.  33  refs.
       (Presented  at the  Internationa  Clean  Air Congress,  2nd,
       Washington, D. C., 1970, Paper EN-34C.)
       Variations in odor threshold values are caused  mainly by sub-
       jective factors and methodology but purity of the odorivector
       and  humidity are also important. Another factor is the nature
       of the  relationship between stimulus and response wherein a
       given change in the concentration of the stimulus results in a
       much smaller change in the  response. Because of the mul-
       tiplicity of  factors involved, a comparatively large and diver-
       sified population should  be  used  to determine  community
       threshold values. The settin of these standards would be based
       on a statistical analysis of the threshold data. Much more work
       remains to  be done  on the frequency-objectionability relation-
       ship and particularly on  the interaction between time  of expo-
       sure, concentration, and frequency of exposure of odors.  Of
       the various collection methods, low temperature condensation
       has  two distinct advantages,  namely that the concentrated
       odorous material is immediately available for analysis and that
       the odorant is preserved without chemical reaction. Short term
       storage of many organic substances can be effected in plastic
       bags but two-film bags  have been advocated, the inner film
       being impermeable to the gases of interest and the outer film
       to moisture. Factors affecting  thermal  and  catalytic com-
       bustion,  adsorption,  absorption,  oxidation  by liquids  and
       gases,  surface  condensation,  process change, and  physical
       containment of industrial odors are discussed.  Thermal after-
       burning is the surest method of eliminating an odor problem
       and  a temperature of 800 C of 0.3  seconds has  been found
       satisfactory. The extent  of odor travel from industrial sources
       in some instances is very much at variance with predictions
       based on Sutton's diffusion formula. The main reasons for this
       variation are thought to be the travel of large eddies) of  low
       frequency and the difference between the fleeting concentra-

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     153
tion of an odor which for more experimental work on the ex-
tent of odor travel, on special nocturnal effects, and on diffu-
sion of odors during atmospheric stratification is stressed. Dif-
ficulties in setting sufficient emission standards  to cover the
multitude  of  possible odor emissions might be overcome  by
preparing  a wide range of acceptable ambient air standards
and incorporating 'presumptive' emission standards whie still
insisting that the best practicable means of control is to be em-
ployed. (Author abstract modified)

25466
Lindvall, Thomas
SWEDISH EXPERIENCES ON SENSORY EVALUATION OF
ODOROUS AIR POLLUTANT INTENSITIES.  Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 34p.,
1970. 15 refs.  (Presented at the International Clean Air Con-
gress, 2nd, Washington, D. C.,  Dec. 6-11,  1970, Paper SU-
18A.)
A primary  concern in the investigation of  the environmental
hygienic  annoyance effects of odorous air pollutants  is  to
establish a relationship between the dose to which the popula-
tion is exposed and the degree of annoyance experienced. A
method  for sensory analysis  of odor intensities  of air pollu-
tants was developed, primarily as a base  for a valid dose-
description. Field studies  were conducted using  mobile odor
laboratories providing standarized  experimental environments
independent  of the  location of  the  laboratories  and the
presence of odors  in the  vicinity. Sensory source  intensity
analysis at a  sulfate pulp factory combined with meteorologi-
cal calculations were used to predict the frequency with which
odor would  be discernible  in the  ambient  air at various
distances from the source. Reports  made under controlled con-
ditions by special observers display a strikingly high degree of
correlation with the predictions of odor frequency in the ob-
servation area up to at least 5 km  from the source. Such pre-
dictions have been used to estimate the consequences from an
environmental hygienic standpoint  of a planned pulp  mill in a
resort  area in  Sweden.  Determinations  of  absolute  odor
thresholds were conducted at various process stages in the
sulfate pulp and rock wool industries. Effects of various coun-
termeasures have been studied and an effort has been made to
correlate the chemical  composition  of the sulfate exhausts
with their odor intensity measured  by absolute odor threshold
methods. The  sensory method of analysis developed has dis-
played great  applicability also for studies  of  exhausts  from
motor vehicles, combustion  units, and in the  handling  of
animal wastes. (Author abstract)

26096
Appell, Louis
ODOR INTENSITY.  Am. Perfumer  Cosmet., vol. 79:43-48,
Feb. 1964. 7 refs.
A method  is  given for  computing odor intensity with and
without the use of standard solutions. It is based on principles
that have been applied in the measurement of visual brightness
and loudness  of sound. Specifically, it takes the principle that
the intensity of the sensation is proportional to the logarithm
of the stimulus as the basis for the  classification of odor inten-
sity. Preliminary results are given  for the application of the
method to some aromatics and mixtures. In addition, equations
are derived for estimating odor threshold values.
26309
Yoshida, Masaaki
STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY  OF OLFACTION  (3).
QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF ODOURS.  (Kyukaku
ni kansuru gakusetsu (3). Te in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu
(Odor Research J. Japan), l(3):l-9, Oct. 1970. 2 refs.
Past and  present studies in the psychology of olfaction are
presented. System  of  classifying  odors  were developed  by
Aristotle by specialists in the aromatics industry, by physiolo-
gists and psychologists, and, later, by food scientists. In 1946,
Hsu applie multi-variable analysis to the result of a classifica-
tion made by a panel. Yoshida applied the multiple dimension
measurement  method  devised  by Torgerson (1951)  to  the
judgment made by  a panel as to the similarity representative
between 10-25 odors. Yoshida's study is objective, as is Hsu's,
but it is difficult to  name each factor. There is little consisten-
cy in the judgments made  by laymen,  while professionals in
the aromatic industry have very high consistency among them-
selves   (over  0.8),  which  indicates  that the  latter have
established their own  standards for classification, and also,
developed a  terminology for their guidance.  The correlation
betwee  the direct approach, Crocker's  classification, and the
semantic differential method proves that each approach is reli-
able to a satisfactory extent. Similar  multi-dimensional  ap-
proaches were used by Engen, who applied Ekman's method,
and Waskow, who  had a panel judge the degree of similarity
between stimulus i and stimulu j  with 1-9 marks. By giving ap-
propriate values to 1-9, the average was sought; this was made
the 'distance', and  the similarity of 25 odors  was expressed
qualitatively.  The characteristics of the multi-dimensional ap-
proach is  that by juding the degree of similarity or difference,
without making the panel designate the degree of pleasantness,
sweetness, etc., several basis for overall judgment on similari-
ty or difference can be derived without the need of language.

26547
Okita, T.
MEASUREMENT OF  AMINES,  MERCAPTANS, AND  OR-
GANIC SULFIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE BY THE FILTER
PAPER METHOD.   (Roshiho o  mochiita taikichu no amin,
merukaputan, yuki  sarufaido no sokutei). Text in Japanese.
Sangyo Kogai (Ind.  Public Nuisance), 5(12):703-708, Dec. 1969.
9 refs.
A filter  paper  method  was  devised  in order  to collect,
separate,  and concentrate  the  malodorous gases in the at-
mosphere and to later pass them through a gas-chromatograph
for analysis.  A hydrogen flame  ionization detector was also
used. For the separation  of methyl mercaptans and dimethly
sulfides, TCP was  used. Mono-,  di-,  and trimethyl amines
were separated by  diglycerol, tetraethylene pentamine, and
caustic soda.  Collection was accomplished by refrigerated or-
ganic solvents such as ethylbenzene, acetone, and methanol
and water. The gas  collection rate was  over 90%. Glass fiber
filters were impregnated with 3% Hg(CN)2 and 20% H2SO4 in
order to recover gases; the recovery rate was 100%. In a sil-
ica-ge desicator with the  filter protected  from light exposure
there was no loss, even three days after gas collection. When
gas was captured by powder surfaces such as glass bead sur-
faces cooled  by liquid oxygen,  the retention efficiency was
about 100% for the  captured gas  volume less than 100 microg.
A filter gas sampler  was constructed for sampling in the vicini-
ty of various  factories; for malodorous gases over 1 ppb, only
a few minutes was necessary, although there was a possibility
of contamination by olefin gases.

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 154
ODORS
 26837
 Okuno, Toshihide, Masahiko Tsuji, and Tadashi Yamamoto
 ODOR THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS OF AMINE COM-
 POUNDS  BY OLFACTO-TESTER.  (Orufakutotesta  ni  yoru
 amin kagobutsu no kyukaku genkal nodo no sokutei). Text in
 Japanese.  Hyogo-Ken Else! Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Rept.
 Environ. Sci. Inst. Hyogo Prefect.), no. 1:9-15, May 1970. 17
 rets.
 A unique  olfacto-tester has  been applied to aliphatic amines
 for th measurement of their threshold concentrations. The ves-
 sel is connected to a vacuum pump to remove substances ab-
 sorbed from previous tests, a problem found with most ap-
 paratus used until now. Odorous substances which are injected
 into the vessel diffuse rapidly into the vacuum space and are
 diluted by air. Physiologically identifiable minimum concentra-
 tions in ppm of amine absorbed are as follows: primary amines
 (carbon 1  to carbon 4), 0.8 to 2.2 ppm; secondary amines (C2-
 C8), 0.1 to 0.5 ppm; tertiary amines (C3-C12), 0.05 to 0.4 ppm.
 As the carbon number of the amines increases,  the threshold
 concentration decreases.

 26966
 Kaiser, Elmer R.
 ODOR AND ITS MEASUREMENT. In: Air Pollution. Arthur
 C.  Stern  (ed.), Vol. 1, New York, Academic Press,  1962,
 Chapt. 15, p. 509-527. 21 refs.
Part of the air pollution problem of all sizable communities is
 the presence of gases and vapors in the atmosphere  that of-
fend the sens of  smell. The  amazing sensitivity of olfactory
reception is  apparent from the fact that a sniff of 50 cc of air
 containing only 2 times 10 to the minus 9th power mg of mer-
 captan serves as an adequate odor stimulus. The first require-
 ment for odor measurement is a definable and  reliable yard-
 stick. An individual perception threshold and a population per-
ception  threshold are discussed. A group of three, five, or
 more trained observers, each with at least an average keenness
of smell, and who will follow prescribed rules, can make valu-
able odor  determinations. The organoleptic panel technique is
described, as well as the sampling of odorized air or gas. The
most satisfactory determination of  odor concentration is by
dilution  of a sample with odor-free air until the perception
threshold  is reached. A simple  procedure  of the  American
Society  for  Testing Materials is outlined. An odor evaluation
apparatus  has been devised by Nader, which utilizes the per-
ception  principle  with  continuously proportioned streams of
odorous air  and odor-free air. Factors affecting odor percep-
tion include  concentration of th odorant in air, odor fatigue or
adaptation,  humidity, and  temperature. Odor sources  most
frequently  reported to  air  pollutio control  agencies  are
presented  tabularly, as well as the minimum concentration for
positive perception of  a large number of compound  Odor
masking and counteraction are discussed, including the cost of
odor treatment.

27121
Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION  OF  THE  ODOR  COM-
PONENTS IN DIESEL  ENGINE EXHAUST.  (FINAL  RE-
PORT).   HEW Contract CPA-22-69-63,  CRC Proj. CAPE-7-
68(1-69), C-71407 and C-71475, 112p., June 1970.  4 refs. NTIS:
PB 194144
In the second and final  year of this research program, a two-
 stage gas  chromatographic method for resolution of diesel
odor fractions was refined,  using  an efficient GC fraction
trapping method  and applying it successfully  to the oily-
       kerosene  odor fraction obtaine  from the first-stage, liquid-
       column chromatography separation. The odors  of the in-
       dividually resolved compounds were characterized and  their
       structure  determined  by high resolution mass spectrometry.
       The chemical classes  associated with the oil-kerosene portion
       of diesel exhaust odor are alkyl benzenes, indans/tetralins, and
       indenes; alkyl  naphthalenes  may also contribute synergisti-
       cally,  while  unbumed  fuel  apparently  contributes  heavily.
       Some limited success was achieved in applying modifications
       of the GC/LCC techniques to the smoky-burnt odor fraction,
       and several  individual  odor species  were  identified, but
       detailed odor and chemical structure assignments for this  odor
       fraction await the application of the two-stage GC approach
       for the study of resolved single species. Recommendations for
       future research are made. (Author summary modified)

       27248
       Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
       Paris (France), Air Management Research Group
       TECHNICAL PROBLEMS IN MEASUREMENT AND MONI-
       TORING.  Rept. EX.40131, 61p., Feb. 10,  1970. 89 refs.
       Factors influencing the research policy  on the measurement
       and monitoring of air pollution include recognition of the inter-
       nal combustion engine as a major source, routine monitoring
       of specific industrial pollutants, potentially hazardous occupa-
       tional conditions, atmospheric tracing and fluctuating levels,
       and recent developments in technology. Emerging administra-
       tive requirements of measurement are  discussed, as well as
       priorities  in research. Continuous monitoring networks are
       described, and predictive models are considered. Sampling and
       analytical   techniques  for  asbestos,   carbon   monoxide,
       fluorides,  heavy metals, fuel  additives, organic  compounds,
       nitrogen oxides, oxidants and ozone, sulfur compounds, odors,
       and  pesticides  are  presented,   including   spectrometry,
       fluorescence,   polarography,   chromatography,   Saltzman
       method, iodimetric methods, photometric methods, and others.
       Current research on the measurement of particulates below 10
       micron is  described. Emission inventories are described, and
       the principal  areas of deficiency in technical  capabilities are
       disclosed.

       27355
       Shigeta, Yoshihiro
       ODOR POLLUTION IN THE  CHEMICAL PLANT AND ITS
       MEASUREMENT METHOD.  (Kagaku kojo ni okeru akushu-
       kogai to snon sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Anzen Kogaku (J.
       Japan Soc. Safety Eng.), 9(l):20-28, Feb. 1970. 19 refs.
       Sources   of  odor  pollution  include   petroleum  refinery,
       petrochemical  and  kraft  pulping  industries.  Direct  con-
       sequences  of  odor  pollution  depend  on  the  pollutant.
       Hydrogen  sulfide  and  mercaptans  are1  malodorous  and
       chlorine, acrolein, and ammonia are stimulants. The former in-
       duce headaches and sick feelings, while the latter attack  eyes
       and throat. Indirect damages  are deterioration of property,
       soiling, and loss of  business. The  damages  extend to an
       average of 100-200 m downwind from the  source,  and in some
       cases extend  as far as 4 km or even 7 km. The definition of
       malodorous  gases  is  difficult,  because  they   cannot be
       categorized by  the industries or processes, or by harms done
       on the human body. Here the definition bad odor is 'odor that
       disgusts people' and  malodorous substance is gaseous  sub-
       stance,  sometimes containing mists  and particulates,  that in-
       duce disgust through olfaction. In Japan  odorimetry involves
       odorless chamber,  syringe,  or Kinoshita-type (salt  solution
       equilibrium) methods. There is also gas-chromatographyi  such
       as low-temperature adsorption, vacuum bottle, or solid reactor

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     155
 tube methods.  Methods in the U. S. include dilution by air,
 chemical analysis, and mechanical analysis methods. The con-
 tinuous (dynamic) method falls into the category of air-dilution
 and uses an olfactometer or scentometer together with an odor
 panel.  The  odor  panel must possess the following qualities:
 discrimination ability, pertinence, stability,  and ability  to ex-
 press.

 27475
 Baba, Yoshio
 ANALYSIS  OF ODOR COMPONENT: GAS CHROMATO-
 GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS BY
 THE FLAME PHOTOMETRIC  DETECTOR.  (Shuki  seibun
 no  bunseki: senko kodogata  kenshutsuki tsuki gasukuro-
 matografu ni yoru biryo iou kagbutsu butsu no bunseki). Text
 in Japanese. Kogai (Pollution Control), 5(4):204-215, July 1970.
 13 refs.
 A concentration  process  is described for preparing odorous
 sulfur compounds for gas chromatographic analysis by a flame
 photometric detector (FPD). Concentration is based on extrac-
 tion by air, absorption by powdered celite,  and subsequent
 cooling with dry ice-ethanol. A small  amount of the absorbed
 sample  is then  placed  in front of the separation  column and
 the odor component desorbed by nitrogen carrier gas and de-
 tected  by the  FPD. This  method was successfully used to
 determine hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and sulfides in such
 practically  odorless substances  as  wood,  hop, beer,  and
 refinery waste water. Selective elimination of mercaptans in a
 mixture of sulfur compounds was studied to obtain a  simple
 group analysis of sulfur compounds on the gas chromatogram.
 Solid absorbers were prepared by sintering aqueous solutions
 of metals salts  on powdered celite. Mercaptans in the sulfur
 compounds  could  be removed selectively  with  cadmium
 chloride and sodium carbonate, but silver nitrate and mercuric
 sulfate  exhibited  no selectivity.  The  relative retention  values
 of  19 sulfur compounds were also determined. (Author ab-
 stract modified)

 27685
 Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
 MEASUREMENT OF RANK ODOR.   (Akushu kogai no soku-
 tei  to sono boshiho). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 2(2):35-
 47,  Feb. 1971.
 A quantitative  indicator of rank odor is very much needed.
 The low concentration and multicomponent mixture of rank
 odors is the object  of odor pollution  control. Nitrogen or sul-
 fur compounds and several kinds of  organic compounds are
 the main substances causing bad smells. A dedorization effect
is generally  expected for  a removal  efficiency of more than
 99.9-99.99%. The wide range of distribution of threshold  values
 of rank odors also impedes rank odor control. Gas chromatog-
raphy is widely used for determining  rank odor. Condensation
of sampled gas  is the feature of this method,  which has good
reproducibility  and separate  power.   Direct condensation is
desired  for this method, as sampled gas contains a compara-
tively large amount of water or carbonic acid gas. Adsorption
on the surface of a packed agent makes possible the collection
of  a comparatively complete amount of  odor  particles  or
molecules. In  comparison  to  all other gas chromatographic
methods, the glass beads method is best in respect to prepara-
tion, handling, preservation, easy sampling, and commonness
of samples. This method has been applied to hydrogen sulfide,
sulfides, mercaptans,  ammonia,  amines,  aldehydes, and
several kinds of fatty acid. Mass spectrography is used  as the
method for  qualitative  analysis,  especially for recognition of
substances detected by gas chromatography. A sense test is
adopted  for quantitative determinations; to strength of odor
does not necessarily agree with the concentration of odor sub-
stances detected. The air dilution method is the best of all
sense tests, in spite of the adsorption of odor substances, and
the mechanism of dilution. An odorless chamber is widely util-
ized for  the  method which also  is  applied  to determine
threshold value. The injector method is easy to perform and is
expected to be used widely. The equilibrium method with sodi-
um chloride is based on Henry's law and is also easy to per-
form.

27733
London, Sheldon A., Wilbur M. Sappington, and Barry W.
Widman
EVALUATION OF FIELD INSTRUMENTATION FOR N204
AND   MONOMETHYLHYDRAZINE.   Aerospace  Medical
Research Lab., Wright- Patterson AFB, Ohio, Medical Div.,
Conference on  Atmospheric  Contamination  in  Confined
Spaces, 5th Annual, Dayton, Ohio,  1969, p. 341-362. 23 refs.
(Sept. 16-28, Paper 25.) KITS, DDC: AD 709994
The past and present effort to develop monitoring instrumenta-
tion for  liquid  missile propeUant  operations,  particularly
systems  of monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and nitrogen diox-
ide/nitrogen  tetroxide,  is considered.  Currently  available
colorimetric and physico-chemical methods are reviewed, and
a detailed account is given of evaluation studies of a commer-
cially manufactured  portable  detector,  the  Olfactron  Model
6110, which were conducted to determine  its  sensitivity and
linearity of response to MMH, to  ascertain the validity  of
MMH  calibration  using UDMH, and to determine the per-
formance of a new NO2 transducer. Review of the literature
and results of  the present studies  indicate little success  in
developing the desired instrument; none of the devices tested
fulfilled  field requirements for MMH  and NO2  monitoring.
Field calibration of the Olfactron with  UDMH for MMH de-
tection was not accomplished as designated by the  manufac-
turer, and the reproducibility of the estimation of repeated ex-
posures was limited to short term  events unacceptable for
operational  situations. Emphasis should  therefore  still  be
placed on colorimetric methods of proven reliability. In con-
junction with previously demonstrated sensitivity of olfactory
detection (odor thresholds of less than 0.5 ppm for  NO2 and
less than 0.3 ppm for UDMH), colorimetric tubes can provide
useful  information  until  instruments   and dosimeters  are
developed that have the required reliability.

27791
Ohira, Toshio
PRESENT  STATE AND FUTURE COURSE OF RESEARCH
ON OFFENSIVE ODOR,  A PUBLIC NUISANCE.  (Akushu
kogai kenkyu no genjo oyobi hoko). Tex in Japanese. Tokyo-to
Kogai Kenkyusho-ho (Tokyo Public Nuisance Res. Inst. Bull.),
no. 1-3-2:1-31, March 1970.
Studies  of offensive odors undertaken by the  Research In-
stitute of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, begun in 1966
are reviewed. The Institute has been concentrating on studying
the offensive  odor  generated in fish  intestines and  bone
disposal plants. In 1966, the offensive odor was analyzed  by
gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic analysis of the
offensive odor to determine amines was made in a field ex-
periment at fish  waste disposal plants. Only ammonia and
trimethyl amine were detected in this analysis, conducted in
1967, perhaps because of improper sampling and pretreatment
of the sample. In 1968, three  types of commercially available
deodorizers were tested for deodorization of the fish wastes:
the ozone oxidation  type (water washing-ozone addition- ac-

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 156
ODORS
 live carbon adsorption), venturi scrubber type, and the sul-
 fonic carbon adsorption type. The results obtained were tabu-
 lated by type. An extracted-juice concentrator was also tested
 with a view toward recovering and deodorizing the useful con-
 tents. The device consisted of a juice storage tank, a separator
 (protein, fat,  and  solids),  a high-speed centrifugal separator
 (protein separation) and vacuum concentrator (protein concen-
 tration).  Among the main objectives of the 1970 study were
 improvement of sampling method, upgrading of gas chromato-
 graphic analysis precision (on  low amine compounds and low
 sulfides) and comparison of three types of  sense tests  (non-
 odor  chamber  method,  injector  method,  and Kinoshita
 method). Intermediate results of the experiments and tests
 were tabulated. Some of the outstanding  problems that have to
 be solved as soon as possible include standardizing sampling
 methods for obtaining  odorous test samples,  analyzing un-
 determined  contents contained in  an  offensive  odor  by
 gas/mass analyzer  or through  synthesization  of odorous sub-
 stances unobtainable commercially, and making available more
 complete sets of measuring instruments.

 27934
 Leonardos, Gregory, David A.  Kendall, and Elaine R. Rubin
 THE ROLE OF BACKGROUND ODOR  IN AFFECTING THE
 PERCEPTION  OF  ODORANT CHEMICALS.  Preprint, Air
 Pollution Control Assoc.,  Pittsburgh, Pa., 33p.,  1970. 3 refs.
 (Presented  at  the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
 Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-23.)
 The effect  of various background odors  that may exist in the
 environment on the  perception of odorant chemicals has not
 been fully evaluated in a systematic manner.  The information
 presented reports  on the  effects that  various  low-intensity
 background  odors   might  have  on  the  recognition  odor
 threshold concentration and the perception of supra-threshold
 concentrations  of  odorant chemicals.   Additional  data is
 developed  on the  odor character and  intensity  of  selected
 odorant chemicals  as their concentration is increased  above
 threshold levels. The  odorant chemicals  studies  included
 methyl isobutyl ketone,  toluene, ethyl acrylate,  ethyl mercap-
 tan,  p-chlorophenol,  diphenyl  ether,  hydrogen  sulfide,  and
 pyridine. The odor properties of these chemicals  were evalu-
 ated against low- odor intensity backgrounds that included a
 minimal odor  background as the  control, a  simple chemical
 background (hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide) and  complex
 backgrounds (gasoline, diesel exhaust or  cigarette smoke). The
recognition threshold concentration for methyl isobutyl ketone
ranged from 0.25 ppm (0.1 ppm SO2 background to 6.3 ppm in
 a low-level diesel exhaust background. Methyl isobutyl ketone
 (concentration range of 0.63 -  2.5 ppm)  interacted with diesel
 exhaust background to  produce a qualitative change in the
 odor quality. The recognition threshold concentration of ethyl
 mercaptan  in a  1.0 ppm SO2 background was 0.025 ppb as
compared to a threshold concentration range of 0.25 - 0.63 ppb
in the other backgrounds  studied.  The range  of thresholds
determined for p- chlorophenol was 0.025 ppb (activated car-
bon-treated air) to  1.0 ppb in diesel exhaust. The similarity of
odor quality (burnt) of diesel exhaust and p-chlorophenol may
explain  the higher threshold for p-chlorophenol observed in
diesel exhaust. In certain instances, background odor can have
an effect on the perception of odorant. It  appears  that the
likelihood of this occurring is enhanced if the odorant and
background   have   similar  odor   descriptions   or  if  the
background is complex. It  does not appear to be possible to
predict the effect that background odor might have on the per-
ception  of  specific  odorant chemicals. Because of the  com-
plexity of the problems of odorant interaction, it is almost im-
possible to draw firm conclusions from the limited data availa-
ble. (Author abstract modified)
       28141
       Stephens, Edgar R.
       IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEED LOTS.
        Calif. Agr., 25(1):10-11, Jan. 1971. 2 refs.
       To identify the odorant compounds from typical cattle feedlot
       operations and to develop suitable chemical analytical methods
       for their determination and measurement, a small-scale project
       was conducted at the State-wide Air Pollution Research Center
       of th University of California. Several classes of compounds
       which were  obvious  candidates for analysis included the
       amines, sulfur compounds, and low molecular weight organic
       acids. Trimethylamine, especially, is a powerful odorant very
       reminiscent  of feedlot areas. Gas chromatography with both
       flame ionization and electron capture detectors was the first
       method of analysis chosen for odorous materials. Paper chro-
       matography was also investigated, as were various spectromet-
       ric techniques and  flame photometry. The  low  molecular
       amines were suggested to be the most important odorous com-
       pounds  in feedlot air.  Odor threshold values of  some strong
       odorants are presented tabularly.

       28393
       Lang, Oskar and Thorkill zur Muehlen
       AIR POLLUTION BY  ORGANIC ACIDS AND ESTERS AND
       THEIR   ANALYTICAL  DETERMINATION.    (Luftverun-
       reinigung durch  organische Saeuren und  Ester und  deren
       analytischer Nachweis). Text in German. Zbl. Arbeitsmed., no.
       2:39-45, Feb. 1971. 25 refs.
       Odor emissions are frequently traced to organic acids and their
       esters, concentration of which can  be photometrically deter-
       mined with  the  hydroxamic acid  reaction. An  impinger
       (volume  100 ml) with 50 ml  saturated barium hydroxide solu-
       tion is used for sampling Sampling speed is 1.8 to 2.0 cu m/hr.
       The pollutant to be measured is absorbed on a 10-cm layer of
       silica gel. The silica gel is then extracted for 30 min with 15 ml
       ether. For analysis, 10 ml ether solution is mixed  with 2 ml
       diazomethane solution and the mixture heated to the boiling
       point. After cooling, 3 ml hydroxylamine solution is added and
       the mixture  heated again for 10 min. The extinction is mea-
       sured and compared  with a control solution. The method was
       used to measure  ricinolic acid in the waste gas of a lacquer
       drying oven; a concentration of  0.6  mg/cu m was  measured.
       The method  was  also  used  for  measuring methylcyclohex-
       ylacetate and for measurements at an acetylation plant.

       28787
       Katoh, Tatsuo, Tomohiko Ishiguro, Chikako Kakuda, Seiji
       Takahasi, and Takeshi Murata
       TOTAL ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTANTS NO.22: GC-MASS
       ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL ODOR POLLUTION.  (Taiki  osen
       no  zenbunseki.  Dai-22-ho,  GC-MASS  ni  yoru daihyoteki
       akushu no bunseki). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
       Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):91, 1970. (Proceedings of the
       Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, lith, 1970.)
       Analyses  of odors were attempted to gain further knowledge
       of gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy (GC-MASS)  and
       to improve its efficiency and capabilities. The sample  odor
       liberated into the atmosphere was collected in a vacuum bottle
       with a  Teflon cock. The sample  was then  released by  a
       vacuum pump in the heated state, and led through liquid ox-
       ygen to be cooled and removed to its gas-chromatography test
       tube. Part of the sample was analyzed by the hydrogen flame
       ionization method. The GC-MASS used was Shimadzu LKB
       9000. For gas chromatography, helium was  used as carrier gas.
       The sensitivity was as high as that obtained by high-sensitjvity
       gas chromatography.  Due to the rise of base at high tempera-

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                                       C.  MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     157
ture, however, the applicable temperature range was narrower.
In addition, the presence of even simple components such as
water or hydrogen sulfide can interfere with mass analysis.

29243
Prochazka, Vladimir and Jaromir Base
METHODS  FOR EVALUATING  THE RESULTS OF  MEA-
SURING THE INTENSITY OF THE ODOR OF HEATING
GASES.  (Vyhodnocovani  mereni intenzity zapachu  topnych
plynu). Text in Czech. Plyn (Prague), 51(3): 70-72, 1971. 6 refs.

Attempts were made to provide an objective method of deter-
mining the intensity of odors  by measuring  the  content of
odorants, such as sulfur compounds in the air. However, this
was found  to be unreliable since there  are cases where the
simultaneous presence of certain substances which individually
would cause  an odor, results in an interference and a reduc-
tion in the intensity of the odor. A synergism of odors can also
occur. For  instance, organic sulfides  have a milder odor than
mercaptans, but if the two are mixed they produce an intensity
of odor which is greater than the average odor intensity of the
two components. As a result of these observations it was con-
cluded that even the most perfect  analytical control of the
deodorant content in a gas cannot replace or eliminate the con-
trol by smell. For the  intensity of odors registered by smell, a
classification was adopted in which class 0.5 signifies  a condi-
tion where the  presence of an odor is just noticeable,  class
one means  a  weak smell, class two a warning smell, and class
three a very strong smell. The sensitivity of the human olfac-
tory  organ varies among individual persons,  therefore, the
average  classifications obtained from a number of persons re-
lated  with  the odorant  content established by gas analysis.
Class  two  can  in some  cases be equated with a condition
which signifies a danger of poisonous effects or of explosive-
29269
Laffort, Paul
BIVALENT  RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OLFACTORY
THRESHOLDS OF 50  PURE SUBSTANCES AND SOME OF
THEIR  MOLECULAR  PROPERTIES.   (Relation biunivoque
entre les seuils olfactifs de cinquante corps purs et certaines
de  leurs proprietes  moleculaires). Text in  French. Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris),  162(2): 1704-1712, July-Dec. 1968. 12
refs.
A  mathematical formula  is derived from a study of 50 sub-
stances, mostly organic, which permits the calculation of the
olfactory threshold in man from certain physicochemical data.
The important parameters in the equation are the apolarity (A)
derived  from the molecular volume, the hydrogen bond index
(H), and the volumetric polarizability of the octet. The group
of 50 substances  examined includes  aliphatic hydrocarbons,
common alcohols,  some  esters  of ethyl alchol, common or-
ganic  acids,  ammonia,   bromine,  carbon  disulfide,   and
hydrogen sulfide.

29337
Oka, Minoru
METHODS  AND  PROBLEMS  OF  MEASURING  DIESEL
EMISSIONS.  (Haikigasu seibun no sokutei to sono mon-
daiten).  Text in Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (J. Soc. Automot.
Engrs. Japan), 25(3):276-282, March 1971. 5 refs.
Measurement methods  of three  types  of  diesel emissions -
gaseous  pollutants smoke, and odor - methods are described.
For the measurement of such gaseous  pollutants as carbon
monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrocarbons methods include gas
chromatography,  PDS  (phenol  desulfonic acid method), the
Saltzman  method, non-dispersive infrared, non-dispersive ul-
traviolet,  and flame-ionization  anaysis, and gas-liquid chro-
matography. The most difficult emissions to measure is HC, in
that a sampled diesel exhaust gas has to  be cooled rapidly in
order to avoid the HC from being oxidized with the excess ox-
ygen present; it is also  necessary to keep the sampled gas at a
higher temperature to avoid condensation of HC. Gas - liquid
chromatography is designed for the HC  measurement. Filter
paper and transmission  techniques  to measure  smoke are
discussed. In the filter  paper method,  soot or carbon particu-
lates in the exhaust smoke are filtered  and the blackened filter
paper is then compared visually with a smoke  chart to deter-
mine the  soot  density.  The transmission method involves  a
photoelectric device which measures the density according to
the smokes  light transmissivity. Measuring devices for odors
are still in development stage. At present,  odor is evaluated by
the human sense of smell.

29508
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
A  FINDING  CONCERNING   A  BASIC INVESTIGATION
METHOD ON  ODOR  POLLUTION  SEEN FROM ACTUAL
EXPERIENCE. REPORT NO. 2 ON THE STUDIES OF OB-
NOXIOUS ODOR. (Genbateki keiken  kara mita akushu kogai
kihon chosaho ni kansuru ichi kosatsu. Shuki no kenkyu dai 2
ho). Text  in  Japanese.  Preprint,  Japan Chemical Society,
Tokyo, lp., 1971. (Presented at the Japan Chemical Society,
Annual Meeting, 24th, Tokyo, March 1971, Paper 3340.)
Human  perception  of obnoxious odors  is   a  composite
phenomenon, caused by certain chemicals in a certain com-
bination and concentration. A survey method  for obnoxious
odors is presented. The first step is a statistical classification
of smell  characteristics. The second  stage is to confirm the
odor-causing substance  by  chemical and instrumental analyses.
In the third stage a similar mixture is made by using  known
substances. The type and intensity of each odor should be the
same as the one expressed in the first  stage. Examples  of raw
materials for the synthesis  of various kinds of amino acids are
noted and a gas chromatograph of an obnoxious odor from an
amino acid synthesis plant is included.

29726
Baba, Yoshio
ON  MEASUREMENT  OF ODOR.  (Shuki no sokuteiho  ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai  (Hakua Shobo)  Pollution Con-
trol, 6(l):50-56, Jan. 1971.
In a bill  to  control  obnoxious  odors, methylamine  sulfide,
methyl mercaptan  and  ammonia and  industries such  as the
livestock farms, food processing, garbage  treatment, and pulp
manufacturing are the objects for possible control. However,
although the refinery and pulp mill both emit obnoxious odors
of a sulfur origin, the odor from the steaming pot of the kraft
pulp mill is mostly methylmercaptan; from refinery, dozens of
sulfur compounds  are emitted,  not just methylmercaptan.  If
the concentration of methylmercaptan alone is to be the mea-
sured, because the concentration  of  methylmercaptan from
refinery is so small, the kraft pulp mill would be placed at  a
disadvantage. In all fairness the total amount of sulfur should
be added. Based on the  ASTM, the sensory test is used for the
measurement of odors. In Japan, the air dilution  method
(olefactometer  method),   the  pressure ratio  method,  salt
balance method, and odorless chamber method are used. The
balance method is simple  to handle and  is the most  widely
used. The  weakness of the sensory method is that it cannot be

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 158
ODORS
 used for continuous measurement of air pollutants. In using in-
 strumental measurements,  there is  a problem  of detecting
 small amounts of odor constituents and relating the intensity
 of the odor suffered by the people to the components of the
 odor. Man can detect 0.1-0.005 ppm of hydrogen sulfide and
 0.01-0.0001 ppm methylmercaptan, which is difficult to  mea-
 sure with instruments. However, there are gas chromatographs
 which are very sensitive, measuring  10 to the minus ninth g.
 Selective  use of the gas  chromatograph with  an adequate
 trapping method must be made. A method for the extraction of
 odor components is also described.

 29843
 Sakata, Ei
 ENVIRONMENTAL  POLLUTION  AND  ITS  MEASURE-
 MENTS CO).  (Kogai- kankyo osen to seno sokutei (II). Text in
 Japanese. Shin Kinzoku Shiryo (J. Japan Soc. Newer Metals),
 no. 182:57-62, March 1971.
 Measurement  equipment  is classified  into  the  following
 groups: continuous autoanalyzers which are  located at  con-
 taminated spots and are generally used for the measurement of
 one  species;  {instruments which are  placed  in  a  laboratory
 because of the difficulty of complete automation and which
 have diverse  uses, are versatile and apparatus used for the
 research on  pollution control  techniques.  The  principles,
 mechanisms,  applications, and advantages are given for an  in-
 frared  gas analyzer used  for  the measurement  of  carbon
 monoxide and sulfur dioxide; a visible-ultraviolet gas analyzer
 for nitrogen dioxide  and  chlorine;  a  conductometric analyzer
 for sulfur  oxides;  an autoanalyzer by absorptiometry for
 nitrogen  oxides, sulfur dioxide, and oxidant;  an  automatic
 electrochemical analyzer  for nitrogen oxides, sulfur  dioxide,
 oxidant,  hydrogen sulfide,  and  chlorine;  a hydrogen flame
ionization detector in a gas chromatograph for hydrocarbons,
 and a dust monitor. Emission spectrometry for the  qualitative
 and quantitative analysis of metals,  atomic  absorption spec-
 trometry for  the  qualitative  and  quantitative  analysis  of
 metals,  atomic absorption spectrometry for the routine  mea-
 surement of small numbers of metals, visible-ultraviolet spec-
 trophotometry, fluoro-spectrophotometry, and gas chromatog-
 raphy for mixed samples applied to  odor analysis, and  mass
 spectrometry  are also discussed.

 29858
 Mueller, Peter K., Evaldo L. Kothny, Louis B. Pierce,
Theodore Belsky, Miles Imada, and Hezekiah Moore
 AIR POLLUTION.   Anal.  Chem., 43(5):1R-15R, April  1971.
 557 refs.
 A literature  review is presented of analytical activities  con-
cerning air pollution in the years 1969 and 1970. Sampling and
physical properties, inorganic composition,  and organic  com-
position are discussed for suspended paniculate matter. Deter-
 mination methods  are  considered  for inorganic  and organic
gases,  as well as automated analyses; the effort is  devoted
 mainly to sulfur and to carbon compounds.  The analytical
 chemistry for measuring odorous pollutants does not yet pro-
 vide the sensitivity of  the  organoleptic measurements, espe-
 cially  for  short-term  sampling.   Methods   of  measuring
 biospecimens are also indicated.

29891
 Karolinska Inst., Stockholm (Sweden), Dept. of Environmental
Hygiene
METHODS   FOR   MEASURING   AND   EVALUATING
ODOROUS ADJ POLLUTANTS  AT  THE SOURCE AND  IN
       THE  AMBD2NT ADX   77p., 1970.  114  refs.  (Discussions of
       Working Papers presented at the Third Karolinska Institute
       Symposium on Environmental Health, Methods for Measuring
       and Evaluating Odorous Air Pollutants  at the Source and in
       the Ambient Air, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1-5, 1970.) Also:
       Nord. Hyg. Tidsk., 51(2), 1970.
       Odor problems are associated with a variety of sources such
       as industrial installations, farm yards, and urban areas with
       heavy traffic. The  procedure  in  studying  environmental
       nuisance is ultimately based on an effort to find the relation-
       ship between the dose to which the public is exposed and the
       annoyance reaction  displayed. A  detection methodology is
       detailed  for the following  aims: to  study the  relative im-
       portance of various odoriferous processes in regard to the ulti-
       mate  odor intensity of the emission; to study the effectiveness
       of various odor control systems; to measure source intensity
       by determining odorant  levels in discharges; to forecast odor
       distribution and intensity at various distances from a source;
       and to investigate the feasibility of predicting odor intensity
       from  the  chemical  and  physical  characteristics  of  the
       discharge. The effects on humans are also discussed.  Conclu-
       sions  and recommendations for future research  on physico-
       chemical methods, sensory  methods,  and responses  to  odor
       exposure are made.

       29929
       Yoshida, MasaaM
       STUDIES IN  THE  PSYCHOLOGY OF  OLFACTION.  (4).
       QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF ODORS.  (Kyukaku no
       riron. (4)). Text  in Japanese. Akushu no  Kenkyu (Odor
       Research J. Japan), l(4):l-8, March 1971.  5 refs.
       Studies  on olfaction  psychology are reviewed. Osgood s se-
       mantic differential method has been applied to the area of the
       senses which are difficult to express in words. In Japan, stu-
      ' dies were made on the harmonious degree of colors, the quali-
       ty of sound,  and the touch of textiles.  Studies on olfactory
       sense were made by Wright and Michels (1964), Schutz (1964),
       Harper-Land-Bate-Smith (1968), and Yoshida with differences
       in the methods used. Yoshida reported  the principle of the
       classification  of odors. Harper (1968)  selected representative
       odorous  substances  that included  representative chemical
       structures. They contain low, medium, and high  ceilings and
       low, medium,  and high  degrees of pleasantness. The level of
       concentration  used in experiments is harmless and does not
       change its nature for 4 weeks, even  though exposed to air
       from  time to  time. Schutz  seeks a correlation between the
       profiles  of stimulant matter used as the sample  by using 27
       kinds plus liking and intensity. The method used by Wright
       and Michels examines the relationship between  the infrared
       spectrogram and the characteristics of smells. Using nine stan-
       dard  substances, the panel  members  remembered them and
       evaluated the  similarity of 50 substances by six steps. The
       credibility on similarity is very high. Since the vocabulary of
       many people is poor monitors with only a little knowledge and
       experience have less  difficulty with the Schutz or Wright and
       Michels methods.

       30014
       Leithe, Wolfgang
       DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF LOW CONCEN-
       TRATIONS  OF INDUSTRIAL AIR  POLLUTANTS.    (Zur
       Bestimmung und Bewertung niedriger Konzentrationen indus-
       trieller Luftverunreinigungen). Text in German. Chemiked Z.
       (Heidelberg), 95(10):452-455, 1971. 17 refs.

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     159
 Common methods for the determination of small concentra-
 tions of  sulfur dioxide,  fluorides, oxides  of  nitrogen, and
 odorous substances are discussed. For SO2 the highly  selec-
 tive and sensitive West and Gaeke colorimetric method, em-
 ploying rosaniline, is  used. Fluorides  are also determined by
 colorimetry, using alicarine-complexone and lanthane nitrate.
 Recently, fluoride-selective  electrodes have also been  used.
 For the analysis of NO2 and NO, sensitive methods are availa-
 ble which uses  azo dyes. More recently the so-called  Saltz-
 man-reagent, N-(l-naphthyl)-ethylene  diamine  and sulfanilic
 acid, has been preferred. Gas chromatography is used to deter-
 mine odorous substances. The  sensitivity of this method  could
 be  greatly increased by the recently  developed technique of
 reversion gas chromatography. The substances to be analyzed
 are concentrated in a tube which is filled with a suitable ad-
 sorption agent. The beginning  and the end of the tube  filling
 can be  cooled and a heating sleeve can be moved across the
 entire tube. The method operates periodically and a complete
 chromatogram is obtained every 15 min. In the first period, the
 air  sample is passed through the tube  with the two cold  zones
 in action. In the second period, the heating sleeve is moved
 across the tube at a speed  which is below the sampling speed.

 30374
 Hoshika, Yasuyuki
 PROPOSAL ON OBNOXIOUS  ODOR  SURVEY ACT (NO. 1).
 (Akushu kogai chosaho ni kansuru teian).  Text in Japanese.
 Akushu  no  Kenkyu  (Odor Research J.  Japan), l(4):39-47,
 March 1971.
 Obnoxious odor cannot be merely a  matter for scientific in-
 vestigation.  Even when a  very small amount  exists  (e.g.,
 0.0001 ppm of methylmercaptan) it is detected by men gives an
 unpleasant feeling. Medico-physico-chemical evaluation  is an
 important factor. Although the Odor  Survey Act covers the
 physiological phenomenon of  the  sense of  smell, the actual
 emission of odors by factories,  the mechanism of generating
 odor causing material and the  relationship between the facto-
 ries and  the inhabitants  in a  neighborhood,  almost all the
 episodes must be dealt with case by case, and no methodology
 is established.  There  is  no methodological approach to the
 odor problem because it is vague, difficult to define, and there
 is no appropriate method  for measurement. The  atmosphere,
 water, and filthy materials which cause odor pollution contain
 chemical substances in a certain combination and in a certain
 concentration. The only possible approach at present is to sort
 out the  expression of people who smelled the odor (including
 specialists of smells),  confirm  the  substances by instrumental
 analysis, approximate  the concentration based on instrumental
 quantitative  and  qualitative analysis, and  prepare a similar
 mixture of known substances to fingerprint the odor.  The in-
 habitants reaction must be an indicator of the effectiveness of
 an  odor eliminating device. The elimination of substances at
 the inlet and outlet of odor-eliminating device cannot soley be
 depended upon. Monitoring should be  done at as many places
 as possible;  30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000 m with 5-10 deg
 angles  and at more  than  10 other spots, and repeating the
 checks three to four times. The instruments used would be a
jgas chromatograph, infra-red visible, and ultra-violet spectro-
 scopic   analysis,  thermo-  analysis  and mass  spectrometry.
 Several instruments should be combined. For the sensory test,
 the ASTM  method,  the  smelling window-odorless-chamber
 methods, and the Kinoshita method are applied. It is very dif-
 ficult to establish emission standards on obnoxious odors.
30689
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi Isao Kobayashi, Atsuko Kobayashi,
Yoshihiro Shigeta, Yasuyuki Hoshika, Tomohiko Ishiguru, and
Shosaburo Dobashi
ON COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ODOR TESTS BY SMELL
PANEL. (Kanno shiken kakuho  no hikaku  ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Tokyo- To Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo (Annu. Kept.
Tokyo Met. Res. Inst.  Environ. Prot.), vol. 2: 78-81, March
1971. 6 refs.
Three representative  odor test methods  using a smell panel
were compared for their effectiveness: the odorless chamber
with a smelling window method; the injector method; and the
shuken  kinoshita-shiki odor test  method. The panel consisted
of experts from established perfume firms.  Two kinds of test
samples were used, one from the exhaust gas of a drier used
in a waste fish processing plant and the other from an animal
bone treatment plant. The  odor concentration expressed by
rate of dilution required to dilute the sample with clean air to
the threshold value of the  odor was measured. For the sample
from the fish treatment plant the value was  10,000-400,000
when tested by the odorless chamber method.  The odor con-
centration from the animal bone treatment plant was  15,000-
40,000 for a sample from a direct fire type rotary drier and
150,000-200,000 for a sample from a conventional box type dri-
er. With the injector method, the fish  waste odor was  30,000-
50,000 while the animal bone odor was 750-200,000. Under the
shuken kinoshita-shiki odor test method, it was  200-800 for the
fish waste and  150-500 for the animal bone. Whereas the first
two  methods dilute the sample with clean air, the third uses
water so that water-soluble substances contained in the  sam-
ple,  if any, may dissolve in the dilutent to change the odor. A
second problem is the difference in sampling time among the
three methods and the time that elapses from the time of  sam-
pling to the time of test by the panel. While it takes longer to
sample  with the kinoshita  method, the sample remains com-
paratively stable. With the odorless chamber method, a longer
time is required between the time of sampling and that of test,
so that some measures should be taken to shorten the  period.
All three methods  require  some improvements. A better  odor
test method may be a combination of the injector and odorless
chamber methods, using the former as the standard method
and the  latter as supplemental.

30704
Shoji, Hikaru, Takeo Yamamoto, Konosuke Nishida, Yasuo
Yagi, and Susumu Takada
THE GAS  CHROMATOGRAPmC  ANALYSIS   OF  THE
DIGESTION GASES  AND THE OFFENSIVE  COMPOUNDS
PRODUCED IN THE  PROCESS OF NIGHT SOIL TREAT-
MENT.   Text in Japanese.  Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J.
Hyg.), 22(2):32-47, June 1967. 39 refs.
Offensive components in the night soil treatment plants where
anaerobic digestion was used were analyzed by gas chromatog-
raphy.  The gases  in the  digestion tanks contained  20.6 to
27.4% carbon dioxide, 51.7 to 66.0% methane, and 0.9 to 2.0%
oxygen. The  gases in the  tightly sealed trickling filter  con-
tained 15.0% CO2, 30.4% CH4, and 20.4% 02. The determina-
tion  of aliphatic amines, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide was
carried out using a Triton  X-100  and Quadol column after the
samples were collected into distilled water. In the digestion
tanks, there was 40.2 to 61.0 ppm total amines, 440  to  1220
ppm ammonia, and  3180 to 8068 ppm hydrogen  sulfide.
Aliphatic aldehydes,  ethanol, aliphatic mercaptans, thioether,
indol, and skatol  were  also  determined using appropriate
columns. It was suggested that mercaptans and skatol in the
digestion tanks exert large effects on human olfaction. (Author
abstract modified)

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 160
ODORS
 30811
 Nakagawa, B, S. Kuwata, H. Sugiyama, and K. Obata
 DATA   OF   ODOR   MEASUREMENT   BY   SHUKEN
 KINOSHITA APPARATUS.   (Shuken Kinoshita shiki  shuki
 sokutei sochi ni yoru shukido no  sokutei). Text in Japanese.
 Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):96, 1970.
 (Proceedings of the Japan  Society of Air Pollution, Annual
 Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
 The Shuken Kinoshita odor measuring apparatus is most sensi-
 tive to  the  following  single  elements:  ammonia,  amines,
 hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, aldehydes, and alcohols.
 It is less sensitive to mercaptans, dimethylsulfide,  and  other
 insoluble odors. It is insensitive to low molecule fatty acids.
 The odors that were detected most effectively in actual appli-
 cations near odor producing factories cam from fish meal (in-
 testines and bones), chicken excretion, soluble adsorption feed
 stuff, exhausts  from vacuum cars (?), vitamin oil, and leftover
 processing  (for pig  feed).  Less detectable odors were  from
 animal bone  processing, feather processing,  marine products
 paste, leather, fertilizer  manufacturing, and craft pulp. The in-
 strument was insensitive to the incinerators of animal corpses
 and to relatively weak odors  such  as environmental  odor.
 Those  odors  that could  not be tested because of the lack of
 material were glue,  oil fertilizer, plastic, oil refinery, petrole-
 um chemicals, and rubber processing.

 31222
 Kato, Tatsuo, Shin Tanaka, and Junko Itaya
 SEVERAL  PROBLEMS ON  TECHNIQUE OF MEASURING
 FOR ENVIRONMENT  POLLUTION IN SMELL.    (Kankyo
 shuki osen  sokutei nikansuru gijutsujo no shomondai). Text in
 Japanese. Preprint, Safety Engineering Assoc., Tokyo (Japan),
 36-37,  1971. (Presented at the Symposium of Safety  Engineer-
 ing, 2nd,  May 27-28, 1971, Paper 18.)
 The problem associated  with the gas  chromatographic analysis
 of odors  in the atmosphere are discussed. The first problem is
 that gas chromatography gives an entire analytical value of the
 sample gas. Since the waste gas from automobiles becomes an
 obstacle to analysis, the selective extraction of the same  kind
 of contaminated constituents is desirable. That is possible by
 causing hydrocarbon and mercury chloride, one percent in
 weight, to adhere to glass beads. The sample is then extracted
 by absorption in the glass filter. Contaminated constituents are
 regenerated and analyzed. Qualitative analysis is important in
 the study of odors. It can be done by applying gas chromatog-
 raphy  mass analysis. Another problem is  that odor in at-
 mosphere may  also come  from  drains.  The relationship
 between  the  sense   of  smell and  the analytical  odor value
 should be proportional.

 31924
 Baba, Yoshio
MEASUREMENT/ANALYSIS OF ODOR AND TECHNIQUES
OF OFFENSIVE  ODOR PREVENTION.  (Shuki no sokutei
bunseki  oyobe  akushu  boshi  gijutsu). Text in  Japanese.
 Preprint,  Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan),  60p.,
 1971.  (Presented at the  Public  Nuisance  Prevent.  Tech.
 Seminar,  Japan, 1971.)
 Odors can be measured by a human panel procedure or  with
analytical apparatus; the former method is used primarily to
 determine the intensity of an odor and/or kinds of odors, while
the latter method is  more often used for the analysis of  sub-
 stances giving a particular smell. Odorants  which exist in ex-
tremely small quantities can now be detected by gas chromato-
graphic analysis. However, it is still difficult to correlate the
detected odorants and the unpleasant  odor they are believed to
       cause.  Various   olfactory  tests  are  cited.   Deodorizing
       techniques include combustion, scrubbing,  adsorption, oxida-
       tion,  masking, neutralization, and  a chemical deodorization
       method. The preventive measures implemented at the source
       of odor generation are cited for oil refineries, Kraft pulping,
       petrochemical processes,   chemical  processes, painting and
       printing industries, slaughterhouses, pig and poultry farming,
       and  diesel or jet  engine exhaust. The  analysis  methods are
       given for  acrolein, formaldehydes, acetaldehyde,  mercaptans,
       benzenes, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide.

       32022
       Purdom, Paul Walton
       SOURCE  MONITORING.   In: Air Pollution. Arthur C. Stern
       (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York,  Academic  Press,  1968,
       Chapt. 29, p.  537-560. 54 refs.
       Source  monitoring is used to control processes  which may
       cause air pollution and may be supplemented by monitoring in-
       dividual processes and raw materials. Systems for determining
       stack emissions include the Ringelmann Smoke Chart, trans-
       missometers, and  human observations. Organoleptic methods
       can be used to determine odors. Automatic monitoring for par-
       ticulates and  gases includes electrometric, photometric, ioniza-
       tion,  chromatographic,  conductimetric,  and  spectrographic
       methods. In the past, the greatest attention has been to com-
       bustion processes. Various  control agencies use source moni-
       toring  to  ensure  compliance with legal emission standards.
       Plant managements also use it to alert personnel to operating
       difficulties so that corrective action can be taken quickly, and
       to provide a  record for defense for the plant where emissions
       are carefully controlled within allowed  limits. In the future,
       control agencies  may require plants  to maintain source moni-
       toring systems and report  data to the control agency. While
       such efforts  may raise legal questions, the principle has had
       wide application in the fields of waste water treatment, water
       purification, and milk pasteurization.

       32268
       Amoore, John E.
       COMPUTER   CORRELATION OF   MOLECULAR SHAPE
       WITH  ODOUR:  A  MODEL FOR  STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY
       RELATIONSHIPS.   Ciba   Foundation,  London  (England),
       Taste Smell Vertebrates, Ciba Found. Symp., 1969, p. 293-312.
       43 refs.
       The  principles  underlying  olfactory  classification and  dis-
       crimination are reviewed. Initial detectors of sapid or odorous
       molecules are specialized  proteins,  having specific affinities
       for particular classes of compounds.  Receptor proteins, prima-
       ry odors, specific anosmia to isovaleric acid,  and  protein
       receptor sites are discussed. Computer assessment of molecu-
       lar shape  by submitting silhouette photographs of molecular
       models to a pattern-recognition machine is .examined. Future
       possibilities for correlation  of structure  and activity are pro-
       jected, with respect to theoretical screening o:f large numbers
       of known  molecular structures for valuable, but previously un-
       recognized, biological activities. (Author summary modified)

       32269
       Doving, Kjell B.
       EXPERIMENTS IN OLFACTION.  Ciba Foundation, London
       (England), Taste Smell Vertebrates, Ciba Found. Symp., 1969,
       p. 197-225. 55 refs.
       Some analytical methods which can be  used to facilitate the
       correlation between  biological  data  and  physicochemical
       parameters are examined. The mechanisms of coding the quali-

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     161
 ty  of  the  olfactory messages at different levels  within the
 system are discussed. Electrophysiological and psychophysical
 data are the results of the discriminatory mechanisms. These
 data contain information  pertinent  to the question  of what
 physicochemical parameters determine odor quality. The data
 from the biological experiments give matrices where  the rela-
 tionships between the odors are  ranked. Three methods for
 transferring such  data on the  ranked relationships  between
 odors to multidimensional  scaling are examined.  The results of
 these scaling procedures give odor spaces that are obtained ex-
 clusively on data from biological experiments. In conjunction
 with multidimensional scaling methods, a way of grouping the
 odors  by a hierarchical method is  described.  A method  by
 which  the  odor spaces are fitted and correlated  to known
 physicochemical parameters is examined.  (Author summary
 modified)

 32467
 Takagi, Sadayoshi, Tatsuo Kato, Tsugio Sawatani, Akio Tsuji,
 Hidetsuru Matsushita, and Takeo Miura
 STUDY ON MAL-ODORS IN AIR  POLLUTION.  (INTERIM
 REPORT).   (Akushu kogai  ni  kansuru  kenkyu.  (Chukan
 hokoku)). Text  in Japanese.  Study  Group  on Bad  Odors
 (Japan), 42p., March 1970.
 Problems pertaining to foul odors are difficult to solve or to
 quantitatively measure, since in perceiving them psychological
 aspects are involved. Characteristics,  types, concentrations,
 and effects of odors on the physiological function of experi-
 mental animals are considered. An analytical method which
 utilizes gas chromatography and low-temperature condensation
 is described for measuring odors. Dry ice or liquid oxygen is
 used to adsorb the malodorous substances on  diatomaceous
 refractory brick  particles  or glass beads at low-temperature.
 Substances used for comparison are generally mercaptans, sul-
 fides, amines, aldehydes, or chlorides. Experiments were con-
 ducted at oil refineries, fish processing plants, and  pulp mills.
 Another method involves  solid  reaction in a tube,  and has a
 number of  advantages  such  as moderate costs  and easy
 preparation.

 32676
 Byrd, J. Floyd and Austin  H. Phelps, Jr.
 ODOR AND ITS MEASUREMENT.  In: Air Pollution. Arthur
 C. Stem (ed.), Vol. 2, 2nd ed., New  York, Academic Press,
 1968, Chapt. 23, p. 305-327. 22 refs.
 Conditions  necessary  for  odor  measurement,   available
 techniques, and use of the data are discussed. Odor measure-
 ment at the source is easiest and most accurate for obtaining
 useful  data. Ambient odor, however, is often weak and may
 be several  thousand dilutions below  that in the stack. It the
 odor is a relatively pure  compound, its  ordor  threshold and
 behavior downwind can be determined by simple analytical
 and mathematical techniques. The relative strength of an odor
is determined by dilutions. The greater the number of dilutions
 of  odor-free  air  needed  to bring  an  odorous gas  to  the
 threshold level, the  stronger the odor. The  best  measuring
 device  of odor is the nose. Selection of panel members is
discussed. Several devices are available to inject an  odorous
gas into  the nose, including the Fair-Wells Osmoscope, the
 Katz and Allison  Odorometer, the syringe technique, and the
Proctor and Gamble Osmo. Applications of odor measurement
results  to a single source, entire plant, or pilot plant are given.
 Odor threshold data are usually vague about techniques for
determination, evaluation of the odor panel, and reliability  of
the observed results.
32795
Kato, Tatsuo
PRACTICAL METHOD AND APPARATUS IN ODOR POL-
LUTION  MEASUREMENT.   (Akushu  sokutei no jissai to
sochi). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 7(9):793-802, Sept. 1971.
The principles of gas chromatography (used in analysis of bad
odor),  the vacuum jar sampling method, the low temperature
adsorption method, and the solid reaction tube method (beads
tube method) are reviewed with illustrations. The low tempera-
ture adsorption method was redesigned and improved three
times in the past eight years; it has the capacity of collecting
100 1 of air sampling in 10 min and concentrating it 10 to the
fifth times. It consists of the mouth, a dehydration-decarbu-
rization tube, a condenser, a suction pump, a flowmeter and a
gas chromatography sampling transferring system.  Soda lime
and  potassium carbonic  acid anhydride  in  the dehydration-
decarburization tube take out most of the carbon monoxide
and  water from the sampling air. The condensation pipe is a
glass tube 30 cm long, 2 cm in diameter, and U-shaped, filled
with refined diatom fire-brick particles. Three-way  valves are
attached at both ends. The suction pump  also functions as a
vacuum pump and has a capacity of  20 1/min, vacuum degree
0.01  mm Hg. First the large jar outside the condenser is filled
with liquid oxygen and the jar is cooled. The pump starts to
suction sampling air; after approximately 100  liters of sampling
is collected, the cock is switched to the gas chromatography
test material tube. The GC test tube  is cooled. The liquid ox-
ygen outside the condenser  is taken away and the nichrome
wire wound around the U-shaped tube is heated. The  concen-
trated odor producing elements in the condenser is transferred
to the GC  test tube  by the pump. This takes  about five
minutes. The GC tube cock is turned off  and the material is
ready for  analysis.

32880
Hoshika, Yasuuki
CORRELAITVITY  BETWEEN  SOME  ODOR  MEASURE-
MENT METHODS USED IN ODOR SURVEY.  (Akushu kogai
chosa ni  okeru 2-3 no shuki  sokuteiho no  sokanei.  Text in
Japne. osu o Hi(J. Water Wste, 13(:-l,Au. 1971.
A study was performed to correlate data obtained by olfactory
test  (ASTM syringe method)  and gas chromatography. The
relation between the potential of the offensive odor  and  the
detected  density  of  each component causing the  odor was
established based on the assumptions that the dilution process
caused neither  mechanical nor chemical errors; the olfactory
sense (olfactory,  discrimination,  and odor threshold values)
was  stable and reproducible; and no chemical reactions and
multiplication or offsetting of  the odor take  place among  the
odorous components.  The relation between the odor  dilution
ratio and the detectable and olfactory threshold values of each
odorousct was estimated nd applid t o ather process! la, amin
acid manufactig plat, ad a kraft pulping plant. The olfactosen-
sdetermined methyl  mercaptan in the  kraft pulping plant,
acrolein  in  the  feather  processing  plant,  and  ammonia,
acrolein, and methyl mercaptan in the amino  acid plant as  the
strongest odorous components.

33121
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
CONTRIBUTION OF OLFACTORY  METHOD   TO  THE
PREPARATION OF ODOR PERMISSION STANDARD.  (Shu-
kaku shiken kara no akushu kyoyo kijun sakusei e no enjo).
Text  in   Japanese.  Yosui  to  Haisui  (J.  Water  Waste),
13(9):1121-1127, Sept. 1971. 7 refs.

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 162
ODORS
 An olfactory  panel  is composed mostly  of  inhabitants of  a
 given area where they evaluate bad odors  from the standpoint
 of environmental hygiene; emission sources; judgment of ef-
 fectiveness of deodorants and deodorization apparatus; and in-
 vestigation of emission  sources.  There are analytical  panels
 composed  of  odor inspectors and  preference  panels for in-
 vestigation of the reactions to various odors. General qualifica-
 tions for panel members are an outstanding ability to recognize
 odor, appropriate standard for judgment, reliability and stabili-
 ty of judgment,  and descriptive ability. A test was given to  a
 group of people  on June 19, 1969 which consisted of intensity
 recognition for  3 ppm  and 6  ppm solutions of trimethyl
 amines; recognition of putrefied egg (solution of hydrogen sul-
 fide), fish  odor  (solution of trimethyl amine), feces (scatole-
 isovaleric acid mixture in diethylphthalate), pickle (solution of
 methyl mercaptan), and  burned odor (diethyl phthalate solu-
 tion of pyroligneous acid oil solubles); recognition of one weak
 odor among two portions of 0.5% solution of orange ethanol
 solution and one 0.25% of the same material; and identification
 tests of lemon, lime, strawberry, banana, and grape oils. More
 than 65% right answers were considered to be passing grades;
 36% of 68 people (52.9%) passed. The ratio of correct answers
 were 1 to 30.9%; 2 to 48.5%; 3 to 56.0%; and 4 to 50.0%.

 33349
 Sano, I.
 CHEMISTRY OF ODOR-WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE
 TO THE RECOGNITION THRESHOLD DETERMINATION.
 (Nioi  no kagaku—ikichi o chushin to shite). Text in Japanese.
 Kuki  Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
 9(3),l-6, Aug. 1971. 4 refs.
 Recent  studies  on  the  organoleptic  determination  of the
 thresholds  of a  number  of odorous chemicals  are described.
 The  chemicals were  presented to  a trained panel in  a test
 room, as well as to an  untrained panel under the open sky.
 Sulfur-containing compounds have low thresholds on the order
 of parts/billion;   t-butyl  mercaptan exhibits  a much  higher
 threshold than would be expected;  and thiophene varies con-
 siderably from test to test. Molecular  chain  branching might
 lead to enchanced odor intensity. Depending on the nature and
 number of the radical added, substitution on  the benzene ring
 reduces the threshold by as much as a thousandfold. (Author
 abstract modified)

 33577
 Sawaya, Tsugio
 ODOR MEASURING METHODS.  (Shuki  no sokuteiho). Text
 in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning As-
 soc., Tokyo), 9(3):7-12, Aug. 1971. 9 refs.
 Methods of measuring odor producing elements in waste water
 from  fishmeal plants  or slaughter houses  depends  on the
 chemical element in  the  water. When the element is volatile
 aliphatic acid, a given amount, v ml, is  taken from the total V
 ml. Phenolphthalein indicator is added to v. The amount of  a
 standard  solution of  caustic soda (NaOH) added to the solu-
tion producing a  change of color to pink is designated as A; 5-
 10 ml of 20% formalin solution is added to  the solution causing
the color to fade. The amount of NaOH producing a change to
pink for the second time  is B. A dry run is given to V amount
of liquid and  the amount of loss is  designated  as a. The
volatile aliphatic  acid (CH3COOH) in the test material (in mg)
then may be calculated by: 60N multiplied by (A + B - a) and
multiplied by V which is  divided by  v where N is NAOH con-
centration.  Amines in the test water (CH3NH2) may be ob-
tained in mg by: 31N  multiplied by (B-a) multiplied by V
which is divided by v.  When  the  test material is  alkaline,
       bromothymol blue indicator is added to v ml of the wastewater
       and HQ standard solution is added until it turns yellow. The
       amount of HC1 is C. Separately v ml of the test water is taken
       and 5-10 ml of 20% formalin solution  and phenolphthalein are
       added. The  amount of NaOH standard solution that changes
       the material into pink is D. The amount of loss of NaOH by a
       dry  run with  v amount of  liquid is  d. The total weight of
       aliphatic acid may be obtained by 60N (D-d) multiplied by V
       divided by v. The weight of  amines may be obtained by 31FC
       multiplied by V divided by v. F is HQ standard solution con-
       centration. A method of selecting an  olfactory panel and the
       test method using the panel, methods of  producing low-con-
       centration gases, and actual  cases  of fishmeal plants are
       discussed briefly.

       34047
       Saikado, Hideki
       STUDY AND COUNTERMEASURES OF BAD ODORS FROM
       OIL REFINERY. (Seiyusho shuuki no chosa to taisaku). Text
       in Japanese. Sekiyu  Gakkai-shi  (J.  Japan  Petroleum Inst.,
       Tokyo), 14(10):797-801, Oct.  1971. 2 refs.
       Intensities of odors at their  sources were  studied in terms of
       odor pollution.  Speed of odor emission was introduced to ex-
       press odors  quantitatively. A perceptible limit of the smell of
       gas in one cu ft  was one odor unit. Speed of odor emission
       and unit odor per hour were calculated by applying the law of
       Weber Fechner or by analyzing odorous gas composition and
       determining  the perceptible limit of  concentration of  each
       compound in the  gas. The allowable limit of odor was studied
       by developing a formula in which odor was assumed to spread
       only to leeward, not in all directions. Distance from the emis-
       sion source  was also  considered relative to intensity of odor.
       Sources of bad odors  within a  refinery plant and their intensi-
       ties were surveyed.  Several countermeasures for prevention or
       reduction of bad odor were reported.

       34178
       Gridgeman, N. T.
       DESIGNS FOR MULTIPLE PAIR-COMPARISON SENSORY
       TESTS.  Can.  Inst.  Food Technol. J.,  3(l):25-28,  1970. 6 refs.
       (Presented at the International Congress of Food Science and
       Technology, 2nd, Warsaw, Poland, 1966.)
       If the relative sensory quality — in terms,  say, of intensity or
       delectability of flavor or odor or texture — of a number of dif-
       ferent  food  products  has to be subjectively  determined, the
       method  of  paired  comparison  offers attractions.  This is
       because  of  task  simplicity; that is,  the  subject (the panel
       member) has merely to choose between two alternatives ac-
       cording to some agreed criterion, and he has no problems
       about scaling or scoring to worry about. If the number of sam-
       ples is n, there is  in all n(n - l)/2 pair combinations to be
       made.  Schemes for allocating  the pairs equitably among  a
       panel of n -  1 subjects (if n is even) or n subjects (if n is odd)
       are given.

       34279
       Araki, Takashi
       MEASUREMENT AND PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTANTS.
       (Taiki  osen busshitsu no sokutei to  mondaiten).  Text in
       Japanese. Preprint, Industrial Public Nuisance Council, Tokyo
       (Japan),  16p, 1971.  4  refs. (Presented  at the Public Nuisance
       Symposium, 6th, Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 20-21, 1971.)
       The purpose and methods of air pollutant  measurement, sam-
       pling quantity, frequency,  and time, various measurement
       methods designated by the Japanese Industrial Standards, and

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     163
 the method of producing a standard gas are briefly discussed.
 Analytical methods for sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon
 monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxidants,  and bad odors are ex-
 plained. The electroconductivity measurement is used for de-
 tecting the total amount of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide in
 the air, which is  absorbed in hydrogen  peroxide solution and
 measured automatically.  Automatic absorption photometry is
 used  for  measuring NOx in the  air, using  the reaction of
 naphthyl ethylenediamine chlorine salt and sulphanyl acid to
 nitrous acid ion. However, it is not certain how much nitrogen
 dioxide in the solution reacts to this method. Carbon monoxide
 is analyzed by non-dispersion infrared analyzers. The positive
 filter  method is explained. Gas chromatography is used for or-
 ganic elements such as hydrocarbons, aldehydes,  and alcohols.
 Gas chromatography is effective especially  for analyzing vari-
 ous  photochemical  elements such  as peroxyacyl  nitrates.
 Analyses  of  ozone in oxidant is usually conducted by cou-
 lometry or absorption photometry. The nature of odor is com-
 plex and varied, and satisfactory measurement methods have
 not   been  developed.   However,  successful  analyses  of
 hydrogen  sulfide  or  mercaptan  have been reported using gas
 chromatography with a flame photometric detector.

 34863
 Mulik, J. D., R. K. Stevens, and R. Baumgardner
 AN  ANALYTICAL  SYSTEM  DESIGNED  TO MEASURE
 MULTIPLE  MALODOROUS COMPOUNDS  RELATED TO
 KRAFT MILL ACTIVITIES.   Preprint, Southern California
 Univ., Los Angeles,  23p., 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Con-
 ference on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial  Hygiene
 Studies, 12th, Los Angeles, Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
 Automated chromatographs with flame photometric detectors
 were  developed for qualitative  and quantitative analysis of
 both low-  and high-molecular-weight sulfur compounds in kraft
 mill  effluents.  One chromatograph  with  a  Teflon column
 packed  with Teflon and  coated with polyphenyl  ether was
 used  to  measure the following  low-molecular-weight  com-
 pounds: hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methyl mercaptan,
 ethyl  mercaptan,  and propyl  mercaptan. A second chromato-
 graph resolved the higher-molecular-weight compounds: butyl
 mercaptan, dimethyl disulfide,  dipropyl sulfide, and dibutyl
 sulfide. Kraft mill effluents with sulfur species at five ppb to
 percent levels  were  analyzed  with the aid  of a six-stage
 dynamic  dilution  system.  Principal emissions from mills em-
ploying the  weak  black liquor  oxidation  process  were
hydrogen  sulfide  and methyl mercaptan. Sulfur dioxide  and
hydrogen  sulfide  were the major pollutants from  the strong
black  liquor oxidation process. (Author abstract modified)

34972
Kay, Robert E.
INVESTIGATION OF ANIMAL  SENSOR AND SENSOR IN-
FORMATION PROCESSING  MECHANISMS FOR APPLICA-
TION TO TARGET ACQUISTION AND TRACKING. (FINAL
REPORT).   Philco-Ford  Corp.,  Newport   Beach,  Calif.,
Aeronutronic Div.,  Naval Air  Systems  Command Contract
N00019-70-C-0150, Rept.  U-4908,  55p., Feb.  1971.  19  refs.
NTIS, DDC:  AD 720412
Investigations dealing with the analyses of animal sensory and
information processing systems are summarized, and two in
vitro  devices are   described  which  resulted  from  ideas
generated  by these analyses.  Using the  receptor and fast ac-
tion potentials as endpoint criteria, the effects  of odor concen-
tration and quality, temperature, mixing of odors,  and duration
and frequency of odor stimulus on the interaction of  odors
with olfactory cell membranes were examined. The potentail
usefulness of organic semiconductors  in  power  producing
devices has  been demonstrated.  Spectral sensitivity is  con-
sidered as a factor in visual target acquisition by insects. The
conversion of electromagnetic to electrical energy is examined,
and a methyl violet 2B photocell was constructed.

35182
Gaynullina, E. T.
BIONICS AS APPLIED TO ANALYTICAL RESEARCH.   Zh.
Vses. Khim. Obshchestva  im. D. I. Mendeleeva., 15(5):553-
560, Oct. 9, 1970. 68 refs. Translated from Russian in:  At-
mospheric Studies at Chemical Enterprises   USSR, p.  153-
169, March  9,  1971. Joint Publications Research Services,
Washington, D. C. NTIS: JPRS-52566
Bionics includes such problems as simulation of the olfactory
organs of animate organisms and  development of methods of
analyzing toxic compounds using biologically active substances
such as enzymes. The enzyme method of analysis  has found
broad  application  both  for indicating poisonous substances
with a neuro-paralytic effect and  in analyzing low concentra-
tions  of  organophosphorus insecticides.  Various procedures
using the cholinesterase  reaction  are  tabulated and an auto-
matic   signal for   analyzing  cholinesterase   inhibitors  is
described. Instruments for measuring odors have  also been
developed. One  is based  on measuring the heat of adsorption
with a semiconductor thermal resistor coated with an adsorb-
ing film. Another instrument analyzes scent with respect to the
variation of the  electric current arising as a result of sorption
and oxidation of the scent at a liquid-gas interface.  A third
analyzer operates on the principle of selective adsorption of
ultraviolet radiation. The olfactory analyzers should find broad
application in industrial facilities.

35240
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Air and
Industrial Hygiene Lab.
THE  MEASUREMENT  OF ODOR CONCENTRATION  BY
DYNAMIC  OLFACTOMETRY.    Preprint,  California   Air
Resources Board,  Sacramento and California State Dept.  of
Public Health,  10p.,  1971.  (Presented at the  Conference on
Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies, 12th,
Los Angeles, Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
A measurement method for the determination of odor  concen-
tration in  the atmosphere or in source  emissions in terms  of a
specific odorant  is presented, in which the odor is measured at
the odor threshold while the odorant is introduced to a stream
of deodorized air.  The dynamic olfactometer used includes a
carbon vane pump, two flowmeters, two deodorizing columns,
a  300-ml  surge  chamber, primary dilution chamber,  cyclone
mixing chamber, inhalation mask, and sampling probe.  The
range for ambient atmospheric sampling is 2-1200 dilutions and
for captured  gas sampling,  2-300,000 dilutions. The reliability
of the measurements  were  determined at plus or minus 30%.
Factors interfering with the olfactory perception of  the ob-
server include respiratory infections, allergic reactions, irritat-
ing noises, and  elevated temperatures. Reagents, apparatus,
and procedure are detailed.

35541
Dravnieks, A. and J. Whitfield
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY  OF AIR QUALITY IN
SCHOOLS.   ASHRAE  (Am.  Soc.  Heat. Refrig.  Air-Cond.
Eng.) Proc., vol.  77:113-123, 1971. 13 refs.
By use of high-capacity  organic vapor collection devices and
appropriate  sample transfer  analysis techniques,  combined

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 164
ODORS
with psychophysical odor evaluation of the gas chromatically
resolved components at the effluent port of a gas chromato-
graph, it is possible to gather considerable insight into the in-
ventory of the odorous components of an  air sample.  These
procedures were applied to a study of air in several Chicago
metropolitan area schools. The outside air was also examined,
to permit assessments of the contribution of outside air pollu-
tion to the air pollution of the school air by organic vapors and
odorants. The gas chromatographic parameters were then in-
spected, using non-parametric statistics for correlations  to the
air quality which  was first independently  ranked using en-
gineering data and on-the-spot observations. (Author introduc-
tion)

35648
MacKay, Donald A. M., David A. Lang, and Murray Berdick
OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF ODOR: IONIZATION DE-
TECTION OF FOOD VOLATTLES.  Anal. Chem., 33(10):1369-
1374, Sept. 1961. 14 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society, Division  of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,  Meet-
ing, 135th Boston, Mass., April 1959.)
Volatiles in various foods, beverages, and flavoring materials
were directly analyzed with gas chromatographic ionization de-
tectors. The sensitivity of the detectors (10 to minus  the  12th
power  or 10 to minus the 14th power/mole)  make possible the
breakdown of odors into their various components. Typical
chromatograms are given for  vapors from  peppermint oils,
fresh and imitation banana, brewed and roast coffee; brandy;
various whiskies;  onion volatiles;  and cigar and ciagarette
smoke. With the ionization detection technique, direct correla-
tion with sensory evaluation is possible. Moreover,  the  sen-
sitivity of the  method allows a lower temperature to be used
and the concentration step to be  circumvented in many  cases.
Instead of working with  10 to 100 ml of liquid concentrates,
from  one to  five ml  of vapor samples can be  used.  The
techniques described are equally applicable to odor problems
in perfumery and air pollution.

35751
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
METHODS OF MEASURING  BAD ODOR AND  CONTROL
TECHNIQUE.   (Akushu no sokutei-ho to boshi  gijutsu). Text
in Japanese. Japan Society of Efficiency, Tokyo, Chem. Plant
Eng. Conf. Proc., Tokyo, Japan, 1971, p. 2-2-1 - 2-2-10. (Oct.)
Various methods used for odor sensitivity tests  are examined
and discussed. In general, results from the injection method
were lower than those from the odorless chamber method; in-
dices  from the Shuken  Kinoshita  (saline-water equilibrium)
method were  approximately 1/100  lower  than  the injection
method, due to the fact that many  odor causing elements do
not dissolve   easily in  water.  The  scentometer  was  also
discussed. Methods of mechanical analyses included gas chro-
matography;  the  low-temperature  adsorption  method;  the
vacuum jar method; and the solid reaction tube method, using
appropriate reagents for different odors.

35865
Earth,  C. L. and L. B. Polkowski
IDENTD7YING ODOROUS  COMPONENTS  OF STORED
DAIRY MANURE. Preprint, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, Saint Joseph, Mich., 27p., 1971. 27 refs.  (Presented
at the  American  Society of  Agricultural  Engineers, Winter
Meeting, Chicago. HI., Dec. 7-10,  1971, Paper 71-568.)
Techniques for the  determination  of volatile  and  liquid
odorous components produced in stored liquid  dairy manure
       were examined. Selective absorption, steam  distillation,  and
       paper  chromatography  procedures  were  effective  in  the
       separation, analysis, and identification of gaseous volatile or-
       ganic acids, amines, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,
       and disulfides. (Author summary modified)

       35949
       Grennfelt, Peringe
       GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS SUL-
       FUR  COMPOUNDS  IN  THE  ATMOSPHERE.    (Gaukro-
       matografisk analys  av gasformiga  svavelforeningar in at-
       mosfaren).  Text in Swedish. Lakartidningen, 68(28):3232-3234,
       1971. 4 refs.
       Most of the volatile sulfur compounds can be detected by their
       smell in very  low concentrations.  There are, however, no
       methods available  for the  simultaneous  measurement  of
       malodorous materials in concentrations below one ppm. An in-
       strument for the simultaneous measurement of different gase-
       ous sulfur  compounds up  to a minimum concentration of ap-
       proximately five ppb was reproduced and tested  in Sweden.
       The instrument represents  a special gas chromatograph with an
       air volume  of 10 ml. The air sample is brought by a carrier gas
       (nitrogen) into the column where separation occurs, depending
       on the affinity to the gaseous phase contained in the column.
       The  detector is a flame  photometer in which the gases are
       burned  in  the  presence  of a hydrogen surplus. Due to  a
       chemiluminescent reaction, the  sulfur  present in the flame
       emits light in a wavelength range of 300-423 micron. A filter is
       inserted between flame and phototube that only transmits the
       light of the wavelength of 394 + or - five micron. The selec-
       tivity for sulfur is 10,000-30,000-to-one relative to other sub-
       stances. The minimum detectable concentration lies at about
       three ppb. The phototube  delivers signals for a one microvolt
       recorder. This instrument has been used for practical measure-
       ments  in the surroundings of three sulfate plants when or-
       ganoleptic tests were carried out at the same time. A correla-
       tion factor  of 0.6 was found between organolpetic and instru-
       mental testing. The method is being further developed to make
       detection of concentrations below odor threshold possible.

       35956
       Cooper, Hal B. H., Jr. and August T. Rossano, Jr.
       SOURCE TESTING FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.  Wil-
       ton,  Conn., Environmental Research and Applications, Inc.,
       1971, 228p. 532 refs.
       Source  testing for air pollution control  is  reviewed  with
       respect  to basic  procedures,  terminology,   operating   and
       theoretical  priciples, gas flow measurements, sampling trains,
       principles and methodology of paniculate sampling, gaseous
       sampling, continuous monitoring, and special applications of
       various  techniques. Measurements  of  stack  gas  parameters
       prior to sampling are discussed for determinations of tempera-
       ture, pressure,  moisture content, and gas  composition using
       such    instruments   as    thermometers,    thermocouples,
       thermistors, wet or dry bulbs, condensation methods, Orsat
       analyzers,  pitot tubes, anemometers, tracers, balloons,  and
       various  meters. Instrumentation  for participate sampling in-
       cludes sampling probes,  flowmeters, wet impingers,  filters,
       centrifugal  separators, and electrostatic and thermal precipita-
       tors. Paniculate sampling trains are  examined with respect to
       specific  contaminants  (polynuclear  hydrocarbons,   fluoride
       compounds, mists,  tars,  and droplets); combustion sources,
       e.g.,  boilers, incinerators, open burning, pulp and paper plants,
       lime  kilns,  kraft recovery  furnaces,  chemical processing,  and
       metallurgical operations; and particle size analysis using impin-
       gers  and cascade impactors. Sampling  techniques for gases

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                                       C.  MEASUREMENT METHODS                                    165

containing sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, total     tal analysis (gas chromatography,  spectrophotometry, flame
sulfur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, chlorine compounds, carbon     ionization, and  mass spectrometry). Special applications  for
monoxide and organic  gases  and vapors include  absorption     ^ techni    mdude determination of odor upholds of flue
into a liquid phase, using sample probes and impmgers; collec-
tion  in fabric  bags; adsorption on  a solid; and  freeze-out     ^ases, measurement of acid deposition onto metal surfaces,
techniques. Subsequent analytical methods include wet chemi-     the presence of radioactive materials, and bacterial emissions
cal analysis (turbidimetry, colorimetry, potentiometry, polarog-     to the atmosphere. Pertinent source test data and sources of
raphy, iodimetric methods, and Orsat analysis) and  instrumen-     equipment are included.

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 166
                   D.   AIR  QUALITY  MEASUREMENTS
00209
R. Cederlof, M. L. Edfors, L. Friberg, and T. Undvall
DETERMINATION  OF ODOR THRESHOLDS  FOR FLUE
GASES FROM A SWEDISH SULFATE CELLULOSE PLANT.
Tappi, 48(7):405-411, July 1965. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. Vol. 46:51-
56, 1965, Danish.
The purpose of the investigation was to determine the odor
thresholds of complex flue  gases from  two Swedish sulfate
certain individual  processes on the odor strength of the total
measures were also studied. Odor  threshold determinations
were  made  by means of an exposure  apparatus especially
devised  for  field studies. The subjects were tested according
to the principle of paired comparisons between test gases (in
different dilutions) and fresh air. The odor threshold was eval-
uated as  a value, expressing the logarithm of the  dilution fac-
tor at which on the average 50% of the subjects  noticed  the
odor.  The odor strength of the flue gases from the two stacks
investigated  were  markedly similar. Parallel chemical analysis
showed a correlation between the concentration of the sulfur
compounds analyzed and the odor threshold of the gases. In
studying  the odor reducing  effect of various technical mea-
sures  it was found that oxidation of the  flue gases with black
liquor reduced the odor threshold by approximately one power
of 10 and the use oa a 'chlorine scrubber' by two powers of
10. (Authors' abstract)

00241
R.W. Hum D.E. Seizinger
AIR  POLLUTION INVENTORY -  ENTER THE  DIESEL.
Proc.  Am. Petrol.  Inst., 45(111):127-132, May 1965. (Presented
at the 30th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum  Inst. Div. of
Refining, Montreal, Canada, May 10, 1965.)
Exhaust  gases  from truck-type  diesel  engines  tested on  a
dynamometer stand  were shown to involve hydrocarbons,  ox-
ides  of nitrogen,  and formaldehyde in significant  quantities.
Without reference to similar modes of operation, each class of
pollutant was found to be generated in the  diesel combustion
in concentrations  comparable to concentrations found in  au-
tomotive  (gasoline-powered) equipment. Although  some trends
in the data were observed, the experimental program was not
extensive enough  to justify  conclusions regarding effects of
fuels, engine design, or mode of engine operation. In compar-
ing present findings with previously published information,  the
authors have noted interpretations of data that do not readily
reflect the significant magnitudes of diesel emissions. Both the
real contribution of diesels to air pollutant loading  and the par-
ticipation of these  pollutants  in  the  photochemical system
should be weighed more carefully. (Authors' abstract)

00251
L. R. Reckner, W. E. Scott and W. F. Biller
THE COMPOSITION AND ODOR OF DIESEL EXHAUST.
Proc.  Am. Petrol.  Inst. 45(111):133-147, May 1965. (Presented
at the 30th Midyear Meeting, American  Petroleum Inst. Divi-
sion of Refining, Montreal, Canada, May 10, 1965.)
Sampling and analysis techniques are described for determin-
ing light hydrocarbons,  oxides  of nitrogen, formaldehyde,
acrolein, total aldehydes, total particulate, and polycyclic aro-
matic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust.  Using the techniques
described, results are reported on the composition of exhaust
from two  diesel engines,  a two- and a four-cycle, under a
variety of operating conditions. Smoke ratings using different
techniques are also reported and compared to total particulate
results. No correlation was found between smokemeter ratings
and particulate loadings at other than black smoke conditions.
Human panel observations of exhaust odor are being made as
part of a continuing program, but no panel data are reported.
(Authors' abstract)

00373
SUBMARINE ATMOSPHERE HABITABILITY  DATA BOOK
(REVISION-1).   Navy Dept., Washington, D. C, Bureau of
Ships (NAVSHIPS 250-649-1). Sept. 1962. 198 pp.
This publication  brings together  scattered information and
references to more  detailed information on chemical princi-
ples, experimental results, and operating experience concerned
with maintenance of  atmospheric habitability  in  nuclear-
powered submarines.  Habitability  is defined as  control of
chemical aspects of the atmosphere to meet the requirements
of equipment and  personnel.  Recommended   methods for
removal of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
aerosols, and odors are discussed. Basic operation of an elec-
trostatic precipitator is described. Details are given on the con-
tinuous air monitoring system required to insure safe operation
of* the submarine.

00690
H. P. Sanderson, P. Bradt, and M. Katz
A  STUDY  OF  AIR  POLLUTION  IN SAINT  JOHN,  NEW
BRUNSWICK, CANADA. Preprint.  (Presented at the 58th An-
nual  Meeting, Air  Pollution Control  Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-24,  1965, Paper No. 65-135.)
An analysis has been made of air pollution data gathered over
a two-year period in the City of Saint John, N.B., which has a
population of about  95,000. Apart from normal activities, this
town is  also the  site of a large Kraft pulp and paper mill and
an oil refinery. Continuous measurements of smoke concentra-
tions with AISI paper tape samplers and more limited observa-
tions of hydrogen  sulphide with  lead acetate impregnated
paper tape samplers were carried out at two sampling sites in
each case. The study has been conducted in cooperation with
the Saint  John  Board  of Health and  the  Meteorological
Branch, Canada  Department of Transport. The  soiling  index
values in Coh units per 1000 linear  ft. show a strong seasonal
trend. The soiling potential is markedly higher during the heat-
ing season than in the late spring, summer and early fall
months. There is also  evident a diurnal variation in pollution
with a relatively high  frequency of heavy concentrations oc-
curring during the morning hours between 8 and 9:30 a.m.,
with a secondary peak in the evening. The observations have
been correlated with wind speed and direction. A comparison

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                                    D.  AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     167
has been made of these results with similar data from eight
other Canadian cities. Hydrogen sulphide, as an index of the
odor nuisance due to sulphur compounds, has been detected
on  many occasions, coincident  probably with subjective  re-
ports of such occurrences  or reported blackening  of painted
buildings. (Author abstract)

00751
S.W. Horstman, R.F. Wromble, A.N. Heller
IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY ODOR PROBLEMS BY
USE OF AN OBSERVER CORPS. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 15(6):261- 264, June 1965. (Presented at the 56th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution  Control  Association, Detroit,  Mich.,
June 9-13, 1963.)
To  evaluate the major odors  affecting a community, approxi-
mately 120 high school  students recorded odor observations.
Simultaneous odor observations  were made  three times daily
for  14 consecutive days each in  a fall and spring survey. The
observes were tested for olfactory sensitivity, and  population
characteristics were recorded  for analyses of the human varia-
bles. These data were analyzed to show the areas most severe-
ly affected, the major objectionable odor types, the time when
odors were most frequent, and the associated weather parame-
ters. A critique of the procedures employed and the results of
the  survey is presented. (Authors' abstract)

01202
M. Nolan
A  SURVEY  OF  AIR  POLLUTION  IN   COMMUNITIES
AROUND THE JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIR-
PORT (Sept. - Oct. 1964).  Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. June 1966. 82 pp.  GPO.HEW: 826-
792-2
A 1-month air-quality study was conducted in the communities
adjacent to  John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens and Nassau
Counties, New York, from September 24 to October 24, 1964.
Eight sampling stations were located in the area. Limited mea-
surements of paniculate matter  and hydrocarbons, and odor
observations yielded some evidence to  indicate that aircraft
operations  contributed  a small amount  to paniculate  and
hydrocarbon concentrations and to  odor occurrence. Concen-
trations  of  particulates,  odors, and  hydrocarbons at the sam-
pling stations were substantial and came from many  sources in
the  metropolitan area. Thus, the small variations that occurred
in measured air quality were not significantly  correlated to air-
craft emissions on a statistical basis. The number and percent-
age  of  jet aircraft  using  water  injection during' takeoff
decreased  markedly from 1963 to 1964 at the J. F. Kennedy
Airport; therefore,  smoke emissions caused by water injection
have been reduced. This downward trend is  expected to con-
tinue. Meteorological  conditions during  the  study  were near
normal  for  this period  of  the year. Poor conditions for  at-
mospheric dispersion  were experienced for  a  5-day period;
however,  no  prolonged severe atmospheric stagnation oc-
curred. Therefore,  air contaminant  concentrations that would
exist under extremely  adverse meteorological conditions could
not  be measured. The limited, modest studies  did  not show
any difference  in  the characteristics of  particulates  emitted
from jet, diesel, or gasoline engines.

01949
P. W. Hildebrand and R. L. Stockman
AIR QUALITY  IN CLARK COUNTY, WASHINGTON.
Washington  State Dept.  of Health,  Olympia, Division of En-
vironmental  Health. 74 PP.
This is a report on a community air pollution survey which
began Feb. 1, 1961 and which was  conducted in cooperation
with the Clark County Air Pollution  Committee and the Clark-
Skamania Health District. The following findings, and conclu-
sions,  are  given.  Clark  County  air pollution problems  are
primarily restricted to localized areas in the immediate vicinity
of  specific  sources. Existing nuisance  conditions and  the
potential for an  area-wide problem in the near future warrant
corrective and preventive action on the part of the community.
Air pollution concentrations in Portland, Oregon are demon-
strably higher than those measured in Clark County leading to
the conclusion that area-wide pollution in the County will in-
crease as community development progresses. Air pollution ef-
fects that can be established include fallout of solid materials,
odor, soiling, and  esthetic considerations. Heating  and trans-
portation make significant contributions to the total problem.
Gaseous emissions and concentrations have not been studied
sufficiently to  establish  their effects  upon the community.
Local legislation is presently inadequate to control the problem
on either a corrective or preventive basis. This report recom-
mends that an air pollution control district, as provided for by
the laws of the State of Washington, be established encom-
passing Clark County and the cities of Vancouver and Camas.

02212
M.E. McLouth H.J. Paulus
AIR POLLUTION FROM THE GRAIN INDUSTRY.  J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc.,  11, 313-7, July 1961,  (Presented at
the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.
In the Twin Cities, the many elevators, mills, and plants of the
grain industry comprise a  substantial portion of the industrial
picture. Millions of bushels of grain  are processed into human
and animal foods and other products each year in plants scat-
tered throughtout  the area. The  air contaminants  from the
grain industry  operations consist of various sizes and types  of
particles  from grain handling  operations and  certain odor
producing compounds from Unseed and soybean oil processing
and refining, animal food fproduction,  and other  processes.
Grain unloading and loading,  considered to  be  the dustiest
operations, are carried on  by essentially all types of mills and
plants. Grain dust collected at the mills is utilized in animal
food preparations  after being prepared in dust grinding mill.
Handling of the collected dust and  dust grinding to destroy
weed seeds are extremely  dusty operations that  contribute
substantial amounts of pollution to  the  atmosphere. Most  of
the dusty operations are exhaust ventilated through collection
systems. Cyclone separators are the  most commonly used col-
lectors with baghouse filter installations gaining in prominence
in recent years. For special situations in grain operations elec-
tro-static precipitators  and multicyclones are being  used.
Preliminary results of a study on  the dispersion of dust from
the grain industry  plants indicate  a  considerable influence on
the total paniculate pollution in limited area. (Author summa-
ry)

02331
H. N. Jenkins and T. O. Harris.
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY. PHASE U PRO-
JECT  REPORT IV. ODORS  -  RESULTS OF SURVEYS.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution
pp. 53, June 1966.
The odor episode experienced during the  survey was caused
by odors that originated in Illinois, crossed the  Mississippi
River, and extended all the way west across St. Louis and into
St. Louis County almost to the St.  Louis Municipal Airport.

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 168
ODORS
 This  episode clearly  indicated that severe  interstate  odor
 problems do exist in the metropolitan area. Further indication
 of  the existence of  interstate and interjurisdictional  odor
 problems is presented which strongly indicates that the chemi-
 cal odors so frequently observed in St. Louis arise from the
 industrial complexes  on the Illinois side of  the Mississippi
 River. The  results of  the survey described indicate that un-
 pleasant odors are of relatively frequent occurrence in the St.
 Louis  Metropolitan Area. The existence of these odors is  a
 source of considerable discomfort to the multitude of persons
 forced to breathe this contaminated air during the course of
 their everyday activities. Future increases in  population and
 industrialization will surely cause the odor situation to become
 even  more  undesirable if  steps  are not taken to alleviate
 present conditions and prevent the  occurrence of future odor
 problems. Tables, graphs and appendices are given.  (Author
 summary)

 02339
 THE AIR POLLUTION SITUATION IN TERRE HAUTE, IN-
 DIANA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HYDROGEN
 SULFIDE INCIDENT  OF MAY-JUNE,  1964.   Public  Health
 Service, Washington, D.C., Division of Air Pollution and Indi-
 ana Air Pollution Control  Board,  Division of  Sanitary En-
 gineering. June 19, 1964. 28 pp.
 Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide  in Terre Haute during the
 episodes of late May and early June 1964 were sufficient to
 cause public complaints and discomfort and paint blackening.
 Concentrations exceeding 30 parts per hundred million (pphm)
 were measured. The most probably source of hydrogen sulfide
 and other odorous materials which caused the public com-
 plaints  and  discomfort and  paint  darkening  was  a 36-acre
 lagoon  used for  the  biodegradation of  organic  industrial
 wastes. This was indicated by the relationship between  mea-
 surements  of hydrogen  sulfide and odor  observations and
 meteorological data and also  by  measurements of hydrogen
 sulfide  made in the immediate vicinity  of suspect sources.
 There are sources of other pollutants in Terre Haute such as
 smoke and  flyash which should be controlled.  Many public
 complaints about odors, health effects and property damage
were  made  by citizens  of Terre  Haute  during the current
 episodes. Investigation of the possible health effects of the air
 pollution revealed the presence of an air pollution problem
 with greater than nuisance value. The main symptoms reported
by affected  people included nausea, loss of sleep and abrupt
awakening,  shortness  of breath and headache. However, al-
most none sought medical attention. In the opinion of medical
observers, the hydrogen sulfide and other obnoxious odorous
materials were  the likely cause of certain  symptoms in ex-
posed individuals. A 'medical disaster' did  not  occur. There
 was a pressing need for the establishment of an adequate air
pollution control program in Terre Haute. (Author conclusions
modified)

03001
THE AUCKLAND AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH COMMIT-
TEE (SEVENTH ANNUAL REPT. FOR YEAR ENDING MAR.
31,  1966.) Auckland  Air Pollution Research Committee,  New
Zealand. 33 pp., 1966
The conclusion of the fourth annual survey in Auckland,  New
Zealand, is  that no significant increases in air pollution  have
occurred in  the last year. The specific areas of consideration
are: (1) smoke levels,  (2) odors,  and (3)  pollution by motor
vehicles. The report reflects  an increased awareness by the
public of the air pollution problem  and is exemplified by the
 adoption of  smoke regulations.
       03017
       P. A. Kenline
       IN  QUEST  OF   CLEAN  AIR  FOR   BERLIN,   NEW
       HAMPSHIRE.  Public Health Service,  Cincinnati, Ohio, Divi-
       sion of Air Pollution (Technical Kept. No. A62-9) 53 pp., 1962
       The city of Berlin, with a population of 15,000 is a manufac-
       turing  area. Manufacturing accounts for over half of all em-
       ployment, with 1 plant accounting for 80% of this toal. The
       population has been gradually decreasing since 1930. The city
       proper occupies 4 square miles and is situated in a valley such
       that frequent inversions, confinement of lateral dispersion, and
       weak winds allow periods of pollutant accumulation. Levels of
       suspended paniculate matter (averaging 183  ug./cu  m) and
       dustfall (35 tons/sq. miles/30 days) are relatively high, com-
       pared to levels measured in other areas. Levels of sulfur diox-
       ide (averaging 16 ppb.), hydrogen sulfide (max. 23 ppb.), and
       malodors, although not generally or consistently high,  do not
       reach levels where undesirable effects are produced. Pollution
       was heaviest in areas near the pulp  mill and tended to carry
       down  the valley. Air pollution problems exist in Berlin and
       have  reached  levels that  justify  constructive efforts   to
       ameliorate the situation. It was concluded from the study that
       emissions from other than industrial operations are not of suf-
       ficient magnitude  to warrant consideration of  control mea-
       sures.  Since all of the 9 initial steps to achieve control op pol-
       lutionnrelated to Brown Co., it was suggested that the Berlin
       City Council request the Company to undertake the 1st 7 items
       and report  their  findings to the  Council.  The last 2 items
       require only diligence on the part of the Company with regard
       to operation and good housekeeping.

       03418
       E. V. Porter
       AN ODOR SURVEY OF THE TWO KANSAS  CITYS.  Public
       Health Service,  Washington,  D.C.Div  of  Air Pollution.  (In
       cooperation with Kansas City,  Kans. and Kansas City, Mo.)
       July 1965. 39 pp.
       A survey with special attention given to the central industrial
       areas was conducted for a 2-week period during the first part
       of December 1963. The purpose of the study was to determine
       the type  and general level of the odor problem of these areas.
       The major  sources  were stockyard districts, yransportation
       and smoke. Meteorological data are provided and recommen-
       dations are made.

       03431
       G. B. Welsh.
       AN  APPRAISAL OF  AIR POLLUTION IN  HUNTSVILLE,
       ALABAMA. Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., Div.  of
       Air Pollution. May 1963. GPO: 862-747
       During the period  1950 to 1963, the  population of Huntsville
       increased about 480%. This growth trend, which is expected to
       continue, favors higher pollution levels in the future unless
       adequate  control measures  are taken.  Local meteorological
       factors tend to intensify  the air pollution  problem in Hunt-
       sville.  During periods of adverse meteorological conditions air
       pollutants may be concentrated in the business district of the
       city. The southeastern portion of the United States, which inl-
       cudes Huntsville, is subjected to a high frequency of low-level
       atmospheric temperature inversions and stagnating air masses.
       Both of these conditions contribute to accumulation of air pol-
       lution in Huntsville, especially during the months of the year
       when  the space heating requirements  are greatest. The  at-
       mospheric pollutants of primary concern is  Huntsville are due
       to (1)  the improper combustion of coal, (and oil to a lesser
       degree) for space heating and power generation in connection

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                                     D. AIR  QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                      169
with residential, commercial and industrial usages; (2) burning
of  garbage  and refuse at the  dump and  of refuse  on the
premises  of commercial and industrial  installations; and (3)
dust from mineral processing activities. Pollutants of seconda-
ry concern are odors, gases, and solvent vapors  from various
industrial and  commercial activities.  In addition, emissions
from motor vehicles should also be considered. Whule  public
complaints have been primarily directed at smoke and  dust
problems there are many other  gaseous  pollutants  which add
to the complexity and magnitude of the proboelm. Periodic in-
cidents of reduced visibility are  one apparent indication of air
pollution problem in Huntsville.  Measurements of air pollution
that have been made to data are inadequate to define the na-
ture and extent of the air pollution problem. Visual observa-
tions  indicate  that the primary problems  probably  are: (1)
smoke from the  improper combustion  of certain fuels and
burning garbage and refuse; and (2) dusts from the processing
and production of building materials. There is no  organized air
pollution control effort in Huntsville at the present time. The
zoning ordinance establishes  specific uses for certain districts
and provides performance standards for air pollution control in
the Research Park District. If properly enforced the zoning or-
dinance should minimize the future intermingling  of residential
and industrial areas, a condition that usually intensifies local
air pollution problems.

03459
P. A. Kenline
AIR POLLUTION IN HAMILTON, OHIO. Public Health Ser-
vice,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, Div.  of Air Pollution.  1960,  19 pp.
(Kept. No. A60-8.) HEW: A60-8
The purpose of this appraisal was to determine  the status  of
the air pollution situation and the need for activity on the part
of government  in solving air pollution problems. This report is
an analysis of data and information assembled on air pollution
levels, sources, dispersion, and local control activity. Industri-
al sources of pollutants contribute significantly to Hamilton's
air pollution levels. These sources  include emissions which are
of principal concern to a localized area  near the source, and
emissions which contribute to the  overall community pollution
level.  Examples of  industrial emissions include odors from
several sources, dust from a  slag and gravel  products plant,
and emissions from a chemical  plant, cupolas, foundries, and
various fabricated metal products producers. (Author summary
modified)

03506
P. A. Kenline
AIR POLLUTION IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Div. of Air Pollution.
(Kept. A60-6.) 1960. 32 pp. HEW: A60-6
At the request of the South  Carolina Department of Health
and with the cooperation of the Charleston County Health De-
partment, the Public Health Service made an appraisal of fac-
tors relating  to air pollution in the Charleston area. The pur-
pose of this  appraisal was to determine the status of the air
pollution  situation, and the need  for government  activity  in
solving air pollution problems. This report is an analysis of in-
formation collected relating to  sources  of pollutants, disper-
sion of pollutants, indication of pollution levels, and the status
of local activity in the air pollution field. Charleston lies in an
area of  frequent  stagnating  high  pressure  systems  - the
meteorological  model  associated   with  major air pollution
episodes - and for this reason  bears surveillance. However,
because of its  proximity to the Atlantic Ocean  and its level
topography,  Charleston usually receives good ventilation  in
part  because   of  the  sea  breeze.  This   advantageous
phenomenon decreases  inland.  The atmospheric pollutants of
immediate  concern derive from industrial sources. However,
domestic, commercial, and municipal sources do contribute to
the overall pollution load of the  atmosphere. To date, public
complaints relate  to nuisances, particularly industrial odors.
There have also been a few allegations of vegetation and pro-
perty damage. Measurements by the  Public Health Service's
National Air Sampling Network in the City of Charleston in-
dicate that the paniculate loading is not excessive, as judged
by  comparison with cities of comparable size. The sampler is
located  in the center of the city and is not indicative of pollu-
tion levels in other areas. Of greatest interest and concern is
the North  Charleston 'neck' which contains within a limited
area a complex of air  pollutant  sources and  residences. No
data are available to indicate  pollution levels  in this area,
although analysis  of the Network data implies  that they are
significantly higher than in the city. There is presently no local
or State air pollution program,  nor is there routinely available
to the local area any agency with authority and competence in
this field. On the basis of this appraisal and the general availa-
ble knowledge relating  to air pollution, the following recom-
mendations are made to the Charleston County Health Depart-
ment. (1) Information should be developed relating in detail to
air  pollution levels and sources  in the Charleston area, particu-
larly to  the north of the city limits. (2) A modest public educa-
tion program should be  undertaken. (3) A modest air pollution
program should  be developed  within the County  Health  De-
partment. (4) In

03514
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION  IN THE GREAT KANAWHA
RTVER  VALLEY  INDUSTRIAL AREA.  West Virginia State
Dept. of Health, Charleston, Bureau of Industrial Hygiene  and
Cincinnati Univ., Ohio, Kettering Lab. 1952.  184 pp.
The purpose  of the survey was  to (1) establish factual informa-
tion as to the atmospheric pollution problem of the valley, (2)
compare the  present particle-fall load of the valley to that of a
previous survey made by the  Bureau of Industrial Hygiene,
West Virginia Department  of Health from June   1945  to
December  1947  and (3) to determine the present or future
needs of establishing an agressive air pollution  control  pro-
gram for  the area. The total  daily load of particulate solid
matter discharged  to the atmosphere was found to be approxi-
mately 500 tons, derived mostly from burning or processing of
coal; that of  gases, fumes, and  vapors, most of which are  sul-
fur gases from the use  of coal, amounted to about 370 tons.
While the particulate matter (fly ash, etc.) can be controlled to
acceptable levels through selection of coal and installation of
collectors,  it does not  appear  that there is any prospect of
'cleaning up' the valley  completely, although there is evidence
that much more can be accomplished by economical means. It
is further indicated that even with a consistent uniform daily
loading  of the atmosphere with particulate matter, the ground
level  concentrations  may  vary  greatly,  depending  upon
meteorological conditions. The elimination of sulfur dioxide
arising from the use of coal is an extremely difficult problem,
since low  sulfur coal is not obtainable locally in sufficient
quantity,  while chemical   methods  of  control  would  be
economically prohibitive at the  present time. Odors, which are
extremely annoying at times, have not been explained satisfac-
torily in many cases. Analytical methods of identification are
not available except in  a few  cases, although special equip-
ment might  be  valuable in identifying such contaminants.
Greater assistance from industry is required to  identify such
materials, to determine their toxicity and to establish the quan-
tities discharged into the atmosphere. Two episodes of eye ir-

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 170
ODORS
 ritation of fairly severe character occurred in 1951. While
 these were of short duration, they served to indicate that pol-
 lution in  the valley,  under adverse conditions,  can cause
 demonstrable ill effects. (Author summary modified)

 05256
 V. A. Ryazanov
 CRITERIA AND METHODS OF ESTABLISHING THE MAX-
 IMUM   PERMISSIBLE   CONCENTRATIONS   OF   AT-
 MOSPHERE POLLUTION IN THE USSR.  (In: maximum per-
 missible concentrations of atmospheric pollution.)  Predel'no
 Dopustimyye   Kontsentratii   Atmosfernykh  Zagryazneniy.
 Academy  of Medical Sciences  USSR. (8),  5-21 (1964). Russ.
 (Tr)
 Four different opinions may be found in the literature on ap-
 proaches to the establishedment of maximum permissible  con-
 centrations of atmosphere pollution. They may be briefly for-
 mulated in the following way: (1) Only that composition of the
 air  that  is  observed  under natural  conditions in noncon-
 taminated human environment can be recognized as  normal;
 (2) Only that content of a given contaminant in the atmospher-
 ic air that cannot practically be removed at the modern level
 of development of technology should be considered as normal.
 (3)  Only  such concentrations as  are economically justified
 should be considered the standard, i. e.  the cost of measures
 guaranteeing their achievement should be equal or less  than
 the  cost of the damage that they inflict upon society; and (4)
 Only such concentration of atmosphere pollution as does not
 exert either a  direct  or an indirect toxic or unpleasant action
 on man,  does not reduce his ability to  work, and  exerts no
 negative influence on  his health and frame of mind can be
 recognized as  permissible. In the USSR two types of indices
 of degree of contamination of the atmospheric air are used:
 maximum permissible single and average daily concentrations.
They are aimed at preventing the chronic resorptive action of
 toxic substances  during prolonged inhalation. The  maximum
 single permissible concentrations are aimed at preventing at-
 mosphere  pollution   that  might  produce  reflex  reactions
 through irritation of  the receptors of the respiratory organs,
 chiefly the olfactory  region of the nasal cavity.  Summarizing,
 it can be noted that the Russians attribute great significance in
 the  substantiation of the maximum permissible concentrations
 of atmosphere pollution to experimental methods of investiga-
 tion.

 05481
 AMBIENT AIR: GUILFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.
 Guilford County Health Dept.,  Greenboro,  N.C., Division of
Environmental Health. 1966. 52 pp.
The  purpose of this report was  to provide factual information
for the citizens and government of Guilford County for use in
the  development  of  a program to control  air quality in the
 area. The  County covers an area of 691  sq. miles and has a
population of 246,520 (1960 census statistics). Industrial activi-
 ties  include:  textile,  wood products, machinery  and metal
products,  food  products,  mineral  products,  printing  and
publishing, paint,  chemical and fertilizer manufacturing. Pollu-
tants resulting from  these  activities include:  dusts, fines,
fumes, smokes,  organic vapors, odors,  and gases. Sampling
data for the year between 1964 and 1966 were obtained by the
following methods: high volume samplers for suspended parti-
cles,  dustfall jar  sampling  for  dusts, AISI tapes for soiling
index measurements, and gas samplers for SO2, NO and NO2.
The  sampling  data are tabulated for the  various  pollutants.
Estimated fuel usage in the County for the year  of 1965 is
tabulated.  Estimated  sulfur content for coal was 0.9%  and
       1.0% for commercial and  domestic use,  and industrial  use,
       respectively. Meteorological aspects here pertaining to air pol-
       lution are also reported. Results indicated that an undesirable
       concentration  of  air pollution  existed,  based  on  levels
       established in  other sections of the nation. More detailed and
       concentrated  efforts  are  needed  on  gaseous sampling for
       achieving meaningful conclusions.

       06535
       T. O. Carver,B. Bucove.V. G. Mackenzie.and A. N. Heller
       AN APPROACH TO A SOLUTION OF AN INTERSTATE AIR
       POLLUTION PROBLEM.  Preprint. (Presented at the 57th An-
       nual  Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,  Houston,
       Tex., June 1964.)
       A six-months  study (1961-1962) of  an air pollution problem in
       Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington was made jointly
       by the Departments of Health of Idaho and Washington and
       the Division of Air Pollution, Public Health Service. Aeromet-
       ric studies,  meteorological  conditions, materials damage, and
       emission  inventories  were  evaluated  and preliminary  con-
       siderations  of health effects  were  made.  Socio-economic
       aspects via a public awareness study of air pollution in Clark-
       ston, Washington are  reviewed in terms of survey methodolo-
       gy and analysis.  Complementary studies of an odor survey in
       both Lewiston and Clarkston are interpreted. The development
       of a number of joint recommendations to solve the immediate
       air resource  management  problem  and allow  for future
       economic growth in the valley is explored. (Authors' abstract)

       07572
       Benforado, D. M. and G. Cooper
       THE APPLICATION  OF  DIRECT-FLAME INCINERATION
       AS  AN  ODOR  CONTROL PROCESS  IN  KRAFT PULP
       MILLS.   Preprint, (19)p.,  (1968).  18  refs. (Presented at the
       22nd Engineering  Conference,  Process  Systems & Controls
       Water & Air Pollution,  TAPPI, Atlanta, Ga.,  Sept. 19-22,
       1967.)
       A method of  controlling  the odors in  Kraft Pulp Mills by
       direct-flame incineration is discussed. The design criteria, as
       well  as  the incorporation of heat recovery equipment, is
       covered.   A method  of  quantitatively  measuring  the  odor
       strength  of waste gases and the use of this method to deter-
       mine effectiveness of  control equipment is  also discussed. The
       intent of the paper is to offer one method of air pollution con-
       trol which appears to be applicable to Kraft Pulp Mills and
       which may  be equated with other methods  presently being
       considered. (Authors' abstract)

       09590
       Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
       Air Pollution Control
       PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA, MARIETTA, OHIO AIR
       POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY.  87p., March  1967.
       ((38)) refs.                                 <
       An investigation of air pollution in the interstate area  encom-
       passing Marietta, Ohio, Parkersburg, West Virginia, and Vien-
       na, West Virginia was conducted. The average concentrations
       of suspended particulates measured in the three major popula-
       tion  centers was in excess of 150 micrograms  per cubic meter
       with maximum daily values in excess of 500  micrograms per
       cubic meter. The average value for 2-hour  sulfur dioxide  mea-
       surements made at three locations was approximately 0.02 part
       per million  parts of air.  At the Vienna station, however,  a
       daily average concentration of 0.10 part of sulfur dioxide per
       million parts of air was exceeded 3.4  percent of  the  time.

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                                    D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     171
 Short-term concentrations approached one part sulfur dioxide
 per million parts of air at various times.  Sensitive vegetation
 exposed in Vienna developed injury that was attributed to the
 synergistic action of ozone and sulfur dioxide  in low-level
 combination. Damage to indigenous vegetation  from  sulfur
 dioxide and fluorides was also observed.  Atmospheric  corro-
 sion of ferrous metals was not abnormally high. Tarnishing of
 silver plate indicated, however, that the presence of gaseous
 sulfides  is  consistent  with  reported complaints  of  odor
 nuisance. From an inventory of emissions  of sulfur oxides and
 paniculate pollutants it is estimated that more than 123,000,000
 pounds of sulfur oxides  and 25,000,000 pounds of paniculate
 pollutants are emitted each year from sources in the survey
 area. Approximately 85 percent of the sulfur oxide and 55 per-
 cent of  the paniculate matter are emitted from sources in
 Ohio, and 15 percent of the sulfur oxides and 45 percent of
 the paniculate  matter from sources  in West Virginia. Eight
 point sources account for almost 98 percent of the total sulfur
 oxides and 94 percent of total paniculate emissions.  Mathe-
 matical applications of diffusion theory were used to estimate
 the relative contributions of specific sources.

 09592
 Public Health Service, Washington, D. C.,  National Center for
 Air Pollution Control
 LEWISTON, IDAHO,  CLARKSTON,  WASHINGTON AIR
 POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY.  61p., Feb. 1967.  18
 refs.
 Investigations  of air pollution in the community have been
 concerned with air quality, meteorology, sources of pollutants,
 and  various  effects  of  air pollution. There  are numerous
 sources of air pollution in the community; the largest of these
 is a kraft pulp  mill located just  east of Lewiston.  Other
 sources include:  Lumbering Operations; Asphalt Mix  Plants;
 Food Processing Plants; Concrete Mixing and Grain Handling;
 Fuel Usage; Refuse Disposal;  and  Vehicular  Emissions. The
 interstate movement of pollutants, particularly odorous gases
 emitted by the pulp mill in Idaho and transported to Clarkston,
 Wash., has been demonstrated. In a public opinion survey in
 Clarkston, Wash., more than 90 percent of the persons inter-
 viewed perceived air pollution in the community as a malador
 problem. The pulp mill reported emissions amounting to about
 1,800 pounds of hydrogen  sulfide, 2,500  pounds  of mercap-
 tans, and 1,000 pounds of organic sulfide gases per day; about
 23,000 pounds  of particulates, consisting mostly of sodium
 sulfate  and  sodium  carbonate  per  day, from   the  mill's
recovery furnaces; and  an average of about 9,700 tons  of
 water  vapor per day from all operations. Calculated  daily
 emissions of selected pollutants from  sources other than the
pulp mill included about 4,000 pounds of particulates, 100,000
 pounds of carbon monoxide, and more than 20,000 pounds of
hydrocarbons. About two-thirds of the community emissions
 are released in Idaho and about one-third  in Washington. The
 valley  topography of the Lewiston-Clarkston area results in
the transport of air pollutants alternately from either of the
states to the other.

 12426
 Vaughan, H. L. and G. B. Welsh
AIR  POLLUTION  EVALUATION. PASCAGOULA -  MOSS
POINT AREA  OF MISSISSIPPI.   Jackson  County  Health
Dept., Miss., 15p., Feb. 1964 5 refs.
A thirty day air pollution evaluation was undertaken in the
 Pascagoula-Moss Point area to determine the extent and mag-
nitude of the air pollution problem and to obtain basic infor-
mation  on air  pollution  levels  that  may be useful as  a
reference point to indicate any significant changes that  may
occur in the future. The Pascagoula-Moss Point area is one of
the most industrialized areas in Mississippi and has the poten-
tial for future industrial expansion. The air pollutant levels in-
dicated that air pollution is not a serious problem at present,
although hydrogen  sulfide levels may be sufficient to cause
lead base paint discoloration and odor complaints at  times; the
suspended paniculate loading indicated a potential problem. It
was pointed out that a short term evaluation can only  provide
a  general indication  of  air pollution levels.  Generally,  the
meteorological conditions in the Pascagoula-Moss Point  area
favor the dispersion and dilution of  air pollution.  However,
periodic low-level inversions and stagnant air masses may oc-
cur. There are also indications that appreciable periods of
calm-stagnant weather may occur which contributes  to the ac-
cumulation of air pollution in the area. It was recommended
that surveillance  be  maintained  to indicate  any significant
changes in the air pollution problems of the area;  that  records
of  air pollution type complaints be  maintained; and future
evaluations be undertaken whenever there is an indication that
the  air pollution problem  in  the area may  be  significantly
changed. (Author summary modified)

12648
S. F. Galeano
HOW  TO DEVELOP  AIR  SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
FOR PULP MILLS. Paper Trade J., 153(l):41-43, Jan. 6, 1969.
2 Refs.
Air quality and emission  standards are being prepared and im-
plemented by local and state authorities on a continuing basis.
Emissions to the atmosphere by pulp  and paper mills,  as  well
as other industrial plants, will be governed by these standards.
The most meaningful contribution of  a paper mill air  surveil-
lance program would be in  providing  data essential to the
establishment of realistic air quality  standards. With  such a
program supported  by management, a company will be  in a
position to authoritatively recommend realistic air criteria for
the  area surrounding a  particular  manufacturing facility. A
substantive surveillance program is outlined.

16062
Donkelaar Van, A.
AIR QUALITY CONTROL IN A BLEACHED KRAFT  MILL.
Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech. Sec.,  p. T346-T350,  1967 (?). 10
refs. (Presented  at  Paper Ind.  Air  and Stream Improvement
Conf., 3rd, Vancouver, B. C., 1967.)
The air pollution control program of a bleached kraft mill in
northern Calif, is described. By using black liquor oxidation,
hydrogen sulfide emissions from the stack were reduced to
near zero, and a high degree of efficiency in eliminating mer-
captans and organic sulfides was reached through treatment by
incineration. A detailed in-plant monitoring program for mea-
suring emissions is described and the results reported weekly
to  the local  Air  Pollution  Control  District. The  use of
telephone responses and home monitoring systems are  also
valuable. Four-hour checks on critical equipment, weather
measurements, and  an ambient  air  monitoring  program in
which  paniculate fall-out is measured at seven stations, are
also part of the control program. Data show typical main stack
emissions, lime kiln stack emissions, and green liquor  dis-
solver stack emissions.

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 172
ODORS
 16635
 Gil'denskjol'd, R. S.
 EXPERIMENTAL  BASIS  FOR THE  DETERMINATION  OF
 MAXIMAL  ALLOWABLE  SINGLE  CARBON  BISULFIDE
 CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR.  U.S.S. Litera-
 ture on  Air Pollution and Related  Occupational  Diseases,
 vol.8:153-158, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-11570
 Atmospheric air pollution with carbon disulfide discharged
 from  a combine was studied.  Air samples were collected
 within radii  of 150, 500,  1000,  1500, 2000, 2500,  and 3000 m
 from the combine.  A total of 342 samples were collected on
 the lee side  of the plant. Results showed that carbon disulfide
 vapor was detected 3000 m from the plant. Carbon disulfide
 odor was detected  2000 m from the  plant.  Sensory tests in-
 dicated  that 0.05   mg/cu  m of carbon  disulfide was  the
 threshold  concentration sensed  by  most  odor-  sensitive per-
 sons.  Optical chronaxy tests indicated that  0.04 mg/cu  m of
 CS2 was the threshold concentration of carbon disulfide reflex
 activity affect. Statistical analysis showed that  0.04 mg/cu m
 CS2 was the minimal active concentration which elicited  shifts
 in darkness adapted  eye  sensitivity  to light,  and that 0.03
 mg/cu m was the maximum subthreshold concentration. It was
 concluded that the  existing 0.5  mg/cu m maximal single and
 0.15 mg/cu m average 24-hr CS2 concentrations were too high.
The presently recommended and adopted  0.03 mg/cu m limit
 of allowable carbon disulfide concentration in atmospheric air
 of inhabited localities is below  the  threshold of odor percep-
 tion and reflex activity affect.

 16636
 Baikov, B. K.
 HYGIENIC  DATA RELATED TO SANITARY  CLEARANCE
 ZONES FOR  KORKINSK  OPEN  COAL  PITS.   U.S.S.R.
 Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
 vol. 8:188-190, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-11570
The degree of air pollution with coal dust, sulfur dioxide, and
 carbon monoxide  at  different  distances  from  the Korkinsk
 open coal pits was investigated.  Air samples were collected on
 the lee side  of the mine pit at 300, 500, 800,  1000, and 1200 m
 from the pits.  Air samples for the determination of SO2 were
 collected  by  the   aspiration  method    and  determined
 nephelometrically, using a gas analyzer. Records were kept of
the temperature, air humidity, wind direction and velocity, and
 barometric pressure.  Results showed intense pollution with
 SO2 and dust. Sulfur dioxide concentrations exceeded the limit
of allowable single concentration for atmospheric air of in-
habited places by 260% at  300 m, and  by 100% at 800 m. Dust
concentrations exceeded the hygienic norm by 360% at 300 m
and by 140% at 800 m. Carbon monoxide was present in trace
amounts  only. Residents  in the  vicinity  complained of un-
pleasant odor and air dustiness. A sanitary clearance zone of
 1000 m was  recommended. The sanitary clearance zone  could
be reduced where sufficient hydro-mechanical installations are
efficiently operated, provided that  production processes and
 sanitary-hygienic protection means are under strict inspection
 and control.

 17630
Kogo, Tetsutaro, Ryosaku Endo, Tatsunori Oyake, and
Hirosni Shirakawa
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 9. INVESTIGATION  OF THE  EXIST-
ING CONDITIONS IN HOKKAIDO WITH RESPECT TO OF-
FENSIVE ODORS (FIRST REPORT). INVESTIGATION OF
THE ORIGINS OF THE ODORS, THE  DAMAGE  BEING
CAUSED, AND THE REACTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF THE
       LOCAL RESIDENTS.   Taiki Os Kenkyu (J. Japan  Soc. Air
       Pollution), 2(l):48-58, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
       Out of  1586  cases  of complaints and  petitions  concerning
       public hazards received by the  Hokkaido local government in
       1965, those related to offensive  odors accounted for 25.6%. An
       investigation of  the  situation was  conducted. The sources  of
       odor included  marine products  processing  plants, animal
       stockyards,  paper manufacturing factories, garbage and trash
       disposal facuities, agricultural products processing plants, and
       animal carcass disposal facilities. An investigation of  odor dif-
       fusion was  conducted  at  23 different  offensive  odor  sites.
       Twenty-four measuring points were set up on concentric cir-
       cles of radius 500, 200, 100, and 50 m, with the plant being the
       center. The  measurements were made  with the sense  of smell.
       At distances of more than  100 m, the  number of appraisals  of
       'no odor' was greatest, then 'faint  odor",  'definite odor', 'very
       strong odor', and 'unbearable odor', in that order. Occurrence
       rates of 'definite odor' were highest downwind of the source,
       and the odor extended to  a greater distance. Questionnaires
       were distributed to residents of the area, and inquiries were
       made concerning their reactions and attitudes toward the odor.
       A total of 70.9% of all the people interviewed appraised the
       odor to be 'definite odor' or greater.

       18231
       Turk, Amos, Janet T. Wittes, L. R. Reckner, and R. E.
       Squires
       SENSORY EVALUATION  OF  DIESEL  EXHAUST ODORS.
       Public Health Service, Raleigh, N. C., National  Air Pollution
       Control Administration, Contracts PH 27-66-96  and  CPA-69-
       528, 67p., February 1970. CFSTI: PB 192 224, NAPCA: AP-60

       Exhaust gases,  not  necessarily toxic, emitted  by diesel en-
       gines, are characterized by  offensive odors which can be rated
       numerically  by  human judges.  Correlations  of  such ratings
       with  the chemical composition of diesel exhaust  will aid  in
       establishing  Federal standards for diesel exhaust emissions and
       developing  methods of diesel   odor  control. An outline  is
       presented for the  development of programs in which human
       panelists selected for superior olfactory ability can be trained
       to  rate odors in terms  of quality and  intensity  relative  to
       reference standards. These techniques  are being applied  in
       much of the PHS-sponsored research involving air pollution by
       diesel engines. Further work undertaken to develop and extend
       earlier studies is summarized.  Described is the physical  ar-
       rangement of an exhaust dilution and panel exposure system
       designed to  simulate on-the-street  exposure to emissions. In-
       structions for conducting the odor evaluation tests with these
       facilities are also presented, along with the design of  test pro-
       grams and statistical analysis of the resulting test data. Appen-
       dices describe the theoretical basis for air purification require-
       ments in test chambers, the composition and makeup  of diesel
       odor standards, and  mathematical derivations  of the statistical
       procedures.  (Author abstract modified)

       20355
       Murata, M., H. Hirobe, H.  Shima, T. Kanamaru, T. Matsui,
       and K. Naka
       AIR POLLUTION IN YOKKAICffl CITY. (Yokkaichi no taiki
       osen: gasujo  osen busshitsu (ryukaiwo) ni  tsuite.)  Text  in
       Japanese. Taiki  Osen Kenkyu  (J.  Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
       4(1):5, 1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the
       Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
       The citizens of Yokkaichi have complained extensively about
       obnoxious odors. Organic sulfur compounds and hydrogen sul-

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                                    D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     173
 fide emitted or leaking out from the local petrochemical indus-
 try were suspected of being the main cause, and an investiga-
 tion on  hydrogen sulfide  was conducted. The observations
 were made around the industrial locations of  the city during
 the  winter of 1968    1969. Instantaneous  measurement by
 means of milli-pore filter method was  mainly  employed. The
 concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air around Yokkaichi
 was below 20 ppb, the odor threshold for hydrogen sulfide.
 However, if the rotten egg  odor did originate in hydrogen sul-
 fide, there probably was an operational mistake or  emission
 from the factories.

 23098
 Hoshika, Yasuyuki
 SOME EXAMPLES  OF INVESTIGATING ODOR  POLLU-
 TION. PART II.  (Akushu kogaichosa no nisan no jirei. tsuzu-
 ki). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J.
 Japan), l(2):19-23, June 20,  1970. 27 refs.
 The data from the  experimental field  survey  of the odor
 problem in three  areas adjacent to two chemical plants and a
 drug plant are analyzed. The items included in the question-
 naire were  subjective olfactory  perception, weather  condi-
 tions,  subjective  symptoms of health  injury from the odor,
 opinion of existing odor problem and similar questions. Due to
 geographical features, odor bearing  emission gas in one area,
 was observed to form atmospheric odor layers  flowing over
 hilly suburbs  and covering the whole area as far as 2 km away.
 In another area, odor level was  found  almost  same as in  the
 past. A comparison of the data with the results derived from
 the field measurement of odor by an olfactorium and gas chro-
 matography  was  attempted  to  determine  the  correlation
 between the olfactory perception  thresholds and the  quantita-
 tive data from odor  measurement devices. Odorous  emission
 from the chemical plants was measured to  be 10 million cu
 m/hr and nearly 10 billion cu m/hr from the drug plant as was
 initially expected, the odor  intensity index obtained by the ol-
 faction test and the odor intensity multiple of threshold value
 detected by the meters were not necessarily the same. By con-
 structing  a  table  that shows the  relationship  between  or-
 ganoleptic and mechanical  measurement results, it might be
 possible to infer as to whether the odor components comple-
 ment or neutralize each other, whether other odor components
 not detectable by measurement devices  exist, or whether there
 are other background odors  in the general area.

 23149
 Nose, Yoshikatsu and Yoshio Katagawa            '
 ON THE UNEXPECTED AIR  POLLUTION AND THE CON-
 SIDERATION OF THE CAUSE. PART H. EPIDEMIOLOGI-
 CAL RESEARCH ON THE ODOR  IN TOKUYAMA  CITY.
 (Toppatsuteki  taiki osen  to sono geninteki  kosatsu.  sono 2.
 Tokuyama-shi  ni okeru shuki no ekigaku teki tsuikyu). Text in
Japanese.  Yamaguchi  Ida!  Sangyo  Igaku Kenkyusho  Nenpo
 (Ann. Report Res. Inst. Ind. Med., Yamaguchi Med. School),  no.
 16:225-227, 1969. 1 ref.
 In Tokuyama, a town  of  petrochemical industry,  frequent
odors have been  the target of citizens' complaints. The geo-
graphical distribution of complaint frequencies determined by
 means  of a questionnaire  survey and wind speed and direction
indicated that the  odors originate from the eastern industrial
complex.  Despite the claim by industry representatives that
the odors were the result of the secondary reaction  of gases
similar to  photo-chemical  events,  the  meteorological data
showed that the odors were  the result of direct emissions from
the factories. Some of the  most frequent descriptions of the
odor are, indescribable, headaches, loss of appetite, eye irrita-
tions, nausea, sore throat,  burning sulfur, and human waste.
The geographical distribution of these descriptions  indicated
that the odorants  consisted of butadiene, styrene,  ethylene,
hydrogen sulfide,  and similar  substances.  The  investigation
results pointed to the factory of the N-rubber Co. and the odor
was determined as butadiene and styrene. The  odor problem
was subsequently voluntarily rectified by the company. 23149
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Yoshio Katagawa

23152
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Sekio Ueno
ON THE UNEXPECTED AIR POLLUTION AND THE CON-
SDDERATION OF THE CAUSE.  PART I.  EPIDEMIOLOGI-
CAL RESEARCH ON THE IRRITATING GASES IN NANYO-
CHO.   (Toppatsuteki taiki osen  to  sono geninteki kosatsu.
Sono 1. Nanyo-cho ni  oleru shigekisei gasu no ekigakuteki
tsuikyu) Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi Idai Sangyo Igaku Ken-
kyusho Nenpo (Ann. Report Res. Inst. Ind. Med., Yamaguchi
Med. School), no. 16:221-224,  1969. 1 ref.
Residents living close to the coastal petrochemical industry
complex in Nanyo, Yamaguchi, have been complaining of oc-
casional severe eye irritations. The residents were asked to fill
out questionnaires  and six persons were requested to be con-
fidential monitors.  The analysis of complaint frequencies, the
geographical distributions of complaints, and wind speed and
direction led to the conclusion that the eastern industrial com-
plex could be excluded. The compilation of the types of physi-
cal perceptions,  (eye irritation, sweet-sour smell) and the geo-
graphical distribution of the frequency of complaints  indicated
that the  obnoxious  gas  originated  periodically  from  the
western  complex.  Contrary to the claim  by the industrial
representatives that the pollution is  a  secondary or indirect
result of photochemical effect in the  atmosphere,  the data
revealed that the emissions were directly from  the factories.
The reports from  the monitors further  confirmed that  the
odors probably consist of halogens, aldehydes,  halogen com-
pounds  of hydrocarbons, acetic  acid, or ethylene. The respon-
sible factories subsequently voluntarily eliminated  the  emis-
sions.

23411
Allure, H. L. and John Bramblett
ADX POLLUTION IN WASHINGTON COUNTY MARYLAND.
 Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality  Control and Washington County Dept. of Health, 63p.,
Jan. 1970. 20 refs.
The study was conducted to provide a preliminary survey of
air pollution conditions. It is part of a series of county surveys
which are being prepared for Maryland. The report is based on
measurement  of atmospheric  pollutants  for  several years in
Hagerstown and on data in the files of the State and county
health departments. The measurements  of suspended particu-
late matter indicate that the annual arithmetic average value in
some 30 micrograms/cu  m higher than the serious level stan-
dard of  75 micrograms/cu m and 40 above the adverse level of
65. Some 24 hour readings exceed 160 micrograms/cu m. Mea-
surements of dustfall indicate that the serious level standard of
14 tons/sq mi/mo and the adverse level  of  10, is exceeded.
Readings in Hagerstown have averaged  18.3 tons/sq  mi/mo
over a nine-year period. In regard to sulfur dioxide concentra-
tions in the ambient air, a serious level standard of 0.03 ppm
and an adverse level of 0.015 ppm (annual arithmetic average)
have been proposed. Actual readings were slightly above the
serious concentration at 0.031 ppm. The pollution problems are
mainly associated with a variety of manufacturing processes,
the combustion of  coal and oil, and odors from plants using

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 174
ODORS
 organic chemicals. The increased fuel use for space heating in
 the winter is closely allied with higher levels of sulfur dioxide
 and the soiling index. Dust from quarrying operations at four
 rural locations creates nuisances in the immediate vicinity of
 these facilities. Smudge pots which are used to lessen the
 chances of frost damage to fruit blossoms  near Hancock and
 in the northeastern  portion of  the county create  extremely
 dirty conditions. The use of insecticides by the orchard indus-
 try also creates objectionable odors in those areas.  There are
 two burning dumps, one near Hagerstown rated the fifth worst
 dump in the State. In the Williamsport area a power plant is
 responsible  for locally heavy emission concentrations and a
 brick yard and tannery are responsible for other undersirable
 emissions. With the  exception  of  Hagerstown, Williamsport,
 and Hancock, Washington County  has  satisfactorily clean air.
 There are infrequent cases  of  stagnation and pollution  drift
 that may temporarily raise pollutant levels in other parts of the
 county.

 23845
 Cholark, J.,  L. J. Schafer, and R. F. Hoffer
 RESULTS OF A FIVE-YEAR INVESTIGATION OF AIR POL-
 LUTION IN CINCINNATI.   Arch.  Ind. Hyg. Occupational
 Med., Vol. 6:314-325, 1952. 3 refs.  (Presented at the American
 Industrial Hygiene Association,  Air Pollution Division, Annual
 Meeting, 13th, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 24, 1952.)
The results  of an air quality investigation in Cincinnati, Ohio
 are presented.  Samples  were taken at  18 sites, several times
 monthly for a  period of five years. At each of the stations,
 samples of suspended matter were collected by an electrostatic
 precipitator  and were analyzed  several  ways to determine the
 composition of the paniculate  matter  suspended in the at-
 mosphere. Compounds identified included various metals, sul-
fur dioxide,  fluorides,  chlorides,  carbon  monoxide, carbon
 dioxide, aldehydes, nitrates, and ammonia. In addition, mea-
 surements of  odors and  dust fall  are reported. Relationships
 between  pollutant concentration and traffic density, season,
 and meteorological conditions are discussed. Plans  for the con-
 tinuation of the monitoring network are described.

 24162
 Thorn, Norman G.
 AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES IN NEW ZEA-
LAND.  SAE-Australasia, 30(4):136-142, July-Aug.  1970. 6 refs.
 (Presented  at  the Vehicle  Exhaust Symposium, Auckland,
 New Zealand, April 15, 1970.)
Air pollution monitoring in New Zealand,  particularly  in
Auckland, has indicated that levels of pollution originating
from motor  vehicles  are comparable  with those of similar
 sized cities in developed countries. Carbon monoxide affects
 the body by combining with the hemoglobin of the blood to
form carboxyhemoglobin, thus decreasing  the ability  of the
 blood to carry oxygen to body  cells. The maximum two hour
 concentration  measured in Auckland would result in approxi-
mately 3% of a person's hemoglobin being combined with CO
if  he were a  non-smoker and  stayed in the area where the
measurements  were  taken for  two hours. The major sig-
nificance of the oxides of nitrogen in air pollution is the role
they play in the formation of photochemical smog. Average 24
hour concentrations in Auckland range from 0.4 pphm in the
outer suburbs to 9.0 pphm in the city streets. Hydrocarbons no
doubt include many of the  gases  which give rise  to  traffic
odors, while some of the ring shaped compounds are known
carcinogens.  The main  significance  of   the  hydrocarbons
emitted in the exhaust gases is that they contain many unsatu-
rated  compounds  which are very reactive in the  processes
       which give rise to photochemical smog. However, Auckland
       has neither the topography nor meteorology likely for promot-
       ing this type of phenomenon. Values of airborne lead  range
       from peak concentrations of 6.0 micrograms/cu m in city
       streets to an average 0.6 micrograms/cu m  in residential areas
       Lead is  to some  degree a cumulative  poison in  the human
       body.  Generally, a  well maintained diesel that is not  over-
       loaded gives  rise to less air pollution than  an equivalent
       gasoline vehicle. Control of air pollution from automobiles is
       also mentioned.

       25291
       Osaka Municipal Office, (Japan)
       THE PRESENT STATUS AND  THE CONTROL  OF PUBLI
       NUISANCES IN OSAKA.  (Osaka-shi no kogai no genkyo to
       sono taisaku).  Text in  Japanese. Public  Nuisance Control
       Material NO. '70-12, 124p., July 1970.
       General statistics related to the city of Osaka are enumerated
       initially. The items concerning air pollution cover the transition
       of air pollution such as the historical data  on the  quantity of
       settling dusts, sulfur oxides, and the number  of smoggy days.
       Also covered under  the present status of air  pollution are the
       quantity of settling dusts, the sulfur oxides concentration ac-
       cording to the lead peroxide as well as electroconductivity
       methods,  the concentration of suspended particulates, and air
       pollution monitoring stations. The background and the present
       status  of  automobile exhaust pollution are  also included. The
       control measures against air pollution consist  of regulation by
       laws, enlightenment and administrative  guidance,  smog alert
       and emergency measures, constant surveillance, control of au-
       tomobile emissions, investigation of pollution  effects, and the
       execution of plans  to establish  air pollution  environmental
       standards. The report further discusses water pollution,  noise
       pollution, ground settling, bad odors, industrial wastes, aid to
       pollution  victims, special  loan  funds for pollution control
       equipment purchases, and appropriate geographical distribu-
       tion of factories.
           •/'
       25780
       Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution
       Control Administration
       PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA-MARIETTA, OHIO, AIR
       POLLUTION  ABATEMENT  ACTIVITY:  SUPPLEMENTAL
       TECHNICAL  REPORT.   NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-50,  71p.,
       Sept. 1969. 31 refs. NTIS: PB 195144
       To supplement and update a 1967 technical report on air abate-
       ment activity  in  the Parkersburg, West Virginia - Marietta,
       Ohio area, a number of field investigations were  initiated in
       January 1969 and continued through  August 1969.  The activi-
       ties included  additional measurements of sulfur dioxide pollu-
       tion through saturation samplin using sulfation plate measure-
       ments and aerial sampling from light aircraft. Data developed
       by these  tests  were used to determine the spread of sulfur
       dioxide over the area and the transport and diffusion of sulfur
       dioxide emissions  from large sources. Source categories sur-
       veyed in 1966 were re-examined to determine whether signifi-
       cant changes had  occurred in type and quantity of  pollutant
       emissions in the two-year period since the  initial survey. The
       general condition of vegetation in the area, particularly in the
       vicinity of major pollutant sources, was surveyed to determine
       the extent of injury from air pollution and possible changes in
       types of injury and areas affected since 1967. An odor and irri-
       tant survey was performed to obtain evidence of odors and
       sensory irritants  causing lachrymation  or nasal  and  throat
       discomfort. The results of the survey efforts are reported, and
       recommendations made with regard to control of process and
       steam-generating-plant emissions and refuse disposal.

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                                    D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     175
 25996
 National Air Pollution Control Administration, Raleigh, N. C.
 and West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission
 KANAWHA VALLEY AIR POLLUTION STUDY.   NAPCA
 Pub-APTD-70-1, 369p., March 1970. 96 refs. NTIS: PB 194881
 A cooperative  study  of air pollution in the  upper Kanawha
 Valley of West Virginia was undertaken. Air quality measur-
 ments  were made,  meteorological parameters were evaluted,
 odor studies were undertaken, and existing  information was
 collected and evaluated. A pollutant emission inventory was
 compiled  from fuel  combustion sources,  refuse disposal,
 gasoline and solvent evaporation losses, chemical processes,
 concrete batch plants, metallurgical processes, wood products,
 and a number of other  industrial processes. Wind  data,
 sunshine,  temperature  and  stability,   and  climatology are
 discussed. Measurements of paniculate matter, sulfur dioxide,
 carbon monoxide, oxidants,  nitrogen dioxide,  hydrogen sul-
 fide, sulfuric acid mist, and total aldehydes are included. The
 relationship  between air quality and emissions is mentioned.
 Air quality goals  and  reduction plans are discussed. Materials
 deterioration is evaluated  and  control economics are con-
 sidered. Instruments for measurements are also listed.

 26304
 Nishida, Konosuke, Yoshinori Ishikawa, Takashi Suzuki,
 Masaichi Sasaki, Junichi Ueda, Kazutomo Yamaguchi, and
 Sadaharu Hattori
 A TENTATIVE PLAN CONCERNING A COMPREHENSIVE
 ASSESSMENT  OF ENVIRONMENTAL  POLLUTION.  (Kan-
 kyo osen no  sogo hyoka  ni  kansuru ichi  shian). Text  in
 Japanese.  Koshu Eisei (Public  Health), 34(9):563-572,  Sept.
 1970. 17 refs.
 A tentative plan, for assessing factors which  adversely affect
 the environment  of Kyoto city  involved dividing it into 404
 evaluating zones and measuring environmental contaminants  in
 each area to assess the level of pollution. The  measured values
 were classified  into 5 grades for each of 7 contaminant factors
 (noise, sulfur oxides,  nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, bad
 odor density 5 soot and dust, and the density of factories)
 which seemed to  adversely affect the situation, and an assess-
 ment  was correspondingly made  for each grade.  Question-
 naires  distributed to  citizens were analyzed;  the  weighting
 coefficients  which reflected the various degrees of influence
 of the seven contaminant factors  on the living conditions  in
 each zone  were  calculated. A comprehensive, overall  value
 was computed by multiplying the measured levels of contami-
 nants   by their  respective  weighting  coefficients  and by
 summing up seven  measured points in each  zone. The  com-
 prehensive values derived  in this way were  further classifie
into 5 grades, and assessments which corresponded with each
grade were given. The quantitative degree of contamination for
 each zone were  plotted on a map of Kyoto city  giving an
overall distribution of pollution. As a result, the living condi-
 tions were shown to have deteriorated most seriously in 3 sec-
tions of Nishijin Kamigyo-ku and the whole of Kawaramachi,
 and Nakagyo-ku;  5 areas of Minami-ku and the east of Sakyo-
ku; and 2 areas of north  of Fujimi-ku. The  conditions  were
best in the western parts of Kita-ku, Sakyo-ku, and Ukyo-ku
and the southwest of Fushimi-ku. Compared with the distribu-
tion of areas where environmental pollution complaints arise,
the map giving the overall  assessments for  Kyoto city shows
that the former are generally located where  conditions  have
deteriorated. The comparison reveals a generally  close cor-
respondence between  the  areas where  complaints arise and
those worst  affected according to the comprehensive, overall
grading.
27255
Miyaga Prefecture (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
AIR POLLUTION.  (Taikiosen). Text in Japanese. In: Data of
Environmental Pollution in Miyagi Prefecture. Report 7. (April
1969   March  1970). (Miyagiken Kogai Shfryo. Dai  7  ho.
(Showa 44 nen  4 gatsu  Showa 45 nen 3 gatsu)). Sendai,
Japan, Miyagi Prefecture, Sept. 1970, Chapt. E, p. 4-100.
The results of measuring dust fall,  sulfur oxides, automobile
exhaust gases, and offensive odor substances, of meteorologi-
cal observations, investigations  of  the  effects of  offensive
odors on the human body, and a previous inquiry for preven-
tion of environmental pollution arising from industries at Sen-
dai Bay district of the new industrial city in Miyagi Prefecture
from January to December  1969  are reported. The yearly
amount of dust fall and the concentrations of sulfur oxides (by
the PbO2 method) were 61  (6.39 t/sq km/month) and 80 (0.34
mg/100 sq cm/day), respectively in the case of taking the 1965
values as 100. The observation of dust fall by season revealed
that the amount was the lowest in summer and had increased
gradually from autumn to winter. The average concentrations
of sulfur oxides  measured by the electric conductivity method
were within a range of 0.007 to 0.011 ppm. Among meteorolog-
ical observations, the average wind speed at Sendai and Taga
district were 2.1   3.1  and 2.3   3.5 m/s  respectively. The
results of measurement  of automobile exhaust  gases at Furu-
kawa and Ishinomaki revealed that the average annual values
of carbon monoxide were 11.5 ppm and 9.4 ppm, and those of
nitrogen dioxide were 4.8 pphm and 5.1  pphm, respectively;
they were high during rush hours in the morning and the even-
ing. A diffusion experiment was previously conducted by  an
air-tracer system; at the  same time, local meteorological condi-
tions were  observed. Ophthalmologic and nasopharyngeal ex-
aminations, lung function tests,  examinations of blood pres-
sure and urine, and roentgenographic examinations were car-
ried out,  based on the result of a consciousness survey to of-
fensive odor and individual  questioning including  question-
naires  about  subjective  symptoms  at Shiogama where there
were fish-meal factories. Offensive  odor occurred  on rainy
days and rainy seasons.

29349
Nakayama, Hidero
REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATIONS ON THE OFFENSIVE
ODOR IN  YOKKAICHI CITY.  (Yokkaichi chiku  ni  okeru
akushu ni kansuru chosa hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 122p.,
1969.
Offensive odors  in Yokkaichi  City, Mie Prefecture were
analyzed. The concentration was estimated and gas chromato-
graphic qualitative and quantitative determinations were made.
The selection of column, conditions of gas chromatography,
drawing up of a calibration curve, and the method of elimina-
tion were mentioned.  On-the-spot investigations were carried
out in the district around the petroleum industries in the town
and the site of frequent complaints from March 1969 to March
1970. Although  the  charts had not  yet determined some pat-
terns, they showed that hydrocarbons were frequently found
because of the petroleum industry s use of substances with
relatively low boiling points. Furthermore,  the  sulfur com-
pounds such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide and methyl
mercaptan were detected in some districts and aldehydes such
acetaldehyde  and n-butyraldehyde at other districts. Hydrocar-
bons include  many olefins. Also, the relationship between the
contamination by organic matters and the amount of hydrogen
sulfide and total aldehyde was observed; 0.026 ppm H2S was
detected  at one  point and aldehydes were found  at every
point, with a minimal value of 0.003  ppm and a maximum of

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 176
ODORS
 0.022 ppm. This result agreed with the result from gas chro-
 matography. The amount of bad-smelling substances such as
 mercaptan and sulfinel could not be  determined when they
 coexisted with a great  deal  of hydrocarbons and other sub-
 stances.

 29973
 Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Protection Research lust.
 (Japan)
 POLLUTIONS AND  TOKYO  METROPOLITAN GOVERN-
 MENT.  (Kogai to Tokyo-to). Text in Japanese. 724p., June
 1970.
 Ten thousand and four hundred facilities are required to report
 under Air Pollution Control Law, of which 91% are boilers. In
 the six  central wards, there are 37% of the total boilers, con-
 sidered to be for heating of buildings. There are only 17 open
 hearths, 84 cupolas,  61  electric furnaces for steel-making, 25
 boilers for thermal generation, and 45  facilities to supply city
 gas. Of the  19 stacks taller  than 70 m, 13 are in Kawasaki
 City, and nine are in Yokohama; these 41 stacks emit 6,783.3
 cu m sulfur dioxide. Pollutants emitted  in a year in Tokyo are:
 857,000 tons of carbon monoxide, 444,000 tons of SO2, and
 30,000 tons of particulates. This is roughly twice as much SO2
 and CO as in the U. S. Metals and sulfuric acid mist adhere to
 dust. Also the 10 micron and submicron particulates from elec-
 tric furnace can be seen only under electronic microscopes. At
 a busy intersection in Tokyo, 11.6 ppm CO on the ground was
 measured,  the daily  average was 11.6 ppm and 12.3 ppm at
 another crossing. Nitric  oxide  concentration in front of  the
 Metropolitan  Government Office  was  0.078 ppm, annual
 average, but in the hinterland, the  concentration of nitrogen
 dioxide was greater. The number of cars has increased at the
 rate of  100,000 a year since  1960, and at 200,000 since  1966;
 recently there is one car for  every 6.5  people. Most of CO is
 estimated to have been  caused by the automobiles gasoline
 combustion.  Cars emit  NO  at high concentrations  near  the
 ground. Also, 270 complaints out of 1000 complaints on air
 pollution lodged with the Metropolitan Government  in 1960
 concerned  the factories  which generated harmful  substance
 and obnoxious odor. Of 12,000 factories, employing more than
 20 workers, about 5000 are suspected of emitting harmful gas
 and obnoxious odor.  Since 1964, manuals on guiding these en-
 terprises have been in use on  dust, harmful substance (am-
 monia and chromium acid mist), and there are 14 in all  as of
 March,  1969. Thirteen automatic measuring equipment stations
 have been installed to measure SO2 and micro- particulates
 (rate of filtering) and six stations  measure CO, NO, and NO2
 (to  be increased to nine in the future). At present, five  spots
 on major highways measure CO, NO, NO2, and hydrocarbons
 (to  be increased to 10 spots  in 1969 and  1970). Air pollution
 control  agreements have been concluded between the Tokyo
 Metropolitan Government, the Tokyo Electric Power Co., and
 the Tokyo Gas Co.

 31371
 Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
 REPORT OF A SURVEY ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
 IN THE DISTRICTS UNDER POLLUTION CONTROL PRO-
 GRAM.  (Kogai boshi keikaku  sakutei chiiki kankyo chosa
 hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 136p., March 1969.
 Air pollution, water  pollution, offensive odors, and noise in
 the Chiba/Ichihara, Yokkaichi,  and Mizushima districts were
 surveyed in 1968. Average daily sulfur dioxide concentrations
 were 0.02 ppm in the Chiba/Ichihara district and 0.01-0.05 ppm
in the Yokkaichi district. Values measured at 28 points in the
latter district varied according to direction, wind velocity, and
       geographical conditions. The mean value of suspended dusts in
       the  Chiba/Ichihara district  was  151.6 microgram/cu m,  but
       values as high as 256-1649 microgram/cu m were measured in
       Yokkaichi. Here iron contents of 105.8 microgram/cu m and
       334.0 microgram/cu m were found. Organic sulfur compounds
       such as  dimethyl sulfide (1.0  ppb) and isoprophyl mercaptan
       (3.5  ppb) were also detected in Yokkaichi City. Nitrogen  ox-
       ides and hydrogen chloride values in th Chiba/Ichihara district
       were  0.003-0.025  ppm and  0.01-0.06  ppm,  respectively.
       Fluorine compounds  were not detected.  Maximum  chlorine,
       formaldehyde,  and hydrogen  sulfide concentrations of 0.07,
       0.057, and  0.005 ppm, respectively, were  measured in  the
       summer. In the Mizushima district, two methods were applied
       to determine  offensive odors from  petroleum  complexes:
       odorimetry and gas chromatography.  With the latter measuring
       0.006-0.012 ppm of ethyl acetate. The gas was irritative with a
       sour and sweet odor. Biological oxygen demand measurements
       and analysis of bottom soil in  Yokkaichi harbor, and 0.20-1.28
       milligram/dry kg of mercury in bottom soil of the drainage at a
       chemical factory in the Mizushima district. Noise levels in re-
       sidential areas were below or only a little higher than the stan-
       dard, but noise levels along heavily  travelled roads were sig-
       nificantly high.

       31760
       Anderson, D. M., R. S. Brief, J. Churchill, J.  R. Davis, P. A.
       Drinker, Jr., L. B. Hall,  E. K. Harris, M. M. Harris, R. I.
       Larsen, E. H. Markee, F. Pooler, A. T. Rossano, N. E. Schell,
       J. J.  Schueneman, P. Skaliy, J. Walters, C. A. Weishampel,
       and C. E. Zimmer
       THE LOUISVILLE AIR POLLUTION STUDY.  Robert A. Taft
       Sanitary  Engineering  Center, Cincinnati,  Ohio;  Jefferson
       County Air Pollution Control Board; Louisville and Jefferson
       County Board of Health; Kentucky State Dept. of Health, TR-
       A61-4, 172p., 1961. 88 refs.
       The primary objectives of the air pollution study in Louisville,
       Ky. were to prepare an inventory of air pollutants emitted to
       the atmosphere with special regard to major sources,  to deter-
       mine' the range  of influence  of pollutants arising in western
       Louisville, to evaluate the effect of pollutants on residents and
       the effect of pollution on materials, to obtain a detailed analy-
       sis of contaminants in the atmosphere, and  to  determine the
       bacterial content of the air over  Louisville.  An inventory of
       pollutant emission was made by source sampling and analysis
       and estimations based on existing emission information, com-
       bined with a knowledge of process throughputs, fuel consump-
       tion,  and similar data.  Meteorological studies  on the wind,
       temperature, humidity, precipitation,  and solar radiation were
       conducted.  Air  quality   studies   included  collection  of
       suspended paniculate matter by a high volume sampler, dust
       fall measurements, gas sampling for the presence of acetylene,
       aldehydes, chloride, nitrogen  dioxide, total oxidant, ozone,
       phenol,  and sulfur  dioxide.   Bacteriological   studies,  odor
       threshold determination, and a metal deterioration study were
       conducted. Results of the studies and recommendations were
       presented.

       33108
       Fuji  City Citizens Committee for Environmental Pollution
       Control (Japan)
       REPORT OF THE SURVEY ON PUBLIC NUISANCE IN FUJI
       AREA (1).  (Fuji chiiki kogai chosasho,  dai 1-pen). Text  in
       Japanese. 88p., Sept 1969.
       Pollution in the Fuji industrial area includes detailed data on
       climatic  characteristics,  the mechanism and the state of  air
       pollution in the area  centered around Motoyoshihara Junior

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                                    D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     177
High School,  comparison with Yokkaichi city, bad odor and
noise, sources of odor emission, a survey of respiratory dis-
eases in the area, results of questionnaires, water pollution of
the sea and rivers, influence of pollution on plants and agricul-
tural produce, and the state of pollution in the neighboring Fu-
jikawa  township. Fuji  Municipal Motoyoshihara Junior High
School  is  located in the most polluted area in the entire Fuji
industrial  complex; situated on a sand dune near the shore of
Suruga  Bay, it is flanked by four large plants on the west and
10 on the  north. The sulfur dioxide counts go up characteristi-
cally with north-northwest winds;  with 5 m/sec winds, it can
go above 0.1 ppm. The average SO2 count from five months in
1968 was  0.093 ppm. The pollution sources include Kraft pulp
mills, cellophane plants, chemical factories, Tagonoura port
dredgers,  aluminum electrolysis plants, fertilizer plants, and
automobile exhaust gas. In the neighboring Kanbara township,
there is also a light metal company. Pollutants  are soot and
other particulates (lime, mirabillite), sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide and other sulfides, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine gas and
chlorides,  nitrogen compounds, and dusts. According to the in-
vestigation in  April 1968, the total heavy oil consumption in
Fuji city was 2,240 kl/day; black liquor, 2,750 kl/day; coal, 23
t/day; coke, 5 t/day; and wood,  16 t/day. The  calculated total
sulfur dioxide emissions was 130 t/day from heavy oil and 49
t/day from black liquor. According to an investigation by  the
Fuji Medical Association  between Nov.  1967  and Oct. 1968,
bronchitis  and asthma cases in the polluted  areas were  2.5
times as  many as those in nonpolluted  areas, and cases of
asthmatic  bronchitis in the former were four times  as many as
those in the latter. The ratio  of asthmatic children in polluted
and  nonpolluted areas was 37:18;  the number  of absences,
131:27; and average absence per child, 3.63:1.49.

33539
Bogen, Norma, Steven Fosburg,  and Gail Howrigan
ST   LOUIS REGION STUDY -  PART  I.   In:  Computer
Mapping as an Aid in Air Pollution Studies. Volume Two:  In-
dividual Reports. Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass., Lab.  for
Computer Graphics and Spatial  Analysis, National Air Pollu-
tion  Control Administration Demonstration Grant 68A-2405D,
Rept. A, 72p.,  April 1970. 8 refs.
The  Interstate Air  Pollution Study was undertaken as a result
of independent requests from official groups in St. Louis, Mis-
souri, and East St. Louis,  Illinois, for  aid in  solving odor
problems and in drafting air pollution ordinances. An emission
inventory   was  conducted.  Aldehydes,  carbon  monoxide,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulates, and
benzo(a)pyrene were included in the survey, as well as chemi-
cal by-products. Sources of air pollution were divided into  the
following  categories:  fuel combustion  in  stationary plants;
combustion of refuse material; fuel combustion in  transporta-
tion  vehicles;  industrial  process emissions;  and  solvent
evaporation.  Since  the  development of  an  effective  air
resource management program begins with identification of  the
pollutants  in the air and  determination of  the  quantity and
origin of each type, an air quality measurement program was
designed and  operated  in the metropolitan St. Louis area.
Detailed records of air pollution complaints were compiled and
summarized from local agency files. Odor surveys were car-
ried  out. Topography and meteorological parameters were con-
sidered, as well as air pollution climatology. Recommendations
were made for an air resource management program. The  St.
Louis  Project  of  the  Air  Pollution  Demonstration  Study
focused  on levels  of pollution, demographic and  housing
characteristics, and the relationships  among  these variables.
Specific  objectives  were to  map levels  of air pollution, to
describe  the  socio-economic  structure of the area in spatial
terms, and to relate levels of pollution to  demographic charac-
teristics.  A computer mapping program was  employed, with
regression  analysis  to determine the statistical relationships
among the variables.

33723
Yokkaichi Municipal Office (Japan), Div. of Public Nuisance
ACTUAL CONDITION AND  COUNTERMEASURE  OF  EN-
VIRONMENTAL HAZARD IN  YOKKAICHI CITY.   (Yok-
kaichi-shi ni okeru kogai  no  genkyo to  taisaku).  Text in
Japanese. 13p., June 1970,
The state of air pollution in Yokkaichi City is reviewed with
respect to historical background, geographical factors basic
characteristics, i.e.,  contamination of limited areas near facto-
ries, climatic conditions, and control measures. The major pol-
lutants were sulfur oxides and offensive odors  caused  by
hydrogen  sulfide,  mercaptan,  and  waste gases from  oil
refinery  and petro-chemical  industries.  Seasonal winds  in-
fluenced damage due to pollution, and contamination in high
concentrations was  determined in a broad area under a set of
specific climatic conditions. A recent decrease in the concen-
tration pollutants was due to diffusion and dilution  and the use
of low sulfur fuel. Monthly  average values for dust fall in 1968
were 10.9 tons/sq km, which increased to more than 20 tons/sq
km in the summer for regions including certain urban districts,
affected by certain conditions of wind direction. Complaints of
inhabitants about pollution related to offensive odor decreased
from 72% in  1965 to 54% in 1969. Actual conditions of water
pollution, noise,  and vibration are  summarized.  Regulations
monitoring, medical measure, and control plans for pollution
prevention based on  the laws for pollution  control are ex-
amined. Countermeasures enforced for 1955 - 1969 and a list
of factories related to the petroleum complexes are included.

35764
PUBLIC  NUISANCE WHITE PAPER, 1971.  (Kogai hakusho,
Showa 46 nendo ban). Text  in Japanese. 483p., July 10, 1971.
The state of air pollution in Japan is surveyed with respect to
statistical data on  concentrations  of  sulfur  oxides, carbon
monoxide,  nitrogen oxides, suspended and  settling  particu-
lates, and  specific  toxic materials  (hydrogen fluorides  and
hydrogen cyanides).  Local  conditions are  discussed  with
emphasis  on  areas  with  complex  and  acute air  pollution
problems, such as the Tokyo-Yokohama and Osaka-Amagasaki
areas;  specific  industrial  developments, e.g., Fuji,  South
Nagoya,  Yokkaichi, North Kyushu, and Omuta; and areas
where  pollution is rapidly increasing due to the development
of  large-scale industrial complexes,   such as Tomakomai,
Kashima,  Chiba-Ichihara-Kimizu,  Mizushima,   and  Oita.
Damages caused by air pollution and effects on human health
and agricultural and forestry  produce are discussed.  Govern-
mental means of control, the nation-wide network of pollutant
measuring devices, and local and regional  surveillance systems
are reviewed. The policy on desulfurization and acquistion of
low-sulfur fuels is outlined.  Indirect control measures included
a buffer-green area development plan, large-scale heating-cool-
ing systems instead of individual home or building systems,
and construction of  collective high stacks. The offensive odor
control bill is summarized.

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 178
                     E.  ATMOSPHERIC   INTERACTION
14906
Lesnik, G. E.
CERTAIN   RESULTS  OF  INVESTIGATIONS   OF   AT-
MOSPHERIC  SURFACE LAYER  TURBULENCE.   Tr.  Gl.
Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), no. 205:194-197 1967. Translated
from  Russian.  Foreign Technology Div.,  Wright-Patterson
AFB,  Ohio. Translation  Div.,  6p., Nov.  15,  1968.  CFSTI,
DDC: AD 684 025
At the Koltushi weather station, observations of the structure
of  turbulent  flows   were  conducted  simultaneously  with
gradient and actionometric observations. The purpose of this
work  was to obtain  structural  and  special  characteristics of
turbulence in the surface layer of the atmosphere  and to test
to new equipment for measuring the pulsation of wind speed.
The  equipment  consisted  of  thermocouples  and acoustic
anemometers, which permitted the simultaneous recordings of
three  random processes: pulsations  of temperature, and lon-
gitudinal  and vertical components  of wind speed. Measure-
ments were taken four to six times a day for two months and
at hours corresponding to the most stationary state of  the sur-
face layer.  Contact  anemometers  measured wind speed at
heights from 0.25  to  8.6 m.  Experimental  data is given on
dispersion and time of averaging for wind speed and tempera-
tures,  correlation,  structural,  and spectral  characteristics of
turbulence over a wide interval of scales. The balance of ener-
gy of turbulence is  also examined.

19849
Stephens, E. R.
THE ROLE  OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN PHOTOCHEMI-
CAL SMOG.  Scott Research  Labs.,  Inc., San Bernardino,
Calif., 28p., June 16, 1963. 42 refs.
Chemical reactions in the  atmosphere initiated  by  sunlight
produce many of  the noxious  properties  of  smog. Formal-
dehyde, peroxyacyl nitrates, and acrolein, which are known to
be formed in this  photochemical reaction,  are eye irritants.
The aerosol  produced by irradiating automobile exhaust has
been related  to the  presence  of sulfur dioxide.  During  the
photolytic reaction, SO2 is oxidized to sulfuric  acid which
condenses to form a  light scattering aerosol. Other effects of
smog are plant damage, and the odor and rubber cracking due
to ozone. Active components emitted to the atmosphere  are
nitric oxide and hydrocarbons with some participation by SO2.
The first effect is the rapid conversion of NO to NO2,  the rate
depending on the amount and reactivity of the hydrocarbon
present.  With  sufficient  hydrocarbon, the   conversion  is
complete, and the  NO2 concentration passes through a max-
imum and ozone  appears.  Peroxyacyl  nitrate  is  formed by
reaction of peroxyacyl radicals  with NO2. In the complete
absence of reactive hydrocarbon the NO is only slowly con-
verted to NO2, and NO2 decreases when photolyzed  by sun-
light. With 80% of the hydrocarbon removed, it seems proba-
ble  that the  conversion of NO  would not  be complete. This
will have an effect on oxone  concentration, since NO and
ozone  cannot co-exist in the same  atmosphere. The decrease
in peroxyacyl nitrate  and aerosol should also be proportional
to the decrease in hydrocarbon, since their formation is in-
hibited  by NO.  Several  recommendations  for  further un-
derstanding of photochemical smog formation are included.

22335
Hales, Jeremy M., James O. Wilkes, and J. Louis York
THE RATE OF REACTION BETWEEN DILUTE HYDROGEN
SULFTDE AND OZONE IN ABR. Atmos. Environ. (London),
3(6):657-667, Nov. 1969. 6 refs.
Gas-phase oxidation by ozone is believed to be an important
factor in the removal of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide. In ad-
diton, this reaction is thought to be significant in some odor
control processes involving hydrogen sulfide and organic sul-
fur compounds. Since little is known about the mechanism of
the reaction, experimental data on the rate of reaction between
dilute hydrogen sulfide and ozone in air were obtained from
two tabular, laminar-flow  reactors. Internal diameters  of the
reactors were 3/8 in. and 1/4-in.  Production of sulfur dioxide
by the reaction between hydrogen sulfide and ozone was mea-
sured at 28.5 C and 48 C. Results from the reactors  at 28 C,
when computed  as  homogeneous reaction rates, fell on the
same  curve within the limits of experimental error. From this
it is concluded that the observed data represented an  almost
totally homogeneous reaction. Linear regression performed on
the results at 28 C showed the reaction orders to be 0.495 and
1.562 in hydrogen sulfide and ozone, respectively. On the basis
of the total results, an expression was derived for the rate of
generation of sulfur dioxide by the reaction of hydrogen with
ozone in the absence of light, the expression also representing
the rate of depletion of hydrogen sulfide and ozone. From the
results of previous authors, the expression H2S + 03 to yield
SO2 +  H2O is  thought to represent  the true stoichiometry
adequately under the experimental conditions of the study.

26550
Short, W.
POLLUTION     PROBLEMS    FROM     COMBUSTION
PROCESSES.   Environ.  Health, 78(11):510-517,  550,  Nov.
1970. 35 refs.
The essential problems with  the combustion  of  any fuel or
waste material include the nuisance due to dust, smell or parti-
cles while awaiting incineration, smoke  due to poor com-
bustion, grit and dust emission from the chimney, emission of
toxic or offensive gases fro the chimney, and disposal of the
residue  which may contain offensiv or dangerous material.
Smoke formation, furnace residues,  and the storing  of fuels
are mentioned. Recommended  chimney  heights and  plume
behavior are also discussed. When calculating maximum con-
centrations of solids and sulfur dioxide, the formula used is fo
an  instantaneous  value  as might be obtained over a short
period of say 3  minutes  when all variables, especially wind
speed and direction, are fixed at constant values. While the
Clean Air Act does not lay down any figures for permissible
dust and grit content in the flue gases leaving the chimneys of
a boiler  plant, various organizations have made suggestions
covering a range of about 0.2 t 0.3 grains per cu ft of gases.
However, the size  distribution is important. Grit and  dust

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                                    E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION                                179

deposition and measurement are discussed, and it is suggested     ture of gases, their velocity and mass, and the stack height.
to state the emission as weight emitted in an hour, rather than
just weight and volume. Sutton's diffusion equation is cited,     The incineration of chlorinated compounds and some special
while factors  affecting a thermal plume include the tempera-     wastes, such as organic tars, is also mentioned.

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 180
              F.  BASIC   SCIENCE  AND  TECHNOLOGY
01784
D.F. Adams, R.K. Koppe, W.N. Tuttle
ANALYSIS   OF  KRAFT-MILL,   SULFUR-CONTAINING
GASES WITH GLC IONIZAION.  J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 15, (1) 31-3, Jan. 1965
The technique  includes  the  use of  two  chromatographic
columns  in series  to separate O2, N2.CO.CO2, H2O, H2S,
SO2, and  CH3SH.  Column  1,  containing Triton  45 on
Chromosorb,  separates  H2O, H2S, SO2 and CH2SH. Column
2, packed with Molecular Sieve, separates O2, N2, CO2. The
conditions required to obtain adequate sensitivity and separa-
tion are discussed. (Author abstract)

03173
W. R. Roderick
CURRENT IDEAS ON  THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF OLFAC-
TION. J. Chem. Educ. 43, (10) 510-20, Oct. 1966.
For a compound to have an odor, it must be volatile so that its
molecules are absorbed  on the olfactory receptors. There is no
simple relation of odor  to molecular structure, since odor is a
property  of the  entire  molecule. Rather, odor appears to be
determined by  molecular shape and size,  which are in  turn
determined by molecular  structure.  The  Moncrieff-Amoore
theory, based on this  concept, offers the best  rationalization at
the present of the relation of odor to structure.  The  slow
development of  a theory of olfaction is the  result  of several
unique problems. For one of these problems, the difficulty of
unreliable data due to  insufficient purity of substances, the
solution is now available,  and a  selection of representative
compounds should be purified by GLC and  re-evaluated for
odor. The lack of  objective methods for measuring the
strength and quality of  odors remains the greatest problem in
the study of odor. (Author summary conclusions)

07681
Fontijn, Arthur and Daniel E. Rosner
NO   +  O  CHEMILUMINESCENT  REACTION  USING
ADIABATICALLY EXPANDED NITRIC  OXIDE.   Virginia
Univ., Charlottesville,  Dept.  of No. NR-0-,,Technical Rept.
No. AC-6-P, 7p., Jan. 1967. 18 refs. CFSTI,  DDC: AD 647978
The rate  constant for the chemiluminescent reaction NO  -I- O
yields NO2 + hv has recently been observed from upper-at-
mospheric chemical releases and simulated releases in  a  low-
density wind tunnel to  be several  orders of magnitude higher
for adiabatically expanded than for 'normal* NO. In this note,
it  is shown that this enhancement  can be attributed  to the
presence  of clustered NO  based on super  saturation calcula-
tions and recent mass spectrometric gas-sampling data. These
clusters allow the normal  three-body excitation step to be
replaced by a two-body step for which the  observed rate  con-
stant is  shown  to be  quite  reasonable.  (Authors' abstract,
modified)

10308
Robert K. Koppe, and Donald F. Adams
GAS-PHASE  CHLORINATION OF KRAFT  PULP  MILL
GASES. TAPPI, 51(5) 193-195, May 1968. 12 refs.
Gas-phase chlorination of gases from kraft pulp mills appears
to be of limited value as a means of odor reduction. In labora-
tory experiments,  gas samples from the  recovery  furnace,
batch digester,  multiple-effect evaporator, and lime kiln of a
mill were charged with known volumes of chlorine gas and the
reactions were recorded by gas chromatography. The chlorine
oxidized the methyl mercaptan in the gases to dimethyl disul-
fide but did not change the concentrations of hydrogen  sulfide
or dimethyl sulfide in the samples. Complete elimination of the
methyl mercaptan  apparently is possible if adequate chlorine
doses are added. However,  the odor reduction effected in the
total gaseous effluent would probably not be sufficient  to jus-
tify use of this process on a plant scale. (Authors' Abstract

11132
Tagaki, Sadayuki F.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES  ON THE OLFACTORY
RECEPTIVE MECHANISM  (FINAL  REPORT).   Gunma
Univ.,  Maebashi, Gunman-ken, (Japan), Grant  DA-CRD-AFE-
S92-544-67-G67, Proj. DF-9777, Task 01-004FE J-271-3,  (19)p.,
Arpil 1968. CFSTI, DDC: AD 671678
In the previous  experiment of  the first year, the  ionic
mechanism of the negative slow potential elicited by odors in
the  olfactory  epithelium  (EOG)  was negative EOGs are
generated  by the entry of  Na ions and the exit of K ions
through the receptive membrane but  not by the entry  of Cl
ions. As a continuation of the above experiment the ability of
mono-, di-  and  trivalent cations to  substitute for N ions was
examined  this  year. When Na ions in Ringer's solution was
replaced by one of these cations, the negative EOG decreased
in amplitude and in many cases disappeared.  When Na ions
and K ions were exchanged in Ringer's solution, the negative
EOGs  reversed their polarity. When recovery  of  these
reversed (originally negative) EOGs  were examined in the Rin-
ger's solutions in which Na ions was replaced by one  of the
cations, they recovered only partially  and the recoveries were
not maintained. Only when K ions was replaced by Na ions
(normal Ringer's  solution), the negative EOGs recovered
completely and could maintain their amplitudes. Thus, the in-
dispensability of Na ions was proved. The cation permeability
was  considered on the basis of the ion size. By means of a
microelectrode, differential sensitivity to various odours of
single olfactory cells were shown. The mechanism of olfactory
fatigue was studied by recording the response of the olfactory
nerv twigs. The result indicates that the olfactory adaptation
essentially  occurs  in  the higher olfactory centers. The im-
portance in olfaction  of the trigeminal nerve  was shown by
recording the responses to many kinds of odors. This nerve is
more sensitive  to  camphoraceous,  pepperminty and pungent
odors  than the olfactory  nerve.  In  order  to  clarify the
mechanism of  odors  discrimination i  the olfactory bulb, four
camphoraceous and four pepperminty odors were applied and
the numbers of the  spike discharges  of single cell to these
odors  were  counted. Good correlations  were generally foun
between the numbers of spike discharges and the profiles of
the odorous molecules, although there were some exceptions.
(Author's abstract, modified)

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                                 F.  BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                     181
 12449
 Nobuo, M.
 THE PROBLEMS  OF  ODOR NUISANCE. I.  ODORS AND
 LIFE. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):
 no pagination given, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 14p.
 Certain odors are categorized as natural or artifical, and  the
 characteristic smell of each odor is noted. The chemical struc-
 ture of several odors is shown, including methionine, L-tryp-
 tophan, L-lysine, L-arginine, and allium.

 12662
 W. T. McKean, Jr., B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen
 KINETICS  OF  METHYL MERCAPTAN  AND DIMETHYL
 SUL.IDE  FORMATION IN  KRAFT  PULPING.    Tappi,
 51(12):564-567, Dec. 1968. 10 refs.
 Earlier rate  studies on the formation of methyl mercaptan and
 dimethyl sulfide in kraft pulping were repeated under carefully
 controlled conditions. While  the  rate  data obtained were in
 good agreement with earlier  results, somewhat higher values
 were obtained for the rate constant of dimethyl  sulfide forma-
 tion  (k2) at temperatures above 160 degrees C. This difference
 in results was traced to  pH effects.  It was possible to demon-
 strate that the  rate of dimethyl sulfide formation is directly
 proportional  to  mercaptide  concentration,  while  un-ionized
 mercaptan does  not react with lignin methoxyl groups. As a
 consequence, the alkali  charge in kraft pulping  has  a definite
 influence on the ratio of mercaptan to dimethyl sulfide that  are
 formed in the cook. Noncondensibles  escaping from the blow
 gases of mills   cooking  to  alkali-exhaustion (-pH  10.5)  are
 therefore more obnoxious than those  from mills maintaining
 adequate residual alkalinity. Sufficient actibe alkali charge is
 therfore  a  recommended practice  for  older  installations.
 (Author's Abstract)

 13107
 Takagi, S. F., H. Kitamura, K. Imai, and H. Takeuchi
 FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ROLES OF SODIUM AND
 POTASSIUM IN THE GENERATION OF THE ELECTRO-OL-
 FACTOGRAM.   EFFECTS    OF   MONO-,   DI-,    AND
 TRIVALENT CATIONS. J. Gen. Physiol., 53(1): 115-130, Jan.
 1969. 47 refs.
 In the negative electro-olfactogram (EOG) generating process
 a cation which can substitute  for Na(=) was sought among  the
 monovalent   ions,  Li(=),  Rb(=),   Cs(=),  NH4(=), and
 tetraethylammonium,  the divalent  ions,  Mg(2=),  Ca(2=),
 Sr(2=),   Ba(2=),  Zn(2=), Cd(2=),  Mn(2=),  Co(2=), (and
 Ni(2=), and the trivalent ions, Al(3=)  and Fe(3=).  In Ringer
 solutions in which  Na(=) was replaced by one of  these  ca-
 tions, the negative  EOG's decreased in amplitude and could
 not maintain the original amplitudes. In K(=)-Ringer solution
 in which Na(=) was replaced by K(=), the negative EOG's
reversed  their polarity. Recovery of these reversed  potentials
was  examined in modified Ringer solutions in  which  Na(=)
 was replaced by one of  the above cations. Complete recovery
 was  found only in  the normal Ringer  solution. Thus,  it was
 clarified  that Na(=) plays an  irreplaceable role in the genera-
 tion  of the negative EOG's. The sieve hypothesis which was
 valid for the positive EOG-generating membrane or JJPSP was
not found applicable in any form to the negative  EOG-generat-
ing membrane. The reversal of the  negative EOG's found in
K(=)- , Rb(=)- , and Ba(2=>Ringer solutions was attributed to
the exit  of  the internal K(=). It  is, however,  not  known
whether or not Cl(-) permeability increases in these Na(=)-free
solutions and contributes to  the generation of the reversed
EOG's. (Author abstract modified)
 13670
 Shaw, A. C. and K. T. Waldock
 VANDLLIN ANALYSIS AND ODOUR EVALUATION BY GAS
 CHROMATOGRAPHY.  Pulp Paper Mag. Can., 68(3):T-118-T-
 122, 1967. 7 refs.
 Separation by gas chromatography of vanillin  and  its co-
 products, formed during alkaline-air  oxidation  of lignosul-
 fonates in waste  sulfite liquor,  can  be accomplished  on a
 variety of polar liquid phases.  Retention times are relatively
 unaffected with increasing polarity of the liquid phase. Obtain-
 ing a well-  defined symmetrical peak  suitable for peak area
 measurements is more difficult. Polar materials commonly ad-
 sorb on chromatographic solid supports, and  vanillin  is par-
 ticularly prone to  do  this.  Adsorption  is  minimized  on
 fluorocarbon supports,  provided  polar liquid  phase loadings
 are kept within narrow loadings. Even on glass  surfaces, vanil-
 lin tends to decompose during vaporization. Evidence suggests
 that vanillin can be vaporized from chloroform solution on a
 clean glass surface with negligible decomposition. In most of
 its applications, odor is an ultimate criterion of vanillin quality.
 An objective  measurement of odor can be obtained  by ex-
 amination of the vapor in equilibrium with a finely divided
 vanillin sample. Gas chromatography reveals the presence of
 trace elements that are undetectable by direct chromatographic
 examination of the vanillin product.

 14987
 Edwards, T. H.
 ANALYSIS  OF INFRARED ABSORPTION  SPECTRA  OF
 ASYMMETRIC MOLECULES (FINAL REPORT).   Michigan
 State Univ., East Lansing, Dept. of  Physics, Contract AF
 19(628)-4009,  Proj. 8603-03-01, AFCRL-68-0637,  40p.,  Dec.
 1968. 12 refs. DDC: AD  682838
 Theoretical  expressions for  centrifugal distortion in  planar
 asymonetric molecules of the type non-linear XYX, and their
 relationship  to more fundamental molecular parameters, are
 developed. A modified contact transformation  was applied to
 the Hamiltonian to arrive at the form appropriate  when there
 is an accidental  near-degeneracy between vibrational  states
 (VI, V2, V3) and (Vl-1, V2, V3  plus 1). The  revised  Hamil-
 tonian was  incorporated into computer programs  for simul-
 taneous analysis of pairs of infrared  absorption bands. Spectra
 of H2S, and of several  isotopes of H2Se, and of  H2Te were
 obtained and analyzed to yield values  of numerous molecular
 parameters for these molecules. (Author abstract modified)

 16455
 Turk, Amos
 CONCENTRATIONS  OF  ODOROUS   VAPORS   IN  TEST
 CHAMBERS.   In:  Basic  Principles  of Sensory  Evaluation.
 American Society for Testing and  Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
 STP-433, p. 79-83, 1968.  2 refs.
 Factors that determine the  changing and equilibrium concen-
 trations of odorous vapors in test chambers were  mathemati-
 cally considered. Processes that tend to increase the concen-
 tration of odorous vapors are the generation of vapor within
 the space, and the introduction of  vapor by  replacement  of
 chamber air by ventilation or infiltration with  outdoor air of
 higher vapor concentration.  Processes  that tend  to decrease
 the concentration of odorous vapors are the treatment of the
 chamber air by a vapor-reducing  device, and the  removal of
 vapor by replacement of chamber  air by ventilation or infiltra-
 tion with outdoor air of  lower vapor concentration. The equa-
 tions  for the  concentration of vapors  at  any time and  at
equilibrium were given.  The simplified equations which apply
to only special cases were also given for the following: ventila-

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 182
ODORS
tion air is pure, when no vapor is generated or injected, when
the vapor reducing device is 100% efficient, when the chamber
is originally pure, and when the  air is tight.  Equations are
given for combinations of the conditions. A mixing factor may
be applied to account for the fact that dilution of air is not in-
stantaneous, and  that concentration fall-off rates are  actually
smaller than the ideal values given by the equations. An equa-
tion is also given to calculate the efficiency of a vapor reduc-
ing device in  a chamber from odor dilution methods  deter-
mined at different times,  or to calculate the  time  interval
between sensory  tests that is needed  to provide a specified
diminution of vapor concentration.

166%
Morton, Frank, P. J. King, and A. McLaughlin
HELICAL-COIL DISTILLATION COLUMNS PART I:  EFFI-
CIENCY STUDIES.    Trans.  Inst. Chem. Engrs.  (London),
42(8):T285-T295, 1964. 26 refs.
Efficiency tests of four helical-coil distillation columns with
tube diameters of 1.95, 1.1, 0.495, and 0.425 cm were carried
out at atmospheric and reduced pressures with three test mix-
tures: chlorobenzene/ethyl  benzene; n-heptane/methyl cyclo-
hexane; and n-hexadecane/n-heptyl benzoate. At atmospheric
pressures, the measured efficiencies of the columns were in-
versely  proportional to tube diameter. When the experimental
results  were plotted in terms of  height of transfer  unit vs
vapor Reynolds number, a single line was obtained which cor-
related  the results  for the  four coils  investigated. This in-
dicates  that the  efficiencies  of helical-coil  columns at at-
mospheric pressures can also be  correlated  on the basis of
negligible liquid-phase resistance. At reduced pressures, there
was  no  direct  relationship between height of the transfer unit
and tube diameter, nor could experimental data be  correlated
only on the basis of vapor-phase resistance. This implies that
liquid-phase resistance at reduced pressure is a significant por-
tion of the total resistance. The increase in the liquid-phase re-
sistance is attributed to higher viscosities and lower diffusivi-
ties encountered at reduced pressures. A comparison of the 1.1
cm  diameter  helical coil column  with  other high  efficiency
columns shows that at partial reflux and 20 mm Hg abs, the
helical coil unit is particularly useful for low-  pressure frac-
tionation of heat-sensitive materials.

16828
Thomas, J. F., K. H. Jones, and D. L. Brink
A MECHANISM  TO  EXPLAIN  THE PRODUCTION  OF
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS IN KRAFT RECOVERY FUR-
NACES. Tappi, 52(10):1873-1875, Oct. 1969. 9 refs.
Some fundamentals of combustion which may offer an ex-
planation for the  origin of malodorous sulfur pollutants  which
originate in kraft  recovery furnaces and which may indicate  a
method to control  these malodors are  reviewed.  The com-
bustion  can be characterized  by initial  endothermic reactions,
which degrade the organic part of the black liquor into smaller
and smaller fragments, and by the competing exothermic reac-
tions of oxidation and recombination. The recombination reac-
tions are responsible for the formation of the malodorous com-
pounds. It is suggested that by separating the oxidation reac-
tions from the  endothermic and recombination reactions, a fur-
nace effluent could be produced which would  be completely
odor free. (Author's Abstract)

17801
Wright, R. H.
ODOUR AND  MOLECULAR VIBRATION. Nature (London),
209(5023):571-573, Feb. 5, 1966. 2 refs.
       The postulates of the vibrational theory of odor are elaborated
       and applied  to  an investigation of benzonitrile, a substance
       with bond-defined molecules and known normal-mode spectro-
       scopic frequencies which has a distinctive bitter-almond smell.
       To  identify  the osmically active frequencies,  its  possible
       'populated frequencies'  are given and collated  with similar
       values for nitrobenzene and benzaldehyde, which have similar
       odors. Results indicate an apparent association of osmic activi-
       ty with out-of- plane oscillations of the benzene rings. Three
       criteria of osmically active vibrations  are  hypothesized: they
       must have low frequency; they must involve all or most of the
       molecule; and they must have substantial components perpen-
       dicular to the receptor surface. Information theory suggests
       that the whole array of smells derives from about 25 primary
       odors; if the  almond odor is due basically to the three frequen-
       cies deduced in the experiments,  it is a  three-primary odor.
       Other  odors  would presumably correlate with other combina-
       tions of frequencies, although this has not yet been demon-
       strated. It is concluded that the vibrational theory should in-
       clude the understanding that two normal modes can be excited
       in the  same molecule at the same time, and that when this oc-
       curs, the result must  be a new frequency which is  the dif-
       ference between the frequencies of the two normal modes.

       19061
       Amoore, John E., James W. Johnston, Jr.,  and Martin Rubin
       THE STEREOCHEMICAL  THEORY OF ODOR.  Sci. Am.,
       vol. 210:42-49, 1964.
       New evidence has shown  that the geometry of  molecules is
       the main determinant of odor, and a stereochemical theory of
       the  olfactory process  has  been developed. It  has been sug-
       gested  that the olfactory  system is   composed  of  different
       types of receptor cells, each representing a distinct odor. The
       odorous molecules produce their effects by fitting into recep-
       tor  sites  on  these  cells.  There  are  seven primary odors:
       camphoraceous, musky, floral, peppermint, ethereal, pungent,
       and putrid. Every known odor can be  made from these seven
       by  mixing  them  in certain proportions.  Camphoraceous
       'molecules  are  spherically  shaped and approximately  seven
       angstroms in diameter. Therefore, it is  believed that the recep-
       tor  site for  these molecules  is a hemispherical bowl about
       seven angstroms in diameter. The musky odor is accounted for
       by disk-shaped molecules about 10 angstroms in diameter. The
       floral odor is caused by  disc-shaped molecules  with a flexible
       tail attached. The peppermint  odor is caused by wedgeshaped
       molecules with an electrically  polarized group of atoms, capa-
       ble of forming a hydrogen  bond, near the  point of the wedge.
       The ethereal odor is due to rod-shaped molecules. In each of
       these cases, the  receptor site is the nerve endings, presumably
       the shape and size of the molecule. Pungent odors are caused
       by electrophilic molecules, while putrid  odors  are  due  to
       nucleophilic molecules. Tests conducted to confirm the validi-
       ty of this theory are also discussed.

       19063
       Homstein, Irwin and Roy Teranishi
       THE CHEMISTRY OF  FLAVOR.  Chem. Eng. News, vol.
       45:92-108, April  3, 1967. 8 refs.
       The chemistry  of  flavor,  as related  to  odor and  taste,  is
       discussed. It is generally  agreed that there  are four basic
       tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Sour tasting compounds
       are generally acidic. An absolute correlation between taste and
       physical  and chemical  properties of salts  has  not been
       established, but, in general, low  molecular  weight  salts are
       salty and, as the molecular weight  increases, the taste shifts to
       bitter. No valid theory for  predicting which substances will be
       sweet  or bitter exists. There have  been many attempts to cor-

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                                 F.  BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                     183
 relate chemical structure and odor, but the results have been
 disappointing. Compounds with different structures  may have
 similar  odors, while compounds with  similar  structures  may
 have different odors.  The  physiological mechanisms which
 generate olfactory and taste impulses are discussed. The low
 thresholds for odoriferous compounds and the low concentra-
 tions of these components in food make chemical analyses for
 flavor  components difficult. Mass  spectrometry is the most
 sensitive analytical method when used with gas-liquid partition
 chromatography. Despite the steadily increasing accumulation
 of factual information  concerning the volatile  compounds as-
 sociated with flavor, no conclusions concerning the  specific
 nature of flavor have been obtained.

 19102
 Takagi, Sadayuki F., Gordon A. Wyse, Harunobu Kitamura,
 and Katsuhiro Ito
 THE ROLES OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS IN THE
 GENERATION OF  THE ELECTRO-OLFACTOGRAM.   J.
 Gen. Physiol., 51(4):552-578, 1968. 65 refs.
 The  roles of  sodium,  potassium,  chloride,  calcium,  barium,
 and other ions in  the  'on' and 'off types of  electronegative
 mucosal potentials (EOG) were studied in order to clarify the
 ionic mechanisms underlying these potentials. The experimen-
 tal material was olfactory epithelium excised from frogs,  with
 menthone, amyl acetate, ethyl ether, and chloroform vapors as
 stimulants, and normal Ringer's solution of  varying composi-
 tions as the  test  environment. Olfactory mucosal  potentials
 were  recorded  with  a  pair  of  nonpolarizable  electrodes.
 Detailed results  for  replacements  and  changes of  Na(I) and
 K(I) in  the Ringer solutions are given which demonstrate the
 essential role of these ions in negative EOG's. Thus, the EOG
 decreased in amplitude  and in some cases nearly or completely
 disappeared when  Na(I)  in the  solution was replaced by
 sucrose,  Li(I),  choline  (I),   tetraethylammonium  (I),   or
 hydrazine. In the K(I)-free solution, the  negative EOG's first
 increased and then decreased  in amplitude.  It  was also  con-
 cluded that Ba(II) interferes only with Cl(-) influx, and that the
 negative EOG's are elicited  by an  increase in permeability of
 the olfactory  receptive  membrane to Na(I) and K(I)  but not to
 Cl(-). From the ionic mechanism it is inferred that the negative
 EOG's are in most cases composites of generator and positive
 potentials. The ionic basis of  these potentials was  compared
 with that of other receptor  potentials and a similarity of the
 negative EOG's with the end plate potential is suggested.

 22429
 Yoshida, Masaaki                                    '
 THEORIES ON THE SENSE OF SMELL. PART H.  (Kyukaku
 ni kansuru gakusetsu (2)). Text in Japanese. Akushu No. Ken-
 kyu (Odor Res. J.  Japan), l(2):l-8, June 20,  1970. 7 refs.  Part
 I, Ibid., 1(1):9-15, April 20, 1970.
 Theories of the interaction between molecules in olfaction are
 presented. Amoore assumed that the sensory organ has holes
 for odorant molecules  of a particular size, configuration, and
 electrical affinity.  He  formulated the similarity of  the smell
 and the similarity of the chemical structure of various odorant
molecules. Some  correlations  between the two were  found.
Johnston showed  that  an odor named woody  note  can be
 synthesized by blending the  7 standard smells defined by
Amoore. Wright assumed that there are 25 fundamental smells
 detectable by the human nose. The total wave number range
 covers  0.80-0.650 cm, which is divided into 25 sections of 0.8-
 0.50  cm width,  each  overlapping  with  the adjacent ones.
Benzonitryl, nitrobenzene,  and  benzaldehyde  were chosen,
and their normal  mode frequencies less  than 0.500 cm were
listed. All of the three had frequency regions of 0.174 plus or
minus  0.002, 0.225 plus or minus  0.004, and 0.400 plus or
minus  0.0003 cm in common.  Wright  asserted that these
frequencies give the almond smell  which is  common to the
three substances. A psychological experiment was  also per-
formed in order to establish the theory.

22430
Yoshida, Masaaki
THEORIES OF THE SENSE OF SMELL. PART I.  (Kyukaku
ni kansuru gakusetsu (1)). Text in Japanese. Akushu No Ken-
kyu (Odor Res. J. Japan), 1(1):9-15, April 20, 1970. 5 refs. Part
II. Ibid.,  1(2): 1-8, June 20, 1970.
Theories on the mechanism of electrical changes in the neuron
receiving odoriferous molecules,  different reaction patterns by
different molecules, and the properties of the molecules with
respect to threshold value, intensity, and  characteristic of the
odor are  reviewed, together with  the classification and descrip-
tion of the odor. The impluse traveling through the nerve fiber
from the olfactory membrane is  of the order  of 0.07 v. Since
the membrane  of the nerve  cell is only several molecules
thick, the field intensity in the membrane is  of the order of
100,000 volt/cm. The field instantaneously vanishes when the
pulse passes, and recovers by ion exchange between the inside
and outside of the  nerve cell. The  impluse  is not amplitude
modulated,   but  is  frequency  modulated.  Physiologists
unanimously agree  up  to this point  as   to  the general
mechanism, but  the mechanism  of impulse generation at the
terminal  of nerves in the nose is not yet clarified.  Chemical
reactions,  enzymes and  stereostructure  theorie  have been
proposed in order to explain  the generation  of the impulse.
Some people considered an indirect action, such as, vibration,
wave, or radiation. Some of the strong theories recognizing the
phenomenon as  an interfacial  one or interaction  between the
molecules are also explained.

23187
Hird, S. A. and L. L. Lloyd
THE ACTION  OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE  UPON OILS AND
THEIR FATTY  ACIDS.  J.  Soc. Chem.  Ind.,  31(7):317-319,
April 15, 1912.
A number of oils, and independently the  fatty acids obtained
from the oils, were subjected to the action of sulfur dioxide
under different conditions; in most cases, the  physical and
chemical properties were found to alter. Generally, the iodine
value was reduced, the  saturation number increased, and the
melting point and solubility were affected.  Production of a
dark color and the polymerization of most of  the oils or fatty
acids appeared to be  governed by the iodine value, because
the higher the iodine value, the more rapid was the darkening
and thickening of the oils or fatty acids. Yet, this view was
not supported by the results of the action of SO2 upon castor
oil when  treated in the cold, or to a greater extent upon practi-
cally pure oleic acid. The darker color obtained with the oils
or fatty acids by means of oxygen and SO2 is  no doubt due to
the oxidizable oils acting as catalytic agents in the transfer of
oxygen from the  air to the SO2, the production of sulfuric acid
being consequently cumulative. Quicker drying oils give color
reactions most readily, while their amount of sulfuric acid is
higher. On treatment with sulfur dioxide, especially in  the
presence  of air, the oils develop  an  unpleasant odor, whereas
the fatty  acids are scarcely altered in odor. The  reactions
which result when oils and fatty acids are subjected to SO2
are presented tabularly.

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 184
ODORS
 24354
 Peyron, Louis
 MOLECULAR   STRUCTURES  AND  ODORS.    (Edifices
 moleculaires et odeurs). Text in French. France Parfums, vol.
 7:397-405, 1964. 42 refs.
 The problem of  the relationship between odors and molecular
 structure is most intricate. Interrelations appear to exist and
 should exist, but so far only numerous facts of limited im-
 portance have been reported. The solution to the problem, the
 broad, simple and  general theory which must govern these
 relations, is still missing. Research undertaken to solve this
 problem has a triple aim: scientific, enconomic, and aesthetic.
 The rules  which  allow  for approximate prediction  of an-
 ticipated orders  are discussed. Theoretical forecasting of for-
 mulas for new compounds, original as far as odor or structure
 are concerned, is not possible at present. Nature still reserves
 very bright days for the  members of  the perfume  industry,
 both in terms of raw materials and inspiration in the synthesis
 of new compounds. (Author abstract modified)

 24531
 Guillot, M.
 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND ODOR.  Ion, vol.!9:72-75,
 1959. 5  refs. Translated from Spanish  by Robert I.  Henkin,
 National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Translating Unit,
 9p., Nov. 7, 1969.
 After summarizing hypotheses advanced at a 1957 symposium
to explain  the relationship between  molecular  structure and
odor, conclusions   are presented on  possible correlations
between  the two factors.  In the case of certain groups of
similar molecules,  there is a relationship between molecular
structure and odor, since a small  variation  in the  formula
brings about a  correlative change in  the odor. With other
molecules,  such as  steroids, there is no correlation. The theory
of an interdependence  between molecular structure and odor
can be reduced to  the  simply statement that all the chemical
and physical properties of a substance with a definite molecu-
lar  structure are linked to this structure,  which is in  turn re-
lated to the infrared and Raman spectra. It is natural,  there-
fore, that when the molecular structure and odor are related in
a simple way, a correlation with the spectra is also seen. In
this way, however, the vibrations of molecules intervene only
indirectly.

25761
Compressed Gas Assoc., Inc., New York, N. Y.
SULFUR DIOXIDE. Pamphlet G-3, 21p., 1964. 12 refs.
A comprehensive description of the compound sulfur dioxide
and all of  its associated handling problems is presented. Its
composition, physical  and chemical properties, methods of
manufacture, and commercial uses are described. The types of
containers available for SO2, including disposable cans, cylin-
ders, tank cars,  and portable tanks, are discussed, as well as
the regulations pertaining to such containers. Storage methods
for the various types of containers are detailed. Handling and
withdrawing procedures for  SO2 in both  liquid and  vapor
phase are mentioned. Safety precautions should be taken when
leaks are detected in containers. Even when equipped with a
safety mask, the operator should remain in the contaminated
area only long  enough to make the necessary  adjustments.
Physiological effects of SO2 include  irritation of the mucous
membranes of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs due to the for-
mation of sulfurous acid. The physiological responses to vari-
ous concentrations  of SO2 are documented. SO2 is readily de-
tected in concentrations of 4 ppm by its odor. First aid sug-
gestions in the event of emergencies are included.
       26529
       Ochi, Jinzaburo, M. Ishikawa, and Kiyoshi Komori
       OCCURRENCE OF ABNORMAL ODOR IN TAP WATER
       DUE  TO PLANKTONS AND ITS  CONTROL.  (Suidosui no
       purankuton ni yoru ijo shukihassei to sono taisaku ni tsuite).
       Text in Japanese. Shikoku Koshueisei Gakkai Zasshi (J. Shik-
       zoku ZOoc. Public Health), no. 15:54-56, Feb. 1970.
       In the beginning of May 1969, tap water in  lyo-Mishima and
       Kawz2nzo started  to produce a muddy and  moldy odor.  The
       investigation  conducted by the  public health service showed
       that the cause was probably due to the unnatural occurrence
       of planktons  (diatoms) in the water zof Yanagawa Dam.  The
       level of the water in the dam had not declined more than 15 m
       for the past year, and the water had become stagnant. This led
       to the abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds aris-
       ing from the  decomposition of organic matter and accumula-
       tion of sludge at the bottom of the lake. In addition, the rise in
       water temperature due to the abnormal meteorological condi-
       tion (high temperature) in spring had led to a drastic change in
       the water circulation in the lake and the production of plank-
       tons was promoted. For emergency measures, wate intake was
       changed to the gate at a lower water level, 0.8 ppm of copper
       chloride was injected, and 1.2 ppm of chlorine was added. The
       odor completely disappeared within two months. At that time,
       the water level had risen due to the rainy season and the dam
       was full. As future measures, investigation and removal of up-
       stream pollution  sources, elimination of bottom and inter-
       mediate water at the full-water period,  and the changing of
       lake water were suggested.

       29649
       Takahashi, T.
       A  FEW   OBSERVATION   ON   THE   GENERATION
       MECHANISM OF OBNOXIOUS ODOR.   (Akushu busshitsu
       hassei kijo no 2, 3 no kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Akushu no
       Kenkyu (Odor Research J.  Japan), l(4):33-38,  March 1971. 9
       refs.
      ••Much  energy has been  spent  on how  to  cope with  odor
       problems, but only after they happen. Therefore, odor genera-
       tion was studied. The  automatic oxidation chain reaction of
       unsaturated fats starts when the R-H loses hydrogen, causing
       a free radical.  The process of  automatic  oxidation can be
       known by measuring the amount of oxygen absorbed or the
       absorption speed (POV). In the  initial induction period, there
       is little oxygen absorbed and no generation of POV. Then the
       reaction starts, and the amount of oxygen absorbed and POV
       rapidly increase. The ROOH which is generated is compara-
       tively stable,  but is separated by metals, light, and tempera-
       ture,  causing  the  free  radical.   Automatic  oxidation is
       promoted, and  various secondary products  are made. When
       fats are heated to a high temperature, carboxyls, carbonyls,
       acrolein, and carbonic acid gas are generated, as in garbage
       combustion. The Meyrard (?) reaction is the  most well-known
       amino acid reaction and generates melanoidin. When alpha-
       dicarbonyl compounds  cause Strecker decomposition,  an ob-
       noxious odor is given  off.  Alpha-amino acids are  easily ox-
       idized, and generate odors at a  certain concentration, for ex-
       ample, the decomposition of alanine into acetaldehyde and am-
       monia, or of methionine into acrolein and mercaptan. Purefac-
       tion is a kind of fermentation which happens in the presence
       of microbes. Protein is th easiest to putrefy. Ptomaine, some-
       times  called the animal or putrefaction alkaloyd, is a mixture
       of nitrogen compounds of the amine group.  The putrefaction
       of  protein  produces  hydrogen  sulfide,  mercaptan,  indole,
       catole, ammonia, and amine. Thus, the substances generated
       by the automatic oxidation of fats and heated decomposition,
       are no different from those generated by the  general oxidation

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                                 F.  BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                     185
in a chemical reaction. Although they  are unstable, they can
be supplied as standard  samples.  Most of the odorous sub-
stances change the quality of odor radically and more than two
kinds of substances may cancel each other or have multiple ef-
fects. Control should be made after quantitative analyses have
been  made  and after seeking the relationship  between the
human sense of smell and the values arrived at by instrumen-
tal analysis.  Authoritative panel members would judge the
smells.

32271
Wright, R. H. and R. E. Burgess
SPECIFIC PHYSICOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF OLFAC-
TORY STIMULATION.  Ciba Foundation, London (England),
Taste Smell Vertebrates,  Ciba Found. Symp., 1969, p. 325-342.
29 refs.
The course of an odorous molecule as it moves into contact
with the receptor organ  was traced.  The possible ways  in
which its vibrational  character might enable  it to exercise a
selective stimulation and  thereby impress its  own specificity
upon the organism  in examined. The transport and electrical
dipole  of  the  molecule, molecular  vibration,  interacting
dipoles, limiting osmic frequencies, and  thermodynamic con-
siderations  are discussed. The vibrational properties of a
molecule are capable of imparting  the  requisite degree  of
specificity to several  kinds of interaction, and the upper and
lower limits to the  scale  of osmic frequencies prescribed by
the theory coincided  with the  experimental limits.  A  per-
manent or  induced dipole may help  to orient the stimulus
molecule with respect to the polarized membrane of the recep-
tor nerve, and the vibrational modulation  of the moment could
govern the  transfer of energy between stimulus and receptor.
The differential stimulation of selectively sensitive receptors
then enables  the stimulus  to impress its individuality upon the
organism, and the essentially physical nature of the interaction
makes possible the high sensitivity of  the olfactory sense.
(Author summary modified)

33084
SHAPE OF SMELLS.  Agri. Res., 18(7):3-4, Jan. 1970.
Evidence  is  presented  which not  only  strengthens  the
stereochemical theory of odor, but which suggests  that the
theory could  be  useful in explaining  the  activity of alarm
pheromones of various species of ants and possibly other so-
cial insects.  Pheromones are natural substances emitted by in-
sects that cause a typical reaction in other insects able to de-
tect the substance. Silhouettes were made of scale models of
the chemical compounds which could cause the typical alarm
response in ants. They were examined by  a unique pattern
recognition machine, a hybrid instrument consisting  basically
of a modified television camera linked to a special computer.
The machine is oriented for any given assignment by training
it on the silhouette of a reference molecule (in this  case the
natural pheromone, 2-heptanone). When it is shown silhouettes
of other  molecules,  it compares them with those of the
reference  molecule and prints  out the degree of similarity
within  five  seconds. Substances with a remarkable range of
chemical  variation  caused alarm  activity,  provided  their
molecular shape conformed closely to that of 2-heptanone.

35651
Jones, F. Nowell
OLFACTORY  THRESHOLDS  IN  THE  INTERNATIONAL
CRITICAL TABLES.  Science, 118(3064):333, Sept,  18, 1953. 2
refs.
Olfactory thresholds in the International Critical Tables are ex-
pressed as molecules/cc of air. Because of an error in the for-
mula used to translate threshold data into this common unit,
the thresholds in the tables are in error by a factor of 100. The
Avogrado number,  which  is  the basis of  the  calculation,
should read  6.023  times 10 to the 23rd power, not 6.06 times 10
to the 21st  power. A simple procedure for correcting table
values is given.

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 18*
                         G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN  HEALTH
00177
H. Buchberg, M. H. Jones, K. G. Lindh, and K. W. Wilson
AIR  POLLUTION  STUDIES  WITH   SIMULATED  AT-
MOSPHERES.  California Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of En-
gineering. (Kept. No. 61-44.) July 1961. 185 pp.
Part I of this report deals with the statistical relations among
interacting atmospheric variables. Also contained in this report
are the results of several auxiliary or supporting studies as fol-
lows: Air Purification Studies; Development of an Eye  Mask
for the  Measurement  of the  Threshold of  Eye  Irritation;
Development of an Omnidirectional Solar Radiometer  for a
Limited Spectral Region Centered about 0.36 microns; A Com-
parison   of  Concentration  and Duration  as  Measures  of
Threshold for Eye Irritation;  A Comparison of Threshold to
Eye Irritation Resulting from Reacted Air Mixtures Sampled at
Different Points in  the Exposure System; A  Comparison of
Odor Threshold and  Eye  Irritation Threshold for Formal-
dehyde, Acrolein, and Ozone.  (Author)

00208
R. Cederlof, L. Friberg, E. Jonsson, L. Kaij, and T. Lindvall
STUDIES OF ANNOYANCE  CONNECTED WITH OFFEN-
SIVE SMELL FROM A SULPHATE CELLULOSE FACTORY.
 Nord. Hyg. Tidskr.  Vol. 45:39-48, 1964.
The primary aim of the investigation was to obtain an objec-
tive measure of the  extent and development of the annoyance
among the population as a whole in the most exposed districts,
i.e. in the  muncipalities of  Morrum and  Asarum,  and in
Karlshamn. Secondary aims were to study the extent to which
the petitions to the public health authority constituted a relia-
ble measure of the actual  nuisance experienced by the signato-
ries and also the extent to which factors other than exposure
to the pollution influenced  the  reactions to the nuisance.  Of
the population  in the  district investigated, 10-15% suffered
major annoyance from the factory, while the  corresponding
figure for those living in the immediate vicinity of the factory
was just under 20%. It should  be noted, however, that the pur-
pose of the investigation was not disguised, so that the degree
of annoyance found is probably rather too high. Among those
who had signed the petition complaining of the existing condi-
tions, 47% reported that they  had not experienced any an-
noyance  from the flue  gases  at the time of the investigation.
Only 31% reported major annoyance. On the other hand, al-
most half considered that the smell was much the same as
when they had signed the petition. The petition must ac-
cordingly be rejected as a reliable measure of the extent of the
annoyance. The results also show that the annoyance derives
from factors other than the exposure to the  factory. Thus an-
noyance is  reported more frequently among those with previ-
ous respiratory and cardiovascular diseases,  with a propensity
to neurosis, sensitivity to  airplane noise, propensity to displea-
sure with other factors of community life and  no connection
with the factory.
 00715
 O. Angleraud F. Borrelli
 ODORIZATION AND ITS PROBLEMS.  (Die Odorierung und
 ihre  Probleme.)  Gas Wasserfach (Munich), 107(21):573-581,
 May 27, 1966.
 For easy and rapid  detection of some  dangerous gases, an
 unmistakable and unpleasant odorifying agent is added to the
 gas. Quantitative measurement in this area is difficult, but the
 authors set out to define their terms and refine measurements
 as mcuh as possible. Intensity of odor is based on Weber's law
 which relates  intensity directly to the log  of  concentration.
 From this law, grades of odor intensity ranging from 0 to 5 are
 defined, with 2 being the average intensity at which a normal
 person can detect an odor with assurance, and 0.5 being the
 minimum detectable.  The safety coefficient in odorizing a gas
 is  the ratio of the least damaging concentration of the gas in
 question to the warning concentration. For example, in France
 and Italy, this coefficient is set at 5 vol %, so that 1% of natu-
 ral gas or 0.4% propane should be detectable. With poisonous
 gases, such as carbon monoxide or catalytically reformed gas,
 the safety coefficient should be higher. The authors conducted
 a series of experiments in and around natural gas and refinery
 installations in France and Italy. They also conducted labora-
 tory tests using a specially built room in which  the concentra-
 tions of gas and odorifying agent could be controlled. Various
 types of natural gas from France had practically identical odor
 intensities.  Odor intensities of commercial odorifying  agents
 were also  determined. Experiments carried  out at the Turin
'gas works of 'Italgas* indicated that increasing  the concentra-
 tion  of odor additive even slightly greatly  increased the in-
 cidence of complaints, especially during the winter months.

 03788
 H. F. J. Wenzel and O. V. Ingruber
 CONTROLLING PROBLEMS OF  AIR AND WATER CON-
 TAMINATION. Paper Trade J. 151, (3) 42-7, Jan. 16, 1967.
 The  nature  of the substances causing kraft pulp mill odor
 problems;   the  manner  and amounts in  which they are
 produced; analytical methods for determining them; the tolera-
 ble limit of concentration; the threshold of perceptability; and
 control measures are reviewed. Hydrogen sulfide, methylmer-
 captan, dimethylsulfide, and  to a lesser extent, dimethyldisul-
 fide, are involved.

 05942
 E. V. Elfimova
 DATA   FOR   THE   HYGDZNIC   EVALUATION   OF
 HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  AEROSOL   (HYDROCHLORTOE
 GAS) AS AN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT. (In: Limits of al-
 lowable  concentrations  of atmospheric pollutants. Book 6.)
 U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and  Related Occupational
 Diseases. VoL 9. pp. 18-28. (1962). Russ. (Tr.)
 It  was  shown that  0.1  mg/cu.m.  is the  concentration of
 threshold hydrochloric acid aerosol odor perception,  that 0.05
 mg/cu.m. is the  odor non-perceptible concentration,  that 0.6

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                                        G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                      187
 mg/cu.m. is the concentration of threshold reflex effect on op-
 tical  chronaxy,  and  0.2  mg/cu.m.  the  concentration  of
 threshold reflex effect on eye sensitivity to light. The concen-
 tration  of  threshold effect on digito-vascular  tonicity  is 0.5
 mg/cu.m.,  and the  threshold concentration of change in the
 rhythm and depth of respiratory movement is at 0.1 mg/cu.m.
 of the aerosol. On  the basis of the above  results it is recom-
 mended that 0.05 mg/cu.m. be accepted as  the limit of allowa-
 ble single  concentration of hydrochloric acid aerosol  in at-
 mospheric  air. Results of this investigation indicated that 10
 mg/cu.m. of the aerosol, representing the limit of allowable
 concentration  for working premises, elicited sharp shifts in the
 physiological reactions. The method used for the determination
 of hydrochloric acid aerosol in atmospheric air can be applied
 to the determination of the aerosol in the presence of H2SO4
 aerosol and in the presence of free chlorine and chlorides. The
 present investigation indicated  that  atmospheric  air in the
 vicinity  of  a  magnesium  plant  is  highly  polluted  with
 hydrochloric acid aerosol,  that such  air  pollution extended
 over  considerable distances from the magnesium  plant, and
 that the sanitary protection zones around magnesium  plant
 discharging hydrochloric acid aerosol, in the absence of gas
 purifying equipment, should be in excess of 3,000 m. Plans for
 future magnesium plants should mandatorily include provisions
 for the  installation  of hydrochloric acid  absorbing equipment.
 05942 E. V. Elfimova

 05943
 A RESTUDY OF  THE  MAXIMAL  ALLOWABLE SINGLE
 CONCENTRATION  OF   CARBON   DISULFIDE  IN  AT-
 MOSPHERIC  AIR.  In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of
 Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 6. Translated from Russian in:
 U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
 Diseases, vol. 9:29-39, 1962, by R. S. Gil denskjol d and B. S.
 Levine.
 Examinations  of air samples indicated that, even at 3000 me-
 ters from the  investigated plant, the air contained 0.03 mg/m3
 of carbon disulfide. Results of tests conducted  with the  aid of
 most  odor  perception sensitive persons indicated that 0.05
 mg/m3  is the  concentration of threshold odor perception for
 CS2 and that 0.04 mg/m3 is the odor nonperceptible concentra-
 tion of  CS2. The concentration of threshold carbon disulfide
 reflex effect, as determined by the method of optical chronax-
 y, is  0.04 mg/m3 and the  subthreshold  concentration is 0.03
 mg/m3.  The limit of allowable CS2 concentration should not
 exceed  0.03 mg/m3. Results of the present investigation sug-
 gest that the present 2000 m width of sanitary clearance zones
 surrounding viscous plants should be widened to 3000 m. (Sani-
 tary bodies  must insist on the immediate installation of  effec-
 tive equipment for the purification of  viscous combine gas
 discharges containing CS2.  Gases discharged by viscous plants
 contain  vapors other than CS2. It is, therefore, suggested that
 a comprehensive and complex study of the atmospheric air in
 vicinities of viscous plants be initiated without undue delay.

05946
 Stayzhkin, V. M.
HYGIENIC  DETERMINATION  OF LIMITS  OF ALLOWA-
BLE    CONCENTRATIONS    OF     CHLORINE     AND
 HYDROCHLORIDE GASES SIMULATENOUSLY  PRESENT
IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (In: Limits  of allowable  concentra-
tions  of atmospheric pollutants. Book  6.) U.S.S.R.  Literature
on Air  Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9,
pp. 55-61. (1962). Russ. (Tr.)
This study  was confined to the use of low concentrations of
 chlorine and  hydrochloride  gases  and  their  effect  on the
physiological reactivity of man. The methods of investigation
were:  determination  of  threshold odor  perception, optical
chronaxy and adaptometry. Results of this investigation in-
dicated that 0.75 mg/cu m was the concentration of threshold
chlorine odor perception, and  0.02 mg/cu m the concentration
of threshold hydrochloride gas odor perception. The simultane-
ous  presence in the air of  chlorine and hydrochloride  gases
was  not odor perceptible when the gases co-existed in the fol-
lowing ratio  concentrations: 0.3 mg/cu m  of chlorine and 0.1
mg/cu m of  hydrochloride gas, also 0.2 mg/cu m  of chlorine
and  0.13 mg/cu m hydrochloride gas. The  additive physiologi-
cal and neurological effects of simultaneously present chlorine
and  hydrochloric  gases  in  the air were in  the nature  of
arithmetical summation. Optical chronaxy tests indicated that
threshold reflex  effects  were  produced by chlorine and
hydrochloride gas  simultaneously present in the air in the fol-
lowing  ratio combinations:  chlorine,  0.3  mg/  cu  m and
hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m and also chlorine, 0.3 mg/  cu
m and hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m. Tests of eye sensitivity
to light  indicated that the  combination of 0.2 mg/cu  m  of
chlorine and 0.1 mg/cu m of hydrochlorinde gas constituted a
threshold combination mixture of  the 2 gases which elicited
changes in eye  sensitivity to  light The present investigation
also indicated that the previously  adopted limits of allowable
single  chlorine  concentration  of  0.1  mg/cu  m  and  of
hydrochloride gas of 0.005 mg/ cu m simultaneously present in
atmospheric  air were below the threshold of odor perception
and  of effect on reflex activity.

05949
G. I. Solomin
HYGD2NIC EVALUATION OF DINYL AS AN ATMOSPHER-
IC AER POLLUTANT. (In: Limits  of allowable concentrations
of atmospheric  pollutants. Book 6.) U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9. pp. 82-92.
(1962). Russ. (Tr.)
Results of odor perception  study  conducted with  15 persons
indicated that the concentration of threshold dinyl  vapor odor
perception was 0.06 mg/cu.m. and that the concentration  of
threshold dinyl reflex effect on eye sensitivity to light was 0.04
mg/cu.m. The concentration of threshold dinyl electrocortical
conditioned   reflex formation was 0.03 mg/cu.m.,  and the
subthreshold concentration  was 0.01 mg/cu.m. The  maximal
single allowable dinyl vapor concentration for atmospheric air
should not exceed 0.01 mg/cu.m. Dinyl concentrations  of  10
and  0.2 mg/cu.m. under conditions  of chronic vapor inhalation
elicited changes in the muscle antagonist's chronaxy in  white
rats. Rate of coproporphyrin  elimination with the urine was
lowered in rats  which chronically inhaled 10 and 0.2 mg/cu.m.
of dinyl vapor. Prolonged  inhalation  of  air containing  10
mg/cu.m. of  dinyl lowered  cholinesterase activity, while in-
halation  of 0.2 mg/cu.m. under similar conditions enhanced
cholinesterase activity. Inhalation of air  containing 10 and 0.2
mg/cu.m.  by rats  increased the number  of leucocytes and
decreased the number of lymphocytes. Chronic 24-hour inhala-
tion  by rats of air  containing 0.01 mg/cu.m. of dinyl vapor for
a period of 70 days had no effect on the rats' functional activi-
ties  noted in rats inhaling air  having higher dinyl  vapor con-
centrations. The limit of average 24-hour dinyl vapor concen-
tration in atmospheric air could be the  same as the limit  of
maximal single  concentration, i.e.  0.01  mg/cu.m.  Sanitary
clearance zones surrounding capronic plants which discharge
up to 6 ton of dinyl per month should not be less than 800  m
wide.

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 188
ODORS
  06323
 R. A. Goldbeck, J. H. Kaeding, W. E. Feroglia
 ODOR  CODING  FOR MALFUNCTION  DETECTION AND
 DIAGNOSIS.    Philco Corp.,  Palo  Alto,  Calif.,  Western
 Development Labs. (Kept. AMRL-TR-66-122.) (Aug.  1966). 54
 pp. 643239 CFSTI, DDC: AD 643239
 The use of the  olfactory sense for detecting and diagnosing
 malfunctions in equipment systems has been investigated. The
 literature on olfaction is reviewed and the data and data gaps
 relevant to equipment maintenance  applications  are  sum-
 marized. With the literature findings as a point of reference,
 performance  requirements for  an odor-coding  system are
 established and a taxonomic  structure is synthesized for the
 purpose of developing specific odor-coding systems. A survey
 of equipment system applications leads to the conclusion that
 odor-augmented  maintenance displays are  both feasible and
practical.  Recommendations  are  made  for  a program of
 research and development leading to broad scope implementa-
 tion of  odor coding for malfunction detection and diagnosis.
 (Authors' abstract)

 07091
 Romano, A. H., and R. S. Safferman
 STUDIES  ON  ACTINOMYCETES  AND THEIR ODORS.  (J.
Am. Water Works Assoc.) 55(2): 169-176, Feb. 1963.
 A study was initiated to characterize the odoriferous materials
produced by actinomycetes and to evaluate the effectiveness
of various treatment procedures. Although the chemical struc-
 tures of the odoriferous concentrates  are yet unknown,  these
preliminary studies demonstrate the extreme intensity of the
actinomycete odor, and also provide materials for assessing
the  efficiency of  various   water treatment  methods. All
evidence  obtained  thus  far merely  implicates  the actino-
mycetes as a source of earthy  odors  in water supplies. Con-
 sequently, further chemical studies would be most desirable as
a  means  of firmly  establishing whether these troublesome
 odors are in fact due to actinomycetes. When odoriferous con-
 centrates  obtained  from  S.  griseoluteus  were treated with
chlorine, no enhancement of the odor was noted; instead slight
 decreases  in odor intensity could be  shown. On  other hand,
activated carbon  at a concentration of 10 ppm proved highly
 efficient in reducing the odors. Whether similar results will
 occur with other actinomycete groups  still remains to be seen.
The addition of  Ippm chlorine to spore  suspensions of four
 different actinomycete species buffered at pH7.5 was found to
 be effective in preventing their  development. It is conceivable
then that chlorine could be of consequence in indirectly con-
trolling actinomycete odor problems. ASM

 07821T
 Gilgen, A. and H. U. Wanner
THE TOXICOLOGICAL  AND  HYGIENIC  SIGNIFICANCE
OF OZONE. ((Die toxikologische und hygienische Bedeutung
des Ozons.)) Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. (Munich),  150(l-2):62-78,
 1966. 62 refs.
The lexicological and bactericidal properties  of ozone are
reviewed.  The  acute toxicity of ozone to laboratory animals is
reported as being diverse and variable  from species to species.
 Chronical exposure results in damage to the respiratory or-
gans, i.e.,  in  bronchitis  and lung emphysema, limitation in
weight increase of young animals  and reduced urine acidity.
 When man is exposed to 4 to 5 ppm, a lung edema  develops
within a few  hours. Lower concentrations primarily affect
respiration by  irritation and cause headaches and nausea. In
animals, the exposure to low ozone concentrations produces
     immunity to subsequently applied lethal doses. Tolerance to
     ozone has also been brought about by germanium oxide. Con-
     versely, ozone  has been shown to produce tolerance  for
     ketene, H2O2 and NO2. The mode by which ozone becomes
     biologically effective is not  yet fully elucidated. Presumably
     free radicals causing oxidation processes are formed, similar
     to those produced  by nuclear radiation. These processes, in
     turn, set free adrenalin,  noradrenalin  and  bradykinin.  The
     strongest bactericidal effects of  ozone are obtained at  high
     relative humidity and  low temperature.  In practice the ger-
     micidal effect of ozone  can only be  applied to  sterilizing
     water.  The  deodorizing  effect  is  generally accepted  but
     requires concentrations  exceeding the  maximum  allowable
     concentrations.

     09659
     Thomas Lindvall
     EXPERIMENTAL   TECHNIQUES   OF  ORGANOLEPTIC
     ODOR MEASUREMENT.  In: Proceedings of the International
     Conference on Atmospheric  Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
     Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R.  Hendrickson (ed.),
     Sponsored by: Public Health Service,  National  Council  for
     Stream Improvement, and University  of Florida.  DeLand,
     Ha., E. O. Painter Print- ing Co., ((1966)), p. 358-364.
     There is a good deal of variation between the thresholds re-
     ported  in  the literature  for different  odorous sulfur com-
     pounds. The question is why? This problem  and some of the
     aspects of the techniques of organoleptic  odor measurement
     are  discussed. An  individual's reactions to  exposure in  or-
     ganoleptic psychophysical studies are influenced by biological,
     physical, socio-economic and subjective factors. Adaptation is
     another  important phenom-  enon that  is  often  involved in
     these studies. Two problems connected  with threshold tests
     are:  (1) what principle is to govern the choice of stimuli and,
     (2) How are the subject's re- sponses to be given and evalu-
     ated. There seem to be two altern- ative forms of response;
     one  is  the  yes/no  response, and the other is the  principle
     known  as  forced choice. The question of  how  pre- vious
     liydrogen sulfide  determinations  differed  with respect  to
     method is discussed.  It  is  finally concluded that  different
     methods do produce very different thresholds. Far too little is
     known about what these differences really signify for practical
     applications. Even within the laboratory  much remains to be
     studies  before it can be stated with any precision,  what it is
     that is  measured  by odor tests,  what  conclusions may be
     drawn from the results and how far these can be generalized.
     A model program for the laboratory side of practical odor
     research is suggested.

     11476
     Andreeshcheva, N. G.
     THE EFFECTS  OF CERTAIN  AROMATIC HYDROCAR-
     BONS IN THE AIR. ((O  sanitarno-toksikologicheskoi otsenke
     nekotorykh aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov  v atmosfernom
     vozdukhe.))  Hyg. Sanit.  (English translation  of:  Gigiena  i
     Sanit.), 33(4-6):13-17, April-June 1968. ((10)) refs. CFSTI:  TT
     68-50449/2                              i    /
     A spectrophotometric method of determining meta-nitrochlor-
     benzol (MNCB), and 3,4-dichloraniline (3,4-DCA) in the air is
     elaborated.  The findings  point to a  definite relation of  the
     threshold values of smell to the changes in the chemical struc-
     ture of the  substance due to introduction of  nitro-amino-  and
     chlorine groups into the  benzol ring. The action of chlorine
     products on the light sensitivity of eyes  becomes stronger as
     additional  chlorine  groups,  besides  the nitro-  and amino-
     groups, are being introduced into the benzol ring.

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                                        G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                      189
 19599
 Moulton, David G.
 AN ANALYSIS OF ODOR INDUCED ACTIVITY IN THE OL-
 FACTORY SYSTEM (FINAL REPORT). Pennsylvania Univ.,
 Philadelphia,  Monell  Chemical  Senses Center,  Grant AF-
 AFOSR-1056-67, AFOSR 69-2633TR, 19p.  1969. 14 refs. CF-
 STI, DDC: AD 695976
 Analyses were made of single  unit activity in the olfactory
 epithelium and bulb of the rat and goldfish. In goldfish, results
 from testing with food extracts and other compounds indicated
 that if low concentrations of appropriate stimuli are used,  in-
 hibition is less prevalent in the olfactory bulb than studies with
 higher concentrations  of inappropriate  stimuli  might suggest.
 In experiments  with rats, using a glass/teflon olfactometer,
 electronic apparatus for recordings from the olfactory epitheli-
 um, and a variety of odorants, results indicate that the evoked
 potentials show  a  progressive  activity change  during  odor
 stimulation which has a clear relation to the quantity of the
 odor and possibly some relation to odor quality. The threshold
 is apparently changed  at an active site  by an odorant and its
 change is closely linked to the coding mechanism for odor dis-
 crimination at this primary center. In addition to these studies,
 telemetry devices and techniques were  developed for record-
 ing neural impulses from freely-moving animals. In conjunc-
 tion with the use of these devices, behavioral techniques were
 also developed for  training rats and rabbits in  odor detection
 or discrimination tasks  which  focus the  animals' olfactory
 equipment on the rest odor and allow the resulting odor-in-
 duced activity to be recorded, in the form of single units, from
 chronically implanted microelectrodes.

 20969
 Frey, Allan H.
 ELECTRICAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTION AND OLFACTORY
 METHODOLOGY AND THEORY.   Psychol. Bull., 69(6):390-
 395, 1968. 23 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 674227
 The static electrical charge on the subjects, equipment,  walls,
 and odorant have had an effect  on the results of a number of
 olfactory experiments. The nature of  airborne charge  com-
 plexes is considered, together with their biological effects and
 methodology for the measurement and control of this variable.
 Experimenters should  consider  the following procedures:  all
 subjects  should  be electrically grounded;  human  subjects
 should wear only  cotton clothing,  and some  consideration
 should be given  to washing animal subjects in an antistatic
 solution; all  subjects should be in a Faraday cage, or part of
it; and  measurement should be made and  reported of the
charge on the odorant, which can be done  by using a Beckett
probe.  The olfactory epithelium is a sheet of special sensory
cells with very thin cilia protruding into the overlying mucous
layer, and these  cilia and the membrane can be affected  by
charge complexes. The finding that all the physiological effects
of a  positive carbon dioxide  ion  on the  trachea  can  be
duplicated by  the  intravenous  injection  of 5-hydroxytryp-
tamine further suggests some reason for considering the possi-
bility of chemical change in the olfactory epithelium as a func-
tion of the charge on the odorant. Other factors for considera-
tion result from the hypothesis that negative ions modify brain
5-HT levels  causing a tranquilization effect, and that X-radia-
tion of animals has a behavioral effect  which is mediated  by
the olfactory system.
21125
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROUS GASES.
(Maximale Immissions- Konzentrationen MIK Nitrose Gase).
VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinie, no. 2105, May 1960. 24 refs.
Translated from German. 9p., 1962.
The Permissible Emission Concentrations, (PEC values) set by
VDI are defined as those concentrations of  pollutants in layers
of the open air close to the ground which  may be considered
harmless, according to current knowledge,  to man, animal, or
plant during exposure of a given frequency  and duration.
These values are valid only within certain  ranges, only when
the pollutant occurs by itself rather than in mixture with other
pollutants, and only for the open air outside of an emitting lo-
cation. Nitrous gases occur in nature from electric discharges
in the atmosphere; technologically, they are produced from
such  principal sources as the  manufacture and processing of
nitric acid and from internal combustion engines, explosives,
and celluloid.  Nitrous  gases, which are recognizable by  their
brown color and characteristic odor, comprise the following
nitrogen oxides  and  their compounds:  nitrogen  monoxide
(NO); dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3); nitrogen dioxide (NO2); and
dinitrogen tetroxide  (N2O4). The latter two are the primary
carriers of the toxic action of nitrous gases. The PEC  half-
hour  mean  value set for  continuous exposure to NO2 is 0.5
cm3/m3. The PEC for intermittent  exposure (permissible ex-
cess above the PEC for continuous exposure) is 1.0 cu cm/cu
m half-hour mean value,  three  times daily. In the transition
from normal air into an atmosphere containing NO2, the olfac-
tory threshold lies at 0.1 cu cm/cu m (calculated as NO2) and
the odor becomes characteristic at 0.5 cu cm/cu m, although
within 5-6 min olfactory perception disappears  even at 20 cu
cm/cu m. Minor symptoms of irritation such as  dry and rough
throat may occur under prolonged inhalation of 1-2 cu cm/cu
m;  with repeated exposure, these become less and finally dis-
appear even after inhaling 20 cu cm/cu m for 2 hrs. Toxic ef-
fects  of nitrous gases on man and animals  have not been dif-
ferentiated;  in plants, it  appears that even sensitive plants
sustain no damage from exposure to a mean concentration of 1
to 2 cu cm/cu m.

21359
Gesteland, Robert C.
CHEMICAL RANGING AND TRACKING. (FINAL REPORT).
  Northwestern  Univ., Evanston,  HI.,  Dept.  of Biological
Sciences. Army Research Office, Grant DA-ARO-D-31-124-
G991,  Proj. 20061102A328, Rept 7823.1-RT,  54p., July 31,
1969. 28 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 698581
Significant advances in understanding  the  chemical basis of
the olfactory receptor mechanism, and in relating the signalling
parameters of nervous activity to receptor stimulation, have
been made.  A comparative histological study has turned up a
vertebrate nose with very large receptor cells, which should
allow the monitoring of cell function with intracellular micro-
electrodes for the first  time;  several methods have  been
developed for using an electrochemical cell as an indicator of
the presence of trace contaminants in a flowing  stream. Based
on the consensus of recent literature, all cells in the Necturus
olfactory epithelium are of the order of 30 times larger in
volume than those in the frog olfactory region, making Nectu-
rus  a good candidate for intracellular recording. The receptor
sites for odors in the olfactory mucosa are probably proteins
and/or the permeability change producing the electro-olfacto-
gram  involves protein components of the membrane.  It is
possible  that  stimulus  molecules are  strongly  bound  upon

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 190
ODORS
reaching the receptors and are removed only by a very long
time-constant biochemical process,  for instance sloughing or
readsorption  of  the   stimulus   molecule   bound   to   a
macromolecular component of the membrane or a very slow
removal of the stimulus molecule from the membrane binding
substance. It may be that chemo-reception in the frog's nose is
an irreversible process and requires  synthesis of new receptor
sites to replace those used up by reaction with the incoming
stimulus. Use of the  high sensitivity of the polarized electrode
is still being investigated to  trace impurities to detect the
presence of contaminants in solution  in a sampling cell, and
most of the  work completed is concerned with cell design and
measurement techniques. (Author abstract modified)

21712
Neuhaus, Walter and David M. Goldenberg
VEGETATIVE  REACTIONS  AFTER  OLFACTORY STIMU-
LATION.  (FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT).    Erlangen-Nu-
remberg Univ., Erlangen (W. Germany), Medizinische  Klinik
mil   Poliklinik,   Contract   DA-91-591-EUC-4014,    Proj.
2N061102B71D,  8p., July 1969.  14 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD
697162
Galvanic skin resistance, arteria radialis pulse and blood pres-
sure,  respiration, and  stomach motility were recorded elec-
trochemically  in  man after  olfactory stimulation.  In  most
cases, skin resistance decreases rapidly and returns gradually
to its  original value,  frequently with temporary decrements in
between. Arteria radialis pressure often shows a decrease, fol-
lowed by a  wavy pattern of alternate increments and  decre-
ments, before returning to its  original value. Pulse frequency
and amplitude are hardly affected. Respiration often becomes
deeper during stimulation with pleasant odors,  while its am-
plitude decreases with unpleasant odors; however, a partial in-
crease of the respiratory amplitude with unpleasant odors was
observed in  some cases.  Stomach motility generally increases
in the form  of increased amplitude  of contraction, persistent
contraction,  or increased frequency of  contraction. The largely
autonomous   cycles  of the parameters investigated  are con-
cluded to be affected by olfactory stimuli, the effects depend-
ing on the particular conditions prevailing in the autonomic
nervous system at the time of stimulation.  (Author summary
modified)

23298
Alpert, Stephen, Barry B. Schwartz, Si Duk Lee, and Trent R.
Lewis
ALVEOLAR PROTEIN ACCUMULATION: A SENSITIVE IN-
DICATOR OF LOW-LEVEL OXIDANT TOXICTTY.  Preprint,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution
Control Administration, 19p., 1970. 10 refs.
Studies  of the response of  low doses of edemagenic gases
have been hampered by the insensitivity and the nonquantita-
tive nature of the major indicators of response. A new and
more  sensitive indicator, the recovery of I 131-albumin from
the alveolar  spaces six hours after its intravenous injection in
rats was applied. Significantly increased albumin recovery was
found for all concentrations of ozone at and above 0.5 ppm.
No wet changes were noted below 2.5 ppm ozone, and there
was  no  consistent  nistological  finding  except for  slight
sloughing of  bronchial epithelium at 2.5 ppm. Application of
these methods to studies of steroid effects revealed increased
sensitivity  to  ozone  following  administration of  methyl-
prednisolone. In addition, animals treated with steroids and
prior to exposure to  0.25 ppm ozone became tolerant to sub-
sequent ozone challenge,  while animals given pre-exposure but
no steroids did not. (Author abstract modified)
       27137
       Tisi, Gennaro M., Anthony J. Cuomo, and Kenneth M. Moser
       AIR POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE.   In: Pro-
       ject Clean Air.  California Univ., La Jolla,  Pulmonary Div.,
       Vol. 2, App.-B, p. B-l to B-10, Sept. 1, 1970. 28 refs.
       The limitations of  recent  epidemiologic,  pathologic,  and
       physiologi studies  of the  health hazards of  air pollution are
       noted.  Although evidence has been obtained suggesting  that
       prolonged exposure  to pollution can increase morbidity  and
       mortality  in   persons   with   pre-existing   bronchitis   and
       emphysema  and possibily cause obstructive airways diseases,
       the specific  pollutants involved and the mechanisms  by which
       they impair  respiratory function have received limited atten-
       tion. Future studies  should  attempt  to  separate  the role of
       gaseous vs.  paniculate pollutants and consider the effects of
       interacting factors  such as age, sex, socioeconomic class, oc-
       cupational exposure,  migration, and smoking habits on  car-
       diorespiratory diseases.  Several  specific research  projects
       needed  to  resolve the  specific  air  pollution problems  of
       California are listed.

       28175
       Ogata, Masana, Katsuaki Okuma, Junko Omori, and Suzuko
       Ueki
       THE RESULTS OF  THE INVESTIGATION  OF  ODORS IN
       MIZUSHEVIA DISTRICT.  (Mizushima-chiku ni okeru akushu
       chosa seiseki). Text in Japanese. In: An Outline of Counter-
       measures  Against  Public  Nuisance in Kurashiki City. (Ku-
       rashiki-shi ni okeru  kogai taisaku  no gaiyo). Kurashiki Mu-
       nicipal Office (Japan), Dec. 1968, Chapt. 6-(12), p. 144-155.
       Complaints   about  odors  in  the   Fukuda,   Tsurashima,
       Mizushima and Kojima districts of Kurashiki City (Okayama
       Prefecture) were investigated by means of questionnaires sent
       to families  of junior-high schoolboys. In addition,  measure-
       ments of ammonia and organic matter in air  and water were
       carried out in the first three  districts. The rates  of complaints
       were 6.0% for the Fukuda  district,  contiguous to factories,
       4.6%  for the  former Kurashiki  City,  and  4.3%  for  the
       Mizushima district. In the Tsurashima district, 32.24% of the
       complaints centered on one  odor. In all districts, more than
       10% of  the  respondents complained about the odor  of gases,
       ammonia, gasoline, vinegar,  rotten onions,  burning  matches,
       and burning rubber.  On one day  ammonia  concentrations in
       Fuduka ranged from 0.11  ppm to 0.25 ppm. In increasing odor
       of  frequency,  subjective symptoms  were   headache,  sore
       throat, eye  irritation, coughing, and nausea, Organic matter
       found in Mizushima was observed in all water basins.

       34667
       Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
       EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY ODOR EXPOSURE.  31p.,
       1971. 58 refs. (Report resulting from discussions and based on
       the working  papers of a symposium sponsored by the Environ-
       mental  Protection Agency,  April 26-29,  1971.)  NTIS:  PB
       204989
       Discussions  on community odor exposure during a symposium
       are summarized, based on papers and reports by the partici-
       pants on human reactions to  odors; empirical data  on odor ex-
       posure from different sources;  dose-response relationships; in-
       teractions between odor sources and environmental conditions;
       temporal patterns; and scientific bases for performance stan-
       dards. Recommendations for basic and  applied research  are
       presented. Odorous compounds were defined as those materi-
       als whose most common adverse effect is the annoyance reac-
       tion caused  by the odor itself. Human reactions to  odors in-
       cluded  disease  states,   annoyance   reactions,   social  and

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                                      G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                    191
economic reactions, physiological responses, and interference
with positive reactions to nonambient odors. Sensory analysis
techniques to determine  odors from pulp mills and diesel ex-
haust are discussed.

34686
Henschler, D., A. Stier, H. Beck, and W. Neuman
OLFACTORY  THRESHOLD OF SOME IMPORTANT IRRI-
TANT  GASES AND MAND7ESTATION IN MAN BY LOW
CONCENTRATIONS.   Arch. Gewerbepathol.  Gewerbehyg.,
17(6):547-570, March 9,  1960. 48 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. 32p.
An investigation   was  conducted to  determine  olfactory
threshold and symptoms resulting from the one-half hour ex-
posure of human subjects to different  concentrations of sulfur
dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. The experimental ar-
rangement is described.  Sulfur dioxide in these tests was
smelled and/or tasted in some cases at 0.5 ppm, in 75% of the
cases  at  1.0 ppm,  and  always  at 2.5  ppm, while 5.0 ppm
produced coughing. The olfactory threshold for ozone lies
below the lowest tested  concentration of 0.02 ppm. Nitrogen
dioxide is smelled in part at 0.1 ppm, and always starting at 0.4
ppm.

35570
GUIDES FOR SHORT-TERM EXPOSURES OF THE PUBLIC
TO  AIR  POLLUTANTS.  U.  GUIDE  FOR  HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE.   National  Academy  of  Sciences,  Nationa
Research Council, Washington, D. C,  Committee on Toxicolo-
gy, Air Pollution  Control Office Contract CPA 70-57, 15p.,
Aug. 1971. 31 refs. NTIS: PB 203464
At sufficiently high concentrations, hydrogen chloride acts as
a primary irritant, especially to the eyes and the moist mucous
membranes of the  respiratory tract.  Effects of exposures of
animals to HC1 are cited, as well as the physiological respon-
ses of man to HC1. Although concentrations between 75 and
150 mg/cu m have been reported to be tolerable for periods up
to one hour, inhalation of 1500 mg/cu m is dangerous within
one  hour.  Odor  thresholds  are  indicated,  including the
threshold of injury for plants. Short-term and emergency expo-
sure limits  are recommended. Effects on  materials are men-
tioned, and analytical methods are described.

35671
Eglit, M. E.
BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF
OZONE.   (Biologicheskiye deystviya malykh kontsentratsiy
ozona). Text in  Russian.  Aktual Voprosy Gig.  Truda Prof.
Patol., Mater. Konf., 1st 1967, p. 77-80. 6 refs.
Investigation of the biological activity of low concentrations of
ozone showed that  ozone affects the human organism when
present in  concentrations of  .01 mg/cu m  and above. The
lowest concentration causing olfactory sensation in sensitive
persons participating in the experiment was .015 mg/cu m,
while the lowest  concentration having an effect on the electric
activity in the  brain was .01  mg/cu m. A  specific  spec-
trophotometric  method for determination  of  atmospheric
ozone concentrations  with the aid of  dihydroacridine  is
described. The sensitivity of the method is .0042 micrograms
per ml. The effect of ozone concentrations of .11-.0054 mg/cu
m on white rats was studied after 93 days of continuous expo-
sure using Physiological, biochemical, and other techniques. A
concentration of  .11 mg/cu m caused pathologic changes in the
lungs, kidney, spleen, heart, and brain.

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 192
              H.  EFFECTS-PLANTS  AND  LIVESTOCK
00252
DEADLY GASES IN PIGGERIES.  Ger. Res. Serv. 5, (5) 9,
May 16, 1966.
Manure  pits  situated  below  slotted  floors  should  be
safeguarded by slides and odor barriers. Gases develop from
ammonia and hydrogen  sulfide which remain harmless even
after prolonged periods  of manure storage can become dan-
gerous  to life, if the manure is agitated prior to being pumped
off. Dissection findings  on a groupt of pigs  which died in a
pig-sty  showed death was caused by poisoning by waste gas.
In cases where slides and odor barriers are not available,
animals should be taken out in the open before the manure is
agitated, and pig-sties aired well before being reentered.

20028
LeBlanc, Fabius and D. N. Rao
REACTION  OF SEVERAL  LICHENS  AND  EPIPHYTIC
MOSSES TO SULFUR DIOXIDE IN SUDBURY ONTARIO.
(Reaction de quelques lichens et mousses epiphytiques a 1'an-
hydride sulfureux dans la region de Sudbury, Ontario). Text in
French. Bryologist, vol. 69:338-346, 1966. 11 refs.
Circular bark plugs 4.8 cm in diameter were cut from country
roadside trees bearing 19 species of lichens and mosses, and
forty-two plugs were transplanted in the summer of 1964 onto
trees in Sudbury, Ontario, where the atmosphere is heavily
polluted with sulfur dioxide. Most of the transplanted lichens
and mosses were dead or greatly damaged in October of 196S.
The lichens Bacidia chlorococca and Parmelia sulcata were the
species most tolerant of the contaminated atmosphere. (Author
abstract)

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                                                                                                                193
                               I.   EFFECTS-MATERIALS
05463
K. Toishi and T. Kenjo
ALKALINE MATERIAL LIBERATED INTO ATMOSPHERE
FROM NEW  CONCRETE.  J. Paint Technol. 39, (506) 152-5,
Mar. 1967.
Because of the interest in the damage to certain materials from
the odor-producing substance present in the air of newly con-
strue- ted  concrete storage rooms, an investigation was made
of the air contaminant. There is present in the vicinity of fresh
concrete a detectable amount of alkalinity that can hasten the
deterioration  of certain materials such as art objects, silk,
hardened linseed  oil, leather,  pigments and  dyes.  Spectro-
graphic analysis of material collected from the air  shows a
composition  similar  to that of  concrete. If the walls are
covered with varnish, the deterioration from the alkalinity will
be minimized. Natural ag- ing  or neutralizing of the surface
layer  of  the  concrete wall with air  must be  in a highly-
dispersed state approaching molecular dimensions.

19325
Konda, Kiyoshi, Hisao Ito, and Atsuhiro Honda
FIELD EVALUATION OF  EXHAUST GAS FROM REFUSE
INCINERATOR  RELATED TO  AIR  POLLUTION  AND
METAL CORROSION.  Trans. Soc.  Heating, Air-Condition-
ing, and Sanitary Engrs. (Japan), vol. 7:95-104, 1969.
A study of municipal incinerator exhaust gas composition con-
ducted at five sites in Japan is described. The study was un-
dertaken to obtain information on odor and metal corrosion
problems. The exhaust consisted of sulfur oxides, nitrogen ox-
ides, ammonia, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic acids, and
hydrochloric acid. Volatile organic acids and hydrochloric acid
are mainly responsible for the  corrosion, with  sulfuric and
nitric acids only partially concerned.  Percentages of exhaust
products as a function of raw refuse input are tabulated. Con-
tinuous  firing rather than batch firing  would limit noxious ef-
fluents.  Temperature and excess air control  would also help.
After-burning chambers should be installed to further reduce
contaminants.

24187
MAINTENANCE OF ODOR-CONTROL SYSTEMS.  Environ.
Control  Safety Management, 1970:58-59, Oct. 1970.
Material failures in odor control systems can do more  than
result in costly downtime for maintenance, repair, or replace-
ment of plant equipment. While not harmful to health, odor is
annoying and can affect community relations. To prevent odor
during fermentation from being vented into the  atmosphere,
engineers at a pharmaceutical company producing antibiotics
devised  a system for conducting the fumes of the fermentation
facilities to the power plant for incineration. They discovered,
however, that the system'  fans and ductwork were subjected
to moderately heavy pitting and  corrosion, which  resulted
from warm moist paniculate  matter being picked up from the
fermenting tanks and carried in the airstream. The first step in
controlling the old system was to specify  a more corrosion-re-
sistant material for the ductwprk and fans. Type 316 stainless
steel  was specified, containing  16-18% chromium, 10-14%
nickel, and 2-3% molybdenum.  The replacement  ducts were
made from 16-gauge stainless steel sheet, and four-foot-long
duct sections were butt-welded together into eight-foot lengths.
These longer sections were joined during installation with sim-
ple flanged joints sealed with a silicone material.

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 194
                                J.  EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
16457
Julson, J. O.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION - HOW MUCH WILL IT
COST YOUR MILL? Pulp Paper, 43(4):152-153, April 1969.
The cost of protecting the quality of the air against kraft mill
odors, bleach plant gaseous emissions, participates, soot, cin-
ders,  incineration  of  mill refuse,  and water  protection was
discussed. Digester blow and relief gases are readily collected
and can be thermally  oxidized in a special furnace, lime kiln,
or recovery furnace. Odor reduction was impressive and esti-
mated capital  cost was  $125,000-5150,000 (1969). Turpentine
should be condensed  out of digester relief gases to take  ad-
vantage of income generated through its sale. Black liquor ox-
idation is also effective in odor reduction and  saves in chemi-
cal costs. Cost estimates ranged from $165,000 for a 200-ton
mill to $240,000 for a 1000-ton mill. Paniculate emission stan-
dards of 0.10 grains/standard cu ft of stack gas were obtained
with precipitators.  Capital costs for 99% efficiency  ranged
from $375,000 for a 200-ton mill to $1,087,000 for a 1000-ton
mill. Costs for cyclone scrubbers and lime kiln scrubbers were
considerably less.  Capital costs for  the  trapping of chlorine
and chlorine dioxide emissions by scrubbing in a caustic solu-
tion and returning the resulting solution back to the bleaching
process  ranged from $35,000 for a 200-ton mill to  $155,000 for
a 1000-ton mill. The installation of precipitators for soot and
cinder control was estimated to cost  $1.50/cu ft/min for 99%
efficiency. The cost estimates  of incineration of mill refuse
ranged from $3400 for 50 Ib/hr to $38,200 for 2000 Ibs/hr. The
costs  of primary  treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge
incineration  for water protection were also estimated. Capital
and operating  budgets will have to provide for  these heavy
added costs.

29299
Mueller, James H.
WHAT IT COSTS TO CONTROL PROCESS ODORS.  Food
Eng., 43(4):62-65, April 1971.
The accepted and recognized method of controlling organic
fumes and odors is to raise the process exhaust to 1400 F for
0.5 sec. The  three  types  of equipment that  can  meet this
requirement are compared with reference to total annual cost,
factors influencing total cost, and heat recovery efficiency.
The types are afterburner; afterburner with heat  exchange;
and thermal regenerative  air purification system  (TRAPS).
While initial equipment cost is low, total annual costs of an af-
terburner  are $202,510 in contrast to $119,090 and $69,620 for
afterburner with  heat  exchange  and  the TRAPS  system,
respectively. A major factor in the additional annual costs of
an afterburner is the very high fuel cost ($181,000).

34518
Greene, C. H.
POLLUTION  COSTS.   Natl.  Eng.,  75(11):8,  Nov.  1971.
(Presented at the American Institute of Plant Engineers, Pollu-
tion Conference.)
According to a survey conducted in approximately 3000 manu-
facturing plants, the leading water pollutants are acid and al-
kali,  settleable solids and  oil.  Favorite types  of air  quality
treatment equipment include wet scrubbers (38%),  fabric fil-
ters (33%), and mechanical collectors  (31%). Electrostatic
•precipitators and incineration devices are also used. Estimates
of the breakdown of pollution expenses are tabulated.  Odors,
participates, and sulfur dioxide are chief air problems.

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                                                                                                                 195
                       K.  STANDARDS  AND   CRITERIA
00157
Maga, John A. and John R. Kinosian
MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION  STANDARDS - PRESENT
AND FUTURE. In: Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress
in Technology Series, Vol. 12, New York, Society of Automo-
tive Engineers, Inc., 1966, p. 297-306. 10 refs.  (Presented at
the SAE Automotive Engineering Congress,  Detroit,  Mich.,
Jan. 10-14,  1966.)
In California, the State Dept. of Public Health has established
motor vehicle emission standards for exhaust hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide and  smoke; for fuel tank  and carburetor
evaporative losses; and for crankcase  hydrocarbon emissions.
The data on which  the standards  are based and the need for
improved measurement procedures are discussed. At this time,
exhaust emission standards for oxides of nitrogen and for odor
are being considered as additional standards. Future standards
may  rate   hydrocarbon emissions according  to their smog
potential. Another possible change that is discussed is to speci-
fy the quantity rather than the concentration of pollutants that
may be emitted from the exhaust of motor vehicles.

05117
V. A. Ryazanov
ABOUT THE  CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF EFFECTS
OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AT LOW CONCENTRA-
TIONS UPON AN ORGANISM .  Gigienna i Sanit. 26, (6)3-7,
June 1961. Russ. (Tr.)
The first attempt to develop maximum allowable concentra-
tions of air pollutants has been  undertaken by the Soviet  hy-
gienists. As a basis for  this work the criteria were used which
were first published in  1949 and which did not meet with any
objections  in the scientific literature.  These  criteria,  in  es-
sence, are  as follows: (1) 'An allowable concentration' could
be only such concentration of any  substance in an ambient air,
which does not affect a man directly or indirectly by produc-
ing a detrimental or unpleasant  effect, does  not lower  his
working capacity, and does not affect his mood or sense of
well-being;  (2) The  necessity of acclimatization to the toxic
substances  should be looked upon  as an adverse condition and
a proof of  untolerable concentration; and (3) The 'untolerable
concentrations' are also such concentrations  of  toxic sub-
stances, which have a  damaging effect upon  vegetation,  cli-
mate of a location, visibility or customary conditions of life of
the residents. Therefore, during the investigations in regard to
hygienic regulation of atmospheric pollution, a special atten-
tion has been  paid to a threshold of odors. These investiga-
tions, however, showed that an absence of odor perception
does not indicate that under the influence of an action of un-
perceived concentration there is no occurrence in an organism
of some reflex reactions with the receptors of the respiratory
system. As a rule,  the higher concentrations  of odoriferous
gases cause a decrease in light sensitivity, while the lower con-
centrations  increase it. These changes  were interpreted in  re-
gard to relationship between nerve  centers. When, under an in-
fluence of weak odor, a process of excitation takes place in a
sensory center it reaches the visual region by  way of irradia-
tion over the brain cortex and induces an increase in light sen-
sitivity. If an odor is strong, an excitation which appears in ol-
factory center,  according to  a law of  negative induction,
causes an inhibition of the visual region of the cortex and as a
result its light sensitivity is reduced.

05947
Feldman, Yu. G.
ACETONE AS AN ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANT. (In:
Limits of allowable concentrations of atmospheric pollutants,
Book 6.) U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Oc-
cupational Diseases, Vol. 9, pp. 62-72. (1962). Russ. (Tr.)
It was found in this study that 1.1 mg/cu m is the concentra-
tion of threshold acetone vapor odor perception in most sensi-
tive persons, and that 0.8 mg/cu m is the odor nonperceptible
concentration. 0.55 mg/cu m is the concentration of threshold
acetone reflex effect on the functional state of celebral cortex,
as determined by the adaptometric method. 0.44 mg/cu m is
the subthreshold concentration. The concentration of threshold
acetone reflex effect on the formation of electrocortical condi-
tioned reflexes is 0.44 mg/cu m, and the maximal inactive con-
centration is  0.35 mg/cu m. Chronic inhalation of an average
acetone vapor concentration of 199 mg/cu m, 8 hours daily for
45 days produces motor chronaxy  changes in the experimental
animals. Continuous 45 'day inhalation  of an  average acetone
vapor concentration  of  0.53 mg/cu m  produces  no clearcut
changes  in the animals  motor  chromaxies. Motor chronaxy
curves  of the control animal are practically identical with
those noted in experimental animals which inhaled 199 mg/cu
m and also 0.53 mg/cu m of acetone vapor uninterruptedly for
45 days. This is also true of the blood picture, of the animalOs
weight,  and  histologic pictures of the internal  organs.  The
limits of allowable single and average 24-hour concentrations
should not exceed 0.35 mg/cu m.  The  atmospheric air in the
vicinity of the investigated acetate silk plant is systematically
polluted with acetone, the concentrations of which exceed the
recommended allowable  limit even at 600 m from the plant.
The 100 m sanitary clearance ozone established for acetate silk
producing plants is inadequate and should be increased to 750
m,  especially where the acetone discharge averaged 4.5 tons
per day.

07766
Missouri Air Conservation Commission, Jefferson City
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL   REGULATIONS   FOR   THE    ST.    LOUIS
METROPOLITAN AREA. Preprint, 46 p., Feb. 22, 1967.
Allowable maximum  average  concentrations  for  various
periods of time are listed for major pollutants such as SO2 and
suspended particulates. Among the topics covered in the 24
regulations are: Restriction of Emission of Particulate Matter
from Industrial Processes; Open Burning Restrictionsestriction
of Emissions  of Sulfur Dioxide from Use of Fuel; and Control
of Odors from Processing of Animal Matter.

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 196
ODORS
 11734
 Maga, John A.
 CONSIDERATIONS  IN  ESTABLISHING  AMBIENT   AIR
 QUALITY STANDARDS. J. Occupational Med., 10(8):408-413,
 Aug. 1968.
 Some of the  factors to  be  considered in the establishment of
 air quality standards by the U.S.P.(.S.  or  state and  local
 governments  are the purposes and uses of such standards, the
 degree of understanding regarding the effects of pollutants on
 the environment, and the existence of usable data on the  con-
 centration of contaminants  in the ambient  air. A distinction is
 drawn between air quality standards and air quality criteria on
 which they are based, as well as between air quality standards
 and emission standards which  serve  as the  direct basis for
 control. It is pointed out that  ambient air quality standards are
generally much lower than threshold limit values  for occupa-
 tional exposure, and that careful attention  must be paid to the
 relationship between effects  of air  pollutants  and concentra-
 tion. An air  monitoring program is an  essential  part of any
 developmental work towards  the establishment of air quality
 standards. Among  the potential effects to be taken into  con-
 sideration  are  those   on  human  health,   vegetation  and
livestock; irritation to the senses, and impairment  of visibility;
 soiling,  unpleasant odors and other esthetic effects.  The ex-
perience of the State of California in the establishment of air
quality  standards  is  briefly reviewed, with emphasis on the
three-level  approach ('emergency',  'serious', and  'adverse'
levels) and the 'oxidant index*.

 15926
 AIR POLLUTION CODES - HERE'S LATEST  PICTURE.
 Roads Streets, 113(1):104, 106-107, Jan. 1970. 5 refs.
 Regulations currently in effect that are  used  by air pollution
 control agencies to control emissions from  asphalt  batch plants
 were described. Nine of 38  states have specific regulations for
 asphalt plants. These regulations include  participate matter and
 smoke, but do not  include odors or other pollutants. The regu-
 lations of four  states and one local agency are based on the
 amount of pollution emitted per 1000 Ib of flue gas discharged
from the stack. Two of the states base  their regulations on a
 process weight table, and require a specified collection  effi-
 ciency of control equipment. Still another state bases  its regu-
 lations on a  concentration  standard and a buffer zone.  And
 one state uses  only  a buffer zone to control emissions.  The
 other  29 states and five local control programs have regula-
 tions applicable to all industrial processes and apply them to
 asphalt plants. Most  of these  states  use  process weight tables
for the  control of  paniculate matter. Many also have regula-
 tions that visible emissions  must not exceed No. 2 on the  Rin-
glemann Scale or equivalent  opacity.  Nine of the states  em-
ploy a standard for odor control. Although most of the regula-
tions are written in general terms, one state stipulates the use
 of a scentometer for odor measurements.

 16263
 Ludwig, John H.
 SEMINAR ON  AIR  POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLES.
 Preprint, Assistant Commissioner,  Science and  Technology,
 Washington, D. C.  64p.,  1970. 27 refs.
The contribution of motor vehicle  emissions  to  community-
 wide air pollution problems  depends  on several related factors:
 the extent of community, commercial, and industrial sources
 as compared to vehicle sources; the size of the community and
 the  distribution   of  these  sources;   topographical   and
 meteorological factors; and  the degree of control exercised for
       sources. The relative importance of motor vehicle emissions
       can be approached by evaluating specific effects, specific pol-
       lutants, and sources with respect to pollutant emissions of all
       types. Average emissions by  sources are presented for Los
       Angeles County,  Louisville,  Detroit, and  11 Pennsylvania
       counties. Sources of gaseous  emissions from motor vehicles
       are reviewed,  as well  as  the sources of hydrocarbon and
       smoke  emissions  from diesels.  California standards  are re-
       ported for  vehicle smoke and  odor emissions, carbon  monox-
       ide, and nitrogen  oxides levels. Also reported are 1970  Federal
       Standards  for exhaust emissions from automobiles and light
       trucks.  An attempt  is made to assess  specific hydrocarbon
       constitutents in gasoline engine exhaust,  crank case  ventila-
       tion,  and evaporation  losses,  and diesel exhausts and their
       relationship to photochemical reactions  occuring  in  the at-
       mosphere.  The need of continued laboratory research and
       detailed examination of exhausts produced by control  devices
       is stressed.

       18294
       Gerhardson, G.
       EXHAUST  GASES  FROM GASOLINE  POWERED   VEHI-
       CLES.  (Avgaser fran bensindrivna  bilar.) Text in Swedish.
       Kommunikationsdepartmentet  ledningsgrupp rorande  utveck-
       lingsarbete pa bilavgasomradet, 112p., 1968. 51 refs.
       The investigation  deals with the occurrence and effects of au-
       tomotive exhaust smoke,  statistical  information,  trends of
       development, emission of air pollutants from  gasoline fueled
       automobiles, and available methods to reduce the emissions.
       The  purpose of the survey is to supply information  to the
       Swedish government  about  air  pollution  problems  from
       gasoline powered vehicles.  The investigation is ended with
       proposals for reducing the lead content of gasolines. The sub-
       stances  dealt  with are  carbon  monoxide,  hydrocarbons,
       odorous and irritating substances, oxides of nitrogen, and par-
       ticulates among which lead compounds are discussed. Mea-
       surements  and calculations  show that the pollution level on
       heavily trafficked streets normally does not reach levels which
       cause acute health effects by the separate substances. Uncer-
       tainty exists concerning synergistic and  long- term-exposure
       effects. Bad odor and soiling are evident inconveniences from
       auto exhaust gases. Photochemical smog, however, has not oc-
       curred in Sweden. The  suggested standards by the Guidance
       Group are  45 grams of carbon monoxide and 2.2 grams of
       hydrocarbons per dilometer. Corresponding average values are
       30 grams carbon monoxide and 1.5 grams of hydrocarbons per
       kilometer, which  means that the emissions will be reduced by
       about 40 per cent of the present level. For the model year 1973
       the group  considers that technical development has made it
       possible to tighten the standards. Sixty per cent reduction of
       the carbon monoxide and  50  per cent of the hydrocarbons
       should then be possible. After two  more years, in 1975,  it
       should be possible to obtain 70 per cent reduction of the car-
       bon monoxide and 60 per cent of the hydrocarbons.

       20194
       Chzhen-tsi, Chzahao
       BASIC EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION FOR THE DETER-
       MINATION OF THE LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE METHANOL
       CONCENTRATION  IN  ATMOSPHERIC  AIR.  In: Limits of
       Allowable  Concentrations of  Atmospheric Pollutants.  V. A.
       Ryazanov  (ed.),  Book  5,  Washington D. C., U. S.  Public
       Health Service, March 1962, p. 67-78. 14 refs. (Translated by
       B. S.  Levine.)
       Studies were conducted of  the presence and  effects  on rats
       and   humans  of  methanol  as  an  atmospheric  pollutant.

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                                      K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
                                                     197
 Methanol vapor concentration was determined by  a method
 based  on methanol oxidation to  formaldehyde by  means of
 potassium  permanganic in phosphoric acid medium. It was
 found  that 4.3 mg/cu m of methanol vapor in atmospheric air
 constituted the odor  perception  threshold concentration  for
 sensitive persons; 3.7 was the subthreshold concentration. The
 threshold methanol vapor concentration affecting eye sensitivi-
 ty to light  was 3.3 mg/cu m. Concentrations below odor per-
 ception threshold affected the functional state of the cerebral
 cortex. Exposure to 50 mg/cu m concentration 12 hr daily for
 3 months brought about changes in motor chronaxy and in the
 ratio of flexor and extensor chronaxies. Equalization (chronax-
 y ratios  equallized) and at times  reverse chronaxy  ratios  oc-
 curred most frequently as a result of exposure to higher con-
 centrations. Inhalation of  1.77 mg/cu  m produced  no such
 results. Using threshold of reflex effect on eye sensitivity to
 light as an index, together with the need for a safety coeffi-
 cient, 1/5 mg/cu m is recommended as  the MAC value for at-
 mospheric  methanol vapor. Methanol-emitting pharmaceutical
 and  chemical plants should  not  be located  near residential
 areas,  and should be  equipped with adequate control equip-
 ment. (Author conclusions modified)

 21083
 Mnatsakanyan, A. V.
 BASIC EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION FOR THE DETER-
 MINATION   OF   THE   LIMIT    OF   ALLOWABLE
 CHLOROPRENE  CONCENTRATION  IN  ATMOSPHERIC
 AIR.  In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric
 Pollutants.  V. A. Ryazanov (ed.),  Book 5, Washington, D.  C.,
 U. S.  Public Health Service, March 1962, p. 79-85. 13 refs.
 (Translated by B. S. Levine.)
 Studies were  made of the 'physiological effects of chloroprene,
 a highly volatile fluid  emitted  with other unsaturated and
 chlorine-substituted hydrocarbons emitted during the synthesis
 of rubber from acetylene.  Results obtained by question and
 answer indicated that 0.9 mg/cu m is the threshold concentra-
 tion  of chloroprene odor perception for the average persons,
 and 0.4 for persons with sensitive odor perception. Threshold
 concentrations on the functional state of the visual analyzer,
 determined  by  use  of  an  adaptometer,  coincided  with
 threshold values determined  by the odor perception method.
 Threshold and subthreshold chloroprene vapor concentrations
 increased the analyzer sensitivity  to light stimulation; concen-
 trations 4 or more times greater than threshold values reduced
 the sensitivity. It is recommended that the maximum allowable
 concentration  be set  at 0.25 mg/cu m. Concentrations of
 chloroprene  found  in  the  atmospheric  air  surrounding a
 synthetic  acetylene   rubber  plant  greatly   exceeded   the
 threshold concentrations;  reductions  can  be  attained  by
 eliminating leakages at all stages of production and  by instal-
 lating  equipment  for   removing  unsaturated  chlorinated
 hydrocarbons.  The  1-km  sanitary  clearance  zone  now
 prescribed  for  synthetic rubber  plants  is inadequate;  it is
recommended that  such  plants,  especially  plants   using
acetylene as the basic  raw material should be located 5-10 km
from populated areas. (Author conclusions modified)

21084
Izmerov, N. F.
ATMOSPHERIC  AIR   POLLUTION   WITH  GASOLINE
VAPOR  AND ITS LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRA-
TION.  In:  Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospher-
ic Pollutants.  V. A. Ryazanov (ed.), Book 5,  Washington, D.
C., U.  S. Public Health Service, March 1962, p. 52-67. 17 refs.
(Translated by B. S. Levine.)
The effects of solvent gasoline vapors emitted from crude oil
on conditioned reflex reactions, odor thresholds, and eye sen-
sitivity were studied. White rats exposed to 106.5 cu m vapor
concentration 6 hours daily for 5 months showed shifts hi con-
ditioned reflex activity which progressed with exposure  dura-
tion, but which returned to normal two weeks after the expo-
sure was terminated.  No notable  changes  occurred in the
cerebro-cortical activity of rats exposed to a chronic inhalation
of 21.8 mg/cu m or in the control rats. Thresholds of odor per-
ception were 10  mg/cu m for solvent gasoline; 6.5 for automo-
tive gasoline; and 7.5  cu  m  for aviation gasoline. Solvent
gasoline vapor began to affect reflex activity  at 56 mg/cu m
concentration; the threshold of reflex activity effect proved a
sensitive index for determining maximum allowable concentra-
tions. It is recommended that 5 mg/cu m of low-sulfur gasoline
vapor be adopted as the MAC cu m in atmospheric air, calcu-
lated in terms of  hydrocarbons. Industrial enterprises which
use gasoline in ton quantities per day constitute potent sources
of ambient  air pollution with  gasoline vapor (hydrocarbons).
Sanitary clearance zones around such plants must be not less
than 500 m wide. Results of air sample test analyses showed
that gasoline vapor concentrations in the air 30 m from an auto
repair shop were as high as 7.1 mg/cu m. It was recommended
that the  zone surrounding that shop  be  not less than 50  m.
Plants which use gasoline as solvent in 2.5 ton quantities per
day should have a clearance zone of not less than 300 m, and
plants using up to 1.5 tons per day, 100 m wide. (Author con-
clusions modified)

21918
Rumsey, Donald W. and Ramon P. Cesta
ODOR THRESHOLD LEVELS  FOR UDMH  AND NO2.  Am.
Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 31(3):339-343, May-June 1970. 12 refs.
The  odor  threshold  levels  for  unsymmetrical  dimethyl-
hydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen dioxide have been generally
quoted at 6 to  14 parts  per million (ppm) for UDMH and 5
ppm for NO2. The value for UDMH is twelve to twenty-eight
times the threshold limit value. Seven years of field experience
by personnel of this section have indicated that the actual odor
thresholds  are considerably  below  these values. Since  odor
threshold levels are used by safety and operating personnel at
Cape Kennedy as an indication of exposure, it was considered
appropriate to evaluate  this field experience. On the basis of
these data and the results of some controlled  studies, it was
concluded that the actual odor thresholds are 0.5 ppm or less
for NO2 and less than 0.3 ppm for UDMH. (Author abstract
modified)

27403
MAXIMAL    ACCEPTABLE    CONCENTRATION    OF
NITROGEN DIOXIDE.  American  Standards  Assoc.,  Inc.,
New York, Kept. 237.13-1962, June 7,  1962. 9 refs.
The maximum acceptable concentration of nitrogen dioxide is
5 parts per 1,000,000 parts of air by volume,  corresponding to
0.0094 mg pe liter at 25 C and 760 mm pressure, for exposures
not exceeding a total of 8 hours daily. Short exposures of 3 to
5 minutes duration should not exceed a maximum of 25 ppm
of NO2. Sampling procedures and analytical methods are men-
tioned, with the Saltzman  method  for  NO2  determination
recommended. The odor threshold has been stated to be 5 ppm
and the visual threshold to be 75 to 100 ppm.  Establishment of
maximum acceptable concentration is discusse General proper-
ties, physical and toxic  properties of nitrogen dioxide are in-
dicated. All reports indicate that NO2 affects the respiratory
tract, including the lungs, causing irritation and injury that
may result  in fatal pulmonary edema and hemorrhage if the
concentration is excessive.

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 198
ODORS
30870
Basmadshijewa, K., M. Argirowa, and E. Dawidkowa
HYGIENIC  ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VALUE  OF  THE
MAXIMUM  CONCENTRATION  OF  IMMISSION   FOR
METHYLENE CHLORIDE  IN  THE  AIR  OF THE AT-
MOSPHERE.  (Hygienische  Begruendung des  MIK-Wertes
von Methylendichlorid in der atmosphaerischen Luft). Text in
German. Wiss. Z.  Humboldt Univ. Berlin  Math. Naturw.
Reihe, 19(5):469-470, 1970. 7 refs.
The short-time maximum permissible emission concentration
value  for methylene dichloride was sought by determining the
olfactory sensitivity threshold, the reflex threshold of the eye
by means of optical chronaxy, and the vascular reaction by
means of finger plethysmography. The range of methylene
dichloride concentrations used in the experiments involving 10
individuals was from 2.8 to 33.2 mg/cu m. The olfactory sen-
sitivity threshold was found to be 4.1 mg/cu m for the most
sensitive individuals. The visual reflex threshold was found to
coincide with the olfactory sensitivity threshold, which was 2.8
mg/cu   m.   The  reflex  threshold determined  by   finger
plethysmography was 6.5 mg/cu m, and the  lower  threshold
was 4.1 mg/cu m. In view of these findings, a short-time max-
imum permissible emission concentration of three  mg/cu m
methylene dichloride in atmospheric air is proposed.

31286
Don, W. A.
DOBETA AND THE CLEAN AIR ACTS. Smokeless Air (Lon-
don), 40(152): 120-123, Winter 1969.
DOBETA (the Domestic Oil Burning Equipment  Testing As-
sociation) is an independent association that tests the reliabili-
ty,  performance,  and  safety  of  domestic  oil  burning ap-
paratuses. Every appliance  submitted for DOBETA approval
is tested to standards much more stringent than those specified
in the Clean Ah- Acts. DOBETA standards specify that smoke
number during continuous normal operation should not exceed
a Bacharach figure  of two. Performance during start-up and
change of firing rate, when this figure can be  exceeded, is as-
sessed by the Smoke Index. Odors are determined by a flame
ionization test. In addition to laboratory testing, DOBETA has
established a factory inspection system to insure that produc-
tion is in complete  conformity with the model that has been
tested and approved.

31516
Board of Water and Air Resources, Raleigh, N. C.
RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE CONTROL
OF AIR POLLUTION. 25p., May 13, 1971.
Rules, regulations,  and standards governing the control of air
pollution in  North Carolina  are presented.  These include
definitions, controls and prohibition of open burning and visi-
ble and  odorous  emissions, classification and  registration for
air contaminant sources, emission control standards and com-
pliance with these,  and ambient air quality standards. Descrip-
tive charts are also  included.
       31968
       Yamarnoto, Norimasa
       ON EMISSION STANDARD OF SMOKE  (HARMFUL SUB-
       STANCES) BASED ON ABR POLLUTION CONTROL LAW.
       (Taiki osen boshiho ni motozuku baien — yugai busshitsu — no
       haishutsu kijin ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Smaller
       Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan) 72p., 1971. (Presented at
       the Public Nuisance Prevent. Tech. Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
       Characteristics of smoke, dust collection equipment, average
       paniculate diameter, and other  factors are  tabulated. The
       number of boilers in Tokyo, Osaka, and Kanagawa are com-
       pared.  The emission  standard for dust is 0.06 g/N cu m-0.20
       g/N cu m for boilers and furnaces, in newly constructed instal-
       lations, which utilize heavy oil as fuel. The average cadmium
       concentration at nine monitoring stations in 1969 was 0.020
       micrograms/cu  m. Environmental  pollution  due to heavy
       metals  is also considered. At 0.1 ppm, the odor of chlorine can
       be detected with slight irritation; at three to six ppm, there is
       irritation of the eyes, nose,  throat, and headache,  while life is
       threatened at 14-21 ppm. Chlorine  also damages  plants after
       about 0.5 ppm. Chlorine, up to 0.5 ppm, is contained in tap
       water.  The environmental standard should be less than 0.02
       ppm. Even small amounts of fluorine in the atmosphere  can
       damage plants, and the standard should be  two to five micro-
       grams/cu m. Above two to eight ppm of F, teeth have motley
       patterns, and eight to  15 ing/day for 10 years would bring
       about softening of the bone. Standards are  also given for  sul-
       fur dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxidants,  hydrocarbons,  and
       nitrogen dioxide. Air pollution control agencies, districts, plans
       and alerts are mentioned.

       35146
       Suzuki, Takeo, Kiyofumi Ishikawa, and Hiroshi Yamamoto
       DATA  AND EXAMINATION FOR ESTABLISHING SULFUR
       OXIDES EMISSION STANDARD. (Aryusan gasu io sankabut-
       su no kankyo kijun settei no tame no shiryo to kosatsu). Text
       in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
       5(3):315-357, Sept. 1971. 124 refs.
       The policies of the World  Health  Organization,  the govern-
      ' ments of the United States,  West Germany, Russia, and Japan
       with regard to establishment of environmental standards are
       reviewed briefly. The actual methods of establishing standards
       in the  United States, California, Sweden,  Russia, and West
       Germany are discussed in more detail. The influences of sulfur
       dioxide and sulfur trioxide are discussed generally with regard
       to human respiratory  systems,  animal  bodies,  olfactory
       threshold, and eye damage.  The effects of SO2 on human  and
       animal  health have  been studied  during many experiments.
       Some of the major experiments are listed with compilations of
       facts and observations, methods of measurements, concentra-
       tions (seasonal, annual, maximum, monthly, or daily average),
       coexisting elements (such as nitrogen dioxide, suspended par-
       ticulates settling particles,  sulfides, ammonia, hydrogen  sul-
       fide, and chlorine), descriptions of  effects on health, and the
       names  of researchers. Environmental standards should be  set
       for each specific area in order to control and prevent bad ef-
       fects on health and disturbances of normal living and to pro-
       vide the standard for sound judgment of what is to be done
       towards emission control.

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                                                                                                                199
                    L.  LEGAL  AND  ADMINISTRATIVE
00054
A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE INTERSTATE RE-
GION   OF  LEWISTON,   IDAHO,  AND  CLARKSTON,
WASHINGTON. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div
of Air Pollution.(999-AP-8.) Dec. 1964. 166p.
As a result  of an increasing  number  of  complaints from
citizens about  reduced visibility,  damage  to  house paint,
tarnishing of  silver, undesirable odors, and  suspected effects
of air pollution on health, Idaho and Washington and Lewiston
and  Clarkston  officials requested  assistance  from the U.S.
Public  Health Service. Subsequently,  the Public Health Ser-
vice, the two states, and the two cities agreed to undertake a
cooperative study; the two cities participated hi the study. The
purpose of the  study was to determine the  nature and extent
of air pollution in the two-city area and to assemble informa-
tion  to be used as a basis  for technical and official action
needed to conserve air quality in the area.  Because of its
unique valley location, the two-city  area  is  susceptible to
meteorological conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation.
Either city can contaminate the other, and this creates a multi-
jurisdictional  problem that requires joint and  cooperative ac-
tion  to  control  air pollution.  As  a  first step  to  solve  the
problem, an Air Resources Management Council consisting of
county, city, and state officials is to be organized. This council
will be responsible for planning surveys and studies to deter-
mine  air  quality guides  and  legislation  and  administration
necessary to  control air pollution  in  this multi-jurisdictional
area. The Public Health Service hi its advisory capacity will
provide technical assistance. (Author)

00549
D.M. Keagy
THE  CLEAN  AIR ACT AND ITS  EFFECTS.   Preprint.
(Presented at the Second Annual Meeting, Pacific Northwest
International Section, Air pollution Control Association, Port-
land, Oreg., Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
Activities  and  programs  which are  evolving  under the in-
fluence of the  Clean Air Act 1963 are reviewed. Although
responsibility  for the control of air pollution rests primarily
with State and local governments, the Federal  Government
through the Clean Air Act is better equipped to aid State and
local control programs more effectively and  to stimulate them
to the increased level of activity considered necessary.

00871
J.D. Williams W.S. Smith
AN AIR POLLUTION INCIDENT  IN TERRE  HAUTE, INDI-
ANA. THE STUDY PLAN AND STUDY.  Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Presented at the
Third Conference on Air Pollution Control,  Purdue Univ.,
Lafayette, Ind., Oct. 27-28, 1964.) 12 pp. CFSTI: PB 167 781
The mayor of Terre Haute was first to recognize and examine
the air pollution incident in that city. His study began on May
9, 1964, after he had received numerous reports of strong and
objectionable  odors, of illness and of the darkening of painted
surfaces.   Since the  situation  was   beyond  his  available
resources, he requested assistance from the Indiana Board of
Health and the U.S. Public Health Service. A joint study plan
for the area was set up by the PHS and State engineers.  Of
about 50 samples taken near the 12 possible sources, hydrogen
sulfide concentrations greater than 100 pphm were detected at
one source. Although medical evaluation did not reveal a dis-
aster situation, it did reveal that the air pollution problem was
greater than nuisance value.  The report submitted to the city
recommended appointment  of a  committee  with specific
responsibility for this air pollution problem. Such an appoint-
ment would improve communications  within the community,
and the working relationships  between the mayor,  the State
and industry. A committee has  been formed since and it is im-
plementing the recommendations of the report.

00973
A COMPILATION OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTION EMIS-
SION  CONTROL  REGULATIONS  AND  ORDINANCES.
(REVISED EDITION.)  Public  Health  Service, Washington,
D.C., National Center for Air Pollution Control 143p., 1967.
The regulations and ordinances have been arranged in sections
which include Smoke Emissions and Equivalent  Opacity Regu-
lations,  Regulations Pertaining to Paniculate Emissions from
Fuel Burning Plants, Regulations  Pertaining  to Paniculate
Emissions from Refuse-Burning Equipment, Regulations Per-
taining   to   Paniculate   Emissions  from  Manufacturing
Processes, Regulations Pertaining to Sulfur Compound Emis-
sion Control, Regulations Pertaining to Hydrocarbon Emission
Control, Regulations Pertaining to Fluoride Emission Control,
Regulations  Pertaining to Motor Vehicle Emission Control,
Regulations Pertaining to Odor Emission Control, and Zoning
Ordinances. The regulations and ordinances represent the dif-
ferent methods of controlling  emissions by law and varying
degrees of control. Some definitions were picked selectively to
provide   very good  definitions  while others  were  picked
because of then* wide use by many states and communities.

01528
K. Guthmann
(NEW KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE IN  THE PURIFI-
CATION OF ADI IN FOUNDRIES.) Neue Erkenntnisse und Er-
f ahrungen bei der Reinhaltung der Luft in Huttenwerken. Radex
Rundschau (Austria), No: 3: 139-162, June 1966.
German laws, passed by the Federal  Government, requiring
maintenance of clean air, are discussed. Maximum  allowable
emission values for dusts, gases, and smokes are given. Pro-
grams established for research on the measurement of dust
and SO2 and warning devices  for smog are described. Other
research  described is being conducted  on the removal  of
brown smoke in basic steelworks and oxygen-blowing steel-
works, recovery of converter gas, possibilities for utilizing ac-
cumulated dust, removal of fluorine from exhaust  gases and
removal of odor from exhaust gases.

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 200
ODORS
01604
R.A. Venezia
THE INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY: ST. LOUIS -
EAST  ST. LOUIS METROPOLITAN AREA.  Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Presented at
Missouri Public Health Association Convention, Kansas City,
May 11, 1965.) 1965. 22 pp.
The Interstate Air Pollution Study of the St. Louis - East St.
Louis metropolitan area is described. The study was in keep-
ing with  the  air resource management concept.  Dustfall,
suspended particulates, soiling index, sulfur dioxide, oxidants,
odors,   carbon  monoxide,  hydrocarbons,  nitrogen   oxide,
nitrogen  dioxide, sulfur  dioxide, ozone, and  visibility  were
measured. The effects indicated by steel corrosion, nylon and
cotton  deterioration, asthma, opinion surveys, and complaints
were   examined.  An   emission  inventory,   meteorology,
fluorescent  tracer  diffusion, diffusion  models,  economic
losses, legal aspects, and public relations were studied during
the study.

02294
LAW NO. 61-842 OF 2 AUGUST 1961 (ON THE STRUGGLE
AGAINST  ATMOSPHERIC  POLLUTIONS  AND  ODORS,
AMENDING THE LAW  OF 19 DECEMBER 1917).   Journal
Officiel (Translated as JPRS R- 5881-D.) Aug. 3, 1963. 7195 pp.

Newly  enacted legislation on air  pollution and odors from in-
dustrial,  non-industrial, agriculatural and  other  combustion
sources, as well  as from  radioactibe  substances and transpor-
tation,  are the content of this bill. A fine may be inflicted in
the event of failure to carry out the work or modifications,
within  the period  prescribed. Under Title II,  the legislation
dating from 1917 and 1932 is being amended.

02295
PUBLIC   HEALTH  AND  SANITATION  (ATMOSPHERIC
ODORS AND POLLUTION, DECREE NO. 63-963 OF 17 SEP-
TEMBER  1963.)  Journal Officiel pp. 8539, Sept 21,  1963.
(Translated as JPRS R-5880-D.)
Legislation of September  17, 1963, concerning control of emis-
sion of odors and  air  pollutants from all combustion sources.
Noneompliance to be  penalized. Special attention  is to be
given to smokeless zones and established emission  standards
are to be strictly enforced.

02840
G. B. Welsh and T. E. Kreichelt
CLEAN AIR FOR CHATTANOOGA. Public Health Service,
Atlanta, Ga.,  (Region IV) and Public Health Service,  Cincin-
nati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. July  1964, 77 pp.
The results of limited  investigations,  based on air quality data
obtained during a 30-day sampling period, other available air
quality data, evaluation of existing information related to the
air pollution problem and a review of the present air pollution
control program  are presented. Of primary concern in Chat-
tanooga are improper combustion of coal and fuel oil, particu-
late materials, odors, and fly ash. The sources are industrial,
domestic,  solid waste and open burning, and motor vehicles.
Local meteorological and topographical  factors contribute to
the accumulation of air pollution in Chattanooga. Low-level in-
versions occur frequently (about  35 percent of the total hours
per year). Although Chattanooga has had a smoke abatement
program since 1935 and some progress has been made,  there is
an apparent need for a more comprehensive air pollution con-
trol program.
       03198
       J. W. Gardner.
       AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION (FIFTH REPORT OF THE
       SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,  AND WELFARE
       TO THE U.S. CONGRESS IN COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC
       LAW 88-206 AS AMENDED BY PUBLIC LAW 89-272). 90th
       Congress  (1st Session) (Document No.  8) Dec.  1966. 14 PP.
       GPO 74-5880
       The procedure is described  whereby the manufacturer may
       apply for a certificate of conformity and it  describes  the ac-
       tivities of the certification laboratory established by the De-
       partment to verify the manufacturer's test data. The status of
       legislation at the State  level to provide for continued com-
       pliance following Federal certification is also covered. The ef-
       fectiveness of the Federal control program,  as it may be an-
       ticipated from early experiences under California's similar pro-
       gram, is discussed in a  section on surveillance testing. The
       Federal standards, which were established March 31, 1966, are
       subject  to revision as new  dimensions of  the  problem are
       defined and as limitations become apparent in the implementa-
       tion of existing standards. Current standards of emissions con-
       trol  apply to two contaminants,  hydrocarbons and  carbon
       monoxide, and to two possible emission sources, crankcase
       and exhaust systems.  It is probable that nitrogen oxide, lead,
       sulfur dioxide, odor, and particulate components of  motor
       vehicle exhaust will become  the subject of future standards;
       the fuel system and evaporation losses associated with it is the
       subject of study for early inclusion among systems requiring
       control. Research studies upon which revised standards  and
       procedures will be based are reviewed. The policy which will
       prevail in the establishment of new emission standards on a
       national level is  one  which will recognize the needs of the
       most susceptible  members of the population at risk and the
       quality of the air where the risk is highest. Sections of this re-
       port deal with the air quality as it refelcts the extent of the au-
       tomotive  air pollution problem in many  cities  across  the
       United States and  its potential influence  on the health and
       well-being of their citizens. (Author summary modified)
       t
       03540
       J. J. Sableski
       THE FEDERAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM AS
       IT RELATES TO THE KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY.  Tappi,
       50(8):35A-39A, Aug 1968, 24  refs. (Presented at the 52nd An-
       nual Meeting, Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Indus-
       try, New York City, Feb. 1967.)
       The Federal  air pollution control program as it relates to the
       kraft  pulping industry,  with  particular  emphasis  on  the
       odorous character of  the industry's atmospheric emissions, is
       described  in  terms  of  four individual  Federal activities,
       research, grants-in-aid, technical assistance, and abatement ac-
       tions. (Author abstract)

       04841
       Springer, K. J. and R. C. Stahman
       AN  INVESTIGATION OF  DIESEL  POWERED  VEHICLE
       ODOR AND SMOKE (A PROGRESS REPORT).   Southwest
       Research Inst., San Antonio,  Tex., and Public Health Service,
       Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution.  1966. 23pp.  (Rept.
       No. FL-66-46.) (Presented at the Fuels and Lubricants Meet-
       ing,  National Petroleum Refiners Association, Philadelphia,
       Pa., Sept.  15-16,  1966.)
       The objective of the Southwest Research Institute program is
       to provide long term assistance to the Public Health Service in
       the development of engineering data regarding  diesel emis-
       sions. The current project is limited to investigation of two

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                                    L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                    201
widely used diesel engine-vehicle combinations. For purposes
of procedural development,  the  2  cycle GM-6-V-71 powered
municipal bus and the 4 cycle Cummins NH 220 powered tan-
dem axle inter-city truck tractor are being used. In addition to
base line smoke and odor data, determination of vehicle varia-
bility involving ten similar buses  and ten similar trucks will be
made. Limited investigation and  evaluation of fumigation and
exhaust dilution techniques are also included in the scope of
the current programs. To provide realistic guidelines, field stu-
dies have been conducted to determine operating  conditions
that produce significant levels of  odor and smoke. At the same
time trace gas surveys were  conducted to determine the natu-
ral  dilution which occurs  to diesel powered vehicle exhaust.
The experience and data resulting from these field studies will
then be translated to the laboratory for development of chassis
dynamometer  road load and inertia simulation  procedures. In
addition, the odor facility will be utilized and measurement
procedures, using the dynamic dilution facility and a ten per-
son odor  panel, will be developed. To assure realistic dat,
buses and trucks  from normal service fleet are utilized. The
GM Truck and Coach Model 4519 buses are provided from the
San Antonio Transit System and truck tractor units are being
supplied by the Ryder Truck Leasing  Company. The work to
date has been expended  on the special preparations required to
develop test  facilities and procedures and determination  of
base line data.

04888
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE (MONTHLY PROGRESS REPT. NO. 2, FEB.
UK - MAR. 15, 1967).  Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio,
Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab. Mar.  26, 1967. 16 pp.
Progress  is reported  on: catalytic  muffler  evaluation;  engine
derating; exhaust  dilution and oxidation; Jacobs engine brake;
fleet test  of  smoke suppressant; odor correlation  chemistry;
statistical analysis; and humidity control.

04942
F. B. Kaylor
ADR POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM OF A CHEMI-
CAL PROCESSING INDUSTRY J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
15, (2) 65-7, Feb. 1965.
Solvay Process,  a Division  of Allied Chemical Corporation,
utilizes Onondaga County's  only two  mineral  resources, salt
and limestone, to manufacture soda  ash  as well  as  caustic
soda, chlorine, calcium chloride and chlorinated organics. The
following  areas involved  most of  the major pollution com-
plaints:  paniculate matter from  the boiler house, dust and
fumes from the lime kilns, smoke and soot from the ammonia-
caustic soda  concentration operation, smoke and  soot from
soda ash calcining operation, and occasional situations where
odors and  reactions of sulfur dioxide were noticeable. The
abatement program and its costs are described.

05129
A. Turk
SELECTION  AND TRAINING OF JUDGES FOR SENSORY
EVALUATION OF THE INTENSITY AND  CHARACTER OF
DIESEL EXHAUST ODORS.  City Coll.,  New York. (PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-32.) 1967. 50 pp.
Exhaust gases emitted by  diesel  engines are characterized by
offensive  odors. These  odors  must be rated numerically by
human judges with the  ultimate  objectives of  (1) correlating
such ratings with  the chemical composition of  diesel exhaust
and (2) establishing Federal standards for control of diesel ex-
haust odors. Judges are selected on the basis of (1) their ability
to distinguish among odors of different intensities and  quali-
ties, and (2) their behavior in subjective testing environments.
The  chosen judges are then  trained to improve their per-
formance in odor discrimination, to become  familiar  with
diesel exhaust odor, and to rate the odor in terms of intensity
and quality standards that are provided to them for reference.
These standards comprise a  scale of overall odor intensity,
and four odor quality  scales that correspond to the descrip-
tions  'burnt/smoky/ 'oily,' 'pungent/acid,' and 'aldehydie/aro-
matic.' Appendices describe (A) the  theoretical basis for air
purification  requirements in test chambers for  odor studies,
(B) the composition and makeup of the diesel odor standards,
and  (C)  the mathematical  derivations  of the  statistical
procedures.

06732
H. W. Gehm
STATEMENT BY H.W. GEHM FOR  SENATE SUBCOMMIT-
TEE ON ADX AND WATER POLLUTION.  90th Congress 'Air
Pollution-1967, Part IV (Air Quality  Act)' Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution,  May 15-18, 1967.) pp. 2361-7, 2370-82.
Dr. Gehm is technical director of the  National Council for
Stream Improvement of the pulp and paperboard industries. In
his statement, Dr. Gehm reviews the  industry's understanding
of its atmospheric emission control problems, the development
of its control technology, the current state of the art and its
limitations, and  the industry's research and development ef-
forts to remove  these limitations.  Discussed in an attachment
to Dr. Gehm's statement are black liquor oxidation, absorption
and oxi-  dation of sulfur compounds  and paniculate emission
control.00

07235
R. Langmann
CLEAN ADX MAENTENANCE-A TASK FOR THE OFFICE OF
PUBLIC  HEALTH.  Die Reinhaltung der Luft als Aufgabe des
Gesundheitsamtes. Oeffentl. Gesundheitswesen  (Stuttgart) 29
(3), 126-34 (Mar.  1967). Ger.
Government regulations request that the office of public health
pays attention to the maintenance of clean air.  More specifi-
cally, it must screen projected industrial enterprises as to the
degree of their expected air polluting emissions and the  even-
tual impact on the health of the employees and the neighboring
inhabitants. In cases where the office of public health through
its investigations finds evidence  of  health hazards, it must
recommend various ways of avoiding or eliminating the pollu-
tion of air. A large number of pollutants are discussed, such as
dust,  toxic gas-  es, and obnoxious vapors and odors.  Their
sources  and methods  for their elimination are  discussed in
detail and represented by  examples. Particular emphasis  is
placed on proper city planning, zoning,  and a more stringent
application of regulations concerning  the construction of new
plants, especially their chimneys. Further investigations into
possibilities of remote  heating and of substituting gas and elec-
tricity for coal are recommended. Finally, the importance of
educating the public on the consequences of air pollution is
stressed.

07781
Muskegon County Health Board, Mich.
MUSKEGON COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL RULES
& REGULATIONS. 20p., April 11, 1967.

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 202
ODORS
The purpose of these regulations is to reduce and prevent air
pollution caused by soot, cinders, fly ash, dust, noxious acids,
fumes,  gases and odors.  Included  are: emission limitations,
penalties for violations and a tabulated paniculate matter emis-
sion schedule.

09215
Prick, R.
AIR POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES.
(POLICE  REGULA- TIONS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT.)
((Die Veninreinigung der Atmos-  phare durch Abgase der Mo-
torfahrzeuge. (PoKzeiHche  Vorsch-  riften und  ihre  Durchset-
zung.))) Text in Gennan.  2. Prae- ventivmed.  ll(2):252-256,
March-April 1966.
A discussion is presented of regulations  which are in force to
curb automotive  air pollution in Switzerland. They include:
trucks with trailers must be capable of negotiating IS percent
hills with full load; engine performance mhst amount to 10 hp.
per ton  of total weight of the truck  and  6 hp. per ton of total
weight of truck with trailer. Vehicles producing smoke or odor
do not pass  inspection. Regulations concerning the design and
performance of the exhaust system are also discussed.

09604
Maryland State Dept. of Health, Baltimore
43P05 REGULATIONS  GOVERNING  THE CONTROL OF
AIR POLLUTION IN AREA IV.  Preprint, lOp., March 29,
1968.
A regulation governing area IV in the State of Maryland speci-
fies the control and prohibition of: visible emissions; particu-
late matter from fuel burning equipment, incinerators, other
installations, material handling; gas, vapor and odor emissions;
and open burning. No control equipment that may produce
emissions  can be operated such that a nuisance is created.
Area IV is  comprised  of Montgomery and Prince George
Counties.

09677
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
A COMPILATION OF SELECTED  AIR POLLUTION EMIS-
SION  CONTROL  REGULATIONS  AND  ORDINANCES.
(REVISED EDITION.) 142p., 1968.
This compilation contains selected sections of many emission
con- trol regulations and ordinaces. It has been prepared to
provide state and local  air pollution control agencies,  indus-
tries, and other  interested people with  selected  examples  of
the  many types of regulations and ordinances in use today. All
sections of regula- tions and ordinances included have been
copied directly from the original text of individual  state and
local laws. The regula- tions and ordinaces have been arranged
in such  a manner that each section of this report is a compial-
tion of laws  pertaining to a specific type of pollutant or pollu-
tant source.  These sections  include  Smoke Emissions and
Equivalent Opacity Regulations, Paniculate Emissions from
Fuel Burning Plants, Paniculate Emissions from Refuse-burn-
ing  equipment,  Paniculate  Emissions  from  Manufacturing
Processes,  Paniculate  Emissions  from  Asphalt  Batching
Plants,  Sulfur Compound  Emissions,  Organic Solvent Emis-
sions, Hydrocarbon Emissions,  Fluoride Emissions,  Motor
Vehicle Emissions,  Odor Emissions, and Zoning Ordinances.
The regulations  and  ordinances compiled were selected  to
represent  the  different methods  of controlling emissions  by
law and to represent varying degrees of control.
       10484
       Huey, Norman A.
       AMBIENT ODOR EVALUATION.   Preprint, Public Health
       Service, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  National Center for Air Pollution
       Control, 10p.,  1968.  2 refs. (Presented at  the  61st  Annual
       Meeting of the  Air  Pollution Control Association, St.  Paul,
       Minn., June 23-27, 1968. Paper 68-15.)
       Data are presented which may serve as a basis for the formu-
       lation of ordinances controlling odor pollution. The problem of
       odor measurement and evaluation are considered  for the pur-
       pose of determining what measurement methodology should be
       specified in control ordinances. Any viable ordinance pertain-
       ing to odor control must be based on an understanding of how
       odors  occur, their   frequency,  their  duration,  and  their
       strength. These aspects of the problem are discussed, as well
       as the general problem of evaluating the objectionability of
       odors. Suggestions are made as to measurement requirements
       and  a  methodology for  satisfying  these  requirements is
       presented. The function and potential usefulness of the 'Scen-
       tometer' are described. (Author's abstract, modified)

       10567
       ADX POLLUTION CONTROL.  Philadelphia Med., 64(14):658,
       July 20, 1968.
       The Air Pollution Board of Philadelphia has adopted  revised
       incinerator regulations which will prohibit the issuance of per-
       mits for the construction  of new  incinerators  used in the
       disposal of ordinary apartment-commercial-industrial refuse
       after January 1,  1969. Within one year of that date, all  in-
       cinerators are to be  equipped with devices to meet stringent
       emission standards;  all  current incinerator owners  will  be
       required to certify by February 1, 1969, that their units will be
       shut down, upgraded, or replaced. The new regulations call for
       installation of equipment which will reduce particulates in flue
       gas to 0.2  or 0.6 Ib./lOO Ib. gas, depending on gas charging
       rate; for smoke emission density not exceeding  Ringelmann
      >No. 1 or its equivalent for more than 30 sec. in any one hour
       or a total of 3 min. in any day; and for control of odors  from
       incinerators such that odors shall not be detectable in any area
       for human use or occupancy. These regulations must be ap-
       proved by the Philadelphia Board of Health, and by the City's
       Law and Records Departments, after which a final adoptive
       date will be established.

       12376
       Martland, L.
       EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE MOTOR VEHICLES. Inst. of
       Mechanical Engineers, London (England),  Automobile  Div.,
       Symp. Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control, London, 1968, 4p.
       (Nov. 25-26, Paper L)
       The British Technical Council (B.T.C.) was started in 1963 and
       is composed of single representatives from each of the major
       motor and petroleum companies to provide cooperative con-
       sultation and action on technical problems. In the same year
       the B.T.C. and similar bodies from other West European coun-
       tries formed the Co-ordinating European Council (C.E.C.). The
       activities of these organizations in the air pollution matters are
       outlined, and California and U. S. Federal regulations on pol-
       lution are reviewed.  The Bureau Permanent International des
       Constructeurs d*Automobiles, composed of manufacturers'  as-
       sociations from all countries producing motor vehicles, made a
       strong recommendation to the Economic Commission for Eu-
       rope  in 1966  that  air  pollution regulations  in terms  of
       procedures and levels should be atgr^arHiy^ for all countries
       of  Europe. The recommendation was accepted, and  sub-

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                                     L. LEGAL  AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                      203
 sequently the B.T.C. Fuels Committee contributed significantly
 to the final European recommendations for control of exhaust
 emission from gasoline-engine cars and derivatives, to be ap-
 plied as a  type  test acceptance. In new U.  S.  regulations,
 levels of emissions are controlled on a basis of mass flow in-
 stead of proportion of total exhaust gas volume as previously;
 this aligns with the  European method. Although diesel emis-
 sions do not constitute a public  health hazard the opacity of
 diesel smoke can be a  driving hazard. Odor  and deposition
 from the smoke are also problem areas. Thus the various na-
 tional and international  organizations have more recently in-
 itiated programs to  design and  implement control of diesel
 emissions as well.

 12511
 Stumph, Terry L. and Robert L. Duprey
 TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS.
 Preprint, Air Pollution Control Association, New York  City,
 40p., 1969. 19 refs. (Presented at  the Air Pollution Control As-
 sociation, Annual Meeting, 62nd,  New York, June 22-26, 1969,
 Paper 69-175.)
 Recent trends  in air pollution control regulations adopted by
 state and local agencies  were analyzed. Emphasis was on the
 concepts of control  regulations rather than on  specific emis-
 sion limits. Trends in control regulations are towards prevent-
 ing air pollution through  required application of known control
 techniques.  Outmoded concentration emission  standards are
 rapidly being replaced by those that limit total mass-emission
 rates. Allowable emission rates usually vary according to the
 size of the source. Control of all  visible emissions is being ac-
 cepted as necessary to any control program. Particulate matter
 from fuel-burning equipment is  being controlled  to a high
 degree; emission standards for sulfur oxides from fuel com-
 bustion are anticipated in the  near future. Incinerator emis-
 sions standards are relatively undeveloped, due to lack of
 knowledge about the performance of high-efficiency dust col-
 lectors on these sources. Control  of many types of process in-
 dustries presents a challenge in the design of equitable emis-
 sion standards. The  familiar process-weight-rate regulation is
 rapidly becoming the standard for limiting paniculate matter
 from this source category. The potential- emissions-rate con-
 cept shows promise for certain  source types and  pollutants.
 Odor regulations have mainly involved ambient air measure-
 ments using the human  sense  of  smell. (Author  abstract
 modified)

 14028
 FILTRATION  OF  WASTE AIR  FROM  DRY CLEANING
MACHINES. (Filterung  der Abluft aus Reinigungsmachinen).
Text  in  German. Wasser  Luft  Betrieb,  13(4):127-128, April
 1969.
The fifth regulation of the  Law for the Prevention of Air Pol-
lution in North Rhine-Westphalia of 1967 is now in effect. It
concerns all machines for cleaning and drying textiles, leather
goods, or furs if they operate with chlorinated hydrocarbons in
the form of trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene. The regula-
tions pertain to all sizes of machines so that tumble driers and
coin-operated cleaners are  also affected. In a departure from
other regulations, a specific method for cleaning of the waste
air is required,  namely, filtration with activated  coal. The con-
centration limit cannot exceed 200 mg of solvent per cu m
waste air. Commercially  available activated coal is capable of
storing 25 to 35% more solvent than must be regenerated. For
this reason, installation of two filters is recommended. The ef-
ficiency of a charcoal filter is rather high, so lower concentra-
tions  than  the prescribed limit  concentration   are obtained.
Since  the  odor  threshold  of  trichloroethylene  fluctuates
between 260 and 520 mg/cu m and that of perchloroethylene is
360 mg/cu m,  the effectiveness of the filter can be roughly
evaluated by the presence or absence of odor at the filter out-
let.  According  to the regulations, official inspections will  be
made  once a  year without charge. For  this purpose,  the
Draeger  trace  gas-measuring unit will  be  used.  The solvent
retained  by the activated coal can be recovered and returned
to the process. Investment costs should be amortized within
two years.

14616
Commission on Earth, Water, and Air, Rotterdam
REPORT ON THE YEAR 1967. (Verslag over het jaar 1967).
Text in Dutch.  128p.
The Commission on Earth, Water and  Air Pollution, Rotter-
dam, is composed of engineers and scientists from various mu-
nicipal commissions and public service  departments. It works
closely with other municipal groups and industrial associations
to  regulate pollution in the area around  the mouth of  the
Rhine, collaborating on guidelines for municipal ordinances
and emission standards. The commission operates  an extensive
measurement network  and maintains laboratory facilities  for
the chemical analysis of pollutants. One of its purposes is to
compile a report pf all public and private activities relating to
combating the  pollution of earth, water, and air. This report
for 1967 surveys the reduction in pollution effected by mea-
sures undertaken by municipal power  operations,  municipal
plants, and private  industry in the  Rotterdam area; control
methods still under study; sources of  water  pollution; com-
plaints about the dispersion of unpleasant odors, smoke, soot,
and fog; the  possible  relation  between  air  pollution  and
bronchitis in municipal employees and school children; results
of atmospheric measurements; and the  preparations for a na-
tional environmental hygiene literature pool. In 1967, pollution
caused by smoke, sulfur dioxide, and polycyclic hydrocarbons
continued to decrease,  indicating that conditions  imposed by
authorities and efforts  made by industries were  largely suc-
cessful. Measurement data and meter readings are tabulated.
Maps of the measurement network are included.

14798
Liedmeier, G. P.
PREVENTION   OF    ATMOSPHERIC  POLLUTION   IN
PETROLEUM REFINERIES.  (La prevention de  la pollution
atmospherique dans les  raffineries de petrole). Text in French.
Pollut, Atmos. (Paris), ll(Special):3-8, Feb. 1969.
A review of atmospheric pollution and problems in controlling
it in the  refineries of Europe is  presented.  The author
discusses the founding of CONCAWE (Conservation of dean
Air and Water— Western Europe), which is a group of oil com-
panies and societies representing 80% of the refining capacity
in Western  Europe.  Its functions are to process  information
pertaining to pollution by refineries and  the joint study of pol-
lution problems. It now has working groups  in the following
areas: study of  the height of chimneys and atmospheric disper-
sion; liquid effluents; petroleum pipelines; subterranean migra-
tion of petroleum; and  noise abatement The sources and  ef-
fects of refinery  pollution, particularly by sulfur  oxides,
hydrocarbons, and malodorous gases  are reviewed. Particulate
matter and nitrogen oxides are considered of secondary im-
portance. A brief review of methods for combatting pollution
is also included.

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 204
ODORS
 14932
 AGREEMENT  BETWEEN  FUJI  CITY  AND  DAISHOWA
 PAPER MANUFACTURING CO.  IN  RELATION  TO THE
 PREVENTION  OF EXISTING PUBLIC NUISANCE.  (Fujishi
 oyobi Daishowa seishi kabushikigaisha no kisonkogai no boshi
 ni kansuru kyoteisho). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
 Pollution Control), 5(6):475-478, June 1969.
 An agreement  between the city of Fuji  and  the  Daishowa
 Paper Mfg. Co. with respect to environment sanitation and
 protection  of the local  residents from  industrial pollution is
 presented.  The eight items of the agreement were:  (I) The
 company is to install air pollution control facilities before the
 prescribed  date. (II) The company will follow the occasional
 recommendations made by  Fuji City when the  need arises.
 (IH) The company should obtain approval from the city for al-
 teration of  the conditions specified  in any articles in  the agree-
 ment. (TV) Fuji City is allowed to request data on the air pollu-
 tion control installations from the company and is  permitted to
 inspect the inside of the plant. (V) If any detrimental effects
are felt by the local residents in spite  of the existing agree-
ment, the  company should promptly  take counter-measures.
(VI) The company is encouraged to cooperate  in beautifying
the area surrounding the plant. (VTD The company is required
to take prompt action if any damage to community buildings
occurs. (VIII) Both Fuji City and the company are responsible
for anything not mentioned above. Existing pollution control
plans include decreasing SO2 emissions; alkaline mist diffusion
control; noise and  odor control; and  waste water pollution
control. The city is responsible for keeping the emission stan-
 dard constant, and the company will keep alkaline  emissions
 to 0.075 g/N cu m.

 15554
 Cross, Frank L., Jr. and Roger W. Ross
 CURRENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGU-
 LATIONS FOR ASPHALT PLANTS AND SIMILAR DRYING
 OPERATIONS.  Preprint, Public Health Service,  Durham, N.
 C., National Air Pollution Control  Administration, 12p., Sept.
 1969. 5 refs.
 Current regulations  for controlling  emissions  from asphalt
 plants are  reported for 38 states and  6 local agencies. Nine
 states, and one local control agency, have  specific regulations
 for asphalt plants. These regulations include particulate matter
 and smoke, but not odors  or  other pollutants. Four of the
 states  base their  regulations  on  the  amount  of pollution
 emitted  per 1000 pounds  of flue gas discharged; two others
 base theirs on a process weight table, and require  a specific
 collection efficiency  for control equipment; the remaining use
 a concentration standard and/or a buffer zone. The  remaining
 29 states, and five local control agencies, have regulations ap-
plicable to  all  industrial processes  and apply them  to asphalt
 plants. Most of these states use p4cess  weight tables for con-
 trol of particulate matter. Many also require that visible emis-
 sions  not  exceed Number 2 on  the  Ringlemann Scale or
 equivalent  opacity. Nine  states  employ a  standard for odor
 control. Although most  of the odor regulations  are  general in
 nature, one state stipulates the use of a scentometer for odor
 measurement.

 15688
 CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION.   Intern. Digest  Health
 Legislation, 20(3):418-419, 1969.
 The principal provisions of a regulation under an  air pollution
 control act for Ontario  are presented.  Terms defined include
 fuel burning equipment,  odor, and smoke. Sources of air pollu-
       tion exempt from governmental  regulation and fuel  burning
       equipment for comfort heating, on-site construction equipment
       for maintenance and construction of public roads, domestic in-
       cinerators,  equipment for food preparation  in restaurants,
       bakeries,  dry-cleaners, personal residential  equipment, and
       equipment for seeding,  harvesting,  fertilizing,  or pest and
       weed control on agricultural  lands. The regulation also  states
       that equipment may not be operated which do not comply with
       minimum air quality standards or emit disagreeable odors. A
       smoke density  chart is provided for which determines the al-
       lowable  smoke density  for  a given period of time or for
       specific operations. The  regulation prohibits the emission of
       pollutants from incinerators and waste disposal units  and the
       operation  of  municipal incinerators  other  than  at  the
       prescribed hours. Fuel burning equipment for the  burning of
       solid fuel in suspension may not be operates without the use
       of dust separating equipment. Maximum allowable concentra-
       tions for use in assessing air quality are also prescribed.

       15691
       BASIC  PLAN  FOR  PUBLIC  NUISANCE  CONTROL IN
       D3ARAGI  PREFECTURE.   (Ibaragiken  kogai  boshi  kihon
       keikaku).  Text in Japanese. (Ind.  Public Nuisance), 5(7):389-
       398, 1969.
       A fundamental plan  for  the  control of  public  nuisances  is
       presented which conforms to the Public Nuisance  Control
       Regulation  in  Ibaragj prefecture. A basic attitude towards
       public nuisance control and policies which promote the exter-
       mination of major sources and factors of public nuisance are
       given. The purpose of this plan is to preserve the living en-
       vironment by bringing under control unpleasant odors, sewage
       or waste water, noise, vibration,  stack smoke, dust,  and gas.
       Land use control, enforcement of water range control, and ad-
       justment and preservation of  the living environment constitute
       actual measures  which can be taken. The development and
       practice of control techniques are  being researched. A survey
       is recommended of the existing pollution severity with respect
       to classification and localization. A collective control system
       consisting of all these divisional activities is to be  established
       to make a final decision. Collection of all the available ideas or
       countermeasures on the  national scale and transmission of
       these to local bodies is strongly encouraged.

       16330
       Stumph, Terry  L. and Robert L. Duprey
       TRENDS  IN Am POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS.
       Environ. Control Management, 139(2):45-46, Feb. 1970. 2 refs.
       (Presented at the 1969 Annual Meeting of the  Air Pollution
       Control Association.)
       Existing odor control regulations consist of a variety of par-
       tially successful measures. These include nuisance type restric-
       tions based on ambient air detection of odors, process restric-
       tions for  certain known  odor-producing sources, and control
       equipment requirements  for specific  source operations. Most
       odor regulations are directed at measurement of odors in the
       ambient   air. This  approach is  justified  because  human
       response to ambient odor must be the ultimate criterion of ac-
       ceptable odorous emissions.  St.  Louis adopted a regulation
       that allows  a panel of observers to evaluate odor intensity of
       ambient  air samples when  such samples  are  diluted  with
       specified  quantities of odor-free air. A similar procedure was
       proposed by Huey but did not offer a method for abating such
       odors at the source. Odor control regulations in the form of
       process restrictions and control equipment specifications were
       applied to certain known odor- producing  operations. Los An-
       geles,  St.  Louis, and many other agencies  require that ef-

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                                     L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     205
 fluents from animal matter reduction be incinerated at a tem-
 perature of 1200 F for at least 0.3 seconds. Los Angeles Coun-
 ty Air Pollution Control District developed a quantitative odor-
 measurement that can be applied at the source. Odor concen-
 tration is expressed in odor  units per  standard cubic foot of
 flue gas. Possible developments  in control regulations include
 required elimination of all visible emissions, emission stan-
 dards for sulfur oxides from  fuel combustion, process-weight-
 rate and potential-emission-rate regulations for specific indus-
 try types for paniculate and gaseous  pollutants,  mass-emis-
 sion-rate standards  that require  application of modem flyash
 collectors to incinerators, and emission  standards that limit the
 mass  rate  of  emission  of  odors  measurable  by  source
 sampling.

 17258
 PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM.   (Kogai boshi
 keikaku no sakutei  ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
 Nyusu (Air Pollution News), no.  53:2-12, July  1969.
 A public nuisance control program for three  regions in Japan
 was presented. Details of the control program were explained.
 Each  of  the three regions  is   characterized  by  promising
 development in petroleum refining the petrochemical industry,
 production of thermal power, and the iron and steel industry.
 Considering this  background, proper steps were strongly en-
 couraged  in  a composite and  extensive  scheme. The goals
 were divided into four categories: the air pollution category in-
 cluded  sulfur oxides, suspended particulates and odors, the
 water pollution category included a water quality standard for
 drinking water, river water for fish, river water for other use,
 and  water concerned with the living environment; the noise
 blocking category dealt with a phone standard in the daytime,
 morning, evening, and night;  and a ground subsidence catego-
 ry. Procedures required for enforcement were concerned with
 concrete control means for pollutant sources and other means
 concerning ground  use along with living  environment con-
 solidation.  Precise and valid data obtained by research activi-
 ties can contribute to the performance of an  observation and
 supervision system. Mutual  cooperation  must be attained
 between a party  in  practice and its counterpart, the regional
 residents and local  autonomy to pursue the program. Adjust-
 ment of the  program with  existing  control programs  was
 stated. A marked difference  among the three designated re-
 gions in the basic purpose and framework of the program was
 not demonstrated.

 19059                                                1
 Bistowish, Joseph M.
 NASHVILLE'S   AIR   POLLUTION   PROBLEM:   PAST,
 PRESENT AND FUTURE. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn.,
 School  of  Engineering, Tennessee Stream Pollution  Control
 Board,  Tennessee Dept. of Public Health, Proc.  Conf. En-
 viron.  Water  Resources Eng.,  8th Ann.,  Nashville,  Tenn.,
 1969, p. 171-177. (June 5-6).
 The provisions and  implementation of an air pollution control
 ordinance prepared  by the Nashville Health  Department are
 discussed. The  ordinance regulates visible emissions from all
 fuel  or refuse burning equipment. It is unlawful to burn any
 solid or liquid fuel containing more than 2% sulfur by weight
 New incinerators must be multiple chamber incinerators hav-
 ing capacities of 100 Ibs/hr  with auxiliary heat sources to
prevent air pollution. No incinerator may emit fly ash or other
particulates  in  excess  of 0.2 grain/cu ft.  Automobiles and
trucks  may not emit visible air contaminants in excess of Rin-
gelmann No.  1. The ordinance also regulates odors, dusts, and
emissions from  laundries,  dry  cleaning  plants, and similar
operations. The air pollution control division is divided into
three sections:  engineering, enforcement, and laboratory. The
progress of implementation of the ordinance is also discussed.

22343
Hoeffken, Fritz
EXCERPTS FROM THE WELCOMING ADDRESS OF THE
DD2ECTOR,  INSTITUTE  OF  WATER, SOIL,  AND  AIR
SANITATION,  FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION.
(Aus der bergruessungsansprache des letters des institutes fuer
Wasscr-, Boden-  und Lufthyglene  im Bundesgesundheitsamt).
Text in German. Schriftenreihe  Ver. Wasser Boden Lufthyg.
(BerHn), no. 30:5-7, 1970.
The history of the Institute of Water, Soil, and Air Sanitation
in West Germany is traced. As  early as the  1920s it had in-
itiated interdisciplinary cooperation in the study of air pollu-
tion, which brought together the combined gifts of chemists,
medical  scholars,  biologists,  a  meteorologically   trained
physicist, and the German weather bureau.  At present there
are 3 important study groups presently being developed which
are concerned  with the following  problems:  effect of pollu-
tants on humans and animals; diffusion of pollutants in the at-
mosphere (relating emission to immission, taking account  of
orographic and meteorological conditions); the origin of pollu-
tants  and their prevention.  Among the  major problems still
confronting those engaged  in air pollution control  are  the
reduction of  sulfur dioxide emissions, the elimination of un-
pleasant odors in the vicinity of chemical plants, fish meal fac-
tories, and plastic industries; and the problems created by au-
tomotive transportation.

23754
Walsh, Robert T.
THE BISHOP CASE - AN INTERSTATE ODOR PROBLEM.
Preprint, National Air Pollution  Control Administration, Dur-
ham, N. C., Div.  of Abatement,  lip.,  1970. 2 refs.  (Presented
at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J., May 13, 1970.)
The rendering  plant  of the Bishop  Processing Co.  in  1965
became the focal point of the first interstate abatement  con-
ference initiated under the Clean  Air Act. The plant, located in
Maryland, was causing a severe odor pollution problem in the
nearest community, Selbyville, Del. A technical investigation
evaluated the odor potential of each process in  the plant and
the control measures in use or potentially applicable; then the
abatement conference was held, with officials from Md., Del.,
and the Dept. of Health, Education and  Welfare unanimously
recommending remedial measures. Company failure to carry
these out led to the first public  hearing conducted under the
Clean Air Act, then to a suit in the U. S. District Court in Md.
which  upheld the abatement provisions  of the Act and their
application by National Air  Pollution  Control Administration
officials. The same court later ordered the plant shut down  as
required by the terms of a consent degree signed by the com-
pany  in a pre-trial  action.  The company appealed  to the
Supreme Court, which, in deciding not to review the lower
court's  cease and desist order,  upheld  the decision and the
Act.

25446
Drowley, W. B.
AIR MANGEMENT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 37p.,
1970. (Presented at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper AD-11C.)

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206
ODORS
The history of air pollution control legislation in Ontario is
reviewed; a description is provided of control  requirements
and air quality and meteorological monitoring. Although  the
first control legislation was contained in  The Municipal Act
dating back to the turn of the century, another act was passed
in 1967 whereby the Province assumed the total  control func-
tion. Salient features of this Act are cited, while its administra-
tion was transferred to  the Department of  Energy and
Resources Management and  renamed the  Air  Management
Branch in June 1969. The Branch is organized into the follow-
ing sections: abatement, approvals, air quality  and meteorolo-
gy, phytotoxicology, automotive, and laboratory. For adminis-
trative purposes, the Province has been divided into seven re-
gions and the regions further divided into districts. Smoke con-
trol and emission limitations are mentioned, as well as the use
of diffusion equations. Vehicle emissions are discussed,  in-
cluding standards and criteria for desirable air quality. The On-
tario Air Pollution Index is based on the continuous measure-
ments of sulfur dioxide and  suspended paniculate matter.
Problems concerning odors and water pollution are mentioned.
Air quality monitoring is carried out at 31  locations, involving
some 340  sampling  sites.  The  phytotoxicology  section  is
responsible for the investigation of complaints  of injury  to
vegetation by  air pollution, for the documentation  of  cases
which may result in economic loss, and for conducting surveil-
lance studies. The  problem of transboundary  air pollution is
mentioned, and the staffing and budget of the Air Management
branch is discussed.

26511
Wehnert, Klaus
HALLE EXPERIENCES IN  PURIFICATION  OF  AIR AND
WATER  DESCRIBED.  In: Translations  on Eastern Europe
Scientific Affairs. No. 121, Washington, D. C., Joint Publica-
tions  Research Service  1970, p. 21-25. (Also: Sozialistische
Demokratie (East Berlin), 1970:8, May 15, 1970.) NTIS: JPRS
50855
Due to a combination of chemical processes and the lignite in-
dustry, there is a high level of air pollution in  the Merseburg-
Halle-Bitterfeld industrial area. Dust  and large  quantities  of
sulfur dioxide are emitted, while  severe odor problems  result
from the chemicals. In September 1967, district leadership of
the Halle organized a task force entitled  the  'Purification  of
Air and  Water', followed by  an experiment in the use  of
economic levies. New designs were established for minimum
emissions, decreasing the money for dust and  waste gas con-
trol. Thus,  the  sources of emissions could  be differentiated.
Implementation  of the  economic experiment necessarily
brought about more cooperation between the state organs and
local enterprises. The  workers also were  well informed con-
cerning air purification.

26940
West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission
REGULATION  IV-TO  PREVENT AND CONTROL  THE
DISCHARGE OF AIR POLLUTANTS INTO THE OPEN AIR
WHICH CAUSES OR CONTRIBUTES TO AN  OBJECTIONA-
BLE ODOR OR ODORS. West Virginia Administrative Regu-
lations, Chapt. 16, Article 20, Ser. 4, 5p., 1967.
Upon receipt of a complaint of odor pollution, the Air Pollu-
tion Control Commission investigates  the complaint and, if
warranted, issues a 'Notice of Violation' to the  violator. The
Commission is authorized to hire or contract for the services
of specialists in the area of odor evaluation. Upon receipt of
the notice, the violator must present a control plan  to  the
Commission.  Following approval of  the plan,  the person
       responsible for the discharge shall not be considered in viola-
       tion so long as the provisions of the plan are observed. Under
       emergency conditions, the Commission is permitted to issue a
       variance for a specified period of time when such a variance is
       properly applied for. Penalties for violation are provided in the
       Air Pollution Control Law and may only be imposed by the
       courts. Maximum penalty under the law is $1000/day of viola-
       tion. Internal  combustion engines and operations associated
       with the production of agricultural products grown on the
       premises,  or livestock,  dogs,  cats,  and  poultry  are exempt
       from this regulation.

       27184
       Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance (Japan)
       POLLUTION PREVENTION CONTRACTS I.  (Kogai boshi
       keiyaku dai 1  pen). Text in  Japanese. Yokohama Center for
       Public Nuisance Kept no. 25:1-119, May 1970.
       Since not much authority is given local autonomous bodies, all
       they can  do  in preventing  pollution  is  give  administrative
       guidance to the enterprises, without, however, binding force.
       Yokohama city decided to sign  a contract with the enterprises.
       The important item common  in these contracts is  that the en-
       terprises shall take sufficient  measures in preventing pollution.
       When pollution does occur, despite these measures,  solutions
       must be made on the responsibility of the enterprise. The city
       can direct  the enterprise  on preventing pollution. When no
       directive is given, th city will take measures on behalf of the
       enterprise,  and the expens shall  be borne by the enterprise.
       Since the start of this  system, the citizens'  movement has
       quieted down. Correspondence  between th mayor and the en-
       terprises,  numbering  15, including   power  generation  oil
       refinery, gas,  chemical and industrial,  and the  agreements
       signed between the mayor and  the enterprises are included in
       the pamphlet,  as  well as the sales  contract of the reclaimed
       land at Yokohama harbor, signed by more than 200 enterprises
       concerned in order to prevent  pollution such as noise, vibra-
       tion, filthy water,  effluent, smoke, dust, gas, and odor.  The
       exchange of correspondence indicates  the proposal made by
       the city and counterproposals, and pledges made by the enter-
       prises. The first contract was with a thermal power generating
       station, the construction of which started a citizens' campaign
       against it. Yokohama city, since 1956,  has measured dust fall
       and sulfur dioxide, and dealt with complaints concerning pollu-
       tion from May 1961, entrusted  by the prefecture! government.
       In April 1964, the Pollutions  Subsection became independent.
       When the subsection proposed  to change  the site  of  the ther-
       mal power station, arguments were stirred up. Since then, the
       city requested the cooperation of scholars and the  meteorolog-
       ical station, and was fully armed with pertinent and scientific
       data when proposals on contracts with enterprises came to be
       made and agreed to.

       27185
       Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance (Japan)
       ON FACTORY POLLUTION.  (Kojo kogai o kangaeru). Text
       in Japanese. Yokohama  Center for Public Nuisance Kept., p.
       1-13, June 1970.
       In the Tokyo-Yokohama area,  there are nearly 100,000 facto-
       ries, including heavy  industry, such  as automobiles, metal
       products, and  iron and steel. In 1968, there were 520 cases of
       pollution reported: 245 on noise; 92 bad odor; 71 sooty smoke;
       47 poisonous gas; 28 vibration; 18 waste liquid; 9 dust; and 10
       others. They were handled by the Pollution Center and Public
       Health Clinic. The National government has authority over
       power generating stations, city  gas manufacturing, and almost
       all authority over the oil refinery and petro-chemical  industry;

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                                     L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     207
 local government has only limited authority for other types of
 factories. Kanagawa  prefectur is responsible  for  planning a
 pollution prevention program for a special area in  the prefec-
 ture, and under the Air Pollution Prevention Law, under spe-
 cial circumstances, it is responsible  for supervising  factories
 which  have smoke emitting facilities, as well as control over
 high pressure gas. For certain waters, the prefecture is respon-
 sible for maintaining water quality under the Water Quality
 Control Law. The prefecture is responsible for makin big fac-
 tories  take urgent measures on fuel control,  but  Yokohama
 city is responsible for watching the  situation of air  pollution
 constantly, controlling poison gas spreading on the  ground,
 noise,  and boiler and exhaust gas  from automobiles. Twenty
 employees work at the City's Pollution Center. Yokohama city
 became famous for first signing the  agreement with  factories
 which  may be sources of pollution, as well as establishing the
 constant checking  system  and centralized  control  system.
 Citizens  were invited to see some of the  surveys being con-
 ducted. Experience gained  enabled the city to forecast pollu-
 tion, so that the predicted air pollution by sulfur dioxide was
 close to the actual one, under certain conditions. A few cases
 of noise and waste liquid from a plating factory are cited. The
 city, after being consulted by the citizens,  acted  as a inter-
 mediary in the solution of these cases.

 27677
 Osaka  Prefecture! Government (Japan)
 OSAKA  PREFECTURE  PUBLIC   NUISANCE   CONTROL
 CODE (PROPOSED).  (Osakafu kogi boshi joreian).  Text hi
 Japanese. 29p., Feb. 1971.
 The proposed code for Osaka Prefecture  consists of general
 regulations, measures to control public nuisances, such as en-
 vironmental standards, public nuisance control  plans,  and
 regulations for factories, including regulating smoke and dust,
 and reporting  nuisance-creating facilities. Public nuisances
 from factories consist of smoke and dust, polluted water, bad
 odors,  noise, and vibrations. There are special provisions con-
 cerning extraction of ground water, special construction activi-
 ties, automobile traffic, use of loud speakers,  and monitoring
 of air  pollution. Air pollutants under consideration are sulfur
 oxides, dusts,  cadmium, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride,  lead and
 other substances potentially harmful to human health.

 27678
 Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan), Public Nuisance Control
 Promotion Headquarters
 REGULATIONS  CONCERNING  THE  PREVENTION  AND
 CONTROL OF PUBLIC NUISANCE.  (Kogai boshi jorei kan-
 kei reikishu). Text in Japanese. 35p., 1970.
 The regulations and amendments which concern the preven-
 tion and control of public nuisances  in Kanagawa Prefecture
 are listed.  Regulations  concerning enforcement are  also in-
 cluded. Various machines,  manufacturing  processes,  and
production processes that involve  public nuisances,  such as
noise,  vibration, water pollution smoke, dust, gas, and odor
are tabulated and are categorized according to the applicable
 sections of the regulation. Various sample  forms used to re-
 port the  nuisance- producing facilities and  operations are at-
 tached. Environmental standards are presented for diverse pol-
lutants in water according to the water areas of the  prefecture,
and the Japan  Industrial Standard tests applicable to each pol-
lutant  are listed. Standards  are also given for air pollutants
 such as  sulfur oxides,  ammonia,  hydrogen  cyanides,  and
 nitrogen dioxide, as well as for the allowed stack heights. The
levels of noise allowed for different times of day and for dif-
ferent geographical areas are specified.
27679
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan), Dept. of Planning and
nvestigations
REGULATIONS  CONCERNING  THE  PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF PUBLIC NUISANCE.  (Kogai boshi jori kankei
reikishu). Text in Japanese. 86p., 1968.
The regulations concerning  the  prevention  and control  of
public nuisance in  Kanagawa Prefecture are presented. En-
forcement regulations  are also included. Various  machines,
manufacturing processes,  and production processes  that in-
volve public nuisances such as noise, vibration, water pollu-
tion,  smoke,  dust, gas,  and odor  are tabulated, and  are
categorized  according to the applicable sections  of the regula-
tions.  Various  sample forms used  to  report the nuisance-
producing facilities  and operations are attached. Environmen-
tal  standards are presented for diverse pollutants in water ac-
cording to the water areas of the  prefecture to each pollutant
are listed. Standards are also given for air  pollutants  such as
sulfur oxides, ammonia, hydrogen cyanides,  and nitrogen diox-
ide, as well as for the allowed stack heights. The level of noise
allowed for  different times of day and for different geographi-
cal areas are specified.

28348
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan), Public Nuisance Prevention
Center
ANNUAL   REPORT   OF  KANAGAWA   PREFECTURAL
PUBLIC NUISANCE PREVENTION CENTER. (Kanagawaken
kogai senta nenpo). Text in Japanese.  102p.,  1968,
The history of the Kanagawa  Prefecture  Public Nuisance
Prevention Center,  its  organization, the jurisdiction oj Elec-
tion,  administrative aspects and research budgets, are given.
The activities of the Center for the  year, dealing with com-
plaints, diffusion activities (use of gas absorption equipment,
exhaust gas tester), and those on air pollution (survey of air
pollution in Tokyo-Yokohama  industrial area,  coastal area,
survey of sulfur dioxide emissions from factories, analysis  of
fuel oil, survey  of odor from factories designated as  sources
of public hazards, patrolling coastal areas, patrolling factories
when air pollution becomes acute,  and surveying the effects of
air  pollution on plants)  and on  water pollution survey  of
rivers, factories, seas, water control patrol, survey when pol-
lution becomes acute), and business connected with noise (sur-
vey of noise from factories, vibration  caused  by factories,
noise due to traffic, vibration due to traffic, survey on noise
from construction work, and street noise) are described. The
lecture meetings held under the  auspices of the Center are
given. The BOD continuous and automatic  gauge, developed
by the Center, is explained; the device also records pH.

28363
Osaka Prefecture (Japan), Bureau of Hygiene
FULL TEXT OF  OSAKA  PREFECTURAL POLLUTIONS
PREVENTION  REGULATIONS  AND  REGULATIONS  ON
THE  ENFORCEMENT OF OSAKA PREFECTURAL  REGU-
LATIONS ON PREVENTION OF POLLUTIONS.  (Osakafu
kogai boshi jorei, Osakafu kogai boshi jorei seko kisoku). Text
in Japanese. 19p., 1970 (?).
Osaka Prefectural Regulations No. 35  on the prevention of
pollution were used on October 17, 1969 and became effective
April 1, 1970. The full text of the Regulation is given. Chapter
topics  are as follows: general rules (Articles  1-3); control of
factories (Articles 4-15); control of special construction work
(Articles 16-17); control of use of megaphones,  etc. (Articles
18-21); sundry regulations (Articles 22-26); and penalties (Arti-
cles 27-30). Article 1 stipulates the objective of the Regulation

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 208
ODORS
 to  determine  the  necessary  items  concerning  prevention of
 public hazards, besides the specific points provided for in Pol-
 lutions Countenneasure  Fundamental Law  (Law  No.  132,
 1967) to protect the health of the people of Osaka Prefecture
 and to maintain a living environment in a manner in harmony
 with the sound development of industry. Article 2, defining
 public hazards, mentions air and water pollutions, noise, vibra-
 tion, and odor. Recording and reporting responsibilies of enter-
 prises  are stipulated. Appended to the regulation are a list of
 special facilities concerning  sooty  smoke, a list of special
 facilities concerning gas  and dust,  a  list of  special facilities
 concerning filthy water, a list of special facilities concerning
 noise,  and a list of  special equipment including some facilities
 which  are omitted  from  the  Regulations. The Osaka  Prefec-
 tural Pollutions Prevention Regulation Enforcement Rule was
 issued on March 16, 1970, as Osaka Prefecture! Pollutions Pre-
 fectural Rule  No.  8,  and was  amended on July 3, 1970 by
 Osaka Prefecture! Rule No. 65. Chapter topics are as follows:
 general rule (Articles 1 and 2); rules on factories (Articles 3-6);
 rules on special construction work (Articles 7-10); Rules on the
 us of megaphones  (Articles 11-17); sundry rules (Articles. 18-
 20); and supplementary rules, stipulating necessary items in
 the enforcement of the Osaka Prefectural Pollutions Preven-
 tion Regulation, to become active from July 20, 1970. list 1 of
 the  Appendix gives the  standards  on  the control of noise
 generated by special construction work and List 2, items to be
 complied with in using megaphones.

 29679
 Chiba Prefecture (Japan), Pollutions Counter-measure Bureau
 CfflBA PREFECTURAL  ORDINANCE ON  POLLUTIONS
 CONTROL AND ENFORCEMENT REGULATION OF  OR-
 DINANCE.  (Chiba ken  kogai  boshi  jorei, Chiba ken kogai
 boshi jorei seko kisoku). Text in Japanese. 58p., March 1970
 and Sept. 1970.
 The Chiba Prefectural Ordinance on pollution control consists
 of 42 articles,  divided into general rules, basic measures con-
 cerning prevention of  pollution, rules on smoke emission, the
 control of megaphone use, and sundry rules and  penalties,
 with three articles of by-laws. In Article two, the definition of
 pollution is given as air and water pollution, noise,  vibration,
 depletion of underground water, subsidence (except  mining of
 ores),  and  obnoxious odors which  cause damage to man s
 health  or living environment (inlcuding property, animals, and
 plants, and their living environment, which has a close rela-
 tionship with  man). Soot smoke is sulfur dioxide which is
 emitted with the combustion of fuel, and other dust which is
generated by  fuel combustion and the  use of electricity.  The
 definitions of  special facilities, special work and special con-
 struction work are given.  The governors are required to deter-
mine pollution, to carry out research and survey for adopting
 necessary control measures, and to disseminate the knowledge
for pollution control. When the control standard is to be set,
 changed, or revoked, the governor shall get the opinion of
Chiba Prefecture Pollutions Countenneasure Council. Also, he
must require  those  who  emit soot and dust, when it harms
human health  or the  living environment, to take necessary
 steps. He can make them report on necessary items such as
 the facilities emitting  soot and dust, the  control method, and
the amount. His staff can inspect such factories, books, and
facilities. The  heaviest penalty for violation is less than one
year prison term or less than $280 fine. The corporations, as
well as those who  were responsible for violating actions, are
responsible. In the  enforcement regulation, the special facili-
ties are: those where SO  is generated and emitted into the at-
mosphere exceeding 10 cu m/hr in terms O C temperature and
 1 atm pressure; those which generate soot and other dust; and
       those which the  governor recognizes  to be  in  danger of
       generating pollution. The measurement  record  must be kept
       for three years. The mayors are responsible for some of the ci-
       ties control business.  Twelve types of facilities are given
       which emit soot and dust, with the scale and capacity; 9 types
       which emit harmful gas, dust, and odor are given.

       29813
       Chiba Prefecture (Japan)
       POLLUTIONS  PREVENTION  PLAN  FOR  CHIBA AND
       ICmHARA CITIES IN  CfflBA  PREFECTURE.   (Chibaken
       Chiba, Ichihara chiiki ni kakawaru kogai boshi keikaku). Text
       in Japanese. 127p., Nov. 1970.
       On May 27, 1969, the national government gave the Chiba pre-
       fectural government a  directive  to  develop a  plan for  the
       prevention of pollutions for the Chiba and Ichihara area, based
       on the Pollutions Countenneasure Fundamental Law, showing
       the targets, because the area is expected  to increase in popula-
       tion and to expand production facilities, with accompanying
       pollution  increase. Consumption  of  heavy oil  at  present is
       6,676,000  tons a year. Average sulfur dioxide for this area is
       0.03 ppm, and out  of 19 monitoring spots, 1 spot exceeded the
       environmental standard in 1969.  In 1975, the consumption of
       heavy oil is expected to reach 27,700,000 tons, and  if sulfur
       content in fuel remains the same,  emitted  SO2  will reach
       160,000 tons. The following steps will be  taken: in 1973, 30 en-
       terprises which contribute to the peak pollution, will have a
       wind tunnel value of less  than 0.015 ppm maximum on  the
       ground, and the other enterprises will have less than 0.02 ppm;
       sulfur content of the fuel used  shall be maximum 1.7% and the
       area average shall be less than 1.3%. In 1973, the total SO2
       emission is to be less than 20,000 N cu in/hour;  new  chimney
       stacks are to be over 30 m and SO2 is  to be collected; SO2
       emitted from stacks taller than 70 m is to  be 94.1%,  to dilute
       and diffuse. Even at the worst condition with  wind coming
       from the  SSW, the complex concentration is to be less than
       0.2 ppm.  For new production facilities  after 1973, the max-
       imum ground concentration and degree  of complex pollution
       are to be less than  that  of already existing industries. One hun-
       dred and twenty-four types  of prevention equipment, including
       electric  dust collectors are to be established by enterprises;
       steel mills are to emit dust of less than one third of the present
       level; steel mills shall remove  mineral ore  yard and coal yard
       to the reclaimed land area, and shall establish water sprinkling
       facilities.  Also, 146 types of equipment, such  as  scrubbers,
       and 11 systems are to  be  installed at sources  of  obnoxious
       odors; and  chemical plants within steel mills  are urged to
       move to reclaimed areas. Thorough education and training of
       employees shall be  established  to  prevent  mishandling  of
       equipment.  Finally, enterprises  near residences  are to  be
       removed with financial assistance.

       29975
       Smaller Enterprises Promotion  Corp. (Japan)
       CASTING   WORK   ENVDIONMENTS    AND  ,  PUBLIC
       NUISANCE.   (Chuzo  sagyo kankyo oyobi kogai).  Text in
       Japanese.  In: Report of Field Survey on Technical ''Standards
       of Smaller Enterprises.  Pig Iron Castings  Manufacturing Indus-
       try (70-70) Chapt RepL 419, p.  57-69,  March 1971.
       The shortage of labor, caused by generally poor working con-
       ditions, is an increasingly serious problem for the casting in-
       dustry. A survey revealed that 100% of  the enterprises in the
       pig iron casting industry admitted the need to make  working
       environment  improvements.  Changes   should  include:  the
       development of work procedures, machines, tools, and equip-
       ment that will not damage the working  environment; the  im-

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                                    L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                    209
provement of  ventilation,  lighting,  and air conditioning to
eliminate dust, heat, noise, and odor; and the development of
high-performance, low-cost  devices  to  improve the working
environment. According to the opinion survey, 774 out of 1762
companies wanted something done about dust, 386 about heat,
364 about noise,  129 about  vibration, 82 about odor, and 27
about  other  items.  Dust is  produced  by sand  screening,
demolition of molds, grinding, and melting in a cupola furnace.
Heat occurs in teeming, especially hand-teeming, melting in a
cupola, and demolition of molds. Noise  comes from compres-
sors,  melting,  molding  machines,   and grinding.  Vibration
comes from molding machines, grinders, cupola furnaces, and
others, while odor is from mold-making, especially shell mold-
making, carbon dioxide, melting in a cupola, and demolition of
molds. Dust, noise, vibration, exhaust gas, odor, and effluents
from the casting industry also cause a public nuisance. Since
most casting works are smaller enterprises and located in den-
sely  populated districts, the solution of the public nuisance
problem is very difficult, particularly for economical reasons.
It can only be solved through the cooperation of central and
local governments, enterprises, and local inhabitants. The most
popular public nuisance prevention devices  in the industry are
dust removers and sound insulation  devices, followed by the
suspension of night-time operations.  Now 75.4% of the enter-
prises operate during daytime only.

30149
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
RESEARCH  ON  ODOR ABATEMENT AND  CONTROL IN
U.S.A. (II).  (Amerika ni okeru akushu no kisei to taisaku II).
Text  in  Japanese. Akushu  no  Kenkyu (Odor Research  J.
Japan), 1(4):9-20, March 1971. 12 refs.
Odor measurement in Seattle with a scentometer, actual condi-
tions  of obnoxious odor in the  Columbia-Willamette Valley,
Portland and its control regulations, and the  control regula-
tions  of Chicago,  Cleveland,  and St. Louis were described.
The kraft paper mill in the Puget Sound produces 325 tons/day
of kraft paper with 9 digesters. The  odor is a problem in the
residential area about 6 km  to the east of the kraft pulp mill,
and its white smoke can be seen  30 km away. An electric dust
collector was  installed  the  recovery boiler was modified in
1968. By 1975, 98% of dust and more than 99% of odor will be
eliminated. At present, the odor  of the noncondensable gas is
drawn out by fans and is burned by atomizing the oil burner at
over 1000 F. The rest of the  odor is eliminated by the Los An-
geles formula. The Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency
carries out wide  range  of  air pollution control activities. A
scentometer and the iodimetry method are being used for odor
control. The Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority con-
sists of 5 counties and has 8  air pollution monitoring networks.
One-third of the complaints  it receives from the citizens were
on obnoxious odors, but very few enterprises actually violate
the pollution control regulations.  Portland, as well as Los An-
geles, is one  of the few areas which made the installation of
deodorizing devices compulsory.  Chicago makes it a violation
of the  Air Pollution Control Law to  emit soot, fly ash, dust,
and embers within 1.6 km of the city. Cleveland s Air Pollu-
tion Control Law forbids the emission of harmful, poisonous,
irritating odors, fumes or other pollutants from chimneys. In
St. Louis, no one should emit obnoxious odors which are un-
pleasant to the people. In the industrial area or its neighboring
areas, no odor of more than 20 Odir  units is to be emitted, as
measured with  an  olfactometer. When more than 30% of the
residents in a residential area suffer unpleasant odors, such an
odor is regarded as environmental pollution. No rendering fac-
tory  can  be  operated without deodorizing in an  approved
manner.
30153
Morita, Minoru
REPORT ON THE BASIC RESEARCH CONCERNING THE
ADMINISTRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AT
HEALTH  CENTERS.  (Hokensho ni okeru kogai gyosei ni
kansuru kisoteki chosa kenkyu, hokokusho). Text in Japanese.
Research Committee on the Administration of Environmental
Pollution at Health Center (Japan). I89p., 1968.
The actual condition  of  the administration of environmental
pollution was  studied with questionnaires.  From January to
December 1968, 832 nationwide  health centers and organiza-
tions related to pollution problems in 46 prefectures and seven
main cities were questioned, and 86.2% of the health centers,
93.5% of the organizations in 46 prefectures and 100% of those
in seven cities replied. The number of the cases of complaints
and petitions per year varied with cities and prefectures: there
were 2648 cases in Osaka, which was the highest; 2613 cases
in Tokyo; and 1116 cases in Hagoya.  The content of the com-
plaints and petitions  received by  the  organizations differed
from those received by health centers.  Problems  of air pollu-
tion and water pollution tend to be received by the former and
bad odor  and  other  pollution problems by the  latter.  The
health centers found the pollutants, in most cases, through re-
sidents reports and 64.16% experienced the problems of pollu-
tion. The investigation of pollution varied with the anti-pollu-
tion measures used by each health center. However,  Osaka
and Kanagawa had the most cases per year (65), while Kyoto
was second with 53  cases. At health centers in  areas  where
soot and smoke is controlled, a considerable number of com-
plaints and petitions mentioned not only air pollution, but also
other pollution. In order to know  more regarding the organized
activities for anti-pollution measures,  actual organizations and
examples of investigations, in Me Prefecture, Yokohama City,
Kawasaki City, Tokyo, Shizuoka Prefecture, Sakai City, and
Chiba Prefecture are listed.

30688
WHAT KIND OF ADMINISTRATION SHOULD  BE PRAC-
TICED FOR  POLLUTION CONTROL  AT  PREFECTURE
LEVEL?  (Todofuken ni okeru kogai gyosei no arikata (Dai 1
po)). Text in Japanese. 224p., 1970.
The conditions of administration in  pollution  control, espe-
cially the activites  of health centers were studied. All the pre-
fectures and 25 special cities in Japan were objects of the stu-
dy. The areas investigated include: kinds of pollution, regula-
tions for  pollution control,  administrative  procedures,  or-
ganizations of  departments or  sections in charge,  related
research  organizations,  cases of pollution problems  which
were disposed of based on relevant laws or regulations, and
non-governmental activities. In the research organizations,  the
activity and career of personnel in  full-time duty were  ex-
amined. In health centers complaints  about pollution, disposi-
tion of the problem, and demands for activity were studied.
Air pollution, water pollution, noise, vibration and offensive
odors were reported by all the prefectures and cities. Though
ground shrinkage was reported by 21 prefectures and nine spe-
cial cities, industrial wastes were  treated as pollutants only by
three prefectures and six cities.  There  were nine prefecture!
institutes,  or centers, on pollution  research. However, in al-
most all the prefectures and cities, studies were done by  the
institutes of public health. Personnel in medicine are desirable
for full-time service, as well as scientists and engineers. At  the
health centers near cities, only one person for five health cen-
ters was in charge of pollution problems, regardless of many
complaints. In spite of the increase in pollution problems with
the development of  industrialization, administrative activity
concerning pollution was  underdeveloped at health centers in

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 210
ODORS
 agricultural and fishing villages. The number of intermediate-
 type health centers  belonged  between the above  mentioned
 two types, and was only one-tenth of the total number of
 health centers in Japan.  Their activities and  instruments for
 measuring pollutants are efficient Residents  are highly con-
 cerned about  pollution  problems, and since  the number of
 complaints will increase in the future, accomplishment of ac-
 tivities at health centers is urgently needed.

 31084
 Shaw, F. M.
 mONFOUNDRIES AND  THE  REQUIREMENTS OF CLEAN
 AIR LEGISLATION. Iron Steel (London), 44(3):183-188, June
 1971. 4 refs.
 Regulations covering emissions from iron foundries and availa-
 ble preventive  measures are summarized. The emissions in-
 clude grit,  dust, fume, smoke, and sulfur dioxide  from cold
 and hot blast cupolas, smoke and odor from core-making and
mould pouring operations, and  dust from cleaning and fettling
operations  Among  cupolas  control measures discussed are
dispersion from tall  stacks,  combustion in cupolas, and wet
and dry arresters. Exhaust hoods and tall stacks appear feasi-
ble in  controlling  odorous  smoky  gases  from core  stoves.
Combustion may also have possible  applications  for  core
stoves. Requirements of fabric  collectors for metallic dust are
noted. Cost data are presented for most of the control  mea-
 sures.

 31465
 Wrist, P. E.
 IMPACT OF  NEW  AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS ON
 THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.  Tappi, 54(7):1090-1093,
July 1971. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp
and  Paper Industry, Water and  Air Conference,  Boston,
Mass., April 4-7, 1971.)
The Clean Air Act of 1970 departs from the trend of previous
legislation in that it places emphasis on emission standards and
emission monitoring, coupled with speedier processes of en-
forcement to improve air quality. Implications of this act  upon
the pulp and paper industry are explored.  The importance of
participation in standard settings is emphasized, together with
the need for development of better instrumentation and an un-
derstanding of the effect of normal operating variables on the
level of odor emission. The technical person can have a major
influence on the economic impact which the new act will have
on industry. (Author abstract)

32147
Colorado State Dept. of Public  Health, Denver, Air Pollution
Control Section
COLORADO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 75p., 1969.
The Colorado State Health Department feels that the concept
of preventive action takes precedence over action based only
on proven adverse effects; maximum control, utilizing existing
technology, takes  precedence over delay until  technology
develops;  stringent  emission  control  at  the  source  takes
precedence over the use of the atmosphere to dilute the air
contaminants;  and conservation  and  non-degradation of air
resources takes precedence  over  delay and apathy until the
problem develops.  Proposals for  changes  in  1970  legislation
were  listed.  Ambient  air  standards,  emission  standards,
nuisance prevention, emission  notices,  a variance board, and
adequate budgetary appropriations were considered. Enforce-
ment activities were described. Six air pollution control areas
were established. Open burning was curtailed; positive court
       actions were upheld by the State Air Pollution Control Act.
       Smoke emission limitations against automobiles and trucks are
       being  enforced.  Legal  aspects  of air pollution control in
       Colorado  were  also discussed.  An emission  inventory was
       made, and an air monitoring program was established. Emis-
       sion inventory classifications are given for particulates, carbon
       monoxide, hydrocarbons,  nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides,  and
       aldehydes. The stations are listed by designated air pollution
       control data, the sampling period involved, and the number of
       samples taken. The data from each station are presented. An
       odor survey and tracer study were also conducted. Public edu-
       cation is  also being enhanced. Meteorology, wind, diffusion
       models, and inversions are also discussed.

       32171
       Reno, Sparks, and Washoe County District Board of Health,
       Nev.
       AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATION.  24p., Sept. 18,
       1969.
       Air pollution control regulations are presented for the cities of
       Reno  and Sparks and  Washoe County. General  terms  are
       defined and the powers and duties of the Board of Health are
       delineated. Emission standards are derived for visible air con-
       taminants, odorous  or gaseous emissions, participate matter,
       sulfur compounds (sulfur  dioxide), combustion contaminants
       (carbon dioxide), scavenger plants, dusts, fumes,  open fires,
       incinerators,  sulfur content of fuels, gasoline loading and un-
       loading, storage of petroleum products,  and sand. Registration
       requirements and penalties for violations are included.

       32352
       Gainer, J. G.
       CANADIAN  AIR POLLUTION  REGULATIONS  AND THE
       SOUR GAS PROCESS INDUSTRY. Proc. Nat. Gas Processors
       Assoc., vol. 48-93-96, 1969. 7  refs. (Presented  at the Natural
       Gas Processors Association, Annual Convention, 48th, 1969.)
       The evolution of air pollution control in the natural gas sulfur
       recovery industry in Alberta is reviewed, in the light of legisla-
       tion and  industrial developments which led  to  the  Public
       Health Act and the  Oil and Gas  Conservation Act. Most con-
       trol  legislation is provided by regional governments; a small
       amount is provided by the federal government. In 1945, the
       first legislation was  enacted in Alberta to evaluate complaints
       and  to remedy the conditions  where necessary. Later legisla-
       tion governed the control of dust from piles  of coal and slag,
       the authority to make regulations, the control of pipelines, and
       the  control of new construction. Emission standards were
       established for smoke in urban and rural areas (with the Rin-
       gelmann chart), particulates, odors, and toxic  materials. The
       Alberta Department of  Health used two approaches  to the
       general problem: the  control of pollution at the source; the
       control by dilution in the atmosphere (tall stacks, meteorologi-
       cal control of process operations, and effective  zoning). Air
       quality criteria were developed  for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
       sulfide, and sulfur trioxide for short and long terms and for
       populated and remote areas.  All construction must be  ap-
       proved and monthly reports of atmospheric monitoring, plant
       operations, incinerator stacks, flares and flare pits must  be
       made. Odors are controlled by incineration, pilot flames, set-
       tling ponds, vapor recovery, or weather. Comparative sulfation
       rates show improvement in air quality since the Health Regula-
       tions took complete  effect

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                                     L.  LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     211
 32354
 Nordrhein-Westf alen Arbeits-und Sozialminister (West
 Germany)
 PLANS AND GOALS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT TILL
 1975. (Plaene und Ziele der Landesregjerung bis 1975). Text in
 German. In: Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrhein Westfalen. Es-
 sen, West Germany, Brinck and Co. KG, 1969, p. 84-93.
 The state government has adopted a new regional approach to
 all pollution control planning. Abatement programs  instituted
 for Thomas steel converters, ore  sintering plants,  cokeries,
 foundries,  and steam power plants will terminate in 1973. In
 selected industrial centers with high pollution emissions, all in-
 dustrial, domestic, and automotive polluters will be rechecked
 and results of the survey will be used as a basis for pollution
 control  improvement and for planning and legislative purposes.
 An emission register (map) of Cologne, Duisburg-Oberhausen-
 Muelheim  an  der  Ruhr,   Essen-Bottrop,  Gelsenkirchen-
 Wanne/Eickel-Bochum, Gastrop-Rauxel, and Dortmund will be
 compiled and used for purposes of pollution forecasting. Mea-
 surement data show that chemical and  petrochemical plants
 contribute  an  inordinately  large share to  overall pollution;
 these plants will have to install new equipment to reduce emis-
 sions of concentrated reaction gases, odorous gases, and gases
 with high particulate content. New monitoring programs  will
 be instituted  for fluorine, hydrocarbons,  odorous sulfur  and
 nitrogen compounds, hydrogen chloride, and oxidants and par-
 ticulates in an area extending from Cologne to Dortmund. New
 regulations will be  issued governing maximum permissible
 emissions from all domestic heating plants fired by oil, coke,
 or coal. The incineration of solid waste in heating plants  will
 be prohibited.

 32382
 Fima County, Air Pollution Control District, Ariz.
 RULES   AND  REGULATIONS.  SUPPLEMENTING   OR-
 DINANCE NO. 1967-10. 22p., Dec. 23, 1968.
 Rules and  regulations  on air pollution emissions and control
 are reviewed  for Pirna County.  General  terms  and standard
 conditions  are  defined. Permits,  fees, and fee schedules  are
 determined. Emission standards are  designated for visible
 emissions,  particulate  matter, emissions of  gases, vapors,
 fumes, or odors, storage and handling of petroleum products,
 maximum allowable  concentrations  of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric
 acid, sulfur trioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, and open burning.
 Emergency procedures are outlined.

 32383
 Clark County District Board of Health, Nev.
 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS.   29p., April
 22, 1970.
 Air pollution control regulations are reviewed for Clark Coun-
 ty. General pollution terms are defined and the organization of
the Air  Pollution Control Board, its powers,  and duties,  are
 determined. The registration and inventory of sources of pollu-
 tion emissions, items requiring a registration  certificate, and
fees are listed. Standards are evolved for open burning, in-
cinerators,  visible air contaminants, particulate matter, dust
and  sand  control, gasoline unloading, storage of petroleum
products, and odors in the ambient air. Penalties and costs for
violations are included.
32566
Hemeon, Wesley C. L.
MALODORS - A BASIS FOR REGULATIONS.  Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1971. 3 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper
71-21.)
Of the four major categories of objectionable air pollution ef-
fects,  climatic  modification, hazards  to  health,  injury to
vegetation, and sensory offenses, the last is considered to be
of dominant importance, and should receive higher priority in
governmental  policy. This particularly applies  to  malodors.
This  deficiency  may be partially  due to the  pre-eminent
emphasis on the search for  health effects and partly to the
problems  of measurement of malodors. Odors can be  mea-
sured at the source with satisfactory  precision by  collecting
odor—contaminated air in a large polyethylene bag and subject-
ing it to an odor meter for evaluation. Ambient  air quality can
also be evaluated by a simple technique and with nontechnical
personnel. A sample of ambient air is taken into a plastic bag
during  a one-minute sampling period and is then taken to
another location for evaluation by a panel of impartial persons.
A compatible system of an ambient air quality standard and al-
lowable emission rates from sources is demonstrated, and the
essential elements of an odor control regulations are described.
(Author abstract modified)

32626
Wilson, Edwin B.
CURRENT   AND   PROPOSED   REGULATIONS  AND
LEGISLATION  ON  AIR POLLUTION CONCERNING THE
APPALACHIAN COAL INDUSTRY.  Preprint,  American Ins
of  Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers  (AIME),
New York, N. Y. 31p., 1969. 7 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Institute of  Mining,  Metallurgical and Petroleum  En-
gineers, Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C., Feb. 19, 1969.)
The implications of air pollution control in the Appalachian re-
gion of the United States will be felt most strongly by the coal
industry of this area. Directly or indirectly, most regulations in
these  states have a significant  bearing  on  coal mining,
processing, utilization, or waste disposal. In the Appalachian
area, typical state law establishes a separate air pollution con-
trol authority and specifies its membership.  Regulations are
generally brought into  effect by cooperation with industry.
Regulations  are not uniform from state to  state; they  vary
from no regulation at all to strict limits on the  sulfur content
of fuel. Emissions of particulate matter are controlled by mea-
surements with the Ringelmann Smoke Chart Regulations may
also place limitations on open burning, particulate matter emis-
sion, gaseous  matter  emission, objectionable odor,  and dust.
The air pollution control laws of West Virginia,  Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee,  and  how they
apply to the coal industry, are given. All organizations with an
existing or potential  air contamination  source should become
thoroughly familiar  with all  organizations, legislation, and
regulations of concern to their operation.

327%
Wada, Masaru
ON ENACTMENT OF OFFENSIVE ODORS CONTROL LAW.
 (Akushu boshiho no sentei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai
to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(9):780-787, Sept. 1971.
The statistics of complaints made against bad odors in 1969 in-
dicate that 38.0% of the total was made against stockfarming,
animal offal treatment and fishmeal plants; 36.6% against ofl

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 212
ODORS
chemical  factories and  Kraft  pulp mills; and 8.6%  against
sewage treatment  plants  and  waste  disposal  incinerators.
Detailed tables of  statistics  are included. The Odor Control
Law, issued on  June 1, 1970, its purpose,  odor producing
materials, definition of odor  producing areas,  and other items
in  the  law  are  reviewed.  Currently  available  deodorizing
methods include the gas cleansing method, effective for water,
ammonia, low molecule amines,  low  molecule  fatty  acids,
acidic  alkalines,  hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,  sulfides  and
high  molecule  amine  fats,  applicable  to   agriculture  and
stockfarming, sea products manufacturing, and urban sanita-
tion facilities. The ozone  oxidation method  is effective for
nonsaturated organic chemicals, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,
amines, aldehyde-sulfides and  is applicable to sewage treat-
ment plants. The  direct combustion method is  effective for oil
refineries  and oil and fat treatment factories. The catalytic ox-
idation method is effective  for hydrocarbons and applicable to
paint-varnish solution mixing, oil-fat processing, pharmaceuti-
cals, resin manufacturing, animal  cadaver incinerators,  and
sewage  treatment plants. The adsorption method  is effective
for alcohols, fats,  acids, benzene, mercaptans,  and oil, ap-
plicable to fishmeal  plants,  fertilizer  plants,  pharmaceutical
plants, propane gas filling plants, and vacuum cars. The air ox-
idation method is good for hydrogen sulfide and is used at oil
refineries. The soil oxidation  method is good for ammonia and
amines, and is applicable to  poultry farms. The ion exchange
resin method is effective for sewage treatment  plants.

32893
Hattori, Taira
OFFENSIVE  ODOR CONTROL ADMINISTRATION TODAY
AND TOMORROW. (Akushu kogai gyosei no  genjo to tenbo).
Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(8):957-
961, Aug.  1971.
The provisions of  the  Offensive  Odors Prevention Law in
Japan, enacted June 1, 1971, and the controversies surround-
ing it are reviewed.  The  law designated criteria to  control
respective substances contributing to offensive odors but not
the odors themselves, since  unpleasant odors  are generally a
complex combination of two or more odorous components.
The sources of the offensive odors (oil industry, paper pulp in-
dustry, stock raising) are easily specified, and the representa-
tive odor generating substances are also easily determined;
control  of these  substances, e.g., methyl mercaptan or  am-
monia, effects  a control of the odors. Controls of specific
components  rather than general odors are more effective with
respect to legal factors. Evaluation of an offensive odor by a
human panel is not irrefutable evidence  in a law suit,  but in-
strumental analysis of a  known odor-causing substance is ac-
cepted.

33117
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
PROBLEM OF ODOR CONTROL  LAW.  (Akushu boshi ho
no  mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollu-
tion Control), 7(9):789-792,  Sept. 1971. 20 refs.
An Odor Control Law was  issued on June 1, 1971, at the 65th
session of the Japanese Diet. Characteristically, the subject of
the odor control enforcement is not specific emission sources
such as boilers,  furnaces,  or apparatus, but the entire plants
which contain these  sources (sanitation  plants,  sewer treat-
ment plants, slaughter houses, and stock farms), regardless the
scale of their operations; when a prefectural governor declares
odor control  areas, he is to  consult with the  heads of cities,
towns and districts; these heads in turn are able to request the
governor to declare odor control areas where  they feel neces-
       sary. Three general criteria are applied to a place of operation
       under inspection: determination of the  maximum  allowable
       concentration of odor producing material at the boundary of
       the facility and the outside; regulation of the concentration of
       odor producing material  at the emission source  so that the
       concentration rate would  be same as the first criteria; and the
       concentration of odor producing material  evaporating from
       polluted liquid discharge  should be  same as the first criteria.
       The  maximum  permissible concentration figures are  to be
       within the limits set by the National  Pollution Control Agency,
       and determined by respective local administrative bodies on
       each of 13 odor producing elements, according to the  area s
       climatic social, and topographical conditions. The most serious
       limitation of the law is its designation of only 13 odor produc-
       ing materials as objects of control, and the  basic outlook that
       regulation of their concentration in the air rather  than the
       source  would solve the problem. While there is no  objective
       way of evaluating odor nuisance, nor sufficient data  for effec-
       tive legalization of odor control, the matter of odor  should be
       handled separately from  area pollution  by  organic  and inor-
       ganic gases.

       33672
       Henz, Donald J. and Richard W. Gerstle
       THE PLANT ENGINEER  AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.
       Factory, 4(10):35-36, Oct.  1971.
       A plant engineer should know the effect of  the Clean Air Act
       and generic types of emission control regulations. The Act ef-
       fectively brings every area in the U. S. within the scope of air
       quality  management. It gives the administrator of the Environ-
       mental  Protection Agency the right to publish regulations giv-
       ing ambient air quality standards including emission  or  equip-
       ment standards. These performance standards are applicable to
       all sources constructed or modified  after promulgation  of the
       standards. The operator of a  new or modified source can be
       required to keep records,  make reports, and monitor and sam-
       ple for  emissions. His plant can be entered for inspection and
       testing  of the exhaust stream. Where a  state fails to enforce
       emission standards, the Clean Air Act provides for federal en-
       forcement. Generic types of regulations pertain to participate
       matter,  gaseous  emissions, odor,  visibility,  and equipment
       specifications.  New paniculate  regulations  are  based on the
       total allowable amount emitted per hour. The allowable rate  is
       determined  by the types of control equipment available for
       various  sources or types of combustion sources  in an area.
       Gaseous  emission  rules  vary according to  area problems.
       Thus, in cities where large amounts  of coal or oil are burned,
       the emphasis is on sulfur dioxide. Since visibility regulations
       do not  present a quantitative emission  limit, they are among
       the most difficult for the plant engineer.

       33725
       ODOR  CONTROL LAW-JUNE 1,  1971, NO.  91.   (Akushu
       boshi ho-Showa  46  nen  6-gatsu 1-nichi, Horitsu  dai 91  go).
       Text in Japanese.  Kogai to  Taisaku  (J. Pollution  Control),
       7(9):829-831, Sept. 1971.
       Odor Control Law 91, Effective June 1, 1971 in Japan, is ex-
       amined. The  purpose of the  law is  the maintenance of  a
       healthy living environment by controlling emissions  of  offen-
       sive  odors  from factories and other sources. Bad odor  is
       defined  by law as  material causing unpleasant  odor, and in-
       cludes  ammonia and methyl mercaptan,  along  with other
       materials designated by ordiances. The prefectural government
       has the responsibility of designating the areas that come under
       control surveillances;  setting  standards  of  odor control and
       measurement methods, issuing odors for improvement; deter-

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                                     L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     213
 mining procedures of inspections and reports; and enforcing
 regulations and orders. Governors are to decide in these mat-
 ters on the advice of city, township, and village governments
 in the specific areas subjected to odor regulations and in areas
 adjacent to those subject to surveillance. Violators of an im-
 provement order issued by the governor are subject to less
 than one year of incarceration or a fine of less than $300, after
 an  advisory  period  of appropriate  length. Those who fail to
 submit reports, submit false reports, or decline or obstruct an
 inspection under such orders, are subject to a fine of less than
 $100.

 34033
 Bermingham, P. E.
 CUR-iENT EMISSION STANDARDS AND THE PETROLEUM
 INDUSTRY.  American  Petroleum Inst.,  New York, Div. of
 Refining,  Proc. Am. Petrol.  Inst. Div. Refining, vol.  51:587-
 610, 1971. 86 refs. (Presented at the Midyear Meeting, 36th,
 San Francisco,  Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
 Environmental  laws and regulations  applicable  to  petroleum
 refining are  discussed from a legal  point of view. Effluent
 discharges as affected by the Water Pollution Control Act and
 its amendments are discussed, as well as oil spills affected by
 the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 and impediments
 to navigation affected by the Refuse Act of 1889. Pending 1971
 water pollution amendments are indicated. Refinery emissions
 into the ambient  air as affected by the Clean Air Act and its
 amendments  are  considered.  National standards are cited for
 major pollutants and new stationary sources. Fuel composition
 including  lead in gasoline is discussed. Citizens suits,  noise,
 odors, flares  and glares, and thermal pollution are mentioned.
 (Author abstract modified)

 34256
 CLEAN  AIR  FOR  CALIFORNIA.  (SECOND REPORT).
 California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, 24p., March
 1956.
 To  carry out the responsibility assigned by the  1955  Legisla-
 ture, the California State Department of Public Health has un-
 dertaken environmental and medical investigations. These pro-
 jects are  to  evaluate the effects of  air pollution on  health;
 determine the factors responsible for air pollution; survey air
 pollution throughout the State; monitor pollutants, and assist
 local agencies concerned with air pollution. Efforts are made
 to coordinate the activities of other governmental agencies and
 to assure  that necessary research is undertaken  and effective
 control programs planned. Also  mentioned are smog, preven-
 tive  health,  mortality  temperature-smog  alert correlations,
 respiratory diseases, lung cancer, odors, and oxidants.

 34755
Partee, Frank P.
 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN KENTUCKY  - THE SUR-
 PRISE STATE.  Vanderbilt Univ.,  Nashville, Tenn. Dept  of
Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, and Tennes-
 see   Stream   Pollution   Control  Board,  Environ.   Water
Resources Eng. Conf., 9th, Annu.,  Nashville, Tenn., 1970, p.
 1-19. 6 refs. (June 4-5.)
Population statistics  and the  topography and meteorology  of
Kentucky are reviewed. Sources  of air pollution include motor
vehicles, jet aircraft, open burning, and a wide variety of in-
dustrial process emissions, including steel mills, foundries, alu-
 minum refineries, chemical plants, petroleum refineries, char-
coal and  coke  plants, asphalt plants, cement plants, paper
mills, and extensive mineral production. Unique odor problems
occur  from  the  numerous  tobacco  curing  sheds  and
warehouses.   The  Air   Pollution   Control   Commission,
established in 1966 under the Kentucky Air Pollution Control
Law, consists of 13 members including heads of the Depart-
ments of Health, Commerce, Natural Resources, and Agricul-
ture, and the Attorney General. Of the eight appointed mem-
bers  three represent industry; three, the general public; and
one each, the University of Kentucky and a  local control
agency. The Technical Services section is responsible for data
processing and air monitoring. Field Enforcement Services ob-
tains compliance with regulations,  and Engineering Services
oversees  source  registration, emission inventories,  develop-
ment of emission standards, and consultative services. Inter-
governmental  operations are discussed. Future developments
in the Kentucky air pollution control program may include ad-
ditional emission standards for sulfur oxides and solvent vapor
emissions. Motor  vehicle air pollution control device inspec-
tion will be tied to proposed state safety inspection programs.

34926
Coordinating Research Council, Inc., New York, Air Pollution
Research Advisory Committee
APRAC STATUS REPORT. 109p., Jan. 1971.
The Coordinating Research Council s research program on au-
tomotive air pollution is being accomplished with support from
the  automotive industry,  the petroleum industry,  and the
Government. Summaries are presented of engineering projects
which explore the interactions  between petroleum products
and the automotive equipment in which the products are used,
atmospheric projects aimed at explaining pollutant behavior in
the atmosphere, and medical projects to determine the effect
of emissions upon health. Exhaust odor, combustion processes
within engine  exhaust systems, automotive fueling emissions,
driving patterns, instrumentation  for nitrogen oxides and ox-
ygenates in exhaust gas, methods for  analysis of particulates
and polynuclear aromatics, inspection, maintenance,  surveil-
lance, and economic effectiveness, and  characterization  of
particulates versus fuel composition are some of the engineer-
ing projects outlined. Atmospheric  projects include chamber
reactivity, plant damage,  a diffusion model of  the  urban at-
mosphere, the fate of carbon monoxide, light hydrocarbons in
the atmosphere, haze formation, and atmospheric pollutants in
the urban air.  Medical projects have included the exposure to
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,  oxidants,  and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, and synergistic effects.

35511
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan), Agency
of Industrial Science and Technology
INDUSTRIAL    POLLUTION    CONTROL    TECHNICAL
RESEARCH BASIC PLANS (fTLOrt PLANS).  (Sangyo kagai
boshi gijutsu kenkyu kihon keikaku (shian)). Text in Japanese.
17p.,  1971.
Various  projects  on industrial pollution control to  be  con-
ducted by various institutions under the Agency of Industrial
Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and
Industry are  reviewed  in  a table  form for 1971.  Research
themes, brief descriptions of projects, purposes, and organiza-
tions  in charge are given. Projects  concerning automotive
emissions  include:  methods  of  testing  engine  exhausts,
methods for analysis of aldehydes,  the influences of exhaust
gas on air pollution, improvement of fuels, and the develop-
ment of catalytic converters, small high power diesel engines,
and lithium batteries. Projects concerning emission control of
nitric oxide from  stable combustion sources include: research
for controlled  combustion techniques, methods of elimination

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 214
ODORS
of  toxic  matter  from  stack  gases,  and  development of
catalysts.  Studies on stack gas dispersion include: on-site tur-
bulence mechanism, simulation with wind tunnels, and simula-
tion using computers. Studies  concerning measurements in-
clude: development of  toxic gas analyzers,  dust paniculate
measuring methods, and odor component measuring methods.

35694
Gray, Albert Woodruff
LEGAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION.  Air Eng.,  4{3):29-
31, March 1962. 5 refs.
Case  histories were given to answer legal questions about
when an odor constitutes an actionable nuisance. A permit is
no  legal sanction for conducting a business that is a public
nuisance. In California,  the legal use of the Ringelmann chart
was established;  it says  a person shall not discharge smoke or
contaminants as  dark  or darker in shade  than that designated
No. 2 on  the Ringelmann chart. Smoke from  ships is in  the
province of local governments. Congress recognized that  the
problem of air pollution is a matter of state and local concern.
A court maintained that there is no overlap between the scope
of the federal ship inspection laws  and that of municipal or-
dinances.
       35752
       Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
       THE DIRECTION OF ODOR  CONTROL AND REGULA-
       TIONS.  (Akushu kogai no genjo to kisei no hoko).  Text in
       Japanese. Japan  Society of Efficiency, Tokyo, Chem. Plant
       Eng. Conf. Proc., Tokyo, Japan,  1971, p. 2-1-1 - 2-1-17. (Oct.)
       Some difficulties and trends of odor control methods are ex-
       amined. The lack of objective methods for evaluating odors
       and established method of analysis;  the complex composition
       of  odors; effectiveness of control methods, which demands
       the elimination of more than 99.9% odors; costs; and distribu-
       tion methods are discussed. The function of the control agency
       include the designation of offensive odors, their sources,  con-
       trol methods, and standards for concentrations. The entire in-
       dustry, as opposed to a specific source, and the entire  classifi-
       cation, as opposed to the individual operation,  must constitute
       the objects of control. Before establishing future policies, the
       designated 13 odor-producing materials should be re-examined;
       measurement methods, limited to the low-temperature conden-
       sation method and gas chromatography, must be evaluated and
       expanded; the role of local opinion and government agencies,
       with respect to standards, laws,  enforcement procedures, and
       financial measures, must be investigated.  Data on complaints
       of offensive odors and odor sources are presented.

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                                                                                                                  215
                                   M.   SOCIAL  ASPECTS
00376
N. Z. Medalia
AIR POLLUTION AS A SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEM: A SURVEY  REPORT.   J.  Health and Human
Behavior 5, 154-65, 1964.
An attempt has been made to explore the behavioral variables
of situation-defining in relation to a specific environmental
stress, sulfate odors associated with kraft pulp mill operation.
The  results  of this  study are  presented  because  of the
methodological and conceptual implications relative to social
science research on environmental health problems. The fol-
lowing topics  are discussed: Awareness of and concern with
air pollution; community satisfaction and concern with air pol-
lution; analysis of action potential with reference to environ-
mental stress; ecological and social status variables in air pol-
lution  awareness  and concern; and  air pollution as  an eco-
system variable.

00487
J. J.  Sableski
COMMUNITY ODOR  SURVEYS  AND  EVALUATION.
Preprint. (Presented at the Mid-Atlantic States Section Meet-
ing,  Air Pollution Control Association, Wilmington, Del., Nov.
1965.)
Typical objectives of an  odor survey are listed. The  com-
ponents of an odor survey are described as  selecting obser-
vers, evaluating their  sensitivity, making  odor measurements,
and  obtaining background information  on meteorology and
sources.  The  conduct of  an  actual  survey is described and
methods for analyzing the data given. (Author abstract)

00844
N.Z. Medalia
COMMUNITY PERCEPTION  OF  AIR  QUALITY:  AN
OPINION SURVEY IN CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. June
1965. 106 pp. GPO: 820-365-9, HEW: 999-AP-10
In a  community with a population of 7,000 and located approx-
imately 4  miles downwind from a pulp mill, a public opinion
survey was taken to analyze the environmental stress  of air
pollution on a sample of household heads and spouses, along
two  principal attitudinal dimensions:  awareness and concern.
Of those interviewed,  91% perceived air pollution in the com-
munity as a malodor problem; 74% perceived it as a problem
of visibility; and 62% as a problem of nose-throat irritation. A
Guttman-type  scale showed high concern with  air pollution
among 48% of the sample; low to moderate  concern among
31%; and  minimal concern among 21%. Although exposure ot
odorous pollutants in ambient  air appeared roughly equal for
all members of the sample, their concern with  air pollution
was  found to vary directly with  social  status  and  attitude
characteristics such as civic pride, desire to ameliorate the
situation,  length of residence in the community, and occupa-
tional prestige of the household head.  (Author abstract)
01069
W.S. Smith, J.J. Schueneman, L.D. Zeidberg
PUBLIC REACTION TO AIR POLLUTION IN NASHVILLE,
TENNESSEE.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. Vol. 14(10):418-
423, Oct. 1964. (Presented at the Annual Meeting American In-
dustrial Hygiene  Association, Cincinnati, Ohio,  May  5-10,
1963.)
Extensive air pollution studies have been completed in Nash-
ville. One part of the study  involved collection of opinions
from nearly 3000 people. Opinions  were solicited relative to
awareness and concern about possible adverse effects of air
pollution  on  health,  property,  materials,  and  aesthetics.
Responses  of  the interviewed people are related to several
types  of  pollutant  measurements.  The  results  indicate
widespread concern about air pollution, and the degree of con-
cern is, in general, closely related to the degree of air con-
tamination experienced by interviewed people. Methodology is
discussed, data are analyzed statistically, and conclusions are
presented. (Author abstract)

08698
Nelson, Bryce
AIR POLLUTION:  THE 'FEDS' MOVE TO ABATE IDAHO
PULP MILL STENCH. Science, 157(3792): 1018-1021, Sept. 1,
1967.
A major inversion occurred in 1959; one resident recalls it as
'the black  night.'  After  such   incidents,  more  citizens
protested, and the mayor of Lewiston created a committee on
air pollution. In Nov. 1960, the mayor of Clarkston wrote to
the chief of the Division of Air Pollution of PHS to request
help in  abating an interstate air-pollution problem said to be
principally caused by the PFI  mill. In response to this request,
the PHS initiated several meetings  with local and state authori-
ties and began a  study of air pollution in 1961-62. The PHS
study indicated that Lewiston  and Clarkston had a common air
mass and that either city could pollute the air of the other. The
PHS report stated  that 50  percent of the  physicians  in
Lewiston and Clarkston had been interviewed and that a large
majority of the physicians stated that they concurred in their
patients' belief that certain of  their disease conditions were re-
lated to air  pollution and that several noted improvement in
patients with respiratory conditions when the patients moved
from the area  of  high  pollution or used air conditioning. In-
cluded in the PHS-study was  an opinion survey  conducted in
1962 about community perception  of air quality  in Clarkston.
Nearly 80 percent of those interviewed said that their city was
affected by air pollution, and almost two-thirds stated they
were bothered by it to some degree. More than 90 percent who
recognized air pollution as a problem first mentioned the pulp
mill as being among the sources of such pollution. In March of
this year, a conference on the areas air pollution was held in
Clarkston. The conference provided many area  citizens with
an unparalleled opportunity to voice their frustration about the
condition of their local atmosphere.

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 216
ODORS
 13980
 Nishiyama, Keitaro, Mitsuyoshi Nagayasu, Takeo Azuma, and
 Masaichi Ishizawa
 STUDIES OF THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
 BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
 PART 3. INFLUENCES OF  ODOR  ON N-AREA  INHABI-
 TANTS.   (KP seishi kojo haigasu no kogai boshi ni kansuru
 kenkyu dai 3 ho kojo shuhen no shuki ni taisuru jumin no
 hanno ni tsuite). Text in  Japanese.  Shikoku  Igaku Zasshi,
 (Shikoku Acta Medica), vol. 24:43-52, 1968.
 A survey of bad odor was undertaken in the area within 6 km
 of a  kraft pulp mill labeled  the  N mill. Of 749 inhabitants,
 87.8% recognized the bad odor and most referred to the mill as
 its source. A number of people found  that the odor existed
 throughout the year. This  is due to the unstableness  of  the
 wind  direction in the area.  Approximately 29% of the inhabi-
 tants  were forced to close the windows and doors and 52% of
 that group said they failed to get rid of the odor. The chief
 complaints of the inhabitants  were unpleasantness, mental  op-
 pression, meals not enjoyed,  disturbed reading and work, and
 respiratory disorders. Comparative studies of locations in dif-
 ferent directions  and distances from the mill  did not show
 clear differences. (Author abstract modified)

 14491
 Ohira, M-, H. Maruya, and T. Nagira
 A STUDY OF  AWARENESS AND OPINION  OF THE RE-
 SIDENTS ABOUT  PUBLIC  NUISANCES  IN  MIZUSfflMA
 (NEWLY  DEVELOPED INDUSTRIAL AREA).   (Mizushima
 chiku jumin no kogai ni tsuite no ishiki jokyono chosa). Text
 in Japanese.  Nippon  Eiseigaku  Zasshi  (Japan  J.  Hyg.),
 24(1):99,  April 1969.
 Air pollution has been intensified in Mizushima, due to  the in-
 troduction of the  steel and  oil industries. A survey of subjec-
tive symptoms  and opinion on air pollution was conducted
 among 182 households in the  area regarded as  most polluted
 (called area A) and 88 households in apartments  owned by one
of companies regarded as a  polluter in this area (area B). Com-
plaints such as eye irritation, frequent coughing and expectora-
tion, and malodorous air were heard more frequently at A than
at B.  People from area A,  who once welcomed the introduc-
 tion of industry, are much more displeased with it than people
from area B, who belong to the industry. However, the former
 are becoming reconciled to  this pollution. They  do not believe
that the local government or industry will control air pollution.
Furthermore, they have little confidence in  the ability of a
civic  association  to eliminate public  nuisances and  would
rather move out  of the area  than  oppose pollution. On  the
other  hand, people working in the offending industry  pay little
attention to nuisances.  It is concluded that the opposition of
residents to public  nuisances  should be  supported by  physi-
cians, scientists, and other actively concerned persons.

 15760
 Lindvall, Thomas
 THE  NUISANCE EFFECTS OF AIR  POLLUTANTS.  (Luft-
foeroreningars olaegenhetseffekter). Text in  Swedish. Nord.
Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm), no. 3:99-115, March 1969. 11 refs.
Annoyance reactions from  odorous and particulate air pollu-
 tants  were regarded as medico-hygienic problems in Sweden.
 Legislation in Sweden permits intervention  based solely upon
 subjective annoyance reaction to some extent. Nuisances from
 industrial  plants are usually caused by  odors and particulate
 matter. Complaints were reported in 78% of urban and 27% of
rural communities. The medico-hygienic evaluation of nuisance
       from air pollution includes studies of the dose-response rela-
       tionship between the pollutant in the ambient air and the ex-
       tent and strength of the annoyance  reaction. The description
       of the dose is often complicated by the fact that many odorous
       substances are hard to detect while they still have odor. There-
       fore, the concentration in the ambient air is often based upon
       analysis at the source combined with meteorological spreading
       calculations.  From a statistical point of  view, there is often a
       satisfying correlation between predicted and actual concentra-
       tions in the ambient air. The organoleptic principle of analysis
       of odorous emission was used more  frequently during the last
       few years. Odor threshold determinations were successfully
       used in testing odor abatement equipment and in dose descrip-
       tion around pulp mills. The frequency is calculated by which a
       certain concentration is exceeded at different distances from
       the  source. The  description of the dose was  satisfactorily
       worked out by the use  of standardized, sociological inquiries
       with special attention to certain effects of interaction, such as
       disquising of or differences in attitude. Response studies were
       undertaken in Sweden  around  pulp mills  and oil refineries.
       (Author summary modified)

       23408
       Springer, Karl J. and Charles T. Hare
       A FIELD  SURVEY TO DETERMINE PUBLIC OPINION OF
       DIESEL  ENGINE EXHAUST ODOR.  (FINAL REPORT).
       Southwest Research Inst, San Antonio,  Te Vehicle Emissions
       Research  Lab., NAPCA Contract PH 22-68-36, SwRI Rept.
       AR-718, 166p., Feb. 1970. 8 refs. CFSTI: PB 191529
       A workable method of  sampling public opinion  of diesel ex-
       haust odor was conceived and employed. The method involved
       use of a calibrated mobile odor evaluation laboratory similar to
       the  odor  room  used by the trained  odor panel  at  SwRI.
       Opinions on  a series of three levels of diesel odor were ob-
       tained from 3039 persons whose backgrounds, ages, and places
       of residence are well distributed with respect to the total urban
       population. A majority of all the participants  rated  more in-
       tense diesel exhaust odors higher on the cartoon-objectiona-
       bility scale than less intense odors. Approximately 75% of the
       participants selected a higher cartoon number for test 2('D-4')
       than for test  l('D-2') and about 86% of  them found test 3('D-
       6') more objectionable than test (l'D-2'). This determination is
       based on results obtained from 3039 people in five major U.  S.
       cities. Some  variation in odor response  from  city to city can
       be found which remains  unexplained by consideration of varia-
       tion in socioeconomic characteristcs of the several populations
       or other quantitative factors. In particular, San  Antonio  par-
       ticipants seemed to find  the exhaust odors less  objectionable
       and Los Angeles participants seemed to find them more objec-
       tionable than did the Chicago, St. Louis, and Philadelphia par-
       ticipants, whose responses were  close to the average. Partici-
       pants and passers-by in Los Angeles were very quick to as-
       sociate the survey with air pollution,  but those in San Antonio
       had little to say about pollution, and, again, the participants in
       the other  three  cities fell between the extremes. San Antonio
       has the cleanest air of the cities surveyed, and Los Angeles is
       at least the best known of the five cities for polluted air if it is
       not in fact most heavily polluted. It is quite  possible that a
       relationship exists between response to diesel exhaust odors
       (or, for that matter,  almost any pollution-related subject) and
       public awareness of and attitudes toward air pollution both of
       which depend on the severity of the local pollution problem
       and the type and amount of publicity given it. This study did
       not make an accurate determination of public  attitudes and
       knowledge about air pollution, but the strength and frequency
       of the aforementioned unsolicited comments made to the sur-
       vey  crew  give a qualitative indication of public  concern.  The

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                                             M.  SOCIAL ASPECTS
                                                     217
indication is that high local pollution and/or high awareness of
it are associated with more objectionable characterization of
odors, and vice versa. Highly  concerned citizens might rate
the odors they perceive as being slightly more objectionable
than they actually are in the hope that they can thereby strike
a blow at pollution in general.

24091
MacLaren, James W.
ENGINEERING THE METROPOLITAN ENVIRONMENT.
Eng. J. (Montreal),  53(6):16-25, June 1970. 10 refs. (Presented
at the Engineering Institute of Canada, Annual Meeting, Van-
couver, B. C, Sept. 10-12, 1969, Paper EIC-70-CIV 4.)
It is important to recognize the benefits that can accrue to the
urban environment in  the adoption of regional government and
to be aware of the restrictions that can still obtain in engineer-
ing the optimum system. It should be recognized that in regard
to water  supply, solid waste disposal, waste water control and
air pollution control, the regional concept is developed not for
local servicing but to  establish framework schemes. Every re-
gional activity must be developed in the best interest of  the
area but  with a full awareness of its effects on other activities.
Too often, political and single purpose thinking establishes the
regional  system and its development plan and the 'best  fit'
comprehensive  approach  is  bypassed.  It  has  been  demon-
strated that engineering the regional or metropolitan environ-
ment requires some difference in appreciation than might be
necessary in  typical municipal design. It is essential that this
difference be appreciated in relation to sepcific experience to
date. The implications  of  regional  development  in terms  of
water supply, waste water control, solid waste disposal, air
pollution control,  financing, and legislation are elaborated. A
comprehensive  study  of the air  pollution situation  should
result in an  air resource management program  including air
quality monitoring,  emission inventory, air  quality standards
based on criteria, and a thorough knowledge of the local con-
ditions influencing the transport of pollutants. Implementation
of the air use plan should include regulations to reduce odors,
particulates, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
oxidants, and nitrogen oxides. A metropolitan effort is neces-
sary to successfully achieve these goals.

24768
NATIONAL SURVEY OF THE ODOR PROBLEM. PHASE I
OF A STUDY OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF ODORS:  APPENDIX.  Copley  International  Corp., Con-
tract NAPCA 22-69-50, 342p., Jan. 1970. NTIS: PB 194377
Fourteen appendices are compiled in support of Phase I of the
National  Survey of the Odor Problem. They include a list of
the  major  odor-producing  air  pollutants  with  olfactory
thresholds and related data, the questionnaire used in the sur-
vey, locations of the survey areas, and tabulated summaries of
survey findings. For all survey cities combined, opinions of re-
sidents are summarized, respectively, by income, occupation,
age, and education.  Summaries  are  also presented of  the
opinions  of residents of the individual cities and  of the com-
bined  opinion of businessmen in all cities surveyed.  For sur-
vey plan  and analysis of results, see NTIS: PB 194376.

26725
Peckham, Brian W.
SOME ASPECTS  OF  AIR POLLUTION: ODORS, VISIBILI-
TY, AND ART.  Preprint, Water Resources Research Center,
13p., 1969. (Presented at the Seminar, on Economics of Air
and Water Pollution,  Seminar,  Blacksburg, Va., April 28-30,
1969.)
The  interference of air pollution with  man's esthetic and
psychological  needs are discussed and  numerous examples
given. Odors, though frequently confined to a small area, can
sometimes span considerable distances and can damage health
and deprive people of the use and enjoyment of their property
at all  economic levels, as  confirmed  by  surveying  court
records.  Methods  and problems  of odor measurement and
evaluation are reviewed. Air pollutants also offend the  sense
of sight; aerosols affect visibility both by scattering  and ab-
sorbing light, often aggravating fogs and diminishing  sunlight
and creating difficult and hazardous travel conditions. Another
kind of injury to esthetic sensitivies occurs when air pollu-
tants, primarily sulfur oxides, accelerate the decay of sculp-
ture and architecture, damage artwork even in indoor environ-
ments, and increase the deterioration of library holdings. Other
miscellaneous effects which impair the quality of urban life in-
clude damage to city plantings, adverse  effects on athletic per-
formances, and increased population movements out of cities.
Society must decide how to resolve  conflicting technical and
biological/amenity  claims  on  natural resources  so  that the
general welfare shall be at a maximum.

27680
Hoshoka, Yasuyuki, Shinofu Niki, Tomohiko Ishiguro,
Yoshiyuki Katori, and Yoshihiro Shigeta
IMPORTANCE OF OPINION SURVEY  USING  QUESTION-
NABRES IN ODOR POLLUTION SURVEY.  REPORT NO. 3
ON STUDD2S  OF ODOR).  (Akushu kogai chosa  ni okeru an-
keto kikitori  chosa no juyosei (Shuki  no kenkyu dai 3 po).
Text in Japanese.  Preprint, p. 38-39, 1971. (Presented at the
Disaster Prevention Chemistry  Meeting, Japan, llth,  Jan.
1971, Paper 20.)
The  approach of the Environmental Hygiene Center in  con-
ducting a  questionnaire type of survey  was to divide the area
around  a  factory which was  emitting an odor into 8-10 sec-
tions, then visit 30-40 houesholds in each section, preferably in
the evening so that it would not only be the housewives who
answered  the questions. At the same time, a direct survey was
made of the  source of  odor and  the environment Question
No. 1 sought to determine the area of the odor  and its degree,
while  an  answer  to the  second  question would  indicate
whether the factory had adopted odor counteraction methods.
Several questions sought to determine who among the family
members was most  affected and for long, while the answer  to
the seventh question would indicate how meteorological condi-
tions have affected the odor. A rendering factory and 133 peo-
ple from 0.5 to  1.7 km  downwind of it were chosen for the
survey. Complaints ranged from 'unpleasantness' to  'no ap-
petite'. The odor was strongest in the rainy season, from noon
to evening, on cloudy days, with a west wind; wind velocity
was not too high. An area in the vicinity of a pharmaceutical
company was similarly investigated, and methylmercaptan and
dimethylsulfide were detected chromatographically.

308%
Miyoshi, H., A. Fukuda, and T. Mizuki
EPEDEMIOLOGICAL CASE STUDY ON COMPLAINTS OF
ODOR.  (Akushu kujo jirei no ekigakuteki kenkyu).  Text  in
Japanese.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.  Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):143, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
Questionnaires were sent  out to the citizens  of Tokuyama
City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, in July 1967 and November 1969
as a result of an average of 150 complaints a year against the
odor created by the city s  petroleum chemical industrial com-
plex. Investigations by  monitors  and reports  on complaints
were studied in detail. A total of 42 complaints were reported

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 218
ODORS
in January to June in 1969; 112, from July to December 1969;
and 63, from January to June in 1970. In each case, time, geo-
graphical conditions, descriptions of odor and physical effects,
wind  velocity,  and the emission sources were investigated.
Studies were sent to the management of the industry. Requests
were  made to  avoid  repetitious  offenses,  maintenance of
repairs, and prevention of gas leakage, and for a better un-
derstanding and recognition of air pollution among the factory
workers. The city of Tokuyama is offering the results of these
investigations as basic data for industrial complex administra-
tion and for gas analyses in the future.

31071
Greene, Charles H.
INDUSTRIAL  MANAGERS SPEAK OUT IN  POLLUTION
       SURVEY.  In: Pollution Control Update, Spec. Kept, by Mod.
       Mfg., 2p., 1970.
       The results  are  presented of  a survey  of manufacturing
       managers in 10 major industries  on plant emissions, the stan-
       dards governing them, abatement practices, and their personal
       commitment  to a  cleaner  environment.  Over  75%  of the
       managers surveyed were personally familiar with existing stan-
       dards. Despite strong personal desires, about 40% of the plants
       currently do not meet the air pollution standards that apply to
       them. Particulates are the biggest problem, with sulfur dioxide
       and odors following. Control equipment includes wet  scrub-
       bers,  fabric filters,  mechanical collectors,  and a wide  variety
       of other types. Budgeting for pollution expenses in an area in
       which problems are anticipated; most of the respondents do
       not have a separate  budget for their anti-pollution operations.

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                                                                                                                   219
                                             N.  GENERAL
01539
J.H. Broomhall
THE PUBLIC HEALTH INSPECTOR'S ROLE IN AIR POL-
LUTION  CONTROL.    Can.  J.  Public  Health  (Toronto)
57(2):87-88, Feb. 1966.
The role of the public health inspector in policing air pollution
in Alberta, Canada is discussed. Services  performed include
investigating  complaints,  and  observing, recording,  and con-
ducting surveys of new sources of pollution. The results of
two surveys of odor in residential areas are  given.

03438
B. C. Blakeney and M. D. High.
CLEANER AIR  FOR NORTH CAROLINA (A SURVEY AND
APPRAISAL FOR AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS).   North
Carolina State Board  of Health, Raleigh, Div. of Sanitary En-
gineering and Public Health Service, Washington, D.C. Div of
Air Pollution. Sept. 1959. 62 pp.
The most frequently occurring air pollution  problems at-
tributed to industrial and municipal establishments results from
emissions of smoke,  soot, or fly ash from fuel burning equip-
ment.  The  lumber,   wood  and  furniture  industries  are
frequently sources  of  dust. Asphalt paving material  plants
create  more acute air  pollution problems than any other indus-
try. Pulp and paper mills are the cause of odor complaints and
are considered the cause of some property damage. A variety
of waste disposal operations emit excessive smoke and odors.
In eight cities, open dumps have caused complaints and in five
cities semi-landfills (burning before covering) have resulted in
public  request for relief. Control  of gases, dusts, and other
pollutants cannot  be  legally  required  by the  State  except
through the Nuisance Code or indirectly through some other
statue. The lack of specific State legislation limits the control
of  air  pollution to the jurisdictional area of  a few cities,
whereas  pollution of  community air is not confined to man-
made boundaries or jurisdiction.  Existing and potential air pol-
lution problems requiring further investigation are discussed.

05235
Mazitova, R. M., V. N. Okhotskaya, and B. I. Puchkin
OLFACTORY SENSE AND ITS SIMULATION  BY MODEL-
ING. Text in Russian. In: Olfactory Sense and  Its Modeling.
((Obonyaniye  i  yego  modelirovaniye.nS)  Siberian Affiliate,
Novosibirsk,  'Nauka' Publishing House, 1965,  Chapt.  V, p.
106-114, 6 refs. Engl. transl: JPRS (38,994,12 p., Dec. 7,  1966.)

The authors  discuss  present-day functional  methods of  the
peripheral part of the  olfactory organ. These models cor-
respond to the original and are more accessible to study then
the olfactory  analyzer. The usefulness of the models discussed
is determined not by  their absolute correctness or correspon-
dence to the olfactory analyzer, but by whether they can offer
a more rational approach to the investigation of olfaction, or
help in the elicitation  of the true nature of olfaction.  A model
may provide the basis for the study of many aspects  of olfac-
tion. The adsorption  theories  served as the basis for  the
majority of known models of the olfactory analyzer. Illustra-
tions of the Dravnieks, Moncrieff, and a simplified model are
included. The so-called 'electric rose' created by Rosano and
Skeps and the 'electronic blood hound' are discussed. Models
of  the olfactory analyzer may find widespread use in the
chemical, food and perfume industries, medical diagnosis, the
deodorization of conditioned air, the localization of leakage in
gas-pipe  systems,  etc.  It is also pointed out that recent
research in this field makes it possible to evaluate objectively
the quality and intensity of  various odors, and even obtain
some idea as to the nature of odors, although the mechanism
of perception of odor has not been definitely clarified as yet.

19060
Lukacs, J. and A. T. Rossano
AIR  POLLUTION AND  ITS  CONTROL.  J. Can. Petrol.
Technol.  (Montreal),  6(l):23-26, Jan.-March  1967.  5  refs.
(Presented at The Petroleum Society of CIM Annual Technical
Meeting, 17th, Edmonton, May 1966.)
The sources, effects, and meteorological conditions of air pol-
lution are discussed. There are many sources of pollution, in-
cluding natural and man-made ones. The man-made  sources,
such  as  combustion,  steel mills, refineries, pulp and  paper
manufacturing, and food processing generally  outweigh the
natural sources in number and importance. Man emits dusts,
fumes, smoke,  soot, flyash, sprays, and mists to the at-
mosphere in large quantities. The severity of air pollution in a
given area is determined largely by the meteorological condi-
tions. The most undesireable meteorological condition is an in-
version layer. Inversions lead to poor dilution and dispersion
of  plumes, and  pollutants tend to concentrate in the at-
mosphere.  The effects of  pollution  vary widely:  smoke can
reduce visibility; hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans have very
objectionable odors; soiling and corrosion of materials result;
and plants  and  animals  may be severely  injured or killed.
There is  medical  evidence that air pollution  is related  to
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer. It is recom-
mended  that  new  methods  be developed to  produce by-
products from potential contaminants,  rather  than  building
higher stacks. Consideration  is given to air pollution in Al-
berta, and an air quality control program is proposed.

19088
Thuman, William C.
ACTIVITIES OF THE NASA-SPONSORED SRI  TECHNOLO-
GY    APPLICATIONS     TEAM    IN    TRANSFERRING
AEROSPACE  TECHNOLOGY TO  THE PUBLIC  SECTOR.
(QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT).   Stanford Research
Inst.,  Menlo Park  Calif.,  Contract  NASw-1992, SRI  Proj.
PAU-8368, Rept. 1, 37p., Oct. 1969. CFSTI: N70-18913
An  interdisciplinary  Technology  Applications Team  was
established to plan, coordinate, control, and evaluate a pro-
gram  to apply aerospace  data to the  solution of public sector
user problems in the  fields of criminalistics, transportation,
and air pollution.  Emphasis is placed on users west of the
Rocky Mountains. Problems  are identified through visits  to

-------
 220
ODORS
and consultation with user agencies. Two air pollution control
agencies, the Bay Area Air Pollution Control District and the
Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory  of the California Dept.
of Public Health, were visited. The major problem identified
was the requirement  for relatively inexpensive  continuous
monitoring instruments for the measurement of opacity and
the  identification  of  particle  size  and  composition  in
photochemical smog,  concentration and composition of gase-
ous emissions, wind  speed, temperature,  and direction, and
odors.  Other problems mentioned were the need for a method
to remove sub-micron particles from stack effluent and several
biomedical problems associated with air pollution.

20495
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
Engineering and Environmental Sciences Div.
APPLICATIONS  OF  AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY IN  AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL.  (FINAL REPORT). NASA Contract
NSR-34-004-056, RTI UE-411-3, 65p., June 1969. CFSTI: N69-
36186
The Technology Application Team of  the Research Triangle
Institute, Research Triangle Park, N. C. acts as an information
and technology interface  between the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration and National Air Pollution Control
Administration and as a catalyst among the various sources of
information  involved  in  the  technology.  It identifies very
specific technology-related problems and prepares air pollution
problem  abstracts  on  each  specific  requirement  which
describes the problems  in a concise manner using functional
nondisciplinary  terminology.   The   specifically   described
problems  include  automobile  drivers  performance  tests;
remote temperature and wind vector sensing techniques  for
the  lower 2  km of the atmosphere; long-term geophysical ef-
fects of  carbon dioxide  and  of particles  in  the  0.2  to  0.5
micron size  range; development of advanced pollutant sensors
for  methane, sulfur dioxide, fluorine, carbon dioxide, total
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen diox-
ide, and  total  oxides  of N2; improvement of adsorption and
absorption techniques  for removing pollutants from carrier gas
streams; instrumentation for the investigation of flame chemis-
try; effect of trace qualitites of metals and  impurities  on pollu-
tant identity and  output in combustion; analytical techniques
for  the trace metals in combustion effluent and waste gases
from metal processing, both in collected particles and in situ;
fluidized  bed combustion  processes; working fluids  for Ran-
       kine cycle engines; heat transfer to small gas-borne particles;
       physical consideration in optimizing fuel-air mixture; measur-
       ing techniques for air-borne particulates; and gas exchange
       capacity of lungs.  Other problems  mentioned, but not specifi-
       cally  described are  Oder  classification  and  identification;
       development of advanced pollutant sensors for As,  Be, Hg,
       Ni, NH3, carcinogens, Cl and HCI, H2S, V, ozone, Br, Ce, F,
       I, Pb, reactive hydrocarbons, and  Cd; holographic techniques
       for measuring  paniculate  flux,  and  combustion  chamber
       aerodynamics.

       32254
       Nordrhein-Westfalen Arbeits-und Sozialminister (West
       Germany)
       THE  SITUATION  IN  NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN  IN 1970
       AND DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS.  (Situation in Nordrhein-
       Westfalen 1970 und die  Entwicklungstendenzen). Text in Ger-
       man. In: Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrhein Westfalen, Essen,
       West Germany, Brinck and Co. KG, 1969, p. 75-83.
       The population density of  the industrial  regions of the state is
       1300 to  3000 inhabitants  per sq km. These  regions are  the
       home of 90% of all coal mines, 70% of the steel industry, 50%
       of the heavy chemical industry, and 35% of the refineries in
       all of West Germany. To  the emissions from these industries
       must be added those from 5.5 million households and from 3.5
       million automobiles. Since the introduction of mandatory cer-
       tification  of  polluters,  air pollution in the entire area has
       decreased markedly. The projection for SO2 emission in West
       Germany is that it will  increase  by about 25% until 1975 and
       from  then on will decrease because of the construction of
       nuclear power plants. In the U. S., in contrast, SO2 pollution
       will double until 1980 because of widespread use of coal. Pol-
       lution trends  will be further affected by the growth rate of  the
       chemical industry,  which will expand from an index of 100 in
       1962 to an index of 320 in 1975. The importance of SO2 as a
       pollutant will diminish to  be replaced by fluorine, hydrocar-
       bons, chlorine, and odorous emissions.  The emission of fine
       dust as a health hazard will increase and dust fall measure-
       ments  will have to be  supplemented by dust concentration
       measurements. The problem in the steel industry will be fine
       dust control;  in the aluminum industry, fluorine emission con-
       trol; in steam power plants, fine  dust control; and in domestic
       heating, nitrogen oxide control. Pollution from automobiles is
       expected to increase until 1975, especially from nitrogen ox-
       ides.

-------
                                          AUTHOR  INDEX
                                                                                                                     221
AARONSON A E   'A-34766
ACRES G J K   *B-27154, 'B-31400
ADALBERTO T A   *B-33073
ADALBERTO, T A   C-09660
ADAMS D F   'B-32681, C-18194
ADAMS, D F  A-00525, B-00379, »C-05426,
      •C-06526, *C-08268, »C-0%19,
      •F-01784, F-10308
ADAMS, D. F.  "B-04773
ADOLF H R   B-32166
ADRIAN, R C    B-06088
AGNEW  W G   'B-17906
AIKENS A  "B-28206
AINSLEY Y  'A-28352
AINSWORTH L D   B-22837
AKAMATSU I  'A-16494
AKAMATSU K   'B-22061
AKAMATSU, I   *B-13072
ALBERTE T   'A-27986
ALFEROVA L A   *B-29278
ALKIRE H L  A-11700, 'A-12832,
      •A-12834, 'A-23313, *A-23314,
      •D-23411
ALPERT S   *G-23298
AMBERG H R   B-I6842, B-17409
AMOORE J E   'C-17044, "C-32268,
      •F-19061
ANDERSON C E   *B-32166
ANDERSON D M   'D-31760
ANDERSON L W   'B-29261
ANDERSON, F J   'B-06363
ANDO T   B-14488
ANDREESHCHEVA, N G   "G-11476
ANGLERAUD, O   *G-00715
AOKI T   *B-31160
AOYAMA M   *B-32847
APPELL  L   'C-26096
ARAKI T  "C-34279
ARCHIBALD E E JR   'B-25950
ARGIROWA M   K-30870
ARHIPPAINEN, B   *B-09933
ARITO, H   C-10983
ARTHOR D LITTLE INC   »C-11123
ASAKURA N   A-28614
ASHIDA  K   B-32799
ATARASHI Y   *A-26575
ATSUMI M   'C-16134
AVERY R H  'B-29323
AVY, A P  »B-03129
AZUMA T   M-13980
                  B
BABA Y   'B-26128, »C-17288, »C-2747S,
     •C-29726, *C-31924
BACHMAIR A  *B-33854
BACHMAN, H E   B-11220, B-11234
BAIKOV B K  *D-16636
BALAKRISHMAN S  'A-32385
BALESTRIERI, S    C-01289
BANDUNI, J S   B-04045
BANNER, A P  *B-0272S
BARNARD N J   C-14109
BARNEBEY, H L   «B-04943
BARNES G J  *A-20118, A-33564, C-22448
EARTH C L   *C-35865
BARYNIN J   *C-24071
BASE J   C-29243
BASMADSHUEWA K   *K-30870
BAUCH H  'B-21294
BAUM F   *B-23885
BAUM, F  *A-08373
BAUMGARDNER R   C-34863
BEARD, CGH   A-02765
BECK H   G-34686
BEHRENS M D   B-27401
BEINE H   A-25179
BEISER, F R   B-04227
BELSKY T   C-298S8
BENDL H  *B-31302
BENFORADO D M  *B-13971
BENFORADO, D   'B-11136
BENFORADO, D M   B-00257, *B-06366,
      •B-08506, 'D-07572
BENGER M  'B-26908
BENJAMIN, M   *A-12621
BERDICK M   C-35648
BERMINGHAM P E  'L-34033
BERNERT J   'B-21888
BERNHART A P   'A-34018
BERNICCHI R V   'B-18153
BETHGE, P O  *C-07214
BETZ, E  *B-04300
BILLER W F   A-35635
BILLER, W F    D-00251
BINDER H  "C-14197
BISTOWISH J M   'L-19059
BISWAS B K  'B-26731
BLAKENEY, B C   'N-03438
BLOKKER P C  *A-31882
BLOSSER, R O  'B-07415, 'B-10277
BLUE J D   'B-31463
BLYTHE D J  *A-26402
BODURTHA F T   B-27605
BOEGLY W J JR   'A-32411
BOGEN N  *D-33539
BOLDUE, M J  *B-03966
BOLZE C   A-24459
BORRELli, F    G-00715
BOWERS P H   A-31323
BRADT, P   D-00690
BRAMBLETTJ   D-23411
BRANDENBURT J T   B-27401
BRETSCHER H   »B-16712, -8-23371
BREWER, G L   B-03966, *B-11137
BRIEF R S   D-31760
BRIGANTI A  *B-23319
BRINK D L    B-11673, B-12506, "B-20258,
     F-16828
BRINK, D L   »A-06981, A-08359, *C-08354

BROADDUS, S    B-07434
BROCKE W    A-25179, B-23885
BROERING, L C    C-00178, C-08678
BROOMAN, D L   *B-00286
BROOMHALL, J H  *N-01S39
BUCHBERG, H  *G-00177
BUCOVE, B   D-06535
BURCHARD H   B-21294
BURGESS R E   F-32271
BURNETT W E  *B-19182, 'C-13749
BURNHOUSE, W A  'B-09922
BURT L R  'B-21006
BUXTON  W H JR   »B-31790
BUXTON, W H  'B-04783
BYRD J F   'C-32676
BYRD, J F  »B-02729, C-05898
CADY, F H   'B-00552
CAREY, A W   A-05335
CARLSON D A  *B-27336
CARLSON, D A   B-01563
CARLSSON  B O   *A-30389
CARRUTHERS J D  'B-34679
CARVER, T  O  'D-06535
CAVE, G C   -C-08355, 'C-08356,
      •C-08357. "C-08358
CEDERLOF, R   *C-00%5, *C-09648,
      •D-00209, 'G-00208
CESTA R P   K-21918
CHANSKY S H  *A-22860
CHASS, R L  C-03010
CHATFIELD, H E   *B-09819
CHISHOLM  J A   C-13367
CHOLARK J  *D-23845
CHURCHILL J   D-31760
CHZHEN TSI C  "K-20194
CLAPHAMTM  -B-31211
CLARK WE  A-32411
CLAYTON P  'B-32302
CLEARY G J  'C-16754. 'C-25065
CLEMENT J L   'B-16747
CLEMENT, J L  *B-12658
COLLINS T  T JR   *B-15779, «B-26172
COLLINS, T T JR   "B-04781
COLUCCI J  M  *C-22448
COLVER W    C-20192
CONNELL, G F   B-06688
CONRADI K  A-21700
COOPER H B H JR  "C-35956
COOPER, B  H JR    B-074I5
COOPER, G    D-07572
COOPER, H  B JR    B-10277
COURAU P J  »B-30809
CROSS F L JR  "L-15554
CUFFE, S T   B-07875
CUOMO A J   G-27137


                   D

D IMPERIO, J   'B-09815
D'IMPERIO,  J   «B-09857
DAMON W A  *B-24743
DANIELSON, J A    B-06412. *B-09784
DAVIS J C  *B-30062
DAVIS J R   D-31760
DAVIS R F   A-35590
DAWTDKOWA E    K-30870
DENDA T   B-14488
DENMEAD,  C F   'C-05503
DESIDERATIP   "B-25623
DEVORKIN, H  »C-03010
DEWTTT I L   A-29698
DEY, H F   *B-09791, B-09852
DIMFTRIOU  A N    A-22860

-------
 222
 DOBASHI S   C-30689
 DOMON T   A-21857, C-17638, "C-21866
 DON W A   «K-31286
 DONALDSON W R  *A-32653
 DONDERO N C   B-19182
 DONKELAAR VAN A   »D-16062
 DORSTEWTTZ U   A-33719
 DOUGLAS, I B   'A-04893, B-04950
 DOUGLASS I B  *A-28885
 DOUGLASS, I B  *A-01644, »A-04879,
     »A-11144,  A-12621, »B-04861
 DOVING K B   »C-32269
 DRAVNDEKS A   A-23327, A-34964,
     C-10693, C-13969, »C-3S541
 DRAVNIEKS, A 'C-09521. 'C-09620,
     •C-10016,  *C-10593
 DRINKER P A JR   D-31760
 DROWLEY W B  *L-25446
 DUBOIS W H   B-28047
 DUCKWORTH, S  'A-03097
 DUERDEN, C   'B-01352
 DUFFEE R A   B-20824
 DUFFEE, R A  'C-06381
 DUNCAN L  »B-34868
 DUPREY R L   L-12511, L-16330
ECKERT, J S  'B-04949
EDFORS, M L    C-00965, D-00209
EDGERLEY. E JR   B-00286
EDWARDS F R   »B-30943
EDWARDS T H   »F-14987
EGLIT M E  »G-3S671
EGUCHI Y  «B-17314, *B-31354
EHRENBORG, L    C-07214
EKBERG, G    B-06280
EKMAN G   'C-21652
ELFIMOVA,  E V   'G-05942
ELLIOT J S   B-16747
ELLIOT M A   'A-35590
ELLIOT T C   'B-29877
ELLIOTT L F  *A-35564
ELLIOTT T   B-31062
ELLIOTT, J S   B-12658
ELLIS W H  'B-16890
ELNICKI W   *B-24197
EMANUEL, A G   »B-03972
ENDO R   'A-17198. *A-17631, D-17630
ENDO T   'B-26308
ENGDAHL R B   *A-34228, B-14967,
      B-33077
ENGSTROM S   'A-30327
ERDMAN, T  C    C-10534
ESSENHIGH R H   »A-28861,  'B-26730,
      B-26731, B-35566
ETTINGER, M B    A-07089
EVERS R L   A-21978
EWING, R C   'A-12083
FABUSS B M  'B-28047
FAITH W L   'B-13551, 'B-32682
FAITH, W L  'B-03297
FATTINGER V  'B-29363
FAWCETT R L  *B-19493
FEIST, H J   »B-07362
FEITZELMAYER K  *A-21700
PEL OMAN, Y G  "K-05947
FELDSTEIN, M   'C-01289
FERBER M  *A-11969
FERNANDES J H   *B-22357
FEROGLIA, W E   G-06323
FERRARI, L M   B-01414
FEUERSTEIN, D L   'A-08359, C-08354
FIALA E   'C-16298
FIALA, E  *B-07224, 'B-08604
FIELD E L   A-22860
FIELD J H  *A-33188
FIELD S    C-20192
FIELD, S N   C-10534
FIFE, J A  'B-10009
FIRST M W  *C-25054
FIRST, M W   *A-09175, *B-02047
FONES R E  *B-13398
FONTJJN, A   *F-O7681
FOSBURG S   D-33539
FRANZKE H H  »A-21882
FRANZKY U   *A-21887, »A-24754.
      •B-14004, *B-16113, *C-20538
FRANZKY, U   *B-11059
FREY A H   «C-237S5. «G-20969
FREYSHUT S   *B-17266
FRIBERG, L   C-00965, C-09648. D-00209,
     G-00208
FRICK, R  *L-09215
FRISCH N W    B-20817
FUDURICH, A P   C-03010
FUJH S  *B-14951, *C-21208
FUJH T  "A-17634
FUJTTAI   B-23002
FUJIWARA M   A-16135
FUKUDA A   M-30896
FUKUDA S    C-17639
FUKUI H   A-26826
FUNAKIH   A-17633
GABRIEL K L   C-20192
GAINER J G  "L-32352
GALEANO, S F  *D-12648
GANDHI K   B-21938
GARDNER, J W  »L-03198
GAYNULLINA E T   *C-35182
GEHM, H W  *L-06732
GELLMAN  I   B-34868
GERHARDSON G   "K-18294
GERSTLE R W   L-33672
GESTELAND R C   »G-21359
GHISONIP  »B-26176
GIEVER P M   »A-32489
GIEVER, P  M  *C-09476
GIL DENSKJOL D R S  *D-16635
GILGEN, A   'G-07821
GILLS, B   *A-02001
GILLS, B G  *B-04361
GILMORE F R   A-33828
GLAZE W H   C-13143
GOLDBECK, R A   «G-06323
GOLDBERG A S   *B-32935
GOLDENBERG D M   G-217I2
GOLDFIELD J  »B-21938
GOLDHAFT T M   A-35673
GOMMI J V  *B-24079, *B-32937
GONDIM P  M  *A-32465
GOODWIN J T JR    A-24459
GORMEL B   B-35879
GRAMES, L D   B-00257
GRAY A W  *L-35694
GRECO V   B-21938
GREEN W  »B-31062
GREENE C  H  *J-34518, 'M-31071
GRENNFELT P   «C-35949
GRJJXJEMAN N T  *C-34178
GRIFFITH W L   A-32411
GRILLOT R  »B-13812
GRJMLEY K W JR    C-19051
GROSS L J    B-15709
GRUBER, C W   A-05608, C-00178,
      C-08678
GRUTSCH J F   B-22435
GTOWIAK,  R   B-10588
GUEST E T   *B-13772, *B-26173
GUEVARA. M V   B-04045
GUILLOT M   »F-24531
GUMERMAN, R C   »B-01563
GUTHMANN, K   *L-01528


                  H

HAEDIKE E W   *A-34654
HALES J M   *E-22335
HALES, J M   B-00025
HALITSKY, J   A-07561
HALL L B    D-31760
HAMANABE Y   *A-21857
HAMAUZU Y   *C-17290, C-21866
HAMMOND, W F    B-06088
HANSEN, G A   A-12621, "B-08360
HANSTEDT, W   »A-11651
HARDING, C I  "B-01505, B-01900,
      B-02018, »B-09508
HARDISON L C  *B-23967
HARE C T   B-23067, M-23408
HARIMA H   C-17638
HARIMA S    A-21857, C-21866
HARRIS E K   D-31760
HARRIS M M   D-31760
HARRIS,  E R   "B-04227
HARRIS,  E S   'A-03825
HARRIS,  T O    D-02331
HART S A   B-22550
HARTLER, N  »B-08361
HASEBE  N   B-14203
HASHIMOTO K  *B-17403
HASHIMOTO M  *A-16135
HASSELHUHN, B   *C-09657
HATTORIS   D-26304
HATTORIT   »L-32893
HAWKINS G   'B-18140
HAYASHI M  *A-30687
HAYASffl S   A-30687
HAYASfflNO M   C-17640
HAZEN T E   C-13099
HEANEY F L  *B-31453
HECKEL U   A-33713
HEDLUND, F   *B-06280
HEIN G M  'B-14967, *B-33077
HELLER  A  »B-22525
HELLER, A N  D-00751, D-06535
HEMEON W C L  *A-35638, »L-32566
HEMEON, W C L   "C-09364
HENDERSON W L   'B-25554
HENDRICKSON, E R  *B-01900, *B-02018

HENLEY D E  «C-13143
HENSCHLER D  »G-34686
HENSHAW, T B  »B-00571
HENZ D J  *L-33672
HESCHELES C A   'B-30773
HETTCHE, H O  'B-07374, *B-07530,
      •B-07531
HEUSER  A R  "B-16498
HICKS R  rA-25228
HIGGINSON A E  *A-29353
HIGH M D   »B-32646
HIGH, M  D   N-03438
HILBIGV   A-33713
HILDEBRAND, P W   "D-01949
HILLIGER H G   *A-33713
HIND C J  »A-14297, *A-30603
HIRABAYASHIM    B-27541
HJRAIKE M   *A-29332
HIRAKAWA H   A-17631
HIRAMA  M   »B-32799
HIRAYAMA H  C-17639
HIRD S A  *F-23187
HIROBE H    D-20355
HISHIDA K   A-32855

-------
                                                  AUTHOR INDEX
                                                                            223
 HOCHHEISER S   A-27451
 HOCHHEISER, S   A-05549
 HOCHMUTH. F W   *B-11153
 HOCHSTETTLER A D   C-18093
 HODGSON F N   A-21978
 HOEFFKEN F   'L-22343
 HOFFER R F   D-23845
 HOFFMANN, H  'A-08802, 'B-08497
 HONDA A  *B-33122, 1-19325
 HONDA K  »B-31091
 HONMA T   B-26296
 HOPPER W C  *B-27719
 HORNSTEIN I   'F-19063
 HORRES C R JR   C-19051
 HORSTMAN, S W   *D-00751
 HORTON  D L   B-13971
 HORTON  R J M  'A-00402
 HOSHIKA Y   A-20706, 'A-28527,
      •A-31044, 'A-31263, 'A-32879,
      •B-26014, C-20264, "C-22431,
      •C-29508, 'C-30374. 'C-32880,
      •D-23098, *M-27680
 HOUGH G W   *B-15709
 HOWE, E  L   A-02001, B-04361
 HOWORTH F H  'B-35955
 HOWRIGAN G    D-33539
 HRUTFIORD B F   A-33983
 HRUTFIORD, B F   A-01885, B-04950,
      B-04952, B-04953, »B-05409, F-12662
 HSUEH L   B-26254
 HUCH R  «A-25179
 HUEY, N  A  *C-00178,  *C-08678, *L-10484

 HURN R W   A-12505, 'A-14116, A-14914,
      •A-27249, *B-30865, *C-20100
 HURN, R  W   'D-00241
ICHIKAWA M  *B-32119
IIDA S   'B-14203
IKEDA H   B-17635
IKEHATA A   *B-16535
ILGENFRITZ, E M   B-02725
IMADA M    C-29858
IMAI K    F-13107
IMAIT   *B-31233
INGRUBER, O V    G-03788
INOUE T  «B-27674
ISHIGURO T  A-20706, *A-22987,
     •A-23000, A-28527, *A-32855,
     B-17636, B-20628, B-24380, 'B-26002,
     B-26014, "B-32797, C-17628, C-20264,
     •C-2768S, C-28787, 'C-30689,
     •L-33117, 'L-33752, M-27680
ISHIGURU T   C-30689
ISHII K   'A-25056, *A-26574
ISHIIT   *B-32798
ISHIKAWA K  •B-17395, K-35146
ISHIKAWA M   F-26529
ISHIKAWA Y  D-26304
ISHIZAWA M  M-13980
FTAYA J    C-31222
ITO H    1-19325
ITO K    C-16134, F-19102
ITO N   *B-34073
IZMEROV N F  'K-21084
JACOBS, M B    A-07561
JAHNKE H   *B-25711
JENKINS, H N   'D-02331
JENSEN R M   'A-22973
JENSEN, D A   «B-00504
JENSEN, G A   'B-00379
JOHANSON, L N   B-04952, B-04953,
      B-05408
JOHNSTON J W JR    F-19061
JONES K H  *B-11673, *B-12506, B-20258,
      F-16828
JONES, K H    A-06981
JONES, M H    G-00177
JONSSON S E  *B-30339
JONSSON, E    G-00208
JULSON J O   'J-16457
JUNKER TJ    B-31211
JUST, J   'C-09716
JUTZE, G A   C-08678
JUTZIW   "C-15677


                  K

KAEDING, J H   G-06323
KAFKA, F L    B-01414
KAINOSHO M   *C-12487
KAISER E R   "C-26966
KAISER. E R   'A-07561
KAIU, L   G-00208
KAKUDA C   C-28787
KALISH J  'B-3438S
KAMETANI, F    A-06240
KAMISHIMA H   A-16494
KAMISHIMA, H   B-13072
KAMITSU K    A-17462
KAMO, R   A-05335
KANAMARU  T   D-20355
KANAZAWA  K   C-17638
KANNO K  'A-21661
KANTER, C V    C-03010
KAPLAN L M  'A-27821
KASPARICK, M F  'B-00032
KATAGIRIT   *B-30479
KATAYOSE S  *B-27548
KATO S   B-28756
KATO T  *C-12488, 'C-17629, *C-31222,
      C-32467, 'C-32795
KATOH T  »C-28787
KATORIY   M-27680
KATZ, M  D-00690
KAWAGUCHIT   C-17629
KAWAI S   A-26826
KAWASHIMA T   A-17462
KAY R E  'C-34972
KAYLOR, F B   -L-04942
KAZUMIJ   B-20628
KEAGY, D M   «L-00549
KELLUM J   «B-23594
KEMNITZ, D A   B-07875
KENDALL D A   C-14109, C-27934
KENDALL, D A  'A-04785
KENJO, T   1-05463
KENLINE, P A   'B-00025, *D-03017,
      •D-03459, *D-03506
KERSHENBAUM, L   C-10534
KESHEN A S   'A-35383
KIFUNE I   C-21859
KIKUCHII   A-17632, 'A-17633
KIKUCHI K  'B-22538, 'B-26567,
      •C-23106
KIMURA Y   A-16494
KING P J  F-16696
KINOSIAN, J  R   K-00157
KINSEY, R H   'B-09839, *B-09840
KTTAGAWA Y   D-23149
KTTAMURA H   F-13107, F-19102
KITTREDGE G D   A-30851, B-20120
KITTREDGE, G D   B-09608
KIYOZUMIH   C-16134
KLEIN N  'B-35554
KLEPPE P J  'B-32615
KLINCK R W   B-27357
KLINE M F  *B-20754
KNIEBES D V   'C-13367
KOBAYASHI A   C-30689
KOBAYASHI I   C-30689
KOBAYASHI S    C-17640
KOBAYSSHI Y   'A-30513
KOGO T   A-17631, 'D-17630
KOIZUMI M   A-25056
KOMORI K   F-26529
KONDO K  '1-19325
KOPPE, R K   F-01784, 'F-10308
KORTH M W  'B-12133
KOSAKI M   'B-31223
KOSAYA G S   'B-31072
KOYAMA I   B-24380
KOYAMA K   B-20628
KOYAMA O   B-17636. C-17628
KOYAMA Y   B-14488, "B-33003,
      •B-33380, C-17640
KRAHL H  'B-31167
KRANE D  'B-14453
KRANIG L E  'B-28118
KREICHELT, T E  '8-07875, L-02840
KROTOSZYNSKI B K   "C-10693, *C-13%9

KROTOSZYNSKI, B   C-09620
KROTOSZYNSKI, B K   C-09521,
      C-10016, C-10593
KUKIN, I  *B-07971
KUMAGAIY   B-16535
KUO T   A-28861, B-26731
KUO T J   B-26730
KURMEIER H   *B-30350
KURMEIER H H   *B-14671
KUWATA S   C-17641, C-21858, C-30811
KUZUMA J   *B-24380
LADAM A    B-13812
LAFFORT P  *C-29269
LAMANTIA C R   A-22860
LANDEN E W   A-20101
LANDRY, J E  B-01505, 'B-02279,
      •B-08364
LANG D A   C-35648
LANG O   'C-28393
LANGMANN, R   'L-07235
LANGNER H J    A-33713
LAPOINTE, M W   B-04783
LARDIERI N J  'B-35660
LARSEN R I   D-31760
LARUE P G  'B-23836
LAWTHER, P J    A-09255
LEAK R J  'B-27401
LEBLANC F  "H-20028
LEDBETTER, J O   «B-01508
LEE S D   G-23298
LEISER C P  B-27336
LEITHE W  'C-30014
LENZ, W   *B-03946, «C-09660
LEONARD, J S  *C-03789
LEONARDOS G   'C-14109,  'C-27934
LEPISTO, P  B-01867
LESNIK G E  *E-14906
LESNINI D G   B-16890
LEVAGGI, D A    C-01289
LEWIS T R   G-23298
LI PUMA T   B-32646
LIEBERMAN, A   'B-05532
LIEDMEIER G P  "L-14798
LIENESCH J H   'A-20125
LINDBERG E A S   *B-25085
LINDBERG, S   'B-01549, 'B-09656,
      •B-09661
LINDH, K G   G-00177

-------
 224
 LINDVALL T  "C-16080, *C-2S466,
      •M-I5760
 LINDVALL, T   C-00965, "C-08953,
      C-09648, D-00209, G-00208, *G-09659
 LINNELL, R H   'C-02786
 LLEWELLYN W F    B-31463
 LLOYD L L   F-23I87
 LOEHR R C   *B-22330
 LONDON S A  'C-27733
 LONGWELL, D H   B-02279
 LOQUERCIO, P A  »A-08912
 LORENTZ F   'B-35609
 LOZANO E R  *A-27451
 LOZANZO, E R   -A-05549
 LUDINGTON D C   -B-35879
 LUDWIG J H  'K-16263
 LUDWIG, J H  *A-05007
 LUEDTKE, K D    A-09853, C-05614,
      •C-09860
 LUHR, R A    C-08268
 LUHR, W   B-07374, B-07530, B-07531
 LUKACS J   'N-19060
 LUNCHE R G  'A-24527, 'B-14341


                  M

 MACHIYAMA T    A-25056
 MACKAY DAM   'C-35648
 MACKENZIE, V G   D-06535
 MACLAREN J W   "M-24091
 MAEDA T   'A-31155, «A-31157
 MAGA, J A   *K-00157, *K-11734
 MAIER A  *B-31301, 'B-31472
 MAJOR, W D   A-12621, 'B-09655
 MAKSIMOV V F   B-22400
 MALARKEY, E J   *B-11158
 MALLATT R C  'B-22435
 MARIA G  'B-14013
 MARKANT H P   'B-14118
 MARN W L   'B-12434
 MARSHALL W F   'A-12505, "A-14914,
      C-20IOO
 MARTIN LOF R   'A-25205
 MARTLAND L   *L-12376
 MARUSHIMA Y    B-14203
 MARUYA H   M-14491
 MASON, L   B-09733
 MASSIELLO, F   'B-05930
 MASUDA, S I   'B-03976
 MATSUDA S   B-12480, C-20460
 MATSUI T   D-20355
 MATSUSHITA A    C-32467
 MATSUSHITA, H   *C-10983
MATTESON, M J   »B-05408
MATULA R A   A-25455, A-34766
MAZITOVA, R M   "N-05235
 MCCABE L C  'A-35693, 'B-35595
MCCABE, L C   A-07561
MCCALDIN R O    A-00402
MCCALLA T M   A-35564
MCCARTHY, J L   B-05408, B-05409
 MCCAULEY R F   'A-35599
 MCGINNITY J L    'C-19051
MCGINNITY, J L    B-09813
MCKEAN, W T JR  "A-01885, 'B-04950,
      *F-12662
MCLAUGHLIN A   F-16696
MCLOUTH B F   'B-14609
MCLOUTH, B F    A-10699
MCLOUTH, M E    'D-02212
MEDALIA, N Z   *M-00376, 'M-00844
MEITES L   *B-14757
MELLOR J F JR   «B-08946
MELVIN W W JR    A-27451
MELVIN, W W JR   A-05549
MERKEL J A  *C-13099
MERRION D F  *A-27129
MERRTTT, C JR    C-03354
MERZ O  *A-23843
MEUTHEN B   *A-34585
MEYER, W E   'A-05527
MILKS D  "A-25455
MILLINGTON B W  *A-12377
MILLS, H A   B-02729
MILLS, J L   *B-06088, 'B-06412, «C-05614

MINER J R    C-13099
MINER S  'A-17603
MISHIMA M   C-17627
MTTADERA T    B-29437
MITCHELL G  E    'B-22353
MIURA M   »B-31945
MIURA T   A-21857, C-17638, C-32467
MIYAGAWA T  *B-32498
MIYAGI  S   B-29437
MIYAHARA K   'B-33617
MIYAJIMA H  »B-35803
MIYOSHI H    *M-308%
MIZUKI  T  M-30896
MNATSAKANYAN A V   -K-21083
MOEHLE F W   *B-25694
MOLOS, J E   *B-05862
MONSCVTTZ J T   'B-22837
MOORE H  C-29858
MORGAN J P  "B-23901
MORIKAWA T   *B-23002
MORTTA M   'L-30153
MORRISS F V   'A-24459
MORTON F   "F-16696
MORTSTEDT, S E   B-06280
MOSER K M   G-27137
MOULTON D G   "C-12359, 'G-19599
MOUM S G    A-35673
MUELLER J H  'J-29299
MUELLER P K  *C-298S8
MUIR A J  *B-31631
MUKHERJI A K    C-20192
MULIK J D    C-19051, *C-34863
MUNAKATA Z   C-17629
MURAHARA M  *B-33398
MURAKAMI M  *A-17462
MURANAKA H    B-17635
MURATA K    B-32799
MURATA M    *D-20355
MURATA T    C-28787
MURPHY R P   *A-34290
MURRAY F E   *A-12507,'B-14113,
     B-15690
MURRAY, F E   'B-05808
MURRAY, R C   B-09794, 'B-09836,
     •B-09842, 'B-09849


                  N

NAGATA K    A-25056
NAGAYASU M   M-13980
NAGIRA T   M-14491
NAKA K   D-20355
NAKAGAWAB  *C-30811
NAKAGAWA F  »C-17641, "C-21858
NAKAI Y  'B-30530
NAKAJIMA K   "B-33742
NAKAJIMA S   *B-19218
NAKAMURA K  "C-17639
NAKAMURA N  'A-17236
NAKANO T   *B-15948
NAKAYAMA H  *D-29349
NAMIKI  T  A-21857, C-17638
NATUSCH DPS   "A-34287
NAVARRE, A J   A-12621
NEILSON, A J   A-04785
NELSON, B   "M-08698
NETZLEY, A B  'B-09830
NEUHAUS W  »G-21712
NEUMAN W   G-34686
NIKI S   M-27680
NISHIDA K   B-14488, *B-26056,
      •B-29448, C-30704, *D-26304
NISHIYAMA K   'M-13980
NISHIYAMA, K   A-06240
NOBUO M   *F-12449
NOLAN W J  "B-23538
NOLAN, M  *D-01202
NOSE Y   'D-23149, *D-23152
NTJRANAKA K   »B-32497


                   O

O DONNELL A    A-25327
OBATAK   '8-31911,0-21858^-30811
OBERING E A   *B-13697
OCHIJ  *F-26S29
OCHS H J   *B-23493
ODAIRA T  'B-20628, B-24380
ODONNELL A   *A-34964
OE, M   A-06240
OGATA M   'G-28175
OHIRA M   *M-14491
OHIRA T   *C-17628, *C-27791
OHKTTA T  *C-23004
OKA M  "C-29337
OKADA S   'A-32878
OKAMOTO M  *A-26826
OKAMOTO Y   *A-28614
OKATSUKA H   *B-26296
OKAZAKIT   B-26308
OKEY R W   A-32385
OKHOTSKAYA, V N   N-05235
OKITA T   "C-17627, *C-20202, *C-21859,
      *C-24814, *C-26547
OKUBO S   »A-27972
OKUDA M   A-25056
OKUMA K   G-28175
OKUNO T   A-29599, *A-29842, B-12480,
      •B-15772, B-20625, *B-22988, B-26836,
      •B-29131, *B-29978, C-20460,
      •C-20624, *C-26837
OLOMAN C  "B-15690
OLSSON H   'B-23456
OMORIJ   G-28175
ONISHII   'B-26568
ONISHI, T    B-03976
ONO S   *B-33120
ONO, S  *B-04664
OSHIMA T   C-16134
OSTERLI V P   *B-25977
OTOBE S    B-17395
OTT, R R    A-00393
OWENS, V P  *B-05880, 'B-10994
OYAKE T   A-17631, D-17630
PACHERNEGG S J  *A-33648
PADRTA F G   C-14607
PAPETTI R A   *A-33828
PARDOE E S  'B-25594
PARISH H C   A-21395
PARTEE F P   "L-34755
PATCZYNSKI, R   'B-10588
PAULETTA, C E   B-00257
PAULSON E G  *B-22518
PAULUS H J   B-14609
PAULUS, H J   D-02212
PEARSALL, H W    C-05170
PECKHAM B W   *M-26725
PEREZ J M  *A-20101
PERRINE R L   *A-269M. -B-26254
PETERSON, C  M   *A-10699
PETROVA, M S   *C-11486

-------
                                                  AUTHOR INDEX
                                                                            225
 PEYRON L   'F-24354
 PHELPS A H JR   C-32676
 PHELPS, A H  *B-OS332
 PHELPS, A H JR   *B-07429, "C-05898
 PICKEL, W   "A-07394
 PIERCE L B    C-29858
 PIRCON L J   *B-12346
 POLGLASE, W L  'B-09852
 POLKOWSKI L B   C-3586S
 PORTER, E V  'D-03418
 POSSELT, H  S   »B-04627, B-06363
 POTTINGER J F   A-34290
 PRICE L   A-2888S
 PRICE, L    A-01644, A-04879, A-11144,
      B-04950
 PROCHAZKA V  'C-29243
 PROWLER M E   'A-27235
 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE   'D-09590,
      •D-09592, "L-09677
 PUCHKIN, B I    N-05235
 PURDOM P W  »C-32022
 PUSTINGER J V JR  *A-21978


                  R

 RAMSDELL,  E W   B-07434
 RAO D N    H-20028
 RASMUSSEN R A   *A-19814
 RAYZACHER B   'A-33883, B-27719,
      •B-28108
 RECKNER L  R  * A-35635, »C-14606,
      •C-16442, "C-21693, D-18231
 RECKNER, L  "C-03542
 RECKNER, L R   *C-07266, *D-00251
 REED, R D   *B-04838
 REED, R J   'B-05852
 REHM, F R   *C-04117
 REIDIES, A H   B-04627
 REPORT OF A SURVEY ON ENV
      •D-31371
 RICKETTS C    *B-31178
 RISK J B   B-15690
 RISMAN A   A-2782I
 ROBERSON J E   'B-16807, 'B-21051
 ROBERTS A J   B-14609
 ROBERTS, A  J   A-10699
 ROBERTSON, D H   C-03354
 ROBINETTE, G   *B-09407
 RODERICK, W R   *F-03173
 ROMANO, A  H  'G-07091
 ROSE A H    A-31880
 ROSE, A H JR  *B-01613
 ROSEN, A A   'A-07089
 ROSNER, D E   F-07681
 ROSS R W    L-15554
 ROSSANO A T   N-19060
 ROSSANO A T JR   C-35956
 ROSSANO, A T JR  'A-00393
 ROTELLA W  J   B-13971
 ROTH L   A-30701, A-35581
 ROTHE W   »B-20369
ROUNDS, F G  *C-OS170
 RUBIN E R    C-27934
 RUBIN M    F-19061
RUDOSKY, C   B-11158
RUE POL   'A-20276
RUEB F   *B-24969
RUMSEY D W  "K-21918
RUTHERFORD J G  *B-21220
RUUS A L   'B-13334
RYAZANOV,  V A  *D-05256, *K-05117
SAARY Z    B-16890
SABLESKI, J J   "C-11167, 'L-03540,
     •M-00487
SAFFERMAN, R S   G-0709I
SAIKADO H   *C-34047
SAITO, H   B-03976
SAKATA E   'C-29843
SAKUMA K   *C-17638
SAKURAI T   B-24380
SALLEE E D   *B-14895
SAMSON P C    C-14607
SANDERSON, H P   *D-00690
SANDOMIRSKY, A G  *B-00257
SANO I   'C-33349
SANTRY, I W JR  'B-04666
SAPP J E    B-13398
SAPPINGTON W M   C-27733
SARKANEN, K V   A-01885, B-04950,
      •B-04951, B-049S2, B-04953, F-12662
SASAKI M   D-26304
SATO S   A-17632, A-17633, 'B-20709
SAVERY C W   A-25455
SAWATANI T   *B-29745, *C-12492,
      C-32467
SAWAYA T  -A-19899, *C-33577
SCHAFER L J   D-23845
SCHELLHASE, C H   B-02729
SCHIELE G  *B-24065
SCHIRZ S   *B-25858
SCHMIDT, R C   *A-05335
SCHNEIDER W    B-15153
SCHOEFFMANN E  'B-15153
SCHOENING M A  »A-14580
SCHUENEMAN, J J  'A-02765, M-01069
SCHUMANN, C E  »A-05608
SCHWARTZ B B   G-23298
SCHWARZ, H   B-07374, B-07530, B-07531

SCOTT D H   A-14972
SCOTT W E   A-35635
SCOTT. W E    C-02786, C-03542, D-00251
SEASE, W S   *B-06688
SEIZINGER, D E   D-00241
SELTZER W   *A-35673
SEVERES, R K   B-03966
SHAFFER D E    A-29698
SHAH I S  *B-14094
SHAH, I S  *B-06859, 'B-09733, 'B-11008,
      •B-11009
SHAW A C   *F-13670
SHAW F M   *L-31084
SHERWOOD P T   *A-31323
SHEVKUN, O N   C-H486
SHIBAHARA T   'B-30782
SHIEH W  'B-35566
SHIGENO K   *B-17637
SHIGETA F   C-17627
SHIGETA'Y  A-20706. A-28527, •B-12482,
      •B-23117, 'B-26057, 'B-27288,
      •B-29601, *C-13627, 'C-17640,
      •C-20264,  C-21866,  *C-27355, C-30689,
      *C-33121, "C-35751, *L-30149,
      M-27680
SHIH, TT  'B-04953
SHIH, T T C   *B-04952
SHIMODA M    B-34073
SHIRAKAWA H    D-I7630
SHOJI H  'B-14488,  "C-30704
SHORT W  'E-26550
SILVEY J K G    C-13143
SIMONS H E   B-22435
SINGER R E   »B-31700
SKALA H  «C-14607
SKEEL, R T   A-07089
SKINNER C F   *C-24429
SMARSH J   B-27732
SMITH D B   "A-14972
SMITH H O   "C-18093
SMITH, L K   A-09853, B-06412, C-05614
SMITH, W S   L-00871, «M-01069
SMOYER J C   *A-29698
SOBEL A T   B-35879
SODA, R   C-10983
SOLOMIN, G I  'G-05949
SOMERS J H   -A-30851, A-33564
SONE H   'A-17632, A-17633
SPINDT R S   'A-33564
SPONSEL K   *B-21702
SPRINGER K J  A-34891, B-20120,
      •B-20877, 'B-20878, -B-23067,
      *M-23408
SPRINGER, K J  A-06039, 'B-01867,
      *B-05490, -B-06453, 'B-06525,
      •B-06979, «B-07479, B-09608,
      •L-04841, «L-04888
SQUIRES R E   C-16442, C-21693, D-18231

STAHMAN R C   'B-20I20
STAHMAN, R C  »B-09608, L-04841
STANLEY, W J   A-08912
STARKMAN, E S   'A-01565, 'B-08663
STAYZHKIN, V M  'G-05946
STEIGERWALD B J   'A-31880
STEINBACH, W   A-08373
STEINBERG J L   A-25455
STENBURG, R L  'B-02427
STEPHENS E R  *C-28141, *E-19849
STEPHENSON, W D  B-11009
STEVENS R K    C-34863
STIER A   G-34686
STOCKHAM J   'A-25327
STOCKHAM, J    C-09620
STOCKMAN, R L   D-01949
STOKES R  'B-25017
STOKES,  H E   B-02729
STONE R  'B-19705
STORMONT D H   'B-19850
STRAUSS W   'B-14354
STRAUSS, W   'B-04669, "B-05093
STRESEN REUTER J  'B-18050
STROBEL J E   A-21978
STUBBS R C    C-13367
STUECKRAD J  'A-33719
STUMPH T L   "L-12511, *L-16330
STUTZ, C N   *B-02488
STYLES, H E   *A-09255
SUDO T   C-16134
SUGAIR   C-21859
SUGIMOTO N   A-25056
SUGIURA K   'A-28295
SUGIYAMA H   C-17641, C-2I858
SULLIVAN D C  "C-18194
SULLIVAN J L  *A-20134
SULLIVAN R J  'A-20553
SULLIVAN, J H  "C-03354
SULLIVAN, J L  "B-01414
SUMMER W   *B-25224
SUMMER, W   *B-05624
SUTTON G P   *A-31602
SUZUKI F  'B-26125
SUZUKI K  «K-35146
SUZUKI T   D-26304
SUZUKI, Y   'A-06240, C-10983
SWWENY J W   «B-22838
TADA M  "B-14940
TADA T  A-26826
TADA. O  »C-06112
TAJIMO M   B-17238
TAKADA K    A-29599
TAKADA S   A-26826, C-30704
TAKAGI S  'C-32467
TAKAGI S F   'F-13107, "F-19102
TAKAGI, S F  -F-11132
TAKAHASHIH   B-34073
TAKAHASHI S    C-28787

-------
 226
 TAKAHASHI T   C-17629, 'F-29649
 TAKAHASHI Y   B-17238
 TAKAMATSU Y  *A-29455
 TAKEDA M   *B-17636, C-17628
 TAKEI K  *B-24845
 TAKEUCHI H   F-13107
 TAKUIMA T    A-17632
 TALENS, P G  'B-09827, B-09854
 TAMAN  S   'B-17635
 TANAKA H   B-12480, 'B-17238, C-20460
 TANAKA I   'B-14956, »B-1S170
 TANAKA S   C-31222
 TARALA F E   »B-19221
 TATEMATSU K   B-30479
 TAYLOR E F   'B-27605
 TAYLOR, F R   C-03542
 TELLER, A J   'B-06103
 TERABE M  'B-17293, *C-23107
 TERANISHI R   F-19063
 TERAO K  'B-29437, 'B-29533
 TESSIER, K C  'B-11220,  'B-11234
 TEYOGI  N   *B-24988
 THOM N G   *D-24162
 THOMAS J F    B-11673, B-12506, B-20258,
      •F-16828
 THOMAS, E   'B-07434
 THOMAS, J F   A-06981, A-08359, C-08354

 THUMAN W C  *N-19088
 TICHATSCHKE J   'A-30218
 TIMBY E A  *B-34778
 TIRADO, A A   B-03946, *B-04045
 TISI G M  *G-27137
 TTTOVA G A    B-29278
 TOBIAS G S   B-31211
 TOHATA H   'B-28756
 TOISHI, K   -1-05463
 TRIEFF N M   *C-20192
 TRIEFF,  N  M   »C-10534
 TRUITT.  S M    B-05852
 TSUCHIBASHI S   C-20264
TSUCHIDA T   B-17635
TSUCHIHASHI S   A-20706
TSUIJI M  'B-20625, C-20624
 TSUJI   B-29978
 TSUJI A    C-32467
 TSUJI M   A-29599, A-29842, B-12480,
      •B-26836, B-29131, C-20460, C-26837
 TUERKOELMEZ S  'B-14692, *B-16365
TURK A   "B-20796, *B-32070, 'C-05813,
      •D-18231, 'F-16455
TURK, A   'B-03499, 'B-10005, "C-05396,
      *L-05129
TURPIN A J   *B-27793
TUTTLE, W N   F-01784
TYLER, W S   'B-05929
UEDA J
UEKIS
UENO S
        U

A-26826, D-26304
G-28175
 D-23152
VALENTINE J P   B-22838
VAN DONKELAAR A   B-25950
VANDAVEER F E   'B-23008
VAUGHAN H L  *D-12426
VEDERNIKOV V G  *B-22400
VENEZIA, R A  "L-01604
VIESSMAN, W   »B-00358
VINCENT, E J   *B-09813, B-09849
VOGEL, H E   *B-08467
VOGELHUBER W W   'A-21395
VOGH J W   *C-16781
VOS A W D  »B-27732
VREBOS,  J   A-09255


                  W

WADA K    B-26567
WADA M   'L-32796
WADE W  R   A-20125
WAGNER T O  *C-14680
WAID D E  *B-30738, *B-32559
WATTKUS, J   B-06366, B-08506
WALDOCK K T   F-13670
WALKER A B  *B-14687, «B-20817
WALKLEY.  J   A-09175
WALLACH,  A  *B-04533
WALSH R T  "L-23754
WALSH, R T  A-04860, *A-09853,
     •B-09794,  B-09852, "B-09854, C-056I4

WALTHER J E   'B-16842, *B-I7409
WANNER, H U   G-07821
WATANABE M   C-23.004
WATANABE S   »C-12479, "C-16540
WEHNERT K   'L-26511
WEINERJ  'A-30701, »A-35S81
WEISBURD, M I   *B-00975
WELSH G B    D-12426
WELSH, G B   *D-03431,  *L-02840
WENZEL, H F J  *G-03788
WERTZLER  J E   *B-26944
WESSLER M A  *A-I1692
WESTALL G B JR   *B-27818
WESTERBERG, E N    B-09933
WESTON R F   *B-29251
WHITFIELD J   C-35541
W1DMAN B W   C-27733
WIENKE K  *C-12942
WILBY F V  "C-14108
WILDER OHM   B-12346
WILKES J O    E-22335
WILLIAMS, A F  *A-10075
WILLIAMS, J D   *L-00871
WILLIAMSON D E   A-32385
WILSON D F  *A-33983
WILSON E B  *L-32626
WILSON, K W   G-00177
WIMETTE, H J    C-03542
WITTES J T   D-18231
WOHLERS H C  *C-22958
WOHLERS, H C   *C-08066
WOOD, C   B-01867
WRIGHT R H   A-14580, *A-24903,
      •B-27357, »F-17801, »F-32271
WRIGHT, R H  "B-06106
WRIST P E   "L-31465
WROMBLE, R F    D-00751
WYSE G A   F-19102
                               YAGI Y    C-30704
                               YAJIMA T   A-32855
                               YAMAGUCHIK   D-26304
                               YAMAMOTO H   K-35146
                               YAMAMOTO N   'K-31968
                               YAMAMOTO T  B-12480, B-20625,
                                     B-26836, *C-20460, C-20624, C-26837,
                                     C-30704
                               YAMAMURA Y   'B-27541
                               YANAGIF   »B-28146
                               YARGER, H J   A-12621
                               YASUI N   *A-26048
                               YOCOM J E  *B-20824
                               YORK J L   E-22335
                               YOSHIDA M  *C-26309, 'C-29929,
                                     •F-22429, *F-22430
                               YOSfflOKA T   C-17641
                               YOUNG F A   C-18194
                               YOUNG, F A   C-08268
                               YUKAWA N  *B-26843
                               ZEIDBERG, L D   M-01069
                               ZESCHMANN E G   C-16298
                               ZESCHMANN, E G    B-07224, B-08604
                               ZILLES, P   A-09175
                               ZIMMER C E   D-31760
                               ZINN R E   A-22860

-------
                                             SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                                                              227
ABATEMENT   A-20S53, A-24500, A-26911,
      A-31882, A-32465, A-35S81, B-01672,
      B-06103, B-08364, B-0%55, B-24743,
      B-25479, B-26087, B-32057, C-08678,
      D-09S90, D-09592, D-25291, D-29973,
      L-04942, L-07781, L-09677, L-12511,
      L-15691, L-17258, L-25446, L-26511,
      L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-27677,
      L-27678, L-27679, L-28348, L-28363,
      L-29679, L-29813, L-30149, L-32147,
      L-32171, L-32352, L-32354, L-32382,
      L-32383, L-32796, L-32893, L-33117.
      L-33725, L-34033, L-34256, L-3S694,
      L-35752, M-08698, M-24091, M-31071
ABSENTEEISM   D-33108
ABSORPTION   A-20553, B-00358, B-00379.
      B-01563, B-02427, B-03499, B-04773.
      B-04882, B-04887, B-04952, B-06106,
      B-08104, B-09S08, B-09784, B-09836,
      B-09922, B-10588, B-11059, B-13072,
      B-13812, B-14I18, B-14671, B-15690,
      B-17293, B-17314, B-1763S, B-20628,
      B-20817, B-20824, B-22400, B-22525,
      B-22838, B-23371, B-23456, B-23967,
      B-24969, B-27674, B-29745, B-30530,
      B-30809, B-31062, B-31178, B-31456,
      B-32634, B-33122, B-34073, B-35803,
      C-03010, C-05426, C-06112, C-09619,
      C-09620, C-10016, C-10534, C-17288,
      C-17641, C-20538, C-25065, C-35865,
      C-35956, F-01784, F-14987, F-29649,
      G-07091, 1-05463, N-20495
ABSORPTION (GENERAL)   B-20369,
      B-21647, B-25224, B-326I5
ACETALDEHYDE  A-32475, B-02427,
      B-04627, B-26014, B-29437, C-03354,
      C-08066, C-11123, C-31924, D-29349,
      F-29649,  G-00177
ACETIC ACID  A-1763I, A-32411,
      A-32475, B-24969, C-08066, C-09521,
      C-11123, C-14109, C-18093, C-32269,
      D-23152, D-31371
ACETONE   A-32855, A-33713, B-04627,
      B-05409,  B-16842, C-07214, C-08066,
      C-08356,  C-11123, G-00177, K-05947
ACETYLENES   A-05007, B-03129,
      C-08066,  C-08354, D-00251, D-31760
ACID SMUTS   K-07766
ACIDS   A-00393, A-05007, A-07394,
      A-07561,  A-17198, A-17631, A-29599,
      A-29842,  A-30218. A-31880, A-32411,
      A-32475,  A-32855, A-34018, A-34766,
      A-34964,  B-00975, B-01414, B-03129,
      B-03966,  B-04943, B-05332, B-06106,
      B-06280, B-07362, B-07531, B-09784,
      B-09827, B-09839, B-09849, B-09852,
      B-14967, B-19493, B-24969, B-26254,
      B-29363, B-30350, B-31091, B-31233,
      B-32099, B-32119, B-32166, B-33077,
      C-01289, C-03010, C-08066, C-09521,
      C-11123, C-11167, C-14109, C-14607,
      C-17044, C-18093. C-20460, C-23107,
      C-28141, C-28393, C-29269, C-31924,
      C-32268, C-32269, C-33577, C-35865,
      C-35956, D-06535, D-07572, D-09590,
      D-09592, D-23152, D-25996, D-29973,
      D-31371, D-33108, D-35764, E-19849,
      F-23187, F-29649, G-05942, G-05946,
      G-21125, G-35570, 1-19325, K-07766,
      K-31516, L-00054, L-07781, L-27677,
      L-27678, L-27679, L-32354, L-32382,
      N-03438
ACRIDINES   B-04300
ACROLEIN   A-05608, A-06039, A-28527,
      A-31044, A-32855, A-34891, B-00286,
      B-02427, B-04627, B-05929, B-20877,
      B-20878, B-26014, C-02786, C-03542,
      C-07266, C-11123, C-31924, C-32880,
      D-00251, E-19849, F-29649, G-00177,
      L-04888
ACUTE   G-07821
ADAPTATION   C-08953, C-21652, C-26966,
      G-06323
ADMINISTRATION   A-00402, A-02765.
      A-08912, A-11700, A-12832, A-12834,
      A-16058, A-17198, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-24350, A-25638, A-26826, A-26911,
      A-29698, A-30851, A-31263, A-31323,
      A-32465, A-35622, B-00504, B-00975,
      B-01505, B-01672, B-01867, B-02794,
      B-03129, B-04882, B-06280, B-06636,
      B-07971, B-08364, B-09791, B-11059,
      B-16842, B-19850. B-25479, B-26087,
      B-30865, B-31178, B-32057, B-34868,
      C-03010, C-04117, C-11167, C-27248,
      C-29891, C-30374, D-00751, D-01202,
      D-01949, D-02212, D-02331, D-02339.
      D-03001, D-03017, D-03418, D-03431,
      D-03459, D-03506, D-03514, D-05481,
      D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12426,
      D-12648. D-16062, D-23411, D-23845.
      D-25291. D-25780, D-259%, D-29973,
      D-31371, D-33539, D-35764, G-28175,
      G-34667, K-OOI57, K-11734, K-31%8,
      L-00054, L-00549, L-00871, L-01528,
      L-01604, L-02295, L-02840, L-03540,
      L-048,41, L-04888, L-04942, L-06732,
      L-07235, L-09677, L-10567, L-14616,
      L-15691, L-17258, L-19059, L-22343,
      L-25446, L-26940, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-28348, L-29679, L-29813, L-30153,
      L-30688, L-32147, L-32352, L-32354,
      L-34256, L-34755, L-34926, L-35511,
      M-00376, M-00487, M-00844, M-13980,
      M-23408, M-24091, M-24768, M-27680,
      M-30896, M-31071, N-03438, N-32254
ADSORPTION   A-03825,  A-04860,
      A-09853, A-20553, A-33188, B-00286,
      B-00358, B-01352. B-01563, B-03499,
      B-03972, B-04666, B-04669, B-04943,
      B-05093, B-06103, B-09784, B-09794,
      B-09854, B-10005, B-10588, B-11059,
      B-12482,  B-13072, B-13812, B-14692,
      B-16113,  B-16365, B-17293, B-20625,
      B-20709,  B-20817, B-20824, B-22518,
      B-23456.  B-24380, B-24969, B-26128,
      B-26836,  B-28047, B-29437, B-29448,
      B-29601,  B-30530, B-30738, B-30809,
      B-31233,  B-32070, B-32634, B-32768,
      B-33120, B-33122, B-34778, B-35609,
      C-05426, C-09619, C-10016, C-10534,
      C-10693, C-17288, C-20460, C-25065,
      C-27475, C-31924, C-32467, C-35956,
      D-00373, F-01784, G-00177, G-07091,
      L-14028, L-32796, N-05235, N-20495
 ADSORPTION (GENERAL)  B-25224,
      B-28047
 ADULTS   C-14108, D-18231, M-00844,
      M-01069
 ADVISORY SERVICES   A-35622, D-29973,
      L-00549, L-12376, N-19088
 AERODYNAMICS   D-00373, N-20495
 AEROSOL GENERATORS   A-02001,
      A-10075, B-03976, B-04361, B-05532,
      B-33380, L-30149
 AEROSOLS   A-05007, A-07561. A-32653,
      B-00257, B-00975, B-01508, B-02047,
      B-07530, B-07531, B-09784, B-09791,
      B-09836, B-09842, B-14895. B-20817,
      B-24969, B-30124, B-35660, C-03542,
      D-00373, D-09590, E-19849, G-00177,
      G-05942, M-26725
 AFTERBURNERS   A-04860, A-06039,
      A-07394, A-08912, A-09853, A-10699,
      A-17603, A-20276, A-21887, A-24007,
      A-25179, A-29332, A-32465, A-33188,
      A-34228, A-34585, B-00257, B-00504,
      B-00571, B-01414, B-01867, B-02047,
      B-02725, B-03499, B-04300, B-04669,
      B-05852, B-06088, B-06366, B-06412,
      B-06453, B-06979, B-07362, B-07479,
      B-09508, B-09608, B-09784, B-09791,
      B-09794, B-09813, B-09819, B-09830,
      B-09849, B-09852, B-09854, B-11059,
      B-11136, B-11137, B-13971, B-14341,
      B-14757, B-14895, B-19493, B-19705,
      B-19850, B-20817, B-20824, B-21888,
      B-22525, B-23067, B-23371, B-23967,
      B-24988, B-25554, B-25977, B-26128,
      B-26308, B-26843, B-26944, B-27154,
      B-27401, B-27793, B-30738,  B-30773,
      B-31062, B-31167, B-31400,  B-31631,
      B-32559, B-32847, B-33077,  B-34679,
      C-05614, C-24429, C-25065,  1-19325,
      J-29299, L-04888
 AGE   K-11734
 AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
      A-12998, B-08104, B-14354,  B-24810,
      B-25711, B-29761, B-31211, B-31233,
      B-31354, B-32913, B-34778. G-06323,
      L-29975
 AIR POLLUTION EPISODES   A-00525,
      B-09922, B-25479. D-02331,  D-02339.
      D-09590, D-09592, D-25291, K-31968,
      L-00871
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
      A-03097. A-31759, C-27248,  L-27185
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA   A-25638,
      A-35581, B-26087, D-05256,  D-09590.
      D-18231. K-05117, K-07766, K-11734,
      K-35146, L-10484. L-15688.  L-32352,
      L-32566
AIR QUAUTY MEASUREMENT
      PROGRAMS   A-00402, A-02765,

-------
 228
      A-11700, A-12832, A-12834, A-16058,
      A-17198, A-23313, A-23314, A-24350,
      A-25638, A-26826, A-29698, A-31263,
      B-02794, B-26087, B-31178, C-04117,
      C-11167, C-27248, C-30374, D-00751,
      D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-02331,
      D-02339, D-03001, D-03017, D-03418.
      D-03431, D-034S9, D-03506, D-03514,
      D-05481, D-06535, D-09590, D-09592,
      D-12426, D-12648, D-23411, D-23845,
      D-25291, D-25780, D-259%, D-29973,
      D-31371, D-33539, D-35764, G-28175,
      K-11734, K-31968, L-00871, L-01604,
      L-02840, L-07235. L-14616. L-25446,
      L-27184, L-28348, L-2%79, L-29813,
      L-32147, L-32354, L-34256, L-34755,
      M-00376, M-00487, M-00844, M-13980,
      M-23408, M-24091. M-24768, M-27680,
      N-03438, N-32254
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
      A-00402, A-00525, A-01885, A-03097,
      A-05335, A-05549, A-05608, A-07089,
      A-08912, A-10075, A-11692, A-12505,
      A-12832, A-14580, A-14914, A-160S8,
      A-16135, A-17236, A-17631, A-22860,
      A-24350, A-25455, A-29599, A-29842,
      A-30389, A-30513, A-30701, A-30851,
      A-32653, A-32879, A-33564, A-33828.
      A-34018, A-35590, A-35635, A-35638,
      A-35693, B-00032, B-00286, B-00358,
      B-00504, B-00975, B-01505, B-01563,
      B-02729, B-03946, B-04533, B-05409,
      B-06280, B-09608, B-09784, B-09827,
      B-10277, B-14967, B-16842, B-22353,
      B-24380, B-26087, B-31354, B-31400,
      B-32099, B-32119, B-32900, B-32913,
      C-00178, C-02786, C-03542, C-04117,
      C-04883, C-05170, C-0%19, C-09860,
      C-10029, C-10534, C-12492, C-13099,
      C-13627, C-13749, C-15287, C-16754,
      C-18093, C-20192, C-23004, C-23106,
      C-27248, C-29269, C-29337, C-32022,
      C-32467, C-32880, C-35541, C-35949,
      D-00209, D-00251, D-00373, D-00690,
      D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-02339,
      D-03001, D-03017. D-03431, D-03506,
      D-03514, D-05481, D-06535, D-07572,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-12648,
      D-16062, D-16635, D-16636, D-18231,
      D-20355, D-23411, D-23845, D-24162,
      D-25291, D-25780, D-25996, D-26304,
      D-27255, D-29349, D-29973, D-31371,
      D-31760, D-33108, D-33539, D-33723,
      D-35764, F-12449, F-16455, G-00177,
      G-05942, G-05943, G-05946, G-05949,
      1-19325, J-34518, K-05947, K-07766,
      K-11734, K-21083, K-21084, K-31286,
      K-31516, K-31968, L-00054, L-00973,
      L-01604, L-02840, L-04942, L-07235,
      L-09604, L-09677, L-10484, L-10567,
      L-14616, L-15688, L-19059, L-27184,
      L-29813, L-32147, L-32171, L-32352,
      L-32382, L-32383, L-32626, L-32893,
      L-33672, L-34926, L-35511, L-35694,
      M-00376, M-00844, M-01069, M-26725,
      N-03438
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS   A-23843,
      A-24500, A-25638. A-32878, A-33719,
      B-00504, B-00552, B-00975, B-03129,
      B-09922, C-02786, C-09716, D-01202,
      D-05256, D-16635, D-16636, D-18231,
      G-05942, G-05943, G-05946, G-05949,
      G-07821. G-21125, G-35570, K-05117,
      K-05947, K-07766, K-11734, K-20194,
      K-21083, K-21084, K-21918, K-27403,
      K-30870, K-31516, K-31968, K-35146,
      L-00549, L-00871, L-00973, L-01604,
      L-09677, L-14616, L-15688, L-27678,
      L-27679, L-32382, L-32383, L-32566,
      L-33117, L-33672, L-33725, L-34755,
      M-00376, M-00844
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
      C-32022, D-33539, L-25446, L-26511,
      L-32147, M-24091
AIR-FUEL RATIO   A-01565, A-02001,
      A-05335, A-05549, A-09255, A-10075,
      A-12377, A-14297, A-20118, A-21700,
      A-27249, A-27986, A-35590, B-01613,
      B-04361, B-06280, B-07224, B-08663,
      B-19850, B-21220, B-30865, B-32119,
      B-35566, N-20495
AIRCRAFT  A-05549, A-27451, A-32653,
      A-33719, B-08663, B-29628, B-34778,
      C-31924, D-01202, N-I9060
AIRPORTS   A-05549, A-32653, D-00690,
      D-01202, L-00054
ALABAMA  D-03431
ALCOHOLS   A-07089, A-07561, A-12083,
      A-23843, A-32855, A-33564, A-33983,
      A-34766, B-01414, B-04627, B-04838,
      B-04943, B-05409, B-06366, B-08506,
      B-09849, B-14692, B-16842, B-16890,
      B-21294, B-22400, B-22838, B-24090,
      B-26843, B-31233, B-32166, B-32956,
      C-03354, C-07214, C-08357, C-10983,
      C-11123, C-14109, C-14607, C-27934,
      C-29269, C-30704, C-30811, C-32269,
      C-34279, D-31371, D-31760, K-20194,
      L-32796
ALDEHYDES   A-00393, A-02001, A-05007,
      A-05549, A-05608, A-06039, A-07561,
      A-08802, A-09175, A-09255, A-14116,
      A-14297, A-23843, A-24459, A-25327,
      A-26048, A-27249, A-27451, A-28527,
      A-29599, A-30218, A-30603, A-31044,
      A-31880, A-32465, A-32475, A-32855,
      A-33564, A-34018, A-34766, A-34891,
      A-34964, A-35590, A-35635, A-35673,
      B-00286, B-00975, B-01414, B-02427,
      B-04361, B-04533, B-04627, B-05808,
      B-05929, B-06280, B-06636, B-07224,
      B-07971, B-08497, B-09827, B-09830,
      B-09852, B-11234, B-14895, B-14967,
      B-15772, B-19493, B-20877, B-20878,
      B-21294, B-23008, B-24090, B-24845,
      B-24988, B-25594, B-26014, B-27674,
      B-29437, B-29533, B-31700, B-32166,
      B-33077, C-02786, C-03010, C-03354,
      C-03542, C-05170, C-06112, C-07266,
      C-08066, C-08953, C-10693, C-11123,
      C-11167, C-14607, C-16781, C-20100,
      C-27685, C-30704, C-30811, C-31924,
      C-32467, C-32880, C-34279, D-00241,
      D-00251, D-01949, D-03506, D-03514,
      D-06535, D-09592, D-23152, D-23845,
      D-25996, D-29349, D-31371, D-31760,
      D-33539, E-19849, F-17801, F-29649,
      G-00177, L-00054, L-04888, L-32147,
      L-327%, L-35511, N-03438
ALERTS   B-25479, D-25291, K-31968
ALFALFA   A-35564
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS  A-01885,
      A-05007, A-05549, A-16494, A-23843,
      A-26911, A-27235, A-27249, A-27451,
      A-28352, A-29599, A-32411, A-32475,
      A-33564, A-34891, A-34964, A-35564,
      B-00379, B-01414, B-01508, B-03129,
      B-04838, B-06636, B-07224, B-07362,
      B-09655, B-14341, B-14609, B-15772,
      B-16498, B-16890, B-22838, B-28118,
      B-29437, B-29978, B-32956, C-03354,
      C-05170, C-07214, C-08066, C-08354,
      C-09521, C-09619, C-10693, C-24814,
      C-26837, C-29269, C-30704, D-00251,
      D-23149, D-23152, D-29349. D-31760,
      F-16828, G-00177, G-00715, K-11734,
      K-21083, K-30870, N-20495
ALKALINE ADDITIVES   B-09508,
      B-20709, B-30350, B-32070, B-32615,
      B-35803
ALKALIZED ALUMINA (ADSORPTION)
      B-06636, B-26908, B-32070
ALLERGIES  A-20553
ALTITUDE   A-29353, A-35638, B-04361,
      B-31223, D-09590, D-29973, E-14906,
      F-07681, L-29813, L-32566
ALUMINUM  A-34018, B-03129, B-07362,
      B-09784, B-09791, D-33108, F-11132,
      G-00177
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS   A-32489,
      B-09849, B-24743, B-27401, B-28756,
      F-11132, 1-05463
ALVEOLI  G-23298
AMIDES   C-11123
AMINES   A-09853, A-17198, A-17631,
      A-19899, A-23843, A-29599, A-29842,
      A-31044, B-01508, B-02729, B-04300,
      B-04627, B-05624, B-05862, B-07530,
      B-07531, B-09849, B-09854, B-12480,
      B-15772, B-20625, B-26014, B-26836,
      B-27605, B-27674, B-29131, B-29363,
      B-29448, B-29745, B-29978. B-31302,
      B-31700, B-32099, B-32768, C-11123,
      C-13099, C-17627, C-17628, C-17638,
      C-17640, C-20202, C-20624, C-21858,
      C-23004, C-26547, C-26837, C-27685,
      C-27791, C-28141, C-29726, C-30704,
      C-30811, C-32467, C-33577, C-35865,
      F-29649, L-327%
AMINO ACIDS   C-29508, C-32880, F-29649

AMMONIA  A-07561, A-17198, A-17631,
      A-21857, A-29599, A-30218, A-30389,
      A-31044, A-31263, A-31880, A-32465,
      A-32855, A-33713, A-34018, A-35564,
      A-35673, B-01508, B-04627, B-04664,
      B-06280, B-07531, B-09854, B-14488,
      B-14967, B-17637, B-20625, B-20824,
      B-24969, B-26014, B-26618, B-26836,
      B-28118, B-29448, B-29978, B-31302,
      B-32768, B-33077, B-33122, C-03010,
      C-05170, C-11123, C-17628, C-17639,
      C-17640, C-17641, C-21858, C-23107,
      C-24429, C-24814, C-27355, C-27685,
      C-27791, C-29269, C-29726, C-30704,
      C-30811, C-31924, C-32880, C-35865,
      C-35956, D-03506, D-03514, D-06535,
      D-07572, D-09592, D-23152, D-23845,
      D-29973, D-33108, F-29649, H-00252,
      1-19325, K-35146, L-00054, L-04942,
      L-27678, L-27679, L-32796, L-32893,
      L-33725
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE   A-17634
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS   A-07561,
      A-17198, A-17631, A-17634, A-21857,
      A-29599, A-29842, A-30218, A-30389,
      A-31044, A-31263, A-J31880, A-32465,
      A-3285S, A-33713, A-34018, A-35564,
      A-35673, B-01508, B-04627, B-04664,
      B-06280, B-07531, B-09854, B-14488,
      B-14967, B-17637, B-20625, B-20824,
      B-24969, B-26014, B-26618, B-26836,
      B-28118, B-29448, B-29978, B-31302,
      B-32099, B-32768, B-33077, B-33122,
      C-03010, C-05170, C-11123, C-17628,
      C-17639, C-17640, C-17641, C-21858,
      C-23107. C-24429, C-24814.  C-27355,
      C-27685, C-27791, C-29269, C-29726,

-------
                                                      SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                                                               229
      C-30704. C-30811, C-31924, C-32880,
      C-35865, C-35956, D-01949, D-03506,
      D-03514, D-06535, D-07572, D-09592,
      D-23152, D-23845, D-29973, D-33108,
      F-11132, F-29649, G-28175, H-00252,
      1-19325, K-35146. L-00054, L-04942,
      L-27678, L-27679, L-327%, L-32893,
      L-33725
ANALYTICAL METHODS   A-01644,
      A-03825, A-OS549, A-05608, A-06981,
      A-08359, A-08373, A-08802, A-10075,
      A-14580, A-15297, A-16494, A-17603,
      A-17631, A-17633, A-19814, A-20101.
      A-20557, A-21661, A-21978, A-23843,
      A-24350, A-25228, A-25327, A-25455,
      A-27451, A-28527, A-2%98, A-30687,
      A-30701, A-31044, A-31263, A-31602,
      A-32411, A-32475, A-33564, A-33713,
      A-34287, A-34766, A-34891, A-34964,
      A-35581, A-35635, B-00032, B-00286,
      B-00358, B-00379, B-00571, B-00975.
      B-02279, B-03807, B-03966, B-04045,
      B-04361, B-04882, B-04887, B-05408,
      B-05409, B-05808, B-06363, B-06366,
      B-06453, B-0652S, B-06979, B-08364,
      B-08497, B-08506, B-09830. B-10277,
      B-11843, B-12480, B-14692, B-14967,
      B-16842, B-17636, B-20628, B-23319,
      B-23371, B-24380, B-29323, B-32099,
      B-32166, B-32302, B-32681, B-34679,
      B-35566, C-01289, C-02786, C-03010,
      C-03542, C-04883, C-05426, C-06112,
      C-06381, C-06526, C-07214, C-07266,
      C-08066, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
      C-08357, C-08358, C-09476, C-09521,
      C-09619, C-09620, C-0%57, C-09860,
      C-10016, C-10029, C-10534, C-10593.
      C-10693, C-12488, C-12942, C-13099,
      C-13143, C-13367, C-13749, C-13969,
      C-14197, C-14680, C-15287, C-16134,
      C-16442, C-17288, C-17627, C-17628,
      C-17629, C-I8093, C-I9051, C-20100,
      C-20192, C-20202, C-20264, C-20460,
      C-20624, C-21859, C-22431, C-23004,
      C-23107, C-2375S, C-24814, C-26547,
      C-27121, C-27248, C-27355, C-27475,
      C-27685, C-27733. C-27791, C-28141,
      C-28787, C-29337, C-29508, C-29726,
      C-29843, C-29858, C-30014, C-30374,
      C-30704, C-31222. C-31924, C-32022,
      C-32467, C-32795, C-32880, C-33577,
      C-34047, C-34279, C-34863, C-35541,
      C-35648, C-35751, C-3586S, C-35949,
      C-35956, D-00209, D-00251, D-05481,
      D-23098, D-29349, D-31371, D-31760,
      F-01784,  F-10308, F-13670, F-19061,
      F-19063, G-00177, G-03788, G-05949,
      G-21359, G-35570, G-35671, 1-05463,
      K-27403, K-31286, L-00054, L-04888,
      L-35511,  L-35752, N-19088, N-20495
ANEMOMETERS   C-03010, C-35956,
      E-14906
ANIMALS  A-00402, A-09175, A-17198,
      A-22973, A-25179, A-26911, A-30389,
      A-33713, A-33828, A-34018, A-35673,
      B-02427, B-03297, B-09827, B-09854,
      B-14453, B-22550, B-25379, B-25858,
      B-31302, B-33120, B-33398, B-35879,
      C-02786, C-03542, C-12359, C-13099,
      C-13749, C-23755, C-28141, C-32467,
      C-34972, D-00751, F-19102, F-33084.
      G-00177, G-00208, G-00715, G-05949,
      G-07821, G-19599, G-21125, G-21359,
      G-23298, G-35570, G-35671, H-00252,
      K-05947,  K-11734, K-20194, K-21084,
      K-31968, K-35146, L-34926, M-00844,
      M-01069, N-03438
ANNUAL   A-28352, B-31354, D-03001,
      D-23411, D-27255, D-29973, K-31516,
      K-35146
ANOXIA  B-08497
ANTHRACENES   A-01565, C-03542,
      D-00251
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
      K-11734, L-07235, L-0%77, L-33725
AREA SURVEYS   A-00402, A-02765,
      A-11700, A-12832, A-12834, A-16058,
      A-17198, A-23313, A-23314, A-24350,
      A-26826, A-29698, A-31263, B-02794,
      B-26087, D-00751, D-01202, D-01949,
      D-02212, D-02331, D-02339, D-03001,
      D-03017, D-03418, D-03431, D-03459,
      D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-06535,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-23411,
      D-25780, D-25996, D-29973, D-31371,
      D-33539, G-28175, K-31968, L-00871,
      L-02840, L-14616, L-28348, L-29679,
      L-29813, L-34256, M-00376, M-00487,
      M-00844, M-13980, M-23408, M-24091,
      M-24768, M-27680, N-03438. N-32254
ARIZONA   L-32382
AROMATIC FRACTIONS   A-33564
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS   A-05007,
      A-05549, A-07089, A-07394, A-07561,
      A-10075, A-11692, A-23843, A-27451,
      A-29599, A-32855, A-33564, A-34766,
      A-34964, B-03966, B-04627, B-09839,
      B-16498, B-16842, B-16890, B-17906,
      B-28047, C-02786, C-03542, C-06112,
      C-07214, C-08356, C-08357, C-08953,
      C-09521, C-11123, C-11486, C-14109,
      C-14607, C-15287, C-18093, C-27121,
      C-27934, C-31924, C-32269, C-33349,
      D-00251, D-23149, F-17801, G-00177.
      G-05949, G-U476, L-32796, M-08698
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS   A-26402,
      B-00975
ARSINE   B-00975
ASBESTOS   B-21938, B-26254,  C-27248
ASBESTOSIS   B-25479
ASHES  A-31155, A-34228, A-34290,
      B-00025, B-00246, B-10009, B-30773,
      B-33077, B-33793
ASIA   A-06240, A-16135, A-16494,
      A-17198, A-17236, A-17462, A-17631,
      A-17632, A-17633, A-17634, A-19899,
      A-20706, A-21661, A-21857, A-22987,
      A-23000, A-24500, A-25056, A-25228,
      A-26048, A-26574, A-26575, A-26605,
      A-26826, A-27669, A-27972, A-28295,
      A-28527, A-28614, A-29332, A-29455,
      A-29599, A-29842, A-30513, A-30687,
      A-31044, A-31155, A-31157, A-31263,
      A-32475, A-32855, A-32878, A-32879,
      B-03976, B-04664, B-08104, B-12480,
      B-12482, B-13072, B-14203, B-14488,
      B-14940, B-14951, B-14956, B-15170,
      B-15772, B-15948, B-16535, B-17238,
      B-17293, B-17314, B-1739S, B-17403,
      B-17635, B-17636, B-17637, B-19218,
      B-20625, B-20628, B-20709, B-21647,
      B-22061, B-22538, B-22988, B-23002,
      B-23117, B-24380, B-24845, B-25379,
      B-26002, B-26014, B-26056, B-26057,
      B-26125, B-26128, B-26296, B-26308,
      B-26567, B-26568, B-26618, B-26836,
      B-26843, B-27288, B-27541, B-27548,
      B-27674, B-28146, B-28756, B-29131,
      B-29437, B-29448, B-29533, B-29601,
      B-29745. B-29761, B-29978, B-30260,
      B-30479, B-30530, B-30782, B-31091,
      B-31160, B-3I223, B-31233, B-31354,
      B-31456, B-31911, B-31945, B-32099,
      B-32119, B-32497, B-32498, B-32768,
      B-32797, B-32798, B-32799, B-32847,
      B-32900, B-32913, B-33003, B-33120,
      B-33122, B-33380, B-33398, B-33617,
      B-33742, B-34073, B-35803, C-06112,
      C-12479, C-12487. C-12488, C-12492,
      C-13627, C-16134, C-16540, C-17288,
      C-17290, C-17627, C-17628, C-17629,
      C-17638, C-17639, C-17640, C-17641,
      C-20202, C-20264, C-20460, C-20624,
      C-21208, C-21858, C-21859, C-21866,
      C-22431, C-23004, C-23106, C-23107,
      C-24814, C-26309, C-26547, C-26837,
      C-27355, C-27475, C-27685, C-27791,
      C-28787, C-29337, C-29508, C-29726,
      C-29843, C-29929, C-30374, C-30689.
      C-30704, C-30811, C-31222, C-31924,
      C-32467, C-32795, C-32880, C-33121,
      C-33349, C-33577, C-34047, C-34279,
      C-35751, D-17630, D-20355, D-23098,
      D-23149, D-23152, D-25291, D-26304,
      D-27255, D-29349. D-29973, D-31371,
      D-33108, D-33723, D-35764, F-11132,
      F-12449, F-13107, F-19102, F-22429,
      F-22430, F-26529, F-29649, G-28175,
      1-05463, 1-19325, K-31968, K-35146,
      L-14932, L-15691, L-17258, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-27677, L-27678, L-27679,
      L-28348, L-28363. L-29679, L-29813.
      L-29975, L-30149, L-30153, L-30688,
      L-32796, L-32893. L-33117, L-33725,
      L-35511, L-35752, M-13980, M-14491,
      M-27680, M-30896
ASPHALT   B-03972, B-04627, B-09784,
      B-09791, B-09819, B-09836, B-24090,
      B-26125, D-09592, K-15926, K-31516.
      L-0%77, L-15554
ASPIRATORS   B-30809
ASTHMA   A-30513, A-31759, D-02212,
      D-33108, L-01604
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS   A-03097,
      A-05007, A-06240, A-10075, A-11700,
      A-20706, A-23313, A-24500, A-29353,
      A-29599, A-30513, A-33828, A-35564,
      A-35693, B-00975, B-01508, B-01672,
      B-09836, B-16842, B-26087. B-32900.
      C-00178, C-08066, C-08678, C-09660,
      C-11167, D-00690, D-01202, D-01949,
      D-02331, D-02339, D-03017, D-03418,
      D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
      D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12648,
      D-25996, D-27255, D-31371, D-31760,
      D-33108, D-33723, E-14906, L-00054,
      L-02840, L-07235. L-29813, M-00487,
      M-27680, N-03438. N-19088
AUSTRALIA   A-34290, B-04669, B-14354,
      C-16754, C-25065
AUTOMATIC METHODS   B-00975.
      C-05426, C-09619, C-29843, C-32022,
      C-34279, D-29973
AUTOMOBILES   A-05007, A-05549,
      A-05608, A-26048, A-28352, A-28614,
      A-30327, A-31323, A-31759, A-31882,
      A-32465, A-32653, A-33719, A-34018,
      B-00504, B-00975, B-06280, B-07224,
      B-08604, B-08663, B-17906, B-25711,
      B-31631, B-33077, C-16298. C-31222.
      D-25291, D-27255, D-29973, D-33108,
      K-00157, L-00054, L-09215, L-19059,
      L-22343, L-27185, L-27677, L-32147,
      L-34926, N-322S4
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
      A-01565, A-02001, A-05007. A-05335.
      A-05549, A-06039, A-08802, A-09255.
      A-10075, A-12377, A-12505, A-12998.
      A-14297, A-14914, A-20118, A-21700,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-26048, A-27129.

-------
 230
      A-27249, A-27986, A-28352, A-30851,
      A-31323, A-31759, A-32653, A-35S90,
      B-00504, B-01613, B-04361, B-05490,
      B-06280, B-06453, B-06525, B-06979,
      B-07224, B-07479, B-08497, B-08604,
      B-08663, B-09608, B-12133, B-17906,
      B-19850, B-20120. B-20877, B-20878.
      B-21220, B-23067, B-24988, B-25594,
      B-27401, B-28108, B-29437, B-29533,
      B-30260, B-30865, B-31400, B-31631,
      B-32119, B-35566, C-03542, K-00157,
      K-18294, L-03198, L-04888, L-09215,
      N-20495
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS   A-00393,
      A-01565, A-05007, A-05335, A-05527,
      A-05608, A-06039, A-08802, A-09255.
      A-11692, A-12377, A-12505, A-14116,
      A-14914, A-15297, A-16058, A-16135,
      A-20101, A-20118, A-20125, A-20134,
      A-20557, A-21700, A-24459, A-25327,
      A-26048, A-27129, A-27249, A-27451,
      A-283S2, A-30327, A-30603. A-30851,
      A-31323, A-31759, A-32465, A-32653,
      A-33648, A-33719, A-34018, A-34766,
      A-34891, A-34964, A-35590, A-35622,
      A-35635, B-00504, B-00975, B-01613,
      B-06280, B-06453, B-06525, B-06636,
      B-06979, B-07224, B-07479, B-08497,
      B-08604. B-08663, B-09608, B-11220,
      B-11234. B-12133, B-17314, B-17906,
      B-20120, B-20877, B-20878, B-23067,
      B-24845, B-24988, B-25594, B-27401,
      B-28118, B-29437, B-29533, B-29628,
      B-30260, B-30865, B-31167, B-31233,
      B-31400, B-31631, B-33077, C-02786,
      C-03542, C-05170, C-06112, C-07266,
      C-09476, C-09620, C-14197, C-14607,
      C-14680, C-16298, C-16442, C-16781,
      C-20100, C-22448, C-23107, C-26966,
      C-27121, C-27248, C-27934, C-29337,
      C-31222, D-00241, D-00251, D-03001,
      D-03017, D-03431, D-03506, D-09592,
      D-18231, D-23411, D-23845, D-24162,
      D-25291, D-27255, D-29973, D-33108,
      E-19849, G-00177, K-00157, K-07766,
      K-16263, K-18294, L-00973, L-03198,
      L-04888, L-05129, L-07235, L-09215,
      L-09677, L-12376, L-25446, L-32147,
      L-32354, L-34926, L-35511, M-23408,
      N-19060
AZO DYE   C-30014
AZOLES   C-10693
                   B
BACTERIA   A-04785, A-35599, B-03297,
      B-04666, B-06688, B-21006, B-22538,
      B-27336, B-33398, C-13143, C-21208,
      C-35956, D-31760, G-07091, G-07821
BAFFLES   B-OS930, B-12434, B-20754,
      B-21006, B-23594, B-32634, B-35554,
      G-06323
BAG FILTERS   A-24903, A-26402,
      B-09794, B-09813, B-09815, B-09830,
      B-09849, B-16113, B-20817, B-22357,
      B-24810, B-30124, B-30530, B-31945,
      C-35956, D-02212, L-04942
BALLOONS   C-00178, C-35956, D-09592
BARIUM COMPOUNDS   A-34891,
      B-11220, B-11234, B-24845, F-11132,
      L-04888
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES  B-26254,
      L-01528, L-09677
BATTERY MANUFACTURING   B-10277,
      B-32799
BELGIUM    A-09255
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
      A-32653, A-33564, B-31400, C-03542,
      L-34926
BENZENES   A-05007, A-07089, A-07561,
      A-32855, A-33564, A-34964, B-04627,
      B-28047, C-02786, C-03542,  C-08356,
      C-08357, C-11123, C-14109,  C-27121,
      C-31924, C-32269, C-33349,  F-17801,
      G-00177, G-11476, L-327%
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE   A-01565, A-08802,
      B-08497, C-03542, D-00251
BENZOIC ACID   B-07362, B-19493,
      B-24%9
BENZOPYRENES  A-01565, A-08802,
      A-34018, B-08497, B-24988,  B-29533.
      C-03542, C-32269, D-00251,  D-33539
BERYLLIOSIS   A-00393, A-00525,
      A-01644, A-01885, A-02001, A-03097,
      B-00032, B-00286, B-00358,  B-00379,
      B-00504, B-00571, B-00975,  B-01414,
      B-01505, B-01549, B-01563,  B-02279,
      B-02729, B-03807, B-03946,  B-03966,
      B-03976, B-04045, C-00178,  C-00965,
      C-01289, C-02786, C-03010,  C-03354,
      C-03542, C-03789, C-04883,  D-00209,
      D-00241, D-00251, D-00373, D-00690,
      D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-03001,
      D-03017, D-03506, D-03514, F-01784,
      G-00177, G-00715, G-03788, L-00054,
      L-00871, L-00973, L-01604,  L-02840,
      M-00487, M-01069, N-03438
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS   C-09476
BESSEMER CONVERTERS  B-31223,
      L-01528, L-0%77
BIO-ASSAY   C-29858
BIOCLIMATOLOGY   D-33539, L-34256
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
      MEASUREMENT   C-08953,
      G-05942, G-05949, G-06323, K-05947,
      K-11734, L-03198
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION    A-00525,
      A-04879, A-04893, A-06981, A-08359,
      A-11144, A-12507, A-12621, A-17603,
      A-24903, A-32S79, B-00025,  B-01505,
      B-01672, B-01900, B-04045,  B-04773,
      B-04781, B-04861, B-04882,  B-04950,
      B-04951, B-05332, B-05880,  B-06106,
      B-06859, B-07434, B-08360,  B-08361,
      B-08364, B-09655, B-09656,  B-09933,
      B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,  B-11153,
      B-11158, B-11673, B-12658,  B-13334,
      B-13398, B-13772, B-14094,  B-14113,
      B-15709, B-15779, B-16747,  B-16807,
      B-16842, B-17409, B-18140,  B-21051,
      B-22061, B-22400, B-23117,  B-23538,
      B-23901, B-24079, B-25950,  B-26172,
      B-26173, B-26176, B-27357,  B-29278,
      B-30062, B-30339, B-31072,  B-31463,
      B-31794, B-32615, B-32798,  B-32937,
      B-34385, B-35660, B-35803,  C-00965,
      C-08354, C-34863, D-00209,  D-07572,
      D-09592, D-16062, F-01784,  F-16828,
      J-16457, L-06732
BLAST FURNACES  A-25638, A-26402,
      A-26574, B-31223, L-01528,  L-0%77
BLENDING   B-32956
BLOOD CELLS   A-31759
BLOOD CHEMISTRY  G-05949
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS  N-20495
BLOOD PRESSURE  G-21712
BLOOD VESSELS   K-30870
BLOWBY   A-28352,  A-34766, B-00504
BODY CONSTITUENTS  AND PARTS
      A-07561, B-03297, B-06280,  B-09854,
      C-08066, C-08678, F-03173, F-11132,
      G-00177, G-05942, G-05946, G-05949,
      G-06323, G-07821, G-0%59, G-11476,
      H-00252, K-11734,  M-00376, N-05235
BODY FLUIDS   B-09854
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
      A-03825, A-04785, A-07089, B-02427,
      B-02729, B-04627, B-04666, B-04669,
      B-05532, B-08104, B-09854, B-09922,
      B-10005, C-06381, C-08066, C-08678,
      C-08953, C-09364, C-09521. C-09648,
      C-10983, C-11123, D-00209, D-00373,
      D-02339, F-11132, G-00177, G-03788,
      G-05942, G-05946, G-05949, G-06323,
      G-07091, G-07821, G-09659, G-11476,
      K-05947, K-11734, L-03198, N-05235
BOILERS   A-09175, A-10075, A-11969,
      A-17633, A-25205, A-25638, A-26605,
      A-30218, A-32475, A-32879, A-34290,
      B-07971, B-09656, B-09661, B-09784,
      B-09933, B-12658, B-14094, B-15709,
      B-16747, B-17635, B-19218, B-20824,
      B-22522, B-23117, B-25085, B-26002,
      B-26176, B-28108, B-31091, B-31233,
      B-31453, B-31456, B-31463, B-32497,
      B-34679. B-35803, C-23106, C-35956,
      D-09592, D-29973, E-26550, K-31968,
      L-04942, L-09604, L-09677, L-30149,
      L-32626, M-08698
BONES   B-09854, K-31968
BREATHING   B-08104, B-34778, C-08678,
      C-09648, D-00373, D-02339, G-05946,
      K-05947
BREATHING EXERCISES   G-05942
BRICKS  B-09830, B-10277, B-32302
BROMIDES   B-14692
BROMINATED HYDROCARBONS
      C-05813, C-10983
BROMINE  A-34018, C-04883, C-11123,
      C-29269
BROMINE COMPOUNDS  B-00975,
      B-14692
BRONCHI  G-07821
BRONCHITIS  A-22973, B-25479, D-33108,
      G-07821, G-27137, L-03198, L-14616
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT   A-33828
BUBBLE TOWERS  B-00358, B-03966,
      B-04627
BUDGETS  L-25446, L-28348, L-32147,
      L-34755, M-31071
BUILDINGS  A-33713, B-08104, B-09784,
      B-11843, B-31233, B-32797, C-10029,
      C-13627, D-09590, G-05942, 1-05463
BUSES  A-05007, A-05549, A-05608,
      A-06039, A-27129, A-30851, A-34018,
      B-00975, B-01867, B-05490, B-06280,
      B-06453, B-07224, B-07479, B-07971,
      B-08604, B-09608, B-11220, B-12133,
      B-20120, B-20877, B-20878, B-25594,
      C-22448, K-00157, L-00054, L-04841,
      L-04888
BUTADIENES  A-32475, D-00251,
      D-23149, K-21083
BUTANES  B-32956
BUTENES  B-06636, D-00251
BUTYRALDEHYDES   D-29349
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY   A-06981,
      A-08359, A-10699, A-12083, A-17603,
      A-22860, A-26402, A-30389, A-3S599,
      B-00025, B-00504, B-01672, B-01900,
      B-02018, B-04045, B-04773, B-06412,
      B-08360, B-08364, B-09508, B-0%55,
      B-09733, B-09813, B-09922, B-09933,
      B-10994, B-11153, B-12658, B-13551,
      B-13772, B-14118, B-14203, B-14609,
      B-14940, B-15690, B-15779, B-21647,
      B-23002, B-24079, B-24969, B-25977,
      B-26172, B-26308, B-26618, B-27719,
      B-30339, B-30530, B-31167, B-31790,
      B-32497, B-32847, B-32900, B-32935,
      B-32956, B-33073, B-34385, C-08354,
      D-07572, J-16457, N-19060

-------
                                                     SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                                                              231
 CADMIUM COMPOUNDS   A-30513,
      C-08356, C-08358, C-0%19, K-31968,
      L-27677
 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS   A-25205,
      B-11009, B-11234, B-14671, B-20369,
      B-28146, B-29251, B-30350, B-31790,
      B-32646, B-34073, F-11132, 1-05463
 CALIBRATION METHODS   C-08357,
      C-08358, C-09521, C-10016, C-10693,
      D-29349, M-23408
 CALIFORNIA   A-03097, A-06981, A-24527,
      A-32653, A-35693, B-00504, B-00975,
      B-03297, B-06412, B-08663, B-09784,
      B-09842, B-14341, B-16890, B-26057,
      B-32559, C-03010, G-27137, K-00157,
      K-11734, K-35146, L-00549, L-00973,
      L-09677, L-34256, L-35694
 CAMERAS   C-17044
 CANADA   A-00393, A-02001, A-03097,
      A-12507, A-20134, A-24903, A-28352,
      A-34018, B-00257, B-00286, B-00379,
      B-00975, B-01867, B-02794, B-03976,
      B-05808, B-08364, B-13772, B-14113,
      B-15690, B-21220, B-22522, B-23901,
      B-26173, B-27357, B-29628, B-31794,
      C-00178, C-00965, C-02786, C-03010,
      C-03542, C-03789, C-34178, D-00251,
      F-13670, F-17801, F-32271, G-00177,
      G-00715, H-20028, L-03198, L-15688,
      L-25446, L-32352, M-24091, N-19060
 CANCER   A-22973, L-34256
 CANNING   A-09853, A-31602, A-35693,
      B-06412, B-21888, C-08066
 CARBON BLACK   A-34287, A-34290,
      B-00286, B-00358, B-07479, B-20369,
      B-22518, B-24969, B-26836, B-28047,
      B-30479, B-30530, B-31211, B-31233,
      B-31354, B-32070, B-32847, B-32900,
      B-33122, B-35609, G-00177, G-07091
 CARBON DIOXIDE   A-02001, A-05549,
      A-07561, A-08373, A-09175, A-10075,
      A-I4297, A-20101, A-20276, A-25455,
      A-27249, A-27451, A-30603, A-32411,
      A-32489, A-34018, A-34891, A-35564,
      B-00975, B-01508, B-01867, B-03966,
      B-04361, B-08104, B-08497, B-0%55,
      B-09827, B-20878, B-22838, B-24079,
      B-25554, B-27541, B-31091, B-31233,
      B-32119, B-33816, C-03010, C-03354,
      C-06112, C-07214, C-08354, C-19051,
      C-30704, C-32467, D-00241, D-00251,
      D-00373, D-23845, F-16828, G-00715,
      G-20969, 1-05463, L-09677, L-29975,
      L-32147, L-32171, N-19060, N-20495
CARBON DISULFIDE  B-04627, B-13072,
      C-03354, C-05426, C-08066, C-11123,
      C-14108, C-14109, C-29269, C-35865,
      D-16635, D-29349, G-05943
CARBON MONOXIDE  A-01565, A-02001,
      A-05007, A-05549, A-06039, A-07561,
      A-08373, A-08802, A-09175, A-09255,
      A-12377, A-12998, A-14116, A-14297,
      A-16135, A-20101, A-20125, A-20134,
      A-22973, A-24459, A-26048, A-26911,
      A-27129, A-27249, A-27451, A-28352,
      A-30513, A-30603, A-31323, A-31759,
      A-31880, A-31882, A-32411, A-32465,
      A-32489, A-32653, A-32855, A-33648,
      A-33719, A-33828, A-34018, A-34891,
      A-35564,  B-00504, B-00975, B-01867,
      B-03966,  B-04361, B-04627, B-05808,
      B-06280,  B-06636, B-07224, B-07362,
      B-07971,  B-08497, B-08604, B-08663,
      B-09784,  B-11234, B-17906, B-19493,
      B-20878,  B-21220, B-24845, B-24969,
      B-24988, B-26944, B-27401, B-29437,
      B-29533, B-30738, B-30865, B-31062,
      B-31167, B-31233, B-31354, B-31400,
      B-32119, B-32559, B-32956, B-33077,
      C-03010, C-04117, C-06112, C-08354,
      C-09476, C-16298, C-19051, C-20100,
      C-27248, C-29337, C-29843, C-34279,
      C-35956, D-00241, D-00251, D-00373,
      D-01949, D-06535, D-09592, D-16636,
      D-23845, D-24162, D-259%, D-26304,
      D-27255, D-29973, D-33539, D-35764,
      F-16828, G-00177, G-00715, K-00157,
      K-16263, K-18294, K-31968, L-01604,
      L-02840, L-03198, L-07235, L-32147,
      L-34926, M-24091, N-19060, N-20495
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE  B-04838,
      B-31233, C-08066. C-11123
CARBONATES  B-14671, B-30350,
      B-31790, L-04888
CARBONYLS   A-33564,  A-33713, B-07531,
      C-07266, C-14109, C-16781, F-29649,
      L-04888, L-09677
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN   A-30513,
      D-24162, L-03198
CARBURETION  A-28352, B-07224,
      B-08663, B-09608, B-23067, B-25594,
      B-28108, B-31631
CARBURETOR EVAPORATION LOSSES
      A-01565, A-05007, A-28352, B-00504,
      B-17906, K-00157, K-16263, L-09677
CARCINOGENS  A-01565, A-01644,
      A-01885, A-34766, B-00286, B-00504,
      B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01563,
      B-02427, B-02729, B-03499, B-03966,
      B-04664, B-08663, C-00965, C-01289,
      D-00251, D-00690, D-01202, D-01949,
      D-02212, D-02339, D-03017, D-03506,
      D-03514, D-24162, F-03173, G-00177,
      G-03788, K-00157, L-00054, L-00973,
      L-01604, L-02840, M-00844, M-01069,
      N-03438
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES   L-07235
CASCADE SAMPLERS   A-28614, B-00975,
      B-33073, C-35956
CATALYSIS   A-25179, A-32411, B-00358,
      B-01352, B-01414, B-01867, B-02427,
      B-02725, B-04300, B-04533, B-04669,
      B-05808, B-05929, B-07362, B-09791,
      B-09849, B-11136, B-11137, B-11234,
      B-12133, B-17395, B-20369, B-23008,
      B-26172, B-26908, B-27154, B-27674,
      B-28756, B-30943, B-31167, B-31400,
      B-32768, B-32913, B-33742, B-33816,
      C-24429, D-00373, F-23187, G-00177,
      L-35511
CATALYSTS   A-32411, B-00358, B-01414,
      B-01867,  B-02427, B-04669, B-05808,
      B-05929,  B-07362, B-09791, B-09849,
      B-11136,  B-11137, B-17395, B-20369,
      B-23008,  B-26172, B-27154, B-27674,
      B-28756,  B-31167, B-31400, B-32768,
      B-32913,  B-33742, B-33816, C-24429,
      D-00373, G-00177, L-35511
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY    B-04300,
      B-05808,  B-05929, B-07362, B-11136,
      B-26908,  B-30943, B-33742
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS   A-06039,
      A-08912,  A-25179, A-32465, A-34585,
      B-00504,  B-00571, B-01414, B-01867,
      B-02047,  B-02725, B-03499, B-04300,
      B-06453,  B-06979, B-07362, B-07479,
      B-09508,  B-09608, B-09791, B-11059,
      B-11136,  B-11137, B-14341, B-14757,
      B-19493,  B-20817, B-23067, B-23967,
      B-24988,  B-25554, B-26308, B-27154,
      B-27401,  B-30738, B-31167, B-31400,
      B-31631,  C-24429, L-04888
CATALYTIC OXIDATION  A-00525,
      A-04879, A-04893, A-06981, A-08359,
      A-11144, A-12507, A-12621, A-12998,
      A-17603, A-21887, A-23843, A-24754,
      A-24903, A-25179, A-32411, A-32879,
      A-33188, B-00025, B-00358, B-00379,
      B-00504, B-01505, B-01672, B-01900,
      B-02725, B-03966, B-04045, B-04300,
      B-04533, B-04669, B-04773, B-04781,
      B-04861, B-04882, B-04950, B-04951,
      B-05332, B-05808, B-05880, B-05929,
      B-06106, B-06859, B-07362, B-07434,
      B-07479, B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
      B-09655, B-09656, B-09933, B-10005,
      B-10588, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
      B-11059, B-11153, B-11158, B-11673,
      B-12346, B-12482, B-12658, B-13334,
      B-13398, B-13551, B-13772, B-13812,
      B-14094, B-14113, B-14203, B-15709,
      B-15779, B-16498, B-16747, B-16807,
      B-16842, B-17395, B-17409, B-18050,
      B-18140, B-20628, B-20824, B-20877,
      B-20878, B-21051, B-21220, B-21702,
      B-22061, B-22357, B-22400, B-23008,
      B-23117, B-23538, B-23901, B-24079,
      B-24380, B-24%9. B-25224, B-25554,
      B-25950, B-26128, B-26172, B-26173,
      B-26176, B-26308, B-26843, B-27154,
      B-27357, B-27401, B-27605, B-27674,
      B-28206, B-28756, B-29278, B-29601,
      B-30062, B-30339, B-30530, B-30809,
      B-30943, B-31072, B-31463, B-31794,
      B-32070, B-32615, B-32634, B-32768,
      B-32798, B-32937, B-33120, B-33742,
      B-33816, B-34385, B-35660, B-35803,
      C-00965, C-08354, C-25065, C-34863,
      D-00209, D-00373, D-07572, D-09592,
      D-16062, F-01784, F-16828, G-00177,
      J-16457, L-06732, L-327%, L-35511
CATS   G-07821
CATTLE   A-00402, A-22973, A-33828,
      B-03297, B-25858, C-28141, K-31968
CELLS   A-31759, F-11132
CEMENTS   A-32465, A-33719, A-34018,
      B-03976, B-07875, B-08467, B-09784,
      1-05463, K-31516
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS   A-07394,
      A-08912, A-09175, A-09853, A-17462,
      A-25056, A-29353, A-33188, B-04783,
      B-05332, B-05930, B-07429, B-09813,
      B-09849, B-09852, B-12434, B-12482,
      B-13697, B-14687, B-19850, B-20817,
      B-22353, B-22357, B-26568, B-27288,
      B-31301, B-31456, B-32634, C-27791,
      C-35956, D-02212, L-04942
CERAMICS   B-07362, B-09830,  B-09840
CESIUM COMPOUNDS   B-11234, F-11132
CHARCOAL   A-03825, A-04860, A-09853,
      A-32411, B-02427, B-04666, B-04669,
      B-04943, B-06103, B-08104, B-09854,
      B-10005, B-10588, B-11059, B-13072,
      B-16113, B-27818, B-29323, C-08678,
      D-00373, 1-05463, L-14028
CHEMICAL BONDS   A-28527, C-12492,
      C-33349, E-22335. F-17801, F-19061,
      F-24531
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION   A-07089,
      A-11692, A-12505, A-14580, A-14914,
      A-17236, A-17631, A-25455, A-29842,
      A-30851, A-32653, A-33564, A-35590,
      A-35635, B-04533, B-05409, B-09608,
      B-09827, B-24380, B-31400, B-32119,
      B-32900, C-02786, C-03542, C-05170,
      C-10029, C-10534, C-12492, C-13099,
      C-13749, C-15287, C-29269, C-32467,
      C-32880, D-00251, D-18231, D-23845,
      F-12449, 1-19325, L-00054,  L-32893,
      L-34926

-------
232
CHEMICAL METHODS   A-05608,
      A-08802, A-10075, A-14580, A-17603,
      A-17631, A-21661, A-31602, A-33564,
      A-34287, A-34891, B-00032, B-00358,
      B-00379, B-02279, B-03807, B-03966,
      B-04045, B-04887, B-05408, B-05409,
      B-06453, B-06979, B-08364, B-08506,
      B-20628, B-23319, C-03010, C-04883,
      C-05426, C-08066, C-08354, C-08355,
      C-08358, C-09619, C-09657, C-10534,
      C-23755, C-27248, C-30014, C-32022,
      C-34279, C-35865, C-35956, D-00209,
      D-05481, F-01784, G-2I359
CHEMICAL PROCESSING   A-00525,
      A-01885, A-02765, A-04785, A-04879,
      A-04893, A-06240, A-06981, A-08359,
      A-11144, A-12507, A-12621, A-12832,
      A-12834, A-14580, A-16494, A-17603,
      A-17633, A-17634, A-19899, A-20553,
      A-22973, A-24350, A-24500, A-24527,
      A-24903, A-25179, A-25205, A-28295,
      A-28885, A-29599, A-29698, A-29842,
      A-30513, A-30687, A-30701, A-31044,
      A-31263, A-31602, A-31880, A-31882,
      A-3246S, A-32475, A-32879, A-33883,
      A-33983, A-35581, B-00025, B-00032,
      B-00358, B-00552, B-00571, B-00975,
      B-01537, B-01549, B-01563, B-01672,
      B-01900, B-02018, B-02047, B-02279,
      B-02729, B-03129, B-03807, B-03946,
      B-03966, B-04045, B-04300, B-04773,
      B-04781, B-04783, B-04861, B-04882,
      B-04887, B-04943, B-04950, B-04951,
      B-04952, B-04953, B-05332, B-05408,
      B-05409, B-05808, B-05862, B-05880,
      B-05930, B-06103, B-06106, B-06859,
      B-07362, B-07415, B-07434, B-08360,
      B-08361, B-08364, B-08467, B-08946,
      B-09508, B-09655, B-09656, B-09661,
      B-09733, B-09784, B-09794, B-09836,
      B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09849,
      B-09857, B-09922, B-09933, B-10277,
      B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11153,
      B-11158, B-11673, B-12480, B-12482,
      B-12506, B-12658, B-13072, B-13334,
      B-13398, B-13551, B-13772, B-14094,
      B-14113, B-14118, B-14940, B-15170,
      B-15690, B-15709, B-15779, B-16747,
      B-16807, B-16842, B-17177, B-17266,
      B-17293, B-17409, B-17635, B-18140,
      B-19218, B-19493, B-19850, B-20258,
      B-20824, B-21051, B-22061, B-22353,
      B-22357, B-22435, B-22518, B-22522,
      B-22988, B-23117, B-23371, B-23538,
      B-23901, B-23967, B-24079, B-24743,
      B-25479, B-25950, B-25977, B-26128,
      B-26172, B-26173, B-26176, B-26254,
      B-26567, B-26618, B-26843, B-26908,
      B-27288, B-27357, B-27719, B-28118,
      B-29278, B-29363, B-2%28, B-29745,
      B-30062, B-30339, B-30773, B-30943,
      B-31072, B-31167, B-31178, B-31223,
      B-31463, B-31790, B-31794, B-32497,
      B-32615, B-32681, B-32798, B-32900,
      B-32937, B-32956, B-33073, B-34385,
      B-34868, B-35595, B-35609, B-35660,
      B-35803, C-00965, C-01289, C-03789,
      C-04883, C-05614, C-06526, C-07214,
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356. C-08357,
      C-08358, C-09648, C-09657, C-09660,
      C-15287, C-20460, C-21859, C-22431,
      C-22958, C-23106, C-25466, C-26966,
      C-27355, C-29726, C-31924, C-32467,
      C-32880, C-34047, C-34863, C-35949,
      C-35956, D-00209, D-00690, D-00751,
      D-02331, D-02339, D-03017, D-03506,
      D-06535, D-07572, D-09590, D-09592,
      D-16062, D-16635, D-23098, D-25780,
      D-31371, D-33108, D-33723, F-01784,
      F-10308, F-12662, F-16828, F-25761,
      G-00208, G-00715, G-03788, G-05942,
      G-21125, G-34667, 1-24187, J-16457,
      K-20194, K-31516, L-00054, L-00871,
      L-03540, L-04942, L-06732, L-07235,
      L-14798, L-22343, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-29813, L-30149, L-31465, L-32796,
      L-32893, L-34033, M-00844, M-08698,
      M-13980, M-14491, M-15760, M-27680,
      M-30896
CHEMICAL REACTIONS   A-04879,
      A-04893, A-05007, A-06981, A-08359,
      A-16135, A-25179, A-27451, A-28885,
      A-30513, A-31759, A-32411, A-33828,
      A-33983, A-34654, A-34766, A-35581,
      B-00257, B-00358, B-00379, B-00504,
      B-01505, B-01508, B-01900, B-02279,
      B-03499, B-03807, B-03972, B-04045,
      B-04838, B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
      B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
      B-05532, B-05624, B-05808, B-05929.
      B-06106, B-06363, B-06636, B-06859,
      B-06979, B-07362, B-07479, B-08360,
      B-08361, B-08364, B-09661, B-09830,
      B-09836, B-09839, B-09849, B-09933,
      B-10005, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
      B-11673, B-12506, B-14203, B-15772,
      B-15948, B-17293, B-19850, B-20258,
      B-20625, B-20824, B-22400, B-22525,
      B-23117, B-23456, B-24079, B-25085,
      B-25379, B-25977, B-26014, B-26128,
      B-26176, B-26730, B-26731, B-26843,
      B-29131, B-29978, B-30738, B-31794,
      B-32559, B-32615, B-32634, B-32768,
      B-32935, B-32956, B-33077, B-33120,
      B-33122, B-35566, C-08354, C-08953,
      C-13099, C-14607, C-25065, C-31924,
      C-34279, C-35182, D-24162, E-19849,
      E-22335, F-07681, F-10308, F-16828,
      F-22430, F-23187, F-29649, G-00177,
      G-07821, K-11734, K-16263, L-03198,
      L-04888, L-32796
CHEMISTS    L-14616
CHICAGO  A-07394, A-08912, C-35541,
      L-00973, L-0%77, L-30149
CHILDREN   D-33108, K-11734
CHLORIDES   A-17634, A-30687, A-32475,
      A-32489, B-04887, B-09839, B-09849,
      B-14692, B-20824, B-26843, C-08066,
      C-31222, C-32467, D-03514, D-23845,
      D-31760, D-33108, F-26529
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-17634, A-32475, B-04838, B-21294,
      B-28756, B-31233, B-32119, C-08066,
      C-11123, C-18093, D-00251, F-19102,
      K-21083, K-30870, L-14028
CHLORINE   A-34018, B-00379, B-00552,
      B-03129, B-03807, B-04861, B-04887,
      B-06636, B-09729, B-09839, B-18169,
      B-25623, B-26176, B-30350, B-32646,
      C-03010, C-09657, C-11123, C-23107,
      C-29843, D-31371, D-33108, F-10308,
      G-05946, G-07091, K-31968
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS   A-11651,
      A-17634, A-25228, A-30687, A-32475,
      A-32489, B-00379, B-00975, B-04666,
      B-04773, B-04861, B-04887, B-08360,
      B-09729, B-09839, B-09849, B-14692,
      B-16535, B-20824, B-26843, B-31794,
      B-32646, B-32781, B-32935, C-08066,
      C-31222, C-32467, C-35956, D-03514,
      D-23845, D-31760, D-33108, F-10308,
      F-26529, G-11476, J-16457, K-35146,
      L-27677, N-32254
CHLOROFORM   B-31233, D-00251,
      F-19102
CHROMATOGRAPHY  A-01644, A-03825,
      A-05549, A-06981, A-08373, A-15297,
      A-16494, A-17633, A-19814, A-20101,
      A-20557, A-21978, A-23843, A-25228,
      A-25327, A-25455, A-28527, A-29698,
      A-30687, A-30701, A-31044, A-31263,
      A-32411, A-32475, A-33564, A-33713,
      A-34766, A-34964, A-35581, B-00032,
      B-00286, B-00379, B-00571, B-02279,
      B-03966, B-04882, B-05408, B-05409,
      B-05808, B-06525, B-06979, B-09830,
      B-12480, B-14692, B-16842, B-17636,
      B-23371, B-24380, B-32099, B-32166,
      B-32302, B-34679, C-01289, C-02786,
      C-03010, C-03542, C-04883, C-OS426,
      C-06112, C-06526, C-07214, C-08066,
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08358, C-09521, C-09619, C-09620,
      C-09657, C-10016, C-10029, C-10534,
      C-10593, C-10693, C-12488, C-12942,
      C-13099, C-13143, C-13367, C-13749,
      C-13969, C-14197, C-14680, C-15287,
      C-16134, C-16442, C-17288, C-17627,
      C-17628, C-17629, C-19051, C-20100,
      C-20192, C-20202, C-20264, C-20460,
      C-20624, C-21859, C-22431, C-23004,
      C-24814, C-26547, C-27121, C-27248,
      C-27355, C-27475, C-27685, C-27791,
      C-28141, C-28787, C-29337, C-29726,
      C-29843, C-30014, C-30374, C-30704,
      C-31222, C-31924, C-32022, C-32467,
      C-32795, C-32880, C-34279, C-34863,
      C-35541, C-35648, C-35751, C-35865,
      C-35949, C-35956, D-00209, D-00251,
      D-23098, D-29349, D-31371, F-01784,
      F-10308, F-13670, F-19061, F-19063,
      G-00177, G-03788, K-31286, L-35752
CHROMIUM   B-07362, 1-24187
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS  B-27401,
      D-29973
CHROMIUM OXIDES   A-32855
CHRONIC   G-07821, G-35671
CHRYSENES  B-02725, D-00251
CINCINNATI  A-05608, C-00178, D-23845,
      L-00973, L-09677
CINDERS   A-34228, A-34290, B-27674,
      J-16457, L-07781, L-30149
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM   A-17603,
      G-35671, H-00252, K-30870
CITIZENS GROUPS   B-00975, L-27184,
      M-08698
CITRUS  B-04943
CITY GOVERNMENTS  A-08912, A-32855,
      B-07971, B-25479, D-01949, D-29973,
      L-00054, L-00549, L-14616, L-14932,
      L-19059, L-27184, L-27185, L-29679,
      L-30153, L-33117, L-33725
CLAY  B-32302
CLEAN AIR ACT  B-01672, L-00549,
      L-23754, L-33672, L-34033, M-08698
CLOUDS   D-09592   !
COAL  A-02765, A-2&14, A-34018,
      B-01672, B-06636, B-07971, D-01949,
      D-03431, D-03506, D-03514, D-09590,
      D-09592, D-16636, D-23411, D-33108,
      K-07766, L-00054, L-00973, L-02840,
      L-07235, L-32626, N-32254
COAL CHARACTERISTICS  B-06636
COAL PREPARATION   B-09839, B-17266,
      B-338S4, K-07766
COAL TARS   B-02725, B-05929, B-09819,
      B-24065
COBALT COMPOUNDS   F-11132
CODES  B-26057,  G-06323, L-32626

-------
                                                     SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 233
 COFFEE-MAKING   A-07394, A-08912,
      A-21887, A-24754, B-00246, B-01414,
      B-07362, B-09791, B-09852, B-26254,
      C-03354, C-05614
 COKE   A-33719, B-02725, B-29628,
      B-31223, D-33108, L-09677
 COLLECTORS   A-07394, A-08912,
      A-09175, A-09853, A-12621, A-17462,
      A-25056, A-29332, A-293S3, A-33188,
      A-34228, B-04664, B-04783, B-05332,
      B-05852, B-05930, B-07429, B-07875,
      B-08360, B-09784, B-09813, B-09836,
      B-09849, B-09852, B-10009, B-12434,
      B-12482, B-13697, B-14687, B-19218,
      B-19850, B-20754, B-20817, B-21006,
      B-22353, B-22357, B-23594, B-25017,
      B-26S68, B-27288, B-28146, B-29533,
      B-30530, B-31301, B-31456, B-31945,
      B-32634, B-35554, B-35660, C-03010,
      C-25065, C-27791, C-35956, D-02212,
      G-06323, J-34518, K-31968, L-04942,
      L-29813, L-32352, M-31071
COLLOIDS   B-10588
COLORADO   L-32147
COLORIMETRY  A-05549, A-23843,
      A-35635, B-02279, B-03966, B-04045,
      B-06525, B-08364, C-02786, C-03010,
      C-03542, C-OS426, C-06112, C-09619,
      C-09657, C-17288, C-23107, C-27248,
      C-27733, C-29337, C-30014, C-33577,
      C-35956, D-00209, D-05481, 1-05463,
      K-27403, L-00054
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
      A-15297, A-20557, A-33564, A-34964,
      B-00379, B-03966, B-05408, B-05409,
      C-02786, C-10534, C-14680, C-27121,
      D-00251, F-01784, F-19063
COMBUSTION   A-02001, A-03097,
      A-06981, A-08359, A-10075, A-10699,
      A-12377, A-20553, A-24007, A-24754,
      A-25056, A-25179, A-26048, A-27235,
      A-27249, A-28861, A-31602, A-32385,
      A-34654, A-34766, A-35383, A-35622,
      B-00257, B-00358, B-01352, B-01508,
      B-02427, B-02725, B-03499, B-04300,
      B-04361, B-04533, B-04669, B-04773,
      B-04861, B-05852, B-06088, B-06280,
      B-07224, B-07362, B-07971, B-08360,
      B-08663, B-09656, B-09791, B-09827,
      B-09830, B-09852, B-10009, B-11234,
      B-17293, B-17395, B-22538, B-23117,
      B-23456, B-23836, B-24743, B-25085.
      B-25379, B-25977, B-26002, B-26128.
      B-26567, B-26568, B-26730, B-26731,
      B-27154, B-27288, B-287S6, B-29601,
      B-29745, B-31631, B-31911, B-33120,
      B-34385, B-35566, C-03010, C-08354,
      C-25065, C-31924, D-02331, D-09590,
      F-16828, L-02840, L-09677, N-20495
COMBUSTION AIR   A-07561, A-10075,
      A-10699, A-24007, A-26911, A-27249,
      A-27986, A-28861, A-30603, A-34290,
      A-34654, B-04361, B-04781, B-04783,
      B-04838, B-05852, B-08360, B-09656,
      B-09827, B-09830, B-10009, B-11153,
      B-23836, B-25554, B-26731, B-27541,
      B-31091, B-32119, B-32302, B-32498,
      B-32937, B-33077, B-35566, B-35803,
      D-09592, 1-19325
COMBUSTION GASES  A-02001, A-07561,
      A-08359, A-08802, A-0917S, A-10075,
      A-17631, A-17634, A-20118, A-22860,
      A-24007, A-25179, A-25205, A-26402,
      A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-27235,
      A-28527, A-28614, A-28861, A-29353,
      A-30218, A-30687, A-31155, A-31157,
      A-32465. A-32489. A-32879, A-33719,
      A-33883, A-33983, A-34290, A-35638,
      B-00246, B-00358, B-01505, B-01672,
      B-01900, B-03807, B-04227, B-04361,
      B-04533, B-04773, B-05332, B-05532,
      B-05930, B-06412, B-06636, B-06859,
      B-07971, B-08360, B-08497, B-08604,
      B-09655, B-09656, B-09784, B-09791,
      B-09813, B-09827, B-09830, B-10009,
      B-10277, B-10994, B-11009, B-11153,
      B-11158, B-135S1, B-13772, B-13971,
      B-14004, B-14094, B-14203, B-14609,
      B-14687. B-14692, B-14895, B-14956,
      B-15690, B-15779, B-16747, B-17314,
      B-17403, B-19218, B-19363, B-19850,
      B-20817, B-20824, B-21647, B-21702,
      B-22061, B-22353, B-22400, B-22522,
      B-22525. B-23836, B-23967, B-25017,
      B-25085, B-25950, B-26173, B-26176,
      B-26568, B-26618, B-26731, B-27541,
      B-27548, B-27674, B-27732, B-27793,
      B-28146, B-28206, B-28756, B-29251,
      B-29363, B-29533, B-29628, B-29761,
      B-30062, B-30260, B-30350, B-30773,
      B-31091, B-31167, B-31223, B-31301,
      B-31354, B-31453, B-31456, B-31463,
      B-31631, B-31700, B-31790, B-31911,
      B-31945, B-32070, B-32119, B-32615,
      B-32634, B-32781, B-32847, B-32900,
      B-32913, B-32956, B-33077, B-34385,
      B-35554, B-35566, B-35803, C-01289,
      C-03010, C-04117, C-04883, C-05898,
      C-06112, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
      C-08357, C-09476, C-09648, C-09657,
      C-09660, C-19051, C-22958, C-23107,
      C-29243, C-32022, C-34863, C-35956,
      D-00209, D-01949, D-03459, D-03506,
      D-03514, D-07572, D-09592, D-16062,
      D-29973, D-33723, E-26550, F-10308,
      F-2S761, G-00715, 1-19325, J-16457,
      K-15926, K-31516, L-01528, L-04942,
      L-07235, L-07781, L-09677, L-10567,
      L-14798, L-15554, L-15691, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-27678, L-27679, L-28348,
      L-2%79, L-29813, L-29975, L-30149,
      L-31084, L-32626, L-33672, L-35511,
      N-19060, N-19088
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS  A-02001,
      A-05549, A-06981, A-07561, A-08359,
      A-08802, A-09175, A-0925S, A-10075,
      A-16058, A-17631, A-17634, A-20118,
      A-22860, A-23313, A-23314, A-24007,
      A-25J79, A-25205, A-26402, A-26574,
      A-26575, A-26605, A-27235, A-28527,
      A-28614, A-28861, A-29353, A-30218,
      A-30687, A-31155, A-31157, A-32465,
      A-32489, A-32879, A-33188. A-33719,
      A-33883, A-33983, A-34228, A-34290,
      A-3S638, B-00025, B-00246, B-00358,
      B-00975, B-01505, B-01672, B-01900,
      B-03807, B-04227, B-04361, B-04533,
      B-04773, B-05332, B-05532, B-05930,
      B-06412, B-06636, B-06859, B-07971,
      B-08360, B-08497, B-08604, B-09655,
      B-09656, B-09784, B-09791, B-09813,
      B-09827, B-09830. B-10009, B-10277,
      B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11153,
      B-11158, B-12434, B-13551, B-13772,
      B-13971, B-14004, B-14094, B-14203,
      B-14609, B-14687, B-14692, B-14895,
      B-14956, B-15690, B-15T79, B-16747,
      B-17314, B-17403, B-19218, B-19363,
      B-19850, B-20258, B-20817, B-20824,
      B-21647, B-21702, B-22061, B-22353,
      B-22400, B-22522, B-22525, B-23836,
      B-23967, B-24969, B-2S017, B-25085,
      B-25950, B-26173, B-26176, B-26S68,
      B-26618, B-26731, B-27541, B-27548,
      B-27674, B-27732, B-27793, B-28146.
      B-28206, B-28756. B-29251, B-29363,
      B-29533, B-29628, B-29761. B-30062.
      B-30260, B-30350, B-30773, B-31091,
      B-31167, B-31223, B-31301, B-31354,
      B-31453, B-31456, B-31463, B-31631,
      B-31700, B-31790, B-31911, B-31945,
      B-32070, B-32119. B-32615, B-32634,
      B-32681, B-32781. B-32847, B-32900,
      B-32913, B-32956, B-33077, B-33793,
      B-34385, B-35554, B-35566, B-35803,
      C-01289, C-03010, C-04117, C-04883,
      C-05898, C-06112, C-08354, C-08355,
      C-08356, C-08357, C-09476, C-09619,
      C-09648, C-09657, C-09660, C-19051,
      C-22958, C-23107, C-29243, C-32022,
      C-34863, C-35956, D-00209, D-01949,
      D-03459, D-03506, D-03514, D-07572,
      D-09590, D-09592. D-16062, D-23411,
      D-29973, D-33723, E-26550, F-10308,
      F-25761, G-00715, 1-19325, J-16457,
      K-11734, K-15926, K-31S16, L-01528,
      L-04942, L-07235, L-07781, L-09604,
      L-09677, L-10567, L-14798, L-15554,
      L-15691, L-27184, L-27185, L-27678,
      L-27679, L-28348, L-29679, L-29813,
      L-29975, L-30149, L-31084, L-32171,
      L-32626, L-33672, L-35511, N-19060,
      N-19088
COMMERCIAL AREAS   D-09590, L-00054,
      L-07235, L-09677, L-10567, L-32352
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT   A-29332,
      B-00246, B-00541, B-00552, B-00975,
      B-01549, B-05862, B-09791, B-09840,
      B-26128, B-30260, C-02786
COMMERCIAL FIRMS   B-06103, B-26128,
      B-29761, B-30260, C-04117, C-08678,
      D-16062, D-29973, L-14932, L-23754,
      L-29813, L-29975, M-31071
COMMON COLD   C-08678
COMPLAINTS  A-14972, A-27669,
      A-28295, A-30687, A-30851, A-31263,
      A-32855, B-00032, B-00975, B-01352,
      B-05862, B-08360, B-24380, B-25479,
      B-29761, B-33077, C-00178, C-05614,
      C-05898, C-08678, C-09660, D-01202,
      D-02339, D-03017, D-03431, D-17630,
      D-23149, D-23152, D-29973, D-33539,
      G-00208, G-28175, L-00054, L-00871,
      L-01604, L-10484, L-23754, L-26940,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-30153, L-30688,
      L-32352, L-32796, M-08698, M-13980,
      M-15760, M-30896
COMPOSTING  A-11651, A-17236,
      A-293S3, A-35599
COMPRESSED GASES   A-21395, B-09836,
      B-27719, C-32467
COMPRESSION   B-07362, B-09836,
      B-26125
COMPUTER PROGRAMS   C-08268.
      D-33539, F-14987, F-33084
COMPUTERS  C-17044, C-32268, D-33539,
      L-35511
CONCRETE   B-09784, B-09836, 8-10277,
      D-09592. 1-05463
CONDENSATION   A-04860, A-08359,
      A-09853, A-24527, B-01352. B-01505,
      B-01672, B-05408, B-05532, B-06103,
      B-09656, B-09661, B-09794, B-09813.
      B-09836, B-09852. B-09854, B-11059,
      B-15779, B-20824, B-25085, B-26014,
      B-27288, B-29745, B-30339, B-31091,
      C-25065, C-32467. C-35956

-------
 234
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
      A-35622, B-02047, B-16842, D-09592,
      L-14616, L-34926, M-00376, M-26725
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS  A-10699,
      A-32465, A-33719, A-34018, B-00975,
      B-03972, B-03976, B-04627, B-07875,
      B-08467, B-09784, B-09791, B-09819,
      B-09830, B-09836, B-09840, B-10277,
      B-24090, B-26125, B-32302, C-11486,
      D-03431, D-09590, D-09592, 1-05463,
      1-24187, K-15926, K-31516, L-09677,
      L-15554, M-26725
CONTACT PROCESSING   D-09592
CONTINUOUS MONITORING   A-26605,
      A-29599, A-31155, B-10009, B-27793,
      B-28118, B-32798, C-05426, C-06112,
      C-19051, C-23107, C-27248, C-32022,
      C-34279, C-35956, D-00690, D-25291,
      G-00177, K-31286, L-01604, L-07235,
      L-25446
CONTRACTING   L-27184
CONTROL AGENCIES  A-24350, A-25638,
      B-25479, B-30260, C-03010, C-08678,
      C-32022, D-01949, D-03001, D-16062,
      D-23152, K-31968, L-07781, L-14616,
      L-19059, L-26940, L-28348, L-29679,
      L-30153, L-3217I, L-32383, L-32626,
      L-33117, L-33672, L-34256, L-34755,
      L-35511, L-35752, M-08698, N-01539
CONTROL EQUIPMENT   A-00525,
      A-04785, A-04860, A-06039, A-07394,
      A-08912, A-09175, A-09853, A-10699,
      A-11651, A-11969, A-12621, A-12998,
      A-17462, A-17603, A-17634, A-19366,
      A-20134, A-20276, A-21882, A-21887,
      A-22860, A-22987, A-24007, A-24527,
      A-24903, A-25056, A-25179, A-25205,
      A-25228, A-26402, A-27235, A-27972,
      A-28614, A-29332, A-29353, A-29599,
      A-30687, A-31155, A-31759, A-31880.
      A-32385, A-32465, A-32489, A-32879,
      A-33188, A-34228, A-34287, A-34585,
      A-35564, A-35581, A-35590, A-35599,
      A-35638, B-00025, B-00032, B-00257,
      B-00286, B-00358, B-00379, B-00504,
      B-00541, B-00552, B-00571, B-00975,
      B-01352, B-01414, B-01505, B-01537,
      B-01549, B-01672, B-01867, B-01900,
      B-02047, B-02279, B-02427, B-02488,
      B-02725, B-02729, B-03129, B-03499,
      B-03807, B-03966, B-03976, B-04045,
      B-04227, B-04300, B-04627, B-04664,
      B-04669, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783,
      B-04882, B-04943, B-04949, B-05332,
      B-05408, B-05624, B-05852, B-05862,
      B-05880, B-05929, B-05930, B-06088,
      B-06106, B-06280, B-06363, B-06366,
      B-06412, B-06453, B-06525, B-06688,
      B-06859, B-06979, B-07362, B-07374,
      B-07415, B-07429, B-07434, B-07479,
      B-07530, B-07531, B-07875, B-08104,
      B-08360, B-08364, B-08467, B-08946,
      B-09508, B-09608, B-09655, B-09656,
      B-09661, B-09733, B-09784, B-09791,
      B-09794, B-09813, B-09815, B-09819,
      B-09830, B-09836, B-09839, B-09840,
      B-09842, B-09849, B-09852, B-09854,
      B-09922, B-10005, B-10009, B-10277,
      B-10588, B-11008, B-11059, B-11136,
      B-11137, B-11158, B-12434, B-12482,
      B-12658, B-13334, B-13551, B-13697,
      B-13772, B-13971, B-14094, B-14118,
      B-14341, B-14354, B-14488, B-14671,
      B-14687, B-14757, B-14895, B-14940,
      B-14951, B-14956, B-15690, B-15709,
      B-15779, B-16113, B-16365, B-16712,
      B-16747, B-16807, B-16842, B-17177,
      B-17403, B-18140, B-18169, B-19218,
      B-19221, B-19363, B-19493, B-19705,
      B-19850, B-20709, B-20754, B-20817,
      B-20824, B-20877, B-20878, B-21006,
      B-21051, B-21647, B-21677, B-21702,
      B-21888, B-21938, B-22353, B-22357.
      B-22400, B-22435, B-22522, B-22525,
      B-23067, B-23117, B-23319, B-23371,
      B-23493, B-23594, B-23885, B-23901,
      B-23967, B-24065, B-24090, B-24380,
      B-24810, B-24%9, B-24988, B-25017,
      B-25085, B-25479, B-25554, B-25694,
      B-25711, B-25977, B-26002, B-26014,
      B-26128, B-26173, B-26176, B-26254,
      B-262%, B-26308, B-26568, B-26843,
      B-26944, B-27154, B-27288, B-27336,
      B-27401, B-27732, B-27793, B-27818,
      B-28118, B-28146, B-29251, B-29261,
      B-29323, B-29363, B-29437, B-29533,
      B-29745, B-29761, B-30062, B-30124,
      B-30350, B-30479, B-30530, B-30738,
      B-30T73, B-30782, B-30943, B-31062,
      B-31160, B-31167, B-31178, B-31211,
      B-31223, B-31233, B-31301, B-31302,
      B-31354, B-31400, B-31453, B-31456,
      B-31463, B-31472, B-31631, B-31790,
      B-31945, B-32057, B-32099, B-32166,
      B-32559, B-32615, B-32634, B-32646,
      B-32681, B-32682, B-32768, B-32781,
      B-32847, B-32900, B-32913, B-32935,
      B-32937, B-32956, B-33003, B-33077,
      B-33120, B-33122, B-33380, B-33617,
      B-33854, B-34385, B-34679, B-34778,
      B-35554, B-35595, B-35609, B-35660,
      B-35803, B-35955, C-00965, C-02786,
      C-03010, C-03789, C-04117, C-05614,
      C-05898, C-06112, C-09619, C-17288,
      C-17627, C-17628, C-17638, C-17641,
      C-20202, C-21859, C-23004, C-24429,
      C-25065, C-26547, C-27685, C-27791,
      C-29337, C-30704, C-31222, C-31924,
      C-34279, C-35956, D-00209, D-00373,
      D-02212, D-07572, D-09590, D-09592,
      D-20355, D-23845, G-00177, G-05942,
      G-06323, 1-05463, 1-19325, 1-24187,
      J-16457, J-29299, J-34518, K-31968,
      L-04888, L-04942, L-07235, L-09604,
      L-10567, L-14028, L-14932, L-29813,
      L-29975, L-30149, L-31084, L-32352,
      L-35511, M-08698, M-31071, N-03438
CONTROL METHODS   A-00393, A-00525,
      A-01565, A-02001, A-03825, A-04785,
      A-04860, A-04879, A-04893, A-05007,
      A-05335, A-05527, A-05549, A-06039,
      A-06981, A-07394, A-07561, A-08359,
      A-08802, A-08912, A-09255, A-09853,
      A-10075, A-10699, A-11144, A-11651,
      A-12083, A-12377, A-12505, A-12507,
      A-12621, A-12998, A-14297, A-14580,
      A-14914, A-17603, A-17632, A-17634,
      A-19366, A-19899, A-20118, A-20276,
      A-20553, A-21661, A-21700, A-21887,
      A-22860, A-22987, A-23000, A-23313,
      A-23314, A-23843, A-24007, A-24527,
      A-24754, A-24903, A-25056, A-25179,
      A-25205, A-25228, A-25455, A-25638,
      A-26048, A-26402, A-26575, A-26605,
      A-26826, A-26911, A-27129, A-27249,
      A-27821, A-27972, A-27986, A-28352,
      A-28861, A-29332, A-29455, A-29599,
      A-29842, A-30389, A-30603, A-30701,
      A-30851, A-31155, A-31157, A-31323,
      A-31602, A-31759, A-31880, A-31882,
      A-32385, A-32411, A-32653, A-32855,
      A-32879, A-33188, A-33883, A-34228,
A-34290,
A-35383,
A-35599,
B-00032,
B-00358,
B-00552,
B-01414,
B-01549,
B-01867,
B-02427,
B-03297,
B-03966,
B-04300,
B-04664,
B-04781,
B-04882,
B-04951,
B-05332,
B-05532,
B-05862,
B-06088,
B-06363,
B-06525,
B-07224,
B-07429,
B-07531,
B-08360,
B-08497,
B-08946,
B-096S5,
B-09733,
B-09813,
B-09836,
B-09849,
B-09922,
B-10588,
B-11059,
B-11158,
B-11843,
B-12480,
B-13072,
B-13772,
B-14013,
B-14203,
B-14488,
B-14757,
B-14956,
B-15709,
B-16113,
B-16712,
B-17177,
B-17314,
B-17635,
B-18050,
B-19182,
B-19705,
B-20369,
B-20754,
B-20877,
B-21220,
B-21702,
B-22353,
B-22522,
B-22837,
B-23008,
B-23371,
B-23594,
B-23967,
B-24810,
B-25017,
B-25554,
B-25711,
B-26002,
B-26087,
B-26173,
B-26308,
A-34585,
A-35564,
A-35622,
B-00246,
B-00379,
B-00571,
B-01505,
B-01563,
B-01900,
B-02725,
B-03499,
B-03972,
B-04361,
B-04666,
B-04783,
B-04887,
B-04952,
B-05408,
B-05624,
B-05880,
B-06103,
B-06366,
B-06636,
B-07362,
B-07434,
B-07875,
B-08361,
B-08506,
B-09407,
B-09656,
B-09784,
B-09819,
B-09839,
B-09852,
B-09933,
B-10994,
B-11136,
B-11220,
B-12133,
B-12482,
B-13334,
B-13812,
B-14094,
B-14341,
B-14609,
B-14895,
B-15153,
B-15772,
B-16365,
B-16747,
B-17238,
B-17395,
B-17636,
B-18140,
B-19218,
B-19850,
B-20625,
B-20796,
B-20878,
B-21294,
B-21888,
B-22357,
B-22525,
B-22838,
B-23067,
B-23456,
B-23836,
B-24079,
B-24845,
B-25224,
B-25594,
B-25858,
B-26014,
B-26125,
B-26176,
B-26567,
A-34654,
A-35581,
A-35673,
B-00257,
B-00504,
B-00975,
B-01508,
B-01613,
B-02018,
B-02729,
B-03807,
B-04045,
B-04533,
B-04669,
B-04838,
B-04943,
B-04953,
B-05409,
B-05808,
B-05929,
B-06106,
B-06412,
B-06859,
B-07374,
B-07479,
B-07971,
B-08364,
B-08604,
B-09508,
B-09661,
B-09791,
B-09827,
B-09840,
B-09854,
B-10005,
B-11008,
B-11137,
B-11234,
B-12346,
B-12506,
B-13398,
B-13971,
B-14113,
B-14354,
B-14671,
B-14940,
B-15170,
B-15779,
B-16498,
B-16807,
B-17266,
B-17403,
B-17637,
B-18153,
B-19221,
B-20120,
B-20628,
B-20817,
B-21006,
B-21647,
B-21938,
B-22400,
B-22538,
B-22988,
B-23117,
B-23493,
B-23885,
B-24380,
B-24%9,
B-25379,
B-25623,
B-25950,
B-26056,
B-26128,
B-26254,
B-26568,
 A-34891,
 A-35590,
 B-00025,
B-00286,
B-00541,
B-01352,
B-01537,
B-01672,
B-02047,
B-03129,
B-03946,
B-04227,
B-04627,
B-04773,
B-04861,
B-04950,
B-05093,
B-05490,
B-05852,
B-05930,
B-06280,
B-06453,
B-06979,
B-07415,
B-07530,
B-08104,
B-08467,
B-08663,
B-09608,
B-09729,
B-09794,
B-09830,
B-09842,
B-09857,
B-10009,
B-11009,
B-11153,
B-11673,
B-12434,
B-12658,
B-13551,
B-14004,
B-14118,
B-14453,
B-14692,
B-14951,
B-15690,
B-15948,
B-16535,
B-16842,
B-17293,
B-17409,
B-17906,
B-18169,
B-19493,
B-20258,
B-20709,
B-20824,
B-21051,
B-21677,
B-22061,
B-22518,
B-22550,
B-23002,
B-23319,
B-23538,
B-23901,
B-24743,
B-24988,
B-25479,
B-25694,
B-25977,
B-26057,
B-26172,
B-26296,
B-26618,

-------
                                                     SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 235
      B-26730, B-26731, B-26836, B-26843,
      B-26908, B-27154, B-27288, B-27357,
      B-27401, B-27541, B-27548, B-27605,
      B-27674, B-27719, B-27732, B-27793,
      B-27818, B-28047, B-28108, B-28118,
      B-28206, B-28756, B-29131, B-29251,
      B-29278, B-29323, B-29363, B-29437,
      B-29448, B-29533, B-29601, B-2%28,
      B-29745, B-29761, B-29877, B-29978,
      B-30062, B-30124, B-30260, B-30339,
      B-30350, B-30479, B-30S30, B-30738,
      B-30782, B-30809, B-30865, B-30943,
      B-31062, B-31072, B-31091, B-31167,
      B-31178, B-31211, B-31233, B-31301,
      B-31302, B-31400, B-31453, B-31456,
      B-31463, B-31631, B-31700, B-31790,
      B-31794, B-31911, B-31945, B-32057,
      B-32070, B-32099, B-32119, B-32166,
      B-32302, B-32497, B-32498, B-32615,
      B-32634, B-32646, B-32681, B-32682,
      B-32768, B-32781, B-32797, B-32798,
      B-32799, B-32847, B-32900, B-32913,
      B-32935, B-32937, B-32956, B-33003,
      B-33073, B-33077, B-33120, B-33122,
      B-33380, B-33398, B-33617, B-33742,
      B-33793, B-33816, B-33854, B-34073,
      B-34385, B-34679, B-34778, B-34868,
      B-35554, B-35566, B-35595, B-3S609,
      B-35660, B-35803, B-35879, B-35955,
      C-00965, C-03010, C-03542, C-04883,
      C-05170, C-05426, C-05614, C-05898,
      C-06112, C-08354, C-0%19, C-09620,
      C-10016, C-10029, C-10534, C-10693,
      C-13749, C-17288, C-17639. C-17641,
      C-20460, C-20538, C-21208, C-24429,
      C-25054, C-2506S, C-26966, C-27248,
      C-27475, C-29891, C-31924, C-32467,
      C-32676, C-34047, C-34863, C-35865,
      C-35956, D-00209, D-00373, D-02212,
      D-07572, D-09590, D-09592, D-16062,
      D-23149, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
      F-01784, F-10308, F-12662, F-14987,
      F-16828, F-26529, F-29649, G-00177,
      G-00208, G-00715, G-03788, G-07091,
      G-07821, G-34667, 1-05463, 1-19325,
      1-24187, J-16457, J-29299, K-00157,
      K-07766, K-18294, K-31516, L-00973,
      L-03198, L-03540, L-04888, L-06732,
      L-07235, L-09215, L-14028, L-14616,
      L-14932, L-16330, L-22343, L-28348,
      L-29679, L-29975, L-30149, L-31084,
      L-32796, L-33672, L-33725, L-34926,
      L-35511, L-35752, M-30896, N-05235,
      N-19060, N-19088, N-20495
CONTROL PROGRAMS  A-02765,
      A-3I323, A-32465, B-00504, B-00975,
      B-01S05, B-01672, B-01867, B-03129,
      B-07971, B-25479, B-30865, B-32057,
      C-03010, D-02339, D-03017, D-03418,
      D-03459, D-05481, D-16062, D-25996,
      D-29973, D-31371, K-00157, K-11734,
      K-31968, L-00549, L-01604, L-02295,
      L-02840, L-03540, L-06732, L-09677,
      L-10567, L-15691, L-17258, L-19059,
      L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-29813,
      L-30688, L-32147, L-32352, L-32354,
      L-34256, L-34755, M-31071
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES  A-03825,
      A-21978, B-00286, B-08104, B-14951,
      B-21006, B-34778, C-08268, C-09860,
      C-11123, C-21208, D-18231, G-00715,
      G-05946
COOLING   A-07394, A-21395, A-26605,
      B-07531, B-09794, B-09842, B-10009,
      B-14094, B-24065, B-32781, B-34778,
      B-35S54, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
      C-10534, C-35956
COPPER   A-34287, B-07362, B-09830,
      C-08066
COPPER COMPOUNDS   B-03499, B-09839,
      B-27401, 1-05463
CORE OVENS   A-25179, B-09784,
      B-09791, L-31084
CORONA   B-06688, B-26296, B-30479
CORROSION  A-16058, A-22973, A-34287,
      B-01505, B-02018, B-10277, B-19218,
      B-26172, B-29323, B-31790, D-03017,
      D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, 1-19325,
      1-24187, L-01604
COSTS   A-00402, A-17603, A-21395,
      A-22860, A-24903, A-25179, A-25205,
      A-26911, A-28352, A-29353, A-31882,
      A-32385. A-33883, A-34228, A-34290,
      A-35581, A-35693, B-00257, B-00552,
      B-01867, B-04300, B-05093, B-05930,
      B-06103, B-08946, B-0%56, B-09791,
      B-09836, B-09922, B-09933, B-10009,
      B-10277, B-11137, B-11158, B-13551,
      B-13812, B-14687, B-14757, B-15709,
      B-16890, B-17314, B-19363, B-19850,
      B-20817, B-20824, B-21051, B-22518,
      B-22838, B-23967, B-24090, B-24197,
      B-26128, B-26778, B-27154, B-28047,
      B-29261, B-29323, B-29601, B-31453,
      B-31631, B-31700, B-31945, B-32099,
      B-32498, B-32935, B-35660, C-26966,
      C-32676, D-25996, J-16457, J-29299.
      J-34S18, K-18294, L-04942, L-25446,
      L-30149, L-31084, L-35752, M-24091,
      M-31071
COTTON   A-35564
COTTONS   B-09813, B-09815, B-09830,
      L-01604
COUGH   A-30687, G-28175, G-34686,
      M-14491
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS   A-12832,
      A-12834, A-23313, A-23314, B-09784,
      C-03010, D-01949, D-23411, L-00549,
      L-07781, L-09677, L-32171, L-32382,
      L-32383
CRACKING   A-17603, E-19849
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS   A-01565,
      A-05007, A-28352, A-32465, A-34766,
      B-00504, B-17906, D-00241, D-00251,
      K-00157, K-16263, L-0%77
CRANKCASE VENTILATION AIR
      K-16263
CRITERIA   A-14116, A-19366, A-21395,
      A-25638, A-26911, A-35581, A-35638,
      B-09661, B-14341, B-14687, B-26087,
      B-29323, B-31062, B-32057,  C-33121,
      D-00751, D-05256, D-09590, D-18231,
      G-06323, K-05117, K-07766, K-11734,
      K-31516, K-35146, L-00973, L-01604,
      L-09677,  L-10484, L-15688, L-32352,
      L-32354,  L-32566
CROP SPRAYING   A-35564, B-32682,
      D-23411
CROPS  A-34018, A-35564, D-09590,
      D-33108, K-11734, L-03198, N-03438
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE   F-24354
CUMULATIVE METHODS   C-05426,
      C-05503, D-03001, D-09590, D-25291,
      L-01604
CUPOLAS   A-25638, A-28614, A-32489,
      C-03010, D-29973, L-01528, L-09677,
      L-29975, L-31084
CYANIDES  A-12083, B-14692, C-24429
CYCLIC ALKANES  D-00251
CZECHOSLOVAKIA  A-03097, B-00257,
      B-00286, B-00379, B-00975, B-01867,
      B-02047, B-03976, C-00178, C-02786,
      C-03010, C-03354, C-03542, C-29243,
      D-00209, D-00251, D-00373, D-00751,
      D-03514, F-03173, G-00177, G-00715,
      M-00376, M-00487, M-00844


                    D

DATA ANALYSIS   A-14972, C-09860,
      C-32268, M-00487
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS   A-14972,
      B-00975, C-08268, C-09860, C-32268,
      D-33539, F-14987, F-33084, M-00487
DECISIONS   B-25479, L-35694
DECOMPOSITION   A-08359, A-33983,
      B-04953, B-09830, B-09839, B-25085,
      B-33122, C-13099, F-29649
DEFOLIANTS  B-00571
DECREASING  B-09784
DELAWARE   B-02794, L-23754
DENSITY   A-29599, A-30513, B-31301,
      B-32070, B-32302, B-32634, B-33073
DEPOSITION  C-35956, D-29973
DESIGN CRITERIA   A-02001. A-03825,
      A-10699. A-11969, A-14116, A-17462,
      A-20276, A-21700, A-22860, A-25056,
      A-26574, A-26575, A-27235, A-27972,
      A-28861, A-30327, A-31155, A-31157,
      A-34654, B-00552, B-00571, B-02725,
      B-02729, B-04838, B-05093, B-05929,
      B-06088, B-06103, B-08497, B-09733,
      B-09784, B-09791, B-09813, B-09827,
      B-09830, B-09836, B-09840, B-09842,
      B-09849, B-11009, B-11136, B-11137,
      B-12658, B-14609, B-16747, B-17177,
      B-18050, B-19221, B-20754, B-21006,
      B-21051, B-22353, B-22522, B-23836,
      B-24065, B-24090, B-24197, B-24810,
      B-25017, B-25379, B-25554, B-25694,
      B-25711, B-26002, B-26172, B-262%,
      B-26308, B-26568, B-26778, B-26944,
      B-27336, B-27357, B-27401, B-27541,
      B-27548, B-27793, B-27818, B-28146,
      B-28206, B-29251, B-30062. B-30479,
      B-30738, B-30773, B-30782, B-31091,
      B-31160, B-31456, B-31463, B-31790,
      B-31911, B-32070, B-32497, B-32498,
      B-32634, B-33073. B-33617, B-35554,
      B-35955, C-083S6, C-09521, C-10593,
      C-12359, C-12487, C-17629, C-18194,
      C-24429, C-32676, C-32795, C-35956,
      D-07572, 1-24187, L-04841
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
      A-31759, A-33883, B-06636, B-09839,
      B-17266, B-20369, B-26908, B-28118,
      B-32956, B-33854, D-33723, D-35764,
      K-07766, L-07235
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
      B-07429, B-09784, B-09794, B-09849
DETROIT  L-00973. L-09677
DIAGNOSIS   C-29858, G-06323
DIESEL ENGINES   A-00393, A-01565,
      A-05007, A-05335, A-05527, A-05549,
      A-05608, A-06039, A-08802, A-09255,
      A-11692, A-12377, A-12505, A-14116,
      A-14297, A-149I4, A-15297, A-20101,
      A-20118, A-20553, A-20557, A-21700,
      A-25327, A-25455, A-26048, A-27129,
      A-27249, A-27986, A-28352, A-30603,
      A-30851, A-33564, A-33648, A-33719,
      A-34018, A-34766, A-34891, A-34964,
      A-35590, A-35635, B-00504. B-01613.
      B-01867, B-05490, B-06280, B-06453,
      B-06525, B-06636, B-06979, B-07479,
      B-07971, B-08497, B-08663, B-09608.
      B-11220, B-11234, B-12133, B-17906,
      B-20120, B-20877, B-20878, B-21220,
      B-23067. B-24845,  B-24988, B-29437,

-------
 236
      B-29533, B-31167, B-31400, B-31631,
      C-02786, C-03542, C-05170, C-07266,
      C-14606, C-14607, C-14680, C-16442,
      C-16781, C-20100, C-21693. C-22448,
      C-26966, C-27121, C-27934, C-29337,
      C-31924, D-00241, D-00251, D-18231,
      D-24162, G-34667, K-00157, K-16263,
      L-00054, L-03198, L-04841, L-04888,
      L-05129, L-09215, L-12376, L-35511,
      M-23408
DIFFRACTION   B-34073
DIFFUSION   A-33828, A-33883, A-35622,
      A-35693, B-01672, B-32900, C-00178,
      C-09648, C-10693, C-22958, C-25065,
      D-09590, D-17630, D-25780, D-33723,
      F-32271, G-06323. L-01604, L-22343,
      L-25446, L-34926
DIFFUSION MODELS  A-33828, C-25065,
      G-06323, L-01604, L-25446, L-34926
DIGESTERS   A-09853, A-32475, A-32879,
      B-04861, B-04951, B-07434, B-09508,
      B-09655, B-09656, B-09661, B-09839,
      B-11008, B-15709, B-16842, B-23I17,
      B-25085, B-26176, B-27288, B-32615,
      B-32681, B-32798, B-34385, D-09592,
      L-30149
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM   G-21712
DIOLEFINS   A-05007, A-32475, D-00251,
      D-23149, K-21083
DIPHENYLS  G-05949
DISCOLORATION   A-16058, A-17603,
      C-08066, D-03017
DISPERSION   A-03097, A-14972, A-16058,
      A-19814, A-28352, A-29353, A-29599,
      A-32489, A-32653, A-33828, A-33883,
      A-35622, A-35693, B-00975, B-01352,
      B-01672, B-04838, B-05490, B-07415,
      B-09608, B-10277, B-16712, B-19363,
      B-20796, B-23371, B-26087, B-31223,
      B-32900, C-00178, C-05396, C-05813,
      C-09648, C-10693, C-22958, C-25065,
      C-27248, C-35956, D-00690, D-02212,
      D-02339, D-03017, D-03431, D-03459,
      D-03506, D-09590, D-09592, D-12426,
      D-17630, D-23098, D-25780, D-33723,
      E-14906, E-26550, F-32271, G-03788,
      G-06323, L-01604, L-02840, L-04841,
      L-04888, L-14798, L-22343, L-25446,
      L-29813, L-34926, L-35511
DISPERSIONS  B-05532, B-09839, B-10588,
      B-23493
DISSOCIATION   B-04952, B-04953
DISTILLATE OILS    A-09255, B-04361,
      B-09836, B-32956, D-01949, D-09592
DIURNAL  A-32653, B-09836,  B-31463,
      C-08678, C-25065, D-00690, D-01202,
      D-01949, D-03001, D-03017, D-03514,
      D-27255, D-29973, D-31371, D-33108,
      K-31516, K-35146, M-01069
DOMESTIC HEATING  A-02001, A-10075,
      A-16058, A-31759, A-33719, B-04361,
      B-07971, B-25479, B-27541, B-28108,
      B-33854, D-00690, D-01949, D-03431,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-23411, D-29973,
      D-35764, K-31286, L-00054, L-07235,
      L-15688, L-32354, N-32254
DONORA  L-10567
DROPLETS   A-07394, B-02047, B-05532,
      B-06088, B-09819, B-09836, B-20817,
      B-24090, B-29533, B-32937, B-35955.
      C-35956, D-00373
DRUGS   1-24187
DRY CLEANING   A-34018, B-09784,
      B-11059, B-16113, D-03431, L-07235,
      L-14028, L-19059
DRY CLEANING SOLVENTS   B-11059,
      B-16113, C-08066, L-07235, L-14028
DRYING   A-09853, A-26605, A-29599,
      A-32879, A-34585, B-07530, B-07531,
      B-09813, B-09836, B-14453, B-25379,
      B-26568, B-28146, B-31167, B-32797,
      B-34385, B-34679, B-35879
DUMPS   A-12832, A-12834, A-23313,
      A-23314, A-24350, A-35693, B-31453,
      D-02331, D-02339, D-23411, M-00844
DUST FALL  A-12832, A-16135, A-35638,
      B-00975, B-10277, B-26087, D-02212,
      D-03017, D-05481, D-09590, D-23411,
      D-23845, D-26304, D-27255, D-31760,
      D-33723, K-07766, L-01604, L-07235,
      L-27184, M-01069, N-03438
DUSTS  A-07394, A-08912, A-09175,
      A-09853, A-10699, A-12621, A-17633,
      A-20134, A-21882, A-24500, A-24903,
      A-25056, A-25205, A-25638, A-26574,
      A-26911, A-27669, A-29332, A-29353,
      A-30389, A-32385, A-32489, A-33188,
      A-33719, A-35564, B-00025, B-02279,
      B-04227, B-04949, B-05930, B-06859,
      B-07429, B-07875, B-08104, B-09407,
      B-09655, B-09733, B-09784, B-09813,
      B-09815, B-09849, B-09852, B-09854,
      B-10009, B-13551, B-13697, B-14094,
      B-14951, B-14956, B-16842, B-17403,
      B-19221, B-19363, B-20817, B-21006,
      B-21647, B-22357, B-23319, B-23493,
      B-24380, B-24810, B-26254, B-262%,
      B-26568, B-27288, B-29323, B-29363,
      B-29533, B-29761, B-30479, B-30530,
      B-31160, B-31233, B-31301, B-31354,
      B-31456, B-31472, B-31631, B-31945,
      B-32634, B-32682, B-32956, B-33120,
      B-35803, B-35955, C-03010, C-04117,
      C-21208, C-23107, D-02212, D-03431,
      D-03459, D-05481, D-09590, D-09592,
      D-12648, D-16636, D-23411, D-29973,
      D-33108, E-26550, K-07766, K-31968,
      L-01528, L-02840, L-04942, L-07235,
      L-07781, L-09677, L-15691, L-17258,
      L-19059, L-26511, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28363,
      L-2%79, L-29813, L-29975, L-30149,
      L-31084, L-32171, L-32352, L-32383,
      L-32626, L-35511, M-00376
DYE MANUFACTURING  B-09794,
      B-21294, 1-05463, K-20194
DYNAMOMETERS  A-33648, B-01867,
      B-05490, B-20878, D-00251, G-00177,
      L-04841
ECONOMIC LOSSES  A-17603, A-22973,
      A-24350, A-26911, A-33828, A-34018,
      B-00975, B-01563, J-16457, L-01604
EDUCATION   A-26911, L-05129, L-32147
ELECTRIC CHARGE  B-05532, C-08953,
      C-35182, F-19061, G-20969
ELECTRIC FURNACES   A-37489, D-29973

ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
      A-12832, A-14972, A-24500, A-26911,
      A-30513, A-31759, A-31882, A-32653,
      A-33719, A-34018, B-00975, B-05880,
      B-07971, B-09784, B-10009, B-26087,
      B-28108, B-31400, C-31924, D-00373,
      D-03001, D-03431, D-09590, D-23411,
      D-25780, D-29973, D-33539, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29679
ELECTRIC PROPULSION   A-31759,
      L-35511
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
      C-12359, F-19102
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES   B-05532,
      B-06688, B-24065, B-25711, B-26296,
      B-28047, B-30479, B-32070, C-06526,
      C-08953, C-09619, C-35182, F-19061,
      F-19102, F-22430, G-20969, N-05235
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE  N-05235
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
      B-00379, B-03966, B-04045, B-05408,
      B-08364, B-23319, C-04883, C-05426,
      C-08354, C-09619, C-23755, C-27248,
      C-30014, C-32022, C-34279, C-35956,
      F-01784, G-21359
ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY ANALYZERS
      B-32798, C-05426, C-06112, C-32022,
      C-34279, D-25291
ELECTROLYSIS   B-22435, B-24743
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY   A-00393,
      G-00177
ELECTROSTATIC COUNTERS  B-04361,
      B-05532
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
      A-09175, A-17462, A-21882, A-22860,
      A-24903, A-25205, A-26402, A-29353,
      A-31759, A-33188, A-35564, B-02279,
      B-03976, B-04949, B-05880, B-07415,
      B-07875, B-08104, B-09655, B-09784,
      B-09819, B-09852, B-10277, B-11158,
      B-12658, B-13551, B-13697, B-14354,
      B-14687, B-15709, B-16842, B-17177,
      B-17403, B-19850, B-20817, B-20877,
      B-20878, B-22353, B-22357, B-22400,
      B-22522, B-23067, B-23371, B-23493,
      B-24065, B-24969, B-25711, B-26296,
      B-26568, B-27732, B-30479, B-31178,
      B-31453, B-31945, B-32615, B-32634,
      B-35660, B-35803, C-03010, C-03789,
      C-06112, C-35956, D-00373, D-09592,
      D-23845, J-16457, J-34518, L-04942,
      L-30149
ELUTRIATION   B-17266
EMISSION INVENTORIES  A-05549,
      A-05608, A-08912, A-22860, A-29599,
      A-30513, A-35638, B-00975, B-16842,
      C-27248, D-01202, D-02339, D-05481,
      D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-25780,
      D-25996, D-31760, D-33539, J-34518,
      L-01604, L-04942, L-32147
EMISSION STANDARDS   A-21882,
      A-25205, A-25638, A-27821, A-29353,
      A-30603, A-31759, A-34290, A-34585,
      B-00504, B-03129, B-11059, B-24988,
      B-25479, B-31062, B-31301, C-09716,
      C-14680, C-25065, C-32022, D-18231,
      K-00157, K-07766, K-11734, K-15926,
      K-16263, K-18294, K-31516, K-35146,
      L-00973, L-03198, L-07781, L-09604,
      L-09677, L-10567, L-14932, L-15688,
      L-25446, L-29679, L-29813, L-31465,
      L-32147, L-32171, L-32352, L-32382,
      L-32383, L-32566, L-32893, L-33672,
      L-33725, L-34033
EMISSIVITY  C-03542
EMPHYSEMA   A-31759,  G-07821,
      G-27137, L-03198
EMULSIONS   B-05532, B-09839, B-23493
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
      A-24500, A-25638, B-00975, B-02794,
      B-25479, B-29628, C-08678, D-23149,
      D-23152, K-11734, L-00549, L-01528,
      L-02294, L-02840, L-03198, L-07781,
      L-09215, L-17258, L-23754, L-26940,
      L-27184, L-27678, L-27679, L-28363,
      L-29679, L-31084, L-31465, L-32147,
      L-32171, L-32383, L-33725, L-35752
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
      A-08802, A-12377, A-12505, A-14297,

-------
                                                     SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 237
      A-14914, A-27129, A-31759, A-32653,
      B-00504, B-06280, B-06453, B-07224,
      B-07479, B-08497, B-23067, B-24988,
      B-31400, L-09215
 ENGINE EXHAUSTS   A-00393, A-01565,
      A-05007, A-05527, A-05608, A-06039,
      A-08802, A-092S5, A-11692, A-12377,
      A-14116, A-15297, A-16135, A-20101,
      A-20118, A-20125. A-20557, A-21700,
      A-25327, A-26048, A-27249, A-27451,
      A-28352, A-30603, A-30851, A-32465,
      A-32653, A-33648, A-33719, A-34018,
      A-34766, A-34891, A-34964, A-35590,
      A-35635, B-00504, B-06280, B-06453,
      B-06525, B-06636, B-06979, B-07224,
      B-07479, B-08497, B-08604, B-08663,
      B-09608, B-11220, B-11234, B-12133,
      B-17906, B-20120, B-20877, B-20878,
      B-24845, B-24988, B-25594, B-27401,
      B-29437, B-29533, B-30260, B-31167,
      B-31400, B-33077, C-02786, C-03542,
      C-05170, C-07266, C-09476, C-09620,
      C-14197, C-14607, C-14680, C-16298,
      C-16442, C-16781, C-20100, C-22448,
      C-26966, C-27121, C-27248, C-27934,
      C-31222, D-00241, D-00251, D-03001,
      D-03017, D-18231, D-25291, D-27255,
      D-33108, E-19849, G-00177, K-00157,
      K-16263, L-04888, L-05129, L-09215,
      L-09677, L-34926, L-35511, M-23408
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES   A-01565,
      A-05007, A-08802, A-28352, A-32653,
      B-01613, B-05490, B-06280, B-08604,
      B-08663, B-09608, C-16442, C-22448,
      D-00241, D-00251, G-00177, L-03198
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
      A-01565, A-02001, A-05335, A-05549,
      A-06039, A-08802, A-09255, A-10075,
      A-12377, A-12505, A-14297, A-14914,
      A-20118, A-21700, A-26048, A-27129,
      A-27249, A-27986, A-28352, A-30851,
      A-35590, B-01613, B-04361, B-06280,
      B-06525, B-06979, B-07224, B-08497,
      B-08663, B-09608, B-19850, B-20120,
      B-21220, B-23067, B-24988, B-25594,
      B-28108, B-30865,  B-31400, B-3163I,
      B-32119, B-35566, C-03542, L-04888,
      N-20495
ENGINEERS   L-14616, L-30688, L-33672
ENZYMES   C-35182, G-07821
EPIDEMIOLOGY   C-08953, C-16080,
      G-27137
EPITHELIUM   F-11132, F-19102, G-19599,
      N-05235
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA  A-19366,
      A-35638, B-14341,  B-14687, B-29323,
      B-31062,  B-32057, L-32354
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS   A-25638,
      A-28861, A-34290, B-00504, B-23319,
      B-29323,  K-15926, K-31286, L-15688,
      L-19059,  L-33672
ESTERS   A-07561, A-32475, B-15772,
      B-16890,  B-21294, B-22988, C-03354,
      C-08357,  C-08953, C-10983, C-11167,
      C-11486,  C-14109, C-28393, C-29269,
      C-32269
ETHERS   A-07089, B-16890, B-22838,
      C-11123, C-27934, D-00251, F-19102,
      G-00177
ETHYL ALCOHOL   B-05409, C-07214,
      C-11123, C-30704
ETHYLENE   A-26911, B-22838, B-28118,
      B-32956, C-07214, D-00251, D-23152,
      K-11734
EUROPE   A-00393, A-00525, A-01885,
      A-02001, A-03097, A-08373, A-08802,
      A-09255, A-10075, A-11651, A-11%9,
      A-12377, A-14297, A-21700, A-21882,
      A-21887, A-22987, A-23000, A-23843,
      A-24754, A-25179, A-25205, A-25638,
      A-29353, A-30218, A-30327, A-30389,
      A-30603, A-31323, A-31882, A-33648,
      A-33713, A-33719, A-33883, A-34585,
      B-00257, B-00286, B-00358, B-00379,
      B-00504, B-00975, B-01352, B-01414,
      B-01505, B-01508, B-01537, B-01549,
      B-01563, B-01867, B-01900, B-02047,
      B-02279, B-02427, B-02725, B-03129,
      B-03499, B-03807, B-03966, B-03972,
      B-03976, B-04045, B-04300, B-04361,
      B-04664, B-04666, B-04773, B-05624,
      B-06280, B-07224, B-07362, B-07374,
      B-07530, B-07531, B-08361, B-08467,
      B-08497, B-08604, B-09656, B-09661,
      B-09933, B-10588, B-11059, B-11843,
      B-13334, B-13697, B-13812, B-14004,
      B-14013, B-14453, B-14671, B-14692,
      B-15153, B-16113, B-16365, B-17266,
      B-20369. B-21294, B-21702, B-21888,
      B-22400, B-2252S, B-23319, B-23456,
      B-23493, B-23885, B-24065, B-24743,
      B-24969, B-25085, B-25224, B-25479,
      B-25711, B-25858, B-26176, B-26908,
      B-27154, B-27719, B-28108, B-28118,
      B-28206, B-29278, B-29363, B-30339,
      B-30350, B-30809, B-31072, B-31167,
      B-31178, B-31301, B-31302, B-31400,
      B-31472, B-32057, B-32302, B-32781,
      B-32956, B-33816, B-33854, B-34778,
      B-35955, C-00178, C-00965, C-02786,
      C-03010, C-03354, C-03542, C-07214,
      C-08953, C-09648, C-0%57, C-09716,
      C-10029, C-11486, C-12942, C-14197,
      C-15287, C-16080, C-16298, C-20538,
      C-21652, C-24071, C-25466, C-28393,
      C-29243, C-29269, C-29891, C-30014,
      C-32269, C-35182, C-35949, D-00209,
      D-00251, D-00373. D-00751, D-01202,
      D-01949, D-02331, D-03514, D-05256,
      D-16635, D-16636, E-14906, E-26550,
      F-01784, F-03173, F-16696, F-24354,
      F-24531, G-00177, G-00208, G-00715,
      G-05942, G-05943, G-05946, G-05949,
      G-07821, G-09659, G-11476, G-21125,
      G-21712, G-34686, G-35671, K-05117,
      K-05947, K-18294, K-20194, K-21083,
      K-21084, K-30870, K-31286, K-35146,
      L-01528, L-02294, L-02295, L-02840,
      L-03198, L-04888,  L-07235, L-09215,
      L-12376, L-14028, L-14616, L-14798,
      L-22343, L-26511, L-31084, L-32354,
      M-00376, M-00487, M-00844, M-15760,
      N-03438, N-05235, N-32254
EVAPORATORS   A-09853, A-32879,
      B-04861, B-04951, B-09508, B-096S5,
      B-09656, B-09933, B-11008, B-11153,
      B-12658, B-15709, B-16747, B-16842,
      B-18140. B-19218, B-21051, B-22522,
      B-26176, B-30062, B-32615, B-32681,
      B-32798, B-32937, B-34385, D-09592
EXCESS AIR   A-10075, A-27986, A-28861,
      B-04781, B-04783, B-04838, B-05852,
      B-08360, B-09830, B-10009, B-23836,
      B-26731, B-32498, 1-19325
EXCRETIONS  A-25179, B-03297, B-04664,
      B-14453, B-33398, C-13099, C-17639
EXHAUST SYSTEMS   A-04860, A-09853,
      A-12998, A-27235, A-31155, B-01672,
      B-06088, B-09656, B-09784, B-09791,
      B-09813, B-09815, B-09819, B-09842,
      B-09852, B-09854, B-10005, B-18140,
      B-22435, B-25017, B-27818, B-30943,
      B-31453, B-32847, B-33617, B-35609,
      C-17638, 1-24187, L-04942, L-30149,
      L-31084
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT  A-04785,
      A-08359, B-00257, B-04627, B-04664,
      B-04783, B-07362, B-07374, B-13398,
      C-08355, C-08356, C-09364, C-09521,
      C-10029, C-10593, C-26837, C-34972,
      E-14906, L-04841, N-05235
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS  A-00393,
      A-03825, A-04785, A-04879, A-08359,
      B-01867, B-04627, B-08506, B-16890,
      C-03010, C-08354, C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08953, C-09364, C-10534, C-34972,
      C-35240, D-05256, D-18231, G-05946,
      G-0%59, K-05947, L-04888, N-05235
EXPLOSIONS   A-32489, B-04861, B-24810
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS  C-00965,
      C-08268, C-11123, C-17638, C-18194,
      C-23755, D-18231, F-16455, G-00177
EXPOSURE METHODS   A-34287,
      C-053%, C-07266, C-11123, D-00751,
      D-18231, G-00715, G-07091, L-34926
EYE IRRITATION  A-00402, A-17603,
      A-20557, A-24459, A-31759, B-04533,
      B-06280, B-31700, C-02786, C-03542,
      C-07266, D-03514, E-19849, F-25761,
      G-00177, G-11476, G-28175, G-35570,
      K-11734, K-31968, K-35146, M-00376,
      M-14491
EYES   B-06280, B-31400, C-21652,
      C-34972, G-00177, G-11476, K-11734,
      K-21083, K-21084, K-30870, K-35146
FADING   D-09590, 1-05463
FALLOUT   A-03097
FANS (BLOWERS)  A-12998, A-27235,
      A-31155, B-01672, B-09784, B-09791,
      B-09813, B-09815, B-09819, B-09842,
      B-25017, B-30943, B-31453, B-32847,
      B-33617, B-35609, C-17638, L-30149,
      L-31084
FARMS   A-26911, A-33713, A-35564,
      B-14453, B-20709, B-22550, B-25858,
      B-33120, H-00252
FEASIBILITY STUDIES  B-06103,
      B-12346, B-14687, N-19088
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS   A-21882,
      B-00504, B-06280, B-07971, B-29628,
      K-11734, L-01528, L-02294, L-02295,
      L-03540, L-22343, L-23754, L-27185,
      L-29813, L-32352, L-32893, L-33U7,
      L-34256, L-35694, M-08698
FEED LOTS   B-03297, B-22550, B-32682,
      C-28141
FEES   L-32382, L-32383, L-33725
FEMALES   C-02786, C-08268, D-00751,
      M-00844, M-01069
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
      A-12834, A-17198, A-17631, A-19899,
      A-20706, A-22987, A-23000, A-29599,
      A-32855, A-34018, A-35693, B-12480,
      B-17635, B-20709, B-24380, B-26567,
      B-32099, C-23106, C-30811, D-33108,
      G-21125, K-31516, L-327%
FERTILIZING   A-17236, B-00571,  B-03129,
      B-22550,  B-32682, D-23411, L-15688
FIELD TESTS   A-35673, B-00257,  B-00975,
      B-02047, B-03976, B-05490, B-06366,
      B-08104,  B-09508, B-09608, B-09840,
      B-11009,  B-11220, B-14609, B-22538,
      B-23008,  B-32559, C-08066, C-08358,
      K-18294

-------
 238
FILTER FABRICS   A-10699, B-01414,
      B-03966, B-07875, B-09784, B-09813,
      B-09815, B-14354, B-19221, B-21938,
      B-24090, B-26254, B-31301, C-02786,
      C-09619, C-17288, C-17627, C-17628,
      C-17641, C-20202, C-26547, C-27685,
      C-31222, C-35956, D-09590, G-00177,
      J-34518, L-07235, M-31071
FILTERS  A-04785, A-10699, A-11969,
      A-20134, A-24903, A-2S228, A-26402,
      A-33188, A-34287, A-35564, B-00257,
      B-00286, B-01352, B-01414, B-03966,
      B-05624, B-07875, B-08104, B-09784,
      B-09794, B-09813, B-09815, B-09830,
      B-09839, B-09849, B-09852, B-11059,
      B-12434, B-13551, B-14354, B-14687,
      B-14951, B-16113, B-18169, B-19221,
      B-20754, B-20817, B-21006, B-21702,
      B-21888, B-21938, B-22357, B-22435,
      B-23319, B-23371, B-23885, B-24090,
      B-24810, B-25017, B-25694, B-26254,
      B-26843, B-27336, B-28146, B-29323,
      B-29437, B-29533, B-30124, B-30479,
      B-30530, B-30782, B-31211, B-31233,
      B-31301, B-31302, B-31354, B-31945,
      B-32634, B-32781, B-32847, B-32913,
      B-32935, B-33003, B-35955, C-02786,
      C-03010, C-04117, C-06112, C-09619,
      C-17288, C-17627, C-17628, C-17641,
      C-20202, C-21859, C-23004, C-26547,
      C-27685, C-29337, C-30704, C-31222.
      C-34279, C-35956, D-02212, D-09590,
      D-20355, G-00177, 1-05463, J-34518,
      L-04942, L-07235, L-14028, M-31071,
      N-03438
FIRING METHODS   A-07561, A-10075,
      A-10699, A-14297, A-24007, A-26911,
      A-27249, A-27986, A-28861, A-30603,
      A-34290, A-34654, A-34891, B-04361,
      B-04781, B-04783, B-04838, B-05852,
      B-08360, B-09656, B-09827, B-09830,
      B-09933, B-10009, B-11153, B-11158,
      B-17409, B-22522, B-23836, B-23885,
      B-25554, B-26730, B-26731, B-27288,
      B-27541, B-27818, B-31091, B-31453,
      B-31631, B-32119, B-32302, B-32498,
      B-32937, B-33077, B-33617, B-33793,
      B-35566, B-35803, D-09592, 1-19325,
      K-07766, L-07235
FLAME AFTERBURNERS   A-08912,
      A-09853, A-20276, A-24007, A-25179,
      A-29332, A-32465, A-34585, B-00257,
      B-01414, B-02047, B-03499, B-04669,
      B-05852, B-06088, B-06366, B-09508,
      B-09791, B-09830, B-09849, B-09852,
      B-09854, B-11059, B-11136, B-11137,
      B-13971, B-14757, B-19493, B-20817,
      B-20824, B-21888, B-22525, B-23967,
      B-26843, B-26944, B-27793, B-30738,
      B-32559, B-33077, C-24429, C-25065
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
      A-05549, A-06981, A-08373, A-20101,
      A-23843, A-29698, A-33564, B-00286,
      B-02279, B-03966, B-16842, B-32302,
      C-05426, C-06112, C-07214, C-08066,
      C-08354, C-09521, C-09619, C-09620,
      C-09657, C-10016, C-10029, C-10693,
      C-13099, C-14680, C-17627, C-19051,
      C-20100, C-20192, C-20202, C-26547,
      C-28141, C-28787, C-29337, C-29843,
      C-34279, C-34863, C-35648, C-35949,
      C-35956, F-01784, F-19063, K-31286
FLARES   B-02729, B-08946, B-09836,
      B-09840, B-09849, B-31223
FLORIDA   A-14972, B-08364, L-00973,
      L-09677
FLOUR PROCESSING  B-24810
FLOW RATES  A-28861, B-01563,
      B-03966, B-04887, B-07362, B-08360,
      B-08364, B-09791, B-09813, B-09827,
      B-09842, B-12346, B-16890, B-21938,
      B-23493, B-24197, B-26836, B-27605,
      B-27818, B-29131, B-29323, B-29978,
      B-31211, B-31456, B-32302, B-33073,
      B-34073, B-34385, B-34778, C-03010,
      C-08355, C-08356, C-24429, C-34047
FLOWERS   D-00751, D-09590, K-11734
FLOWMETERS   B-00257, B-04882,
      C-03789, C-08356, C-08358, C-17640,
      C-35956
FLUID FLOW  A-28861, B-01563, B-03966,
      B-03976, B-04887, B-04949, B-07362,
      B-08360, B-08364, B-09791, B-09813,
      B-09827, B-09842, B-12346, B-16890,
      B-21938, B-23493, B-24197, B-25623,
      B-26836, B-27605, B-27818, B-29131,
      B-29323, B-29978, B-31211, B-31456,
      B-32302, B-32497, B-33073, B-33077,
      B-34073, B-34385, B-34778, C-03010,
      C-08355, C-08356, C-08678, C-24429.
      C-34047,C-35956
FLUORANTHENES  D-00251
FLUORENES  B-02725
FLUORESCENCE   A-35635, C-03542,
      C-05426, C-05813, C-27248, C-35949
FLUORIDES  A-20134, A-26911, A-34018,
      B-14692, B-26254, C-03010, C-05813,
      C-27248, C-30014, C-35956, D-01949,
      D-03514, D-09590, D-23845, L-00973,
      L-0%77
FLUORINE   A-25638, B-03129, B-26908,
      C-09476, K-31968, L-01528, N-19060
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS  A-20134,
      A-22973, A-26911, A-32855, A-34018,
      B-13551, B-14692, B-26254, B-32302,
      C-03010, C-05813, C-06112, C-09476,
      C-27248, C-30014, C-35956, D-01949,
      D-03514, D-09590, D-23845, D-31371,
      L-00973, L-07235, L-09677, L-32354,
      N-20495, N-32254
FLUOROSIS  A-22973
FLY ASH   A-00402, A-07561, A-09175,
      A-11651, A-26605, A-29353, A-34228,
      A-34290, B-00246, B-08360, B-09852,
      B-10009, B-13551, B-16842, B-23008,
   1   B-25694, B-26087, B-26778, B-26908,
      B-28146, B-31453, B-33077, B-35566,
      D-09590, L-00973, L-02840, L-07235,
      L-07781, L-09677, L-19059, L-30149
FOG   B-16842, D-09592, L-14616,  M-00376,
      M-26725
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
      A-07394, A-08912, A-09853, A-11700,
      A-12834, A-17198, A-17631, A-17632,
      A-20553, A-21887, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-24350, A-24754, A-25179, A-25228,
      A-26826, A-26911, A-29842, A-30389,
      A-31044, A-31263, A-31602, A-32855,
      A-32879, A-33713, A-34018, A-35564,
      A-35693, B-00246, B-01414, B-02794,
      B-03972, B-04943, B-05532, B-05624,
      B-05930, B-06412, B-07362, B-07374,
      B-07530, B-07531, B-08467, B-09784,
      B-09791, B-09852, B-09854, B-11059,
      B-12480, B-12482, B-13551, B-14671,
      B-14940, B-15153, B-16535, B-17635,
      B-17636, B-17637, B-18169, B-20628,
      B-20824, B-21677, B-21888, B-22525,
      B-23002, B-23456, B-23967, B-24810,
      B-25379, B-25858, B-25977, B-26002,
      B-26057, B-26128, B-26254, B-26843,
      B-27154, B-27548, B-29745, B-30350,
      B-30943, B-31178. B-32099, B-32166,
      B-32682, B-32768, B-32781, B-32797,
      B-33120, B-33398, B-33816, B-33854,
      B-35595, C-03354, C-05614, C-08066,
      C-22431, C-22958, C-26966, C-27791,
      C-29726, C-30689, C-30811, C-31924,
      C-32467, C-33577, D-02212, D-02331,
      D-03418, D-09592, D-17630, D-27255,
      L-22343, L-327%, L-32893, L-33117.
      N-03438
FOODS   C-03354, C-35648
FORESTS   A-19814
FORMALDEHYDES   A-05549, A-06039,
      A-23843, A-27451, A-32855, A-34891,
      A-35673, B-04533, B-05808, B-06636,
      B-11234, B-20877, B-20878, B-24090,
      B-29533, B-31700, C-02786, C-03010,
      C-03542, C-05170, C-07266, C-11123,
      C-31924, D-00241, D-00251, D-31371,
      E-19849, G-00177, L-04888
FRACTIONATION   C-08356, C-08357.
      F-16696
FRANCE  B-00504, B-04773, B-13812,
      B-28108, B-30809, C-29269, F-24354,
      F-24531, L-03198, L-04888
FREE RADICALS  F-29649, G-07821
FREEZING  C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
      C-10534, C-35956
FROTH FLOATATION  B-09839
FRUITS   B-04943, K-11734
FUEL ADDITIVES  A-06039, A-09255,
      A-12505, A-14914, A-27249, A-32653,
      A-34891, A-35622, B-00504, B-06280,
      B-06525, B-06979, B-07479, B-07971,
      B-09608, B-11220, B-11234, B-20120,
      B-20877, B-20878, B-23067, B-24845,
      B-24988, C-27248, L-03198, L-04888
FUEL CELLS   A-31759
FUEL CHARGING  A-07561, A-27986,
      A-34654, A-34891, B-27288, B-31631,
      B-33077
FUEL EVAPORATION  A-01565,  A-05007,
      A-28352, A-32465, A-34018, B-00504,
      B-17906, B-28118, K-00157, K-16263,
      L-03198, L-09677, N-19060
FUEL GASES   A-17603, A-21395, A-27249,
      A-28352, A-31759, A-34654, B-00257,
      B-05852, B-09784, B-09827, B-09922,
      B-22838, B-23008, B-25479, B-27719,
      B-31911, B-33077, B-33793, C-14108,
      D-03431, D-03506, D-09590, D-09592,
      G-00715, L-04942, L-07235, L-32352
FUEL OIL PREPARATION   A-33883,
      B-26908, B-28118, B-32956
FUEL OILS   A-05007, A-09175, A-09255,
      A-10075, A-23313, A-23314, A-24500,
      A-25056, A-26048, A-33883, A-34654,
      A-34891, B-00257, B-01613, B-04361,
      B-05490, B-06280, B-06979, B-07971,
      B-09784, B-09836, B-11220, B-22435,
      B-22518, B-23885, B-26908, B-27719,
      B-28108, B-28118, B-30260, B-31354,
      B-32956, B-33077, C-27121, D-00251,
      D-00751, D-01949, D-03431, D-03506,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-23411, D-33108,
      K-31968, L-00054, L-02840, L-07235,
      L-0921S, L-29813
FUEL STANDARDS   B-06280, K-00157,
      K-07766, L-29813, L-32171
FUEL TANK EVAPORATION   A-01565,
      A-05007, A-28352, B-00504, B-17906,
      K-00157, K-16263
FUELS   A-02765, A-05007, A-09175,
      A-09255, A-10075, A-12505, A-12832,
      A-12834, A-14914, A-17603, A-21395,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-24459, A-24500,
      A-25056, A-25455, A-26048, A-26574,
      A-27249, A-28352, A-30603, A-31759,

-------
                                                     SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                  239
      A-31880, A-31882, A-32385, A-32653,
      A-33648, A-33719, A-33883, A-34018,
      A-34654, A-34891, A-35622, B-00257,
      B-00975, B-01613, B-01672, B-02725,
      B-04361, B-04838, B-05490, B-05852,
      B-06280, B-06636, B-06979, B-07224,
      B-07875, B-07971, B-08663, B-09784,
      B-09827, B-09836, B-09922, B-11220,
      B-20369, B-22435, B-22518, B-22838,
      B-23008, B-23885, B-24743, B-25479,
      B-2S594, B-26908, B-27719, B-28108,
      B-28H8, B-29628, B-30260, B-30865,
      B-31167, B-31223, B-31354, B-31631,
      B-31911, B-32497, B-32956, B-33077,
      B-33793, B-33854, C-03542, C-06112,
      C-14108, C-27121, C-27934, D-00251,
      D-00690, D-00751, D-01949, D-03017,
      D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-16636, D-23411,
      D-29973, D-31760, D-33108, D-33539,
      G-00177, G-00715, J-29299, K-00157,
      K-07766, K-18294, K-21084, K-31968,
      L-00054, L-00973, L-02840, L-04942,
      L-07235, L-07781, L-09215, L-09604,
      L-09677, L-12511, L-2%79, L-29813,
      L-32171, L-32352, L-32383, L-32626,
      L-34033, L-34926, L-35511, N-03438.
      N-32254
FUMES   A-07561, A-08912, A-17634,
      A-24007, A-26402, A-27235, A-30687,
      A-32489, B-00257, B-00379, B-00541,
      B-01352, B-01537, B-01549, B-02427,
      B-02725, B-03129, B-04533, B-04943,
      B-04949, B-05929, B-06366, B-08506,
      B-09733, B-09784, B-09791, B-09794,
      B-09813, B-09815, B-09819, B-09836,
      B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09849,
      B-09857, B-11137, B-14341, B-17906,
      B-18140, B-20817, B-24969, B-25017,
      B-26308, B-26944, B-27818, B-30943,
      B-31456, B-31700, B-31945, B-32634,
      B-32781, B-33793. B-35554, C-03010,
      C-05503, C-07214, C-15287, C-23107,
      D-00241, D-00251, D-03514, D-05481,
      D-18231, 1-24187, J-29299, L-01528,
      L-04942, L-07781, L-09677, L-30149,
      L-31084, L-32171, L-32382
FUMIGATION  B-01672, B-09608,
      D-09592, L-04888
FUNGI  G-0709I
FURNACES   A-02001, A-04879, A-06981,
      A-08359, A-10075, A-11144, A-25056,
      A-25205, A-25638, A-26402, A-26574,
      A-28614, A-28885, A-29455, A-31157,
      A-32489, A-33719, A-34018, A-34290,
      A-35383, B-00975, B-02725, B-04361,
      B-04783, B-04861, B-05880, B-06106,
      B-07971, B-09655, B-09656, B-09784,
      B-09827, B-09933, B-10994, B-11008,
      B-11153, B-11158, B-14118, B-16747,
      B-16842, B-17635, B-19363, B-20258,
      B-23002, B-23885, B-25085, B-26254,
      B-26567, B-27541, B-31223, B-31301,
      B-31453, B-31631, B-31790, B-32119,
      B-32498, B-32615, B-32681, B-32913,
      B-32937, B-33077, B-33793, B-35554,
      C-00965, C-03010, C-35956, D-09592,
      D-29973, K-31286, K-31968, L-01528,
      L-02840, L-07235, L-07781, L-09604,
      L-09677, L-29975, L-30149, L-31084,
      N-32254
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY   A-01644,
      A-03825, A-05549, A-06981, A-08373,
      A-15297, A-16494, A-17633, A-19814,
      A-20101, A-20557, A-21978, A-23843,
      A-25228, A-25327, A-25455, A-28527,
      A-29698, A-30687, A-31044, A-31263,
      A-32475, A-33564, A-34766, B-00032,
      B-00286, B-00379, B-00571, B-02279,
      B-03966, B-04882, B-05408, B-05409, '
      B-05808, B-06525, B-06979, B-12480,
      B-16842, B-17636, B-23371, B-24380,
      B-32099, B-32166, B-32302, B-34679,
      C-01289, C-02786, C-04883, C-05426,
      C-06112, C-06526, C-07214, C-08066,
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08358, C-09521, C-09619, C-0%20,
      C-09657, C-10016, C-10029, C-10534,
      C-10593, C-10693, C-12488, C-12942,
      C-13099, C-13143, C-13749, C-13969,
      C-14197, C-14680, C-15287, C-16134,
      C-17288, C-17627, C-17628, C-17629,
      C-19051, C-20100, C-20192, C-20202,
      C-20264, C-20460, C-20624, C-21859,
      C-22431, C-23004, C-24814, C-26547,
      C-27121, C-27355, C-27475, C-27685,
      C-27791, C-28141, C-28787, C-29337,
      C-29726, C-29843, C-30014, C-30374,
      C-30704, C-31222, C-31924, C-32467,
      C-32795, C-32880, C-34279, C-34863,
      C-35541. C-35648, C-35751, C-35949,
      C-35956, D-00209, D-23098, D-29349,
      D-31371, F-01784, F-10308, F-13670,
      F-19061, F-19063, G-00177, G-03788,
      K-31286, L-35752
GAS SAMPLING   A-00525, A-04785,
      A-05608, A-09175, A-14580, A-33713,
      A-34964, A-35622, B-01414, B-03966,
      B-04882, B-04887, B-05808, B-09784,
      B-13971, B-32166, C-00965, C-02786,
      C-03789, C-04117, C-04883, C-05426,
      C-05614, C-06112, C-08066, C-08355,
      C-08356, C-08358, C-09521, C-09620,
      C-0%57, C-09860, C-10016, C-10593,
      C-12492, C-13969, C-16781, C-17628,
      C-17629, C-20460, C-23004, C-24814,
      C-26547, C-29726, C-35865, C-35956,
      D-00241, D-05481, D-09590, D-31760,
      F-10308
GAS TURBINES   A-OS549, A-27129,
      A-27249, A-27451, B-07362, B-07971,
      B-30865, D-09592
GASES   A-00393,  A-05007, A-06981,
      A-09175, A-14580, A-21395, A-22860,
      A-24527, A-34228, B-00358, B-00975,
      B-01505, B-01563, B-04949, B-05408,
      B-05409, B-05808, B-07374, B-07531,
      B-08360, B-09655, B-09656, B-09661,
      B-09836, B-10005, B-15779, B-20625,
      B-25085, B-27719, B-29323, C-07214,
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08358, C-08953, C-09619, C-0%20,
      C-09648, C-096S7, C-09660, C-10016,
      C-10593, C-23106, C-29858, C-32467,
      D-01202, D-01949, F-10308, F-16696,
      G-05942, G-05946, G-21125, L-32382,
      L-33672
GASOLINES   A-05007, A-24459, A-30603,
      A-32653, A-33648, A-33883, A-34018,
      B-07224, B-08663, B-09836, B-25594,
      B-28108, B-29628, B-31167, B-31354,
      C-27934, D-00751, D-01949, D-09592,
      D-29973, G-00177, K-00157, K-07766,
      K-18294, K-21084, L-09215, L-32171,
      L-32383, L-34033, L-34926
GERMANY  A-08373, A-08802, A-11651,
      A-11969, A-21700, A-21882, A-21887,
      A-23843, A-24754, A-25179, A-25638,
      A-30218, A-33713, A-33719, A-34585,
      B-01537, B-07224, B-07362, B-07374,
      B-07530, B-07531, B-08497, B-08604,
      B-11059, B-13697, B-14004, B-14453,
      B-14671, B-15153, B-16113, B-20369,
      B-21294, B-21702, B-21888, B-22525,
      B-23493, B-23885, B-24065, B-24969,
      B-25224, B-25711, B-25858, B-28118,
      B-30350, B-31167, B-31301, B-31302,
      B-31472, B-32057, B-32781, B-32956,
      B-33854, C-12942, C-15287, C-16298,
      C-20538, C-28393. C-30014, G-07821,
      G-21125, G-21712, G-34686, K-35146,
      L-01528, L-07235, L-14028, L-22343,
      L-26S11, L-32354, N-32254
GLADIOLI  D-09590
GLASS FABRICS   A-10699, B-01414,
      B-03966, B-09784, B-19221, B-21938,
      B-24090, B-26254, C-02786, C-17288,
      C-17627, C-17628, C-17641, C-20202,
      C-26547, C-27685, C-31222, D-09590
GLUE MANUFACTURING   A-34018,
      B-05624
GOATS   B-25858
GOVERNMENTS   A-08912, A-12832,
      A-12834, A-21882, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-25638, A-28295, A-32855, A-34290,
      B-00504, B-00975, B-01672, B-06280,
      B-07971, B-09784, B-16890, B-25479,
      B-26057, B-29628, B-32057, C-03010,
      C-11167, D-01949, D-03459, D-09590,
      D-23411, D-29973, D-35764, K-00157,
      K-11734, K-15926, L-00054, L-00549,
      L-00871, L-01528, L-02294, L-02295,
      L-03540,  L-07235, L-07781, L-09604,
      L-09677, L-12511, L-14028, L-14616,
      L-14932, L-15554, L-15691, L-17258,
      L-19059, L-22343, L-23754, L-25446,
      L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-27677,
      L-27678, L-27679, L-28348, L-28363,
      L-29679, L-29813, L-30153, L-32147,
      L-32171,  L-32352, L-32354, L-32382,
      L-32383,  L-32626, L-32893, L-33117,
      L-33725,  L-34256, L-34755, L-35694,
      L-35752,  M-08698, M-24091, N-03438,
      N-32254
GRAIN PROCESSING   A-35564, B-09784,
      D-02212, D-09592
GRANTS  L-00549, L-03540
GRAPHITE  B-09840, B-20369
GRASSES   A-34018
GRAVITY  SETTLING   B-09839, B-35955
GREAT BRITAIN   A-09255, A-12377,
      A-14297, A-29353, A-30603. A-31323,
      B-01352,  B-04300, B-05624, B-06280,
      B-10588,  B-24743, B-26908, B-27154,
      B-28206,  B-31178, B-31400,  B-32302,
      B-33816,  B-34778, B-35955, C-24071,
      E-26550,  F-166%, K-31286, L-12376,
      L-31084
GREENHOUSES  D-09590
GROUND LEVEL   A-29353, A-35638,
      B-04361,  B-31223, D-09590, D-29973,
      E-14906,  L-29813, L-32566
GUINEA PIGS  G-07821


                    H

HALOGEN GASES  A-24459, A-25638,
      A-34018, B-00379, B-00552, B-03129,
      B-03807,  B-04861, B-04887, B-06636,
      B-09729,  B-09839, B-18169,  B-25623,

-------
 240
      B-26176, B-26908, B-30350, B-32646,
      C-03010, C-04883. C-09476, C-09657,
      C-11123, C-23107, C-29269. C-29843,
      D-23152, D-31371. D-33108, F-10308,
      G-05946, G-07091, K-31968. L-01528,
      N-19060
 HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-17634, A-32475, B-04838, B-21294.
      B-26843, B-28756. B-31233, B-32119,
      C-05813, C-08066, C-10983, C-1I123,
      C-18093, D-00251, F-19102, K-21083,
      K-30870, L-14028
 HAMSTERS  G-07821
 HAZE   A-35622, B-02047, L-34926,
      M-00376
 HEADACHE   A-205S3, A-30687, A-31263,
      B-OI672, D-02339. G-07821, G-28175,
      K-31968
 HEALTH IMPAIRMENT   A-20S53,
      A-26911, A-31602, A-31759, A-33828,
      A-35622. B-00975, B-01672, B-02427,
      B-02794, B-09819, B-26087, C-29891,
      D-00373, D-02339, D-03017, D-03514,
      D-09590, D-35764, F-25761, G-00177,
      G-05942, G-05949, G-07821, G-27137,
      G-34667, G-35570, K-11734, K-31968,
      L-00054, L-00871, L-07235, L-22343,
      L-32566, L-34256, L-34926
 HEARINGS   L-06732, L-23754, L-32171,
      L-32383, N-03438
 HEART   G-35671, H-00252
 HEAT CAPACITY   B-00257
 HEAT OF COMBUSTION   A-24754.
      A-27249, B-33077
 HEAT TRANSFER   A-04879, A-07394,
      A-21395, A-26605, A-29455, A-33648,
      A-34654, B-07362, B-07531, B-09794,
      B-09842, B-10009, B-14094, B-24065,
      B-24079, B-24197, B-25085, B-26308,
      B-31911, B-32119, B-32498, B-32559,
      B-32781, B-32937, B-34778, B-35554,
      C-083S5, C-08356, C-08358, C-10534.
      C-35956, J-29299
 HEIGHT FINDING   E-26550
 HEMATOLOGY  A-30513, D-24162,
      D-27255, G-05949, K-05947, L-03I98,
      N-20495
 HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
      SAMPLERS    B-00975, D-00690
 HEPTANES   B-07224
HEPTENES   G-00177
HERBICIDES  B-00571, B-32682
HEXANES   B-01414, G-00177
HEXENES   D-00251, G-00177
HI-VOL SAMPLERS   A-28614, C-20192,
      C-23107, D-02212, D-05481, D-31760,
      L-00054, L-02840, N-03438
HIGHWAYS  D-31371
HOGS  B-25858, B-33120. C-13099,
      H-00252
HORMONES   F-33084, G-07821
HOT SOAK   A-05007, L-09677
 HOURLY   A-31263, C-08678, D-03001,
      D-03017, K-31516, L-32382, L-32383
HUMANS   A-00402, A-30513, A-31323,
      A-31759, A-32878, A-34018, A-35581,
      B-05490, B-08104, B-08604,  B-09827,
      B-27288, B-31354, C-02786, C-03542,
      C-05614, C-05898, C-07266,  C-08066,
      C-08268, C-08953, C-09660, C-10593,
      C-12665, C-14108, C-14606, C-16442,
      C-16540, C-17290, C-20624, C-21693,
      C-21866, C-24429, C-26966, C-27934,
      C-29269, C-29891, C-29929, C-33121,
      D-00751, D-18231, D-23098, D-27255,
      D-31760, D-33108, G-00177, G-00208,
      G-00715, G-05942, G-05946, G-05949,
      G-07821, G-09659, G-11476, G-21125,
      G-21712, G-27137, G-34667, G-34686,
      G-35570, G-35671, K-05947, K-11734,
      K-20194, K-21083, K-30870, K-35146,
      L-07235, L-34256, L-34926, M-00376,
      M-00844, M-01069, M-13980, N-03438
HUMIDITY   A-34290, B-00358, B-01672,
      B-03976, B-05490, B-27288, B-32070.
      B-35955. C-08358, C-08678, C-21208,
      C-25065, C-26966, C-35956, D-01202,
      D-06535, D-31760, G-00177, 1-05463,
      L-00054, L-02840, L-04888
HYDRAZINES  C-27733, K-21918
HYDROCARBONS   A-01565, A-01885,
      A-02001, A-04785, A-05007, A-05335,
      A-05549, A-06039, A-07089, A-07394,
      A-07561, A-08359, A-08373, A-08802,
      A-09175, A-09255, A-10075, A-10699,
      A-11692, A-12377, A-12998, A-14116,
      A-14297, A-16135, A-16494, A-19814,
      A-19899, A-20101, A-20125, A-20134,
      A-20276, A-21661, A-23843, A-24459,
      A-24527, A-25327, A-25455, A-26911,
      A-27129, A-27235, A-27249, A-27451,
      A-28352, A-28527, A-29599, A-29842,
      A-30513, A-30603, A-31323, A-31759,
      A-31880, A-32411, A-32465, A-32475,
      A-32489, A-32653, A-32855, A-33564,
      A-33648, A-33719, A-33983, A-34018,
      A-34290, A-34585, A-34766, A-34891,
      A-34964, A-35564, A-35635, B-00257,
      B-00379, B-00504, B-00975, B-01414,
      B-01508, B-OI867, B-02725, B-03129,
      B-03966, B-04361, B-04627, B-04669,
      B-04838, B-05409, B-05929, B-06280,
      B-06366, B-06636, B-07224, B-07362,
      B-07971, B-08497, B-08506, B-08604,
      B-08663, B-09655, B-09784, B-09830,
      B-09836, B-09839, B-09840, B-09842,
      B-09857, B-11234, B-12133, B-13551,
      B-14004, B-14203, B-14341, B-14609,
      B-14757, B-14967, B-15772, B-16498,
      B-16842, B-16890, B-17906, B-18050,
      B-19850, B-20369, B-22353, B-22838,
      B-24845, B-24%9, B-24988, B-26944,
      B-27401, B-27674, B-27818, B-28047,
      B-28118, B-29437, B-29533, B-29745,
      B-29978, B-30738, B-30865, B-31062,
      B-31233, B-31354, B-31400, B-32302,
      B-32497, B-32559, B-32956, B-33077,
      B-34679, C-01289, C-02786, C-03010,
      C-03354, C-03542, C-05170, C-06112,
      C-07214, C-08066, C-08354, C-08356,
      C-08357, C-08953, C-09476, C-09521,
      C-09619, C-10693, C-11123, C-11486,
      C-14109, C-14607, C-14680, C-15287,
      C-16298, C-16781, C-18093, C-20100,
      C-20460, C-20538, C-24814, C-26837,
      C-27121, C-27248, C-27934, C-29269,
      C-29337, C-29843, C-29858, C-30704,
      C-31222, C-31924, C-32269, C-33349,
      C-34279, C-34972, C-35956, D-00241,
      D-00251, D-00373, D-01202, D-01949,
      D-03506, D-06535, D-09592, D-23149,
      D-23152, D-24162, D-29349, D-29973,
      D-31760, D-33539, E-19849, F-01784,
      F-16828, F-17801, F-29649, G-00177,
      G-00715, G-05949, G-11476, K-00157,
      K-11734, K-16263, K-18294, K-21083,
      K-30870, K-31968, L-00054, L-00973,
      L-01604, L-04888, L-07235, L-09677,
      L-14616, L-14798, L-32147, L-32354,
      L-32796, L-34926, M-08698, M-24091,
      N-03438, N-20495, N-32254
HYDROCHLORIC ACID   A-30218,
      A-32855, B-04943, B-05332, B-06106,
      B-26254, B-29363, B-30350, B-32119,
      C-11123, C-23107, C-31924, D-31371,
      G-05942, G-05946, G-35570, 1-19325,
      L-32354
HYDROCYANIC ACID  A-32855, D-35764,
      L-27678, L-27679
HYDRODESULFURIZATION  B-32956
HYDROFLUORIC ACID   A-30218,
      B-26254, D-09590, D-33108, D-35764,
      L-27677
HYDROGEN   B-32646, C-08354, D-00373,
      D-03017, F-16828, L-02840
HYDROGEN SULFIDE  A-04879, A-04893,
      A-06240, A-11144, A-12507, A-14580,
      A-17603, A-17631, A-17633, A-25179,
      A-25228, A-2888S, A-29599, A-31263,
      A-32475, A-32855, A-32879, A-34018,
      A-34287, A-35564, B-00025, B-00379,
      B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01508,
      B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01900,
      B-02018, B-02279, B-02488, B-03807,
      B-04627, B-04664, B-04666, B-04773,
      B-04781, B-04783, B-04861, B-04882,
      B-04887, B-04952, B-04953, B-05408,
      B-05409, B-05624, B-05808, B-05880,
      B-06106, B-07434, B-07531, B-07875,
      B-08364, B-08467, B-08946, B-09508,
      B-0%55, B-09839, B-09840, B-09854,
      B-09922, B-10277, B-10994, B-11008,
      B-11009, B-11673, B-13072, B-14094,
      B-14113, B-14118, B-14203, B-14488,
      B-15690, B-15779, B-16842, B-17293,
      B-17409, B-17637, B-18140, B-19218,
      B-19850, B-20625, B-20824, B-21051,
      B-22061, B-22400, B-22522, B-22837,
      B-22838, B-23117, B-23538, B-23594,
      B-23901, B-25224, B-25623, B-25950,
      B-26014, B-26128, B-26173, B-26254,
      B-26618, B-26836, B-26908, B-28118,
      B-29278, B-29448, B-30062, B-30339,
      B-31091, B-31302, B-31790, B-32615,
      B-32681, B-32798, B-32937, B-32956,
      B-33122, B-33380, B-34073,  B-35803,
      C-00%5, C-04883, C-05426,  C-05503,
      C-06112, C-07214, C-08066,  C-08268,
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,  C-08358,
      C-09619, C-09648, C-09657,  C-11123,
      C-14108, C-14109, C-17629,  C-17638,
      C-17639, C-17640, C-19051,  C-21652,
      C-24429, C-27355, C-27685,  C-27934,
      C-28787, C-29269, C-29726,  C-29843,
      C-30704, C-30811, C-31924,  C-34279,
      C-34863, C-35865, C-35956,  D-00209,
      D-00690, D-01949, D-02339, D-03514,
      D-06535, D-07572, D-09592, D-12426,
      D-16062, D-20355, D-23149, D-25996,
      D-29349, D-31371, D-33108, D-33723,
      E-22335, F-01784, F-10308, F-14987,
      F-16828,  F-29649, G-00208, G-03788,
      G-09659, H-00252, K-07766, K-35146,
      L-00054, L-00871; L-06732,  L-07235,
      L-32352, L-32382, L-32796,  M-00376,
      M-08698, N-19060    '
HYDROGENATION   B-19850, B-32956
HYDROLYSIS  A-32411, B-09839, B-09849,
      B-22400, B-24079
HYDROXIDES   A-03825, B-00379,
      B-09849, B-27674
HYGROSCOPICTTY   B-21702, B-27674,
      B-32634
ICE  C-08358

-------
                                                     SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                            241
IDAHO   D-06535, D-09592, L-00054,
      M-08698
ILLINOIS  A-07394, A-08912, B-06636,
      C-35541, D-02331, D-33539, L-00973,
      L-01604, L-09677, L-30149
IMPINGERS   A-33188, B-00975, B-12434.
      B-30773, B-33077, C-01289, C-03010,
      C-05426, C-09619, C-09657, C-35956
INCINERATION   A-00525, A-04860,
      A-07394, A-0756I, A-08373, A-08912,
      A-09175, A-10699, A-116S1, A-11969,
      A-12083, A-14972, A-17198, A-17462,
      A-20276, A-21882, A-22860, A-23313.
      A-23314, A-24007, A-24350, A-25056,
      A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-27235,
      A-27821, A-27972, A-28861, A-29332.
      A-29353, A-29455, A-30218, A-31155,
      A-31157, A-31602, A-32385, A-33188,
      A-33719, A-34018, A-34228, A-34290,
      A-346S4, A-35383, B-00246, B-00257,
      B-00541, B-00975, B-01549, B-02047,
      B-02427, B-02488, B-04533, B-04773,
      B-04838, B-04861, B-OS852, B-06088,
      B-06366, B-08360, B-08467, B-08S06,
      B-08946, B-09656, B-09661, B-09784,
      B-09791, B-09819, B-09827, B-09830,
      B-09836, B-09839, B-09849, B-09852,
      B-098S7, B-09922, B-10009, B-11059,
      B-11136, B-11137, B-12434, B-13551,
      B-13697, B-14609, B-14940, B-14956,
      B-14967, B-15170, B-16807, B-17403,
      B-180SO, B-22357, B-22435, B-23008,
      B-23836, B-24197, B-25379, B-25479,
      B-2S950, B-25977, B-26567, B-26568,
      B-26730, B-26731, B-26778, B-26944,
      B-27541, B-27548, B-27818, B-28146,
      B-29251, B-30124, B-30530, B-30738,
      B-30773, B-30943, B-31062, B-31091,
      B-31178, B-31302, B-31453, B-31631,
      B-32119, B-32497, B-32498, B-32634,
      B-32847, B-329S6, B-33003, B-33077,
      B-33120, B-33617, B-33793, B-33854,
      B-35554, B-35566, B-35595, B-35609,
      C-04117, C-05614, C-06381, C-24429,
      C-26966, C-359S6, D-02331, D-07572,
      D-09592. D-33539, E-26550, 1-19325,
      1-24187, J-16457, J-34518, K-07766,
      K-31516, L-00054, L-00973, L-07235,
      L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12511,
      L-15688, L-19059, L-32171, L-32352,
      L-32383, L-32796, N-01539, N-03438
INDIANA   D-02339, L-00871, L-00973,
      L-09677
INDUSTRIAL AREAS  A-24500, A-31044,
      A-31263, A-34228, A-35693, B-00358,
      B-31301, C-35949, D-00690, D-03506,
      D-03514, D-05481, D-09590, D-12426,
      D-20355. D-23149, D-23152, D-27255,
      D-29349, D-31371, D-33108, D-33723,
      D-35764, G-00208, Q-05942, G-05949,
      H-20028, K-05947, L-00054, L-07235,
      L-09677, L-10567, L-26511, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29813, L-30149, L-32352,
      L-32354, M-14491
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      A-00525, A-01644, A-01885, A-02765,
      A-04785, A-04860, A-04879, A-04893,
      A-06240, A-06981, A-07394. A-07561,
      A-08359, A-08373, A-08912, A-09175,
      A-09853, A-10699, A-11144, A-11651,
      A-11700, A-11969, A-12083, A-12507,
      A-12621, A-12832, A-12834, A-14580,
      A-14972, A-16058, A-16494, A-17198,
      A-17462. A-17603, A-17631, A-17632,
      A-17633, A-17634, A-19366, A-19899,
      A-20134, A-20276, A-20553, A-20706,
      A-21882, A-21887, A-22860, A-22973,
A-22987,
A-23843,
A-24527,
A-25179,
A-26574,
A-26911,
A-27972,
A-28861,
A-29455,
A-30218.
A-30701,
A-31263,
A-31882,
A-32489,
A-33188,
A-33883,
A-34290,
A-35564,
B-00032,
B-00379,
B-00975,
B-01537,
B-01900,
B-02427,
B-03129,
B-03972,
B-04300,
B-04773,
B-04861,
B-04950,
B-05093,
B-05532,
B-05862,
B-06088,
B-06412,
B-07374,
B-07530,
B-08360,
B-08506,
B-0%56,
B-09791,
B-09819,
B-09839,
B-09852,
B-09933,
B-10994,
B-11136,
B-11673,
B-12482,
B-13334,
B-13772,
B-14609,
B-14940,
B-15170,
B-16113,
B-16807,
B-17293,
B-17636,
B-18I69,
B-19850,
B-20824,
B-21677,
B-22357,
B-22S22,
B-23008,
B-23493,
B-23901,
B-24090,
B-24810,
B-25479,
B-26002,
B-26128,
B-26254,
B-26730,
B-26908,
B-27357,
A-23000,
A-24007,
A-24754,
A-25205,
A-26575,
A-27235,
A-28295,
A-28885,
A-29599,
A-30389,
A-31044,
A-31602,
A-32385,
A-32653,
A-33713,
A-33983,
A-34585,
A-35581,
B-00246,
B-00541,
B-01352,
B-01549,
B-02018,
B-02488,
B-03807,
B-03976,
B-04533,
B-04781,
B-04882,
B-04951,
B-05332,
B-05624,
B-05880,
B-06103,
B-06688,
B-07415,
B-07531,
B-08361,
B-08946,
B-09661,
B-09794,
B-09827,
B-09840,
B-09854,
B-10009,
B-11008,
B-11137,
B-12346,
B-12506,
B-13398,
B-14094,
B-14671,
B-14956,
B-15690,
B-16498,
B-16842,
B-17403,
B-17637,
B-19218,
B-20258,
B-21051,
B-21888,
B-22400,
B-22525,
B-23117,
B-23538,
B-23967,
B-24197,
B-25017,
B-25858,
B-26014,
B-26172,
B-26567,
B-26731,
B-26944,
B-27541,
A-23313,
A-243SO,
A-24903,
A-25228,
A-26605,
A-27669.
A-28527,
A-29332,
A-29698,
A-30513.
A-31155,
A-31759,
A-32465,
A-32855,
A-33719,
A-34018,
A-34654,
A-35693,
B-00257,
B-005S2,
B-01414,
B-01563,
B-02047,
B-02729,
B-03946,
B-04045,
B-04627,
B-04783,
B-04887,
B-049S2,
B-05408,
B-05808,
B-05929,
B-06106,
B-06859,
B-07429,
B-07875,
B-08364,
B-09508,
B-09733,
B-09813,
B-09830,
B-09842,
B-09857,
B-10277,
B-11009.
B-11153,
B-12434,
B-12658,
B-13551,
B-14113,
B-14757,
B-14967,
B-15709,
B-16535,
B-17177,
B-17409,
B-18050,
B-19363,
B-20628,
B-21220,
B-22061,
B-22435,
B-22988,
B-23371,
B-23836,
B-24065,
B-24380,
B-25085,
B-25950,
B-26057,
B-26173,
B-26568,
B-26778,
B-27154.
B-27548,
 A-23314,
 A-24500,
 A-25056,
 A-26402.
 A-26826,
 A-27821,
 A-28614,
 A-293S3.
 A-29842,
 A-30687.
 A-31157,
 A-31880,
 A-32475,
 A-32879,
 A-33828,
 A-34228,
 A-35383,
 B-00025,
 B-00358,
 B-00571,
 B-01505,
 B-01672,
 B-02279,
 B-02794,
 B-03966,
 B-04227,
 B-O4669,
 B-04838.
 B-04943,
 B-04953,
 B-05409,
 B-05852,
 B-05930.
 B-06366,
 B-07362,
 B-07434,
 B-07971,
 B-08467,
 B-09655,
 B-09784,
 B-09815.
 B-09836,
 B-09849,
 B-09922,
 B-10588,
 B-11059.
 B-11158,
 B-12480,
 B-13072,
 B-13697,
 B-14118,
 B-14895,
 B-15153,
 B-15779,
 B-16747,
 B-17266,
 B-17635,
 B-18140,
 B-19493,
 B-20709,
 B-21294,
 B-223S3,
 B-22518.
 B-23002,
 B-23456,
 B-23885,
 B-24079,
 B-24743,
 B-25379,
 B-25977,
 B-26087,
 B-26176,
 B-26618,
B-26843,
B-27288,
B-27605,
      B-27719, B-27732, B-27818, B-28108,
      B-28118, B-28146, B-29251, B-29278,
      B-29363, B-29601, B-2%28, B-29745,
      B-29761, B-30062, B-30124. B-30339,
      B-30350, B-30530, B-30738, B-30773,
      B-30943, B-31062, B-31072, B-31091,
      B-31167. B-31178, B-31223, B-31301,
      B-31302, B-31400. B-31453. B-31463,
      B-31472. B-31631. B-31700, B-31790,
      B-31794, B-32057, B-32099, B-32119,
      B-32166, B-32302, B-32497, B-32498,
      B-32615, B-32634, B-32646, B-32681,
      B-32682, B-32768, B-32781, B-32797,
      B-32798, B-32799, B-32847, B-32900,
      B-32937, B-32956, B-33003, B-33073,
      B-33077, B-33120, B-33398, B-33617,
      B-33793, B-33816, B-33854, B-34385,
      B-34679, B-34868, B-35554, B-35566,
      B-35595, B-35609, B-35660, B-35803,
      C-00178, C-00965, C-01289, C-03354,
      C-03789, C-04117, C-04883, C-05614,
      C-05898, C-06381, C-06526, C-07214,
      C-08066, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
      C-08357, C-08358, C-08678, C-09620,
      C-09648, C-0%57, C-09660. C-10534,
      C-15287, C-16134, C-17628, C-19051,
      C-20192, C-20460, C-20538, C-21859,
      C-22431, C-22958, C-23106, C-24429,
      C-25466, C-26966, C-27355, C-27791,
      C-29726, C-30689. C-30811, C-31924,
      C-32467, C-32880, C-33577, C-34047,
      C-34863, C-35949, C-35956, D-00209,
      D-00373, D-00690, D-00751, D-01949,
      D-02212, D-02331, D-02339, D-03001,
      D-03017, D-03418, D-03431, D-034S9,
      D-03506, D-03514, D-06535, D-07572,
      D-09S90, D-09S92, D-12648, D-16062,
      D-16635, D-16636, D-17630, D-20355,
      D-23098, D-23149, D-23152, D-23411,
      D-25780, D-25996, D-27255, D-29349,
      D-29973, D-31371, D-31760. D-33108,
      D-33539, D-33723, E-26S50, F-01784,
      F-10308, F-12662, F-16828, F-25761,
      G-00208, G-00715, G-03788, G-05942,
      G-21125, G-34667, 1-05463, 1-19325,
      1-24187, J-16457, J-34518, K-07766,
      K-15926, K-20194, K-21083, K-21084,
      K-31516, L-00054, L-00871, L-00973,
      L-01528, L-02840, L-03540, L-04942,
      L-06732, L-07235, L-07781,L-09604,
      L-09677, L-10567, L-12511, L-14028,
      L-14798, L-14932, L-15554. L-15688,
      L-19059, L-22343, L-23754, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29679, L-29813. L-29975,
      L-30149, L-30688, L-31084, L-31465,
      L-32171, L-32352, L-32382. L-32383,
      L-32626, L-32796, L-32893, L-33117,
      L-34033, L-34256, M-00376, M-00844,
      M-08698, M-13980, M-14491. M-15760,
      M-27680, M-30896, M-31071, N-01539,
      N-03438, N-19060, N-32254
INERTIAL SEPARATION   B-07429,
      B-31945
INFECnOUS DISEASES   A-00402,
      L-03198
INFRARED RADIATION   B-03966,
      B-22538, C-03010, C-23004
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY   A-03825,
      A-05549, A-08373, A-19814, A-23843,
      B-06363, C-02786, C-03542, C-05426,
      C-07214, C-08066, C-20100, C-20192,
      C-20264, C-24814, C-29337, C-29843,
      C-34279, D-00251, D-00373, F-14987,
      F-19061, F-19063, G-00177
INGESTION   A-00402

-------
 242
 INORGANIC ACIDS   A-30218, A-32855,
      B-00975, B-03129, B-04943, B-05332,
      B-06106, B-0753I. B-09784, B-09839,
      B-262S4, B-29363, B-30350, B-31091,
      B-31233, B-32119, C-03010, C-1I123,
      C-20460, C-23107, C-31924, D-09590,
      D-25996, D-29973, D-31371, D-33108,
      D-35764, E-19849, F-23187, G-05942,
      G-05946, G-21125, G-35570, 1-19325,
      K-07766, K-31516, L-27677, L-32354,
      L-32382
 INSPECTION  A-27821, B-00504, B-01672,
      B-06280, B-32956, L-03198, L-09215,
      L-14932, L-28348, L-29679, L-33672,
      L-34926
 INSPECTORS  A-27669, B-00975, C-08678,
      N-01539
 INSTRUCTORS  B-00975
 INSTRUMENTATION   A-00393, B-00257,
      B-00286, B-00379, B-00975, B-01867,
      B-02794, B-05808, B-08360, B-09656,
      B-09661, C-00178, C-02786, C-03010,
      C-04883, C-05426, C-08354, C-08355,
      C-08356, C-08357, C-08358, C-08678,
      C-08953, C-09364, C-0952I, C-09620,
      C-09648, C-10593, C-12665, C-13367,
      C-23004, C-29726, C-29843, C-32676,
      C-35240, C-35956, D-00251, L-10484,
      L-31465, L-34926, N-05235
 INTERMITTENT MONITORING   D-23845
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
      A-00393, A-01565, A-05007. A-05335,
      A-05527, A-05549, A-05608, A-06039,
      A-08802, A-09255, A-11692, A-12377,
      A-12505, A-14116, A-14297, A-14914,
      A-15297, A-20101, A-20118, A-20134,
      A-20553, A-20557. A-21700, A-25327,
      A-25455, A-26048, A-27129, A-27249,
      A-27986, A-28352, A-30603, A-30851,
      A-31759, A-32653, A-33564, A-33648,
      A-33719, A-34018, A-34766, A-34891,
      A-34964, A-35590, A-35635, B-00504,
      B-01613, B-01867, B-05490, B-06280,
      B-06453, B-06525, B-06636, B-06979,
      B-07224, B-07479, B-07971, B-08497,
      B-08604, B-08663, B-09608, B-11220,
      B-11234, B-12133, B-17906, B-20120,
      B-20877, B-20878, B-21220, B-23067,
      B-24845, B-24988, B-29437, B-29533,
      B-30865, B-31167, B-31400, B-31631,
      C-02786, C-03542, C-05170, C-07266,
      C-14606, C-14607, C-14680, C-16442,
      C-16781, C-20100, C-21693, C-22448,
      C-26966, C-27121, C-27934, C-29337,
      C-31924, D-00241, D-00251, D-18231,
      D-24162, G-21125, G-34667, K-00157,
      K-07766, K-16263, L-00054, L-03198,
      L-04841, L-04888, L-05129, L-09215,
      L-09677, L-12376, L-35511, M-23408
INTERNATIONAL   A-31882, B-06280,
      K-35146, L-12376
INVERSION   A-03097, A-05007, A-14972,
      A-16058, A-31759, B-00975, B-01672,
      B-26087, C-25065, D-03017, D-03431,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, L-02840,
      L-07235, M-08698, N-03438
IODIMETRIC METHODS   A-17603,
      B-02279, B-03807, C-08355, C-08358,
      C-09619, C-27248, C-35956
IODINATED HYDROCARBONS   C-08066
IONIZATION   A-01885, B-21006, B-26296,
      C-08357, F-01784
IONIZATION CHAMBERS   C-08357
IONS   B-16365, B-33122, F-01784, F-11132,
      F-19102
IRON   A-32489, B-04227, B-09784,
      B-09836, B-10277, B-28756, D-09590,
      D-09592, D-29973, 1-24187. L-00973,
      L-01604, L-29813, L-29975, L-31084
IRON COMPOUNDS   D-31371, F-11132,
      1-05463
IRON OXIDES   A-28614, B-28146, B-28756

IRRADIATION CHAMBERS   A-05007,
      B-25224
ISOPENTANES  G-00177
ISOTOPES   F-14987, N-03438
ITALY   B-04773, B-23319, B-26176
JAPAN  A-06240, A-16135, A-16494,
      A-17198, A-17236, A-17462, A-17631,
      A-17632, A-17633, A-17634, A-19899,
      A-20706, A-21661, A-21857, A-22987,
      A-23000, A-24500, A-25056, A-26048,
      A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-26826,
      A-27669, A-27972, A-28295, A-28527,
      A-28614, A-29332, A-29455, A-29599,
      A-29842, A-30513, A-30687, A-31044,
      A-31155, A-31157, A-31263, A-32475,
      A-32855, A-32878, A-32879, B-03976,
      B-04664, B-08104, B-12480, B-12482,
      B-13072, B-14203, B-14488, B-14940,
      B-14951, B-14956, B-15170, B-15772,
      B-15948, B-16535, B-17238, B-17293,
      B-17314, B-17395, B-17403, B-17635,
      B-17636, B-17637, B-19218, B-20625,
      B-20628, B-20709, B-21647, B-22061,
      B-22538, B-22988, B-23002, B-23117,
      B-24380, B-24845, B-25379, B-26002,
      B-26014, B-26056, B-26057, B-26125,
      B-26128, B-262%, B-26308, B-26567,
      B-26568, B-26618, B-26836, B-26843,
      B-27288, B-27541, B-27548, B-27674,
      B-28146, B-28756, B-29131, B-29437,
      B-29448, B-29533, B-29601, B-29745,
      B-29761, B-29978, B-30260, B-30479,
      B-30530, B-30782, B-31091, B-31160,
      B-31223, B-31233, B-31354, B-31456,
      B-31911, B-31945, B-32099, B-32119,
      B-32497, B-32498, B-32768, B-32797,
      B-32798, B-32799, B-32847, B-32900,
      B-32913, B-33003, B-33120, B-33122,
      B-33380, B-33398, B-33617, B-33742,
      B-34073, B-35803, C-06112, C-12479,
      C-12487, C-12488, C-12492, C-13627,
      C-16134, C-16540, C-17288, C-17290,
      C-17627, C-17628, C-17629, C-17638,
      C-17639, C-17640, C-17641, C-20202,
      C-20264, C-20460, C-20624, C-21208,
      C-21858, C-21859, C-21866, C-22431,
      C-23004, C-23106, C-23107, C-24814,
      C-26309, C-26547, C-26837, C-27355,
      C-27475, C-27685, C-27791, C-28787,
      C-29337, C-29508, C-29726, C-29843,
      C-29929, C-30374, C-30689, C-30704,
      C-30811, C-31222, C-31924, C-32467,
      C-32795, C-32880, C-33121, C-33349,
      C-33577, C-34047, C-34279, C-35751,
      D-17630, D-20355, D-23098, D-23149,
      D-23152, D-25291, D-26304, D-27255,
      D-29349, D-29973, D-31371, D-33108,
      D-33723, D-35764, F-11132, F-12449,
      F-13107, F-19102, F-22429, F-22430,
      F-26529, F-29649, G-28175, 1-05463,
      1-19325, K-31968, K-35146, L-14932,
      L-15691, L-17258, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28348,
      L-28363, L-29679, L-29813, L-29975,
      L-30149, L-30153, L-30688, L-327%,
      L-32893, L-33117, L-33725, L-35511,
      L-35752, M-13980, M-14491, M-27680,
      M-30896
JET AIRCRAFT   A-05549, A-27451,
      A-32653, B-08663, C-31924, D-01202


                    K

KANSAS  C-11167, D-03418
KENTUCKY   D-31760, L-09677, L-32626,
      L-34755
KEROSENE   B-06979, B-11220, C-27121,
      D-00251
KETONES   A-29698, A-32855, A-33713,
      A-33983, A-34964, B-04627, B-05409,
      B-16842, B-16890, B-19493, B-21294,
      B-24%9, B-27674, B-32166, C-03354,
      C-07214, C-08066, C-08356, C-08357,
      C-10983, C-11123, C-13749, C-14607,
      C-27934, C-32269, G-00177, K-05947
KIDNEYS  G-35671
KILNS  A-08359, A-25205, A-29599,
      A-34228, A-35564, B-02279, B-03976,
      B-07434, B-07875, B-08360, B-11008,
      B-11059, B-11158, B-13551, B-15709,
      B-15779, B-16842, B-17409, B-17635,
      B-17636, B-20709, B-20824, B-23002,
      B-24065, B-27541, B-32615, B-32681,
      B-32956, B-35660, C-35956, D-03017,
      D-09592, D-16062, J-16457, L-00054,
      L-04942, L-07235, L-09677
KRAFT PULPING   A-00525, A-01885,
      A-04879, A-04893, A-06240, A-06981,
      A-08359, A-11144, A-12507, A-12621,
      A-12832, A-12834, A-14580, A-16494,
      A-17603, A-17633, A-19899, A-24903,
      A-25205, A-28885, A-30701, A-32475,
      A-32879, A-33983, A-35581, B-00025,
      B-00552, B-01549, B-01563, B-01672,
      B-01900, B-02018, B-02279, B-03129,
      B-03807, B-03946, B-04045, B-04773,
      B-04781, B-04783, B-04861, B-04882,
      B-04887, B-04950, B-04951, B-04952,
      B-04953, B-05332, B-05408, B-05409,
      B-05808, B-05880, B-06106, B-06859,
      B-07415, B-07434, B-08360, B-08361,
      B-08364, B-08467, B-09508, B-0%55,
      B-09656, B-09661, B-09733, B-09933,
      B-10277, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
      B-11153, B-11158, B-11673, B-12506,
      B-12658, B-13072, B-13398, B-13551,
      B-13772, B-14094, B-14113, B-14118,
      B-14940, B-15690, B-15709, B-15779,
      B-16747, B-16807, B-16842, B-17177,
      B-17266, B-17409, B-18140, B-19218,
      B-20258, B-20824, B-21051, B-22061,
      B-22357, B-22522, B-23117, B-23538,
      B-23901, B-24079, B-25950, B-25977,
      B-26172, B-26173, B-26176, B-26254,
      B-27288, B-27357, B-29278, B-29628,
      B-30062, B-30339, B-3ld72, B-31463,
      B-31790, B-31794, B-32615, B-32681,
      B-32798, B-32937, B-33073, B-34385,
      B-34868, B-35660, B-35803, C-00965,
      C-03789, C-04883, C-06526, C-07214,
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08358. C-09646, C-09657, C-09660,
      C-21859, C-22958, C-23106, C-25466,
      C-27355, C-29726, C-32467, C-32880,
      C-34863, C-35956, D-00209, D-00690,
      D-00751, D-03017, D-03506, D-06535,
      D-07572, D-09592, D-16062, D-33108,
      F-01784, F-10308, F-12662, F-16828,
      G-03788, G-34667, J-16457, L-OOOS4,

-------
                                                     SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 243
      L-03540, L-06732, L-30149, L-31465,
      L-32796, L-32893, M-00844, M-08698,
      M-13980
LABORATORY ANIMALS   B-02427,
      B-03297, C-02786, C-03542, C-12359,
      C-237S5, C-32467, D-00751, F-19102,
      G-00177, G-00208, G-00715, G-05949,
      G-07821, G-19599, G-21359, G-23298,
      G-35671, H-002S2, K-05947, K-20194,
      K-21084, M-00844, M-01069, N-03438
LABORATORY FACILITIES   A-06981,
      A-08359, A-35673, C-03010, C-09648,
      C-17290, G-09659, L-03198, L-04841
LAChRYMATION   A-17603, B-19493,
      D-25780
LACQUERS   A-23843, A-34585, B-21294,
      B-31301, B-31472, C-28393
LAKES   B-01672
LANDFILLS   A-11651, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-29353, B-30124, B-30773, D-03017
LAPSE CONDITION   C-08066
LARYNX  M-00376
LAUNDRIES   L-19059
LEAD   A-01565, A-26402, B-30124,
      G-00177
LEAD ALLOYS   A-26402
LEAD COMPOUNDS  A-01565, A-24459,
      A-27249, A-30513, A-30603, A-31323,
      A-34018, B-08663, B-17906, B-28108,
      B-29628, B-30124, C-05426, C-06112,
      C-09476, D-24162, G-00177, K-18294,
      L-07235, L-34033
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLE   C-05503,
      D-03001, D-09590, D-25291, L-01604
LEATHER   A-17634, B-09840
LEAVES  A-19814, B-09407, B-17637,
      D-09590
LEGAL ASPECTS   A-01565, A-03097,
      A-08912, A-20134, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-24350, A-25179, A-25205, A-25638,
      A-26911, A-27821, A-29353, A-31323,
      A-34585, A-35581, B-00504, B-00975,
      B-0150S, B-01672, B-02794, B-03129,
      B-06280, B-09784, B-10277, B-16890,
      B-24743, B-25479, B-26057, B-26087,
      B-27732, B-29628, B-30260, B-31062,
      B-31453, B-32559, B-33854, C-03010,
      C-08678, C-25054, C-30374, C-32022,
      D-01949, D-03001, D-03431, D-25291,
      D-29973, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
      F-25761, G-06323, K-07766, K-11734,
      K-15926, K-21084, K-31286, K-31516,
      L-00054, L-00549, L-00973, L-01528,
      L-01604, L-02294, L-02295, L-02840,
      L-06732, L-07235, L-07781, L-09215,
      L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12376,
      L-12511, L-14028, L-14616, L-14932,
      L-15554, L-15688, L-15691, L-16330,
      L-17258, L-19059, L-23754, L-25446,
      L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-27677,
      L-27678, L-27679, L-28363, L-2%79,
      L-29813, L-30149, L-30688, L-31084,
      L-31465, L-32147, L-32171, L-32352,
      L-32354, L-32382, L-32383, L-32566,
      L-32626, L-32796, L-32893, L-33117,
      L-33672, L-33725, L-34033, L-34256,
      L-34755, L-35694, L-35752, M-00487,
      M-08698, M-24091, N-03438
LEGISLATION   A-0156S, A-20134,
      A-2S205, A-293S3, A-31323, A-35581,
      B-00504, B-00975, B-01672, B-02794,
      B-03129, B-16890, B-24743, B-25479,
      B-29628, B-30260, C-30374, C-32022,
      D-01949, D-25291, D-29973, D-33539,
      D-33723, D-35764, K-11734, K-31286,
      K-31516, L-00054, L-00549, L-00973,
      L-02294, L-02295, L-09677, L-12376,
      L-23754, L-25446, L-27185, L-29679,
      L-29813, L-30688, L-31084, L-31465,
      L-32147, L-32352, L-32626, L-32796,
      L-32893, L-33117, L-33672, L-33725,
      L-34033, L-34256, L-34755, L-35694,
      L-35752, M-00487, M-08698, M-24091,
      N-03438
LIGHT RADIATION   A-05007, A-25179,
      B-01352, B-03966, B-05624, B-09836,
      B-21006, B-22538, B-25224, B-27674,
      C-03010, C-21652, C-23004, C-35182,
      D-01202, D-31760, G-00177, G-11476
LIGHT SCATTERING  A-32653, B-05532
LIME  A-08359, A-29599, A-35564,
      B-02279, B-07434, B-08360, B-11008,
      B-13551, B-15709, B-15779, B-16842,
      B-17409, B-32615, B-32681, C-35956,
      D-03017, D-09592, D-16062. J-16457,
      L-00054, L-04942, L-07235
LIMESTONE  B-14671, B-30350, B-32646,
      B-34073
LIPIDS   G-05946
LIQUIDS   A-09175, A-14580, A-20276,
      A-2139S, A-26574, A-27972, A-29455,
      A-34228, B-02427, B-04949, B-04952,
      B-04953, B-05532, B-06103, B-09794,
      B-09836, B-09839, B-09840, B-09842,
      B-15779. B-16365, B-25017, B-25224,
      B-26125, B-29533, B-30773, B-31091,
      C-08354, C-10016, C-27475, C-28787,
      F-16696, 1-05463
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS   A-03825,
      B-11234, D-00373, F-11132, L-35511
LITIGATION  L-23754, L-27185, L-32147,
      L-34033, L-35694
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS   B-00975,
      B-26057, C-11167, D-35764, K-15926,
      L-00871, L-09677, L-12511, L-15554,
      L-27185, L-33117, L-33725, L-35694,
      N-03438
LONDON  B-05624
LOS ANGELES   A-24527, A-32653,
      B-00975, B-06412, B-09784, B-09842,
      B-14341, B-16890, B-26057, B-32559,
      C-03010, K-00157, L-00549, L-00973,
      L-09677
LOUISIANA   B-08364
LOWER ATMOSPHERE    B-31223, L-32566
           I
LUBRICANTS  A-34766, B-09857, B-32956

LUNG CANCER   A-22973, L-34256
LUNGS  G-07821, G-23298, G-35671,
      H-00252


                   M

MAGNESIUM   G-05942
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS   F-11132,
      1-05463
MAINE   B-07434
MAINTENANCE  A-02001, A-05527,
      A-08802, A-27821, A-31155, A-31880,
      A-33883, B-00504, B-01672, B-06280,
      B-07415, B-08497, B-09840, B-09842,
      B-20824, B-21220, B-23067, B-24845,
      B-25858, B-28108, B-31631, B-32498,
      B-33077, B-35595, D-02212, 1-24187,
      L-34926, M-30896
MALES   C-08268, D-00751, M-00844,
      M-01069
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL  M-31071
MANGANESE   F-11132, G-00177
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS   A-08912,
      B-03297, B-04627, B-11234, B-32166,
      B-32646, F-11132, G-00177
MANGANESE DIOXIDE (JAPANESE)
      B-06636
MAPPING   D-26304, D-33539, L-32354
MARYLAND   A-11700, A-12832, A-12834,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-29698, B-02794,
      D-23411, L-09604, L-23754, L-32626
MASS SPECTROMETRY   A-05549,
      A-11692, A-19814, A-21978, A-25455,
      A-33564, A-34766, A-34964, C-03354,
      C-07214, C-08066, C-10534, C-14607,
      C-27121, C-27685, C-28787, C-29843,
      C-35956, F-07681, F-19063
MASSACHUSETTS   B-31453
MATERIALS DETERIORATION  A-03097,
      A-16058, A-17603, A-22973, A-33828,
      A-34018, A-34287, B-00975, B-01505,
      B-02018, B-04227, B-10277, B-19218,
      B-26172, B-29323, B-31790, C-08066,
      D-01949, D-03017, D-03514, D-06535,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-25996, D-26304,
      D-31760, D-35764, E-19849, G-35570,
      1-05463, 1-19325, 1-24187, L-OOOS4,
      L-00871, L-01604, M-26725, N-03438,
      N-19060
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES  A-03097,
      A-28861, A-31759, A-33828, A-35590,
      A-35638, B-26730, B-31211, C-03010,
      C-08355, C-10693, C-21652, C-22958,
      C-26096, C-27248, C-29269, C-32676,
      C-34047, F-16455, F-22429, F-35651,
      L-05129
MATHEMATICAL MODELING  A-33828,
      B-26730, B-31211, C-10693, C-27248
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
      CONCENTRATION  A-23843,
      A-25638, A-32878, A-33719, B-00975,
      B-03129, B-09922, C-02786, D-01202,
      D-05256, D-16635, D-16636, G-05942,
      G-05943, G-05946, G-05949, G-07821,
      G-21125, G-35570, K-05117, K-05947,
      K-07766, K-11734, K-20194, K-21083,
      K-21084, K-27403. K-30870, K-31516,
      K-35146, L-00549, L-00871, L-00973,
      L-09677, L-15688, L-32382, L-32383,
      L-33117
MBTH METHOD   A-05549
MEASUREMENT METHODS  A-02001,
      A-03825, A-04785, A-04860, A-05549,
      A-07089, A-08373, A-10075, A-15297,
      A-17631, A-17632, A-19899, A-20134,
      A-20553, A-20557, A-20706, A-21661,
      A-21857, A-23843, A-24350, A-25228,
      A-25455, A-26605, A-26826, A-29599,
      A-29698, A-30218, A-30701, A-30851,
      A-31044, A-31155, A-31263, A-31323,
      A-32475, A-32855, A-33713, A-34891,
      A-34964, A-35581, A-35622, A-35635,
      B-00032, B-00975, B-01414, B-01672,
      B-03946, B-03966, B-04045, B-04361,
      B-04533, B-05490, B-05532, B-06106,
      B-06280, B-06453, B-06979, B-07224,
      B-08360, B-08506, B-08604, B-09608,
      B-09784, B-10005, B-10009, B-11136,
      B-11843, B-12480, B-13971, B-14013,
      B-14967, B-20120, B-20877, B-20878,
      B-23008, B-23319, B-23371, B-23885,
      B-24380, B-24988, B-25594, B-25950,
      B-27288, B-27793, B-28118, B-29448,
      B-29877, B-30260, B-30809, B-31302,
      B-32099, B-32646, B-32681, B-32797,
      B-32798, B-34868, B-3S879, C-00178,
      C-03010, C-03354, C-03789, C-04117,

-------
 244
      C-05170, C-OS396,
      C-05614. C-05813,
      C-06381, C-07266,
      C-08953, C-09364,
      C-0%19, C-09620,
      C-09660, C-09716,
      C-10029, C-10534,
      C-10983, C-11167,
      C-12479, C-12487,
      C-12942, C-13367,
      C-13969, C-14108,
      C-15677, C-16080,
      C-16754. C-16781,
      C-17290, C-17638,
      C-17641, C-18093,
      C-20100, C-20264,
      C-21208, C-21652,
      C-21866, C-22431,
      C-23004, C-23106,
      C-24071, C-24429,
      C-25065, C-25466,
      C-26837, C-26966,
      C-27355, C-27475,
      C-27791, C-27934,
      C-28787, C-29243,
      C-29508, C-29726,
      C-29891, C-29929,
      C-30811, C-31222,
      C-32268, C-32269,
      C-32795, C-32880,
      C-33577, C-34047,
      C-34972, C-35182,
      C-35648, C-35751,
      C-35956, D-00251,
      D-03001, D-03514,
      D-09590, D-16062,
      D-20355, D-23098,
      D-23845, D-24162,
      D-29349, D-29973,
      F-11132, F-13107,
      F-19063, F-19102,
      F-32271, F-33084,
      G-00715, G-05942,
      G-05949, G-06323,
      G-20%9, G-21359,
      G-35671, K-05947,
      K-21083, K-21084,
      L-01604, L-03198,
      L-04888, L-04942,
      L-14616, L-25446,
      L-30149, L-31465,
      L-32354, L-32S66,
      L-35511. L-35752,
      M-26725, M-30896,
MEDICAL FACILITIES
 C-05426. C-05503,
 C-05898, C-06112,
 C-08066, C-08678,
 C-09476, C-09521,
 C-09648, C-09657,
 C-09860, C-10016,
 C-10593, C-10693,
 C-11486, C-12359,
 C-12492, C-12665,
 C-13627, C-13749,
 C-14109, C-14606,
 C-16442, C-16540,
 C-17044, C-17288,
 C-17639, C-17640,
 C-18194, C-190S1,
 C-20538, C-20624,
 C-21693, C-21858,
 C-22448, C-22958,
 C-23107. C-23755,
 C-24814, C-25054,
 C-26096, C-26309,
 C-27121, C-27248,
 C-27685, C-27733,
 C-28141, C-28393,
 C-29269, C-29337,
 C-29843, C-298S8,
 C-30374, C-30689,
 C-31924, C-32022,
 C-32467, C-32676,
 C-33121, C-33349,
 C-34178, C-34279,
 C-35240, C-35541.
 C-35865, C-35949,
 D-00373, D-00690,
 D-05481, D-07572,
 D-17630, D-18231,
 D-23149, D-23152,
 D-25291, D-25996,
 D-31371, D-33723,
 F-13670, F-19061,
 F-22429, F-29649,
 F-35651, G-00177,
 G-05943, G-05946,
 G-09659, G-19599,
 G-34667, G-34686,
 K-11734, K-20194,
 K-31286, K-31968,
 L-03540, L-04841,
 L-07235, L-10484,
 L-27677, L-28348,
 L-32147, L-32352,
 L-33672, L-34926,
 M-00487, M-23408,
, N-19088, N-20495
  L-30153, L-30688
MEDICAL PERSONNEL   L-07235,
      L-30688
MEETINGS  D-23149, D-23152, M-08698
MEMBRANE FILTERS   B-03966, B-32799,
      C-06526, C-09619, D-00251, G-00177,
      1-05463
MEMBRANES   C-34972, F-22430, F-32271,
      G-35570
MERCAPTANS   A-01644, A-01885,
      A-04893, A-08359, A-11144, A-12507,
      A-14580, A-16494, A-17198, A-17631,
      A-17633, A-19899, A-20134, A-21857,
      A-24903, A-28527, A-29599, A-29842,
      A-31044, A-31263, A-32475, A-32879,
      B-00025, B-00286, B-00379, B-01414,
      B-01505, B-01508, B-01563, B-01672,
      B-01900, B-02018, B-02427, B-02488,
      B-03807, B-04045, B-04627, B-04838,
      B-04861, B-04882, B-04887, B-04950,
      B-04951, B-04952, B-04953, B-05408,
      B-05409, B-05808, B-06106, B-07434,
      B-07531, B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
      B-08467, B-09508, B-09655, B-09661,
      B-09854, B-09922, B-10277, B-10994,
      B-11008, B-13072, B-14113, B-14488,
      B-14692, B-15779, B-16842, B-17266,
      B-17293, B-19218, B-19850, B-20625,
      B-22400, B-22838, B-23538, B-24380,
      B-25224, B-26014, B-26176, B-26254,
      B-26908, B-27674, B-29278, B-29745,
      B-31302, B-31790, B-32099, B-32615,
      B-32681, B-32798, B-32956, B-35595,
      B-35803, C-00965, C-01289, C-04883,
      C-05426, C-06381. C-08066, C-08354,
      C-08355, C-08356, C-08357, C-08358,
      C-09619, C-09648, C-09657, C-10983,
      C-11123, C-13749, C-14108, C-17629,
      C-17639, C-17640, C-19051, C-20202,
      C-21858, C-21859, C-23004, C-24071,
      C-24814, C-26547, C-27355, C-27685,
      C-27934, C-29243, C-29726, C-30704,
      C-30811, C-31924, C-32467, C-32880,
      C-33349, C-34279, C-34863, C-35865,
      C-35956, D-00209, D-09592, D-16062,
      D-29349, D-31371, D-33723, F-01784,
      F-10308, F-12662, F-16828, F-29649,
      G-00208, G-03788, G-0%59, L-00054,
      L-32796, L-32893, L-33725, M-08698,
      M-27680, N-19060
MERCURY COMPOUNDS   C-31222,
      D-31371
METABOLISM   A-26911, F-11132,
      G-05949, L-03198
METAL COMPOUNDS   A-01565, A-03825,
      A-06240, A-08912, A-11144, A-24459,
      A-24903, A-25205, A-27249, A-30513,
      A-30603, A-31323, A-32489, A-33828,
      A-34018, A-34287, A-34891, A-35590,
      B-00025, B-00379. B-00571, B-03297,
      B-03499, B-03972, B-04627, B-04666,
      B-04783, B-04838, B-04887, B-04943,
      B-04953, B-05808, B-06106, B-06363,
      B-07531, B-08360, B-08364, B-08663,
      B-0%55, B-09784, B-09839, B-09849,
      B-10277, B-11008, B-11009, B-11220,
      B-11234, B-14671, B-16365, B-16747,
      B-17906, B-20369, B-23538, B-24743,
      B-24845, B-27401, B-28108, B-28146,
      B-28756, B-29251, B-29628, B-30124,
      B-30339, B-30350, B-30530, B-31072,
      B-31790, B-32070, B-32166, B-32615,
      B-32646, B-32847, B-32935, B-34073,
      B-34385, C-01289, C-05426, C-06112,
      C-08356, C-08358, C-09476, C-09619,
      C-09657, C-27248, C-31222, D-00373,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-23845, D-24162,
      D-29973, D-31371, F-11132, F-13107,
      G-00177, 1-05463, K-18294, K-31968,
      L-04888, L-07235, L-27677, L-34033,
      L-35511
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
      A-19366, A-20553, A-28614, A-32465,
      A-32489, B-00975, B-08506, B-09784,
      B-09791, B-09830, B-18050, B-19363,
      B-23493, B-23967, B-26254, B-26843,
      B-27732, B-30943, B-31178, B-31223,
      C-26966, D-03431, D-33108, L-01528,
      L-07235, L-27185. L-29975
METAL POISONING  K-31968
METALS   A-01565, A-10699, A-26402,
      A-32489, A-34018, A-34287, B-03129,
      B-03499, B-04227, B-05929, B-07362,
      B-09784, B-09791, B-09819, B-09830,
      B-09836, B-09840, B-10277, B-14609,
      B-27154, B-28206, B-28756, B-30124,
      B-31400, B-33742, B-33816, C-08066,
      D-03514, D-09590, D-09592, D-29973,
      D-33108, F-11132, G-00177, G-05942,
      1-24187, L-00973, L-01604, L-29813,
      L-29975, L-31084
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
      A-03097, C-00178, C-03010, C-35956,
      D-09592, E-14906
METEOROLOGY   A-02765, A-03097,
      A-05007, A-06240, A-10075, A-11700,
      A-12832, A-12834, A-14972. A-20706,
      A-23313, A-24500, A-26911, A-29353,
      A-29599, A-30218, A-30513, A-31263,
      A-31759, A-33828, A-34290, A-35564,
      A-35581, A-35622, A-35693, B-00358,
      B-00975, B-01508, B-01672, B-02047,
      B-02794, B-03976, B-04882, B-05490,
      B-09836, B-16712, B-16842, B-23371,
      B-26087, B-27288, B-32070, B-32900,
      B-35955, C-00178, C-08066, C-08358,
      C-08678, C-09660, C-11167, C-21208,
      C-25065, C-25466, C-26966, C-35956,
      D-00690, D-01202, D-01949, D-02331,
      D-02339, D-03001, D-03017, D-03418,
      D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
      D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12648,
      D-23098, D-23149, D-23152, D-23845,
      D-25996, D-27255, D-31371, D-31760,
      D-33108, D-33539, D-33723, E-14906,
      G-00177, G-06323, 1-05463, L-00054,
      L-01604, L-02840, L-04888, L-07235,
      L-14616, L-29813, L-32352, L-32566,
      L-34256, L-34926, M-00376, M-00487,
      M-08698, M-26725, M-27680, N-03438,
      N-19088
METHANES   A-01885, A-16494, A-29599,
      A-32411, A-34964, A-35564, B-00379,
      B-01508, B-04838, B-09655, B-29978,
      B-32956, C-07214, C-08354, C-10693,
      C-24814, C-30704, F-16828, N-20495
MICE  G-07821
MICHIGAN   A-16058, L-00973, L-07781,
      L-09677
MICROMETEOROLOGY   D-33108,
      D-33539, D-33723
MICROORGANISMS  A-04785, A-21661,
      A-31602, A-35599, A-35673, B-01508,
      B-03297, B-04666, B-06688, B-20754,
      B-21006, B-22538, B-22550, B-27336,
      B-31233, B-31354, B-33398, C-13143,
      C-21208, C-35956, D-31760, F-26529,
      G-07091, G-07821
MICROSCOPY  C-23755
MINERAL PROCESSING  A-29842,
      A-32465, A-33719, A-34018, B-00975,
      B-03972, B-03976, B-04627, B-07875,
      B-08467, B-14940, B-21220, B-26254,
      B-31400, B-32302, C-25466, D-03431,
      D-09592, D-16636, D-23411, K-15926,
      K-31516, L-0%77, L-15554, L-32626
MINERAL PRODUCTS   B-00975, B-09784,
      B-09840, B-14671, B-20369, B-21938,
      B-26254, B-30350J B-32302, B-32646,
      B-34073, C-27248;     ;
MINING   B-21220, B-26::54, B-31400,
      D-16636, D-23411, L-32626
MINNESOTA  D-02212
MISSILES AND ROCKETS  F-07681
MISSISSIPPI   D-12426
MISSOURI  A-01644, A-01885, A-02001,
      B-00257, B-00379, B-01414, B-01563,
      B-02725, B-02729, B-03966, B-03976,
      B-04045, B-05862, C-03354, C-03789,
      C-11167, D-02331, D-03418, D-33539,
      K-07766, L-00973, L-01604, L-0%77,
      L-30149

-------
                                                     SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 245
 MISTS  B-00025, B-04664, B-04949,
      B-05930, B-07429, B-07971, B-09813,
      B-09815, B-09836, B-09840, B-09842,
      B-09849, B-09852, B-11008, B-135S1,
      B-20817, B-23493. B-24065, B-27818,
      C-35956, D-05481, D-29973
 MOBILE  A-32465, B-16842. C-19051,
      M-23408
 MOLYBDENUM  1-24187
 MONITORING   A-15297, A-25228,
      A-26605, A-29599, A-31155, A-31323,
      B-01672, B-08360, B-10009, B-259SO,
      B-27793, B-28118, B-32681, B-32798,
      C-03789, C-05426, C-06112, C-10693,
      C-12665, C-19051, C-23107, C-27248,
      C-27733, C-30374, C-32022, C-34279,
      C-35956, D-00373, D-00690, D-03001,
      D-16062, D-23152, D-23845, D-24162,
      D-25291, D-33723, G-00177, G-06323,
      K-11734, K-31286, L-01604, L-07235,
      L-2S446, L-27677, L-30149, L-31465,
      L-32147, L-32352, L-323S4, L-33672
 MONTHLY   A-30513, C-08678, D-01949,
      D-09590, D-23411, D-23845, D-25780,
      D-27255, D-33723, K-35146, L-32352,
      N-03438
 MORBIDITY   G-27137
 MORTALITY   G-27137, L-34256
 MOUNTAINS   B-01672, N-03438
 MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
      A-08373, A-10699, A-26575, A-27972,
      A-29332, A-31155, A-31157, A-34654,
      A-35383, B-00246, B-09784, B-09827,
      B-09830, B-14956, B-15170, B-23008,
      B-23836, B-26568, B-27548, B-33077,
      B-33793


                    N

 NAPHTHALENES   A-07089, A-33564,
      A-34964, B-14203, B-24969, C-27121,
      C-32269
 NAPHTHENES  A-05007, B-07362
 NASHVILLE   L-19059, M-01069
 NATIONAL AIR  SAMPLING NETWORK
      (NASN)   N-03438
 NATURAL GAS   A-17603, A-21395,
      A-27249, A-28352, A-31759, B-09922,
      B-22838, B-25479, B-33793, C-14108,
      D-03431, D-09590, D-09592, G-00715,
      L-32352
 NAUSEA  A-20553, A-30687, B-01672,
      D-02339, G-07821, G-28175
 NERVOUS SYSTEM   A-17603, A-31759,
      C-12359, C-29269, C-32269, C-34972,
      F-U132, F-22430, F-32271, G-05942,
      G-05946, G-05949, G-06323, G-21359,
      G-21712, G-35671, K-05947, K-20194,
      K-21084, N-OS235
 NEVADA   L-32171, L-32383
NEW HAMPSHIRE   D-03017
NEW JERSEY  B-09729, L-00973, L-09677
NEW YORK CITY   A-27821, L-00973,
      L-09677
NEW YORK STATE  A-27821, B-01672,
      D-01202, L-00973, L-04942, L-09677
NICKEL   B-33742, F-11132,  1-24187
NICKEL COMPOUNDS  F-11132
NITRATES   B-04666, B-06636, C-34279,
      D-09590, D-23845, E-19849
NITRIC ACID  B-03129. B-26254, G-21125,
      1-19325
NITRIC OXIDE (NO)   A-01565, A-05007,
      A-05527, A-OS549, A-08802, A-27451,
      A-30513, A-34891, B-00975, B-04627,
      B-06280, B-06636, B-08497, B-08663,
      B-20878, C-03542, C-09476, C-29337,
      D-00251, D-05481, D-29973, F-07681,
      G-00177, L-01604, L-35511, N-20495
N1TRILES   B-14692, B-27674, C-03354,
      C-11123, F-17801
NITRITES   C-10693
NITROGEN   A-17198, A-29599, A-32411,
      A-32489, A-35673, B-07224, B-27674,
      B-32119, C-03010, C-08354, C-27685,
      F-26529
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)   A-01565,
      A-02001, A-05007, A-05527, A-07561,
      A-08802, A-09175, A-30513, A-31759,
      A-33828, B-00975, B-04361, B-06280,
      B-08497, B-20878, B-21220, B-29437,
      C-02786, C-03542, C-09476, C-16781,
      C-27733, D-00241, D-00251, D-01949,
      D-03001, D-05481, D-25996, D-27255,
      D-29973, D-31760, G-00177, G-34686,
      K-11734, K-21918, K-27403, K-31968,
      K-35146, L-01604, L-03198, L-27678,
      L-27679, N-03438, N-19060, N-20495
NITROGEN OXIDES  A-01565, A-02001,
      A-05007, A-05527, A-05549, A-06039,
      A-07561, A-08802, A-09175, A-09255,
      A-12377, A-14116, A-14297, A-20101,
      A-20125, A-20134, A-24459, A-26048,
      A-26911, A-27129, A-27249, A-27451,
      A-28352, A-30513, A-31323, A-31759,
      A-31880, A-31882, A-32465, A-32653,
      A-32855, A-33719, A-33828, A-34018,
      A-34891, A-35635, B-00504, B-00975,
      B-01508, B-01867, B-04300, B-04361,
      B-04627, B-06280, B-06636, B-07875,
      B-07971, B-08497, B-08663, B-09784,
      B-09827, B-09830, B-11234, B-14967,
      B-16365, B-17906, B-19705, B-20878,
      B-21220, B-23008, B-24845, B-24988,
      B-29437, B-29533, B-30865, B-31062,
      B-31354, B-31400, B-33077, C-02786,
      C-03010, C-03542, C-05170, C-06112,
      C-07266, C-09476, C-16781, C-20100,
      C-23107, C-27248, C-27733, C-29337,
      C-29843, C-30014, C-34279, C-35956,
      D-00241, D-00251, D-01949, D-03001,
      D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-06535,
      D-09592, D-24162, D-25996, D-26304,
      D-27255, D-29973, D-31371, D-31760,
      D-33539, D-35764, E-19849, F-07681,
      G-00177, G-21125, G-34686, 1-19325,
      K-00157, K-11734, K-16263, K-18294,
      K-21918, K-27403, K-31968, K-35146,
      L-00054, L-01604, L-02840, L-03198,
      L-04888, L-09677, L-27678, L-27679,
      L-32147, L-34926, L-35511, M-24091,
      N-03438, N-19060, N-20495
NITROGEN TRIOXEDE (NO3)  C-09476,
      D-31760
NITROSO   C-10693
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O)   B-01867, B-24845

NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      A-00525. A-02001, A-03097, A-04785,
      A-05608, A-07089, A-07561, A-08373,
      A-08802, A-09175, A-09255, A-10075,
      A-11651, A-12083, A-12832, A-12834,
      A-16058, A-17236, A-17462, A-17603,
      A-19814, A-20553, A-22860, A-23313,
      A-23314, A-24350, A-2S056, A-25228,
      A-25638, A-26574, A-26S75, A-26911,
      A-27821, A-27972, A-29332, A-29353,
      A-29455, A-29599, A-30389, A-31155,
      A-31157, A-31602, A-31759, A-32385,
      A-32411, A-32855, A-33719, A-33883,
      A-34228, A-34287, A-34290, A-346S4,
      A-35383, A-35564, A-35599, A-35673,
      A-35693, B-00032, B-00358, B-00541,
      B-00571, B-00975, B-01508, B-01549,
      B-01563, B-03129, B-03297, B-03972,
      B-04361, B-04664, B-04666, B-05852,
      B-06412, B-06453, B-06688, B-07224,
      B-07479, B-07971, B-08497, B-08604,
      B-08663, B-09729, B-09784, B-09827,
      B-09839, B-09842, B-09922, B-10009,
      B-13697, B-14609, B-14940, B-14967,
      B-15948, B-16535, B-17403, B-18I53,
      B-19182, B-19705, B-20754, B-22435,
      B-22518, B-22538, B-22550, B-22837,
      B-23008, B-23538, B-23594, B-23836,
      B-25085, B-25479, B-25554, B-25623,
      B-25694, B-25977, B-2612S, B-26254,
      B-26778, B-27336, B-27541, B-27605,
      B-27719, B-27732, B-27818, B-28108,
      B-28118, B-28146, B-29251, B-29448,
      B-30124, B-30530, B-30773, B-31302,
      B-31453, B-31794, B-32119, B-32497,
      B-32498, B-32615, B-32682, B-32768,
      B-32900, B-32913, B-32935, B-33003,
      B-33120, B-33380, B-33793, B-33816,
      B-33854, B-34073, B-35595, B-35879,
      C-05170, C-05503, C-08066, C-0%20,
      C-13099, C-13749, C-16781, C-26966,
      C-27791, C-28141, C-30704, C-31222,
      C-32022, C-35865, C-35956, D-00373,
      D-00690, D-00751, D-01949, D-02331,
      D-02339, D-03017, D-03418, D-03431,
      D-03506, D-09590, D-09592, D-17630,
      D-23411, D-25291, D-25780, D-29973,
      D-31371, D-33108, D-33539, D-33723,
      D-35764, E-26550, F-07681, F-26529,
      F-29649, G-03788, H-00252, 1-05463,
      J-16457, J-34518, K-07766,  K-31286,
      K-31516, L-00054, L-00973, L-02840,
      L-07235, L-09604, L-09677, L-10567,
      L-14616, L-15688, L-15691, L-17258,
      L-19059, L-25446, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28348,
      L-28363, L-30153, L-32147, L-32171,
      L-32354, L-32382, L-32383, L-32626,
      L-32796, L-33117, L-34033, M-00844,
      M-24091, N-03438, N-19060, N-32254
NON-URBAN AREAS   A-11700, A-12832,
      A-12834, A-22973, A-26911, A-33713,
      A-35564, B-04361, B-14453, B-20709,
      B-22550, B-25858, B-33120, D-29973,
      H-00252, L-30153, L-30688, M-15760,
      N-01539
NORTH CAROLINA   D-05481, K-31516,
      N-03438
NOSTRILS   A-00402,  B-06280, B-31700,
      C-05898, C-08066, C-08678, C-21693,
      C-32676, C-34972, F-03173, F-11132,
      F-35651,  G-06323, G-09659, G-20969,
      G-21359, M-00376, N-05235
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS  A-12832,
      A-26911, B-28108
NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES   D-00373
NUCLEATION  B-29533
NYLON   D-09590, L-01604


                   o

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH  G-35570,
      K-11734, L-29975
ODOR COUNTERACTION   A-00393,
      A-00525, A-04785, A-04860, A-04893,
      A-05527, A-06981, A-098S3, A-116S1,
      A-12083, A-12507, A-I2621, A-12998,
      A-14580, A-17603. A-17632. A-17634,
      A-19366, A-19899, A-20276, A-20553,

-------
246
     A-21661, A-21887, A-22987, A-23000,           B-31945, B-32070, B-32099, B-32119,
     A-24007, A-24527, A-24903, A-25056,           B-32166, B-32302, B-32497, B-32498,
     A-25179, A-2520S, A-25228, A-25455,           B-32615, B-32634, B-32646, B-32681,
     A-26402, A-2657S, A-26826, A-26911,           B-32768, B-32781, B-32797, B-32798,
     A-27249. A-27972, A-28352, A-28861,           B-32799, B-32847, B-32900, B-32913,
     A-29332. A-29455, A-29599, A-29842,           B-32935, B-32937, B-33003, B-33073,
     A-30389, A-30701, A-30851, A-31155,           B-33077, B-33120, B-33122, B-33380,
     A-31157, A-31602, A-31882, A-32385,           B-33398, B-33617, B-33742, B-33793,
     A-32855, A-33188, A-33883, A-34228,           B-33816, B-33854, B-34073, B-34385,
     A-34654, A-3S383, A-35564, A-35581,           B-34679, B-34778, B-34868, B-35554,
     A-35590, A-35673, B-00025, B-00032,           B-35595, B-35609, B-35660, B-35803,
     B-00257, B-00286, B-00358, B-00379,           B-35879, B-35955, C-04883, C-05170,
     B-00541. B-00552, B-00571, B-01352,           C-05614, C-05898, C-13749, C-17639,
     B-01414, B-01508, B-01537, B-01563,           C-24429, C-25054, C-26966, C-29891,
     B-01672, B-01867, B-01900, B-02047,           C-31924, C-32676. C-34047, D-00209,
     B-02427, B-02729, B-03499, B-03807,           D-00373, D-07572, D-09592, D-16062,
     B-03946, B-03972, B-04045, B-04227,           D-23149, D-33539, F-10308, F-12662,
     B-04300, B-04627, B-04664, B-04666,           F-16828, F-26529, G-00208, G-00715,
     B-04669, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783,           G-03788, G-07821, G-34667, 1-24187,
     B-04861, B-04882, B-04887, B-04943,           J-16457, J-29299,  K-00157. K-31316.
     B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,           L-03540, L-06732, L-14028, L-14932,
     B-05093, B-05408, B-05409, B-05624,           L-16330, L-30149, L-327%, L-33725,
     B-05808, B-05862, B-05929, B-05930,           L-35752, M-30896
     B-06088, B-06103, B-06106, B-06363,     ODORIMETRY  A-03825, A-04785,
     B-06366, B-06412, B-07362, B-07434,           A-04860, A-17631, A-17632, A-19899,
     B-07530, B-07531, B-08104, B-08360,           A-20553, A-20557, A-20706, A-21857,
     B-08467, B-08506, B-09407, B-09608,           A-24350, A-25228, A-25455, A-26826,
     B-09656, B-09661, B-09729, B-09733,           A-29698, A-30851, A-31044, A-31263,
     B-09836. B-09849, B-09854, B-09933,           A-32475, A-32855, A-33713, A-34891,
     B-10005, B-10588, B-11059, B-11153,           A-34964, B-00032, B-03946, B-03966,
     B-11158, B-11220, B-11234, B-11673,           B-04533, B-05490, B-06106, B-06453,
     B-12133, B-12346, B-12434, B-12480,           B-08506, B-08604, B-09608, B-10005,
     B-12482, B-12506, B-13072, B-13334,           B-11136, B-12480, B-13971, B-14013,
     B-13772, B-13812, B-13971, B-14004,           B-20120, B-20877, B-20878, B-23371,
     B-14094, B-14113, B-14341, B-14354,           B-23885, B-24380, B-25594, B-27288,
     B-14453. B-14488, B-I4671, B-14692,           B-29448, B-29877, B-30809, B-31302,
     B-14757, B-14895, B-14940, B-14956,           B-32099, B-32646, B-32797, B-32798,
     B-15153, B-15170, B-15709, B-15772,           B-35879, C-00178, C-04117, C-05170,
     B-15T79, B-15948, B-16365, B-16498,           C-05396, C-05426, C-05813, C-05898,
     B-16535, B-16712, B-16807, B-17177,           C-07266, C-08066, C-08678, C-08953,
     B-17238, B-17293, B-17395, B-17409,           C-09364, C-09521, C-09620, C-09648,
     B-17635, B-17636, B-17637, B-18140,           C-09657, C-09660, C-09716, C-09860,
     B-18153, B-18169, B-19182, B-19218,           C-10016, C-10029, C-10593, C-10693,
     B-19221, B-19493, B-19705, B-19850,           C-10983, C-11167, C-11486, C-12359,
     B-20120, B-20258, B-20369, B-20625,           C-12479, C-12487, C-12492, C-12665,
     B-20628, B-20709, B-20796, B-20824,           C-12942, C-13367, C-13627, C-13749,
     B-20877, B-20878, B-21006, B-21051,           C-13969, C-14108, C-14109, C-14606,
     B-21220, B-21294, B-21647, B-21677,           C-15677, C-16080, C-16540, C-16754,
     B-21702, B-21888, B-21938, B-22061,           C-16781, C-17044, C-17288, C-17290,
     B-22353, B-22357, B-22400, B-22518,           C-17638, C-17639, C-17640, C-17641,
     B-22522, B-22525, B-22538, B-22838,           C-18093, C-18194, C-19051, C-20264,
     B-22988. B-23002, B-23008, B-23067,           C-20624, C-21652, C-21693, C-21858,
     B-23117, B-23319, B-23371, B-23456,           C-21866, C-22431, C-22448, C-22958,
     B-23493, B-23538, B-23594, B-23836,           C-23004, C-23106, C-23755, C-24071,
     B-23885, B-23901, B-24079, B-24380,           C-24429, C-24814, C-25054, C-25065,
     B-24743, B-24810, B-24969, B-24988,           C-25466, C-26096, C-26309, C-26837,
     B-25017, B-25224, B-25379, B-25479,           C-26966, C-27121, C-27355, C-27475,
     B-25554, B-25594, B-25623, B-25694,           C-27685, C-27733, C-27791, C-27934,
     B-25711, B-25858, B-25950, B-25977,           C-2814I, C-28393, C-28787, C-29243,
     B-26002, B-26014, B-26056, B-26057,           C-29269, C-29508, C-29726, C-29843,
     B-26125. B-26128, B-26172, B-26173,           C-29858, C-29891, C-29929, C-30374,
     B-26176, B-26296, B-26308, B-26567,           C-30689, C-30811, C-31222, C-31924,
     B-26568, B-26618, B-26730, B-26731,           C-32022, C-32268, C-32269, C-32467,
     B-26836, B-26908, B-27154, B-27288,           C-32676, C-32795, C-32880, C-33121,
     B-27357, B-27541, B-27548, B-27605,           C-33349, C-33577, C-34047, C-34178,
     B-27674, B-27719, B-27732, B-27793,           C-34279, C-34972, C-35182, C-35240,
     B-27818. B-28047, B-281I8, B-28206,           C-35541, C-35648, C-35751, C-35865,
     B-28756, B-29131, B-29251, B-29278,           C-35949, C-35956, D-07572, D-17630,
     B-29323, B-29363, B-29437, B-29448,           D-18231, D-23098, D-23149, D-23152,
     B-29533, B-29601, B-29745, B-29761,           D-29349, D-31371, F-11132, F-13107,
     B-29877, B-29978, B-30062, B-30124,           F-13670, F-19061, F-19063, F-19102,
     B-30350, B-30479, B-30530, B-30738,           F-22429, F-29649, F-32271, F-33084,
     B-30782, B-30809, B-30943, B-31062,           F-35651, G-00715, G-05942, G-05943,
     B-31072, B-31178, B-31211, B-31233,           G-05946, G-05949, G-0%59, G-19599,
     B-31302, B-31456, B-31463, B-31631,           G-20969, G-21359, G-34667, G-34686,
     B-31700, B-31790, B-31794, B-31911,           G-35671, K-05947, K-20194,  K-21083,
      K-21084, K-31968, L-03540, L-04841,
      L-04888, L-10484, L-28348, L-30149,
      L-32566, L-35511, L-35752, M-23408,
      M-26725, M-30896
ODORS   A-00393, A-00402, A-00525,
      A-01565, A-01644, A-01885, A-02001,
      A-02765, A-03097, A-03825, A-04785,
      A-04860, A-04879, A-04893, A-05007,
      A-05335, A-05527, A-05549, A-05608,
      A-06039, A-06240, A-07089, A-07394,
      A-07561. A-08359, A-08373, A-08802,
      A-08912, A-09175, A-09255, A-09853,
      A-10075, A-10699, A-11144. A-11692,
      A-11700, A-11969, A-12083, A-12377,
      A-12505, A-12507, A-12832, A-12834,
      A-14116, A-14297, A-14914, A-14972,
      A-15297, A-16058, A-16135, A-16494,
      A-17198, A-17236, A-17462, A-17603,
      A-17631, A-17632, A-17633, A-17634,
      A-19814, A-20101, A-20118, A-20125,
      A-20134, A-20276, A-20553, A-20557,
      A-20706, A-21661, A-21700, A-21857,
      A-21882, A-22860, A-22973, A-22987,
      A-23000, A-23313, A-23314, A-23843,
      A-24350, A-24459, A-24500, A-24527,
      A-24754, A-24903, A-25228, A-25327,
      A-25455, A-25638, A-26048, A-26574,
      A-26575, A-26605, A-26826, A-26911,
      A-27129, A-27235, A-27249, A-27451,
      A-27669, A-27821, A-27972, A-27986,
      A-28295, A-28527, A-28614, A-28885,
      A-29332, A-29353, A-29599, A-29698,
      A-29842, A-30218, A-30327, A-30389,
      A-30513, A-30603, A-30687, A-30851,
      A-31044, A-31155, A-31157, A-31263,
      A-31323, A-31602, A-31759, A-31880,
      A-31882, A-32411, A-32465, A-32475,
      A-32489, A-32653, A-32855, A-32878,
      A-32879, A-33188, A-33564, A-33648,
      A-33713, A-33719, A-33828, A-33983,
      A-34018, A-34287, A-34290, A-34585,
      A-34766. A-34891, A-34964, A-35564,
      A-35581, A-35599, A-35622, A-35635,
      A-35638, A-35693, B-00025, B-00032,
      B-00246, B-00257, B-00286, B-00358,
      B-00379, B-00504, B-00541, B-00552,
      B-00571, B-00975, B-01352, B-01414,
      B-01505, B-01508, B-01537, B-01549,
      B-01563, B-01613, B-01672, B-01867,
      B-01900, B-02018, B-02047, B-02279,
      B-02427, B-02488, B-02725, B-02729,
      B-02794, B-03129, B-03297, B-03807,
      B-03946, B-03966, B-03972, B-04045,
      B-04300, B-04361, B-04533, B-04627,
      B-04664, B-04666, B-04669, B-04773,
      B-04838, B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
      B-04943, B-04949, B-04950, B-04951,
      B-04952, B-04953, B-05332, B-05408,
      B-05409, B-05490, B-05624, B-05808,
      B-05852, B-05862, B-05880, B-05929,
      B-05930, B-06103, B-06106, B-06280,
      B-06363, B-06366, B-06412, B-06453,
      B-06525, B-06636, B-06688, B-06859,
      B-06979, B-07224, B-07362, B-07374,
      B-07415, B-07429/B-07434, B-07479,
      B-07530, B-07531, B-07875, B-07971,
      B-08104. B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
      B-08467, B-08497, B-08506, B-08604,
      B-08663, B-08946, B-09407, B-09508,
      B-09608, B-09655, B-09656, B-09661,
      B-09729, B-09784, B-09791, B-09794,
      B-09813, B-09815, B-09819, B-09827,
      B-09830, B-09836, B-09839, B-09840,
      B-09842, B-09849, B-09852, B-09854,
      B-09857, B-09922, B-09933, B-10005,
      B-10009, B-10277, B-10588, B-10994,

-------
                                                SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                                                247
B-11008,
B-11137,
B-11234,
B-12346,
B-12506,
B-13697,
B-14113,
B-14334,
B-14692,
B-14967,
B-15772,
B-16498,
B-16807,
B-17238,
B-17395,
B-17636,
B-18153,
B-19221,
B-20120,
B-20709,
B-20824,
B-21220,
B-2206I,
B-22435,
B-22538,
B-23002,
B-23456,
B-23885,
B-24079,
B-24845,
B-2S085,
B-25950,
B-26087,
B-26567,
B-26778,
B-26944,
B-27357,
B-27674,
B-28108,
B-28756,
B-29601,
B-29877,
B-30350,
B-30943,
B-31167,
B-31233,
B-31400,
B-31472,
B-31911,
B-32302,
B-32646,
B-32781,
B-32956,
B-33122,
C-01289,
C-03542,
C-05170,
C-05614,
C-06526,
C-08268,
C-08357,
C-09364,
C-09620,
C-09716,
C-10534,
C-11123,
C-12479,
C-12665,
C-13749,
C-14606,
C-15677,
C-16442,
C-17044,
C-17628,
C-17640,
C-19051,
 B-11009,
 B-11153,
 B-11673,
 B-12434,
 B-12658,
 B-13772,
 B-14118,
 B-14609,
 B-14757,
 B-15153,
 B-15779,
 B-16535,
 B-16842,
 B-17266,
 B-17403,
 B-17637,
 B-18169,
 B-19363,
 B-202S8,
 B-20754,
 B-20877,
 B-21294,
 B-22353,
 B-22518,
 B-22550,
 B-23008,
 B-23493,
 B-23901,
 B-24090,
 B-24969,
 B-25224,
 B-25977,
 B-26128,
 B-26568,
 B-26836,
 B-271S4,
 B-27401,
 B-27719,
 B-28118,
 B-29131,
 B-29628,
 B-29978,
 B-30530,
 B-31062,
 B-31178,
 B-31301,
 B-314S3,
 B-31631,
 B-32057,
 B-32559,
 B-32681,
 B-32798,
 B-33003,
 B-35566,
 C-02786,
 C-03789,
 C-05396,
 C-OS898,
 C-07214,
 C-083S4,
 C-08358,
 C-09476,
 C-09648,
 C-09860,
C-10593,
 C-11167,
 C-12487,
 C-12942,
 C-13969,
C-14607,
 C-16080,
C-16540,
C-17288,
C-17629,
C-17641,
C-20100,
B-11059,
B-11158,
B-11843,
B-12480,
B-13398,
B-14013,
B-14203,
B-14671,
B-14951,
B-15170,
B-16113,
B-16712,
B-16890,
B-17293,
B-17409,
B-17906,
B-19182,
B-19493,
B-20625,
B-20796,
B-20878,
B-21677,
B-22357,
B-22522,
B-22837,
B-23067,
B-23594,
B-23967,
B-24197,
B-24988,
B-25554,
B-26014,
B-26173,
B-26730,
B-26843,
B-27288,
B-27S41,
B-27732,
B-28146,
B-29261,
B-29745,
B-30260,
B-30738,
B-31091,
B-31211,
B-31302,
B-31456,
B-31700,
B-32099,
B-32615,
B-32682,
B-32847,
B-33073,
C-00178,
C-03010,
C-04117,
C-05426,
C-06112,
C-07266,
C-0835S,
C-08678,
C-09521,
C-0%57,
C-10016,
C-10693,
C-11486,
C-12488,
C-13099,
C-I4108,
C-14680,
C-16134,
C-16754,
C-17290,
C-17638,
C-18093,
C-20192,
B-11136,
B-11220,
B-12133,
B-12482,
B-13551,
B-14094,
B-14341,
B-14687,
B-14956,
B-15690,
B-16365,
B-16747,
B-17177,
B-17314,
B-17635,
B-18050,
B-19218,
B-19705,
B-20628,
B-20817,
B-21006,
B-21938,
B-22400,
B-22525,
B-22988,
B-23117,
B-23836,
B-24065,
B-24380,
B-25017,
B-25858,
B-26056,
B-26254,
B-26731,
B-26908,
B-27336,
B-27605,
B-27793,
B-28206,
B-29448,
B-29761,
B-30339,
B-30865,
B-31160,
B-31223,
B-31354,
B-31463,
B-31790,
B-32166,
B-32634,
B-32768,
B-32935,
B-33077,
C-00965,
C-03354,
C-04883,
C-05503,
C-06381,
C-08066,
C-08356,
C-08953,
C-09619,
C-09660,
C-10029,
C-10983,
C-12359,
C-12492,
C-13143,
C-14197,
C-15287,
C-16298,
C-16781,
C-17627,
C-17639,
C-18194,
C-20202,
      C-20264, C-20460, C-20538, C-20624,
      C-21208, C-21652, C-21858, C-21859,
      C-21866, C-22431, C-22448, C-22958,
      C-23004, C-23106, C-23107, C-24071,
      C-24814, C-25065, C-25466, C-26096,
      C-26309, C-26547, C-26837, C-26966,
      C-27121, C-27248, C-27355, C-2747S,
      C-27685,C-27733. C-27791, C-27934,
      C-28393, C-28787, C-29243, C-29269,
      C-29337, C-29726, C-29891, C-29929,
      C-30014, C-30374. C-30704, C-30811,
      C-31222, C-31924, C-32268, C-32269,
      C-32467, C-32676, C-32880, C-33121,
      C-33349, C-33577, C-34047, C-34279,
      C-34863, C-34972, C-35182, C-35240,
      C-35541, C-35648, C-35751, C-35865,
      C-35949, C-35956, D-00209, D-00241,
      D-00251, D-00373, D-00690, D-00751,
      D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-02331,
      D-02339, D-03001, D-03017, D-03418,
      D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
      D-05256, D-05481, D-06535, D-07572,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-12648,
      D-16635, D-16636, D-17630, D-18231,
      D-20355, D-23098, D-23149, D-23152,
      D-23411, D-23845, D-24162, D-25291,
      D-25780, D-25996, D-26304, D-27255,
      D-29349, D-29973, D-31371, D-31760,
      D-33108, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
      E-19849, E-22335, E-26550, F-01784,
      F-03173, F-10308, F-11132, F-12449,
      F-12662, F-16455, F-16828, F-17801,
      F-19061, F-19063, F-22429, F-22430,
      F-23187, F-24354, F-24531, F-25761,
      F-26529, F-29649, F-32271, F-33084,
      F-35651, G-00177, G-00208, G-00715,
      G-03788, G-05943, G-06323, G-07091,
      G-09659, G-11476, G-21125, G-21712,
      G-28175, G-34667, G-34686, G-35570,
      H-00252, 1-05463, 1-19325, J-16457,
      J-29299, J-34518, K-00157, K-05117,
      K-07766, K-11734, K-15926, K-16263,
      K-18294, K-20194, K-21083, K-21084,
      K-21918, K-27403, K-30870, K-31286,
      K-31516, K-35146, L-00054, L-00871,
      L-00973, L-01528, L-01604, L-02294,
      L-02295, L-02840, L-03198, L-03540,
      L-04841, L-04888, L-04942, L-05129,
      L-07235, L-07781, L-09215, L-09604,
      L-09677, L-I0484, L-10567, L-12376,
      L-12511, L-14616, L-14798, L-15554,
      L-15688, L-15691, L-16330, L-17258,
      L-19059, L-22343, L-23754, L-25446,
      L-26511, L-26940, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28348,
      L-28363, L-29679, L-29813, L-29975,
      L-30149, L-30153, L-30688, L-31084,
      L-31465, L-32147, L-32171, L-32352,
      L-32354, L-32382, L-32383, L-32566,
      L-32626, L-32796, L-32893, L-33117,
      L-33672, L-33725, L-34033, L-34256,
      L-34755, L-34926, L-35511, L-35694,
      L-35752, M-00376, M-00487, M-00844,
      M-01069, M-08698, M-13980, M-14491,
      M-15760, M-23408, M-24091, M-24768,
      M-26725, M-27680, M-30896, M-31071,
      N-01539, N-03438, N-05235, N-19060,
      N-19088, N-20495, N-32254
OHIO   A-05608, B-06636, B-26087,
      C-00178, D-03459, D-09590, D-23845,
      D-25780, L-00973, L-09677
OIL BURNERS  A-02001, A-10075,
      A-33719, A-35383, B-04361, B-23002,
      B-2388S, B-26567, B-27541, B-31631,
      K-31286, L-30149
OLEFINS   A-05007, A-05549, A-26911,
      A-27451, A-29599, A-32475, A-33564,
      B-03129, B-06636, B-14341, B-15772,
      B-16498, B-22838, B-28118, B-32956,
      C-07214, C-08066, C-08354, C-10693,
      D-00251, D-23149, D-23152, D-29349,
      D-31760, G-00177, K-11734, K-21083
OPEN BURNING   A-03097, A-16058,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-26911, A-35564,
      A-35693, B-09784, B-32682, C-35956,
      D-00751, D-01949, D-02331, D-03431,
      D-09590, D-23411, K-07766, K-31516,
      L-02840, L-09604, L-19059, L-32147,
      L-32171, L-32382, L-32383, L-32626
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES   B-26254,
      B-32937, D-29973, L-01528, L-09677
OPERATING CRITERIA  A-14116,
      A-21395, A-25638, B-14341, B-14687,
      C-33121, G-06323, L-09677
OPERATING VARIABLES   A-10075,
      A-17462, A-19366, A-20125, A-22860,
      A-26574, A-26911, A-32385, A-33648,
      A-34585, A-34654, A-34891, A-35581,
      A-35590, B-09655, B-09830, B-17403,
      B-23493, B-25694, B-26125, B-26730,
      B-29278. B-30738, B-30865, B-30943,
      B-31091, B-31211, B-31453, B-31463,
      B-31631, B-31794, B-31945, B-32070,
      B-32119, B-32497, B-32498, B-32559,
      B-32634, B-32847, B-32937, B-33077,
      B-33793, B-33816, B-34073, B-34385,
      B-35566, C-12487, C-12488, C-17290,
      C-35956, 1-19325, L-31465
OPINION SURVEYS   A-24350, A-28295,
      B-00032, B-29761, B-33077, D-01202,
      D-06535, D-09592, G-00208, J-34518,
      L-00054, L-01604, L-29975, M-00376,
      M-00487, M-00844, M-01069, M-08698,
      M-14491, M-23408, M-27680, M-30896,
      N-01539
OREGON   B-04783, D-01949, L-09677,
      L-30149
ORGANIC ACIDS  A-00393, A-05007,
      A-07394, A-07561, A-17198, A-17631,
      A-29599, A-29842, A-31880, A-32411,
      A-32475, A-32855, A-34018, A-34964,
      B-00975, B-01414, B-03966, B-07362,
      B-07531, B-09827, B-09849, B-09852,
      B-14967, B-19493, B-24969, B-31091,
      B-32099, B-32166, B-33077, C-03010,
      C-08066, C-09521, C-11123, C-11167,
      C-14109, C-14607, C-17044, C-18093,
      C-28141, C-28393, C-29269, C-32268,
      C-32269, C-33577, C-35865, C-35956,
      D-06535, D-07572, D-09592, D-23152,
      D-31371, D-35764, F-29649, 1-19325,
      L-00054, L-27678, L-27679
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
      A-07089, A-09853, A-17198, A-17631,
      A-19899, A-23843, A-29599, A-29842,
      A-31044, B-01508, B-02729, B-04300,
      B-04627, B-05624, B-05862, B-07530,
      B-07531, B-09836, B-09849, B-09854,
      B-12480, B-15772, B-20625, B-26014,
      B-26836, B-27605, B-27674, B-29131,
      B-29363, B-29448, B-29745, B-29978,
      B-31302, B-31700, B-32099, B-32166,
      B-32768. C-08066, C-09521, C-10693,
      C-11123, C-13099, C-13749, C-14109,
      C-17627, C-17628, C-17638, C-17640,
      C-20202, C-20624, C-21858, C-23004,
      C-26547, C-26837, C-27685, C-27791,
      C-27934, C-28141, C-29726, C-30704,
      C-30811, C-32269, C-32467, C-33577,
      C-35865, F-29649, L-32796
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
      B-00975, C-09521, C-35182

-------
 248
 ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
      A-01644, A-01885, A-04785, A-04893,
      A-06240, A-08359, A-11144, A-12507,
      A-14580, A-I6494, A-17198, A-17631,
      A-17633, A-19899, A-20134, A-21857,
      A-24903, A-28527, A-29599, A-29842,
      A-31044. A-31263, A-32475, A-32879,
      A-33983, B-00025, B-00286, B-00379,
      B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01508,
      B-01563, B-01672, B-01900, B-02018,
      B-02427, B-02488, B-03807, B-04045,
      B-04627, B-04773, B-04838, B-04861,
      B-04882, B-04887, B-04950, B-04951,
      B-04952, B-04953. B-05408, B-OS409,
      B-05808, B-06106, B-06363, B-07434,
      B-07531, B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
      B-08467, B-09508, B-09655, B-09661,
      B-09854, B-09922, B-10277, B-10994,
      B-11008, B-11673, B-12506, B-13072,
      B-14113, B-14488, B-14692, B-15779,
      B-16365, B-16747, B-16842, B-17266,
      B-17293, B-19218, B-19850. B-20369,
      B-20625, B-21294, B-22061, B-22400,
      B-22838, B-23538, B-24380. B-25224,
      B-26014, B-26176, B-26254, B-26908,
      B-27674, B-29278, B-29745, B-31302,
      B-31790, B-32099, B-32I66, B-32615,
      B-32681, B-32798, B-32956, B-35595,
      B-3S803, C-00%5, C-01289, C-04883,
      C-05426, C-06381, C-06526, C-07214,
      C-08066, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
      C-08357, C-08358, C-09521, C-09619,
      C-09648, C-09657, C-10983, C-11123,
      C-13749, C-14108, C-17629, C-17639,
      C-17640, C-19051, C-20202, C-21858,
      C-218S9, C-23004, C-24071, C-24814,
      C-26547, C-27355, C-27685, C-27934,
      C-29243, C-29726, C-30704, C-308II,
      C-31924, C-32467, C-32880, C-33349,
      C-34279, C-34863, C-35865, C-35956,
      D-00209, D-09592, D-16062, D-29349,
      D-31371, D-33723. F-01784, F-10308,
      F-12662, F-16828, F-29649, G-00208,
      G-03788, G-09659, L-OOOS4, L-32354,
      L-32796, L-32893, L-3372S, M-08698,
      M-27680. N-19060
ORGANIC WASTES   A-26575, A-31155,
      A-31157, A-35564, A-35673, B-06412,
      B-19182, B-22435, B-22518, B-22550,
      B-25977. B-29448, B-30530, B-31302,
      B-32497, B-32682, B-338I6, B-35595,
      B-35879, C-13099, C-13749, C-27791,
      C-35865, D-02339, F-29649
ORLON   B-09813. B-27605
ORSAT ANALYSIS   A-05549, B-03966,
      B-07224, C-03010. C-04117, C-35956,
      D-00251
OVERFIRE AIR   A-28861, B-10009,
      B-35566
OXIDANT PRECURSORS  B-00975
OXIDANTS    A-05007, A-06240, A-21661,
      A-24459, A-30513, A-34018, A-35622,
      B-00975, B-16890, B-21294, B-30865,
      C-09476, C-27248, C-29843, C-34279,
      D-09590, D-25996, D-31760, G-23298,
      K-07766, K-11734, K-31968, L-01604,
      L-02840, L-03198, L-34256, L-34926,
      M-24091
OXIDATION   A-25179, A-32411, A-33983,
      A-34654, A-34766, B-002S7, B-00358,
      B-00379, B-01505, B-01508, B-01900,
      B-02279, B-03499, B-03807, B-03972,
      B-04045, B-04838, B-04882, B-05624,
      B-05808, B-05929, B-06106, B-06363,
      B-06859, B-06979, B-07362, B-07479,
      B-08360, B-08361, B-08364, B-09661,
      B-09830, B-09836, B-09839, B-09933,
      B-10005, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
      B-14203, B-15772, B-15948, B-17293,
      B-20824, B-22525, B-24079, B-25379,
      B-26128, B-26176, B-26843, B-29131,
      B-29978, B-30738, B-31794, B-32559,
      B-32615, B-32768, B-32935, B-33077,
      B-33122, C-08354, C-14607, C-25065,
      C-31924, C-35182, E-22335, F-10308,
      F-23187, F-29649, G-00177, G-07821,
      L-04888, L-32796
OXIDES  A-00402, A-00525, A-01565,
      A-02001, A-05007, A-05527, A-05549,
      A-06039, A-06240, A-07561, A-08373,
      A-08802, A-09175. A-09255, A-10075,
      A-12377, A-12621, A-12998, A-14116,
      A-14297, A-16135, A-17633, A-20101,
      A-20125, A-20134, A-20276, A-21661,
      A-22973, A-23843, A-24459, A-24500,
      A-25205, A-25455, A-26048, A-26402,
      A-26911, A-27129, A-27249, A-27451,
      A-28352, A-28614, A-30218, A-30513,
      A-30603, A-31323, A-31759, A-31880,
      A-31882, A-32411, A-32465, A-32475,
      A-32489, A-32653, A-32855, A-32879,
      A-33648, A-33719. A-33828, A-33883,
      A-34018, A-34891, A-35564, A-35635,
      B-00025, B-00504, B-00975, B-01505,
      B-01508, B-01672, B-01867, B-02018,
      B-02427, B-03966, B-04300, B-04361,
      B-04627, B-04783, B-04838, B-05332,
      B-05808, B-05880, B-06280, B-06636,
      B-07224, B-07362, B-07530, B-07875,
      B-07971, B-08104, B-08364, B-08467,
      B-08497, B-08604, B-08663, B-09508,
      B-09655, B-09784, B-09827, B-09830,
      B-09854, B-09933, B-11008, B-11009,
      B-11234, B-13551, B-14118, B-14671,
      B-14692, B-14967, B-16365. B-16747,
      B-17906, B-19493, B-19705, B-20369,
      B-20817, B-20878, B-21220, B-22061,
      B-22522, B-22837, B-22838, B-23008,
      B-24079, B-24743, B-24845, B-24%9,
      B-24988, B-25479, B-25554, B-26087,
      B-26254, B-26908, B-26944, B-27401,
      B-27541, B-27719, B-28108, B-28146,
      B-28756, B-29437, B-29533, B-30124,
      B-30738, B-30865, B-31062, B-31091,
      B-31167, B-31233, B-31354, B-31400,
      B-32070, B-32119, B-32302, B-32559,
      B-32646, B-32681, B-32956, B-33077,
      B-33816, B-33854, C-00965, C-02786,
      C-03010, C-03354, C-03542, C-04117,
      C-04883, C-05170, C-05426, C-05503,
      C-06112, C-07214, C-07266, C-08066,
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
      C-09476, C-09619, C-09657, C-11123,
      C-14109, C-16298, C-16781, C-19051,
      C-20100, C-23107, C-27248, C-27733,
      C-27934, C-29337, C-29843, C-30014,
      C-30704, C-32467, C-34279, C-34863,
      C-35949, C-35956, D-00241, D-00251,
      D-00373, D-01949, D-03001, D-03017,
      D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-06535,
      D-07572, D-09590, D-09592, D-16636,
      D-23411, D-23845, D-24162, D-25291,
      D-25780, D-25996, D-26304, D-27255,
      D-29973, D-31371, D-31760, D-33108,
      D-33539, D-33723, D-35764, E-19849,
      E-22335, E-26550, F-01784, F-07681,
      F-16828, F-23187, F-25761, G-00177,
      G-00715, G-20969, G-21125, G-34686,
      H-20028, 1-05463, 1-19325, J-34518,
      K-00157, K-05947, K-07766, K-11734,
      K-I6263, K-18294, K-21918, K-27403,
      K-31516, K-31968, K-35146, L-00054,
      L-00973, L-01528, L-01604, L-02840,
      L-03198, L-04888, L-04942, L-07235,
      L-0%77, L-12511, L-14616, L-14798,
      L-17258, L-19059, L-25446, L-26511,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-27677, L-27678,
      L-27679, L-28348, L-29679, L-29813,
      L-29975, L-31084, L-32147, L-32171,
      L-32352, L-32382, L-33672, L-34926,
      L-35511, M-01069, M-08698, M-24091,
      M-31071, N-03438, N-19060, N-20495,
      N-32254
OXYGEN   A-03825, A-05549, A-09175,
      A-24007, A-32411, A-32489, B-01508,
      B-01672, B-05408, B-05624, B-05808,
      B-08364, B-08663, B-13398, B-16535,
      B-25085, B-25224, B-27818, B-29278,
      B-31072, B-31794, B-32119, B-34778,
      C-03010, C-08354, C-19051, C-30704,
      C-32467, C-34279, D-00373, F-07681
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION   D-31371
OXYGENATED FRACTIONS   A-32653,
      B-31400, L-34926
OZONE   A-05007, A-21661, A-25179,
      A-25228, B-00975, B-01508, B-04664,
      B-04666, B-04861, B-05624, B-06688,
      B-08364, B-10005, B-11059, B-15772,
      B-15948, B-16535, B-17238, B-20628,
      B-21294, B-22061, B-29131, B-29601,
      B-29978. B-30809, B-32768, B-32798,
      C-06112, C-09476. C-27248, C-27791,
      C-34279, D-09590, D-31760, E-19849,
      E-22335, F-10308, G-00177, G-07821,
      G-23298, G-34686, G-35671, L-01604,
      L-03198, L-32796, N-19060
PACKED TOWERS   B-00358, B-01352,
      B-04949, B-07429, B-07434, B-08364,
      B-11008, B-12482, B-13772, B-20817,
      B-26173, B-30350
PAINT MANUFACTURING  A-23843,
      A-24754, B-02427, B-05532, B-06088,
      B-07362, B-09791, B-17293, B-18050,
      B-21294, B-22988, B-23967, B-29761,
      B-35595, C-20538, C-26966, C-31924
PAINT REMOVERS   B-07362, B-27732,
      C-08066
PAINTS   A-23843, B-08506, B-21294,
      B-26087, B-27732, C-08066, D-02339,
      D-06535, D-09592, 1-05463, L-00054
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY   A-30701,
      A-32411, A-35581, B-09830, C-35865
PAPER MANUFACTURING   A-01644,
      A-01885, A-12621, A-14580, A-17198.
      A-17603, A-19899, A-20134, A-20553,
      A-24903, A-25205, A-30701, A-35581,
      B-00025, B-00379, B-00552, B-01505,
      B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-02018,
      B-02279, B-03129, B-08467, B-11158,
      B-12658, B-13334, B-15709, B-17266,
      B-22400, B-23117, B^-25085, B-30339,
      B-31091, B-31463, B-31794, B-32615,
      B-32768, B-34868, C-19051, C-23106,
      C-35956, D-00690, D-03017, D-07572,
      D-09592, D-12648, D-17630, F-01784,
      F-10308, K-31516, L-00871, L-06732,
      L-14932, L-31465, M-00376, M-08698,
      M-15760
PARTICLE COUNTERS   B-04361, B-05532

PARTICLE GROWTH   A-00393, B-07530,
      B-28146
PARTICLE SHAPE   B-05532, C-09476,
      C-32268, F-19061

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                249
PARTICLE SIZE  A-00393, A-08912,
      A-09853, A-28614, A-32489, A-32653,
      A-33828, B-03976, B-04361, B-04949,
      B-05332, B-05532, B-OS624, B-06088,
      B-23319, B-26296, B-27674, B-28047,
      B-29533, B-31233, B-31301, B-31456,
      B-32634, B-32937, B-35554, C-03010,
      C-09476, C-27248, C-35956, D-29973,
      G-00177, G-07091, 1-05463, K-31968
PARTICULATE  CLASSIFIERS   A-00393,
      A-08912, A-09853, A-28614, A-32489,
      A-32653, A-33828, B-03976, B-04361,
      B-04949, B-OS332, B-05532, B-05624,
      B-06088, B-23319, B-26296, B-27674,
      B-28047, B-29533, B-31233, B-31301,
      B-31456, B-32634, B-32937, B-35554,
      C-03010, C-09476, C-27248, C-32268,
      C-35956, D-29973, F-14987, F-19061,
      G-00177, G-07091, 1-05463, K-31968,
      N-03438
PARTICULATE  SAMPLING   A-00393,
      A-09175, B-01414, B-03966, C-02786,
      C-03789, C-04117, C-06112, C-35956,
      D-02212, D-05481, D-09590
PARTICULATES  A-00393, A-00402,
      A-01565, A-02001, A-03097, A-05007,
      A-05335, A-05527, A-05549, A-06039,
      A-07394, A-07561, A-08373, A-08802,
      A-08912, A-09175, A-09853, A-10075,
      A-10699, A-11651, A-12083, A-I2377,
      A-12505, A-12621, A-14116, A-14297,
      A-14914, A-14972, A-16058, A-17462,
      A-17633, A-17634, A-20101, A-20125,
      A-20134, A-20276, A-21882, A-22860,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-24007, A-24459,
      A-24500, A-24903, A-25056, A-25205,
      A-25327, A-25638, A-26048, A-26402,
      A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-26911,
      A-27129, A-27235, A-27249, A-27451,
      A-27669, A-27821, A-27986, A-28614,
      A-28861, A-29332, A-29353, A-30389,
      A-30603, A-30687, A-31323, A-31759,
      A-31880, A-31882, A-32385, A-32465,
      A-32489, A-32653, A-33188, A-33648,
      A-33719, A-33828, A-34018, A-34228,
      A-34290, A-34654, A-34891, A-35383,
      A-35564, A-35693, B-00025, B-00246,
      B-00257, B-00379, B-00504, B-00541,
      B-00975, B-01352, B-01414, B-01505,
      B-01508, B-01537, B-01549, B-01613,
      B-01867, B-02018, B-02047, B-02279,
      B-02427, B-02725, B-03129, B-03966,
      B-03976, B-04227, B-04361, B-04533,
      B-04664, B-04838, B-04882, B-04943,
      B-04949, B-05332, B-05490, B-05532,
      B-05852, B-05880, B-05929, B-05930,
      B-06088, B-06280, B-06366, B-06453,
      B-06525, B-06636, B-06859, B-06979,
      B-07224, B-07415, B-07429, B-07479,
      B-07530, B-07531, B-07875, B-07971,
      B-08104, B-08360, B-08497, B-08506,
      B-08663, B-08946, B-09407, B-09508,
      B-09608, B-09655, B-09733, B-09784,
      B-09791, B-09794, B-09813, B-09815,
      B-09819, B-09827, B-09830, B-09836,
      B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09849,
      B-09852, B-09854, B-09857, B-10009,
      B-10277, B-10994, B-11008, B-11137,
      B-11158, B-11220, B-11234, B-13551,
      B-13697, B-14094, B-14118, B-14341,
      B-14354, B-I4609, B-14687, B-14895,
      B-14951, B-14956, B-14967, B-15170,
      B-15709, B-16842, B-17403, B-17906,
      B-18140, B-19218, B-19221, B-19363,
      B-19705, B-19850, B-20120, B-20817,
      B-20877, B-20878, B-21006, B-21220,
      B-21647, B-21938, B-22353, B-22357,
      B-22435, B-22518, B-23008, B-23067,
      B-23319, B-23493, B-23836, B-23885,
      B-24065, B-24090, B-24380, B-24810,
      B-24845, B-24969, B-24988, B-25017,
      B-25554, B-25694, B-26087, B-26254,
      B-26296, B-26308, B-26567, B-26568,
      B-26730, B-26731, B-26778, B-26908,
      B-26944, B-27288, B-27541, B-27548,
      B-27732, B-27793, B-27818, B-28146,
      B-29323, B-29363, B-29437, B-29533,
      B-29761, B-30124, B-30479, B-30530,
      B-30773, B-3086S, B-30943, B-31062,
      B-31160, B-31167, B-31223, B-31233,
      B-31301, B-31354, B-31400, B-31453,
      B-31456, B-31472, B-31631, B-31700,
      B-31945, B-32057, B-32615, B-32634,
      B-32682, B-32781, B-32847, B-32913,
      B-32937, B-32956, B-33077, B-33120,
      B-33793, B-33854, B-34679, B-35554,
      B-35566, B-35660, B-35803, B-35955,
      C-03010, C-03542, C-03789, C-04117,
      C-05503, C-06112, C-07214, C-09476,
      C-10534, C-11167, C-14197, C-15287,
      C-20100, C-21208, C-23107, C-29337,
      C-29858, C-32022, C-35956, D-00241,
      D-00251, D-00373, D-00690, D-00751,
      D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-03001,
      D-03017, D-03418, D-03431, D-03459,
      D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-07572,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-12648,
      D-16636, D-18231, D-23411, D-23845,
      D-24162. D-25291, D-25780, D-25996,
      D-29973, D-31371, D-31760, D-33108,
      D-33539, D-35764, E-19849, E-26550,
      G-00177, G-05942, 1-05463, 1-24187,
      J-16457, J-29299, J-34518, K-00157,
      K-07766. K-11734, K-15926, K-16263,
      K-18294, K-31286, K-31516, K-31968,
      K-35146, L-00054, L-00973, L-01528,
      L-01604, L-02295, L-02840, L-03198,
      L-04841, L-04888, L-04942, L-06732,
      L-07235, L-07781, L-09215, L-09604,
      L-0%77, L-10567, L-12376, L-12511,
      L-14616, L-15554, L-15688, L-15691,
      L-17258, L-19059, L-25446, L-26511,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-27677, L-27678,
      L-27679, L-28363, L-29679, L-29813,
      L-29975, L-30149, L-30153, L-31084,
      L-32147, L-32171, L-32352, L-32354,
      L-32382, L-32383, L-32626, L-33672,
      L-34256, L-34926, L-35511, L-35694,
      M-00376, M-01069, M-08698,  M-15760,
      M-24091, M-26725, M-31071,  N-03438,
      N-19060, N-19088, N-32254
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES   G-05949

PENELEC (CONTACT PROCESS)
      B-09839, B-26908
PENNSYLVANIA   A-35693, B-06636,
      B-31062, L-00973, L-09677, L-10567,
      L-32626
PENTANES  G-00177
PENTENES  D-00251, G-00177
PERMEABILITY  B-29323, B-32799
PERMITS   B-09784, C-03010, L-OOS49,
      L-07781, L-09215, L-10567, L-32171,
      L-32352, L-32382, L-35694
PEROXIDES  B-32646
PEROXYACETYL NTTRATE  D-09590
PEROXYACYL NITRATES   B-06636,
      C-34279, D-09590, E-19849
PERSONNEL  A-27669, B-00975, B-30260,
      C-08066, C-08678, C-25054, D-00751,
      L-05129, L-07235, L-14616, L-30688,
      L-33672, M-31071. N-01539
PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
      C-16540, D-18231, L-05129
PERYLENES  C-03542, D-00251
PEST CONTROL  L-15688
PESTICIDES   A-26911, A-35564, B-02488,
      B-06688, B-09784, B-32682, C-27248,
      C-35182, D-23411
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
      B-22353
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION   A-33883,
      B-09784, B-09839, B-09840, D-00690,
      L-32171, L-32382, L-32383, L-34033
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION   A-04785,
      A-12083, A-19899, A-24350, A-29599,
      A-30513, B-05532, B-09836, B-09839,
      B-09840, B-09922, B-25479, B-28I08,
      B-28118, B-29745, C-16134, C-27355,
      D-20355, D-29349, L-34033, N-01539
PETROLEUM REFINING  A-04785,
      A-17603, A-20553, A-24527, A-29599,
      A-30513, A-31880. A-31882, A-32465,
      A-32475, A-33883, B-00975, B-01537,
      B-08467, B-09784, B-09794, B-09836,
      B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09857,
      B-09922, B-12480, B-13551, B-14940,
      B-17293, B-19850, B-22353, B-22435,
      B-22518, B-25479, B-26618, B-26908,
      B-27719, B-28118, B-2%28, B-29745,
      B-31223, B-32900, B-32956, B-35595,
      C-20460, C-21859, C-22958, C-26966,
      C-27355, C-29726, C-31924, C-32467,
      C-34047, D-31371, D-33723, F-01784,
      G-00715, L-07235, L-14798, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-32796, L-32893, L-34033,
      M-14491, M-15760, M-30896
PETUNIAS   D-09590
PH   A-01644, A-01885, A-17634, B-00379,
      B-01563, B-04627, B-04882, B-04887,
      B-04951, B-04952, B-04953, B-08361,
      B-09655, B-19705, B-23538, B-29278,
      B-32166, B-32615, C-09619, C-17641,
      F-12662, 1-05463
PHENANTHRENES   B-02725
PHENOLS   A-07561, A-12083, A-23843,
      A-32855, A-33564, A-33983, B-01414,
      B-04627, B-06366, B-08506, B-14692,
      B-24090, B-26843, B-32956, C-10983,
      C-11123, C-14607, C-27934, D-31760
PHENYL COMPOUNDS   A-07089,
      B-04627, B-09839, C-11123, C-11486,
      C-14109, C-15287, C-18093, D-23149,
      G-05949
PHENYLS   A-07089, B-04627, C-11123,
      C-11486, C-14109, C-15287, C-18093,
      D-23149
PHILADELPHIA  B-31062, L-10567
PHOSPHATES   A-29599, B-03129, D-03506

PHOSPHINE   C-11123
PHOSPHORIC ACID   B-09784
PHOSPHORUS  COMPOUNDS   A-29599,
      B-01508, B-02488, B-03129, C-11123,
      D-03506, F-26529
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
      A-05007, A-16135, A-27451, A-30513,
      A-31759, A-33828, B-00504, B-06636,
      C-34279, D-24162, E-19849, K-11734,
      K-16263, L-03198
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS  C-32268,
      F-33084,G-11476
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS  A-30218,
      B-23319, C-04117, C-05426, C-24071,
      C-27248, C-28141, C-28393, C-32022.
      C-34279, C-34972, C-35949, G-00177
PHOTOOXJDATION  B-06636
PHTHALIC ACID   B-03966, B-07362,
      B-19493, B-24969

-------
 250
 PHYSICAL STATES   A-00393, A-05007,
      A-06981, A-09175, A-14S80, A-20276,
      A-21395, A-22860, A-24527, A-26574,
      A-27972, A-28885, A-29455, A-32489,
      A-34228, A-35599, B-00358, B-00975,
      B-01505, B-01563, B-02427, B-04949,
      B-04952, B-04953, B-05408, B-05409,
      B-05532, B-05624, B-05808, B-05929,
      B-06088, B-06103, B-07362, B-07374,
      B-07531, B-08360, B-08467, B-08946,
      B-09655, B-09656, B-09661, B-09794,
      B-09836, B-09839, B-09840, B-09842,
      B-10005, B-10588, B-12346, B-15709,
      B-15779, B-16365, B-20369, B-20625,
      B-23002, B-23117, B-23493, B-25017,
      B-25085, B-25224. B-26125, B-27288,
      B-27719, B-28047, B-29323, B-29363.
      B-29533, B-30773, B-31091, B-32847,
      B-33742, C-07214, C-08354, C-08355,
      C-08356. C-08357, C-08358, C-08953,
      C-09521, C-09619, C-09620, C-09648,
      C-09657, C-09660, C-10016, C-10593,
      C-10693, C-14197, C-15287, C-23106,
      C-27475, C-28787, C-29858, C-32467,
      C-35648, D-01202, D-01949, D-07572,
      D-09592, F-10308, F-16455, F-166%,
      F-19102, G-05942, G-OS946, G-05949,
      G-06323, G-21125, 1-05463, K-05947,
      K-20194, K-21083, K-21084, L-32382,
      L-33672
PHYTOTOXICANTS   B-00571, B-32682
PILOT PLANTS   A-250S6, A-25228,
      B-06636, B-08360, B-09733, B-11009,
      B-21647, B-22435, B-26173. B-27605,
      B-29251, B-32057, B-33077
PINTO BEANS   D-09590
PITTSBURGH   A-35693
PLANNING AND ZONING   A-26911,
      B-26087, B-31453, D-03431, D-25291,
      K-07766, K-1I734, K-21084, L-00973,
      L-OI604, L-07235, L-09677, L-15691,
      L-17258. L-32352, L-33725, M-24091
PLANS AND PROGRAMS   A-00402,
      A-02765, A-11700, A-12832, A-12834,
      A-160S8, A-17198, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-24350, A-25638. A-26826, A-29698,
      A-31263, A-31323, A-32465, B-00504,
      B-00975, B-01505, B-01672, B-01867,
      B-02794, B-03129, B-07971, B-16842,
      B-25479, B-26087, B-30865, B-31178,
      B-32057, C-03010, C-04117, C-11167,
      C-27248, C-30374, D-00751, D-01202,
      D-01949, D-02212, D-02331, D-02339,
      D-03001, D-03017, D-03418, D-03431,
      D-03459, D-03506, D-03514, D-05481,
      D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12426,
      D-12648, D-16062, D-23411, D-23845,
      D-25291, D-25780, D-25996, D-29973,
      D-31371, D-33539, D-35764, G-28175,
      K-00157, K-11734, K-31968, L-00054,
      L-00549, L-00871, L-01604, L-02295,
      L-02840, L-03540, L-04841, L-04888,
      L-04942, L-06732, L-07235, L-0%77,
      L-10567, L-14616, L-15691, L-17258,
      L-19059, L-25446, L-26940, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-28348, L-29679, L-29813,
      L-30688, L-32147, L-32352, L-32354,
      L-34256, L-34755, M-00376, M-00487,
      M-00844, M-13980, M-23408, M-24091,
      M-24768, M-27680, M-31071, N-03438,
      N-32254
PLANT DAMAGE  A-00402, A-02765,
      A-22973, A-26911, A-31759, A-33828,
      A-34018, A-35581, A-35622, B-00975,
      B-02427, B-26087, D-09590, D-09592,
      D-25780, D-33108, D-35764, E-19849,
      G-35570, H-20028, K-31968, L-03198,
      L-25446, L-32566, L-34926, N-19060
PLANTS (BOTANY)   A-17236, A-19814,
      A-34018, A-35564, A-35581, B-00975,
      B-04943, B-09407, B-09655,  B-17637,
      B-22061, C-08066, D-00751,  D-03017,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-33108, G-00177,
      G-21125, K-11734, L-03198, N-03438
PLASTICS   A-03825, A-10699, A-26575,
      A-29353, A-30687, B-01537,  B-02047,
      B-03129, B-06525, B-09830,  B-09836,
      B-09840, B-14609, B-15170,  B-22988,
      B-26568, B-32119, B-32497,  B-35955,
      C-09521, C-34863, D-00690,  D-01949,
      D-09590, G-00208, M-01069
PLATING   B-09784, L-27185
PLATINUM   B-03499, B-05929, B-07362,
      B-27154, B-28206, B-31400,  B-33742,
      B-33816
PLUME BEHAVIOR   A-03097, A-14972,
      A-29353, A-32489, B-00975,  B-01672,
      B-04838, B-07415, B-09608,  B-10277,
      C-22958, D-09592, E-26550,  L-04888
PNEUMOCONIOSIS   B-25479
PNEUMONIA   A-31759, L-03198
POINT SOURCES  D-00690, D-09590
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS   B-03966,
      C-27248, C-35956
POLLENS   A-34018, A-35564, B-19221,
      B-21006
POLLUTION PRECURSORS   B-00975,
      K-11734
POLYMERIZATION  F-23187
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS  A-01565,
      A-07089, A-08802, A-11692,  A-29599,
      A-33564, A-34018, A-34964,  A-35635,
      B-02725, B-06280, B-08497,  B-14203,
      B-17906, B-24969, B-24988,  B-29533,
      C-03354, C-03542, C-06112,  C-09476,
      C-09521, C-27121, C-32269,  C-35956,
      D-00251, D-33539, L-14616,  L-34926
PORTABLE   B-06366, C-03010, C-08358,
      C-13367, C-21858
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS   A-08912,
      B-03297, B-03972, B-04627,  B-06363,
      B-07531, B-09849, B-11234,  B-32166,
      B-32646, F-13107
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS   B-00379,
      B-04045, B-08364, C-23755,  C-35956
POULTRY   A-30389, A-33713, B-14453,
      B-25379, B-25858, B-33120,  B-33398,
      B-35879, C-13749
POWER SOURCES  A-00393, A-01565,
      A-05007, A-05335, A-05527,  A-05549,
      A-05608, A-06039, A-08802,  A-09255,
      A-11692, A-12377, A-12505,  A-14116,
      A-14297, A-14914, A-15297,  A-20101,
      A-20118, A-20125, A-20134,  A-20553,
      A-20557, A-21700, A-25327,  A-25455,
      A-26048, A-27129, A-27249,  A-27451,
      A-27986, A-28352, A-30327,  A-30603,
      A-30851, A-3J7S9, A-32653,  A-33564,
      A-33648, A-33719, A-34018,  A-34766,
      A-34891, A-34964, A-35590,  A-35635,
      B-00504, B-01613, B-01867,  B-05490,
      B-06280, B-06453, B-06525,  B-06636,
      B-06979, B-07224, B-07362,  B-07479,
      B-07971, B-08497, B-08604,  B-08663,
      B-09608, B-11220, B-11234,  B-12133,
      B-17906, B-20120, B-20877,  B-20878,
      B-21220, B-23067, B-24845,  B-24988,
      B-29437, B-29533, B-30865,  B-31167,
      B-31400, B-31631, C-02786,  C-03542,
      C-05170, C-07266, C-14606,  C-14607,
      C-14680, C-16442, C-16781,  C-20100,
      C-21693, C-22448, C-26966,  C-27121,
      C-27934, C-29337, C-31924,  D-00241,
      D-00251, D-00373, D-02331,  D-09592,
      D-18231, D-24162, G-21125,  G-34667,
      K-00157, K-07766, K-16263, L-00054,
      L-03198, L-04841, L-04888, L-05129,
      L-09215, L-09677, L-12376, L-35511,
      M-23408
PRECIPITATION   A-30218, A-30513,
      B-16842, D-01202, D-02331, D-09590,
      D-09592, D-27255, D-31760, L-00054,
      L-14616, M-27680
PRESSURE   A-01885, A-02001, A-05549,
      B-02729, B-04045, B-08497, B-09836,
      B-20824, B-22357, B-23002, B-25017,
      B-29278, B-29323, B-32937, B-34778,
      C-35956
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC)   B-09836,
      C-08678, G-06323
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
      PROCESSING  A-20134, A-20553,
      A-21887, A-26402, A-26574, A-30513,
      A-32489, B-00975, B-04227, B-05532,
      B-09784, B-09791, B-13551, B-17293,
      B-24743, B-25017, B-26254, B-30124,
      B-31178, B-31223, C-26966, C-35956,
      D-03459, D-09590, D-29973, L-00973,
      L-07235, L-09677, L-27185, L-29813,
      L-31084, M-14491
PRINTING   A-25179, B-04533, B-05929,
      B-11137, B-14757, B-16498, B-34679,
      C-05614, C-22958, D-03431
PROCESS MODIFICATION   A-07561,
      A-10075, A-10699, A-14297, A-24007,
      A-26911, A-27249, A-27986, A-28861,
      A-30603, A-33883. A-34290, A-34585,
      A-34654, A-34891, B-00025, B-00032,
      B-00358, B-01508, B-04045, B-04361,
      B-04781, B-04783, B-04838, B-04951,
      B-05852, B-05862, B-06106, B-07530,
      B-08360, B-09656, B-09827, B-09830,
      B-09933, B-10009, B-11153, B-11158,
      B-16498, B-16807, B-17409, B-17636,
      B-20824, B-21051, B-22522, B-23117,
      B-23371, B-23836, B-23885, B-25554,
      B-26730, B-26731, B-27288, B-27541,
      B-27732, B-27818, B-31062, B-31091,
      B-31453, B-31631, B-32119, B-32302,
      B-32498, B-32615, B-32646, B-32900,
      B-32937, B-33077, B-33617, B-33793,
      B-33854, B-34679, B-34868, B-35566,
      B-35803, C-25065, D-00209, D-09592,
      1-19325, K-07766, L-07235
PROFANES   A-27249, A-28352, B-32956,
      C-05170, C-07214, D-00251
PROPENES   A-32475, C-07214, D-00251
PROPIONALDEHYDES   G-00177
PROPOSALS   A-16058, B-01867, B-06280,
      D-03418, D-06535, D-25780, L-00871,
      L-35511
PROTEINS   B-03297, C-29508, C-32268,
      C-32880, F-29649, G-07821, G-21359,
      G-23298
PUBLIC AFFAIRS   A-14972, A-24350,
      A-26911, A-27669, A-28295, A-30687,
      A-30851, A-31263, A-32855, B-00032,
      B-00975, B-01352; B-05862, B-08360,
      B-24380, B-25479, B-29761, B-33077,
      C-00178, C-05614, C-05898, C-08678,
      C-09660, C-12479, D-00751, D-01202,
      D-02339, D-03017, D-03431, D-06535,
      D-09592, D-17630, D-23149, D-23152,
      D-29973, D-33539, G-00208, G-28175,
      J-34518, L-00054, L-00871, L-01604,
      L-07235, L-10484, L-14616, L-23754,
      L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-29679,
      L-29975, L-30153, L-30688, L-32147,
      L-32352, L-32796, M-00376, M-00487,
      M-00844, M-01069, M-08698, M-13980,
      M-14491, M-15760, M-23408, M-27680,
      M-30896, N-01539, N-03438

-------
                                                     SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                 251
PUBLIC INFORMATION   A-26911,
      L-07235, L-14616, L-29679, L-32147
PULMONARY EDEMA   G-07821, H-00252,
      K-27403
PULMONARY FUNCTION   D-27255,
      L-03198
PULSE RATE   G-05942,  G-21712
PYRENES  A-01565, A-08802, A-34018,
      B-02725, B-08497, B-24988, B-29533,
      C-03542, C-32269, D-00251, D-33539
PYRIDINES   A-07089, B-04627, C-08066,
      C-11123, C-27934, C-32269
PYROLYSIS    A-04879, A-06981. A-083S9,
      A-28885, A-32411, A-34766, B-00358,
      B-05532, B-11673, B-12506, B-20258,
      B-23117, B-25977, B-26014, B-26730,
      B-26731, B-32768, B-33120, B-3S566,
      C-08354
QUESTIONNAIRES   A-22860, A-28295,
      A-31263, B-31178, D-01202, D-02331,
      D-23098, D-23149, D-23152, G-00208,
      G-28175, L-30153, M-00487, M-00844,
      M-01069, M-23408, M-27680, M-31071,
      N-03438
QUINONES   B-19493, B-24969
RABBITS  G-07821, G-19599
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
      C-28787, C-35956, G-00177
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION   A-03097,
      A-0917S, B-32070, C-18093, C-3S956,
      L-32147
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS  C-18093,
      L-32147
RADIOGRAPHY   D-27255
RADIOSONDES   A-03097
RAIN   A-30218, A-30513, B-16842,
      D-27255, L-14616, M-27680
RATS   C-12359, G-05949, G-07821,
      G-19599, G-23298, G-35671, K-05947,
      K-20194, K-21084
REACTION KINETICS   A-01885,  A-32411,
      B-04952, B-04953, B-05808, B-09655,
      B-26730, B-26731, B-29131, B-29978,
      E-19849, F-07681, F-12662
REACTION MECHANISMS   A-01885,
      A-04893, A-32411, A-33983, B-03807,
      B-04887, B-04950, B-04953, B-06636,
      B-11234, B-15772, B-16890, B-20258,
      B-29131, B-33122, C-08953, C-24814,
      F-07681, F-29649, G-07821
RECOMBINATION  B-11673, F-16828
RECORDING METHODS   B-08360,
      C-32268, F-33084, G-11476, G-19599
REDUCTION   B-00379, B-06106, B-07362,
      B-08361, B-31794, B-33122, F-10308,
      G-07821
REFRACTORIES  A-25056, A-26575,
      B-09830, B-10009, B-33742
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS    A-28295,
      B-29628, D-09590, D-35764, L-09604,
      L-17258, L-25446, L-27185, L-27677,
      L-27678, L-27679, L-28348, L-28363,
      L-29679, L-29813, L-30153, L-32352,
      L-33117, L-33725, M-24091
REGULATIONS   A-03097, A-08912,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-25638, A-27821,
      A-34585, B-00975, B-01505, B-03129,
      B-06280, B-09784, B-10277, B-27732,
      B-30260, B-31062, B-32559, B-33854,
      C-03010, C-25054, D-03001, D-25291,
      F-25761, K-07766, K-15926, K-31516,
      L-00973, L-01528, L-02294, L-02295,
      L-02840, L-07235, L-07781, L-09215,
      L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12376,
      L-12511, L-14028, L-14616, L-14932,
      L-15554, L-15688, L-16330, L-19059,
      L-26940, L-27184, L-27677, L-27678,
      L-27679, L-28363, L-29679, L-30149,
      L-30688, L-32171, L-32352, L-32354,
      L-32382, L-32383, L-32566, L-32626,
      L-33672, L-33725, L-34033, L-34755,
      M-24091, N-03438
REINLUFT PROCESS (ADSORPTION)
      B-26908, B-32070
RENDERING  A-04860, A-19899,  A-20553,
      A-20706, A-21887, A-22973, A-28527,
      A-29599, B-02794, B-03972, B-04627,
      B-05093, B-06103, B-06412, B-09784,
      B-09791, B-09794, B-098S2, B-09854,
      B-12346, B-20824, B-23002, B-25977,
      B-26014, B-26128, B-26567, B-26843,
      B-29601, B-29745, B-31062, B-32166,
      B-32646, B-32682, B-32781, B-33816,
      B-35595, C-06381, C-08066, C-10534,
      C-17628, C-20192, D-00751, D-02331,
      D-17630, K-07766, L-09677, L-19059,
      L-23754, L-30149, M-27680
RESEARCH INSTITUTES   K-31286,
      L-35511
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES  B-23008,
      C-00178, C-09364, C-14109, C-21693,
      C-29891, C-30689, C-35182, D-00209,
      F-03173, M-00376, M-00487, M-00844
RESEARCH PROGRAMS   A-26911,
      A-30851, A-35622, B-00504, B-04882,
      B-06636, B-08364, B-19850, B-34868,
      C-29891, G-34667, L-01528, L-03540,
      L-04841, L-04888, L-06732, L-22343,
      L-28348, L-29679, L-30688, L-34256,
      L-34926, L-35511
RESIDENTIAL AREAS  A-17198, B-08360,
      B-26618, D-09590, D-24162, D-31371,
      L-00054, L-07235, L-09677, L-10567,
      L-29813, L-30149, L-32352, N-01539
RESIDUAL OILS   B-09836, D-01949,
      D-09592, D-33108, K-31968, L-29813
RESPIRATION   B-09407
RESPIRATORY DISEASES   A-17603,
      A-22973, A-30389, A-30513, A-30687,
      A-31759, A-34018, B-08497, B-25479,
      C-08678, D-02212, D-33108, G-07821,
      G-27137, G-28175, G-34686, G-35570,
      H-00252, K-27403, K-35146, L-01604,
      L-03198, L-14616, L-34256, M-14491
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS   B-08104,
      B-34778, C-08678, C-09648, C-35956,
      D-00373, D-02339, D-27255, D-29973,
      D-31371, G-05942, G-05946, G-07821,
      G-21712, K-05947. L-03198
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM   A-00402,
      B-06280, B-31400, B-31700, C-05898,
      C-08066, C-08678, C-21693, C-32676,
      C-34972, D-25780, F-03173, F-11132,
      F-35651, G-05942, G-05946, G-06323,
      G-07821, G-09659, G-20969, G-21359,
      G-23298, G-35570, G-35671, H-00252,
      K-11734, K-35146, M-00376, N-05235
RETENTION  B-05532, C-08357
RHODE ISLAND   L-09677
RINGELMANN CHART   A-08912,
      B-00504, B-00975, B-09784, B-22353,
      B-32913, C-04117, C-32022, K-31516,
      L-00973, L-09604, L-09677, L-10567,
      L-19059, L-32171, L-32352, L-32382,
      L-32626, L-35694
RIVERS   A-07089, B-27605, D-03514,
      D-09590, G-07091
ROTARY PISTON ENGINES  A-27249
RUBBER  A-03825, A-35383, B-00032,
      B-04227, B-09784, B-09815, B-09830,
      B-09840, B-14956, B-15170, C-11486,
      D-09590, E-19849
RUBBER MANUFACTURING  B-00032,
      B-00257, C-08066, D-23149, K-21083
RUNNING EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
      A-05007
SALTZMAN METHOD   A-05549, C-27248,
      C-29337, C-30014, K-27403
SAMPLERS   A-10075, A-28614, A-33188,
      A-33564, A-34964, B-00975, B-01505,
      B-03966, B-12434, B-23885, B-25623,
      B-30773, B-30809, B-32799, B-33073,
      B-33077, C-01289, C-03010, C-03789,
      C-05426, C-06526, C-08066, C-08358,
      C-09521, C-09619, C-09657, C-09860,
      C-10693, C-15287, C-20192, C-20460,
      C-23107, C-35956, D-00251, D-00690,
      D-01949, D-02212, D-03514, D-05481,
      D-09590, D-31760, F-10308, G-00177,
      1-05463, L-00054, L-02840, N-03438
SAMPLING METHODS  A-00393, A-00525,
      A-04785, A-05549, A-05608, A-07089,
      A-09175, A-10075, A-10699, A-14580,
      A-17632, A-17633, A-20101, A-27451,
      A-28614, A-29698, A-30218, A-33188,
      A-33564, A-33713, A-34964, A-35622,
      B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-03966,
      B-04882, B-04887, B-05490, B-05808,
      B-06366, B-06525, B-09784, B-10277,
      B-12434, B-13971, B-14013, B-14967,
      B-16842, B-21006, B-23885, B-25623,
      B-30773, B-30809, B-32099, B-32166,
      B-32646, B-32681, B-32799, B-33073,
      B-33077, C-00965, C-01289, C-02786,
      C-03010, C-03542, C-03789, C-04117,
      C-04883, C-05426, C-05503, C-05614,
      C-06112, C-06526, C-08066, C-08355,
      C-08356, C-08358, C-09521, C-0%19,
      C-09620, C-09657, C-09860, C-10016,
      C-10534, C-10593, C-10693, C-12492,
      C-13%9, C-14197, C-15287, C-16781,
      C-17628, C-17629, C-19051, C-20192,
      C-20460, C-20538, C-23004, C-23107,
      C-24814, C-25065, C-26547, C-29726,
      C-29858, C-30689, C-32022, C-34279,
      C-34863, C-35541, C-35865, C-35956,
      D-00209, D-00241, D-00251, D-00690,
      D-01949, D-02212, D-03514, D-05481,
      D-09590, D-31760, F-10308, G-00177,
      G-03788, 1-05463, K-27403, K-31516,
      L-00054, L-00871, L-01604, L-02840,
      L-03198, L-04841, L-10484, L-32566,
      L-33672, N-03438
SAMPLING PROBES   A-05549, A-30218,
      C-03789, C-09860, C-20538, C-35956
SAN FRANCISCO  A-35693, B-16890,
      B-32559, L-00973, L-09677
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC)  E-19849
SCRAP YARDS   A-34228
SCREEN FILTERS   B-32847, B-32935,
      B-35955
SCRUBBERS  A-00525, A-04860, A-08912,
      A-09853, A-11651, A-12621, A-17603,
      A-17634, A-22987, A-24903, A-25205,
      A-25228, A-26402, A-27972, A-28614,
      A-29353, A-29599. A-30687, A-32879,
      A-33188, A-35590, B-00025, B-00358,
      B-00552, B-00571, B-0097S, B-01352,
      B-01505, B-01549, B-01672, B-01900,
      B-02047, B-02279, B-02427, B-02488,

-------
 252
      B-03499, B-03807, B-03966, B-03976,
      B-04227, B-04627, B-04664, B-04669,
      B-04773, B-04781, B-04783, B-04882,
      B-04943, B-04949, B-05332, B-05862,
      B-05880, B-05930, B-06106, B-06363,
      B-06412, B-06525, B-06859, B-07374,
      B-07415, B-07429, B-07434, B-07530,
      B-07531, B-08360, B-08364, B-09508,
      B-09656, B-09733, B-09784, B-09813,
      B-09815, B-09819, B-09849, B-09852,
      B-098S4, B-09922, B-10005, B-10277,
      B-10588, B-11008, B-11158, B-12482,
      B-13334, B-13551, B-13772, B-14094,
      B-14118, B-14671, B-14687, B-15690,
      B-15709. B-15779, B-16365, B-16807,
      B-16842, B-18140, B-18169, B-19493,
      B-19705, B-20709, B-20817, B-21051,
      B-21647, B-21677, B-22357, B-22400,
      B-23117, B-23371, B-23901, B-23967,
      B-24380, B-24969, B-25017, B-25085,
      B-25479, B-26002, B-26014, B-26173,
      B-26176, B-26843, B-29251, B-29261,
      B-29363, B-29745, B-30062, B-30124,
      B-30350, B-30530, B-30738, B-30773,
      B-31062, B-31160, B-31167, B-31302,
      B-31400, B-31456, B-31472, B-31790,
      B-3I94S, B-32166, B-32615, B-32634,
      B-32646, B-32768, B-32781, B-32847,
      B-32900, B-32956, B-33003, B-33120,
      B-33122, B-33380, B-34385, B-34778,
      B-35554, B-35595, B-35660, B-35803,
      C-00965, C-03010, C-05614, C-27791,
      C-31924, D-00209, D-00373, D-09S92,
      G-00177, J-16457, J-34518, L-04942,
      L-29813, M-31071
SEA BREEZE   D-00690
SEALING COMPOUNDS   A-34585,
      B-09840
SEALS   B-09836, B-09840
SEASONAL   A-03097, A-24500, A-27669,
      B-01672, B-32900, C-05503, D-00690,
      D-01949, D-03431, D-03514, D-09592,
      D-17630, D-23845, D-27255, D-31371,
      K-35146, M-01069
SECONDARY AIR   A-34290, B-04783,
      B-09827, B-27541, B-32302, B-32937,
      D-09592
SEDIMENTATION   B-07429, B-09784,
      B-09839, B-31945, B-35955, C-03010
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS   F-14987
SETTLING CHAMBERS   A-33188,
      B-05852, B-25017, B-32634, L-32352
SETTLING PARTICLES   A-02001,
      A-07394, A-07561, A-08373, A-08912,
      A-09175, A-09853, A-10075, A-10699,
      A-12621, A-14297, A-14972, A-17633,
      A-20134, A-21882, A-22860, A-24500,
      A-24903, A-25056, A-25205, A-25638,
      A-26574, A-26911, A-27669, A-29332,
      A-29353, A-30389, A-32385, A-32489,
      A-32653, A-33188, A-33648, A-33719,
      A-34018, A-35564, B-00025, B-00975,
      B-02279, B-03976, B-04227, B-04361,
      B-04949, B-05930, B-06280, B-06859,
      B-07429, B-07479, B-07875, B-07971,
      B-08104, B-09407, B-09655, B-09733,
      B-09784, B-09813, B-09815, B-09830,
      B-09849, B-09852, B-09854. B-10009,
      B-13551, B-13697, B-14094, B-14951,
      B-14956, B-16842, B-17403, B-19221,
      B-19363, B-20817, B-21006, B-21647,
      B-22357, B-23319, B-23493, B-23885,
      B-24380, B-24810, B-26254, B-26296,
      B-26568, B-27288, B-29323, B-29363,
      B-29437, B-29533, B-29761, B-30479,
      B-30530, B-31160, B-31167, B-31233,
      B-31301, B-31354, B-31456, B-31472,
      B-31631, B-31945, B-32634, B-32682,
      B-32847, B-32956, B-33120, B-35803,
      B-35955, C-03010, C-04117, C-21208,
      C-23107, D-00251, D-01949, D-02212,
      D-03431, D-03459, D-03514, D-05481,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-12648, D-16636,
      D-23411, D-25291, D-29973, D-33108,
      D-35764, E-26550, J-16457, K-07766,
      K-31968, K-35146, L-01528, L-02840,
      L-04942, L-07235, L-07781, L-09604,
      L-09677, L-14616, L-15691, L-17258,
      L-19059, L-26511, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28363,
      L-29679, L-29813, L-29975, L-30149,
      L-30153, L-31084, L-32171, L-32352,
      L-32383, L-32626, L-35511, M-00376
SEWAGE   A-04785, A-17462, A-17603,
      A-20553, A-25056, A-25228, A-26574,
      A-29353, A-29599, A-31602, A-32385,
      A-32855, B-00541, B-01508, B-01563,
      B-03972, B-04666, B-09729, B-09839,
      B-09922, B-13697, B-14940, B-15948,
      B-18153, B-19705, B-20754, B-22538,
      B-23594, B-25623, B-25694, B-26125,
      B-27336, B-28146, B-29251, B-30530,
      B-32498, B-32768, B-32935, B-33003,
      B-33120, B-33380, B-33793, B-34073,
      C-05503, C-08066, C-26966, C-31222,
      D-02339, D-03418, H-00252, J-16457,
      L-15691, L-32796, L-33117
SEWAGE TREATMENT   A-04785,
      A-29353, A-29599, A-31602, A-32855,
      B-00541, B-01508, B-01563, B-03972,
      B-04666, B-09729, B-09839, B-13697,
      B-14940, B-15948, B-18153, B-19705,
      B-22538, B-23594, B-27336, B-32768,
      B-33003, B-33120, B-33380, B-33793,
      C-05503, D-02339, J-16457, L-32796,
      L-33117
SEWERS   B-04666, B-20754, B-23594,
      D-03418
SHEEP   B-25858
SHIPS  D-00373, L-35694
SILICATES   B-09784
SILICON  COMPOUNDS   B-05808,
      B-09784, B-32070, B-32498, 1-05463
SILICON  DIOXIDE  A-00402
SILVER COMPOUNDS   A-34287, D-09590,
      D-09592
SIMULATION  A-05007, A-11144,
      A-25455, B-00286, B-05490, B-09608,
      C-29508, C-35182, D-18231, G-00177,
      L-35511, N-05235
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
      A-07561, A-29455, A-34654, B-09830
SINTERING  B-04227, B-13551
SKIN   F-11132,  F-19102, G-19599,
      G-21712, N-05235
SLAUGHTERHOUSES   A-21887, A-24350,
      A-26911, A-30389, A-34018, B-05624,
      B-06412, B-09852, B-09854, B-21677,
      B-26254, B-27548, B-29745, B-32781,
      B-33120, C-31924, C-33577, D-17630,
      L-32893, L-33117
SLUDGE   A-04785, A-17462, A-25056,
      A-26574, A-29353, A-31602, A-32385,
      B-13697, B-14940, B-25694, B-28146,
      B-29251, B-30530, B-32935, B-33120,
      B-33793, B-34073, C-08066, J-16457
SMOG  A-24459, A-31759, A-33828,
      A-35693, B-00504, B-00975, B-02427,
      B-14895, B-17906, B-19218, B-30865,
      D-00241, D-24162, D-25291, E-19849,
      G-00177, K-00157, K-18294, L-01528,
      L-03198, L-34256, M-01069
SMOKE SHADE   A-05335, A-08912,
      A-10075, B-00504, B-00975, B-06280,
      B-09784, B-22353, B-32913, C-04117,
      C-29337, C-32022, D-00690, D-03017,
      K-31286, K-31516, L-00973, L-09604,
      L-09677, L-10567, L-15688, L-19059,
      L-32171, L-32352, L-32382, L-32626,
      L-35694
SMOKEMETERS   A-10075, A-34891,
      A-35635, B-05490, B-06280, B-06979,
      B-09608, B-20120, B-20877, B-20878,
      B-24988, C-20100, C-32022, L-03198,
      L-04841, L-04942
SMOKES   A-02001, A-05007, A-05335,
      A-05527, A-06039, A-07394, A-07561,
      A-08373, A-08802, A-08912, A-09175,
      A-09853, A-10075, A-10699, A-12083,
      A-12377, A-12505, A-14116, A-14914,
      A-16058, A-17462, A-20101, A-20125,
      A-20276, A-22860, A-23313, A-26048,
      A-26575, A-26605, A-27129, A-27235,
      A-27249, A-27669, A-27821, A-27986,
      A-28614, A-28861, A-29353, A-30603,
      A-31323, A-32489, A-32653, A-34228,
      A-34290, A-34654, A-34891, A-35383,
      A-35564, A-35693, B-00246, B-00975,
      B-01613, B-01867, B-04361, B-04533,
      B-05490, B-05852, B-05930, B-06280,
      B-06453, B-06525, B-06636, B-06979,
      B-07224, B-07479, B-07971, B-08497,
      B-08663, B-08946, B-09608, B-09791,
      B-09813, B-09827, B-09830, B-09852,
      B-11220, B-11234, B-14609, B-14895,
      B-14951, B-14956, B-14%7, B-20120,
      B-20877, B-20878, B-21220, B-23008,
      B-23067, B-23836, B-24090, B-24380,
      B-24845, B-24988, B-25554, B-26567,
      B-26568, B-26730, B-26731, B-26778,
      B-26908, B-27541, B-27548, B-27793,
      B-27818, B-29533, B-29761, B-30865,
      B-31233, B-31400, B-31453, B-31631,
      B-31700, B-32682, B-32847, B-32913,
      B-33077, B-33793, B-33854, B-34679,
      B-35554, B-35566, C-04117, C-11167,
      C-20100, C-29337, D-00241, D-00251,
      D-00690, D-00751, D-01202, D-03001,
      D-03017, D-03418, D-03431, D-03514,
      D-09592, D-23411, E-26550, K-07766,
      K-15926, K-16263, K-31286, K-31968,
      L-00973, L-01528, L-02840, L-04841,
      L-04888, L-04942, L-07235, L-09215,
      L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12376,
      L-14616, L-15554, L-15688, L-15691,
      L-25446, L-27184, L-27185, L-27677,
      L-27678, L-27679, L-28363, L-29679,
      L-30149, L-30153, L-31084, L-32147,
      L-32352, L-35694
SMOKING  B-07224, B-08104, B-31233,
      C-27934
SNOW  D-09592
SOAP MANUFACTURING  B-01505,
      B-05862, B-05930, B-07429, B-09784,
      B-09849           (
SOCIAL ATTITUDES  A-20706, A-24350,
      B-19850, C-18194, B-065}5, D-17630,
      G-34667, L-15691, L-29975, M-00376,
      M-00844, M-14491, M-23408, M-24091,
      M-26725, M-31071
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS   A-20553,
      A-3U55, A-32653, A-33828, A-35581,
      B-01672, B-29761, B-30260, B-31354,
      B-32099, C-29891, D-06535, D-33539,
      G-34667, L-26511, L-29975, L-34926,
      M-24768
SODIUM CARBONATE   B-00025, B-04943,
      B-11008, D-09592
SODIUM CHLORIDE  B-00025, B-32935

-------
                                                     SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 253
SODIUM COMPOUNDS   A-11144,
      A-24903, A-35590, B-00025, B-00379,
      B-00571, B-04666, B-04783, B-04838,
      B-04887, B-04943, B-04953, B-06106,
      B-08360, B-08364. B-09655, B-09839,
      B-09849, B-10277, B-11008, B-11009,
      B-11234, B-1636S, B-16747, B-20369,
      B-23538, B-29251, B-30339, B-30530,
      B-31072, B-32615, B-32646, B-32847,
      B-32935, B-34385, D-09592, F-11132,
      F-13107
SODIUM HYDROXIDE  B-00025, B-00379,
      B-00571, B-04887, B-04953, B-09839,
      B-09849, B-16365, B-30530, B-32847,
      B-34385
SODIUM SULFITE   A-11144, A-35590,
      B-00025, B-08364, B-23538, B-32615
SOILING   A-03097, A-16058, A-34018,
      D-01949, D-03017, L-00871
SOILING INDEX   B-00975, B-26087,
      D-00690, D-01202, D-03017, D-23411,
      K-07766, K-11734, L-01604, L-02840,
      M-01069, N-03438
SOILS  A-17236, A-33883, A-35564,
      B-27336, B-32682, C-30704, D-31371,
      G-07091
SOLAR RADIATION   A-05007, B-09836,
      D-01202, D-31760
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL   A-07561,
      A-08373, A-09175, A-11651, A-12832,
      A-12834, A-17236, A-17462, A-22860,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-24350, A-25638,
      A-26575, A-27821, A-27972, A-29332,
      A-29353, A-29455, A-30389, A-31155,
      A-31157, A-32385, A-32411, A-32855,
      A-34228, A-34290, A-34654, A-35383,
      A-35564, A-35599, A-35673, A-35693,
      B-00032, B-00975, B-04664, B-05852,
      B-06412, B-09784, B-09827, B-10009,
      B-14609, B-17403, B-19182, B-22435,
      B-22518, B-22550, B-23008, B-23836,
      B-25694, B-25977, B-26125, B-26254,
      B-26778, B-27732, B-29448, B-30124,
      B-30530, B-30773, B-31302, B-31453,
      B-32119, B-32497, B-32682, B-32913,
      B-33120, B-33816, B-33854, B-35595,
      B-35879, C-13099, C-13749, C-27791,
      C-35865, D-00373, D-01949, D-02331,
      D-02339, D-03017, D-03431, D-03506,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-17630, D-23411,
      D-25780, D-33539, E-26550, F-29649,
      K-07766, L-00054, L-00973, L-02840,
      L-09604, L-09677, L-32626, M-00844,
      M-24091
SOLIDS   A-05007, A-26574, A-28885,
      B-05532, B-30773, C-08358, C-27475
SOLVENTS   A-03825, A-21978, A-23843,
      A-24007, A-27235, A-29698, A-34585,
      B-02427, B-04943, B-05929, B-07362,
      B-09784, B-09791, B-09794, B-09813,
      B-09815, B-09857, B-11059, B-11136,
      B-11137, B-14757, B-14895, B-15170,
      B-16113, B-16498, B-16890, B-21294,
      B-22838, B-23117, B-23967, B-24197,
      B-26308, B-26944, B-27732, B-28047,
      B-31472, B-32956, B-34679, C-08066,
      C-08357, C-20538, D-02339, D-03431,
      D-33539, K-21084, L-07235, L-09677,
      L-14028
SOOT  A-02001, A-08373, A-09175,
      A-10075, A-10699, A-14297, A-20134,
      A-22860, A-24500, A-27669, A-32653,
      A-33648, A-33719, B-04361, B-06280,
      B-07479, B-07971, B-09830, B-23885,
      B-29437, B-29533, B-31167, B-31631,
      B-32847, D-00251, D-33108, 1-16457,
      L-04942, L-0723S, L-07781, L-14616,
      L-27185, L-28363, L-2%79, L-30149,
      L-30153
SOOT FALL  D-26304
SOURCE SAMPLING   A-09175, A-10699,
      A-17632, A-17633, A-20101, A-28614,
      A-30218, B-00975, B-13971, B-32646,
      B-32681, C-00965, C-03789, C-04117,
      C-19051, C-32022, C-34863, C-35956,
      D-31760, L-32566, L-33672
SOUTH CAROLINA   D-03506
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
      PRODUCTS)   A-14297, A-25638,
      B-06636, B-08104, B-09508, B-09839,
      B-13551, B-15779, B-20369, B-20709,
      B-21647, B-22353, B-24969, B-25224,
      B-26908, B-28047, B-29437, B-29533,
      B-29628, B-30260, B-30350, B-31456,
      B-31463, B-31945, B-32070, B-32615,
      B-32913, B-35803, L-07235
SPACECRAFT ATMOSPHERES  A-03825,
      A-21978
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES  A-01565,
      A-05007, A-05549, A-05608, A-27249,
      A-28352, B-00504, B-01867, B-07224,
      B-08604, B-08663, B-11234, C-27934,
      D-24162, K-00157, L-00054, L-03198
SPARK TIMING  A-27249, B-25594,
      B-28108
SPECTROMETRY  A-03825, A-05549,
      A-08373, A-11692, A-19814, A-21978,
      A-23843, A-25455, A-29698, A-33564,
      A-34766, A-34964, A-35635, B-05408,
      B-05624, B-06363, C-02786, C-03354,
      C-03542, C-05426, C-07214, C-08066,
      C-10534, C-13143, C-14607, C-20100,
      C-20192, C-20264, C-22431, C-24814,
      C-27121, C-27248, C-27685, C-28141,
      C-28787, C-29337, C-29843, C-30374,
      C-34279, C-35956, D-00251, D-00373,
      D-03514, F-07681, F-14987, F-17801,
      F-19061, F-19063, G-00177, G-11476,
      1-05463
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY   A-05549,
      A-21661, B-02279, B-03966, B-05408,
      B-06363, B-06453, B-24380, C-05426,
      C-29843, C-30014, C-35956, D-00251,
      G-35671, 1-05463
SPOT TESTS   A-08373, A-17603, B-29323
SPRAY TOWERS   A-27972, B-00025,
      B-02047, B-02279, B-03976, B-04664,
      B-05862, B-07374, B-07415, B-07429,
      B-07530, B-07531, B-09508, B-09819,
      B-09852, B-10277, B-14671, B-24969,
      B-25017, B-29261, B-31160, B-31790,
      B-35554
SPRAYS   B-03976
ST LOUIS   A-01644, A-01885, A-02001,
      B-00257, B-00379. B-01414, B-01563,
      B-02725, B-02729, B-03966, B-03976,
      B-04045, B-05862, C-03354, C-03789,
      D-33539, K-07766, L-09677, L-30149
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC)   A-03097,
      A-05007, A-11700, A-14972, A-16058,
      A-31759, A-33828, B-00975, B-01672,
      B-16842, B-26087, C-08066, C-25065,
      D-01202, D-01949, D-02331, D-03017,
      D-03418, D-03431, D-03506, D-09590,
      D-09592, D-12426, D-23411, D-25996,
      L-00054, L-02840, L-07235, M-08698,
      N-03438
STACK GASES   A-02001, A-07561,
      A-09175, A-10075, A-17634, A-22860,
      A-24007, A-25I79, A-25205, A-26402,
      A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-27235,
      A-28527, A-28614, A-28861, A-29353,
      A-30218, A-30687, A-32465, A-32489,
      A-32879, A-33883, A-33983, A-35638,
      B-00358, B-01672, B-03807, B-04227,
      B-04533, B-05332, B-05532, B-05930,
      B-06636, B-06859, B-07971, B-08360,
      B-0%55, B-09656, B-09784, B-09813,
      B-09827, B-10009, B-10277, B-l 1009,
      B-11153, B-11158, B-13551, B-13772,
      B-13971, B-14094, B-14203, B-14609,
      B-14895, B-14956, B-15690, B-16747,
      B-17403, B-19218, B-19363, B-19850,
      B-20817, B-20824, B-22061, B-22353,
      B-22400, B-22522, B-22525, B-23836,
      B-25017, B-25950, B-26173, B-26176,
      B-26568, B-26618, B-27541, B-27548.
      B-27732, B-27793, B-28206, B-28756,
      B-29251, B-29363, B-2%28, B-29761,
      B-30062, B-30260, B-30350, B-31091,
      B-31223, B-31301, B-31453, B-31456,
      B-31463, B-31700, B-31790, B-31911,
      B-31945, B-32070, B-32119, B-32615,
      B-32781, B-32900, B-32913, B-32956,
      B-33077, B-34385, B-35554, B-35803,
      C-01289, C-03010, C-04117, C-04883,
      C-05898, C-06112, C-09476, C-09648,
      C-09657, C-09660, C-19051, C-22958,
      C-32022, C-34863, C-35956, D-00209,
      D-07572, D-09592, D-16062, D-29973,
      D-33723, F-10308, F-25761, 1-19325,
      J-16457, K-15926, K-31516, L-01528,
      L-07235, L-09677, L-10567, L-14798,
      L-15554, L-15691, L-27184, L-27678,
      L-27679, L-28348, L-30149, L-31084,
      L-32626, L-33672, L-35511, N-19060,
      N-19088
STACK SAMPLING   A-09175, A-10699,
      A-17632, B-00975, B-13971, B-32681,
      C-00965, C-03789, C-04117, C-19051,
      C-34863, C-35956, L-33672
STACKS   A-06240, A-07394, A-17462,
      A-22860, A-25638, A-27235, A-29353,
      A-29599, A-31882, A-35599, A-35638,
      B-01352, B-02729, B-04838, B-05332,
      B-08946, B-09827. B-09830, B-10005,
      B-11153. B-13551, B-19493, B-22353,
      B-23371, B-25479, B-26618, B-27541,
      B-27793, B-28108, B-28118, B-31223,
      B-32900, C-00965, C-03010, C-06112,
      C-22958, C-32676, C-35956, D-16062,
      D-29973, D-35764, L-07235, L-09604,
      L-27678, L-27679, L-29813, L-31084,
      L-32352
STAGNATION   C-25065, D-01202,
      D-03431, D-03506, D-09590, D-12426,
      D-23411, L-02840, N-03438
STANDARDS   A-05335, A-21882, A-23843,
      A-24500, A-25205, A-25638, A-27821,
      A-28861, A-29353, A-30603, A-31759,
      A-32878, A-33719, A-34290. A-34585,
      B-00504, B-00552, B-00975, B-03129,
      B-06280, B-09922, B-11059, B-23319,
      B-24988, B-25479, B-29323, B-29877,
      B-31062, B-31301, C-02786, C-04117,
      C-05614, C-05898, C-09716, C-14680,
      C-25065, C-32022, C-34279, D-01202,
      D-05256, D-16635, D-16636, D-18231,
      G-05942, G-05943, G-05946, G-05949,
      G-07821, G-21125, G-35570, K-00157,
      K-05117, K-05947, K-07766, K-11734,
      K-15926, K-16263, K-18294, K-20194,
      K-21083, K-21084, K-21918, K-27403,
      K-30870, K-31286, K-31516, K-31968,
      K-35146, L-00549, L-00871, L-00973,
      L-01604, L-03198, L-05129, L-07781,
      L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12376,
      L-14616, L-14932, L-15688, L-19059,
      L-25446, L-27678, L-27679, L-29679.

-------
254
      L-29813, L-31465, L-32147, L-32171,
      L-32352, L-32382, L-32383, L-32566,
      L-32893, L-33117, L-33672, L-33725,
      L-34033, L-34755, L-35752, M-00376,
      M-00487, M-00844
STATE GOVERNMENTS  A-23313,
      A-23314, A-25638, A-34290, B-00504,
      B-00975, B-01672, B-07971, B-16890,
      B-32057. D-01949, K-00157, K-11734,
      K-15926, L-00549, L-00871, L-09604,
      L-09677, L-12511, L-14028, L-15554,
      L-15691, L-23754, L-26940, L-32147,
      L-32354, L-32626, L-34256, L-34755,
      L-35694, N-03438, N-32254
STATISTICAL ANALYSES   A-14116.
      C-05170, C-08268, C-26309, C-29508,
      C-32269, C-34178, C-35541, D-18231,
      D-33539, F-16696, L-04888, L-05129
STEAM   B-05408, B-05409, B-05624,
      B-06103, B-07362, B-09656, B-15709,
      B-23117, B-25085, B-29533, B-32847,
      B-33742, D-09592
STEAM ENGINES   A-30327, A-31759
STEAM PLANTS  A-12832, A-24500,
      B-05880, B-07971, B-09784, B-10009,
      B-28108, D-09390, D-23411
STEEL  B-04227, B-09836, B-10277,
      B-28756, D-09590, D-09592, D-29973,
      1-24187, L-00973, L-01604, L-29813
STOMACH   G-21712
STONE  K-31516, M-26725
STORAGE BATTERIES   A-31759, L-35511

STREETS   A-09255, D-24162, D-29973,
      K-18294
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS   B-11234
STUDENTS   D-00751
STYRENES   A-07089, B-04627, C-11123,
      C-11486, C-14109, C-15287, C-18093,
      D-23149
SULFATES    A-06240, A-32489, B-00025,
      B-00379, B-01900, B-03807, B-04666,
      B-09839, B-09849, B-10277, B-19705,
      B-30339, C-25466, D-00209, D-09592,
      L-14616, M-01069
SULFIDES   A-01644, A-01885, A-04879,
      A-04893, A-06240, A-08359, A-11144,
      A-12507, A-14580, A-16494, A-17603,
      A-17631, A-17633, A-20134, A-21857,
      A-25179, A-25228, A-28885, A-29599,
      A-31044, A-31263, A-32475, A-32489,
      A-32855, A-32879, A-34018, A-34287,
      A-35564, B-00025, B-00286, B-00379,
      B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01508,
      B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01900,
      B-02018, B-02279, B-02427, B-02488,
      B-03807, B-04045, B-04627, B-04664,
      B-04666, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783,
      B-04838, B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
      B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
      B-05408, B-05409, B-05624, B-05808,
      B-05880, B-06106, B-06363, B-06859,
      B-07434, B-07531, B-07875, B-08360,
      B-08361, B-08364, B-08467, B-08946,
      B-09508, B-09655, B-09661, B-09839,
      B-09840, B-09854, B-09922, B-10277,
      B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11673,
      B-13072, B-14094, B-14113, B-14118,
      B-14203, B-14488, B-15690, B-15779,
      B-16747, B-16807, B-16842, B-17293,
      B-17409, B-17637, B-18140, B-19218,
      B-19850, B-20625, B-20824, B-21051,
      B-22061, B-22400, B-22522, B-22837,
      B-22838, B-23117, B-23538, B-23594,
      B-23901, B-24380, B-25224, B-25623,
      B-25950, B-26014, B-26128, B-26173,
      B-26254, B-26618, B-26836, B-26908,
      B-28118, B-29278, B-29448, B-30062,
      B-30339, B-31072, B-31091, B-31302,
      B-31790, B-32615, B-32681, B-32798,
      B-32937, B-32956, B-33122, B-33380,
      B-34073, B-35803, C-00965, C-03354,
      C-04883, C-05426, C-05503, C-06112,
      C-06381, C-07214, C-08066, C-08268,
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08358, C-09619, C-09648, C-09657,
      C-10693, C-11123, C-13099, C-13749,
      C-14108, C-14109, C-17629, C-17638,
      C-17639, C-17640, C-19051, C-21652,
      C-21858, C-21859, C-24429, C-24814,
      C-26547, C-27355, C-27685, C-27791,
      C-27934, C-28787, C-29243, C-29269,
      C-29726, C-29843, C-30704, C-30811,
      C-31924, C-32467, C-34279, C-34863,
      C-35865, C-35956, D-00209, D-00690,
      D-01949, D-02339, D-03017, D-03514,
      D-06535, D-07572, D-09590, D-09592,
      D-12426, D-16062, D-16635, D-20355,
      D-23149, D-259%, D-29349, D-31371,
      D-33108, D-33723, E-22335, F-01784,
      F-10308, F-12662, F-14987, F-16828,
      F-29649, G-00208, G-03788, G-05943,
      G-09659, H-00252, K-07766, K-35146,
      L-00054, L-00871, L-02840, L-06732,
      L-07235, L-32352, L-32382, L-3Z796,
      M-00376, M-08698, N-19060
SULFTTES   A-25205, A-35590, B-07531,
      B-11009, B-26172, G-00177
SULFONIC ACID  B-24969
SULFUR COMPOUNDS   A-01644,
      A-01885, A-04785, A-04879, A-04893,
      A-06240, A-06981, A-08359, A-11144,
      A-12507, A-14580, A-16494, A-17603,
      A-17631, A-17633, A-20134, A-21857,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-25179, A-25205,
      A-25228, A-26048, A-26402, A-28885,
      A-29599, A-29842, A-31044, A-31263,
      A-32475, A-32489, A-32653, A-32855,
      A-32879, A-33719, A-33828, A-33883,
      A-34018, A-34287, A-34964, A-35564,
      A-35590, B-00025, B-00286, B-00379,
      B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01508,
      B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01900,
      B-02018, B-02279, B-02427, B-02488,
      B-03807, B-04045, B-04627, B-04664,
      B-04666, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783,
      B-04838, B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
      B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
      B-05408, B-05409, B-05624, B-05808,
      B-05880, B-06106, B-06363, B-06636,
      B-06859, B-07434, B-07531, B-07875,
      B-08360, B-08361, B-08364, B-08467,
      B-08946, B-09508, B-09655, B-09656,
      B-09661, B-09836, B-09839, B-09840,
      B-09849, B-09854, B-09922, B-10277,
      B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11673,
      B-13072, B-13398, B-14094, B-14113,
      B-14118, B-14203, B-14488, B-15690,
      B-15709, B-15772, B-15779, B-16747,
      B-16807, B-16842, B-17293, B-17409,
      B-17637, B-18140, B-19218, B-19705,
      B-19850, B-20258, B-20625, B-20824,
      B-21051, B-22061, B-22400, B-22522,
      B-22837, B-22838, B-23117, B-23538,
      B-23594, B-23901, B-24079, B-24380,
      B-25224, B-25623, B-25950, B-26014,
      B-26128, B-26172, B-26173, B-26254,
      B-26618, B-26836, B-26908, B-27674,
      B-27719, B-28118, B-29278, B-29448,
      B-30062, B-30339, B-30530, B-31072,
      B-31091, B-31302, B-31790, B-32615,
      B-32681, B-32798, B-32937, B-32956,
      B-33122, B-33380, B-34073, B-35803,
      C-00965, C-03354, C-04883, C-05426,
      C-05503, C-05813, C-06112, C-06381,
      C-06526, C-07214, C-08066, C-08268,
      C-08354, C-08355. C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08358, C-09619, C-09648, C-09657,
      C-10693, C-11123, C-13099, C-13367.
      C-13749, C-14108, C-14109, C-17629,
      C-17638, C-17639, C-17640, C-19051,
      C-21652, C-21858, C-21859, C-24429,
      C-24814, C-25466, C-26547, C-27248,
      C-27355, C-27475, C-27685, C-27791,
      C-27934, C-28141, C-28787, C-29243,
      C-29269, C-29726, C-29843, C-29858,
      C-30704, C-30811, C-31924, C-32467,
      C-33349, C-34279, C-34863, C-35865,
      C-35949, C-35956, D-00209, D-00690,
      D-01949, D-02339, D-03017, D-03514,
      D-05481, D-06535, D-07572, D-09590,
      D-09592, D-12426, D-16062, D-16635,
      D-20355, D-23149, D-259%, D-29349,
      D-31371, D-33108, D-33723, E-22335,
      F-01784, F-10308, F-12662, F-14987,
      F-16828, F-29649, G-00177, G-00208,
      G-03788, G-05943, G-09659, H-00252,
      K-07766, K-35146, L-00054, L-00871,
      L-00973, L-02840, L-06732, L-07235,
      L-09677, L-14616, L-32352, L-32382,
      L-32626, L-32796, M-00376, M-01069,
      M-08698, N-19060
SULFUR DIOXIDE   A-00525, A-01565,
      A-05007, A-06240, A-07561, A-09175,
      A-09255, A-10075, A-12621, A-14297,
      A-20134, A-22973, A-23843, A-26402,
      A-26911, A-30218, A-30513, A-30603,
      A-31759, A-31882, A-32489, A-32653,
      A-32855, A-32879, A-34891, B-00025,
      B-00975, B-01505, B-01672, B-02018,
      B-02427, B-04361, B-04627, B-04783,
      B-04838, B-05332, B-05808, B-06280,
      B-06636, B-07530, B-07875, B-07971,
      B-08104, B-08364, B-08467, B-08497,
      B-09508, B-09830, B-09854, B-09933,
      B-11008, B-13551, B-14118, B-14671,
      B-14692, B-16747, B-19705, B-20817,
      B-22061, B-22522, B-22837, B-25479,
      B-26087, B-26908, B-27719, B-28108,
      B-30124, B-31062, B-31091, B-31233,
      B-31354, B-32070, B-32302, B-32681,
      B-32956, B-33077, B-33854, C-00965,
      C-03010, C-03542, C-04883, C-05426,
      C-05503, C-08066, C-08355, C-08356,
      C-08358, C-09476, C-09619, C-09657,
      C-11123, C-14109, C-16781, C-19051,
      C-23107, C-27934, C-29843, C-30014,
      C-34279, C-34863, C-35949, D-00251,
      D-01949, D-03001, D-03017, D-03506,
      D-03514, D-05481, D-07572, D-09590,
      D-09592, D-16636, D-23411, D-23845,
      D-25780, D-25996, D-29973, D-31371,
      D-31760, D-33108, E-19849, E-22335,
      E-26550, F-01784, F-23187, F-25761,
      G-00177, G-34686, H-20028, J-34518,
      K-05947, K-07766; K-31516, K-31968,
      K-35146, L-00054, L-00973, L-01528,
      L-01604, L-02840, L-04942, L-07235,
      L-09677, L-14616, L-25446, L-26511,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-28348, L-29679,
      L-29813, L-31084, L-32171, L-32352,
      L-32382, L-33672, M-01069, M-08698,
      M-24091, M-31071, N-03438, N-19060,
      N-20495, N-32254
SULFUR OXIDES   A-00525, A-01565,
      A-05007, A-06240, A-07561, A-09175,
      A-09255, A-10075, A-12621, A-14297,
      A-17633, A-20134, A-22973, A-23843,

-------
                                                     SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 255
      A-24500, A-25205. A-26402, A-26911,
      A-30218, A-30513, A-30603, A-31759,
      A-31880, A-31882. A-32465, A-32489,
      A-32653, A-32855, A-32879, A-33719,
      A-33828, A-33883, A-34018, A-34891,
      B-00025, B-00975, B-01S05, B-01S08,
      B-01672, B-02018, B-02427, B-04361,
      B-04627, B-04783, B-04838, B-OS332,
      B-05808, B-05880, B-06280, B-06636,
      B-07530, B-07875, B-07971, B-08104,
      B-08364, B-08467, B-08497, B-08663,
      B-09S08, B-09784, B-09830, B-09854,
      B-09933, B-11008, B-135S1, B-14118,
      B-14671, B-14692, B-16747, B-19705,
      B-20817, B-22061, B-22522, B-22837,
      B-23008, B-24743, B-25479, B-26087,
      B-26254, B-26908, B-27719, B-28108,
      B-30124, B-31062, B-31091, B-31233,
      B-313S4, B-32070, B-32302, B-32681,
      B-32956, B-33077, B-33854, C-00965,
      C-03010, C-03542, C-04883, C-05426,
      C-05503, C-06112, C-08066, C-08355,
      C-08356, C-08358, C-09476, C-0%19,
      C-09657, C-11123, C-14109, C-16781,
      C-19051, C-23107, C-27248, C-27934,
      C-29843, C-30014, C-34279, C-34863,
      C-35949, C-35956, D-00251, D-01949,
      D-03001, D-03017, D-03506, D-03514,
      D-05481, D-06535, D-07572, D-09S90,
      D-09592, D-16636, D-23411, D-23845,
      D-25291, D-25780, D-25996, D-26304,
      D-27255, D-29973, D-3137I, D-31760,
      D-33108, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
      E-19849, E-22335, E-26S50, F-01784,
      F-16828, F-23187, F-25761, G-00177,
      G-34686, H-20028, 1-19325, J-34518,
      K-05947, K-07766, K-31516, K-31968,
      K-35I46, L-00054, L-00973, L-01528,
      L-01604, L-02840, L-04942, L-07235,
      L-09677, L-12511, L-14616, L-14798,
      L-172S8, L-19059, L-25446, L-26511,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-27677, L-27678,
      L-27679, L-28348, L-29679, L-29813,
      L-31084, L-32147, L-32171, L-32352,
      L-32382, L-33672, M-01069, M-08698,
      M-24091, M-31071, N-03438, N-19060,
      N-2049S, N-32254
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL   A-14297,
      A-25638, A-31759, A-33883, B-06636,
      B-08104, B-09508, B-09839, B-13551,
      B-15779, B-17266, B-20369, B-20709,
      B-21647, B-22353, B-24969, B-25224,
      B-26618, B-26908, B-28047, B-28118,
      B-29437, B-29533, B-29628, B-30260,
      B-30350, B-31456, B-31463, B-31945,
      B-32057, B-32070, B-32615, B-32900,
      B-32913, B-32956, B-33854, B-35803,
      D-33723, D-35764, F-01784, K-07766,
      L-07235, L-22343
SULFUR TRIOXIDE   A-09175, A-30218,
      A-32489, B-01505, B-04838, B-07971,
      B-20817, B-31091, C-34279, K-07766,
      K-35146, L-32352, L-32382
SULFURIC ACID   A-32855, B-03129,
      B-07531, B-09784, B-09839, B-26254,
      B-29363, B-31091, B-31233, C-03010,
      C-20460, D-25996, D-29973, E-19849,
      F-23187, G-21125, K-07766, K-31516,
      L-32382
SUPERSATURATION   B-29533, C-23106,
      F-07681
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
      A-32855, A-34585, B-03966, B-04533,
      B-06366, B-08506, B-09784, B-09791,
      B-09819, B-11137, B-14895, B-31301,
      B-31472, D-03431, L-07235
SURFACE COATINGS   A-23843, A-32855,
      A-34585, B-02427, B-03966, B-06088,
      B-08506, B-09819, B-09830, B-16890,
      B-21294, B-26087, B-26125, B-27732,
      B-31301, B-31472, C-08066, C-11486,
      C-28393, D-02339, D-06535, D-09592,
      1-05463, L-00054
SURFACE PROPERTIES   B-20625,
      B-30530. B-32070, C-10016, G-06323
SURVEY METHODS  A-24350, B-31178,
      C-04117, C-11167, C-30374, D-00751,
      D-02331, D-03514, L-00871, M-00376,
      M-23408. M-27680
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES   A-00402,
      A-02001, A-05007, A-05335, A-05527,
      A-06039, A-07394, A-07561, A-08373,
      A-08802, A-08912, A-09175, A-09853,
      A-10075, A-10699, A-11651, A-12083,
      A-12377, A-12505, A-14116, A-14914,
      A-14972, A-16058, A-17462, A-17634,
      A-20101, A-20125, A-20276, A-22860,
      A-23313, A-24007, A-24459. A-26048,
      A-26402, A-26575, A-26605, A-27129,
      A-27235, A-27249, A-27669, A-27821,
      A-27986, A-28614, A-28861, A-29353,
      A-30603, A-30687, A-31323. A-31759,
      A-32489, A-32653, A-33828, A-34018,
      A-34228, A-34290, A-34654, A-34891,
      A-35383, A-35564, A-35693, B-00025,
      B-00246, B-00257, B-00379, B-00504,
      B-00541, B-00975, B-01352, B-01537,
      B-01549, B-01613, B-01867, B-02047,
      B-02427, B-02725, B-03129, B-04361,
      B-04533, B-04664, B-04943, B-04949,
      B-05490, B-05S32, B-05852, B-05929,
      B-05930, B-06088, B-06280, B-06366,
      B-06453, B-06525, B-06636, B-06979,
      B-07224, B-07429, B-07479, B-07971,
      B-08360, B-08497, B-08506, B-08663,
      B-08946, B-09608, B-09733, B-09784,
      B-09791, B-09794, B-09813, B-09815,
      B-09819, B-09827, B-09830, B-09836,
      B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09849,
      B-09852, B-09857, B-10009, B-11008,
      B-11137, B-11220, B-11234, B-13551,
      B-14341, B-14609, B-14895, B-14951,
      B-14956, B-14967, B-16842, B-17906,
      B-18140, B-19218, B-19221, B-20120,
      B-20817, B-20877, B-20878, B-21006,
      B-21220, B-22435, B-22518, B-23008,
      B-23067, B-23493, B-23836, B-24065,
      B-24090, B-24380, B-24845, B-24969,
      B-24988, B-25017, B-25554, B-25694,
      B-26087, B-26308, B-26567, B-26568,
      B-26730, B-26731, B-26778, B-26908,
      B-26944, B-27541, B-27548, B-27793,
      B-27818, B-28146, B-29533, B-29761,
      B-30865, B-30943, B-31233, B-31400,
      B-31453, B-31456, B-31631, B-31700,
      B-31945. B-32634, B-32682, B-32781,
      B-32847, B-32913, B-32937, B-33077,
      B-33793. B-33854, B-34679, B-35554,
      B-35566, B-35955, C-03010, C-04117,
      C-05503, C-07214, C-11167, C-15287,
      C-20100, C-23107, C-29337, C-35956,
      D-00241, D-00251, D-00373, D-00690,
      D-00751, D-01202, D-03001, D-03017,
      D-03418, D-03431, D-03514, D-05481,
      D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-12648,
      D-18231, D-23411, D-23845, D-24162,
      D-25291, D-29973, D-31371, D-31760,
      D-35764, E-19849, E-26550, G-00177,
      1-24187, J-29299. K-00157, K-07766,
      K-15926, K-16263, K-18294, K-31286,
      K-31516, K-31968, K-35146, L-00973,
      L-01528, L-01604, L-02840, L-03198,
      L-04841, L-04888, L-04942, L-07235,
      L-07781, L-09215, L-09604, L-0%77,
      L-I0567, L-12376, L-14616, L-15554,
      L-15688, L-15691. L-19059, L-25446,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-27677. L-27678,
      L-27679, L-28363, L-2%79, L-30149,
      L-30153, L-31084, L-32147, L-32171,
      L-32352, L-32382, L-34256, L-35694,
      M-01069
SWEDEN   A-00393, A-01885, A-02001,
      A-03097, A-25205, A-30327, A-30389,
      B-00257, B-00358, B-00379, B-00504,
      B-00975, B-01352, B-01414. B-01505,
      B-01508, B-01563, B-01867, B-01900,
      B-02279, B-02427, B-02725, B-03499,
      B-03807, B-03966, B-03972, B-03976,
      B-04045, B-04300, B-04664, B-04666,
      B-04773, B-06280, B-08361, B-09656,
      B-09661, B-09933, B-11843, B-13334,
      B-17266, B-23456, B-25085, B-30339,
      C-03010, C-03542, C-07214, C-08953,
      C-09648, C-09657, C-10029, C-16080,
      C-21652, C-25466, C-29891, C-35949,
      D-00373, D-01202, D-01949, D-02331,
      F-01784, F-03173, G-00177, G-09659,
      K-18294, K-35146, L-02840, L-03198,
      M-15760, N-03438
SYNERGISM   A-07089, A-26911, A-33719,
      B-06636, C-29243, G-05946, K-35146,
      L-34926
SYNTHETIC FIBERS   A-10699, A-29599,
      B-03129, B-09813, B-27605, D-09590,
      L-01604
SYNTHETIC RUBBER   A-03825, B-00032,
      B-14956, C-11486
TAR   B-09836, C-35956, D-02339
TAXATION   L-26511, L-35752
TEFLON   C-09521, C-34863, D-00690,
      D-01949, M-01069
TEMPERATURE   A-01644, A-01885,
      A-03825, A-04879, A-05549, A-07561,
      A-08359, A-08912, A-10699, A-20276,
      A-24007, A-24754, A-27235, A-28527,
      A-29599, A-30218, A-30687, A-31155,
      A-32489, A-34654, A-35383, B-01414,
      B-02725, B-03966, B-03976, B-04533,
      B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
      B-05808, B-05852, B-06088, B-06280,
      B-06366, B-07362, B-08361, B-08506,
      B-08663, B-09655, B-09791, B-09830,
      B-09836, B-11136, B-11137, B-11673,
      B-12346, B-12506, B-13697, B-19705,
      B-20625, B-20824, B-22538, B-23002,
      B-23117, B-23493, B-23967, B-24197,
      B-24969, B-25694, B-26002, B-26308,
      B-26731, B-26778, B-26944, B-27288,
      B-27674, B-27818, B-28047, B-28146,
      B-28206, B-29131, B-29251, B-29278,
      B-29533, B-29978, B-30738, B-30943,
      B-31072, B-31091, B-31167, B-31453,
      B-31911, B-32070, B-32119, B-32302,
      B-32497, B-32498, B-32559, B-32634,
      B-32847, B-32956, B-33073, B-33077,
      B-33122, B-33816, B-34778, C-03789,
      C-08355, C-08356, C-08357, C-08358,
      C-10693, C-20460, C-21208, C-25065,
      C-28787, C-32467, C-34972, C-35648,
      C-35956, D-07572, G-06323, 1-19325,
      J-29299
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
      A-29599, B-00358. B-09836, C-08678,
      C-26966, D-01202, D-06535, D-09590,

-------
 256
      D-09592, D-25996, D-31760, E-14906,
      G-06323, L-34256, N-03438, N-19088
 TEMPERATURE SENSING
      INSTRUMENTS  B-09791, C-35956,
      N-20495
 TENNESSEE  B-06636, L-02840, L-19059,
      L-32626, M-01069
 TENSILE STRENGTH  B-08361, 1-05463
 TEST ENGINES   A-33564, A-33648.
      B-01867, B-11220, C-03542, D-00251,
      G-00177
 TESTING FACILITIES   A-03825, A-05007,
      A-06981, A-08359, A-33564, A-33648,
      A-35673, B-01867, B-11220, B-13398,
      B-25224,  C-00965, C-03010, C-03542,
      C-08268,  C-08357, C-09648, C-11123,
      C-12487,  C-17290, C-17638, C-18194,
      C-23755,  D-00251, D-18231, F-16455,
      G-00177, G-00715, G-09659, L-03198,
      L-04841,  L-35511
TETRAETHYL LEAD   A-24459, A-30603,
      B-28108
TEXAS  B-01867, B-08364
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING   A-17634,
      A-27235,  A-34018, B-02047, B-26567,
      B-27605,  B-31700, D-09590
TEXTILES   A-10699, A-29599, B-03129,
      B-09813,  B-09815, B-09830. B-09836,
      B-27605,  B-31700, D-09590, 1-05463,
      L-01604
THERMAL RADIATION  A-25179,
      A-34654,  B-24197, B-31790, C-35182,
      L-34033
THERMIST6RS  C-35956
THERMOCOUPLES   C-35956
THERMODYNAMICS   B-04953, B-29533,
      B-29978,  F-07681, F-32271
THERMOMETERS   C-35956
THIOPHENE   B-04627, C-07214, C-33349
THRESHOLDS   A-04785, A-07089,
      A-17631,  A-19899, A-20118, A-21661,
      A-21857,  A-31263, A-32878, B-02729,
      B-04627,  B-04666, B-04669, B-09854,
      B-10005,  B-27288, B-31233, C-06381,
      C-08066,  C-08678, C-08953, C-09364,
      C-09521,  C-09648, C-10693, C-10983,
      C-11123,  C-14108, C-14109, C-16080.
      C-16540,  C-17638, C-17640, C-18093,
      C-22448,  C-22958, C-24071, C-24429,
      C-24814,  C-25065, C-25466, C-26837,
      C-26966,  C-27685, C-27733, C-27934,
      C-28141,  C-29269, C-29891, C-30689,
      C-32676,  C-32880, C-33349, C-35240,
      C-35956,  D-00209, D-16635, D-20355,
      D-23098,  D-31760, F-19063, F-35651,
      G-00177,  G-03788, G-05942, G-05943,
      G-05946,  G-05949, G-06323, G-07091,
      G-07821,  G-0%59, G-11476, G-19599,
      G-34667,  G-34686, G-35570, G-35671,
      K-05947,  K-11734, K-20194, K-21083,
      K-21084,  K-21918, K-27403, K-30870,
      K-35146,  M-15760, N-05235
TIMED FUEL INJECTION   A-06039,
      A-08802,  A-09255, A-12377, A-26048,
      A-27129,  A-27249, A-30851, B-01613,
      B-06280,  B-06525, B-08497, B-23067,
      B-31631,  L-04888
TISSUES   B-09854, C-34972
TITANIUM   G-05942
TOBACCO    D-09590, L-03198, N-03438
TOKYO   A-30513, A-32855, B-20628,
      B-24380,  B-32797, C-17628, D-29973,
      L-27185
TOLUENES   A-05007, A-32855, B-04627,
      B-16498,  C-07214, C-11123, C-14109,
      C-27934
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
      A-02765, A-11700, A-12832, A-12834,
      A-28352, A-29353, B-01672, B-02794,
      B-26087, C-08066, D-03017, D-06535,
      D-09592, D-23098, D-31371, D-33539,
      G-03788, K-16263, L-00871, L-02840
TOXIC TOLERANCES   B-02427, G-07821,
      G-35570, K-11734, K-31968, K-35146
TOXICITY   A-03825, A-17603, A-21661,
      A-30513, A-31759, A-32878, A-35581,
      B-09922, B-16890, C-35182, G-05942,
      G-05943, G-05946, G-05949, G-07821,
      G-11476, G-21125, G-23298, G-35570,
      K-05947, K-27403, K-35146
TRACE ANALYSIS   C-20202, G-05949,
      N-20495
TRACERS  C-05396, C-05813, C-27248,
      C-35956, L-04841
TRACHEA   B-31400
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS   B-34868,
      L-12376, L-14798
TRAINS  A-08802, B-00975, B-06979,
      B-08497, B-14951, B-31400, L-00054
TRANSMISSOMETERS   B-06280, C-32022
TRANSPORT   A-33828, A-35693, C-22958,
      C-25065, D-23098, D-25780
TRANSPORTATION  A-00393, A-01565,
      A-05007, A-05335, A-05527, A-05549,
      A-05608, A-06039, A-08802, A-09255,
      A-11692, A-12377, A-12505, A-12832,
      A-12834, A-14116, A-14297, A-14914,
      A-15297, A-16058, A-20101, A-20118,
      A-20125, A-20134, A-20553, A-20557,
      A-21700. A-22973, A-25327, A-25455,
      A-26048, A-27129, A-27249, A-27451,
      A-27986, A-28352, A-28614, A-30327,
      A-30603, A-30851, A-31323, A-31759,
      A-31882, A-32465, A-32653, A-33564,
      A-33648, A-33719, A-34018, A-34766,
      A-34891, A-34964, A-35590, A-35635,
      B-00504, B-00975, B-01613, B-01867,
      B-05490, B-06280, B-06453, B-06525,
      B-06636, B-06979, B-07224, B-07362,
      B-07479, B-07971, B-08497, B-08604,
      B-08663, B-09608, B-11220, B-11234,
      B-12133, B-14951, B-17906, B-20120,
      B-20877, B-20878, B-21220, B-23067,
      B-24845, B-24988, B-25594, B-25711,
      B-27719, B-28108, B-29437, B-29533,
      B-2%28, B-30865, B-31167, B-31400,
      B-31631, B-33077, B-34778, C-02786,
      C-03542, C-05170, C-06112, C-07266,
      C-09620, C-11167, C-14606, C-14607,
      C-14680, C-16298, C-16442, C-16781,
      C-20100, C-21693, C-22448, C-26966,
      C-27121, C-27934, C-29337, C-31222,
      C-31924, D-00241, D-00251, D-00373,
      D-01202, D-01949, D-02331, D-03418,
      D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-09592,
      D-18231, D-24162, D-25291, D-27255,
      D-29973, D-33108, D-33539, G-21125,
      G-34667, K-00157, K-07766, K-16263,
      L-00054, L-03198, L-04841, L-04888,
      L-05I29, L-07235, L-09215, L-09677,
      L-12376, L-19059, L-22343, L-27185,
      L-27677, L-32147, L-34926, L-35511,
      L-35694, M-23408, N-03438, N-19060,
      N-32254
TRAPPING (SAMPLING)   A-04785,
      C-08355, C-08356, C-08358, C-09657,
      C-09860, C-10016, C-16781, C-24814,
      C-29726
TREATED FABRICS   C-09619,  G-00177
TREATMENT AND AIDS   C-29858,
      D-27255, G-05942, G-06323, 1-24187,
      L-30153, L-30688, L-34256
TREES  A-19814, A-34018, B-09407,
      B-09655, B-22061, K-11734
TRIMETHYLBENZENE   G-00177
TRUCKS  A-05007, A-06039, A-08802,
      A-27129, A-27986, A-34891, B-00504,
      B-00975, B-01867, B-05490, B-06280,
      B-06525, B-06979, B-07224, B-07971,
      B-08604, B-09608. B-20120, B-20877,
      B-20878. K-00157, L-00054, L-03198,
      L-04841, L-04888, L-09215, L-19059,
      L-32147
TUNNELS   B-31400
TURBIDIMETRY   C-35956
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
      A-33828, B-04838, B-04949, C-08066,
      C-22958, E-14906, L-35511


                   U

ULTRASONICS   B-08364, B-31631
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION   A-25179,
      B-01352, B-21006, B-27674, C-35182,
      G-00177
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
      A-03825, B-05408, B-05624, C-05426,
      C-20100, C-29337, C-29843, G-00177
UNDERFIRE AIR   A-28861, B-10009
UNITED STATES   A-34585, B-06280,
      B-10588, C-10593, K-11734, K-35146,
      L-30149, L-35694
UNIVERSITIES   B-07971, B-08364,
      D-02212
UPPER ATMOSPHERE   F-07681
URBAN AREAS  A-16058, A-17198,
      A-22860, A-22973, A-24500, A-27669,
      A-28614, A-30513, A-31044, A-31263,
      A-31759, A-32465, A-32855, A-33828,
      A-34228, A-35693, B-00358, B-04361,
      B-08360, B-09608, B-20628, B-25479,
      B-26618, B-31178, B-31301, B-31354,
      B-32797, C-22431, C-35541, C-35949,
      D-00690, D-01949, D-02212, D-03459,
      D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-09590,
      D-12426, D-20355, D-23149, D-23152,
      D-23845, D-24162, D-25291, D-26304,
      D-27255, D-29349, D-29973, D-31371,
      D-33108, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
      G-00208, G-05942, G-05949, G-28175,
      G-34667, H-20028, K-05947, K-35146,
      L-00054, L-01604, L-02840, L-07235,
      L-09677, L-10567, L-26511, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29813, L-30149, L-30153,
      L-30688, L-32171, L-32352, L-32354,
      L-34926, M-01069, M-14491, M-15760,
      M-23408, M-26725, M-30896, N-01539,
      N-32254
URINALYSIS  A-02765, B-00975, B-02427,
      C-03354, D-00751, D-03017, D-27255,
      G-00177, L-03198, N-03438
USSR   B-22400, B-29278, B-31072,
      C-11486, C-35182, D-05256, D-16635,
      D-16636, E-14906, G-05942, G-05943,
      G-05946, G-05949, G-11476, G-35671,
      K-05117, K-05947, K-f20194;l K-21083,
      K-21084, K-35146, N-05235
VALLEYS  B-00975, B-01672, B-26176,
      B-27605, D-03514, D-09590, D-09592.
      L-00054
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS   B-27401
VAPOR PRESSURE   A-32411, B-04951,
      B-04952, B-04953, B-09655, B-09794,
      B-09836, B-16890, B-24065, B-32956,

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                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                                                           257
      C-08355, C-08356, C-08358, C-23106,
      G-06323
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS   A-35599,
      B-01672, B-07362, B-08467, B-09656,
      B-09836, B-09840, B-09849, B-16747,
      B-16842, B-21647. B-22353, B-28118,
      B-31463, B-34385, D-07572, G-05942,
      L-32352
VAPORS   A-09175, A-24527, A-32489,
      A-35599, B-04952, B-04953, B-05408,
      B-05409, B-05532, B-05624, B-05929,
      B-06088, B-06103, B-07362, B-08467,
      B-08946, B-09656, B-09794, B-09836,
      B-10005, B-12346, B-15709, B-15779,
      B-20369, B-23002, B-23117, B-2S085,
      B-27288, B-28047, B-29363, B-29533,
      B-32847, B-33742, C-07214, C-09521,
      C-09620, C-09648, C-10016, C-10593,
      C-10693, C-14197, C-15287, C-35648,
      D-07572, D-09592, F-16455, F-19102,
      G-05942, G-05949, G-06323, 1-05463,
      K-05947, K-20194, K-21083, K-21084,
      L-32382
VARNISHES  A-23843, A-32855, B-02427,
      B-03966, B-06088, C-11486, 1-05463
VEGETABLES   C-08066, D-09590
VEHICLES   A-01565, A-05007, A-05549,
      A-05608, A-06039, A-08802, A-12377,
      A-16058, A-26048, A-27129, A-27986,
      A-28352, A-28614, A-30327, A-30851,
      A-31323, A-31759, A-31882, A-32465,
      A-32653, A-33719. A-34018, A-34891,
      B-00504, B-00975, B-01867, B-05490,
      B-06280, B-06453, B-06525, B-06979,
      B-07224, B-07479, B-07971, B-08497,
      B-08604, B-08663, B-09608, B-11220,
      B-12133, B-14951, B-17906, B-20120,
      B-20877, B-20878, B-25594, B-25711,
      B-28108, B-31400, B-31631, B-33077,
      C-06112, C-09620, C-16298, C-22448,
      C-31222, D-02331, D-03431, D-03459,
      D-09592, D-24162, D-25291, D-27255,
      D-29973, D-33108, D-33539, K-00157,
      K-16263, L-00054, L-03198, L-04841,
      L-04888, L-07235, L-09215, L-12376,
      L-19059, L-22343, L-27185, L-27677,
      L-32147, L-34926, N-03438, N-19060,
      N-32254
VENTILATION   A-04860, A-26605,
      A-30389, A-35599, B-00358, B-04666,
      B-05624, B-09813, B-09819, B-09854,
      B-09857, B-10005, B-13812, B-14951,
      B-20754, B-20824, B-21220, B-23456,
      B-23836, B-24810, B-27674, B-29761,
      B-30809, B-31233, C-10029, C-21208,
      D-00373, L-07235, L-29975
VENTURI SCRUBBERS   A-00525,
      A-17634, B-00025, B-00571, B-01672,
      B-02047, B-02279, B-04227, B-04669,
      B-04773, B-04781, B-04783, B-04949,
      B-05332, B-05880, B-06859, B-07374,
      B-07415, B-07434, B-08360, B-09733,
      B-09849, B-10277, B-10588, B-11008,
      B-14094, B-15709, B-16842, B-20817,
      B-29251, B-30124, B-30530, B-31062,
      B-31472, B-32615, B-35595, B-35660,
      C-27791, D-09592, G-00177
VERMONT   B-01672
VIRGINIA   L-32626
VIRUSES   B-06688
VISIBILITY   A-03097, A-33828, A-34018,
      A-35693, B-00975, B-26087, D-01202,
      D-01949, D-03431, D-06535, D-09590,
      K-11734, L-00054, L-01604, L-02840,
      L-32171, L-32382, L-32383, L-33672,
      M-00376, M-00844, M-01069, M-26725
VISIBLE RADIATION  G-11476
VOLATILITY   A-01885, A-05608, A-08359,
      A-21978, A-33983, A-34290, A-34585,
      A-35622, B-08467, B-09656, B-09836,
      B-09840, B-09842, B-16890, B-25594,
      B-26731, B-31091, B-32956, C-03354,
      C-08355, C-35648, C-35865, C-35949
VOLCANOES   A-00402
VOLTAGE   B-06688, B-24065, B-25711,
      C-06526

                   w
WASHINGTON (STATE)  A-32653,
      B-00552, B-08360, D-01949, D-06535,
      D-09592, L-00054, L-30149, M-00844
WASHINGTON D C  L-09677
WATER   A-09175, A-20276, A-27972,
      A-29455, B-06103, B-09794, B-09839,
      B-09842, B-15779, B-16365, B-25017,
      B-25224, B-29533, B-31091, C-28787,
      1-05463
WATER  POLLUTION   A-07089, A-12083,
      A-30389, A-31602, A-33883, B-01508,
      B-01549, B-06688, B-09839, B-09842,
      B-16535, B-22550, B-22837, B-23538,
      B-25085, B-27605, B-27719, B-27732,
      B-28118, B-30124, B-31794, B-32615,
      B-32900, B-32913, B-32935, C-32022,
      D-25291, D-31371, D-33108, D-33723,
      F-26529, G-03788, J-34518, L-14616,
      L-15691, L-17258. L-25446, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-27677, L-27678, L-27679,
      L-28348, L-28363, L-30153, L-34033,
      M-24091
WEATHER MODIFICATION   L-32566
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD   B-02279,
      C-30014, D-05481
WEST VIRGINIA   A-02765, A-07089,
      B-06636, B-26087, D-03514, D-09590,
      D-25780, D-25996, L-09677, L-26940,
      L-32626
WET CYCLONES   B-07415, B-09733,
      B-10588, B-15709, B-30530, B-35660,
      B-35803, C-03010, M-31071
WETTING  B-09836
WIND ROSE  B-01672, D-01202, D-02339,
      L-02840
WINDS   A-03097, A-05007, A-06240,
      A-11700, A-20706, A-23313, A-24500,
      A-29353, A-29599, A-30513, A-35564,
      A-35693, B-00975, B-01508, B-01672,
      B-09836, B-16842, B-26087, B-32900,
      C-00178, C-08066, C-08678, C-09660,
      C-11167, D-00690, D-01202, D-01949,
      D-02331, D-02339, D-03017, D-03418,
      D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
      D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12648,
      D-25996, D-27255, D-31371, D-31760,
      D-33108, D-33723, E-14906, L-00054,
      L-02840, L-07235, L-29813, M-00487,
      M-27680, N-03438
WISCONSIN  L-00973
WOOD   A-01644, A-01885, A-16494,
      A-30701, A-34228, A-34290, B-01352,
      B-09655, B-09784, B-09836, B-09840,
      B-31301, B-31472, C-09660, D-09592,
      N-03438
WOOLS   B-09813

                   X

XYLENES  A-05007, B-03966, C-11123
YOKOHAMA  L-27184, L-27185
ZINC   B-09784, D-09590
ZINC COMPOUNDS   A-32489, B-04666,
      B-09839, C-09657, F-11132,
  U. a. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972	746763/41 IS

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