ODORS AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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ODORS AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical
Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
October 1972
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The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the Informa-
tional Services Division of the Office of Administration for the Office of Air Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, to report the results of scientific and engineering studies ,
and information of general interest in the field of air pollution. Information reported in
this series includes coverage of intramural activities and of cooperative studies con-
ducted in conjunction with state and local agencies, research institutes, and industrial
organizations. Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to Federal employees,
current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 or for the cost indicated on the title page from the
Superintendent of Documents.
Office of Air Programs Publication No. AP-113
For sole by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION V
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 41
C. Measurement Methods 129
D. Air Quality Measurements 166
E. Atmospheric Interaction 178
F. Basic Science and Technology 180
•
G. Effects - Human Health 186
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock 192
I. Effects - Materials 193
J. Effects - Economic 194
K. Standards and Criteria 195
L. Legal and Administrative 199
M. Social Aspects 215
N. General 219
AUTHOR INDEX 221
SUBJECT INDEX 227
111
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ODORS AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air Programs
has selected and compiled this bibliography of abstracts on odors. The abstracted docu-
ments are thought to be representative of available literature, and no claim is made to all-
inclusiveness.
The abstracts are arranged within the categories listed in the Contents. Within each
category, they are arranged in ascending order by APTIC accession number. Generally,
higher numbers, representing later accessions, have been assigned to more recent docu-
ments. Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and accession
number. The author index lists all authors individually. Primary authorship is indicated
by an asterisk (*).
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711. Readers outside the Environmental Protection Agency may seek duplicates
of the documents directly from libraries, publishers, or authors.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
00393
A. T. Rossano, Jr. and R. R. Ott
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ODOR AND PARTICU-
LATE MATTER IN DIESEL EXHAUST. Preprint. (Presented
at the Annual Meeting Pacific Northwest International Section
of the Air Pollution Control Association, Portland, Ore., Nov.
5-6, 1964.)
The odor emanating from diesel engine exhaust has become a
more prominent nuisance within recent years. Past studies
have been primarily based upon investigations of the chemical
constituents in diesel exhaust. In this study, a thermal
precipitator was used to collect the diesel soot. The use of this
particular device prevented abnormal contact between the par-
ticulate and vapors or gas present in the diesel exhaust. 'Olfac-
tometers' were used before and after soot collection to deter-
mine subjectively the intensity of odor in the diesel exhaust
stream with and without the presence of the soot particles.
The results of this investigation showed a significant reduction
of the odor-causing substance through proper removal of the
diesel exhaust soot particulates. Other correlative findings
strongly suggest that the diesel exhaust soot is indeed the
odor-carrier causing the electron microscopy studies showed
that the soot particles were essentially nonuniformly dis-
tributed agglomerates of one micron diamter or less, in size.
The basic elemental spheres forming the agglomerates were
found to be approximately 400-500 Angstroms in diameter.
Literature studies appear to support the premise that particles
of this type can be effective carriers of gases and vapor.
(Author)
00402
Horton, R. J. M. and R. O. McCaldin
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF
IRAZU VOLCANO, COSTS RICA, - DECEMBER 8-16, 1963.
Public Health Rept. (U. S.), no. 79:925-929, Oct. 1964.
Based on observations, examination of available data, and
analyses of limited samples, it appears that the heavy ashfall
resulting from the volcanic activity of Irazu, in Costa Rica,
contained a substantial portion of respirable particles with a
free silica content of about 1 percent. Sulfur gases were not
measured but reports of taste and odor indicated that these
were a minor factor in emissions. The ashfall causes redness
and burning of the eyes, sore throat, and nasal irritation. Much
of the pastureland was ruined. Cattle suffered intestinal dis-
ease from ingestion of ash. Large crews anf trucks were
required to remove ash from San Jose plus constant cleaning
indoors, and removal of ash from gutters and roofs to prevent
their collapse.
00525
D. F. Adams
EUROPEAN AIR POLLUTION, 1964. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15(8):375-379, Aug. 1965. (Presented at the Second An-
nual Meeting, Pacific Northwest International Section, Air
Pollution Control Association, Portland, Oreg., Nov. 5-6,
1964.)
A study was made of the status of air pollution technology and
research in Western Europe during the spring and summer of
1964. This report is based primarily upon information obtained
by interview, visitation and observation at various industrial
operations, governmental research laboratories, and communi-
ties. Various approaches to odor abatement are described.
Vegetation damage from air pollution, and the community air
pollution problem are discussed. Trends in research, standard
sampling and analysis methods, and performance standards are
reported. (Author's abstract)
01565
E. S. Starkman
ENGINE GENERATED ABR POLLUTION - A STUDY OF
SOURCE AND SEVERITY. Preprint. (Presented at the
Federal International Societes Ingeneures Techniques De
L'Automobile, Germany, June 15, 1966.)
A brief comprehensive view of the state of knowledge, legisla-
tion, research and application of devices to control the in-
fluence of reciprocating engine emissions on man and his en-
vironment is presented from the viewpoint and experiences of
a California observer. The pollutants considered are: unowned
hydrocarbons; carbon monoxide; oxides of nitrogen; car-
cinogens; paniculate matter; lead; odor; and oxides of sulfur.
Engine operating modes and severity of emissions; engine fac-
tors and emissions; and legislative control of emissions are
considered.
01644
I. B. Douglass and L. Price
A STUDY OF METHYL MERCAPTAN AND DIMETHYL
SULFIDE FORMATION IN KRAFT PULPING. Tappi 49, (8)
335-42, Aug. 1966. (Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting,
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York City, Feb. 20-24, 1966.)
The formation of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide in
kraft pulping has been studied with regard to the influence of
wood type, temperature of cooking, sulfidity, and length of
cooking. Digestions were carried out on a semimicro scale us-
ing, 1.0 g of wood and 4.0 ml of cooking liquor in a 7.5-ml
stainless steel digester. Four types of wood, spruce, loblolly
pine, red maple, and paper birch, were digested at 150, 160,
170, and 180C for 1,2,3, and 4 hr at 14.7,22.2 and 30.5% sul-
fidities. After completing each cook, the content of the
digester was acidified to liberate methyl mercaptan and the
amounts of organosulfur compounds formed were then deter-
mined by gas-liquid chromatography. Under comparable condi-
tions, hardwoods produce more methyl mercaptan and
dimethyl sulfide than softwoods. Cooks carried out at lower
temperatures and for shorter times produce more mercaptan
than sulfide but those carried out at higher temperatures and
for longer periods, especially at high sulfidity, produce much
more dimethyl sulfide than mercaptan. Curves prepared from
the data clearly demonstrate that methyl mercaptan is the pri-
mary product and is consumed in the formation of dimethyl
sulfide. Extrapolation of results obtained on this semimicro
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ODORS
scale agree well with results reported from mill and pilot plant
studies. (Author abstract)
01885
W. T. McKean, Jr., B. F. Hrutfiord, and K. V. Sarkanen
KINETIC ANALYSIS OF ODOR FORMATION IN THE
KRAFT PULPING PROCESS I. Paper Trade J. 149, (35) 41-2,
Aug. 30, 1965 and Tappi 48, (12) 699-704, Dec. 1965.
(Presented at the National Meeting, American Inst. of Chemi-
cal Engineers, San Francisco, Calif., May 1965.)
The kinetics of the consecutive formation of methyl mercaptan
and dimethyl sulfide at constant liquor composition were
determined at several temperatures using a novel gas analysis
based on vapor phase sampling. Comparison of kraft pulping
of softwood and hardwood species shows that more organic
sulfur compounds are produced from the latter group. In soft-
wood pulping, a general enhancement in the reactivity of the
lignin methoxyls occurs during the alkaline delignification
process which results in accelerated odor formation during the
last phase of pulping. The activation energies of these reac-
tions suggest a substantial reduction in total formation of or-
ganic sulfur compounds may be accomplished by raising the
reaction temperature and shortening the time of the kraft
cook. The significance of the results to actual kraft pulping
process is discussed. (Author abstract)
02001
B. GUIs E.L. Howe
OIL BURNERS FOR DOMESTIC APPLICATION: PRESENT
DESIGN AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS. Proc. (Part D In-
tern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper HI/2.) pp. 37-44.
Published work from various research organizations in Europe
and the U.S.A. concerning malfunctioning of domestic pres-
sure jet burners is reviewed. It is shown that when poor com-
bustion performance of pressure jet burners is experienced the
cause can be traced to one, or a combination of the following
factors: 1. Poor design of the air/fuel mixing system. 2. Bad
maintenance. 3. Bad matching of the burner characteristics to
the heating appliance requirements. Bad performance of any
combustion system is reflected in the composition of the final
exhaust products. Results are presented which show that a
combustion system can generally be operated so that it
products no smoke, carbon monoxide or unburnt hydrocar-
bons. Due to attention which has recently been drawn to 'ex-
haust odor* from oil-fired appliances reference is made to
methods of measuring the total hydrocarbon content of flue
gases. Recent developments with the objective of impo
developments with the objective of improving the combustion
performance and reliability of domestic oil burners are
described, together with references to research into methods
of distillate fuel atomization and combustion using novel prin-
ciples. (Author abstract modified)
02765
J.J. Schueneman C.G. Beard, II
CHARLESTON-KANAWHA VALLEY AIR POLLUTION
STUDY - A DESCRD7TION. Preprint. (Presented at the 55th
National Meeting, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,
Houston, Tex., Feb. 7-11, 1965, Paper No. 46c.)
The Kanawha River Valley area around Charleston, West Vir-
ginia, contains one of the nation's largest concentrations of
basic chemical production. The chemical processes and other
industrial operations, along with substantial use of coal for
fuel, have resulted in an air pollution problem. The situation is
aggravated by meteorological conditions and a rugged terrain
that hamper atmospheric dispersion of air pollutants. The West
Virginia Air Pollution Commission and the United States
Public Health Service, with many operators, have initiated a
study that encompasses air quality, pollutant emissions,
meteorology, effects of pollution on materials, odors, vegeta-
tion damage, and means of pollution control. The area being
studied and past air pollution studies are described briefly. The
organization, outline, and work plan of the present study are
presented in summary form. (Author abstract)
03097
S. Duckworth
THE METEOROLOGICALLY SCHEDULED OPEN BURN. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3) 274-7, June 1965
The feasibiloty of open buring under selected meteorological
conditions is discussed. Meteorological provisos and non-
meteorological factors are enumerated. Topics discussed in-
clude: combustion, fuel moisture, fire hazard, forecasting, fal-
lout and odor, and air pollution potential. A mathematical esti-
mate of visibility reduction is described and evaluated. A
procedure for estimating atmospheric ventilation is presented.
The author concludes that most massive open firest result in
adverse effects on either a local or area wide scale. Hence, the
best meteorological decision possible is frequently one that
minimizes one scale of effect at the expense of the other.
(Author abstract)
03825
Harris, Elliott S.
PROBLEMS OF SPACECRAFT MATERIALS SELECTION
AND TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION. In: Proceedings of
the Conference on Atmospheric Contamination in Confined
Spaces: 30 March - 1 April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research
Lab., (6570th) Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF
33(657)-! 1305, Proj. 6302, AMRL-TR-65-230, p. 231-241, Nov.
1965. 8 refs. CFSTI, DDC: 629622
Inhalation toxicity could result from the off-gassing of non-
metallic materials within the confines of the habitable area of
a spacecraft. The criteria used to ensure an innocuous at-
mosphere in the spacecraft have not been the same for each
spacecraft manufacturer. The manufacturer of Gemini deter-
mines the acceptability of a non-metallic material by establish-
ing the maximum temperature at which it is anticipated that it
will be used. The acceptance limits are based upon 3 to 24
hours of continuous use tests in 100 percent 5 psia oxygen
without producing irritating or obnoxious odors. The accepta-
bility of non-metallic materials for the Apollo Command
Module is based upon heating to 200 deg F in 100 percent ox-
ygen at 5 psia for 48 hours. A gas sample is drawn off, passed
through the gas chromatograph, and the total organic content
of the vapors, as determined by a flame ionization detector, is
expressed as pentane equivalents. Condensable materials are
determined by evacuating the test chamber into a condensate
trap and then returning non-condensables to the test chamber.
The test chamber is brought to atmospheric pressure with ox-
ygen and tested for odor by use of a Fair-Wells type olfac-
tometer. The criteria are given for material to be considered
acceptable. The test program for the qualification of the non-
metallic materials used in the habitable area of the Lunar Ex-
cursion Module is similar to that used for the Command
Module. The non-metallic materials are heated to 200 deg F
for 72 hours in 100 percent 5 psia oxygen. The products that
off-gas under these conditions are trapped, separated cnro-
matographically, and identified by the combined or individual
utilization of mass, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. Odor
evaluation is performed by subjecting the material to the con-
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
ditions described previously. The gasses are brought to at-
mospheric pressure with oxygen and the odor is evaluated by
a panel of 10 male non-smokers. Several factors are given
which aid in minimizing the risk of a toxic response. The fac-
tors enumerated would insure that probability of contaminant
buildups is quite low.
04785
D. A. Kendall and A. J. Neilson
ODOR PROFILE STUDIES OF EFFLUENT WASTE WATERS
FROM SEVEN REFINERIES. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. 44, (Sec.
3) 62-7, 1964. (Presented before a Session on Controlling
Refinery Wastes, 29th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum
Inst. Division of Refining, St. Louis, Mo., May 11, 1964.)
Currently odor measurement must rely on human sensory
analysis as there are no instruments which have a comparable
response or sensitivity. In many instances, chemical analyses
and instrumental techniques can provide supporting informa-
tion which is helpful in expanding, confirming, and interpret-
ing subjective odor data. The human nose is an extremely con-
venient and useful instrument in providing both qualitative and
quantitative information about odor, if, as is done by the odor
profile method, adequate controls are exercised in presenting
samples and in carrying out the analyses, and appropriate ex-
ternal reference standards are used. In profiling effluent
wastes from a variety of refineries operating on various types
of crude oil and with various treating facilities, in general, the
effluents from the API gravity separator are quite similar in
odor components, and in strength of odor generally fall within
a range of a factor of 10 in threshold odor number. Each
refinery appears to have specific odor characteristics by which
it can be identified, as well as minor variations in the odor
character from day to day or even hour to hour.
04860
R. T. Walsh
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF THE INEDIBLE RENDER-
ING INDUSTRY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17, (2) 94-7,
Feb. 1967.
The fats rendering process; its air pollution aspects; quantita-
tive odor measurements; sanitation; odor control methods in-
cluding incineration, condensers, interceptors in vent lines,
scrubbing, hoods and ventilation, carbon adsorption, masking
agents and odor counteractants are reviewed.
04879
\
I. B. Douglass, and L. Price
SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. E. SOME
REACTIONS IN THE RECOVERY FURNACE. Preprint.
(Presented before the Odor Abatement Session, 52nd Annual
Meeting, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Indus-
try, New York City, Feb. 22, 1967.)
In the recovery furnace concentrated black liquor loses its
remaining water and the residual solids then undergo pyrolysis.
One may assume that the black liquor solids consist of lignin-
and carbohydrate- derived organics and various inorganic sul-
fur-containing substances such as sodium sulfate, sodium
sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide or elemental sulfur.
One series of experiments was carried out in which soda lignin
was heated at 600 degree C with each of the inorganic sub-
stances listed and a second series in which each was heated
with glucose. Sodium sulfate and sodium sulfite produced
negligible amounts of hydrogen sulfide. With the other sub-
stances, however, both soda lignin and glucose converted 30-
75% of the inorganic sulfur to hydrogen sulfide. These results
clearly indicate the air pollution problem which will develop if
the recovery furnace is operated in such a manner that
complete combustion of the hydrogen sulfide does not occur.
(Author abstract)
04893
Douglas, I. B.
THE CHEMISTRY OF POLLUTANT FORMATION IN
KRAFT PULPING. In: Proceedings of the International Con-
ference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: U. S. Public Health Service, National Council
for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. Deland,
Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 41-71. 14 refs.
The emission of malodorous compounds from the digester
arises from a stripping of hydrogen sulfide and from the reac-
tion of sulfide or hydrosulfide ions with the methoxyl groups
present in lignin. Methyl mercaptan is the primary product of
the reaction but it reacts, as the mercaptide ion, in a more
rapid secondary reaction to produce dimethyl sulfide. Hard-
woods produce more malodorous compounds than soft woods.
High temperatures, high sulfidity and long reaction time all
favor the production of the sulfur compounds. There may be
some production of malodorous compounds during the process
of evaporation but it is not yet clear whether this is primarily a
stripping action or whether there is additional formation of
methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. The biggest sources of
odorous compounds are the direct evaporator and the recovery
furnace. Black liquor oxidation will largely eliminate the
problem of the direct evaporator. The recovery furnace, how-
ever, presents a more serious problem since it is often over-
loaded and when this occurs large quantities of hydrogen sul-
fide, methylated sulfur compounds and sulfur compounds with
two- and three-carbon groups will be emitted. (Author's ab-
stract)
05007
J. H. Ludwig
SEMINAR ON AIR POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLES.
Preprint. 1967. 54 pp.
The various facets of the vehicle pollution problem from the
standpoint of both effects on community atmospheres nation-
wide and the source of variables are summarized. The
problems that remain today encompass a number of considera-
tions, which may be enumerated as follows: (1) The im-
portance of the diesel problem as it relates to smoke and odor
control, the means for securing reduction of smoke and odors,
and the development of test procedures for the setting of stan-
dards; (2) The importance of relative reactivity of the various
organic species, particularly hydrocarbons, and the effects of
reactivity on both standards and control methods; (3) The im-
portance of various emission sources (exhaust, crankcase ven-
tilation, fuel tank evaporation and carburetor evaporation
losses) in relation to reactivity and need for control and the
development of test procedures for these sources from all
types of vehicles (passenger cars, trucks and buses); (4) The
need for control of nitrogen oxides from vehicular sources,
both gasoline engine and diesel engine power sources and con-
currently for stationary sources; (5) The importance of instru-
mentation in measurement of pollution parameters for
research, enforcement (certification) procedures, surveillance
and inspection; (6) The problems of maintenance of devices on
vehicles to insure their continued operation (surveillance and
inspection), and/or the upgrading of such devices such that
they will be essentially maintenance free; and (8) The im-
portance of in-traffic carbon monoxide levels, particularly
their significance relative to driver fatigue.
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ODORS
05335
Schmidt, R. C., A. W. Carey and R. Kamo
EXHAUST CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUTOMOTIVE
DIESEL. In: Vehicle Emissions, Part n, SAE Prigress in
Technology Series, Vol. 12, Society of Automotive Engineers,
Inc., N. Y., 1966, p. 394-401. 11 refs. (Presented at the SAE
West Coast Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Aug. 8-11, 1966.)
The production of pollutants and an increasing need for pollu-
tion management are an inevitable concomitant of a society
with a high standard of living. The automotive diesel engine is
used more than any other type of engine for transporting
freight over high- ways. Two kinds of pollution to be con-
sidered with regard to the diesel engine are the dark exhaust
smoke and odor, of which the public is quite cognizant, and
the less obvious but possible toxic carbon monoxide, oxides of
nitrogen, unbumed hydrocarbons, and trace compounds of
other toxic materials. This paper discusses sampling, measure-
ment techniques, and established standards for exhaust smoke
and odor. Examination of diesel exhaust shows it to be less of-
fensive in terms of harmful effects than the invisible exhaust
from other types of engines. The major problem is exhaust
color and odor. (Author abstract)
05527
Meyer, W. E.
CONTROLLING ODOR AND SMOKE FROM DIESEL EX-
HAUST. Proc. Sanitary Eng. Conf., Air Resources Planning
Eng., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965, pp. 41- 54.
To the public the distinguishing features of a diesel engine are
its smoke and its odor. Neither has been proven to be con-
nected with any direct or indirect effect of diesel exhaust on
the health of man or beast, nor damage to plant life or proper-
ty. Diesels do not emit significant amounts of either carbon
monoxide or hydrocarbons. The only noxious emission of any
consequence with which diesels can be charged are nitrogen
oxides. Diesels can be built and adjusted not to smoke but this
would mean accepting less output from a given engine. It has
become customary in the indus- try to set the maximum engine
output so that the exhaust smoke does not excede No. 2 on
the Ringelman chart. There is no way of preventing diesel
smoke once and for all. It can be controlled and there are nu-
merous devices, means, methods and procedures for con-
trolling it. The real cure is, therefore, to legislate that diesels
shall not emit smoke above a certain density and leave it to
engine, accessory and fuel manufacturers, owner, operator
and driver to decide among and for themselves how com-
pliance with the law is to be obtained.
05549
Hochheiser, S., E.E. Lozano, and W. W. Melvin
AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM JET ENGINES. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 18(6):392-394, June 1968. 8 refs.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Associa- tion, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-
126.)
Pollution emissions from three representatives types of jet en-
gines were determined. Pollutants measured included nitrogen
oxides, aldehydes, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and
odors. A method is presented for determining the magnitude of
pollution emissions due to commercial jet aircraft operation by
using basic emission factors. These engines were: 1) the T-56
turboprop engine, 2) the J-57 conventional jet engine, and 3)
the TF-33 fan-jet engine. Oxide of nitrogen emissions mainly
take the form of nitric oxide. In TF-33 exhaust, the percent of
nitric oxide in the total nigrogen oxides varied from 82 to 93;
and in J-57 exhaust, the percent composition varied from 62 to
76 percent, de- pending upon engine power setting. Percent
composition of nitric oxide was greatest at the 100 percent
power setting and lowest at the 65 percent power setting.
Photochemically reactive hydro- carbon content (olefins and
aromatics) of T-56, J-57, and TF-33 exhaust represented 35,
51, and 40 percent, respectively, of the total hydrocarbons
emitted at the 65 percent power setting. Ole- fin content was
significantly greater than aromatic content in TF-33 exhaust.
The principal aldehyde present in jet engine exhaust was for-
maldehyde. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon con- centra-
lions in exhaust products generally varied inversely with en-
gine power setting, and nitrogen oxide concentration generally
varied directly with engine power setting. (Author abstract)
05608
C. E. Schumann and C. W. Gruber
MOTORIST EXPOSURES TO ALDEHYDES FROM DIESEL-
POWERED BUSES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (2) 53-
5, Feb. 1964. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
A sampling survey of the amounts of aldehydes to which mo-
torists are exposed while following diesel buses in the City of
Cincinnati is reported. The data obtained from this survey,
coupled with personal observations by the authors, indicate
the following: (1) Motorist exposures to aldehydes (low
molecular weight aldehydes, such as formaldehyde and
acrolein) from diesel buses in Cincinnati are well below
published maximum average atmospheric concentration of
contaminants for industrial workers for 8-hr day exposures.
However, this does not preclude, nor is it the intent of the
authors to state, that exposure to such levels of aldehydes or
related diesel exhaust products cannot produce adverse health
effects, either directly or indirectly. Standards have not been
established for general population exposures to community air
pollution. (2) Of the 15 buses sampled, none could be clas-
sified as excessive 'smokers.' This could be attributed to
several factors; e.g. the use of better quality fuels, and im-
proved inspection and maintenance program, and a recent
change in fuel injector tips to improve fuel atomization into
the combustion chambers. (3) Aldehyde concentrations two or
three car lengths behind buses can, and sometimes do, exceed
the odor threshold of the lower aliphatic aldehydes. It has
been estimated that the per gallon aldehyde losses from diesel
fuel exceed that of gasoline by a factor of three. Based upon a
four mile per gallon diesel fuel requirement for city bus opera-
tions compared to a 12 mile per gallon requirement for con-
ventional automobiles, the diesel bus will emit nine times more
aldehydes per mile traveled than the automobile. In spite of
obvious improvements in visible smoke emissions, the diesel-
bus odors in Cincinnati still exist in sufficient quantities to
prompt public complaints. Whether future improvements or
developments in fuel, engine design, maintenance, or control
devices will result in an adequate reduction of offensive ex-
haust constituents to eliminate these public objections remains
to be seen. (Author conclusions modified)
06039
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE - PART 2 (MONTHLY PROGRESS REPT. NO.
4, APR. 15, - MAY 15, 1967). Southwest Research Inst, San
Antonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab. (May 26,
1967) Up.
Studies of the effect of engine derating on exhaust smoke and
odor are in progress. The 6-month fleet test of a smoke sup-
pressant additive, which began on April 1, is continuing.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
Preparations for the evaluation of the three types of catalytic
mufflers for use with two-cycle powered buses are nearing
completion. Preliminary studies are under way to establish the
feasibility in the laboratory of relating an instrumental odor
measurement method with the human odor panel.
06240
Y. Suzuki, K. Nishiyama, M. Oe, and F. Kametani
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
(PART I. ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES.) ((Tohoku J. Exp.
Med. (Tokyo))) 11 (2), 120-6 (Aug. 1964). (Presented at the 37th
Annual Meeting, Japan Society of Industrial Medicine, Kurume,
Apr. 7, 1964.)
Exhaust gases of a Japanese kraft pulp mill were analyzed.
The reported results were as follows: In the stack gases were
contained: 0.259 g/cc of sodium sulfate, 750 ppm of hydrogen
sulfide, 196 ppm of sulfur dioxide and organic compounds of
sulfur. The organic sulfur compounds were as follows in order
of amount: methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, isopropyl mer-
captan, dimethyl disulfide, propyl mercaptan or ethyl methyl
sulfide, diethyl sulfide and ethyl mercaptan. The amount of
dimethyl sulfide was 8.7 ppm. Organic sulfur compounds in
the gases in the upper part of the Jansson screen were of the
same composition as those in the stack gases, but the arrange-
ment of the constituents in order of amount are somewhat dif-
ferent. All of these gaseous sulfur compounds smell offensive
and characterize the exhaust gases from a kraft pulp mill.
(Author conclusion)
06981
06981 D. L. Brink, J. F. Thomas, K. H. Jones
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. HI. A RATIONALE FOR CON-
TROLLING ODORS. Preprint. 1967.
In processing concentrated kraft black liquor the recovery fur-
nace has been designed to carry out several unit operations
and processes simultaneously but without specific control on
the individual functions. A program of research is being con-
ducted to isolate and study these functions independently in
the laboratory. Conceptual designs are presented which are
being studied with the objective of providing information that
could result in improvements in recovery furnace operation.
Such improvements could include greater control in operation
- particularly in combustion phases, improved startup and
shutdown procedures, elimination of the hazard associated
with smelt explosions, and minimizing emissions of
malodorous products. The basis for the conceptual design has
been provided through an investigation with particular empha-
sis on pyrolysis of black liquor solids—one of the critical fur-
nace functions. Pyrolysis, studied previously by a batch
technique and currently by a continuous steady state opera-
tion, has been shown to produce large volumes of highly com-
bustible gases containing high percentages of the total sulfur in
black liquor solids. The volatile sulfur compounds comprise a
malodorous array with a composition that is highly tempera-
ture dependent. (Authors' abstract)
07089
Rosen, A.A., R. T. Skeel, and M. B. Ettinger
RELATIONSHIP OF RIVER WATER ODOR TO SPECIFIC
ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS. J. Water Pollution Control
Federation (Presented at the 35th Annual Meeting, Water Pol-
lution Control Federation, Toronto, Canada, Oct. 7-11, 1962.)
35(6):777-782, June, 1963.
The results of odor tests conducted in conjunction with a
study of organic contaminants in the Kanawha River at (itro,
West Virginia are reported. A major part of the odor of the
river can be ascribed to 11 organic chemical compounds that
were identified and measured. Naphthalene, Tetralin, Styrene,
Acetophenone, Ethyl benzene, Bis(2-chloro-isopropyl) ether,
2-Ethyl hexanol, Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, Di-isobutyl carbinol,
Phenyl methyl carbinol and 2-Methyl-5-ethyl pyridine.
Threshold odor concentrations for each of these compounds
were determined from the responses of an odor panel. A mix-
ture of all the identified pollutants, in the same proportions as
found in the river, was shown to contribute nearly twice the
amount of odor that can be calculated on the basis of the sum
of the individual contributions. Thus, it was indicated that
odor synergism plays its role as effectively in polluted streams
as in the simulated instances tested in the laboratory.
07394
W. Pickel
QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF TOTAL EMISSIONS. (ANALY-
SIS OF EMISSIONS FROM COFFEE PRODUCTION.)
Preprint, ((8)) p., July 31, 1966. 1 ref.
Fifteen companies prepare and roast approximately eighty
three million pounds of green coffee beans in a year in the
Chicago area. The process consists of (1) pre-cleaning green
coffee beans to remove foreign matter, (2) blending various
quality green beans for flavor, (3) roasting to chemically
change the beans, (4) cleaning and cooling the beans to
remove the heavy contaminants, and (5) grinding and packag-
ing for consumption. With few exceptions, the only controll-
device used for each of the first four operation si a cyclone
which attempts to collect particulates, such as chaff, from the
air strea. Results of the survey show that roasters emit an
average of 330 pounds of chaff and dust per day while the
cleaning operation discharges another 60 pounds to the at-
mosphere. Dense emissions from the roasting process contain
smoke and odors which cyclically discharge from uncontrolled
operations thereby constituting nuisance and other violations
of most cities' air pollution codes. This project was instituted
to determine total emissions entering the atmosphere from this
industry. Only paniculate emissions are considered at this
time. (Author's summary, modified)
07561
Kaiser, E. R., J. Halitsky, M. B. Jacobs, and L. C. McCabe
PERFORMANCE OF A FLUE-FED INCINERATOR. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 9(2):85-91, Aug. 1959. 7 refs.
(Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., May 25-28, 1958.)
A limited survey of representative modes of operation and
results of one flue-fed incinerator is reported. The tests were
conducted to serve as a basis for comparison with fruture tests
on identical incinerators with modifications to improve com-
bustion and reduce air pollution. The incinerated refuse from a
128-apartment building was approximately 430 Ib. a day. The
flue-fed incinerator reduced the apartment refuse to about 37%
of its original weight and to about 10% of its original volume.
The bulk density of the refuse averaged 4.1 Ib/cu ft. in the in-
cinerator. The residue had a bulk density of 15.4 Ib/cu ft. in
the ash cans. The residue averaged 64% metal and glass, 12%
ash, 16% combustible, and 8% moisture, excluding quench
water. The air normally supplied to the furnace was 10 to 20
times the theoretical air necessary for complete combustion.
The high excess air reduced the furnace temperatures and un-
doubtedly affected adversely the combustion of volatile matter
and emission of fly ash. The infiltration air entering the flue
-------
ODORS
through vents on the service doors and cracks averaged 35%
more than entered the furnace. Sealing the vents reduced the
infiltration air to the flue to 45% of the furnace air during the
period of fast burning. The peak furnace temperatures varied
from 970 to 1200 deg F. The emissions of paniculate matter to
the atmosphere via the flue gases ranged from 0.85 to 1.55% of
the refuse weight. The weights of paniculate matter ranged
from 2.5 to 4.7 lb/1000 Ib of furnace gas corrected to 12%
CO2. The emission of eight noxious gases totaled 0.9 to 3.0
lb/100 Ib refuse. The presence of additional unbumed
hydrocarbons in the flue gases was confirmed by mass-spec-
trometer tests. The average odor concentrations ranged from
2.5 to 100 ASTM odor units. The incinerator had inherent fea-
tures of design and operation that caused high emissions of
paniculate matter and unbumed organic compounds. The
charging of refuse during burning could contribute to the
discharge of paniculate matter. Suggested modifications to the
conventional incinerator include control of the furnace air
supply, better mixing of air and volatile products from the
burning refuse in a zone of high temperature, new furnace
designs to eliminate the necessity for hooking and raking the
refuse and residue, and residue removal with minimum air
flow.
08359
Feuerstein, D. L., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. I. PYROLYSIS AND COM-
BUSTION ASPECTS. TAPPI, 50(6):258-262, June 1967. 7 refs.
(Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y.,
Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
The production of malodors is an undesirable side effect that
has always been associated with the kraft pulping process.
Such malodors may originate at six major points in the overall
digestion and combined recovery (inorganic chemical and heat)
and organic waste elimination processes. Based on information
in the literature, these points may be listed in order of
decreasing contribution to atmospheric pollution: the recovery
furnace is the major source, followed by evaporators, digester,
lime kiln, oxidation tower, and dissolving tank. In the present
study it was assumed that the recovery furnace operation
covers a wide spectrum, such as distillation and sublimation,
pyrolysis, auto-oxidation, stoichiometric combustion, and
quenching. It was found possible to carry single charges of
spent reaction liquors sequentially through the various steps in
the laboratory under controlled conditions as well as to quan-
titatively collect and analyze all products. The contributions
from individual, simultaneously occurring processes within a
furnace are thus being considered for the first time from the
standpoint of air pollution. Several unique control possibilities
have been indicated as a result of this work. Results of the
work relating to combustion techniques and sample collection
are contained in this paper. Analytical methods and a discus-
sion of the results obtained are presented in the second paper
of this series. (Authors' abstract)
08373
Baum, Fritz and Wolfgang Steinbach
WASTE INCINERATION IN SMALL UNITS. Staub (English
translation), 27(7):23-25, July 1967. 10 refs. CFSTI: TT 67-
51408/7
The incinerator investigated has a triple jacket combustion
chamber, and is heated up and charged with dry paper waste.
The CO and CO2 concentration was recorded by infrared gas
analyzers. During charging, CO concentration rose rapidly to
0.4-0.6 vol.% then dropped gradually. CO2 concentration rose
rapidly to 1.0 - 1.5 vol. percent, then dropped slowly. The CO
and CO2 concentrations were as a rule much lower than with
medium units. Measurements to determine the emission of
solids were performed with a Strohlein instrument at the chim-
ney end. The results yielded a solid concentration between 300
and 425 mg/ cu m. Large quantities of hydrocarbons were
deposited on the measuring filters apart from solids, which
gave an impression of a deceptively high dust emission. The
stong hydrocarbon development was confirmed by observa-
tions and measurements. For a long time white-gray clouds
were emitted from the chimney, causing noxious odors in the
vicinity.
08802
Hoffmann, H.
THE COMPOSITION OF EXHAUST GASES FROM DIESEL
MOTORS. ((Die Zusammensetzung der Auspuffgase bei
Dieselmotoren.)) Text in German. Z. Praeventivmed. Vol. 11,
p. 104-121, March-April 1966.
The smoke emission of different types of diesel motors was
determined and the results presented in a series of graphs.
Under full load little difference in smoke emission was ob-
served between chambered engines and direct injection en-
gines, while the latter were superior under partial load. The
various factors in engine development which influence smoke
emissions are discussed. The carbon monoxide, aldehyde, and
nitrogen oxide content of the exhaust gas was determined and
it was found that the CO content is of no concern in diesel
motors, since the concentration is not over 0.1-0.15 Vol.% and
in many cases below 0.05 Vol.%. The same is true for al-
dehydes whose odorous annoyance has a psychological but not
medical effect at the emitted concentrations. The nitrogen
oxide content was found to be higher with direct fuel injection
engines. The amount of 3,4-benzopyrene emission is in-
fluenced by the fuel composition and the combustion system
and is only of concern if the motor is operated under high
mean pressure, when as much as 0.5 gamma benzopyrene in
500 liters of exhaust gas was found at 1200-1500 U/min. under
3/4 load. It is concluded that by proper construction and
development and particularly by proper care of the engine, the
smoke from modern diesel engines can be reduced to an unob-
jectionable amount.
08912
Loquercio, Peter A. and William J. Stanley
AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL FOR COFFEE ROASTING.
Air Eng. 9(11): 22-26, 29, Nov. 1967.
Results of a study of the coffee roasting industry in Chicago's
Emission Inventory Project revealed the identity of all the air
pollution sources, the equipment associated with them, the
type of pollutant emitted, their amounts and the frequency of
emission. In the whole coffee process, excluding the prepara-
tion of instant coffee, air pollution is generated from 3 areas;
(1) pre-cleaning of the green beans; (2) the coffee roaster; and,
(3) the final cleaning of the roasted beans. The chief source
was from the coffee roaster. Pollutants emitted from the entire
process are dust and trash from the pre-cleaning phase; fumes,
participates and odors from the roasting operation; and chaff
debris and resid- ual smoke from the final cleaning stage. To
control emissions from the roaster, mechanical cyclone collec-
tors are almost always employed. The paniculate or chaff col-
lected from the cyclone is conveyed into a special chaff in-
cineratorwhich is serviced by an afterburner for the prevention
of odor emissions. In order to comply with Chicago's strigent
laws, the cyclone must be followed with another control
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
device that will eliminate the fumes, tars, non-condensibles
and odors discharging from the top of the unit. The only
device that has proven successful in this function, as well as
in eliminating odors from the chaff incinerator, is the cirect
fired afterburner, properly designed to operate in a temper-
ature range of 1200-1400 F. Several other approaches for con-
trol of these emissions from the roaster have been suggested
to Chicago's Department of Air Pollution Control—(1) the cata-
ly- tic afterburner, and (2) the scrubber utilizing potassium
perman- ganate solutions or similar oxidizing agents. Upon
completion of the survey of coffee roasting operations, it was
found that they contribute approximately SO tons annually to
the city's atmos- phere.
09175
M. W. First, P. Zilles, J. Walkley
DISPOSAL OF LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN
COMMERCIAL INCINERATORS. In: Proc. Ninth AEC Air
Cleaning Conference, Boston, Mass., Sept. 13-16, 1966. James
M Morgan, Jr. and Melvin W. First (eds.), Washington, D. C.,
Atomic Energy Commission, Vol. 1, Jan. 1967, p. 570-585. 7
refs. CFSTI: CONF 660904
A comparison was made of the performance of a crematory-
type incinerator and a combination steam-boiler incinerator in
the combustion of difficult laboratory and hospital wastes such
as animals and cage litter. Because of excessive stack emis-
sions of smoke, fly ash, and malodorous gases and vapors, the
crematory-type proved unsatisfactory. Under the most favora-
ble operating conditions for avoidance of air pollution and for
production of a good quality residue, burning capacity was
only 2 to 3 Ibs/sq ft/hr. Higher burning rates produced severe
nuisances. The mechanized steam-boiler incinerator, on the
other hand, provided a sanitary method for handling and burn-
ing such wastes in an efficient and rapid manner. A cyclone
dust collector proved superfluous for use with gas or oil fuels
and it was found that it could be eliminated without decreasing
the overall collection efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator
which served as a final cleaning stage. (Authors' abstract)
09255
Styles, H. E., J. Vrebos, and P. J. 6awther
THE DIESEL ENGINE AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
World Health Organization Chronick (Geneva), 21(5):201-206,
May 1967. 6 refs.
According to this review (based on report WHO/AP/67/2^),
the actual contribution of the diesel engine to air pollution is a
relatively minor one and could be controlled with little difficul-
ty and at small cost by appropriate selection of engine power
and by the proper calibration, maintenance, and overhaul of
fuel pumps and injectors. No excess of lung cancer or chronic
bronchitis has been demonstrated in groups occupationally ex-
posed to high levels of vehicular exhaust. A usual method of
investigation is that involving detailed analysis of materials
from engine exhausts under controlled, defined operating con-
ditions. This method should be supplemented by accurate mea-
surements of the levels of specific pollutants in the ambient
air. Motor vehicle exhausts are regarded as very minor sources
of atmospheric pollution compared with the inefficient com-
bustion of coal. The odor of diesel exhausts is frequently ob-
jectionable, but the chemical nature of the offending sub-
stances is unknown. Diesel engines that emit needless amounts
of smoke are either underpowered or overloaded, and in either
case are being overfuelled.
09853
Walsh, Robert T., Karl D. Luedtke, and Lewis K. Smith
FISH CANNERIES AND FISH REDUCTION PLANTS. In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 760-770, 1967.
GPQ: 806-614-30
There are two types of fish-canning operations in use today. In
the older, so-called 'wet-fish' method, trimmed fish are
cooked directly in the can. The more popular 'pre-cooked'
process is used primarily to can tuna. The latter method is
characterized by the cooking of whole, eviscerated fish, and
the hand sorting of choice parts before canning. The main pol-
lutants from fish and fish byproduct processing are odors.
Control methods are discussed for such operations as
digestion, drying, conveying, evaporating, and cooking.
10075
Williams, A. F.
ODL FIRING AND ODOUR PROBLEMS. (Due Olfeuerung im
Hinblick auf Emissionsprobleme.) Text in German. Schweiz,
Arch. Angew, Wiss. Tech. 31(4):105-112, April 1965.
(presented at the S.V.M.T. Meetin Zurich, Switzerland, Sept.
11, 1964, Preprint in English.)
Smoke and smells are indicative of incomplete combustion.
We propose to deal with underlying causes and curative mea-
sures which concern mainly the design and operation of the
combustion appliance We shall discuss the various types of
burners which are being used, particularly those which are
prevalent in Switzerland for room and whole house heating.
These are mainly pressure jet burners with so pot burners
rated 15000 k cal/h. and above and operated on distillated gas
oil. We shall comment on the relative merits of ON OFF and
HIGH/LOW fire operation and quote test results for smoke an
unbumt hydrocarbons produced by various burners during
continuous firing or intermittent operation. Such unbumt
hydrocarbons can gi rise to unpleasant odours. We shall show
that a low smoke conditio is related primarily to good draught
and an optimum excess air valu inside the fire box. Various
new attempts to procude small, highly efficient atomizing bur-
ners will be mentioned. These include ultrasonic atomization
and the Venires blue flame, atomizing with vaporising burner.
Lastly, in reference to typical Swiss oil quali and the stan-
dards set by SNV Institute, we shall give some results show-
ing the influence of aromatic content of the oil on its smoking
propensity. Some mention will also be made about sulphur in
the fu and SO2 emission from the chimney. (Author's summa-
ry, modified)
10699
Peterson, Carl M., Bruce Bruce F. McLouth, and Arthur J
Roberts
RECOVERY OF PRECIOUS METALS BY INCINERATION
OF EPOXY GLASS LAMINATES. Preprint, Minnesota Univ.,
Minneapolis Burn-Zol Inc., and Air Pollution Control Program,
St. Paul, Minn., 12p., 1968. (Presented at the 61st Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul,
Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-185.)
Recovery of precious metals from electrical circuits printed on
epoxy impregnated fiber glass laminates presents a difficult
operation. Improper combustion of epoxy resin will produce a
large amount of unburned hydrocarbons, soot, smoke and ob-
noxious odors. Furthermore, for recovery of gold and silver,
the ash must be of proper consistency produced by burning at
-------
8
ODORS
controlled tempera- ture. Many complaints were registered
against a St. Paul Minnesota company whenever this recovery
process was undertaken. Consequently, the company with the
air of the city pollution con- trol agency enlisted a local in-
cinerator manufacturer to determine the feasibility of modify-
ing the existing incinerator or designing a special unit to meet
emission requirements. After experimenta- tion it was found
that the initial combustion temperature of the epoxy resin
must be kept below 700 deg. F. to inhibit the soften- ing of the
glass fibers which would prevent good separation of the metal.
Afterburner temperatures of about 2000 deg.F. were needed to
complete the combustion of the gaseous compounds and par-
ticu- lates in the waste gas. a vertical multi-chamber incinera-
tor was designed with a gas burner in the combustion chamber
and two addi- tional gas burners were provided in the after-
burner chamber to ob- tain the necessary temperatures. An air
inlet to the secondary chamber was needed to provide oxygen
for complete combustion. Comparative tests conducted on the
old and new incinerator in- dicated that a waste gas dust load
reduction of about 83% was achieved with the new design.
(Authors' abstract)
11144
Douglass, Irwin B.and Lawrence Price
SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. U. REAC-
TIONS FORMING HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN THE
RECOVERY FURNACE. TAPPI, 51(10):465-467. Oct. 1968. 9
refs.
In the recovery furnace concentrated black liquor loses its
remaining water and the residual solids then indergo pyrolysis.
On may assume that the balck liquor solids consist of lignin-
and car- bohydrate-derived organics and various inorganic sul-
fur containing substances such as sodium sulfate, sodium
sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide, or elemental sulfur.
In two series of experiments, each of the inorganic substances
listed was heated at 600 deg. C, first with soda lignin and then
with glucose. In the experiments using sodium sulfate and
sodium sulfite, negligible amounts of hydrogen sulfide were
formed. In the experiments with elemental sulfur, sodium sul-
fide, and sodium thiosulfate, however, heating with soda lignin
or glucose caused 30-75% of the inorganic sulfur to be con-
verted to hydrogen sulfide. These results clearly indicate that
in a. recovery furnace large volumes of hydrogen sulfide are
formed which, if the furnace is not operated properly may
escape to the atmosphere and be a major cause of air pollu-
tion. (Authors' abstract)
11651T
Walter Hanstedt
PLANNING OF REFUSE ELIMINATION AND UTILIZATION
PLANTS IN THE RUHR AREA WITH EMPHASIS ON MAIN-
TAINING THE PURITY OF THE AIR. ((Planung von
beseitigungs—und Verwertungsanlagen fur Mull im Ruhrgebiet
im Hinblick auf die Reinhaltung der luft.)) Translated from
German. Staub, 23(3):218-225, March 1963. 6 refs.
A working group comprising 22 townships was established in
the German Ruhr area to develop and implement measures for
refuse removal. Four possibilities of disposal are listed: the
deposition of refuse in alternating layers with soil, composting
of refuse, incineration combined with heat utilization, incinera-
tion without heat utilization. The advantages and disad-
vantages of these methods are discussed in detail, with special
emphasis on air pollution by fly ash. Experience with a com-
posting plant in Duisburg showed that for odor removal air
coolers and scrubbers had to be installed. Finally a process
was adopted which used chlorine dioxide for decomposing or-
ganic compounds. It is recommended that composting plants
be located at least 500 m from residential areas. In refuse in-
cineration it is shown that there is a difficulty in finding mar-
kets for the heat produced. An example of a large incineration
plant with heat utilization in Karnap is given and it is
emphasized that incinerators can be used in combination with
peak power plants. Experience with a small incinerating plant
without heat recovery is also described.
11692
Wessler, Max Alden
MASS SPECTROGRAPfflC ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST
PRODUCTS FROM AN AIR ASPIRATING DIESEL FUEL
BURNER. Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering, Thesis (Ph.D), Ann Arbor, Univ. Microfilms,
Inc., 1968, 126p. 20 refs.
Samples of exhaust from a laboratory diesel-fuel spray burner
operating on cetane and air, or cetane and an artificial air
where argon replaced nitrogen, were condensed in a series of
cold traps. The exhaust vapors were analyzed by a mass spec-
trometer as the traps wanned to room temperature. In some
tests, the exhaust was bubbled through a five percent aqueous
sodium bicaronate solution to trap acids from the sample be-
fore they entered the cold traps. The basic solution assumed a
strong yellow color in the standard-air test but was milky in
appearance in the argon-air test. No other significant dif-
ferences between the results from tests with the two kinds of
air were observed, either from the standpoint of odor or the
mass spectra. The color of the bubbler solution is apparently
the result of nitrogen compounds in the exhaust. The work
demonstrates, however, that nitrogen compounds are not sig-
nificant contributors to the diesel odor problem. Evidence is
presented for the presence in the exhaust of longer series of
alkenes and alkynes in addition to lower aldehydes, including
acrolein and a series of alkadienes. Ethylene oxide, propylene
oxide, and benzene are identified, and there is good evidence
for alkadiynes, dimethyl ether, and l-buten-3-yne. The possi-
bility of lower ketones, saturated and unsaturated cyclics, and
heterocyclics is suggested. A group of peaks including mass-
to-charge ratios 130,132, and 134 were present in all tests. No
mass spectra data were found that would identify the com-
pound that is the source for these peaks. (Author abstract
modified)
11700
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN SOMERSET COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality Control, 12p., Nov. 1968. 8 refs.
Somerset County, Md., with a population of 19,300, is charac-
terized by either flat or slightly undulating topography. Ninety
percent of the county's area if 20 ft or less above sea level,
and 12% of the county is water. The county's air pollution
problems are intense in small local areas and are associated
with odors generated by the processing of seafood and agricul-
tural products. Though accepted by local residents without
complaint, the odors should be controlled in the interest of air
quality. The prospects of a significant increase in pollution due
to industrialization appear to be slight in the foreseeable fu-
ture. Despite the presence of light winds and a stable tempera-
ture lapse rate which tend to increase their concentration, pol-
lutants are in general quickly dispersed by vertical air currents.
Diffusion is good over long periods of time.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
11969
TRASH INCINERATION PLANT FOR DARMSTADT. (Muell-
verbrennungsanlage fuer Darmstadt). Brennstoff-Waerme-
Kraft, 16(8):408, Aug. 1964. Translated from German. Ip.
Two steel-tube boilers, each of 25 tons/hi steam capacity at 48
excess atm and 450 C are being furnished for a trash incinera-
tion plant for the city of Darmstadt. The trash incineration
grates are designed for a trash throughput of 200 tons/day. The
trash does not require preliminary pulverization or sorting. At
about 1000 C incineration temperature, all possible putrefac-
tion agents are destroyed; the ashes are therefore sterile and
odorless. The dust is collected by filtering equipment to
prevent pollution hi the vicinity of the plant.
12083
Ewing, R. C.
REFINERY WASTE PRODUCTS POSE POLLUTION
PROBLEM. Oil Gas J., 66(50):77-82, Dec. 9, 1968. 3 refs.
Oily waters and oil-soaked sludges are a major problem for
petroleum refiners. Smoke and odors, usually attendant to
plant upsets, also plague plant personnel and surrounding
neighbors. The trends in refinery waste disposal are discussed.
Where possible, chemical processes are used to convert plant
wastes to salable materials. Fluidized-bed and ultrasonic in-
cineration, biological processes, and deep-well disposal are
among the disposal methods discussed.
12377
Millington, B. W.
THE NATURE AND CAUSE OF DIESEL EMISSIONS. Inst.
of Mechanical Engineers, London (England), Automobile Div.,
Symp. Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control, London, 1968, 5p.
16 refs. (Nov. 25-26, Paper 2.)
The combustion mechanism in a diesel engine differs
somewhat from that in a gasoline engine, tending nearer to dif-
fusion flame conditions than premixed flame, as a result of
which a higher level of smoke appears in the exhaust. In order
to keep the smoke emission within reasonable limits, the diesel
engine is always operated at overall fuel/air ratios weak of
stoichiometry; this probably contributes to the lower levels of
other objectionable emissions such as carbon monoxide, un-
burned hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. Continued detail
development of the combustion chamber geometry, air flow
pattern, and fuel spray distribution should lead to reduced
smoke emission, and possibly to reduced HC and CO at the
same time. Oxides of nitrogen may be increased by these
changes, but on the other hand, chamber configurations are
known which materially reduce the NOX levels; chamber
developments along these lines could be beneficial. Exhaust
recirculation or retarded timing can help, but at a loss in ther-
mal efficiency. Odor is associated with such poor combustion
conditions as excessively weak zones in the mixture pattern or
unduly late combustion. Appropriate engine development
should improve the situation. Carcinogens are only produced
in appreciable quantities under very poor combustion condi-
tions; even then, there is little evidence that they are a hazard.
Modification of fuel properties may assist in some measure to
reduce emissions, but this route appears to have only limited
possibilities. (Author conclusions modified)
12505
Marshall, W. F. and R. W. Hum
FACTORS INFLUENCING DIESEL EMISSIONS. Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 12p., 1968.
6 refs. (Presented at the West Coast Meeting, Soc. Auto.
Engrs., San Francisco, Calif., Aug. 12-15, 1968, Paper 680528.)
Smoke, odor, and other emissions of concern in environmental
pollution from four diesel engines were studied experimentally.
Engine design, operational mode, and fuel characteristics were
considered as variable factors influencing the emissions. The
engine included a turbocharged 4-cycle unit, normally
aspirated 4-cycle units, and an air-scavenged 2-cycle engine.
All were direct injection, truck-type power units. Fuel charac-
teristics differed widely among eight fuels used in the study,
with principal differences occurring in sulfur and aromatic
content. Results of the experimental study showed that emis-
sions levels in all categories are markedly influenced by engine
operation. Within the group of engines tested, generally high
emissions of unbumed hydrocarbons are associated with the 2-
cycle design, high smoke levels with the 4-cycle normally
aspirated engines, and high emissions of NO(x) and ox-
ygenates with the turbocharged 4-cycle engine. Exhaust odor
intensity levels were roughly equivalent for all engine types.
Emissions in all categories were surprisingly insensitive to
variation in fuel characteristics, with the exception that smoke
levels were significantly reduced with addition of a smoke sup-
pressant additive to the fuel. Neither of two odor inhibitors
was found effective. (Author abstract modified)
12507
Murray, F. E.
AIR POLLUTION FROM BIVALENT SULFUR COMPOUNDS
IN THE PULP INDUSTRY. Preprint, Engineering Inst. of
Canada, 16p., 1968. 10 refs. (Presented at the Banff Pollution
Conference, Banff, Alberta, Can., March 1968.)
In the kraft process of producing chemical cellulose from
wood chips, the chips are cooked in a solution containing sodi-
um hydroxide and sodium sulfide in about a four-to-one pro-
portion. This method produces much greater air pollution, in
the form of highly malodorous compounds, than the alterna-
tive sulfite processes. The three primary sources of odor
production in a kraft pulp mill are the digestion process, the
direct-contact evaporator, and the recovery furnance. In the
digestion process, control must be effected on the noncon-
densible gases from the digester and blow tank, from the mul-
tiple-effect evaporators, and on the foul condensates that are
formed in contact with these gases. The emission of hydrogen
sulfide from black liquor during direct contact evaporation can
be very substantially reduced by oxidation of the sulfide. The
problem of the recovery furnance is one of good operation and
combustion control within the furnace design capacity. Present
laboratory studies are expected to lead to continuing improve-
ment in the control of odorous emission from kraft pulping
operations.
12621
Benjamin, M., I. B. Douglass, G. A. Hansen, W. D. Major, A.
J. Navarre, and H. J. Yarger
A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF COMMERCIAL WOOD
PULPING AND BLEACHING PROCESSES. TI-9 Pulp and
Paper Committee. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 19(3):155-
61, Mar. 1969.
The purpose of Informative Report No. 1, prepared by the TI-
9 Pulp and Paper Committee of the air Pollution Control As-
sociation, is to present a general description of the commonly
used processes for preparing and bleaching wood pulp. Further
reports of a more specific nature will be published as these
become available. (Author's Abstract)
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10
ODORS
12832
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN CALVERT COUNTY, MARYLAND.
Maryland State Dept. of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air Quali-
ty Control. 22p., Aug. 1969 14 refs.
A survey of air pollution in Calvert County, Maryland is
presented. The topography and meteorology of the area are
described, and the aspects of land use, transportation, popula-
tion, and fuel use are discussed. The only industry in this
County which causes air pollution is associated with lumbering
or the processing of wood products. The types of pollutants
which are created are those which can be reasonably con-
trolled. The amount of urban-type pollution is very small due
to a relatively low population density and the lack of large
urban areas. A nuclear power generating station under con-
struction caused mixed public reaction. Unsatisfactory levels
of dustfall and sulfation exist in the vicinity of a large elec-
tricity generating plant. The three county dumps often bum
and cause unpleasant odors. The area has relatively good at-
mospheric ventilation which tends to disperse any pollutants
emitted into the atmosphere. Recommendations for control
and abatement procedures are given.
12834
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN WORCESTER COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Dept. of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air Quali-
ty Control, 24p., July 1969. 19 refs.
A survey of the air pollution in Worcester County, Md., is
presented. The topography and meteorology of the county are
described, and the aspects of land use, population, transporta-
tion, and fuel usage are discussed. Specific air pollution
problems are associated with poultry raising and processing,
grain milling operations, fertilizer blending, mink farms, open
dumps, and a plywood factory. The major pollutant from these
sources is odor. Projected statistics indicate that the area will
not have large urban types of pollution in the near future.
Recommendations for control and abatement procedures are
presented.
12998
EXHAUST PURIFIERS CLEAN THE Am. Mater. Handling
Eng., 24(8): 108-110, Aug. 1969.
Air inside Armstrong Rubber Company's West Haven, Conn.
warehouse is kept clean by using a combination of exhaust
blowers and LP gas lift trucks fitted with catalytic mufflers.
Three blowers on each of the three storage floors are used to
change interior air in the 600,000 sq ft building. The LP gas-
fueled lift trucks are fitted with PTX purifiers. Platinum on a
special ceramic support catalyzes the oxidation of the CO,
hydrocarbons, and exhaust odors into CO2 and H2O vapor.
The catalyst lasts thousands of hours without requiring
replacement. The purifiers replace the conventional mufflers
and work well with LP gas, white gasoline, or diesel fuel.
They warm up in 30 to 45 sec. Zenith Corp. has equipped its
seven tractors and 42 lift trucks with Oxy-Catalyst catalytic
mufflers. These vehicles are fueled with 87 octane naptha
gasoline. Exhaust gases are oxidized into CO2 and H2O as
they pass through a bed of catalyst-coated pellets in the purifi-
er. The mufflers require maintenance after 500 to 600 hrs of
use. A 90 psi air stream is used to blow off carbon deposits
and more pellets are added. After 2000 hrs of operation, the
entire catalytic bed is replaced.
14116
Hum, R. W.
AIR POLLUTION AND THE COMPRESSION-IGNITION EN-
GINE. Preprint. Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 14p., 1968.
9 refs. (Presented at The Combustion Inst. Twelfth Interna-
tional Symposium on Combustion, Poitiers Univ., Prance, July
14-20, 1968, Paper 61-7.)
The compression-ignition engine, popularly known as the
diesel, is examined as a contributor to metropolitan air pollu-
tion. Smoke and odor are recognized as the primary targets of
public objection to the diesel, and factors relevant to the
smoke and odor problem are discussed. Problems of diesel
smoke are seen as readily manageable, but a satisfactory solu-
tion to the diesel odor problem is not yet available. Other pol-
lutants, e.g., unbumed or partially burned hydrocarbons, ox-
ides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, are significant
products of diesel combustion. Of these, only nitrogen oxides
and possibly the aldehydes are typically discharged in quanti-
ties that in equivalent volumes may exceed the quantities
discharged by spark ignition reciprocating internal combustion
engines. Features unique to the diesel combustion process are
discussed as factors relevant to generation or avoidance of ob-
jectionable pollutants. The high temperatures and oxygen
availability in diesel combustion are seen as serious impedi-
ments to satisfactory reduction of the yield of nitrogen oxides,
but they are favorable in holding concentrations of pollutants
in other categories to acceptable low levels. To compound this
advantage, the diesel has advantages both in fuel economy and
in higher heat value of diesel fuel compared with lighter fuels.
Thus, it would appear that diesel power offers an excellent op-
portunity for continued and expanded application to meet in-
creasingly stringent clean air requirements. (Author abstract
modified)
14297
Hind, C. J.
CLEAN AIR AND THE DIESEL. Indian Eastern Engr. (Bom-
bay), lll(2):77-79, Feb. 1969.
A defense of the diesel engine against criticism that it is a
heavy contributor to air pollution is presented. Under ideal
conditions if all gasoline engines were replaced by diesel en-
gines, the emission of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and
nitrogen oxides would be reduced, carbon dioxide, hydrocar-
bons, and soot would be increased, and sulfur dioxide would
be unchanged. Carbon dioxide is not seen as a health hazard,
and hydrocarbons are not considered dangerous, as they are in
parts of the U. S., because the other conditions necessary for
the creation of photochemical smog, particularly climatic fac-
tors, are not present in the U.K. Carbon monoxide, possibly
the emission most hazardous to health, would be reduced to
almost negligible amounts. Sulfur dioxide would necessarily be
kept to a minimum, since in diesel engines the sulfur content
of the fuel is deliberately kept very low to reduce internal cor-1
rosion of engines. In addition, because the diesel engine is
more efficient than the gasoline engine, the absolute quantity1
of fuel oil used would be reduced, thus lowering the total im-
purities discharged into the atmosphere. Efforts are underway
to reduce the major pollutants from diesels: smoke (carbon)
and odor (sulfur dioxide). Supercharging by making use of
energy remaining in the exhaust gases to drive a turbine and
compressor, is seen as one way of maintaining a satisfactory
fuel/air ratio for smokeless operation and greater efficiency as
fuel input is increased. Improvements in the combustion
process are being investigated as an engineering goal and to
reduce odorous emissions.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
14580
Schoening, M. A. and R. H. Wright
INTENSITY OF THE ODOR RELEASE AT VARIOUS
POINTS IN THE KRAFT PULPING PROCESS. TAPPI,
35(12):564-569, Dec. 1952. 6 refs.
The concentration of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptans
in various plant effluents were surveyed in a study of the
problem of odor reduction in kraft processing. Speicies of
wood cooked were western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and red
cedar; each was cooked separately and the concentration of
malodorous gas measured at the following points: digester re-
lief and gas-off, blow gases, evaporator effluents, furnace
gases, stack gases, green liquor tank vapors, and sewer outfall.
Results indicated that a higher concentration of mercaptan, on
occasion 100,000 micrograms per liter, is given off in the non-
condensable gas from a fir cook than from a hemlock cook, a
fact that may be due to the turpentine formed from fir. Blow
tank vapors were clearly the major source of odor since no at-
tempt was made to condense the stream in the digester
discharge. The use of raw sulfur produced a two to threefold
increase in the mercaptan concentration in noncondensable
gases. Though the total volume of condensable and uncon-
densable gases released from the blow tank could not be mea-
sured, rough calculatio suggest that the loss of sulfur may
have exceeded 20 Ib per cook. Stack gases carried about one
third as much odorous material as the noncondensable blow
gases and at a much lower concentration. Neither furnace
gases nor evaporator effluents constituted a high intensity
source of odor.
14914
Marshall, W. F. and R. W. Hum
FACTORS INFLUENCING DIESEL EMISSIONS. Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 12p., Aug.
1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the West Coast Meeting, Soc. Auto.
Engrs., San Francisco, Calif., Aug. 12-15, 1968, Paper 680528.)
Smoke, odor, and other emissions of concern in environmental
pollution from four diesel engines were studied experimentally.
Engine design, operational mode, and fuel characteristics were
considered as variable factors influencing the emissions. The
engine included a turbocharged 4-cycle unit, normally
aspirated 4-cycle units, and an air-scavenged 2-cycle engine.
All were direct injection, truck-type power units. Fuel charac-
teristics differed widely among eight fuels used in the study,
with principal differences occurring in sulfur and aromatic
content. Results of the experimental study showed that emis-
sions levels in all categories are markedly influenced by engine
operation. Within the group of engines tested, generally high
emissions of unburned hydrocarbons are associated with the 2-
cycle design, high smoke levels with the 4-cycle normally
aspirated engines, and high emissions of NO(x) and ox-
ygenates with the turbocharged 4-cycle engine. Exhaust odor
intensity levels were roughly equivalent for all engine types.
Emissions in all categories were surprisingly insensitive to
variation in fuel characteristics, with the exception that smoke
levels were significantly reduced with addition of a smoke sup-
pressant additive to the fuel. Neither of two odor inhibitors
was found effective. (Author abstract modified)
14972
Smith, David B. and David H. Scott
COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT.
PART ONE. DATA SUMMARY. AIR POLLUTION AND
METEOROLOGY. David B. Smith Engineers, Inc.,
Gainesville, Fla., HUD Proj. FLA. P-65, 38p., July 1968. 23
refs. CFSTI: PB-184678
A background study of air pollution in Palm Beach County
identifies and locates the county's major emission sources. Cli-
matological and meteorological conditions which increase the
severity of pollution are described. It was found that common
air pollution complaints to the county involve commercial in-
cineration in close proximity to residential areas, caused by
careless operating procedures. Improperly operated, the 74 ap-
proved small commercial incinerators produce soot, fly ash,
and smoke. Seven sugar mills and two major fossil-fuel elec-
tric generating plants emit significant quantities of smoke and
related pollutants due to either improper operation, low grade
plant fuel, or can field burning with uncontrolled emissions.
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft emits atmospheric pollutants on an
occasional short-term basis. Burning of junked automobile
hulks and production of asphalt contributes to the emissions.
Only in the Pahokee-Belle Glade area do dustfall measure-
ments exceed a median residential-commercial threshold con-
centration of 14.4 tons/square mile/month under average con-
ditions. All sampling points experience greater maximum dust-
fall concentrations except Royal Palm Beach. Dustfall concen-
trations in Riviera Beach, West Palm Beach, Palm Springs,
Delray Beach, Boca Raton and the Pahokee-Belle Glade area
exceed the standard concentrations for strictly residential
areas. Salhaven, Cross State, Boca Raton Rubbish, Lake Park,
Pahokee North, and Belle Glade solid waste disposal sites
practice open burning of wastes. Uncontrolled burning at some
of these sites greatly reduces night time visibility along major
transportation arteries including the Sunshine State Parkway.
(Author abstract modified)
15297
Little, Arthur D., Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE ODOR COM-
PONENTS IN DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST. Contracts PH 22-
68-20 and CD-13-64, Proj. CAPE-7, Final Report. 92p., July
1969.
As part of an on-going program to determine the relationship
between chemical species in diesel exhaust and the intensity
and character of the exhaust odor, techniques were developed
to isolate and chemically characterize the species responsible
for the smoky-burnt portion of total exhaust odor. The system
developed: silica liquid column chromatography, followed by
silicone and carbowax gas chromatography, and monitoring of
the effluent compounds by odor as well as by instruments,
demonstrates the variety of odor types and complexity of the
chemical mixture of diesel exhaust. These techniques should
be sufficient to permit identification, particularly with regard
to the lower-boiling temperature fractions, by high resolution
mass spectrometry of the materials responsible for the diesel
exhaust odor. Once such identifications have been made, stu-
dies will be initiated to determine the influence of engine
operating parameters and fuel types on the production of these
odor species.
16058
AIR POLLUTION STUDY - MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN
METROPOLITAN AREA. Preprint, Michigan Dept. of Public
Health, Lansing, Div. of Occupational Health, 24p., 1964 (?). 1
ref.
An emission inventory type air pollution study was conducted
in the Muskegon metropolitan area to collect data on the
amounts and character of industrial contaminants. The type of
process being conducted, production rates, fuel consumption,
the nature of air cleaning equipment, and the total quantities
of pollutants emitted were investigated. Seventy-three industri-
al establishments were found to emit gaseous and paniculate
contaminants amounting to 106 tons/day, excluding com-
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12
ODORS
bustion products. Combustion of coal was a serious source of
air pollution: eleven plants emitted a total of 417 tons/day of
combustion products to the atmosphere. Combustion of natu-
ral gas accounted for the emission of 3.6 tons/day of contami-
nants. No estimates of pollution from domestic heating ap-
pliances and domestic and industrial open or incineration type
burning were made. Motor vehicles were believed to account
for the release of 20 tons/day of hydrocarbons into the at-
mosphere as compared to 38 tons/day from refineries and bulk
fuel stations and 3.2 tons/day from engine testing. Excessive
dust, dense brown metallic oxide plumes, dense black plumes,
characteristic odors, and a light to dense haze were observed.
Manifestations of economic loss included car surface damage,
accelerated corrosion of other metallic surfaces, discoloration
of buildings, and increased everyday housekeeping costs.
However, climatology is generally beneficial in terms of
dispersion and removal of pollutants in the area. Inversions
are infrequent and short-lived. Proper application and use of
cleaning equipment should eliminate much of the pollution
emanating from industrial processing and industrial com-
bustion sources. It is recommended that an air pollution con-
trol board be established and that emissions of solid particles,
sulfur dioxide, smoke, hydrocarbon vapors, and open burning
of refuse and leaves be regulated by law.
16135
Hashimoto, Michio and Masahiro Fujiwara
EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS EMISSION ON
AIR POLLUTION. (Jidoshahaikigasu no taikiosen eno eikyo).
Text in Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (Automobile Eng.),
23(11):1151-1163, 1969. 25 refs.
In 1968, automobile production in Japan was almost 4,100,000
cars, a million more than produced in West Germany, and
second only to the United State's production of 11,000,000
cars in the same year. While the United States, West Ger-
many, France, England, and Italy show no annual increase,
automobile production in Japan is increasing at an annual rate
of 25-30%. If this rate is maintained, the approximate annual
output should match that of the United Stated by 1974. It is
difficult to imagine the extent of pollution by automobile en-
gine exhaust when automobile production in a country approx-
imately the area of California approximates that of the United
States. Based on the results of measurements in several cities,
the following aspects of pollution by automobile exhaust are
discussed in detail: carbon monoxide emissions; dust fall in-
cluding lead and pyrene; photochemical contaminations;
hydrocarbon emissions; and odors. The toxicity of air pollu-
tants for humans and vegetation is also examined. Although
work on carbon monoxide began late in Japan, air quality
criteria are now being formulated with respect to carbon
monoxide. Air pollution from automobile exhaust is found to
be increasing by approximately 10-15%. It is hoped that con-
trol policies will be in effect before automobile production
reaches one car for every two individuals.
16494
Akamatsu, Isao, Hiroshi Kamishima, and Yutaka Kimura
DEODORIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS IN KRAFT PULPING.
(PART I). ON THE FORMATION OF MALODOROUS COM-
PONENTS IN KRAFT PULPING. (Kurafuto- parupu seize
kotei haishutsu gasu no mushuka (1 ho): Jokai-chu ni okeru
akushu-seibun no seisei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kami-pa
Gikyoshi (J. Japan Tech. Assoc. Pulp Paper Ind.), 22(8): 406-
410, Aug. 1968. 3 refs.
The formation of malodorous substances, methy mercaptan
(MMA) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS), in the process of kraft
pulping was studied in two types of Japanese pulp woods:
softwoods (red pine, cedar and Japanese cypress) and hard-
woods (beech, poplar, cherry and pasania oak). Alkaline
(Na2O) and sodium sulfide (NaS) were added to a 400 g dried
pulpwood block in an electric autoclave and boiled for 5-1/2
hours at 185 C. Then 5 cc of exhaust gas (raw blow gas) was
sent into the cyclone-separator (a cylinder with the diameter of
3 cm and the length of 18 cm) and analyzed for malodorous
substances (MMA and DMS) by the use of Yanagimoto GCG-
5DH type gas chromatograph. Larger amounts of MMA and
DMS, especially MMA, were produced by pulping hardwoods
than by pulping softwoods. In pulping the same wood type,
the amount of malodorous substances was increased with the
increase of cooking hour and temperature, and the concentra-
tion of NaS. The white lauan produced the same malodorous
substances in quality and quantity as obtained in the pulping
of Japanese hardwoods. When the pulping was performed by a
batch system, the concentration of DMS was decreased to
trace with the depression of pressure in the autoclave.
17198
Endo, Ryosaka
RESEARCH ON THE SOURCE OF ODOR DEVELOPMENT
AND THE RESTOENTIAL REACTION IN HOKKAIDO.
(Hokkaido ni okeru akushu no hasseigen to jumin hanno). Text
in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4):209-
220, April 15, 1968. 23 refs.
The results of an empirical field survey of odor sources are
presented. Residents of Hokkaido were sent olfactory test
questionnaires and asked to identify the source of an odor, its
degree, and its variation with time and season. The residents
lived in an area of fish processing plants, oil and fat works,
excrement-disposal facilities, paper mills, crematories, in-
cineration plants, refuse dumping sites, and fox-breeding ken-
nels. The returns, which amounted to 1,023,348 identifications
of an odor source, were centered on fish- processing plants.
This means that they are the major source of an odor problem
affecting an estimated 218,300 persons. Next in order of im-
portance were paper factories, incineration plants, agricultural
processing plants, and animal breeding buildings. Of the fish-
processing plants, the most offensive and noxious odor was
produced by fertilizer made from fish flesh, fish oil, and other
fish refuse. The major odors were generated in gas emissions
from boiling and drying operations. Following the olfaction
survey, the quantitative odor measurements and chemical anal-
ysis of odor components were undertaken in fishery fertilizer-
processing plants. Volatile organic acid was observed to occu-
py the greatest proportion of offensive odors of fish fertilizers
followed by ammonia, amines, mercaptans, and sulfurous acid.
17236
Nakamura, Naohiko
UTILIZATION OF REFUSE COMPOST. (Konposuto no
riyo). Text in Japanese. Shigen (Resources), no. 175:19-21,
Dec. 5, 1969. >
Two potential merits of refuse compost are discussed. Refuse
compost improves humus more effectively than conventional
compost of which the dominant components are ricestraw rub-
bish and other refuse common to fanning. From an eight-year
investigation of the effect of refuse compost fertilization on
vegetation, it was determined that the remaining rate of humus
soil in an underground refuse compost is higher than that in
ricestraw compost. Refuse compost is appropriate for soil defi-
cient in organic matter or in B, Mn, Mo, and Zn, since it is en-
riched in these minerals after being composited in many dif-
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
13
ferent types of soil. In addition, refuse compost generally con-
tains a considerable amount of lime, which makes it suitable
for reforming the acid soil in Japan. In spite of these ad-
vantages, the use of refuse compost is not widespread in
Japan, partly because its benefits are not understood and also
because city refuse treatment facilities are directed toward in-
cineration. As a consequence, the prevailing method of refuse
treatment results in compost which is not sufficiently fer-
mented, often odorous, or injurious to vegetation when util-
ized for soil improvement or fanning. Refuse compost can be
also applied to green zones in cities and used for many other
purposes if it is of enriched quality. Results of laboratory
research on the effect of refuse compost application on egg-
plant, tomatoes, cucumbers, and cabbages are reported.
17462
Murakami, M., T. Kawashima, and K. Kamitsu
INCINERATION PLANT AT ISOGO IN YOKOHAMA CITY.
(Yokohamashi seisokyoku isogo kojo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kukichowa Eisei Kogaku (J. Japan Soc. of Heating
Air Conditioning Sanitary Engrs.), 44(2):131-138, 1970.
The design and operation of the recently constructed Isogo in-
cineration plant is presented. The plant site area covers 13141
sq m, of which buildings occupy 7330 sq m. The plant is com-
posed of three basements, five floors, a waste dumping build-
ing, a charging building, furnace building, central building, and
other adjoining buildings. The average yearly incineration
capacity is 300 t/24 hrs; the maximum capacity of 450 t/24 hrs
is designed to meet seasonal increases in refuse. The plant is
characterized by a sanitary working environment and the ap-
plication of modern technology. The quantity of smoke dust
emitted is less than 0.1 g/cu Nm due to the use of mul-
ticyclone and electric dust collectors. Effective smoke disper-
sion is promoted by a chimney height of 85 m; emission speed
is more than 20 m/s. An airtight pit chamber prevents the
discharge of odors. Waste water is chemically treated to meet
water quality standards. At night, noise is suppressed to less
than 50 phon. Furnace operations are automated and, like
other proceedings, observed on television sets in a control
room. Furnace rooms are ventilated 20 times/hr and other
rooms between 10 and 15 times/hr. Surplus steam from waste
heat in boilers is utilized for a sludge digestion tank and sur-
plus gas, mainly methane, as a subsidiary fuel. The first floor
of the plant is 5 m higher than the average tide level of Tokyo
Bay.
17603
Miner, Sydney
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF HYDROGEN
SULFIDE. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton Systems, Inc.,
Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Contract PH
22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-37, 91p., Oct. 1969. 148 refs.
CFSTI: PB 188068
The literature on effects, sources, abatement, economics, and
methods of analysis of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide is
reviewed, with an appendix of tabular material from selected
references. Hydrogen sulfide gas is very toxic to humans and
at concentrations over 1,000,000 micrograms/cu m, quickly
causes death by paralysis of the respiratory tract. At lower
concentrations, it has an obnoxious odor and causes conjunc-
tivitis with reddening and lachrymal secretion, respiratory tract
irritation, pulmonary edema, damage to heart muscle, psychic
changes, disturbed equilibrium, nerve paralysis, spasms, un-
consciousness, and circulatory collapse. It also tarnishes silver
and copper and combines with heavy metals in paints to
discolor or darken the paint surface. The primary natural
sources of H2S is biological decay of protein material in stag-
nant water. Among the many industrial sources are kraft paper
mills, oil refineries, natural gas plants, and chemical plants, as
well as sewage and sewage disposal plants. Average concentra-
tions of H2S in urban atmospheres range from 1-92 micro-
grams/cu m. Emissions can be controlled by black liquor ox-
idation systems, scrubbers, and incineration devices.
Hydrogen sulfide corrosion of silver has required substitution
of gold contacts in electrical appliances at an estimated in-
creased cost of $14.8 million during 1963. Abatement of air
pollution from the pulp and paper industry, in which H2S is a
major factor, has cost approximately $10 million per year and
is predicted to increase. Major expenditures have been made
by refineries and natural gas plants to remove H2S from sour
gases and to recover sulfur as a valuable byproduct. Analytical
techniques based on the methylene blue and molybdenum blue
methods are available for laboratory analysis of H2S. The spot
method, based on tiles or paper impregnated with lead acetate,
is also widely used. (Author abstrac modified)
17631
Endo, Ryosaku, Tetsutaro Kogo, Tatsunori Oyake, and
Hiroshi Hirakawa
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 10. INVESTIGATION OF THE EXIST-
ING CONDITIONS IN HOKKAIDO WITH RESPECT TO OF-
FENSIVE ODORS (SECOND REPORT). CHEMICAL ANALY-
SIS OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE ODORS. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Trans-
lated from Japanese. 4p.
An investigation of offensive odor constituents by chemical
analysis was conducted at various marine processing plants.
The waste gases from the exsiccation flue and vapor from the
steam boiling process were collected and analyzed. The results
were as follows: ammoniacal nitrogen, 4.13 g/1; volatile amino-
nitrogen, 3.8 g/1; volatile organic acid, 19.53 g/1; hydrogen sul-
fide, 0.35 g/1; and mercaptans, 0.95 g/1- The concentrations
perceived by the sense of smell were different than these for
each constituent. If the average or maximum value of the
volume of each constituent is evaluated from the offensive
odor threshold concentration, volatile organic acid would be
greatest in volume perceivable by smell. Second would be
mercaptans, then H2S, and ammonia which is actually the
second most abundant. This may account for many of the dif-
ficulties involved in the evaluation of offensive odor com-
ponents, their disposal, and counter-measures for them. In all
cases, there was a relationship between freshness of materials
and the degree of odor. The degree of freshness was especially
low in the plants where mercaptans were abundant. Therefore,
mercaptans may be regarded as an indicator in the method for
evaluating offensive odors.
17632
Sone, Hikaru, Tetsuo Takijima, Shinsaku Sato, and Itaru
Kikuchi
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 11. OFFENSIVE ODORS FROM
MARINE PRODUCTS PROCESSING PLANTS. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Trans-
lated from Japanese. 3p.
The offensive odors from 28 marine products processing
plants were measured, using the saline solution equilibration
method. Odor specimens were drawn off from the chimney
flue with a vacuum pump into a 1% saline solution until satu-
rated. The solution was then diluted to determine the odor
concentration by the dilution multiple. It was found that 60%
of the plants exceeded the standard limit set for public
hazards. The maximum value was 2500. The odor concentra-
-------
14
ODORS
tion was high for sharks and for fish entrails which had lain
for several days. Six different types of plants were selected as
test plants in Ishinomaki City to determine the efficiency of
deordorizing equipment. The rate of elimination of offensive
odor was 80-90%, and the odor concentrations were reduced
to below 300. The efficiency was even greater when a large
amount of water was used.
17633
Kikuchi, Itaru, Shinsaku Sato, Hiroshi Funaki, and Hikaru
Sone
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 12. AIR POLLUTANTS GENERATED
AT KP PLANTS. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 2p.
Measuring operations were conducted at several kraft pulping
plants to determine the source of pollutants, especially the of-
fensive odors. Measurements were made of the exhaust gases
from the heavy oil boilers, the recovery boiler, and the turpen-
tine condenser. The JIS method was used to measure sulfur
oxides, and the MB method for hydrogen sulfide. With respect
to offensive odors, efforts were concentrated on the measure-
ment of volatile organic sulfur compounds, such as methyl-
mercaptan and methylsulfide; for this purpose, gas chromatog-
raphy was used. The results showed that the sulfur oxides
were within the prefectural limit for public hazards. It was
confirmed, however, that an excessive amount of fine dust is
generated from the recovery boilers and bark boilers. Also,
H2S amounting to 60 ppm was detected from the recovery
boilers. Substantial amounts of methylmercaptan and methyl-
sulfide were detected from the turpentine condensers and from
the recovery boilers. These compounds were identified and
quantitatively determined. Some peaks not yet identified were
also obtained in the gas chromatograms.
17634
Fujii, Toru
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 13. CONSTITUENTS OF, AND COUN-
TERMEASURES FOR, THE ODORIFEROUS FUMES FROM
VINYL CHLORIDE 'LEATHER' FACTORDES. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Trans-
lated from Japanese. Ip.
In vinyl chloride 'leather' manufacturing, a large amount of
waste gas with an offensive odor is evolved in the effer-
vescence treatment process. The constituents of the gas and a
method for its disposal were investigated. When the gas was
directly drawn off into distilled water, a decrease in the pH of
the water was noted. The aqueous solution in which the gas
has been absorbed contained NH4(+) and Cl(-). The eluate
from extraction with benzene has a large amount of phthalic
acid. These components were regarded as the substances
which cause the offensive odor. They could be satisfactorily
eliminated by using a venturi scrubber.
19366
American Foundrymen's Society, Des Plaines, HI.
AIR CLEANING EQUIPMENT. In: Foundry Air Pollution
Control Manual. 2nd ed., 1967, Chapt. 7, p. 33-56.
The basic types of industrial gas cleaning equipment are
mechanical or inertia! collectors, electrostatic precipitators,
wet scrubbers, and fabric filters or bag collectors. Detailed in-
formation is given on characteristics and structure, selection
criteria, advantages and disadvantages, operation, and main-
tenance for each of these. Operation and maintenance of cata-
lytic combustion systems for odor control are also discussed.
The efficiency, pressure drop variations, and temperature
limits of various types of dust collecting equipment are con-
sidered, as well as the types and selection criteria for the fan
components of these systems. Tables of collector efficiency
and usual collector selection for foundry operations are in-
cluded. Approximate equipment costs are briefly discussed.
19814
Rasmussen, Reinhold A.
ISOPRENE: IDENTIFIED AS A FOREST-TYPE EMISSION
TO THE ATMOSPHERE. Environ. Sci. Technol., 4(8):667-
671, Aug. 1970. 26 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society 157th National Meeting, Division of Water, Air, and
Waste Chemistry, Minneapolis, Minn., 1969.)
Direct gas chromatographic, infrared, and mass spectrometric
analyses of the air in contact with the plant foliage for five
common tree species confirm previous observations of the ex-
istence of isoprene as a plant product. The foliages studies
were on intact plants in leaf assimilation chambers under static
conditions. Light quality was a mixture of Gro-Lux, cool white
fluorescent tubes, and incandescent bulbs. The light intensity
was 1100 ft candella and the temperature was 28 C; relative
humidity reached 92% in the closed chamber within 10 min.
Increasing concentration of the foliage-released volatile or-
ganic (isoprene) was monitored using 1-ml gas samples in-
jected into the gas chromatograph. When the concentration of
isoprene in the chamber reached 15-20 ppm, 1 liter of air in
the chamber was transferred by a syringe pump to a saran
plastic gas sampling bag which was usually analyzed by in-
frared and mass spectroscopy within four hours after collec-
tion. The presence of isoprene as indicated by gas chromato-
graphic retention time data was observed in more than 30% of
the 230 plant species surveyed. Nonaromatic foliages of oaks,
willows, aspens, cottonwoods, and plane-trees released only
isoprene in any appreciable quantity. When a group of 16 peo-
ple in the laboratory was asked to smell these accumulated
foliage isoprene volatiles from the nonaromatic leaves, the
description given most often was 'smells like an oak forest,'
whereas the response for smelling nonisoprene releasing
foliages like maples, ash, birches, and alders was 'smells like
fresh leaves.' Analysis of the air in contact with conifer
foliages showed that only the genus Picea (spruce) released
isoprene as a foliage volatile. Emanations of isoprene from the
spruce needles did not respond to short-term fluctuations in
transpiration. Mass spectra of isoprene and the foliage volatile
were identical with a parent ion having a mass to charge ratio
(m/e) of 68, representing the molecular weight of isoprene and
a base peak of m/e 67 formed by the loss of a single H atom.
Other prominent peaks were m/e of 53 from the loss of a
methyl group and m/e of 39 which is the possible
cyclopropene ring from skeletal rearrangement. Isoprene was
also resolved directly from the out-of-doors air over mango
foliages in Panama at concentrations of 0.5 to 24 ppb in 5 ml
of air. The biological and air chemistry fates of isoprene are
discussed. The fate of alpha-pinene and isoprene in the at-
mosphere may be similar to that of olefins from automobile
exhaust; these studies suggest that naturally occurring organic
volatiles are disposed of in a biological sink. (Author abstract
modified)
19899
Sawaya, Tsugio
SURVEY ON THE PUBLIC NUISANCE BY OFFENSIVE
ODOR. (Akushu kogai gairon). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 8(2):34-46,
June 1970. 12 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
15
Offensive odor as a public nuisance can be classified accord-
ing to its composition in the following industrial sources:
hydrocarbons and mercaptan from petroleum refining; organic
sulfur compounds such as mercaptan from paper and pulp fac-
tories; and amine and fatty acids from fish meal and rendering
factories and stockyards. Odors of each category are ex-
plained. While it is well established that olfactory reception is
caused by a stimulus given to nerves by gaseous substances or
air-borne participates, the mechanism of the stimulus is not
yet known. Odors of industrial waste water are classified into
the following, that is, aromatic, free chlorine, disagreeable,
earthy, fishy, grassy, moldy, musty, peaty, sweet, free
hydrogen sulfide, and vegetable. Weber-Fechner's law,
fatique, personal differences, and interference of odors are
described. Definitions of threshold and odor concentration are
provided. Measuring methods of odor include dilution by air,
equilibrium with salt water, and a method used by processing
factories to monitor the total amount of odor substances.
Physical or chemical methods are available for odor abate-
ment. Scrubbers, condensation by cooling, adsorption by ac-
tive carbon, and dilution by air are in the physical category,
while chemical methods include processing by acid, alkali,
chlorine, or ozone, ion exchange, masking, recombustion, and
catalytic combustion.
20101
Perez, J. M. and E. W. Landen
EXHAUST EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECOM-
BUSTION CHAMBER ENGINES. SAE (Soc. Automotive
Engrs.) Trans., 77(2): 1516-1533, 1969. 10 refs. (Paper 680421.)
The differences between diesel engine combustion systems
were demonstrated by comparison of precombustion chamber
and experimental direct injection engines; emission measure-
ments were made on total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, car-
bon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke. The mobile
hydrocarbon analyzer employed was a modified commercially
available gas chromatograph containing a hydrogen flame
ionization detector. A sample of exhaust gas was drawn from
a probe in the exhaust stack through a heated inlet line and a
heated oven compartment by an oil-less vane type pump, and
it was split 35:1 by use of suitable tubing in the discharge line
from the pump. The smaller portion of the sample flowed to
the hydrogen flame detector while the bulk of the gas stream
exited through a static head water bubbler that served as a
constant pressure line. The precombustion chamber was sig-
nificantly lower in emissions, but odors from both the precom-
bustion chamber and the direct injection systems were similar
when both engines burned the same fuel. The total weight of
exhausted hydrocarbons per 1000 gal of fuel measured from a
precombustion chamber type engine, as used in highway truck
applications, was about 10% of the current automotive stan-
dard. Odor intensity was about 20-30% of that from the direct
injection engine, based on volume concentration of a sensory
reference odor, and the oxides of nitrogen were appreciably
lower in the exhaust of precombustion chamber engines.
20118
Barnes, Gerald J.
RELATION OF LEAN COMBUSTION LIMITS IN DIESEL
ENGINES TO EXHAUST ODOR INTENSITY. SAE (Soc. Au-
tomotive Engrs.) Trans., 77(3): 1706-1725, 1969.19 refs. (Paper
680445.)
Exhaust gas odor threshold dilution ratios were determined by
a single panelist using the Sniff-Mask technique during idle
operation of a single-cylinder 4-stroke cycle diese engine using
n-heptane as a fuel; the effect of various changes in the intake
atmosphere composition on odor thresholds was determined.
The substitutions of argon and helium for the nitrogen in the
normal intake air produced a 15-fold reduction in the exhaust
odor thresholds, while the substitution of carbon dioxide in-
creased the odor threshold by a factor of 4. Changes in the in-
take atmosphere composition altered the diffusional mixing
processes, the fuel spray patterns, the compression and com-
bustion temperatures, and the combustion limits within the
combustion chamber. A good correlation was found between
the measured exhaust odor thresholds and the lean flammabili-
ty limits of pre-mixed flames determined in the intake at-
mospheres used, suggesting that diesel odor is caused by
odorous products of partial oxidation that are produced in re-
gions of fuel/oxidizer mixtures too lean to bum at the start of
combustion. (Author abstract modified)
20125
Lienesch, John H. and Wallace R. Wade
STIRLING ENGINE PROGRESS REPORT: SMOKE, ODOR,
NOISE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS. SAE (Soc. Automotive
Engrs.) Trans., 77(1):292-307, 1969. 17 refs. (Paper 680081.)
The Stirling engine is a closed cycle external combustion en-
gine that differs from most heat engines in that energy is
added to and withdrawn from the working fluid through two
multitube heat exchangers, i.e., the heater and the cooler.
Thermal energy can be supplied to the heater from practically
any high-temperature source. Measurements made on a 10 hp
single cylinder engine operating on diesel fuels indicate that it
is unobjectionable with regard to smoke, odor, and noise. No
smoke was detected at engine speeds of 3000 rpm at idle half-
load, or full load. Exhaust odor was undetectable at concentra-
tions normally encountered in the atmosphere. When observed
at 100 ft, the Stirling unit was 21 dB quieter than a standard
internal combustion unit. The levels of unbumed hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide in Stirling engine exhaust are two orders
of magnitude less than the 50 ppm value for hydrocarbons and
the 0.5 value for carbon monoxide that may be established for
new internal combustion engines. Emissions of nitrogen oxides
are the same order of magnitude as those for a spark ignition
engine. These can be reduced at the expense of engine thermal
efficiency by lower combustion air-inlet temperature, leaner
air-fuel ratios, and an exhaust gas recirculation system.
20134
Sullivan, J. L.
AIR POLLUTION-CAUSES AND CONTROL. Occupational
Health Rev. (Ottawa), 20(3-4):9-23, 1968-69.
Pollution due to the burning of liquid and gaseous fuels, and
industrial emissions is discussed; methods for measuring solid
particles and gases are described, and their prevention or
elimination is considered. Gasoline internal combustion en-
gines seldom bum fuel completely, resulting in discharges of
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, while nitrogen oxides
occur as the combination of nitrogen and oxygen in air under
the influence of high temperatures inside the cylinders of the
engine. These compounds are significant as components of
sunlight-induced or photo-chemical pollution, causing eye ir-
ritation, and damage to vegetation and materials. Diesel ex-
hausts discharge greater quantities of carbon particulates and
odorous materials, partly attributable to aldehydes and other
fuel decomposition products, than the emissions of the
gasoline engine. Lead, zinc, copper and nickel smelting release
large quantities of sulfur dioxide, while the manufacture of
iron and steel causes visible fine paniculate plumes. Gaseous
and solid fluoride compounds are evolved by the electrolysis
of aluminum oxide, and paper manufacturing results in the
-------
16
ODORS
escape of odorous sulfide and mercaptan compounds. Soot or
dust-fall can be collected very simply in open-top gauges,
separated from the water by filtration, then dried and weighed;
dust can be measured by means of a device similar to a
vacuum cleaner, in which a sample of air is drawn through a
filter, composed usually of paper or fibre-glass, and the quan-
tity of dust is determined by subtracting the previously-deter-
mined weight of the filter. Gases are often measured continu-
ously by absorption of infrared or ultra violet electromagnetic
rays. Legislation for the reduction of emissions has two main
objectives: to extablish standards and to enforce them. It is
preferable to employ methods which do not create pollution,
but filters are mentioned for the many processes which cannot
avoid generating dust. Pollution control has been a provincial
responsibility in Canada, and specific acts of legislation are
cited.
20276
Rue, Phillip G. La
ELECTRIC SMOKELESS AND ODORLESS INCINERATOR.
(Calculator Corp., Bay City, Mich.) U. S. Pat. 3,496,890. 6p.,
Feb. 24, 1970. 4 refs. (Appl. Nov. 6, 1967, 9 claims).
A smokeless and odorless incinerator for burning garbage and
other refuse is described. The refuse is placed in a primary
combustion chamber where it is ignited by mounted heating
elements. An afterburner is provided which rebums the smoke
and gases as they flow from the primary chamber. The remain-
ing unburned refuse in the primary chamber is dried up by a
second heating device before being burned. The heating ele-
ments may be open coil resistance wires which are protected
by a grid placed between them and the refuse. The second
heating device is preferably placed from the bottom of the pri-
mary chamber. (Author abstract modified)
20553
Sullivan, Ralph J.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF ODOROUS
COMPOUNDS. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton Systems,
Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Con-
tract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTP 66-42, 244p., Oct. 1969.
443 refs. CFSTI: PB 188089
Odors may cause mental and physiological effects in humans,
such as nausea, headache, loss of sleep, loss of appetite, im-
paired breathing, and in some cases allergic reactions. Commu-
nity and personal pride and status may be adversely affected.
No information on the effect of odorous air pollutants on the
health or behavior of domestic, commercial, or experimental
animals was found in the literature. The petroleum industry,
petrochemical plant complexes, chemical industry, pulp and
paper mills, coke ovens, coal, iron-steel industry and foun-
dries, food processing, meat industry (including livestock
slaughtering, inedible rendering of animal matter, fish
processing, tanneries, etc), combustion processes (including
diesel engines), and sewage are listed as sources of odors. The
literature contains no quantitative data on the odor concentra-
tion in ambient air. Surveys have been made, but they show
only the detective disagreeable odors and not their intensity.
Abatement methods fall into several categories: combustion,
absorption, adsorption, odor masking, odor removal, chemical
control, biological control, and containment. Combustion is
generally accepted as the best way to deodorize malodorous
gases. Oxidation at 1,200 F or above usually gives satisfactory
results. Economically, odor pollution depresses property
values. The human nose is the only reliable detector, and
several laboratory and field methods (organoleptic methods,
such as the vapor dilution technique and the syringe dilution
techinque) and instrumental methods (such as gas chromatog-
raphy) have been deveolped to quantify human observations.
20557
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE ODOR COM-
PONENTS IN DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST (FINAL REPORT).
Little (Arthur D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass Contracts PH 22-68-
20 and CD-13-64, Proj. CAPE-7, 92p., July 1969. 3 refs. CF-
STI: PB 185878
As part of a total program related to the chemistry of diesel
exhaust, odor compounds in diesel exhaust were characterized
with respect to their type, intensity, threshold values,
character, and possible contribution to human irritation. In ad-
dition, techniques were developed for separating the odor
components from diesel exhaust. The odor profile of diesel ex-
haust at a 1/600 dilution in air describes three odor character
notes - oily, burnt, and kerosene - and two feeling sensations -
nose irritation and eye irritation. These five elements appear to
vary in intensity as a function of diesel exhaust level in the
test room. The system for separating the components of diesel
exhaust uses silica liquid column chromatography followed by
silicone and carbowax gas chromatography. Preliminary analy-
sis shows that several individual components with odors relat-
ing to the burnt complex are present in sufficient concentra-
tion to permit identification, particularly with regard to the
low-boiling-temperature fractions. The separation techniques
should be sufficient for isolating the odor components related
to kerosene and those which are described as oily.
20706
Shigeta, Y., Y. Hoshika, T. Ishiguro, and S. Tsuchihashi
THE RESEARCH OF BAD ODOR ON THE FISH MEAL
PLANTS. (Gyochokotsu shorikojogun no akushu chosarei).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 4(1):86, 1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting
of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
In Shimonoseki, four plants in fishmeal and feather meal
production as well as rendering were investigated as the
source of obnoxious odors in the area. For all plants, the most
odorous emissions originated from the fish meal dryers and
the exhaust of the odor control equipment. Various strengths
of odor are tabulated according to the emission source and the
types of products. From odor measurements of the surround-
ing area by the syringe method, most of the extensive odor
pollution was again found to originate from the dryers as well
as the raw material storerooms. A questionnaire survey was
conducted of the local residents, concerning meteorological
conditions and subjective opinions on odors; it became evident
that the odors from the dryers are spread out by the westerly
wind, with high intensity even half a kilometer away. This in-
fluences the daily life of the residents as far as one to two
kilometers away.
21395
Vogelhuber, W. W. and H. C. Parish
COMPACT LNG SYSTEM USING LARGE STERLING
CYCLE COLD GAS REFRIGERATOR. Inst. of Gas
Technology, Chicago, HI., Proc. Intern. Conf. LNG, 1st,
Chicago, HI., 1968, 12p. (April 7-12, Paper 5-28).
A liquefaction system is discussed which utilizes a Cold Gas
Refrigerator operating on the Stirling cycle to remove some or
all of the sensible and latent heat from natural gas. For capa-
bilities below about 1.4 MMCFD, the CGR system would be
expected to have a lower initial cost than conventional
systems. The unit comprises an ambient temperature drive and
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
17
a cylinder assembly which houses a compression piston and a
displacer piston, both coupled to a unique rhombic drive
mechanism by separate connecting rods. The rhombic drive
produces sinusoidal phased harmonic motions of the two
pistons which alternately compress, transfer, and expand the
working fluid (hydrogen or helium gas) within the cylinder.
Space just beneath the displacer piston is used for compres-
sion, while the space above the displacer is used for expanding
and cooling the working medium. These sections are con-
nected by a channel containing three heat exchangers. If the
refrigeration capacity requirement exceeds that of a single
cylinder, two, three or four cylinders may be combined to
form a single, multi-cylinder unit with a common drive shaft.
An advantage of the multi-cylinder unit is the capability of
operating the cylinders at different temperatures, while it is a
relatively compact unit resulting in minimum field installation
effort. The CGR unit can be charged, started and cooled to
operating temperatures within ten minutes. It is generally in-
sensitive to load variations and if load and capacity are un-
balanced, the condensing temperature will change until a new
equilibrium point is reached. Features of the CGR system
promote its use in an installation where redundant refrigeration
capacity is required, as in barge transport of liquefied natural
gas or other cryogenic fluids.
21661
Kanno, Kyoichi
ON OZONE. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc., Tokyo), 2(1), 1964. 11 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 15p., April 7, 1970.
Some general aspects of ozone science and technology are
briefly reviewed. The odor of ozone was first recognized
preceding thunderstorms or near electric generators, and is
chiefly due to impurities in the gas. The theory, testing, and
temperature and humidity effects of ozone production by
silent dischargers are discussed. Conflicting opinions exist con-
cerning the poisonous nature of the gas, although it seems
clear that impurities, concentration, and length of time of ex-
posure are important parameters. Because of its strong ten-
dency toward acidification, ozone has important bactericidal,
bleaching, and anti-odor applications. In recent indoor air pu-
rification technology, polluted air may be passed through an
ozonizer to kill constituent microorganisms with a heavy dose
of ozone; the polluted and purified air are then mixed to
gradually purify the total ambient atmosphere. As a powerful
oxidizing agent, ozone is effective in counteracting the odors
of such substances as oxides, mercaptans, skatoles, and in-
dols. A brief description of chemical and physical ozone detec-
tion methods is also given. The physical methods are preferred
because they are faster, continuous, and more readily adjusted
for precise measurements and sensitive changes.
21700
Feitzelmayer Karl and Karl Conradi
DEVICE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE COMPOSITION OF
THE EXHAUST OF DIESEL ENGINES DURING IDLING.
(Vonichtung zur Verbesserung der Zusammensetzung der Ab-
gase von Dieselmotoren im Leerlauf). Text in German.
(Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg A. G., Munich W. Ger-
many)) Swiss Pat 457 032. 3p. May 31, 1968. (Appl. Oct 13,
1967, 1 claim).
Disagreeable odors in the exhaust of diesel engines during
idling can be reduced by diminishing the fresh air supply. This
is achieved by installation of a throttle valve in the fresh air
intake duct which reduces the air supply in accordance with
the lower fuel supply during idling. The position of the throttle
valve can be adjusted by the piston of a pneumatic actuator,
which is connected to the pneumatic control system. The latter
operates the fuel control system.
21857
Hamanabe, Y., S. Harima, T. Miura, T. Domon, and T.
Namiki
THE SENSITIVE MEASUREMENT OF BAD ODOR IN
USING OF AN ODORLESS CHAMBER. (Mooshushitsoohoh
ni yoloo shuki kannoh sokootei (II). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 115, 1969. 2
refs. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution An-
nual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
The odor of methyl-mercaptan, ammonia, and dimethyl sulfide
was measured using an odorless chamber from whose win-
dows odor was sniffed by a panel of 5-6 members on the
threshold level, environmental level, and nuisance level of
malodor. The first level means the minimum one, when the
odor starts to smell; the second one does not give any actual
effects on the body; and the last one results in headache,
nausea, reduced appetite, etc. The results in ppm for threshold
level, environmental level and nuisance level, respectively, are
as follows: methyl mercaptan: 0.0001, 0.02, and 1.0; ammonia:
0.04, 8.0, and 40; and dimethyl sulfide: 0.01, 2.0, and 10.
Although the comparison is made between these individual
odors and mixed odors, it is difficult to know their relation-
ship.
21882
Franzke, H. H.
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS AT REFUSE INCINERATORS.
(Emissionsverminderung bei der Abfallverbrennung). Text in
German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 149:313-317, 1970.
The heterogeneous nature of refuse material makes any reduc-
tion of emissions difficult. Incinerators primarily emit dust (1
to 20 g/cu m), sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide (500 to 2500
mg/cu m), hydrogen chloride (150 to 1500 mg/cu m), and
odors. The Federal government has imposed emission limits on
incinerators, namely 150 mg/cu m of dust for plants with a cir-
culation of 1.5 tons/h, and 200 mg/cu m of dust and a carbon
dioxide-content of 7% for plants with a capacity below 1.5
tons/h. Technical measures for the reduction of emissions are
discussed in the VDI (Association of German Engineers)
guidelines 2114 and 2301. High stacks help to reduce high
emission concentrations. For flue gas cleaning, the gases must
first be cooled to temperatures between 150 and 250 C, while
the liberated heat can be used for power generation. If no heat
utilization is contemplated, water or fresh air must be used for
cooling the gases. Electrostatic precipitators are primarily used
for dust separation in large incinerators. In storage bunkers an
underpressure must be maintained to avoid spread of disagree-
able odors.
21887
Franzky,U.
THE USE OF OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR REDUCTION
OF ODOROUS EMISSIONS. (Ueber den Einsatz von Oxida-
tionsverfahren zur Verminderung geruchsintensiver Emis-
sionen). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no.
149:291-302, 1970. 29 refs.
Thermal waste gas treatment is by far the most efficient
method, but also the one with the highest operating costs, for
the reduction of odorous emissions from animal rendering,
coffee roasting, pyrolysis of beech wood, and foundries. The
waste gas is pressed into a combustion chamber where guide
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18
ODORS
vanes impart a rotary movement to the gas. The oil or gas
burner is tangentially attached to the cylindrical chamber wall.
Waste gases from a coffee roasting plant could be cleaned
from 575 mg C/cu Nm to 170 mg C/cu Nm when temperatures
in the chamber did not exceed 485 C. Better results are ob-
tained at temperatures between 680 and 800 C, while concen-
trations of more than 10 g/cu Nm in the uncleaned gas could
be reduced to less than 100 mg C/cu Nm at 740 C. Catalytic
oxidation has found wide-spread use in the past few years, in
which it generally suffices to heat the waste gases to just 350
or 400 C. Thus, costs for energy can be saved. Catalysts with
palladium or platinum as active ingredients are used. Efficien-
cies of 90 to 95% are achieved with this method, but a higher
maintenance service is required. Deodorization of the air in a
poultry farm and pig sty by addition of ozone was unsuccess-
ful. Better results were obtained in a mink farm by soaking a
bed of sand with potassium permanganate solution 100g/12
liter water, 1 liter solution per 1 sq m sand). Mink feces falling
onto this soaked bed were deodorized to a large extent. No
final results are available as experiments with this method are
still in progress.
21978
Pustinger, J. V. Jr., F. N. Hodgson, J. E. Strobel, and R. L.
Evers
IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS OF
SPACE CABIN MATERIALS. Monsanto Research Corp.,
Dayton, Ohio, AF Contract F33615-67-C-1357 Proj. 6302, Task
630204, Work Unit 008, AMRL-TR-69-71, 68p., Oct. 1969. 4
refs. CFSTI: N70-19600
Nineteen candidate space-cabin materials were tested to deter-
mine weight loss characteristics and to identify their gas-off
products. The materials were screened initially, using ther-
mogravimetric techniques for measuring weight loss at
moderate temperatures (ambient to 68 plus or minus 2 C) for
22.5 hours in 5 psia nitrogen, to select those candidate materi-
als that lose from 0.001 to 1.0 of their weight, excluding water.
The selected materials were then stored in 9-liter chambers at
68 plus or minus 2 C for 72 hours and at 25 plus or minus 2 C
for 30 days. Atmosphere in the chambers was oxygen at 5
psia. The gaseous contaminants evolved from the test materi-
als were identified by combinations of gas chromatography
and mass spectrometry. Gas- off products observed were
mostly entrapped solvents. Only two materials exhibited ex-
cessively high (greater than 1.0) emission values. The ther-
mogravimetric procedures for screening candidate materials
provided a good measure of the rate of volatile emission.
However, the use of this approach as a rapid screening
technique requires excessive time.
22860
Chansky, Steven H., Anne N. Dimitriou, Edwin L. Field,
Charles R. LaMantia, and Robert E. Zinn
SYSTEMS STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MUNICIPAL
INCINERATION. VOLUME H. (APPENDICES). Little
(Arthur D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass., NAPCA Contract CPA-
22-69-23, 312p., March 1970. 39 refs. CFSTI: PB 192379
Volume II of a three volume report presents, largely in tabular
and graphic format, data pertinent to a systems study of air
pollution from municipal incineration. The scope, conclusions,
and recommendations are contained hi Volume I; Volume IH
consists of a comprehensive bibliography. The cost of reduc-
ing solid waste to a workable size; processes, physics, and
costs of reducing flue gas temperatures for compatability with
air pollution control equipment; the stoichiometry of refuse in-
cineration; operating experience on European electrostatic
precipitators; by-product recovery, including paper, metal, and
heat; composition of refuse; and the projected composition
and quantities through the year 2000 are presented. A detailed
description is provided of the incineration process from collec-
tion to disposition of residue, with consideration being given
to equipment options; air pollution via odors, smoke, particu-
lates, and gases; process control; waste water disposal; site
requirements; buildings; and utilities. A specimen question-
naire is included that was used to obtain data from the indus-
try on incinerator inventories, capacities, current design
trends, and operating practices. Data obtained through the use
of this questionnaire are presented and analyzed. The causes
and extent of air pollution problems associated with municipal
incineration are defined, and a data bank of incinerator emis-
sion data is presented. Causes and cures for incinerator defi-
ciencies are discussed.
22973
Jensen, Robert M.
INTRODUCTION TO AIR QUALITY CONTROL. Pacer,
1(5):1-14, 1970.
The hazard of and the harm caused by air pollution depend
upon concentration and exposure. As can be demonstrated
statistically, the incidence of health hazards due to air pollu-
tion is about 100 times greater in a city than in a rural area.
Transportation contributes nearly 60% of the total atmospheric
pollution and yields 74,800,000 tons of pollutants per year;
manufacturing is the next biggest producer at 23,400,000 tons
per year. The biggest single pollutant is the 65,000,000 tons of
deadly carbon monoxide which we pump into our atmosphere
each year. There is a large and rapidly increasing amount of
evidence which relates air pollution to chronic bronchitis and
respiratory cancer. Air pollution damages crops, livestock,
shrubbery, and trees. Fluorine compounds in forage will cause
cattle to lose teeth and to have an overgrowth of leg bones
and ribs. Odor from a rendering plant or from some chemical
plants can depress the value of land for both commercial and
residential use. New York City estimates that corrosion costs
the city about $6 million per year. Alternatives in sulfur diox-
ide control include the use of fuels with no sulfur, removal of
the sulfur from the fuel, and removal from the gaseous
products of combustion.
22987
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
ODOR REMOVAL AT FISH AND ANIMAL MEAL
PROCESSING PLANTS IN NORTHERN EUROPE. PART H.
(Hokuo ni okeru gyochokotsu, jukotsu shori koj no dasshu
taisaku. sono ni). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor
Research J. Japan), l(2):28-34, June 20, 1970.
Dank Andels Fish AMBA is a fish meal factory on an island
of Denmar and owns nearly 200 ships which amounts to one-
half of the all the ships on this island. The materials processed
are mainly codfish and herring. The company processes
between 4000 t and 5000 t/year. Plant equipped by Atlas, with
indirect thermal dryers, are operated by five employees. As it
is this factory that successfully commenced odor removal so-
oner than in any other country in Europe, there is little or no
fish smell in this plant. As one of the biggest companies in Eu-
rope, Andels Sildeli Fabriken AMBA in Esbjerg of Denmark,
runs nine plants with the capacity of 300 t/day and 150 em-
ployees process about 230,000 t in raw materials, about 40,000
t in fish meal, 13,000 t in soluble materials, and 12,000 in fish
oil annually. Odor removal appeared rather poorly carried out
at this plant There is much to be improved on, especially
washing as a whole. Blackkd Moae Fabriken in Hanstholm,
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
19
Denmark was under construction at the time of author's visit
and is supposed to be currently operating. As briefly com-
mented, although many were considered instructive with
respect to fish meal processing there were few with odor
removal so far. Reports of management aspects are presented.
23000
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
ODOR REMOVAL AT FISH AND ANIMAL MEAL
PROCESSING PLANTS IN NORTHERN EUROPE. PART I.
(Hokuo ni okeru gyochokotsu, jukotsu shorikojo dasshu
taisaku. sono ichi). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu
(Odor Research J. Japan), l(l):38-45, April 20, 1970.
Various remarks on the fish meal processing factories in
Northern Europe are presented. They are concerned with the
present situation of fish and animal meal processing industries,
general concerns of some plants for odor removal, facilities
for odor removal, general conditions and outlooks of those
buildings, maintenance of equipments, and specifically techni-
cal aspects of odor removal in practice. Two plants are in-
troduced. Doggerbank Fishmelsfabrikken in Denmark special-
ize in herring with fat content of between 15 and 20% and
processes 22,000 t/year (220 days worked in 1967) or 100 t/day.
The workers numbered only three, operating the Alfa Laval
equipment. The water consumed for both odor removal and
washing totals between 45 cu m and 50 cu m/ hour. Fish odor
can hardly be recognized, even inside the building. Eidelsteder
Extraktions und Fishmeklwerke in West Germany processes
between 400 and 500 t/day and the main material is fish rub-
bish, occasionally round herring and codfish. The building is
equipped with two roter desk-dryers by Atlas with the capaci-
ty of 300 t/day and two cookers with the capacity of 250 t/day
and of 150 t/day, respectively. The employees number 45.
Odor removal is poor at this plant.
23313
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN CAROLINE COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality Control and Caroline County Dept. of Health, Denton,
Md., 19p., Jan. 1970. 15 refs.
The present survey emanated from the need of the Division of
Air Quality Control of the Maryland State Department of
Health to have a county by county statement, based on availa-
ble information, on the status of air contamination in the vari-
ous areas. The survey was made in accordance with authority
granted under the Maryland Air Quality Control Act (Article
43, Annotated Code of Maryland, 1957 Edition and Supple-
ment). Regulations have been adopted by the county governing
the control and prohibition of open fires, the control and
prohibition of visible emissions, and the control and prohibi-
tion of paniculate emissions from fuel combustion. Amend-
ments to these regulations which became effective on January
29, 1969 govern the sulfur content of all heating oils and of oil
used in very large installations after July 1, 1970; prohibit
removing air pollution control devices from motor vehicles as
well as requiring that the devices be kept in operating condi-
tion; provide for the control of the discharge of gases, vapors
or odors; and, in addition, are concerned with control of visi-
ble and paniculate emissions from industrial and incineration
operations. Plants at Denton and Ridgely fortunately have
been located so that those communities are upwind of the
prevailing west and northwest winds. Two poultry processing
plants create the types of odors usually associated therewith
but they are rurally located. There are no plants for the
rendering of inedible portions of chickens in the county. Five
dumps are used for the disposition of about 8500 tons of
refuse annually. The burning of material is on an irregular
schedule and is somewhat controlled. However, material is not
covered frequently and the dumps are odorous. Investigations
are under way with the aim of substituting sanitary landfills
for the dumps. The disposal of home-generated trash and
leaves in smaller communities and by burning is a general
practice. The processing of clams near Ridgely produces some
odors which escape into the town and may lead to objectiona-
ble conditions. However, some residents of the area reported
that they were not of an objectionable nature. Smoke has been
emanating periodically from the stack of milk plant in Green-
sboro, but this is resulting from improper operation of new
equipment which was installed to correct previously un-
satisfactory smoke emissions.
23314
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN TALBOT COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality Control and Talbot County Dept. of Health, Easton,
Md., 19p., Jan. 1970. 14 refs.
The present survey emanated from the need of the Division of
Air Quality Control of the Maryland State Department of
Health to have a county by county statement, based on availa-
ble information, on the status of air contamination in the vari-
ous areas. The survey was made in accordance with authority
for the Secretary of Health and Mental Hygiene to adopt regu-
lations governing the control of air pollution in the State.
Regulations applicable in Talbot County have been adopted
governing the control and prohibition of open fires, the control
and prohibition of visible emissions, and the control and
prohibition of participate emissions from fuel combustion.
Amendments to these regulations which became effective on
January 29, 1969 govern the sulfur content of all heating oils
and of coal used in very large installations after July 1, 1970;
prohibit removing air pollution control devices from motor
vehicles as well as requiring that the devices be kept in operat-
ing conditions; provide for the control of the discharge of
gases, vapors or odors; and, in addition, are concerned with
control of visible and paniculate emissions from industrial and
incineration operations. Most sources of air pollution in Talbot
County, although relatively small and few in number, are
clustered in the Easton area. Pollution generally is associated
with the processing of vegetables, the shelling and drying of
corn which create 'beeswing' chaff, and the processing of
seafood. Other than in the Easton area, these are widely scat-
tered and objectionable levels of pollution are localized. Al-
most all refuse material is disposed of in landfills. However,
burning sometimes occurs at the Tilghman-Sherwood dump
and occasionally at the St. Michaels dump.
23843
Merz, Otto
PRACTICAL DETERMINATION OF GASES FROM
VARNISH DRYING OVENS. (Praxisnahe Bestimmung von
Abgasen aus Lacktrockenoefen). Text in German. Blech,
15(1):12-16, Jan. 1968. 19 refs.
An exact chemical analysis of gases emanating from lacquer
drying ovens which are a complex mixture of various organic
compounds of unknown exact composition can be accom-
plished only by a combination of gas chromatography, flame
ionization detection, and infrared spectroscopy. The emission
consists largely of solvents which can be dealt with by cata-
lytic combustion and of less than 1% decomposition products
the smell of which is sometimes objectionable. Some sulfur
-------
20
ODORS
dioxide is also generated if fuel oil i used in the installation.
Maximal permissible work site concentrations and maximal
permissible emission levels of various solvents and formal-
dehyde, furfurol, mono- di- and trimethylamine, mono- di- and
triethylamine (which have in 1964 been reduced to up to one
tenth of their former levels) are reviewed. Portable explosime-
ters are used for the determination of the concentration of
combustible gases, vapors, and their mixtures with air for con-
centration within a range of up to the lower explosion limit.
Especially suited for gas emanations from lacquer drying
ovens are gas detectors using detection cartridges for almost
all solvents and lacquer decomposition products such as
phenol, monostyrol, polyacrylate, formaldehyde, and acrolein.
A color conversion of the test substance in the cartridge
represents a qualitative and sometimes a quantitative test of
the presence of the objectionable substance. The presence of
100 mg hydrocarbon N/cu m is considered to be the upper per-
missible limit, but the figure is arbitrary because the olfactory
threshold of various compounds varies widely.
24007
VAPOUR INCINERATION. Process Biochem., 5(l):54-56,
Jan. 1970.
Direct-fired fume incinerators should destroy most organic
particles as well as organic solvent fumes, while discharge to
the atmosphere from the units is odor-free. The operation prin-
ciple is to pass organic pollutants through a dwell or com-
bustion chamber where they are raised to self-ignition tem-
perature by contact with a direct flame so that all pollutants
are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. In general, exhaust
gas discharge temperatures of 1200-1400 F are sufficient to
reduce pollution in effluent by 85-95%. When the oxygen con-
tent of the effluent is high, it is recommended practice to use
the effluent as either primary or secondary air for the com-
bustion process. As the oxygen content in the effluent drops
below 18%, it is advisable to use an increasing percentage of
fresh air as primary and secondary combustion air. When ef-
fluent is used as 'air' for the combustion of the selected fuel,
the temperature of the effluent 'air' should be controlled
below 700 F, if fuel gas is used, to prevent cracking; if
propane or butane is the fuel selected, an effluent 'air' tem-
perature below 650 F is recommended. Formulae are provide
for calculating the net or gross heat input required for the
combustion of a given volume of effluent. Burner types are
mentioned, including an AH-O-, TAH-O, RAH-, and TAH-R-
type burner, as well as indications for their use.
24350
Copley International Corp.
NATIONAL SURVEY OF THE ODOR PROBLEM. PHASE I
OF A STUDY OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF ODORS. Contract CPA 22-69-50, 246p., Jan. 1970. 175
refs. NTIS: PB 194376
Information relative to the basic definition, identification, and
assessment of the social and economic impact of odors is
presented. In order to fully understand the odor problem,
several tasks were defined, including: identification and
description of major odors and sources; a survey of local air
pollution control agencies; selection of several areas for in-
vestigations of actual problems; public opinion surveys;
technical field investigations; and sensory evaluation of odor
studies. Primary sources include meat packing operations,
chemical plants, dumps and incinerators, and petroleum
production. Results of the surveys and public opinion polls are
discussed. The scentometer, a vapor dilution technique device,
is a utilitarian and effective tool for odor problem identifica-
tion. Many citizens are aware of and object to odor problems,
but very few people are motivated to seek official recourse.
24459
Morriss, F. V., Calvin Bolze, and John T. Goodwin, Jr.
SMOG CHAMBER STUDDZS OF UNLEADED VS. LEADED
FUELS. Ind. Eng. Chem. 50(4):673-676, April 1958. 9 refs.
Because automobile exhaust gas has been implicated as a
major source of smog-producing chemicals, it was undertaken
to investigat the possible effect of tetraethyl lead and halogen
scavengers used in antiknock fluids on smog manifestations.
The major exhaust products from TEL and these scavengers
are particulate solids from 0.01 micron to several millimeters
in diameter, composed mainly of lead chlorobromide and alpha
and beta forms of the binary complex of this halide with am-
monium chloride. Experimental apparatus consisted essentially
of two large glass reaction chamber built from a greenhouse,
and equipped with air-sampling systems to measure the con-
centrations of various chemicals. Test fuels were burned in a
1952 Ford station wagon with an automatic transmission.
When measurements were made of oxidants, eye irritation and
odor, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and
aldehydes, no significant differences were found between
leaded and unleaded gasolines.
24500
Mie Prefecture (Japan), Public Nuisance Control Bureau
REPORT ON THE SPECIAL INVESTIGATION OF AIR POL-
LUTION IN THE YOKKAICHI DISTRICT. (Yokkaichi chiku
taiki osen tokubetsu chosa hokoku sho). Text in Japanese.
20p., March 1964.
The industrial complexes in Yokkaichi consists of two large-
scale complexes and a heavy-oil combustion steam power
plant; the total amount of fuel oil used per year occupies 99%
of the total. The complexes were built during the period of
economic growth, and little attention was paid to public
nuisance control. Winds blow NW in winter and SE in
summer. The main pollutants are sulfur oxides arising primari-
ly from heavy-sulfur oil combustion. The concentration some-
times goes up to about 0.2 ppm (electroconductivity method).
Soot and dust particles are also a problem, but they are
decreasing over the years due to the decreasing use of solid
fuels. There are, however, individual factories that produce
much soot and dust. Other pollutants include obnoxious odors
and noise. The control measures involve enforcing environ-
mental standards (tabulated); taking appropriate steps such as
treating sulfur oxides arising from sulfuric acid manufacturing
plants; restructuring the urban structure of Yokkaichi; creating
buffer zones between factories and nearby residential areas;
establishing clean-air rooms in medical facilities to treat the
emergency cases of respiratory diseases caused by air pollu-
tion; creating an air pollution monitoring network; and building
meteorological stations.
24527
Lunche, R. G.
VACUUM JETS. In: Emissions to the Atmosphere from Eight
Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles County
Air Pollution Control District, Calif., California Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution
Program, and Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los Angeles,
Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Kept 8, Section 8, p.
47-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
21
A steam-driven vacuum ejector or jet, consisting of several
ejector stages in series with interstage condensers, is the com-
mon method for producing and maintaining a vacuum in
refinery process equipment. Malodorous hydrocarbon emis-
sions were vented to the atmosphere as non-condensable gases
from the last stage of the vacuum jet system. These emissions
decreased progressively from 17 tons in 1951 in Los Angeles
County to zero in 1957 as a result of control installations,
which condense as much of the vacuum jet effluent as is prac-
tical and recover the remaining gases and vapors, which are
then vented to a fume incinerator or firebox. The liquid con-
densate can be separated into water and hydrocarbon. No test-
ing program was conducted, since all known refinery jets are
under control.
24754
Franzky,U.
RESULTS OF THERMAL AND OF CATALYTIC PROCESSES
TO LIMIT OLFACTORY EMISSIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMI-
CAL COMPOUNDS. (Ergebnisse thermischer und kata-
lytischer Verfahren zur Einschraenkung geruchsintensiver
Emissionen organisch-chemischer Verbindungen). Text in Ger-
man. Landesanstalt fuer Immissions-und Bodennut-
zungsschutz, Essen (West Germany), 9p., 1970 (?). 13 refs.
A reliable process for the elimination of emissions of organic
chemical compounds with an objectionable smell is thermal
combustion. Organic compounds are completely destroyed by
heating the exhaust gas flow to above 800 C for a sufficiently
long time. The process is expensive because the oxidation
does not generate heat. The concentration of olfactory sub-
stances is always minute and all heat for the combustion has
to be provided from the outside. Catalytic combustion which
achieves satisfactory combustion at temperatures between 350
and 400 C is therefore used more frequently. Such tempera-
tures can often Be produced by means of heat exchangers. But
catalytic purification cannot be applied universally because
dust and other admixtures (phosphorus compounds for exam-
ple) can prematurely deactivate the catalyst. With catalytic
combustion at temperatures above 350 C, residual concentra-
tions are largely independent of the nature and quantity of the
original impurities. The effectiveness of these processes is
judged by the carbon content of the gas before and following
combustion. Thermal and catalytic installations designed to
reduce objectionable emission from lacquer drying furnaces,
from poly vinyl chloride jelling canals, from coffee and malt
roasting drums, from curing chambers and other emission
sources are described.
24903
Wright, R. H.
IS IT POSSIBLE TO BUILD AND OPERATE A COMPLETE-
LY ODORLESS KRAFT MILL? Can. Pulp Paper Ind. (Van-
couver), 10(9):21-22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, Sept. 1957.
It is possbile to build a completely odorless kraft mill if
management is willing to pay the price. The initial down pay-
ment would pay for odor control equipment; the direct install-
ment payments are the costs of maintaining all the odor con-
trol equipment at top efficiency; indirect installment charges
occur whenever it is necessary to limit production to prevent
odor emission. Most kraft odors are due to organic sulfur com-
pounds such as methyl mercaptan and its oxidation products.
The kraft operation also emits paniculate matter, mostly com-
pounds of sodium. The sources of emissions are discussed,
and control measures are described. Dusts are usually
removed by a combination of scrubbers, bag filters, or electro-
static precipitators. The process of black liquor oxidation is
discussed. When it is properly oxidized, the release of odors
from black liquor is greatly curtailed. Research in the areas of
contaminant identification and quantification is necessary in
order to get a better understanding of effective design charac-
teristics.
25056
Ishii, Kazuo, Matsuoki Okuda, Mutsuo Koizumi, Tadahiro
Machiyama, Katsuya Nagata, and Noboru Sugimoto
HIGH PERFORMANCE INCINERATION OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE. PART U. INCINERATOR WITH SLAG-TAP FUR-
NACE. (Konoritsu no gesui odei shokyaku sochi ni kansuru
kenkyu. ni. Yukaishiki odei shokyaku sochi). Text in Japanese.
Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo), 49(521):674-
682, Sept. 20, 1970. 7 refs.
A new type of incinerator with a slag-tap furnace for de-
watered sludge consists of an atomizing feeder of sludge, a
heat exchanger, an air preheater and a cyclone dust collector.
The air-jet type sludge atomizer, referred to in Part I of the ar-
ticle, and a heavy fuel oil burner are placed at the top of the
furnace. Refractory materials which are packed in the furnace
are suspended by five water-cooled tubes with refractory coat-
ing and are heated by firing fuel oil. Dewatered sludge is fed
in particulate form and burned immediately when it gets in
contact with the high temperature, high speed combustion gas
of the fuel oil. Ash in the sludge is melted into slag and flows
down into a slag pit through the bank of refractory materials.
The incinerator system has the following merits: dustless flue
gas is emitted from the furnace, because the ash in sludge is
melted into slag at the bank of refractory materials; flue gas is
odorless because of high temperature combustion; and the in-
cineration plant can be compact in size and still possesses high
performance. This type of incinerator is used more effectively
for dewatered raw sludge than for dehydrated sludge, just as
in the case of the AST method, since dewatered sludge con-
tains more water and is more convenient for transportation
and dispersion. Further, since dewatered raw sludge has not
gone through digestion, it contains more organic matter and
emits higher heat. The system is applicable to not only sewage
sludge, but also for burning sludge in factory effluents which
hardly contains any flammable matter, or the sludge which is
especially high in water content. The system is only a small
test incinerator, with only 100 kg/h capacity. After more ex-
perience is gained in taking out melted ash and in testing dura-
bility of the incinerator, more problems will be solved.
25179
Huch, Rheinhold, Helmut Beine, and Werner Brocke
STUDD3S AND DEVELOPMENTS ON THE REDUCTION OF
ENVmONMENTAL ODOR MOLESTATION. Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 82p.,
1970. 13 refs. (Presented at the International dean Air Con-
gress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11 1970, Paper EN-
MA.)
The county of Northrhine-Westfalia has widely financed a
group of projects dealing with the increasing environmental
pollution by odors; known and new basic techniques and con-
cepts had to be checked, developed, or modified. 'Run' ex-
periences, attainable limiting values of emissions, and also
failures, which at least have brought about clearness concern-
ing some control techniques are discussed: thermal combustion
in food-smoking and coffee- roasting plants and in processes
producing color-malt and some special products; the catalytic
combustion of organic atmospheric contaminants, mainly in
the flue gases of a starch factory, at the casting of cores in
foundries, from jellying channels, printing works, from the
-------
22
ODORS
production of grinding wheels and mineral fiber mats, and
from some special sources; the removal of organic compounds
and of hydrogen sulfide with wet processes from the flue
gases of plants processing phenolic resins, coating, impregnat-
ing, and varnishing textiles, a beer-wort boilery, an establish-
ment pre-frying apple fritters, and of some plants with low
hydrogen sulfide concentrations in their exhaust air; the appli-
cation of ozone and ultraviolet irradiators to purify air con-
taminated by intensive animal farming; the treatment of feces
of a mink farm with chemicals to suppress the development
and release of odoriferous substances; and the recovery of the
solvent or diluent in dry cleaners with active coal. It was
found that thermal combustion rather often proved to be su-
perior to catalytic combustion for its greater operational sta-
bility, in spite of the lower process costs ascribed to the latter.
Moreover the experiences investigated enabled legal defini-
tions confining the emissions for two great groups of sources.
These definitions cover dry cleaners and drying furnaces, dry-
ing, solidifying, or congealing organic substances in the most
diverse plants. A review of the relevant experiences is in-
cluded, the details giving some insight and stimulation to the
research scientist, and enabling the technician to check
whether a solution of his problems is possible in this, or a
similar way. (Author abstract)
25205
Martin-Lof, Rutger
HOW THE SWEDISH PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY COM-
BATS AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, 42p., 1970. (Presented at
the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C.,
Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-28G.)
The sulfite pulp industry is responsible for more than half of
the air pollution from the pulp industry in spite of the fact that
the sulfite pulp production only amounts to about 29% of the
total chemical pulp production. This is due to the fact that in
the calcium sulfite process, at present the dominating sulfite
process in Sweden, no method for chemical recovery is availa-
ble. The production of sulfate pulp, sulfite pulp on a so called
soluble base, and semichemical pulp is expected to increase
and to be concentrated to a few large units, while the produc-
tion of calcium sulfite pulp, is expected to cease in the long
run. Dust emission emanates from soda recovery boilers, lime
kilns, lye furnaces, and bark furnaces. Electrostatic filters are
used at all Swedish sulfate mills for purification of the flue
gases from the recovery boilers and at more than half of the
mills there are scrubbers for washing of the gases as well. Flue
gases from lime kilns are usually cleaned in a venturi gas
scrubber. Dust separation from lye and bark furnaces are
usually performed in cyclone type mechanical equipment. The
emission of acidic gases consists of sulfur dioxide and some
sulfur trioxide, and emanates mainly from the lye furnace for
burning of the sulfite waste liquors and from the recovery
boilers in the sulfate mills. As distinguished from the calcium-
based sulfite process, the other pulping processes involve
chemical recovery processes and the emissions are due to in-
evitable losses in the recovery processes. The emission of
odorous substances on a large scale occurs in connection with
the sulfate process only. In order to collect the odorous gases
a pipeline can be set up through the sulfate mill. As a con-
sequence of The Environmental Preservation Act, which came
into force in Sweden on July 1, 1969, the nature conservation
authorities and the pulp and paper industry have in close col-
laboration carried out a very comprehensive investigation com-
prising the charting of existing emissions and an examination
of the technical and economic possibilities of lowering these
emissions. On the basis of these investigations, The National
(Swedish) Environment Protection Board has issued recom-
mendations for restriction of emissions at air polluting
establishments. The investments in water and air preservation
measures are expected to amount to about 10% of the total in-
vestments in the pulp industry. (Author abstract)
25228
Hicks, Ronald
ODOUR CONTROL IN WASTE-WATER TREATMENT
SYSTEMS. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 38p., 1970. 10 refs. (Presented at the
International Clean Air Congress 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec.
6-11, 1970, Paper EN-34B.)
As sewers become extended, odors have often been increased
by the longer time of passage through the sewerage system,
and the increasing usage of household garbage grinders has in-
terfered with both flow rates and strengths. Industrial wastes
have also been increasingly diverted into municipal sewers and
many types of wastes from abattoirs, meat cooking, food
processing, brewing, tanning, and wool scouring have con-
tributed in increasing quantity, both to the variety and intensi-
ty of the prevalent odors. Control measures demanded by air
pollution control officers at meat and fish-cooking factories,
include condensation of volatile matters previously discharged
into the air, resulting in liquid trades waste of high odor levels
being discharged into the sewers. In the factories themselves,
and in the smaller pumping stations a reasonable degree of
odor control has been established by the use of masking
agents, of chlorine compounds, and of ozone by injection
techniques. Dry towers have included the use of regenerative
resins, specific for amines and sulfides, as well as activated
carbon. Wet scrubbing methods, on a small scale, have proved
effective for a range of odors when permanganate solutions,
hypochlorite solutions, and solutions containing chelated iron
compounds have been used. On a large scale, where large
volumes of contaminated air have needed odor control, water
scrubbing and hypochlorite scrubbing did not prove economi-
cally practicable, but a filtration system depending upon short-
time contact with a biologically-active surface, preferably
where nitrification is actively taking place, has been found to
give a high degree of odor removal with relatively short reten-
tion periods and involving low energy input to conveying fans.
Chemical determinatons of odorant compounds were used for
volatile gases such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and a
limited number of known amines. In the case of hydrogen sul-
fide, continuous monitoring with lead-acetate impregnated tape
was carried out with the major pilot plants. The use of gas-
chromatography was attempted for determinaton of the input
and output concentrations of many odors not chemically mea-
surable but without much success, although pre-concentration
techniques were employed, using either dry ice or liquid air
surrounding packed columns. A reasonable indication of odor
intensity was given by using a splitter tube on the line between
the evaporated concentrate and the chromatograph input, so
that what was recognized nasally by the operator, could be re-
lated to the corresponding instrument record. (Author abstract)
25327
Stockham, J., A. O'Donnell, and A. Dravnieks
CHEMICAL SPECIES IN ENGINE EXHAUST AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION TO EXHAUST ODOR. (FINAL REPORT).
ITT Research Inst., Chicago, Dl. Technology Center, Rept.
ITTRI C8150-5, 92p., June 30, 1969. 6 refs. CFSTI: PB 189651
High-resolution gas chromatography was used to separate the
organic components of diesel engine exhaust and evaluate
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
23
their contribution to exhaust odor. Specialized sampling
procedures excluded water vapor collection and provided an
enriched sample for analysis without the use of solvents. Ex-
haust components were classified into two general groups:
those that are most probably odor irrelevant, and those that
may contribute significantly to exhaust odor. Between 1000
and 2000 compounds were estimated to be present in diesel ex-
haust. The majority were saturated and unsaturated hydrocar-
bons that independently were relatively minor contributors to
the overall odor character of diesel exhaust, but collectively
may be responsible for the oily note of the exhaust. To the
present, about 50 compounds were strongly odor relevant, and
approximately 10 of these were very strongly odor relevant.
The most likely chemical class of these 10 components is al-
dehydic, quite likely with an unsaturated structure containing
one or two double bonds and probably including branched
chain molecules. Di-aldehydes were apparently absent. The
strongly odorous compounds were encountered throughout the
boiling range investigated (30 to 260 C). The gas chromato-
graphic columns used did not permit elucidation of the role
free fatty acids and phenols may play as contributors to ex-
haust odor. The intensity of diesel exhaust odor was not sig-
nificantly lowered by removal of the paniculate matter present
in the exhaust. The intensity reference standards for diesel ex-
haust odor developed by Professor Amos Turk correlated
satisfactorily with the IITRI nine-port olfactometer using n-bu-
tanol as the odorant. No significant changes in the Turk inten-
sity scale occurred over an 18 month shelf-life test. (Author
abstract)
25455
Milks, D., C. W. Slavery, J. L. Steinberg, and R. A. Matula
STUDIES AND ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE ODOR
PRODUCTION. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 46p., 1970. 31 refs. (Presented at the
International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C.,
Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-5E.)
Experimental methods for odor measurement, determination
of the composition of diesel exhaust, experimental simulation
studies, and proposed odor control techniques were reviewed.
The experimental facilities, results of simulation studies, and
the direction of the diesel odor research program at Drexel
University are summarized. Both a single cylinder CFR diesel
engine and a laboratory spray burner operating on pure
hydrocarbon fuels are used to simulate diesel exhaust. Com-
bined gas chromatographic- mass spectrometric techniques
have been developed to determine the components of diesel
exhaust which are collected in cold traps. The effect of com-
pression ratio on the exhaust gas components in the aqueous
condensate collected at O C from a CFR engine operating on
n-hexadecane under lightly loaded, low speed operating condi-
tions is reported. The design of laboratory Ospray burner ex-
periments in which the nitrogen in air is replaced by
monatomic gases and carbon dioxide are also discussed. Cal-
culations which can be utilized to estimate the effects of sub-
stituting rare gases and carbon dioxide for nitrogen on the
flame temperature and physical ignition lag in burner experi-
ments are reported. It is concluded that effective control of
diesel odor hinges on the isolation and identification of the
compound or compounds which are the primary contributors
to diesel odor. (Author abstract modified)
25638
PROTECTION AGAINST IMMISSION. (Immissionsschutz).
Text in German. Rheinisch-Westfaelischer Technischer
Uberwach.- Verein E.V., Jahresbericht, 1969:38-41, 1969.
The five principles promulgated in the framework of an inten-
sified air pollution control campaign by the state of Nordrhein-
Westfalen and adopted also by the other West German states
postulate that all polluters be identified and included in the
pollution control program, that the atmosphere be kept as
clean as possible and not as dirty as just about tolerable; that
the costs of the program be born equally by all polluters so
that no competitive advantages arise; that the polluters bear
the cost of their pollution control measures and public funds
be used only in special situations; and that air pollution control
as a community responsibility requires the cooperation of all
concerned. Thus, all polluters are subject to certification and
must meet all prescribed maximal emission regulations pertain-
ing to dust emission, SO2 emission, and other applicable regu-
lations. Fluorine is emitted by brick factories in quantities
between 30 and 300 mg/N cu m, by cupola furnaces in quanti-
ties between 4 and 280 mg N/cu m, by Siemens-Martin fur-
naces in quantities between 7 and 70 mg N/cu m, by fertilizer
plants in quantities between 6 and 80 mg N/cu m and by plants
manufacturing insulating wool in quantities between 0.4 to 3
mg N/cu m. Guidelines regarding the required height of smoke
stacks, emissions by refuse incineration plants, supervision of
pollutant concentration and emission of pollutants, control of
emission by boiler plants, control of olfactory pollutants and
of noise pollution are outlined.
26048
Yasui, N.
LIGHT OIL AS DIESEL ENGINE FUEL AND ITS
PROBLEMS. (Diizeru keiyu no doko to mondaiten). Text in
Japanese. Sekiyu Gakkai Shi (J. Japan Petroleum Inst.,
Tokyo), 13(ll):13-22, 1970. 131 refs.
The use of light oil as a fuel for internal combustion engines,
particularly automobile diesel engines, is discussed. In Japan,
consumption of light oil by automobiles reached 10.8 mil kl in
1970 and is projected to reach 16.7 mil kl in 1974. Quality stan-
dards by which to classify light oil are briefly reviewed. The
all-purpose light oil used in Japan has an average specific
gravity of 0.830-0.833, an average viscosity of 3.1-3.6 CST, an
average sulfur content of 0.5-7%, and an average cetane value
of 54-57. Temperatures required for 90% distillation and pour
point are 205-312 C and -17 to -15 C, respectively. The direct
injection system is increasingly preferred over pre-combustion
chambers for 4-cycle, high-speed diesel engines. Problems as-
sociated with obtaining high-speed combustion in the direct in-
jection systems are noted, as are the problems of reducing
combustion noise and density of exhaust gas. Compared to
gasoline engines, diesels omit much less carbon monoxide and
smoke but more nitrogen oxides and aldehydes; the latter con-
tribute to the odor of diesel smoke. The mechanism of diesel
smoke generation, its measurement and control, and other re-
lated problems are also considered.
26402
Blythe, D. J.
LEAD AND ARSENIC REPORT. INFORMATIVE REPORT
NO. 1. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10(4):296, 343, Aug.
1960.
Methods in current use to control metallurgical fumes
produced during the smelting, refining, and alloying of secon-
dary lead and its alloys are reported. In plants where seconda-
ry lead smelting with either a blast furnace or a reverberatory
furnace involves treatment of scrap lead, heavy metallic
odorous fumes are generated which must be filtered through
cloth bags of over 99% efficiency before emission to the at-
mosphere. Though less efficient, the fumes are sometimes
-------
24
ODORS
passed through settling chambers or water spray curtains.
Where local emissions regulations are very strict, hot furnace
emissions are passed through cooling tubes into a baghouse for
filtering; the collected material is then sintered for recharging
into the furnaces. The gas stream may be passed through an
electrostatic precipitator before stack discharge, and additional
steps may be taken to eliminate odorous sulfur compounds
and sulfur dioxide from the stack gases. Control of emissions
from refining and alloying secondary lead are simpler than
those from scrap treatment, and involves mainly collecting the
fumes from kettle hoods and passing them through a baghouse
for filtering. When arsenic is an alloy component, collected
kettle fumes are removed by fan into a cooling unit and then
filtered through a 99%-efficient baghouse before discharge.
26574
Ishii, K.
JET-TYPE WASTE LIQUIDS INCINERATOR. (Funmushiki
haieki shoyakuro). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kami (Heat
Management: Energy and Pollution Control), 22(12):10-15,
Dec. 1970.
The choice of a method for incinerating sludge depends on
whether the sludge is solid, liquid, or fluid. When the sludge is
transportable by pump, jet-type incineration can be adopted
because the pressure is easily determined. Since long fibrous
material would clog the nozzle tips, this type of incineration
requires close attention to the size of sludge particulates.
Provision must also be made to eliminate dust, odor, and
poisonous gas from the exhaust. In addition, it is necessary to
know the amount of heat generated by the waste liquid to
determine the amount of chemicals required for incineration.
The COD value, as determined by the potassium bichromate
method, can be regarded as the theoretical amount of oxygen
in the waste liquid. A formula is given for determining the
relationship between the degree of heat generated by the waste
liquid and the required amount of supplementary fuel. The
most widely-used supplementary fuel is C heavy oil; it cannot
be used, however, where exhaust gas regulations are stringent.
Digestion gas can be used by sewage-treatment plants and
blast furnace gas by steel mills. Depending on the method of
incineration, burners for liquid waste are classified into
evaporation, 2-fluids burner, screw feeder, and emulsion
types.
26575
Atarashi, Y.
INCINERATOR FOR WASTE RESINS AND ANIMAL CORP-
SES. (Jushirui oyobi dobutsu obutsurui shokyakuro). Text in
Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat Management: Energy and Pollu-
tion Control), 22(12):21-24, Dec. 1970.
An incinerator for waste resins and an incinerator for animal
carcasses are described, each of which is lined with special
fire-proof material. In the two-chamber resin incinerator, gas
and air are fully mixed in the second chamber to insure effec-
tive contact between the wastes and the burner flame. No
black smoke is released from the incinerator. Burners on each
of the side walls of the second incinerator promote the
thorough incineration of animal wastes on a hot hearth. The
heat generated is used to reheat the burned gas and destroy
odors.
26605
Takuma Boiler Mfg. Co. (Japan)
INCINERATOR FOR CITY WASTES. (Toshi gomi shokyaku-
ro). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat Management: Energy
and Pollution Control), 22(12):5-9, Dec. 1970.
Continuous municipal incinerators are described which
produce a minimum of smoke, odor, and noise and are com-
bined with boilers utilizing the residual heat. Capacities of the
incinerator range from 30-70 tons/day to 150-300 tons/day and
over. The incinerators are characterized by a special stoker
that stirs the refuse and dries it using radial heat from the fur-
nace. Hard-to-burn material is further treated in rotary-type
post-incineration equipment. A model available for small cities
consists of vibrating, staircase-like grids along which refuse is
moved and on which it is vibrated and dried. A provision for
pre-heating of air in the chimney stack helps insure economic
incineration. The temperature inside the incinerator varies little
because of the continuous movement of dry waste along the
grids; adequate ventilation is produced by the vibration of the
grids. At the point where ash is removed from the incinerator,
the gas is cooled by high-pressure water jets to prevent the
emission of effluent. From the incinerator the collected ash is
carried by conveyor to an ash bunker.
26826
Okamoto, Mansaburo, Hajime Fukui, Senzo Kawai, Susumu
Takada, Toshio Tada, and Junichi Ueda
CONTROL OF OFFENSIVE ODOR IN A FISH-MANURE
MDLL BY MEANS OF COMMUNITY OPINION. (Kaseijo set-
subi kaizen ni yoru akushu kogai boshi no koka kansatsu).
Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan J. Public
Health), 17(6):299-306, June 1970. 9 refs.
Investigations were carried out before and after a fish-meal
plant enclosed its fish-manure mill operations. The purpose
was to evaluate the effectiveness of the enclosed operations in
reducing offensive odors. In addition to chemical analysis of
air at the mill site and of mill drainage, each investigation in-
volved a survey of 282 randomly selected housewives who
were questioned abou their reactions to mill odors. While the
second chemical examination indicated no remarkable
changes, the second survey produced a considerable decrease
in the number of complaints. Henc an area survey, when used
in conjunction with chemical analysis, is a valuable tool for
measuring nuisance from odors. Such a survey should consider
the age and length of residence of the subjects as well as the
distance and direction of their households from the source of
the odor.
26911
Perrine, Richard L.
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. In: Project Clean Air.
California Univ., Berkeley, Task Force 5, Vol. 1, Section 1,
9p., Sept. 1, 1970.
Agriculture and forestry both are affected by and contribute to
air pollution. Project Clean Air will establish a centrally
located information center to collect and disseminate technical
information on air pollution and provide educational materials
and services. Use of power has grown at an alarming rate, and
Project Clean Air will participate in the development of both
selection criteria and basic data needed to facilitate energy
management in California. More accurate methods will be
developed by which to assess the economic losses to agricul-
ture and forestry resulting from air pollution. A comprehensive
program of research will be developed to determine: the
growth depression effects on plants due to long-term low-level
exposure to ethylene, sulfur dioxide, fluoride, and oxides of
nitrogen; the extent of synergistic effects of combined
sublethal concentrations of air pollutants on plants; the effects
of air pollutants on the biochemistry, metabolism, and anato-
my of plants; and the quality of the forest air environment
where new damage is suspected. Ways and means to alleviate
or modify agricultural, forest, and wood processing residue
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
25
burning so as to minimize its contribution to air pollution are
also indicated. A major program of research will be developed
to make the expected transition to primarily nuclear power
generation a safe one. Research will be developed to reduce
nitrogen oxide emissions by means of combustion control, and
several parallel projects will be developed to determine the
potential usefulness of post-combustion removal of nitrogen
oxides. Other recommendations include a program relating
animal health to pollutants transported by air, ways to reduce
dust resulting from livestock and poultry operations, and
means to eliminate objectionable odors. The hazard from
pesticide drift needs to be reduced, as well as sulfur dioxide
emissions; industrial hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emis-
sions also need to be controlled. Project Clean Air will support
research in which process engineering, meteorology, and
economics are brought together to develop methods and
criteria to optimally site the industrial emission sources which
are currently most costly and hazardous.
27129
Merrion, David F.
DIESEL AND TURBINE DRIVEN VEHICLES AND AIR POL-
LUTION. Preprint, Missouri Univ., Columbia, 8p, 1969. 20
refs. (Presented at the Conference on Air Pollution, Columbia,
Mo., Nov. 18, 1969.)
Superior combustion resulting from a needle valve fuel injec-
tor has reduced emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
odor, and smoke from the GM Series 71 diesel engine, which
is used in trucks and buses. The engines also demonstrate im-
proved thermal efficiency and durability. However, the new
injection system and an increased compression ratio have in-
creased nitrogen oxide emissions. On the basis of mass emis-
sions, the 71 engine emissions are within the range of all diesel
emissions with hydrocarbon emissions on the low side and car-
bon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions in the mid-range.
Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions from the gas
turbine are lower than the best diesel, while turbine nitrogen
oxides are within the range of the best diesel.
27235
Prowler, Millard E.
ROOF-TOP INCINERATOR PREVENTS AIR POLLUTION.
Environ. Control Management, 141(2):18-19, Feb. 1971.
A roof-top incinerator was installed to burn the effluents from
drying and heat-setting processes which vaporize yarn paraf-
fins and waxes, spinning oil, dye solvents, and resins at about
325 F. These fumes contain paraffinic and olefinic compounds
which give rise to dark smoke and unpleasant odors. Ducts
convey gases from the range on the top floor of the plant to
the roof-top; a 40-hp fan discharges into one side of the in-
cinerator inlet chamber. The register within the inlet chamber
directs the incoming gases at right angles, through a circle of
fire created by the ring-type burner, and into the combustion
chamber. The burner flame ignites the impurities in the gas
stream and they burn to completion in the combustion
chamber at about 1500 F. A certain amount of gases from the
range bypass the burner and enter the combustion chamber
directly, through ports in the refractory wall between the inlet
and combustion chambers. Cleaned gases from the combustion
chamber enter the stack via the stack elbow, and are ex-
hausted to the atmosphere. Flow of fuel gas to the burner is
controlled by two solenoid operated shut-off valves and a sole-
noid operated bleed valve. A pressure regulator in the supply
line evens out pressure fluctuations in the fuel supply to as-
sure uniform burning.
27249
Hum, R. W.
AIR POLLUTANTS FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION EN-
GINES. Preprint, American Inst. of Aeronautics and As-
tronautics, New York, 14p., 1971. 3 refs. (Presented at the
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 9th, New York, Jan. 25-27, 1971,
Paper 71-122.)
The basic engine and fuel factors which influence pollutants
are discussed in the context of achieving low emissions; the
penalty to performance, if any, is also discussed. Advantages
and disadvantages in the use of lead-free gasoline, natural gas,
and propane are reviewed. Finally, the more prominent
characteristics of the several types of internal combustion en-
gines are summarized with respect to the potential each holds
for development to meet clean-air requirements. With less air
than required for complete combustion, carbon monoxide is
produced in addition to the dioxide and, typically, more
hydrocarbon is left unburned than is the case with fuel-lean
mixtures. In spark ignited engines, very lean mixtures tend to
misfire with a resultant sharp increase in hydrocarbon emis-
sions. Ignition timing and injection also have an influence on
hydrocarbon emissions. The concentration of oxides of
nitrogen in combustion gases is dependent primarily upon peak
flame temperature reached in the combustion, but oxygen
availabilit and time-temperature history also have an influence.
While the relationship to combustion parameters is not well
defined, it is believed that aldehydes are produced as inter-
mediates in the combustion process. High temperature stress
upon fuels in the presence of oxygen yields aldehydes, and
they therefore are produced in misfire of very rich mixtures
and in quenched or partial combustion. Smoke is produced
when fuel is burned with insufficient oxygen. Although odor
sources and originating mechanisms are very poorly un-
derstood, attention to efficient air utilization and some en-
gineering measures are effective in reducing combustion re-
lated odor. The amount of carbonaceous particulate is related
primarily to the availability of oxygen and to quenching in the
combustion process; the amount of lead particulate is related
to lead in gasoline.
27451
Lozano, Eloy R., Walter W. Melvin, Jr., and Seymour
Hochheiser
AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM JET ENGINES. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 18(6):392-394, June 1968. 8 refs.
Air pollution emissions from three types of turbine engines are
characterized and a method for estimating the magnitude of air
pollution emissions due to commercial jet aircraft operations is
presented. These engines are: the T-56 turboprop engine manu-
factured by the Allison Corp. and used to power the AF C-130
and the Lockheed Electra; the J-57 conventional jet engine
manufactured by the Pratt and Whitney Corp. and used on the
AF B-52 the Boeing 707, and other aircraft; the TF-33 fan-jet
engine also manufactured by Pratt and Whitney and used on
the Boeing 707, 720, and Douglas DC-8. Power settings, fuel
flow, and other performance specifications of the three en-
gines are presented tabularly. JP-4 fuel was used. Sampling ap-
paratus and the analytical methods used are summarized for
the determination of oxides of nitrogen, nitric oxide, carbon
dioxide, total aldehydes, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide,
total hydrocarbons, paraffin, olefin, aromatic characterization,
particulates, and odor threshold. In TF-33 exhaust the volume
percent of nitric oxide in the total nitrogen oxides varied from
82 to 93%, and in J-57 exhaust the percent composition varied
from 62 to 76% depending upon engine power setting. Percent
composition of nitric oxide was greatest at the 'take-off
power setting and lowest at 'idle'. PhotochemicaDy reactive
-------
26
ODORS
hydrocarbon content of T-56, J-57, and TF-33 exhaust
represented 35, 51, and 40%, respectively, of the total
hydrocarbon emitted. Olefin content was significantly greater
than aromatic content in TF-33 exhaust. The formaldehyde
content of the aldehydes measured was greater than 60% in J-
57 and T-56, except at the idle power setting in T-56 exhaust
when it was 38%. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concen-
trations in exhaust products generally increased with decreas-
ing engine power setting and nitrogen oxide concentration
generally increased with increasing engine power setting. Odor
dilution threshold varied from 15 to 1000, depending upon en-
gine type and power setting. It is greatest for the fan-jet en-
gine at the idle power setting. Further tests on emissions of
particulates would be desirable.
27669
Nagoya Municipal Office (Japan)
GUIDANCE GIVEN ON POLLUTION IN NAGOYA CITY,
1968. (Nagoyashi kogai shido jokyo). Text in Japanese. 63p.,
March 1970.
Complaints made during 1968 concerning pollution are out-
lined, showing an increase over the proceeding year of 9.4%.
Since 1964, the total number of complaints has increased by
approximately 12.5% each year, although the percentage of
particular types of complaints to the total has remainded al-
most unchanged: sooty smoke, 13-16%; dust, 8-12%; gas, 1-
3%; odor, 11-13%; effluent, 2-4%; noise, 47-49%; and vibra-
tion, 9-12%. There were a greater number of complaints in
areas with a higher concentration of buildings. More com-
plaints were received during the summer months, particularly
pertaining to noise, while complaints concerning sooty smoke
were greater during the winter. Approximately 80% of the
complaints concerned factories employing less than 49 wor-
kers. These smaller enterprises mingle with residences and,
financially and technically, they find it difficult to take the
necessary steps to prevent pollution. With respect to the
smaller enterprises, 53.8% of the complaints pertained to
noise, while there were more complaints about odors, gases,
and effluents from the larger industries. According to the type
of enterprise, 44.0% of the complaints concerned the manufac-
turing of metal products, 8.4% lumber and wood products, and
decreased with textile, chemical petroleum and coal products,
cement and others. More than half of the complaints were
solved, while 1252 enterprises were inspected.
27821
Kaplan, Lawrence M. and Arnold Risman
HELD EVALUATION OF ON-SITE INCINERATION AND
WASTE COMPACTION PROCESSES. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 37p., 1970. 3 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 63rd,
St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-52.)
Several years ago, New York City established minimum
requirements for the upgrading of existing on-site incinerators,
which had been a significant source of paniculate and smoke
emissions. Subsequent source sampling revealed that no up-
graded apartment house incinerator complied with particulate
emission limits. Most of the incinerators tested were often
misused or abused, either intentionally or through ignorance
by improper maintenance and operation; furnace temperatures
never reached the specified 14-1600 F range, and the smell of
burnt garbage was generally noticeable in apartment house
halls. Compactors are now being installed on Onew construc-
tions and as an alternative to upgrading on-site incinerators. If
these are going to alleviate the air pollution problem and the
solid-waste disposal problem, they should be designed to com-
pact refuse to a density of 1800 Ibs per cu yard. Present indi-
cations are that compactors are being installed with as little
forethought as incinerators have been in the past.
27972
Okubo, Shigeyuki
INCINERATOR. (Jinai shokyakuro). Text in Japanese. (As-
signee not given.) Japan. Pat. Sho 45-8394. 2p., March 25,
1970. (Appl. July 30, 1966, claims not given).
A three-chamber incinerator is described that permits the
odorless combustion of garbage and similar water waste. From
top to bottom the chambers are a heated air outlet chamber, a
burner chamber, and an incinerator chamber. The incinerator
and burner chambers are separated by a lattice rostrum
through which the burner chamber is able to dry and complete
the combustion of garbag as it passes through a hot air circula-
tion channel, located between the inner and outer walls of the
incinerator, to the hot air outlet chamber. Odorous gases
generated in the incinerator are passed to a gas discharge pipe
and deodorized by water jets prior to their discharge from a
tap aspirator.
27986
Alberte, Tony
ENGINE PROGRAMS EXAMINE DIESEL SMOKE, NOISE,
ODOR. Diesel Gas Turbine Progr., 37(1):28, Jan. 1971.
The Caterpillar Company is examining several approaches to
the smoke control problem of diesel engines from the basic
premise that smoke can be reduced only by limiting fuel input
or by increasing air input or a combination of both. Work is
being carried out on turbocharging, blower turbocharger com-
binations, and air/fuel ratio controls. An air/fuel ratio control
and modified engine combustion system have been installed on
a truck. Odor control and noise control activities are also
under investigation and will be examined in future issues.
28295
Sugjura, Kimiaki
ODOR POLLUTION. (Midori kagaku no akushu 'Kogai' ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Inst. for Disaster Preven-
tion (Japan), p. 40-41, 1971. (Presented at the Disaster Preven-
tion Chemistry Meeting, llth, Japan, Jan. 22-23, 1971.)
An investigation made at the request of a hospital identified
certain aldehydes and aromatics as the source of objectionable
odors issuing from a neighboring pharmaceutical plant. Sub-
sequently, questionnaires were sent to 993 households within a
300-m radius of the plant. Of the 591 households responding,
12% reported the continuous presence of odors, 24.2% the in-
termittent presence, and 19.5% the occasional presence. An
additional 1.4% noted the past occurrence of odors. Following
this survey, the prefectural government tested the plant ef-
fluent on three occasions and ultimately recommended effluent
treatment facilities. The value of the survey is noted1 to be that
it established a relationship between the odor and citizens'
complaints, thus entitling the citizens to the right of odor
abatement. The plant is now installing an odor control device
on its vacuum rotating dryer.
28352
Ainsley, Yvon
POLLUTION CAUSED BY AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES. (Pol-
lution causee par les vehicules-automobiles). Text in French.
Ingenieur, 57e(263): 11-14, Feb. 1971. 5 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
27
Acceleration of « vehicle contributes a higher percentage of
carbon monoxide (83%) and of nitrogen oxides (89.3%), while
deceleration contributes the highest amount of unburned
hydrocarbons. (50.2%). A vehicle not equipped with an antipol-
lution device gives off about 0.64 tons per year of carbon
monoxide when driven 7000 miles. Pollution due to unburned
hydrocarbons comes from 3 sources. Hydrocarbons passing
through the combustion chamber and into the exhaust account
for 60%, while blow-by gas accounts for about 20%, and
another 20% escapes by evaporation from the gas tank and
carburetor. This can add up to a total of 1500 ppm of emis-
sions, or 0.12 tons annually, with a mileage of 7000 miles,
when the vehicle is not equipped with an antipollution device.
The annual emission of nitrogen oxides amounts to about 0.047
tons. Automobile manufacturers are making available, to the
owners of older cars, a device, costing about $50, which
reduces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions by about
40%. It has been shown by tests in the United States that
hydrocarbons can be reduced by 10% and carbon monoxide by
16% by a proper adjustment of the carburetor. Automobile
dealers must be equipped with devices for reading the emis-
sions of CO and hydrocarbons with instruments, so that it will
no longer be necessary to make carburetor adjustments by the
'sound' of the motor. A device for diesel vehicles, to be made
available in 1971, would permit reduction of undesirable odors
in the diesel exhaust. The use of diesel automobiles should be
recommended, especially by vehicles, such as taxis, that are
used entirely in town. The development of vehicles that burn
natural gas and propane would also reduce pollution levels.
The planning of roads is also an important factor in pollution.
Road beds that are below the level of the ground, or highways
flanked by tall buildings on both sides hinder the dispersion of
pollutants, increasing their danger.
28527
Hoshika, Yasuyuki, Tomohiko Ishiguro, and Yoshihiro Shigeta
ANALYSIS OF ODOR COMPONENTS FROM FEATHER
RENDERING PLANTS. (Feza kanetsu shoriji ni hassei suru
gasu seibun no bunseki). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu
(J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1): 99, 1970. (Proceedings of
the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th,
1970.)
An analysis was made of the odorous gas emitted in the
feather-meal heating process. For heating at 200 C, reaction
with an organic qualitative reagent showed that the gas is posi-
tive for 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, H.CHO-H2SO4, fuchsine
sulfur dioxide reagent, and CH3COCH3 - KMnO4 tests. The
central organoleptic radical was estimated to be unsaturated
bondings (aliphatic or aromatic) and aldehydes. Gas chro-
matography of sample gas concentrated by liquid oxygen
showed that the central substance contain acrolein and
CH3SH, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, and n-C3H7nH2.
28614
Okamoto, Yoshihiko and Norio Asakura
SURVEYS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION EXHAUST
GAS IN OSAKA CITY. PART I. (Osaka shinai akushu haigasu
chosahokoku). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1): 228, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
The obnoxious odor of white smoke emitted from an auto-
parts foundr was investigated. White smoke is produced when
molten iron is poured into moulding sand containing Unseed oil
and powdered tar-pitch as moulding agents. The lack of a hood
on top of the cooling line had contributed to excess emissions
of smoke. Source sampling was done with a high-volume air
sampler. In addition, samples were collected 10 cm above the
smoke source by means of three large baffles and 6% sodium
carbonate solution. The solution turned yellow and upon cool-
ing became a gel such as soap water. Water from the scrubber
tower was also collected once every day for a week. To mea-
sure particle size, cascade impactors were placed at the top of
the cupola and the cooling line, where over 50 of the separated
particles were about 2.2 micron, and at the cupola ceiling,
about 0.55 micron. The particles were mostly ferric oxide.
28861
Essenhigh, Robert H. and Ta-jin Kuo
DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL BASIS FOR IN-
CINERATOR DESIGN EQUATIONS AND STANDARDS.
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Combustion Lab.,
Contract 5R01 AP00397, TR. FS/PHS 8/69-4, 45p., Aug. 1969.
42 refs. (Presented at the Industrial Waste Conference 3rd
Mid-Atlantic, 1969.)
A review of existing standards for construction and operation
of incinerators indicates two potentially important emissions.
There is no requirement for minimum combustion intensity
(though there is for maximum), or alternatively for minimum
overfire jet momentum to ensure adequate mixing and main-
tenance of proper overfire combustio Neither is there any
requirement for control of bed depth. Though generally less
important than overfire air pressure, improper depth control
can lead to intense smoke generation at one extreme, or to
chanelling and underfire air bypass with excessive grit pick up
at the other extreme. The analysis and discussion includes a
general qualitative description and incipient physical model of
combustion processes in an incinerator, with some com-
ponents of the model also quantified, notably the combustion
intensity and burning rates in the bed. Alternatively, the
problem is represented in terms of control, that is: smoke and
odor control- achieved by complete combustion, good mixing,
and low excess air; grit control-assisted by low bed and set-
ding chamber velocities, and completed by stack gas cleaning;
slag control- affected by underfire air rate, wall composition,
and degree of cooling; waste water quality control; and opera-
tional control, which becomes possible with adequate instru-
mentation. (Author summary modified)
28885
Douglass, Irwin B. and Lawrence Price
SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. H. REAC-
TIONS FORMING HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN THE
RECOVERY FURNACE. TAPPI, 51(10):465-467, Oct. 1968. 9
refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Annual Meeting, 52nd, New York, Feb. 19-23,
1967.)
The production of hydrogen sulfide during pyrolysis in the
kraft pulping process was studied in the laboratory by heating
inorganic substances assumed to be present in the black liquor
at 600 C, first with soda lignin and then with glucose. In ex-
periments using sodium sulfate and sodium sulfite, negligible
amounts of hydrogen sulfide were formed. In experiments
with elemental sulfur, sodium sulfide, and sodium thiosulfate,
however, heating with soda lignin or glucose caused 30-75% of
the inorganic sulfur to be converted to hydrogen sulfide. These
result clearly indicate that large volumes of hydrogen sulfide
are formed in a recovery furnace. If conditions for combustion
are optimum in the furnace, this hydrogen sulfide will quickly
burn to sulfur dioxide and water. The former will react with
the alkali in the incoming black liquor and be retained. If the
furnace is not operated properly, the hydrogen sulfide can
-------
28
ODORS
escape to the atmosphere to become a major cause of air pol-
lution. (Author abstract modified)
29332
Hiraike, Makoto
GARBAGE INCINERATOR. (Jinkai shyokyaku sochi). Text in
Japanese. (Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Japan)) Japan. Pat.
Sho 43-27320. 2p., Nov. 25, 1968. (Appl. Feb. 8, 1965, claims
not given).
This invention is a modification of another incinerator, (Japan.
Pat. Sho 39-35987) that suffered from highly odorous low tem-
perature exhaust gas and other problems. To eliminate those
defects the low temperature exhaust gas from the outlet of the
crusher-drier is led into a supplementary incinerating chamber
provided in the smoke duct of the incinerator, which is heated
to a high temperature. Organic materials and heavy oils are
burned in this supplementary chamber. The steam is
eliminated in the form of vapor. Thus odor is eliminated and
the exhaust gas is led into a simplified wet-type dust collector
before discharge to the atmosphere. Wet and odorous garbage
is completely incinerated. The incinerator is suitable for indus-
trial use.
29353
Higginson, A. E.
THE DISPOSAL OF REFUSE BY INCINERATION. Public
Cleansing (London), 61(3):100-117, March 1971. (Presented at
the National Society for Clean Air Conference, Southport, En-
gland.)
Most municipal incinerators bum a mixture of domestic, com-
mercial, and some industrial refuse which produce pollutants.
The amount of pollution depends on the nature and proportion
of any special wastes, the efficiency of the combustion
process, gas cleaning techniques, and the dispersal height of
the chimney. The combustio of plastics produces pollution in
the form of dark smoke and odor. Two major kinds of plastics
are thermoplastics which can be heated and softened re-
peatedly and thermosetting that can be moulded only once.
The most important incinerator statutes are provisions of the
Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968 which deal with the control
rate of emissions of dark smoke, grit, and dust from the com-
bustion process. Other aspects are covered under the Public
Health Act of 1939 and the Alkali Works Regulation Act of
1906. Noise can also be a pollutant; the recommendations of
the Wilson Committee can be used as standards. Stack height
can effect the dispersion of dust and gas. Mathematical formu-
lae have been devised to calculate the plume rise, wind speed,
and effect on ground level pollutant concentration, but
geophysical factors must also be used. The Civic Amenities
Act of 1967 controls the disposal of bulky waste. Its size may
cause problems and require additional manual attention or
shredding. When burning bulky waste, care must be taken in
charging the incinerator, temperature and turbulence must be
sufficient, and ample oxygen is required. Industrial and
sewage sludge can be odorous and difficult to dispose. Factors
such as the waste calorific value, weight, moisture content,
and volume must be known to properly build and use an in-
cinerator. Gas cleaning can be achieved by electrostatic
precipitators, scrubbers, and cyclones. Some standards, instru-
mentation, and costs are also discussed. Another problem is
the disposal of fly-ash which remains after incineration. All
waste and sewage is potential raw material for organic humus
and inorganic land fill.
29455
Takamatsu, Yoji
INCINERATOR. (Jinkai shokyakuki). Text in Japanese. (As-
signee no given.) Japan. Pat. Sho 38-5387. 2p., May 8, 1963.
(Appl. Jan. 17 1961, claims not given).
The incinerator described uses an inclined fire rostrum or
grate made up of water pipes to produce hot water with the
heat of the incineration and to cool the rostrum with water and
avoid overheating from the high temperatures that may occur
in such a down-draft furnace. The furnace is oblong and the
inclined rostrum or grate is located in the lower part of the
combustion chamber, with the ash discharge port below the
rostrum. The vertical stack or chimney opens into the lower
part of the combustion chamber and at about the same level
with the rostrum. The lower half of the stacks is surrounded
with a hollow double-pipe tube, the lower half of which is bu-
ried in the furnace. Above and outside the furnace is a water
tank connected to the rostrum. The rostrum pipe closest to the
stack is connected to the hollow double-pipe tube which in
turn is connected to the water tank by a hot water pipe.
Between two air inlet pipes on the top of the furnace is a
lidded garbage feed-in port. Combustible trash and solid
wastes are first thrown in and burned; the feed-in port is then
closed. As combustion progresses, air enters from above and
flames and smoke run downward under the rostrum, then
ascend upward through and out of the stack. Water running
through the rostrum pipes and the double-pipe tube is thus
heated. As more garbage is thrown, to make a red hot carbon
layer is formed which can rapidly evaporate the water content
of water kitchen garbage. When contacted with the red hot
carbon layer, the steam produced by the evaporation and
mixed with the air becomes semi-watered gas which raises the
furnace temperature to about 800 C, high enough to melt glass
and deodorize fuel odors.
29599
Okuno, Toshihide, Masahiko Tsuji, and Kokei Takada
PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC NUISANCE CAUSED BY BAD
ODORS IN HYOGO PREFECTURE. (Hyogo kenka ni okeru
akushu kogai no mondaiten). T in Japanese. Hyogo Prefecture,
Kobe (Japan), Environmental Science Inst., Kept. 2, p. 18-24,
Feb. 1971.
Hyogo factories which generated bad odors included fish bone
and waste treatment plants, oil and fat manufacturing, petrole-
um refineries, nitrogenous superphosphate of lime manufactur-
ing plants synthetic resin processing plants, and sewage treat-
ment plants. The odorants were amine ammonia, low fatty
acids, sulfur compounds, including mercaptan and hydrogen
sulfide, olefin, paraffin hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aro-
matics. In a nitrogenous superphosphate of lime fertilizer
manufacturing plant, most odors were produced during the
processing stages where the nitrogenous superphosphate of
lime completely matured in the reactor, was taken out, was
carried over to the dryer by a belt conveyor, and was dried.
The odorants of the matured superphosphate of lime in the
stock room were aldehyde (0.04-0.63 ppm) and amine (0.004-
0.252 ppm). The quantity of the aldehyde and amine varies
with the amount of ammonium sulfate added and with the
heating temperature. When measured under weather conditions
of 15 C and wind velocity of 1-2 m/sec, the density of the al-
dehyde was 50-200 ppb at a spot 500 m away and 240-460 ppb
100 m away, while the amin was 100-150 ppb and 150-210 ppb
respectively. The lowest odor producing density was 0.066
ppm for acetaldehyde and 0.7-0.4 ppm and 1.0-0.8 ppm for n-
butylamine. Thus, the odor can be smelled as far away as 1400
m, depending on weather conditions. A fish bone and wpste
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
29
processing plant and a synthetic resin processing plant were
similarly studied. Since the odor-producing substances are
discharged at various stages of the production process, it is
difficult to lead all the odorants into an odor treatment device.
It is also economically impractical to seal or encase the entire
building and then treat all the air in the building. The lowest
odor producing density of the odorants is very low, indicating
the technical difficulty of the deodorization. Also, it is doubt-
ful that the problem can be solved by increasing chimney
height. A possible solution is a sealed plant equipped with both
a continuous scrubber to wash the exhaust gas and chemical
treatment or a Cottrell system.
29698
Smoyer, John C., Donald E. Shaffer, and I. Lee DeWitt
A PROGRAM TO SAMPLE AND ANALYZE AIR POLLU-
TION IN THE VICINITY OF A CHEMICAL RECLAMATION
PLANT. Inst. of Environmental Sciences, Mt. Prospect, El.,
Proceedings of the Institute of Environmental Sciences Annual
Technical Meeting, 17th, Los Angeles, Calif., 1971, p. 339-345.
5 refs. (April 26-30.)
A preliminary survey of the air pollution in a valley surround-
ing a reclamation plant was requested by the State of Mary-
land, which had been receiving complaints from local residents
about unusual odors and illnesses for several years. The odors
appeared strongest near the plant, which processes mixtures of
liquid solvents. Although the odors appeared complex in na-
ture, they could be classified in two general categories: a
highly disagreeable and nauseating odor; and an ethereal, or
fragrant, odor characteristic of some ketones and alcohols. Air
samples were obtained in stainless steel tubes and transported
back to the laboratory for analysis. Pollutant concentrations
were determined in a Hewlett Packard Model 810 Research
Chromatograph equipped with a dual flame ionization detector
head. The pollutants were identified by infrared and mass
spectrometry. At least 16 compounds, not including carbon
monoxide, nitrogen, and water vapor, were detected in the
valley air during four sampling periods. The highest concentra-
tion detected was 94 ppm of methyl ethyl ketone. (Author
summary modified)
29842
Okuno Toshihide and Masahiko Tsuji
SOME PROBLEMS ON THE OFFENSIVE ODOR IN HYOGO
PREFECTURE. (Hyogo-kenka ni okeru akushu kogai no mon-
daiten). Text in Japanese. Hyogo-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Ken-
kyu Hokoku (Rept. Environ. Sci. Inst. Hyogo Prefect.), no.
2:18-24, March 1971.
Problems of odor pollution Hyogo Prefecture were in-
vestigated. The composition of the offensive odor was roughly
classified into amine and ammonium compounds, fatty subox-
ides, mercaptan sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide,
olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic com-
pounds, and other organic acids. The chief sources of the of-
fensive odor were fish processing factories, factories using
nitrogen-containing superphosphate of lime, and factories
producing synthetic resins. It is difficult to introduce the com-
ponents of the offensive odor into the disposal equipment. A
closed system to treat the exhaust gas by continuous washing
should be employed. Absorption, burning, and pharmaceutical
treatment are additional control techniques.
30218
Tichatschke, J.
STUDIES OF THE EMISSIONS FROM REFUSE INCINERA-
TORS. (Untersuchungen ueber Emissionen aus Muellver-
brennungsanlagen). Text in German. Mitt. Ver. Grosskessel-
besitzer, 51(3)219-223, June 1971. (Presented at the VGB
Fachtagung Muellverbrennung 1970, Salzburg, Austria Aug.
28, 1970, Hamburg, West Germany, Sept. 11, 1970, and Koln,
West Germany, Sept. 25, 1970.)
In an experimental refuse combustion furnace, with a
throughput of 20 t/hr at a heating value of 1600 kcal/kg, mea-
surements of the gaseous emissions were taken over a three
year period with an electrically heated quartz probe and a sub-
sequent electrically heated quartz wool filter. The sampling
point was at the boiler end after the economizer. The waste
gas temperature at this point was 220 C. For determination of
sulfur trioxide, absorption in 80% isopropanol and photometric
methods were used. Sulfur dioxide was absorbed in an iodine
solution. Prior to this method, the gravimetric method was
used. The chloride content of the flue gases was determined
with the mercury(ir)-oxide-cyanide method. For this purpose,
50 to 100 liters of flue gas were drawn through a scrubber. For
hydrogen fluoride measurements 500 liters of flue gas were
drawn through a fritted gas scrubber. Diluted sodium lye was
used as absorption solution. The volatile organic acids and al-
dehydes were also determined. The hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen fluoride, and sulfur dioxide concentrations rose
gradually over the years. For HC1, a maximum concentration
of 18 mg/cu m was measured. For SO2, the frequency max-
imum ranged from 0.8 to one g/cu m. The most frequently
measured SOS concentration was 0.03 g/cu m. For
CH3COOH, a maximum concentratio of 120 mg was mea-
sured, and for HCHO, of 200 mg/cu m. The ammonia content,
which was measured over a period of two years, ranged from
0.5 to 4.5 mg/cu m. No hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, or
phosgene could be detected. The odor of the gases became
more pronounced as the temperatures dropped to below 650 C.
Rain water samples taken just beneath the smoke plume from
an incinerator revealed that the rain is influenced by the waste
gas, but is not a concentrated acid.
30327
Engstrom, Staffan
THE STEAM CAR WHICH ALMOST SUCCEEDED. (Angan
som nastan dog). Text in Swedish. Tek. Tidskr., 101(3):40-42,
Feb. 1971.
Some type of steam-propelled land mobile has been on the
market since the 19th century. The Stanley Company, which
produces the Stanley Steamer, was one of only 126 steam car
manufacturers, but was the most successful. The Stanley
Steamer made its debut in 1899, and 200 cars were sold that
year, and in 1910 there were 2500 sold, for a price ranging
from $2800-4000. In 1906, a specially built Stanley broke the
then world s record by traveling at 205 m/hr (127 mph). The
disadvantages of the Stanley included the unpleasant odors,
the noises, the dangers to visibility caused by clouds of steam
emitted, and the 45-minute warmup time required. It also con-
sumed an inordinate amount of water: 1.8 liters (0.75 gallons)
per mile. An old-style steam car with greater prospects of suc-
cess was first built in 1912. The company planned to build
10,000 chassis per year, and there were 11,000 orders for the
cars, but the U. S. War Emergency Board declared this ven^
ture unnecessary to the war effort, and by the end of World
War I there were difficulties in reviving plans for mass
production. The Doble car required only 500 rpm to attain a
speed of 50 km and did not require a transmission. The 1920
-------
30
ODORS
model could be accelerated from 0 to 75 mph in 10 seconds.
After the 1929 Depression, Doble moved to Germany and con-
tinued to make improvements on his steam car. In 1951 he
began collaborating with Robert McCulloch in the design of a
sports car, but the project was abandoned in 1954, possibly
because it was impossible to raise the 50 million dollars
needed to initiate mass production.
30389
Carlsson, Bernt-Olof
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH BROILER PRODUCTION. (Arbets- och omgivningshy-
gieniska problem vid broilerproduktion). Text in Swedish.
Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm), 52(1):22-31, 1971. 22 refs.
A survey of environmental problems associated with poultry
production has been conducted. Poultry production gives rise
to dust that originates from feathers, manure, fodder, and
litter. Inhalation of dust of similar origin has been reported to
cause pulmonary diseases. Ammonia is formed from the
anaerobic degradation of manure. Relatively high concentra-
tions of dust and ammonia were found in the work environ-
ment, nine to 17 mg/cu m and 10-50 ppm, respectively, par-
ticularly during the last part of the breeding period and during
cleaning of the chicken houses. Some means to reduce the
concentrations of dust and ammonia are recommended, includ-
ing an alternative performance of the ventilation system and
new work methods. It is important that the contents of chemi-
cal disinfectants be declared by the manufacturers. The solid
waste management may sometimes cause problems. The
development of methods for reuse of the waste that has a high
nutritive value as a fodder component is recommended. The
proper location of the breeding units can help to control the
odor problem. Some water pollution may arise from the
slaughterhouse due to waste blood. This can be avoided by
separate collection of the blood. (Author summary modified)
30513
Kobaysshi, Yoshitaka
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES
IN FACTORY. (Kojo ni okeru kogai boshi taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Safety Engineering Assoc., Tokyo (Japan),
22p., 1970. (Presented at the Association of Safety Engineering
Seminar, 19th, Yokohama, Japan, Nov. 26-27, 1970.)
Various forms of environmental pollution for which industrial
activities are primarily responsible are discussed, including the
results of a survey of measures taken by 2512 plants to com-
bat industrial pollution. With regard to air pollution, several
major cities in the U. S. are compared with Tokyo in terms of
sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbon, oxidant, carbon monoxide, and
nitric oxide. Sources of industrial pollution are tabulated to in-
dicate types of air pollutants discharged from particular
branches of industry; for instance, SO2 from power genera-
tion, iron and steel manufacturing, oil refining and petrochemi-
cal operations. Of the 2512 plants surveyed in February 1970,
only 1089 attempted to check industrial pollution. Antipollution
measures being taken by representative firms are also listed by
individual firms. The effects of sulfur oxides on human health
is shown by a graphic representation of the case of Yokkaichi
asthma; according to the graph, significant health effects are
seen when man is exposed to air with an SO2 density of even
less than 0.02 ppm for about a year, or to air with 1.0 and 2.0
ppm SO2 for a few minutes. The atmospheric density of CO
(ppm) and rate of carboxyhemoglobin in blood (%) are
discussed in relation to human health. A table of chemical sub-
stances with their critical density for offensive odors is given
as well as a diagram indicating lead density by month in rela-
tion to rainfall and wind velocity. Another diagram indicates
photochemical process in an experimental case and still
another shows the relationship between lead density and cad-
mium density in the atmosphere.
30603
Hind, C. J.
AIR POLLUTION THROUGH EXHAUST GASES. (Umwelt-
verschmutzung durch Auspuffgase). Text in German. Antrieb-
stechnik, 10(3): 104-105, March 1971.
Motor vehicles is operation in Great Britain used 4.79 million
tons Diesel fuel and 13.2 million tons gasoline in 1969. If all
gasoline engines were converted to Diesel engines, the emis-
sion of carbon monoxide would drop from 6.1 to 0.3 million
tons, that of carbon dioxide would increase from 15.8 to 17.8
million tons, hydrocarbons would increase from 0.48 to 0.56
million tons, aldehydes would be reduced from 0.25 to 0.16
million tons, and sulfur dioxide emission would increase from
0.05 to 0.08 million tons. The differences are due to the cir-
cumstance that in contrast to the internal combustion engine,
the Diesel engine never chokes the intake air; engine output
depends on direct regulation of the quantity of fuel injected
into the cylinder. Diesel fuels are lead-free. British medical
authorities claim that no evidence exists that Diesel exhaust
gases present a health hazard or that they are carcinogenic,
even in case of vigorous smoke emission. Smoke and odors
characteristically emitted by Diesel engines are a nuisance but
not a hazard. In Europe, there are no two countries that would
have identical or even comparable Diesel emission limiting
regulations, partly because of the difference in testing
procedures. A British norm promulgated in 1967 (BS/AU 141)
is the strictest of all European norms stipulated maximum per-
misslbe smoke emission levels for a defined number of revolu-
tions. But the norm has a weak point: it is applied to new
vehicles but not in periodic compulsory automobile inspec-
tions. Standardization of testing procedures for all of Europe
is highly desirable.
30687
Hayashi, Miyoko and Satori Hayashi
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CAUSED BY PROCESSING
POLY VINYL CHLORIDE RESIN. (Enkabiniru jushikakokojo
no haigasu to kogai). Text in Japanese. Osaka-furitsu Koshu
Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku, Rodo Eisei=Hen (Proc.
Osaka Public Health Inst., Ed. Ind. Health), (7):46-55, Sept.
1969. 7 refs. (Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution,
Annual Meeting, 9th, 1968.)
The exhaust gas components and the efficiency of the exhaust
gas washing devices were investigated in two vinyl chloride
resin processing plants, A plant and B plant. The conditions
necessary for the occurrence of air pollution damage are
discussed. The A plant is presently a source of air pollution,
however, no marked air pollution damage has been found
around the B plant. Gas chromatography was used for the
analysis of exhaust gas components. A characteristic dif-
ference between the plants is that a bubbling process is in-
cluded in the manufacturing process in the A plant. The com-
plaints of the inhabitants living around the A plant were clas-
sified in two groups: irritation in the throat and coughing and
nausea, vomiting, and headaches. It is believed that the former
are due to the fumes of the plasticizer, especially DOP, and
the latter are due to the mixed effects of the fumes and
decomposed substances, such as DOP. The latter is also the
indirect, psychological effect of the offensive odor. The ex-
haust gas washing device in the A plant, mainly composed of a
jet- collector, decreased the concentration of DOP or DBF
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
31
down to 10%. However, the sensitive effect was not reduced
proportionally. Also, the temperature of the exhaust gas is
low, therefore, the complaints of the inhabitants have not
decreased. Although the results of investigation suggested that
the total amount of air pollution is almost the same in the two
plants, the damage was found only in the area around the A
plant. One reason for this may be that the pollutants are
emitted in different ways by the two plants. Also, the B plant
is located in a district with severe air pollution damage, so that
a new air pollution source cannot be detected.
30701
Werner, Jack and Lillian Roth
AIR POLLUTION IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
Inst. Paper Chem., Bibliog. Sen, no. 237:1-224, 1969. 769 refs.
A bibliography on air pollution is given limited to problems of
the pulp and paper industry. A subject and author index are
also included. The bibliography includes control methods,
measurement methods, analytical methods, odor counterac-
tion, air quality studies, specific pollutants, and so on.
30851
Somers, Joseph H. and George D. Kittredge
REVIEW OF FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH ON
DIESEL EXHAUST ODORS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 39p., 1971. 17 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, At-
lantic City, June 28-July 2, 1971.)
Projects sponsored by the Air Pollution Control Office over
the past years in the field of diesel exhaust odor are sum-
marized. These investigations have concentrated on developing
measurement methods for quantifying different odor levels,
evaluating various odor control methods, and evaluating public
opinions of such odors. A human panel method using odor
reference standards has been found suitable to measure these
odor levels. In addition to this technique, chemical charac-
terization work has been jointly sponsored by the Coordinating
Research Council and the Air Pollution Control Office to iso-
late and identify those species responsible for the odor.
Knowledge of these odorous compounds and the techniques
necessary to isolate them should lead to development of a
chemical method to measure this type of odor, in place of
human panelists. Such basic information would also lead to
developing control techniques to minimize this odor. Several
control techniques were evaluated for diesel exhaust odor. To
date, the only effective method is an improved needle injector
for use in the Detroit Diesel type E 6V-71 engine commonly
used in buses. Finally, public objections to diesel engine ex-
haust were measured. A systematic relationship exists between
increasing public objections and increasing odor intensity.
(Author abstract modified)
31044
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
SOME EXAMPLES OF THE INVESTIGATION OF BAD
ODOR CAUSED BY POLLUTION. (Akushu kogai chosa no
nisan no jirei). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor
Research J. Japan), 1(1): 28-37, April 1970. 1 ref. See H131-74
Detailed odor measurement studies were conducted on a
chemical manufacturing plant, a pharmaceutical plant, and a
fish meal processing plant. The raw material, products,
production process, place of odor sampling, and degree of
odor measured by various methods are listed. The odors in-
cluded methyl mercaptan, acrolein, dimethyl sulfide, amines,
and ammonia. Results obtained by both detector and or-
ganoleptic methods are tabulated. Gas chromatograms of
odorants from the fish meal processing plant and the phar-
maceutical plant are presented, showing the peaks representing
the substances.
31155
Maeda, Takeshi
STRUCTURE OF COMBUSTION DEODORING INCINERA-
TOR. (Shokyaku dasshuro no kozo). Text in Japanese. (Aru-
ma Sangyo K. K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-19386. 3p., May
31, 1971. (Appl. June 12, 1968, 1 claim).
A deodorizing incinerator which has a sharply inclining first
wall at the bottom of the partitioning wall facing the burner
was described. A second inclining wall slopes down less
sharply. On top of the partitioning wall, there is an inlet to
dump the garbage in. The upper inside wall of the incineration
chamber in front of the partitioning wall is warped. The in-
cinerator is economical, since it combines combustion and
deodorizing. When excretion is dumped into the incineration
chamber, the flame from the burner is radiated, and air is
sucked in by the blower. The matter quickly goes down the
first wall, while its water content is removed. It goes down the
second inclined wall slowly, burns and falls to the bottom as
ash which is discharged as it accumulates. The gas generated
in the incineration chamber rises along the curved wall and
part of the flame from the burner breaks down the obnoxious
odor. The deodorized gas goes through the deodorizing
chamber, enters smoke duct, and is discharged. The burner is
efficient, inexpensive, and there is no need to operate the
whole incinerator at high temperature. The waste material can
be thrown in continuously. The incinerator is suitable for gar-
bage containing a certain amount of water; there is no wall
necessary for the division of the flame from the burner; and it
is easy to maintain and operate.
31157
Maeda, Takeshi
COMBUSTION DEODORING DEVICE. (Shokyaku dasshu
sochi). Text in Japanese. (Aruma Sangyo K. K. (Japan)) Japan.
Pat. Sho 46-19156. 3p., May 28, 1971. (Appl. June 12, 1968, 1
claim).
A combustion and deodorizing device which bums and
disposes of organic matter such as excretion was described.
When excretion is burned in an incinerator, there is very little
residue. However, there is an obnoxious odor which causes air
pollution. The burner is tilted at a 10-35 deg angle, so that a
part of burner s flame is directed toward the passage of burn-
ing gas, and combustion and deodorization can be carried out
by one burner. Inside the incinerator, there is a partition
where the combustion chamber is located. The burner is
placed opposite the partitioning wall. Outside the opening of
the partitioning wall, there is a smoke duct, and the com-
bustion gas generated in the combustion chamber whirls
round, flows to the opening of the partitioning wall, and part
of the burner s flame is radiated toward this stream of gas to
deodorize it.
31263
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
SOME EXAMPLES OF THE INVESTIGATION OF BAD
ODOR CAUSED BY POLLUTION (CONTINUED). (Akushu
kogai chosa no nisan no jirei. (Tsuzuki)). Text in Japanese.
Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan), 1(2): 19-23, June
1970. 27 refs. See H131-73
-------
32
ODORS
Questionnaire surveys were conducted concerning bad odors
on residents of city S living near chemical plants, of city E
also living near chemical plants, and those living near plant N
of a pharmaceutical company. Various opinions such as bad
smell, get headaches, lose appetite, and complaints from visi-
tors were obtained. Also, the time of day in which the odor is
the worst and the accompanying meteorological conditions
were noted. The types of odorants detected by a gas-chro-
matograph included methyl mercaptan and sulfides. Odor
thresholds are presented for hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and
methyl mercaptan according to different methods of measure-
ment, and a tabulation is shown for the amount of odor de-
tected by detector tube, gas-chromatography and organoleptic
methods for odors emitted from an amino acid manufacturing
and a fish meal plant.
idation or combustion of sludges in incinerators, evaporation
of gases from exposed screenings, and poor housekeeping or
poor plant operations. Four different types of sewage treat-
ment plants are described, each of increasing complexity and
treatment capabilities. In each of the flowsheets of the plants,
the specific locations were odors can be generated are
identified. Twelve different techniques for controlling,
minimising, or preventing odors from being generated or dis-
sipated are described. They include the prevention of uncon-
trolled anaerobic conditions, the prevention of algae or
microorganism formation, confinement of odors, chemical
treatment of waste water, treatment of collected gases, biolog-
ical treatment of odorous gases, radiation treatment, activated
carbon, combustion, electrolysis treatment, masking or coun-
teracting, and dilution of gases.
31323
Sherwood, P. T. and P. H. Bowers
AIR POLLUTION FROM ROAD TRAFFIC-A REVIEW OF
THE PRESENT POSITION. Ministry of Transport,
Crowthorne (England), Road Research Lab.; Ministry of
Transport, Crowthorne (England), Earthworks and Founda-
tions Section; Ministry of Transport, Crowthorne (England),
Climate Section, RRL Rept. LR 352, 28p., 1970. 28 refs.
NTIS: PB 196744
To provide a basis for assessing the needs for further research
into the problem, the present position in Great Britain con-
cerning air pollution from traffic is presented. Carbon monox-
ide, oxides of nitrogen, lead compounds, smoke, unburned
fuel and secondary products produced from the fuel, and vari-
ous paniculate matter are cited. None of the major com-
ponents of air pollution from traffic has been identified in con-
centrations large enough to be considered to have a more or
less immediate and permanent effect on health, though some
temporary effects may be present. There may, however, be
temporary effects that affect behavior and there is no doubt
that smoke and smell from traffic are unpleasant. Considera-
tion should be given to these two aspects to find the extent of
the problem so that the value of emission controls can be as-
sessed. Methods of reducing emissions from road vehicles are
discussed, as well as the legislation in force for controlling
emissions in other countries. If controls of invisible emissions
are introduced in Great Britain, it will be necessry to establish
whether the legislation is having any effect. There will, there-
fore, be a need for a rapid method of assessing whether a
vehicle complies with the law and for monitoring the levels of
pollutants in the air. (Author abstract modified)
31602
Sutton, G. P.
ODORS AND AIR POLLUTION FROM THE TREATMENT
OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 35p., 1971. 13 refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting,
64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-103.)
The principal effects, causes, and types of odor, their major
sources and common treatment methods in municipal waste
water treatment were summarized. There is an effect on the
neighboring community and also a potentially serious health
effect because pathogens from the sewage can be carried by
air currents some distance away from the waste water treat-
ment plants. Odors originating from waste water treatment can
be grouped into several different categories: gases from
anaerobic biological processes, gases originating from certain
types of algae, flow-off gases from high temperature pressure
cooking processes, gases from the incomplete or improper ox-
31759
Lear Motors Corp., Reno, Nevada
A REALISTIC EVALUATION OF THE AIR POLLUTION
PROBLEM AND THE SUPPORTING MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS. 37p., 1970 (?). 9 refs.
Primary sources of air pollution are electric power plants and
space heating, industrial plants, and automotive vehicles. The
concentration and composition of pollutants vary with the size
and area of a population center, with the industry surrounding
it, and with climatic conditions. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides are generally found in high concentrations in all major
cities of the United States. Health hazards due to air pollu-
tants were discussed. Carbon monoxide interferes with the
capacity of blood to transport and release oxygen to the tis-
sues. This interference can impair vision and psychomotor per-
formance. The precise effects of hydrocarbons are not so well
known. Some hydrocarbons interact with nitrogen oxides in
sunlight, producing odorous smog, eye irritation, and vegeta-
tion damage. Nitrogen dioxide is directly toxic to man. Sulfur
dioxide is linked with respiratory ailments, asthma, pneu-
monia, and emphysema. As far as utilities and heavy indus-
tries are concerned, stringent policies are being pursued to
reduce their contributions to the air pollution. These policies
prohibit the use of high sulfur content fuels, shift to natural
gas as a fuel when weather inversions threaten, and the use of
electrostatic precipitators for chemicals and particulates. The
situation of automobile emission appears to be going from bad
to worse because of the increasing number of cars and the lit-
tle or no progress made so far in reducing the emission of pol-
lutants. Federal emission control standards were issued. But
there is no assurance that the automobile industry will meet
the standards. Alternatives to the internal combustion engine
include a steam power propulsion system, electric battery
propulsion system, and electric fuel-cell propulsion system.
31880
Steigerwald, Bernard J. and A. H. Rose
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM PETROLEUM REFINE-
RIES. A GUIDE FOR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio Div. of Air Pollution,
PHS Pub.-763, 56p., 1960. 11 refs. NTIS: PB 198096
The process of petroleum refining and atmospheric emissions
from oil refineries were discussed. General information on the
processes and equipment used in oil refineries to manufacture
petroleum products was given. Crude oil distillation, conver-
sion by cracking, catalytic reforming, polymerization, alkyla-
tion, isomerization, treatment with hydrogen and chemicals,
and blending were also briefly described. Sources of emission
from oil refineries include storage tanks, catalyst regeneration
units, pipeline valves and flanges, pressure relief valves,
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
33
pumps and compressors, compressor engines, cooling towers,
loading facilities, waste water separators, blowdown systems,
boilers, process heaters, vacuum jets, sampling, air blowing,
and acid treating. The main emissions are sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and
malodorous materials. Lesser emissions include particulates,
aldehydes, ammonia, and organic acids. The most important
factors affecting refinery emissions are crude oil capacity, air
pollution control measures, general level of maintenance and
good housekeeping in the refinery, and the processing scheme
employed. The estimation of atmospheric emissions from oil
refineries was demonstrated.
31882
Blokker, P. C.
AIR POLLUTION BY THE OIL INDUSTRY. (Luchtbezoedel-
ing door de olie-industrie). Text in Flemish. Meded. VTaam.
Chem. Ver., 32(6):203-212, Nov./Dec. 1970. 14 refs.
The main potential sources of air pollution from the petroleum
industry, excluding the petrochemical industry, are given. The
emissions are compared with those from power stations,
domestic fuel, and motor traffic. Emissions of nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulates from the
petroleum industry are low in comparison with those arising
from other sources. The industry s most important pollutants
are sulfur dioxide and odorous gases. Dispersion from high
stacks is often an effective means of solving local pollution by
sulfur dioxide. For odor abatement, prevention is the best
method; examples are given. The problem of abatement cost
and norms are briefly discussed. Where health is not impaired,
the aim should be a low cost/benefit ratio. The industry is not
averse to reasonable norms provided that the level and main-
tenace are similar in different countries. (Author abstract
modified)
32385
Balakrishman, S., D. E. Williamson, and R. W. Okey
STATE OF THE ART REVIEW ON SLUDGE INCINERA-
TION PRACTICE. Resource Engineering Associates, Wilton,
Conn., Federal Water Quality Administration Contract 14-12-
499, Program 17070DIV, 135p., April 1970. 61 refs.
Consierable development in sludge disposal procedures are
taking place and sludge handling and disposal is receiving
more attention. Sludge handling and disposal is a costly opera-
tion and represents 25 to 50% of the total capital and operating
cost of a wastewater treatment plant. It is estimated that the
volume of waste sludge will increase 60 to 70% within the next
15 years. Sludge handling processes such as incineration and
heat drying require pretreatment of sludge. The pretreatment
steps include grit removal, blending, thickening, conditioning,
and dewatering. The heat value of sludge depends on the
amount of combustible elements such as carbon, hydrogen,
and sulfur present in the sludge. When chemicals are used in
the pretreatment stage, the weight of the sludge increases by
about 10% and, because of their inert nature, the heat content
of the sludge is reduced. The various incineration processes
are discussed in detail, including their performance and opera-
tional problems. Incineration is generally more expensive than
other sludge disposal systems. The capital and operating cost
of incineration systems depends on the type and size of in-
cinerator, nature and amount of sludge, and whether
deodorization, dust collection, and disposal are included. Sup-
plemental fuels are invariably required for sewage sludge in-
cineration, but their requirements flucuate depending on the
characteristics of the sludge and are reflected in the operating
costs. (Author summary modified)
32411
Boegly, W. J., Jr., W. L. Griffith, and W. E. Clark
ADVANCED SOLID WASTE TREATMENT. In: Annual
Progress Report, Civil Defense Research Project. March 1969 -
March 1970. Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., AEC Contract
W-7405-eng-26, 12p., April 1971. 31 refs. NTIS: ORNL-4566,
Part 1
The wet-air oxidation of cellulose and paper mixtures, with or
without catalysts, was carried out in autoclaves to study solid
waste treatment. Off-gases contained no more than a few ppm
of organic materials and thus would probably be easily decon-
taminated by charcoal. The trace quantities present were al-
ways detectable by odor, though not always by the analytical
methods used (lower limit approximately 10 ppm as methane).
The only major off-gas constituents (except nitrogen and ox-
ygen) were carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. In some
cases, the CO content was negligible. Usually the partial pres-
sure ratio increased with increasing oxidation. In the most ex-
treme case, it was less than 0.1. Hydrolysis is the first step in
the wet oxidation of cellulose. The products of hydrolysis are
then oxidized to CO2 and water, undergo reactions with each
other, or are pyrolyzed. Some pyrolysis or other secondary
reaction must always take place to produce CO and acetic acid
during the oxidation of pure cellulose in excess oxygen. Since
the intermediate oxidation products are acidic, they tend to in-
crease the rate of hydrolysis as the reaction processes.
Complete oxidation of the products is another problem: the
compounds (such as acetic acid) which are responsible for at
least 10-15% of the oxygen demand will be difficult to oxidize.
A modification of this process will be studied to determine its
feasibility in municipal waste.
32465
Gondim, Pedro M.
CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY TO AIR POLLUTION.
(Contribuicao da industria para a poluicao do ar). Text in
Spanish. Rev. Service Especial Saude Pub., 16(1):69-91, 1971.
13 refs.
Petroleum refineries, metallurgical processing, and the produc-
tion of cement are examples of industrial sources of air pollu-
tion. These are stationary sources. Mobile sources of air pollu-
tion, in particular, the automobile, are becoming an increasing
source of problems in urban areas. Automobiles are a product
of industry, and industry should be responsible for the control
of their emissions. Crankcase and fuel evaporation emissions
are under control in the United States, but thermal and cata-
lytic afterburners do not yet satisfactorily control exhaust
emissions. In developing countries, such as Brazil, industry is
needed, but there are good reasons for also starting an air pol-
lution control program. Pollutants such as sulfur oxides,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates, aldehydes, am-
monia, odors, and carbon monoxides are emitted by industry.
(Author summary modified)
32475
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
REPORT OF SURVEY OF THE SPECIFIED POISONOUS
SUBSTANCES AND THE PREVENTION OF OFFENSIVE
ODOR. REPORT 4. (Tokutei yugaibusshitsu narabini akushu
boshi ni kansuru chosa kenkyu hokokusho (Dai 4 po)). Text in
Japanese. 67p., Aug. 1969. 14 refs.
The kraft pulp and petro-chemical industries were examined as
sources of offensive odors and the actual cotdition of the of-
fensive odor was analyzed. The present state of odorous emis-
sions from these industries, problems, and countermeasures
are discussed. The offensive odors produced in the digester
-------
34
ODORS
process of a kraft pulp industry in Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefec-
ture were measured by a sense organ method, obtained by
modifying the odorless chamber. The odors were analyzed by
the salt-balanced method, the glass beads tube (selective ad-
sorption of offensive odors), and the low temperature adsorp-
tion method (concentration of the odor by liquid oxygen). The
volumes of dimethyl-disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan,
and dimethyl sulfide in the odor were great. Odors analyzed
from the recovery boiler in the kraft pulp factories in Miyagi
Prefecture contained 1-4 ppm methyl mercaptan, 20-300 ppm
hydrogen sulfide, and approximately 1 ppm dimethyl sulfide.
The volume of gas emitted at that time was 290,000 cu m.
About 1% of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide was de-
tected from the turpentine tank. Odors from petro-chemical
factories in Yamaguchi Prefecture were measured by gas chro-
matography. The odors were composed of vinyl chloride, 1,3-
butadiene, propylene oxide, acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, and
ethylene dichloride.
32489
Giever, P. M.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUNDRY EFFLUENTS. Preprint,
American Foundrymen s Society, Des Plaines, HI., 3p., 1970. 7
refs. (Presented at the Total Environmental Control Con-
ference, Ann Arbor, Mich., Nov. 16-19 1970.)
Effluents from the numerous types of foundry furnaces and
products vary over a wide range of physical and chemical
characteristics including visible plumes, particulates, irritating
fumes, and gases, as well as explosive dusts. Approximately
90% of the gray iron melting furnaces are cupolas and only 15
to 18% of these have air pollution control devices installed.
One of the most important characteristics of cupola effluent is
the high temperature. In addition to particulates, the effluent
from cupolas contains gases which are primarily carbon diox-
ide and nitrogen with some excess oxygen and varying
amounts of sulfur dioxide. Smoke, oil vapor, and fumes make
up the remainder of the emissions. Emissions from electric arc
furnaces and non-ferrous foundries are also discussed. These
include zinc dust, ammonium chloride, carbon monoxide, car-
bon dioxide, fumes, sulfur oxides, sulfides, sulfates, metal ox-
ides, aluminum oxides, odors, particulates, and many others.
Particle size can be an important aspect.
32653
Donaldson, Wallace R.
AIR POLLUTION BY JET AIRCRAFT AT SEATTLE-
TACOMA AIRPORT. Weather Bureau, Salt Lake City, Utah,
Western Region, Proj. 2949793, ESSA-WBTM-WR-58, 22p.,
Oct. 1970. 13 refs. NTIS: COM 71 0017
The air pollution by jet engines at the Seattle-Tacoma Airport
is discussed. Air traffic patterns and social factors are also
described. Jet aircraft engines emit carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, oxygenated organic compounds, and nitrogen
oxides which vary during operating modes. Engine smoke is
composed of fine carbon particles with diameters of 0.6
micron or less. The combination of size and composition gives
the exhaust light-scattering properties. Also, the exhaust emits
small amounts of aerosols, soots, sulfur compounds, and
odors. Comparisons are given of automobile and aircraft en-
gine emissions and of daily contaminant emissions in Los An-
geles from motor vehicles, power plants, and jet engines. Stu-
dies were made of Air Force commercial engine comparisons,
jet aircraft time comparisons, pollution emissions for various
operations, local dispersion areas, and area fuel consumption
rates. Jet exhaust pollutants can generally be reduced by the
addition of smokeless burner cans, but this increases the emis-
sion of nitrogen oxides. When fuel additives were used, par-
ticulate matter, hydrocarbons, organic gases, and sulfur diox-
ide decreased, but carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in-
creased. The visible smoke plume is an additional problem.
32855
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi, Kazuo Hishida, and Tsunehiro Yajima
PRESENT STATE OF PUBLIC NUSIANCE CAUSED BY OF-
FENSIVE ODORS IN TOKYO. (Tokyo ni okeru akushu kogai
no genjo). Text in Japanese Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),
13(8):972-978, Aug. 1971.
Control criteria were designated for emissions of smoke,
gases, and offensive odors in Tokyo. The harmful gases in-
cluded ammonia, fluorine and its compounds, hydrogen cya-
nide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methanol, isoamyl
alchohol, isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen
chloride, acrolein, acetone, sulfur dioxide, benzene, nitrogen
oxides, toluene, phenol, sulfuric acid, and chromic acid. The
public Nuisance Bureau received 2751 complaints about offen-
sive odors and 416 complaints about deleterious gases during
1970. The major sources of the offensive odors were plants
processing fish guts and bones, animal bones and fat, and
feathers, stock yards, poultry farms, urban waste disposal
plants, sewage treatment plants, fish oil processing plants,
varnish manufacturing plants, lubricant oil regenerating facto-
ries, soy sauce lees and other vegetable protein processing
plants, organic fertilizer manufacturing plants, and food manu-
facturing plants. Deodorization experiments were conducted
with respect to the analysis of the components of odors,
deodorizing devices, sensory tests, interrelation of odor con-
stituents, and process improvements.
32878
Okada, Seisuke
COLLECTED DATA ON ALLOWABLE AND MINIMUM
PERCEPTIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF ODOR SUB-
STANCES. (Yushu busshitsu no jintai ni taisuru kyoyo nodo
narabini shuki chikaku ninchi genkai nodo ni tsuite no shu-
roku). Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),
13(9):1136-1142, Sept 1971. 15 refs.
The toxicity of odor producing materials their perceptibility
threshold, and recognition threshold are presented in table
form, including data on 232 items, compiled from a number of
sources. There are approximately 13 substances among the
listed elements, including carbon tetracbloride and phosgene
for which the threshold values are greater than the maximum
permissible concentrations in the human body.
32879
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
ON THE FIELD EXPERIENCE OF ODOR POLLUTION SUR-
VEY METHOD IN KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY. (Kurafuto
parupu kogyo ni okeru akushu chosa no genjoteki keiken 'ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),
13(9):1128-1135, Sept 1971.12 refs.
The digesting process, dehydration and scrubbing, black liquor
oxidation, evaporation, and recovery boiler operations in Kraft
Pulp mills are explained with a flowsheet The Kraft Pulp Mill
in Fuji City was investigated by the olfactory method and the
injection method (odor concentration times exhaust quantity)
on Dec. 6, 1970. Compared with other odor emission rates of a
fishmeal plant complex in Yamaguchi Prefecture, (ten to the
6th power - ten to the 7th power), a fishmeal plant complex in
Tokyo (ten to the 7th power - ten to the 9th power), a phar-
maceutical plant complex in Tokyo (ten to the 5th power - ten
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
35
to the 9th power), and a fishmeal plant complex in Yamanashi
Prefecture (ten to the 8th power - ten to the 9th power), all the
high emission sources being usually contained in one area, the
Fuji KP Mill had three locations with more than ten to the 9th
power odor emission rate. The ten locations where odor emis-
sion rates were taken all had rates between ten to the 7th
power - ten to the 9th power. The three locations with high
counts were 2K washer, IK turpentine cooler, and the
recovery boiler. A large portion of the emission comes from
the stack exhaust gas in the recovery process, and the next
largest from the digestion process; the emissions from these
two sources amount to two-thirds of the total quantity. The
breakdown of the sulfur compounds produced by the Kraft
Pulp Mill is: CH3SH, 500 kg/500 ton pulp; (CH3)2S 1500 kg;
and (CH3)2S2, 50 kg, a total of 2050 kg.
33188
Field, Joseph H.
PRINCIPLES OF CLEANING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.
In: Principles and Practices of Incineration. Richard C. Corey
(ed.), New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1969, Chapt, 3, p. 34-73.
54 refs.
In the incineration of waste material, problems often arise
from the emission of particulate matter and foul odors. The
fundamental principles involved in control devices, including
basic particle dynamics, and the principles used in odor con-
trol are presented, an understanding of these principles is
necessary in evaluating control equipment for a specific in-
cinerator. Cyclone separators, settling chambers, filters, scrub-
bers, and electrostatic precipitators are reviewed. For con-
trolling or eliminating odors from incineration, dispersal, ad-
sorption, afterburning with or without catalysts, odor modifi-
cation, and wet scrubbing are employed. Important aspects of
these methods of odor control are discussed.
33564
Spindt, R. S., G. J. Barnes, and J. H. Somers
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF ODOR COMPONENTS IN
DIESEL EXHAUST GAS. Preprint, Society of Automotive
Engineers, Inc., New York, 31p., 1971. 9 refs. (Presented at
the Society of .Automotive Engineers International Mid-Year
Meeting, Montreal, Canada, June 7-11, 1971.)
The chemistry of diesel exhaust odor is discussed. One study
separated the exhaust samples into two odor-important frac-
tions and facilitated more complete and comprehensive struc-
ture determination. Fuel-like chemical species contributed to
the exhaust odor. The aromatic hydrocarbon classes of alkyl
benzenes, indenes, indans, tetralins, and naphthalenes were
identified. The greatest differences found in two studies were
associated with the odor of partially oxidized fuel species. One
analysis showed that paraffinic aldehydes were significant
odor contributors, while the second suggested that these com-
pounds were present, but were not significant contributors to
the characteristic diesel odor. Some of the general classes con-
tributing to the odor were hydroxy and methoxy indanones,
methyl and methoxy phenols, furans, alkyl benzaldehydes, al-
kenones, dienones, and hydroxy cyclocarbonyls. The un-
derstanding of the relative contribution of these chemical spe-
cies to diesel exhaust odor will provide a basis for reduction
of diesel odor. (Author summary modified)
33648
Pachernegg, Siegfried J.
EXPERIMENTS WITH THE SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DIESEL ENGINES WITH HIGH
CHARGING AND HIGH RATE OF REVOLUTIONS. (Experi-
mente am Einzylinder-Motor zur Entwicklung von Diesel- mil
hoher Aufladung und hoher Drehzahl). Text in German. Mo-
tortech. Z. (Stuttgart), 32(10):356-360, Oct. 1971. 7 refs.
A single-cylinder, turbocharged engine was tested on a spe-
cially constructed dynamometer to determine its ability to
operate at up to 75 hp/1. Combustion was characterized by the
face that the first 60-70% of injected fuel burned at the mo-
ment of injection while the residual 30-40% required almost
twice the time. This had a negative effect on combustion effi-
ciency and resulted in soot formation. With the exception of
nitrogen oxides, the emission of unburned components (soot,
carbon monoxide, and, to a lesser extent, hydrocarbons) and
odors depends on the second phase of the combustion period.
Exhaust gas analysis revealed a concentration of 1.5% of un-
burned or incompletely burned components of the fuel
referred to the supplied fuel heat. Therefore, the degree of
conversion was 98.5%.
33713
Hilliger, H. G., H. J. Langner, V. Hilbig, and Ursula Heckel
EXPERIMENTS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF ODOUR
STUFFS CONTAINED IN THE AIR OF THE INTERIOR OF
A LAYING-HEN HOUSE. (Versuche zur Charakterisierung
geruchsaktiver Stoffe in der Luft eines Legehennenstalles).
Text in German. Zentralbl. Bakteriol., Parasitenk. Infektionskr.
Hyg. Abt. 1: Orig., Reihe B, vol. 155:87-92, 1971. 6 refs.
(Presented at the Internationalen Arbeitstagung, Einfluss der
Umweltfaktoren in Viehstaellen, Gent/Belgien, Sept. 11-Dec.
12, 1970.)
The air of a hen house was examined for odorous substances,
especially carbonyl compounds; 23 different carbonyl com-
pounds were identified chromatographically. Air samples con-
tained an average of 28.6 ppm ammonia and 2.22 ppm total
carbonyl compounds, expressed as ethanol. Major carbonyl
compounds were methanol, ethanol, and acetone; other car-
bonyl compounds were present only in low percentages. Until
the role of the latter in the development of poultry-house odor
is known, they should not be neglected when analyzing odors.
A suitable technique for collecting and preparing samples is
described.
33719
Stueckrad Joachim and Ulrich Dorstewitz
WHAT DO WE HAVE TO EXPECT? (Was konunt auf uns
zu)? Text in German. Umwelt (Duesseldorf), l(5):35-42,
Oct./Nov. 1971. 6 rets.
Most of the pollutants in our atmosphere stem from vehicles,
industries, homes, and small businesses. About 20.5 million
tons of pollutants were emitted in the year 1970, of which 60%
came from the automobiles. This becomes plausible when it is
considered that an automobile emits 0.14 to 5.6 cu m of ex-
haust gas each minute depending on the stroke volume. At the
combustion of a fuel quantity of 1000 1, 360 kg carbon monox-
ide develop, 24 to 28 kg hydrocarbons, 6 to 8 kg oxides of
nitrogen, 0.6 to 1.2 kg sulfur compounds, 36g dusts, and other
pollutants. Diesel engines and airplanes emit considerably less
pollutants than the Otto engines. The most important polluters
in the industrial sector are the power plants with 14% of the
total pollution, followed by the chemical industry metallurgical
plants, coke ovens, incinerators, and the cement industry. The
emissions by domestic heating systems are remarkable. Coal-
fired heaters emit sulfur dioxide and soot, oil-fired emit
odorous gases. Of all the pollutants, CO makes up the largest
portion, dusts make up 20%. The anti-pollution measures have
-------
36
ODORS
gaps, e.g., maximum allowable emission concentrations have
not been set up for all pollutants, the study of the synergetic
effects is still at the very beginning.
33828
Papetti, R. A. and F. R. Gilmore
AIR POLLUTION. Endeavour, 30(111):107-114, Sept. 1971. 32
refs.
Sources of air pollution are discussed, as well as its distribu-
tion, harmful effects, and mathematical modeling. The number
and size distribution of atmospheric particles is controlled by
the balance between their continual generation, transport,
chemical and physical alteration, and removal. The relative im-
portance of gravitational settling and diffusion due to Browni-
an motion is discussed. Sources and urban concentrations of
the oxides of sulfur are indicated, as well as photochemical
smog constituents, carbon monoxide, and metals. The in-
fluence of wind, turbulence, and stability on air pollution is
discussed. Visibility may be reduced due to aerosols or
nitrogen dioxide. Unpleasant odors may result from sulfur
compounds. The harmful effects of air pollution that can be
treated in simple economic terms include damage to materials,
to agricultural crops, and livestock. Physiological effects and
health impairment are also discussed. Mathematical models for
calculating air quality are considered.
33883
Rayzacher, B.
THE OIL INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Stichting
Concawe, The Hague (Netherlands), Rept. 8/70, 17p., April
1970. 15 refs.
The initial step in oil production, recovery of the crude oil
from its natural deposits, does not have any appreciable ad-
verse environmental effects. Transport by ocean tanker,
pipeline, and road and river tankers does often cause pollution
of the soil, land and surface, and of ground and surface
waters. Malodorous emissions during the refining process are
complicated by the numerous points, some a considerable
distance from the ground, where leakages may occur, and by
the human olfactory sense which can detect the presence of
some compounds at extremely low concentrations. Good main-
tenance and constant equipment control are required. Sulfur
emissions in the refining process stem from the frequent use
of high-sulfur fuels for various plant operations and from flare
burn-off. Control methods in the former case include desul-
furization and dispersion by tall stacks. Water pollution and
noise problems from refining are also discussed. Wrong or
negligent use of petroleum products contribute to air and
water pollution, but here correction rests to a large degree
with the individual user. For example, by correct adjustment
of the carburetor and ignition, automotive exhaust emissions
can be reduced by up to 50%. The costs of producing unleaded
no-knock gasolines, of desulfurizing fuel oils, and of using
naturally low-sulfur fuels are discussed.
33983
Wilson, Donald F. and Bjorn F. Hrutfiord
SEKOR IV. FORMATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COM-
POUNDS IN THE KRAFT PULPING PROCESS. Tappi,
54(7): 1094-1098, July 1971. 36 refs. (Presented at the Technical
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting,
56th, New York, Feb. 22-25, 1971.)
The formation of steam volatile organic compounds in the
kraft pulping process other than the recovery furnace is
reviewed. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of hydrocar-
bons, sulfur compounds, alcohols, and terpenes are deter-
mined. The route to the formation of methyl ketones was
established as air oxidation of extractives followed by
hydroperoxide decomposition to unsaturated ketones which
undergo a reversed aldol condensation in the kraft digester.
Fermentation was proposed to account for the formation of all
the alcohols except methanol. Guaiacol and related phenolic
compounds were determined of importance in overall kraft
mill odor. (Author summary modified)
34018
Bemhart, A. P.
NOTES ON AIR POLLUTION: THE INGREDIENTS
DEFINED. PART I. Water Pollution Control (Toronto),
109(10):41-42, Oct. 1971. 19 refs.
The problem of air pollution in Canada is reviewed with
respect to effects on human health (respiratory diseases),
animals, plants, buildings (soiling and deterioration), traffic
(visibility), and economy; breakdown by individual pollutant;
and major sources. The major pollutants and their sources in-
cluded suspended particulates and dust fall from furnaces, in-
cineration, and cement plants; pollen from grasses and trees;
sulfur oxides from coal furnaces; carbon monoxide from cars;
hydrocarbons from engine exhausts and gasoline evaporation;
aldehydes from diesel exhausts and dry cleaners; nitrogen ox-
ides from power plants; oxidants; odors from slaughterhouses,
garment factories, glue factories, and diesel buses; fluorides
from aluminum and fertilizer plants; lead from car exhausts;
benzopyrene; carbon dioxide; and other minor pollutants, i.e.,
organic acids, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, chlorine, and
bromine.
34228
Engdahl, Richard B.
ON-STTE INCINERATION OF SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. In: Principles and Practices of Incineration.
Richard C. Corey (ed.), New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1969,
Chapt. 7, p. 210-226. 32 refs.
As a means of controlling air pollution, on-site incineration of
special industrial wastes is often advantageous. The worthless,
solid, combustible residues from manufacturing processes can
be disposed of by the Class in incinerator. Skillful operation
is necessary, however, to avoid the discharge of fly ash and
smoke. Refractory-lined rotary kilns are also used to burn in-
dustrial solid wastes. Conical burners and silo burners have
been used to dispose of wood wastes. The silo burner is
preferred, since the conical burner tends to emit dusts, cin-
ders, and fly ash. Special incinerators have been developed for
burning scrap automobiles. Afterburners are often required to
completely burn the combustible gases as they enter the in-
cinerator chimney. Dust collecting systems are required with
most methods of solid waste disposal. The incineration of
liquid wastes is also discussed in detail. Some effluents con-
tain combustible hydrocarbons; they can be incinerated by
direct flame of may be catalytically oxidized. The incineration
of gaseous wastes must be complete or products of partial ox-
idation, such as aldehydes or organic acids, may be
discharged. Cost of data are given for direct-flame incineration
in several cases of industrial odor and fume problems, and for
odor control by catalytic combustion and direct-flame after-
burning.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
37
34287
Natusch, D. F. S.
THE EFFECTS, MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE POLLUTION IN GEOTHERMAL
AREAS. Clean Air (J. Clean Soc. Australi New Zealand),
4(4):69-75, Dec. 1970. 13 refs.
New Zealand produces a disproportionate amount of the world
s atmospheric hydrogen sulfide because of geothermal activity.
Geothermal occurrence of H2S differs from industrial sources
in that the gas is produced at ground level from vents and fis-
sures and from the exhaust gases of bores. Besides some odor
and health problems, the most widespread effect in geothermal
areas from H2S is metal corrosion, and the corrosion of silver
and copper components in electrical and electronic circuits
constitutes a rapidly increasing problem where H2S is present
in concentrations above 0.01 ppm. The probable long-term ef-
fects of sulfide corrosion are best assessed by observing
susceptible metals present in a given locality for a long period.
Measurement and control methods are detailed. Accurate mea-
surements of H2S concentrations in air are best obtained using
an impregnated tape method, preferably utilizing silver nitrate
tapes. Adequate protection from H2S can be achieved by fil-
tration with activated carbon, provided that certain criteria are
observed. (Author conclusions modified)
34290
Murphy, R. P. and J. F. Pottinger
ABR POLLUTION FROM WOOD WASTE INCINERATION.
Clean Air (J. Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand), 5(2):26-
30, May 1971. Presented at the Australian Waste Disposal
Conference, New South Wales Univ., Australia, 1971.)
About 70% of wood wastes from timber processing in New
South Wales, Australia, are disposed of by incineration, which
can give rise to excessive emissions of smoke, odors, ash, and
charred particles if not carried out in a properly designed in-
cinerator equipped with adequate pollution controls. Emissions
from wood waste combustion are related to the components of
wood: moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash. Emis-
sion data and design considerations are given for refractory in-
cinerators, conical or tepee burners, and wood-fired boilers.
Tests were conducted which, together with other evidence in-
dicate that tepee burners in their present form cannot meet the
requirements of the New South Wales Clean Air Act, although
they are widely used because of their low cost and flexibility.
Design improvements are suggested. Successful control, of
smoke emissions from boilers is possible with secondary air
jets. Provisions of the Clean Air Act and government stan-
dards for incinerators in New South Wales are reported.
34585
Meuthen, Bernd
WASTE ADI PROBLEMS IN THE COIL COATING INDUS-
TRY. (Abluftfragen aus der Sicht der coil coating-Industrie).
Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(10):407-410, Oct.
1971. 23 refs.
During the coil coating process, organic gaseous emissions
develop. The gaseous emissions are primarily composed of
volatilized organic solvents of a known nature, as well as com-
ponents developing during the reaction of the binding agents
and solvents on the hot furnace walls. Such reaction products
are marked by annoying odors. According to the present ex-
perience, they amount to approximately four percent of the
solid content. Type and quantity of the organic emissions are
subject to great temporal fluctuations. The fraction of
hydrocarbons emitted by such plants amounts to 0.1% of the
total hydrocarbon emissions. Regulations in North Rhine
Westphalia require cleaning of such waste gases to a residual
carbon content of 300 mg/cu m. In other West European coun-
tries, no such stringent regulations exist. In the U. S., the use
of certain solvents is prohibited and the emission quantities
are limited. Catalytic combustion has been used as a control
method. But this method is not very suitable because of
catalyst poisoning. Thermal afterburning has found little appli-
cation in Europe, but is the accepted method in the United
States. The best solution would be the use of coating material
which is free of solvents. Such coating material is available in
form of so called power lacquers whose quality has yet to be
improved for satisfactory use. A special method of lacquer
drying, electron beam curing, is in the developmental stage.
With the method, none of the present solvents will cause any
emissions.
34654
Haedike, Edward W.
BUILDING A BETTER INCINERATOR. Ind. Gas, 51(11):15-
17, Nov. 1971.
Engineers know well the necessity for adequate temperatures
in incinerators for clean, smokeless combustion. The need for
supplemental heat, and sometimes for furnace preheating, is
recognized as a practical solution to the problem of low com-
bustion temperatures. The burnout of smoke is achieved at
1500 F and the oxidation of most odorous compounds is
completed at this temperature. The Incinerator Institute of
America classification of waste is cited. Commercial fuel gas
or fuel oil can be considered for firing incinerators. Modern in-
cinerators are designed to locate the package burner in the
side wall and firing into the combustion chamber above the
grate level and above the refuse heap. The flame preferably
should be of the long and luminous type, so that it may sweep
across to all sides of the waste and quickly transfer its radiant
heat to the combustion chamber. Sidewall location of the
burner, the above grate installation, and a double-chamber in-
cinerator are mentioned. Manual operating control, automatic
operating control, thermoelectric control, electronic control,
and non-electronic spark are available for use with the bur-
ners.
34766
Aaronson, Allen E. and Richard A. Matula
DIESEL ODOR AND THE FORMATION OF AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS DURING THE HETEROGENEOUS COM-
BUSTION OF PURE CETANE IN A SINGLE-CYLINDER
DIESEL ENGINE. Combustion Inst., Pittsburgh, Pa., Symp.
(Int.) Combust., (Proc.), 13th, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1970, p.
471-481, 1971. 13 refs. (Aug. 23-29.)
Experimental facilities and methods, based on combined gas
chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques, are ex-
amined for the qualitative analysis of odoriferous and car-
cinogenic compounds formed during the heterogeneous com-
bustion of pure hydrocarbon. Exhaust gas samples from a
diesel engine operating on a lean pure cetane-air mixture were
analyzed for saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, alcohols,
acids, homo- and heterocyclic compounds, and aromatic com-
pounds. The diesel odor problem and potential biological ac-
tivity of diesel exhaust were examined. The pyrolysis and par-
tial oxidation of lubricating oil blowby enhanced the produc-
tion of aromatic hydrocarbons. (Author abstract modified)
-------
38
ODORS
34891
Springer, Karl J.
BASELINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM U. S. ARMY
MS4A2 LDS 465 POWERED FIVE-TON TRUCKS. (FINAL
REPORT). Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, Tex.,
Army Materiel Command Contract DAAD05-67-C-0361-
Modification POOS, Kept. Ar-690, 36p., April 30, 1969. 14 refs.
NTIS, DDC: AD 722832
Baseline exhaust emissions data were obtained as part of a
20,000-mile test of lubricant oils in four M54A2 five-ton Army
trucks powered by the LDS 465 turbocharged, four-cycle,
compression ignition engine. These emissions included odor,
smoke, and chemical/instrumental measurements of total un-
burned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ox-
ides of nitrogen, nitric oxide, total aliphatic aldehydes, formal-
dehyde, acrolein, and sulfur dioxide using the latest techniques
available. Power checks as well as emissions were obtained at
the beginning, end, and at about 6500 and 12,000 miles dura-
tion. The effects of vehicle operating condition and test mile-
age are presented as part of the analysis of the results. Typical
data for two widely used, commercial truck-tractors powered
by four-cycle, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines
are indicated to place the military truck emissions in perspec-
tive. Limited back-to-back type operation of two vehicles on a
commercial barium smoke suppressant fuel additive was con-
ducted periodically and the constant and transient smoke
results are presented. (Author abstract)
34964
ODonnell, A. and A. Dravnieks
CHEMICAL SPECIES IN ENGINE EXHAUST AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTIONS TO EXHAUST ODORS. nT Research
Inst., Chicago, Dl., Rept. HTRI C6183-5, 81p., Nov. 1970. 10
refs. NTIS: PB 198072
The nature of odorous species in the exhaust from a Detroit
Diesel Engine Division 6V-71N, operated at constant load and
fuel conditions, was investigated using high-resolution two
column gas chromatography, mass spectrometry on resolved
species, and sensory observations. Solid adsorbent collection
devices were used to sample from a nitrogen-diluted exhaust
stream. Although the presence of many hundred of compounds
was indicated by the chromatograms, only a small fraction
were found to exhibit distinct odors at concentrations encoun-
tered in the exhaust. The major concentration species, the
paraffinic hydrocarbons, are individually non-odorous. The
odor-relevant species are polar, and many exhibit low odor
thresholds, occurring in the exhaust in relatively small concen-
trations. From mass spectral data, a variety of compound
types was found among the more important odor contributors
including: aliphatic aldehydes, aliphatic compounds with more
that one position of unsaturation, alkyl derivatives of benzene,
indan, tetralin, and naphthalene, aldehyde and ketone deriva-
tives of benzene and alkylbenzenes, and sulfur species. Aux-
iliary gas chromatographic methods suggest that aliphatic acids
are also odor relevant. (Author abstract modified)
35383
Keshen, Albert S.
SOLID RUBBER WASTES. Ind. Wastes, 4(1): 14-15, Jan. 1959.
A prefabricated steel-framed, brick-lined, two-chamber in-
cinerator incorporating an oil burner in each chamber was
used insure complete combustion of rubber wastes at a manu-
facturing plant. Temperatures from 1600 to 2400 F are main-
tained by the use of the two oil burners. Because of the
heterogeneous nature of the waste, which includes some
asphalt products, the usual 2100 F which provides operation
free of objectionable smoke and odor. The unit is hand fed
with a capacity sufficient to handle over 20 tons of waste dai-
ly. Burning is started and maintained in the primary chamber
by one of the oil burners. Unhurried gases and paniculate
matter pass to the secondary chamber where they continue to
bum. If a sufficiently high temperature is not self-sustaining in
this chamber a second burner is provided to carry out
complete combustion. The capital investment in the incinerator
is about $40,000. 0
35564
Elliott, L. F. and T. M. McCalla
Am POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURE. Nebraska Univ.,
Lincoln, Extension Service; Dept. of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C.; and Nebraska Univ., Lincoln, Coll. of Home Ex-
onomics, Proc. Explor. Nebr. Pollut. Probl. Lincoln, Nebr.,
1971, p. C-l - C-6. 29 refs. (April 22.)
The major atmospheric pollutants from agriculture are ex-
amined. Dust due to wind erosion and agriculture-related in-
dustries (alfalfa mills, lime kilns, cotton gins), allergens from
weeds and crops, pesticides, smoke from open burning of crop
residues, odors from animal wastes and processing of agricul-
tural products, and gases released by animal wastes (carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and
methane) contributed heavily to air pollution. Possible control
methods include improved tillage practices and cropping
methods; electrostatic precipitators and dust filters for indus-
trial usage; weed control programs; controlled spraying; treat-
ment facilities for odor prevention; and chemical control of
animal waste odors.
35581
Weiner, Jack and Lillian Roth
AIR POLLUTION IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
Inst. Paper Chem. Bibliog. Sen, no. 237, 67p., 1970. 208 refs.
A bibliography of 208 references and abstracts on air pollution
in the pulp and paper industry is presented. Control methods,
measurement and analysis techniques, air quality criteria,
deodorization, basic chemical reactions, operating procedures,
exonomic factors, emission toxicity, meteorological factors,
effects on human health and vegetation, defined sources
within the industry, control legislation, and technological im-
provements are examined.
35590
Elliot, Martin A. and Roger F. Davis
COMPOSITION OF DIESEL EXHAUST GAS. SAE (Soc. Au-
tomot. Engrs.) Quart. Trans., 4(3):330-346, July 1950. 16 refs.
(Presented at the Society of automotive Engineers National
Diesel-Engine Meeting, St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 2, 1949.)
The relationship between air/fuel ratio and the products of in-
complete combustion is discussed. A relation observed
between the concentration of aldehydes and the odorous and
irritating character of diesel exhaust gas suggested that
removal of aldehydes should reduce both properties. Tests
with water as a scrubbing medium showed that aldehydes can-
not be removed completely by such a system. However, aque-
ous sodium sulfite solutions inhibited by the addition of
hydroquinone to prevent oxidation of the sulfite removed sub-
stantially all of the aldehydes and produced significant reduc-
tions in odor and irritation for extended periods of time. The
application of data on exhaust-gas composition to the deter-
mination of operating and performance data on diesel engines
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
39
is discussed and methods of calculation and relevant equations
are given. (Author abstract modified)
35599
McCauley, Robert F.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF COMPOSTING AND ITS AIR
POLLUTION ASPECTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
6(4):233-237, Feb. 1957.
Modern composting is an aerobic process in which waste or-
ganic materials are ground or shredded and then either piled in
windrows or fed into the decks of a digester. Oxygen from the
air penetrates into the voids of the material where it dissolves
in the liquid moisture films and is carrried to aerobic bacterial
organisms. In composting, the potential for creating odor and
other nuisances is high. The grinding of garbage in fully en-
closed areas, unless fully automatic, is most offensive to the
workmen conducting the operation. Some ventilation is
required; the more the ventilation, the greater possibility of
creation of air pollution problems. During the early stages of
composting a definite acrid or acid odor is noticeable. Later,
the odor becomes musty, and may become extremely objec-
tionable to the inhabitants of the plant area who must be faced
with the plant odor for long time periods. Heavy moisture
vapors are a serious consideration during periods of cold
weather operation. Odor problems can probably be overcome
by the use of tall stacks, high-temperature burning of air, and
similar processes. However, these devices limit the economic
value of composting and will probably have to be avoided if
the process is to compete with incineration and other conven-
tional methods. The most hopeful approach appears to be a
recapture of water and odor vapors.
35622
Coordinating Research Council Inc., New York, Air Pollution
Research Advisory Committee
APRAC. INTERIM STATUS REPORT. 31p., July 1971.
Engineering, atmospheric, medical, and in-house projects an
automotive air pollution, generated by the Air Pollution
Research Advisory Committee of the Coordinating Research
Council, are briefly summarized. The projects include studies
on the effects of gasoline additives; use of leaded fuels; fuel
volatility; gasoline composition; exhaust odors; combustion
processes; automotive fueling emission; driving patterns; mea-
surement methods for nitrogen oxides, oxygenates, particu-
lates, and poly nuclear aromatics; chamber reactivity; plant
damage; diffusion models; carbon monoxide and light
hydrocarbons in the atmosphere; haze formation; pollution in
urban areas; effects of carbon monoxide, aromatic hydrocar-
bons, oxidants, and nitrogen oxides human health; exhaust gas
sampling; and vehicle emissions. A list of published reports is
included.
35635
Reckner, L. R., W. E. Scott, and W. F. Biller
THE COMPOSITION AND ODOR OF DIESEL EXHAUST.
Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., Sect. Ill, vol. 45:133-147, 1965. 11 refs.
(Presented at the American Petroleum Institute Division of
Refining, Midyear Meeting, 30th, Montreal, Quebec, May 10,
1965.)
Sampling and analysis techniques are described for determin-
ing light hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde,
acrolein, total aldehydes, total paniculate, and polycyclic aro-
matic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust, using infrared spec-
trometry, chromatography, fluorescence spectrophotometry,
colorimetry, and mass spectrometry. Using these techniques,
results are reported on the composition of exhaust from two
diesel engines, a two- and a four-cycle, under a variety of
operating conditions. Smoke ratings using different techniques
are also reported and compared to total paniculate results. No
correlation was found between smokemeter ratings and par-
ticulate loadings at other than black smoke conditions. Human
panel observations of exhaust odor are being made as part of a
continuing program, but no panel data are reported. (Author
abstract modified)
35638
Hemeon, Wesley C. L.
GAS CLEANING EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR DIF-
FERENT POLLUTANTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
12(3): 105-108, March 1962. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 54th, New York,
June 11-15, 1961.)
Knowledge is now available to identify the particular air pollu-
tion problems of a community and to derive engineering
specifications for the performance of gas cleaning equipment,
stack heights, or other control measures based on permissible
ground concentrations. Dust weight emission rates, stack gas
smoke and haze units, stack gas dustfall, incinerator paper
ash, corrosion potential, and odors are discussed. Concentra-
tions of a gaseous contaminant, usually expressed as ppm in
the ambient ground level atmosphere, demand the same kind
of units to express stack gas concentrations which, when mul-
tiplied by the stack gas flow rate, give the emission rate in
cubic feet per hour. The common description of smoke and
haze ground concentration in the units COHs per foot of air
demands the same kind of units for a description of smoke
concentration in stack gases and consistent units for total rate
of emission of smoke. Measurement methods appropriate to
the same kind of measurement at ground level as in stack
gases are needed.
35673
Seltzer, William, Stanley G. Mourn, and Tevis M. Goldhaft
A METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANIMAL WASTES
TO CONTROL AMMONIA AND OTHER ODORS. Poultry
Sci., 48(6): 1912-1918, 1969. 10 refs.
Flake paraformaldehyde as it disintegrates has the unique
ability to neutralize ammonia gas produced by animal wastes.
Because falke paraformaldehyde liberates formaldehyde gas
slowly, it has an antimicrobial action that destroys a variety of
organisms capable of producing noxious gases, thus minimiz-
ing odors that accompany decaying animal wastes for a pro-
longed period. The retention of nitrogen in flake parafonnal-
dehyde-treated manure under a variety of field conditions was
repeatedly confirmed by tests. Animals produce manure at a
rate of approximately one pound of wet manure for each
pound of feed consumed; flake paraformaldehyde should be
placed in anticipation of manure production on the area where
the manure would be deposited. The level used should be half
of 1% of the total anticipated manure production for a 3- to 4-
week period. (Author summary modified)
35693
McCabe, Louis C.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Ind. Eng. Chem., 45(6):107A-
108A, June 1953. 1 ref.
Atmospheric conditions in the San Francisco Bay area were
summarized. In San Francisco there are complaints of two
types of odors: odors localized in the Islais Creek area and at-
tributed to packing house, fish cannery, and fertilizer plant
-------
40 ODORS
operations and odors in the Richmond, Sunset, Pacific in the Redwood City area. A number of reports indicate there
Heights, and Nob Hill areas which are comparable to smog, is frequent circling of the wind and a localized reduction of
Residents of Napa, Solano, and Contra Costa Counties, com- visibility with some odor nuisance in the location. There is
plain that, under unfavorable weather conditions, there are ob- reason to believe that a large portion of the nuisance to re-
jectionable odors from the industrial plants located along the sidents of San Mateo County is attributable to burning of trash
shores of San Pablo and Suisun Bays. The discharge of pollu- and garbage dumps. Dumps are located where the volume and
tants from operations located between Palo Alto and South drift-direction of the smoke are readily discerned. Savings
San Francisco are, in general, blown over the bay and cause resulting from smoke elimination in Pittsburgh amount to 27
no complaints from residents of San Mateo County other than million dollars.
-------
41
B. CONTROL METHODS
00025
P. A. Kenline and J. M. Hales
AIR POLLUTION AND THE KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY
(AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (999-AP-4) Nov. 1963,
126 pp.
Since the first kraft mill came into existence in 1891, the
potential odor problem has been well recognized. Accordingly,
a great deal of literature has been published describing practi-
cal and theoretical work in the field of kraft mill odor control.
Some progress has been made, but even today most kraft mills
are faced with serious problems of atmospheric pollution. The
following work provides an annotated bibliography of articles
concerning measurement and control of kraft mill air-borne
pollution currently available in the literature. It is the author's
intention that this should provide a retrospective view of what
has been accomplished and should form a sound basis for
further work in the field. In addition to 154 abstracts, this
bibliography contains a description of the iraft pulping
process, a survey of mill emissions, and a consideration of
control measures. (Author)
00032
M.F. Kasparick
ODOR CONTROL FOR A CHEMICAL PLANT. Air Eng.,
7(l):22-25, Jan. 1965.
Daily checks, testing and efficient use of pollution control
equipment were used to control odor at a Neoprene plant in
Montague, Michigan. This was achieved by on and off plant
odor patrols, prompt odor comment investigations and air
sampling. The extent of odor created by a chemical can be cal-
culated by knowing the threshold odor concentration of the
chemical or chemicals involved. Redesign or replacement of
inadequate odor abatement equipment reduces or eliminates
sources of odor. As a test of overall plant effectiveness, off-
plant monitoring of the air is done daily. If a rise in odors is
noted, corrective measures can be applied before the odors
become a problem.
00246
TROUBLE FREE WASTE INCINERATION. Southern Eng.,
84(6):54-55, June 1966.
A three-burner natural gas incinerator having a capacity of
3,000 pounds per hour is described. The patented 3-chamber,
semi- parabolic design of the incinerator affords maximum
reflection and heat concentration for complete combustion.
Centrifugal force traps soot and fly ash. Partially-combusted
gases and non- combustible particles from the first chamber
are drawn into a second chamber, where a continous supply of
fresh air is introduced to complete combustion of the gases
and burn off smoke and odors. Combusted gases and particles
enter a third chamber, in which the after-burning process is
continued and particles are removed before gases enter the
stack. Five hundred pounds of refuse are reduced to a shovel
full of ashes.
00257
A. G. Sandomirsky, D. M. Benforado, L. D. Grames, and C.
E. Pauletta
FUME CONTROL IN RUBBER PROCESSING BY DIRECT-
FLAME INCINERATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
16(12):673-676, Dec. 1966 (Presented at the 59th Annual Meet-
ing, Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif.,
Paper 66-55, June 24, 1966.)
The application of direct-flame incineration to successfully
eliminate a smoke-oil-mist and odor problem in the manufac-
ture of rubber-base rug underlay is presented. The investiga-
tion of various air pollution control processes leading to the
development and adoption of the direct flame incineration
system is covered. The rug underlay curing process incorporat-
ing the direct-flame incineration system with primary heat
recovery is described. Results and discussion of a source test
to determine the effectiveness of direct-flame incineration in
this application are included. (Authors' abstract)
00286
D. L. Brooman and E. Edgerley, Jr.
CONCENTRATION AND RECOVERY OF ATMOSPHERIC
ODOR POLLUTANTS USING ACTIVATED CARBON. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 16(l):25-29, Jan. 1966.
Activated carbon filters were used to concentrate atmospheric
mixtures of acrolein, methyl sulfide, and n-propyl mercaptan.
Removal efficiency and carbon capacity for each of the odor
compounds were investigated using two different carbons,
Cliffchar (4-10 mesh) and Barnebey-Cheney (C-4). A closed
system was devised to establish a known atmospheric odor
concentration for each filter run. Solvent extraction techniques
were employed to desorb and recover the odor compounds
from the carbon filters. All quantitative analyses were con-
ducted with gas liquid cnromatography utilizing the hydrogen
flame ionization detector. The removal studies conducted in-
dicate that the efficiency of removal of a carbon filter is es-
sentially 100% up to the point of filter breakthrough. This
breakthrough point is governed by the filter's capacity for a
particular compound. This study indicated that the filter
capacity is dependent both on the type of carbon employed
and the particular odor compound adsorbed. Solvent recovery
of the odor compounds from the carbons varied from 0 to
4.5% for the mercaptan up to 96 to 98% for acrolein. Percent
recovery was found to vary for a given odor compound with
different carbons and for a given carbon with different odor
pollutants. (Authors' abstract)
00358
W. Viessman
CONTROL OF ODORS IN WORKING ENVIRONMENTS.
Occupational Health Rev. 17, (2) 12-22, 1965.
A need for odor control in our industrial complexes and large
congested cities is indicated. The quality, intensity, accepta-
bility and pervasiveness of common household and industrial
odors are discussed, as a means of identification and evalua-
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42
ODORS
don. Tolerances and sources of odors are given. Various
means of odor control are presented. These include: dilution
by ventilation air; physical and chemical absorption using
washers, scrubbers and condensers; adsorption with activated
charcoal filters and by-product recovery; semi-sorption;
modification, counteraction and masking; and catalytic oxida-
tion and combustion methods. (Author)
00379
G. A. Jansen and D. F. Adams
ABSORPTION AND CHLORINE OXIDATION OF SULFUR
COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH KRAFT MILL EF-
FLUENT GASES. Preprint. 1966.
Absorption of methyl mercaptan and H2S into aqueous solu-
tions of Cl, NaOH, and Cl plus NaOH has been studied using
a 2 in diameter absorption column packed with 1/4 in. Intalox
saddles. Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemi-
cal reactions occurring in aqueous Cl and OH media. Poten-
tiometric methods were used to follow the reactions of mer-
captan and sulfide in aqueous chlorine solutions. Mercaptan
apparently was converted by aqueous Cl absorption media to
dimethyl disulfide and stripped off in the effluent gas. The
percentage conversion increased with increasing pH. The ab-
sorption of H2S in aqueous Cl (pH 2 to 13) was highly pH de-
pendent. The absorption rate increased slowly as the pH of the
feed solution increased to pH 11. Sulfate was the resulting ox-
idation product. At pH 11, the rate of absorption dropped
slightly, then rose sharply at pH 12. Elemental S became the
major product at pH 12 and above and fouling of the packed
column occurred. The effect of pH on formation of sulfate
and/or elemental S in chlorine-sulfide reactions was explained
by Choppin and Faulkenberry (1937). The absorption of sulfide
in aqueous NaOH increased until the feed hydroxide to sulfide
ratio was 1. At higher ratios, the absorption rate remained con-
stant. Apparently, sodium bisulfide was the absorption
product. The results of these studies indicate that aqueous Cl
solutions at pH above 12 can be effectively used for removal
of H2S in absorption equipment designed to handle S in
suspension. The absorption of methyl mercaptan in aqueous Cl
solution appeared to be impractical since dimethyl disulfide
was apparently the only product formed and was stripped
from the tower by the gas stream. Hydroxide solution was ef-
fective for absorption of both methyl mercaptan and H2S
when hydroxide to sulfide or mercaptan feed ratios were
greater than 1 or 1.8 respectively. (Author)
00504
D.A.Jensen
SEPARATING FACT FROM FICTION IN AUTO SMOG
CONTROL. Arch. Environ. Health, 14(1): 150-155, Jan. 1967.
(Presented at the American Medical Association Air Pollution
Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., March 2-4,
1966.)
Author gives a status state-of the -art summary of the various
sources of emissions from automobiles. Topics covered are:
crankcase emission controls; servicing and maintenance;
requirement of a 'closed* system or one equally effective, ex-
haust emission controls; evaporative emissions; oxides of
nitrogen emission controls; diesel smoke and odor emission
controls; cars and fuels of the future. In addition, author
discusses the impending vehicle emission control which will be
put into effect for 1968 motor vehicles.
00541
FUMES INCINERATION EFFECTIVE FOR ODOR POLLU-
TION CONTROL. Ind. Heating 33(7): 1266-1272, July 1966.
Fume incineration, employed in a new installation for sewage
treatment to eliminate odors, is described. During sewage
processing, odorous gases are present at several points: the
sedimentation tanks, the outfall system and the inlet sewage
supply line. The odorous gases are collected at these critical
points, piped to the incinerator and destroyed by burning at
temperatures of 1100-1500 F. At these temperatures, the odor-
causing materials are no longer organically stable and become
decomposed, so that the incinerator exhaust is odor-free.
00552
F.H. Cady
A KRAFT MILL WASTE CHLORINE GAS RECOVERY
SCRUBBER. Preprint. (Presented at the Second Annual Meet-
ing, Pacific Northwest International Section, Air Pollution
Control Association, Portland, Oreg., Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
Although most of the normal air contaminants around Weyer-
haeuser's Kraft Pulp Mill at Everett, Washington had been
removed, obnoxious waste chlorine gases occasionally
produced poor working conditions. A caustic gas-recovery
scrubber with appropriate ductwork was installed. This
scrubber, while removing the waste gases from the at-
mosphere, pays for itself by the resulting formation of
hypochlorite bleach liquor. (Author's abstract)
00571
T. B. Henshaw
ODOR CONTROL AT 2, 4-D PRODUCTION PLANT. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 15(11):516-518, Nov. 1965. (Presented
at the Second Annual Meeting of the Pacific Northwest Inter-
national Section, Air Pollution Control Association, Portland,
Oreg., Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
Report describes an odor control system for 2, 4-D weed killer
production which is based on an efficient countercurrent
scrubbing of the odorous acidic gases with a sodium hydroxide
solution. System described seems to be effective. 00571 T. B.
Henshaw
00975
M. I. Weisburd, (Compiler and Ed.)
ATR POLLUTION CONTROL FIELD OPERATIONS
MANUAL (A GUIDE FOR INSPECTION AND ENFORCE-
MENT). Public Health Service, Washing- ton, D. C, Div. of
Air Pollution, 1962. 291p.
Author discusses sources, control methods, training techniques
and related aspects of air pollution. Document is an excellent
source for specific information on equipment being used in air
pollution control. Pictures, diagrams, schematics and charts
are given.
01352
C. Duerden
A PROBLEM OF FUME EMISSION. Public Health Inspector
74, 21-9, Oct. 1965.
A case study of the efforts to control the fumes and odor from
hardboard heat treatment chamber in Great Britain is
presented.
01414
J. L. Sullivan, F. L. Kafka, and L. M. Ferrari
AN EVALUATION OF CATALYTIC AND DIRECT FIRED
AFTERBURNERS FOR COFFEE AND CHICORY ROASTING
ODORS . J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 15(12):583-586, Dec.
1965.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
43
Though the aroma of roasting coffee can be pleasant in small
amounts, large scale plants tend to cause public complaints.
As a means of control thermal afterburners operating at 1200
F and higher have been commonly employed. Australian cof-
fee consumption in the past has been relatively small but in
recent years it has been increasing markedly. As a result, odor
complaints have been increasing and one plant, large by Aus-
tralian standards, caused a public outcry of no small order.
High cost of fuel rendered thermal afterburning unattractive
and, consequently, the firm in question decided upon catalytic
combustion as an alternative. Subsequently, the unit was in-
stalled and before and after tests were made for various com-
ponents. At an operating temperature of about 700 F the
results showed comparable fume reductions to thermal after-
burning and the findings were confirmed by the cessation of
complaints by the public. (Author abstract)
01505
C. I. Harding and J. E. Landry
FUTURE TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE
KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY. TAPPI 49(8):61A-7A, Aug.
1966. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, National Council for
Stream Improvement, New York City, Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
Measured gaseous and paniculate emission figures are
presented with recent advances in emission control technology
as bases for proposing the types and extent of emission con-
trol to be utilized by the pulp industry during the next 5 yrs. A
major detrimental effect is the corrosive nature of the panicu-
late and gaseous emissions from kraft pulping. Sources of sul-
fur compounds are 2 large kraft mills and 2 large oil-fired elec-
tric generating stations. Sampling can be done by simple tests
to give total monthly exposure. Three determinations are dust-
fall, lead peroxide candles for sulfation rates, and corrosion
rate measurements. Subjective tests for odors and odor inten-
sity can be accomplished through odor panels or odor recor-
ders at various distances from the mill. A simple wet
technique for measuring the concentrations of SO2, hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, organic sulfides, and organic disulfides in
mill vents was developed and has been utilized in Southern
mills.
01508
J. O. Ledbetter
AIR POLLUTION FROM WASTE WATER TREATMENT.
Water Sewage Works 113(2):43-45, Feb. 1966.
There is air pollution from the treatment of wastewaters. This
pollution involves not only the notorious odors and the recog-
nized volatiles but also the aerosol emissions. The aerosols of
most interest are probably the bacteria. Significant numbers of
bacteria, including some pathogens, are emitted from activated
sludge and trickling filter units. The methods of engineering
control currently available can readily solve the problem. Even
better solutions will likely be forthcoming if the problem ever
warrants considerable research.
01537
ELIMINATING SMELL FROM A REFINERY. Petroleum
(London) 29(4):148-I50, Aug. 1966.
The methods used for eliminating smell from a refinery are
described. Even after use of an elaborate water purification
system, schematically presented in this article, odor remained.
The odor was traced to the waste water collection pit. It was
found that a triple layer of Allplas polypropylene 45 mm
diameter balls spread over the surface of the water in the col-
lecting pit eliminated the odors. A single layer of balls reduced
the amount of fuel needed to maintain a given solution tem-
perature by 70%, and reduced evaporation by 88%.
01549
S. Undberg
HOW UDDEHOLM DESTROYS AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TANTS AT THE SKOGHALL WORKS. Svensk Papperstid.
(Stockholm), 69(15):484-487, Aug. 15, 1966.
Measures taken at the Skoghall sulfate mill in order to
eliminate malodorous air and water polutants are described.
The malodorous gases are destroyed by combustion. Gaseous
mixtures not containing oxygen are burned in a recovery
boilder. The gases, however, which are mixed with air on
cleection, are eliminated in a specially designed furnace in-
stalled as a preliminary oven to a conventional boiler. The
worst water pollutants are cooking and evaporation conden-
sates. Before being released into the recipient, the cooking
condensate is freed from malodorous components by blowing
with steam through a column. The evaporation condensate,
whose impurity mainly consists of hydrogen sulfide, is
scrubbed in a satisfactory manner by mixture with blackwater
from the chlorination stage of the bleaching plant The total
sulfide content in the waste water has been reduced from 6
Ibs. to 1 Ib. H2S per ton pulp. These measures have given the
desired results, and the plant now functions in a safe manner.
The capital outlay has been moderate and the process costs
are very low. (Author summary)
01563
R. C. Gumerman and D. A. Carlson
METHYL MERCAPTAN REMOVAL BY SOIL FttTRATION.
Preprint. (Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Pacific
Northwest International Section, Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, NOV. 2-4,
1965.)
The use of soil bacteria as a method for removing odor from
gaseous mixtures appears highly feasible. In this study, effi-
ciencies approaching 100% removal were obtained after a six-
week acclimation period, using only three and one-half feet of
soil. Apparently this is not the limit toward applicability of this
method, since at the end of the six-week study period, the
bacterial population was still increasing, indicating further
potential still to be displayed. Although this idea could be ap-
plicable in itself in large installations such as kraft pulp mills,
it may be more economically promising if it could be used in
conjunction with a spray irrigation network used for the
removal of excess BOD in the waste liquor. In essence, this
would provide double benefit from the land. This idea assumes
that the spent liquor is not toxic to the odor reducing
microbes, and conversely that the odor is not toxic to the
waste utilizing microbes. As an additional benefit, the alkaline
waste liquor would keep the soil pH from consistently
dropping as was shown to occur in this research. Although this
idea is only a hypothesis, it is felt that due consideration
should be given to it, as it performs the dual role of odor and
BOD removal, which would be of economic advantage to any
kraft mill utilizing it. (Author conclusions)
01613
A.H. Rose, Jr
DIESEL SMOKE PROBLEM. Preprint. (Presented at the 1963
Metropolitan Conference on Air Pollution Control, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Oct. 22, 1963.)
The problems of diesel smoke, odors, and irritation have long
been recognized. Considerable effort has been made over the
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44
ODORS
past several years toward the measurement and control of the
objectionable qualities of diesel exhaust. No new information
or control devices are needed to control the smoke emissions
from diesel engines. If properly designed, operated, and main-
tained, if supplied with proper fuels, and if not overloaded or
lugged, diesel engines can be operated without emitting smoke
in objectionable amounts. The odorous and irritating com-
pounds of diesel exhaust have not yet been adequately
defined. In contrast to reduction of excessive smoke, the
odors and irritating effects will not be eliminated merely by
improving engine operation, maintenance, and fuel. No
adequate methods of odor control for the diesel engine are
currently available. Some reduction in odor intensity can be
achieved by proper engine operation and maintenance and by
the use of proper fuels.
01672
U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Div. of Air
Pollution
REPORT ON INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION DM THE
SHOREHAM, VERMONT - TICONDEROGA, NEW YORK,
AREA. Preprint, ((43))p., 1965. 14 refs.
A summary is presented of the activities undertaken by the
Abatement Branch, Division of Air Pollution, Public Health
Service, DHEW, subsequent to a request by the Vermont
government alleging that air pollution emanating from an Inter-
national Paper Company pulp plant in Ticonderoga, New
York, endangers the health and welfare of persons in nearby
Vermont. The activities of the Abatement Branch were
threefold: (1) inspection of the pulp mill operated by the Inter-
national Paper Company in Ticonderoga, New York, (2)
review of available topographical and meteorological informa-
tion, and (3) calculations of emissions, transport and diffusion
of odorous materials from the mill site.
01867
K.J. Springer, P. Lepisto, C. Wood
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE. Southwest Research Inst. San Antonio, Tex.,
Div. of Engines, Fuels, and Lubricants. (SwRI Proposal 10-
4336A) Nov. 19, 1965. 46 pp.
This is a proposal from the Southwest Institute to assist the
U.S. Public Health Service in setting reasonable, practical, and
realistic smoke and odor standards for diesel powered vehi-
cles. This assistance will involve obtaining additional basic
data in the form of dilution ratios and operating conditions
most conducive to the production of odor and smoke. A usa-
ble panel technique for measurement of odor will be
developed as will chassis dymamometer procedures for evalua-
tion and test of smoke and/or odor control devices. Various
control devices will be evaluated using these chassis
dynamometer methods and finally, fleet evaluation of the most
promising control device(s) will be conducted.
01900
E. R. Hendrickson and C. I. Harding.
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION AS A METHOD FOR REDUC-
ING AIR POLLUTION FROM SULFATE PULPING. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (12) 487-90, Dec. 1964. (Presented
at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Houston, Tex., June 20-21, 1964.)
This paper will discuss the sources of odorous air pollutants
from sulfate pulping operations. One of the major sources is
the recovery furnace. Odors from this source can be reduced
considerably by oxidation of the black liquor prior to evapora-
tion and burning. The procedure has been used with considera-
ble success in the northwestern and northeastern parts of the
United States. Unfortunately, the majority of sulfate pulp
production occurs in areas where southern pine is the basic
raw material. For several reasons the black liquor resulting
from southern pine operations presents problems when the
usual oxidation procedures are used. Although not as effective
as normal balck liquor oxidation strong black liquor can be ox-
idized without too much difficulty. Various procedures of ox-
idation of black liquor will be discussed. Results of stack sam-
pling in U.S. pulp mills with and without the oxidation unit in
operation will be reported. (Author abstract)
02018
E.R. Hendrickson C.I. Harding
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
'KRAFT* PULPING. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong.,
London, 1966. (Paper IV/6). pp. 95-7.
The Air Pollution Research Laboratory of the University of
Florida has been investigating air pollution problems of the
kraft pulping industry since the early 1950's. The problems of
this industry involve emission of a variety of particulates plus
odorous and non-odorous gases. The problems are com-
pounded by the complicated nature of the organic reactions in-
volved. The industry, however, has made great strides in
reducing its air pollution potential. This paper describes the
process by which kraft pulp is produced, the sources of pollu-
tants, and the methods presently known for alleviating the air
pollution problems. New approaches also are discussed which
might prove beneficial in improving air quality in the vicinity
of pulp and paper mills. (Author abstract)
02047
M. W. First
CONTROL OF HAZE AND ODOURS FROM CURING OF
PLASTICS. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London,
1966. (Paper VI/11). pp. 188-91.
The curing of plastisols and highly plasticized vinyl products
by heat in continuous processing ovens requires ventilation to
prevent formation of explosive atmospheres by the volatile
components and to eliminate product spoilage by condensation
and dripping of the higher-boiling fractions. Exhaust ventila-
tion rates of one or more air changes per minute are used
frequently and the effluent air is heavily contaminated with
condensed, submicronsize oil droplets derived from the
volatilization of plasticizers, such as dioctyl phthalate (DOP)
and a number of amines and organic sulphur-containing sub-
stances that form from the curing of rubber and plastic-based
strips, films, and coatings. The resulting haze and malodours
represent a severe air pollution nuisance in the vicinity of
these processing factories. Experiences with emission control
by direct and catalytic combustion and by a number of water
scrubbing devices are described and test data are presented.
(Author abstract)
02279
J.E. Landry D.H. Longwell
ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Tappi 48, (6) 66A-70A, June 1965.
(Presented at the Annual Meeting, National Council for
Stream Improvement, New York City, Feb. 23, 1965.)
Black liquor oxidation, electrostatic precipitation, secondary
scrubbing, lime kiln scrubbers, digester relief and vent gas
disposal are covered.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
45
02427
R. L. Stenburg
CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM PAINT
AND VARNISH MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution
(Technical Rept. No. A58-4) 33 pp., June 1958. Also published
in Paint Varnish Prod. 49, 61-5, Sept. 1959 and Paint Varnish
Prod. 49, 111-4, Oct. 1959.
Air pollution problems associated with the manufacture of pro-
tective coatings result primarily from the high temperature
processing of natural and synthetic oils and resins to produce
paint and varnish vehicles. The release of malodorous materi-
als is the most widespread problem and the most difficult to
control. Since fume components are predominantly of
hydrocarbon compositions, they have the potential to con-
tribute to the formation of smog in those areas where air pol-
lution is well established. Property damage is also a definite
possibility from some of the processes employed. The majority
of fumes from cooking processes may be controlled by liquid
scrubbing or by incineration, the latter being more effective in
reducing the small but offensive portion of the total fume out-
put that is largely responsible for the odor problem. Activated
carbon adsorption is effective on certain highly odorous
materials in processes other than cooking. These and other
types of controls are in general usage throughout the industry
and are serving to greatly reduce the amount of undesirable
materials discharged to the atmosphere. (Author summary)
02488
C. N. Stutz.
TREATING PARATHION WASTES. Chem. Eng. Progr. 62,
(10) 82-4, Oct. 1966.
Pilot plant tests were made of parathion wastes combined with
domestic wastes to assure the city that the wastes can be
treated successfully in the municipal activated sludge treat-
ment plant. Expansion of the parathion plant requires the
development of design criteria for a pretreatment plant. In-
cineration of residues and scrubbing and demisting of the off-
gases are practical. Limestone neutralization of the acid
streams followed by blending with alkaline streams before
biological treatment is used to control the pH.
02725
A. P. Banner and E. M. Ilgenfritz
DISPOSAL OF COAL TAR PITCH DISTILLATE OBTAINED
FROM CARBON BAKING FURNACE BY CATALYTIC COM-
BUSTION. Preprint. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (12)
610-2, Dec. 1963. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963,
Paper No. 63-34.)
The air pollution problems associated with coal tar pitch fumes
evolved in the manufacture of baked carbon cannot be
tolerated due to odor of fumes which contain pyrene,
phenanthrene, fluorene, chrysene and related aromatic com-
pounds. Elimination of coal tar fumes was obtained by cata-
lytic destruction at a temperature of 550 C. Complete destruc-
tion of aromatic compounds is realized with some unburnt free
carbon discharged to the atmosphere. Choice of installation
was based upon economics and ability to eliminate fumes.
Preliminary data were obtained from work on a pilot unit.
(Author abstract)
02729
J. F. Byrd, H. A. Mills, C. H. Schellhase, and H. E. Stokes
SOLVING A MAJOR ODOR PROBLEM DM A CHEMICAL
PROCESS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (12) 509-16,
Dec. 1964. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
Paper describes the control os a highly objectionable odor (di-
methyl amine) from one of the raw materials which are han-
dled at Proctor and Gamble Company, Kansas City Plant, for
ultimate use in the manufacture of synthetic detergents. In-
cluded is a discussion of methods of actually placing a quan-
titative concept on odor to determine the maximum discharge
of odorous material to the atmosphere without creating an
odor problem. Engineering design approaches to odor abate-
ment are discussed.
02794
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE SELBYVBLLE,
DELAWARE - BISHOP, MARYLAND AREA. Preprint. Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C., Div. of Air Pollution. Nov.
1965.
Pursuant to a request from the State of Delaware official air
pollution control agency, the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare, under provisions of Section 5 of the Clean Air
Act, Public Law 88-206 (42 U.S.C. 1857-1857g), called a con-
ference to be held November 9, 1965, in Selbyville, Delaware,
regarding an interstate air pollution problem in which it is al-
leged that 'an obnoxious and nauseating odor' and 'a horrible
stench' originating at a plant operated by Bishop Processing
Company in Bishop, Maryland, endanger the health or welfare
of persons in the Selbyville, Delaware area. Operations of the
plant consist of the rendering of chicken offal and feathers,
beef bones and fish for the production of high-protein addi-
tives used in dog, cat and poultry feed; bone meal for fertil-
izer; tallow; and mixed vegetable-animal fats. This report sum-
marizes the activities undertaken, subsequent to receipt of the
Delaware request, by the Abatement Branch, Division of Air
Pollution, along the following lines: (1) investigation of odors
in the Selbyville-Bishop area, (2) review of available topo-
graphical and meteorological information, and (3) inspection of
the plant operated by Bishop Processing Company.
03129
Avy., A. P.
METHODS OF REDUCING POLLUTION CAUSED BY
SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES. (CHAPTER VI. CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY). European Conf. of Air Pollution, Strasburg, 1964. p.
337-356.
The pollutants discharged by the chemical industry may be
subdivided into several classes. The first and most important
class is that of harmful products emitted in large quantities by
the 'heavy' chemical industry and, in particular, organic
chemical works: Sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid, chlorine,
whether manufactured or in the form of impurities in the basic
material: fluorine in the case of fertilizers and fluorine again in
aluminum electro-chemistry. The chemical industry has a wide
range of special problems which is in a constant state of flux
owing to the wide and ever-increasing variety of new synthetic
products (intermediate and finished) in the organic chemical
industry. From the technical point of view, the prevention of
pollution by such products depends on their presentation and
manner of application. A problem directly connected with
chemical manufacture is that of smell: mercaptans, hydrogen
phosphide, methylamines, etc., although, of course, it does not
arise in the chemical industry alone. Technical methods used
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46
ODORS
to reduce pollution are highly devellped for dusts and smoke
and there is a wide choice of apparatus. The chemical indus-
try, like all others, is subject to laws and regulations governing
industrial air pollution. A fairly sharp distinction, however,
should be drawn between laws, which lay down in general
terms the objects to be attained and the obligations to be ful-
filled, and the regulations which embody detailes of the limits
imposed and the degree of reduction demanded. In this last re-
port, caution is necessary and impossible or unnecessary stan-
dards should not be set. It is clear that international liaison or
even international collaboration is not only desirable, but
necessary.
03297
W. L. Faith.
ODOR CONTROL IN CATTLE FEED YARDS. J. Air POL-
LUTION Control Assoc. 14, (11) 459-60, Nov. 1964 (Presented
at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Houston, Tex., June 20-25, 1964.)
Commercial cattle-feeding is a large industry in the United
States. In California, for instance, there are more than 500
commercial feedlots. Each of these lots handles from less than
500 to more than 50,000 head of cattle at one time. With the
urban and suburban explosion, feedlots that were at one time
many miles from residential centers are now 'just across the
street.' Naturally the high odor level from improperly operated
yards gives rise to considerable complaint and citizen indigna-
tion. A variety of methods to reduce odor to an acceptable
level have been tried with varying results. A highly satisfacto-
ry procedure is based on 'good housekeeping* practices,
frequent removal of fecal material, and abatement of residual
odor by spraying the lots at designated intervals with a solu-
tion of potassium permanganate. Details of the method are
discussed.
03499
A. Turk
ODOR CONTROL METHODS: A CRITICAL REVIEW. Am.
Soc. Testing Mater., Spec. Tech. Publ. 164 69-80, 1954
Methods now commercially available for control of odors by
treatment of the odorous air may be divided into four general
classifications: combustion, adsorption, absorption, and vapor
mixing. This review highlights the facts that there is no one
universal 'odor control method,' that the technology of the
subject often presents complexities, and that there are areas
wherein no commercially available equipment or materials are
as yet economically satisfactory. These considerations account
for the fact that practical odor problems require individual
study that may be based on familiarity with the process or
materials that constitute the source, chemical analysis of the
composition and concentration of the offending gases or
vapors, and organoleptic appraisal of their effects on humans.
Whenever feasible, it is advisable that pilot installations be
made before large-scale applications of any control method.
Combinations of treatments, possibly with dispersal methods,
may be indicated.
03807L
THE CHLORINE OXIDATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN
DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION. National Council for Stream
Improvement, Inc., New York City. (Atmospheric Pollution
Technical Bulleting 18.) June 1963. 16 pp.
Oxidation of sulfide in aqueous solution requires between 2
and 3.4 moles of C12 per mole of sulfide, depending upon con-
ditions and the fraction of the sulfide oxidized. Oxidation of
all the sulfide present requires at least 2.35 moles of C12 per
mole of sulfide. Sulfate is a major product. Complete oxida-
tion of methyl mercaptan in neutral or acid solutions requires
between 2.4 and 3.3 moles of C12 per mole of mercaptan.
Under basic conditions, methyl mercaptan apparently reacts to
form an intermediate which, in turn, appears to oxidized by
C12 once all the mercaptan has reacted. Formation of the
suspected intermediate requires some 1.5 moles of C12 per
mole of mercaptan, but a total of about 2.6 moles of C12 per
mole of mercaptan must be added before the first trace of ex-
cess 02 can be detected. All attempts to identify the products
of these reactions failed—probably because the concentrations
involved were below the sensitivity limits of the tests used.
Oxidation of dimethyl sulfide required 1.8 moles C12 per mole
of sulfur. Oxidation of dimethyl disulfide required 5.2 moles of
02 per mole of disulfide—equivalent to 2.6 moles of C12 per
mole of sulfur. All of the C12 oxidations were rapid enough to
be complete before iodine was added. This means that the ox-
idations of inorganic sulfides and mercaptans required less
than one minute and oxidation of the organic sulfides took less
than five minutes.
03946
W. Lenz A. Tirade
MEXICAN KRAFT MILL USES OBSERVERS TO CHECK
ITS ODOR CONTROL PROGRAM. Paper Trade J. 150, (34)
64, 68, Aug. 1966.
A method is described whereby a Mexican kraft pulp mill is
able to evaluate the effectiveness of its odor control program.
Persons residing within a given distance of the mill are asked
to provide information regarding odors at their homes on a
standard form. This information is coordinated with
meteorological data and plant activities. Under the assumption
that either the blow or the gas relief are the main cause of
trouble, a 'relative index* is compiled by dividing the total
weekly complaints by the total number of blows for the week.
This is used as a measure of odor level and is recorded graphi-
cally to illustrate the improvement or decline of conditions.
03966
M. J. Boldue, R. K. Severes, and G. L. Brewer
TEST PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL
FUME CONVERTERS (SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES REVIEWED FOR). Air Eng. 8, (2) 20-3, Feb.
1966. (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965.)
The purpose for development of the source testing outline was
to permit systematic evaluation of air pollution control equip-
ment on gaseous organic fume streams. Data were obtained to
fulfill the following objectives of the source outline: (1) Deter-
mination of combustible emission and conversion efficiency.
(2) Determination of particulate matter emissions. (3) Identifi-
cation of specific emissions by laboratory analyses. (4) Deter-
mination of the odor concentration of the effluent stream in
conjunction with these objectives of source test measure-
ments, the outlined program was to include: (5) A method to
check credibility of sampling and analyses. (6) A technique for
future monitoring of the control equipment performance.
Source tests were conducted on catalytic fume converter units
located on a metal-coating oven, a varnish-cooking kettle, a
phthalic anhydride plant and a wire-coating oven. Sampling
procedures, analytical techniques and developed equipment
are discussed. The results of each of the evaluations of the
catalytic fume converters are presented.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
47
03972
A. J. Emanuel
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE OFFERS NEW SOLUTIONS
TO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Air Eng. 7, (9) 19-21, Sept.
1965.
The use of potassium permanganate to counteract a variety of
odoriferous materials is described. Examples of its effective-
ness in combating odors from rendering plants, asphalt plants,
feed lots, manure piles, fish processing and sewage plants are
given. Many air pollutants are attacked by the parmanganate
solution, but due to the difficulty of predicting the degree of
oxidation which occurs, it is usually necessary to make an ac-
tual trial before the economics of potassium permanganate ap-
plication can be determined.
03976
S. I. Masuda, T. Onishi, H. Saito
INLET-GAS HUMIDIFICATION SYSTEM FOR AN ELEC-
TROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process
Design Develop. 5 (2) 135-45, Apr. 1966.
A system for rapid evaporation of mist was developed for
inlet-gas humidification in an electrostatic precipitator, which
can evaporate a large quantity of water in a small spray
chamber in the temperature range of 150 to 200 C. An im-
proved type of multiple twin-fluid nozzles, developed for this
purpose, can produce extremely uniform and small particles of
mist in any amount, with the aid of an equal magnitude of high
fluid resistances inserted into its water branches. Confinement
of mist within the narrow space of a spray chamber was made
possible by the mist thermal repulsion action of the wall sur-
face kept at elevated temperature. The mist lifetime measured
in an actual spray chamber can be explained by the theory, if
a new type of mist average diameter is utilized. (Author ab-
stract)
04045
A. A. Tirado, M. V. Guevara, and J. S. Banduni
OXIDATION OF BLACK LIQUOR BY AIR UNDER PRES-
SURE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12, (1) 34-8, Jan. 1962.
(Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
It was decided to investigate the oxidation of black liquor by
means of air under pressure. A samll reactor was used which
consisted of a six-inch pipe about 28 inches long, provided
with a diffuser at the bottom. Compressed air was admitted
through that diffuser. Liquor and air, at variable quantities,
were fed through the bottom, and the products of the reaction
escaped through a pressure relief valve on the top of the reac-
tor. The pressure relief valve was adjusted, so that a predeter-
mined pressure was maintained in the reactor, while the tem-
perature of the liquor was varied in order to see the effect of
temperature. Liquors at the inlet and outlet of the reactor were
titrated only by the Borlew and Pascoe method analysis
(potentiometric), as it was known that such method practically
determines both mercaptans and sulfieds. The oxidation of
black liquor by air at 25 to 75 psig shows definite gains spe-
cially regarding the conversion of mercaptans, which are dif-
ficult to oxidize in conventional processes as used so far.
Liquors at 50 psig and 65 C were well oxidized, provided that
air was supplied at a rate of about 2.3 times the theoretical air
requirement. This quantity of air is about one-third of the air
usually added in conventional procedures at atmospheric pres-
sure. Due to the increased pressure, the total power require-
ment including pumps, compressed air, etc., in the process
being studied, was estimated to be approximately twice of the
power consumption in a conventional Trobeck system. How-
ever, it is thought that the higher efficiencies obtained in the
system under pressure should justify such increased power
consumption. The oxidation of black liquors in kraft pulp mills
is desirable because of three principal reasons: (a) elimination
of malodors, (b) prevention of corrosion, and (c) reduction of
sulfur losses. Nevertheless, the oxidized solids are to be
burned in a boiler and their heat value should be preserved as
much as possible. Thus, the oxidation of organic compounds,
including mercaptans, should be limited, so that only those
desirable effects are attained. It is believed that the reaction
with air at a pressure of 50 psig or so is still mild enough as to
perform this limited oxidation.
04227
E. R. Harris and F. R, Beiser
CLEANING SINTER PLANT GAS WITH VENTURI
SCRUBBER. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (2) 46-9, Feb.
1965
The installation and operating experience on what is believed
to be the first application of a Venturi scrubber for cleaning
sinter plant gases is reported. After running pilot plant tests at
the stack, the Venturi scrubber was chosen in preference to
the dry precipitators because it was believed that this would
more effectively eliminate certain odors particular to this
plant. A ruggedly built stainless steel fan with a rotor having
forwardly curved, backwardly inclined blades was selected
with extra heavy steel plate housing for quiet operation. Stain-
less steel moving parts and a rubber coated carbon steel hous-
ing were used to resist corrosion. The installation was
completed and put on the line for the first time April 9, 1963.
The discharge from the stack was only a small white plume
and the stack dust loading was far below the County require-
ments and appreciably better than the manufacturer's guaran-
tee. Vibration readings and noise level of the fan were excel-
lent and the only indication of any problem was in carry-over
through the fan of an estimated 50 to 60 gallons per minute of
dirty water. This was somewhat higher than hoped for but not
considered critical. On April 17, 8 days after start-up, a slight
increase in vibration of the fan was noticed. Cursory inspec-
tion of the damage indicated that the failure was due to abra-
sion from the dust laden water carried over from the scrubber.
Following the failure of the fan, several studies were un-
dertaken in an effort to prevent rapid deterioration of the ro-
tor. After a rebuilt rotor was put into service, an automatic
vibration cutoff was installed which would shut the fan down
in case of excessive vibration.
04300
E. Betz
ODOUR CONTROL BY CATALYTIC COMBUSTION. Proc.
Clean Air Conf., 32nd, Eastbourne, Engl., 1965. pp. 69-78.
This paper outlines generally the problems which have been
dealt with satisfactorily by catalytic combustion, the
economics of catalytic combustion and alternative methods for
the removal of odorous effluents. (Author abstract)
04361T
B. G. Gills, E. L. Howe
OIL BURNERS FOR DOMESTIC USE: PRESENT STATE,
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS AND FUTURE DEVELOP-
MENTS. ((Olbrenner fur den Hausbrand: Gegenwartiger
Stand, erzielte Verbesserungen und Moglichkeiten der
Weiterentwicklung.)) Schweiz. Arch. (Zurich), 31(4):119-126,
April 1965. 7 refs.
-------
48
ODORS
An oil furnace well built and maintained should cause no in-
tolerable air pollution. Soot and a smell of oil will occur only
in case of improper adjustment or perhaps in starting up. In
the latter case an inadequate means of ignition, too low carbu-
retor temperature, or excessive cooling of the flame may be
the cause. Some methods of combating this difficulty are
described here (beginning injection of fuel only after an
adequate oil pressure is achieved, in the pressure atomizer
burner; as nearly continuous operation as possible for
evaporator furnaces; use of higher pressure for the air of com-
bustion). In pressure atomizer burners such difficulties can
usually be traced to defective nozzles or to poor combustion
from other causes. Installations which give reise to complaints
must therefore be overhauled and if necessary replaced. Deter-
mination of concerns itself among other things with the follow-
ing problems: improved mixing of air and oil mists; influence
of systems for recirculating smoke gases; ultrasonic and air-
foam atomizer burners; electrostatic oil atomizing; total
evaporation of the fuel in the vaporizer burner; and speed of
combustion.
04533
A. Wallach
SOME DATA AND OBSERVATIONS ON COMBUSTION OF
GASEOUS EFFLUENTS FROM BAKED LITHOGRAPH
COATINGS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12, (3) 109-10,
Mar. 1962. (Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
The waste gaseous effluents from baked coating operations are
a concern in air pollution because of their odor as well as the
irritant effects of the aldehydes present. A series of tests were
made dealing with the effectiveness of high temperature in-
cineration as well as catalytic combustion in controlling the ef-
fluent from the baking of lithographed cans. The data and in-
formation obtained are presented.
04627
H. S. Posselt and A. H. Reidies
ODOR ABATEMENT WITH POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
SOLUTIONS. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop. 4, (1) 48-
50, Mar. 1965. (Presented at the Division of Water, Air, and
Waste Chemistry, 148th Meeting, American Chemical Society,
Chicago, 111., Sept. 1964.)
With the objective of evaluating potassium permanganate for
use in air pollution abatement, its odor-destroying properties
were investigated on a number of malodorous organic and in-
organic compounds. Reactions conditions similar to those ex-
isting in gas-scrubbing devices were employed. Threshold odor
determinations before and after permanganate treatment were
used for measuring the deodorizing action. Although perman-
ganate will not destroy all odors, its spectrum of effectiveness
appears to warrant its consideration as an air pollution abate-
ment chemical, particularly since odoriferous samples from
process streams of asphalt and rendering plants were success-
fully treated by the permanganate method. (Author abstract
modified)
04664
S. Ono
ODOR PRODUCED AND ITS CONTROL BY WET
SCRUBBING IN NIGHTSOIL TREATMENT PLANT. Trans.
Soc. Heating, Air- Conditioning, and Sanitary Engrs. (Japan)
3, 42-7, 1965.
The aim was to reinforce existing knowledge by fundamental
studies of wet scrubbing systems as odor controlling systems
in nightsoil treatment plants. Experimentswere conducted to
determine the effectiveness of removing H2S and NH3 by
spray scrubbing and water film scrubbing. Water film
scrubbing was more effective than spray scrubbing.
04666
I. W. Santry, Jr.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE ODOR CONTROL MEASURES. J.
Water Pollution Control Federation 38, (3) 459-63, Mar. 1966.
(Presented at the Texas Water and Sewage Works Short
School, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Mar. 2, 1965.)
Physical, chemical and biological procedures are discussed as
methods for the control of hydrogen sulfide odors from sewers
and wastewater treatment plants. Included are: venting air in-
jection, chlorine compounds, ozone and bacteria. It is.con-
cluded that combinations of the above methods yield the best
total results, and that good housekeeping practices accomplish
the most economical, multi-purpose odor control.
04669
W. Strauss
ODOUR CONTROL FOR THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES.
Chem. Process. Eng 46, (3) 133-7, 139, Mar. 1965.
The sources and nature of odor, as well as means of measur-
ing odors, are reviewed. Various methods of prevention are
compared: gas scrubbing, adsorption, combustion and mask-
ing. Although these approximate to chemical engineering prac-
tice in some respects, they differ markedly and these dif-
ferences are examined.
04773
D. F. Adams
A SURVEY OF EUROPEAN KRAFT MILL ODOR REDUC-
TION SYSTEMS. TAPPI, 48 TAPPI 48, (5) 83V4A-7A, May
2965. (Presented at the Air Pollution Symposium, 148th Na-
tional Meeting, American Chemical Society, Chicago, HI.,
Aug. 30-Sept. 4, 1964.)
During the spring and summer of 1964, a study was made of
selected kraft pulp mill installations in Norway, Sweden, Fin-
land, France, Italy, and Austria. Information was obtained by
personal interview with technical personnel in the mills and
research workers in institutes and universities. Equipment in
eighteen mills was observed and the unique features of these
processes reported. The principal methods contributing to odor
reduction included incineration, alkaline absorption, heat
recovery, black liquor oxidation, and chlorine treatment.
(Author abstract modified)
04781
T. T. Collins, Jr.
NEW SYSTEMS PROPOSED FOR KRAFT MILL ODOR
CONTROL AND HEAT RECOVERY. Paper Trade J. 149, (22)
34-5, May 31, 1965.
Venturi scrubbing and block liquor oxidation are briefly
reviewed. If oxidation is coupled with black liquor soap
skimming the combination becomes a profitable proposition
for increased soap yield. Using stack gas heat recovery ap-
paratus as a part of the odor control system for the first time
makes profitable a combination process for the reduction of
kraft pulp mill odors. Heat recovery from stack gases coupled
with black liquor oxidation and increased black liquor soap
skimmings can play a profitable role in the future odor control
requirements of the kraft pulp industry.OO
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
49
04783
W. H. Buxton and M. W. Lapointe
CHEMICAL RECOVERY AND ODOR ABATEMENT ON A
KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACE. TAPPI 48, (5) 112A-3A,
May 1965. (Presented at the Pacific Section Meeting, Techni-
cal Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Longview,
Wash., Nov. 18, 1964.)
Air pollution at Western Kraft Corp. in Albany, Ore., has been
substantially reduced by establishing uniform recovery furnace
control and utilizing secondary stack gas chemical recovery.
Using wet gas scrubbers in conjunction with an alkaline
shower wash, sodium ion collection efficiencies as high as
50% have been reported Hydrogen sulfide recovery of 90%
was obtained during extensive testing. Chemical fallout in
general on mill property has been reduced 94%. (Author ab-
stract)
04861
I. B. Douglass
SOME CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF KRAFT ODOR CONTROL.
Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 15, 1967.)
The kraft process, by which more than 60% of all wood pulp
made in the U. S. is manufactured creates an air pollution
problem by releasing methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and
hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere. Most of the problem is as-
sociated with the emission of gases from the digester, the
direct evaporator and the recovery furnace. In this paper the
chemistry involved in odor formation, in black liquor oxida-
tion, and in the destruction of malodorous compounds by
burning, chlorination and treatment with ozone will be
discussed. (Author abstract)
04882L
National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc., New York,
N. Y.
STATUS OF PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS AND FUTURE
RESEARCH NEEDS IN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CON-
TROL AT-TBull-29, 13p., June 1966.
The current status of research and technical programs con-
cerning the kraft mill industry is reviewed. The following top-
ics are included: (1) Analytical methods for source-gas sam-
pling and gas-flow measurement, (2) Black liquor oxidation, (3)
Absorption and oxidation of sulfur compounds, (4) Paniculate
emission control, (5) Meteorology and ambient-air- sampling
techniques, (6) Cooperative mill service activities, and (7)
Staff technical activities.
04887L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
ABSORPTION OF ODOROUS SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN
CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SOLUTIONS. (Atmospheric Pol-
lution Technical Bulletin No. 23.) Mar. 1965. 23 pp.
The data reported herein cover the complete study on the utili-
ty of NaOH and acidic and basic C12 solutions as absorbents
for odor producing sulfur compounds associated with kraft
pulp mills. Absorption of H2S and CH3SH into aqueous solu-
tion of C12, NaOH, and C12 plus sodium NaOH was studied
using a 2' diameter absorption column packed with 1/4' Intalox
saddles. Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemi-
cal reactions occurring in aqueous C12 and hydroxide media.
Potentiometric titration methods were used to follow the reac-
tions of C12 CH3SH, (CH3)2 S2, (CH3)2S in aqueous O2 solu-
tions. The final product of C12 oxidation of H2S in aqueous
solution is sulfate or collodial sulfur and sulfate. The sulfur-
sulfate production ratio requires between 1.5 and 4 moles of
C12 per mole of sulfide oxidized depending upon pH. CH3SH
reacts with one mole of C12 forming (CH3)2S2 as a stable in-
termediate product. Continued C12 addition to aqueous acid
systems results in formation of a second intermediate,
probably dimethyl disulfoxide, and a final product sulfonyl
chloride. In basic soltuion only disulfide is formed by the C12-
mercaptan reaction. (CH3)2S forms sulfoxide upon reaction
with C12 and further reactions do not appear to occur. The
results of the absorption studies indicate that aqueous C12
solutions at a pH above 12 are effective absorbents for H2S
removal in absorption equipment designed to handle sulfur in
suspension. The absorption of CH3SH in aqueous C12 solution
appeared to be impractical since (CH3)S2 was apparently the
only product formed and was stripped from the tower by the
gas stream. Hydroxide solution was an effective absorbent for
both CH3SH and H2)s when hydroxide to sulfide or mercap-
tan feed ratios were greater than 1 or 1.8 respectively, and
mercaptan absorption rate was twice that for sulfide absorp-
tion. (Author summary)
04943
H. L. Bamebey
REMOVAL OF EXHAUST ODORS FROM SOLVENT EX-
TRACTION OPERATION BY ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AD-
SORPTION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (9) 422, Sept.
1965.
Isopropyl alcohol vapor is being exhausted in 2000 cfm of air
at 120 deg F from a process involving the extraction of lemon
pulp by the solvent. The emission also contains trace quanti-
ties of hydrochloric acid droplets and a varying amount of par-
ticulate matter from fruit skins and peelings. The emission
caused a fire hazard and was credited with a contribution to
the smog problem. The rate of emission of isopropyl alcohol
was 35 gallons per hour. A liquid scrubber is used to remove
the paniculate matter and acid fumes. The scrubber uses a 1 N
sodium carbonate solution. The scrubber is followed by the ac-
tivated charcoal adsorption system. This consists of two
horizontal absorbers containing beds of activated charcoal, a
condenser, and the necessary storage tanks, piping, valves,
and controls. The solvent is removed from the charcoal bed by
steam stripping and is condensed along with pan of the steam.
This adsorption-desorption cycle can be repeated many times
per day for a period of years until the charcoal bed becomes
contaminated with high molecular weight substances. The con-
densed dilute alcohol is concentrated in a fractionating column
so that it can be reused in the process. The odor, hydrochloric
acid fumes, and paniculate matter are reduced to the point
that they are not readily detectable. The effluent air stream
contains less than 0.05 Ib per hour of isopropyl alcohol. The
system continuously removes and returns for reuse in excess
of 95 percent of the isopropyl alcohol vapor coming to the
unit. The five percent loss of solvent does not represent ex-
haust to the atmosphere but is mainly caused by losses in col-
lection and in the distillation of the dilute solvent. The total
operating costs for the required electrical power, cooling
water, steam, maintenance, chemicals, and supervision is
about one-seventh of the market value for new alcohol.
04949
J. S. Eckert
USE OF PACKED BEDS FOR SEPARATION OF EN-
TRAINED PARTICLES AND FUMES FROM AND ADI
STREAM. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (2) 95-8, Feb.
1966.
-------
50
ODORS
The principles upon which the applications of the various
types of packed beds are based, as well as the applications
themselves, are discussed. The packed bed originates from the
classical concept of mass transfer which theorizes that the
transfer of mass from a gas to a liquid phase will be controlled
principally at the interface between the gas and the liquid.
Although packed beds are the key pan of most of the univer-
sal scrubbing equipment in present use, there are definite
limitations to their application. They will remove paniculate
matter of 1 micron-(or larger) size by impingement. Between
0.01 to 1 micron-mean-diameter-size particles require electro-
static precipitation for efficient removal. Below 0.01 micron-
size particles can again be efficiently removed by packed beds
by a different mechanism where turbulence of the gas and the
liquid brings the molecules or groups of molecules into inti-
mate contact to effect a transfer from the gas to the liquid
phase. Various types of scrubbers are discussed as follows: (1)
Cross Flow Scrubbers operate with the gas stream moving
horizontally through the bed while it is irrigated by liquid flow-
ing downward through it These scrubbers are useful in remov-
ing particles of 10 microns or more; (2) Counter-Current Flow
beds are the most commonly used by industry. Here the ir-
rigating liquid moves downward through the bed and the gas
moves upward. These beds can develop more than one
theoretical plate of transfer per unit and they use less
scrubbing liquid than other types where a large amount of gas
is to be removed; (3) Parallel Flow Scrubbers operate with gas
and liquid progressing through the bed in the same direction
and are ideal for dust laden atmospheres; (4) Co-Current Flow
Scrubbers operate much as the parallel flow except that much
more liquid is used per cubic ft of gas scrubbed. High pressure
drop makes them useful in removal of particles down to less
than 1 micron in size. The fluid flow is usually vertically
downward. Odorous constituents are commonly removed by
packed beds, sometimes in conjunction with adsorbents.
04950
McKean, William T., Jr., Bjorn F. Hmtfiord, K. V. Sarkanen,
L. Price, and I. B. Douglas
EFFECT OF KRAFT PULPING CONDITIONS ON THE FOR-
MATION OF METHYL MERCAPTAN AND DIMETHYL
SULFIDE. Tappi, 50(8):400-405, Aug. 1968. 23 refs. (Presented
in pan at the 50th Annual Meeting, Technical Assoc. of the
Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N.Y., Feb. 21-25, 1965.)
Review of the available data on the formation of methyl mer-
captan and dimethyl sulfide in kraft pulping allows the estima-
tion of the kinetic characteristics of these reactions for soft-
wood species. The summative rate of methyl mercaptan plus
dimethyl sulfide formation is proportional to the initial
hydrosulfide concentration in accordance with an SN2
mechanism. The formation of dimethyl sulfide from methyl
mercaptan and lignin methoxyl groups appears to be subject to
some unusual catalytic effects. Larger amounts of methyl mer-
captan and dimethyl sulfide are produced from hardwoods
than from softwoods because of a rapid initial demethylation
of some labile methoxyl groups. In softwood cooks the forma-
tion of dimethyl sulfide can be reduced by short, high-tem-
perature cooks while the temperature effect on mercaptan for-
mation is rather insignificant. More effective reduction in odor
formation is possible by lowering the sulfidity and by keeping
black liquor recycle at a minimum. (Authors' abstract)
04951
Sarkanen, K. V.
EFFECT OF NEW PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ON AIR POL-
LUTION POTENTIAL. In: Proceedings of the International
Conference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: U. S. Public Health Service, National Council
for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. ((1966)),
p. 311-334. 19 refs.
An ideal pulping process would selectively remove the major
pan of lignin (28% in conifers) and extractives of wood leav-
ing the major pan of polysaccharide components (69% in
conifers) in the pulp. In the long run, sulfide-free alkaline
pulping systems may well provide the ultimate solution for
kraft mill odor problems. Meanwhile, the odor emission
problems of existing kraft mills require more immediate atten-
tion. Several methods are already available for the efficient
control of odor emissions from digester systems. The chemical
recovery, including black liquor evaporation and combustion,
leaves, however, much to be desired in terms of efficient odor
containment. The carbonation transfer of hydrogen sulfide is
proposed as an alternative to black liquor oxidation. Another
approach is to stabilize the polysaccharide components to the
degree of sufficient survival under the longer reaction periods
necessary for delignification by NaOH alone.
04952
T. T. C. Shin, B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen, and L. N.
Johanson
HYDROGEN SULFIDE VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM IN
AQUEOUS SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
AND PH. Preprint. 1966.
The Kraft pulping process continues to increase in importance,
both as to number and capacity of mills. Concurrently,
requirements are becoming ever more stringent concerning
emanation of odors. In this and a subsequent paper, data are
presented which are of fundamental importance to an un-
derstanding of situations in which hydrogen sulfide or methyl
mercaptan may be transferred between liquid and vapor
phases. Vapor-liquid equilibrium relationships of hydrogen sul-
fide in buffered systems are presented as a function of tem-
perature and pH. Measurements were made by a potentiomet-
ric titration technique, at temperatures ranging from 80 to 185
C and using solutions buffered to pH values of 2, 5, 6, 7, 8,
10, 12 and 13 at 25 C. Concentrations ranged from 0.00097 to
0.0315 moles of hydrogen sulfide per liter of buffered solution.
If the degree of dissociation of hydrogen sulfide is taken into
consideration, it is then possible to express vapor pressure of
hydrogen sulfide in equation form, in terms of temperature,
concentration, and pH of the solution. New values of the first
dissociation constant up to 185 C are presented.
04953
T. T. C. Shih, B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen, and L. N.
Johanson
METHYL MERCAPTAN VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM IN
AQUEOUS SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
AND PH. Preprint. 1965. ,
The vapor-liquid equilibria of methyl mercaptan in buffer solu-
tions were studied as a function of temperature and pH. Mea-
surements were made at temperatures ranging from 80 to 185
C., using solutions buffered to pH values of 7, 8, 10, 12, 13
and 14 at 25 C., and containing from 0.00182 to 0.0451 moles
per liter of methyl mercaptan. These measurements also neces-
sitated preliminary kinetic studies of the rate of dispropor-
tionation of methyl mercaptan to hydrogen sulfide and
dimethyl sulfide in alkaline solutions. An activation energy of
22.4 Kcal/g-mole was found for the reaction in one normal
NaOH solution. Small corrections to the methyl mercaptan
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
51
concentration were required at high concentration levels, as a
result of this reaction. Vapor pressure-temperature relation-
ships for 0.01 N methyl mercaptan solution were formulated
with pH level as a parameter. Henry's Law was found to be
valid for any particular pH and temperature. Henry's Law
Constants, the dissociation constant and vaporization equilibri-
um constants as a function of temperature were calculated
from experimental data. The overall expression relating the
vapor pressure of methyl mercaptan to its concentration and
to hydrogen ion concentration is given for dilute aqueous solu-
tions. (Author abstract)
05093
W. Strauss
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONDENSER FOR ODOR CON-
TROL FROM DRY RENDERING PLANTS. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 14, (10) 424-6, Oct. 1964.
Objectionable odors associated with offensive trades, such as
the rendering of meat, fish, and offal have, in the past, led to
the creation of special 'offensive trades' areas, well beyond
town limits. The growth of our cities, however, has sur-
rounded the offensive trades areas with residential districts. In
addition, increased demand for meat has increased throughput
of offal. An important factor is that this material, which would
be otherwise useless, and would have to be disposed of by bu-
rying, is converted into tallow and poultry food. This makes
the design and operation of suitable plant to minimize odors of
major importance to operators of rendering plants. The present
paper describes a condensing plant followed by a carbon filter
which has proved effective and is most economic in capital
charges and operating costs. Three alternative methods for
condensing the vapours investigated were: Direct spray con-
denser; Surface condenser with cooling water; and Air cooled
fin tube condenser.
05332
A. H. Phelps
WHAT DOESN'T GO UP MUST COME DOWN. Chem. Eng.
Progr. 62 (10), 37-40 (Oct. 1966).
It has been the experience of the Procter and Gamble En-
gineering Division that air and water pollution control must be
a combined effort. Attempts to control pollution in the one
realm can easily generate a problem in the other. Several short
examples of the combination of problems are presented. In
one of the processes where HC1 is evolved in small concentra-
tions the quantities are enough to generate a major odor or
corrosion problem in the immediate area. The quantities are
too small to justify any recovery, so a simple, packed water
scrubber was used. The exhaust to the atmosphere is pure, but
the discharge out the bottom is an acid solution which to a
user is a weak solution; however, from the viewpoint of the
sewer, it is quite strong. The solution to avoid a water pollu-
tion problem in this case was to neutralize the effluent from
the scrubber. A rock pit filled with coarse limestone is used,
discharging from there to the sewer. Other caustic solutions
could be used, but in these quantities, a truck load of rock a
month is all that is needed to take care of the acid. A second
example arises from control of particulates. When spray dry-
ing detergents, large volumes of hot air are exhausted which
contain some fine dust particles from the spray drying opera-
tion. The concentration of paniculate in this gas is around 3
gr./cu. ft. and represents an economically recoverable fraction.
Therefore, cyclones are used to separate the particles dry so
they may be recycled back to the process. The effluent from
the cyclone contains about 0.3 gr./cu. ft of even finer particles.
While this would meet the air pollution code for many commu-
nities it would certainly not meet the stricter laws being writ-
ten now.
05408
M. J. Matteson, L. N. Johanson, and J. L. McCarthy
SEKOR H: STEAM STRIPPING OF VOLATILE ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES FROM KRAFT PULP MILL EFFLUENT
STREAMS. TAPPI 50, (2) 86-91, Feb. 1967.
A pilot plant study has been carried out of the SEKOR
process, which consists, in its main application, of the follow-
ing elements: the continuous steam stripping with reflux of
kraft pulp mill effluents to remove volatile organic compounds
and the collection of the resultant bottoms and overhead
streams to avoid discharging effluent volatile organic com-
pounds into the air; the recovery of an overhead stream of
water-immiscible oils; the substantial removal of volatile com-
pounds from the condensate effluents, which reduces the
hazard of water pollution should the effluent be discharged
into water courses; and the recovery of a bottom stream of
condensate water now purified to such a degree that often it
may be reused in kraft pulp mill process operations. Experi-
ments demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,
dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide were removed to a
degree exceeding 95%. Operations were conducted satisfactori-
ly using steam stripping without reflux (SENKOR-A) or with
reflux (SEKOR-B). When the SEKOR-B process was used
under appropriate conditions, nearly all of the volatile organic
compounds were collected in the water-immiscible overhead
stream.
05409
B. F. Hrutfiord and J. L. McCarthy
SEKOR I: VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN KRAFT
PULP MILL EFFLUENT STREAMS. TAPPI 50, (2) 82-58
Feb. 1967.
As part of a program of development of a process for
stripping aqueous effluents for kraft pulp mill odor reduction
(SEKOR), a study has been made of the volatile organic com-
pounds that may be steam-distilled from kraft pulp mill ef-
fluent liquors. Some compounds have been isolated and
characterized by gas chromatography. The materials studied
include an oil isolated from blow gas condensate, an aqueous
blow gas condensate, and several crude sulfate turpentines.
Compounds identified include hydrogen sulfide, methyl mer-
captan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyldisulfide, methanol, ethanol,
acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene,
delta 3- carene, camphene, limonene, cineole, and alpha-ter-
pineol. A large number of additional compounds have been de-
tected. Turpentines from a number of sources have been
analyzed and compared. (Authors' abstract)
05490
K. J. Springer
AN INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE
ODOR AND SMOKE. PART I. (FINAL KEPT.). Southwest
Research Inst., San Antonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions
Research Lab. Mar. 1967. 644 pp.
This investigation was concerned with noticeable levels of
diesel smoke and odor both from two-cycle powered city
buses and four-cycle powered intercity trucks. The program
included field studies, development of facilities and
procedures, study of vehicle variability, and investigation of
two techniques for smoke reduction. Result of field studies in-
dicated that the two-cycle powered bus odor and smoke were
grossly different from the four-cycle powered truck. Reasona-
-------
52
ODORS
ble atmospheric dilution levels from a typical horizontal bus
exhaust were found to range from 100:1 to 1000:1, whereas the
dilution levels from a vertical exhaust stack equipped truck
ranged from 700:1 to 7000:1. These results permitted realistic
simulation of field operation in a specially designed laboratory
odor and smoke measurement facility. The odor measurement
method involved simultaneous exposure of a panel of ten per-
sons to a dynamically diluted sample of diesel exhaust. A
diesel odor evaluation kit, composed of an overall diesel odor
and four different qualities at various intensities, was used as
a reference by the panel. Smoke was measured by means of a
PHS smokemeter under both constant speed and accelerating
type vehicle conditions. Utilizing these measurement methods,
chassis dynamometer, panel and smokemeter procedures were
developed for the city bus (five odor and six smoke condi-
tions) and for the intercity tractor (six odor and seven smoke
conditions). The trained panel was able to relate the effect of
dilution, load, and other operating parameters to the quality/in-
tensity of the dilute sample. These conditions and procedures
were then employed to measure the smoke and odor variability
from ten similar buses and ten similar trucks. Limited in-
vestigations of fumigation and dilution resulted in only a par-
tial or technical success.
05532
A. Lieberman
FINE PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY IN THE CHEMICAL
PROCESS INDUSTRIES. PART I. Chem. Eng. 74,(7) 97-102,
Mar. 27, 1967.
The two main topics of this review are: (1) how the physical
and chemical properties of very fine particles (ranging from
about 0.05 to 100 microns) affect manufacturing processes;
and (2) how fine particles, solid and liquid, are produced. In
the first category, the manufacture and processing of foods,
drugs, pigments, metals ceramics and many other materials is
affected by particle properties. For example: rates of reaction
can be controlled by available concentration of one of the
reactants which can be in- creased by extending the surface of
subdivision; the handling of powders, etc., may involve con-
siderations relating to flammability and explosive limits; power
required for bulk handling can be re- duced by including a
range of particle size; particle size of stack emissions will af-
fect visibility of the exhaust plume. Op- tical properties (opaci-
ty, light scattering, etc.) can be con- trolled by particle size
limitations. Other properties involving fine particle technology,
discussed briefly, are shape, electrical nature and magnetism.
Hazards of particle inhalation can be con- trolled by particle
size considerations, i.e., where particles from 35 to 5 microns
are captured hi the upper respiratory passages from 5 to 1
microns are retained in the alveoli, particles from 1 to 0.1
microns tend to be exhaled and those smaller than 0.1 microns
tend to be captured and retained. Brief discussion of the
production of particles includes, for solid particles: crystalliza-
tion, spray drying, gas-phase reactions, high-energy
discharges, and flame decomposition; and for liquid particles:
conventional atomizers, nozzle atomizers, spinning-disk
atomizers, ultrasonic atomizers, elecfostatic atomizers, vapor
condensation and emulsification.
05624
W. Summer
ODOUR DESTRUCTION (TECHNICAL AND LEGAL
ASPECTS AND HOW THEY AFFECT YHE VENTILATING
ENGINEER). J. Inst. Heating Ventilating Engrs. (London) 34,
229-36, Nov. 1966 and Public Health In- specter, 75:(7):291-
300, Apr. 1967. (Presented at a Sessional Meeting, Inst. of
Heating and Ventilating Engineers, London, England, Dec. 8,
1965.)
Destruction of odors by oxidation with nascent oxygen is
reviewed, in contrast to masking or neutralizing by addition of
another odoriferous material. The nascent oxygen is produced
by ultra- violet irradiation of the polluted air, preferably in an
expansion chamber providing a 6 to 8 sec. residence time.
Design criteria for the 'odourless factory* are given and exam-
ples of application described.
05808
F. E. Murray
REACTIONS OF SULFUROUS AIR POLLUTANTS. ((British
Columbia Research Council, Vancouver, Canada)). May 12,
1967. 88 pp.
The object of the work was to generate information on the
reactions of methyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide, methyl disul-
fide and the reaction between hydrogen sulfide and sulfur
dioxide - all in the gas phase. It was a further object of the
studies to devise methods, using the information gained, for
modifying these compounds by chemical reaction to alleviate
the odorous air pollution from kraft pulp mills. Reactions in
the gas phase were conducted between oxygen and methyl
mercaptan, methyl sulfide and methyl disulfide both with and
without catalysts. The reaction between hydrogen sulfide and
sulfur dioxide in the gas was the subject of a preliminary stu-
dy. The work done and the apparatus used is described in the
following publications which form an Appendix to this report:
(1) Gas Phase Oxidation of Methyl Mercaptan, A. C. Harkness
and F. E. Murray, Air and Water Pollution, Int. J. v. 10, pp
245-251 (1966); (2) Gas Phase Oxidation of Methyl Sulfide, A.
C. Harkness and F. E. Murray, Air and Water Pollution, Int.
J.; (3) Method of Analyzing the Effluent from a Microreader,
L. T. Girard and A. C. Harkness; (4) Catalytic Oxidation of
Sulfurous Air Pollutants, A. C. Harkness, F. E. Murray and L.
T. Girard; and (5) Application is being prepared for patent
coverage on the catalytic oxidation of the organic sulfides.
From the results on catalytic oxidation, a large-scale experi-
mental reactor packed with iron shot was assembled and stu-
dies are continuing at a local pulp mill. It appears to be a very
promising approach to the oxidation of organic sulfur com-
pounds in the gas phase. One of the principal advantages
seems to be that no explosions or tendency to explosions have
occurred in the catalytic reactor.
05852
R. J. Reed and S. M. Truitt
SELECTING INCINERATOR SMOKE AND ODOR BUR-
NERS. Air Repair 4 (3), 109-17 (Nov. 1954).
A method for controlling smoke and odor emission by flue-fed
incinerators is discussed. The burning process, the differences
from industrial and municipal incinerators, a solution using an
auxiliary gas diffusion flame, the selection and location of bur-
ners, a case history of an approved installation, settling and
combustion chambers, the luminous flame burner, starting
procedure, and recently announced installations are con-
sidered. A discussion and the authors' replies are included.
05862
J. E. Molos
CONTROL OF ODORS FROM A CONTINUOUS SOAP MAK-
ING PROCESS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11 (1), 9-13,
44 (Jan. 1961). (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pol-
lution Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26,1960.)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
53
A semi-residential neighborhood in south St. Louis suddenly,
in the spring of 1957, became a focal point of air pollution
complaints. Tracing the odor from the points at which it was
faint to the area where it was pronounced, suggested strongly
that a soap plant, which had been located in the neighborhood
for many years, was the source of this odor. It was found that
the company had been a formulator of soap compounds for
many years at its present location. To soap which had been
manufactured elsewhere were added modifiers, perfumes, etc.,
to get finished products. The company subsequently decided
to manufacture its own soap and installed a unique, continu-
ous, countercurrent, three-stage process to make neat soap
from coconut oil, tallow, soybean and cottonseed soap stocks.
A large spray drier was erected to make granulated soap from
the neat soap. Break-in processing with the new equipment
commenced in the spring of 1957, exactly coinciding with
origination of complaints. The fishy odor appeared due to the
presence of low boiling point amines which were not effective-
ly scrubbed out in the boric acid scrubber. The ultra-cen-
trifuges appeared to create oil aerosols which seemed to act
partially as a carrier for the amines. It is, however, quite
possible that the formation of the oil aerosol and the escape of
the amines were quite independent of one another. The
described control systems resulted in relatively odorless condi-
tions in the neighborhood of the plant for several months.
There were two brief breakdowns both based on the extremely
cold weather experienced. Steps were taken to prevent recur-
rence of these breakdowns under similar or even more ex-
treme weather conditions. With these exceptions, one could
drive by or walk around the plant without detecting any fishy
odor.
05880
V. P. Owens
CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE RECOVERY UNITS IN
MEXICAN AND LATIN AMERICAN ALKALINE PULPING
MILLS. Combustion 38 (5), 38-44 (Nov. 1966). (Presented at
the Sixth Annual Meeting, Asocion Mexicana de Tecnicos de
las Industries de Celulosa y del Papel A. C., Mexico City,
Mex., May 24-28, 1966.)
Air pollution is a major problem in recovery unit operation
because the recovery unit produces the largest volume of
gases discharged to atmosphere. For many years electrostatic
precipitators have been installed after recovery units to
remove the chemical fume in the gases. The gas is heavily
laden with submicron size particles which is condensed sodium
vapor formed in the furnace. Several mills are working with
venturi-scrubber installations to improve collection efficien-
ceies in operation. Oxidation of black liquor is becoming a
'must' for mills that hope to reduce the odor nuisance to a
tolerable limit. In the future, efforts will be concentrated on
the analysis of sulfur compounds in the flue gases. Good kraft-
recovery-fumace operation demands a deficiency of air
through the primary-air ports for good reduction performance.
Under these conditions hydrogen sulfide is formed in the
lower furnace. Sulfur oxides formed in combustion of a black
liquor will react with the sodium oxide to form salt cake and
prevent sulfur loss from the furnace in this form. Direct- con-
tact evaporators, either the cascade or the cyclonic type use
the flue gases for evaporation of the water in the liquor to in-
crease concentration from the approximately 50 per cent level
to 60-70 per cent dry solids. This is the prime source of odor
when black liquor is not oxidized before direct- contact
evaporation. Oxidation converts the sodium sulfite to a stable
form, usually sodium thiosulfate. Direct-contact evaporators
can be removed by designing multiple-effect evaporators for
60 per cent dry solids for feed directly to the furnace.
05929
W. S. Tyler
CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF ODOROUS INK SOLVENT
VAPORS. ((Proc. Tech. Conference, Mid-Atlantic States
Sect., Air Pollution Control Assoc., Newark, N.J.,)) 1-7 (1962).
This article reports the engineering approach to the develop-
ment of controls for fumes emitted during high speed printing
opera- tions. It was found that the kerosene-like solvent used
was being partially oxidized to irritating and obnoxious al-
dehydes by the severe drying conditions, i.e., hot circulating
air blast of 650 - 700 F. After pilot plant runs to test catalytic
oxidation, it was concluded that 30 to 40% of the recirculated
solvent vapors were oxidized to objectionable materials
without a catalyst being present, and with one present, 90 to
95% of the solvent vapors being recirculated were converted
to unobjectionable CO2 and water. With this encouraging in-
formation, the Pt catalyst installation was made. A second in-
stallation provided a six deep catalyst bed of half the original
cross sectional area. This not only evened out the flow across
the bed but appeared to improve efficiency as evidenced by
increased temperature rise across the catalyst. Location of the
catalyst in the circulating systems has the disadvantage of
using about 4 times as much catalyst as would be required in
the stacks with their much smaller fans. This disadvantage is
more than compensated by the simplicity of operation and the
fuel gas economy. Catalytic oxidation not only reduces the
partly oxidized hydrocarbons discharged but also the amount
of tar formed in process.
05930
Massiello, J.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AT DREW CHEMICAL COR-
PORATION. Proc. Tech. Conference Mid-Atlantic States
Sect, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Newark, N. J., 1962. pp.
8-12.
The installation of equipment to reduce air pollution in the
chemical processes involved in edible oil refining and
byproduct manufacture is discussed. In the initial refining of
oils when the soap stock is separated, the oil must be dried
under vacuum and bleached. This resulted in entrainment par-
ticles of oil discharged to the atmosphere. This pollution was
eliminated by changing the design of the vacuum system and
installing a surface condenser before the steam jet, which con-
densed the steam and stopped 99 percent of the oil mist carry
over. The different design of the vacuum system resulted in a
steam savings that paid for the installation in a period of two
years. The new design also resulted in a better vacuum. In the
next step of processing, oils are deodorized by blowing steam
through the oil under high temperature and 1 millimeter of ab-
solute pressure. The possible pollution of the atmosphere by
evaporation and entrainment of water laden with oil was coun-
teracted by installing an extra set of eliminators in all cooling
towers reducing entrainment into the atmosphere by about 75
percent. A centrifuge for cooling tower waters to continually
centrifuge out oil thereby reduces the air pollution due to
residual entrainment. Other control equipment included: wire
mesh demisters; a rachis ring caustic scrubber; a large tangen-
tial separator and an air cooling baffled condenser in series;
extra eliminators in the cooling towers; a centrifuge. Controls
for utilities emissions are also discussed. In summary $250,000
has been spent on the various air pollution control devices.
Expenditure of another $50,000 is anticipated for the next
year.
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54
ODORS
06088
J. L. Mills, W. F. Hammond, R. C. Adrian
DESIGN OF AFTERBURNERS FOR VARNISH COOKERS. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10 (2), 161-8 (Apr. 1960).
(Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Los Angeles, Calif., June 21-26, 1959.)
The airborne discharge from varnish cookers is particularly
difficult to control because it consists of varying mixtures of
solid particles, liquid droplets, condensable vapors and volatile
vapors. Two most widely used methods of control, scrubbing
and combustion, leave the odor problem unsolved. This report
concerns the design characteristics of direct-fired afterburners
which were constructed to destroy these air contaminants
produced during varnish cooking. Results show that the pollu-
tion problems from oil bodying and varnish cooking in batch
type vessels can be adequately and economically solved by
direct incineration of the combined paniculate and gaseous
pollutants. In designing a control system, the following items
should be considered: 1. Hooding. Hoods should be tight-
fitting to assure adequate mist capture with minimum airflow.
Ease of cleaning is a critical consideration because of the
danger of batch spoilage from dripping condensate. 2. Duct
work. Ducts should be sloped away from the hoods and spots
should be eliminated or provided with drainage. 3. Flashback
protection and precleaning. A water spray leg is recommended
for precleaning and flashback protection. 4. Afterburner. The
afterburner should be designed for a minimum gas temperature
of 1200 F with a capability of being operated at 1400 F and
should provide for intimate mixing of the gas stream with a lu-
minous flame. The combustion chamber should be refractory-
lined and should provide for a residence time of 0.5 second.
The velocity of the gases through the chamber should not be
less than 15 fps. 5. Controls. Burner controls should be of the
modulating type to insure continuous and uninterrupted flame
coverage in the combustion chamber.
06103
A. J. Teller
ODOR ABATEMENT IN THE RENDERING AND ALLIED
INDUSTRIES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13 (4), 148-9,
166 (Apr. 1963). (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Chicago, HI., May 20-24, 1962.)
In feasibility studies of odor abatement it was decided that an
integration of pollution abatement components within the
process system might reduce the economic burden to an ac-
ceptable level. Systems were designed for the three different
types of rendering operations. Two have been operating for a
satisfactory evaluation period and a third will be on-stream in
the near future. It was found that the problems of the pollu-
tion abatement could be divided into four basic areas. (1)
Cooker and cooker vapor control; (2) Drier effluent treatment;
(3) Restriction of product dumping areas; and (4) Solvent
recovery systems. Of the four basic areas of control the sol-
vent recovery can be considered as the only one where early
payout can be achieved. It was felt, however, that integration
of the pollution abatement control system with the actual
process equipment would reduce the actual cost of pollution
abatement. Adsorption was chosen as the odoriferous gas
removal process for the cooker system because of the low
cost of activated carbon, its high capacity for organic com-
pounds, and the simplicity of the process. The combination of
all vapor streams in the condensation operation resulted in a
capital investment of the same magnitude as that for individual
condensers. Thus the net cost of capital equipment for pollu-
tion abatement was still nil. In addition, via modulated control
of water feed for condensation, insignificant savings of water
are achieved when compared with continuous full flow con-
densers used with individual condensers. The savings of water
consumption will vary significantly as a function of plant loca-
tion. The pollution abatement expense costs total $550 per
year compared with a savings in water consumption costs of
the same magnitude based on river water use. The net cost of
installation and operation of a pollution abatement system is,
therefore, essentially zero for this integrated installation. In
the case of urban installations, considerable savings are ob-
tained. Additional benefits other than that of pollution abate-
ment have been observed as a result of operation at pressures
slightly below atmospheric.
06106
R. H. Wright
NEW WORK IN KRAFT MILL ODOR CONTROL. (J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc.) 13 (3), 101-4, 136 (Mar. 1963).
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, LI., May 20-24, 1962.)
Procedures for the control of odor in the kraft pulping process
are reviewed. The theory behind black liquor oxidation is that
when the hot liquor is brought in contact with air, the sodium
sulfide is oxidized to sodium thiosulfate and the methyl mer-
captan is converted to dimethyl disulfide, resulting in reduc-
tion of the more odiferous compounds. If the oxidation tower
is situated so that the black liquor passes through it before
going to the multiple-effect evaporator the odor released is
eliminated or very greatly reduced. Thus, in a mill using black
liquor oxidation, the most serious remaining sources of odor
are, in order of decreasing importance, the recovery furnace,
the direct contact evaporator, and the air exhausting from the
oxidation towers. With a properly designed and operated fur-
nace the flue gas should contain no significant amounts of
H2S or other reduced sulfur compounds. In principle, a suffi-
ciently complete prior oxidation of the black liquor will
prevent the furnace gases from picking up any malodors in the
direct contact evaporator, apart from substances like dimethyl
sulfide which are not acidic and not retained by alkali. One
may be forced to carry out the black liquor oxidation in two
stages, using a partial oxidation of the weak liquor and finish-
ing off the reaction after the liquor has been partially
evaporated. An alternative is to do away with the direct con-
tact evaporator entirely. The elimination of the direct contact
evaporators can confer an over-all operating benefit in the
form of heat economy, but at the cost of a substantial increase
in complexity. The balance of advantage from this has to be
worked out by each mill for itself. In the oxidation tower ex-
haust gas process a two-stage process has been developed for
the absorption and oxidation of the malodorous substances in
the oxidation tower exhaust gas, using a gas-liquid reactor.
The gases are first exposed to chlorine solutions of low pH so
as to absorb and oxidize the sulfur compounds to innocuous
products. Then a solution of pH about 8 is used to absorb any
residual chlorine or acid products of the oxidation., Kraft mill
odor control measures are still by no means complete or fully
effective. Black liquor oxidation is not a complete answer,
though it would be difficult to imagine an effective control
system that did not include it.
06280
Folke Hedlund, Gustav Ekberg, Sten Erik Mortstedt
DIESEL EXHAUST GASES. INVESTIGATION WITH
PROPOSALS FOR ACTION. (Communications Dept.,
Stockholm, Sweden, Guidance Group Concerning Develop-
ment Work in the Field of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas, Sept.
1967. Translated from Swedish. Joint Publications Research
Service R-8943-D, 74p., Dec. 12, 1967. 27 refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
55
Diesel exhaust emissions and methods of controlling these
emissions in Sweden are reviewed. The diesel engine differs
from the gasoline engine in several respects, which have a.
decisive influence on the pollution it emits. It uses a fuel that
is less volatile than gasoline. It normally works with a higher
excess of air (leaner mixture) and the devices for feed and ig-
nition of the fuel are quite different. Due to the discharge by
individual vehicles of dense smoke and by the discharge of
foul-smelling substances they have been pointed out by the
public as qualified air polluters. Poor maintenance of the en-
gine or intentionally wrong pump adjustments can result in the
giving off of such dense smoke that this can constitute a
hazard for overtaking vehicles due to impaired or obscured
visibility. Diesel engines can give off various types of smoke.
One type is the heavy load smoke, which arises through load
on a hot engine. Exhaust gases from diesel vehicles, especially
under certain driving conditions, contain substances that are
irritating to eyes, nose and throat. These include: oxides of
nitrogen, hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The smoke from a diesel
engine can be limited by various measures, undertaken on the
engine or the fuel pump, the fuel, and finally on the exhaust
gases. Regular maintenance of the engine is necessary to keep
the smoke values at the lowest possible level. Current and
proposed regulation of diesel exhaust emissions are discussed.
06363
F. J. Anderson H. S. Posselt
PERMANGANATE OXIDATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS;
APPLICATION TO AIR SCRUBBING. Preprint. (Presented at
the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11, 1967, Paper No. 67-114.)
The oxidation of thio compounds by permanganate in terms of
stoichiometry, oxidation products and relative rates to deter-
mine its effectiveness in destroying the odoriferious sulfur
functional group was examined. From the general classes of
thiols, sulfides, disulfides and sulfoxides, only the lower
molecular weight - more volatile — compounds were studied.
Because of their volatility, these compounds, or compounds of
similar functionality, might be expected to be found in process
gas streams. Permanganic has proved useful in scrubbing vari-
ous process gas streams; the results obtained in this study
demonstrate the usefulness of permanganate in removing sul-
furous compounds from gas streams. (Author abstract
modified)
06366
David M. Benforado, Joseph Waitkus
FUME CONTROL IN WIRE ENAMELING BY DIRECT-
FLAME INCINERATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
18(l):24-26, Jan. 1968. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-
16, 1967.)
The results of source tests to demonstrate the applicability of
direct-flame incineration for the control of the effluent from a
wire-enameling bake oven are presented. The tests were con-
ducted with a portable direct-flame incinerator under actual
plant conditions. The efficiency of direct-flame incineration
was established at incineration temperatures of 1000, 1200, and
1400 deg F. Evaluation of incineration efficiency was per-
formed by both analysis and quantitative odor measurement
using an odor panel. (Authors' abstract)
06412
J. L. Mills, J. A. Danielson, L. K. Smith
CONTROL OF ODORS FROM INEDIBLE RENDERING AND
FISH MEAL REDUCTION IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY.
Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper
No. 67-10.)
Control equipment for the counteraction of odors emitted dur-
ing the reduction processes at rendering plants and fish meal
reduction plants were described. The condenser-afterburner
odor control system and chlorinator-scrubber odor control
system are used to control odors from the rendering cooker
and fish meal dryer, respectively. Both systems reduce these
prominent odors by nearly 100 percent. When these main
sources have been controlled, further reductions of odors from
reduction plants can be achieved using similar control devices
on other sources such as expellers, centrifuges, heated tallow
processes, fish oil defatting equipment, etc. Lastly, but of
equal importance, is a good housekeeping program incorporat-
ing a thorough washdown of equipment and floors each work-
ing day, and a conscientious maintenance program for the
equipment, which is constantly subject to severe corrosion.
06453
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE - PART 2 (MONTHLY PROGRESS REPT. NO.
3, MAR. 15 - APR. 15, 1967). Southwest Research Inst., San
Antonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab. 12 pp. (May
3, 1967).
The fleet test of a smoke suppressant additive began on April
1 and is currently in progress. The initial tests indicate that the
smoke suppressant additive was effective in reducing visible
exhaust smoke. The investigation of the effect of the Jacobs
engine brake on exhaust smoke and odor from a two-cycle
powered bus is under way. A plan of test has been formulated
for the evaluation of the three types of catalytic mufflers for
installation on two-cycle powered municipal buses. Clarifica-
tion of the exhaust gas constituents of primary interest and
their method of analysis for correlation with human odor panel
responses has been obtained.
06525
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AMD SMOKE - PART 2 (MONTHLY PROGRESS REPT. NO.
5, MAY 15 - - JUNE 15, 1967). Southwest Research Inst., San
Antonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab. (July 1,
1967). 102 pp.
The results are presented of the investigation of the effect of
engine derating on smoke and odor using the Detroit Diesel 6-
71 N and Cummins NH-220 powered truck-tractors. The fleet
test of a smoke suppressant additive has completed two
months of operation. Initial experiments were under way using
a variety of gas chromatography columns, sampling methods,
and procedures to determine the feasibility of relating an in-
strumental technique with the human panel responses.
06636
Bureau of Mines, Washington, C.C.
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT FOR
THE QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 1968. In cooperation
with the Public Health Health Service.) (Mar. 31, 1967) 87 pp.
-------
56
ODORS
This report covers progress on research in the tailoring areas:
Sulfur dioxide removal from flue gas; Removal of sulfur ox-
ides from flue gas with manganese oxide and improved
regeneration; Economic evaluation of processes for the
removal of sulfur dioxide from flue gas; Characteristics and
removal of pyritic sulfur from selected American coals; Pollu-
tion by chlorine in coal combustion; Flame characteristics
causing air pollution; Characteristics and photochemical reac-
tivity of vehicular emissions; Mechanisms of air pollution
reactions; Effects of engine, fuel and combustion system
parameters on vehicular emissions; Composition, smoke and
odor of diesel exhausts.
06688
W. S. Sease and G. F. Connell
PUT OZONE TO WORK TREATING PLANT WASTE
WATER. Plant Eng. 20 (11), 126-7 (Nov. 1966).
Ozone is an extremely versatile chemical used for water treat-
ment, and waste, odor and air pollution control. In natural
states it occurs in concentrations of 0.01 0.02 ppm by
volume. Of all the methods of commercial production, corona
discharge is the most successful technique for industrial appli-
cation. In generating ozone, a minimum voltage of 1500V is
impressed upon a conductor. Between conductor and ground,
there is a non-conductor and an air gap. The corona discharge
occurs in this gap. Concentrations of 1% by weight, or 6000
ppm by volume can be produced on a consistent and practical
basis. Ozone, as an oxidizing agent, purifies water from or-
ganic matter, bacteria and viruses and facilitates filtering of
solvable ferrous and manganese salts. In waste treatment
plants which employ primary and secondary systems for waste
removal, ozone provides the tertiary or final polishing treat-
ment of the effluent. Properly handled, toxicity of ozone
presents no greater problem than any normal compressor or
motor.
06859
I. S. Shah
NEW FLUE-GAS SCRUBBING SYSTEM REDUCES AIR POL-
LUTION. Chem. Eng., 74(7):84-86, March 27, 1967.
A new two-stage scrubbing system is described which consists
of evaporator, scrubber, separator and cooling tower in which
99% cleaner and 500-600F cooler. Two oxidation systems are
utilized, one for weak black liquor and the other for strong
black liquor. The latter is installed immediately after the multi-
ple effect evaporator. Air oxidation of black liquor decreases
the loss of hydrogen sulfide because oxygen converts Na2S to
less volatile forms that minimize release of sulfur-bearing
gases.
06979
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE - PART 2 (Monthly progress rept. No. 6, June
15-July 15, 1967). ((Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio,
Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab.)) (Aug. 1, 1967). 17 pp.
The evaluation of the catalytic mufflers for use with two-
cycle powered city buses has begun. An investigation of the
effect of adding fresh air to exhaust valves of a two-cycle
powered municipal bus has been completed with little benefi-
cial effect on odor and smoke noticed. The five-truck fleet test
of a smoke suppressant additive is continuing satisfactorily.
The preliminary feasibility study of an instrumental technique
for correlation with odor panel response is in progress.
(Author's abstract)
07224
E. Fiala and E. G. Zeschmann
THE EXHAUST GAS PROBLEM OF MOTOR VEHICLES
(PART 2). Zum Abgasproblem der Strassenfahrzeuge (Teil 2).
Automobiltech. Z. (Stuttgart) 67(12), 419-22 (Dec. 1965). Ger.
The CO content of cigarette smoke was determined by means
of the Orsat apparatus and the Draeger probe. The CO con-
centration varied between 2 to 5% which is about ten times the
concentration in the engine exhaust gas of an automobile
cruising at constant speed. The origin of unpleasant odors of
two-stroke engines was traced back to strongly heated
hydrocarbons forming aldehydes. The effects of various ad-
justments of the carburetor on the CO concentration were
determined. Optimal positions of the choke plate and other ad-
justable parts of the carburetor were determined for some
compact cars. Photographs illustrate the experimental set-up,
and results are presented in graphs. Ignition limits of mixtures
of air, nitrogen, and n-heptane were determined. The exhaust
gas composition can be improved considerably with little ef-
fort if the loss of some peak power is tolerated.
07362
Feist, H. J.
ELIMINATING ODORS BY CATALYTIC COMBUSTION.
((Die Geruchsbeseitigung durch katalytische Verbrennung.))
Text in German. Stadtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 16(3):55-61,
Mar. 1965. 11 refs.
With the rapid growth of the chemical industry, air pollution
by odors has also increased. Catalytic oxidation and reduction
offer possibilities for an economic solution of the problem.
The principles of catalytic reactions are described. In a table
the properties of four catalysts are compared with each other.
These catalysts are: platinum on metal, platinum-palladium on
ceramics, copper-chromium on aluminum oxide, and platinum
on ceramics. The effectiveness of a catalyst depends on the
gas mixture, the temperature, the type of catalyst, and the
ratio: volume of gas/hour/volume of catalyst. The heat
generated by the catalytic process is usually used to preheat
the gas before it enters the catalyst. If the concentration of
combustible substances is sufficient, steam may be produced
in addition. An example is quoted where 47,000 cu. m. gas per
hour with a latent heat of 400 kcal/cu. m. produce 31 tons of
steam per hour. The equipment pays for itself in 2 1/4 years.
For gases of low heat content, catalytic combustion under in-
creased pressure is advantageous. Most economical is a gas
turbine which compresses the gas and, after it has passed the
catalytic chamber, uses the hot cleaned gas. The use of a gas
turbine is recommended for gas volumes of more than 100,000
cu. rn./hr, if measures for air pollution control become neces-
sary.
07374
Hettche, H. O., H. Schwarz, and W. Luhr
WASTE GAS CLEANING IN THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN-
DUSTRY. PART 3. ((Abgasreinigung in dei; Industrie
Tierischer Produkte. Teil 3.)) Text in German. Stadtehygiene
(Uelzen/Hamburg), 15(9):210-212, Sept. 1964.
The dimensioning of a spray tower simultaneously operating as
a jet pump is described. For a fish meal plant, a scaled down
version of three spray towers in tandem was built. The first
tower worked with water/steam, the second with NaOH and
NaOCL, TOWER WORKED WITH WATER/STEAM, THE
SECOND WITH NAOH AND NAOCL, and the third with
H2SO4. Necessary pump power, water volume, and the quan-
tity of chemicals were determined. From these data the rele-
vant figures for the full size plant were derived. Some of the
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
57
figures quoted are for a plant producing 10 tons of fish meal
per hour. For example, the pumps have a power of 24 kW,
and 110 cu. m. cooling water per hour are needed. The factors
influencing the efficiency of a spray tower are discussed in
detail .
07415
Blosser, R. O., and H. B. H. Cooper, Jr.
TRENDS IN REDUCTION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN
KRAFT MILL STACK. Paper Trade J., 151(11):46-51, Mar.
13, 1967. 6 refs.
A survey of secondary wet scrubbing practices showed that
relatively low pressure drop devices may produce a 50 per
cent 3 80 per cent reduction in paniculate emission from
precipitator streams. The per cent reduction is somewhat less
where these devices are employed behind Venturi recovery
units. Removal efficiency was observed to be independent of
the type of scrubber used behind precipitators at the inlet
loadings observed. Final effluent quality was related directly
to scrubber inlet grain loading. Effective scrubbing has been
shown to reduce participate fallout in the area adjacent to
mills. Scrubbing may reduce paniculate emissions to the at-
mosphere, but may also reduce the height of plume rise, hence
dispersion is reduced and an odor problem may be accentu-
ated. It is difficult to predict that any real benefit in either fal-
lout or total emission is obtained at the low loadings found be-
hind some of the new high efficiency precipitators. This sug-
gests that schemes which assure essentially continuous opera-
tions of these units in a good state of repair may be as ad-
vantageous as wet scrubbing. (Authors' summary)
07429
A. H. Phelps, Jr.
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
MANUFACTURE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 17(8):505-
507, Aug. 1967.
The spray drying of synthetic detergents is the major source
of paniculate emissions. Suitable control equipment utilized
during trhe drying process is discussed. There will be up to
three grains of paniculate/standard cu ft in the hot, humid
tower exhaust gas. The fines comprise an economically
recoverable portion and cyclones would usually be provided to
collect this material and return it dry to where it may be recy-
cled. Dry collection devices are desired here so that the
product may be returned directly to the process. The cyclones
are high efficiency, high-pressure drop cyclones with a pres-
sure drop across them of about 8-10 in. of water and have an
efficiency of between 90 and 95%. After the cyclone, the gas
will sually contain about 0.3 grain of dust/standard cu ft,
although this figure will vary depending upon the efficiency of
the cyclones and their inlet concentrations. Control between
the cyclone and the exhaust will vary depending upon the
source of emission with respect to boundary lines, and the na-
ture of the surrounding community. This fallout can be con-
trolled rather easily by devices as crude as a simple spray
chamber without packing, although packed scrubbers and ven-
turi scrubbers are used. The dust at this concentration is not
exonomically recoverable and thus, a wet collector is a suita-
ble application. Some misoperations which may cause air pol-
lution problems are also covered.
07434
E. Thomas, S. Broaddus, E. W. Ransdell
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT AT S. D. WARREN'S
KRAFT MILL IN WESTBROOK, ME. Tappi, 50(8):81A, Aug.
1968. (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York City,
Feb. 19-23, 1968.)
Sources of gas emission in a kraft mill were studied and cor-
rective equipment was installed. A system was developed in
which digester blow gases are passed through primary and
secondary deodorizing scrubbers, utilizing the chlorination
stage effluent. As backup, weak hypo bleach can be added to
the secondary unit. Noncondensable digester relief gases are
burned in the lime kiln. Oxidation control instruments have
been installed on the two recovery boilers to ensure complete
combustion. Number 1 recovery boiler stack has a Cottrell
precipitator, and a venturi scrubber is on no. 2. Both recovery
boilers have scrubbers on their smelt tank vents. Black liquor
is presently oxidized in a Trobeck-Lundberg- Tomlison oxida-
tion tower before passing to the evaporators. Chemical tests
are performed daily to determine the efficiency of black liquor
oxidation. Periodic surveys are conducted on all suspected
sources of air pollution ot determine the effectiveness of this
abatement program.
07479
Springer, K. J.
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE. PART 2. Southwest Research Inst., San An-
tonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab., PHS Contract
No. PH 86-67-72, Mon. Progr. Rept. No. 7 ((184)) p., Sept. 1,
1967. 3 refs.
The effectiveness of several exhaust catalytic devices on odor
and smoke from diesel powered city buses was determined.
The devices were installed on municipal buses operated by the
San Antonio Transit System fleet and put into routine opera-
tion. After a period of time the buses were taken out of ser-
vice and the measurements of odor, smoke and selected
chemical and physical parameters were obtained. These
evaluations were made with the catalytic muffler installed and
then with the stock muffler installed. Preliminary results in-
dicate that the effectiveness of these two identical GM muf-
flers may not be as significant as may have been expected,
although some differences were noted. Secondly, the effect of
exhaust manifold oxidation on odor and smoke emissions from
a two-cycle powered municipal bus was determined. The
system injects fresh air at the underside of each exhaust valve
in an attempt to partially or further oxidize various exhaust
constituents under maximum available exhaust heat conditions.
The results of these initial investigations indicated that addi-
tion of fresh air at the underside of the exhaust valve
noticeably reduced the visible smoke. The experiments were
conducted under maximum power output high engine speed
conditions. Thirdly, the Jacobs engine brake, which tends to
remove soot and carbon build-up in the combustion chamber
and exhaust ports as well as keep the exhaust manifolds clean
was studied. The last fifty buses were equipped with Jacobs
engine brakes and a bus was randomly selected from this
group of vehicles for purposes of evaluating the effectiveness
of the Jacobs engine brake on the odor and smoke emissions
from a two-cycle powered municipal bus. Little beneficial ef-
fect on diesel odor was noticed when the Jacobs brake was
operative versus when it was disconnected. Fourthly, a fleet
test was performed on five similar truck-tractors operating on
a fuel which had been treated with a commercial smoke sup-
pressant additive. The additive treatment method employed
was recommended by the Lubrizol Company. The treatment
level of 565 additive, prediluted in equal parts of kerosene to
promote mixing, is 0.5 percent by volume of the base fuel. The
smoke suppressant additive is apparently effective in all trucks
-------
58
ODORS
under both constant speed and transient acceleration smoke
measurement conditions.
07530
H. O. Hettche, H. Schwarz, W. Luhr
WASTE GAS CLEANING IN THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN-
DUSTRY - PART L (Abgasreinigung in der Industrie
Tierischer Produkte - Teil I.) Text in German. Stadtehygiene
(Uelzen/Hamburg), 15(5):103-104, May 1964.
Complaints by the neighborhood of a fish processing plant
about annoying odors led to a series of experiments to deter-
mine an economical way for cleaning the plant's waste gas.
Drying of fish meal can be done in three ways: 1) the
azeotropic method with perchloroethylene which is rather ex-
pensive; 2) steam drying; and 3) fire drying. The waste gas
from steam drying is rich in amines, and from fire drying rich
in sulfur dioxide. Both carry large amounts of reducing sub-
stances. Spraying the gas in two steps brought satisfying
results. In the first stage the waste gas is sprayed with a base
and in the second stage with diluted sulfuric acid. In this stage
agglomeration of aerosols from the drying fish meal occurred
which were to a large degree responsible for the bad odors.
This two-stage washing method, together with the 1:1000 dilut-
ing effect of a high chimney were sufficient to eliminate the
obnoxious odors from the fish meal plant.
07531
H. O. Hettche, H. Schwarz, W. Luhr
WASTE GAS CLEANING IN THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN-
DUSTRY - PART n. (Abgasreinigung in der Industrie
tierischer Produkte - Teil II.) Text in German. Stadtehygiene
(Uelzen/Hamburg), 15(7):155-158, July 1964.
Waste gas from the production of fish meal contains up to
about 200 mg/cu m of ammonia, 15 mg/cu m of substances
containing sulfur (H2S and mercaptans), 5 to 10 mg/cu m of
carbonylic compounds, and sulfurous and organic acids up to
100 mg/cu m. There are also substances which are reduce by
potassium permanganate, of the amount of 1000 to 1500 mg/cu
m. Such waste gas could be successfully deodorized by a
three- stage scrubber. In the first stage the waste gas is cooled
below 30 degrees C by spraying it with water hi a jet spray
tower. The second tower used 2% NaOH and sodium bleach,
and the third tower sprayed 0.5% H2SO4. Cooling below 30
degrees was necessary to reduce the concentration of organic
(mostly oily) compounds. Results of other experiments in this
series are also reported in the form of th*ee tables.
07875
T. E. Kreichelt, D. A. Kemnitz, S. T. Cuffe
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM THE MANUFACTURE
OF PORTLAND CEMENT. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-
AP-17, 47p., 1967. 29 refs. GPO: 803-789-2
Information is presented on actual and potential atmospheric
emissions resulting from the manufacture of cement. Raw
materials, process equipment, and production processes are
described, as well as the location of plants, and process
trends. Emission and related operating data are presented,
along with methods normally employed to limit or control
emissions from the dry, semi-dry, and wet processes. The
main source of emissions in the cement industry is the kiln
operation. Dust generated in the dry-process kiln may vary
from 1 to 25 percent expressed in terms of finished cement;
from the wet process, 1 to 33 percent. Sulfur dioxide emis-
sions from the kiln gases combine with the alkalies as con-
densed sulfates. In the wet process, an odor problem may
arise from heating certain types of raw material such as
marine shellls, marl, clay, or shale. Another important source
of dust emissions in the cement industry is the dryer normally
used in dry process plants. Dust can be adequately arrested in
the cement industry by proper plant layout and proper selec-
tion of high-efficiency niulticyclones, electrostatic precipita-
tors, or fabric filters. Electrostatic precipitators or fiber-glass
fabric filters that have been properly designed, installed,
operated, and maintained will adequately collect the dust from
the hot kiln gases. In many plant designs, multicyclones
precede the precipitator or fabric filter. Precipitators or low-
temperature fabric filters alone may be adequate on other unit
operations such as handling, crushing, grinding, drying, and
packaging. Dust emissions as low as 0.03 to 0.05 grains per
standard cubic foot have been obtained in newly designed,
well controlled plants.
07971
Kukin, Ira
CHEMICAL SUPPLEMENTS IN AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL PROGRAMS. Apollo Chemical Corp., Clifton, N.J.,
FL-67-65, ((32))p., 1967. 12 refs. (Presented at the National
Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, New York, N. Y., Sept. 13-14,
1967.)
Several classes of chemical additives for petroleum fuels and
coals have been developed that reduce air pollutants from
smoke stacks. These are: (1) combustion catalysts, (2) smoke-
suppressants, (3) oil-ash (slag) modifiers, (4) absorptive agents,
(5) SO3 neutralizing agents. The application of these products
to specific air pollution reduction programs is shown by
several case histories involving the following power plants: (1)
4-cycle diesel trucks, (2) 2-cycle diesel buses, (3) diesel power
generating equipment, (4) gas turbine for peaking operations,
(5) school heating equipment with No. 4 oil, (6) industrial plant
boiler with Bunker C fuel, (7) refinery boiler burning No. 6 oil
and gas, (8) marine steam plant, (9) utility power plant, (10)
coal-fired utility. These specific examples cover the known
types of polluting materials from fuel and coal burning power
plants. A ready guide for specific utilization of the chemical
treatments is summarized. It has been shown that chemical
supplements are 80 to 100% effective for improving the com-
bustion of the fuels resulting in a decrease of smoke, particu-
late matter, odors and aerosols as well as acidic and acrid SO3
with a resultant reduction in stack plume. Chemical supple-
ments appear to be uneconomical generally to completely
eliminate SO2 from the exhaust gases. There are indications,
however, that by reducing the aerosols forming soots and par-
ticulate matter from the exit gases, the smog-forming ten-
dencies of SO2 are reduced substantially.
08104
ON THE EFFECT OF AIR CLEANING EQUIPMENT IN-
STALLED IN THE CLEAN SHELTER. Text in Japanese. Air
Filtering System Designing Committee, Japan. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air: J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 5(2): 1-26,
July 1967
The effectiveness of air cleaning equipment, installed in a
small building to be used as a shelter against air pollution hi
one of the most polluted areas of Japan (Yokkaichi City), is
discussed. The shelter was an old building, recently rebuilt to
provide airtight windows and doors. The equipment included
an electric precipitator (capacity 96 cu m/minute; dust remov-
ing efficiency 90 percent) and two charcoal beds (30 kg of
charcoal for circulating air and 5 kg for fresh air). Concentra-
tions of dust and SO2 were determined for the air in ithe
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
59
shelter and for outside air. It was found that: (1) the concen-
tration of SO2 in the shelter was much lower than outside the
shelter; (2) the bad odor of the outside air was completely ab-
sorbed by the charcoal filter; (3) the dust generated in the
shelter was due chiefly to cigarette smoking (the quantity per
cigarette is estimated): and (4) the quantity of fresh air in the
shelter was 570 cu m/h which is not sufficient if the number of
people exceeds 200 (in which case the concentration of CO2
exceeds the limit of 1500 ppm in about 2 hours). The shelter
can be effectively used during periods of particularly bad at-
mospheric pollution, provided that such periods are not of
long duration. The results were analyzed theoretically with re-
gard to the design of air pollution shelters.
08360
Hansen, G. A.
ODOR AND FALLOUT CONTROL IN A KRAFT PULP
MILL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 12(9):409-414, Sept.
1962. 4 refs. (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of APCA,
Sheraton-Chicago Hotel, Chicago, ID., May 20-24, 1962.)
A kraft mill air pollution problem exists in two phases: The
general odor-control systems currently being used in two
Weyerhaeuser kraft mills are described. The systems are prac-
tical from a cost standpoint and are reasonably effective.
These systems are based on collecting and destroying the
malodorous compounds by burning or by chlorine oxidation in
the case of digester blow and relief gases. In the recovery fur-
naces and evaporators, release of odors is prevented through
black liquor oxidation and by carrying excess oxygen in the
recovery furnace flue gas. Flyash at the Everett Kraft Mill has
been reduced effectively by combining lime kiln and recovery
furnace flue gases before passing them through a modified
Venturi scrubber. Paniculate matter discharged, as measured
by sodium concentration in the flue gas at the top of the stack,
has been reduced over 90%. This is confirmed by fallout sam-
ples taken in the vicinity of the mill itself. The installation of
the systems described has reduced complaints to the vanishing
point. ASM
08361
Hartler, Nils
RECENT EXPERIENCES IN POLYSULFIDE COOKING.
TAPPI, 50(3):156-160, March 1967. 18 refs. (Presented at the
20th Alkaline Pulping Conference of the Technical Association
of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Richmond, Va., Sept. 13-16,
1966.)
A changeover to polysulfide pulping in a kraft mill requires the
introduction of new techniques or modifications of those
presently existing. Preparation of the cooking liquor is
preferably done by dissolving sulfur in white liquor from the
recovery cycle. The dissolution process is considered from a
theoretical as well as a practical chemical engineering view-
point. The procedure of adding sulfur to the digester together
with the wood is compared that of separate dissolution. In
order to fully control the cook, a knowledge of two parame-
ters, effective alkali and excess sulfur content, is sufficient.
Some procedures for the determination of the latter are
described, and preference is given for the redox method.
Polysulfide does not affect the removal of lignin to any ap-
preciable extent It is shown that, with no extra alkali added
fairly small amounts of carbohydrate polymers are dissolved in
the cooking liquor. The achieved stabilization caused by oxida-
tion is probably not as complete as in the case of reduced car-
bohydrates. The net effect on pulp yield is, however, very
much the same as in the case of borohydride cooking. This
build-up of sulfide is probably the cause of the higher odor
level. The differences between the quality of polysulfide and
kraft pulp are summarized, and the implications are that if the
papermaker places the main emphasis on testability and stock
freeness, polysulfide cooking would be a very attractive alter-
native to conventional kraft cooking. If, however, tear factor
is an important strength consideration, polysulfide cooking
becomes less attractive. AA
08364
Landry, J. E.
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION PRACTICE AND DEVELOP-
MENT-A CRITICAL REVIEW. TAPPI, 46(12):766-772, Dec.
1963. 22 refs.
The progress in black liquor oxidation research, development,
and application is summarized, along with experimental data
from laboratory research and mill operations. In the kraft
recovery process, oxidation of the black liquor prior to
evaporation and burning leads to a considerable reduction in
sulfur loss to the atmosphere and improved chemical recovery.
For these reasons, research and development on oxidation
processes during the last five years have proceeded rapidly
and kraft mills in this country have been quick in applying the
results of these investigations, despite the fact that problems
still remain to be solved under some conditions of operation.
(Author's abstract, modified)
08467
Vogel, H. E.
THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SWISS ASSOCIATION
FOR FLOOD PROTECTION AND AIR HYGIENE (VGL).
((Die Jahrestagung der Schweizerischen Vereiningung fur
Gewasserschutz und Lufthygiene (VGL).)) Text in German.
Wasser Abwasser (Munich), 108(38):1088-1089, Sept. 1967.
A report is given in which the 'Purity of the air in the vicinity
of the Shell refinery at Cressier' is reviewed. There are four
plants in the vicinity of Cressier which may pollute the air: a
cement factory, a refinery, a thermal paper mill, and a plant
for the drying of potato flakes. In the refinery, several steps
are taken to ensure air purification: the use of floating covers
to prevent vaporization of volatile compounds from drying
pans, siphoning off and burning of noxious vapors, prepara-
tion of odorless sulfur from H2S and mercaptans, and the use
of refinery gas to limit sulfur dioxide emissions. In contrast to
water pollution, the area of air pollution may entail psycholog-
ical problems such as fears of sickness from breathing noxiuos
odors, of impaired breathing, or even smothering.
08497
Hoffman, Heinz
EXHAUST GAS PROBLEMS WITH GASOLINE AND DIESEL
ENGINES. H. DIESEL ENGINES. ((Abgasprobleme bei Otto-
und Dieselmotoren. n. Dieselmotoren.)) Text in German. Er-
doel Kohle (Hamburg), 20(9):644-648, Sept. 1967.
The various pollutants present in the smoke produced by
diesel engines were measured and discussed. The results, illus-
trated in tables and graphs, show that CO emission is only
1/10 that allowed for gasoline engines and is therefore of
minor importance. Aldehydes with their characteristic irritating
odor are also produced in small quantities and are considered
annoying, but medically unimportant. The nitrogen oxides, NO
and NO2, are produced in sufficiently large quantities to cause
lack of oxygen in the blood, and inflammation of the respirato-
ry tract. The antechamber motor produces fewer nitrogen ox-
ides than the direct injection motor. Amount of SO2 produced
is negligible. 3,4-Benzopyrene is emitted in significant quanti-
-------
60
ODORS
ties when an engine emits a large quantity of smoke and then
only if the motor is run under high pressure. As a control mea-
sure a reduction in smoke quantity is recommended. The
smoke characteristics can also be greatly influenced by the
design of the combustion chamber and proper maintenance of
the engines.
08506
EXPLORING THE APPLICABILITY OF DIRECT-FLAME IN-
CINERATION TO WIRE ENAMELING FUME CONTROL.
Wire Prod., 42(11):1981-1988, Nov. 1968. (Presented at the
Electrical Conductor Division of the Wire Association,
Chicago, m., Oct. 23, 1968.)
To test the applicability of direct-flame incineration to control
fumes emitted in the wire enameling process, a portable direct-
flame incinerator was used. The effectiveness of the incinera-
tion of objectionable fumes at temperatures of 1,400, 1,200
and 1,000 + deg. F. was investigated by chemical and instru-
ment analysis of phenolic compounds, heavy hydrocarbons
and light gaseous hydro- carbons as well as by a quantitative
odor measurement, using an odor panel. A description and
schematic diagram of the portable incinerator unit is provided.
Tabulated data include summaries of operating conditions, of
the analysis and of odor panel tests. The test program showed
that excellent cleanup of the exhaust from a wire-enameling
oven could be achieved with direct-flame inciner- ation. On
the basis of test data analysis it was concluded that an effi-
ciency of 90% (based on p.p.m. by weight reduction of con-
taminant) could be achieved at an incineration temperature of
1,350 + deg. F. with residence time of one-half second when
using a nozzle-mix burner in a properly designed combustor.
As a result of an engineering study to establish the most prac-
tical physical arrangement of a direct-flame incineration
system that could fulfill the requirements of a typical wire
enameling plant, a system was developed for a battery of
enameling towers which is highly efficient and includes a
waste heat recovery feature to make it more economical.
08604
Fiala, Ernst, and Zeschmann, Emst-Georg
IRKSOMENESS OF EXHAUST GAS ODOR. ((Lastigkeit von
Abgasgeruch.) Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Z.
(Duesseldorf), 109(24):! 139-1141, Aug. 1967. 5 refs.
The fresh air dilution of automotive exhaust gases at which
the odor was just detected by 10 subjects was used to measure
the odor intensity. The engine was operated at various condi-
tions and with air added directly toward exhaust valve. The
subjects first breated fresh air, to which untreated exhaust
was added until the odor was detected. The amounts of carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons were measured at this point, for
each of the different operating conditions. The same procedure
was repeated with the addition of air toward the exhust valve.
Graphically presented data show that while the emission of
CO and hydrocarbons considerably diminished with the addi-
tion of air, the odor intensity of the gas increased significantly.
08663
Starkman, Ernest S.
CHEMICAL POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORTATION VEHI-
CLES. Preprint, California Univ., Berkeley, Coll. of Engineer-
ing, 16p., 1967. (Presented at the 134th Annual Meeting, Amer-
ican Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Interdisciplinary
Symposia on Man and Transportation, New York, N. Y., Dec.
30, 1967.)
The gasoline engine will probably be the principal power plant
for passenger cars for at least the next decade. Chemical pol-
lutants discharged by the gasoline engine are now under partial
control. Carbon monoxide and unbumed hydrocarbons from
1968 model cars are approximately 30 percent of that from
prior production. Further demonstrated reductions can reduce
this number to less than 10 percent in a decade. Additionally,
in ten years, oxides of nitrogen can be reduced to about 20
percent of existing levels. Theory shows that carbon monox-
ide, unbumed hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen ultimately
can be completely removed from gasoline engine exhaust.
Present designs of gas turbines for aircraft and for future pro-
jected application to ground vehicles yield pollutant (except
for smoke) at levels below that of the gasoline engine of a
decade hence. It has also been shown possible to eliminate
smoke as well as odor from the gas turbine. Thus with proper
effort, it is feasible to effectively reduce pollution of the at-
mosphere due to transportation to an acceptable level, even if
electrically or alternatively powered vehicles cannot be
developed for a decade. (Authors summary, modified)
08946
Mellor, Joseph F., Jr.
A MULTIPURPOSE FLARE STACK FOR CONTROL OF
CHEMICAL PROCESS WASTES. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 10(6):465-467, Dec. 1960. 4 refs. (Presented at the 53rd
Annual Meeting Air Pollution Control Assoc., Cincinnati,
Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
A flare stack was constructed to dispose of hydrogen sulfide
gas in lieu of scrubbing or recovery. Investigation was made to
determine the feasibility of using this flare stack to incinerate
the volatiles entrained by the vacuum system. Discharge of the
odorous vapors at ground level was discontinued and an im-
proved olfactory effect was immediately apparent. By divert-
ing contaminated process waters into a collection tank they
can be pumped into the hot well at a slow rate and, given suf-
ficient residence time, the volatiles can be flashed off and
vented to; the flare. The burning flame was relatively smoke-
less. The cost of propane used on the flare was 3.22 dollars
per day. The system described has been successfully applied
to five 500-gal glass lined Pfaudler reactors.
09407
Robinette, Gary
PLANTS AS AIR CONDITIONERS. Horticulture, 46(3):26-29,
March 1968.
Plants are known to emit oxygen, consume carbon dioxide, as
well as 'eat' dust. They remove air-borne impurities by dilu-
tion, precipitation or filtration, narcosis, air washing, oxida-
tion, and reodorization or masking. Thus, plants can be con-
sidered among the most effective air conditioners in existence.
The author mentions potentials utilization of these properties,
for example, planting a half-mile greenbelt on either side of
highways or planting fragrant plants near sources of disagreea-
ble odors.
09508
Harding, C. I.
SOURCE REDUCTION IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY. Proc.
Fifth Ann. Vanderbilt Unit Sanitary and Water Resources En-
gineering Conf., p. 192-204, June 2-3,1966. 6 refs.
It is possible at this time to drastically reduce the normal
odorous emissions from kraft mills. Few mills, if any, have ut-
lized all of the possible control steps, many of which are
discussed. Most new mills are being designed with reduction
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
61
of atmospheric emissions as a primary aim. Recent and current
research efforts are pointing the way to better control of mill
emissions by reducing the quantity of pollutants formed during
the pulping and recovery processes. (Author's summary,
modified)
09608
Stahman, Ralph C, and George D. Kittredge, and Karl J.
Springer
SMOKE AND ODOR CONTROL FOR DIESEL-POWERED
TRUCKS AND BUSES. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control and
Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, Tex., Dept. of Au-
tomotive Research, 85p., 1968. 3 refs. (Presented at the
Society of Automotive Engineers Mid-Year Meeting, Detroit,
Mich., May 1968.)
A test facility was developed in which full-scale trucks and
buses were operated on a chassis dynamometer through
operating modes that yielded maximum exhaust smoke and
odor. A system of exhaust dilution was employed to provide
realistic odor concentrations to a panel of judges who rated
the intensity and quality of the exhaust in terms of a set of
chemical standards. Smoke levels were measured with PHS-
designed full-flow optical smokemeter. After an initial baseline
evaluation of groups of buses and trucks with standard en-
gines, various control techniques including manifold fumiga-
tion, exhaust dilution, engine derating, Jacobs engine brake,
smoke suppressant fuel additive, catalytic mufflers, and two-
cycle versus four-cycle engines were evaluated to determine
their effectiveness in reducing smoke and/or odor. Chemical
analyses of the exhaust were made for the purpose of correlt-
ing the smoke and odor reductions with changes in exhaust
compositon. Extended mileage tests in commercial fleet ser-
vice were initiated on those control techniques that appeared
most promising. (Authors' abstract, modified)
09655
Major, William D.
VARIATIONS IN PULPING PRACTICES WHICH MAY EF-
FECT EMISSIONS. In: Proceedings of the International Con-
ference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: Public Health Service, National Council for
Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. DeLand,
Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 265-281. 8 refs.
Emissions from a kraft mill can be divided into two categories,
gaseous and paniculate. Malodorous emissions are subject to
far less control and precision of analysis than paniculate emis-
sions. The magnitude of loss is more sensitive to operating
variables, the chemistry is more complicated and the sources
are more numerous. This discussion is concerned with the ef-
fect of operating variables on gaseous sulfur losses. Evidence
is given which indicates that the wood species has a definite
effect on the odor produced during kraft pulping. Cooking
variables include: sulfidity of the white liquor, cooking time
and cooking temperature. More recent cooking variables are:
continuous vs. batch digestion, and the use of black liquor
dilution in the digester as a means of controlling the liquor -to-
wood ratio. Multiple-effect evaporators are the second largest
source of gaseous sulfur losses in the process. The high
vacuums set up by condensers result in the release of low
vapor pressure sulfur compounds. Operating variables in direct
contact evaporation are: black liquor pH, sodium sulfide con-
centration, and per cent CO2 in the flue gas. Dust losses from
the recovery furnace are controlled with either a venturi
scrubber or an electrostatic precipitator. Operating variables
which influence the efficiencies of these two units are over-
loading, and the temperature of the flue gas. The key to the
effect of operating variables on emissions from a kraft pulp
mill is to recognize the degree to which the various steps in
the kraft process are interrelated, especially in the case of
gaseous sulfur losses.
09656
Lindberg, Siguard
REDUCTION OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTANTS AT THE
SKOGHALL MILLS. In: Proceedings of the International
Conference on Atmospher- ic Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: Pub- lie Health Service, National Council for
Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. DeLand,
Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 335-346.
Over the years several measures have been taken to destroy or
to reduce air and water pollutants from the sulfate mill in
Skoghall, Sweden. To identify the emission points, the actual
departments at the sulfate mill are described. The primary
sources of odor at the mill, and measures taken to dispose of
them are shown in a table. A detailed discussion, with the aid
of illustrations, describes fully the measures taken to control
the odors at each point. It is concluded that the measures to
improve the factory surroundings with regard to malodorous
pollutants had the intended result, and at a reasonable cost.
09661
Lindberg, Sigvard
COMBUSTION OF MALODOROUS GASES FROM AL-
KALINE PULP COOKING. In: Proceedings of the Interna-
tional Conference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate
Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hen-
drickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health Service, National
Council for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida.
DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 370-372.
This paper describes an invention to get rid of malodorous air
and water pollutants by combustion of gases from the cooking
in a continuous digester of alkaline pulp, especially sulfate
pulp. The aim of this invention is to destroy both air and water
pollutants in one single operation. The application to continu-
ous cooking is demonstrated with a flow diagram.
09729
STABILIZED CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR ODOR CONTROL.
Public works, 99 (4):166, April 1968.
When a blower in the wastewater treatment plant in Phillip-
sburg, New Jersey, failed during the summer, the superinten-
dent arranged for addition of stabilized aqueous chlorine diox-
ide. This com- mercially available product was added to the
aeration tank effluent by a simple petcock arrangement on the
drum, and a drip feed. Odors began to diminish rapidly and
were under control by the next day. Addition of the chlorine
dioxide continued for the next 41 days at the rate of 1.3 mg./l-
This product can be activated by the reduction of pH, by the
presence of free residual chlorine in the water, or by the addi-
tion of small amounts of sodium hypochlorite.
09733
Shah, I. S. and Louis Mason
NEW TWO-STAGE EVAPORATOR-SCRUBBER SYSTEM
FOR EFFICIENT RECOVERY OF HEAT, FUME, AND DUST
FROM RECOVERY BOILERS. TAPPI, 5
-------
62
ODORS
In recent years, Federal, State, and local authorities have
enacted laws and regulations to reduce the quantities of air
pol- lutants. This has created a necessity for the pulp and
paper in- dustry to improve overall collection and odor
removal efficiencies. Presently available equipment, because
of some inherent design problems is not able to meet these
new requirements. This has led to the development of a two-
stage evaporator-scrubber system, which offers almost all the
advantages and eliminates most of the dis- avantages of exist-
ing systems. Secondary scrubbing systems have been
developed to enable Ipulp mills to improve the overall dust
collection and odor removal efficiencies of their existing
systems. This paper describes in detail the history of develop-
ment and operating characteristics of the two-stage evapora-
tor-scrubber sys- tern and of the secondary scrubbing systems.
A new improved S-F type venturi scrubber, as applied suc-
cessfully in the pulp and paper industry, is also described.
(Authors' abstract)
09784
Danielson, John A. (comp. and ed.)
AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING MANUAL. (AIR POLLU-
TION CONTROL DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES.)
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, National Center for Air Pollu-
tion Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, 999-AP-40, 892p., 1967.
((314)) rets. GPO: 806-614-30
The control of air pollution at individual sources peculiar to
the Los Angeles area is considered. The practical engineering
problems of design and operation for many sources of air pol-
lution are emphasized. There are 11 chapters, each by dif-
ferent authors, and 4 appendixes. The chapter titles are: (1) In-
troduction; (2) Contaminants; (3) Design of Local Exhaust
Systems; (4) Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulate
Matter; (5) Control Equipment for Gases and Vapors; (6)
Metallurgical Equipment; (7) Control Equipment; (8) Incinera-
tion; (9) Combustion Equipment; (10) Petroleum Equipment;
and (11) Chemical Processing Equipment. The introduction
discusses the Los Angeles Basin, rules and regulations in Los
Angeles County, and the use of the manual. The appendixes'
titles are: (A) Rules and Regulations; (B) Odor-Testing
Techniques; (C) Hypothetical Available Heats from Natural
Gas; and (D) Miscellaneous Data.
09791
Dey, Howard F.
AFTERBURNERS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air
Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A.
Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-
AP-40, p. 171-187, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Specifications and design parameters, the operation, applica-
tions, and efficiency of direct-fired and catalytic afterburners
are discussed. Examples showing calculations of some factors
considered in the design of a direct-fired afterburner to be in-
stalled in a meat smokehouse and a catalytic afterburner to be
installed to eliminate odor from a direct-fired process oven are
illustrated. Results of stack emissions from several direct-fired
and catalytic afterburners are also outlined. The process equip-
ment and the afterburner used in each case are briefly
described. A survey of installation cost of direct-fired and
catalytic afterburners reveals a general range from 5 to 10 dol-
lars per scfm contaminated gas.
09794
Walsh, Robert R. and Robert C. Murray
VAPOR CONDENSERS. In: Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los An-
geles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, . 201-210, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
In specific instances, control of vapor-type discharges can best
be accomplished by condensation. Other applications require a
condenser to be an integral part of other air pollution control
equipment. In these cases, a condenser reduces the load on a
more expensive control device or removes vapor components
that may affect the operation or cause corrosion of the main
control element. Probably their most common application is as
auxiliary to afterburners, absorbers, baghouses, and other con-
trol devices. Air Pollution Control condensers operate through
removal of heat from the vapor. Condensers differ principally
in the means of cooling. In surface condensers, the coolant
does not contact the vapor or condensate. In contact conden-
sers, coolant, vapor, and condensate are intimately mixed.
Several types of condensers and several combinations of con-
densers with other types of control devices are illustrated. An
example calculating the quantity of cooling water required for
a contact condenser used to condense malodorous vapors from
a dry rendering cooker is illustrated. The design of a con-
denser for condensation of vapor in the presence of a noncon-
densable gas is discussed with the aid of several mathematical
equations. Eighteen pertinent facts that will assist in handling
condenser problems, and processes or equipment whose con-
densers have been used successfully either separately or with
additional control equipment are listed.
09813
Vincent, Edwin J. and John L. McGinnity
DRIER, In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual (Air Pol- hition
Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson
(comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub- 999-AP-40, p.
367-372, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Some general characteristics of driers and some details of the
rotary, flash, and spray driers are considered. Air Pollution
problems, hooding and ventilation requirements, and control
equipment are included. Air contaminants that may be emitted
from driers are dust, vapors, smoke, and odor. Dust can be a
problem in any drier in which the material is agitated or stirred
during the drying process. Drier types that can be prolific dust
producers are direct-fired rotary driers, flash driers and spray
driers. Types that produce less dust are indirect-fired rotary
driers, pan driers, any cylinder driers. Other types that may
emit no dust include tray driers, sheeting driers, and driers of
products such as lumber, bricks, ceramic ware and so forth.
When an organic liquid is to be removed from a material, the >
emissions may include vapor, mist, odor, and smoke. In
gereral, three types of control are used on driers: dust collec-
tors, condensers, and afterburners. All types of dust collectors
are used, depending upon the amount and particle size of the
dust emitted. The types of dust collectors most commonly
used on driers are cyclones, scrubbers, and baghouses. Con-
densers are used when a material wet with an organic solvent
is dried. Vacuum driers are well suited to recov- ery of solvent
vapors. Afterburners are used to control smoke, combustible
paniculate matter, vapors, and odors.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
63
09815
D'Imperio, Joseph
RUBBER-COMPOUNDING EQUIPMENT. In: Air Pollution
Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 375-378, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
The two most commonly employed pieces of equipment for
blending rubber and additives are rubbermills and Banbury
mixes. Types of additives that are compounded into the rubber
may be classified as vulcanizing agents, vulcanizing accelera-
tors, accelerator activators, retorders, antioxidants, pigments
plasticizes and softeners, and fillers. Examples of each type
additive are listed. Sources of air pollution from the mills are
(1) finely ground dust introduced as additives, (2) fumes
generated by mechanical working of the batch by the mill rol-
lers, (3) oil mist from liquid additives, and (4) odor. A major
source of air pollution from rubber mills occurs when the fine-
ly divided dust are introduced into the batch. Introduction of
ingredients into a Banbury mixer is effected through the feed
hopper. It is at this point, during charging, that air contami-
nants may center the atmosphere. Emissions are similar to
those from the mills. Generally, rubber mills are provided with
hoods. Sufficient volume should be exhausted to give an in-
draft velocity of 100 fpm through the open face of the enclo-
sure. The minimum required exhaust volume for Banbury mix-
ers is equal to 200 cfm per square foot of mixer charg- ing
opening. Exhaust provisions supplied with two Banbury mix-
ers are shown schematically. In general emissions are in a
finely divided form and smaller than 15 micron. The most
common control device employed is the baghouse. A well
designed baghouse can be operated with 98 to 99 per cent effi-
ciency. In some cases scrub- also proved satisfactory and ad-
vantageous in scrubbing out some oil bing out some oil vapors
and oil mist that may be present in some
09819
Chatfield, Harry E.
PIPE-COATING EQUIPMENT. In: Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, Coutny of Los An-
eles.) John A. Danielson ncomp. and ed.). Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 390-393, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Asphalt and coal for enamel is applied to pipes on order to ex-
clude corrosive elements from contacting the metals. The three
usual methods of applying asphalt or coal coatings are dipping,
wrapping and spinning. Each application method is described.
The largest source of air pollution from asphalt or coal tar
operations is the dense white emissions caused by vaporation
and subsequent condensation of volatile components in the
enamel. This cloud is composed of minute oil droplet. These
emissions are objectionable on three counts that include opaci-
ty, odor, and toxicity—those from coal tar being the more ob-
jectionable. Because of the nature of all three of the methods
used to apply asphalt and coal tar enamels to pipe, collection
of the contaminants is difficult. One solution is to install a sta-
tionary hood at the end of the pipe where the lance is inserted.
A portable fan or blower is used at the other end to blow air
through the pipe, conveying the emissions to the hood at the
other end. Another solution of the fume collection problem is
to house all the equipment and vent the building to the air pol-
lution control system selected. This method may not be neces-
sary for an isolated spinner or wrapper, but a dipping process
or a process using several coating operations, it is more
satisfactory than using local exhaust systems. Three basic
types of devices can be considered for control of the emis-
sions from asphalt and coal tar application. These are (1)
scrubbers, (2) incinerators (afterburner), and (3) electrical
precipitators. Water scrubbers have been used most
frequently. Incineration is the most positive method of
complete control, but economic factors practically eliminate its
application. The high initial cost of electrical precipitators as
compared with that of scrubber systems, has also made them
unattractive.
09827
Talens, Paul G.
PATHOLOGICAL-WASTE INCINERATORS. In: Air Pollu-
tion Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 460-471, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
Multiple-chamber incinerator design considerations for burning
pathological-waste are discussed. Crematory furnaces are also
discussed since they have design standards similar to those of
pathological-waste incinerators. The cremation of human
remains differs from other pathological incineration only in
that the body is usually contained in a wooden casket. The
casket must be considered when designing these units.
Pathological-waste incinerators can produce emissions of fly
ash, smoke, gases, and odors that would be highly objectiona-
ble. The prevention of air contaminant emissions by good
equipment design is the best air pollution control procedure to
follow. As with other incinerator design calculations, those for
pathological-waste incinerators also fall into three general
categories: (1) Combustion calculations, (2) flow calculations
and (3) dimensional calculation. The factors to be used in
these calculations for pathological incinerator design are listed.
Typical calculations involved in the design of an incinerator to
dispose of 100 pounds of dog bodies per hour are illustrated.
09830
Netzley, Arthur B.
WIRE RECLAMATION. In: Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los An-
geles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 495-503, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Scrap copper wire, with a diameter in the range 14 gage to one
inch, which has combustible insulation is reclaimed by burning
off the insulation in an incinerator. A great variety of materials
composes the combustible insulation: Rubber, paper, cotton,
silk, and plastics such as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride.
Moreover, the wire itself may have a baked-on coating of
plastics, paint, or varnish. As received for burning, the total
combustible content of the insulated wire may vary widely
from several percent to over 50 percent by weight Most com-
mercial wire contains from 20 to 35 percent insulation. Burning
in the open is accompanied by copious quantities of dense
smoke, disagreeable odors, inorganic materials, and ox-
ygenated hydrocarbons. Burning in single-chamber incinerators
produces somewhat less smoke, odors, and other air contami-
nants than open burning does, since combustion air can be
regulated. The only practical industrial equipment available
today for controlling emissions from single-chamber insulation-
burning incinerators is an afterburner or secondary combustion
chamber. The composition of stack gases from equipment with
and without afterburners is presented. Design methods, materi-
als of construction, and operating procedures are discussed
and illustrated.
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64
ODORS
09836
Murray, Robert C.
STORAGE VESSELS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Ageles.) John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40, p. 606-629, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Various types of storage vessels for liquid and gaseous
petroleum products are described and discussed in light of
vapor emission problems (evaporation and breathing), pressure
(advantages and tank design limitations), solar heating, and
design of vessels and vapor seals. The types of vessels con-
sidered are: pressure; fixed, floating, and vapor seal roof;
open top; reservoirs, pits, and ponds; and floating microsphere
foam roof tanks. Specific emissions are vapors, mists, and
odors. These are due to evaporation from wet vessel walls
during draining operations, entrainment of material by winds,
evaporation from the bulk caused by solar heating, and tank
breathing due to diurnal temperature changes. Quantitative
methods for determining the extent of these emissions are
presented and illustrated. Emission control devices and
methods included are vapor seals for floating-roof vessels,
vent scrubbers, floating plastic blankets, vapor recovery
systems, vapor conservation vessels, and vapor balance
systems where various tank vents are connected. Graphs of in-
stalled cost for various types and sizes of vessels are
presented.
09839
Kinsey, Robert H.
OIL-WATER EFFLUENT SYSTEMS.Q In: Air Pollution Con-
trol Dis- trict, County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson
(comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Cen- ter for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40,
p. 652j6j2J367./iJGPO: 8063614-30
Oil-water effluent systems found in the petroleum industry
collect and separate wastes recover valuable oils, and remove
undesirable contaminants before discharge of the water to
ocean, rivers, or channels. The type of liquid wastes may be
classified as waste water with: Oil present as free oil, emul-
sified oil, or as oil coating on suspended matter; and chemicals
include acids, alkalies, phenols, sulfur compounds, clay, and
others. The oil-water separator design must provide for effi-
cient inlet construction, sediment collection mechanisms, and
oil skimmers. Clarification of final-effluent water streams is
accomplished by filtration, chemical flocculation, and biologi-
cal treatment. The most objectionable contaminants emitted
from liquid waste streams are hydrocarbons, sulfur com-
pounds, and other malodorous materials. The method
presented may be used to estimate the hydrocarbon loss from
oil-water separators. The most effective means of control of
hydrocarbon emissions from oil-water separators has been the
covering of forebays or primary separator sections with fixed
roofs or floating roofs. Isolation of certain odor-and chemical-
bearing liquid wastes at their source for treatment before
discharge of the water to the refinery waste-water gathering
system is an effective and economical means of minimizing
odor and chemicals problems. Principal streams that are
treated separately are oil-in-water emulsions, sulfur-bearing
waters, acid sludge, and spent caustic wastes. Gravity-type oil-
water separators are ineffective in breaking the oil-in-water
emulsions. Meth ods of separation include direct application of
heat, distillation, centrifuging, filtration, use of an electric
field coagulating chemicals, air flotation systems, and biologi-
cal treatment. Sulfide -and mercaptan bearing water may be
steam stripped, or the sulfides may be oxidized to form ac-
ceptable thiosulfates, will produce H. S. Acid sludge is
dumped, burned, or processed to recover acid or to produce
byproduct. Spent caustic wastes are generally dumped, or can
be used in the neutralization of acid wastes.
09840
Kinsey, R. H.
PUMPS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution
Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson
(comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p.
659-665, 1967. GPO: 836-614-30
Pumps are used in every phase of the petroleum industry and
are available in wide variety of models, sizes, capacities and
materials used for construction. All the common machinable
metals and alloys, as well as plastics, rubber, and ceramics,
are used. Pumps may be classified under two general headings,
positive displacement and centrifugal. Positive-displacement
pumps have as their principle of operation the displacement of
the liquid from the pump case by reciprocating action of a
piston or diaphragm, or rotating action of a gear, cam, vane,
or screw. Centrifugal pumps operated by the principle of con-
verting velocity pressure generated by centrifugal force to
static pressure. Velocity is imparted to the fluid by an impeller
that is rotated at high speeds. The fluid enters at the center of
the impeller that is rotated at high speeds. The fluid enters of
the impeller and is discharged from its periphery. Power for
driving the various types of pumps is usually derived from
electric motors, internal combustion engines, or steam drives.
Any leak in the pumping equipment causes emission of
hydrocarbon vapors and malodorous sulfur compounds.
Several means have been devised for sealing the annular
clearance between pump shafts and fluid casings to retard
leakage. For most refinery applications, packed seals and
mechanical seals are widely used. Typical packed seal
generally consist of a stuffing box filled with sealing material
that encases the moving shaft. Lubrication of the contact sur-
faces of the packing and shaft is effected by a controlled
amount of product leakage to the atmosphere. The second
commonly used means of sealing is the mechanical seal. This
type of seal can be used only in pump that have a rotary shaft
motion. A simple mechanical seal consists of two rings with
wearing surfaces at right angles to the shaft. One ring is sta-
tionary while the other is attached to the shaft and rotates
with it. A spring and the action of fluid pressure keep the two
faces in contact. Lubrication of the wearing faces is effected
by a thin film of the material being pumped. The wearing faces
are precisely finished to ensure perfectly flat surfaces. For
cases not feasible to control with mechanical seals, specialized
types of pumps, such as canned, diaphragm, or electromag-
netic, are required. A pressure-seal-type application can
reduce packing gland leakage. A liquid, less volatile or gan-
gerous than the product being pumped, is introduced between
two sets of packing at a higher pressure than the product.
Volatile vapors that leak past a main seal may be vented to
vapor recovery by using dual 09840 Kinsey, R. H.
09842
Murray, Robert C.
COOLING TOWERS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40, p. 672-675, 1967. GPO: 806-614030
Cooling towers are major items of heat-transfer equipment in
the petroleum and petrochemical industries. They are designed
to cool, by air, the water used to cool industrial processes.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
65
Cooling of the water by air involves evaporation of a portion
of the water into the air so that the remaining water is cooled
by furnishing heat for this evaporation process. This cooled
water is used, in turn, in heat-exchange equipment to cool
other liquids and gases. The tower is packed with an open
checker work of wood or metal. Hot water splashes down
over the packing into a pool at the bottom. Air, by either natu-
ral, forced, or induced draft, contacts the water counter cur-
rently. Performance of the tower is at a maximum at water
rates of 2 to 3 gallons per minute per square foot of ground
area. General aspects of tower design are discussed. Cooling
towers used in conjunction with equipment processing
hydrocarbons and their derivatives are potential sources of air
pollution because of possible contamination of water. A sur-
vey of the oil refineries operating in Los Angeles County in-
dicated hydrocarbon concentrations of approximately 20 per-
cent in the cooling water of the cooling towers. Individually
the emissions varied from 4 to 1,500 pounds per cooling tower
per day. The amount of hydrocarbon present in the water de-
pends upon the state of maintenance of the process equip-
ment, particularly the heat- exchange equipment, condensers,
and coolers through which the water is circulated. The control
of hydrocarbon discharges or of release of odoriferous com-
pounds at the cooling tower is not practical. Instead, the con-
trol must be at the point where the contaminant enters the
cooling water. Hence, systems of detection of contamination
in water, proper maintenance, speedy repair of leakage from
process equipment and piping, and good housekeeping pro-
grams in general are necessary to minimize the air pollution
occurring at the cooling tower. Greater use of fin-fan coolers
can also control the emissions indirectly by reducing or
eliminating the volume of cooling water to be aerated in a
cooling tower.
09849
Murray, Robert C. and Edwin J. Vincent
SOAPS AND SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS. In: Air Pollution
Engineer- ing Manual. (Air Pollution Ontrol District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 716-720, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
Soaps consist principally of sodium or potassium salts of fatty
acids containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. The soaps are made
by reacting sodium or potassium hydroxide with fats or oils
(saponification). They can also be prepared by neutralizing
fatty acids with sodium or potassium hydroxide or sodium car-
bonate. Raw materials for soap production include tallow,
grease, and coconut oil. These are hydrolyzed to obtain fatty
acids and glycerol by three common methods: Twitchell, batch
autoclave, and continuous high-pressure processes. Manufac-
ture of soap is accomplished by the kettle or full-boil batch
process, the Sharpies continuous process, or the semi-boil
process. Raw soap contains approximately 30 percent moisture
and must be dried in hot-air driers, spray driers, or steam-
heated tubes. The surface-active agents most commonly
known as detergents are sulfated fatty alcohols, alkyl-aryl sul-
fonates, miscellaneous sulfates and sulfonates, cationic agents,
and nonionic agents. The principal air pollution problem in the
preparation of soap is odors. Blending, mixing, and packaging
the finished soap can cause local dust problems. The air pollu-
tion problems encountered in preparing the base stocks are
similar to those associated with a petroleum refinery. Relief
valves, storage vessels, and pump seals can allow volatile
hydrocarbons to escape to the atmosphere. Odors can be most
successful! controlled by incineration. The most economical
method of incineration consists of venting the noncondensable
effluent into the firebox of a continuously operating boiler.
Absorption of odors in scrubbing liquids has been tried with
varying success. Spray driers are usually controllable by
scrubbers. A high-efficiency scrubber, such as a venturi
scrubber, is required to ensure the collection of the very fine
particles. For detergents relief valves can be vented to a
smokeless flare. Atmospheric vents on condensers and accu-
mulators can be controlled by connecting the vent to a vapor
recovery system.
09852
Polglase, W. L., H. F. Dey, and Robert T. Walsh
FOOD-PROCESSING EQUIPMENT. In: Air Pollution En-
gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 746-760, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
Food processing includes operations such as slaughtering,
smoking, cooking, baking, frying, boiling, dehydrating,
hydrogenating, fermenting, distilling, curing, ripening, roast-
ing, broiling, barbecuing, canning, freezing, enriching, and
packaging. Some produce large volumes of air contaminants,
such as odors and particulates. Pollution problems and control
equipment are discussed for the following operations: coffee
processing, food smoking, deep fat frying, livestock slaughter-
ing, and fats rendering.
09854
Walsh, Robert T. and Paul G. Talens
REDUCTION OF INEDIBLE ANIMAL MATTER. In: Air Pol-
lution Eng- ineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-TP-40, p. 770-784, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
The principal products of reduction processes are
proteinaceous meals and tallow. Raw materials and process ex-
haust gases are highly malodorous and capable of eliciting
nuisance complaints in surrounding areas. Rendering is a
specific, heated reduction process wherein fat-containing
materials are reduced to tallow and proteinaceous meal. Blood
drying, feather cooking, and grease reclaiming are other reduc-
tion operations usually performed as companion processes in
rendering plants. The most widely used reduction process is
dry rendering, wherein materials containing tallow are heated
indirectly, usually in a stream-jacketed vessel. In the wet
process, animal matter is cooked in a closed vessel with live
steam. When animal matter is subjected to heat, the cell struc-
ture breaks down liberating volatile gases and vapors. Further
heating causes some chemical decomposition, and the resultant
products are often highly odorous. Emission control methods
include condensation of vapors, flame incineration of non-
condensable odors, and adsorption of odorous exhaust gases
on charcoal.
09857
D'Imperio, Joseph
OIL AND SOLVENT RE-REFINING. In: Air Pollution En-
gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 799-801, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
-------
66
ODORS
Used lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and solvents are purified to
produce usable products by re-refining techniques. Because
the profit margin is small there is very little effort or money
spent on pollution control in re-refining plants. Odors and
hydrocarbon vapors are frequently released without control. A
simple control technique is to enclose all emission sources and
incinerate the exhaust gasses in boiler fireboxes.
09922
Bumhouse, W. A.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND MERCAPTANS AS AIR POLLU-
TANTS. American Petroleum Institute, Detroit, Mich., Com-
mittee for Air and Water Conservation, ((16))p., 1966. 8 refs.
(Presented at the American Petroleum Institute, American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers National Meeting, Detroit,
Mich., Dec. 8, 1966.)
The emissions of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans from
petroleum operations and methods for control are given a
general discussion. The specific sources of both compounds in
refining operations are discussed. The control processes used
for hydrogen sulfide include; scrubbing processes, heat
regenerative methods, and absorption with various solutions.
Several of these methods currently being used are discussed.
There are many processes for removing mercaptans from
petroleum products for which a very brief discussion is given.
The recovery of sulfur as a control process is described. The
cost of sulfur control to the petroleum industry is discussed.
09933
Arhippainen, Bengt, and E. Norman Westerberg
KRAFT ODOR CONTROL—ITS EFFECT ON MILL
OPERATING PARAMETERS AND COSTS. Pulp Paper Mag.
Can. (Gardenvale), 69(8):65-70, April 19, 1968. 9 refs.
Existing knowledge on kraft odor control is reviewed from a
Scandinavian point of view. The ways a kraft odor control
system may affect the mill environment and mill processing
are briefly discussed. Little is known about the effect of the
odor upon people, their psychology, and their attitudes.
Furthermore, the performance of the recovery unit and the
liquor oxidation system, if direct contact (DC) evaporation is
used, are critical to the manintenance of low odor levels most
of the time. The recovery boiler system with no DC evapora-
tor, commonly used in Scandinavia, is discussed in some
detail. Operating costs for this system are compared with
those for a system with a DC evaporator, both with and
without additional odor control equipment. For typical Finnish
cost conditions, the system without the DC evaporator is
slightly favored. Thus, with respect to odor control and cost-
ing, the recovery boiler system without DC evaporator may
prove to be very competitive in many North American loca-
tions.
10005
Turk, Amos
MEASURING AND CONTROLLING ODORS. Heating, Pip-
ing, Air Condi- tioning, 40(1):207-210, Jan. 1968. 12 refs.
Odor problems arise when an affected group of people com-
plains about a smell and demands that it be corrected. An odor
can be characterized by its intensity, its quality, its absolute
threshold and its affective tone pleasant/unpleasant dimension.
It is important to relate any program of sensory odor measure-
ment to realistic analytical objectives. Control may be
achieved by use of increased dispersal (stack or ventilation),
activated carbon system scrubbers, and masking or counteract-
ing agents. The state of the a in these areas of measurement
and control is reviewed.
10009
Fife, James A.
CONTROLLED COMBUSTION FOR SOIJD WASTES
DISPOSAL. Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning, 40(3): 140-147,
March 1968.
The basic design and operating characteristics of several types
of large batch and continuous solid waste incinarators are
discussed. Methods of paniculate and odor emission control
are considered wit emphasis on the effects of firing and han-
dling methods on emission rate. Economics of incinerator
operation are presented. Water-wal steam producing incinara-
tors are compared with refractory incinerators.
10277
Blosser, R. O. and H. B. H. Cooper, Jr.
TRENDS IN ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER
REDUCTION IN THE KRAFT INDUSTRY. TAPPI,
51(5):73A-77A, May 1968. 6 refs.
A survey of secondary wet scrubbing practices showed that
relatively low-pressure-drop devices may produce a 50-80%
reduction in paniculate emission from precipitator streams.
The per cent reduction is somewhat less when these devices
are employed downsteam of venturi recovery units. Removal
efficiency was observed to be independent of the type of
scrubber used at the paniculate concentrations in gas streams
following precipitators. Final effluent quality was related
directly to scrubber inlet paniculate concentration. Effective
scrubbing has been shown to reduce paniculate fallout in the
area adjacent to mills. Scrubbing may reduce paniculate emis-
sions to the atmosphere, but may also reduce the height of
plume rise, hence dispersion is reduced and an odor problem
may be accentuated. The principal benefits of secondary
scrubbing have been upgrading of effluent quality and the as-
surance of an effluent of reasonably uniform quality.
(Authors' summary)
10588 '
Patczynski, R. and R. Gtowiak
METHODS OF DEODORIZATION OF WASTE GASES.
((Melody dezodoryzacji gazow odlotowych.)) Text in Polish.
Gaz, Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warzaw), 42(5):157-160, May 1968.
27 refs.
Known methods for deodorizing waste gases are reviewed:
deodorization by adsorption, absorption, oxidation, chemical
means, and by treatment with substances which either mask or
counteract odors. Technologically, the problem of removing
odors differs from basic industrial adsorption processes in that
no recovery of the adsorbed substances is intended since their
concentration in ambient air is too small. Activated charcoal is
the most commonly used adsorbent, with coconut shells
furnishing the best quality of charcoal. Most noxious vapors
are compounds with heavy specific gravity so that they are
easily adsorbed by thin charcoal layers. The relative adsorp-
tions of coconut charcoal for 26 odors are tabulated. Some
other deodorants used are molecular sieves made from sodium
or calcium aluminosilicon and zirconium sulfate, silica gel im-
pregnated with a solution of (CH3COO) 2 Pb, CH3COOH and
BAC12 or ozone ethanolamine. Deodorization absorption is
often used in scrubbers.
10994
Owens, V. P.
TRENDS IN ODOR ABATEMENT FROM KRAFT MILL
RECOVERY UNITS. Paper Trade J., 152(33):52-54, Aug. 12
1968. '
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
67
The chemical recovery process used in the alkaline pulping in-
dustry produces two types of pollutants - paniculate matter
and malodorous compounds. Wet scrubbing of the paniculate
matter emitted from the lime kiln stack and collection of par-
ticulate matter from the recovery unit stack by electrostatic
precipitators in better than 99% collection efficiency. The con-
trol of the malodorous compounds has been more difficult.
Recovery units designed without flue gas direct-contact
evaporation of black liquor are now available, and when
properly operated will efficiently complete combustion so that
the quantities of sulfur compounds delivered to the stack will
be below the minimum detectable limits at ground level. Mills
having recovery units with flue gas direct-contact evaporators
and efficient oxidation systems have reduced odors as much
as 98% as compared with the same unit burning nonoxidized
liquors.
11008
Shah, I. S.
AIR POLLUTION. PULP PLANT POLLUTION CONTROL.
Chem. Eng. Progr. 64{9):66-77, Sept. 1968.
In Kraft process, chemicals in the form of solids, mists,
odorous and nonodorous gases are being emitted to the at-
mosphere. The source of emission, the theoretical explanation
for the emissions, and the various processes and equipment
used to reduce the chemical and heat losses are discussed in
detail.
11009
Shah, I. S. and Wayne D. Stephenson
WEAK BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION SYSTEM: ITS
OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE. TAPPI, 51(9):87A-94A,
Sept. 1968.
After a thorough analysis of the advantages of weak and
strong black liquor oxidation and after an evaluation of weak
black liquor oxidation in a pilot plant (capable of handling 100
gal/min of liquor equivalent to 50 tons/day of pulp produc-
tion), a full-scale weal black liquor oxidation system was in-
stalled. The system is designed to handle 400 gal/min of weak
black liquor at 16-17* solids concentration and 4.0-6.0 g/liter of
sodium sulfide content. The wood furnish is a mixture of pine
and hardwood, with pine content varying to a maximum of
60%. The commercial system has successfully operated since
startup and provides essentially 100% oxidation efficiency,
even with variations in liquor flow and sodium sulfide content
from 300 to 475 gal/min and 2.3 to 6.6 g/liter, respectively. The
total operating power, including fan, pump, and foam breakers
is less than 100 hp. The extensive and stable foam that is
formed during oxidation is efficiently handled and causes no
operating problems. As a result of the oxidation of weak black
liquor, the sulfidities of green and white liquors are raised
from 18.2 to 27.1% and 22.6 to 27.9%, respectively. The total
lime requirement is reduced by 0.085 Ib of lime per gal/min of
green liquor, a 15.4% reduction. The amount of hydrogen sul-
fide leaving the recovery furnace stack is reduced by 98.5%.
The biochemical oxygen demand of the multiple effect
evaporator condensate is reduced by 27% and the pH raised
from 6.5 to 9.0, thus making the 175 gal/min of the evaporator
condensate suirable for reuse in the pulp mill. Overall, a sig-
nificant reduction in odor and chemical loss is achieved, as a
direct result of the weak black liquor oxidation system.
(Authors' abstract)
11059
U. Franzky
COUNTERING UNPLEASANT ODORS CAUSED BY OR-
GANIC OMPOUNDS. Staub (English translation). 28(3):33^2,
March, 1968. 13 refs. CFSTI: TT 68-50448/3
Methods for the removal of highly odorous exhaust-air and
waste- air components become more and more important. As a
result of the high number of chemical processes and treatment
methods, a correct selection of the purification processes is
frequently very difficult. A survey of the most popular
methods is, therefore, given and measure to be taken to im-
prove conditions in a group of small plants are pointrd out.
(Author's summary)
11136
Benforado, D.
INCINERATION HELPS CONTROL SOLVENT EMISSIONS.
Air Eng., 10(9):20-2, 25, Sept. 1968.
The control of solvent emissions has been under study for
many years in the Los Angeles County and San Fransisco Bay
areas. To methods of incineration which have been found to
provide satisfactory control of solvent emissions are the
direct-flame and catalytic type. The characteristics of these
systems which affect design elements are discussed. With each
new installation, something more is learned about incineration.
It has been found that a properly designed system offers a
permanent solution to the air pollution control problem. Design
of afterburner systems is discussed, and catalyst fouling is
considered. A panel odor testin method is briefly presented.
11137
Brewer, Gerald L.
FUME INCINERATION. Chem. Eng., 75(22):160-165, Oct. 14,
1968.
Odors can be eliminated effectively by either catalytic or ther-
mal incineration in nearly all cases where combustible gases or
vapors are involved. Catalytic combustion is more economical,
whether or not heat is recovered, however, thermal units are
necessary when he exhaust stream contains catalyst poisons.
Success in developing th most effective and low cost system
rests in thorough consideration of design parameters. While
there are guidelines to equipment design, it is often necessary
to run laboratory tests to determine the degree of incineration
that will produce odor elimination for individual installation.
11153
F. W. Hochmuth
ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CHEMICAL RECOVERY
UNITS. Paper Trade J. 152 (40), 53-5 (Sept. 30, 1968).
The problem of odor pollution as it relates to chemical
recovery units operating on waste black liquor from the kraft
process is discussed. Background information, such as furnace
operation, source of odor, and direct-contact evaporation is
given. Emphasis is placed on a new system, the air contact
evaporation system, which permits odor free operation of
kraft recovery units. Data to support the new system, such as
performance comparisons, cost comparisons, and test results
are presented. 152(40):53-55, Sept 30, 1968. CONTROL
METHODS: By-product recovery, Air contact evaporation.
Odor counteraction, Chemical processes The problem of odor
pollution as it relates to chemical recovery units operating on
waste black liquor from the kraft process is dis
-------
68
ODORS
11158
E. J. Malarkey and C. Rudosky
HIGH EFFICIENCY KRAFT MILL PRECEPITATORS. Paper
Trade J. 152 (40), 57-8 (Sept. 30, 1968).
A dry collection system for recovery boilers in kraft mills is
compared with a dry-wet system. Although high efficiency
electrostatic precipitators can minimize fall-out or snowing,
the dry-wet system can virtually guarantee that it will not oc-
cur. Comparative installation and operating costs are
presented.
11220
Tessier, K.C. and H. E. Bachman
FUEL ADDITIVES FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF DIESEL EX-
HAUST ODOR AND SMOKE. PART H: FIELD TRIALS.
Preprint, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New
York, 5p., 1967. (Presented at the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers Annual Meeting and Energy Systems
Exposition, New York, N.Y., Dec. 1-5, 1968, Paper 68-
WA/DGP-5.)
A combination of odor mask and barium containing additive in
diesel fuel is effective in reducing smoke, odor and irritation
from diesel exhaust. It has shown no injurious effects on fuel
systems, exhaust systems or engines. Field testing of these ad-
ditives in American diesel engines is discussed. The major im-
plications of using barium additives in the fuel are discussed
as well as possible mechanisms for their action. Of special in-
terest is a description of the results of using the Ricardo, high
speed cine technique to visually study the combustion of addi-
tive treated fuel. This technique shows in a spectacular way
that smoke clearing occurs principally in the combustion
chamber. (Authors' abstract, modified)
11234
K. C. Tessier, and H. E. Bachman
FUEL ADDITIVES FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF DIESEL EX-
HAUST ODOR AND SMOKE. PART I: PROPOSED
MECHANISM FOR SMOKE SUPPRESSION. Preprint, Amer-
ican Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York , 8p., 1968.
28 refs. (Presented at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting and
Energy Systems Exposition, New York, N. Y., Dec. 1-5, 1968,
Paper 68-WA/DGP-4.)
A combination of odor mask and barium containing additive in
diesel fuel is effective in reducing smoke, odor and irritation
from diesel exhaust. It has shown no injurious effects on fuel
systems, exhaust systems or engines. This paper discusses the
engine evaluation of these additives in American diesel en-
gines. The major implications of using barium additives in the
fuel are discussed as well as possible mechanisms for their ac-
tion. Of special interest is a description of the results of using
the Ricardo, high speed cine technique to visually study the
combustion of additive treated fuel. This technique shows in a
spectacular way that smoke clearing occurs principally in the
combustion chamber. (Authors' abstract, modified)
11673
Jones, K. H., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
CONTROL OF MALODORS FROM KRAFT RECOVERY
OPERATIONS BY PYROLYSIS. Preprint, Public Health Ser-
vice, Arlington, Va., National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration, 20p., June 1968. 15 refs.
The pyrolysis and recombination steps of combustion in kraft
mill processes were isolated for study because they encompass
the reaction mechanisms responsible for producing malodorous
compounds. Steady-state pyrolysis of concentrated black
liquor was carried out over a temperature range of 480 to 1135
C to describe the process variables that would influence the
design of a pyrolysis unit to minimize emissions of malodorous
sulfur compounds from recovery operations. Several additional
preliminary experiments were conducted using soda pulping
liquor as a substrate with various inorganic sulfur salts added
as the sole sulfur source for the purpose of describing produc-
tion mechanisms for hydrogen sulfide as well as organic sulfur
compounds. Results indicate the importance of temperature
with respect to the relative production of malodorous sulfur
compounds during the pyrolysis and recombination steps of
kraft black liquor combustion. The requirement for definitive
temperature control makes isolation of pyrolysis into a unit
process attractive. The thermal efficiency of such a system
coupled with the elimination of two unit processes currently in
use further enhances such a design. The steady state data ob-
tained in this study have provided the design parameters for a
scale prototype system now under construction. The isolation
and quantitation of organic sulfur compounds other than those
most commonly reported suggest that they may be responsible
for environmental perception when viewed in the relative
framework represented by a simple odor model. The need for
improved sampling and analysis of draft recovery process
streams is indicated. (Author conclusions modified)
11843
National Swedish Inst. for Building Research, Stockholm,
Sweden
BUILDING CLIMATOLOGY PART I: ODOR. RN-7/66, 64p.,
April 1966. CFSTI: PB-179562
To assist in investigating the possibility of measuring and
evaluating odor, the following survey of the literature contains
an account of the research reported on odor perception and
odor analysis. The call for more precise measurements of odor
is emphasised by its great influence on ventilation costs, which
often amount to about one fifthof the total initial cost of a
building, and can answer for one half of operating costs. With
a view to investigating the possibilities of formulating more
precise recommendations on ventilation psecifications and on
the location of odor sources in communities, a survey of door
literature of special interest for building research is presented.
The first heading 'Odor general' covers literature of interest
for all aspects. Under the three following headings the litera-
ture is distributed after the purpose of the investigation re-
ported: 'Perception', 'Analysis' or 'Control'. Abstracts are
given with most references.
12133
Korth, Merrill W.
EVALUATION OF A CATALYTIC MUFFLER ON A DIESEL
BUS. Preprint, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Engineering Research and Development Sec-
tion, 19p., Sept. 1964. 1 ref.
A catalytic muffler, was evaluated on a conventional diesel
city transit bus. Based on a limited study, this muffler was re-
ported to be effective in the removal of the typical diesel and
acrid types of odors associated with diesel engine exhaust. The
tests were performed at three different times during the inter-
val required for the bus to accumulate 20,000 miles in normal
operation. The most significant effects of the catalytic muffler
were on odor intensity and total hydrocarbon. The typical
diesel type of odor was greatly removed even after 20,000
miles of operation. Exhaust total hydrocarbon levels were
lower with the catalytic muffler. An average of the results
from four power conditions indicated removal of approximate-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
69
ly 37% of the total hydrocarbon at the beginning of the test
and 18% after 20,000 miles. Odor dilution ratio or smoke levels
were not improved. (Author abstract modified)
12346
Pircon, L. J. and O. H. M. Wilder
ODOR CONTROL BY CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF
RENDERED EXHAUST VAPORS. Bull. Am. Meat Inst.
Found., no. 37, 22p., April 1958. 2 refs.
The feasibility and effectiveness of the catalytic combustion
technique in eliminating odors from the rendering of animal
tissue was studied. An electric heat source was used for con-
venience, although a gas or oil burner could also be used; the
catalyst was of platinum-palladium. The apparatus and per-
formance tests are described in detail. The temperature of the
vapor entering the catalyst reached 700-800 F; the maximum
flow rate was 1210 Ib/hr/sq ft of transverse catalyst area for a
normal packing depth of 3-3/4 in., although there was no indi-
cation that higher velocities could not be handled adequately.
All offensive odors were eliminated from the cooker exhaust
by passing through the catalyst; this was true all through the
cooking and rendering cycle and was accomplished at a tem-
perature considerably below the incineration temperature
necessary if a catalyst had not been used. Considerable cost
savings are foreseen with the use of this method.
12434
Marn, W. L.
A STUDY OF METHODS OF GREASE REMOVAL FROM
COMMERCIAL KITCHEN EXHAUST AIR. American Gas
Association, Inc., New York. Proj. 1A-12. RR-1323, 26p., Dec.
1960. 10 refs.
Methods of removing grease and odor from kitchen exhaust
gases were investigated. Various basic designs were developed
and evaluated for a grease vapor incinerator. Consideration
was given to such factors as gas consumption, grease removal
efficiency, size and application, and materials of construction.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of
commercially available filters and ventilators and the experi-
mental designs of grease vapor incinerators built to determine
the advantages and disadvantages of these methods of remov-
ing grease from exhaust air. The filters used were standard
low velocity and low cost velocity models, 20 inches by 2
inches in size. There were five experimental models of grease
vapor incinerators. These consisted of two basic designs: cen-
trifugal separation of particles, and particle impingement on
hot surfaces. Although conventional grease filters remove
some grease from the kitchen exhaust air, they are limited.
They do not remove all the grease from the air and must be
frequently cleaned. It is possible to remove grease vapor and
particles by impinging the vapor and particles on surfaces hot
enough to incinerate the grease. The grease can be removed
more completely by incineration than by the use of commer-
cially available filters, which was evidenced by the compara-
tive efficiencies. Because it is necessary to heat the baffles in
the incinerator to temperatures high enough to burn the grease
vapor, the grease vapor incinerator should be installed so that
only the grease laden air passes through it. Any excess air will
have a cooling effect on the baffles, reducing the efficiency,
or they will require more heat to maintain the same efficiency.
(Author summary modified)
12480
Yamamoto, Tadashi, Shozo Matsuda, Toshihide Okuno,
Hideki Tanaka, Masahiko Tsuji
OFFENSIVE ODORS. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 53p.
Sixteen short reports on various aspects of odor pollution in
Japan are presented. Analyses of amines and of odors from
petroleum refineries, marine processing and fish handling
plants, KP plants and vinyl chloride 'leather' factories, usually
made by gas chromatography, are described, as well as the
development of a container for collecting samples to be
analyzed by this method. Surveys of the extent and composi-
tion of odor pollution, and of control programs, are given for
Hokkaido and Tokyo. Other reports on control projects
describe a method of eliminating odors from fish entrails by
use of bamboo leaves, and countermeasures taken in an Osaka
chemical plant. Odorimetry techniques by sensory perception
in an odor-free room, by detection tubes, by the air dilution
method, and by the saline solution equilibration method are re-
ported. These documents are abstracted individually under
APTIC numbers 17628 through 17641.
12482
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
THE PROBLEM OF ODOR NUISANCE. 6. THE BAD-ODOR
NUISANCE AND ITS CONTROL. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1): 30-33, 1967. Translated from
Japanese. 13p.
Offensive odors from industrial processes are a particular
problem in Japan because industries are located close to re-
sidential areas and because most factories are too small to af-
ford deodorizing facilities. Moreover, there has been no strict
enforcement policy. Common sources of odors are chemical
plants which process fish solubles into wheat or rice bran.
Measures for controlling odors from these processes are
discussed. One method is to adopt modem, closed equipment.
Another is the installation of dedorizing apparatus. Deodoriz-
ing methods currently used by chemical plants and feed facto-
ries include combustion, adsorption, ion oxidation, ozone ox-
idation, rinsing, neutralization, and electric dust collection.
12506
Jones, K. H., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR, V. STEADY STATE PYROLYSIS.
Preprint, 30p., 1968 (?). 12 refs.
The variables associated with the steady state pyrolysis of
unoxidized kraft black liquor as well as soda liquor combined
with various sulfur salts were determined. The temperature
range spanned 480 to 1135 C. Measurements included mass
balances of gross pyrolysis products, the qualitative and quan-
titative analysis of fixed gases, the qualitative and quantitative
analysis of sulfur, and the heat content of the gas and solid
phases. The results showed that pyrolysis has promise as a
unit process for the control of emission levels of malodorous
combustion products. The requirement for definitive tempera-
ture control in the pyrolysis step of combustion was clearly
demonstrated. The thermal efficiency of the pyrolysis process
with respect to potential heat recovery was quite acceptable.
The fact that the wet gas effluent was self sustaining with
respect to flame propagation eliminates the need for direct
evaporation which in turn would eliminate the need for black
liquor oxidation. Possible design schemes for the application
of pyrolysis were presented previously. The steady state data
provided design parameters which allow the construction of a
-------
70
ODORS
scale prototype system. The isolation and quantitation of or-
ganic sulfur compounds other than those most commonly re-
ported suggested that there is a definite need for improved
sampling and analytical methods for the identification and
quantitation of the total array of malodorous compounds being
emitted to the environment of kraft mills.
12658
J. L. Clement, J. S. Elliott
KRAFT RECOVERY BOILER DESIGN FOR ODOR CON-
TROL. Paper Trade J., 152(40):59-60, Sept. 30, 1968.
It is from the direct-contact evaporator, not the recovery fur-
nace, that malodorous gases are emitted. Black liquor recovery
furnaces can be operated with complete combustion of
malodorous compounds. A recovery boiler design that will
eliminate the direct-contact evaporator and is arranged to bum
unoxidized black liquor supplied directly from the multiple ef-
fect evaporator to the furnace is presented. This design incor-
porated Scandinavian boiler design experience interpreted in
terms of the North American kraft operations.
13072
Akamatsu, Isao and Hiroshi Kamishima
DEODORIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS IN KRAFT PULPING.
2. ON THE DEODORIZATION ACCORDING TO THE AD-
SORPTION AND ABSORPTION. (Kurafuto parupu seizo kotei
haisui gasu no mushuka (dai nifo). Kyuchaku oyobi kyushu ni
yoru akushu seibun no jokyo ni kansuru kisoteki kenkyu). Text
in Japanese. Kami-pa Gikyoshi (J. Japan Tech. Assoc. Pulp
Paper Ind.), 23(6):25-30, June 1969. 16 refs.
Adsorption and absorption capacities for malodorous com-
ponents were estimated at 20 and 29 C. The adsorption capaci-
ty of activated carbon for methyl mercaptan was larger than
that for dimethyl sulfide. For the hydrogen sulfide, activated
carbon acted not only as an adsorbent but also as a catalyst,
so adsorption capacity of activated carbon for hydrogen sul-
fide was larger than that for the other sulfur compounds.
When a mixture of dimethyl sulfide and methyl mercaptan was
adsorbed on activated carbon, the total adsorption capacity of
activated carbon was a medium capacity between those for in-
dividual components. Because real kraft pulp blow gas is a
mixture of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and others, the
adsorption of activated carbon for one was the mixture ad-
sorption, and the adsorption capacity was 30 to 40%. The ab-
sorption capacity of polyvinyl chloride for dimethyl sulfide
was moderately large, but dimethyl sulfide in air was absorbed
only partially. The absorption reaction of ferric oxide for
hydrogen sulfide resulted in water as a reaction product, there-
fore exact measurement of absorption was difficult. (Author
abstract modified)
13334
Ruus, Av Lennart
INVESTIGATION OF ODOR ELIMINATION BY AB MOR-
RUMS BRUK, MORRUM. (Undersokning av lukteliminering-
sanlaggning vid AB Morrums Bruk, Morrum). Text in
Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 66(15):554-557, Aug.
15, 1963. 1 ref.
An oxidation tower system for reducing odorous compounds
formed during alkaline pulping was developed by the British
Columbia Research Council and installed at AB Morrums
Bruk, Morrum, Sweden, where its efficiency was investigated.
The system involves the pumping of black liquor through the
oxidation tower in the same direction as a gas mixture contain-
ing air, uncondensed gases from the turpentine recovery, and
gases from the digester blow. After leaving the oxidation
tower, the mixture is washed with chlorine and dilute sodium
hydroxide in a scrubber before being vented into the at-
mosphere. Gas chromatographic determination of the amount
of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl monosulfide, and dimethyl
disulfide in the gas mixture before and after it had passed
through the tower and scrubber reveals that the system
removes more than 99% of the methylsulfides and more than
97% of the mercaptans. The greater part of these compounds
is taken up by the black liquor in the oxidation tower; the rest
is oxidized in the scrubber. The concentration of the odorous
compounds in the outlet from the scrubber is very low and
their smell can be characterized as 'faint'. About 90% of the
sodium sulfide in the black liquor is oxidized in the oxidation
tower. (Author abstract modified)
13398
Fones, R. E. and J. E. Sapp
OXIDATION OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR WITH PURE OX-
YGEN. TAPPI, 43(4): 369-373, April 1960. 6 refs.
Oxidizing black liquor from a kraft cooking process reduces
kraft- mill odor, reduces corrosion in the evaporators, and
minimizes the loss of sulfur compounds in the recovery
process. Oxidation of kraft black liquor in a pressure vessel
with pure oxygen as a possible means of circumventing some
of the foaming problems attending the oxidation of black
liquor is investigated. Experimental investigations tested the
feasibility of oxidizing black liquor with pure oxygen either
after separation from the pulp or just prior to blowing at the
end of a normal kraft cook. All cooks were carried out in a
laboratory experimental digester. Oxidation of the pulp alone
resulted in the pulp darkening and the lignin content increas-
ing. Oxidation of the black liquor alone would require the
reducing the sodium sulfide content to prevent the formation
of sodium thiosulfate. Costs of reducing the sodium sulfide
content and the cost of the oxygen ($1100 per day) were too
expensive for current applications. Although oxidation of pulp
and black liquor at the end of a normal kraft cook results in
complete oxidation, oxygen consumption rates are high and
pulp strength and color are adversely affected.
13551
Faith, W. L.
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT. SURVEY OF CURRENT
PRACTICES AND COSTS. Chem Eng. Progr., 55(3):38-43,
March 1959. 8 refs.
Pollutants and control methods of the chemical manufacturing,
pulping, petroleum refining, steel, food, and cement manufac-
turing industries are reviewed. Chief pollutants from the
chemical industry are dilute vent gases, acid mists, waste sul-
fides, nitrogen oxides, combustible wastes, and dust. Vent
gases are best controlled by catalytic oxidation, sulfides by
caustic scrubbers, nitrogen oxides by catalytic reduction, com-
bustible wastes by incineration, and dust by filtration. No
standard procedure has been adopted for abatement of acid
mists. Pulp and paper industry pollutants are fly ash, dust and
odors. Electrostatic precipitators, dust scrubbers, and spray
towers are used to combat these problems. Air pollution by
the petroleum refining industry is caused by sulfur compounds
and hydrocarbon loss. Sulfur compounds can be reduced by
absorption and hydrocarbons by several control methods. The
main pollutant from the steel industry is dust, which can be
controlled by electrostatic precipitators and wet scrubbers.
The main problem of the food industry is control of odor,
which is combatted by activated carbon adsorbers. JJust from
cement industries is best controlled by glass fabric bag filters
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
71
or cyclone collectors. Costs for 1959 are given for the various
control methods.
13697
Obering, E. Albrecht
SLUDGE INCINERATION IN THE FLUIDIZED BED FUR-
NACE. (Schlammverbrennung im Wirbelschichtofen). Text in
German. Chem. Ing. Tech., 41(10):615-619, 1969. 2 refs.
Sewage sludge disposal becomes an ever greater problem since
dump sites are becoming scarce and awareness of the danger
of uncontrolled dumping is spreading. Disposal by incineration
decreases the volume and leaves sterile ash and inert odorless
gases. Sludge incineration must be preceded by mechanical
dehydration to avoid emission of volatile organic sludge com-
ponents with the waste gas and to permit autonomous com-
bustion. To achieve the latter goal, the combustion tempera-
ture must be high, the excess air in the reaction chamber low,
the incineration complete, and the temperatures of the waste
gases and vapors low. However, the waste gas temperature
may not drop below 750 C if odors are to be avoided and if
the residues ought to be sterile. To solve the problem, the
fluidized bed furnace must be used. The sludge falls into a bed
of turbulent sand particles where it is dried, degassed, and ig-
nited. The temperature of the waste gas at the combustion
chamber outlet is 800 to 900 C. It is cooled in an air preheater
and the heat is returned to the combustion chamber. In the
subsequent dust collector, the mineral sludge components are
separated as dust either by a wet or dry process and tapped
off to an ash pit. The turbulent sand particles are slowly
eroded and carried off with the ash. They are replaced by
larger ash particles and by sand brought in by the sewage
sludge. The furnace has no movable parts aside from the
charging facility and the ventilators so that wear and tear are
low. The city of Lausanne has operated such a fluidized bed
furnace since 1965. The furnace burns 2600 kg of dehydrated
sludge per hour (max. water content 60%). Part of the waste
gas is used to heat the combustion air and the rest goes to a
boiler. The waste gases are cleaned in cyclone separators and
electrostatic precipitators.
13772
Guest, E. T.
DEVELOPMENTS IN BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION. Pulp
Paper Mag. Can., 66(12):T 617-T 622, Dec. 1965. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch,
Tech. Sect., Canadian Pulp and Paper Assoc., Harrison Hot
Springs, B. C., May 9-11, 1963.)
The overall status of black liquor oxidation in the West Coast
kraft pulp industry is reviewed. The most prevalent oxidation
techniques are the Collins system, the B. C. Research Council
system, and the Troebeck-Ahlen system. The Troebeck-Ahlen
and the Collins type systems oxidize by forcing air through the
liquor to make a controlled volume of foam. The B. C.
Research Council unit operates with air blowing concurrently
with the liquor over specially designed plates. Other systems
use packed columns with either concurrent or countercurrent
air, compressed air in a tank of liquor, or compressed air in a
pipeline. The Crofton pilot plant has incorporated a more posi-
tive pattern of liquor flow to combat difficulties in maintaining
pressure drops, an integral foam box with carryover space, a
new type of combination cyclone with a foam breaker, and a
simplified square design into its system. The several ad-
vantages to black liquor oxidation include a reduction of odor
in the evaporator condensate and recovery stacks, reduction in
sulfur losses, and less corrosion of the mild steel evaporator
tubes and strong black liquor piping. Reduction in the recovery
furnace odor emission can only be obtained when a furnace is
not overloaded and therefore operated with sufficient air.
13772 Guest, E. T.
13812
Grillot, R. and A. Ladam
A FEW METHODS USED IN FRANCE TO PREVENT
ODOURS. (Quelques methodes utilisees en France pour la
prevention des odeurs). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris),
11(41): 1-14, Jan./ March 1969. 59 refs.
A consideration of the difficulty of establishing a scientific
basis for the detection of pollution by odors is followed by a
review of methods used in France to prevent odors. These in-
clude ventilation, adsorption, thermal and catalytic com-
bustion, dry and wet processes, absorption, ozonization, and
the use of masking and neutralizing agents. Characteristic ex-
amples of applications are given for each method together with
available economic data. Factors interfering with the adaption
of deodorization methods are the high cost of appliances and
agents, the limited effectiveness of methods, and the absence
of legislation on maximum contents. A classified bibliography
is included. (Author abstract modified)
13971
Benforado, D. M., W. J. Rotella, and D. L. Horton
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ODOR PANEL FOR EVALUATION
OF ODOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 27p., 1968. 12 refs. (Presented at the 61st An-
nual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc., St. Paul,
Minn., June 23-27, 1968.)
The use of a trained odor panel of six to eight members was
found to have considerable practical applicability in the mea-
surement and evaluation of industrial odors and control equip-
ment. The panel was tested by the syringe dilution technique,
in which odor strength is measured in terms of the 'number of
dilutions of clean air' required to reduce the 'sample plus
clean air mixture* to 'no odor'. Panel members were asked to
inhale and evaluate three different dilutions of field samples of
stack gas emissions; only positive or negative response as to
the presence of odor in the syringe sample was reported. The
odor strength of the exhaust gases was reported in odor units
per standard cubic foot (scf); the odor unit was defined as the
ratio of the cubic feet of clean air needed to dilute each 'cubic
foot of contaminated effluent' so that 50% of the panel does
not detect any odor in the diluted mixture. Results showed
that if the odor strength of the stack gas can be reduced to
less than 150 odor units per scf, preferably in the range of 25-
50 odor units per scf, odor nuisances in a community can be
prevented. By converting this measure to an odor emission
rate, it appears that up to about one million odor units per
minute is acceptable to avoid odor complaints from a single
stack or for the combined effluent from a group of stacks. The
odor panel method was used to judge the effectiveness of vari-
ous types of ovens as control equipment. Results showed, for
example, that with the use of wire enameling ovens, incinera-
tion produces & satisfactory effluent at 1400 F but is un-
satisfactory at 1000 F. The method was judged to be a simple,
inexpensive, and practical tool for quantitatively analyzing
odors and for monitoring stack emissions to determine the ef-
ficiency of control equipment, and provides an easy method
for obtaining field samples for laboratory analysis.
-------
72
ODORS
14004
Franzky, Ulrich
COUNTERACTING OFFENSIVE ODORS CAUSED BY OR-
GANIC COMPOUNDS. (Bekaempfung von
Geruchsbelaestigungen, die durch organische Verbindungen
verursacht sind). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
28(3):113-119, March 1968. 13 refs.
The importance of removing odorous components from waste
air and exhaust gases is now recognized, but the selection of
an appropriate purification process is complicated by the
proliferation of chemical processes and treatment methods. A
survey of the most popular methods is given and measures
that can be taken to improve conditions in a small plant are
pointed out. (Author summary modified)
14013
Maria, Gubola
ON THE PROBLEMS OF THE ODOUR-PARAMETER OF
AIR POLLUTION. (A legszennyezodes szagparameterenek
kerdeseirol). Text in Hungarian. Idojaras (Budapest), 73(1):38-
43, Jan.-Feb. 1969. 14 refs.
One of the important aspects of air pollution which is often
neglected is the odor of pollutants, an aspect which can no
longer be disregarded. The sources of odors, the quality and
intensity of odors, methods of odor assessment (subjective ob-
servation, instrumental measurements, mathematical deter-
mination), and methods for the elimination of odors are
reviewed. (Author summary modified)
14094
Shah, I. S.
NEW FLUE-GAS SCRUBBING SYSTEM REDUCES AIR POL-
LUTION. Chem. Eng., 1967:84-86, March 27, 1967.
Chemico's new two-stage scrubbing system enables pulp mills
to greatly improve overall dust collection efficiency and to
meet stricter air pollution regulations. Flue gases from the
recovery boiler enter the two-stage system, which consists of
evaporator, scrubber, separator, and cooling tower, and are
vented to the stack 99% cleaner and 500-600 F cooler. Concen-
trated black liquor is further concentrated to 60-70% solids
content by direct contact with flue gases in the Venturi
evaporator. With about 40 in. H2O static pressure for the
system, the outlet dust leading can be reduced to 1 Ib/ton of
pulp. The two-stage system provides greater heat recovery
because it exhausts stack gases at temperatures below 120 F,
as compared to 325 F from electrostatic precipitators, and 180-
190 F from single-stage scrubbing systems. Chemico has also
perfected two oxidation systems for black liquor that reduce
the amount of H2S emitted to atmosphere. One is for weak
black liquor and the other for strong black liquor.
14113
Murray, F. E.
AIR POLLUTION FROM BIVALENT SULFUR COMPOUNDS
IN THE PULP INDUSTRY. Preprint, Engineering Institute of
Canada, March 1968, 16p., 10 refs. (Presented at the Banff
Pollution Conference, Banff, Alberta, Can.)
In the kraft process of producing chemical cellulose from
wood chips, the chips are cooked in a solution containing sodi-
um hydroxide and sodium sulfide in about a four-to-one pro-
portion. This method produces much greater air pollution, in
the form of highly malodorous compounds, than the alterna-
tive sulfite processes. The three primary sources of odor
production in a kraft pulp mill are the digestion process, the
direct-contact evaporator, and the recovery furnace. In the
digestion process, control must be effected on the noncon-
densible gases from the digester and blow tank, from the mul-
tiple-effect evaporators, and on the foul condensates that are
formed in contact with these gases. The emission of hydrogen
sulfide from black liquor during direct contact evaporation can
be very substantially reduced by oxidation of the sulfide. The
problem of the recovery furnace is one of good operation and
combustion control within the furnace design capacity. Present
laboratory studies are expected to lead to continuing improve-
ment in the control of odorous emissions from kraft pulping
operations.
14118
Markant, H. P.
THE MEAD RECOVERY PROCESS. TAPPI, 43(8):699-702,
Aug. 1960. 2 refs. (Presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of
the Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York, Feb. 22-25, 1960.)
The Mead neutral sulfite recovery process consists of two
basic stages: the total carbonation stage and the sulfiting stage.
Green liquor from a storage tank is fed to a precarbonation
tower, where it comes in contact with 15% of the total gas in
the carbonation tower. When the gas enters the precarbonation
tower, it contains H2S that was released in the carbonation
tower. This is reabsorbed by the green liquor, and H2S-free
gas is discharged to the atmosphere. The precarbonated liquor
is passed to the carbonation tower, where it absorbs CO2 and
releases H2S. The gas loses CO2 and gains H2S. The next
phase of the process takes place in a sulfiting tower. Here the
SO2 in the flue gas from a venturi scrubber cyclone separator
is scrubbed with the carbonated liquor. The addition of more
contact surface in the absorption system has reduced odors
from the process and brought them within acceptable limits.
Improvements in the venturi scrubber and the installation of a
droplet agglomerator in the sulfiting tower have reduced the
amount of particulate matter leaving the process to an ex-
tremely low level. The total stack gases are continuously moni-
tored for SO2 and H2S, and concentrations are not permitted
to exceed 0.03 and 0.01%, respectively.
14203
lida, Suetoshi, Yoshio Marushima, and Nobuyasu Hasebe
METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE
IN THE AIR OF WASTE GAS. (Tokyo Gas Kabushiki
Kaisha, Inc., Tokyo) U. S. Pat. 3,459,495. 4p., Aug. 5, 1969. 3
refs. (Nov. 4, 1965, 5 claims).
A method is described for removing hydrogen sulfide from the
air or from combustible waste gases by a wet process and
recovering sulfur. The method comprises passing hydrogen
sulfide-containing gases through an aqueous alkaline medium
containing an amount between 0.001 to 0.5 moles of sodium
1,4-naphthoquinone-2- sulfonate in the presence of molecular
oxygen, thereby desulfurizing the hydrogen sulfide-containing
gases and at the same time regenerating the catalytic
naphthoquinone. Thus, the method, by introducing an acidic
radical into quinones, hydroquinones, or their salts, employs
as an absorption liquid an aqueous solution of a catalytic com-
pounds, the normal oxidation- reduction potential of which is
in the range from 0.45 to 0.70 v at 25 C. The catalytic com-
pound is water-soluble, not polymerizable, and must be easily
reduced by hydrogen sulfide; this reduced compound must in
turn be easily oxidized by the air. The method is considered
applicable to the desulfurization of hydrogen sulfide-con-
taminated air, to contaminated exhaust gases from certain
chemical plants, and to combustible gases from the fermenta-
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B. CONTROL METHODS
73
tive treatment of biological and other waste products. Details
of the process and of the chemical reactions involved are
presented.
14341
Lunche, Robert G.
FUME AND ODOR DESTRUCTION BY CATALYTIC AF-
TERBURNERS. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia,
Pa., Materials Science and Engineering Dept. and Public
Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution Control
Administration, Proc. First Natl. Symp. on Heterogeneous
Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov.
1968, p. 297-320. 6 refs.
The operating and design aspects of the catalytic afterburning
process are reviewed, and its application and effectiveness are
discussed on the basis of the experience of the Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District in testing a wide variety
of catalytic afterburners in industrial use. Because of certain
operating characteristics of these afterburners, they represent
a partial oxidation process which produces compounds in the
treated effluents that are often more offensive and odorous
than the original fumes and odors. Investigations by the Dis-
trict show that partial oxidation produces olefinic and other
oxidation products that often increase the eye-irritating,
photochemical smog-forming potential of treated effluents to
levels greater than those of the original fumes and odors. In
general, an afterburner must oxidize 90% or more of the car-
bon in the entering materials to CO2 to be judged effective.
On the basis of the District's own experience and reports of
others, the actual performance of catalytic afterburners for
reducing many fumes and odors is considered inadequate.
Without an advance in performance, it does not seem likely
that catalytic afterburners will be able to comply with Los An-
geles County's organic emissions standards unless the operat-
ing temperatures are at a level that renders the catalyst un-
necessary. 14341 Lunche, Robert G.
14354
Strauss, W.
DIRTY AIR CAN CAUSE PLANT SHUTDOWNS. Factory
and Plant, p. 18-23, Sept. 1968. 2 refs. (Also: Chem. Process.
(Chicago)).
Removal of particulates from the environmental air of industri-
al sites by fiber filtration is described. In such processes, par-
ticles of the same or larger dimensions as the diameter of the
fibers in the collecting medium are generally captured by iner-
tial impaction and interception, while smaller particles are cap-
tured by their diffusion to the fiber surface. It is considered
good practice when collecting fine particles to have a relative-
ly deep bed, with fibers as fine as is feasible for a stable bed
structure. The velocity through the bed must be based on an
economic balance, with smaller bed sizes, higher pressure
losses, and lower efficiency being offset against greater costs
and other process considerations. Air conditioning systems can
be modified for the collection of fine particles by the use of
pleated filter media or the two-stage positive corona electro-
static precipitator, which produces almost none of the nitrogen
oxides and ozone caused by the usual industrial negative
corona precipitator. Various types of filters are reviewed, in-
cluding fibrous and viscous filters. The deep-bed filter, con-
sisting of a 2-in. bed of glass fibers and fire-resistant felt fil-
ters, is considered relatively effective. Very high efficiencies
in collecting very fine dusts, such as methylene blue, are ob-
tained with the 'Absolute' filter, which also has the advantage
of eliminating the bulk usually associated with high-efficiency
filters; its cost, however, remains high. Apart from the prima-
ry function of air filters in preventing contamination and sub-
sequent deleterious effects on equipment, an important secon-
dary consideration is their role in industrial safety to remove
the fine airborne dust, particularly of metal origin, which
represents a fairly serious health hazard to workers. Removal
of odors and organic vapors from air streams by adsorption of
the vapors on the micropores of a solid, most commonly ac-
tivated carbon, is also described. 14354 Strauss, W.
14453
Krane, Dieter
EMISSION PROBLEMS IN CHICKEN FARMS. EX-
PERIENCES WITH THE ELIMINATION OF DISAGREEA-
BLE ODORS. (Emissionsprobleme durch Huehnerfarmen. Er-
fahrungen ueber die Beseitigung schaedlicher Geruchsstoffe.)
Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 12(8): 482-483, Aug.
1968.
High-temperature drying of chicken excreta usually leaves dis-
agreeable odors due to decomposition of various nitrogen-
containing organic substances, mainly proteins, amines, and al-
bumins. Proteins are not heat-resistant and begin to decom-
pose at temperatures as low as 100 C. Thus, any odor-prevent-
ing drying method must operate at temperatures below 100 C.
Since none of the conventional methods such as afterburning,
decomposition by bacteria, ozonizing, etc. operates odorlessly,
a new method has been developed. The installations necessary
for the drying of the excreta comprise a sheet steel trough in
which a bundle of pocketed pipes slowly rotates. The heaters
installed in the pipes develop pipe wall temperatures of no
more than 140 C so that the manure itself never gets any
wanner than 70 C. The liquid material slowly moves on in the
trough while constantly being turned. The fumes are caught by
an exhaust fan. The excreta is granulated in the dryer to grains
of 1 to 3 mm diameter. The dried material is blown into a
storage bin. Since the fine parts of the dried excreta are the
odor carriers, they are eliminated in a wet scrubber. The
separated particles are returned to the wet excreta at the en-
trance of the dryer.
14488
Shoji, H., K. Nishida, T. Denda, Y. Koyama, and T. Ando
REMOVAL OF OFFENSIVE COMPONENTS BY THE
DEODORIZER. (Dasshu zai ni yoru aku shu seibun no jokyo
koka ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi
(Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):83, April 1969.
The efficiency of an easily-used spray deodorizer comprising
vegetable oil, perfume, and surfactant was determined in an
experimental deodorizing chamber. A spray of 50 to 100 g/min
removed 50 to 91.2% of ammonia (45 to 100 ppm) at a flow
rate of 2.2 to 5.6 cu m/min. A spray of 20 to 60 g/min removed
60 to 89.7% of hydrogen sulfide (125 to 250 ppm) at a flow
rate of 2.0 to 2.4 cu m/min. Measurements of the deodorizer's
ability to counteract odors in sealed cars transporting human
excretion show a 54.1 to 93.5% removal efficiency for methyl
mercaptan and diethyl sulfide. Only 9.1% removal efficiency
was obtained for di-n-propylamine. These measurements sug-
gest that the deodorizer not only neutralizes malodorants but
also effects some occlusion of components.
14609
McLouth, B. F., H. J. Paulus, and A. J. Roberts
INCINERATION OF EPOXY GLASS LAMINATES TO
RECOVER PRECIOUS METALS. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers New York Incinerator Div., Proc. Natl.
Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968, p. 171-175. (May 5-8).
-------
74
ODORS
Recovery of precious metals from electrical circuits printed on
epoxy-impregnated fiberglass laminates was carried out by in-
cineration of the scrap and rejected printed circuits at con-
trolled temperatures, which resulted in the liberation of a con-
siderable amount of unburned hydrocarbons and obnoxious
odors into the atmosphere. The glass laminates consisted of
approximately 65% fiberglass (by weight) and 35% epoxy
resins. The material contained no chlorines and not more than
a trace of sulfur, but 16% petra-bromo had been added to the
resins to permit the use of the final product under various am-
bient temperatures. In addition, there was variance in type and
consistency of the epoxy scrap. Based on information obtained
by research on the combustion characteristics of the material,
a prototype unit was constructed and tested. After successful
testing of the prototype unit, a new incinerator was installed
that solved the problem of hydrocarbon and odor emission. A
control system was designed that should assure proper burner
operation and unit temperatures and at the same time be flexi-
ble in case adjustments become necessary in the new unit. The
new incinerator simplifies recovery of the precious metals due
to more consistent ash quality. Polyesters and other plastics,
as well as wool and vinyls have been burned in this incinera-
tor, all with equal success.
14671
Kurmeier, Hans H.
REMOVAL AND DEODORIZING OF GASEOUS EMISSIONS
FROM FISH MEAL AND OTHER FACTORIES. (Die
Beseitigung und Desodorierung gasfoermiger Emissionen von
Fischmehlfabriken und anderen Betrieben). Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 5(1):7-10, Jan. 1961. 1 ref.
The development of a new deodorizing process for emissions
from fish meal plants is described. There are two types of
emissions in the fish meal industry, namely, those from steam
driers and those from air lift driers. The former are alkaline
waste gases composed mainly of water, odorous bases, and
carbon dioxide. Waste gases from air lift dries are acidic and
contain water, and sulfur dioxide. By scrubbing the waste
gases from the air lift drier with water, almost all odorous
bases bound to SO2 could be removed. Experiments showed
that the remaining odors disappeared when the waste gas was
passed over CaCOS in the presence of SO2. By raising the pH,
the odorous compounds were liberated and the fishy odor
returned. Thus it is seen that the odors are chemically bound
to CaCOS. Based on this finding, a scrubbing tower was con-
structed filled with limestone to a height of 600 cm and wood
which is constantly sprayed with water. The gases from the air
lift drier after passing through the scrubber had a slightly
bluish color but no odor. The waste scrubbing water contained
11.8% SO2 at a pH of 6.1 compared to ph 6.85 in the entering
water. Drum driers are likewise discussed briefly for com-
parison, although they are only used today in Japan.
14687
Walker, A. B.
OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
EQUIPMENT. GUIDELINES FOR THEIR APPLICATION.
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, N. Y.,
American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum En-
gineers (AIME), New York, N. Y., American Society of Civil
Engineers, New York, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, New York,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, and
American Soceity for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Proc. MECAR Symp., Design and Operation for Air Pollution
Control, New York, N. Y., 1968, p. 49-74.
Equipment for emission control at the source comprises two
categories: particulates and gases and odors. Equipment for
control of particulates falls into four generic types: filters
(principally fabric), electrostatic precipitators, dry inertia! col-
lectors (principally cyclones), and wet scrubbers. For control
of gases and odors, there are wet absorbers (scrubbers and
packed towers), dry adsorbers, and thermal or catalytic in-
cinerators. In cases of complex emissions, these devices can
be combined. The basic operating principles of these devices
are examined and the critical factors in their application are
identified. The latter involves certain basic data requirements.
As an absolute minimum, the following must be defined: the
volumetric flow rate of gases; the gas temperature, pressure,
and humidity; the paniculate form and concentration; the par-
ticipate size distribution and specific gravity; the paniculate
bulk electrical resistivity (dry); the required removal efficien-
cy; and process constraints with regard to the use of water.
From these basic data, it is possible to perform an initial
screening on the type of system required. This screening will
define technically feasible alternate solutions. Selection of the
optimum equipment requires a detailed analysis of additonal
technical and economic factors, including capital investment,
operating costs, and costs of capital.
14692
Tuerkoelmez, S.
NEW METHOD FOR WASTE GAS CLEANING. ELIMINA-
TION OF ODORS BY EXCHANGE ADSORPTION WITH AR-
TIFICIAL RESIN ION EXCHANGERS. PART I. (Neues Ver-
f ahren der Abgasreinigung. Beseitigung der Geruchbelaestigun-
gen durch Austausch-Adsorption mittels Kunstharz-
lonenaustauschem. Teil I). Text in German. Wasser Luft
Betrieb, no. 11:737-743, 1965.
For the removal of odors from industrial waste gases, the use
of artificial ion exchanger resins is suggested. The reaction
takes place in the gas phase in the case of inorganic waste
gases and in the liquid phase for organic compounds. Four
types of exchangers, IR-45(OH), IRA-4KXOH), IRC-50(H),
and IR-120(H), were successfully tested with phenols, mercap-
tans, bromides, fluorides, cyanides, nitriles, chlorides, SO2,
and a number of organic compounds. Fluorides, cyanides,
chlorides, and SO2 could be completely removed. Pre-adsorp-
tion with alkaline earth hydroxides in scrubbers was used only
in the case of phenols.
14757
Meites, Leonard
WEB PRINTERS AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Web
Printer, 1(6): 1-7, 1969.
Air pollution from web printing plants consists mainly of a
smoke problem, which is relatively simple to control with af-
terburners, and an odor problem, which presents considerable
control difficulties. The most practical means of counteracting
odors from paper coatings, ink solvents, improperly adjusted
gas burners, and soiled papers is by either catalytic or thermal
combustion. The first works best with a pure gas stream from
the press dryer; in practice, however, the effluent of a press
dryer may have impurities which can cause trouble with the
catalyst and must therefore be considered when the system is
designed. Direct flame combustion can handle impurities in the
dryer effluent since its temperature range is from 1000 to 1400
F. The initial cost of a catalytic afterburner system is higher
than that of a thermal system, but its operating costs are
usually considered lower, although recently there has been
some controversy on this point. The possibility of controlling
pollution by using mild and low aromatic solvents is briefly
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
75
discussed; the inks now used in web presses contain
photochemically-reactant hydrocarbon solvents which violate
regulations such as Rule 66 of the Los Angeles County Air
Pollution Control District, and therefore require the installa-
tion of highly efficient afterburners. It is noted that the cost of
air pollution control are mitigated somewhat because good af-
terburners reduce condensate formation on oven walls and
thus increase production and improve printing quality.
14895
Sallee, Elgin D.
FOUR TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION. Mod. Lithography,
36(9):79-8l, 84, 87, Sept. 1968.
Air pollution emissions and control methods involved in the
operation of coating ovens for metal decorating are reviewed.
Particulates or smoke from litho or coating oven exhaust
stacks consist primarily of breakdown by-products of the resin
or drying oil in the coating or ink during the bake. Several
methods of reducing plume density are mentioned; it is noted,
however, that these apply mainly to diluting stack gases and
simply reducing their visibility, rather than to decreasing the
absolute amount of emissions. Odorous pollutants are the most
difficult to control; the bulk of the odors from coating ovens
come from aldehydic and other resin-breakdown products that
have very low odor thresholds despite their low concentrations
in stack air, rather than from the more frequently blamed sol-
vent vapors which have much higher concentrations but also
higher thresholds. No one method of odor control has been
found completely satisfactory, but the most success has been
obtained by incinerating stack gases at 1300 F or more. Vapors
of many of the solvents and thinners used in coating ovens are
photochemically reactive and thus of major concern in areas
where other conditions tend to promote smog formation.
Because of stringent regulations in the Los Angeles area, all
coating ovens must have solvent-elimination devices if the sol-
vent amounts to more than 15 pounds per day. Some general
discussion is given to the problems of applying various control
methods to coating ovens, including high and low temperature
incineration, catalytic oxidation, and scrubbing and adsorption
systems.
14940
Tada, Mitsuru
INDUSTRIAL WASTE INCINERATION BY FLUIDIZING
SYSTEM. (Sangyo haikibutsu no ryudoshokyakuho). (Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(7):529-533,
July 1969.
Fluidizing systems, which are widely applied to petroleum and
mineral combustion, are highly efficient. The outstanding
merits of this system are a capacity of 500 kg/cu m-hr in-
cineration; the ability to incinerate low-calorie wastes (1000/k-
cal/kg, water 70%) without catalysts; perfect combustion with
kiln heat around 750 C; no stack smoke or odor problems;
simplicity of structure, with no vibrations inside the kiln and
constant and stable internal heat; availability of electric power,
produced though the process in large-scale (400 t/day) kilns of
this system; convenient operation requiring no heavy or inten-
sive labor; and economical maintenance. The system has a
wide range of applications, including waste incineration in the
chemical, food processing, and petroleum industries, and ex-
crement and sludge treatment. For example, the liquid wastes
from paper manufacturing plants that used to be discharged
into rivers, bays, or seas and caused problems for agriculture,
fishing, and shipping may now be incinerated, removing all the
organic matter contained in pulp wastes, and chemical com-
pounds such as Na2SO4 or Na2CO3 may be recovered and
reused in kraft pulp production. Adaptation of this system to
watery wastes in the food and chemical industries has the ad-
vantages of deodorizing wastes and recovering ash for use as
fertilizer. The system can be adapted to petroleum and
petrochemical wastes and to high-temperature wastes.
14951
Fujii, Shoichi
A RESEARCH REPORT ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIR
CIRCULATION INSIDE A RAILROAD CARRIAGE. (Syanai
kanki kaized no kenkyu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 7(1):4-
31, April 1969. 10 refs.
The purpose of this research was to examine the air pollution
inside a highly modernized railroad carriage using the new
Tokaido Line as an example. It was also aimed at finding a
device to solve the problem. In the first test, the dust was
measured using a dust meter, an air filter, a hygro-thermome-
ter, and deodorant musk inside the controlled atmosphere car-
riage. In the second test, the air circulation in the carriage
under operating conditions was studied. This carriage was
equipped with a dust meter, an ionizer, an ion density meter,
and an air filter unit with active carbon. The third test studied
the influence of cigarette smoking in a carriage. Results show
that the 35 cu m/min of fresh air provided by air circulation
was sufficient in terms of CO2 supply. Pollution increased
while the train went through a tunnel. An ordinary ionizer
could not cover a wide enough area in the carriage. Odor in
the train was mainly caused by cigarette smoke, and a high-
fidelity air filter was recommended to diminish the odor and
dust density. Two problems left to further study are pressure
in the high-fidelity air filter and economic feasibility of opera-
tion.
14956
Tanaka, Isamu
AN EXAMPLE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT.
BRBDGSTONE TIRE INDUSTRY, YOKOHAMA PLANT.
(Kagakusangyo haikibutsu no short jitsurei. Brigiston taiya
(kabu) Yokohama kojo niokeru ichirei). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(7): 535-540, July
1969.
A newly-designed kiln (SP type) for industrial rubber and
urethane waste treatment is described. The SP type-kiln was
first examined with respect to stack smoke and toxic gas, and
treatment cost reduction. Perfect incineration of synthetic
rubber and foaming urethane is characteristic of this kiln. The
main feature of the kiln is that the waste and organic gas
produced during combustion in the incinerator is directed to a
second incinerator, heated up to 1000-1600 C, and finally
discharged in dustless and odorless form. The SP type-kiln is
fireproof and is designed to keep the kiln heat constant. Kiln
no. 1 was designed to treat synthetic solid wastes and rubber-
urethane wastes with a capacity of 1 t/7 hrs, and kiln no. 2 for
metallic materials of rejected rubber articles at low tempera-
tures with a 1 t/7 hrs capacity. Operating efficiency of kun no.
1 is reported as highly reliable and effective. Combustion rate
was constantly 115-125 kg/sq m-hr and 977,500-1,062,500
kcal/sq m-hr in the case of synthetic rubber. After perfect
combustion, the standard smoke volume was 0-0.1 g/N cu m,
and Rmgelmann density was 0-0.1 degree. These figures are
far below the standard stipulated in the Air Pollution Control
Law. Odors were removed by 700-800 C heat in the kfln.
-------
76
ODORS
14967
Hein, G. M. and R. B. Engdahl
A STUDY OF EFFLUENTS FROM DOMESTIC GAS-FIRED
INCINERATORS. (American Gas Association, Inc., New
York, Proj. DG-3M, 27p., June 1959. 24 refs.
Measurements were made of the effluents from nine domestic
gas- fired incinerators, including two new prototype models,
five new commercial units, and two older units. Standard test
charges that typified wet domestic wastes and dry combustible
materials, and two special refuse mixtures were burned. A
free-standing chimney provided natural draft for the units.
Sampling and analytical techniques were based on recognized
methods. The concentrations in ppm in the flue gas and the
emission rates in pounds per ton of refuse burned were deter-
mined for aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, organic acids, ammonia,
and hydrocarbons. Grain loadings and emission rates were
determined for paniculate matter which included tarry organic
materials. Odor and smoke density were also determined.
Results demonstrated that significant reduction in emissions
has been achieved through recent improvements in incinerator
design. When wet domestic wastes are incinerated in new
units, of up to 6-fold decreases in the rate of aldehyde emis-
sions are achieved. Decrease in organic acids is 3-fold;
decrease in saturated hydrocarbons is 8-fold. Although
nitrogen oxides have increased 3-fold because of increased gas
in the afterburner, their concentration is still lower compared
to other combustion sources. Smoke, odor, and paniculate
matter emissions decreased to acceptable levels. Comparison
of these emission rates with those from municipal incinerators
shows that the new unproved gas-fired domestic incinerators
have lower paniculate emissions, and, in general, equally low
emissions of gaseous pollutants. Emissions from improved gas-
fired units were in most cases lower than those from other in-
cinerators and large gas- and oil-fired industrial heating units;
they were much lower than those from automobile exhaust.
The results of the study provide a basis for modification of the
present restrictions in certain areas on the use of gas-fired
domestic incinerators and for confirmation of their present ac-
ceptance in other areas.
15153
Schoeffmann, Ernst and Willi Schneider
A METHOD FOR ELIMINATION OF DISAGREEABLE
ODORS FROM FOOD INDUSTRIES. (Bin Verfahren zur
Beseitigung von belaestigenden Geruchsimmissionen aus
Lebensmittelbetrieben). Text in German. Staedtehygiene (Uel-
zen/Hamburg), 20(10):246-248, 1969.
The efforts to deodorize odors emitted by a fish frying plant
are described. The plant fried fish in four pans with each con-
taining 40 liters oil. The waste air was initially drawn off and
discharged through a chimney 18 m high; the fan had a capaci-
ty of 4000 cu m/hr. Since this proved to be insufficient to
eliminate odors, deodorizing chemicals with the trade name
'Alamaske' were added to the waste air; thorough mixing
neutralized the disagreeable odors. A 1% aqueous solution of
the deodorant was injected tangentially into the flow of waste
air at a rate of 3 1/hr. The injecting device shuts off operation
of the fan as soon as the solution is consumed. Installation and
operating costs of this deodorizing device are discussed.
15170
Tanaka, Isamu
A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF OILY WASTE INCINERA-
TION. (Yusei sangyohaikibutsu no nenshoshori no jitsurei).
Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control),
5(9):711-714, Sept. 1969.
The operation and efficiency of the Katayori oily waste in-
cineration system which is in use at a chemical plant is re-
ported. Incineration of urethane, rubber, vinyl chloride, waste
solvents, rubber paste, and the like produces stack odors and
toxic gas. The SP-type incinerator was designed to burn all the
waste solvents such as toluol, thinners, xylol, rubber solvents,
and gelled rubber refuse. The SP-type plant consists of an oily
waste incineration kiln (2.5 t-3.0 t/8 hrs), annexed installations
consisting of five oily waste tanks, two gearpumps, two
blowers, and a conveyor. In case of liquid waste, the waste is
first pressurized by a gearpump, checked by inflow control
valve, and then brought into the incinerator at a fixed quantity
and interval. Gelled waste is canned and put into the incinera-
tor in batches. In this type of incinerator, the smoke and gas
from the first combustion are conducted to a second incinera-
tor and heated to 800-900 C; in a third incinerator the gas is
heated to 1100-1600 C, and in a fourth incinerator it is
discharged at 800- 850 C as dustless, non-toxic gas. An addi-
tional merit of the SP-type incinerator lies in utilization of sur-
plus heat from waste gas combustion; the heat is recycled for
the incineration energy source, facilitating perfect and
economical combustion. The SP-type incinerator, therefore, is
designed to be durable at high temperature, and all the inside
fittings are fireproof.
15690
Oloman, C., F. E. Murray, and J. B. Risk
THE SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE
FROM STACK GAS. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec),
1969:69-74, Dec. 5, 1969. 7 refs. (Presented at 55th Annual
Meeting of the Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association, Montreal, Jan. 28-31, 1969.)
Selective absorption of hydrogen sulfide in a wet scrubber is
proposed as a method of reducing the odor from kraft pulp
mill recovery stack gases. A solution of sodium carbonate and
bicarbonate, which is 2M in sodium, is in equilibrium with the
carbon-dioxide content of the recovery stack gas and has a pH
of about 9.5. The solution will selectively absorb hydrogen sul-
fide from the stack gas provided its sulfide content is kept
low. Hydrogen sulfide absorption efficiencies of over 90%
were obtained in a pilot absorption unit consisting of a packed
column working in series with air sparged liquor oxidizers. The
process rates indicated that an efficient absorption system for
a 500 t.p.d. kraft pulp mill would require a 20-ft-diameter ab-
sorption column, with 10 ft of packing, using 3000 g.p.m. of
recyling carbonate liquor. The value of the recovered chemi-
cals was not expected to pay for the cost of recovery-gas
scrubbing. (Author abstract modified)
15709
Hough, Gerald W. and Lyle J. Gross
AIR EMISSION CONTROL IN A MODERN PULP AND
PAPER MILL. Am. Paper Ind., 51(2):36-37, 40-42 44. Feb
1969. 18 refs. /
Increasing concern about the environment in the U. S. is caus-
ing federal, state, and local governments to legislate increas-
ingly stringent laws governing emissions from industrial plants.
The concepts which a pulp and paper mill can adopt to reduce
emissions to levels which have been proven to be attainable
are discussed. The amount of water vapor, paniculate matter,
and sulfur emissions in pounds per ton of pulp from each
operation of the kraft pulp mill is compared before and after
application of suitable controls. Air emission control systems
increase both the capital and operating costs of pulp mills.
Order of magnitude capital cost estimates for the air emission
control equipment for a new 500 tpd pulp mill are presented. I
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B. CONTROL METHODS
77
15772
Okuno, Tosihide
THE REACTION BAD ODOR SUBSTANCES WITH OZONE.
(Akushu seibun to ozon no hannosei). Text in Japanese. Kogai
to Taisaku (J. PoUution Control), 5(8):633-639, Aug. 15, 1969. 8
refs.
The removal of industrial odors by the use of ozone oxidation
was studied, and their properties and behavior were described
with the introduction of electron theory. Malodorous com-
ponents are amine- ammoniacal compounds, lower aliphatic
acidic compounds, sulfurous compounds, ofefin-paraffin
hydrocarbons, and other organic compounds. Olefinic
hydrocarbons have a characteristic odor and a reaction
mechanism for olefinic hydrocarbons and ozone was
described. One of the most general reactions of the carbon-
carbon double bond is an addition of ozone and rearrangement
of the resultant ozonide whereby the ozonide is directly
hydrolyzed by boiling with water. Secondary and tertiary
amines were employed to examine reactivity and reaction
products. Reactivity was determined by measuring residual
ozone quantity, and reaction products were monitored by gas-
chromatography. Tertiary amines reacted extensively with
ozone and formed various compounds. Acrylic ester monomer,
used as a raw material of acrylic acid resin, is very odorous.
An oxidation experiment using acrylic ester and methacrylate
was done for the removal of this odor. Acrylic ester reacted
faster than methacrylate; a reaction of acrylic ester with ozone
proceeded relatively fast, so this odor can most readily be
removed by selecting appropriate reaction conditions. In con-
clusion, not all odorous components can be removed by ozone
oxidation, due to the difficulty in reducing 1 ppm of
malodorous components to 1 ppb (99.9% removal rate). Op-
timum reaction conditions and apparatus must be found for
the use of ozone reaction methods on odorous sources.
15779
Collins, Theron T., Jr.
ODOR CONTROL AND HEAT RECOVERY IN WOOD PULP-
ING PROCESS. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,183,145.
9p., May 11, 1965. 6 refs. (Appl. June 22, 1962, 10 claims).
Methods are described for controlling the pollution of the at-
mosphere and bodies of water in the vicinity of wood pulping
mills. The method is described in terms of the wood pulping
process; however, it may readily be adapted for use with other
wood pulping processes that emit waste condensates which
contain such odorous and noxious gases as methyl mercaptan
and hydrogen sulfide, as well as hot water vapor laden gases
which contain sulfur dioxide. The gases are passed into con-
tact with black liquor prior to the concentration, thus oxidizing
the liquor. For example, sulfur dioxide containing gases
derived from the lime kiln and/or the recovery furnace are
contacted with one or more of the condensates containing the
sulfur compounds as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan,
under conditions which cause condensation of at least a portio
of the water vapor in the hot gases. A portion of the sulfur
dioxide content of the hot gases reacts with a portion of the
hydrogen sulfide and/or methyl mercaptan content of the con-
densates to render the undersirable odor producing compounds
innocuous. Simultaneously, the alkaline components of the
condensates are carbonated and the condensates are stripped
of substantial portions of the unreacted sulfur compounds. The
effluent gases are then oxidized, preferably using active
chlorine containing bleach plant wastes, to oxidize the remain-
ing odor producing materials in the gases. The condensates are
cooled so as to recover a portion of their heat content and to
simultaneously render the residual unstripped gases more solu-
ble.
15948
Nakano, Toshihiro
THE EXAMPLE OF ODOR CONTROL WITH OZONE.
(Akushuh taisaku to shite no ozon riyo no jissari rei: Nagoya
shi Horidome shorijoh ni okeru ichi rei). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(6):359-363, June 15,
1968. 6 refs.
Deodorant and ventilation facilities at a sewer treatment plant
at Horidome, Nagoya city are described. The volume of air
treated is 11,910 cubic meters. The air can be changed eight
times an hour, since the ducts and ventilator handle 1600 cu m
per min. Because the sewer odor is a mixture of many gases,
its analysis is difficult. Among the principal ingredients are
hydrogen sulfide, indole, skatole, and ammonia. Deodorizing
methods considered were adsorption, absorption, masking,
counteraction, combustion, autotrophy, and oxidation.
Because of space limitations, the method of oxidation by
ozone was chosen. The amount of ozone required is about 1
ppm, i.e., 1.75 mg per cu m air. Total ozone used is 168 gr per
hour. The amount of raw material is 269 liters air per min, and
the rate of ozone generation is 7.6 liters per min. Four seconds
are required for the mixing of odor and ozone. The reaction
takes place in the exhaust duct of the ozone generator. Operat-
ing costs of the process are 104,520 yen ($290) per year. Am-
monia has decreased about 60 percent. Other components can
not be measured because of their low concentration. Factors
affecting the continuous operation of the ozone generator will
be reported later.
16113
Franzky, Ulrich
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FILTER FOR RECLAMATION OF
SOLVENT FROM THE EXHAUST AJR OF CHEMICAL
(DRY) CLEANING MACHINES. (Kleinaktivkohlefilter zur
Loesungsmittelrueckgewinnung aus der Abluft chemischer
Reinigungsmaschinen). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
12(3):157-161, March 1968.
Beginning January 1, 1968 all dry cleaning machines in the
state of North Rhine-Westphalia must be equipped with ac-
tivated charcoal filters if trichlorethylene or perchloroethylene
are used as solvents. Not more than 200 mg of solvent/cu m of
waste gas may be emitted. This will eliminate disagreeable
odors and halve solvent consumption. The activated coal fil-
ters come in various sizes. The simplest version adsorbs 10 to
100 kg perchlorethylene. The twin version is fully automatic
and has an electric steam generator. Waste air entering from
the top of the unit is pressed through the activated coal. The
steam passes the coal in the reverse direction, from bottom to
top. The mixture of solvent and steam is condensed in the
cooler. If in sufficient steam for the regeneration of the coal is
available, because a dry cleaning machine is electrically
heated, an electric steam generator must be installed or the en-
tire dry cleaning machinery is switched to steam heating. The
question of the most economical bag to use must be decided
on an individual basis. The regeneration time is generally 20 to
40 min.
16365
Tuerkoelmez, S.
NEW METHOD OF WASTE GAS CLEANING. ELIMINA-
TION OF ODORS THROUGH EXCHANGE ADSORPTION
WITH ARTIFICIAL ION EXCHANGERS. PART n. (Neues
Verfahren der Abgasreinigung. Beseitigung der
Geruchbelaestigungen durch Austausch-Adsorption mittels
Kunstharz- lonenaustauschem. Teil H). Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 9(12):812-816, 1965.
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78
ODORS
Experiments in the laboratory and in a pilot plant were con-
ducted with waste gases containing nitrogen oxides. Removal
by exchange adsorption with artificial resins (such as amberlite
IRA-410 and IR-45) using air or nitrogen as the carrier gas
showed that the capacity of the resins was lower in the
presence of air. For 1 kg nitrogen gas, 27 1 amberlite IRA-410
were needed. Tests on the stability of the artificial resins by
saturation in 15% nitric acid for 132 days brought positive
results. Experiments with various scrubbing liquids such as
water, sodium lye, and dimethylsulfoxide showed that the
scrubbing process, which is actually an oxidation process, is
improved by the presence of sufficient oxygen. Eleven tests
with dimethylsulfoxide solution were performed. The waste
gas was first cooled to 20 C and then passed over dimethylsul-
foxide solution. The solution was regenerated over artificial
resins which bound the HNO3 and possibly also the HNO2
through exchange adsorption. The efficiency of this method
was between 80 and 98%. For regeneration of the scrubbing
liquid, 300 liters of artificial resin per week were needed. The
resins in turn had to be regenerated once a week with 10%
sodium lye. During the experimental period, the resins suf-
fered no decline in capacity.
16498
Heuser, A. R.
TRENDS IN AIR CONSERVATION IN THE GRAPHIC ARTS
INDUSTRY. Gravure, 1969:22-25, 45-48, Feb. 1969. (Presented
at the Fifth Graphic Arts Conference of the Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Chicago, Nov. 1968.)
The main sources of pollution from processes involving print-
ing and coating operations is exhaust from ovens and dryers.
The principal contaminants are hydrocarbons from the sol-
vents used in the inks and coatings. In addition, there can be
some hydrocarbon residue from incomplete combustion of the
fuel in flame dryers and ovens. Odors are also a problem, at-
tributed to complex organic products of cracking and partial
oxidation of resinous materials in solvents. In general, the sol-
vents themselves are not responsible for odor complaints. Sol-
vent emissions can be limited by direct-flame incineration or
catalytic combustion, the latter technique being the more
economical. Because of the possibility of catalyst poisoning or
suppression, catalytic combustion may not meet Los Angeles
air pollution regulations limiting solvent emissions to a max-
imum of 8% olefins and 20% toluene. Direct-flame ionization
has been approved by the Los Angeles Air Pollution Control
District. A newer approach to curtailing emissions from
graphic art processes involves the use of inks and coatings
which do not pollute air or require expensive effluent treat-
ment. Ways by which this goal might be met are examined.
16535
Ikehata, Akira and Yasuo Kumagai
REMOVAL OF ODOR ON WASTE WATER FROM POTATO
STARCH PLANT. (Bareisho denpun kojo haisui no dasshu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 4(9):575-579, Sept. 15, 1968. 10 refs.
The pollution of rivers by waste water discharged from potato
starch plants is discussed. The harmful effect of the waste
water is caused mainly by the so-called 'water cotton' which
kills microorganisms and plankton, the staple food of fish. The
waste water also creates an odor problem. The present authors
studied the elimination of the odor by ozone, chlorine, and
open air. Aggregation and filtration alone did not remove the
odor of the waste gas, but reduced biochemical oxygen de-
mand (BOD) by 65%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by
68%, and chromaticity by 60%. Treatment with ozone reduced
COD by 55%, chromaticity by 69%, and odor by almost 100%.
Chlorine also reduced odor, though its excessive use produced
chlorine odor. Treatment with open air removed most of the
odor, and reduced BOD by 19%, COD by 16%, and chro-
maticity by 32%. Joint treatment with chlorine for 20 min and
ozone for one min completely removed odor, and reduced
BOD by 66%, COD by 94%, and chromaticity by 97%. Joint
treatment with air for one half hr and chlorine for twenty min
removed most of the odor. Joint treatment with air for one
half-hr and ozone for 3 min completely removed odor, and
reduced BOD by 70%, COD by 67%, and chromaticity by
76%.
16712
Bretscher, Dr. Hans
ELIMINATION OF MALODOROUS EMISSIONS IN THE
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Chem. Engr. (London), 221:CE268-
270, Sept. 1968.
Many chemical processes are accompanied by the emission of
odorous substances, which may have unpleasant effects even
when present in concentrations of less than 0.001 mg/N cu m.
Odors are particularly difficult to deal with because: They are
subjective in nature; satisfactory measurement methods are
not available; and meteorological conditions affect the
response to odors. As a general principle, elimination of odors
at the source is the preferred method of dealing with them. A
number of waste gas purification methods which are available
are listed.
16747
Clement, J. L. and J. S. Elliot
NEW KRAFT RECOVERY BOILER DESIGN ELIMINATES
UNPLEASANT ODOR. Paper Trade J., 153(16):63-65, April
21, 1969. 5 refs.
The dse of multiple effect evaporators in place of direct-con-
tact evaporators in kraft recovery boilers results in the
elimination of most of the unpleasant odors associated with
this process. In this new boiler design, unoxidized black liquor
supplied directly from the multiple effect evaporator to the
furnace is burned with complete combustion of malodorous
compounds. A large bare tube economizer to cool combustion
gases to a final stack temperature of 350 to 400 F is incor-
porated into the new design. Increased SO2 emission and
changes in electrostatic precipitator operation are among the
effects of the new design that are discussed. Well accepted in
the Scandinavian countries, the new system is just being in-
troduced into the U. S.
16807
Roberson, James E.
EFFECT OF RECOVERY ODOR CONTROL ON A KRAFT
MILL ENERGY BALANCE. Paper Trade J., 153(34):86-89,
August 25, 1969. 2 refs.
In the U. S., kraft pulping accounts for approximately 75 per-
cent of the total U. S. chemical pulp production. From an air
emission standpoint, odor reduction is a significant considera-
tion in the kraft process. The energy balances associated with
various odor control systems are discussed. Since each mill
situation is unique, capital cost, operating cost, and acceptable
emission levels must all be considered before arriving at a
total evaluation of a recovery odor control system. The energy
costs discussed are based on new recovery and multiple effect
evaporation installations and assume that the turbine generator
condenser is not operating at minimum condensing load.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
79
16842
Walther, James E. and Herman R. Amberg
A POSITIVE AER QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM AT A
NEW KRAFT MILL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 2
-------
80
ODORS
cms refuse are incinerated; the sulfuric compounds are ox-
idized by controlling incineration conditions. A cooperative
system for industrial pollution involving industry and control
officials is briefly outlined.
17293
Terabe, Mototsugu
BAD SMELLS AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR THE
PUBLIS NUISANCE. (Akushuh to kohgai taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(12):696-702,
Dec. 25, 1969. 17 refs.
Most malodorous substances are organic substances containing
nitrogen or sulfur, such as amines and mercaptans. Other
malodorous substances containing no nitrogen and sulfur are
phenols, cresols, butyric acid, and valeric acid. Industrial
plants which possibly emit malodorous substances process
paints, metals, plastics, oils, fats, petroleum refinery, and
gum. Unpleasant odors are one of the most complex public
nuisances. Odors are generated by many kinds and small quan-
tities of substances, and the only measuring apparatus is man's
nose. Katz classified the intensities of smells into five classes:
zero is no odor; one, barely perceptable; two, faint; three,
easily noticed; four, strong; and five very strong. The relation-
ship of this scale to ppm with several sulfur compounds was
studied. The intensity of smell did not directly correspond to
the density. When the density became ten times, the intensity
becomes about double. The degree of odor, odor unit, odor
concentration and odor emission rate were explained. G.
Leonardos measured odor thresholds of 57 chemicals.
Deodorization methods were classified into absorption, ad-
sorption, chemical oxidation, combustion, and neutralization.
Deodorization methods having practical utility were explained.
The adsorption method using activated coal is useful for
alchols, acetic acid, butyric acid, caprylic acid, benzene, and
mercaptans. Adsorption efficiencies of activated coal were
tabulated for 97 substances. Removal of hydrogen sulfide was
studied by many methods. The Takahax wet method, absorp-
tion by naphtoquinone sulfonic acid was noteworthy. Organic
substances are removed efficiently by direct gas flame in-
cineration.
17314
Eguchi, Yoshitomo
TREATMENT OF NOXIOUS GASES BY AN ACTIVATED
CHARCOAL. (Kasseitan ni yoru yugaigasu no shori). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensyo (Fuel and Combustion),
36(10):937-950, Oct. 1, 1969. 10 refs.
Present investigations of gaseous atmospheric contaminants
are inadequate because they are limited to gases which can be
easily measured or which have an offensive musty odor. The
range of contaminants is greater than assumed and increasing
year after year. On frequent occasions, harmful gases con-
taminate the atmosphere in working and living quarters. With
regard to the disposal of harmful gases by the activated char-
coal method, fields of application include the elimination or
recovery of organic solvents generated in chemical plants, fol-
lowing: prevention of emission of gasoline vapors discharged
by automobiles; prevention of release of radioactive gases
discharged from atomic installations, and elimination of harm-
ful gases in indoor environments. The present status of the ac-
tivated charcoal process in these fields is described and cost
estimates are given.
17395
Ishikawa, Keiichi and Syunzi Otobe
ODOR REMOVAL BY METHOD OF CONTACT OXIDATION
CATALYSIS, ESPECIALLY ON CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
SYSTEM. (Sesshoku sankashokubaiho ni yor akushu jokyo no
oyorei — catalytic combustion system o chushin toshite). Text
in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2(7):487-
489, Aug. 15, 1966.
The reliability of removing odors by contact oxidation cataly-
sis was qualitatively determined by gas chromatographic analy-
sis. The following conditions are imposed on the method:
odorous compounds must be completely oxidized; the odor-
bearing atmosphere must be mixed with a sufficient quantity
of oxygen and the speed of catalysis contact must be regu-
lated; the amount of gas can not exceed the catalytic faculty;
the chemical reaction requires gas to be preheated to bring
about catalysis at the right moment, combustion heat for com-
bustible components contained in the gas should be less than
110 k cal/cu run. Compounds reacting to a platinum-alloy
catalyst are phosphorus, chlorine, lead, zinc mercury, arsenic,
silicon bromine, and solid state accretions which adhere to
catalyst surface. The temperature limit of the catalyst is
around 650 C, the catalyst must be kept away from the flame.
The catalyst facility resembles an air filter, since it is sur-
rounded by stainless-steel frames and wire gauge and inside
the frame, the activated platinum is attached to alloy ribbons
for convenient handling. A platinum alloy catalyst is suitable
for coasting furnaces, separate or continuous processing
systems, high- pressure waste gas, over-all treatment systems,
and waste incinerators. Flow diagrams presented in this paper
illustrate the catalytic combustion system for each application.
17403
Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
THE POINT OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
TION RESULT OF AN ELECTRIC PRECBPITATOR IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRY SMOKE ABATEMENT (IX) - TREAT-
MENT OF EXHAUST GAS FROM REFUSE INCINERATOR.
(Gyohshubetsu ni mini denkishuhjin sohchi no setsubikeikaku
to untenkohka (IX) - Jinkai shohkyaku no tomonau haigasu
shori ndao). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 3(9):543-548, Sept. 15, 1967. 11 refs.
Urban refuse includes many inorganic containers and vinyl
bags that present difficulties with respect to perfect com-
bustion. In Japan, the choice of incineration by equipment and
incinerating schedules is left to each municipality indepen-
dently; an 8 hr/day operation is common. In such cases, im-
perfect combustion interferes with the performance of dust
collectors when they start or stop operations, and odorous
waste gas emissions are inavoidable. Corrosion of the installa-
tions and damage by the heat-cycle are increased by C12,
NH3, SO2, SO3, etc.. Consequently, a 24 hr/day operation
plan with standardized equipment is advisable. For adequate
combustion, O2-rich air should be used. Most recently con-
structed incinerators employ the following types of treatment:
flow rate is controlled by a continuous dust-feeding method;
dry waste gas is resolved and the odor removed through high-
temperature combustion area in incinerators; temperature of
the combustion waste gas is controlled, and dust removed by
dry methods. Because of the wide variety of refuse in Japan,
little progress has been made in standardizing incinerator
operations. It is necessary to set up pretreatment installations
and to improve dust removal installations.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
81
17409
Walther, J. E. and H. R. Amberg
ODOR CONTROL IN THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY. Chem.
Eng. Progr., 66(3):73-80, March 1970. 12 refs.
As determined by year-long odor inventories at four West
Coast kraft mills, present technology will permit reduction of
total sulfur compounds by 90-94%. High efficiency oxidation
of black liquor should reduce sulfur emissions from the
recovery furnace to about 0.1 Ibs/AD ton of pulp. Emissions
as low as 0.01 Ibs/AD ton of pulp could be achieved by
eliminating direct contact of hot flue gas and black liquor in
accordance with two new systems. One system relies on con-
centrating the black liquor in multiple- effect evaporators to
the desired concentration for direct firing to the furnace. The
other systems use the hot flue gases from the recovery fur-
nace to heat air in a laminar flow heater. This heated air is
passed through a conventional cascade evaporator to raise the
solids content of the black liquor coming from the multiple-ef-
fect evaporators to the concentration desired for firing in the
furnace. Burning of noncondensable gases from digesters and
multiple-effect evaporators in the lime kiln, recovery furnace,
or incinerator is a positive method of completely eliminating
this source of odors. The lime kiln can be operated at daily
hydrogen sulfude emissions as low as 0.06 Ibs/ton of AD pulp.
Miscellaneous source odors are the washer hood vent gas, the
washer filtrate seal tank gas, and the knotter hood vent gas.
Although their concentration is relatively low, the volume of
reduced sulfur compounds is these streams can be substantial.
This area will require considerable research and development
work before a completely satisfactory solution is found.
17635
Taman, Shuku, Hiroshi Muranaka, Tadabumi Tsuchida, and
Hiroshi Ikeda
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 14. CHEMICAL PLANT COUNTER-
MEASURES IN OSAKA PREFECTURE. Taiki Osen Kenkyu
(J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from
Japanese. 5p.
The progress of the Nishinari Health Center in promoting mea-
sures to control offensive odors from chemical plants is
discussed. The area concerned is one of private houses and
factories. It contains eight chemical plants: six manufacturing
bone meal, oil, and fat; one, fish meal; and one, blood meal.
In bone meal plants, the bones, horns, and hooves of cattle,
hogs, and other animals are boiled to obtain oils, fats, and
glue. The sources of odor are the exhaust fumes from the
steam boiler, the glue kiln, and the exsiccation furnace. In fish
meal chemical plants, the steam boiler and exsiccation furnace
exhaust fumes are the sources of odor. In blood meal plants,
the blood is boiled by steam to be changed into blood meal.
The exhaust fumes of this steam are the odor sources.
Deodorization experiments with resin were successful, but due
to technical and economical problems could not be put into
practice. Deodorization by adsorption was not very effective.
In another experiment, the exhaust gas was cooled in a water
tower and passed through an absorption vat where it was
mixed with a solution of NaOH and NaClO. It was then
passed through a solution of oxalic acid. This method proved
to be very successful. A Committee for Solving the Chemical
Plant Problem was formed to promote experimental research
in deodorization methods, secure funds, and aid in construc-
tion.
17636
Takeda, Minoru, Osamu Koyama, and Tatsukichi Ishiguro
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 15. PRESENT SITUATION IN TOKYO
WITH RESPECT TO OFFENSIVE ODOR CONTROL MEA-
SURES. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc Air Pollution),
2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
The problems connected with fish refuse collected in and
around Tokyo include the following: method of collection and
transportation; contamination; lack of uniformity; and fluctua-
tions in the quantity to be handled. These factors have delayed
the development of proper and efficient procedures for refuse
handling. The factories in Tokyo are not modernized in their
processing methods. The raw materials are boiled in flat kilns,
compressed by a hydraulic press, and the oil is collected.
Therefore, the process was modified by using a 'cooker', by
having the press and drying processes done with closed-type
equipment, and by using a deodorizing device. Thus, by reduc-
ing the number of odor sources within the plant one by one,
some progress in eliminating the offensive odor was made. Im-
provement of the present manufacturing processes is being
made by using gas chromatography and other methods to in-
vestigate the constituents of offensive odors evolved from the
present treatment process.
17637
Shigeno, Kenji
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 16. ELIMINATION OF OFFENSIVE
ODOR OF FISH ENTRAILS AND BONES WITH BAMBOO
LEAVES. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Jap Soc. Air Pollution),
2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 3p.
Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of
bamboo leaves in eliminating the odor of fish entrails.
Chopped up bamboo leaves were added to fresh cuttlefish en-
trails in amounts of 2% to 20%. After the mixture has been al-
lowed to stand at 26 C, its odor was compared with that of an
untreated sample. The odor of the untreated entrails was very
bad, and increased after the first or second day, but the
material containing 2%-5% bamboo leaves remained odorless.
The odor was tested after boiling a mixture containing 2%-5%
bamboo leaves, and no offensive odor was detected. Bamboo
leaves were mixed with cuttlefish entrails which has been
standing for seven days and were emitting a strong odor. After
three to four days, the odor had almost disappeared. The com-
position of the leaf and other factors are being studied to
determine why bamboo leaves prevent the emission of bad
odor.
17906
Agnew, W. G.
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH. Proc. Roy.
Soc. (Ixmdon), Ser. A., 307(1489):153-181, Oct. 1968. 68 refs.
Some of the progress which has been made in the United
States toward the objectives of automotive air pollution
research with respect to photochemical smog, carbon monox-
ide, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, lead, and diesel
smoke and odor are reviewed and discussed. Automotive air
pollution research has as its objectives: (1) to understand the
nature of the atmospheric effects; (2) to understand the nature
of vehicle emissions; and (3) to develop concepts for the con-
trol of significant pollutants. Attempts to determine the mag-
nitude of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions from vehi-
cles immediately face two severe difficulties: (1) automobiles
are operated in an almost infinite variety of steady-state and
transient driving conditions, ambient conditions, and states of
repair; and (2) the exhaust is made up of hundreds of in-
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82
ODORS
dividual compounds with different degrees of significance and
the proportions of these compounds vary with operating condi-
tions and fuel types. The estimated contributions of the engine
crankcase, exhaust, and carburetor and fuel tank to the
hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions from an average un-
controlled vehicle are presented. Numerous charts and illustra-
tions are given. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and lead in
the atmosphere appear to be below the levels of any health
hazards, but information in this area, as well as understanding
of the vehicle emissions of these materials, is inadequate.
Diesel smoke is currently a commercial economic problem
requiring legal enforcement, but its odor remains a chemical
mystery.
180SO
Stresen-Reuter, James
CATALYTIC INCINERATOR CONTROLS HYDROCARBONS
AND ODORS. Plant Eng., 23(8):142, April 17, 1969.
In the production of varnishes, vehicles and compounds for
the paint industry and resins for the foundry industry, batch
processing in heated, cooled, and agitated reactors, mixing
tanks, and filtering equipment is used. Catalytic incineration
has proven to be the most effective method for eliminating
any odors from this type of process. A schematic drawing
shows the control of fumes from the reactor through a spray
tower to the catalytic incinerator.
18140
Hawkins, Gerald
SCRUBBER LICKS TOUGH FUME PROBLEM. Plant Eng.,
23(13):70, June 26, 1969.
Air pollution control with scrubbers at Champion Papers is
discussed. To eliminate the low-volume, highly concentrated
sulfur-containing pollutants, two gas scrubbers were installed
in parallel on two 600-ton black liquor evaporators used in the
kraft pulping process. Non-condensable gases leave the sur-
face condensers, pass through a pre-cooler, through jets, and
into the gas scrubber. The scrubber's effectiveness is excellent
and can easily be evaluated by observing the exhaust vents for
plume evidence.
18153
Bernicchi, Robert V.
ODOR CONTROL AT TREATMENT PLANT WITHOUT
MASKING. Western City Mag., 44<4):34-35, April 1968.
Abatement of odor from the sewage treatment plant of North
San Mateo County is reviewed. Treatment facility odor
problems could not be solved by chemical additions to sewage,
but the gases emalnating had to be treated. The sources of
odor were: the bar screen chamber, the sludge thickener, the
sedimentation tank, the grit chamber, and the gas blow off on
the primary digester. Odor from the sedimentation tank was
eliminated by sealing off the tank with a concrete slab. Instead
of masking the odors from the other sources, oxidation was
utilized. The chemical used was Odorex, a potassium man-
ganate compound, the chemical being automatically mixed
with water and atomized over the affected area. Odors emitted
by the gas blow off of the primary digester were controlled by
a special scrubber unit utilizing Cataban, a compound not as
effective as Odorex but capable of being regenerated and
reused. Aside from odors at the treatment facility, the district
had experienced problems with an inverted syphon con-
structed to temporarily transport sewage from a distant sub-
division. The syphon emitted sulfides at a rate as high as 400
ppm. The syphon problem was solved by the addition of fer-
rous sulfate to the sewage being discharged into the syphon.
The chemical was automatically added at the rate of 250
Ibs/day.
18169
AIR WASH SYSTEMS HANDLE ODOUR FROM PACKING
PLANT. Mod. Power Eng., 63(6):78-79, June 1969.
Five types of treatment were used in combination in a meat
packing plant to handle odor problems from the hog plant, the
oil refinery, and the acidulation plant. The five systems are:
Dilution mixing large volumes of odor-free air with air
requiring dilution; single stage air-wash all exhaust air is
spray-washed with chlorine; two-stage air-wash - the second
stage washes the air using clear water that adsorbs the
chlorine; submerged-orifice scrubber - the air is washed in a
submerged state in chlorinated water; two-stage wetted-fiber
air-washing system - provides more intimate contact between
chlorinated water and the air. The hog plant utilizes the two-
stage air-wash with a chlorine rate of 50 ppm, the refinery unit
utilizes the submerged-orifice scrubber with a chlorine rate of
50 to 100 ppm, and the acidulation odors are handled by the
two-stage wetted-fiber system using a Terylene filter and clear
water washing to remove chlorine.
19182
Burnett, W. E. and N. C. Dondero
CONTROL OF ODORS FROM ANIMAL WASTES. Trans.
ASAE (Am. Soc. Agr. Engrs.), 13(2):221-224, 231, March-April
1970. 17 refs. (Presented at the Winter Meeting of the Amer-
ican Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, 111., 1968,
Paper 68-909.)
A matching-standard method for the evaluation of the ability
of commercial odor-control chemicals to mask or eliminate the
offensive odor of an animal waste (poultry manure) when
added directly to the waste in both laboratory and field tests is
described. The lowest concentration of the most effective
chemical can be determined. Masking agents and counterac-
tants were the most effective odor-control products,
deodorants were moderately effective, and digestive
deodorants were least effective. Further research is needed on
the effect of repeated applications of odor-control products on
soil, so as not to harm the soil for other purposes. (Author
conclusions modified)
19218
Nakajima, Shinichi
ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND COUNTERMEASURE FOR
PUBLIC NUISANCE OF RECOVERY BOILER. (Kaishu boira
no jiko boshi narabini kogai taisaku ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kami-Pa Gikyoshi (Journal of the Japanese Techni-
cal Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), 24(7):351-355,
July 1, 1970. Locomotive Manufacturing Co. (Japan).
The kraft pulp recovery boiler has more difficulties than the
boiler using only heavy oil as fuel. Public nuisance is also one
of the pressing problems of the day. The slight accidents that
prevent continuous operation are due to corrosion of the su-
perheated tube or leaking of the smelt. Corrosion can be
avoided by using a suitable material for the wall of the tube
and by maintaining a uniform wall temperature. The serious
accidents accompanied by an explosion in the furnace occur
through a smelting-water explosion or an explosion of the sub
fuel The former is avoided by preventing the black liquor
from becoming thin and by preventing cooling water from
flowing into the furnace. The latter is avoided by preventing
the fire from going out. The development of a dust collector
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
83
has solved the problems of smog, but offensive odor is still a
problem. The principal components of the offensive odor are
hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan. They are emitted by
the direct contact evaporator and the combustion room. There-
fore, facilities without a direct contact evaporator must be
established. There are two kinds of facilities without a direct
contact evaporator; one has been developed in the U.S.A. and
another in Scandinavia. The latter is considered to be more ef-
fective than the former. Even if the direct contact evaporator
is not used, offensive odor is generated when combustion of
black liquor is incomplete. The method developed by a cor-
poration in Sweden was adopted.
19221
Tarala, Frederick E.
FILTER. (Dollinger Corp., Rochester, N. Y.) U. S. Pat
3,513,643. 3p., May 26, 1970. 17 refs. (Appl. May 21, 1968, 2
claims).
A corrugated, porous air filter is described. The filter is a fiber
glass layer secured between a relatively stiff, thermosetting
layer, which resiliency retains the corrugations in place, and a
pourous charcoal filter paper for removing odors from air
passed through the filter. Electrical air filtering systems are
expensive to manufacture and maintain. Previous mechanical
systems were not efficient in removing dust, pollen, and other
air-borne particulates. The filter described combines the better
qualities of both electrostatic and mechanical type air filters. It
can be readily assembled in a preformed housing.
19363
American Foundrymen's Society, Des Plaines, HI.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. In: Foundry Air Pollution
Control Manual. 2nd ed., 1967, Chapt. 2, p. 4-14.
Each major branch of the foundry industry - gray iron, nonfer-
rous, malleable, and steel founding - has pollution problems
peculiar to it as well as certain common difficulties. Foundry
omissions are described tabularly, while pollutant sources are
classified as: effluents from dust-producing operations, for
which almost all foundries routinely employ some type of
dust- collecting equipment; odors and gaseous compounds,
most commonly from corebaking ovens; and effluents from
ferrous and nonferrous furnaces. Pollutants from cupola ef-
fluent gases are described in detail and present the most com-
plex and high-cost control problems, although there are also
emissions from electric melting and duplexing furnaces, air
furnaces, and open hearth furnaces. Effluents from nonferrous
operations on such metals as brass, bronze, copper, aluminum,
and magnesium alloys, about which less is known, are
discussed. Serious air pollution exists from alloys of copper
with beryllium, which is extremely toxic and requires the most
efficient gas-cleaning equipment. Techniques and economics of
control are discussed. The cost of dust cleaning equipment is a
function of the gas volume handled, quantity and size of par-
ticulates, and temperature-corrosion considerations.
19493
Fawcett, R. L.
AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
MANUFACTURE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(7):461-
465, July 1970. 13 refs.
Production of phthalic anhydride will approach 1,200,000
pounds in 1970. The process off-gas from this production con-
sists of large volumes of air contaminated with small quantities
of organic vapor and particulates and carbon monoxide. Some
of the major organic contaminants in the process exhaust gas
include phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, naphthoquione,
benzoic acid, and aldehydes. A 100 million pound per year dry
recovery plant will discharge from 300 to 1200 Ib/hr of or-
ganics. Experience has shown that when a plant has an air pol-
lution problem, it is one associated with nuisance odors and
lachrymatory emissions. However, in certain West Coast loca-
tions, where extended periods of poor air shed ventilation ex-
ists, the problem has also been one of contribution of organics
to the build-up of excessive air contaminants. Normal stack
heights alone frequently have not been sufficient to prevent
complaints when atmospheric conditions were not conducive
to good dispersion. Plants with stacks rising to 170 ft have
found that gas dispersion alone, without abatement equipment,
would not consistently prevent unsatisfactory conditions from
developing in the neighborhood. Today, those plants providing
abatement equipment are split roughly equally between some
form of water scrubbing and incineration, the latter either
catalytic or direct flame. It has been suggested that by
recycling a portion of the off-gases back to process, a substan-
tial reduction in size and investment for control equipment
would be realized. This scheme would only have possibilities
for fixed-bed plants inasmuch as the fluid-bed units operate at
or near the lower concentrations of oxygen permissable in the
off-gas to effect design efficiencies for conversion to phthalic
anhydride. It might be possible to reduce the off-gases from a
fixed-bed plant by as much as 50%, but pilot work would be
required to evaluate the effect of the contaminants in the recy-
cle gas on catalyst life and product yields
19705
Stone, Ralph
SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM ODORS AND AIR POLLU-
TION. J. Sank. Eng., Div. Am. Soc. Civil Engrs., 96(SA
4):905-909, Aug. 1970. (Presented at the American Society of
Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engineering Conference,
Memphis, Term., Jan. 26-29, 1970.)
The major air pollution problem associated with sewerage
systems is odor. Sludge or screening incinerators may
discharge particulate matter, incompletely combusted organic
compounds, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxides, all of which
are air pollutants. The intensity of sewage odor production is
dependent upon the following factors: organic concentration,
temperature, sulfate content, detention time, agitation,
microbes, pH, and flow depth. Methods of odor control are:
preventing the odors from forming; preventing the odors from
reaching the atmosphere; and removing or renovating the
odors which have been formed. Odors may be suppressed by
the following methods: sewer maintenance to remove biologi-
cal slimes, grease, and silt; addition of oxidation or reduction
compounds; precipitation of sulfides; waste pre-treatment to
reduce waste strength; and the use of perfumed masking
agents. Odors can be prevented from reaching the atmosphere
by sealed enclosures, and collected by a partial vacuum within
the disposal facility. The odors and air pollutants such as par-
ticulate matter or nitrogen oxides can be reduced by ap-
propriate afterburners, scrubbers, activated carbon or other
specialized equipment. (Author abstract)
19850
Stormont, D. H.
REFINERS CONTINUE ATTACK ON ADX POLLUTION. Oil
Gas J., voL 58, 12p., Feb. 20, 1961.
A survey of 56 petroleum refineries was conducted to deter-
mine the extent of their control of aerial wastes from their
plants. It was estimated that $12.7 million was spent in 1961 for
air pollution control measures, compared with $22.5 million in
-------
84
ODORS
1956. The reason for this decline is that more controls are
being designed into new units before they are built. The largest
expenditures are for controlling hydrocarbons; sulfur com-
pounds require the second largest outlay, followed by smoke
and paniculate matter, odors and fumes. Hydrocarbons are
controlled by floating roof tankage or vapor recovery systems.
The use of hydrogenation units to reduce the olefin content of
motor fuel is another high cost control item. Almost all of the
cost of sulfur compounds control is in connection with
hydrogen sulfide recovery plants. Smokes have been con-
trolled by afterburners and proper air-fuel ratios. Cyclones and
electrostatic precipitators are widely used for control of par-
ticulates, with cyclones being more economical. There are
several methods for controlling odors and fumes, including the
separation and incineration of mercaptans and H2S from refin-
ing wastes. Benefits of air pollution control to the refinery and
several research projects conducted by various plants are also
discussed.
20120
Stahman, Ralph C., George D. Kittredge, and Karl J. Springer
SMOKE AND ODOR CONTROL FOR DIESEL-POWERED
TRUCKS AND BUSES. SAE (Soc. Automotive Engrs.) Trans.,
77(3): 1657-1693, 1969. 5 refs. (Paper 680443.)
Diluted samples of exhaust from trucks powered by Cummins
NH 220 four-cycle engines and buses powered by GM Detroit
Diesel 6-V-71 two-cycle engines were presented to a panel of
odor judges, who rated the intensity and quality of the odor in
terms of reference standards. Smoke measurements were
made with a PHS-designed optical smokemeter, and experi-
ments were conducted to measure the effectiveness of a
variety of control techniques. Although smoke emissions from
the buses were substantially lower than from trucks, the buses
presented a worse odor problem. Fumigation systems which
meter a small amount of fuel into the intake manifold of the
engine to initiate precombustion reactions before and during
the compression stroke decreased exhaust smoke from both
engines but only at low engine speeds. Significant smoke
reductions occurred when air was injected as close as possible
to each exhaust valve of a four-cycle engine, probably due to
oxidation of the carbon particles; but no beneficial effects
were observed when this system was investigated with a two-
cycle engine powered bus. Engine derating was attributed to
reduced emissions of two over-the-road tractors, although a
third tractor exhibited very low baseline smoke characteristics,
and tests with a 5 truck fleet using a single commercial fuel
additive confirmed significantly reduced smoke levels. The
Jacobs Engine Brake showed no promise in reducing smoke
and odor, while two types of catalytic mufflers showed signifi-
cant influence on odor levels.
20258
Brink, David L., Jerome F. Thomas, and Kay H. Jones
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. HI. A RATIONALE FOR CON-
TROLLING ODORS. Tappi, 53(5):837-843, May 1970. 12 refs.
(Presented, in part, at the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting, New York, Feb. 1967.)
Studies of batch and steady-state pyrolysis in kraft black
liquor combustion are summarized and pertinent differences
are discussed in a series of experiments covering a tempera-
ture range from 400 to 1135 C. A many-fold increase in the
volume of uncondensed gases formed in the higher tempera-
ture ranges, and the composition of these gases, are presented
as evidence for the occurrence of extensive gasification of car-
bonaceous residues by the steam-char reaction under steady-
state conditions. This reaction is significantly reduced under
batch conditions. In the lower temperature ranges, a high per-
centage of the sulfur present in the black liquor is converted
to an array of at least 57 different sulfur-containing
malodorous products. Under steady-state conditions, these
products are decomposed as temperature is increased with
only small amounts remaining above 1000 C. A summation of
the calorific values of the major steady- state pyrolysis
products isolated from black liquor solids shows the overall
system to be endothermic. The significance of the study with
respect to furnace operation and associated problems, espe-
cially odor emission and its abatement, are discussed, and a
conceptual basis for designing a pyrolysis-combustion system
employing multistage pyrolysis is suggested.
20369
Rothe, Wilfried
PROCESS FOR DESULFURIZING AND DEODORIZING
HYDROCARBONS, ESPECIALLY HYDROCARBON OILS.
(Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt vormals Roessler
(West Germany)) U. S. Pat. 3,496,098. 2p., Feb. 17, 1970. 4
refs. (Appl. Feb. 23, 1967, 5 claims).
Carriers which improve the desulfurizing and deodorizing ac-
tion of sodium compounds used to treat hydrocarbon vapors
are presented. The carriers are mixtures of carbon, preferably
graphite, and an alkaline earth metal, preferably calcium ox-
ide; the ratio of oxide to carbon is between 1:0.2 and 1:5 by
weight. The carriers are intimately mixed with sodium monox-
ide or sodium hydride in the form of spheres, cylinders,
tablets, and the like by compression molding or extrusion.
Because the desulfurizing composition has high heat conduc-
tivity, heat accumulations in the reactor bed are avoided and
the ability of the alkaline earth metal oxide to absorb sulfur is
fully utilized. In addition, the desulfurizing compositions do
not sinter during the reaction condition to such an extent that
they are impermeable to the hydrocarbon vapors. The
hydrocarbons to be purified are passed over the catalysts at
150 to 300 C, whereby all types of organic sulfur compounds
are removed.
20625
Tsuiji, M., T. Okuno and T. Yamamoto
STUDIES ON ODOR ADSORBING ABILITY OF ADSOR-
BENTS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO ODOR SOURCES.
PART n. (Kyuchakuzai ni yoru akush no johoritsu oyobi has-
seigen ni okeru riyoho no kento (II). Text Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):71, 1969.
(Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, 1969.)
The continuous flow of odorous gas through the adsorbent
tower reduces the effectiveness of the adsorbent until the
equilibrium state is attained. It is then necessary to exchange
the adsorbents or to reactivate them. The change in the
amount of adsorption due to temperature of reactivation and
the frequency of reactivation was studied. The change in the
surface structure of the adsorbent during gas release due to
reactivation heating was investigated. In order to confirm that
during heating, the released gas reacts with oxygen in air and
the adsorbent surface, the resulting gas was analyzed. The ad-
sorbents used were vegetable-type activated charcoal, sul-
fonated coal, and MGP. The odorous gases were hydrogen sul-
fide, mercaptan, ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, and
trimethylamine.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
85
20628
Odaira, T., J. Kazumi, K. Koyama, and T. Ishiguro
CONTROL ON ODOR OF FISH MEAL PLANTS IN DRYER
EXHAUST. (Gyochokotsu shori kojo no kansoki haikigasu
dasshushori ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (
J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):72, 1969. (Proceedings of the
10th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Air Pollution,
1969.)
Among the nuisance complaints to the Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, 20% concern obnoxious odors. One of the main
sources is considered to be the fish meal plants. A study was
conducted on how odors can be removed within the existing
production framework. The main sources are the exhausts
from the dryers and the liquids produced by pressing fish
parU. Limiting the scope to exhausts, the following control
methods were tested: ozone oxidation, chemical purification,
and absorption; the block diagram, for each process is
presented. The tabulated results show that each control
method, the rate of odor removal was 60 -80%. Although the
percentage is tolerable for ordinary dust particles, it is not
enough for bad odors and further improvement is necessary.
20709
Sato, S.
DISPOSAL OF ODOR IN FERTILIZER INDUSTRIES.
(Keifun kansokojo no akushugasu no shori ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
4(1):73, 1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the
Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
The exhaust gas from the dryer for fertilizer manufacturing in
a chicken farm is a severe pollution problem due to its ex-
tremely obnoxious odor. Most dryers fall into the rotary kiln
category, to which the discussion is limited. Among various
ways of removing the odor, for a farm with the capacity less
than ten thousand chickens, the process of passing the gas
through earth, particularly from agricultural land, is effective,
apparently due to the action of bacteria and physical adsorp-
tion. For larger farms, the purification method using alkali
solution is more useful, and the process was actually em-
ployed in a farm with three dryers, each with a capacity for
ten thousand chickens. A nearby stream of pH 3-4 was used
with 1% alkali solution in order to eliminate the odor and was
found to be very effective.
20754
Kline, Millard F.
RETAINER FOR PURIFICATION MEDIA FOR GAS FROM
SEWER LINE VENTS. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat.
3,475,885. 4p., Nov. 4, 1969. 15 refs. (Appl. May 2, 1968, 2
claims).
Building sewage systems are usually provided with vent pipes
which extend vertically through the roof and through which
germs and other impurities can pass. In densely populated
areas, a significant amount of polluting agents are this emitted
to the atmosphere. However, the often inaccessible location of
the vent pipes has discouraged utilization of filtration means.
A solution to these problems is offered by a three-part retainer
which is adaptable to conventional pipes. The three parts are a
cap, a cup-shaped container, and baffle means which includes
an annular space filled with activated charcoal filters or a
liquid cleaner-germicide-deodorizer. The annular space is
disposed around the existing vent pipes so that the entire puri-
fying medium is utilized without a portion of it becoming stale
and ineffective while other portions go largely unused. The
design facilitates replacement of the purifying medium.
Moreover, the purifying element is so located that undue back
pressure is not created in the vent pipe to adversely affect its
ventilating function.
20796
Turk, Amos
INDUSTRIAL ODOR CONTROL. Chem. Eng. JJeskbook,
77(9):199-206, April 27, 1970. 13 refs.
Accepted methods of odor control are examined with special
emphasis on what can go wrong in the methods themselves or
in assumptions of the degree of control thought to be necessa-
ry. Odors are extremely difficult to measure, and it is equally
difficult to decide what levels are accepted. Distance from a
source at which odor may be detected is not predicted even
approximately from dilution ratios and dispersion calculations.
Meteorological dispersion formulae give little help in estimat-
ing the ratio of peak to mean concentration, since the parame-
ters they incorporate are to a large extent empirical and are
well established only for prolonged release and average
plumes. Particles may contribute to odor if they are volatile, if
they release adsorbed odorous vapors, or they are indeed
odorous in themselves. Thus, if a single particle carries odor,
it constitutes transport with dilution. Complete oxidation of
odorous vapors eliminates their odors, but when oxidation is
incomplete, the odor quality may actually get worse before it
gets better. Catalyst deterioration, selection of temperature
and residence time, and comparison with solvent recovery are
some of the main problems in air oxidation to which the en-
gineer should be alert. Other oxidizing agents used for
deodorization include ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide,
hypochlorites and permanganates, but the question of odors of
intermediates may be critical. Activated carbon is the only
practical adsorbent that can be used for odor control because
its performance is not weakened by the presence of moisture,
but there are problems of catalytic action, rapid saturation
from spills and vapor surges, and special reactivation methods.
The vapor screen or neutralization concept consists of inter-
posing a vertical wall of odor-neutralizing vapor between the
odor source and the sensitive noses of neighborhood residents.
Washing and scrubbing, counteraction and masking are also
considered.
20817
Walker, Alan B. and Norman W. Frisch
SCRUBBING AIR. Sci. Technol., no. 95:18-21, 24-27, Nov.-
Dec. 1969.
Several devices and methods for controlling air pollution are
discussed. The simplest particulate collector is the dry inertia!
or mechanical type of which the most common is the cyclone.
Mechanical collectors are applied where the particulates are
coarse, high efficiency is not required, and concentrations of
entrained particles are high. Less simple and more costly are
the wet, inertia! scrubbers which can collect droplets and par-
ticulates. There are many types, all operating on the principle
of impaction on wetted surfaces or on individual droplets of
the scrubbing liquid. Most filtration methods to remove parti-
cles from a gas use fabric filters. The most highly developed
are fabric bags inflated with the gas to be cleaned. The elec-
trostatic precipitator is unique because it applies its cleaning
action only to the particulates, and its power input require-
ment is thus very low. It is suited for very large gas volumes,
and can collect particles down to sub-micron size with high ef-
ficiency. Flame afterburners can remove combustible aerosols
and gases, eliminate toxic or odorous compounds and the
danger of explosions, with efficiencies of 90% or more. A tall
chimney is also an air pollution device, because some pollu-
-------
86
ODORS
tants, when released in the air, are acted upon by natural
processes that convert them to relatively harmless substances.
Adsorption and absorption are also discussed, and the costs of
these methods are given.
20824
Yocom, John E. and Richard A. Duffee
CONTROLLING INDUSTRIAL ODORS. Chem. Eng.,
77(13): 160-168, June 15, 1970. 22 refs.
Various methods for controlling odors from industrial sources
are discussed. Odorous emissions can be reduced by con-
trolling the process temperature, pressure, ventilation, and
maintenance. Destruction by flame is the most certain and
most flexible method of odor control. Afterburners have been
applied to many processes. A temperature of 1200 F in the
presence of excess air is needed to completely destroy odors.
Combustion with air on catalyst surfaces reaches completion
at lower temperatures and is flameless. It has many limita-
tions, however, and should be applied only after pilot tests.
Many organic gases are converted to odorless compounds by
chemical oxidation using oxidants such as chlorine, chlorine
dioxide, ozone, or potassium permanganate. Many odorants
can exist as liquids under ambients conditions; cooling such
vapors can remove much of the odor by simple condensation.
Absorption is used to remove soluble inorganic gases such as
hydrogen chloride and ammonia. Organic gases and vapors can
be removed from air streams by adsorption with activated car-
bon. Many odors can be controlled by dilution at the source of
emission. The costs of these various control methods are also
discussed.
20877
Springer, Karl J.
AN INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE
ODOR AND SMOKE. (PART II). Southwest Research Inst.,
San Antonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab., NAPCA
Contract PH 86-67-72, Rept. 11-2056-01, 634p., Feb. 1968. 19
refs.
A ten-person odor panel, trained in the characterization of
dilute diesel exhaust samples according to the PHS quality/in-
tensity rating kit and the PHS light-extinction smokemeter,
were used to measure odor and smoke. Evaluation of several
two-cycle powered municipal buses equipped with automotive
type catalytic devices revealed that one device noticeably
reduced exhaust odor and other emissions such as formal-
dehyde, total aldehydes, and acrolein, but had no positive ef-
fect on smoke. The smoke suppressing ability of a barium
diesel fuel additive was successfully demonstrated in a five-
truck fleet. Power rating had a pronounced effect on visible
smoke output, although it appeared to have little or no effect
on perceived odor, when engine derating was investigated with
a Cummins NH-220, GM 6-71 N and a Mack END-673P. A
limited study of the effect of injecting air in the exhaust at the
underside of exhaust valves of a two-cycle powered municipal
bus had a negligible effect, while a brief evaluation of the
Jacobs engine brake also resulted in no noticeable change.
Special studies were conducted and reported, including the ef-
fect of exhaust pipe size on smoke readings, preliminary stu-
dies of a tentative PHS smoke procedure, attempted evalua-
tion of an electrostatic precipitator, and base line odor, smoke,
and emissions from a municipal coach powered by a four-
cycle V8 engine. (Author abstract modified)
20878
Springer, Karl J.
AN INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE
ODOR AND SMOKE (PART ffl). Southwest Research Inst.,
San Antonio, Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab., NAPCA
Contract PH 22-68-23, Rept. 11- 2600, 766p., Oct 1969. 12
refs.
A ten-person odor panel, trained in the characterization of
dilute diesel exhaust samples according to the PHS quality/in-
tensity rating kit and the PHS light-extinction smokemeter,
were used to measure odor and smoke. A commercially availa-
ble diesel fuel odor additive had no effect on perceived odor
from three two-cycle Detroit Diesel 6V-71 E powered mu-
nicipal buses, and inconsistent reductions in odor generally
resulted from a catalytic muffler device, although certain of
the chemical emissions such as hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide were generally always reduced. Both odor and
smoke were less from similar buses powered by a 6V-71 N
type engine. A number of truck-tractors with a variety of en-
gines and drivelines were evaluated to develop dynamometer
procedures and acquire limited baseline emissions. Due to low
exhaust temperature and unsteady flow conditions with ex-
tended engine idle, the city bus exhaust represents one of the
most difficult to treat by catalysis, and a number of catalytic
devices employing both transition metal and precious metal
catalyst coatings were unsatisfactory. An electrostatic
precipitator was completely unsuccessful in reducing smoke
according to the smokemeter, while fuel seemed to have little
or no effect on perceived odor from three buses powered by
8V-71 N engines. A modified needle type or 'N' injector
resulted in lower smoke, odor, and other emissions such as
HC, CO, and acrolein under all conditions investigated. Cor-
relation studies were undertaken to develop an instrumental
technique to extend the usefulness of the trained odor panel,
including the measurement of total hydrocarbons, carbon
monpxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and
total aldehydes, formaldehyde and acrolein.
21006
Burt, Leslie R.
Am TREATMENT. (Hexatron, Inc., Arcadia, Calif.) U. S.
Pat. 3,486,308. 5p., Dec. 30, 1969. 21 refs. (Appl. Jan. 2, 1968,
1 claim).
An air treatment device is described which is capable of
removing obnoxious odors from the air, collecting bacteria for
test purposes, and generating negative ions to promote the
comfort and health of patients. The exterior housing has ap-
paratus for filtering paniculate matter, such as dust and pollen
from air flowing through an inlet opening. An ultraviolet lamp
is located within the interior housing and generates radiation
having a wave length above 1800 A for sterilizing and nega-
tively ionizing the air. A blower is provided, causing the air to
flow through the filter apparatus and the interior housing,
while a plurality of baffles increases the path length of the air
flow to longer than the length of the interior housing, thereby
exposing the air flowing through to the ultraviolet radiation for
greater periods of time. The surfaces of the interior housing
and of the baffles are provided with a reflective finish, thus
increasing the effects of the ultraviolet radiation. Growth
medium may be supported within the interior housing to col-
lect bacteria from the air passing through. Switch apparatus is
provided to turn off the untraviolet lamp so that the bacteria
are not killed during the sampling process, until after they are
grown when they may be killed by redirecting the radiation.
(Author abstract modified)
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B. CONTROL METHODS
87
21051
Roberson, James E.
THE EFFECT OF ODOR CONTROL ON A KRAFT MILL
ENERGY BALANCE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
20(6): 373-376, June 1970. 3 refs.
Thirteen different recovery unit odor control cases are
analyzed to determine the variation in energy costs for a kraft
mill. Incineration or scrubbing is often used to reduce odors,
except for the recovery unit which is the greatest offender.
Oxidation or removal of the direct contact evaporator appears
to be the most reasonable method of reducing the odorous
emissions of hydrogen sulfide. New recovery systems, which
eliminate the direct contact of flue gas and black liquor, have
several variables that affect energy costs: steam coil air
heaters, recirculating air heaters, regenerative air heaters, 55%
to 60% solid evaporators, and large economizers. These varia-
tions are calculated and presented as energy balances, indicat-
ing that engery costs for various odor control systems are of
sufficient value to be considered during evaluations. The
newer recovery systems have the lowest expected fuel cost as
well as significant chemical cost savings. Capital costs, fuel
costs, and acceptable emmission levels should all be con-
sidered before arriving at a total odor control system evalua-
tion.
21220
Rutherford, J. G.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AT INCO UNDERGROUND
DIESEL OPERATIONS. Can. Mining J., 89(10):54-58, Oct.
1968.
The 88 diesel-powered engines in service at 10 underground
mines in Sudbury, Ontario, include load-haul machines,
locomotives, drill jumbos, secondary drill tractors, service
tractors, and a jeep. Th methods employed to ensure proper
engine fuel-to-air ratios, to eliminate toxic combustion
products, and to provide adequate ventilation in diesel operat-
ing areas are described. To maintain clean burning engines, the
oil in each intake air cleaner is periodically changed on site
and the entire cleaner unit is completely cleaned once every
two or three months. Oxy-catalytic scrubbers on diesel engine
exhaust convert approximately 96% of the carbon monoxide to
carbon dioxide. Similarly, hydrogen is converted to water
vapor; aldehydes are almost completely removed; solid car-
bon, tars, and unburnt oil are oxidized to carbon dioxide,, thus
eliminating the smoke and smell associated with internal com-
bustion engines. Since nitrogen dioxide is not affected by the
oxidation process, adequate ventilation is required to dilute
and ventilate this gas. Special mechanical ventilation systems
are provided at all disel development operations and at all ore
extraction operations not directly ventilated by a main surface
fan. Both electric and compressed-air fans are used for auxilia-
ry ventilation. These procedures are augmented by weekly
tests and volume surveys at each machine.
21294
Bauch, Heinrich and Harry Burchard
ATTEMPTS FOR IMPROVING STRONGLY SMELLING OR
TOXIC EFFLUENTS BY OZONE. (Ueber Versuche, stark
riechende Oder schaedliche Abwaesser mil Ozon zu verbes-
sern). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(4):134-137,
1970.
The influence of ozone on waste water from the lacquer and
paint industry containing alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes,
benzene, xylol, toluol, phenols, thioesters, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, fats, and oils was studied. The waste water was
subjected to preliminary treatment. The pH was reduced to
between 2 and 4 with sulfuric acid; 0.05 to 0.1 g iron and/or
aluminum was added. Calcium hydroxide was added until a pH
of 6.5 to 8 was obtained. Most metals, organic solvents, oils,
and resins were removed. The phenols, esters, alcohols, etc.
were not affected by this treatment. Addition of ozone
(ozonized air, or ozonized oxygen) markedly diminished the
KMnO4 demand. Odors were strikingly reduced. But not all
organic substances were oxidized. Acids, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, pyridine, and saturated paraffins were hardly
attacked by ozone. Preliminary treatment of the waste water
with chlorine reduced the ozone consumption.
21647
NIPPON KOKKAN KK-KOKO MODEL. BROCHURE
DESCRIBING AMMONIA SCRUBBING PILOT PLANT.
Translated from Japanese. Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 4p., April 22, 1970.
A pilot installation is described which simultaneously controls
a very high percentage of emissions of dust particles and 90 to
95% of sulfurous acid gas. The apparatus embodies a wet-
type, atmospheric vapor exchange method, in which liquid is
poured through an anti-corrosive synthetic net and spreads out
to form a film, through which the gases pass with a special
contact mechanism. With very little pressure loss, nearly in-
soluble gases are effectively absorbed. Gas that has been in-
ducted into the tower cannot leave without contacting the
treated solution, and since it makes contact repeatedly, the gas
absorption rate is greatly improved. Because pressure losses
are small, the cost of running the gas conduction blower is
reduced. Flexibility, ease of operation, and maintenance are
improved, and recovery of valuable particulates from the gas
stream is facilitated. Applications include use in boilers, high
temperature furnaces, control of sulfurous gas from oil-burn-
ing fuel systems, odor counteraction, and gas recovery and
heat exchange in the chemical and oil industries.
21677
OFFENSIVE ODOURS FROM MEAT PACKING PLANT
ELIMINATED IN TWO STAGE AIR WASHING SYSTEMS.
Mod. Power Eng., 64(6):78-79, June 1970.
Air pollution in meat packing plants comes mainly from the
odors created in the processing of animal carcasses and in the
refining of oils. A system to control offensive odors is
described. The system involves washing the odorous air with
chlorine-treated water in a two-stage process. Individual treat-
ment of different odors produced is accomplished through dif-
ferent types of air washes for the stronger odors, and with air
make-up units for dilution of the weaker ones. A classification
of the types of odors produced is included, as well as other
possible treatment methods. The system described is almost
100% successful in eliminating odors, and is used as a model
for other odor control systems.
21702
Sponsel, Kurt
FILTER FOR CLEANING GASES, VAPORS AND AER.
(Filter zur Reinigung von Gasen, Daempfen und Luft). Text in
German. (Collo Rheincollodium Koeln GmbH, Bonn (West
Germany), Werk Hersel) Swiss Pat. 450 816. 2p. Jan. 31, 1968.
(Appl. Sept. 11, 1963, 7 claims).
A filter was devised for cleaning waste gases, vapors and air,
which consists of an organic, hydrophilic open-cell foam
matrix containing a catalyst. A redox system containing metal
oxides is preferably used as catalyst, but other organic com-
-------
88
ODORS
pounds such as enzymes and fermentations can be used too.
The catalysts are incorporated on linear or meshed polyu-
rethane foam. If the filter is used to clean the waste gases of
combustion engines, phenolic resin can be used as matrix
material. It is advantageous to add an emulsifier to the foam
mass. If the filter is used for deodorizing waste gases, the
foam mass should contain montmorillonite which adsorbs
proteins and their decomposition products, while prolonging
the activity of the filter.
21888
Bernert, J.
EXPERIMENTS CONCERNING ODOR ELIMINATION AT
FOOD OPERATIONS. (Versuche ueber Geruchsbeseitigung in
der Lebensmittelproduktion). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Ber., no. 149:303-312, 1970. 20 refs.
The efficiency of waste gas cleaning systems at various food
operations was determined by a silica gel method. Treatment
in a flame afterburner of the waste gases developing during
hot-curing of meat reduced the C-content from a maximum of
more than 300 mg/cu Nm to 150 mg/cu Nm. At the cold-smok-
ing process, C-concentrations of less than 100 mg/cu Nm were
achieved. Efficiencies as high as 97% were achieved with a
combination of flame afterburners and cyclones in the produc-
tion of malt and separation of husks at a brewery. Pressure
jump condensers installed in beer breweries were found to
precipitate 32.5% of the condensate and 36.5% of the C-con-
tent after a temperature drop of 3.8 C (from 88.8 C to 85 Q. It
is indicated that greater temperature drops would bring even
better efficiencies. At a protein dissociation phase in spice
production plants, microorganisms are used for biologic
decomposition of the harmful and/or odorous gaseous com-
ponents. The efficiency of this cleaning method was found to
reach 75.7%, but the above method was not suitable for deter-
mining the efficiency of an air filter installed in a meat canning
plant. It is estimated, however, that their efficiency amounts
to about 80%.
21938
Goldfield, Joseph, Vincent Greco, and Kumud Gandhi
GLASS FIBER MATS TO REDUCE EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
DUSTRIAL PROCESSES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
20(7):466-469, July 1970.
Many effluents from process operations produce submicron,
organic, sticky particulates that are difficult to filter. They
may be associated with odors. Until now, incineration or high
energy scrubbers operating at as high as 60-70 in. of water
were among the possible air cleaners that could solve these
problems. The operating costs and the possible water pollution
problems make it desirable to find alternative solutions. Ef-
fluents from glass fiber ovens and forming chambers and from
roofing plant saturators are filtered. Samples are drawn from
the stacks of these machines through samples of glass fiber
mats of various fiber diameters and through relatively coarse
fiber mats impregnated with asbestos fibers. Efficiencies are
measured by a Sinclair-Phoenix photometer, gravimetrically,
and by odor tests. In the ranges tested, efficiency appeared to
increase with increasing velocity through the mats. At veloci-
ties of 500-700 ft/min through the glass fiber mats, efficiencies
of well over 90% are not uncommon. Pressure drops are 16-18
in. water. Odor tests show that odor reduction correlates with
paniculate removal, indicating that most of the odor is due to
particulates. The useful life of the filter depends on the degree
of plugging. For the effluents tested, two to three hours is
practical and economically feasible. A full-scale installation of
10,000-11,000 cfm capacity has been made and is operating
successfully. (Author abstract)
22061
Akamatsu, K.
OZONE OXIDATION OF DIMETHYL SULFIDE AND
DEODORIZING OF KP BLOW-GAS. (Jimechiru sarufaido no
ozonsanka to KP burogasu no mushuka ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kami-pa Gikyoshi (J. Japan. Tech. Assoc. Pulp
Paper Ind.), 22(4):200-204, April, 1968. 7 refs.
The main cause of obnoxious odor from kraft pulping (KP) is
in the sulfur compounds that arise in the process. Sulfur com-
pounds in reduced form are odoriferous whereas those in ox-
idized form are either odorless or just irritants. Tables are
presented on the amount of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) that can
be retrieved from KP black liquor at various temperatures and
with different amounts of Na2S added. Different quantities of
organosulfur compounds released in KP of different types of
trees are listed for various pulping conditions. In general, the
broad-leaved trees yield more odorant substances than do the
coniferous trees. The data were obtained by a process similar
to the theoretical method, and the quantity of organosulfur
compounds from real KP process is probably much smaller.
The gaseous sulfur loss balance sheet for two factories in the
South (U. S.) show that most of the sulfur released is in the
H2S emitted from the recovery furnace, followed by sulfur
dioxide gas and DMS. A brief description of a process for
deodorizing DMS by ozone oxidation is given. However, un-
less inexpensive methods are found for the production of
ozone, the method is still far from application.
22353
Mitchell, G. E.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION-BENICIA REFINERY.
American Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of Refining, Proc.
Am. Petrol. Inst., Sect. Ill, vol. 50:638-650, 1970. (Presented at
the American Petroleum Institute, Division of Refining,
Midyear Meeting, 35th, Houston, Tex., May 13-15, 1970.)
Protection of the environment was a basic concept in the
design of the Benicia Refinery. From the inception of the pro-
ject, plans were included to provide the equipment needed to
maintain air, water, and noise level standards which conform
with best practices. The refinery is designed to meet the strin-
gent air and waste water quality standards prescribed by regu-
latory agencies in the San Francisco Bay Area. As part of the
program to define the performance and equipment require-
ments to meet these quality commitments, an extensive survey
of environmental conditions at the site was made before start-
ing construction. The abatement systems that were installed
have resulted in air and waste water qualities that have been
generally satisfactory. Particulate emissions are controlled by
cyclones and an electrostatic precipitator. Plume opacity does
not exceed Ringelmann No. 2 for more than three minutes out
of every hour. Sulfur dioxide concentrations are minimized by
Claus process recovery units. Hydrocarbon emissions are
restricted by vapor recovery systems. Odors originating from
sulfur compounds are treated satisfactorily. Stacks are high
enough to allow stack gases to disperse easily. The low
refinery water usage along with the need to handle relatively
large amounts of sour water has complicated the waste water
treating operations. Some equipment changes are planned to
improve the treating. Careful attention was given in the design
and equipment procurement stages to minimizing noise levels
to protect conditions in the community and also to avoid ad-
verse effects on plant personnel. A few relatively minor defi-
ciencies found after startup were corrected by equipment
modifications. (Author abstract modified)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
89
22357
Fernandes, J. H.
ELIMINATION OF ODORS AND DUSTS CREATED BY THE
COMMUNITY AND BY INDUSTRY. (L'eliminazione degli
odori e delle polveri provocate da comunita e industrie). Text
in Italian. Inquinamento, 12(3):27-35, 1970.
The various processes are reviewed by which odors and dust
particles in the atmosphere can be reduced or eliminated.
Reference is made to an extensive series of studies by the Air
Preheater Company, which has developed an odor-eliminating
device known as Cor-Pak, which eliminates disagreeable
vapors by burning them in a flame. Odors can also be reduced
by wet processes and by oxidation with a catalyst. Special at-
tention is given to the elimination of odors from a paper mill
and from incinerators where solid waste is burned. Included in
the discussion of dust removal is a discussion of cyclones,
scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and the various types of
filters. Cyclones are effective with dust particles of 20 micron
or larger. Electrostatic precipitators require a voltage of
50,000-100,000 V. On the other hand, the pressure drop is only
about 2.5 12 cm H2O, and the dust collecting efficiency is
better than 99%. Particles of less than 1 micron are captured
just about as readily as those 100 micron in size. Although bag
filters are highly efficient (99.9% dust removal), the cost of in-
stallation and of replacing the bags is a serious drawback to
their extensive use.
22400
Vedernikov, V. G. and V. F. Maksimov
SOME PROBLEMS IN THE DEODORIZATION OF GAS
DISCHARGES IN THE SULFATE-CELLULOSE INDUSTRY.
(Nekotorye voprosy dezodoratsii gazovykh vybrosov sul'fat-
no-tsellyuloznogo proizvodstva). Tr. Tsellyul. Bum. Prom., vol.
13:148-154, 1964. 10 refs. Translated from Russian. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
13p., Nov. 11, 1969.
The use of uncondensed exhaust gases as a deodorizing agent
in the sulfate-cellulose industry is discussed. Mercaptan and
hydrogen sulfide trapping methods are described. A sulfane
production system which employs condensation, scrubbing,
absorption, and a methanol bath is considered. Experiments
with black liquor oxidation are conducted in an attempt to
solve deodorizing problems. The industrial method of obtain-
ing dimethylsulfoxide from the toxic sulfur-containing
discharge dimethylsulfide is discussed. Gases uncondensed by
water discharged by the digestion works must be combined
and directed into an absorption chamber. On evaporation of
black alkalies, H2S and methyl mercaptan are isolated as a
consequence of the hydrolysis of sodium sulfide and sodium
mercaptide contained in the black alkali. Deodorization in the
soda section with an electrofilter and a scrubber is feasible,
but requires corrosion resistant conduit.
22435
Mallatt, R. C., J. F. Grutsch, and H. E. Simons
TERTIARY TREATMENT AND FLUIDIZED BED IN-
CINERATION AT AMERICAN OIL COMPANY. American
Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of Refining, Proc. Am.
Petrol. Inst., Sect. Ill, vol. 50:651-669, 1970. (Presented at the
American Petroleum Institute, Division of Refining, Midyear
Meeting, 35th, Houston, Tex., May 13-15, 1970.)
American Oil Company has carried out pilot plant work on
two combination treatment sequences which reduce oil, BOD,
suspended solids, taste and odor contributing substances, and
other impurities in spent process water to levels normally as-
sociated with tertiary treatment. This has been accomplished
by treating effluent from the company's patented Bio-Flotation
process with alum and polyelectrolytes to coagulate the
residual contaminants, followed by phase separation using
either the air flotation process or mixed media filtration. Com-
mercial facilities have been constructed at American's Whit-
ing, Indiana, refinery and are presently being evaluated.
Present plans call for disposal of sludges in a fluidized bed in-
cinerator, based upon successful operation of a prototype unit
at the company's Mandan, North Dakota refinery. (Author ab-
stract)
22518
Paulson, E. G.
ADSORPTION AS A TREATMENT OF REFINERY EF-
FLUENT. American Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of
Refining, Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. Ill, vol. 50:693-722, 1970.
(Presented at the American Petroleum Institute, Division of
Refining, Midyear Meeting, 35th, Houston, Tex., May 13-15,
1970.)
An investigation to determine the technical and economical
feasibility of treating refinery effluents by means of the granu-
lar activated carbon waste treatment is presented. Data show
that granular activated carbon treatment can produce a
refinery effluent containing less than 20 mg/1 BOd and less
than 10 units of Recognition Odor Number (RON) from either
primary or secondary refinery effluents. Evidence that those
organic compounds contributing to odor are preferentially ad-
sorbed relative to total mixture of organic contaminants is also
shown. In addition, necessary pretreatment requirements to ef-
fect suspended solids reduction below 60 mg/1 and oil less than
20 mg/1 prior to carbon treatment are described. Capital cost
estimates for 1, 5 and 10 MGD plants are given. B6reeak-
downs include estimates for clarification and adsorption/reac-
tivation systems. (Author abstract modified)
22522
NOW...RECOVERY BOILERS CONTROL ODOURS. Mod.
Power Eng., 64(7): 50-53, July 1970.
A recovery boiler which controls the odors emitted by a kraft
pulping plant is described. The new type of unit features a
design eliminating any contact between odor bearing black
liquor and cool stack gases, preventing the escape of odors to
the atmosphere and minimizing the odor problems associated
with conventional black liquor chemical and heat recovery
boilers. The new boiler design uses multiple-effect evaporators
to concentrate the liquor to 65% solids, suitable for direct fir-
ing in the boiler. Heat recovered by the direct-contact
evaporator in conventional designs is recovered by an enlarged
economizer section. The new units use a wall spraying
technique of liquor firing to provide stable furnace combustion
over a wide range of liquor concentrations. Liquor drying is
achieved by secondary air. Air admitted to the hearth burns
liquor char, reduces sulfates to sulfides, and smelts chemicals
for recovery. Gases discharged from the unit can be controlled
to less than 1 ppm hydrogen sulfide. Elimination of the direct-
contact evaporator causes changes in the electrostatic
precipitator design. The precipitator must have an increased
efficiency to maintain the weight of sodium sulfate fume
passing up the stack at the same level that could be achieved
with conventional designs. The units will discharge more sulfur
dioxide to the atmosphere, but it is expected to be below 500
ppm.
-------
90
ODORS
22525
Heller, Arnold
MEASURES DESIGNED TO REMOVE ODOR GENERATED
BY A COCOA PROCESSING PLANT. (Massnahmen zur
Beseitigung von durch Kakaowerke bedingte
Geruchsbelaestigungen). Text in German. Schriftenreihe Ver.
Wasser Boden Lufthyg. (Berlin), no. 33:57-60, 1970.
The roasting of cocoa beans at 130 C generates a characteristic
sweet pungent roasting odor, the processing of the roasted
beans liberates tannic acid, and finally cocoa butter emits a
not unpleasant but in the long run offensive odor. To neutral-
ize the roasting gas, a smoke burner made of chrome-nickel
steel alloy was developed using city gas which in a combustion
chamber at 1000 C oxidizes quantitively all odorous sub-
stances. The discharge temperature of the purified gases is 450
C. To neutralize the residual odor still emanating from the
work rooms of the plant, the air was channeled with the help
of powerful ventilators by means of air ducts into a second
smoke burner where combustion of the odor-laden air took
place and eliminated what odor was still emanating from the
plant after the roasting odor was neutralized. Newly designed
equipment for chocolate and related factories is now being
built (vacuum containers with agitators and vacuum pump
heated by a steam jacket) which eliminate the emission of
odors by plants using such equipment. The vacuum pump
draws off the odor containing air which is absorbed by the
cooling water and discharged into the drainage system.
22538
Kikuchi, Kazumasa
OFFENSIVE ODOR REMOVAL BY COMBUSTION AND
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE APPARATUS. (Nenshoho ni
yoru akushu jyokyo sochi. Nensho dasshu sochi no kaihatsu).
Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (J. of Odor Control),
1(2):43-50, June 20, 1970.
An invention for deodorizing an ill-smelling waste gas is re-
ported. The device operates by burning the gas at high tem-
perature to convert ill-smelling particles into ultra-fine parti-
cles, which are subsequently subjected to thermal decomposi-
tion. The combustion chamber consists of two concentric
cylinders. The ill-smelling gas is first introduced to the space
between the two cylinders and flows down along the inner
cylinder before entering the inner cylinder. As it flows along
the inner cylinder the gas is rapidly heated up and becomes
ultra-fine particles, since the inner cylinder is heated at 1400-
1600 C by a burner. Infra-red light is also employed to decom-
pose the ill-smelling elements by oxidation. High-pressure hot
air jets are emitted from around the burner frame to obtain the
maximum heat from the crude oil combustion. High tempera-
ture exhaust gas from the device is efficiently utilized to
reduce the running cost. Odor removal of 90-95% is achieved.
The whole system can be made portable to be used for an
excreta-collection vehicle. Propane gas is used as fuel. A test
showed an odor-removal rate of 95-99%. Test procedures for
odor, bacteria, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide
are described in detail.
22550
Loehr, Raymond C. and Samuel A. Hart
CHANGING PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE AND THEIR
EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT. CRC Critical Rev. En-
viron. Control, l(l):69-99, Feb 1970. 67 refs.
Animal production is discussed in terms of productivity in-
creases, changes in size of operations, handling problems,
waste characteristics, surface and ground water quality, land
application of wastes, land runoff, odor production, and waste
management techniques. Confinement feeding of livestock and
increased numbers of animals per production unit have created
large volumes of wastes with low value and societal and/or
economic restrictions that limit the feasibility of recycling
animal wastes through the soil environment. Animal wastes
may contribute to water pollution in many ways such as: ex-
cessive nutrients that unbalance natural ecological systems and
increase eutrophication; microorganisms that may impair the
use of surface waters for recreational use; impurities in ground
water; contaminants that complicate water treatment; and
depletion of dissolved oxygen, causing fish kills. While odors
can be reduced by proper sanitation in production facilities
and by proper treatment facilities, odor control is both dif-
ficult and costly. Pollution characteristics of animal wastes are
presented tabularly. Handling and storage techniques are
discussed, as well as water problems and land disposal.
Agricultural runoff is the major source of nutrient and silt pol-
lution to Lake Erie; increasingly larger quanitities of nitrogen
and phosphrous fertilizers are being applied to the land and
find their way to the lake during runoff. Odor and dust
production and control are discussed in detail, as well as site
selection of agricultural operations.
22837
Monscvitz, Joseph T. and Leonard D. Ainsworth
DETECTION AND CONTROL OF HYDROGEN POLYSUL-
FTDE IN WATER. Public Works, 101(9):113-115, Sept. 1970.
11 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical Society Meeting,
April 1969.)
During the processing of ground or surface water supplies con-
taining hydrogen sulfide, post-treatment odors sometimes
occur and are usually attributed to deterioration of water
quality in the distribution system. Existence of the problem is
usually evident by the appearance of a milky-blue turbidity
and, upon heating, the pungent odor of hydrogen sulfide. As
determined by the authors, the source of the odors is the
polysulfides produced by the natural or chlorine oxidation of
sulfides. The answer to making the nuisance sulfur species
susceptible to chloride oxidation appears to lie in converting
them to a relatively stable sulfate end product, with sulfite ion
used as intermediate. The stable sulfate can be oxidized by
post-chlorination. While current laboratory tests of additives
containing or hydrolyzing to a sulfate ion are centering on
sodium metabisulfite, sulfur dioxide may be used in future
tests.
22838
Sweny, John W. and John P. Valentine
PHYSICAL SOLVENT STARS IN GAS TREATMENT/PU-
RmCATION. Chem. Eng., 77(19):54-56, Sept 7, 1970.
Selexol, a new process, is applicable for removing and
recovering hydrogen sulfide, in high or low volume, from sour
natural gas; full removal of carbon dioxide from sour natural
gas and from synthesis gas before conversion to ammonia and
methanol; H2S and CO2 from refinery processes; and carbon
oxysulfide, carbon disulfide, and other sulfur compounds from
a gas stream. A photograph and flowsheet are shown of a
Selexol facility at Ft. Stockton, Texas, which removes 97% of
the H2S and 86% of the CO2 from gas gathered in the Dates
field. Capital and operating costs are lower than for chemical-
separation methods. Steam regeneration, large cooling
systems, and extensive heat-exchange equipment are practi-
cally eliminated. Due to its special solvent, the dimethyl ether
of polyethylene glycol, the Selexol flowscheme can accept
very high loadings of acid gases such as H2S and CO2, sulfur
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
91
compounds like COS, CS2, and mercaptans without solvent
degradation. It also gives extremely quick response to changes
in feed-gas composition. The solvent itself is noncorrosive,
nontoxic, and inherently nonf earning.
22988
Okuno, Toshihide
THE CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF ODOR FROM
PLASTIC PLANTS AND SOME EXAMPLES OF ODOR CON-
TROL. (Purasuchiku kojo yori haishutsu sareru akushu
kagaku seibun oyobi sono dasshu taisaku). Text in Japanese.
Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan), 1(1):46-50, April
20, 1970. 2 refs.
Chemical change of odor bearing waste gas in the course of
syntheti resin processing and some odor removal measures in
practice at plastic plants are discussed. Because of the diversi-
ty in the synthetic products, odor components and organic
compound residues are also different. The typical process for
acrylic acid ester compounds production involves a closed
reactor to prevent self-polymerization of monomers due to
sunlight and oxygen, and polymerization occurs in the nitrogen
stream. In this process the monomer-tank, the reactor and the
storage tank are the possible sources of odor emission.
Characterized by their irritating odor, acrylic acid ester com-
pounds even with a concentration below 1 ppm can be per-
ceived from 20 m away. Adsorption, catalytic oxidation, com-
bustion, and chemical solvents methods can remove this odor.
Some examples of odor removal by the use of chemical sol-
vents are demonstrated. In a process where plastic paint is
made of resin mixed with other synthetic materials, resin odor
stimulates eyes and throat. The result of ga chromatography
made on terpene gas has indicated that in a thermal treatment
tall rosin was greater in terpene emission than gum rosin. Set-
ding of terpene gas by cooling treatment can be an odor coun-
termeasure due to the difference in the boiling point of terpene
gas and resin acid. Some resin acid which is difficult to settle
by cooling can be neutralized by an alkaline substance.
23002
Morikawa, Takaaki and Isao Fujita
CLOSED SYSTEM ODOR REMOVAL PLANT FOR ANIMAL
FIBERS, RUBBISH AND FATS. (Senkuzu, niber, jushi nado
no mippeihoshiki ni yoru kanze dasshu no puranto). Text in
Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan),
l(l):61-65, April 20, 1970.
Manufacturers of cooking oil and livestock feed have been the
biggest producers of odor in the community. A disposal plant
was established to improve the waste quality and to solve the
odor problem at the the same time. Raw animal fat of high
quality and with 75% oil content is attractive from the stand-
point of oil and fat processing. Other animal rubbish and fibers
consist of as much as 50% water and gelatine and are rather
hard to be utilized for oil and fat processing and also for
livestock feed. The main efforts were directed to eliminate the
drawbacks of the conventiona type of open kilns. The local
overheating of the kiln due to the oilbumer it uses scorches
the materials and results in poor-qualit oil and fat byproducts.
The merit of the currently devised plant can be characterized
as its closed system. The kiln designed to collect odor bearing
vapor and to send it to a pressure reducer where the emission
gas is mixed with water for dilution effect. Th material can be
treated to a better quality under reduced pressure along with
less temperature variation according to the kind of raw materi-
als being processed. Odor contained in the vapor can be
reduced. The flowchart of this closed system plant and related
data are presented.
23008
Vandaveer, F. E.
THE DOMESTIC GAS-FOXED INCINERATOR'S ROLE IN
Am POLLUTION CONTROL. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 6(2):90-97, Aug. 1956. 15 refs.
Progress in the development of a smokeless, odorless, fly ash-
free, domestic gas-fired incinerator is reported. Test charges
and methods for producing and determining odor, smoke, and
fly ash were selected. Two-stage incineration with gas heat in
both stages is necessary to eliminate smoke and odor from
domestic incinerators, the first stage for burning the garbage
and paper, the second stage for oxidizing the smoke and odor.
For second stage incineration, catalysts impregnated on por-
celain or on chrome alloy heated to 500-700 F, ceramic balls or
slabs heated to 1400-1500 F., stainless steel grids heated above
1400 F, smokeless downdraft combustion with a gas after-
burner, and the flame of a gas-fired afterburner may be used.
Drawings of two prototype models of smokeless, odorless and
fly ash-free incinerators, and test data on them, are presented.
Major changes and additions to gas association requirements
for approval of domestic incinerators are reported. Drawings
are presented of two commercially-developed incinerators
being field-tested, one with a gas-heated catalyst in the second
stage and the other with downdraft combustion and a com-
bined incineration burner and gas flame afterburner. Calcula-
tions made from published data show that an incinerator in
every house in a large city should not cause an increase in
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, or aldehydes in the at-
mosphere to anywhere near the allowable maximum level for
health. (Author summary modified)
23067
Springer, Karl J. and Charles T. Hare
FOUR YEARS OF DIESEL ODOR AND SMOKE CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATIONS- A SUMMARY. Preprint,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, N York, 16p.,
1969. 7 refs. (Presented at the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Nov.
16-20, 1969, Paper 69-WA/APC-3.)
Methods to control smoke and odors from diesel engines are
considered. The reduction of smoke from new engines may be
affected by engine design, fueling, and combustion alterations.
Maintaining the reduced levels will depend on maintenance,
driver, and fleet practices. Effective control of diesel odor
continues to be elusive, although a few approaches such as
catalytic mufflers and improved fuel injection for one type of
engine have demonstrated merit. Much remains to be done in
both smoke and odor areas of diesel emission control
technology to identify new control methods and to investigate
their performance and cost-effectiveness relationships. Evalua-
tion and measurement techniques are described for the various
control mechanism tests. (Author abstract modified)
23117
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
KRAFT PULP MILL ODORS AND THEK COUNTERMEA-
SURES. PART n. (Kurafuto parupukojo no akushu to sono
taisaku. sono ni). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (J. of
Odor Control), l(2):35-42, June 20, 1970. 14 refs.
The odors from kraft pulp mills originate in the cooking,
evaporation, and recovery processes which are all more or less
related to the use of chemical solvents and agents. Odors
produced through chip cooking depend on the types of woods,
cooking temperature and time, and on the concentrations of
sulfur compounds. The control of steam containing gas emis-
sion from the digester and the blow tank is the first effective
-------
92
ODORS
countermeasure. In a batch type unit, odor emission can be
reduced when steam thus lowering the blow gas and the waste
gas temperatures down to exchanger thus lowering the blow
gas and the waste gas temperatures down too below 60 C.
Another feasible means of removing odor in a cooking process
is the chlorine water contact and combustion method where
the waste gas temperature is lowered to about 50 C by wash-
ing then preheated to between 80 C and 90 C for drying and
finally burnt at 700 C for 0.8 second in a heavy oil burner. Ox-
idization of kraft black liquor is recommended for the removal
of odor in the evaporation process. Kraft black liquor col-
lected in solvent recovery boilers can be changed by pyrolysis
into sulfur compounds most of which are combustible. It is
noted that these odor removal techniques have to be applied
very carefully in terms of boiler operation less excessive loads
in a recovery boiler shoul result in the increase in H2S genera-
tion.
23319
Briganti, Antonio
FILTRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (La filtrazione dell-
'aria atmosferica). Text in Italian. Condizionamento dell*Aria
Riscaldemento Refrigerazione (Air Conditioning Heating Cool-
ing), 6(14):215-225, June 1970.
A classification of relative size, weight, and percentage of par-
ticles present in the atmosphere is given. Particles below 1
micron represent 99.9% of the number, although they
represent only 30% of the total weight. Methods for evaluating
the efficiency of a filter are Air Filter Institute Code Test
(based on weight), National Bureau of Standards (calorimetric
method), and D.O.P. (numerical or photometric method). Each
of these methods is useful to evaluate a single and unique
class of filters, characterized by a well-defined field and per-
formance: the AFI, for low efficiency filters; the MBS, for
medium efficiency filters; and the DOP, for high efficiency fil-
ters. To evaluate the difference among filters with different fil-
tration efficiencies, but obtained with the same method, the
index of quality K is introduced, and its expression is given.
Two mechanisms of filtration for coarse filters and for very
fine filters are presented in addition to a series of elements
helpful in evaluating the useful duration of the filter and the
mathematical expression of the useful time of a filter (in
hours). Physical characteristics of absolute filters, microfilters,
and active charcoal filters are indicated. Some microfilters can
be constructed with programmed variable filtrating efficiency.
Charcoal filters (to be used in conjunction with a preceding
stage of dust filters) are mainly used to eliminate odors.
23371
Bretscher, Hans
ELIMINATION OF MALODOROUS EMISSIONS IN THE
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Chem. Engr. (London), 46(7):268-
270, Sept. 1968.
Meteorological conditions are an important factor in the emis-
sion of odorous pollutants, for example in the frequency of
unpleasant odors during the night. The best method available
at present for analyzing odors is gas chromatography, particu-
larly for odors from traces of organic compounds. Measures
for control of malodorous emissions in the chemical industry
fall into three groups: (1) prevention of waste-gas components
at their origin by plant and process design and/or modification;
(2) a variety of suitable processes for purifying waste gases;
and (3) dilution in the atmosphere from stacks. Since purifica-
tion methods cannot yet provide complete removal of odorous
components, they must be combined with stack expulsion for
adequate dispersion. Effective organizational administration is
essential to the success of any control program. Areas recom-
mended for intensive future work are meteorology (tracer
methods to rapidly gain regional information, and improved
wind gauges), improved and lower-cost gas chromatography
analyzers, and process-engineering measures to eliminate 'ol-
factorily intensive' substances.
23456
Olsson, Hans
FOOD INDUSTRY-VENTILATION FOR MACHINES. (Liv-
smedelsindustri- ventilation for maskiner). Text in Swedish.
WS (J. Assoc. Heating, Ventilation, Sanit. Engrs.)
(Stockholm), 61(0:20-25, Jan. 1970.
Air pollution is mainly a problem of odors in the food indus-
try. Compared with other gaseous pollutants, odors are a dif-
ficult technical problem. There are different methods to reduce
the concentration of odors, such as ventilation, adsorption, ab-
sorption, chemical reaction, and combustion. To choose the
right air cleaning equipment is difficult. It seems that good
processing and acceptable localizing are as effective as any air
cleaning equipment.
23493
Ochs, Hans-Joachim
AIR PURIFICATION IN A ROLLING MILL. (Umluf-
treinigung in Walzbetrieben). Text in German. Wasser Luft
Betrieb, 12(2):70-72, Feb. 1968.
Practical experience with various types of air filtering systems
indicates that the electrostatic filter is to date the only type
capable of handling the dust problems in a rolling mill. A
detailed description is given of an electrostatic air filter operat-
ing on the Penney principle. According to tests conducted by
the US National Bureau of Standards, when the airflow
velocity through the filter is 1.7 meters per second, the elec-
trostatic filter removes at least 90% of the dust. If the velocity
is slowed" to less than 2 m/sec, the separating efficiency ap-
proaches 100%. The operating temperature should not exceed
60 C. The electrostatic filter offers the additional advantage of
removing many unpleasant odors, by virtue of the fact that
much of the odoriferous material is bound to liquid particles
suspended in the air. The ozone created by the electrical
discharges also provides a means of oxidizing undesirable
gaseous components in the air. The principal impurity to be
removed from air aspirated from above a cold-rolling mill is an
oil mist, while in the case of a hot mill the chief product is an
oil-water emulsion. The normal airflow velocity from an
operating mill is 1.7 m/sec., whereas the use of the electro-
static filter requires a rate of flow not exceeding 1.3 m/sec; the
ideal rate is 1.0 m/sec., or 60% of the rate corresponding to
maximum operating efficiency. The specific problems relating
to the removal of oil mists and oil-water emulsions are
discussed, together with some brief comments on the
economics of the filtering system.
23538
Nolan, William J.
PREPULPING CHIP EXTRACTION TO REDUCE AIR POL-
LUTION. FINAL REPORT AND RECOMMENDED FUTURE
RESEARCH. Florida Univ., Gainesville, Engineering and In-
dustrial Experiment Station, PHS Grants AP 00612-01 and AP
00612-02, 18p., Jan. 17, 1970.
Results are summarized and future work recommended from a
study to determine whether rosin removal from chips before
kraft pulping would permit efficient oxidation of dilute black
liquors, and to explore the pulping of rosin-extracted chips by
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
93
the neutral sulfite process. Prepulping rosin extraction had no
benefits in black liquor oxidation. The following conclusions
were drawn from this and other phases of the investigation. (1)
Pulping of the southern pines with sodium sulfite solutions in-
stead of conventional kraft solutions of sodium hydroxide and
sulfide will prevent the formatio of mercaptan, hydrogen sul-
fide, dimethyl sulfide, and disulfide, thus eliminating the air
pollution problem characteristic of kraft pulping. (2) Sodium
sulfite pulping (pH range 8.5-7.8) will produce pulps with im-
proved yield in the range of 62-68%, with strong burst, tensile,
and tear characteristics. (3) Small additions of sodium car-
bonate to the sodium sulfite liquors may benefit pulp strength.
(4) Two-stage pulping with fibration between stages will im-
prove pulp quality with probable lower equipment costs. (5)
Three-stage screw press washers will reduce stream pollution
to less than a fourth of that caused by conventional 3-stage
vacuum washers. (6) Conventional kraft recovery equipment
can be used to recover sodium sulfite waste liquors, replacing
the recausticizing unit used in kraft recovery by three gas ab-
sorption towers. (Author summary modified)
23594
Kellum, James
SEWER ODOR CONTROL. Water Wastes Eng., 7(7):43, July
1970.
A newly developed process is available for the control of
odors in sewers, lift stations, and sewage treatment plants.
The process involves the installation of a gas-producing unit
into which air is introduced and passed through a series of
baffles. With the passage of the air, electrical current is con-
tinuously discharged across the space between the baffles. The
result is the production of an activated mixture of gases that,
when discharged into a lift station or sewer line, eliminates
more odors and prevents septicization and the formation of
hydrogen sulfide. When used for upline treatment, the process
is reported to raise the DO content of the liquid, promote
aerobic biological growth, and reduce BOD where sufficient
retention times are available. Other advantages claimed for the
process and equipment are discribed.
23836
LaRue, Phillip G.
SMOKELESS AND ODORLESS DOMESTIC INCINERA-
TORS. (Calcinator Corp., Bay City, Mich.) U. S. Pat.
3,527,177. 7p., Sept. 8, 1970. 7 refs. (Appl. Jan. 4, 1968, 12
claims).
An incinerator for the smokeless and odorless burning of
domestic rubbish is described. The off-gases of the primary
combustion chamber are channeled into the path of a torch-
like burner where they are heated to an elevated temperature,
mixed with additional oxygen, and forced to take a definite
time-delay path in order for recombustion to take place before
the gases are vented to the atmosphere. A venting mechanism
is provided which reduces the temperature of the gases from
the secondary chamber before they are released to the at-
mosphere. The incinerator is of a compact and efficient design
and utilizes a minimum number of parts.
A successful annual testing of more than 300,000 oil-firing
plants in North Rhine-Westphalia requires the use of the filter
paper method for a reliable detection of particle emissions
(soot), and of the pyridine test for detecting odorous com-
ponents (oil derivatives). A series of special investigations has
clarified the relationship between the test gas volume and soot
number, between soot concentrations and soot number, and
also between the emission of oil derivatives and nuisance
caused by odor. Reliably regulated atomizing burners of good
construction used for EL fuel oil ensure soot concentrations
well below 10 mg/N cu m and odorless waste gases.
23901
Morgan, John P.
ODOR CONTROL IN KRAFT PULP MILLS. Chem 26,
6(9):30-34, Sept. 1970.
Bivalent sulfur compounds in various gaseous effluents are the
main source of odor from Kraft pulp mills. Systems for reduc-
ing odors from digester and multiple evaporator areas, from
black liquor oxidation, and from contaminated condensate are
detailed. The system for the non-condensables from the
digester and evaporator areas is based on a special burning
system operated on the simple principle of an inverted
chamber inside a contaminant tank partially filled with water
to provide a gas seal. Gases from the evaporators are scrubbed
with a recycled caustic. A strong black liquor oxidation system
prevents hydrogen sulfide stripping and reduces lime reburning
requirements. Treatment of the contaminated condensate is ef-
fectly handled by air stripping alone or in combination with
thermal oxidation processes.
23967
Hardison, L. C.
GASEOUS WASTE DISPOSAL. Ind. Gas, vol. 47:16-23, July
1968. (Presented at the East Ohio Gas Co. seminar on waste
disposal, Cleveland, Ohio.)
The three basic oxidation processes for incineration of waste
gases are flame, thermal, and catalytic incineration. The three
differ basically in the temperature to which the gas stream
must be heated. Flame incinerators are most often used for
closed chemical reactors; however, if the concentration of
combustible contaminants in air air stream is well below the
lower limit of flammability, direct thermal incineration is con-
siderably more economical. Catalytic incineration is widely
used for the oxidation of paint solvents, odors from chemical
and food operations, and for other functions that help offset
the cost of air pollution control equipment; it operates below
the limits of flammability and below the normal oxidation tem-
peratures of the contaminants. The catalytic systems are the
least costly when comparisons are made at the optimum level
of heat recovery. Details of the three methods are given, par-
ticularly in terms of the operating costs of the equipment;
several applications are briefly considered, including wire
enameling, metal lithography, and kettle cooking. Carbon ab-
sorption and wet scrubbing are among the alternatives for
some applications where incineration is not appropriate. The
general steps in choosing a gas disposal system for a particular
emission are outlined.
23885
Baum, Fritz and Werner Brocke
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE CONTROL OF OIL
BURNERS FOR THE REDUCTION OF SOOT EMISSIONS
AND ODOR ENVELOPMENT. (Praktische Erfahrungen bei
der Kontrolle von Oelfeuerungen zur Verminderung des Rus-
sauswurfs und der Geruchsentwicklung). Text in German.
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 30(8):328-333, Aug. 1970. 23 refs.
24065
Schiele, G.
ELECTRICAL CLEANING OF WASTE GASES FROM ELEC-
TRODE FURNACES. (Elektrische Reinigung der Abgase aus
Elektrodenbrennoefen). Aluminium, 43(3):171-174, March
1967. 4 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 16p., Nov. 4,
1969.
-------
94
ODORS
Flue-gas of electrode firing kilns contains extremely fine tar
mists of fractions having different boiling points. Particularly
during temperature inversion conditions, the usually disagreea-
ble odor can constitute a great nuisance in both the closer and
more distant environment. On account of its fineness, the mist
can be separated most effectively by electrostatic filters. The
higher the operating voltage of the electrostatic filter, the
better is the separation. However, the voltage cannot be raised
arbitrarily high, since it will ultimately lead to electrical
discharges between the spray and the precipitation-electrodes.
One should strive to cool the flue-gas before tar separation to
such an extent that the renewed condensation of tar mists
after cleaning is as slight as possible. At a temperature of
about 70 C, the vapor pressures of the tar oils in question are
already so low that, on dilution of the flue gas with at-
mospheric air and on cooling of the mixture, they remain in
the aerosol form and evaporate very rapidly. Methods of cool-
ing are discussed, as well as effective means of controlling the
danger of fire.
24079
Gommi, J. V.
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ACE SYSTEM FOR KRAFT
ODOR REDUCTION. Paper Trade J., 154(27):44-46, July 6,
1970. 8 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers National Meeting, 67th, Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 15-18,
1970.)
The air contact evaporator (ACE) system eliminates the kraft
recovery furnace contribution to total reduced sulfur emission
by eliminating gas contact with black liquor. In this system,
hot gases leaving the economizer are cooled in a regenerative
Ljungstrom-type heat exchanger whose heat absorbing surface
is composed of closely-spaced elements. The heat is given up
by the rotation of the surface into the incoming air stream.
The resulting air is sufficiently hot to be used in a cascade
evaporator to concentrate black liquor to 68% dry solids. It is
then routed to the furnace for use as combustion air. With the
system, there is no carbon dioxide present to contact the black
liquor. In addition, no volatiles or products of hydrolysis can
escape to the stack; whatever small amounts might theoreti-
cally be present are swept into the furnace and oxidized to
SO2. Pilot development of the system and the first commer-
cially installed unit are discussed. The latter gives lower levels
of odorous reduced sulfur with unozidized liquor than required
by any existing state code.
24090
HIGH-ENERGY AIR FILTER FOR REDUCING INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENTS. Filtration Eng., 1(9):9-13, May 1970.
Faced with a tacky organic smoke emission from two of its
major processes, asphalt saturation and the baking of phenol-
formaldehyde binders, Johns-Manville set about developing a
technique for dealing with the effluent. The key to the process
developed, called HEAP, for high-energy air filter, is the
utilization of high velocity effluent air through a fiberglass
filter medium. Increasing efficiency is due either to an in-
crease of inertia! forces, which throw the particle against the
fibers and capture it by that mechanism, or by compression of
that material at higher flow rates and pressure drops. It has
rarely been reported that odors are due to participates, but the
results obtained with the two effluents tested seem to indicate
that the liquid particulates in these effluents are almost the
sole cause of odor. If this were not so, there would not be
such a close correlation between the odor-removal efficiency
and the paniculate-removal efficiency. An economic com-
parison of seven different systems designed to filter 30,000 cu
ft per minute from a roofing plant saturator is presented tabu-
larly.
24197
Elnicki, Walter
A CONTROL MODE FOR AIR POLLUTION. All Clear,
2(3):15-16, May/June 1970.
Thermal incineration is a process of oxidation of the organic
material in a waste gas by means of bringing the gas to a tem-
perature above the automatic ignition temperature of the com-
bustible, and holding it there long enough to oxidize it. These
contaminants may be odors and/or solvents in the gaseous
form. In order to obtain good conversion efficiencies, the
hydrocarbons must be heated to temperatures between 1300
and 1500 F with a residence time of .3 to .6 seconds. The
design of a thermal incineration system must incorporate tem-
perature, holding time, and turbulence of the waste air stream
to produce proper clean-up efficiencies. When properly baf-
fled, the holding chamber will produce enough turbulence to
get thorough mixing of the waste gases to produce maximum
burning. It is extremely critical that the minimum allowable ex-
haust rate be used, since the air flow rate governs the amount
of gas which is burned, the size of the incinerator, the exhaust
fan, and relative ductwork to feed the thermal incinerator.
Costs can be reduced with the addition of heat exchangers to
preheat the process exhaust air, and/or to heat make up air to
supply back to the process, or to heat air from space heating
in the building itself.
24380
Kuzuma, Junji, Tadashi Sakurai, Isao Koyama, Tatsukichi
Ishiguro, and Toshio Odaira
RESEARCH ON ODOR EMITTED FROM FISH MEAL
PLANTS. (Gyochokotsu shorikojo no akushujokyo ni kansuru
chosahokoku). Text in Japanese Tokyo-to Kogai Kenkyusho-
ho (Ann. Kept. Tokyo Metropol. Res. Inst. Environ. Protec-
tion), Sect. 1:140-155, Jan. 1970.
A general description of fish meal processing plants is given,
and the number of complaints received in each district of
Tokyo concerning smoke, dust, and odor are listed in a table.
Flow chart describe ordinary fish meal processing as well as
the continuous sealed process. Removal of bad odor from the
drying process and from the liquid resulting from the pressing
process were investigated. The methods tested for odor
removal in the drying process were chemical scrubbing, ozone
oxidation, and sulfonic carbon adsorption. Odor samples were
tested by organoleptic methods, gas chromatography, and ab-
sorption photometry. Each odor removal process is explained
in detail; diagrams are given; and some of the measurement
results are tabulated according to the odorant chemicals such
as ethyl mercaptan and diethyl sulfide. For press liquid, the
samples were quantitatively analyzed for water content, crude
protein, and crude fat. The results show that a process such as
the one involving indirect heating of the juice in a sealed tank,
passing it through the desludger, and the three-laye separation
and concentration in the evaporation chamber would preve
odor emission. A detailed table is given on the analysis of the
components of the liquid at various processing stages.
24743
Damon, W. A.
ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CHEMICAL IN-
DUSTRY. Chem. Ind. (London), vol. 41:1266-1270, Oct. 8,
1955. 11 refs. (Presented at the London Section of the Society
of Chemical Industry Symposium on the Prevention of.At-
mospheric and Water Pollution in the Chemical Industry, Lon-
don (England). (April 4-5, 1955.)
The special problems of air pollution arising from chemical
processes are largely dealt with under the provisions of the Al- <
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
95
kali etc. Works Registration Act, 1906, and the Alkali, etc.,
Works Regulation (Scotland) Act, 1951, as extended by sub-
sequent legislation. Those processes that are considered to be
the greatest potential contributors to air pollution are defined
and not permitted to operate in the absence of control equip-
ment for noxious or offensive gases. In connection with cer-
tain processes, e.g., sulfur acid manufacture, statutory limits
of acidity are laid down; but, in general, reliance is placed on
the use of the best practicable means. Suitable methods of
treatment are given for noxious constituents of chemical re-
agents, odorous permanent gases from petroleum refining
processes, sulfur oxides from fuel combustion, and waste
gases from metallurgical processes, including electrolysis of
alumina. It is emphasized that the control of these sources
often requires changes in the processes themselves.
24810
PLANT SERVICES BEAT EXPLOSION HAZARDS. Mod.
Power Eng., 64(11): 40-44, Nov. 1970.
Modern air conditioning and dust control techniques in a
Canadian flour mill have produced a virtually dust-free at-
mosphere and drastically reduced the need for explosion-proof
electrical equipment. In addition, dry-cleaning of raw wheat
grains, as opposed to water washing, has eliminated odors.
The dust collection system comprises five separate systems,
each using bag filters. In the cleaning section, the dust collec-
tor aspirates all receivers on intermediate relift conveyors and
the screenings section conveyor. In addition, all cleaning
machinery, feeders, and screw conveyors in the cleaning sec-
tion are aspirated through this filter. Clean exhaust air from
this and the other filters is fed to an air make-up unit which
creates a positive air pressure within the mill and prevents the
build-up of dangerous dust concentrations.
24845
Takei, Kazuo
DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST SMOKE. (Diizeru kikan
kaikien). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public
Nuisance), 6(9):547-552, Sept. 25, 1970. 4 refs.
Although generally considered less objectionable and dan-
gerous than petrol engine exhausts, diesel engine exhaust
gases nevertheless constitute an important air pollution
problem because of their smoke and odor. The chief sources
of troublesome emissions are hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides,
carbon monoxide, and aldehydes. Suppression of pollutants in
diesel exhaust is the subject of a wide research effort, with
particular emphasis on barium-containing fuel additives. The
main causes of unusually black smoke are often inadequate
engine installation and tuning, such as improper adjustment of
the injection pump. Thus, diesel smoke can be suppressed
principally by effective maintenance. Smoke from an old or
overloaded engine can best be controlled by effective use of
the barium additives.
24969
Rueb, Friedmund
A PROCESS FOR THE NEUTRALIZATION OF TOXIC
VAPOURS AND WASTE GASES. (Verfahren und Anlagen zur
Unschaedlichmachung giftiger Daempfe und Abgase). Text in
German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 11(2):65-70, 1967.
Offensive, toxic, or noxious waste gases emanating from vari-
ous industrial processes are neutralized by absorption, by ad-
sorption on activated carbon or by catalytic combustion.
Processes include the old method of washing acid waste gases
in adsorption towers with chemically resistant polyvi-
nylchloride or polyethylene lining by means of water or of al-
kaline washing liquids and the new method of wet pressure
change separation which divides the stream of gas into thin
layers by numerous ducts which system is suited for the
separation of aerosols and for gas purification by absorption.
Adsorption on activated carbon permits the recovery of valua-
ble solvents which is accomplished by various methods de-
pending on the degree of water solubility of the substance to
be recovered. Catalytic combustion operates with temperatures
between 150 and 400 C and is often employed where offending
odors must be controlled like in the production of phthalic and
maleic acids where naphthoquinone, benzoic acid and carbon
monoxide must be destroyed because they are toxic and corro-
sive. Currently widely used is a modern arrangement consist-
ing of two steel towers where SO2 containing gases are
washed with diluted ammonia. Other methods separate aerosol
fogs by means of electrofilters with simultaneous recovery of
the pollutant and control of objectionable odors emanating
from biological processes by biofilters in which certain bacteri-
al strains deodorize the air by consuming the offending sub-
stances as food.
24988
Teyogj, N.
EXHAUST FROM DIESEL ENGINE. (Diesel Haiki). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), vol. 6(9):539-
546, Sept. 25, 1970. 18 refs.O
Studies of pollutants, such as black smoke, hydrocarbons, car-
bon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and aldehydes and of diesel ex-
haust odors are presented. It is not clear how much the pollu-
tants contribute to air pollution in urban areas, but citizens ob-
ject to the black smoke and bad smell of the exhaust. Of the
numerous smoke-meters developed, to measure diesel smoke,
none has proved satisfactory. Hydrocarbons are considered to
contribute to the generation of photochemical smog, and
benzopyrene, a carcinogen, is found in diesel exhaust. It is not
known how factors like fuel composition and operation of en-
gine affect the generation of the latter. Maximum CO levels
under normal operation are 0.25-0.5%; these levels will be per-
missible for some years to come in Japan, but will not be
tolerated in the U. S. after 1975. Nitrogen oxides can be
reduced by modifying engine design and operating conditions.
Aldehydes are suspected to promote photochemical reaction.
Since the cause of diesel exhaust odor is unknown, only sub-
jective evaluation by a human panel is possible so the problem
is difficult to solve. A Catalytic muffler or reactor is effective
in reducing the smell of diesel exhaust. Exhaust deodorant fuel
additives have been tried but without conclusive results. Ef-
forts to solve exhaus problems from diesel engines have just
started, and many problems remain.
25017
Stokes, Rufus
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICE. (Assignee not given.)
U. S. Pat. 3,520,113. 7p., July 14, 1970. 7 refs. (Appl. Jan. 8,
1968, 8 claims).
An improved apparatus is described for removing impurities in
the form of paniculate matter, gases, chemicals and odors
from exhaust fumes or other gases, prior to exhausting them
into the atmosphere. In the smelting business, especially in the
reclaiming of metals such as lead and zinc, a real problem ex-
ists where extraneous material such as, for example, rubber
insulation on the metals, is burned by the heat of the molten
metal. Apparatus including cyclone filters, bag filters, electro-
static precipitators and the like have been used in the past to
remove these impurities; however, all of them are generally
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96
ODORS
unsatisfactory, for one reason or another. The present process
includes a high pressure blower system for forcing the exhaust
gases into a primary mixing chamber, below the surface of the
water, so that the fumes will bubble through the water upon
rising to the top. As the fumes rise to the top of the water, ad-
ditional high speed blowers draw them out of the primary mix-
ing chamber and force them into a precipitator filter unit. In
the precipitator filter unit, the fumes are washed by means of
a water spray and are filtered to remove still additional par-
ticulate matter. The fumes are returned to another mixing
chamber wherein they are retained under pressure, so that the
gases are absorbed by the water within the chamber. From this
mixing chamber, the gases flow into a settling chamber within
the tank. (Author abstract modified)
25085
Lindberg, Erik Axel Sigvard
METHOD OF GETTING RID OF MALODOROUS AIR AND
WATER POLLUTANTS FROM ALKALINE PULP COOKING.
(Uddeholms A B, Uddeholm (Sweden) U. S. Pat. 3,520,772.
3p., July 14, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl. April 25, 1966, 1 claim).
In an alkaline pulping process, especially the manufacture of
so-called 'sulfate pulp,' the noxious and malodorous gases and
vapors leaving the digesters in the cooking of the wood chips,
without passing through a condenser, are brought, together
with steam from the digesters directly to a furnace, where the
gases are burned or rendered innocuous by thermal decom-
position. In the process described, the pollutant gases leave
the digester together with steam and are passed directly to a
furnace without passing through a condenser. The furnace
where the combustion takes place is preferably associated with
a conventional boiler, such as a soda recovery boiler, or a
continuous lime kiln. The gases flow from the digester to the
furnace without condensation of noxious constituents which
when condensed would only be a different kind of nuisance;
but they may pass through a superheater in order to prevent
such condensation during such passage. Thus, not only is the
atmosphere in the vicinity of the pulp mill protected from pol-
lution by the discharge of noxious gases, but the streams and
lakes and low places which might be used as settling ponds are
also protected against pollution. The waste gases consisting of
the pollutants mixed with steam from the cooking process and
oxygen for the burning are proportioned so that the oxygen
concentration is below that of an explosive mixture, so that
the combustion is safe. The heat content of the gases can be
recovered by use of a flue gas scrubber. Previous methods in-
volve cooling the gases in a condenser, or destroying the non-
condensible gases b combustion. The effluents of these opera-
tions either leave the plant in the form of water pollution, or
require further expensive processing to be eliminated. The
method described avoids these unnecessary problems. (Author
abstract modified)
25224
Summer, W.
DEODORIZATION OF AIR AND OF WATER. (Das
Geruchlosmachen von Luft und Wasser). Text in German.
Staub-Reinhaltung Luft, 30(9): 371-372, Sept. 1970.
The control methods of osmogens through adsorption, absorp-
tion or precipitation suffer from the drawback that the
osmogens are only transferred from one medium to another
which then becomes an osmogen in its own right, only greatly
concentrated. Normal combustion requires high temperatures
not easily generated. Catalytic combustion while practicable at
comparatively low temperatures has the drawback of the
catalyst being vulnerable to catalytic poisons. At low concen-
trations of osmogens like 10 ppm, combustion as a control
method is uneconomical. The only method of controlling small
quantities of osmogens is the substitution of the atom in the
molecule which causes the olfactory problem by nascent ox-
ygen which can be produced by drawing air through a field of
rays whose wavelength corresponds to the absorption spec-
trum of oxygen. As the short life span of atomic oxygen does
not permit its transport, air to be deodorized must pass
through the field of rays. Experiments disclosed that mercap-
tans, sulfides, and amines in the air can be deodorized by ir-
radiation with an efficiency of up to 97%. Similarly, waste
water containing H2S can be deodorized by expelling the dis-
solved H2S through blowing in air and treating the expelled
H2S with atomic oxygen. An H2S content of 178 mg H2S/1
H2O can be thus reduced to 12 mg/1 H2O after a 30 minute
treatment. Industrially applied, a volume of 7800 N cu m/h air
containing 2.0 mg H2S/N cu m and 1.8 mg amines/N cu m was
deodorized by 65-85% with an energy expenditure of 6400 W.
25379
(Inventor not given.)
DRYING APPARATUS COMPRISING A DEVICE FOR
BURNING AND DEODORIZING ODOROUS GASES.
(Kabushiki Kaisha Okawara Seisakusho, Shizuoka (Japan) and
Tohzai Sango Boeki Co., Ltd., Tokyo (Japan)) Brit. Pat.
1,174,072. 3p., Dec. 10, 1969. (Appl. Sept. 26, 1967, 2 claims).
An apparatus is described for drying chicken droppings, or the
like, which comprises a cylindrical rotary drum for stirring and
pulverizing the droppings. Hot gases blown into the drum stir
and dry the droppings. The odorous gases generated in the
drying drum are led into a combustion furnace wherein they
are deodorized upon oxidation, and the resultant deodorized
gases are partially recirculated into the drum to be used for
drying and partially released into the atmosphere.
25479
i'
Rotterdam Soil, Water and Air Committee (Netherlands)
ROTTERDAM SOIL, WATER AND AIR COMMITTEE 1969
REPORT. (Commissie Bodem, Water en Lucht Verslag over
het jaar 1969. Rotterdam). Text in Dutch, 60p., 1969.
The report of the commission responsible for dealing with
ground, water, and air pollution in Rotterdam for the year
1969 includes sections on air pollution and the medical aspects
of air pollution. The largest number of complaints (1440)
turned in to the central office during the period reported on
had to do with the Gekro Company, which seems to have
made every effort within their financial means to prevent the
dissemination of unpleasant odors. When a burner failed to do
the job, two scrubbers were also installed. The difficulty could
be avoided by relocation, but the cost of relocating the plant
would be prohibitive. On the other hand, failure to bring ac-
tion against the company would violate the spirit of the laws
and regulations pertaining to this question. At the end of 1969,
the commission saw little hope of resolving the problem. A
total of 1326 complaints were received against the oil industry,
but this situation is analogious to the first, except that the
Shell Refinery has erected a high smokestack that has im-
proved the situation in the Rotterdam suburbs of Hoogvliet
and Vlaardingen. About 50% of home heating is now with
natural gas, and about 85% for medium-sized plants such as
for schools, office builVfengs, apartments, and small businesses.
The 'nuisance laws' in this case cover 'noise pollution" as well
as air pollution and citizens are entitled to complain of exces-
sive noise to the appropriate office. The commission has
designated an average sulfur dioxide concentration of more
than 500 micrograms per cubic meter in a 24-hour period as a
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
97
'red light' concentration in terms of bronchitis risk, while a
concentration of 350 micrograms for more than one day out of
a month is designated as a 'yellow light' concentration. A
number of air samples from the Rotterdam area were analyzed
for asbestos content, inspired by recent published statements
concerning a connection between asbestos and public health.
A connection was established between asbestos and a certain
type of tumor, but the problem so far seems to be one of oc-
cupational medicine rather than of public health.
25554
Henderson, Wayne L.
CATALYTIC OXIDATION UNIT FOR DOMESTIC OVEN
EXHAUST. (General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.) U. S.
Pat. 3,536,457. 5p., Oct. 27, 1970. 9 refs. (Appl. Feb. 21, 1968,
2 claims).
A catalytic oxidation unit is described that eliminates smoke
and odors issuing from the exhaust vents of domestic cooking
ovens, particularly the high-temperature, self-cleaning ovens
using a pyrolytic process for degrading food soils. The unit
comprises a hollow housing supporting catalyst-coated gas bur-
ners of cellular ceramic construction and having a high sur-
face-to-volume ratio. The housing has an intake port and an
exhaust port and includes a partition which separates the hous-
ing into intake and afterburner compartments. Gas flow is
directed from the oven cavity to the intake compartment, then
through the catalyst-coated gas burners to the afterburner
compartment, and finally to the exhaust port. Primary com-
bustion air can be supplied to the intake compartment, while
secondary combustion air can be supplied to the afterburner
compartment to create afterburning of the oven exhaust.
Complete degradation and conversion of gases to carbon diox-
ide is achieved since the velocity is automatically controlled
and they are exposed to high temperatures for a sufficient
amount of time. (Author abstract modified)
25594
Pardoe, E. S.
GASSING....THE BUG-A-BOO OF THE BUS BUSINESS. Bus
Transportation, 16(10):480-482, Oct. 1937.
Experience with de-gassing valves for the control of exhaust
gas odors from their buses led Capital Transit to look for a
measure for odors. The first step was to collect samples of ex-
haust gas and test them qualitatively for aldehydes. Next, the
susceptibility of different fuels to form aldyhyde was in-
vestigated. The third stage of these studies had as its objective
to ascertain what engine operating conditions produced max-
imum exhaust fuming, developing a test technique for obtain-
ing and analyzing these gases, and determining what engine
and fuel characteristics were influential in controlling this.
Probably the first result of the Esso Laboratories tests was a
definite proof that, in this particular bus at least, the aldehyde
content was 40 times greater in the exhaust when decelerating
than when accelerating or running along. For any of the types
of fuel tried, the aldehyde content decreased as the volatility
increased. A general improvement of 78% was effected by the
rigid adjustment of carburetor and ignition systems with a high
temperature manifold and a total improvement or reduction in
odor and fuming of 94% by the use of a more volatile fuel on
top of the other improvements was made.
25623
Desiderati, Paul
ODOR CONTROL WITH CHLORINE CUTS COST. Water
Sewage Works, 114(12): 469-470, Dec. 1967.
Chlorination was selected for odor control of hydrogen sulfide
coming from sewage at the entrance of a wet well and at the
effluent weir of the primary settling tank. On the basis of ex-
perience gained by running chlorine demand tests, the chlorine
required for any given situation is indicated to be inversely
proportional to the flow. The results of chlorine application for
odor control was further demonstrated by taking grab samples
during the day when the flow was 30,000 gph. Hydrogen sul-
fide tests were made to determine the effectiveness of odor
control. Physical layout of the system which includes two 150
Ib chlorine gas cylinders is described.
25694
Moehle, Fred W.
FLY ASH AIDS IN SLUDGE DISPOSAL. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 1(5): 374-379, May 1967. (Presented at the Purdue
Industrial Waste Conference, 22nd Annual, May 2-4, 1967.)
Dewatering industrial waste plant sludge using fly ash as a fil-
tering aid has proved successful. To fully understand where
the sludge comes from, how it is collected, and how dewater-
ing is accomplished, the entire waste treatment plant operation
is first described. Fly ash is introduced approximately 10
inches downstrea from the point at which the sludge enters the
top of the sludge feed mixing conveyor. The optimum mixture
should be in the range of four parts sludge to one part fly ash
by weight. Dewatering starts when the mixture enters the
filter, and the mixture continues to dewater, forming a cake on
top of the drum. Because of a 15-20 inch mercury vacuum in
the chambers beneath the cloth, the water is filtered out into
the vacuum chamber. When a vacuum chamber rotates to the
top of the drum, the vacuum is automatically shut off and
compressed air at 3 psig is introduced to the chamber,
dislodging the cake which then falls into a collecting chute.
The dewatered sludge has no discernable odor. A sludge tem-
perature of 65 C was most suitable. Some operating problems
in using this method are mentioned.
25711
Jahnke, Herbert
ELECTROSTATIC CONDITIONING ARRANGEMENT.
(Constanu'n Graf von Berckheim, Weinheim an der Berg-
strasse, Germany) U. S. Pat. 3,531,150. 4p., Sept. 29, 1970. 5
refs. (Appl. June 5, 1968, 14 claims).
An arrangement is described for electrostatically conditioning
the air in the passenger compartment of a motor vehicle. Such
conditioning delays the development of fatigue and, at least to
a certain extent, eliminates contaminants and odors from the
air. The arrangement comprises an electrode mounting on the
ceiling, insulation from the body of the vehicle, and a source
of direct current supplying between 90 and 150 volts. Electri-
cally conductive means are provided on at least one of the in-
terior surfaces with which a passenger comes into contact.
25858
Schirz, Stefan
ON PROTECTION AGAINST EMISSION: REMOVAL OF OF-
FENDING SMELLS. (Zum Thema 'Immissionsschutz': Ver-
such der Geruchsbeseitigung). Text in German. Landtechnik,
25(21):672-674, Nov. 1970.
While offending smells emitted by agricultural enterprises rais-
ing large numbers of domestic animals for meat production are
of low significance in the overall pollution picture, large scale
animal fanning is on the increase. In West Germany, the pig
population increased by 120% since 1950 while the number of
farms decreased by 52%. The use of chemicals to control the
-------
98
ODORS
smells emitted presents no solution to the problem; on the
contrary, this approach aggravates it because the chemicals
emit their own pollution. Chemical processes allegedly
destroying the smelly substances must be viewed with skepti-
cism; it is more probable that the chemical reaction takes
place on the nasal membrane which is de-sensitized to the
smell. Similar caution is indicated in the case of ionization
because ozone requires a long contact time to be effective and
these conditions do not prevail in agriculture. Technical con-
trol methods including purification of air by scrubbers, filter-
ing of air, and combustion of smells in the air are too expen-
sive to be feasible. The only inexpensive and effective ap-
proach is the prevention of smells by the maintenance of max-
imal cleanliness in barns, pig pens, or chicken houses, by
maintaining an optimal climate in these enclosures, by separat-
ing air emanating from manure pits from barn air, by mechani-
cal cooling of manure piles and pits, and by covering open
manure piles containers with muck, and silos containing fer-
mented feed.
25950
Archibald, E. £., Jr. and A. van Donkelaar
AIR QUALITY CONTROL IN A BLEACHED KRAFT MILL.
Preprint, Canadian Pulp and Paper Assoc., 14p., 1967. 10 refs.
(Presented at the Paper Industry Air and Stream Improvement
Conference, Third, Vancouver, B. C., Oct. 23-26, 1967,
Technical Paper T346.)
The engineering equipment and practices employed at one
bleached kraft pulp mill to reduce malodorous gaseous emis-
sions are described. Black liquor oxidation combined with op-
timum conditions in the recovery furnace can reduce hydrogen
sulfide emissions from the main stack to near zero. Noncon-
densibles from cooking and evaporation processes are success-
fully collected and subsequently destroyed with a high degree
of efficiency by a system of incineration and/or chlorination.
Typical emission data are tabulated. A home-monitoring
system, supplemented by in-plant monitoring is providing in-
formation on changes and improvements in mill emissions.
25977
Osterli, Victor P.
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY AGRICULTURE AND
FORESTRY: ODOR. In: Project Clean Air. California Univ.,
Berkeley, Task Force No. 5, Section 6, 4p., Sept. 1, 1970. 20
refs.
The development of methods to control odor at the site and
for disposal of livestock and poultry fecal matter is a major
need. One possible process, wet oxidation, could be of real
significance since it would not only eliminate the fecal matter
but would produce energy to carry out the disposal process
and possibly even convert the wastes to animal feed. Treating
the manure with chemical deodorants may provide a partial
solution. A specific application of the pyrolysis-combustion
process could be an alternative to current methods of incinera-
tion used which would eliminate or substantially alleviate the
problem of malodors. Afterburner-type devices are available
for some kinds of rendering plants to control odors. In addi-
tion to animal wastes and odors from meat processing and
rendering plants, more than 28 million tons of wood pulp are
produced yearly in the United States by the sulfate or kraft
process which produces a pollution problem.
26002
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
ODOR CONTROL IN FISH AND BONE MEAL FACTORIES
IN NORTH EUROPE. (HI). (DE LAVAL SYSTEM AND ATV
SYSTEM). (Hoku ni okeru gyochokotsu, jukotsu to shori kojo
no dasshu taisaku (sono ffl) (de rabaru hoshiki to ATV hoshiki
ni tsirite)). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor
Research J. Japan), l(3):54-63, Oct. 1970.
The de Laval system (Swedish) and the ATV system (Danish)
for odor control in fish and bone meal factories are discussed,
as well as an example in Tokyo. The Swedish system is
characterized by being closed with odors collected into one
place, minimizing the amount of air which escapes. An
adequate balance is maintained between the amount of odor
generated, wind, and the amount of water in the scrubbing
tower. In the case of fish meal, it is best to combine washing
and a combustion method. To prevent corrosion and the
lowering of combustion efficiency, a demister and water trap
are provided following washing. Also, after heating the gas,
some part of it is burnt as secondary air which makes it easier
to maintain a constantly high temperature in the furnace. The
ATV method is also a closed system. Asbestos plates are ar-
ranged in the scrubbing tower, which is equipped with special
nozzles. After the air is washed, it is burnt in a boiler at 750-
1100C.
26014
Hoshika, Y. and T. Ishiguro
QUALITATIVE ANALYSES OF ODOR COMPONENTS IN
THE PYROLYSIS OF FEATHER IN THE LABORATORY
TEST. (Feza kanetsu shoriji ni hassei sum shu seibun to sono
taisaku—tokuni akurorein no kakunin ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan),
l(3):34-44, Oct. 1970. 5 refs.
Feather treatment in the rendering process generates odorous
acroleih in amounts of 0.01 to 0.1 ml out of 25 mg of feather.
In addition to acrolein, such odorous gases as methyl mercap-
tan, acetaldehyde, diethylamine, n-propylamine, ammonia, and
hydrogen sulfide are also generated. A pyrolysis method
should be adopted, and a low temperature condensation
method should be applied to eliminate water, or an electrical
water elimination method developed, so that the rendering
process can be accomplished without heating. If a heating
process cannot be applied, use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
in a scrubbing tower is recommended. The rendering process
is explained, and a pyrolysis flow sheet is provided.
26056
Nishida, K.
THE REMOVALS FOR THE STINKING COMPOUNDS BY
SPRAYING THE DEODORANT SOLUTIONS. (1). (Dasshueki
ni yoru shinyo shuki seibun no jokyo tsuite (1)). Text in
Japanese. Akushu No Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan),
l(3):21-28, Oct. 1970. 23 refs. <
In Japan, complaints about odors are third only to complaints
about air pollution and noise and in 1968 reached 19.4% of the
total complaints involving these three categories of public
nuisances. Although the Pollution Countermeasure Fundamen-
tal Law of 1967 clearly defined odor as a pollutant, little ad-
vance has been made in the measurement and evaluation of
odors. As a result, there is no possibility of odors coming
under legal control in the near future. Most of the complaints
center on the collection and treatment of human excrement in
cities without sewer systems, in particular on the trucks using
vacuum suction hoses. Commercial deodorants are available
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
99
for neutralizing and masking odors in the home and, to a
lesser extent, in industry. The use of a spray deodorant con-
taining chlorophyll for eliminating odors from the vacuum
trucks was studied. Adsorbents such as activated charcoal and
resins are ineffective in these cases since they rapidly become
coated with water and with oil from the suction pump. As
determined by gas chromatogrpahy, the chlorophyll deodorant
did not completely eliminate methylamine though it effectively
neutralized its odor. Fifteen peaks in the chromatogram for
untreated gas were not detected in the chromatogram for
treated gas, which indicated a 100% elimination. On the other
hand, the post-treatment chromatogram showed 11 new peaks
attributable to components of the deodorant.
26057
Shigeta, Y.
RESEARCH ON ODOR CONTROL IN THE U.S.A. (A
CHAPTER OF RENDERING PLANTS IN WEST COAST).
(Amerika ni okeru askushu no genjo to taisaku (taiheiyogen
toshio kaseijo hen). Text in Japanese. Akushu No Kenkyu
(Odor Research J. Japan), 1(3): 10-20, Oct. 1970. 5 refs.
Rule 64 of the Los Angeles Air Pollution code is explained.
The rule pertains to odors and applies, among others, to com-
panies such as those making fish meal from offal and bones of
tuna, those treating animal bones and carcases, and those
producing feather meal from poultry feathers. Existing plants
are required to use dry rendering, (indirect heating of the
cooker and dryer), to suppress generation of odors. For the
elimination of odors, steam in the gas exhausted from the
cooker and dryer must be thoroughly eliminated by com-
bustion of 648 C. Fish meal factories are permitted to add
chlorine to the washing water. New rendering plants can use
no heating process other than the cooker and must limit their
use of the dryer. To encourage the adopting of modern
processes and control technology, new plants are required to
proces 500 tons/day to 2000 tons/day. By reducing the main-
tenance cost of odor-control equipment, these plants should
yield higher profits. It is hoped that 99.9-99.99% odor control
can be achieved.
26087
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Durham, N. C.,
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
NEW CUMBERLAND, WEST VIRGINIA -- KNOX
TOWNSHIP, OHIO -- AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT AC-
TIVITY. NAPCA-Pub.-APTD-69-13, 83p., June 1969. 24 refs.
Based on air quality and meteorological measurements, levels
of dustfall, fly ash, and suspended particulate matter in the
New Cumberland, West Virginia-Knox Township, Ohio area
are excessive. Levels of sulfur dioxide, although not con-
sistently high, reach short-term concentrations at which un-
desirable effects are produced Pollution is heaviest in the area
closest to a power plant, but all areas of the New Cumberland
valley are affected. Topography in the valley greatly in-
fluences wind flow, limiting the ability of the atmosphere to
adequately disperse pollutants. Frequent inversions, restricted
lateral dispersion, and weak winds allow periods of pollutant
accumulation. Undersirable effects of the pollution include
reduced visibility, soiling, excessive dustfall, paint damage,
vegetation damage, and irritating odors. The effect of pollution
on health, as inferred by comparison of measured levels with
air quality criteria, is of concern. Emissions from the power
plant can be reduced by available control technology, or by
the use of low-sulfur fuel combined with good combustion
practices.
26125
Suzuki, Fushito
REFUSE TREATMENT BY COMPRESSION. (Assaku kokaho
ni yoru gomi shori ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(12):973-979> Dec. 1970.
A compression system for the disposal of city and industrial
refuse was developed, able to handle 50 tons of waste in an
eight hour day Consisting of sundry trash (38%), excrements
(21%), synthetic resin (6%), incombustible refuse (10%), and
others (25%), the gathered refuse is pressed by a preliminary
and a main compression press, then covered with wire mesh to
be dipped in an asphalt melt for coating. This process is car-
ried out automatically and the resultant product, named 'Tek-
kaishi', is produced in about 8 minute and weighs 850-900 kg.
An air curtain shuts off the foul smell fro the refuse, while the
odor from the asphalt melt is improved with deodorization
equipment. The water compressed out of the refuse is treated
by oxidation for the removal of organic matter and is
discharged. Waste water is screened to be accumulated with
activated sludge and is purified in sedimentation tanks.
Problems connected with the adoption of an asphalt method
concern the high temperatures of operation, foul odors, and
the life of the melting furnace. Pollution by the 'Tekkaishi' bu-
ried in the earth has not been observed.
26128
Baba, Y.
DEODORIZING EQUIPMENT AND DEODORANTS. (Dasshu
sochi oyobi dasshuzai). Text in Japanese. Kogai (Hakua
Shobo) (Pollution Control), 5(2):62-81, March 1970. 3 refs.
Of the 5986 complaints received by 30 prefecture] govern-
ments in 1967, 1232, or 20.6%, concerned odors. Sixty-five
percent of the odors originated in agricultural and livestock
operations and 45% in industrial processes, mainly those of
chemical and food industries. As determined by a survey of
3000 enterprises, the mos commonly used deodorizing method
is gas cleaning. The principles o which a number of odor con-
trol methods are based are described together with areas of
application and equipment used. Major equipment manufac-
turers are noted, as are operating costs of the methods. The
methods include ozone oxidation, catalytic combustion adsorp-
tion, chlorine treatment, air oxidation, combustion, and use of
chemical deodorants. Ozone oxidation is mainly used to
eliminat odors of human excrement; its operating cost is low.
Catalytic combustion has wide application, and its operating
cost is lower than that of the heat tube method. Depending on
application, gas cleaning methods vary greatly in scale, type,
and materials. The adsorption method is applicable to render-
ing plants and feed processing plants. Air oxidation is used to
treat effluent containing hydrogen sulfide, and direct com-
bustion by oil and fat industries. Thirty seven deodorants are
described.
26172
Collins, T. T., Jr.
OXIDATION OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR - WHERE DOES
IT STAND? Paper Trad J., 14«(30):39-48, July 23, 1962. 153
rets.
The literature and patents on black liquor oxidation are
reviewed in an attempt to clarify the sources of original
discoveries. In addition, objections to foaming-type oxidation
units are noted as are the advantages claimed for new systems
such as the British Columbia Research Council, modified
Trobeck, Tomlinson, and Weyerhauscr systems. Also reported
are studies on the application of oxidation systems in sutfite
recovery, studies of the economics resulting from black liquor
-------
100
ODORS
oxidation, studies showing reduced tube corrosion by oxidized
liquor, catalyzed reactions of oxygen with alkaline sulfide
solutions, and procedures for analyzing oxidized liquor sam-
ples. It is noted that many mills will now be forced to install
oxidation systems as one step in more complete odor control
programs. Mills that are not under criticism for stream or air
pollution will probably continue to operate without oxidation
systems. These mills will be among those not using extra sul-
fur above salt cake for make-up for desired sulfidity, that do
not find an appreciable cost advantage in substituting soda ash
for part of the salt cake, and that do not wish to oxidize liquor
merely to balance the saving of fuel for reburning lime.
26173
Guest, E. T.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BLACK LIQUOR OXIDA-
TION. Paper Trade J., 148(12):30-34, March 23, 1964. 8 refs.
It is possible to eliminate almost completely hydrogen sulfide
from kraft mill stack gases with a fully oxidized black liquor,
followed by a properly loaded and operated furnace. When the
definite odor reduction in the evaporator condensate is also
considered, it is evident that oxidation is an essential link in
overall odor control. The most prevalent oxidation techniques
are the Collins system, the British Columbia Research Council
system, and the Troebeck-Ahlen system. Of these, the
Troebeck- Ahlen and the Collins type oxidize by forcing air
through the liquor in a manner to make a controlled volume of
foam. The BCRC unit operates with air blowing concurrently
with the liquor over specially designed plates. Other systems
are packed columns with either concurrent or counter-current
air, compressed air in a tank of liquor, or compressed air in a
pipeline. A detailed discussion is presented of pilot-plant work
on the Troebeck-Ahlen unit together with a summary of pilot-
plant results. The data have been incorporated into the design
of commercially available towers.
26176
Ghisoni, Pietro
ELIMINATION OF ODORS IN A SULPHATE PULP MILL.
Tappi, 37(5):201- 205, May 1954. 12 refs. (Presented at the 7th
Alkaline Pulping Conference of the Technical Association of
the Pulp and Paper Industry, Houston, Tex., Nov. 18-20,
1953.)
A plant for eliminating mercaptans from an Italian sulfate pulp
mill is described. The mill is located in a narrow valley, on a
river with a very limited water flow, near a heavily populated
area. The main operations in the odor control plant are: (1)
condensation of all relief and blow gases with indirect conden-
sers; (2) use of the condensed water as dilution water in a
chlorination tower of the bleaching plant; (3) the noncondensa-
ble gases are burnt in one boiler together with natural gas; (4)
the smoke from the recovery boiler is cooled to the dew point,
then oxidated with chlorine and again heated to avoid corro-
sion in the chimney. (Author abstract modified) 26176
Ghisoni, Pietro
26254
Perrine, Richard L. and Limin Hsueh
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS. In: Project
Clean Air. California, Univ., Berkeley, Task Force 5, Vol. 1,
Section 14, 5p., Sept. 1, 1970. 3 refs.
Five broad categories of industrial polluters are briefly con-
sidered, as well as their kinds of emissions and control
problems. The inorganic chemical industry has problems with
hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid,
calcium oxide, chlorine, soaps and detergents. Steel produc-
tion is a major industry, but the open hearth furnaces are
gradually being replaced by the basic oxygen furnace.
Although this also produces fumes, the new plants can be con-
structed with proper control equipment. Foundries may change
the work they do from day to day so that control problems are
at their worst, but methods to trap particles and fumes are
available. The handling of large volumes of minerals normally
involves problems with dust, while the special biological ef-
fects of asbestos must be noted. Glass fibers can also be a
problem, as well as fluoride-containing ores. Copper lead, and
zinc mining and milling operations involve dust problems,
while sulfur oxides may be released during smelting. Hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, sulfide and polysulfides which have very
bad odors, and other noxious gases are emitted during wood
pulp processing. Typical gaseous emissions from Kraft pulping
are presented tabularly. Coffee roasting plants, slaughter-
houses, and pickel plants emit strong odors. An areas of con-
cern is new processes to break down waste and return it to a
state useful in natural processes without problems of storage.
A particularly important point which needs to be considered is
site location.
26296
Okatsuka, Hisashi and Tomizo Honma
TOSHIBA ELECTROSTATIC AIR FILTER. (Toshiba kuki
seijoki). Text in Japanese. Toshiba Rebyu (Toshiba Rev.),
24(1):100-106, Jan. 1969. 7 refs.
An effective method utilizing static electricity is described
which removes dust in the atmosphere. By covering the posi-
tive plates with an insulator, the negatively charged plates can
be brought within a distance of 1.5 to 2.5 mm to the positively
charges plates thus increasing their adhesive force. The ap-
paratus comprises a filter, an ionizing section, a precipitator, a
deodorization filter and a cation generator. The first filter col-
lects the comparativel large particles more than 5 micron in
diameter. An ionizing section, which is formed by several
grounded metal plates placed parallel to the air flow and by
tungsten wires placed between the plates, generates a small
amount of injurious gases such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide.
The small distance between the negative and positive bands
results in low voltage between them during operation and im-
proves the collection efficiency and spark noise. An activated
carbon deodorization filter effectively removes the injurous
gases. The cation generator utilizes a method of corona
discharge, while reflected light from the wall of the ionizing
section is included to reduce dust accumulation. A removal ef-
ficiency of 95% can be achieved, while the smallest particles
which can be removed are 0.01 micron in diameter. The
number of filter units to be installed can be determined by the
use of a char and a dust meter.
26308
Endo, T. and T. Okazaki
REMOVAL OF ODOR OF ORGANIC SOLVENT AND
UTILIZATION OF RECOVERED HEAT BY U.O.P. CATA-
LYTIC COMBUSTION SYSTEM. (Sesshoku sanka shokubai
sochi ni yom yuki yozai shuki jokyo to kaishu netsu riyo ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research
J. Japan), l(3):45-53, Oct. 1970.
The U.O.P. catalytic combustion system is utilized for coun-
teractin odors, while also recovering heat to economic ad-
vantage. It features a catalytic element made of platinum and a
combustion system which preheats the gas to be treated up to
the temperature at which catalysis occurs. After eliminating
the odor, the gas is recycled. Examples are included fon a
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
101
metal printing and automobil painting factory. There are a
number of variations in the system, such as the use of ox-
idized ethylene or nitric acid equipment. In these cases, the
exhaust gas which was passed through the catalytic element in
a high pressure vessel is transmitted to a gas turbine and util-
ized for generation at the plant. At the enamel baking furnace,
color iron sheet baking furnace, or canning sheet printing fur-
nace, the remainder of the exhaust gas which contains solvent
fumes is preheated before being passed through the catalytic
elemen and returned to the heat generation furnace, economiz-
ing fuel. Low concentrations of gas can be oxidized at 260 to
350 C, with the fuel cost about 1/3 of the direct combustion
method. The element can easily be detached for maintenance.
26567
Kikuchi, K. and K. Wada
DEVELOPMENT OF BURNING APPARATUS DEODORIZ-
ING AND MAKING SMOKELESS. (Mushu muen nensho
sochi no kaihatsu). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat
Management: Energy and Pollution Control), 22(12):25-31,
Dec. 1970.
An apparatus is described which promotes the complete com-
bustion of odorous gas and smoke generated by incinerators
and rendering, fertilizer, chemical, and leather plants, thus
rendering emissions odorless and smokeless. Exhaust gas is
first led into the outer chamber of a heat-proof, special metal
(SUS-33) combustion chamber and rapidly heated by contact
with flame at 1400-1600 C to produce ultra fine particulates.
Radial heat from an infrared generator is utilized for oxida-
tion-cracking of the odorous compounds contained in the ultra
fine particulates. The pre-heated and completely burned gas is
then jetted to the combustion chamber where the tempeature
is maintained at plus 400 C. The apparatus affords economies
in the use of heavy oil required for reburning in the com-
bustion chamber. In addition, the pre-heating of the gas per-
mits the combustion chamber to be compact.
26568
Onishi, I.
DE. ROLL TYPE INCINERATOR. (De roru shiki gomi
shokyaku sochi). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat
Management: Energy and Pollution Control), 22(12): 1-4, Dec.
1970.
Based on technology developed by the von Roll Co. in Swit-
zerland, the Hitachi Shipbuilding Co. has developed the 'de
Roll' incinerator for handling garbage. The incinerator is
characterized by complete combustion, even of plastics,
thorough automation, low maintenance costs, ease of opera-
tion, and smokeless, odorless, and dustless incineration. The
system includes combustion and postcombustion chambers and
provisions for drying. Air for burning is supplied through
grids, which are equipped with shredders that expedite in-
cineration by exposing the inner unburnt portion of garbage.
Exhaust gas is cooled by water jets, while soot is trapped by a
multicyclone and electric dust collector. Odors are confined to
the incinerator area by a negative load inside the garbage pit
and by air curtains at the entrances and exists of garbage col-
lection cars. Equipment such as the ventilator and steam con-
densor are made soundproof by concrete covers and sound-ab-
sorbing materials.
26618
Japan Oil Refinery Co., Negishi Works
REPORT EXPLAINING THE MEASURES TAKEN BY THE
COMPANY IN PREVENTING POLLUTION. (Kogai boshi
taisaku genkyo setsumeisyo). Text in Japanese. 61p., July
1970.
A description is given of the measures adopted to prevent air,
seawater, and noise pollution by a refinery constructed near a
residential area of Yokohama. Control measures include a
green belt, the adoption of hydrogen refining, circulation of
cooling water, and effluent stripping. In constructing facilities
for the production of high-grade lubricating oil, stacks 130-m
high were built and noise prevention devices such as closed
heaters, silent fans for air-fin coolers, and water-cooled mo-
tors were adopted. The plant itself was built close to the coast
and the tanks were placed nearer the residential area. The sol-
vent tank is equipped with a deodorizer and filled with ac-
tivated charcoal; the compressor is surrounded by soundproof
walls and located to the side of the residential area. Ammonia
and hydrogen sulfide effluent from the Isomac (?) equipment
is recovered as ammonia and sulfur. Other innovations include
the use of a PPI oil separator and the recovery of the caustic
soda employed in washing liquefied petroleum gas for use in
manufacturing soda sulfide. By the end of 1969, about 20% of
the total plant investment had gone toward the pollution abate-
ment program. When completed, the capacity of the refinery
will reach 310,000 barrels a day but emissions of sulfur oxides
are expected to be relatively low.
26730
Essenhigh, R. H. and T. J. Kuo
DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL
MODELS OF INCINERATORS. PART 1: STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM. American Society of Mechanica Engineers,
New York, Incinerator Div., Natl. Incinerator Conf., Cincin-
nati, Ohio, 1970, p. 261-271. 18 refs. (May 17-20.)
Combustion in an incinerator occurs in two differentiated
zones: the solid bed, where the principal combustion processes
are pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion; and the overbed
region, where the principal processes are flame holding and
final burnup. Equations are developed to relate combustion in-
tensity in each zone independently to the average combustion
rate in each zone. This amplifies a previously developed equa-
tion relating the overall combustion intensity to the area firing
rate and incinerator capacity. The basis for predicting limts to
capacity and burning rate, by application of the thermal theory
of ignition and extinction, it also outlined. The smoke-fume
and odor-pollutio problem is dominated by the overbed com-
bustion since it is here that burnout is or is not fully
completed. For matching burning times to residence times,
kinetic data on the reaction of the smoke during burn-up must
be developed. (Author abstract modified)
26731
Biswas, B. K., T. Kuo, and R. H. Essenhigh
STUDIES ON COMBUSTION BEHAVIOR AND EXTINCTION
LIMITS OF SMOKE FLAMES. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div., Proc.
Natl. Incineration Conf., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1970, p. 304-313. 18
refs. (May 17-20.)
Smoke emission from incinerators is a result of failure of
overbed burning of carbon-bearing volatiles. This failure can
be complete, meaning that there is no overbed flame at all, or
it can be partial, meaning either the smoke reaction is
quenched before completion or else that there is inadequate
mixing so that some of the smoke-bearing gases bypass the
overbed flame and escape. The effectiveness of countervortex
mixing for flame holding was qualitatively studied by burning
smoke from pyrolyzing computer cards in a circular pipe with
-------
102
ODORS
air injection ports arranged to produce opposed vortex flows.
Kinetic constants were determined for equations governing
burnout so that overbed combustion volume can be correctly
sized by means of previously developed equations. The initial
results reported provide support both for the flame-holding
concept of the countervortex flow pattern and for the view
that complex smoke can be treated as a single reactive com-
ponent with operationally valid kinetic constants. The activa-
tion energy for smoke flames was 25 plus or minus 5 kcal. Cal-
culations of extinction temperatures showed that overbed
flames can be maintained at temperatures (500 F) below the
generally quoted low limit for destruction of odor. Extinction
temperature rose with increasing excess air, indicating the
need for good feed control.
26778
NEW REFUSE INCINERATOR DEMONSTRATED IN WEST
GERMANY. Surveyor - Local Govt. Technol., 135(4054):44,
Feb. 20, 1970.
A German firm has invented a rotary automatic incinerator
which is said to produce a completely sterile ash and to
release no smoke or odors to the atmosphere. The improved
efficiency of incineration is attributed to removing the need
for a grate. Operating at 1150 C, the system is designed to
handle all household refuse together with the waste of
hospitals, markets, and abattoirs. Between one and one-half
tons of refuse are burned per hr, depending on the calorific
value of the materials. Cost of the incinerator without housing
is less than $195,3000. The added cost of housing is about
$150,000.
26836
Tsuji, M., T. Okuno, and T. Yamamoto
MEASUREMENT OF ADSORBING ABILITY FOR
ODORANTS TO ADSORBENTS. (Shuk seibun no kyuchaku-
zai yoru jokyoritsu no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Hyogo-Ken
Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Kept. Environ. Sci. Inst.
Hyogo Prefect.), vol. 1:16-18, March 1970. 5 refs.
Measurements were made of the amount of odorous gases ad-
sorbed by active carbon and a chemical adsorbent consisting
of nitro-humic acid derived from coal (MGP). Approximately
10 to 1000 ppm of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, dimethylamine,
and trimethylamine were passed, respectively, through the ad-
sorbent bed at 2-40 m/min. Gas adsorption decreased slowly
with increasing gas flow rate up to 10 m/min, rapidly
decreased at flow rates between 10-25 m/min, and decreased
slowly again at flow rates above 25 m/min. Within the experi-
mental conditions, the capacity of the adsorbents was not in-
fluenced by gas concentrations. Exceptions to this observation
were adsorption of ammonia on active carbon and adsorption
of hydrogen sulfide on MGP.
26843
Yukawa, N.
ANALYSIS OF SOME ODOR SOURCES AND THEIR CON-
TROL. (2,3 no shuki hasseigen no kaiseki to sono taisaku ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kankyo Kogaku (Ind. En-
viron. Eng.), no. 65/66:69-82, July 1968. 15 refs.
Methods for treating obnoxious odors include adsorption con-
sisting of passing the gas through active carbon or other
porous materials, scrubbers using water or chemical solutions,
chemical oxidation method, masking, catalytic oxidation, and
direct flame deodorization. Data showing the effectiveness of
these methods are presented. The types of processes that emit
odor include the phthalic anhydride manufacturing process in
which the basic odor problem stems from the emission of air
used for oxidation. Data ar introduced for fixed bed and fluid
bed phthalic anhydride manufacturing. The best deodorization
method seems to be the direc flame method, although it is still
uneconomical. Odor from polyvinylchloride manufacturing
processes requires combustion and dechlorination for
deodorizing. The main odor source for glass fiber manufactur-
ing is phenol, and it can be countered by the combustion
method. Further discussions are presented on counteractions
for odors from rendering plants, fish meal plants, halogenated
hydrocarbon emission gas, enamel wire coating furnace, and
furnace for cooking rubber for wire coating. A brief treatise is
given on the theory of olfaction diagrams.
26908
Benger, Michael
REDUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION ARISING FROM
REFINERIES. In: Pollution Prevention. Inst. of Petroleum,
London (England), Proc. Inst. Petroleum, Summer Meeting,
Brighton (England), 1968, p. 28-38.
When a new refinery project is under consideration, consulta-
tions are held to ensure that the anti-pollution proposals are
acceptable. Statuatory limits which are laid down by act of
Parliament are well-established ones in which the technical
possibilities by way of controlling emissions are well known.
With the great majority of emissions, presumptive standards
are laid down at the discretion of the Chief Alkali Inspector,
and these can be altered as circumstances change. Technical
feasibility, the effect on human and animal health, damage to
vegetation, and odor thresholds are all taken into account.
Potential nuisances include sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide
and mercaptans, fluorine, smoke, fuel ash, acid smuts, and
noise. A major breakthrough in petroleum processing has been
the replacement of the old liquid refining processes by cata-
lytic desulfurization. Various methods used to control these
pollutants are discussed, including cost factors. The Reinluft
process is mentioned, as well as the Monsanto/Penelec
process. The former utilizes activated carbon while the latter
employs vanadium pentoxide. A dry absorption process util-
ized by the U. S. Bureau of Mines employs alkalized alumina
to control SO2. The offensive odor of mercaptans may be con-
trolled by stripping the condensate with steam or flue gas or
both. Recently it has become common practice to use the sour
condensates as wash water to crude oil desalters.
26944
Wertzler, John E.
THERMAL DESTRUCTION OF FUMES. Preprint, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Fuels Div., 9p.,
1969. (Presented at the American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers, Winter Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 16-
20, 1969, Paper 69-WA/Fu-l.)
A number of industrial processes employing commercial sol-
vents, including a variety of baking, drying, and curing opera-
tions performed in ovens, dryers, and kilns, are responsible
for odorous discharges. A review of methods of thermal
destruction of these odorous compounds is presented. The two
major problems associated with fume incineration are tempera-
ture and dwell time. Several conventional types of burner
designs are compared in terms of their hydrocarbon removal
efficiency as a function of carbon monoxide content The ef-
fluent can be rendered harmless (in conformation with even
the most stringent air pollution codes) prior to being emitted to
the atmosphere.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
103
27154
Acres, G. J. K.
THE CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. PLATINUM
CATALYST SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL ODOUR CON-
TROL. Platinum Metals Rev., 15(1):9-12, Jan. 1971. 4 refs.
Since catalytic and direct flame combustion systems complete-
ly destroy odor-creating organic compounds by oxidizing them
to carbon dioxide and water, they are generally recognized as
the ultimate answer to odor abatement. The development of a
honeycomb platinized catalyst makes it possible to incorporate
a catalyst in a combustion system without introducing the
problems previously experienced with catalytic combustion
systems. Noticeable among these were pressure drop across
the catalyst bed, catalyst attrition, and catalyst poisoning. A
honeycomb catalytic system with heat recovery is schemati-
cally illustrated. Process gases are heated in the combustion
chamber and passed directly to the catalyst, which is installed
in modular form to simplify installation and maintenance. By
giving about 50% heat recovery, the addition of a heat
exchanger ensures that odor free outlet gases are above the
dew point and thus prevents condensation in the unit. This
system has been successfully evaluated for the removal of
odors from animal, fish, and food processing industries.
27288
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
TECHNIQUE CONCERNING THE PROCESS TO REMOVE
OFFENSIVE SMELL BY COMBUSTION. (Nensho hoshiki ni
yoru akushu jokyo gijutsu). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan),
2(l):54-59, Jan. 1971. 7 refs.
Difficulties in odor countermeasures are caused by the follow-
ing factors: first, impulse measurement of the sense of smell
varies logarithmically with the concentration of the substance
of the offensive odor. Thus, slight increase in the offensive
substance is not easily sensed. The second factor is based
upon the law of Weber-Fechner. A 50% removal rate of the
offensive odor is scarcely perceived by the sense of smell
while when a removal rate of between 99.9% and 99.99% is
obtained, the decrease in offensive odor is admitted by the
neighboring citizens. Third, sense of smell fatigue may become
an obstacle when the concentration of offensive odor is mea-
sured or a test of the sense of smell is conducted. Fourth, the
offensive odor that causes complaints of the neighboring
citizens comprises multiple contents of which each has its own
threshold value. Fifth, there is a great difference in each in-
dividual's sensory organ. Sixth, the evaluation of offensive
odor pollution varies with areas. In connection with a com-
bustion deodorization process, at first an odor has to go
through the minimum condition of heating to 650 C for more
than 3 seconds. It is not permissible for an offensive odor to
go through imperfect combustion in stoking equipment. Setting
two sheets of steel in stoking equipment helps to avoid such a
possibility. In case oversaturated moisture and offensive odors
are mixed with each other at such a high temperature in a
digester used in a kraft pulp factory or in a dryer, glossal stok-
ing equipment and an energy source are necessary to remove
the offensive odor by burning. Therefore, moisture in the of-
fensive odor has to be removed in advance before the com-
bustion deodorization process is operated. The following
process is most often adopted as effective for removing
moisture: dust mixed with the offensive odor is at first
removed by a cyclone. Then vapor in the offensive odor is
removed because the temperature of the offensive smell is
reduced until it is about 15 degrees higher than that of air. The
residual vapor is eliminated by an ejecter while the residual
moisture is again eliminated by an after- condenser.
27336
Carlson, Dale A. and Curtis P. Leiser
ODOR CONTROL WITH SOIL FILTERS. Trend Eng. Univ.
Wash., 1965, p. 14-18, 24, Jan. 1965. 15 refs.
An economical method of removal of sewage odors, utilizing
soil system processes especially adapted to volatile materials
emanating from sewerage facilities, is described. Soil filters
were used successfully in reducing the emission of odorous
gases into the atmosphere. The experimental system described
is applicable to odor problems associated with industry and
with waste-water transport. The removal mechanism for soil
filters is primarily biological; thus, under proper environment
conditions, process efficiency does not diminish during ex-
tended time periods. Designs are suggested for economical and
easily operated systems of odor removal from waste-gas
streams. (Author abstract modified)
27357
Wright, R. H. and R. W. Klinck
WHAT PORT ALBERNI HAVE DONE TO CONTROL
KRAFT MILL ODORS. Paper Trade J., 139(41):22-24, Oct.
10, 1955. 11 refs.
A kraft pulp mill has reduced recovery system odors with a
well- designed black liquor oxidation system employing a very
large ratio of air to black liquor and with a simple provision
for adding digester gases to the air supply. The system uses
twin oxidation towers in which the black liquor flows
downward through asbestos- cement plates. The two towers
are located immediately adjacent to the hot-water accumulator
tank which is part of the blow-heat recovery system, and the
forced air fan which supplies air to the towers draws its air
through a duct connected to the accumulator tank vent pipe.
When the towers are operating, their air supply is first drawn
downard through the accumulator vent; when the towers are
not operating, the vent pipe continues to fulfill its original pur-
pose. In this way, noncondensible digester gases are easily
mixed with the air supplied to the towers, or, alternatively
discharged to the atmosphere. With the towers, the mean rate
of emission during a digester blow is now 0.36 rather than 2.24
gr/sec Although the rate is still sufficient to produce a noticea-
ble odor for a short distance downwind, both the intensity of
the odor and its range are much less than they would be in the
absence of the oxidation system.
27401
Leak, Robert J., John T. Brandenburt, and Milton D. Behrens
USE OF ALUMINA-COATED FILAMENTS IN CATALYTIC
MUFFLERS: TESTING WITH MULTICYLINDER ENGINE
AND VEHICLES. National Air Pollution Control Administra-
tion, Raleigh, N. C., Proc. Symp. Heterogeneous Catalysis
Control Air Pollution, 1st Natl., Philadelphia, Pa., 1968, p. 161-
173. 3 refs. (Nov. 21-22.) NTIS: PB 194169
Catalytic mufflers with an alumina-coated filamentary struc-
ture wer tested for oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide in automotive exhaust. The catalytic mufflers were
evaluated in combination with a manifold afterburner system,
which wanned the catalysts rapidly and prevented them from
overheating. A dual catalyst system of vanadia plus copper
chromite on alumina-coated steel wool had the highest activity
and the best life characteristics. However, copper chromite on
the same structure was used for road tests because of superior
odor of the treated bases and simplicity of preparation. On
cars with large displacement engines, catalytic muffler plus
manifold afterburner passed the official California cycle after
12,000 miles of operations. On a car with a small displacement
engine, which emitted excessive amounts of carbon monoxide.
-------
104
ODORS
the system did not reduce the combustives enough to pass
after 12,000 miles. (Author introduction modified)
27541
Yamamura, Yoshio and Michimoto Hirabayashi
SMOKELESS, ODORLESS INCINERATOR FOR REFUSES.
(Jinai no muen mushu shokyaku sochi). Text in Japanese.
(Daido Enka Kogyo K. K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 45-8948.
4p., March 31, 1970. (Appl. Dec. 3, 1966, claims not given).
An economical, smokeless and odorless incinerator is
presented that can be built in a compact size according to in-
dividual need for use such as in a small factory or a
household. Although in central, large-scale, incineration equip-
ment, since the heat is often utilized for power generation, it
is economical to heat generated gas to 800 C or higher in order
to remove bad odors, and smoke by means of a red-hot
chamber provided at the exit to the chimney stack; in a small-
scale incinerator for individual use, it is not. The new incinera-
tor for small factory or individual household use can incinerate
even organic refuse without generating visible smoke or a bad
odor. A dry distillation kiln is built into the incinerator. The
kiln has a cover on the top side and a bottom lid, and a gas-
discharge pipe on one side near the top. The gas-discharge
pipe is led into the auxiliary fuel combustion chambe next to
the bottom of the incinerator. This auxiliary fuel combustion
chamber has a burner, a secondary air-intake port and a gas-
mixing combustion cylinder equipped with spiral blades. The
chimney is in the upper part of the side wall of the incinerate
opposite to the gas discharge pipe, while a small air blower is
installed outside of the bottom of the incinerator and is con-
nected to the kiln through the wall by means of an air-feeder
pipe. Refuse is put into the kiln through the top. As the burner
in the auxiliary fuel combustion chamber is ignited, auxiliary
fuel, together with secondary air taken in, bums at a fairly
high temperature. Hot gas generated by the combustion goes
through the cylinder into the channel formed between the
inner wall of the incinerator and the outer wall of the kiln and
is let out through the chimney. As the hot gas goes through the
channel, the kiln is sufficiently heated to volatilize the refuse.
The gas is then led into the auxiliary fuel combustion chamber
through the gas-discharg pipe, mixed with burner gas there,
and circulated into the gas channel of the incinerator to heat
the kiln. It is then discharged thus completely deodorizing the
volatilized refuse that causes the bad odor, making the smoke
invisible. When gas is no longer generated in the kiln, and air,
which has been heated to 400 C or higher is blown into the
kiln to burn the remaining refuse therein. The combustion gas,
carbon dioxide, generated in the kiln is circulated through the
gas-discharge pipe, the auxiliary combustion chamber, the
cylinder, and the channel to heat the kiln again and is finally
discharged through the chimney.
27548
Katayose, Saburo
INCINERATOR FOR BUTCHERY AND SIMILAR WASTES.
(Obutsu shokyakuro). Text in Japanese. (Assignee not given.)
Japan. Pat. Sho 45-8396. 4p., March 25, 1970. 1 ref. (Appl.
Sept. 20, 1966, claims not given).
An incinerator is designed to dispose of watery wastes such as
butchering and fish processing wastes, including entrails,
giblets, plucks, and bones of animals and fish. These wastes,
produced in large quantities at a slaughterhouse or fish
processing factory, are hard to incinerate, generate bad odors,
and require a lot of fuel if incinerated with an ordinary in-
cinerator. The offensive odor and the amount of smoke
generated during the incineration have been serious public
nuisances. The incinerator offering a solution to these
problems is constructed mainly of fireproof bricks. It is di-
vided into two main rooms by means of a brick partition wall.
The larger room, the combustion room, has the firs platform
projecting from the partition wall, the second platform from
the opposite wall, and the third from the partition wall, in
sequential order from top to bottom. The smaller room on the
other side of the partition wall has a short partition wall
erected on the bottom and another still shorter wall suspended
under the chimney. A few flame holes are provided above the
first platform on the partition wall; the flame throw-in hole is
provided on the opposite wall at about the same height with
the flame holes. Immediately above the third platform on the
partition wall is another flame hole that is twice as big as all
the flame holes above the first platform combined. Under the
third platform on the partition wall is a still bigger flame hole
that is twice as big as the flame hole above the third partition.
This relationship is important in that it makes the main fire
flames jut downward. As the watery and fat wastes thrown
onto the first platform are burned by flames jetted in through
the flame throw-in hole, the fat content melts and drops onto
the third platform, while the water content evaporates. The
flame now runs toward the next larger flam hole, growing
bigger as it bums the fat content on the third platform, and
heats the wastes under the first platform. The flame then goes
through the largest flame hole into the other side of the parti-
tion wall where the second and third flame chambers are pro-
vided. As the flame goes repeatedly through this main path,
the wastes which are defatted and dried on the first platform
fall down onto the second platform and are effectively burned
by the flame. Gas generated during this process is led into the
second and third flame chambers where it is further burned by
the flame for the complete combustion that assures deodoriza-
tion of the gas.
27605
Taylor, E. F. and F. T. Bodurtha
CONTROL OF DIMETHYLAMINE ODORS. Ind. Water
Wastes, vol. 5:92-94, Aug. 1960. (Presented at the Symposium
on Industrial Wastes, American Chemical Society, Annual
Meeting, 137th, Cleveland, Ohio, April 11-12, 1960.)
In the manufacture of Orion, the recovery of the solvent
dimethylformamide is by distillation from what is basically «
two- component system of DMF and water. However, some
hydrolysis occurs which forms dimethylamine and formic acid
in the system. Initial practice at the May Plant in Camden, S.
C. was to condense the heads and let them flow via an open
ditch to retention ponds before discharging to the Wateree
River, but an odor problem developed. At the May Plant
where the river has a minimum flow of 200 cfs, the condensed
heads are neutralized with sulfuric acid and discharged below
the surface of the river. The use of a closed pipe to eliminate
completely the odors that remained after neutralization proved
to be necessary. At the Waynesboro Plant, the South River
has a minimum flow of 25 cfs and the community's waste load
to the river cannot be increased. Also, the plant is in a valley
which, similar to Los Angeles, hinders the dispersion of air
pollutants. Solution to this problem was achieved by a com-
bination of direct and catalytic oxidation of the heads. Operat-
ing conditions are indicated for the catalytic unit, as well as
experimental data from a pilot test.
27674
Inoue, Tatsuo
DEODORIZATION OF RANK ODORS. (Akushu no Jokyoho
ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 2(2):48-52, Feb.
1971.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
105
Elimination of offensive smells is reviewed, and a process of
low temperature deodorizing by catalyst is introduced. Sub-
stances causing odors are discussed. The features of odor sub-
stances are as follows: 1) gas or volatile substances; 2)
molecular weight of 30-300; and 3) a molecular size of 3-10 A,
as in chemicals such as amines, mercaptans, and such groups
as nitro, nitrile, hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, and carboxyl. A
strong odor is expected with substances containing sulfur or
nitrogen atoms in their molecules. Generally, a high unsatura-
tion of an organic compound gives a strong odor. Odors
become stronger as the number of carbon atoms in a molecule
increase, and the nature of the smell differs with the number
of atoms. The minimum amount of odor that can be sensed is
called the threshold of the sense of smell. Most rank odors
substances are hygroscopic; they tend to form mist from water
in the air. Natural and artificial sources of odor are con-
sidered. Deodorization methods include: 1) dilution by air
(strong deodorization is from oxygen or ultraviolet rays in this
case); 2) ventilation or draft (essential for indoor or basement
areas); 3) adsorption (use of substances such as active car-
bon); 4) purification (in the case of gas); 5)' combustion (at
high temperature for organic substances with rank odors); 6)
chemical treatments; and 7) biochemical treatments.
Deodorization of large amounts requires mainly methods 5, 6,
or 7. For method 5, a low concentration of odor substances
requires temperatures higher than 800 C. However, low tem-
peratures can be employed if a catalyst is used; this works in
the range of 250-400 C. High deodorization efficiency is ex-
pected for the contact oxidation method. Features of this
method are the lack of regeneration problems and the long life
of catalysts. Several kinds of catalysts are arranged according
to odor types.
27719
Hopper, W. C. and B. Rayzacher
THE IMPACT OF THE OIL INDUSTRY ON THE ENVIRON-
MENT, 2ND EDITION. Stichting Concawe, The Hague
(Netherlands), Rept. 4/70, 19p., March 1970. 12 refs.
The environmental impact of refining operations and oil
products is assessed. While super tankers represent a very
great potential for pollution, the industry is generally careful
to minimize oil losses during transportation—both at sea and
overland. The problem of odors can be reduced by good main-
tenance and should gradually diminish with the introduction of
modern refining techniques and engineering innovation. Many
refineries are reducing sulfur dioxide emissions by recovering
sulfur from hydrogen-sulfide gas streams. The sulfur-free gas
is used to recover butane or for reforming to domestic gas or
for the production of liquefied petroleum gas. The problems of
refinery water effluent and refinery noise are complex, the
former sometimes calling for biological oxidation or cooling-
water recycle systems and air cooling. Noise is difficult to
mask since most refinery equipment, for safety reasons, is
operated in the open air. New engineering solutions must be
found. With respect to petroleum products, there is already a
steady downward trend in the sulfur content of fuel oils. This
is due to the increasing availability of low-sulfur crudes and
gradual changes in the refining pattern in response to changing
demands for products.
27732
Vos, A. W. D. and J. Smarsh
AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS AND POLLUTION. Preprint,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 4p., 1970.
(Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers, Mid-Year
Meeting, Detroit, Mich., May 18-22, 1970, Paper 700466.)
Water and air pollution which result from the various
processes in painting automotive sheet metal and bodies are
reviewed: cleaning and phosphate coating; spray painting and
treatment of spray paint sludge; electrocoating; paint 'curing'
and 'baking'; wet sanding; paint stripping; and the use of
sealers, deadeners, and adhesive applications. Regulations in
effect in various communities affecting these processes are
briefly described; these concern control of organic and par-
ticulate emissions, opacity and odor, and water treatment
requirements. Current control measures being undertaken by
the Ford Co. include incinerator installations to control oven
emissions, undercoating, and use of electrostatic spray equip-
ment. In addition, several promising materials are being evalu-
ated, such as thermosetting and thermoplastic nonaqueous
dispersion enamels, higher solids solution acrylic enamels,
water-based enamels and primers, and powder coatings.
Material and emission testing is conducted in the laboratory; in
addition, tests are conducted at assembly plants to measure
exhaust or stack emissions, particularly when new materials
are used in production
27793
Turpin, Alexander J.
FLARE STACK COMBUSTION TIP. (Smoke-Ban Mfg., Inc.,
Pasadena, Tex.) U. S. Pat. 3,547,567. 9p., Dec. 15, 1970. 6 refs.
(Appl. July 22, 1968, 10 claims).
One of the most important criteria for a combustion tip is that
it provide for the burning of waste gases with little or no
smoke production and the substantial elimination of odors and
hazardous gases resulting from incomplete combustion. In
general, previously proposed combustion tips have been rather
narrowly limited in the amount of waste gas which can be
burned per unit time without smoke production. In most in-
stances, the failure to provide for an adequate supply of ox-
ygen, such as air, has been the major deficiency of the known
combustion dps. The present invention provides a new and im-
proved flare stack combustion tip. Complete drawings of the
tip are given. Large quantities of waste gases may be rapidly
burned with little or no smoke production and the escaping of
odors and hazardous gases to the atmosphere during the burn-
ing of waste gases is substantially alleviated. A continuous
flame is provided with a significant reduction in fuel require-
ments as compared to conventional combustion tips; waste
gases are readily ignited on exciting the combustion tip re-
gardless of wind velocity and direction, and a substantially
fixed flame stand-off from the exit of the tip is provided. The
proposed flare stack combustion tip requires fewer pilot lights
and allows an arrangement resulting in longer life for the pilot
lights. Also, i comparison with present tips, the proposed flare
stack combustion tip remains cooler during combustion of
waste gases, thereby reducing metal deterioration due to high
temperatures. The proposed flare stack combustion tip is con-
structed with a centrally disposed gas conduit which has an
opening in the lower end for communication with a flare stack.
The upper end of the stack is at least partially closed and has
a plurality of spaced apart gas conducting channels extending
outward from the gas conduit, in open communication along
one end with the conduit. There is a gas emission orifice in an
upper segment of each of the gas conducting channels, extend-
ing substantially the entire length of the upper segment. These
orifices are disposed radially with respect to the axis of the
gas conduit.
-------
106
ODORS
27818
Westall, George B., Jr.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL-IT'S NOT ALL BADM> CHAR-
BROILING-RESTAURANT. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 13p., 1970 (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis,
Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-71.)
Char-broiling restaurants emit a dense smoke which is a fine
aerosol mist of organic fat that carries a distinct odor. Not
only do they present an external problem, but great amounts
of grease are deposited throughout the ductwork of the ex-
haust system. Thus, these ducts are a concern as a possible
source of fire and damage. The most effective method of con-
trol is through the use of an incineration system, as filters and
water wash scrubber have not removed the aerosol grease par-
ticles to any degree of success. With proper temperatures and
retention time, all odors and fumes are converted to carbon
dioxide and water vapor. Excellent flame patterns are ex-
perienced with gas pressures of a 5 inch water column in-
stalled within air ducts having velocities of 2500 to 3000 feet
per minute. Measurement of the exhaust air volume is a most
important design consideration. Oxygen requirements are men-
tioned, as well as design features of the combustion and reten-
tion chambers A high temperature fan must be incorporated
within the system to withstand the high exhaust temperatures
from the retention chamber. Incineration of char-broiling
restaurant odors and fumes will require capabilities of produc-
ing a flame retention temperature of 1000 F for 0.3 second.
28047
Fabuss, Bela M. and Wilson H. Dubois
CARBON ADSORPTION-ELECTRODESORPTION PROCESS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 18p.,
1970. 1 ref. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970,
Paper 70-68.)
Benzene was adsorbed from an air stream saturated with
benzene at 20 C, and sulfur was adsorbed from an air stream
containing 1.2 to 1.3 volume percent sulfur dioxide. Desorption
of the adsorbate fro the adsorbent was accomplished by
passing an electric current directly through the electrically
conductive adsorbent bed. Resistivity of the bed depends on
the activated carbon used, its particle size, and packing
characteristics of the bed. More than 80% of the benzene in-
troduced into the adsorber was recovered in liquid form using
a condenser cooled with tap water, while the electric power
passed during desorption was 4 kWhr/cu ft carbon bed, heat-
ing the bed in about 5 minutes to 360 C. A unit recoverin one
pound of organic vapor will have a bed volume of about 0.1 cu
f and the electric power cost will be about 1.6 to 2.0 cents per
pound liquid product. This organic vapor recovery technique
would be generally applicable to hydrocarbons, solvents, and
odorous materials. In the first experimental run, 64% of the
adsorbed SO2 was removed when the temperature was in-
creased in about 7 minutes to 450 C, and the subsequent
desorption was carried out at about 500 C. Only 56% SO2 was
removed in the next run when the heating was maintained at a
level that gave a 300 C desorption temperature for about 15
minutes and then increased to about 420 C. Costs are also in-
dicated for sulfur dioxide processing.
28108
Rayzacher, B.
PETROLEUM REFINING AND UTILISATION: EFFECTS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT. (Le reffinage et 1'utilisation du petrole
et I'environnement). Tex in French. Ann. Mines, (Paris), no.
11:45-54, Nov. 1970. 11 refs.
The energy consumption of Western Europe in 1965 amounted
to 7.9 trillion kcal. It is estimated that this figure reached 9.4
trillion in 1970 and will be 15 trillion in 1980. In recent
decades, petroleum has been replacing coal as a source of
power. In 1965, 45.3% of the power used came from coal, and
42.4% from petroleum products. By 1980, it is predicted that
petroleum will be the source of 58.8% of the power, and coal
only 13.7%. During the same period of time, nuclear power is
expected to increase from 0.7% to 10.4%, the latter figure cor-
responding to an output of 100,000 MW from nuclear genera-
tors in 1980. Figures are given of the number of petroleum
refineries in Italy, West Germany, France, Great Britain, the
Netherlands, and Belgium, together with their total production
capacities. The average capacity of the European refinery is
3.73 million tons per year, slightly above that of the United
States. The Pernis refinery in the Netherlands, the largest in
the world, produces 25 million tons per year. A study of pollu-
tion due to escaping odors, in which half the European refine-
ries participated, found that about 85% or more of such odors
escaping from storage tanks could be eliminated by proper
maintenance of pipe connections. The distillation units are an
important source of odors, a condition that can be corrected
by installing condensers in new plants, while in existing plants
the situation can be improved by the installation of screens
and by the extracting and burning of gases that cannot be con-
densed. A number of industries have sought a solution to sul-
fur dioxide pollution by building high smokestacks, 150 meters
or more in height. One recently installed European plant built
a chimney 213 meters high, costing 4.6 million dollars, which
receives the combustion fumes from 24 furnaces and 14 boiler
plants. Proper adjustment of carburetor and ignition by in-
dividual automobile owners would reduce air pollution from
automobile exhaust by as much as 50%. The estimated cost of
a new antiknock additive to replace tetraethyl lead in gasoline
is'2.1 cents. It has been estimated that Africa alone contains
sufficient low-sulfur petroleum sources to meet all the needs
of European consumption.
28118
Kranig, Lothar E.
THE EXPANSION OF THE CALTEX REFINERY AT RAUN-
HEIM. (Der Ausbau der Caltex-Raffinerie in Raunheim). Text
in German. Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg), 23(12):793-798, Dec.
1970.
The recently (1970) completed plant capacity expansion of the
Caltex refinery at Raunheim included the erection of a second
distillation plant for crude oil for 240 cu m/h Lybian oil, a
steam cracking plant for the production of 250,000 tons of
ethylene per year, a plant for the purification of propylene
which is subsequently processed in Hoechst to poly propylene,
three 100 t/hour boilers, a water cooling system, and the
necessary storage tanks. To cope with the increased waste
water output, special canal systems were built for oil free and
oil contaminated waste water. A second complete oil water
processing plant was erected including an oil separator (API),
a rain water storage tank, a flocculator, and a two-step biologi-
cal purification plant (Lurgi). The flocculator uses iron sulfate
as a flocculating substance. The API separator is enclosed
which minimizes the emission of offensive smelly substances.
An acid stripper takes care of the removal of hydrogen sul-
fide, ammonia, and other offensive substances from the waste
waters. Air pollution is minimized by the erection of a 135 m
high stack and by the use of low sulfur heating ofl. A sulfur
dioxide monitoring device continuously measures SO2 erbis-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
107
sion by the stack. The emission through evaporation of offen-
sive hydrocarbon compounds is minimized by thermal ox-
idizers and by storage tanks with floating roofs.
28146
Yanagi, Fusao
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATION ASH OR
THE LIKE. (Gesuidodei tono shokyakubai no shorihoho).
Text in Japanese. (Ishigaki Machineries Co., Ltd. (Japan))
Japan. Pat. Sho 45-39317. Dec. 10, 1970. (Appl. Aug. 15, 1966,
claims not given).
An effective disposal method for the ash produced from in-
cineration of sewage or industrial waste sludge is described. In
the dewatering or dehydration of sludge or the like by means
of a vacuum filter, coagulants such as iron chloride or iron
sulfide and slaked lime are generally added to the sludge to
cause flocculent masses to form. Thereafter the sludge is fil-
tered to remove the solids and incinerate them. However, ash
is produced in large quantities as a result of the incineration,
while bad odors and poisonous gases are also generated when
heavy oils or the like are utilized as auxiliary fuel. In the
present method, sludge treated with coagulants and filtered for
dehydration is incinerated at 800 C or higher. By means of a
cyclone, the ash is separated into that chiefly composed of
calcium oxide and that composed of ferric oxide. The CaO is
recovered and used as coagulant to induce flocculant masses
to form in the sludge to be filtered; the Fe203 ash is mixed
with water and used as a reaction agent for hydrochloric acid
and sulfurous acid gas generated from the incinerator, thus
forming iron chloride. The solution is then separated into solid
and supernatant. Only the acid supernatant containing iron is
recovered and utilized as a coagulant for the raw sludge.
28206
Aikens, A.
DESTRUCTION OF ODOURS. In: Gas Purification Processes.
G. Nonhebel (ed.), London, George Newnes, Ltd., Chapt. 11,
Part B, p. 456-468. 25 refs.
The design and operating features of the Oxycat oxidation
catalyst system are reviewed. This system eliminates odors
and other objectionable characteristics of process waste gases
by oxidizing the combustible materials over platinum-coated
porcelain rods at temperatures far below those required for
direct flame incineration. The limiting temperature range
through which the Oxycat functions is from 500-1800 F (260-
982 C). The system is also used to obviate deposition of in-
flammable condensates hi dust, thus reducing fire and corro-
sion hazards as well as maintenance costs, and to convert the
chemical energy of process exhaust gas to useful heat.
28756
Tohata, Heiichiro and Seitaro Kato
THE TREATMENT OF THE WASTING GAS BY THE COM-
BUSTION OF PVC COATING WIRE. (Enbi hifukudensen no
nensho ni yori haishutsu sum akushu no jojyoho). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):169, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Catalytic methods of deodorizing waste gases from the com-
bustion of polyvinyl chloride were investigated. Polyvinyl
chloride for electric wire insulation was combusted in an elec-
tric oven at 350 C. The gas was then scrubbed with water to
remove hydrochloric acid, and the resulting gas was brought
into contact with the following catalysts: active bauxite con-
taining active alumina and iron oxide; alumina; and stainless
steel. The strength of odor before passage of the gas through
the catalytic layer was 2500 - 5000; for all types of catalysts,
the odor was considerably reduced The effectiveness was in
the order of bauxite, alumina, and stainless steel. The good
result obtained with bauxite is apparently due to the catalyst's
iron oxide content.
29131
Okuno, Toshihide and Masahiko Tsuji
ON THE REACTIVITY OF AMINES WITH OZONE. (Amin-
kagobutsu to ozon no hannosei ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Hygo-ken Esei Kenkyushu Kenkyu Hokoku (Kept.
Environ. Sci. Inst. Hyogo Prefect.), no. 2: 1-5, March 1971. 3
refs.
Oxidation with ozone removes the offensive odor due to
amine compounds. At the same time, in order to eliminate the
ozone's toxicity, it must be removed from the reaction system.
To estimate the optimal conditions for the reaction with
ozone, the reaction rate constant (K) and the free energy of
three amine compounds (monomethyl amine, dimethyl amine,
trimethyl amine) were measured. The ozone-amine gas reac-
tion was carried out under a flow system using tubular reac-
tion apparatus at constant temperature and flow volume (500
ml/min). To determine reaction order, experimental data was
inserted into the different integrated rate equations until K
was found. The concentration of amines and ozone ranged
from 20-50 times 1,000,000 mole/1 to 4-5 times 1,000,000
mole/1, respectively. The reaction rate constant (I/mole and
free energy (Kcal/mole) of amines at 20 C were as follows:
MMA (monoethyl amine) 0.161 times 10,000 I/mole and 4.88
Kcal/mole, DMA (dimethyl amine) 3.340 times 10,000 I/mole
and 8.41 Kcal/mole, TMA (trimethyl amine) 1.380 times 10,000
I/mole and 12.57 Kcal/mole In the reaction of DMA at 28.75
times 1,000,000 mole/1 with ozone at 4.35 times 1,000,000
mole/1 at 10 C, the residual volume of ozone was zero when
the reaction time was more than 2.25 seconds. These results
play an important role in the structure of a deodorizing ap-
paratus. The linear velocity in the ordinary gas ducts of facto-
ries is more than 1 m/sec. Therefore the contact time of ozone
in the presence of MMA requires more than four seconds and
a reaction tube of larger than four meters.
29251
Weston, Roy F.
FLUIDIZED BED DISPOSAL OF SECONDARY SLUDGE
HIGH IN INORGANIC SALTS. American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div. Natl. Incinerator
Conf., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1970, p. 79-80. (Discussion, p. 17-21.)
(May 17-20.)
Pilot-plant studies were conducted of the feasibility of
fluidized-bed incineration of excessive activated sludge con-
taining a combination of inorganic salts (calcium carbonate,
calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, and sodium chloride). The
fluid-bed incinerator tested was capable of both agglomerative
and nonagglomerative operation. The first method involves a
sand bed, the second a bed formed from the inorganic salts in
the sludge. Pilot tests indicated virtually complete organic
destruction without odor problems at bed temperatures
between 1300 and 1500 F. Both systems of operation seemed
acceptable. Based on the pilot-plant data, an incinerator was
designed to handle 15% total solids and to burn 12,000 Ib/day
of dry solids. The system include provisions for separating
particulates entrained in reactor gases in a cyclone. Fine solids
from this cyclone can be discharged to a quench tank and
from there transferred to a lagoon as inorganic ash, or they
can be recycled to the reactor. The former mode represents
-------
108
ODORS
the nonagglomerative mode, in which the start-up sand with
subsequent makeup will always be the bed material. The recy-
cle could be used to agglomerate the naturally fusing salts and
thus to form a bed of paniculate salts. Stack gases leaving the
cyclone pass to a venturi scrubber guaranteed to limit stack
emissions to less than 0.1 grains paniculate matter/dry stan-
dard cu ft adjusted to 12% carbon dioxide.
29261
Anderson, Leonard W.
ODOR CONTROL IN RENDERING BY WET SCRUBBING-A
CASE HISTORY. Preprint, Carolina By-Products, Inc.,
Greensboro, N. C., 7p., 1970 (?).
Chemically basic odors (e.g., ammonia and amides) at a
rendering plant are successfully scrubbed with a weak soda
ash solution in 60,000 and 100,000 cfm spray scrubbers. All
wetted parts of the scrubbers are 304 stainless steel. Polyvinyl
chloride piping and polypropylene nozzles are used. The
60,000 cfm scrubber sprays about 300 gpm of solution at 15 psi
through 200 spray nozzles; the 100,000 cfm unit pumps at 450
gpm through 300 nozzles. Operating costs of the scrubbers are
minimal and installed costs were low: 65 cents per cfm for the
60,000 cfm scrubber and 60 cents per cfm for the larger unit.
Because of the satisfactory performance of the scrubbers, the
company will prematurely retire the incinerators formerly used
for controlling odors.
29278
Alferova, L. A. and G. A. Titova
OXIDATION OF SODIUM SULFIDE AND MERCAPTIDE IN
BLACK LIQUOR. Bumazhn. Prom. (Moscow), 41(10):5-6,
Oct. 1966. Translated from Russian by Brenda Jacobsen,
Washington Univ., Seattle, Dept. of Civil Engineering, lip.,
Oct. 31, 1970.
To determine optimum conditions for black liquor oxidation,
aqueous solutions of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and
their salts were oxidized by aeration at various flow rates and
temperatures and within a wide range of pH. For all solutions,
the rate of oxidation was determined mainly by temperature
and area of contact between the solution and oxidizing agent.
Both hydroxone and hydroxyl ions had a catalytic action on
the rate and mechanism of oxidation. To achieve a large con-
tact area, aeration should be carried out in an atomizing-type
apparatus. Temperature should be 80 to 100 C and pressure 4
to 5 kg/sq cm. Under these conditions, the rate of oxidation is
determined by the value of the pH and of the ionic salt of the
black liquor. The final pH must not be lower than 12.5, as at a
lower pH other oxidation products (thiosulfates, sulfites,
polythionates, etc.) predominate. The oxygen consumption
under optimum conditions is approximately equal to theoreti-
cal calculations. (Author abstract modified)
29323
Avery, Robert H.
COST EFFECTIVE AIR FILTRATION. Heating, Piping, Air
Conditioning, 43(4):112-116, April 1971. 4 refs.
Air filtration removes paniculate material and gases that may
be either odorous or corrosive. Air filters are used to protect
mechanical equipment, especially systems involving heating
and cooling coils with closely spaced fins, to protect the
product, to eliminate duct cleaning costs, and to keep interiors
clean. The National Bureau of Standards has established a
definition for filter efficiency. Since efficiency is tested by the
dust spot method, it is defined by the ability of the filter to
remove the staining portion of airborne particulates from at-
mospheric air. Arrestance is the weight removal of an injected
standard dust. Air filters include electronic air filters, roll fil-
ters, extended surface filters, and combinations of two filters.
Criteria for choosing the proper filter include efficiency,
required face velocity, required pressure drop, available in-line
space, and required filter life. Also, the owning and operating
costs must be considered in the final selection. Because filter
requirements change, many filters have the ability to be easily
converted. Other ways to reduce air filtration system costs in-
clude the use of manometers, prefliters, dynamic loading, and
an underrated filter. For reasons of economy and convenience,
more emphasis is being placed on the systems approach. Fil-
ters can also remove odors; usually acid gas filtration using ac-
tivated charcoal is most effective. If dust concentrations are
too heavy for a filter, a dust collector should be used, except
in the case of coarse particles and fibers, where a self-cleaning
filter with a vacuum cleaning system may be more economical.
29363
Fattinger, V.
CLEANING OF WASTE AIR FROM CHEMICAL PLANTS
THROUGH SCRUBBING WITH VARIOUS FLUIDS.
(Reinigung von Abluft aus Chemie-Werken durch Gaswaesche
mit verschiedenen Fluessigkeiten). Text in German. Chem. Ing.
Tech., 43(7):426-431, 1971. 11 refs.
Chemical plant waste air having a temperature of 15 to 30 C
and containing various quantities of acidic vapors, amines, and
odorous dusts is cleaned in a scrubbing tower with a height of
9 m and a diameter of 1.2 m. Three scrubbing stages are ar-
ranged atop each other; each stage has its own container for
the scrubbing fluid, a pump, nozzles, and return pipes. On in-
termediate floors are 10 circular gas inlets with a diameter of
20 cm. The ring stacks rise above these openings. Diluted sul-
furic acid is injected into the gas flow. The mixture of
atomized sulfuric acid and gas flows through the apertures in
the ring stacks. Above the ring stacks, nozzles for a downward
directed jet flow are installed. The total injected volume of
scrubbing fluid at each stage is 3 cu m/1000 cu m gas. After
scrubbing with sulfuric acid, the gas flows to a droplet separa-
tor and to the second stage where it is scrubbed with sodium
lye. The scrubbing fluid at the third stage is selected according
to the type of dirt in the gas. Usually 3% hydrochloric acid
suffices to obtain an odorless gas. The total pressure loss
between inlet and outlet of the scrubber is 550 kg of force per
square m. One ring stack consists of 30 to 50 rings. Through
deflection over the hairpin-like edges of the rings, an intense
contact between scrubbing fluid and dirt in the gas is achieved.
29437
Terao, Kunio, Seiji Miyagi, and Takashi Mitadera
EXHAUST GAS PURIFICATION DEVICE FOR DIESEL EN-
GINE. (Dizeru kikan n kaiki joka sochi). Text iii Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo,
3p., 1970. (Presented at the Japan Society of Mechanical En-
gineering Conference, 805th, Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 19-20, 1970,
Paper 27.)
The diesel engine emission gas purifier, developed through a
practical application of Core formation theory, is discussed.
The purifier consists of an evaporator containing water, a
cooling pipe, a condensation water tank and a polyurethane
filter. Emission gas discharged from the diesel engine is taken
from the exhaust gas pipe into the evaporator, in which the
larger carbon particles are removed where water is evaporated
with the exhaust gas heat. The exhaust gas, now containing al-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
109
most saturated steam, goes into the cooling pipe, which is air-
cooled with ambient air of 3 m/sec wind velocity blown by an
air fan. Cooled in the cooling pipe, the exhaust gas, containing
the saturated steam, becomes supersaturated and liquefied.
Since core formation of water drops is most likely to take
place on surfaces of the carbon participates during this
process, water drops chiefly form on the surface of the carbon
particulates which are used as its core. Eve small participates
thus expand with water drops to become larger in size and
then go into the polyurethane filter, where they are easily ar-
rested. The exhaust gas, thus removed of the soot and other
particulates, is then discharged from the filter into the at-
mosphere. Measurements made to verify effectiveness of the
devic have indicated that: smoke dust removal efficiency is
more than 80%; about 70% removal efficiency for sulfur diox-
ide and bad odor obtained with use of water alone can be in-
creased to 100% when about 0.3% NaOH is added to water;
NO2, NCHO, CH3CHO, and CO are inclined to decrease but
definite confirmation of the decrease was not possible because
they existed in extremely small quantities fro the beginning;
water consumption is roughly 400 g/ps.h or about twice as
much as fuel consumption; and loss in developed power of the
engine is negligible. The purifier could be made in a practica
sense, in that the one designed for a 10-litre, 190 ps diesel
engin was used in an 8-ton dump truck weighed about 170 kgs.
29448
Nishida, Konosuke
THE REMOVAL FOR THE STINKING COMPOUNDS BY
SPRAYING THE DEODORANT SOLUTIONS (II). (Dasshu-
eki ni yoru shinyo shuki seibun no jokyo tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan),
l(4):21-32, March 1971. 6 refs.
At the human manure treatment plants, (with 14-300 cu m/day
capacity; 30-70.5 cu m tank volume; 14-265 cu m/day charge),
solid adsorbents are used to eliminate the odor and to desul-
furize. Their effectiveness rapidly decreases after a few days,
although at first it was 58-78% effective. Therefore the
deodorant effectiveness was tested in a laboratory.
Diethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia were used as
obnoxious odors. When the deodorant was sprinkled over
dimethylamine, diluted to 10 times, no amine was detected
when the odor source was 800 ppm and 1000 ppm. The detec-
tion range was approximately 0.01 ppm. As the odor source is
stirred up by rotating wings, and contacts the deodorant, the
effectiveness improves greatly. When the deodorant is sprayed
at more than 0.85 ml/sec, the odors were eliminated even more
efficiently. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia odors, the main
constituents of manure odor, were measured when the source
concentration of ammonia was 40 ppm (2.0 cu m/min), 45 ppm
(4.7 cu m/min), 50 ppm (2.0 cu m/min), 60 ppm (5.6 cu m/min),
and 100 pp (2.0 cu m/min), and the amount of deodorant
sprayed at 17.5, 28.0, 50.0, 77.5 and 108.0 g/min. The revolu-
tion of rotating wings was 100 ppm. As the ammonia in-
creased, the concentration in the exhaust air decreased to 10-
20 ppm, and when the amount of spray reach 108.0 g/min, the
concentration in the air decreased to 2.0-4.0 ppm. Irrespective
of the source concentration and treated air amount, when the
deodorant spray in the air reaches a certain range, the elimina-
tion of ammonia is influenced by the time of contact between
gas and liquid. The maximum was 2-4 ppm at 13.5- 37.8 sec.
With hydrogen sulfide, as the deodorant increased, the con-
centration of odor in exhaust decreased greatly, but when the
spray exceeded 45.0 g/min, the concentration in the exhaust
decreased more slowly. When the spray reached 65 g/min, as
in the case of ammonia, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide
in the exhaust gas became 20-30 ppm, which is the limit of
elimination with a 31.5-37.8 second stay in the tank. The mask-
ing method is simple to handle, requires a simple device, and
causes no change in the deodorizing effect when used continu-
ously. Eleven deodorants were tested. When analyzed, using a
PEG column 14-48 peaks were detected, of which 3.16-21.75%
were effective elements. The deodorant is stable up to 40 C.
The spray method was much more advantageous than other
methods.
29533
Terao, Kunio
EXHAUST GAS CLEANER FOR DIESEL ENGINES. (Dizeru
kikan no haikijoka sochi). Text in Japanese. Nainen Kikan (In-
ternal Combust. Eng.), 10(109):115-120, April, 1971. 4 refs.
Diesel engine smoke consists primarily of porous carbon par-
ticulate of 0.1-10 micron size which are accompanied by sulfur
dioxide and benzpyrene, a carcinogenic substance. The most
dangerous to human health are carbon particulates ranging
from 0.5 to 2.0 microns in grain size which are likely to be
deposited in the lungs when inhaled. These particulates are too
small for a filter to remove and too light for a centrifuge to
separate. For an electric dust collector, the exhaust gas from a
diesel engine is considerably moist and contains too much soot
and dust. These particulates can be made larger for easier
removal by means of a thermodynamic method developed
from the nucleus formation theory. When the temperature of
the gas saturated with steam is lowered to produce a state of
supersaturation, the nucleus formation of water begins to take
place; water drops are formed. This process was theoretically
analyzed and evaluated for practical application using the for-
mulas developed by J. P. Hirth, et al. for the probability of
nucleus formation. The exhaust gas from the combustion
chamber of a diesel engine goes through the water in the
evaporator of the cleaner wher the water is evaporated with
the heat of the gas. The exhaust gas now saturated with steam,
flows through a cooling pipe and becomes supersaturated. In
this state of supersaturation, water drops take dust particulates
to form nuclei. The water drops are then arreste as the ex-
haust gas goes through the filter, and is cleaned. The liquefied
water returns through a pipe into the evaporator. The cleaner
can remove 95% or more of the soot and dust and sulfur diox-
ide is also almost completely removed. About 70% of the for-
maldehyde is removed; carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
are partially removed; and bad odors are almost completely
removed. The exhaust gas as well as noise is remarkably
reduced. This device results hi no loss in the power of the en-
gine.
29601
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
ODOR TREATMENT AND ITS COST AT RENDERING FAC-
TORIES. (Kaseijo no akushu shoriho to sono hiyo). Text in
Japanese. PPM (Japan), 2(5):78-85, May 1971. 6 refs.
At rendering factories, the raw material should be placed in a
concrete pit, 2-3 m underground, with a V-shaped bottom. At
the bottom, a screw conveyor is installed through which the
raw materia is sent to the crusher. The pit can be equipped
with a lid. Although a stone separator and metal detector can
eliminate stone, gravel, and metal, such things as vinyl, cloth,
and rope have to be eliminated by hand. Dead animals, animal
bones, and large fish, ar put into the hasher before they are
put in a cooker. These machine save labor, and the processes
can be air tight. The continuous cooker is operated at 80-90 C
for 10-20 minutes for fish offal. Animal bones and feathers are
placed in a dry rendering plant. After cooking, a screw press
-------
110
ODORS
removes 30-35% of the water from the fish offal and the fish
cake is dried. The water is desludged. The animal bones and
feathers are dried to decrease their water content to 6-10%. If
an expeller is used for the fish offal to decrease the water con-
tent to 45-55%, the odor is decreased. The water removed
from the offal should be utilized as fish soluble, as it contains
3-6% protein. The odor can be treated by combustion, ac-
tivated coal, ozone, or oxidation catalyst methods, a neutral-
izer or masking method, or dilution. The cost of these methods
is calculated.
29628
LAW-MAKERS SAY: CLEAN UP OR SHUT DOWN. Can.
Chem. Process., 55(4):47-50, April 1971.
The major push by the Canadian government to control air
pollution will surely come once Parliament approves Bill C-
224, the Clean Air Act Under the Act, air polluters may be
fined up to $200,000 per instance of violating one or more of
the emission standards to be set by the Federal government.
Also, the Act will empower federal authorities to fine any pol-
lution source regardless of location; this is a major departure
from current federal/provincial division of powers. Controlling
the fumes from coking is mentioned, as well as regulations
pertaining to the emissions from petroleum refineries, lead-in
gasoline, automotive emissions, and aircraft exhaust smoke.
Processes for the removal of sulfur dioxide are listed tabu-
larly. The British Columbia government has offered a prize of
$250,000 for the first individual or company to come up with a
device to eliminate air pollution and odor of pulpmills.
29745
Sawatani, Tsugio
PROBLEM OF OBNOXIOUS ODOR IN INDUSTRIAL POL-
LUTIONS. (Sangyo kogai ni okeru akushu mondai). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Association of Safety Engineering,
Yokohama (Japan), 24p., 1970. (Presented at the Association
of Safety Engineering Seminar, 17th, Yokohama, Japan, Feb.
1970.)
Among the causes of obnoxious odors from industry are
hydrocarbons, and mercaptan from oil refineries, mercaptan,
from paper and pulp mills, and amines and fatty acids from
rendering factories. Small local sources include plants which
house and process animals (fisheries, pig sties, poultry
houses), and garbage incineration plants. The kinds and inten-
sity of odor are very vague, subjective, and difficult to classi-
fy. Weber-Fechner s law is explained, as well as fatigue from
smelling, individual differences, and molar olfactory. Gas
chromatography is generally used for measuring odors,
although the gases which constitute the odors in the at- .
mosphere must be condensed before they are analyzed. Other
methods of measuring odor concentration include air dilution
and saline water balance. Methods to eliminate odors are
washing, cooling (condensation), adsorption (activated coal),
air dilution, addition of such chemicals as acids, alkalis,
chlorine, or ozone, and combustion (re-combustion, contact
oxidization). Venturi scrubbers and towers are effective for
trapping odors. Condensation is effective when odorous gases
are at high temperatures and contain steam. Activated charcoal
is expensive and if the charcoal is to be reused, the odor must
again be eliminated. Air dilution requires a few hundreds or a
few thousands times of air and at present is not feasible.
Washing is successful if it can eliminate 90% of the odor. The
use of acid or alkali instead of water is more effective. Waste
liquid disposal again presents a problem and the facility itself
is costly with high operating expenses. Recently, a mixture of
acidic and basic powder was sprinkled on poultry droppings to
eliminate odor. Ion-exchange is a combination of the acid-al-
kali and adsorption methods, but still is costly to maintain.
Chlorine and ozone are not practical. Recombustion in a rotary
drier would break down odor at 700 C. Contact combustion
uses platinum catalytic wire net kept at 350 C, but the gas
should not contain dust. If this condition is met, the method
may have possibilities.
29761
Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan)
ON PUBLIC NUISANCE BY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HY-
GIENE OF, PAINT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. (Toryo
seizogyo, kogai kankyo eisei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Rept.
417, p. 40-41, March 1971.
A survey was taken on public nuisances in small enterprises.
In the paint manufacturing industry fire hazards received
32.9% of the complaints and guidance by the supervising
governmental offices bad odors received 28.2%. Other items in
the list were effluents, smoke, noise, traffic noise and danger,
and dust. Enterprises with a work force of 50-99 persons
headed the list with 24 cases, followed by those with 30 per-
sons or less with 22 cases. Of the 28 cases of fire hazard
grievances, 20 cases have been corrected by improving the
production facilities (17 cases) and by other corrective mea-
sures (three). Eight still remain incorrected. The reasons given
for the pending corrective actions were that the preventive
devices and facilities cost too much (one case), or that the fac-
tory space was too limited to spare extra space for installation
of the preventive devices and faculties (seven cases). Also, 22
of 24 odor grievance cases were solved by equipment improve-
ment (16), change of blended material (two), stoppage of the
production of those products causing public nuisances (six),
and other measures (two). Two cases still were uncorrected
due to the lack of knowledge of what to do about the solution
(one), and the cost of preventive equipment (one). The devices
and equipment installed to improve the working environment
were shown by purpose. Of the 85 enterprises surveyed, 17
had the heating/cooling facilities, 26 the deodorizing facilities,
30 the dust-removing, 69 the ventilating, and 18 the sound-
proofing.
29877
Elliot, Thomas C.
ODOR CONTROL: ITS TIME IS COMING. Power, 115(6):S
12-S 13, June 1971.
Leading industrial odors, their sources and means of control
are identified. Unlike the situation existing in most phases of
pollution control, effective measures abound for odor abate-
ment; but analytical limits are still in a state of flux due to the
questionable nature of odor-measurement techniques. This
long-standing deficiency will be corrected, probably within a
year, when the Environmental Protection Agency releases
recommended limits for a broad range of obnoxious pollutants.
Local ordinances, moreover, are becoming more specific and
quantitative, defining excessive odor intensity in several in-
stances in terms of the number of volumes of odor-free air
required to dilute one volume of odorous air to unobjectiona-
ble levels, and rating as unacceptable any odor found objec-
tionable by a percentage (usually 30%) of people exposed to it.
The odor control methods discussed include combustion, ab-
sorption, ozonation, masking and counteraction. Advantages
of each method are indicated. '
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
111
29978
Okuno, Toshihide and Masahiko Tsuji
ON THE REACTIVITY OF AMINES WITH OZONE. (Amin
kagobutsu to ozon no hannosei nikansuru kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Hyogo Prefecture, Kobe (Japan), Environmental
Science Inst., Kept. 2, p. 1-5, Feb. 1971. 3 refs.
The unpleasant odor of most of aliphatic amines with basicity
stronger than ammonia was removed by oxidation ozone.
Because of its toxicity, ozone must be completely used in the
reaction. The reaction rate constant (K) and activation energy
(E) were measured for the gas-gas reaction of monomethyl,
dimethyl, and trimethyl amines with ozone. Because of the
high reaction rate, a flow system using a vinyl chloride tubular
reaction apparatus at constant volume and temperature (20 C)
was employed to reduce the contact time to as low as 0.25 sec.
The reaction rate constant ranged from 0.161 times 100,000 to
3.340 times 100,000 I/mole, and the activation energy from 4.88
to 12.57 Kcal/mole. To determine the reaction order, a first-
order reaction was first assumed and th basic equation in-
tegrated. The experimental data was inserted into the equation;
the assumption failed to give the measured value for the reac-
tion rate constant. By way of a similar procedure, the reaction
was second order until 3.5 sec of the reaction time. Since the
flow velocity in the exhaust ducts of factories is normally
above 1 m/sec, duct length of over 4 m is required to realize
the contact time over 4 sec. The reaction rate of ozone decom-
position by vapor or heat needs further studies.
30062
Davis, John C.
PULPERS APPLY ODOR CONTROL. Chem. Eng., 78(13):52-
54, June 14, 1971.
Total reduced sulfides from the pulping industry, composed
mainly of hydrogen sulfide, can be detected by the human
nose at a concentration of 1-5 ppb. To get below the threshold
for smell at ground level, the stack concentration of total
reduced sulfides cannot be much more than 1-5 ppb. To
reduce H2S emissions, Babcock and Wilcox has designed out
the evaporator. The three main design changes in the recovery
boiler are: an increased reliance on forced circulation of liquor
through the exchangers; a revised tube-surface arrangement to
offset sealing and poorer rates of heat transfer; and a steam
pressure limit of 35 psig coming into the multiple-effect train.
The Combustion Engineering Corp. offers five recovery boiler
designs that can be tailored to fit a specific pulpmill. Despite
its economy, oxidation has been abandoned in many pulpmills
in the southern U. S. due to excessive foaming in weak black
liquor. However, the tonnage oxidation system, operated by
Owens-Illinois, reportedly has solved this problem; a 94-97%
efficiency is claimed in converting sulfides to thiosulfates.
Western Kraft Corp. has introduced another type of stack gas
cleaning, namely, scrubbing with a weakly alkaline wash
liquor.
30124
LEAD SMELTING PLANT CONTROLS AIR EMISSIONS.
Environ. Sci. Technol., 5(4):304-305, April 1971.
In a secondary lead smelter where lead from old batteries is
remelted and used to make new ones, odors from the smelting
process are disposed of by incineration at 2400 F; lead oxide
emissions and lead aerosols are trapped by baghouses; and sul-
fur oxide emissions are scrubbed with a venturi scrubber and
mist eliminator. All water and acid from the operation in
which the tops of old batteries are sheared off are collected,
retained, and subsequently neutralized to eliminate acid before
discharge to a water course. Old battery cases are crushed and
used as landfill.
30260
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL INDUSTRY
HANDBOOK-SPECIAL ISSUE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POL-
LUTION CONTROL EXHIBITION 71. (Kogaiboshi sangyo
Yoran. 71 kogaiboshi sangyoten. Kankyo eisei kikiten
tokushu). Text in Japanese. Japan Nippon Kogyo Shinbunsha
and Kankyo Kogai Shinbun, March 1971. 128p.
A list is compiled of companies manufacturing environmental
pollution control devices. Companies manufacturing control
devices exclusively for air pollution and odor are included. For
each company, key personnel, plant locations and products are
given, together with its agents. The remaining pages of the
handbook are ddevoted to laws and regulations for environ-
mental pollution control, government agencies, measurement
methods, sulfur contents of oils imported by Japan, flue gas
desulfurization methods, auto exhaust control, leasing and
financing control devices, and books on environmental pollu-
tion. The list is exhaustive and the book is useful as a
reference in choosing control devices for a specific problem in
the field of environmental pollution control.
30339
Jonsson, Sven-Erik
EVAPORATION OF BLACK LIQUOR: DEVELOPMENT TO
DATE FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION. (Industning av svartlut: Nagra utveckling-
slinjer hittills fran miljovardssynpunkt). Text in Swedish.
Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 7:191-196, April 15, 1971.
Three problem areas in the evaporation of black liquor are:
reducing the loss of solids (containing sodium sulfate);
recovering sulfur compounds from liquid and gaseous wastes;
undesirable biochemical oxygen demand of condensates. The
volatile sulfur compounds liberated by the evaporation of
black liquor are 80-90% hydrogen sulfide, the remainder con-
sisting of thiols. Unless measures are taken to prevent it, sul-
fur compounds will be found partly dissolved in the conden-
sate and water from the vacuum pump set, while part will be
liberated in the form of uncondensable gases. The oxidation of
black liquor has a history of 40 years. In more recent times the
Uddeholm method has been used to recover sulfur compounds
from the liquid and gas phases. The condensate is purified in a
column, which removes almost 100% of the sulfur compounds.
Gases with an unpleasant odor are collected and neutralized
by means of combustion. Another new method is the Delary
system, which is also described.
30350
Kurmeier, H.
THE LIMESTONE-TOWER PROCESS FOR DEODORIZING
ODOROUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE GASES. (Das Kalkstein-
Turmverfahren zur Desodorierung von riechenden Industrieab-
gasen). Text in German. Gesundh. Ingr., 92(6): 169-173, 1971. 9
refs.
For ten years now, odorous waste gases from industrial
processes have been treated by passing them through a tower
packed with calcium carbonate. Prior to entrance into the
tower, chemicals are sprayed into the gases. This process has
been successfully applied in the food industry. Criticism that
the injection of chlorine into the odorous waste gas prior to
entry into the limestone tower does not eliminate the odor but
masks it was unfounded by laboratory tests. Chlorine was con-
verted into neutralized hydrochloric acid and HC10. A medi-
-------
112
ODORS
um-size plant with a waste gas througput of 40,000 cu m/hr
requires about 200 g Cl/hr.
30479
Katagiri, Toshio and Kenzo Tatematsu
DUST-COLLECTING DEVICE. (Shujin sochi). Text in
Japanese. (Matsushita Denki K. K. (Japan) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-
5519. 2p., Feb. 10 1971. (Appl. Feb. 2, 1967, 1 claim).
An air cleaner equipped with a filter of activated carbon fibers
and designed to perform electrical and mechanical dust
removal and deodorization is described. The structural ar-
rangement of the dust-collecting unit is similar to that of an
electric dust collector. Several discharge lines are fitted in
parallel to the activated carbon filter. The lines are linked with
each other by means of a lead wire connected to the positive
side of the power source, while the filter is connected to the
negative side. When high voltage is applied between the filter
and the discharge line assembly, corona discharge takes place
between the two electrodes. Dust coming into the electric field
formed between the two is, therefore, charged and attracted
by the filter. Since the filter is porous, it also performs
mechanical filtration. Ozone generated by the corona discharge
and harmful gases flowing into the unit are removed by the
filter made of activated carbon fibers giving deodorization
function. The use of this new tri- purpose filter improves dust
collection efficiency and removes the need of another filter for
deodorization. Porous in structure, the filter is highly flexible
and can be easily rolled up for storage or replacement.
30530
Nakai, Yoshiyuki
ON ELIMINATION OF OBNOXIOUS GASES AND COUN-
TERMEASURES. (Akushu gasu no jokyo to sono taisaku ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai To Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 6(2):61-72, March 1971.
Because of the large amounts of dust they contain, obnoxious
gases are not completely eliminated by methods such as ad-
sorption on activated coal or catalytic oxidation by (nickel or
platinum). The dust adheres to the surface of the activated
coal or the catalyst, thus lowering their efficiency. The steam
generated also lowers the efficiency of reaction. The molecular
cross section of a harmful gas is extremely small and the
atomic distance of activated coal and catalysts seem to have a
great influence, as does the distance between grid points of a
catalyst surface. Included among dust collecting equipment are
venturi scrubbers, cyclone scrubbers, and bag filters. A wet
type bag filter is effective. In any method, power costs are
very great. The Kanagawa Prefectural Industrial Experiment
Laboratory devised a wet-type gas absorbing apparatus that
has a 95% collection rate and traps dust from five to 20
micron. Equipment for eliminating gas and sulfur, also devised
by the Laboratory, is more than 90% effective. The waste
liquid absorbed is made harmless with caustic soda. A dry-
type drier, devised by the Laboratory, renders material
completely odor free. The material is heated in an incinerator
continuously, and the obnoxious gas and steam generated are
washed and cooled. Their heat is recorded as secondary air for
the burner. When water content is less than 85%, the drier can
be used for sludge, bone meal, and dead animal carcasses.
30738
Waid, Donald E.
THE CONTROL OF ODORS BY DIRECT FIRED GAS THER-
MAL INCINERATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 50p., 1971. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City,
N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-23.)
The thermal incineration process and its application to odor
control are discussed. Thermal incineration is the process of
oxidizing combustible material by raising the temperature of
the material above its auto ignition temperature and holding it
there for a brief period of time to complete its oxidation.
Direct flame thermal incineration can control organic air pollu-
tants to almost any desired limit. The simple control of tem-
perature allows the required amount of pollutant control. This
flexible method can be changed simply as the code require-
ments change by modifying the operating temperature. In
many cases, the oxygen from the effluent can be used for
combustion, reducing the fuel consumption requirements.
When the heat is reused in the system or elsewhere in the
plant, little fuel is needed for incineration. The planning and
designing of a thermal incinerator are discussed. Plant survey
information required, design objectives, and operating parame-
ters for the unit are listed. Extensive field tests and field ex-
perience are cited to point out the practical aspects of success-
ful and efficient design and operation of thermal incinerators.
One advantage of this method is that total hydrocarbon and
carbon monoxide control can be combined with odor control
in the same process. (Author abstract modified)
30773
Hescheles, C. A.
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES. Amer-
ican Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator
Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1970, p.
73-77, 235-243. (May 17-20.)
A description is presented of a new disposal facility designed
to chemically treat and/or to incinerate, without pollution, in-
dustrial wastes received from process industries within a re-
gional area. Noncombustible liquid wastes will be chemically
treated to render them inoffensive and nonpolluting. The clean
effluent will be returned to nature, and the solids will be used
for land reclamation. Combustible liquids and combustible
solids will be incinerated in a Loddby furnace and rotary in-
cinerator, respectively. Both furnaces are noted for high-tem-
perature, turbulent, and efficient combustion. Discharge gases
from each furnace enter a common afterburner, where the
combustion of unburned particles is completed before entering
a common gas scrubber. A gas-impingement scrubber has been
selected to neutralize acids, remove participates, and to cool
the flue gases. The ash resulting from incineration will also be
used for land reclamation. (Author abstract modified)
30782
Shibahara, Toshio
ASSEMBLY OF FILTER ELEMENTS FOR AIR CLEANER.
(Kuki seijoki no firuta so). Text in Japanese. (Matsushita
Seiko K.K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-12463. 2p , April 30,
1971. (Appl. March 14, 1968, claims not given).
An air cleaner is equipped with a filter unit consisting of
several filter layers: pre-filter, deodorizing filter, rear filter,
and high-performance filter. These filter layers are installed
separately in the cabinet of the air cleaner. Since the internal
space of the cabinet is limited, to install them separately is dif-
ficult, time-consuming and requires more space for the instal-
lation. A method for installing the filters as one block is
described. The filter elements are placed in the following
order, from bottom to top: prefilter, deodorizing filter, rear
filter, and high-performance filter. An L-shaped frame is fitted
to the right end of the prefilter and the rear filter. The right
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
113
end of the deodorizing filter is trimmed by a U-shaped frame.
The highrperformance filter is not trimmed by a frame. The
upper two filters are shorter than the lower two, leaving an
oblong space above the extra portion of the lower two filters.
A block-like supporting frame for the upper two filters fills
this space. A large U-shaped frame is mounted to hold all four
filters and the supporting frame in place. The large U-shaped
frame is mounted in such a way that its lower bent edge goes
under the bottom of the right-end portion of the prefilter,
while its upper bent edge goes to the top side of the support-
ing frame. The large U-shaped frame can slide sideways. It has
a slit whose right side is open so that it may become engaged
with a tightening bolt when the frame is slid to the right. The
bolt is a butterfly type, and plunges through the supporting
frame into the right end of the rear filter. Since the L-shaped
frame fitted to the rear filter has a screw hole, the butterfly
bolt can be screwed to hold the entire assembly tightly in
place.
30809
Courau, P. J.
THE ELIMINATION OF ODORS. (L elimination des odeurs).
Text in French. Cah. Med. Inter Profess., no. 41:61-69, 1971. 8
refs.
Unpleasant odors are being released into the air in installations
of various kinds, such as slaughter houses, dairies, breweries,
distilleries, tanneries, oil refineries, coke oven batteries, and
chemical and pharmaceutical plants. Odor is a volatile emana-
tion which causes sensations in the human olfactory system.
Methods of analysis of odors are mostly of a subjective na-
ture. Odors are classified in relation to their quality, intensity,
acceptability, and power of penetration. Odor quality is
characterized by relating it to that of well known odorants,
such as coffee, onions, and fruits. The intensity of odor is
usually defined by one of four classes: absence of any odor,
odor hardly perceptible, marked odor, and excessive odor. Ac-
ceptability signifies the agreeable or disagreeable character of
an odor. In some cases an odor of a certain quality can be ag-
greeable at low intensity, but disagreeable at higher concentra-
tions. Power of penetration means the aptitude of an odor to
spread in a substantial volume of air and be perceptible in it.
Methods for eliminating odors can be summarized as follows:
controlled circulation of air between a room with stronger
odors and one without; Dilution of odors with outside air by
ventilation; circulation of interior air through an installation
for trapping odors by adsorption or absorption where active
charcoal is widely used as an adsorbent; use of substances for
masking or neutralizing odors; aspiration of odors directly at
the source, and evacuation of the same to the open at-
mosphere; thermal or catalytic combustion; and ozonization.
30865
Hum, R. W.
MOBILE COMBUSTION SOURCES. In: Air Pollution. Arthur
C. Stem (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press,
1968, Chapt. 33, p. 55-95. 43 refs.
Mobile combustion sources include automobiles, trucks,
buses, railroad locomotives, aircraft, and marine vessels. Pol-
lutants from these sources contain both toxic compounds and
organic materials that are not in themselves objectionable but
which react in the atmosphere to form smog. In addition, ob-
jectionable smoke and odor, separately or together, may ac-
company other exhaust emissions. It is useful to treat internal
combustion engine-powered vehicle emissions according to
their origin within the vehicular system. Exhaust emissions
may include carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, oxides
of nitrogen, partial oxidation products, and particulate matter.
Evaporative emissions and crankcase blowby, and the chemi-
cal composition and photochemical reactivity of hydrocarbon
emissions are discussed. Air-fuel ratio and other operating
variables which influence the relative properties of combustion
products are cited. Automotive emissions control is discussed,
as well as testing for certification and inspection of vehicles.
The nature of diesel emissions is reviewed, including fuel and
engine effects on diesel emissions. Gas turbines operate with
fuel mixtures that, overall, are extremely lean compared with
the mixture ratios used in spark-ignited piston engines. Emis-
sions from automotive and aircraft gas turbines are mentioned.
30943
Edwards, Frank R.
OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR CONTROLLING FUMES
AND ODORS. Plant Eng., 25(14):49-50, July 8, 1971.
Catalytic and thermal oxidation processes are discussed in
connection with the control of fumes and odors. The catalytic
unit includes a preheat burner, a process blower, a catalyst
bed, a control system, and safety equipment. Thermal units
differ only in respect to the type of burner and the size and
contents of the combustion chamber. Catalytic oxidation units
are smaller and generally weigh less than comparable thermal
incinerators. The costs of thermal incineration are controlled
by the choice of burner and its associated efficiency. The effi-
ciency can be improved by designing to increase residence
time, turbulence, and operating temperature. The efficiency of
catalytic units can also be increased by using a greater quanti-
ty of catalyst and by increasing the operating temperature. In
either case, the operating temperatures are chosen to achieve
the desired results. Catalytic combustion systems are gaining
in popularity for a number of emission control applications, in-
cluding food and chemical processing and metal finishing.
31062
Green, William and Thomas Elliott
CONTROL OF RENDERING PLANT ODORS IN PHILADEL-
PHIA. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
40p., 1971. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-
July2, 1971, Paper 71-9.)
The history of rendering plant odor control methods in
Philadelphia is discussed. The development of the coordinated
administrative and technical efforts involving emission limita-
tion standards, equipment specifications, and operational
modifications is outlined. The history of odor control technolo-
gy relates development from the early counteractant methods
through hot wells, condensers, and venturi scrubbers and the
more recent methods involving afterburners, incinerators,
ozone chambers, potassium permanganate scrubbers, and
charcoal absorbers. The effectiveness of these methods as ex-
perienced in Philadelphia, the degree of acceptance by the in-
dustry, and a view of the control methods that may be
required in the future are discussed. This history of odor
limitation standards covers the period from 1948, when odors
detectable five or more miles from the source were common,
to the present, when odors detectable immediately outside the
plant are unacceptable. (Author abstract modified)
31072
Kosaya, G. S.
OXIDATION OF BLACK LIQUOR WITH OXYGEN. Bu-
mazhn. Prom. (Moscow), 31(6):15, June 1956. 4 refs. Trans-
-------
114
ODORS
lated from Russian by Brenda Jacobsen, Washington Univ.,
Seattle, Dept of Civil Engineering, 5p., Sept. 28, 1970.
Black liquor containing 7.54 gm/1 sodium sulfide (Na2S) and
7.4 gm/1 sodium sulfite (Na2S203) was oxidized with 100% ox-
ygen, and the effects of temperature, contact time, and inten-
sity of mixing investigated. At 70 C, oxidation of Na2S was
completed within a few minutes. The bulk of the sulfide was
oxidized to thiosulfate, a part to sulfate. The observed oxygen
consumption was 370 cu m/metric ton Na2S, or about 20 cu m
oxygen/metric ton of pulp. Oxidation of black liquor with pure
oxygen is simpler and more convenient than oxidation by aera-
tion, and has the important advantage of causing no foaming.
(Author abstract modified)
31091
Honda, Keisuke
PULP EFFLUENT TREATING DEVICE. (Parup haieki shod
sochi). Text in Japanese. (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
(Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-12521. 5p., March 31, 1971. (Appl.
Feb. 13, 1968, 1 claim).
Among the defects of conventional boilers for burning pulp ef-
fluent are evaporation of volatile substances in the effluent,
reduction of the calorific value of effluent solids on contact
with high-temperature gas, and conversion of sulfur oxides
and carbon dioxide in boiler exhaust gas to sulfuric acid and
carbonic acid. The latter compounds react with the sulfides in
the effluent to generate odorous hydrogen sulfide, which
lowers the calorific value of solids. High H2S concentrations
are harmful to man. The improved equipment described
eliminates these problems with an effluent condensation
device and an incinerator for heating air. This incinerator is
located in the air passage. The condensation device permits
direct contact between pulp effluent and heated air and
evaporates water from the effluent. Air and condensed pulp
from the device are jetted to the incinerator for pulp. The
equipment thus has two systems. In the first, air is passed
through the air incinerator and condensation device to the air
outlet. In the second, or bypass system, air goes through an
air-adjustment device. The two systems join at the air outlet of
the condensation device, where air temperature is measured to
insure that both it and that of condensed effluent are at
specified levels. For this purpose, both the air volume adjust-
ment device and the air incinerator are controlled. Because
correct temperature is maintained, there is no corrosion
problem due to high-temperature air.
31160
Aoki, Teruo
DUST ELIMINATOR. (Jojinki). Text in Japanese. (Assignee
not given.) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-13649. 2p., May 14, 1971. (Appl.
April 27, 1968, 1 claim).
The cleaner in a dust eliminator was improved. A spray pipe is
located in the core of a cylindrical cleaner which has suction
inlet at one end. The wall facing the spray pipe holes is multi-
sided. Several wire nets are on the inside of the suction inlet
and on the side of the discharging outlet to form partitioning
walls. Inside the cylinder near the suction inlet, there are
spray nozzles in the direction of turning. The dust-laden air is
fed into the cylinder with a horizontal axis, and the dust is
eliminated by the pressurized spray. When the air goes
through the holes of the partitioning wall and enters the upper
chamber, it is again sprayed, where both odor and gases are
eliminated. Cleaned air is discharged from the top. As the noz-
zles on the side of the suction inlet turn the sucked-in air for
even spraying, the sprayed water hits the multi-sided wall, and
very fine participates bounce off. In spite of compactness, this
cleaner is very effective for the elimination of dust, odor, and
gas.
31167
Krahl, H.
CATALYTIC WASTE GAS CLEANING. (Katalytische Ab-
wassereinigung). Text in German. Chem. Rundschau
(Solothurn), 24<27):625-626, 1971.
Catalytic exhaust gas cleaning is discussed with the aid of
three practical examples. It is very economical to clean the ex-
hausts of diesel engines. Diesel fuel is lead-free and no
catalyst toxicants are present; no additional equipment is
needed. The cleaning effect can be improved by using higher
temperatures. Odor annoyance is drastically reduced and the
soot content is slightly reduced. Catalytic waste gas cleaners
with auxiliary heating are used in tanneries and similar plants.
The temperatures of the waste gases in these plants are below
the ignition temperature, so that auxiliary heating is required.
The efficiency of catalytic afterburners in such cases ranges
between 94 to 98%. The carbon monoxide concentration is
99.8% removed. When the waste gas volume is large, energy
recovery becomes economical. A plant drying starch is given
as an example. The waste gases need auxiliary heating and
preliminary cleaning in a scrubber for removal of substances
which impair the functioning of the catalyst. Through a
blower, the waste gases are pressed into combustion chamber
where they are heated to the necessary temperature. The
cleaned hot waste gases are used for drying.
31178
Ricketts, C.
THE CONTROL OF OFFENSIVE ODORS: RESULTS OF A
SURVEY. Environ. Health, 79(5):136-138, 140-142, May 1971.
A, survey was conducted to determine the amount and the
quality of odor control in several types of industries in urban
areas. Questionnaires were sent to public health inspectors,
asking them to indicate the odor producing trades in their dis-
tricts. A list of control methods was included and each trade
was to be indicated with respect to the control method applied
to it. The operations covered by the survey were: the food in-
dustry, the chemical industry, the metal industry, and
unscheduled offensive trades. From a total of 141 operations,
51% were controlled, of which 59.7% were successfully con-
trolled. The overall success rate of controlled operations re-
lated to the total number of operations is 30.4%. The most ef-
fective methods are electrostatic precipitation, combustion,
and absorption. Control methods involving the use of
proprietary chemicals were the least effective.
31211
Clapham, T. M.f T. J. Junker, and G. S. Tobias
ACTIVATED CARBON-ODORANT REMOVAL FROM AIR
QUANTIFIED. ASHRAE (Am. Soc. Heating, Refrig. Aircond.
Engrs.) Trans., vol. 76, part 2:75-86, 1970. 6 refs. (Presented at
the ASHRAE Annual Meeting, Kansas City, Mo., June 28-July
1, 1970.)
An attempt has been made to establish performance data
which will provide a sound and effective basis for the applica-
tion of activated carbon for odor removal. Another aspect of
the study concerned the dynamic aspects of odor removal with
thin beds of activated carbon. The approach was to measure
the efficiency of odorant removal with time at conditions of
flow and concentration typical of an air conditioning system. It
was found that the capacity of activated carbon for most or- :
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B. CONTROL METHODS
115
ganic chemical odorants in air, in the low concentration range,
can be determined by direct computation from physical data or
by extrapolation from a minimum of experimental data. A
technique was developed for measuring odorant breakthrough
on thin bed activated carbon filters. This technique has been
used to study the key variables in odor removal and to
develop a relationship between static equilibrium and flow per-
formance. This relationship, which will allow prediction of
breakthrough curves from static equilibrium data, needs to be
verified by further study. (Author summary modified)
31223
Kosaki, Motokiyo
ON EQUIPMENT DESIGNED TO DISPOSE OF COMBUSTI-
BLE WASTE GAS AND DISPERSE IT INTO THE AT-
MOSPHERE. (Kanensei haigasu taiki hosen setsubi ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensho (Fuel and Com-
bustion), 38(7):17-26, July 1971. 5 refs.
Combustion/dispersion equipment, designed to remove the
combustibles, noxious contents, and offensive odors from
waste gases by combustion, and thereafter discharge the waste
gas for atmospheric diffusion is described. The Technical
guidelines for designing the respective component units of the
equipment or plant are also described. Among the combustible
waste gases are blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, converter
furnace gas, metal refining waste gas, naphtha refining waste
gas, gasoline cracking gas, and hydrocarbon cracking gas. The
main component units of the equipment include a knockout
drum, seal tank, flame arrester, ignition device, flare gas
burner, and stack with a stack support tower. The knockout
drum is designed to remove solids, liquid contents, and con-
densate from the saturated gas contained in the flare gas, and
water content given off from washing. The seal tank prevents
back fire from going from the flare stack to the flare gas line.
The tank is kept filled to a specified water level to seal the
mouth of the flare gas line, which is held underwater. The
flame arrester also prevents back fire. The ignition device ig-
nites the pilot burner, which in turn ignites the flare gas burner
nozzle, located above the ground level. The ignition device al-
lows the burner to be ignited from the ground level. The flare
gas burner comes in various sizes and types, and can be
selected according to operating conditions. The stack and
stack support tower can also be built to suit the operational
conditions.
31233
Imai, Takao
GASEOUS POLLUTANT CLEANING AND INDOOR EN-
VIRONMENTS. (Gasujo osenshitsu no joka to shitsunai kan-
kyo). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo, (Clean Air J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 8(2):27-47, March 1971.
Air pollutants include dust, microorganisms, noxious gases,
and offensive odors. While an air filter developed for the ef-
fective removal of dust and microorganisms has been widely
used with an air conditioner or ventilation device, the need to
remove gaseous pollutants, including offensive odor, from air
during air conditioning has only recently come to attention.
The noxious gases and odors in connection with indoor en-
vironment are discussed. An elaborate discussion of offensive
odor in a room was made to give a required air volume per oc-
cupant. The gaseous air pollutants, carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons,
emitted from boilers and automobiles, were listed. A study on
the odors from occupants of a room was cited. Based on this
study, the ventilation requirement for an average Japanese
room occupant was estimated at 470 cu ft, if the body odor in
the room is to be kept below a moderate level. Studies con-
cerned with the odor of cigarette or cigar smoke were cited to
give basic idea about the characteristics of the smoke affecting
the indoor environmental condition. According to one study
the number of smoke particles was estimated to be three times
10 to the 9th power/cc at the initial stage, and its size at 0.1-
0.5 micron. The CO contained in the smoke of various
cigarette brands ranged from 3.8 to 53.8 mg. The ventilation
requirement per room occupant, established according to the
smoke intensity is shown in tabular form. Of the control
methods for the odors and noxious gases, the adsorption
method for activated carbon is recommended. Various
deodorization methods are introduced with their respective ad-
vantages and disadvantages. The swelling threshold density of
various substances, such as chloroform, methyl alcohol, car-
bon tetrachloride, and sulfuric acid are tabulated, with ac-
tivated carbon s retentivity for the respective substances.
31301
Maier, Alfred
PROTECTION AGAINST IMMISSION IN THE WOOD-
WORKING INDUSTRY. (Immissionsschutz beim holzbear-
beitenden und -verarbeitenden Gewerbe). Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(6):214-219, June 1971. 8 refs.
Woodworking industries may pollute the neighborhood through
dust emissions from firing systems, odors from lacquering sta-
tions, and wood and sawdust from wood cutting and polishing.
Firing systems are usually heated with wood. Measurement of
the dust content in the waste gases revealed that the dust may
range from 650 to 4000 mg/cu m which grossly exceeds the 300
mg/cu m demanded by the VDI standard 2300. The dust is
very fine-grained. About 50% of the dust was below 10
micron. The fraction of unburned material was almost 50%
and the specific weight of the dusts averaged 1.9 g/cu cm. For
efficient dust collection, centrifugal separators can be used.
The fine dust developing at wood polishing machines is pneu-
matically drawn off and collected by cloth filters.
31302
Bendl, Herbert
IMMISSION PROBLEMS IN LARGE ANIMAL BREEDING
STATIONS. (Immissionsprobleme in grosser) Tierbestaenden).
Text in German. Landtechnik, 26(14):375-377, July 1971.
The tendency toward concentration of animals in breeding sta-
tions compounds the problem of odor emission. The annoying
odors in stables come from manure components, such as am-
monia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans and amines. The an-
noyance of these substances is determined by human
odorimetry, since no other measurement method is yet availa-
ble. The odors should be avoided by immediate separation of
feces and urine. Mechanical manure removal systems should
be installed. Any motion of the air immediately above the
manure should be avoided so that the heavy gases are not
stirred. The use of deodorants actually means further pollution
since the odors are only masked by another strongly smelling
substance. It is better to use scrubbers, filters, and combustion
for the removal of odors.
31354
Eguchi, Yoshitomo
PRESENT STATE AND ECONOMICAL SIDE OF AIR
CLEANER FOR HARMFUL GASES. (Yugai gasu yo kuki
sejo sochi no genjo to keizaisei). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 8(2):4&-62,
March 1971. 20 refs.
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116
ODORS
A discussion on the functions of air conditioning equipment
and the removal of dust and microorganisms is presented. The
removal of harmful gases and odors, such as sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides is the most important
function. Charts and graphs showing the annual change in SO2
concentrations in major cities, the effects of SO2 on human
health, the estimated emission of SO2, and other similar data
are presented. The concentration of air pollutants has sharply
increased with an increasing consumption of petroleum fuel in
recent years. The need to remove them by an air filter in an
air conditioner is increasingly important. According to a 1967
survey, CO emitted from petroleum fuel combustion was esti-
mated at 5080 kt (kilotons) for all of Japan and at 857 kt for
Tokyo; SO2 at 3110 kt and 444 kt; nitrogen oxides at 1160 kt
and 181 kt; hydrocarbons at 1100 kt and 172 kt; and micro-par-
ticulates at 211 kt and 30 kt. Pollution of the indoor air is often
indicated by an offensive odor. Types of odor and substances
causing odors are listed. Odor-causing substances with their al-
lowable limits, smelling threshold densities, and adsorption re-
tentivities are also tabulated. The commercially available air
purifiers designed to remove these harmful gases and odors
come in four types; activated carbon air filter, activated car-
bon sheet air filter, air filter using an alkali-coated filter ele-
ment, and a catalyst air filter. The advantages and disad-
vantages of the respective types are briefly discussed.
31400
Acres, G. J. K.
PLATINUM CATALYSTS FOR DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST
PURIFICATION. Platinum Metals Rev., 14(3):78-85, July
1970. 4 refs.
Despite the low concentration of exhaust emissions from
diesel engines, when these are emitted into a confined at-
mosphere they can create a health problem. Many diesel en-
gines are operated in confined spaces in units such as mine
locomotives, lifting equipment, and stationary electric power
generators. Particularly hazardous in these conditions is car-
bon monoxide. Another problem is the unpleasant odor as-
sociated with diesel exhaust gases and the effect of these
gases on the eyes and throat. The origin of the various emis-
sions in diesel exhaust gases is considered. The various emis-
sions include smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and par-
tially oxygenated hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. By
careful attention to detailed engine design and by limiting the
power output, the exhaust gas emissions may be minimized
but not eliminated. The two most common exhaust gas purifi-
cation systems in use are water scrubbing and catalytic com-
bustion. A catalyst system is described which combines the
high activity/low ignition temperature properties of platinum
with the unique properties of a honeycomb ceramic support.
Tests which were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of
this system are presented.
31453
Heaney, Frank L.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS AT BRAINTREE INCINERA-
TOR. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
10p., 1971. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association
Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2,
1971, Paper 71-71.)
When the Town of Braintree, a suburb of Boston, discovered
that its huge rubbish dump was to be displaced, efforts were
made to locate a suitable site for an incinerator. Components
of the incinerator plant were to include platform scales, scale
house, refuse storage, traveling bridge crain, continuous feed
furnaces, flue gas cooling by steam generation, electrostatic
precipitators, induced draft fans, and an insulated double wall
steel stack. The lowest bid received was based upon water
wall furnaces, with integral boilers and economizers. Operating
variables and pollution problems associated with water walled
incineration are discussed. Pollutants include fly ash, smoke,
and odors which can be eliminated by high combustion tem-
perature and electrostatic precipitators.
31456
Miura Kagaku Sochi K. K. (Japan)
ON DESULFURIZATION OF EXHAUST SMOKE BY TURN-
ING-FLOW GAS LIQUID CONTACT METHOD. (Senkairyu
kieki sesshokoho ho yoru haien datsuryu ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo oyobi nensyo (Fuel and Combustion),
38(5):51-58, May 1971.
A conventional wet type desulfurization/dust removal method
designed to clean exhaust gas usually requires 20 1 wash
water/cu m of gas to be treated. Suppose the water consump-
tion is 10 1/N cu m the total amount of waste water will be 500
T/hr when an exhaust gas of 50,000/N cu m/hr is treated. It
thus requires a great amount of extra cost to treat the waste
water. Designed to minimize the water consumption, and yet
assure high efficiency of dust removal and desulfurization, are
the Blue Bird, a scrubber for dust removal, and the Totem-
pole, another scrubber for the removal of sulfur dioxide ab-
sorption of gas, and removal of odors and fumes from boiler
exhaust gases. Two cages with a number of tangential slits are
provided within a bottle-like cylindrical unit. The lower one is
the intake cage, and the upper is the discharge cage. The gas
intake port is provided in the lower side of the cylindrical unit.
This assembly of the cylindrical casing, the intake cage, and
the discharge cage makes the basic unit. The Blue Bird con-
sists of one basic unit, while the Totempole has two or more
basic units. With the Blue Bird, the dust-containing exhaust
gas flows into the intake cage through the slits at a velocity of
15-25 m/sec and moves upward turning at the high speed. It is
then discharged at the same velocity through the tangential
slits of the discharge cage. The slits are 3 mm, 5 mm, or 10
mm wide, so that the high-speed gas atomizes water mem-
branes, formed on the inner walls of the slits, as it flows
through. Since there is a high-speed turning current in the
cage, the atomized water droplets are driven toward the inner
walls of the slits by the centrifugal force, and form water
membranes. The dust is also driven toward the inner walls of
the slit by the centrifugal force, and are thus arrested by the
water membranes. The water, having now adsorbed the dust,
is discharged through the slits of the discharge cage together
with the gas that it turning at the high speed. The dust is then
separated from the water in a centrifuge provided above the
scrubber unit. Similar principles applying to the Totempole,
except that the scrubbing is repeated at several stages, since
the gaseous substances or fume-like micron dusts are too small
to be removed by a one-stage process.
31463
Blue, Jerry D. and William F. IJewellyn
OPERATING EXPERIENCE OF A RECOVERY SYSTEM
FOR ODOR CONTROL. Tappi, 54(7): 1143-1147, July 1971. 2
refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Engineering Conference, Denver, Colo., Oct.
25-29, 1970.)
The first operating experience of a control odor recovery
system at the Halsey, Oregon, kraft pulp and paper mill of the
American Can Company has consistently shown daily average
total reduced sulfur emission levels of approximately 1.0 ppm,
with sulfur dioxide emissions below 200 ppm. The recovery
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B. CONTROL METHODS
117
boiler design eliminates direct-contact evaporation and fires
unoxidized black liquor supplied directly from multiple-effect
evaporators. The operation has met or exceeded predicted
emission limits. A collection and thermal oxidation system for
miscellaneous emission sources has also contributed to mill
operation essentially without odor. (Author abstract)
31472
Maier, Alfred
IMMISSION PROTECTION IN THE WOOD WORKING IN-
DUSTRY. (Immissionsschutz beim holzbearbeitenden and und
-verarbeitenden Gewerbe). Text in German. Wasser Luft
Betrieb, 15(7):261-264, July 1971.
In lacquering stations of wood working plants, odorous solvent
vapors develop which are mixed with the lacquer dust. Wet
collectors are best suited for the removal of such emissions.
With them, collection efficiencies of 99 to 99.5% can be
achieved. Such high efficiency, however, is achieved only for
the particulates in the vaporous emissions. For the solvents,
the efficiency is low. Examinations of a cascade scrubber for
emissions consisting of 29 mg/cu m of particulate matter and
of 353 mg C/N cu m revealed that by doubling the water quan-
tity the particulate emissions could be reduced to nine mg/cu
m. However, the solvent emission was reduced to only 325 mg
C/N cu m. The highest efficiency is achieved with a scrubber
operating on the venturi principle. The lacquer mists are drawn
off by a venturi-type nozzle. The atomized water droplets ad-
sorb the lacquer particles. The water droplets are separated on
subsequent steel sheet plates. An efficiency of 99.8% can be
achieved.
31631
Muir, Arthur J.
THE APPLICATION OF SONIC TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 46p.,
1971. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July
2, 1971, Paper 71-82.)
Completeness of combustion is directly related to the quality
of fuel atomization prior to ignition. The mechanism of sonic
atomization is described and related to improvements in the
basic combustion process. Data on industrial oil burner instal-
lations are reported including a case history in which improve-
ment of combustion efficiency resulted in a reduction of par-
ticulate emissions by 84-87% relative to the national average.
The use of sonic atomization in industrial oil burners not only
reduces soot emissions but also cuts fuel, maintenance, and
labor costs. Similar performance improvements and emissions
reductions are cited by the use of sonic fuel atomization in
home oil burners, automotive carburetion and fuel injection
systems, catalyst regenerators, afterburners, steam engines,
diesel engines, and liquid waste incinerators. A case history
describes the use of an auxiliary sonic atomizing burner to
regenerate catalytic mufflers used in diesel engines. Non-com-
bustion applications of sonic atomization are described includ-
ing evaporative gas cooling, smoke and dust suppression, and
odor control. A case history describes the use of sonic
atomizers to spray water into hot gases from a copper smelter.
(Author abstract modified)
31700
Singer, Robert E.
HOW TO CURB ODOR POLLUTION. Am. Dyestuff Reptr.,
60(8):30-33, Aug. 1971.
Of the odors generated by textile processing, the most impor-
tant is free formaldehyde, normally associated with resin
finishing. The addition of a chemical counteractant, usually as
the first ingredient in the finish bath, noticeably lessens the ef-
fects of formaldehyde fumes, e.g., eye and nose irritation,
throughout the production plant and storage areas. In addition,
the counteractant reduces the pungent odor of the gaseous
plant effluent to the atmosphere. A counteractant developed
for formaldehyde control also controls amine odors coming
from the nitrogen-bearing portion of resins. Other counterac-
tants are used for odors from polyester dyeing, sulfur-dyeing,
hydrosulfite reduction and stripping, and for the smoke
produced by heat- setting of polyester. Odors due to chlorine
dioxide bleaching are better controlled by buffers. Costs of
liquid counteractants are low: approximately 0.0001
cents/running yd of fabric.
31790
Buxton, Winslow H., Jr.
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR PULP MILL CHEMICAL
RECOVERY AND ODOR ABATEMENT. (Western Kraft
Corp., Albany, Oreg.) U. S. Pat. 3,574,556. 6p., April 13, 1971.
13 refs. (Appl. March 4, 1969, 8 claims).
A process and apparatus are presented for the recovery of
chemicals and the abatement of odors emitted by the recovery
furnace of kraft pulp mills. Gases from the discharge stack of
the recovery furnace are diverted to an afterscrubber in which
they are sprayed with an alkaline weak wash liquor resulting
from the washing of calcium carbonate mud and solid dregs
produced by causticizing the green liquor. Thus, hydrogen sul-
fide, mercaptans, and other malodorous gaseous compounds
are removed. Corrosion is minimized, heat is recovered, and a
problem of waste disposal in the mill effluent streams is
avoided. (Author abstract modified)
31794
OXYGEN TREATING IS PROVING FEASIBLE. Can. Chem.
Process., 55(4):52-54, 56, April 1971.
Among newer techniques being groomed for use in the pulp-
mill are soda-oxygen pulping, oxygen bleaching of pulp, and
other oxidation systems using oxygen instead of air. One result
of such wide use of oxygen would be the need for a tonnage
oxygen (air separation) plant at or near most pulp and paper
complexes. With tonnage oxygen available, it becomes feasible
for existing kraft mills to conduct oxidation of black liquor
with oxygen and hence automatically reduce the amount of
malodorous off-gases produced in the chemical-recovery
system. Similarly, existing biological treatment plants for
wastewater could be upgraded in operation through the use of
oxygen instead of air as the aeration medium. The use of an
oxygen stage and the consequent reduction in chlorine charge
to the bleachery introduces the possibility of lowering
bleachery pollution by over 50%. Operating variables at
several plants are mentioned.
31911
Obata, Kinichi
COMBUSTION DEODORIZER. (Nensho dasshu sochi). Text
in Japanese. (Nikko Sangyo K. K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-
16475. 2p., June 6, 1971. (Appl. Jan. 31, 1968, claims not
given).
A combustion deodorizer effectively preheats odorous gas
with heat produced by combustion. Thus, the 700-800 C com-
bustion temperature necessary for gas deodorization is easily
and economically attained. A blower is installed in the top
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118
ODORS
corner of the device; its intake port is connected to the gas in-
take pipe and the discharge port is connected to the gas chan-
nel box housing several heat-exchange pipes. The interior of
the device is horizontally divided into three sections. Vertical
divisions partition the interior into two vertical compartments.
The lowest horizontal compartment serves as the combustion
chamber. The odorous gas in blown into the gas channel box.
Then it flows through the heat-exchange pipes into the upper
part of the right vertical compartment. Next, it passes through
the middle and left vertical compartments into the lower part
of the right vertical compartment, which is equipped with a
burner. The preheated gas, with the high temperature fuel gas
blows into the combustion chamber. Then the burned gas
flows upward through spaces between the heat-exchange
pipes, heating all the pipes. This effectively preheats the
odorous gas before it is deodorized by burning. Finally, the
deodorized gas leaves through a stack.
31945
Miura, Mitsugu
DUST COLLECTION AND DESULFURIZATION OF STACK
GAS BY HIGH SPEED SWIRLING FLOW. (Kosoku sen-
kairyu ni yoru bojin haien datsuryu). Text in Japanese. Netsu
Kami (Heat Management: Energy and Pollution Control),
23(7):40-45, July 1971.
In selecting dust collectors and desulfurization equipment, the
dust elimination ratio and desulfurization requirements must
be taken into consideration together with equipment costs,
operating costs, and the volume of liquid to be used. Wet type
dust collectors are cheaper than electric dust collection equip-
ment, bag filters, or dry desulfurization, but the volume of
solution required does present a problem. If dust collection
and desulfurization efficiencies are to be raised, a lot of water
must be used, which generates a considerable amount of ef-
fluent. There is a Blue Bird scrubber for dust elimination, and
a Totem Pole scrubber for the elimination of sulfur dioxide,
gas absorption, odor counteraction, and fume control. These
scrubbers utilize a high speed swirling flow, which brings
about the maximum effect with a minimum amount of water.
As the gas is swirled upward, the film formed on the wall
turns to mist, and the dust and droplets are contacted with
each other, and blown into the swirling gas stream. Because of
inertia, the dust is trapped by the droplets.
32057
Nordrhein-Westfalen Arbeits-und Sozialminister (West
Germany)
TECHNICAL POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES.
(Technische Massnahmen zur Luftreinhaltung). Text in Ger-
man. In: Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrheiii Westfalen. Essen,
West Germany, Brinck and Co. KG, 1969, p. 19-46.
Mandatory pollution control improvement programs which
were introduced in the state of Nordrhein-Westfalen in 1961
are described. These abatement programs were designed to
reduce the emission of pollutants by the steel industry (from,
for example, Thomas converters, Siemens-Martin furnaces,
flaming installations and ore sintering plants), by iron foun-
dries (including cupola ovens and induction ovens), steam
power plants, cement plants, stoneware plants, and by coal
processing plants including cokeries and briquette works. In
recent years the state government contributed $2.8 million
towards the development of improved smoke desulfurization
processes and about $280,000. towards the improvement of ex-
isting dust arresters. All together five processes which were
promising enough to warrant pilot plant tests were further
developed: the Reinluft process (adsorption of SO2 on
semicoke and its subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid); the
additive process (blowing of lime or dolomite dust into the fur-
nace to remove oxides of sulfur); the Still process (absorption
of SO2 by the CaO contained in bituminous coal ash); the
sulfacid process (wet catalytic conversion of SO2 to H2SO4);
and the Grillo process (absorption of SO2 by a contact mass
containing metal oxides which is subsequently regenerated).
The last process is the most promising of the five for applica-
tion on a large scale because regeneration is carried out inde-
pendently and the user does not have to invest in a regenera-
tion installation. New developments in filtering technology are
the separation of dusts of high electrical resistance by means
of an alternate current filter (ferrosilicon dusts), a new waste
gas purification installation for the reduction of the emission
of soot and of SiO2 aerosol by silicon carbide plants. The con-
trol of odors emitted by the chemical, food and other indus-
tries, maximal smoke emission norms, and norms for emis-
sions from incinerator, oil fired furnaces, chemical cleaning
plants, plants manufacturing bituminous road building materi-
als, and lacquer drying ovens are discussed.
32070
Turk, Amos
SOURCE CONTROL BY GAS-SOLID ADSORPTION AND
RELATED PROCESSES. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C. Stern
(ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968,
Chapt. 47, p. 497-519. 19 refs.
Adsorption is useful in air pollution control because it is a
means of concentrating gaseous pollutants, thus facilitating
their disposal, their recovery, or their conversion to innocuous
or valuable products. The quantity of material that can be ad-
sorbed by a given weight of adsorbent depends on the follow-
ing factors: the concentration of the material in the space
around the adsorbent; the total surface area of the adsorbent;
the temperature; the presence of other molecules in the en-
vironment which may compete for a place on the adsorbent;
the characteristics of the molecules to be adsorbed, especially
their weight, electrical polarity, chemical activity, size, and
shape; the microstructure of the adsorbing surface, especially
the sizes and shapes of its pores; and the chemical nature of
the adsorbent surface, including electrical polarity and chemi-
cal activity. Activated carbon, siliceous adsorbents, and metal-
lic oxide adsorbents are mentioned, as well as the effective-
ness of adsorbent impregnations. Design principles of adsorp-
tion equipment and systems are reviewed. Adsorbent disposed
on a carrier is mentioned, as well as thin-bed granular adsor-
bers, and fluidized adsorbers. Nonregenerative and regenera-
tive systems are cited. The effects of process variables are in-
dicated. Specific process applications include the deodoriza-
tion of odorous emissions, control of gaseous radioactive
emissions, and the removal of sulfur dioxide from flue gas by
the alkalized alumina process, catalytic oxidation, the Reinluft
Process, and the dolomite process.
32099
Japan Environmental Sanitary Center, Tokyo
REPORT OF THE STUDIES OF THE PREVENTION OF OF-
FENSIVE ODORS (NO. 3). (Akushuboshi ni kansuru kenkyu
hokokusho. (Dai m ho)). Text in Japanese. JESC-42-076. 82p.,
March 1968.
Environmental pollution problems in every Japanese prefec-
ture include offensive odors from fish meal plants, fish
manure mills, and factories for drying chicken droppings. The
condition of deodorizing equipment installed in such factories,
methods for measuring offensive odors, and future counter-
measures were surveyed. Eight models of deodorizing equip?
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
119
ment were tested. Construction and maintenance costs of
these models are tabulated along with data for currently in-
stalled equipment. Since deodorizing equipment associated
with a single method does not effectively eliminate odors,
deodorization by a combination of methods was postulated.
Gas chromatography was adopted as the main method for
measuring an offensive odor and as the method for collecting
samples. Sampling amines, mercaptans, and organic acids by
glass-bead tubes is also described, and results are reported for
actual measurements. Based on investigations of the sources
of offensive odors at 25 mills, the chief constituents of basic
offensive odors are ammonium and trimethylamine. Other low-
grade amines were scarcely observed. The usual rate of am-
monium and trimethylamine in emission sources is between 1
to 10 and 10 to 1 in fish meal plants and one to one in the fac-
tories for drying chicken droppings. In some cases, exhaust
concentrations exceeded 100 ppm. Six types of deodorizing
equipment were observed, but almost no factory had a
satisfactory blueprint for eliminating pollution. The economics
of proposed measures are discussed.
32119
Ichikawa, Michio
PLASTIC WASTES DISPOSAL. (Plastic haikibutsu shori).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, Smaller Enterprises Promotion
Corp. (Japan), 10p., 1971. 7 refs. (Presented at the Public
Nuisance Prevention Technique Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
Characteristics of the incineration of various plastics, the sub-
stances generated, and their volume and compositon after
burning are tabulated and described. Incinerator temperatures
must be kept high to assure that the plastics are completely
burned. The volume of wastes to be burned and the air needed
for burning must also be regulated. If the wastes are in excess,
the air will be reduced and too much smoke will be produced;
however, if there are not enough wastes, the air will be in
short supply, and the incinerator temperatures will be lowered.
If harmful gases such as hydrogen chloride are generated, the
exhaust gases must be cleaned or neutralized. Other emissions
include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen,
and polyvinyl chloride. It is often necessary to crush or pul-
verize the plastics before incineration. Fireproof materials
should be used for incinerator construction. In order to lower
the costs of incineration, the heat from the process should be
utilized. Rotary type and whirling air current type incinerators
are described. Fluidized bed combustion is suitable for
eliminating odors and for wastes with little water and low-tem-
peratures.
32166
Anderson, Catherine E. and Horst R. Adolf
ODOR CONTROL IN THE RENDERING AND FOOD
PROCESSING INDUSTRIES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15p., 1971. 6 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, At-
lantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-22.)
The effectiveness of potassium permanganate used in the solu-
tion of an air scrubber to control the odors related to the
rendering and food processing industries was investigated.
These odors are caused by the presence of aldehydes,
ketones, organic acids, alcohols, organic nitrogen compounds,
and organic sulfur compounds. Laboratory scale experiments
were performed using a gas washing bottle on these com-
pounds. The effectiveness of odor removal was measured by
the syringe technique and by gas chromatographic methods.
Odor reduction ranging from 80 to 98% was achieved. Experi-
ments on simulated samples using a 500 cfm Virotrol air
scrubber verified the laboratory results. An increase in effi-
ciency of odor removal can be accomplished by increasing the
pH of the scrubbing solution. In scrubbers which have a recir-
culating solution, maintenance of pH at levels higher than nine
requires constant adjustment. However, the use of scrubbers
in which the solution only passes through once provides a sim-
ple way to scrub at any desired pH level. (Author abstract
modified)
32302
Clayton, P.
BRICKWORKS ODOURS. A LABORATORY INVESTIGA-
TION OF THEIR PRODUCTION, EVALUATION AND
REMOVAL. Ministry of Technology, Stevenage (England),
Warren Spring Lab., Kept. LR122(AP), 10p., 1970. 8 refs.
An odor similar to that experienced near brickworks was
produced by heating clay at a temperature between 440 and
500 C and diluting the products evolved. The combustion of
organic material evolved was monitored with a flame ioniza-
tion detector; the odor was reduced when the organic matter
was removed. The extent of the reduction in odor and
decrease in organic content depended upon the residence time
of the gases at the temperature of the hot zone and the flow
rate of secondary air through the hot zone of the second fur-
nace. (Author abstract modified)
32497
Nuranaka, Kuniyoshi
ON WASTE DISPOSAL FROM PETROCHEMICAL PLANT.
(Sekiyu kagaku kojo no haikibutsu hori ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensho (Fuel and Combustion),
38(8):l-6, Aug. 1971.
Wastes at the Chiba Plant of the Mitsui Petrochemical Com-
pany are plastics produced as by-products from polyethylene
and polypropylene processes, but technical developments have
provided for their use as fuels. A boiler now exists to burn the
polymers. The volume of air is kept at 2-2.5 times the theoreti-
cal air volume, and the reactor temperature is maintained at
1100-1200 C. Gas flow and incineration velocity are kept high
to avoid local excess heating. By constructing thermal cracking
equipment, part of the low polymer by-product is used as fuel
for the burner. An incinerator for plastics was constructed in
September 1969 at the Chiba Plant and is capable of burning
various wastes without odor and damage to the equipment.
32498
Miyagawa, Toshiki
ON DORU METHOD FLUID INCINERATION EQUIPMENT.
(Doru shiki ryudo shokyaku setsubi ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensho (Fuel and Combustion),
38(8):23-32, Aug. 1971.
The Doru incinerator comprises a fluid layer of high tempera-
ture sand to which the dehydrated cake of sewage is supplied.
As the dehydrated cake is briskly stirred in the fluid layer, it is
burned completely in a short period of time. The incinerator is
compact in size, costs less to construct, and is also inexpen-
sive to repair since it has no metal parts. Odors in the gas are
controlled as the incineration temperatures are high (700-800
deg). There is little excess air, and heat is recovered from the
combustion gas. If the incineration is stopped for some time,
operation can easily be resumed, since the sand stores heat.
An example is given of sewage sludge with a 70-75% water
content to be incinerated with equipment capable of handling
10 tons of dehydrated cake a day. The equipment comprises a
cake feeder, reactor, heat exchanger, cyclone, scrubber,
blower, and compressor. Silica sand is utilized.
-------
120
ODORS
32559
Waid, Donald E.
THE ROLE OF DIRECT GAS-FIRED THERMAL INCINERA-
TION IN THE CONTROL OF HYDROCARBONS AND CAR-
BON MONOXIDE BY OXIDATION. Preprint, American
Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 12p., 1970. 7 refs.
Presented at the American Chemical Society Middle Atlantic
Regional Meeting, 5th, Newark, Del., April 3, 1970.)
Very extensive laboratory tests are described, illustrating the
effects of temperature, mixing, and time upon the oxidation of
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, as well as the elimination
of organic odors, by thermal oxidation. The advantages of
thermal incineration are explained and the many methods of
heat recovery are illustrated. Field test results are included
which show the ability to apply this knowledge to production
equipment assembled from data taken from 36 different test
sites in more than 10 different industries all over the United
States. A comparison of these results with Los Angeles Coun-
ty Rule 66 and San Francisco Bay Area Control District Regu-
lation 3 is made. (Author abstract modified)
32615
Kleppe, Peder J.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF IMPLANT CONTROLS AND
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS TO POLLUTION ABATEMENT
IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY. North Carolina Univ., Chapel
Hill, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Proc.
S. Water Resour. Pollut. Contr. Conf., 18th, Raleigh, N. C.,
1969, p. 85-100. 45 refs. (April 9-10.)
Air and water pollution, as caused by the pulping industry,
and some control methods are discussed. Water pollution may
originate in the woodyard, pulp mill, bleaching plant, or paper
or board mill; several methods of reducing this pollution are
given. The condensate and non-condensed materials from the
evaporators are the major sources of air pollution. In the Kraft
process, the non-condensable gases, methyl mercaptan,
dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and hydrogen sulfide, are
responsible for the characteristic odor. The main pollutant
from the combustion furnace is sulfur dioxide. Air pollutants
from the liquor preparation are H2S, organic sulfur com-
pounds, SO2, and particulates from the lime kiln. Oxidation of
spent kraft liquor before evaporation converts the sulfide to
thiosulfate; the sulfur losses by evaporation can be almost
eliminated if oxidation is complete. Mercaptans are also ox-
idized to the less odorous dimethyl disulfide. A reduction in
the sulfidity of the cooking liquor and an increase in the alkali
charge can reduce pollution caused by sulfur. The vent gases
from condensation of blow and evaporator-vapors can be
freed of H2S and mercaptans by scrubbing with alkali pulping
liquor. The vent gases from the melt dissolving tank and lime
kiln are also purified by scrubbing. As much as 85% SO2
removal can be achieved by absorption by a sodium sulfite
solution in a venturi scrubber. Paniculate emissions from
recovery furnaces are reduced with electrostatic precipitators.
The present status and future trends in pollution abatement are
also discussed.
32634
TOOLS THAT ALLEVIATE POLLUTION. Ind. Power,
62(l):78-88, Jan. 1952.
Removal of contaminants before they reach the atmosphere,
both inplant and outplant, reduces air pollution and promotes
good relations between companies and residents. Equipment
for collecting these contaminants have definite characteristics
and efficiencies, and the selection of such a unit depends en-
tirely upon the type and size of paniculate. Other factors
about the contaminant which must be known include its ap-
parent density, chemical stability, hygroscopicity, volume, the
plant site and its operational cycle. The temperature and dew
point of the carrying air or gases are also important. Types of
collectors in general use are the settling chamber, baffle type
collectors, and centrifugal collectors. Removal principles, par-
ticle size and efficiency, and air leakage are discussed. Wet
methods of removing contaminants from air and gas streams
are also described (scrubbers) as well as electrostatic precipita-
tors and filters. Two methods of removing offensive odors and
accompanying gases are adsorption and absorption. Incinera-
tion and catalytic combustion is also mentioned.
32646
High, M. Dean and Terrence Li Puma
CONTROL OF ODORS FROM A RENDERING PLANT.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 26p.,
1971. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, An-
nual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971,
Paper 71-20.)
A study was conducted to evaluate the importance of various
rendering plant odor sources and to recommend control
techniques for reducing emissions to the atmosphere. Air dilu-
tion procedures were used to determine odor concentrations
from odor sources and from a pilot control scrubber. Ten
chemical solutions were prepared, tested, and referenced to
the scrubber efficiency performance of plain water: calcium
hypochlorite, chlorine gas, hydrogen peroxide, lime, politol s,
potassium permanganate, soda ash, and sodium bisulfite. Odor
efficiency tests were performed on two types of odors: those
generated by grease cookers, and those from fat and bone
conveyors and cookers. Samples were taken from the inlet and
outlet sections of the scrubber. Calcium hypochlorite solutions
were the most effective odor reducing agents. The recom-
mended control methods include better control over input
materials, process changes, changes in operating procedures,
and as a last resort, additional air pollution control equipment.
(Author abstract modified)
32681
Adams, Donald F.
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C.
Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968,
Chapt. 39, p. 243-268. 45 refs.
Odorous and paniculate emissions are potential by-products
from many of the steps in kraft and sulfite pulping processes.
In the kraft process, such odorous compounds as methyl mer-
captan, methyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide are emitted by
the digesters and evaporators; lime kilns emit H2S and dusts.
In the chemical recovery process, methyl mercaptan, sulfur
dioxide and H2S may be discharged. Several methods are
available for controlling the gaseous emissions, including black
liquor oxidation, combustion of organic sulfur compounds to
convert them to SO2, chlorine oxidation, oxidation by air or
ozone, scrubbing, absorption by charcoal, and waste heat
recovery. Modern equipment for controlling paniculate emis-
sions includes electrostatic precipitators, venturi scrubbers,
wet cyclones, and de-mister pads. The sulfite pulping process
is briefly discussed. Analytical methods used in stack and field
sampling are also reviewed. Mercaptans and H2S are deter-
mined iodometrically. Sulfur dioxide is measured colorimetri-
cally using the modified West and Gaeke method. Flame
ionization detectors have been successfully used in the analy-
sis of organic compounds in kraft mill gases. Instrumental
methods for analyzing effluents and suggestions for future
research are also given.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
121
32682
Faith, W. L.
FOOD AND FEED INDUSTRIES. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C.
Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968,
Chapt. 40, p. 269-288. 16 refs.
Dust and odor are the major air pollution problems in the food
and feed industries. In many air pollution jurisdictions, agricul-
tural operations are exempt from air pollution control regula-
tions. However, several agricultural practices contribute to
pollution, including soil preparation, crop spraying, weed burn-
ing, orchard smudging, fruit and vegetable harvesting, and
animal production. In the food and feed industries, wherever a
dry powder is produced or handled there is a potential for air
pollution from dusts. Principal operations in this category are
grain milling, drying operations, mixing of dry feeds and
foods, coffee roasting, and related shipping, packaging, and
conveying operations. Baffles, cyclones, bag houses, and ab-
sorption are recommended to help control this dust problem.
The most important segments of the food industry from an
odor standpoint are the meat and meat products industry, fish
processing, and disposal of fruit and vegetable wastes. Cata-
lytic and direct flame afterburners, a variety of scrubbers, and
several odor masking agents have been used for odor control.
32768
Okayama Prefecture (Japan), Industrial Experiment Station
DEODORIZATION AND REMOVAL OF BAD-SMELLING
GAS. (Akushu gasu no dasshu jokyo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Okayama-ken Kogyo Shikensho Nyusu (Okayama
Prefect. Expt. Sta. News), no. 110, 2p., April 1971.
The most effective deodorization is direct burning whereby
bad odor gases are sent to a combustion chamber or furnace
and burned at a temperature higher than 800 C. However,
more than 90% of the material must be oxidized and turned
into carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen, or sulfur diox-
ide. When the combustibility of the material is low, use of ox-
idation catalysts such as platinum-palladium or platinum-rhodi-
um will enable hydrocarbons to oxidize completely and
decompose at 260-320 C. These catalysts are unsuitable for
treatment of gases which will create catalytic toxins such as
sulfur, zinc, mercury, lead, arsenic, fluoride, and tin. Free of
contact with such elements, these catalysts will last for 30,000
to 40,000 hours and still be reclaimable. Another deodorizing
method which is frequently used in Japan is washing with
water, saline water, acids, or alkalies. Water is effective for
solubles such as ammonia and amines; acids should be washed
with alkalies, and alkaline gases should be washed with acids
or should be oxidized by chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or potassi-
um permanganate. Activated carbon is used for the absorption
method. Gas washing and adsorption combination can be ef-
fectively employed for deodorization of ammonias and amines.
The ozone-oxidation method is mainly used for sewage treat-
ment. The amount of ozone required for sewage treatment is
reported to be 1 ppm; for restaurants, 5 ppm; fish canneries,
10 ppm; and paper pulp mills, 10-50 ppm. For masking odors,
acetic acid benzene, heliotropine, and vanillin are used. More
than forty kinds of air wicks, mostly manufactured from plant
extracts and chlorophyll, are used for neutralizing different
odors.
32781
ENCLOSED DRY RENDERING PLANT ELIMINATES POL-
LtJTION. (Gekapselte Ausschmelzanlage eliminiert die
Verschmutzung). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
15(8):317, Aug. 1971.
The rendering of slaughterhouse by-products produces fumes
and odors which are drawn off from the enclosed cooking con-
tainer and passed through a filter. Residual fluids are removed
from the waste gas in a cooling chamber, which consists of an
enclosed cylindrical jacket with cooling pipes arranged inside.
These pipes are continuously supplied with water. The waste
gases then are sent to a tower where they are scrubbed with a
chlorine solution.
32797
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
ODOR CONTROL OF FISHMEAL AND ANIMAL OFFAL
FACTORY IN NORTH EUROPE AND TOKYO. (Kaseiba no
akushu boshi taisaku - Hokuo to Tokyoto no baai). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(9):811-823,
Sept. 1971.
The main odor emission sources in fishmeal manufacturing
and animal offal treatment plants are heat processing, espe-
cially the desiccation processes; squeezing process; odor from
the decomposing material itself; treatment of miscellaneous
mixtures in the material; and carrier vehicles and the cleaning
water waste. Odor is created also from oil and solubles which
the present method of processing does not extract completely
from the material. Buildings and the factory sites are saturated
by the odor. Main odor producing elements, various measuring
methods, and the presently known deodorizing methods are
reviewed. Efforts should be made to minimize the creation of
odor rather than to deodorize already produced odor; plants
should be designed to suit the material types, contents and the
degree of freshness; material should be dried indirectly by
steam or heated air and the interior of the dvyer should be
coated with teflon at least half the length of the oven from the
entrance; the building material and structure should be erosion
resistant and easy to clean; the operations should be checked
at a push-button control panel; from the initial chute to the
completion of the operation, there should be no leakage of hot
air, steam, or liquid; transportation and storage should be
designed so that the freshness of material will be maintained;
those parts of the facilities where the materials come in con-
tact should be of impervious material; upkeep of buildings
should be maintained and greenery and gardens should be
added on the site. The best method of deodorization is the
combination of water-washing, combustion, and maintenance
of freshness of the raw material. A general survey of fishmeal
plants in Norway, Denmark and West Germany, and detailed
explanations of the De Raval (?) deodorizer, Atlas and ATV
deodorization processes are given.
32798
Ishii, Tomio
AIR POLLUTION (ODOR) CONTROL FOR KRAFT PULP
MILL WITH OZONE. (Taiki osen (shuki) to kurafuto parupu
mini no ozon dasshu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 7(9):824-828, Sept. 1971. 6 refs.
A pilot odorimeter was tested in 1970 in England wherein the
upper part of the test tube had a heated coil which lighted
mixed gas. The flame rapidly spread below and formed
dispersed light. Sample gas was passed into the tube from the
lower opening and through the burner at the speed of 7 m/sec;
the light continuously scattered at the narrow point of the tube
and reached the upper part of the water jacket which en-
veloped the tube. The intensity of the light was photoamplified
and was sent to a penrecorder. At the test site, methylmercap-
tan was discharged for five minutes at a height of two meters
from the ground, 100 meters windway from the measuring
point. The record showed a wave pattern with six or seven
-------
122
ODORS
large peaks, probably due to the breeze. But the test was
deemed successful. In the United States, the Kraft Pulp Mill s
deodorization process by ozone is an example of successful
treatment of industrial odor problems. In the process of chemi-
cal digestion of pulp, hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan
are emitted and create odor. According to a study, 1000 kg of
pulp creates 114.2 g H2S and 824.1 g of mercaptan at the Kraft
Pulp Mill. The main sources of emissions are the stacks of the
black liquor combustion furnace; discharge from the digester;
waste gas from the blowdown; and the non-condensable
materials from the evaporator and vacuum pumps. Oxidation
of the gas from the black liquor stack solved that particular
problem, but the main source of odor was the blowdown
which oxidation did not help. More recently, waste gases at
this mill are treated through condensers where ozone is added
to the gas at the entrance and exit, and has proved successful.
The duration of gas-ozone contact is also important, and a 2.2
sec exposure gave the best result.
32799
Hirama, Masashi, Kazuo Murata, and Katsuji Ashida
MICROPOROUS THIN MEMBRANE, YUMICRON. (Bikosei
usumaku yumikuron (Yumicron)). Text in Japanese. Yuasa
Jiho (Yuasa Tech. Inform.), no. 36:33-45, Sept. 1970. 4 refs.
The Yuasa Battery Company has developed a special
microporous thin membrane, Yumicron, made from various
kinds of thermoplastic resins with extremely fine micropores.
Those membranes which have very fine micropores show the
characteristics of semi-permeable membranes such as cel-
lophane. Other kinds of Yumicron are chemical-resistant,
water repellent, heat-sealable, and also available for various
uses as: battery separators, dialysers, diaphragms for electrol-
ysis, deodorizer bags, artificial gills, artificial kidneys, and ar-
tificial lungs. (Author abstract modified)
32847
Aoyama, Mitsugu
WET TYPE ROTATING SCREEN CLEANING DEVICE AND
LOW TEMPERATURE INCINERATOR. (Shisshiki kaiten su-
kurin seijo sochi oyobi teion nensho ro). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Reutilization of Resources Technical Assoc. (Japan),
6p., 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on Reutilization of
Resources Technology, 2nd, Japan, July 12-14, 1971, Paper 3.)
A low temperature incinerator has been combined with a wet
type rotating screen device in order to trap soot, smoke, harm-
ful gases, and obnoxious odors. Two separate boards are fitted
to a rotating axis within a drum and, between the two boards,
there is a frame for the screen. A blower is at one end of the
axis, with an inlet to suck in the polluted air and a discharge
outlet and pipe on the opposite side. As the axis is rotated
about 1000 times/min, the polluted air is caused to pass the
screen. Steam, which is continuously emitted from the inlet,
cleans the screen and traps the participates. Trapped matter is
neutralized with a caustic soda solution and disposed. Water
from a tank is poured on the screen, and carbon which floats
on the water in the tank is pumped up, dried, and recovered.
High polymers are burned in one stage of the incinerator, then
drop to the floor of a second incinerator and are again burned.
An ignition device and a blower are attached. Carbon can be
recovered.
32900
Nippon Sekiyu Co., Ltd. (Japan), Negishi Refinery
EXPLANATORY NOTE ON ACTUAL STATE OF PUBLIC
NUISANCE CONTROL MEASURES. (Kogai boshi taisaku
genkyo setsumeisho). Text in Japanese. 61p., July 1970.
Air pollution countenneasures adopted by a petroleum refinery
are reviewed. The hydro-refinery process was adopted to
eliminate the offensive odors and harmful gases emitted from
waste liquor generated in the conventional process using
chemicals (sulfuric acid or caustic soda). Sulfur recovery
devices and a centralized chimney (130 m high) for effective
smoke diffusion were installed. An air cooler, cooling water
circulation system, and waste water stripper were adopted.
Deodorizers packed with active carbon were positioned at
various spots for odor control. Noise prevention and water
treatment devices were also installed. Data are given on the
detailed control measures, atmospheric diffusion of sulfur
dioxide by season and under different meteorological condi-
tions. Analysis of water pollutants, and effectiveness of the
control equipment and processes.
32913
General Council for Industrial Pollution (Japan)
SUCCESSFUL CASES OF INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC NUISANCE
CONTROL, (SUPPLEMENT). (Sangyo kogai boshi seiko
reishu. (Tsuiho)). Text in Japanese. Preprint, 30p., May 1971.
(Presented at the Industrial Technology Liaison Conference,
Japan.) 2 refs.
Nine successful cases of industrial public nuisance control are
presented, including three cases of air pollution control, five
cases of waste water treatment, and one case of noise/vibra-
tion control. Sulfur oxides emitted in exhaust smoke were con-
trolled using a catalyst type dry desulfurization process, with
96-99% efficiency for smoke containing 1500-800 ppm for sul-
fur oxides. A deodorization filter was designed for factory,
hospital, home, and air coolers. A crucible furnace, partially
modified by a small hole of 25-micron diameter in the lower
part, reduced the smoke density, as determined by the Ringel-
mann smoke chart, without deterioration of combustion.
32935
Goldberg, Alexander S.
A PROCEDURE FOR TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
WASTEWATER SLUDGE. J. Water Pollution Control Federa-
tion, 43(9):1912-1920, Sept. 1971. 3 refs.
Traditional sludge stabilization or digestion has usually been
biological, either aerobic or anaerobic, with all the problems
inherent in any biological process. In September 1965, a series
of experiments was begun with the aim of substituting a relia-
ble chemical or physical process for the biological system of
digestion. The dewatering problem was approached first. A
study was made of the relative filtration rates of primary
sludge, digested sludge, and activated sludge. Best results
were consistently obtained with primary sludge. In order to
eliminate odor, chlorine was added to the samples in various
quantities to determine the strength at which the odor would
consistently disappear; this point was approximately 500 mg/1
Cl per percent of sludge solids. Several alternate oxidation
methods were tried, and the use of sodium hypochlorite
resulted in a suspension that was free of odor and the usual
sticky grease. Because the chlorinated sludge behaved like a
paper mill slurry, it was decided to use screens as a filtration
procedure similar to the process used in the paper industry
with papermaking machines. Two sources of sludge were used
for experiments to convert sludge into a product suitable for
manufacturing or agricultural uses. Costs are indicated.
32937
Gommi, J. V.
OPERATING PERFORMANCE OF A RECOVERY BOILER
ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM. Tappi, 54(9):1523-1526, Sept.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
123
1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the
Pulp and Paper Industry, Engineering Conference, Denver,
Colo., Oct. 25-29, 1971.)
The air contact evaporator system was developed as a means
of removing the source of the hydrogen sulfide odor in Kraft
recovery furnaces. An air heater transfers the heat from the
exiting gases to the incoming clean air; this heated clean air is
then routed to a cascade evaporator where it removes
moisture from the black liquor. The system retains and rein-
forces the operating philosophy which maximizes chemical
conversion and recovery, and minimizes unbumed fuel and
sulfur emissions. This is achieved by proper attention to spray
droplet size, hearth bed shape, primary to secondary air ratio,
and sufficient secondary air pressure to take advantage of the
tangentially fired turbulence available in the furnace design.
Two contact evaporator systems are discussed and are
operated below code requirements for toal reduced sulfur
compounds. Operating problems are considered, as well as
recent operating experience.
32956
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf (West Germany), Fachausschuss der
Mineraloelindustrie fuer gas- und staubfoermige Emissionen
RESTRICTION OF EMISSION MINERAL-OIL REFINERIES.
(Auswurfbegrenzung Mineraloelraffinerien). VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2440, May 1967. 8 refs. Translated from
German. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem,
9p., May 1970. NTIS: TT 68-50469/15
Mineral-oil refineries give off dust and gaseous emissions, and
the latter is of real concern. Hydrocarbons evaporate into the
atmosphere when their vapor pressure exceeds 100 torr at the
storage temperature. Other emissions include sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and carbon monoxide (formed
only in the regenerators of catalytic cracking plants). When at-
mospheric distillation (topping) separates the crude oil into
fractions differing in evaporation behavior, methane, ethane,
H2S, mercaptans, and other malodorous substances are
formed. Further distillation can then take place with vacuum
distillation, which produces defines and sulfur oxides. The
production of air-blown bitumen (oxidized asphalt), visbreak-
ing, catalytic cracking, and reforming also produce various
pollutants including H2S, phenols, mercaptans, and other
malodorous sulfur and oxygen compounds. The reforming
process often includes an H2S scrubbing stage. Desulfurizing
by hydrogenation produces H2S which is removed by H2S
scrubbing. The H2S is then returned to the process cycle. Gas
separation is also used to produce propane, butane, H2S, and
a residual gas of ethane-ethylene and methane. Lubricating-oil
refining produces acid resins which vary in viscosity which
can be eliminated by hydrogenation or the use of solvents in
refining. Since hydrocarbons have a high vapor pressure, they
should be stored in special tanks with floating-roofs or con-
necting a fixed-roof tank to an existing enclosed gas system.
Blending can also reduce hydrocarbon emissions. Volatile
hydrocarbons may also be emitted during pumping,
processing, or through safety valves, but engineering design
changes can eliminate this. Sulfur dioxide content must be
taken into account in stack-height computation. Also,
hydrogen sulfide can be eliminated by a Claus-kiln unit which
converts it to elemental sulfur, which can be recovered and
reused. Alkaline and acid waste water containing sulfur can be
used for corrosion prevention or neutralized. Waste-water
discharge systems, waste incineration, inspection, sampling,
and waste gas emission are also discussed.
33003
Koyama, Yoshimasa
EXAMPLES OF ODOR COUNTERACTION MEASURES IN
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS. (Sesiso kojo ni okeru
akushu taisaku no jisshi rei). Te in Japanese. Sangyo Kankyo
Kogaku (Ind. Environ. Eng.), vol. 65-66:58-68, July 1969.
Methods of removing odors at a domestic sewage collection
plant are described. Various solutions are presented for cases
where odors escape from sewage intake ports despite air cu-
tains, water films, and spraying of odor neutralizers. The
elimination of odors from incineration plants, especially from
garbage pits prior to incineration, is also examined. In addi-
tion, the OMK (?) deodorizing system is described. Waste gas
is sprayed in the first chamber with an odor neutralizing solu-
tion. The gas is then stirred with the fan until more odorants
are neutralized and foams are formed. The foamy gas is sub-
sequently defoamed by in a water shower and the gas is then
discharged. The actual application of the OMK system to a
sewage collection plant is demonstrated and the results shown.
33073
Adalberto, Tirado A.
PROCESS DESIGN FOR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUS-
TRIAL PLANTS. Print, American Inst. of Chemical En-
gineers, New York and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 13p., 1970. 6 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitite of Chemical Engineers, Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo., Sept. 2,
1970.)
Principles of process design for pollution control in industrial
plants were discussed. Modem process design must consider
the plant and nature as a whole. The principles used to control
odors in a Kraft pulp plants were given. Tendencies or poten-
tials can only be modified by tendencies or potentials of the
same nature. Material and energy balances are always true.
Energy should tze used in a cascade. Internal recycling to
change temperature, concentrations, flow rates, and equilibria
without affecting the external energy and material balances is
a useful tool in fighting pollution. In pulp mills, contaminated
water is recycled to increase the recovery of fibers or other
substances and, at the same time, save substantial quantities
of water.
33077
Hein, Glen M. and Richard B. Engdahl
ON-SITE INCINERATION OF RESIDENTIAL WASTES. A.
DOMESTIC DWELLINGS. In: Principles and Practices of In-
cineration. Richard C. Corey (ed.), New York, Wiley-Inter-
science, 1969, Chapt. 4, p. 74-83. 8 refs.
The simple household incinerator often used gas burners to ig-
nite, dry, and bum the charge. A survey showed the most
common complaints were caused by ashes around the burner,
overloading the charging compartment, not burning the charge
fast enough, not emptying the ashes, clogging the grates with
unbumable materials, and improper charging and maintenance.
These surveys led to research for smokeless, odorless, fly-ash-
free units. Municipal refuse was analyzed and the heats of
combustion for various substances were determined. Laborato-
ry tests were used to develop two prototype incinerators. In
the prototypes, combustion air and flue-gas-dilution air were
used for cooling the jacket and flue gas. Also, combustion-air
supply was controlled, and a separate supply was used for af-
terburning. Using a gas-fired afterburner, a 1500 F temperature
was maintained and smoke and odors were completely ox-
-------
124
ODORS
idized. Impingement or change of flow direction and velocity
reduction caused fly ash to drop out. Also, a barometric
damper prevented excessive chimney draft. The ash-drawer
capacity was 20% of the loading capacity, and burners and
controls had easy access. Several multi-chamber incinerators
are discussed along with their pollution potential, and are com-
pared to gas- and oil-fired heating units and automobile ex-
haust. Stack emissions include aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, or-
ganic acids, ammonia, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and paniculate matter.
33120
Ono, Shigeru
DEODORIZATION OF CLEANING FACILITIES. (Seiso
shisetsu, chikusangyo no bo-dasshu taisaku). Text in Japanese.
Yosui to Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(9):1091-1106, Sept. 1971.
45 refs.
Odor producing sources and the amounts of odor from sewage
treatment plants and related facilities, from waste disposal
systems and related facilities, and from pig and poultry farms
are discussed in detail. Methods of deodorization of vacuum
cars, sanitation facilities, and pig and poultry farms are also
discussed. The survey of vacuum car deodorization methods
includes a table of currently available techniques such as ad-
sorption by ion exchange resin, activated metal, and desalina-
tion by sulfonated carbon; masking by neutralizers, chlorides,
and sewage mixture; combustion with fuel and thermal decom-
position by propane gas; and other methods such as wet
scrubbing and the use of low-speed rotating suction pumps to
prevent dispersion of sewage. Thermal decomposition of
sewage and dusts is usually achieved at 700 to 1200 C tem-
perature. The combustion methods are effective when the odor
content is high and the water content in the material is low.
When combustion is incomplete, the result can be adversary;
for instance, butanol will change into butyraldehyde or acetic
acid and increase the odor. Ammonia does not burn in normal
air, but will change into nitrogen oxides. According to experi-
ments, sludge odor will decompose between 680-740 C. Among
the low molecule fatty acids, acetic acid and propionic acid
will decompose at 743 C and capronic and butyric acid at 778
C. Poultry extrate dryer exhaust gas requires 600 C for decom-
position. The same gas treated in platinum black catalyst at
300 C reportedly has satisfactory results.
33122
Honda, Akihiro
FUNDAMENTAL METHODS FOR ODOR CONTROL.
(Akushu boshi no kihonteki hoho). Text in Japanese. Yosui to
Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(9): 1079-1090, Sept. 1971.
Of various basic methods of deodorization, those by (1)
decomposition or solution and concentration or absorption; (2)
chemical deodorants; (3) adsorption; (4) ion exchange; and (5)
oxidation are discussed in detail. The first method includes
water scrubbing apparatus of simple water washing; columns
packed with coke, Raschig rings, pipes, or ceramic balls; step
towers such as multi-perforation steps, mesh-steps, lattice-
steps, air-jet steps, umbrella-steps, and floating balls; and spe-
cial absorption towers such as waterfilm types and cyclone
scrubbers. Temperatures for concentration of various odor
producing elements are given. Chemical deodorants are
discussed according to various classifications such as powders,
liquids, and gases; organic and inorganic methods; methods
such as direct application, surface covering, aerosol contact,
flow-through; and mechanisms such as psychological (mask-
ing, neutralization), physical (solution, adsorption), and chemi-
cal (concentration, superimposition, oxidation, reduction, and
disinfection). Tables of deodorization effects by direct and in-
direct applications of inorganic deodorants and deodorization
mechanisms of organic deodorants are given. Tables for the
adsorption capacity of activated carbon for various odor
producing elements, room sizes that one pound of activated
carbon will deodorize for one year, and necessary amounts of
activated carbon per person per year for various classes of
facilities are included. A table is presented showing the effec-
tiveness of various ion exchange resins. Various methods of
oxidation, such as ozone, chlorine, combustion, and bacteria
are discussed.
33380
Koyama, Yoshimasa
NEUTRALIZATION OF ODOR BY DEODORANT. (Shoshu-
zai ni yoru shuki no chuwa). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 9(3):21-27,
Aug. 1971. 8 refs.
Various methods of deodorization are reviewed, including the
difference between deodorization and elimination of odor
producing material, neutralization of odor, and the masking
method. Omi Brothers Co., Ltd. obtained the sales rights of
airwick in Japan in 1952. Airwick is a neutralizer developed by
Guy Pascal of Airkem in 1940, and is now used widely in
Japanese homes and by commercial and industrial establish-
ments. Several apparatus using airwick are introduced. The
Aerosol deodorization apparatus used used at sewage treat-
ment plants consists of an air compresser, a neutralizer forcing
tank, and a spray gun. Another apparatus used at sewage
treatment plants is the odor suction aerosol deodorizer, which
consists of a scrubbing tank, a neutralizer aerosol tank, and a
blower. The odor-containing air is sucked into the system and
washed in the scrubbing tank where water-soluble material dis-
solves; the air comes into contact with the neutralizer in the
aerosol tank, then is emitted into the atmosphere by the
blower". Various types of airwick are recommended for various
specific purposes and types of odor producing plants and
facilities.
33398
Murahara, Masao
DEODORIZAHON OF POULTRY EXCRETA BY BACTERIA
PROCESSING. (Biseibutsu ni yoru keifun no dasshu-ho). Text
in Japanese. (Assignee not given.) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-30764.
4p., Sept. 7, 1971. 2 refs. (Appl. April 25, 1967, claims not
given).
A newly discovered bacillus MM-43, No. 552 can be separated
from soil and cultivated in amino acid culture made from
agricultural product waste. This bacillus has a characteristic of
breeding and growing at a temperature of approximately 50 C
and has a deodorizing ability. Amino acid dreg 250 g (water
70%, nitrogen 0.8%), 160 ml of water, 7.5g of slaked lime, and
three ml of the bacilli are mixed and cultured for 42; hours.
Fresh chicken feces, 500 g, is mixed in the culture. The odor
will disappear as the mixture is stirred, and the excreta will
stay odorless after it is dried.
33617
Miyahara, Kingo
COMBUSTION DEVICE FOR ODOROUS GAS. Text in
Japanese. (Assignee not given.) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-23829. 2p.,
Aug. 17, 1971. (Appl. Dec. 9, 1963, 1 claim).
An odor control device is described which comprises a suction
section, a duct section, and a mixing/combustin section. The
built-in blower sucks in the odorous gases together with air,
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
125
then mixes them with an auxiliary fuel gas, and noiselessly
burns the mixture for the removal of the odor. The mix-
ing/combustion section is a box-like case with a vane wheel in-
stalled at its entrance and a burning element at the exit.
33742
Nakajima, Kazuo
ODOR CONTROL BY UOP CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
SYSTEM. (Shokubai nenshoho ni yoru akushu jokyo). Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning As-
soc., Tokyo), 9(3):13-20, Aug. 1971.
The UOP catalytic combustion system, developed some 20
years ago by the Catalytic Combustion Company (presently
called Universal Oil Products, Air Correction Div.), is
discussed with the use of flowsheets and tables. The catalysts
are thin ribbons of refractory alloys of nickel group metals
used as carriers and those of platinum group metals used as
activators. They are highly conductive, durable, light, and
adaptable to variation of gas concentrations. The amount of
catalyst is determined by the amount of exhaust gas. Among
some 20 kinds of catalytic elements, the D-2 type, which treats
16 N cu/min is the most popular. Catalytic toxin producing
metals are mercury, lead, tin, and zinc. When catalysts receive
damages by the steam of these material, recovery of catalysts
at the manufacturer s plant is necessary. Also, when halogen
(fluoride, chlorine, or bromine) exist in exhaust gas, catalytic
activity will decrease; dust, soot, mud, rust, oxidation, organic
potassium compounds, and many other causes may lower the
activity, and the catalysts may require washing or rejuvena-
tion. However, except for special catalytic toxic reactions,
washing on the plant site once or twice a year will insure at
least three to five years of functioning, and with two or three
rejuvenations at the manufacturer s plant, catalysts should
have approximately 10 years of life. One advantage of this
system is its capacity of heat recovery. Exhaust gases from
enameling, plating, or baking furnaces contain solution steam
that is combustible. Successful examples of heat recovery are
presented.
33793
SEWAGE SLUDGE BURNED WITHOUT SMOKE OR ODOR.
Public Works, 102(10):72-74, Oct. 1971.
In San Mateo, California, the city engineers solved the
problem of disposing of sewage sludge by installing an in-
cinerator system. A multi-hearth furnace, fueled with natural
gas, reduces 25 tons of sludge cake per day to one ton of dry,
sterile ash. Long-range plans for the treatment plant include a
proposed full secondary treatment system and eventual tertia-
ry system to reclaim wastewater for municipal parks and
recreation facilities. Solids and other materials are shredded by
two comminutors at the main lift station, and the sewage is
then prechlorinated to control odor and reduce BOD and
coliforms. The sewage is first pumped into three clarifiers for
settling and separation of solids and liquids. Floating grease
and skimmings are removed by a surface scraper and gravity-
fed into a pit for subsequent pumping to the natural gas sludge
incinerator. During the combustion process, all fumes and
odors are destroyed thermally.
33816
THE INSTALLATION OF HONEYCAT SYSTEMS. Platinum
Metals Rev., 15(4):132-133, Oct. 1971. 2 refs.
The Honeycat air pollution control system depends on cata-
lytic combustion converting organic vapors, the main cause of
most factory smells, to non-smelling and harmless carbon
dioxide and water. Effective odor abatement may be obtained
with the Honeycat platinized ceramic honeycomb catalyst at
operating temperatures of about 50% of those required in
direct incineration systems. The system is already being ap-
plied in the animal by-products, food manufacturing, and fish
meal industries. The critical factors that affect the solving of
air pollution problems of this type are the composition, tem-
perature, and volume of the process gas to be treated.
33854
Bachmair, Anton
REPORT ON LECTURE GROUP F OF THE CONGRESS
REINHALTUNG DER LUFT 1969. Staub (English translation
from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 30(2):26-35, Feb.
1970. 18 refs. NTIS: TT 70-50047/2
Summaries are presented of lectures on odors, waste incinera-
tion, and domestic fuels. Odors are reduced by thermal waste-
gas purification, catalytic waste-gas purification, and chemical
oxidation; data is included on the efficiency of these processes
as used in the food industry. The state of the art of reducing
emissions from waste incineration is described, and regulations
covering large and small incinerator plants are noted. Smaller
plants use primarily mechanical separators; large plants, elec-
trostatic precipitators. Proposed processes for removing sulfur
dioxide from smoke are not yet suitable for practical use in
waste incineration. With the increased use of gas and electrici-
ty, emission of solid matter from domestic furnaces will drop
by approximately 50% in the next 10 years, but SO2 emissions
will increase with the increased use of oil for domestic fur-
naces. Five processes for producing fuels which emit little
smoke are described: the Inichar-sand-bed furnace process,
the alkali briquette-making process, the BF-sanding coking
processes for smoldering anthracite briquettes and coal pellets,
and the hot briquette-making process.
34073
Ito, Norio, Masao Shimoda, and Hideo Takahashi
EFFECTIVE SLUDGE TREATMENT TECHNIQUE AND ITS
COST. (Hedero no kokateki shori gijutsu to sono hiyo). Text
in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 2(9):58-61, Sept. 1971.
Quicklime is an effective agent for the treatment of sludge
containing hydrogen sulfide. When the flow velocity of the
H2S is five 1/min or lower, 250 ppm H2S can be reduced to 0
ppm. The H2S gas can be completely absorbed when the ratio
of the thickness of the quicklime layer to the flow velocity is
larger than or equal to three. X-ray diffraction analysis of the
quicklime after absorbing the H2S confirmed the formation of
slaked lime and calcium sulfide. The odor peculiar to H2S gas
was completely removed when 100 g quicklime were added to
10 kg sludge, then stirred at 50 rpm for five min. One ton of
quicklime is enough to control half a million cu m of sludge.
34385
Kalish, John
EUROPE S LARGEST KRAFT DIGESTER COMES ON
STREAM AT BILLERUD. Pulp Paper Int., 13(ll):51-55, Oct.
1971.
Europe s largest continuous kraft digester — rated at 940
tons/day — and a highly advanced evaporation and cross-
recovery system highlight the recently completed kraft pulp
expansion at the Gruvon mill of Billerud AB in Sweden. About
half of the output of the new digester is flash dried market
pulp from twin 275-ton/day flash dryers, marking Billerud s
entry as a producer of unbleached kraft market pulp. Environ-
mental and emission control at Billerud centers around a very
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126
ODORS
well designed recovery system with several unique features for
optimal operation and order reduction. A new technique of
splitting the condensates from the black liquor evaporation
stages has been employed to isolate contaminated condensates
and provide for subsequent destruction of the contaminants.
The two present evaporator lines are attached to a 20-ton/hr
forced circulation stage for concentration of the thick liquor to
65% solids, considered to facilitate subsequent combustion.
Sodium hydroxide is added to the first stage of the stack gas
scrubber. The recovery boiler and other details of the recovery
system are described. (Author summary modified)
34679
Carruthers, J. D.
WEB OFFSET PRESS AIR POLLUTION: HOW SERIOUS IS
IT? Inland Printer/Am. Lithogr., 167(1):50-51, April 1971.
Thermal incineration systems are not suitable to pollution con-
trol in printing plants. Experiments were conducted using a gas
chromatograph with a mass-integral detector to analyze both
quantitatively and qualitatively the exhaust from two 38-in.
web presses. Two kinds of heat-set ink containing 20-30% sol-
vent were used on two kinds of stock, gloss-coated and matt-
coated no. 45 paper. Analysis of the ink solvent showed
mainly C11-C12 hydrocarbons. Increasing the amount of flame
drying produced substantial changes. First, the high boiling
hydrocarbons completely disappeared from the exhaust.
Second, a low-boiling fraction of C3 to C9 hydrocarbons ap-
peared. A change in the kind of paper also produced a noticea-
ble change in the effluent. The glossy paper promoted burning
and cracking of the solvent on the web. Consequently, fewer
high-boiling hydrocarbons were emitted. The opposite effect
was observed for the matt-coated paper. These results indicate
that by adjustment of heat in the dryer, smoke and odor
problems from high-boilers and low-boilers, respectively, can
be controlled.
34778
Timby, E. A.
AIRFLOW RATE REQUIREMENTS IN PASSENGER AIR-
CRAFT. Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnsborough (En-
gland), Engineering Physics DepL, Ministry of Aviation
Supply Current Papers 1136, 27p., 1970. 15 refs. NTIS: N71-
20849
Airflow requirements for cabins of passenger transport aircraft
are considered from the aspects of breathing, temperature con-
trol, odor control, pressurization, and equipment cooling. In
supersonic aircraft the consequences of a pressurization
failure and the requirements of equipment cooling are likely to
prevent much reduction in airflow below current figures. The
present fresh airflow rate is specified as 1.2 Ib/min per pas-
senger during flight and 0.5 Ib/min during taxi conditions. In
subsonic aircraft the airflow could be reduced for pressuriza-
tion but is likely to be dictated by odor control on which infor-
mation is lacking under representative conditions. The
minimum engine air bleed rate would occur for a system which
recirculates and purifies a proportion of the cabin air.
Development of cabin air distribution systems would be
required if airflow is to be reduced. Odors can be removed by
adsorption, scrubbing, and masking. (Author summary
modified)
34868
Duncan, Leon and Isaiah Gellman
THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM OF THE NA-
TIONAL COUNCIL OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY FOR AIR
AND STREAM IMPROVEMENT. Vanderbilt Univ., Nash-
ville, Term. Dept of Environmental and Water Resources En-
gineering, and Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board, En-
viron. Water Resources Eng. Conf., 9th, Annu., Nashville,
Tenn., 1970, p. 41-44. (June 4-5.)
During the past 15 years, the National Council of the Paper In-
dustry for Air and Stream Improvement has been actively en-
gaged in a research program aimed toward air quality protec-
tion. These efforts encompass such areas as development and
application of sampling and analytical techniques, adaptation
and evaluation of air pollution control equipment, changes in
processes and operations to effect improved atmospheric emis-
sion, and applications of new concepts in pulp and paper mak-
ing operations for more effective emissions control. Currently,
the major thrust is in the area of odor control from kraft mill
operations.
35554
Klein, Nicholas
SMOKE CLEANING APPARATUS. (Assignee not given.) U.
S. Pat. 3,582,051. 7p., June 1, 1971. 4 refs. (Appl. Jan. 8, 1969,
10 claims).
Previous apparatus for reducing air pollution caused by smoke
discharging furnaces and incinerators has been limited to fil-
ters of various kinds, generally screens placed at outlets of
chimneys. These filters have not been satisfactory because
they quickly become clogged and ineffective. Electrostatic
precipitators have limited applications since they are complex,
expensive, and most suitable for extremely fine particles. In
the present process, smoke bearing large particles is first
passed through a conical baffle assembly made of closely
spaced overlapping rings at the bottom of a smoke stack or
chimney. The conical baffle assembly holds back larger parti-
cles which fall back to the furnace for rebuming and removal
via cleanout doors in the furnace. The smoke then passes
through helical baffles in which an apertured spray pipe sprays
water to cool the smoke and fumes and entrap more particles
in the smoke. The dirty water flows down to the conical baffle
and is then drained off to a sewer or filter tank and recirculat-
ing pump. The cleaned smoke is then deodorized by a sprayed
deodorant and passes up out of the chimney to the at-
mosphere.
35566
Shieh, Wen-shong and Robert H. Essenhigh
EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF WASTE COMBUSTION IN
A TEST INCINERATOR. Preprint, Delaware Univ., Newark,
31p., 1971. 20 refs. (Presented at the Mid-Atlantic Industrial
Waste Conference, 4th, Newark, Del., Nov. 18-20, 1970.)
Experiments on waste combustion in a test incinerator are ex-
amined with respect to incinerator design, instrumentation for
analysis and determination of emissions, operational
procedures, and results. Smoke, fly ash, and odoriferous or
noxious gases were emitted in the process. The countervortex
system of overbed air supply was capable of generating a
stirred-reactor flame-holder for the overbed flame, which
could be maintained only above some minimum rate of fuel
and air supply. The fuel for the overbed flame was mainly a
product of pyrolysis. When the overbed flame was absent, the
prime source of heat for pyrolysis was the convective heating
from the bed. When air rich was burned, the overbed flame
was clean, but when fuel rich, it emitted smoke. With a suffi-
ciently hot overbed flame, radiation alone would be sufficient
for total pyrolysis, thus minimizing fly ash emissions. (Author
conclusions modified)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
127
35595
McCabe, Louis C.
SANITARY ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engrs.,
vol. 80:392-1 to 392-4, Jan. 1954. (Presented at the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Annual Convention, New York,
Oct. 21, 1953.)
The sanitary engineer has extensive experience with air pollu-
tion problems, notably waste disposal and odors. The need for
odor control in industries which process dead animals may be
greater than in the packing plants which are preparing food for
human consumption. Some of the rendering plants in the Los
Angeles area have used venturi jet condensers successfully but
most rely on incineration to abate odors. Lack of cleanliness
in maintenance may also account for odors around rendering
plants. The greatest source of malodors in oil refineries are
mercaptans which contain sulfur and are commonly derived
from high sulfur crudes. Mercaptans may be removed from
petroleum products by treating in a variety of processes, prac-
tically all of which utilize caustic action. Paint and varnish
plants may discharge highly irritating substances such as
acrolein, aldehydes, and fatty acids from their processes. In-
cineration of domestic household waste and garbage is
generally not a sure means of eliminating odors in air pollu-
tion. Poor design, intermittent operation, and the character of
the waste material are responsible for unsatisfactory operation.
It is also recognized that hydrocarbons in the air may be ox-
idized to produce compounds which will damage growing
crops and cause eye irritation. Some control equipment for
dust, smoke, and fumes are noted.
35609
Lorentz, Fred
A CHEMICAL PLANT S SOLUTION OF AERIAL POLLU-
TION AND WASTE DISPOSAL. Chem. Eng. Progr.,
46(8):377-379, Aug. 1950.
The principal potential air pollution offense at a New Jersey
pharmaceutical plant arises from a few steps in the vitamin Bl
synthesis where the production and handling of sodium
dithioformate is involved. The vapors have a garlic-sulfide
stench. Activated carbon is the most effective method of ar-
resting the airborne odors which cannot be easily destroyed by
chemical scrubbing solutions. The odor adsorption system con-
sists of a low speed exhaust fan drawing 12,000 cu ft/min of
air at three-eighths-in. standard pressure through a manifold
duct system connected to the vents of about 15 pieces of
equipment, all handling the malodorous intermediates. This
method is convenient to operate and has a high capacity
resulting in a fairly long adsorbing cycle. Flexible design of an
incinerator makes it possible to dispose of large quantities of a
wide variety of liquid and solute wastes in a completely innox-
ious manner, even to the extent of disposing of objectionable
aqueous solutions.
35660
Lardieri, Nicholas J.
PRESENT TREATMENT PRECTICE OF KRAFT MILLS ON
AIR-BORNE EFFLUENTS. Paper Trade J., 142(15):28-33,
April 14, 1958. 7 refs.
A survey was conducted to ascertain what methods are used
for treatment of atmospheric effluents from kraft pulping
mills; 58 mills participated. The types of recovery equipment
used, specific abatement techniques for various effluents,
costs of abatement processes, and the public relations aspects
of the problem were considered. The equipment used for col-
lection of particulate matter and aerosols from recovery fur-
nace stacks included electrostatic precipitators (50 mills) and
venturi scrubbers (nine mills) two mills used no equipment
whatever. Wet scrubbers were used by 54 mills and dry dust
collectors by one to control lime kiln exhaust; one mill did not
use any control equipment. Odorous emissions from the kraft
industry occur primarily from digestion and chemical recovery.
Some reduction in these emissions from digester gases is
achieved in most Southern kraft mills through the turpentine
recovery system. Odors from the black liquor recovery
systems arise from the multiple-effect evaporator condensates
and from furnace stacks. Methods used to abate odors from
these sources are scrubbing of evaporator noncondensables
with caustic or black liquor, air oxidation of black liquor prior
to recovery, and odor-masking of catalytic reactant com-
pounds. Capital costs are about $1000. per ton of productive
capacity.
35803
Miyajima, Hiroshi
TREATMENT OF EMISSION GAS FROM RECOVERY
BOILERS. (Kaishu boira no haigasu shori ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensho (Fuel and CCombustion),
38(12):1161-1176, Dec. 1971.
The emission gas from the recovery boiler of a Kraft pulp mill
enters an electrostatic precipitator and approximately 95% of
eight to ten g/N cu m size dusts are collected. The gas then
enters a wet cyclone scrubber and most of 0.4 - 0.5 g/N cu m
size dusts are collected and some 0.15 to 0.2 g/N cu m dust
particles remain. Altogether, 98 to 99% of the dusts are col-
lected. The dusts are collected mostly by colliding with the
spray liquid in the scrubber or diffusing or adhering to the sur-
face of the liquid. The characteristics of this scrubber are its
simple structure, easy operation, cleansing operation without
power, little draft loss, a wide design possibility for a variety
of particle sizes, types, and quantities, a small space require-
ment, a high collection rate of small particles, its multi-func-
tions, and an excellent anti-erosion capacity. The odor is con-
trolled by an alkaline solution additive in the scrubber liquid
which absorbs hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. The car-
ryover of the dusts from the recovery boiler is successfully
prevented by avoiding overloading, increasing the concentra-
tion of the black liquor, reducing the inorganic elements in the
liquor, reducing the first air supply to the minimum, and
decreasing the black liquor jet pressure.
35879
Ludington, David C., Albert T. Sobel, and B. Gormel
CONTROL OF ODORS THROUGH MANURE MANAGE-
MENT. Trans. ASAE (Am. Soc. Agr. Engrs.), 14(4):771-774,
780, July-Aug. 1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Winter Meeting, Chicago, HI., Dec.
1969, Paper 69-936.)
Two different experiments were conducted to check the in-
fluence of moisture removal and manure removal on the odor
offensiveness of the gases released from chicken manure. An
odor panel was used to evaluate odor offensiveness. Results
showed that removing moisture reduced the odor level. Diluted
manure always produced the highest offensiveness and un-
diluted manure the next highest. Daily scraping, which did not
allow for buildup of manure, also successfully controlled odor.
A manure management system which either removes the
manure from the building at least daily without manure buil-
dup or removes moisture from the manure will cause a
minimum amount of air pollution by the release of odorous
compounds. (Author summary)
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128
ODORS
35955
Howorth, Frederic Hugh
APPARATUS FOR FILTERING POLLUTED AIR. (Appareil
pour ffltrer de 1 air politic). Text in French. (Howorth (James)
and Co. Ltd, Bolton (England)) Swiss Pat. 503,511. 3p., April
15, 1971. (Appl. Sept. 10, 1968, 5 claims).
An apparatus is described for removing impurities such as
dust, sludge, and oily or tarry particles from polluted air
drawn either from working premises or from the open at-
mosphere, and projected through a conduit. Inside the conduit,
two sheet filters made of porous plastic material and sup-
ported by frames are mounted in parallel a short distance from
each other at an angle of 45 deg to the center line of the con-
duit. As the air flows through, the particles are trapped by the
first filter, and are washed down by a water spray from a per-
forated tube located ahead of the filter. The polluted spray
water is collected in a receiving tank attached to the underside
of the conduit. From there the liquid flows by gravity into a
sump tank which comprises two compartments, separated
from each other by an overflow partition wall. The first com-
partment provides for settling and sedimentation, and is
designed to permit periodic removal of the sludge and replace-
ment with clean water. The second compartment receives the
clear overflow water, to which a deodorizing detergent solu-
tion is added; the detergent is selected depending on the
source of the polluted air. The cleaned water is returned to the
spray system and thus re-used in a closed cycle. The air that
has passed through the first filter carries a substantial amount
of humidity which forms into droplets on contact with the
second filter in the conduit; the droplets fall back onto the
first filter and are thus returned to the water collecting system.
After passing through the second filter, the air is only slightly
more humid than it was on entering the apparatus.
-------
129
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
00178
N. A. Huey, L. C. Broering, and C. W. Gruber
ODOR MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES H (SECOND YEAR
FINAL REPT.) Cincinnati Dept. of Safety, Ohio, Bureau of Air
Pollution Control and Heating Inspection. Dec. 1959. 42 pp.
A brief review of instrumentation developments, and odor de-
tection and measurement problems is presented. Odor strength
measurement research involved the development of scentome-
ter instrumentation, the 1959 Model and the 1959A Model; in-
vestigation of the Liquid Dilution Method; and studies of
human odor detection abilities. Odor source detection research
included the studies of meteorological equipment, meteorologi-
cal data, complaint analysis, and investigation procedures.
00965
R. Cederlof, M. L. Edfors, L. Friberg, and T. Lindvall
ON THE DETERMINATION OF ODOR THRESHOLDS IN
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL - AN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD
STUDY ON FLUE GASES FROM SULFATE CELLULOSE
PLANTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 16(2):92-94, Feb.
1966.
From the hygienic point of view, not only the health hazards
caused by air pollutants but also the odor from emitted flue
gases should be reduced to a minimum. An effective control of
the risk of odor at ground level presupposes knowledge of the
source concentration of the odoriferous gas as well as its odor
threshold has to be estimated empirically, as the flue gases
often contain a complex mixture of different odoriferous sub-
stances, the odor thresholds of which are in most cases unk-
nown. For this purpose a method has been developed for esti-
mating the odor thresholds of flue gases emitted from different
industrial processes. The method, a field method, is based on
an exposure procedure, a number of subjects compare dif-
ferent concentrations of the flue gas with samples of fresh air
and decide at what concentration the flue gas is no longer
noticeable. The gas samples used are neither compressed, nor
absorbed or heated before the exposure test. The method has
been used in two studies on gases from Swedish sulfate cellu-
lose plants. In order to estimate the effect on the odor
threshold of different deodorizing measures, gas samples were
taken not only from the stack but also from different phases in
the production process. The results and a brief discussion on
the practical applications of the method are given. (Author ab-
stract)
01289
M. Feldstein, S. Balestrieri, and D. A. Levaggi
STUDIES ON THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETER-
MINATION OF MERCAPTANS. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 15(5):215-7, May 1965. (Presented at the Sixth Conference
on Methods in Air Pollution Studies, California Dept. of Public
Health, Berkeley, Calif., Jan. 6-7, 1964.)
A series of partitioning agents were studied to determine their
ability to separate organic sulfur compounds by gas chro-
matography. Several columns showed promise, but did not
separate organic sulfur compounds from normally occurring
atmospheric hydrocarbons. Higher concentrations of organic
sulfur compounds in stack gases are separated as metallic salts
in a series of impingers. The nature of the precipitated sulfur
compound can be determined by gas chromatography after
regeneration of the compound by addition of acid to the metal-
lic precipitate. (Author abstract)
02786
R. H. LinneU and W. E. Scott
DIESEL EXHAUST COMPOSITION AND ODOR STUDIES.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12, (11) 10-5, Nov. 1962.
Some of the techniques being used and evaluated for exhaust
analysis are outlined. Results except for some qualitative and
tentative findings are shown in tables 1-8. Most values are
averages of 2 or 3 determinations. These determinations were
made on new samples taken at different times, with intervals
of several weeks elapsing in some cases. Paniculate matter in-
formation in table 1 indicates organic compounds adsorption.
This is of interest in eye irritation and odor work since al-
dehydes may be present on paniculate matter in higher con-
centrations than are present in the gas phase. The CC14 ex-
tracts of particulate matter show infrared bands characteristic
of hydrocarbons, olefins, aldehydes, and carbonyl. Com-
parison of hydrocarbon measurements, formaldehyde and
acrolein, and miscellaneous compounds are discussed. 26
references.
03010
H. Devorkin, R.L. Chass, A.P. Fudurich, C.V. Kanter
SOURCE TESTING MANUAL. Los Angeles County Air Pol-
lution Control District, Calif. 181 pp., Nov. 1965
Specialized methods and techniques for the curtailment of
contaminants being released into the atmosphere, developed in
the laboratory and in the field are described in this manual.
These methods are concerned primarily with the measurement
of emissions from stationary sources, and in general, with lit-
tle or no modification, these methods can also be used for
testing vehicles or other moving sources. Information obtained
form source tests is invaluable as a guide in selecting ap-
propriate control equipment and improving the design of fu-
ture installations to minimize the discharge of air contami-
nants. Following topics are discussed: Planning a source test;
Determination of gas flow rate; Collection and analysis of par-
ticulate matter, and of gaseous constituents; Odor measure-
ment; Source test report. The appendixes deal with rules and
regulations, conversion factors and constants, and auxiliary
field sampling equipment.
03354L
J. H. Sullivan, D. H. Robertson, and C. Merritt, Jr.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE VOLATILE COMPONENTS
OF FOODSTUFFS, m. COFFEE AROMA. Quartermaster
Research and Engineering Center, Natick, Mass., Pioneering
Research Division. (Research Report Analytical Chemistry Se-
ries No. 12.) (Presented before the Division of Agricultural and
-------
130
ODORS
Food Chemistry, 135th National Meeting, American Chemical
Society, Boston, Mass., Apr. 1959.) Sept. 30, 1959. 16 pp.
CFSTI DDC 636331
Mass spectrometric analysis has led to the identification of
several components of coffee aroma. The volatile compounds
from ground roasted coffee are collected by distillation under
high vacuum at room temperature into a receiver at liquid
nitrogen temperature. Direct fractionation of a 'center cut* on
the mass spectrometer and subsequent analysis has shown the
presence of more than twenty compounds. Among the com-
pounds identified are furans, aldehydes, esters, alcohols,
nitriles and sulfur compounds. The techniques which have
been used offer the following advantages: (1) The method of
collection by vacuum distillation in a closed system is superior
to other methods of collection. (2) A minimum of sample han-
dling reduces greatly any loss of material. (3) Direct analysis
on the spectrometer permits a complete qualitative analysis in
a rapid, efficient manner and also provides for the extension
to quantitative analysis, if desired. (Author abstract)
03542L
L. Reckner, F. R. Taylor, W. E. Scott, H. J. Wimette
DIESEL EXHAUST COMPOSITION, ODOR AND EYE IR-
RITATION (PROGRESS REPORT MAY 1, 1962 TO FEB 15,
1963. Preprint 1963.
Further work with the two-cycle 6-cylinder V-type diesel en-
gine is reported which which covers solid and liquid particu-
late emissions at various operating conditions, odor intensity
and eye irritation observations by a human panel at three
operating conditions, analyses of the particulate for polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and further analyses of the gaseous
emissions by long-path infrared and colorimetric techniques. A
number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including
benzo(a)pyrene and several other compounds with reported
positive biological activity, have been detected in diesel ex-
haust by fluorescence spectroscopy. The concentrations of
most polycyclics were highest from 1/2 load to 7/8 load with a
sharp decrease from 7/8 load to full load. The benzo(a)pyrene
concentrations found in diesel exhaust (0.6 to 7.4 micrograms
per cubic meter) were lower than the 8.5 micrograms per cubic
meter recently reported for automobile exhaust, but the diesel
produced more benzo(a)pyrene (0.15 to 1.3 milligrams) per gal-
lon of fuel than the automobile (0.27 milligrams). Fluorescence
analyses of new and used lubricating oil and the rate of oil
consumption indicate that the contribution of the oil to the ex-
haust particulate of this engine is negligible. Values for the
emissions of nitrogen dioxide have been revised downward as
a result of using an improved sampling technique which
minimizes the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide. Of
the three engine operating modes studied, the odor intensities
and eye irritation observed by the human panel were lowest at
the 1200 RPM-1/4 load condition. It is believed at this time
that the eye irritation from the exhaust can be accounted for
by the formaldehyde and acrolein found in the exhaust. There
is no clear-cut correlation, however, between the concentra-
tions of these aldehydes and the odor differences observed.
03789
J. S. Leonard
STACK EMISSION SAMPLING. TAPPI 49, (10) 84A-85A,
Oct. 1966. (Presented at the Shipley Award Program, Pacific
Section, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
West Linn, Oreg., Mar. 15, 1966.)
Potential air pollutants in kraft pulping emissions consist es-
sentially of solid particulate and sulfur containing malodorous
gases. The solid particulate is generally of a caustic nature,
whereas the malodorous gases are of an acidic nature. In an
effort to monitor these emissions effectively, a series of emis-
sion sampling stations and specialized sampling devices have
been constructed. The particulate sampling device operates on
an electrostatic precipitation principle and allows for the
simultaneous sampling of solid particulate and malodorous
gases. Four sampling stations are located on vertical stacks, at
least five diameters downstream from obstructions. Sheltered
work areas are provided with electricity and compressed air.
(Author abstract)
04117
F. R. Rehm
TEST METHODS FOR DETERMINING EMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF INCINERATORS (INFORMATIVE
REPORT NO. 2). J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3) 127-
35, Mar. 1965.
In considering the problem of incinerator air pollution emis-
sion characteristics, early attention must be given to defining
the type discharges which are of greatest concern. At this time
the following 3 categories of incinerator effluents-visual emis-
sions (smoke), particulates, and odor are of primary interest. It
is in these 3 areas that the greatest present need exists with
respect to air pollution performance evaluation standards or
limitations and standardized test methods. It is toward the
standardization of testing of these 3 classes of incinerator ef-
fluents that this report is pointed. Visual Emission Testing:
Until some better tool evolves, the Ringelmann Chart will un-
doubtedly serve as the most frequently used method for as-
sessing visual smoke emissions from incinerators and other
combustion equipment. In recent years refinement of
techniques has allowed for the grading of colored effluents
other than black or white. Other applications in this category
have included paper tape filters and photoelectric devices.
Odor Testing: A 1961 Performance Evaluation Sub-Committee
survey disclosed that only a limited amount of work has been
conducted on odor testing of incinerator effluents. The human
nose has been relied upon to a great extent. The ASTM Stan-
dard Method for Measurement of Odor in Atmospheres (Dilu-
tion Method) D 1391-57 involves sampling the gas for which
the odor is to be measured and then diluting it with odor-free
air until an observer can barely perceive the odor. Particulate
Testing: This has involved various approaches to attain the
following: (1) a representative sample of gas and suspensoid
from a main gas stream; (2) filtering the particulates from the
sampled gas stream; (3) accurately measuring the sampled gas
volume; (4) measurements to assess total emission charac-
teristics - temperature, pressure, gas velocity, composition,
molecular wt, density. In summary, it is the Performance
Evaluation Sub-Committee's opinion that the ASME Test
Codes PTC 21-1941, 'Dust Separating Apparatus' and PTC 27-
1957, 'Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream,' with
modifications and additions as discussed, could form the basis
of an acceptable standardized test method for determining in-
cinerator particulate emission characteristics.
04883L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
A MANUAL FOR DIRECT GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC
ANALYSIS OF SULFUR GASES IN PROCESS STREAMS.
(Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin No. 30.) June 1966.
27pp.
The attached bulletin presents a detailed method for sampling
and gas chromatograpnic analysis of kraft mill gases at their
sources. This bulletin supersedes Bulletin 13, September 6,
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
131
I960, which is obsolete and is no longer recommended. In this
new, simplified method, source samples may be taken either in
evacuated pressure bottles, plastic bags, modified McLean
tubes, or directly in gas-tight syringes. A small volume of the
source gas (0.02 - 2.0 ml.) is injected directly onto the chro-
matographic column in a temperature-programmed oven. The
eluted sulfur compounds are detected with a bromine,
microcoulometric titration cell. The instrumentation and
methodology were field tested at a West Coast kraft mill. Ap-
proximately 20 minutes is required to complete a single analy-
sis for sulfur compounds ranging in molecular weight from
hydrogen sulfide through dimethyl disulfide or higher. The
rapidity of the analytical technique permits rapid qualitative
and quantitative determination of the components of gaseous
sulfur emissions from all sources, determination of the effec-
tiveness of various odor control processes, and evaluation of
the effect of changes in mill operating conditions upon quanti-
ty and type of emissions. (Author abstract modified)
05170
F. G. Rounds, and H. W. Pearsall
DIESEL EXHAUST ODOR (ITS EVALUATION AND RELA-
TION TO EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION. Vehicle Emis-
sions (Selected SAE Papers) 6, 45- 69, 1964. (Presented at the
National Diesel Engine Meeting, Society of Automotive En-
gineers, Chicago, 111., Nov. 1-2, 1956, Paper No. 863.)
Techniques, based on panel estimates, were developed for
evaluating the odor and irritation intensities of undiluted
Diesel engine exhaust gases or of various dilutions of these
gases in air. Along with the estimates, chemical analyses were
made to determine the concentrations of total aldehydes, for-
maldehyde, and oxides of nitrogen. Statistically significant cor-
relations were found between odor or irritation intensity esti-
mates and the analytical data, but these correlations were too
weak to permit accurate prediction of odor or irritation from
chemical analyses. The effects of some engine variables on
Diesel odor were studied. Possible means of reducing Diesel
odor are discussed. Limited studies indicated that engine load
has a pronounced effect on exhaust odor and irritation intensi-
ty. Engine make, engine speed, engine condition, fuel type and
lubricating oil type had comparatively little effect.
05396
Turk, A.
APPROACHES TO SENSORY ODOR MEASUREMENT. Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. 116, (2) 564-6, July 30, 1964.
A critical evaluation is given of the method by which stimulus
odorant concentrations are established. The use of tracer
methods to monitor gas dilution is discussed. Two methods
suggested for the reproducible presentation of odor stimulation
to subjects from small containers are the equilibrium sniffer
and the steady-rate sniffer.
05426
Adams, D. F.
LIMITATIONS IN ANALYSIS OF MALADOROUS, SULFUR-
CONTAINING GASES IN THE AMBIENT AIR. Preprint,
Washington State Univ., Pullman, Research Div., 12p., 1967.
45 refs.
The lead acetate impregnated tape method yields low and vari-
able hydrogen sulfide concentrations. The ultramicro collection
of ppb levels of hydrogen sulfide with the recommended cad-
mium hydroxide suspension is subject to approximately 50-
80% loss of added hydrogen sulfide during and following air
aspiration in midget impingers. The methylene blue colorimet-
ric analysis procedure for hydrogen sulfide collected in cadmi-
um hydroxide appears to be satisfactory. Static techniques for
hydrogen sulfide, including exposured lead acetate tiles, lead-
base painted panels and silver plated plaques, can not provide
adequate information relating exposure duration and sulfide
concentration. The plasma emission spectrometer is inherently
the most versatile of the new instrumental methods of analysis
because of its response to specific intramolecular bonds. Its
present sensitivity is approximately two-three orders of mag-
nitude above the odor-detection thresholds for the malodorous
sulfur-containing compounds and its application may be
limited to organic sulfur-containing compounds in the absence
of air. The flame ionization detector provides the greatest sen-
sitivity for organic, sulfur-containing compounds. Unfortunate-
ly, the F.E.D. responds to all organic compounds and thus the
detector must be associated with a separation mode such as a
gas chromatographic column. Several orders of magnitude of
detector sensitivity are thus lost because of the column losses
in the parts per billion concentration range. The F.I.D. sen-
sitivity is inadequate for inorganic sulfur-containing gases and
thus does not provide an all-purpose sulfur gas detector.
Similarly, the B.C. detector must be used with a chromato-
graphic column and thereby loses its inherent sensitivity. The
most sensitive, all-purpose sulfur-gas instrumentation presently
available is the bromine coulometric microtitration cell with an
instantaneous sensitivity of approximately 5 ppb. When used
with chemically treated membrane pre-fUtere, the microtitra-
tion cell provides a sequential, five-step record for total sulfur,
SO2, H2S, mercaptans and alkyl sulfides and disulfides.
05503
C. F. Denmead
AIR POLLUTION BY HYDROGEN SULPHIDE FROM A
SHALLOW POLLUTED TIDAL INLET, AUCKLAND, NEW
ZEALAND. Proc. dean Air Conf., Univ. New South Wales,
Vol. 1, 20p., 1962, Paper 4.
Gross pollution of a shallow tidal harbour backwater by liquid
waste products from industries and by urban sewage effluents
created conditions which resulted in the generation of suffi-
ciently large amounts of hydrogen sulphide to create a major
air pollution problem. Hydrogen sulphide was present in the
air throughout the year near its source, but on very many oc-
casions during the hours of darkness and early morning, par-
ticularly in the late summer and autumn, its presence caused
widespread complaint of offensive odour and paint blackening
even at considerable distances from its source. The hydrogen
sulphide was cound to be derived from bacterial reduction of
sulphate in the sea water. The pollution of the inlet ceased in
May 1961 and in the following four months considerable
evidence was collected which showed a substantial drop in
hydrogen sulphide being evolved from the inlet and its almost
complete absence in the surrounding atmosphere. The abrupt
change in the hydrogen sulphide levels in attributed to the
removal of abundant and readily available bacterial nutrients,
and the reappearance of normal levels of dissolved oxygen in
the water. (Author abstract)
05614
J. L. Mills, R. T. Walsh, K. D. Luedtke, and L. K. Smith
QUANTITATIVE ODOR MEASUREMENT. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 13 (10), 467-75, Oct. 1963. (Presented at the
56th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association.
Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963.)
The most satisfactory device available for quantitative odor
measurement is the human olfactory system. It is much more
sensitive than chemical measurements in most cases where
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132
ODORS
odors are nuisance problems, and results are obtained where
chemical tests fail. Threshold response odor measurements
produce quantitative results more quickly than other types of
tests. The definition of the odor concentration as 'the dilution
factor at the odor perception threshold for 50% of the odor
panel' is believed to be a more reproducible standard than that
described in the ASTM method. The odor unit should be
redefined from 'one cubic foot of air at the odor threshold' to
'the quantity of any odorous substance or of any given mix-
ture of odorous substances which, when completely dispersed
in one cubic foot of odor-free air, produces a median
threshold odor detection response in humans.' The modifica-
tions to the ASTM odor measurement method described herein
are believed to improve the speed, reliabiligy, and reproduci-
bility of the method. Careful application of this method and
the use of good laboratory techniques should produce results
considerably more reproducible than plus or minus 50%. The
application of the threshold response method of quantitative
odor measurement is highly successful in determining the ac-
tual effectiveness of odor control measures and devices. Con-
trol of odors from the 'offensive trades' can be achieved by
proper incineration for 0.3 sec at 1200 F, but certain of the ob-
jectionable organic chemical industry odors require higher
temperatures of incineration before adequate odor control is
accomplished. Chlorination followed by intensive scrubbing
has been found satisfactory under controlled conditions for the
off-gases from a direct-fired, rotary fish meal drier. Odor
nuisances from animal matter reduction equipment used in the
'offensive trades' can be prevented by reducing the odor con-
centrations in the off-gases to a point where the average is not
more than 25 to 50 odor units/cu ft and the absolute upper
limit is 150 odor units/cu ft.
05813
Turk, A.
ANALYTICAL AND ODOR STUDIES OF ORGANIC GASES
IN AIR. (FINAL REPORT). Preprint, 1966.
Part I. Use of SF6 as a gas-air tracer. SF6 was used for tracer
research because it satisfied all of the following requirements,
except for negligible background level: (1) non-toxic, non-
radioactive, colorless and odorless; (2) gaseous at ambient
temperatures; (3) low background levels; (4) chemically and
thermally stable; (5) amenable to rapid and controlled at-
mospheric release from a point source; (6) amenable to routine
collection; (7) amenable to sensitive, rapid analytical detection
(electron capture detection). Part II. Preliminary comparison
between the atmospheric dispersion of fluorescent pigment
(FP) and SF6. Sampling results indicated a great deal of varia-
tion between the two tracers as shown by the low correlation
coefficient of 0.62. Centerline comparisons indicated that the
attenuation of FP by fallout or impingement might be signifi-
cant. Part III. Studies of brominated carbon. These included
the following: (1) Bromination procedures; (2) Preparation of :
2 orthobromophenyl-2-propanol; ortho-bromocumene; meta-
bromocumene; proof of surface reactions in olefin bromina-
tions; olefin brominations; aromatic hydrocarbon bromina-
tions. Part IV. Miscellaneous studies. These included (1) Appli-
cations of tracer methods to odor study; (2) Applications of
tracer methods to study of adsorption efficiency of activated
carbon beds. SF6 is not satisfactory because it is not suffi-
ciently well retained in carbon. A more satisfactory test gas
for this purpose is CC14.
05898
A. H. Phelps, Jr. J. F. Byrd
ODOR AND THE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE INDUSTRY. A.
I. Ch. E. (American Inst. of Chemical Engineers) Preprint.
(Presented at the Symposium on Industrial Air Pollution Con-
trol, 59th Annual Meeting, American Inst. of Chemical En-
gineers, Detroit, Mich., Dec. 4-8, 1966, Paper No. 51 E.)
The major problem facing an engineer in controlling odor is in
quantifying the problem. For most specific compounds, an
analytical method is available for establishing the concentra-
tion of the material in a source or even in the lower concentra-
tions in the ambient situation. There is no device capable of
registering the presence of an odor and its strength. The nose
has many other desirable features which make it useful for
measuring odor. The simplest is the ASTM method, where a
syringe is used to inject a sample into the nostril and the
judgment is made aa to whether or not an odor is present. The
syringe is filled with varying dilutions for each test and the
measure of the odor strength is the number of dilutions neces-
sary to dilute the sample to threshold. Other methods are used
for making the odor judgment: a face mask may be used, or
the head may be immersed in a hood and bathed in a concen-
tration. But basically they all measure the number of dilutions
necessary to reduce the odor sample to a level below
threshold. The odor unit is used as the unit of measure. One
odor unit is defined as that quantity of odor necessary to con-
taminate one cubic foot of air to the threshold or barely per-
ceptible level. This measure is simply one of concentration,
and while this is a valid measure of the odor strength in the
ambient air it is not usable for a source. The concentration in
a source is not as important as the quantity emitted. We need
to know how many 'pounds per hour' of odor units per
minute. This is obtained simply by the product of the stack
flow and the odor concentration or number of odor units in
the stack. For example, our exhaust with 100 odor units per
cubic foot, obtained from the intensity measure, times the
flow volume say 1000 cfm - gives an odor emission of
100,000 odor units per minute. This number can be used in the
standard atmospheric diffusion formulae to determine the
ground level concentration in the neighborhood. And from
this, the degree of control required to prevent a problem can
be estimated. Besides human panels there are other methods
of measuring the threshold level of odor. However, the ad-
vantage to this method is that the syringes are inexpensive and
an odor test can be run for a minimum of expense. The main
problem for the chemical engineer in this field is not design of
odor control equipment. It is the problem of recognizing the
odor potential in the pilot work preceding the actual facility.
An alert nose, and an occasional thought toward sampling can
provide for control equipment in the
06112
Tada, O.
MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS. Bunseki Kagaku
(Japan Analyst) (Tokyo) pp. 110R-7R. 1966. Jap;
Important papers published hi Japan Analyst in 1964 and 1965
are summarized. The subject is limited to measurement
methods of air pollutants known to be toxic .to health. Pollu-
tants from stacks and automobile exhausts are covered, in-
cluding many cyclic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
fluorine compounds, hydrogen sulfide, lead compounds, and
offensive odors. Various sampling methods are described,
especially using filtering with glass wool filters, electric dust
collectors, gas absorbers, and portable samplers containing sil-
ica gel. The pollutants can be measured by electroconductivity.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
133
methods, colorimetric measurement recorder, gas chromato-
graphic analysis, electron capturing detector, and hydrogen ion
detector. The papers summarized do not include those dealing
with industrial or occupational environment or mining.
06381
Duffee, R. A.
APPRAISAL OF ODOR-MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(7):472-474, July 1968. 13 refs.
All odor measurement methods may be conveniently grouped
into three categories: (1) threshold; (2) suprathreshold; and (3)
analytical. The threshold techniques include such methods as
syringe dilution, scentometer, and osmoscope. Suprathreshold
techniques include both direct comparison and dilution
methods involving subjective ratings of preference as opposed
to intensity. Analytical techniques involve the use of
physicochemical methods, e.g., for monitoring of process
streams or identification of individual odorants. The relative
advantages and disadvantages of each method, as presently
used, are discussed. Recommended applications for the vari-
ous methods and suggested modifications are also presented.
(Author's abstract)
06526
D. F. Adams
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY APPLIED TO ATMOSPHERIC
KRAFT ODORS (FINAL REPT. MAY 1, 1963 APR. 30,
1966). Preprint. 1966.
The objective was to analyze qualitatively the malodorous,
kraft pulp mill air pollutants in the ambient air by the gas-
liquid chromatographic technique, including the use of ioniza-
tion detection and Golay columns. Gas chromatographic detec-
tors, available in 1963, were evaluated for sulfur-gas sensitivi-
ty and specificity. Coulometric detectors gave the best overall
sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the research was con-
tinued, using the coulometric detection principle. A sulfur-
specific, bromine coulometric detector, having a sensitivity ap-
proaching the human sensory threshold, has been developed as
a result of this research. This cell is a significant improvement
over the previously available iodine coulometric detector. Two
circuit improvements were made in the coulometer which per-
mitted greater reproducibility and control of the critical detec-
tor bias voltage. Losses of sulfur-containing compounds on the
gas chromatographic columns studies were found to be so
large that direct GLC analysis of ambient air was impossible.
The magnitude of these losses have been established. Using
currently available GLC columns and detectors, a successful
technique for analysis of sulfur compounds in the ambient air
will have to rely upon pre-concentration of these compounds
by either adsorption or freeze out.
07214
Bethge, Per Olof and Lalla Ehrenborg
IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN KRAFT
MILL EMISSIONS. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm),
70(10):347-350, May 31, 1967. 3 refs.
Identification of compounds contributing to the odour from
kraft mills was accomplished by gas chromatography, and in
some cases in combination with mass spectrometry. Attention
was centered on the most volatile compounds. Besides seven
terpenes, 25 compounds were identified.
07266L
Reckner, L. R.
FINAL REPORT ON DIESEL EXHAUST: COMPOSITION,
ODOR AND EYE IRRITATION. FOR PERIOD DECEMBER
3, 1965 TO DECEMBER 2, 1966. (Scott Research Lab., Inc.)
Contract PH 86-66-91, Project 1054, ((52))p., June 12, 1967.
Improved techniques were developed for measuring diesel ex-
haust odor using a human panel. An odor profile kit of diesel
odor standards were liquids contained in 32 polyethylene bot-
tles. The head gas expelled by squeezing the bottles served as
the reference odors. A correlation program was run to deter-
mine possible correlation between panel ratings and chemical
analyses. Analyses of variance were also made to relate the
sensory and chemical data to the operating variables which in-
cluded two speeds, four loads, two fuels, and two dilutions.
Changing the exhaust dilution ratio had the greatest effect on
panel response. The results indicate that a human panel trained
to use odor standards shows excellent promise toward provid-
ing a means of measuring the intensity of diesel exhaust odor.
Considerable effort was expended toward identification of
compounds contributing to diesel exhaust odor. Attention was
focused on extracts exhibiting odor qualities which could be
identified in exhaust. Revisions in the collection method to
trap the odorants as stable derivatives or complexes were stu-
died. Some preliminary odor evaluations and chemical
analyses were made on exhaust from the newly-installed
precombustion-chamber-type engine. The limited observations
made indicated that the exhaust odor intensity from this en-
gine was considerably less, and the concentrations of un-
bumed and partially burned hydrocarbons were slightly to sub-
stantially lower than those from the direct injection engines
tested previously.
08066
Wohlers, Henry C.
RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR MEASURING
ODOROUS CONTAMINANTS IN THE FIELD. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 17(9):609-613, Sept. 1967 15 refs.
Although the perception of odorous contaminants cannot be
precisely described, certain basic facts about human olfaction
are known. With known facts or principles, it is possible to in-
vestigate odorous contaminants for air pollution control pur-
poses. Odor remains, however, a very intangible commodity.
Odorous contaminant investigations must be tailored to the in-
dividual problem or locality. Consequently, the methods
described were designed for individuals who have working
knowledge of either odor or air pollution problems.
Background references are available for workers who are not
familiar with either field. Generalized facts concerning odors
as well as subjective and objective methods for measuring
odorous contaminants in the field are described. The use of
specific portions of the method depends upon each individual
investigation. (AuthorOs summary, modified)
08268
Adams, Donald F., Francis A. Young, and R. A. Luhr
EVALUATION OF AN ODOR PERCEPTION THRESHOLD
TEST FACILITY. TAPPI, 51(3):62A-67A, MARCH 1968. 4
refs. (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Technical
Association of the Pulp and Paper Inductry, New York, N. Y.,
Feb. 19-23, 1967.)
The design of a facility for the study of odor perception and
objectionability thresholds within a large human population is
described. A dynamic system of odor generation was used to
provide a series of test atmospheres in the parts per billion
-------
134
ODORS
concentration range within six exposure chambers. Panelists
were consecutively exposed to the six identical test chambers,
each containing a different concentration of the same com-
pound or purified air. Test atmospheres were presented in
ascending, descending, or random order and ranged from un-
detectable to objectionable for most panelists. The panelists
reported, for each chamber, whether or not an odor was de-
tected and, if an odor was detected, whether it iwas pleasant
or unpleasant. In addition, each panelist provided comprehen-
sive personal information including age grouping, sex, smoking
habits, respiratory abnormalities, occupation, and population
range of residence. The variability of individual response was
evaluated for eleven trained panelists through repeated expo-
sure to four compounds presented in ascending, descending,
and random sequences over a period of several days. The nor-
mal variation in threshold for each individual and the entire
test panel are discussed. These data form a statistical basis for
examination of the response of nearly 6000 untrained subjects
who were exposed only once to five concentrations of a single
compound in the six chambers. (Authors' abstract)
08354
Brink, D. L., and J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Feuerstein
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. IL ANALYTICAL ASPECTS.
TAPPI, 50(6):276-285, June 1967. 25 refs. (Presented at the
51st Annual Meeting of the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y., Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
Gaseous and liquid products isolated by pyrolysis of kraft
black liquor, were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively
using gas-liquid chromatography with detection by flame
ionization. More than 60 compounds were detected in the
pyrolysis liquid and at least 32 of these were present in the
pyrolysis gas. Using the microcoulometric titration system,
hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
dimethyl disulfide, and at least 19 unidentified sulfur-contain-
ing components were detected in the pyrolysis products; 7 of
the major components were determined quantitatively. Using
cochromatography and the methods of detection noted, the
identities of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl
disulfide were verified and tentative identifications of several
other sulfur-containing products were also made. Hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, ethane, carbon
dioxide, and acetylene were resolved and determined quantita-
tively. Hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and five
unidentified components were also qualitatively detected. Sul-
fur present in pyrolysis residues was determined using a wet
oxidation procedure. A powerful analytical method has been
developed for detailed study of the effects of recovery furnace
operation on such emissions and it should prove to be a valua-
ble aid to industry. With adequate development, pyrolysis car-
ried out independently of gaseous, liquid, and solid products
could provide an answer to complete odor control; in addition,
isolation of organic by-products may be feasible. AAM
08355
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART I: THEORETICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS. TAPPI, 46(1): 1-5, Jan. 1963. 4 refs.
A new method is proposed for the simultaneous collection of
all pollutants from gaseous kraft-mill effluents and process
streams. The pollutants are in part frozen out in an empty cold
trap, and in part dissolved in traps containing ethylbenzene as
a solvent at about minus 78 C. Formulas are derived that pro-
vide quantitative information on the performance of these
traps toward pollutants having a wide range of boiling points.
These formulas give the concentration of a pollutant in the sol-
vent, as a function of the sample volume; the sampling time;
the percentage of a pollutant retained by a trap from a pol-
luted airstream; and the instantaneous concentration of a pol-
lutant in the exhaust air from a trap. The formulas are not
limited to kraft-mill pollutants. The special case of a poorly
absorbed pollutant is treated, and a sampling program for this
case is prescribed. The distribution ratios of methyl mercap-
tan, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide between an airstream
and a solvent are calculated, and for the first two, values are
also found by experiment. (Author's abstract)
08356
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART H: A LABORATORY
STUDY OF THE COLLECTION OF POLLUTANTS FOR
ANALYSIS. TAPPI, 46U):5-11, Jan. 1963. 5 refs.
An experimental study was made of the performance of traps,
in collecting kraft-mill pollutants from an air stream. The traps
were in a mixture of dry-ice and acetone. Some traps in the
train were empty; others contained ethylbenzene as a solvent.
A convenient experimental method is described for artificially
producing a polluted air stream, and for evaluating the per-
formances of traps. The distribution was found of hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
and dimethyl disulfide among the traps of the train. The effect
of flow-rate, volume of solvent, and trap design on trap per-
formance was measured. The effect of varying the degree of
air turbulence in an empty cold trap was studied. It was con-
firmed that cold ethylbenzene is a satisfactory solvent for all
the pollutants except hydrogen sulfide. For this latter pollu-
,tant, an aqueous solution of cadmium was used to trap it. A
study was included on the losses of the pollutants that might
occur on extended storage of their ethylbenzene solutions. Ap-
paratus and a procedure are described for the concentration of
the original ethylbenzene solution of pollutants, to improve the
sensitivity of the method. (Author's abstract)
08357
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART ffl: THE ANALYSIS OF
COLLECTED POLLUTANTS BY GAS CHROMATOG-
RAPHY. TAPPI, 46(1):11-14, Jan. 1963. 4 refs.
The qualitative and quantitative analysis of kraft-mill pollu-
tants in ethylbenzene by using gas chromatography is
discussed. Columns of tri-m-cresyl phosphate and of Car-
bowax 1540 are proposed for use at 35'and 85 C. These
columns permit the resolution of all known kraft-mill pollu-
tants. Techniques are described for qualitative analysis. They
include the two-column method, and graphs prepared by this
method are presented for homologous series of mercaptans,
ketones, esters, and normal alcohols. It is emphasized that the
unequivocal identification of an unknown pollutant is rarely
possible by gas chromatography alone. Quantitative analysis is
also described, including the preparation of standard solutions
and the presentation of prepared calibration curves. These
curves were straight lines. The use of an ultrasensitive detec-
tor, the ionization chamber, is briefly discussed. (Author's ab-
stract)
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
135
08358
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART IV: A FffiLD KIT FOR
THE COLLECTION OF THE POLLUTANTS, AND
METHODS FOR THEIR ANALYSIS. TAPPI, 46(1): 15-20, Jan.
1963.
A complete field kit is described and illustrated. A train of
traps mounted in a portable carrying case includes an empty
trap at 0 deg C. to collect mlisture, an empty trap at minus 78
C. to collect high boiling pollutants, two traps containing ethyl-
benzene at minus 78 C. to collect pollutants other than
hydrogen sulfide. and a trap containing cadmium solution for
H2S. Heated glass sampling tubes convey the effluent sample
to the traps. Pollutants that are quantitatively and simultane-
ously collected include hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide,
methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide.
For hydrogen sulfide, an iodimetric determination is described
to be made at the mill. For the other pollutants, gas chromato-
graphic analyses are described which may be made at a later,
more convenient time. (Author's abstract)
08678
Huey, Norman A., Louise C. Broering, George A. Jutze, and
Charles W. Bruger
OBJECTIVE ODOR POLLUTION CONTROL INVESTIGA-
TIONS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10(6):441-446, Dec.
1960. 4 refs. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
The objective of any odor investigation is to obtain elimination
or correction of the source. More objective odor complaint in-
vestigative procedures must be developed. The specific odor
characteristics of concern in these procedures are; quality,
strength, and occurrence of the ambient odors. These are
discussed. The scentometer has been designed to aid in more
objective procedures. A detailed description is given of this or-
ganoleptic instrument. The accuracy and precision of results
depend upon the human olfactory sense. Variations in the ol-
factory ability were observed in a human panel. A standard
procedure is described for ambient odor investigation. A
method used to determine wind direction in the odorous area,
using helium inflacted balloons is presented. Also presented
are results of a study of the meteorological effects on odor
nuisance occurrences.
08953
Lindvall, Thomas
MEASUREMENT OF ODOROUS Am POLLUTANTS.
(Bestamning av luktande luftfororeningar.) Text in Swedish.
Nord Hyg. Tidskr. (Copenhagen), 47(2):41-71, 1966. 91 refs.
Psychometric methods for the sujective determination of
odorous air pollutants are surveyed, with a discussion of the
physiological and psychological bases of smell. Since odors are
a a problem of emvironmental hygiene, they are studied at
present by the determination of an odor threshold in a series
of diluted air samples. Some of the problems involved in such
determination of an odor threshold in a series of diluted air
samples. Some of the problems involved in such determina-
tions are mentioned: individual variation, adaptation,
background variables, climate etc. Psychometric methods
used, such as stimulus presintation and indicator response, and
the pricciples of extrapolationg supralim- inal intensities, are
discussed, as well as the different types of olfactometers.
Odor thresholds found in the literature are rarely similar, due
to the inaccuracy of the physical and chemical analytic
methods used and to the varying statistical and sampling
techniques employed. Different odors may also interact so that
the threshold to the combined smells may not be merely addi-
tive. Annoyance from odors is best studied by epidemiological
methods where the exposure dose is known.
09364
Hemeon, Wesley C. L.
TECHNIQUE AND APPARATUS FOR QUANnTATIVE
MEASUREMENT OF ODOR EMISSIONS. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 18(3):166-170, March 1968. 5 refs.
A system and apparatus is described for a measurement of
rates of odor emission from sources. Discussion deals only
with odor quantities, not with odor quality. A dynamic dilution
system is employed to avoid reliance on yes-no reports near
the odor threshold where greatest confusion and uncertainty
occurs and which requires a relatively large number of sub-
jects and statistical treatment of the sensation data derived
therefrom. The procedural aspect of the present system
requires each test to develop a series of odor intensity votes
from exposure to a sequence of streams of increasing strength.
Graphical analysis of these data validates quantitatively the
sensation of each individual subject separately and with a
minimum of uncertainty. The apparatus is of liberal dimen-
sions to minimize loss of odor by adsorption on the walls of
the sampling device or of the dilution mechanism, i.e., the
odor meter. The device also is designed to supply a liberal
flow of the test stream to each subject and to provide nu-
merous such exposures in rapid sequence. (Author's Summa-
ry)
09476
P. M. Giever
NEEDS FOR REMOTE SENSING DATA IN THE FD2LD OF
ADX AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. In: Proceedings
of the Fourth Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment,
12, 13, 14 April 1966, Michigan Univ. Ann Arbor, Willow Run
Labs., Contract NRnr 1244(44), 4864-11-X, p. 21-23, June 1966.
CFSTI, DDC; AD 638919
One of the greatest needs is for instrumentation that will accu-
rately evaluate the several oxidants, such as NO, NO2, NO3,
and O3 in the range od parts per hundred million. These
devices are needed for evaluation of stack gases, and for the
ambient atmosphere. Nondispersing infrared has been used for
many years for evaluating carbon monoxide but interference
from water vapor has not been satisfactorily controlled. The
use of infrared with complete accuracy in evaluating CO
would be very helpful and the hydrogen sulphide generation in
sewage sludge digesters and remote sensing instrument would
be very useful as sentinals or its removal from digester gas.
(Authors' summary) alarms. Remote sensing of SO2 with the
data fed into a central point would be helpfuL Accurate
identification and quantifica- tion of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons in general atmosphere without sampling and
laboratory analysis is needed. Evaluating automobile exhaust
in the atmosphere, separating the constituents of interest and
analyzing each quantitatively would be a major aid to this area
of air pollution control. Sensing devices to evalu- ate odors
would be particularly helpful. There is a need for means of
determining the effective stack height, levels of in- version
layer, and of remote temperature sensing. Instrumentation is
needed for accurately determining the moisture content of
stack gases, new and accurate equipment is needed for the
evalua- tion of rate of flow of effluent in a discharge stack.
Determina- tion of solids in a stack and in the general at-
mosphere by direct reading devices would be a major con-
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136
ODORS
tribution. Instrumentation which will give accurate reproduci-
ble results in the sizing or counting of the entire spectrum of
size (and shapes) of solid particulate is needed. New instru-
ments and techniques to provide fast, accurate analysis for
fluorine, lead, hydrocarbons and many others, each having
long periods of extraction or reaction and many intermediate
steps are also needed.
09521
Dravnieks, A., and B. K. Krotozynski
COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF AIRBORNE CHEMI-
CAL INFORMATION, n. J. Gas Chromatog., 6(3):144-149,
March 1968. 6 refs.
A previously described method for collection of airborne
chemical information through equilibration and processing of
the samples is considerably improved. The essential new fea-
tures are a sampler in the form of a fluidized bed of Teflon
powder coated with Apiezon L stationary phase, a redesigned
collector-injector, and a motor - operated bellows apparatus
for injecting samples into the column by use of a carrier gas-
derived helium charge. A calibration method is decribed that
permits relating the concentration of known substance in air to
its peak area. The capability of the new method permits analy-
sis of airborne organic vapors at concentrations of the order of
1 ppb in air and well below the odor thresholds for the several
substances tested. The concept of Tanimoto distance is
proposed as a convenient, simple construct for characterizing
the overall similarities of olfactronic signatures of complex
sources.
09619
Adams, Donald F.
ANALYSIS OF MALODOROUS SULFUR-CONTAINING
GASES. Preprint, Wash- ington State Univ., Pullman,
Research Div., 18p. 1968. 41 refs (Presented at the 9th Con-
ference on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene
Studies, Pasadena, Calif., Feb. 7-9, 1968.)
Five major sulfur containing gases which are known products
of combustion.decomposition or organic matter, and certain
chemical manufacturing processes have been selectively
separated by use of a series of chemically-impregnated mem-
brane filters. A sequential, substractive.stepwise analysis has
been accomplished with a bromine coulometric micro-titration
cell and is here described. The sensi- tivity of this system ap-
proaches the threshold of human detection for these com-
pounds. Several methods and instruments used in the sampling
and measuring of these gases are reviewed. The gases
discussed here include hydrogen sulfide,methyl mercaptan,
sulfur dioxide dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide.
09620
Dravnieks, A., B. Krotoszynski, and J. Stockham
SAMPLING AND MEASUREMNT OF ODOROUS GASEOUS
POLLUTANTS IN INDUST- RIAL EXHAUST AND ADR.
Preprint, IIT Research Inst., Chica- go, 111., ((12))p., 1968. 4
refs. (Presented at the 9th Con- ference on Methods in Air
Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies, Pasadena, Calif. Feb.
7-9, 1968.)
In studies of odorous sources of air pollution, several samples
of air must be compared for odor intensity, odor threshold,
and odor quality. Furthermore, to improve odor control at its
source or to judge the relative contribution of several sources
to air pollution components present in the 0.1 ppb range and to
establish the rela- live relevance of each component to the
characteristic odor of the air sample or industrial or vehicular
exhaust. Sampling collect- ion on Apiezon L-coated Teflon
particles, kept in motion during sampling, gives an equilibrium
mode of air-composition representa- it is sometimes necessary
to determine the concentration of organic tion. Consequently,
such samples can be used for odor comparisons as well as for
objective analyses. Odor-intensity scales, odor- dilution
thresholds, and triangle odor-quality-difference tests using the
'sensory titration' technique are used for odor charact- eriza-
tion. Each of these tests requires a different type of ol- fac-
tometer. Gas-chromatographic analysis of samples obtained by
the equilibrium mode method, coupled with odor/no-odor
judgment of the components emerging from the analytical
column, permits the re- lative odor relevance of various
odorants to the odor of the whole air sample to be established.
(Authors' abstract)
09648
Cederlof, Rune, Lars Friberg, and Thomas Lindvall
THE ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF ODORS WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY.
In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Atmospheric
Emissions from SuUate Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28,
1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health Ser-
vice, National Council for Stream Improvement, and University
of Florida, DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p.
111-140. 16 refs.
The quantitative determination of malodorous air pollutants in
ambient air is complicated by the fact that their smell becomes
offensive at concentrations which are too weak for the practi-
cal analysis of shortterm measurements. Organoleptic methods
have therefore been resorted to. It is of concern to be able to
calculate the size and extent of an emission of odors. This is
difficult because of the lack of knowledge of the identity of
chemical substances in the effluent, and of the relationship
between interactions of the compounds and strength of the
smell. One approach is to determine the smell, either of emis-
sions in the ambient air or of flue gases at the top of the stack
in conjunction with calculations of meteorological dispersions.
This would give a measure of the relevant, total exposure to
odors at ground level at different distances from the source.
Another method is to study the occurrence of odors in am-
bient air around a factory with the aid of observers. The
chemical substances generally held to be responsible for the
odors in the effluent are: hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,
dimethyl monosulfide and dimethyl disulfide. Applications of
the first approach are described presenting results of smell of
some of sulfur compounds and, field studies of the flue gases
from two sulfate cellulose plants in Sweden. The determina-
tion of odor threshold, as a solution to the problem, has cer-
tain obvious advantages, while studies with observations are
also of value. What is wanted is a comparative study to
discover the extent to which results from these two ap-
proaches agree. A lengthy discussion by one of the authors
and others is appended.
09657
Hasselhuhn, B.
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES USED IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SWEDISH ODOR STUDD2S. In:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Atmospheric
Emissions from Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28,
1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health
Service, National Council for Stream Improvement, and
University of Florida. DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing
Co., ((1966)). p. 349-353.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
137
The sampling methods and analytical procedures used in previ-
ous odor threshold studies for SO2, H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S,
and (CH3)2S2 are described. The instability of some reagents
is also dealt with.
09660
Walter Lenz, and Adalberto Tirado A.
METHOD OF MEASURING ODORS BY MEANS OF OBSER-
VERS. In: Pro- ceedings of the International Conference on
Atmospheric Emis- sions from Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island,
Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by:
Public Health Service, National Council for Stream Improve-
ment, and Univer- sity of Florida. DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter
Printing Co. ((1966)), p. 365-369.
A simple method used to determine the effectiveness of the
control of malodors from a kraft mill is described. A specific
number of persons are asked to make a weekly report on the
conditions of odor prevailing at their homes. The observers are
located at different distances within a defined radius. The
form delivered to the ob- server is arranged so that daily com-
plaints can be reported for strong and slight odor, and for no
odor. The form is sent to the mill where evaluation starts by
completing the report with data of conditions prevailing in the
mill at the time shown by the obser- ver. Next it is determined
whether complaints are due to the kind of wood being cooked,
to stack gases, or to improper blowing and relieving condi-
tions. It is also decided whether or not the par- ticular com-
plaint is justified and finally, the probable cause of the com-
plaint is recorded. Criteria employed in the evaluation
procedure are listed. The total number of weekly complaints is
divided by the total number of blosw. The result is a relative
index which measures the odor level. Finally the annual
average of weekly relative indexes is obtained. :
09716
Just, Jan
ON MEASUREMENT OF 'PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION
OF EXHAUSTS' EMITTED TO ATMOSPHERE. ((W sprawie
pomiaru 'dopuszczalnych stezen wyziewow* wydalanych do
atmosfery.)) Text in Polish. Gaz, Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw),
41(5):162-163, May 1967. 3 refs.
The measurement of objectionable odors is discussed with
reference to the Sept. 1966 Decree of the Council of Ministers
on the degree of permissible concentration of emitted sub-
stances in the atmosphere. The human sense of smell is the
only practical way of measuring such odors, as exemplified by
the classification of odors and identification methods used in
America, such as the use of observer corps or firefighter
brigades. The use of an odorimeter (made in USA) which is il-
lustrated, is suggested for determining the permissible concen-
tration of odors. Using a 0-5 scale, the tolerance limit is
proposed at 2 for odors of burning fumes, at 1 for chemical-
pharmaceutical smells, and at 1 for putrid odors on the lee
side of the wind.
09860
APPENDIX B: ODOR-TEXTING TECHNIQUES. In: Air Pol-
lution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 861-864, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
The use of an odor panel for the evaluation of odor is com-
monly employed. A panel has 6-8 subjects so that average
results can be obtained. Techniques of odor sample dilution
and odor sampling are discussed. A method of analyzing the
experimental results is demonstrated with typical test data.
10016
Dravnieks, A. and B. K. Krotoszynski
COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF AIRBORNE CHEMI-
CAL INFORMATION. J. Gas Chromatog., 4(10):367-370, Oct.
1966. 9 refs.
' A novel method is advanced for collection and processing of
airborne chemical information. The method is based on the
concept collection through equilibration and utilizes thin films
of stationary organic phases residing on inner surfaces of
spiral Pyre traps. A special collector-ejector system is used for
transfer of vapors from traps into a chromatograph for analy-
sis. An illustrati is given of a typical human olfactronic signa-
ture obtained by the method. (Author's abstract)
10029
National Swedish Inst. for Building Research, Stockholm,
Sweden
AN ATTEMPT TO MEASURE OBJECTIVELY THE QUALI-
TY OF AIR. Report 34/67, 42p., 1967. CFSTI: PB 177763
The results of the tests of validity, precision, reliability and
correlation indicate that gas chromatographic analysis can be
used for the objective measurement of air quality. It records
not only great differences of quality between malodorous air
and fresh air, but also provides a criterion for the air pollution
which takes pla during a lecture hour in an insufficiently venti-
lated assembly room The objective measurement is in the form
of a non-dimensional quantity which designates the relation
between the surfaces under a spectra for polluted and for
fresh air. The correlation to subjective judgement has been
made by a simple estimate of the air quality. This includes an
uncertainty, because the test subject cannot make comparisons
in pairs with clearly defined reference samples and different
dilution of the sample air. This means that the quality could
only be divided into the three very rough categories: fresh,
stale and very bad air. In order to ensure that the method of
measurement of the air quality proposed here is relevant, it is
certainly necessary for more work to be done. Firs of all, a
better statistical basis must be found, by carrying out a large
number of air tests in many different places of assembly with
different kinds of ventilation, such as schoolrooms. (Author's
summary, modified)
10534
Trieff, Norman ., Theodore C. Erdman, Stevens N. Field,
Lester Kershenbaum
ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL ODOR EMISSIONS. Preprint,
Drexel Inst. of Technology, Philadelphia, Pa., Environmental
Engineering and Science Program, ((39))p., 1968. 24 refs.
(Presented at the 19th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio,
March 7, 1968.)
This investigation is primarily concerned with techniques for
sampling and analysis of industrial odors. While the scope of
the research is limited to a study of rendering plant emissions
so as to permit investigation in depth, it will be clear that the
techniques developed are applicable to other industrial emis-
sions. The problem in the analysis of odors are numberous.
The first significant one is that the odor-causing components
are generally present in very low concentrations, i.e., in the
parts per billion (ppb) range. The second problem of im-
portance is the complexity of most odors. Some of the odor
components are highly reactive, susceptible to oxidation or
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138
ODORS
decomposition, for example, and thus, in the sampling and
analysis procedure, the original components are destroyed.
The theory of odor perception is still quite primitive. There is
no clear-cut way of measuring any one or several physical or
chemical properties of a molecule and predicting the odor. An
even more involved problem is the prediction of the qualities
and respective intensities of a complex odorous mixture. One
cannot look at a gas chromatogram of a complex mixture and
determine from the respective retention times and areas of the
peaks on various columns which are the odorous substances,
what are the qualities of these odors, and what are the respec-
tive intensities. It is necessary in this case to have enough of
each component present to sniff the effluent. Fortunately, this
is not usually too difficult a task.
10593
Dravnieks, A. and B. K. Krotoszynski
COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF AIRBORNE CHEMI-
CAL INFORMATION. J. Gas Chromatog., 4(10):367-370, Oct.
1966. 9 refs.
A novel method is advanced for collection and processing of
airborne chemical information. The method is based on the
concept of collection through equilibration and utilizes thin
films of stationary organic phases residing on inner surfaces of
spiral Pyrex traps. A special collector-ejector system is used
for transfer of vapors from traps into a chromatograph for
analysis. An illustration is given of a typical human olfactronic
signature obtained by the method. (Authors' abstract)
10693
Krotoszynski, B. K., and A. Dravnieks
ODOR-RELEVANT MEASUREMENT OF ODOROUS POLLU-
TANTS IN AIR. Preprint, HT Research Inst., Chicago, HI.,
17p., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27,
1968, Paper 68-17.)
Frequently it is difficult to determine, by direct odor observa-
tion, which of the possible odor sources contributes most to
the odor. If the source is ascertained, it is difficult to estimate
what reduction in odor emission will be needed to reduce odor
to subthreshold values. These tasks are facilitated by an analy-
sis of air for odorants characteristic of the sources in the en-
vironment and by comparison of the concentrations of these
odorants in air with their threshold concentrations. Recently
(1,2) a new technique, denoted equilibration sampling, has
been developed for measurement of ppb concentrations of or-
ganic vapors in air. The air sampler (Figure 1) consists of a
glass cylinder equipped with two stainless steel screens
between which Teflon powder, coated with Apiezon L. film,
can be maintained in floating state by air sample rapidly pulled
by means of a battery-powered air fan through the sampler.
Vapors dissolve in the film until an equilibrum is reached. The
collected vapors are transferred to a gas chromatograph and
analyzed. The described air sampling technique can be easily
adapted to calibration in terms of odor thresholds without an
intermediate need for calibration by weight or concentration.
10983
Matsushita, Hidetsuru.S H. Arito, Y. Suzuki, R. Soda
DETERMINATION OF THRESHOLD VALUES FOR OLFAC-
TORY PERCEPTION OF PRIMARY ODOUR SUBSTANCES.
Ind. Health, 5(3-4):221-237, Dec. 1967.
Population threshold for olfactory perception have been ob-
tained with eight kinds of primary odor substances to develop
the method of field study. Triangle method and serial method
have been used for the measurement and the latter has been
proved to be suitable for the present purpose. Reliability of
population threshold values for olfactory perception and effect
of volume of sample solution on the values have been ex-
amined. A new device has been developed to illustrate the ol-
factory function of subject. (Authors' abstract)
11123
Little (Arthor D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL ODORS. PART I « ODOR
THRESHOLDS FOR 53 COMMERCIAL CHEMICALS.
Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C., 26p.,
Octo. 1968
The odor thresholds in air of 53 industrial chemicals were
determined by panel test. The odor threshold concentrations
for th chemicals studied are tabulated in this report as an
alphabetical listing and by increasing threshold concentrations.
All concentrations are calculated as parts per million by
volume. Thes values are reported for 50 percent and 100 per-
cent (two and four members) panel recognition. Based on our
experience in odor measurement, it is recommended that the
concentrations given for 10 percent recognition should be con-
sidered as the recognition threshold values. The spread
between 50 percent recognition may be indicative of the in-
dividuality of the odor type as well as the constancy of the
data obtained. With 27 of the samples examined, 5 percent
recognition was equal to the 100 percent recognition concen-
tration, while in 23 instances the 50 percent recognition was
once concentration interval lower than the 100 percent recog-
nition.
11167
Sableski, Joseph J.
HOW TO CONDUCT A JOINT COMMUNITY-WIDE ODOR
SURVEY. Air Eng., 10(9):16-18, Sept. 1968.
A community wide odor survey often is conducted as part of
an air resource management plan to provide background infor-
mation on air pollution. A guide is presented for setting objec-
tives, selecting observers, evaluating sensitivity, and making
odor measurements. Results from a Kansas City survey illus-
trates the method.
11486
Petrova, M. S. and O. N. Shevkun
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF ODOR OF NONMETALLIC
BUILDING MATERIALS. ((K voprosu o gigienicheskoi ot-
senke nemetallicheskikh stroitel'nykh materialov po ikh zapak-
hu.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 33(4-
6):218-220, April-June 1968. ((2)) refs. CFSTI: TT 68-50449/2
Testers were first studied to ensure that they have a normal
olfactory threshold (as described below). The testers then eval-
uated the odor of the building material under test (Vozhzhova
and Denisenko). The odor of several coatings and other
materials was tested. A varnish coating based on styrene with
epoxy ester was tested for its odor 8 months after its applica-
tion to the substrate. In the testing of a special adhesive with a
phenolformaldehyde base, an olfactory sensation was
produced by 0.6-0.8 ml air; i.e., it produced a 'moderate odor'.
Every material tested by this method (taking into account the
specified conditions of its envisaged use) may be categorized
in terms of its odor. The method makes it possible to appraise
the odor of new articles and materials at moderate cost and
with simple equipment.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
139
12359
Moulton, David G.
TELEMETERING OF SPIKE ACTIVITY DURING
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO ODORANTS. North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, Paris, Proc. NATO Summer School,
Theories Odors Odor Measurement, Istanbul, Turkey, 1968, p.
489-491. 6 refs. CFSTI DDC: AD 680057
One approach to understanding neural mechanisms involved in
odor detection and discrimination is to examine the spike
discharge from the olfactory bulb of an animal. This can be
achieved by combining the use of implanted electrodes and
telemetering devices with the mass automatic training of rats.
An air-dilution olfactometer is described that allows such
training. The facility is essentially in two parts: a circular
training apparatus and an odor choice tunnel. The first is built
around a rotating monodrum which supports two water bottles
whose metal nozzles project between its base and the floor of
the cage. A current shocking device, connected to each noz-
zle, can be adjusted to produce a shock sufficient to deter a
rat from drinking. Since the drum rotates, the animal cannot
select a shock-free nozzle on the basis of its position and is
forced to use odor cues. After three nights in the apparatus,
training is completed in the odor choice tunnel where odorant
and air streams are interchanged. The training technique is
similar to that involved in the automatic mass-training ap-
paratus. Olfactory spike activity is telemetered from the olfac-
tory bulb of a trained rat being tested in the odor choice tun-
nel.
12479
Watanabe, Shinya
THE PROBLEMS OF ODOR NUISANCE. 2. SELECTION OF
ESTIMATORS IN SENSORY MEASUREMENT OF ODORS.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):15-17,
1967. Translated from Japanese. 8p.
Despite advances in the chemical analysis of odors, an evalua-
tion of an unpleasant odor in relation to human feelings and
sensations must inevitably rely on the human sense of smell. A
panel is required for this purpose whose judgement is
representative of the local residents concerned. Panel members
must have the ability to distinquish a specific odor from
another, to detect the existence of a specific component in a
mixture, and to differentiate accurately between variations in
odor intensity. The size of a panel should be determined ac-
cording to the purpose and scale of the investigation. Six to
ten persons can constitute an effective panel if they are well
trained and properly selected. For a large-scale investigation
carried out simultaneously at numerous points, a mass panel is
appropriate.
12487
Kainosho, Masayasu
THE PROBLEMS OF ODOR NUISANCE. 3. MEASUREMENT
AND EVALUATION OF ODOR BY SENSE OF SMELL. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):no pagination
given, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 8p.
Environmental factors influencing functional tests of odor per-
ception are considered. A room used for olfactory tests must
be able to absorb sound and must be maintained at approxi-
mately 25 C. Next in importance is ventilation: a testing facili-
ty of about 10 cu m requires a ventiltion fan with a capacity of
30 cu m/min. The room should be constructed from materials,
such as stainless steel or plastic board, that adsorb odors. For
a room of 10 cu m, an illumination intensity of 40-60 W is
satisfactory. The most commonly used method of evaluating
an odor is the five-point system in which an odor is assigned
to one of the following categories: no odor, faint odor, tolera-
ble odor, tolerable for a short period of time, intolerable. The
tendency of an odor panel to underestimate the strength of an
odor must be watched.
12488
Kato, Tatsuo
THE PROBLEMS OF ODOR NUISANCE, S. SAMPLING AND
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES IN GAS CHROMATO-
GRAPHIC MEASUREMENT. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1)pagination not given, 1967. Translated
from Japanese. 9p.
Gas chromatographic techniques for analyzing odorous com-
ponents of extremely low concentrations of sample gases are
reviewed: the low-temperature absorption and concentration
process, and the solid reaction tube process. The first method
separates the mixed components of a gas by cooling the gas to
a low temperature. To collect atmospheric pollutants, liquid
oxygen is used. A disavantage of the method is that the carbon
dioxide and moisture in the air are condensed and collected at
the same time, and an operation to eliminate them is indispen-
sible. Soda lime is generally used as the removel agent for car-
bon dioxide and granulated potassium carbonate as the
dehydrating agent, a procedure that can lead to the loss of a
small amount of pollution components. Though the low-tem-
perature process is suited to the clarification of unknown
odors, its operation is complicated. Many reactive components
of an odorous air sample are better collected by reaction. In a
new technique for collecting reacted materials, air is passed
through a glass tube packed with glass beads that are lightly
coated with a solid reagent. Because liquid is not used, the
total amount of decomposed material can be introduced and
analyzed in the gas chromatographic apparatus. Collection effi-
ciency is high. A disadvantage of the method is that it does
not permit total analysis of a mixture.
12492
Sawatani, Tsugio
THE PROBLEMS OF ODOR NUISANCE. 4. THE MEASURE-
MENT OF ODOR. Taik Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pol-
lution), 2(1): pagination not given, 1967. 9 refs. Translated
from Japanese. 19p.
The measurement of odors is generally divided into separating
and estimating the components of a gas sample and measuring
the intensity of an odor. There are few occasions when the
components of a sample can be determined by gas chromatog-
raphy, so measurements are usually made with concentrates.
Measurements of the intensity of an odor generally depend on
the sense of smell. Because there is no way to evaluate the
response to an odor on a numerical basis, equipment for mea-
suring odor itensity has not been developed. A specific bond is
assumed to exist among the molecules of a substance which
has an offensive odor. For example, ammonia, methyl, and
amine have a similar smell that is presumably due to the -NEC
group. The idea the flexible vibration of the N-H coupling
stimulates the olfactory nerve implies a possible relationship
between the propagation and quality of a small and the in-
frared-absorbing wave-length of its molecule. Problems com-
plicating the measurement of a gas mixture are discussed, and
a simple sampling apparatus is described for measuring the
odor, of a mixed gas by the salt-solution equilibrium process.
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140
ODORS
12665
Anon.
ODOR PANEL SMELLS TROUBLE. Mod. Mfg., 1(7):164,
Dec. 1968.
The largest cause of public complaints against industrial air
pollution in this country is noxious odors. Two methods for
testing effectiveness of odor control are the odor panel of sen-
sitive individuals and the Scentometer, an instrument favored
by many pollution enforcement agencies.
12942
Wienke, K.
DETERMINING AND TESTING ODOR INTENSITY CURVES
OF GASES AND ODORIZING AGENTS. (Ermittlung und
Uberprufung der Geruchsintensitatskurven von Gasen und
Odoriermitteln). Text in German. Intern. Z. Gaswaerme,
18(6):223-232, June 1969. 3 refs.
The odorizing of almost odorless natural gas is gaining increas-
ing importance with increased use of the fuel on the European
continent. Therefore, the development of odor measuring
methods gains in urgency. Gaschromatic methods to determine
the additive concentrations are expensive because of equip-
ment costs and the need of highly trained personnel. An alter-
native approach is to measure odors subjectively by means of
test persons. Instructions are given on how to perform such
tests, and the use of the portable odorimeter and the odor test-
ing chamber is described. The additive concentration for both
is varied in steps as follows: 1.0 x 10 to the mth power, 1.8,
3.2, and 5.5 x 10 to the mth power, where m varies between -3
and =2. Ten measurements at each level should be made. The
odor is subjectively classified according to five intensity
levels. In most cases, a linear relationship between the odor
levels and the log of the additive concentration can be ex-
pected. For higher precision an S-shaped curve can be fitted.
Illustrative examples of graphical plots and numerical data
analysis are given, the latter for the regression analysis.
13099
Merkel, J. A., T. E. Hazen, and J. R. Miner
IDENTIFICATION OF GASES IN A CONFINEMENT SWINE
BUILDING ATMOSPHERE. Trans. ASAE (Am. Soc. Agr.
Engrs.), 12(3):310-313, May-June 1969. 11 refs.
In addition to the already known fixed gases, CO2, CO, H2S,
NH3, and CH4, the environment within a confinement swine
unit was found to contain a complex mixture of volatile or-
ganic intermediates. These intermediates are important in the
characteristic odor resulting from the storage of manure and
are suspected as being important in animal and building per-
formance. Consideration of physical, as well as organic,
biochemical phenomena, indicated that the important inter-
mediate products of anaerobic manure decomposition include
organic acids, amines, amides, alcohols, carbonyls, and sul-
fides. Qualitative chemical analysis confirmed the presence of
these homologous groups except for organic acids that were
decomposed upon formation by the high pH maintained within
the manure storage pit. Physiological odor investigations were
conducted to indicate the important compounds in the specific
odors in swine buildings. Results indicated that the major odor
constituents are from the amine and sulfide groups. (Author
summary modified)
13143
Henley, Don E., William H. Glaze, and J. K. G. Silvey
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF AN ODOR COM-
POUND PRODUCED BY A SELECTED AQUATIC ACTINO-
MYCETE. Environ. Sci. Technol., 3(3): 268-271, March 1969.
23 refs.
Actinomycetes have been reported to turn river water a
brownish color and to release a musty odor. A method is
presented for obtaining pure samples of materials which are
reported to cause odors from actinomycetes cultures, and the
structural elucidation of one of the components is described. A
Streptomyces cinnamoneus strain was grown in culture media,
and the odor-laden gas produced was collected and removed
from the culture to a trap containing dichloromethane at -10 C.
Gas-liquid chromatography revealed the presence of several
compounds in the effluent gas. Spectroscopic properties of
one major component suggested the structure of 5-methyl-3-
heptanone, which was confirmed by comparison with standard
reference spectra.
13367
Kniebes, Duane V., J. Adrian Chisholm, and Robert C. Stubbs
DIRECT ODOR LEVEL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTA-
TION. Gas Age, 136(8): 24-27, Aug. 1969. 4 refs.
Odor thresholds of natural gas are conventionally measured by
personnel who sniff gas-air mixtures, different operators ob-
taining somewhat different results due to normal variations in
olfactory sensitivity. These variations are eliminated by the
use of the Odotron, a new portable instrument which directly
measures sulfur compounds in natural gas and provides for the
translation of this measurement into the odor intensity of the
gas. Although the instrument represents advanced technology,
it is expected to perform well in the field because of well-
tested, commercially available components. These include a
gas sampling valve and liquid injection port, a chromato-
graphic column contained in a temperature-controlled oven,
and a flame photometric detector with photomultiplier and am-
plifier circuits. The instrument has not as yet been subjected
to extensive field tests. Thus, it has not been possible to test
the method for translation of detector output to total gas odor
level on a wide variety of gases. Refinement of the combing
rules is anticipated as more field data become available.
13627
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
ODOR PROBLEM IN ROOMS. I. ODOR MEASUREMENT.
(Shitsunai Kankyoka ni okeru Shuki mondai. I. Shutoshite
Shuki Sokuteiho ni tsuite.) Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean
Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 6(5):62-70, Nov.
1968.5 refs. , ;
The delay in the treatment of odor problems is Vnainly due to
the b.ck of proper method of odor measurement. An Odor
Study Group was formed in 1965 and studies on odor measure-
ment have been carried out by the following five methods: ol-
factory method, Kitagawa's detecting tube method, dilution
method, absorption method, and gas chromatography. The
most common method for evaluating odor at the present time
is by the sense of smell. The proper selection and appropriate
training of technicians is mandatory for this purpose. These
technicians must memorize and be able to differentiate about
60 to 70 kinds of odor. They are also required to express the
degrees of odor with proper expressions. In order to express
these results numerically, the ASTM dilution method on non-
odoring chamber method has been used. Individual sensitivity
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
141
differences and difference in modes of expression among the
technicians are still unavoidable, although the differences are
minimal. Using the non-odoring chamber, standard concentra-
tion levels (threshold, unpleasant, and hazardous concentra-
tions) have been obtained for hydrogen sulfide,
trimethylamine, and ammonia.
13749
Burnett, William E.
AIR POLLUTION FROM ANIMAL WASTES: DETERMINA-
TION OF MALODORS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC AND
ORGANOLEPTIC TECHNIQUES. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
3(8):744-749, Aug. 1969. 21 refs.
A combination of gas chromatographic and organoleptic
techniques was used to determine the chemical compounds
responsible for the offensive odor of accumulated liquid
poultry manure. The volatile odorous substances were trapped
and concentrated hi short sections of gas chromatographic
columns held at -78 C, separated by gas chromatography and
identified by the correspondence between relative retention
time and the odors of the peaks for the unknowns and authen-
tic compounds. Mercaptans, sulfides, and diketones were
identified. Volatile organic acids and the nitrogen heterocycles,
indole and skatole, were also identified, using direct injections
of liquid manure supernatant and standard gas chromato-
graphic techniques. The sulfur compounds, organic acids, and
skatole were implicated as important malodorous components
involved in air pollution. Prevention of the odor causing sub-
stances, rather than the use of masking chemicals, was sug-
gested as the best means of control. (Author abstract
modified)
13969
Krotoszynski, B. K. and A. Dravnieks
ODOR-RELEVANT MEASUREMENT OF ODOROUS POLLU-
TANTS IN AIR. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., 17p.,
1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Assoc., St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper 68-17.)
Equilibration sampling, a recently developed technique for
measurement of ppb concentrations of organic vapors in air, is
described. This method facilitates the analysis of air for
odorants characteristic of the sources in the environment and
the comparison of the concentrations of these odorants in air
with then- threshold concentrations. The air sampler consists
of a glass cylinder equipped with two stainless steel screens
between which Teflon powder, coated with Apiezon L film,
can be maintained in a floating state by air sample rapidly
pulled through the sampler by means of a battery-powered air
fan. Vapors dissolve in the film until an equilibrium is
reached; the collected vapors are then transferred to a gas
chromatograph and analyzed. One of the advantages of the
technique is that the headspace of the sampler contains odor
of approximately the same intensity and quality as the original
air, and the films contain a sufficient reserve of odorants to
keep supplying odor for a period of time sufficient for
psychophysical evaluation in the laboratory. The method can
be easily adapted to calibration in terms of odor thresholds
without an intermediate need for calibration by weight or con-
centration, and the original gas chromatogram can be con-
verted to a representation hi terms of odor threshold units of
each odorant, enabling an improved comparison of the odorant
components. This permits judgements to be made on the fac-
tor by which the concentration of an odorant in air and in the
emission from its source must be reduced to suppress its value
to a given level below threshold. Theoretical considerations
and experimental procedures are described, and some results
are given showing determination of group thresholds and of
peak areas at group threshold concentrations for selected pol-
lutants.
14108
Wilby, Frank V.
VARIATION IN RECOGNITION ODOR THRESHOLD OF A
PANEL. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
17p., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Assoc., St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27,
1968, Paper 68-16.)
Recognition odor thresholds of an untrained panel of 35 people
were determined for several mercaptans, organic sulfides, di-
and bisulfides, and hydrogen sulfide, a total of 18 compounds.
This was part of a study to correlate the odor strength of natu-
ral gas with its sulfur analysis. The panel was selected to ap-
proximate the age and sex distribution of the adult U. S. popu-
lation. Other than to exclude anosmics, olfactory acuity was
not a factor in selecting the panel. For each test of each odor,
a hundred- fold range of concentration was presented to the
panel hi eleven increments of the fifth root of ten. A concen-
tration of zero was also included. The range of concentrations
was selected so as to present concentrations above and below
the olfactory thresholds of all panelists. Data are presented on
the variations in odor threshold of individuals at different
times to the same compound, and of the panel to each of a se-
ries of 18 compounds. An attempt also was made to identify
anomalous olfactory responses of specific individuals to
specific compounds. Results of this phase of the study tended
to confirm the assumption that in general a person's olfactory
sensitivity is fairly constant, and indicated that odor threshold
anomalies do exist, however, more data is required before
they can be measured accurately.
14109
Leonardos, Gregory, David A. Kendall, and Nancy J. Barnard
ODOR THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS OF 53 ODORANT
CHEMICALS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, 23p., 1968. 4 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meet-
ing of the Air Pollution Control Assoc., St. Paul, Minn., June
23-27, 1968, Paper 68-13.)
Recognition odor thresholds for 53 commercially important
chemicals were determined in the laboratory by an expert
panel of four members. By standardizing the method of sam-
ple presentation and minimizing extraneous sensory inter-
ference, the concentrations determined as producing the
minimum identifiable odor response provided consistent and
internally comparable data for one parameter of odor. The
odorants were presented to the panel in a static air system
utilising a low-odor background air as the dilution medium.
The odor threshold was defined as the first concentration at
which all panel members were able to recognize the odor.
Aspects of human odor detection and of the concept of the
odor threshold are discussed. The thresholds determined for
each odorant in terms of parts per million by volume are
presented. The minimum threshold observed was with
trimethyl amine at 0.00021 ppm. As a group, compounds with
sulfur had the lowest thresholds of the compounds tested. It
was noted that carbon disulfide, sulfur dichloride, and sulfur
dioxide affect the other chemical senses (taste and feel) as
well. The presence of unsaturation in an odorant chemical was
not found to be associated with low threshold concentrations,
and it is observed that extended generalizations pertaining to
the odor threshold based on similar chemical structures cannot
-------
142
ODORS
easily be made. With reference to benzenoid-type materials,
substitution on the benzene ring reduced the odor threshold by
as much as a thousandfold depending on the nature of the
group added, and in general produced a wide variation in
thresholds. Three chemicals, toluene, styrene, and tolylene
diisocyanate were purified by a gas-liquid chromatography to
note the effect of chemical purity on the odor threshold; dif-
ferences from thresholds determined from starting materials
seemed slight, if any.
14197
Binder, Heinrich
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPfflC INVESTIGATION OF VAPOUR
PHASES. H. CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF DIFFERENT
METHODS OF SAMPLING. (Zur gas-chromatographischen
Untersuchung von Dampfphasen. n. Beurteilung verschiedner
Mcthoden der Probennahme). Text in German. Z. Anal. Chem.
(Munich), 244(6):353-359, 1%9. 104 refs.
Odors, engine exhausts, aroma and cigarette smoke, urban air
pollution, and quality of foodstuffs are among the problems
that can be investigated by gas-chromatographic vapor phase
analysis. Completeness of qualitative analysis and accuracy of
quantitative analysis depend mainly on the type of collection
and on enrichment and introduction of the sample. Several col-
lection problems and the methods of their solution are
described in detail. (Author summary modified)
14606
Reckner, Louis R.
DIESEL ODOR MEASUREMENT. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Materials Science and Engineering
Dept. and Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Air
Pollution Control Administration, Proc. First Nad. Symp. on
Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution, Philadel-
phia, Pa., Nov. 1968, p. 199-208.
A procedure for measuring the intensity of diesel exhaust odor
using human panelists was developed and evaluated. Require-
ments in developing the odor panel techniques were an ex-
haust dilution and panel exposure system, a method of select-
ing and training panelists, a set of diesel odor intensity stan-
dards, and the design of the test program. The dilution and
panel exposure consisted of a face box and exhaust diluted
with air at the engine exhaust pipe reaching the sniff box in 4
sec and a residence time of 15 sec. Panelists were selected by
testing the olfactory ability of a large number of candidates.
Twelve bottle standards were used in which odorants were dis-
solved in mineral oil and each successive bottle had twice the
concentration as that in the previous one. Panelists were
trained using peppermint and cinnamon to identify the twelve
bottle standards by number and to rate diluted exhaust in a
sniff box. When this was done satisfactorily, test programs
were run. Test programs were designed to facilitate statistical
analysis. Three engine operating conditions and four exhaust
dilutions were used. Each test condition was presented once in
each of the four sessions. Results showed that this procedure
can be used to draw statistically valid conclusions concerning
the effect of parameters such as engine types, operating condi-
tions, and fuels upon diesel exhaust odor intensity.
14607
Skala, H., F. G. Padrta, and P. C. Samson
DIESEL ENGINE POLLUTANTS. PART I. IDENTIFICA-
TION. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Materials Science and Engineering Dept, and Public Health
Service, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration, Proc. First Natl. Symp. on Heterogeneous Catal-
ysis for Control of Air Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968,
p. 209-220.
High molecular weight organic constituents of diesel exhaust
other than unbumed diesel fuel were identified. Samples were
collected by the use of a thermal gradient trap from a slip
stream off the total exhaust effluent. The organic pollutants
were partitioned out with n-hexane. A portion of the diesel
odor concentrate was subjected to additional separation over
silica gel. Identification of the components was made by mass
spectrometry. The pollutants were found to be partially ox-
idized components of the diesel fuel over its full molecular
weight range. Five different classes of oxygenated hydrocar-
bons were found: aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, al-
cohols, phenols, and nitrophenols. These yielded a total of
over 400 observable species. Aldehydes and ketone derivatives
of paraffins, cycloparaffins, olefins, and aromatics were ob-
served. In the aromatic series, benzaldehyde, indanone, cin-
namaldehyde, indenone, naphthaldehyde, acenaphthenone, and
fluorenone and their higher homologues were found. The aro-
matic carbonyl compounds were the predominant species. The
vital role of the aromatic oxygenates in the diesel odor picture
was further substantiated by the absence of diesel odor in the
exhaust when a fuel consisting of only n-paraffins was used.
The precursors of diesel odor are therefore considered to be
primarily the aromatics present in diesel fuel. Their observed
relative enrichment is reasonable when one considers the rela-
tive rates for oxidation of a paraffin versus an aromatic. For
aromatics, oxidation to intermediate compounds is faster than
for paraffins, and complete oxidation is slower.
14680
Wagner, T. O.
COMPOSITION OF DIESEL EXHAUST HYDROCARBONS.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Materials
Science and Engineering Dept. and Public Health Service,
Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution Control Administration,
Proc. First Natl. Symp. on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Con-
trol of Air Pollution, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968, p. 241-252.
The technology required to develop an odor standard for
diesel engines is being acquired. However, diesel exhausts
contain such a wide range of compounds that sampling and
analytical procedures are difficult. When no more than an in-
ventory of hydrocarbon compounds is desired, capillary-
column chromatographic analysis of a bag sample is adequate,
even though many 'heavy' hydrocarbons are lost. Such an
analysis revealed the presence of Cl to CIS paraffins. Few, if
any, of the light and mid-boiling compounds were present in
the fuel. Compounds causing diesel odor are in the C8 to CIS
range. Diesel exhaust contains many oxygenated compounds
which may be relevant to odor, but their concentrations are
low. The effect of fuel on diesel emissions is small; Concentra-
tions of hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust, adjusted for excess-
air dilution, are generally below passenger car emission stan-
dards.
15287
Zur Muehlen, Thorkul
MEASUREMENTS OF STYRENE EMISSIONS AND IMMIS-
SIONS WITH THE AID OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.
(Messungen von Styrol-Einissionen und -Immlsstonen mit Hilfe
der Gaschromatographie). Text in German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed.
Arbeitsschutz, voL 18:41-43, Feb. 1968.15 refs.
Air samples for determining the concentration of styrene
fumes in the vicinity of a processing plant for polyester resin
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
143
were obtained with a gas collecting tube. A membrane pump
was used to draw in 30 1 air within a period of 5 minutes. In
the gas chromatographic analysis of the samples; helium
(99.99%) was used as a carrier gas and the operating tempera-
ture was 150 C. Calibration was performed according to the
method described by J. May. At the outlet of the vapors, 340
ppm were measured; at a distance of 1 m, 130 ppm, at a
distance of 10 m, 8 to 9 ppm; and at a distance of about 35 m,
about 1 ppm. The odor threshold for styrene was found to be
1 ppm.
15677
Jutzi, W.
TESTING OF METHODS FOR REDUCTION OF ODOR
EMISSIONS. (Pruefung von Verfahren zur Reduktion von
Geruchsemissionen). Text in German. Z. Praeventivmed.,
14(5):305-306, 1969. 1 ref.
The Swiss Federal Material Testing Institute for Industrie and
Construction (EMPA) developed a new method for determin-
ing the odor intensity of emissions. Large, continuous samples
of the waste gas are mixed with fresh air. The latter is cleaned
with activated charcoal prior to its use. The mixture is passed
through a steel or plastic pipe of about 40 cm inside diameter
to the persons judging odor intensity. This method is more
complicated than the common method of obtaining one sam-
ple, mixing it with clean air, and having a test person deter-
mine the odor intensity but it is more easily reproducible and
more representative. Two such pipes are used to judge the ef-
ficiency of a method for the reduction of odors.
16080
Lindvall, Thomas
MEASUREMENT OF ODOROUS AIR POLLUTANTS.
(Bestamning av luktande luftfororeningar). Nord. Hyg. Tidskr.,
47(21):41-71, 1966. 91 refs. Translated from Swedish. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
44p., Aug. 14, 1969.
Methods for determining odorous air pollutants are described,
with special emphasis on the organoleptic principle. The
physiological and psychological background of odor is con-
sidered incompletely investigated. Existing knowledge of the
organoleptic principle of measurement permits an approach to
the problem of odors from the viewpoint of environmental hy-
giene. The most important dimension of an odor is its accepta-
bility, but a quantitative determination cannot be obtained.
Consequently determination of odor threshold is done by stu-
dying the number of dilutions necessary to arrive at odorless-
ness. Difficulties connected with psycho-physical studies in-
clude lack of individual consistency, effects of adaptation, and
background variables of climatological, psychological, and
biological origin. Different psychometric methods including
principles of stimulus presentation and indicator response in
threshold studies. Principles of direct scaling of supraliminal
intensities, and different kinds of olfactometers were
discussed. Odor thresholds for pure substances given in litera-
ture are not compatible. This is probably because of inaccura-
cy of the physical/chemical methods of analysis, lack of com-
fonnity in definitions, exposure equipments psychometric
methods, selection of subjects, and statistical treatment. There
may also be an interaction between different odorous com-
pounds, with respect to the resulting strength of smell, that is
not always a simple matter of addition. Annoyance effects are
considered to be best studied by epidemiological methods
where a reliable description of the exposure can be obtained.
(Author summary modified)
16134
Atsumi, Michisato, Hiroshi Kiyozumi, Kazuko Ito, Teruyuki
Sudo, and Tsunako Oshima
AN INVESTIGATION OF AIR POLLUTION BY ODOR—
ESPECIALLY THE COMPARISON OF THE ADR POLLU-
TION IN AND OUT OF PLANTS. (Akushu ni yoru taiki osen
chosa—toku ni kojo naigai ni okeru hikaku kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(7):407-410,
July 15, 1967. 5 refs.
Comparative measurements of indoor and outdoor air pollution
are reported for two petroleum plants in Yokkaichi city. In-
stantaneous concentration measurement methods were used:
the instant an odor became offensive air was collected and
analyzed by gas chromatography. The two plants were com-
paratively isolated from other plants. Inside one plant, nu-
merous ground-level pollutants of high density were detected.
On the leeward side of the plant a variety of substances was
also present, but in smaller concentrations. Few pollutants
were detected on the windward side. Certain substances were
detected at a point one km to the west of the plant; less
odorous substances were in most cases detectable 100 meters
away. Under certain conditions the reverse occurred. The data
obtained by gas chromatographic analyses are tabulated.
16298
Fiala, Ernst and Ernst-Georg Zeschmann
ANNOYANCE CAUSED BY ODOROUS EXHAUST GASES.
(Laestigkeit von Abgasgeruch). Text in German. VDI (Ver.
Deut. Ingr.) Z. (Duesseldorf), 109(24):1139-1141, 1967. 5 refs.
The intensity of odors caused by automobile exhaust gases
was evaluated by measuring the odor intensity of dilutions of
the exhaust gas with fresh air that exceeded the odor
threshold. The tests were performed with a water-cooled four-
cylinder, four- stroke Otto engine. The measurements were
based on the following considerations. At low traffic density
i.e., on well-ventilated streets, the exhaust gas odor is not
noticeable; the odor threshold is not reached. With increasing
traffic density, i.e., less ventilation, odor threshold is ex-
ceeded. The mass flows emitted under the latter condition
were indicative of the dilution which was the measure for the
odor intensity. The results showed the familiar independence
of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentrations from en-
gine operating state. Test personnel could smell the exhaust
gas independently of the operating state at 800- to 1000-fold
dilution. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentra-
tions at the moment the odor threshold was exceeded were
between 1 and 100 ppm and 0.6 to 8 ppm, respectively. Addi-
tion of air in the exhaust system reduced the concentrations,
but increased the odor intensity.
16442
Reckner, Louis R. and Robert E. Squires
DIESEL EXHAUST COMPOSITION AND ODOR. (FINAL RE-
PORT FOR PERIOD DEC. 3, 1967 TO JUNE 30, 1968). Scott
Research Labs., Inc., Perkasie, Pa., USPHS Div. of Air Pollu-
tion Contract PH 86-67-134, SRL Proj. 1076, 106p., Sept. 3,
1968. 7 refs. (Presented in part at the First National Symposi-
um on Heterogeneous Catalysis for Control of Air Pollution,
Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1968.)
Reliable techniques for measuring the intensity of diesel ex-
haust odor using human panels were developed and evaluated
in statistically-designed programs. These techniques employed
panelists selected on the basis of superior olfactory ability and
trained to rate dilute exhaust using a series of twelve concen-
trations of an odor intensity standard as the reference scale A
test program, designed to measure the difference in intensity
-------
144
ODORS
between exhausts produced by two fuels at three operating
conditions, was evaluated using both the two-cycle and four-
cycle engines. A No. 2 heating oil produced exhaust with a sig-
nificantly higher intensity than that produced by a No. 2 diesel
fuel at idle than at half load and full load with both the diesel
fuel and heating oil. The two-cycle engine exhaust had a sig-
nificantly higher intensity at full load than at half load with the
diesel fuel. This program design is suitable for general use in
determining exhaust intensity differences. The quality, as well
as the intensity of exhaust, must be defined in order to deter-
mine exhaust acceptability in terms of human response and
achieve correlation between chemical tests and panel respon-
ses. A different approach, which makes use of a technique
known as selective adaption in conjunction with chromato-
graphic separation, showed promise for characterizing diesel
odor and developing adequate quality standards. It was found
that selective adaption could be used to unmask minor com-
ponents in odorant mixtures. Work was directed toward
developing techniques for collecting exhaust carbonyls as their
oxime derivatives and subsequently regenerating them for odor
appraisal and identification. Reaction in aqueous and alcoholic
solutions of hydroxylamine hydrochloride yielded oximes
which could be convened back to carbonyls by acid hydrolysis
at elevated temperatures. (Author summary modified)
16540
Watanabe, Shinya
SELECTION OF THE ODOR PANEL AND ODOR SURVEY
BY THE PANEL. (Akushu hyoka paneru no sentaku to
paneru chosa). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(9):557-562, Sept. 15, 1968. 21 refs.
Despite improvements in odor analizer techniques, a high level
of skill is still required to evaluate the data obtained when two
or more odors are mixed. It appears more accurate so far to
rely on olfactory perception. An odor panel is described whose
members possess an ability to identify odors with great accu-
racy and to grade odor concentrations. Determination of olfac-
tory perception thresholds involves several procedures, includ-
ing the widely recognized olfactgram. Another element which
should be taken into consideration when selecting panel mem-
bers is the individual tolerance limit of olfaction. Some per-
sons may have a specific disposition or liability to perceive
some odor. The selection of an odor panel, therefore, must be
related to its objectivity; the judgment of panel members
should represent that of the people or community concerned,
regardless of their subjective interest. Panel size is generally
determined according to its initial purpose and research scale.
A mass panel composed of a thousand persons is conceivable.
While examinations of individual physical and psychological
factors would be difficult, such a panel would yield more ac-
curate odor perception thresholds than smaller panels.
16754
Cleary, Graham J.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF ODOURS. Clean Air (J. Clean
Air Soc. Australia New Zealand), 3(1):13-15, March 1969. 13
refs.
The classification of odors is difficult because of the inability
to describe the stimulus. A number of classification systems
that have been devised since 1855 are discussed. Most are sub-
jective based on a pleasant-unpleasant reaction with subgroup
classes such as fresh, pungent, etc. One system eliminates
most of the subjectiveness found in earlier schemes by classi-
fying odors on the basis of adsorption on some common sur-
face active agents. Extension of this work should make it
possible to define odor quality even more precisely.
16781
Vogh, J. W.
NATURE OF ODOR COMPONENTS IN DD2SEL EXHAUST.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 19(10):773-777, October 1969.
7 refs.
Offensive exhaust odors are characteristic of diesel engines.
One problem in control and reduction of odor is lack of un-
derstanding of odorant sources and mode of formation. The
solution of this problem depends on identification of the
odorants so that study of their formation and control can be
undertaken. A human panel performed odor assessments in
studying raw and modified diesel exhaust and synthetic blends
representing portions of diesel exhaust. Their assessments
were used in determining odorant identity and quantitative
contribution to exhaust odor. Low molecular weight aldehydes
appear to contribute little to diesel odors. The sulfur and
nitrogen oxides have been examined as odorants but of these
apparently only nitrogen dioxide is a potential odor contribu-
tor. (Author's Abstract)
17044
Amoore, John E.
PRIMARY ODOR CORRELATED WITH MOLECULAR
SHAPE BY SCANNING COMPUTER. J. Soc. Cosmetic
Chemists, 21(2):99-106, Feb. 4, 1970. 10 refs.
An experimental method is described for identifying and
mapping out the chemical extent of the primary odor of
isovaleric acid and its homologs and isomers (to which certain
persons are specifically 'odor-blind'). The production of this
primary odor requires the carboxylic acid functional group in
conjunction with a limited range of molecular shapes and
sizes. The odor was experimentally established by photogra-
phing a molecular isovaleric acid model in silhouette and using
a pattern recognition machine to analyze the silhouette. The
i machine consists of a modified television camera linked
directly to a computer. It scans the silhouette by means of a
large, reproducible collection of random lines. The frequency
with which each random line intersects the silhouette of a
selected standard compound is compared with the frequencies
observed for other molecular compounds. The degree of
molecular similarity, assessed by 4096 random lines, is then
printed out. As determined by primary odor measurements for
15 fatty acids, a strong correlation exists between molecular
shape and odor quality.
17288
Baba, Yoshio
MEASUREMENT OF MALODOROUS SUBSTANCES.
(Akushu seibun no sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4): 179-191, July 1969. 34 refs.
Several problems exist in measuring malodorous substances in
air, the largest of which is that susceptible limits of
malodorous substances are very low. Usually 'the value is
several figures lower than the measurable value. The concen-
tration method was adopted in order to measure them. Water
and carbon dioxide were removed before that concentration
was determined. The concentration tube was cooled by liquid
nitrogen. The apparatus and operation of this method was dif-
ficult; therefore, easy methods were proposed. The first
method is absorption by an organic solvent such as acetone,
methyl alchol, ethyl alchol, and ethyl benzene. The second
method is adsorption by activated charcoal which is useful for
hydrocarbons containing four to six carbons. The third is a
glass filter method where malodorous gases are analyzed by
gas chromatography. Chemical analysis was also used.'The
sample gas is passed through the absorption tube with specific
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
145
reagents in it and analyzed by titration or by the colorimetric
method. Functional measurements were also useful. There are
three functional methods for measuring waste water odor: the
ASTM method, the Japan Water Service Association method,
and the saline solution method. There are several functional
methods for measuring odors in air: the ASTM method, the
Nader method, and the odorless room method. The gas detec-
tor method is easy and fast.
17290
Hamauzu, Yoshio
ODOR PERCEPTION MEASUREMENT BY THE USE OF
ODORLESS ROOM. (Mushushitsu ho ni yoru shuki kanno
sokutei). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public
Nuisance), 5(12):718-723, Dec. 25, 1969. 7 refs.
The function of the olfactory organ and some problems in-
volved in olfactory testing with the use of an odor panel, the
preparation of an odorless testing room, and other problems
which are commonly observed in conducting qualitative odor
measurements were described. It is characteristic of the olfac-
tory organ that the duration of odor perception is an extremely
limited function, due to quick fatigue. This was construed to
be a function of adjustment. Of nearly 2,000,000 chemical
compounds which are known, one-fifth or 400,000 compounds,
have odor, but only one percent of the one-fifth have pleasant
odors. Empirica attempts were aimed at systematizing odor
and the function of olfactory organ according to a scientific
method, but they were not very successful. For this reason the
measurement of odor perception is largely dependent on use
of an odor panel or an observation group. Subjective judge-
ment may be unavoidable in an olfaction test. To minimize
measurement errors several conditions are required: people
around 20 years have the most perceptible olfaction; sensitivi-
ty declines with age and the most qualified persons are
between 20 and 40 years old; very few differences exist
between males and females, but an equal number of both
should compose a panel; mental and physical health is of pri-
mary importance; and reasonableness and stability of both ol-
factory perception and the judgement standard decide success
to a great extent. The triangle test, the matching test, the rank-
ing test, and others can be applied for panel screening.
Procedures of odor perception measurement by the use of an
odorless room were explained.
17627
Okita, Toshiichi, Masao Mishima, and Fumimichi Shigeta
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 6. COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF
OFFENSIVE ODOR BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY (THIRD
REPORT). COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF AMINES.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59,
1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
A method of collecting and analyzing amines is discussed. The
amines used in the tests were m, d, t-methylamines, which are
the most difficult to collect and separate. The results of ex-
amination of the various types of packing materials showed
that Chromosorb W (60-80 mesh) is the most suitable with
TEP (diglycerol 15%, tetraethylenepentamine 5%, and potassi-
um hydroxide 2%) applied to it. The column was 3 m long,
with a temperature of 80 C. A Hitachi Model KGL-2 Gas
Chromatograph was used, and the measurement was made
with a hydrogen-flame detector. An aqueous solution of
methylamine was diluted with water, and after neutralization
titration, measurements were made. The retention time and
minimum quantity detected for each of the methylamines are
shown in tabular form. A collection of 99% was obtained when
trimethylamine was collected with a glass fiber filter dipped in
a 20% aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and then dried.
Satisfactory results were also obtained when glass beads were
used as packing.
17628
Ohira, Toshi, Minoru Takeda, Tatsukichi Ishiguro, and Osamu
Koyama
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 7. GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC ANAL-
YSIS OF OFFENSIVE ODOR AT PLANTS HANDLING FISH
ENTRAILS AND BONES. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
The offensive odors emitted by chemical plants treating fish
entrails and bones were analyzed by gas chromatography. The
solid reaction tube concentration - gas chromatographic analy-
sis method for ammonia and amines was used. To concentrate
the samples, a glass tube packed with glass beads coated with
oxalic acid was used, and air was drawn into it and passed
through it to be collected. Satisfactory results were obtained
with No. 0-2 glass filters. A pump was used for suction, and
the volume of air collected was measured by a wet flowmeter.
Each sample was transferred to a decomposition tube, a con-
centrated solution of potassium hydroxide was added to
liberate the ammonia and amines, and these were flushed out
with air. The gas was collected in a GC sample tube cooled by
liquid oxygen, flushed out with heat, and introduced into the
gas chromatograph. Most of the analytical values obtained
showed that ammonia, trimethylamines, and pyrrole com-
pounds are dominant, and that the proportion of other amines
is low. High molecular compounds in the air decrease, and am-
monia, which decomposes last, increases as the process
proceeds.
17629
Kato, Tatsuo, Zensho Munakata, Tatsuji Takahashi, and
Tomoaki Kawaguchi
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 8. A STUDY OF THE CONTAINER
USED IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS FOR COL-
LECTING THE ODOR SAMPLE. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from
Japanese. 4p.
An investigation of the container used in gas chromatography
was conducted. The capacity of the collection container was 1
liter, and a glass vacuum collection container with a Teflon-
glass screw cock was constructed. The cock had a vacuum O-
ring, and the sample made contact with it when passing in and
out. To test the stability of the container in the sampling
process and preservation of materials of 100 ppm, hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, and dialkyl sulfides were used as sample
materials. Gas chromatographic analysis with a sample collec-
tion vessel of this type can be used as a standard method with
an error of less than 6%, if the concentration operation begins
within 5 to 7 hours.
17638
Sakuma, Kenzo, Taku Miura, Toru Domon, Koshiro
Kanazawa, Shinichi Harkna, and Taichiro Namiki
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 17. MEASUREMENT OF ODOR BY
SENSORY PERCEPTION WITH THE USE OF AN ODOR-
FREE ROOM. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 6p.
The threshold values for hydrogen sulfide and trimethylamine
were studied. The odor-free room, used for the test, was cubic
in shape, covered with stainless steel, and of an interior
volume of 7.5 cu m. The room had a water-wash device and,
in an upper part, a ventilation fan to change the air. Also, a
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146
ODORS
small fan for agitation was attached to ensure adequate diffu-
sion of the sample. The sample was either injected through a
window or introduced by some other method. The single sub-
stances used in the tests were H2S filled in a bomb, and a 30%
aqueous solution of trimethylamine. The latter was used in
1%, 0.1%, and 0.01% alcoholic solutions. The panel for the
odor measurement consisted of six investigators. The necessa-
ry amount of H2S was taken by a syringe and injected through
the window for the sensory test. The trimethylamine was
placed in a watch glass and volatilized in the middle of the
room. After agitation of the air in the room for one minute,
the panelists entered. The threshold value for H2S was 0.005
ppm; the environmental offensive odor was 20 ppm; and the
public hazard offensive odor level was 150 ppm. For
trimethylamine, 0.0003 ppm was the threshold value; 0.002
ppm the environmental offensive odor; and 3 ppm the public
hazard offensive odor level.
17639
Nakamura, Ken, Shozo Fukuda, and Harumi Hirayama
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 18. OFFENSIVE ODOR MEASURE-
MENT BY DETECTION TUBE. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-5 1967. Translated from Japanese.
4p.
The measurement of offensive odor constituents by the detec-
tion tube method is widely used. An investigation was con-
ducted to determine the best conditions for measurement.
Measurement conditions are being established to compare
deodorizers of the direct addition type. The odor emitting
source was put in the container of the device (a brown 2 liter
bottle), a deodorizer was added, and air was introduced at a
velocity of one liter/minute. The time when the flow began
was made the starting time, and after a certain period of time,
the aspirator was stopped. The odor volume was immediately
measured by the detection tube. Sample material to which no
deodorizer had been added was treated in the same way. As
sources of odor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, ethylmercaptan,
and raw urine were used. The deodorizers were two types of
powder, and three types of liquid. Considerable differences
occurred, depending on the deodorizer. In the case of ofly sub-
stances, the effectiveness of deodorization by entrapment of
odor was quite high, being more effective than the deodorizer
itself.
17640
Shigeta, Yoshihiro, Shigeo Kobayashi, Michio Hayashino, and
Yoshimasa Koyama
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 19. SENSORY PERCEPTION MEA-
SUREMENT OF ODOR BY THE AIR DILUTION METHOD.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59,
1967. Translated from Japanese. 7p.
The Olfacto-tester is a device for sensory perception measure-
ments of odor using the air dilution method as its basis. A 300
ml portion of the prepared odor was put into the odor generat-
ing device and aerated when flowing at a rate of 3600 ml/min
through a glass tube inserted 1 cm deep in the liquid. Measure-
ment was done by the gradation method. The gradation levels
were: 0 - odorless, 1 faint odor, 2 - weak odor, 3 - fairly
strong odor, 4 - strong odor, and 5 - violent odor. The odors of
hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine, isovaleric acid, diallyldisul-
fide, and ethylmercaptan were selected for study. Tests were
also conducted on feces and urine, and lean fish solubles. The
average value of level 1 was made the threshold value, and the
average value of level 3, the environmental offensive odor
level. The concentration of diluted odor of ammonia was mea-
sured with the Kitagawa-type detector tube, and was com-
pared with the theoretical dilution concentration at the same
multiple. In these experiments, there were differences between
the odor dilution multiples of flowmeter and the actual mea-
surement values of ammonia by detection tube. Reasons for
this discrepancy are given.
17641
Nakagawa, Fumiyuki, Shoji Kuwata, Hiroyuki Sugjyama, and
Tsutomu Yoshioka
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 20. OFFENSIVE ODOR MEASURE-
MENT BY THE SALINE SOLUTION EQUILIBRATION
METHOD. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 3p.
With respect to the saline solution equilibration method for
measuring offensive odors, such factors as kind of odor, its
concentration, draft volume, draft time, and filter were stu-
died. The odor emitting substance was put in a sample bottle,
aerated, and the offensive odor gas was absorbed in saline
solution. When the solution was saturated and reached
equilibrium, the concentrations in the first and second absorp-
tion bottles were presumed to be equal and maintaining a
definite concentration. The dilution multiple when the saline
solution was diluted with pure, odorless water until the odor
disappeared, represents the degree of bad odor. Some sub-
stances which readily dissolve in water do not reach saturation
in 4-5 hours. Ammonia reaches equilibrium in 2-3 hours, but
draft volume effect seems to be fairly large. It seems to be
questionable as to whether a general standard for the length of
time required can be established, since the time to reach satu-
ration varies with substances and concentrations. The attain-
ment of saturation and equilibrium can be assumed when the
concentration in the first absorption bottle has become con-
stant. A comparative examination of glass filters and commer-
cial diffusers was conducted, but no great difference was ob-
served.
•»•
18093
Smith, Hermes O. and Arthur D. Hochstettler
DETERMINATION OF ODOR THRESHOLDS IN AIR USING
C14-LABELED COMPOUNDS TO MONITOR CONCENTRA-
TIONS. Environ. Sci. Technol., 3(2):169-170, Feb. 1969. 1 ref.
The minimum identifiable odor levels of compounds in air
were determined using a static dilution technique. Since ad-
sorption of the compounds on the surfaces of equipment dur-
ing the diluting procedures can potentially cause unknown and
high errors, it is important to determine the true concentration
in the air at the minimum identifiable odor level concentration.
The authors do this by using C14-labeled compounds and scin-
tillation counting. Results for styrene, monochlorobenzene,
and monochloroacetic acid are reported. (Author's Abstract)
18194
Sullivan, D. C, D. F. Adams, and F. A. Young
DESIGN OF AN 'ODOR PERCEPTION AND OBJECTIONA-
BIUTY THRESHOLD' TEST FACILITY. Atmos. Environ.,
2(2):121-133, March 1968. 25 refs.
The design requirements for the study of the thresholds of
odor perception and objectionability within a large population
of human subjects are discussed. The collection of an
adequate body of data was facilitated by the conversion of a
35 ft. bus into an air conditioned, mobile odor perception
laboratory containing six identical face exposure chambers,
each providing a different, known, controlled (and readily
changeable) odor concentration. The mobility of the laboratory
permits the evaluation of the responses of diverse groupV of
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
147
test subjects at fairs, expositions, elementary schools and
universities. A dynamic system of odor generation is used
which provides a range of concentrations within the exposure
chambers from ppm to at least 1 ppb. Subjects consecutively
sample the test atmospheres from the six chambers, each con-
taining a different concentration of the same compound.
Ascending, descending and random presentation of concentra-
tions have been employed. Concentrations range from unde-
tectable to detectable by most subjects. The test subjects re-
port, for each chamber, whether or not an odor is detected
and whether their response to the odor was pleasant or un-
pleasant. In addition, each subject provides comprehensive in-
formation concerning many variables including age, sex, smok-
ing habits, respiratory abnormalities, and occupation. These
data re transferred to punched cards and analyzed for possi-
ble significant influence upon the response to odor levels.
(Author Abstract)
19051
McGinnity, J. L., K. W. Grimley, Jr., C. R. Hones, Jr., and J.
D. Mulik
MOBILE SOURCE SAMPLING LABORATORY FOR THE
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Preprint, Public Health Ser-
vice, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration, 12p., 1970. 7 refs. (Presented at a Symposium on
Methods for Measuring and Evaluating Odorous Air Pollutants
at the Source and in the Ambient Air, June 1-5, 1970.)
A mobile source-sampling laboratory for the pulp and paper
industry is discussed. A continuously operating stack-gas- con-
ditioning system has been devised for the laboratory. From the
source, the gas sample first passes through a heated glass-
fiber filter to remove particulates, and then into a 3/16-inch-
ED Teflon sampling line. The continuous gas monitoring instru-
ments provide analysis for oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrocarbons, and various sulfur compounds. Seven
instruments are used: two gas chromatographs, a Melpar total
sulfur analyzer, a Barton titrator, and a Beckman O2, CO2,
and CO analyzer. Another part of the source sampling pro-
gram is an odor panel. Samples are diluted in 100 ml syringes
and presented to the panel directly from the syringe. Emission
data are available for gas samples taken before and after the
direct contact evaporators, recovery furnace precipitator,
smelt dissolving tank, lime kiln scrubber, and multiple effect
evaporator scrubbers.
20100
Hurn, R. W. and W. F. Marshall
TECHNIQUES FOR DIESEL EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT.
SAE (Soc. Automotive Engrs.) Trans., 77(2): 1492-1501, 1969.
10 refs. (Paper 680418.)
The differences between diesel and gasoline exhausts result
primarily from differences between characteristics of the
air/fuel mixtures inherent in the respective combustion cycles;
in addition, physical states are markedly different between the
two engine types. The diesel engine operates with its air-intake
unthrottled. The concentrations of the material to be measured
are lowered as a result of dilution by the excess air and, with
an appreciable quantity of oxygen in the hot exhaust gases,
post combustion oxidation may occur to introduce problems in
preserving sample integrity. Diesel mixture is heterogeneous
with infinite variation in fuel richness throughout the com-
bustion zone. Hydrocarbon is determined by a flame ionization
technique in which a heated detector and sampling system are
essential, but difficulties are encountered in sampling control,
absolute calibration, and probable nonuniform response to dif-
ferent hydrocarbon species. High resolution gas chromatog-
raphy is the only means by which the complex mixture of
hydrocarbon in diesel exhaust can be determined in any detail.
The technique for total oxides of nitrogen involves the sum of
nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide determined separately by
nondispersive infrared and ultraviolet methods, but results are
subject to uncertainty due both to loss of NO2 and to product
reaction. Formaldehyde is determined by the chromotropic-
acid procedure, and other aldehydes are determined using a
modified version of the 3-methyl-2-benzothioazolone test.
While the absolute values from determinations by these
methods are not considered reliable, useful information is
available from relative values and directional changes that they
may indicate. Diesel smoke is determined using a light extinc-
tion smokemeter as specified in Federal standards for 1970
vehicles or, alternatively, using the specified instrument fitted
with a smoke tube in a closed smoke conductor circuit. No in-
strumental or analytical procedure is useful in evaluating diesel
odor, but a human panel is used for subjective measurement,
and observations are referred to standard reference materials.
20192
Trieff, Norman M., William Colver, Stephen Field, Karl L.
Gabriel, and Anil K. Mukherji
ISOLATION OF ODOROUS COMPONENTS PRESENT IN
RENDERING PLANT EMISSIONS. Preprint, Drexel Inst. of
Technology, Philadelphia, Pa., Environmental Engineering and
Science Program and Drexel Inst. of Technology, Philadelphia,
Pa., Dept. of Chemistry, lip., 1968 (?). 4 refs.
Attempts were made to isolate odorous components responsi-
ble for the odor of rendering plant emissions. Three techniques
were used: adsorption of odors on charcoal followed by sol-
vent extraction; solvent extraction of rendering plant products;
and extraction of solid from a Hi-volume filter. In each case
analysis was done by the infrared spectra. The first technique
gave negative results; the second and third methods detected
the presence of a n-butylhexanoate or a congener. The musky
odor of the extract was different from the mixed odor of the
extract was different from the mixed odor of the commercial
product suggesting the presence in the extract of other com-
ponents in amounts too small to be detected. One of the com-
ponents could be hexanoic acid, which presumably has a low
threshold dilution level and, therefore, could be detected or-
ganoleptically at a level much lower than that required for in-
frared analysis. The component could also be the congener n-
ethylhexanoate, which has virtually the same infrared spec-
trum as hexanoic acid. It is concluded that the musky type of
odorous emission from rendering plants is a highly complex
emission containing a number of odorous components.
20202
Okita, T.
FILTER METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE
QUANTITIES OF AMINES, MERCAPTANS, AND ORGANIC
SULPHIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Atmos. Environ., vol.
4:93-102, 1970. 9 refs.
Low-molecular weight mercaptans, dimethyl sulfide, and
methylamine are the dominant malodorous pollutants in
Japanese urban and industrial areas. For measuring environ-
mental concentrations of these gases, glass fiber filters were
first stored hi a silica get dessicator and then impregnated with
mercuric salts and sulfuric acid. Air was drawn through the fil-
ters at 100 1 reciprocal min by a commercial air-cleaner
blower. Sampling time ranged from 10 to 30 min. After collec-
tion, the gases were recovered from the filters, concentrated,
and analyzed by a gas chromatograph with a. flame ionization
detector. This method enables gases to be determined in con-
-------
148
ODORS
centrations of 1 ppb or less, although olefins collected by the
mercuric salts are a source of interference. Electron capture or
electroconductivity detectors would eliminate such inter-
ference. Measured concentrations of the gases at five sampling
stations are tabulated, and chromatograms are shown of the
gases sampled at a primary school, pulp mill, and fish meal
plant.
20264
Shigeta, Y., Y. Hoshika, S. Tsuchibashi, and T. Ishiguro
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MEASUREMENT FOR THE BAD
ODOR NUISANCES. (Akushukoga kihonchosaho no
ichihoko). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 4<1):85, 1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual
Meeting of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
The investigation of odor pollution is based on the obnox-
iousness and the intensity of odor. Various mechanical odor
measurement devices such as gas chromatography and infrared
spectroscopy are not complete in that they do not measure ob-
noxiousness or low- threshold odors. In the United States, in-
strumental as well as organoleptic tests are used by means of
an odor panel. Several suggestions are made as to the basic
steps in the odor investigation. The investigation is broken
down into three parts: the source, the environment and the
questionnaire investigations, and some technical procedures
are recommended.
20460
Yamamoto, Tadashi, Shozo Matsuda, Toshihide Okuno,
Hideki Tanaka, and Masahiko Tsuji
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 5. ANALYSIS OF THE CON-
STITUENTS OF OFFENSIVE ODORS EMITTED FROM
PETROLEUM REFINERIES. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese.
3p-
An analysis of the offensive odors emitted by petroleum
refineries is discussed. The samples which were analyzed in-
cluded liquid fractions of petroleum collected and separated
from an ejector drain of a reduced pressure distillation device;
contact tower drainings from the sulfuric acid washing
process; and odor constituents collected by active carbon ad-
sorption. Gas chromatography was used for the analyses. The
first two samples were heated to 40 C, and a definite quantity
of the gas in the container was directly introduced into the gas
chromatograph for qualitative analysis. More than 30
hydrocarbons were identified. For the confirmation of these
components, the elimination process with H2SO4 and other
chemicals was conducted at the same time. A comparative
analysis of the gas volumes evolved at different temperatures
of the sample was conducted by varying the heating tempera-
ture. The third sample was also analyzed by gas chromatog-
raphy, and when compared with the other constituents, a cor-
relation was found between the detected constituents. The
low-boiling hydrocarbons showed qualitative agreement, but
the high-boiling ones gave inconclusive results.
20538
Franzky, Ulrich
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS ON DRYING OVENS AND
JELLYING CHANNELS WITH SECONDARY WASTE-GAS
PURIFYING PLANTS FOR ODOR ABATEMENT. Staub (En-
glish translation from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft),
29(1):33-41, Jan. 1969. 9 refs.
Waste gases from ovens used for drying or baking colors have
an intense odor due to the solvents and softeners emitted. For
this reason, the government of North Rhine-Westphalia is
limiting the carbon content of the combustible organic sub-
stances in undiluted, purified waste gas from drying ovens to
300 mg/cu m STP. A new technique will permit sampling for
carbon concentrations between 100 and 300 mg/cu m STP. A
heated probe aspirates a sample from the waste gas through a
quartz tube filled with silica gel. The combustible organic sub-
stances are absorbed in the process. During subsequent treat-
ment in the laboratory, the samples are desorbed in a flow of
hot oxygen and combusted to carbon dioxide, the quantity of
which is analytically determined. Emission measurements ob-
tained by the method are reported for three polyvinyl chloride
jellying channels and four continuous or quasi-continuous
lacquer drying ovens. A plant that combined waste gas purifi-
cation by catalytic combustion with waste-gas feedback
achieved satisfactory reductions in the total amount of com-
bustible substances present in the flue gas.
20624
Okuno, T., M. Tsuiji, and T. Yamamoto
THE SNIFF TEST OF ODOR SUBSTANCES BY OLFACT-
TESTER. PART L (Olfact-tester o michiita shukiseibun no
kanno tesuto 1). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 114, 1969. (Proceedings of the
10th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Air Pollution,
1969.)
Most odor-producing substances fall under the following
categories: ammonia-amine-type nitrogen compounds,
hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan-type sulfur compounds, low-
grade fatty acid compounds, and paraffin-olefin hydrocarbons.
Odor thresholds were determined for amine-type compounds
by means of an odor panel without prior specific training as
well as an 'olfact-tester' developed by Nader. The instrument
was modified so that vacuum pumping could be performed
after each testing in order to prevent the prior odors from lin-
gering in the pipes. The concentration of the odorous elements
were measured by gas-chromatography and an infrared absorp-
tion equipment. The odor-producing compounds investigated
were methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, and n-bu-
tylamine; the experimental results are tabulated according to
molecular weight, boiling point (C), gas-chromatographic rela-
tive gram-molecular sensitivity, odor threshold (ppm), specific
weight (20 Q, and purity w/w (%).
21208
Fujii, Soichi
MEASUREMENT OF INTERIOR ENVDXONMENT AND ITS
EVALUATION. (Shitsunaikankyo no sokutei to hyokaho
soron). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 7(6): 1-4, March 1, 1970.
Though evaluations of interior environments' have been ex-
tended to cover comfort and sanitation, the attainment of
satisfactory living and working conditions will also require
measurements of factors impercaptible to sensory organs. The
eight kinds of measurements suggested in this paper comprise
the following: (1) interior temperatures, which determine well-
being to a great extent; (2) relative humidity; (3) radiant heat
from both ceilings and walls; (4) air stream agreeable in
summer but hot in whiter; (5) cleanliness of indoor air where
major contaminants are dusts, toxic gases, noxious odors, and
bacteria and, in some cases, the amount of atmospheric ions;
(6) ventilation; which may not actually be necessary if the air
is clean; (7) illumination, involving intensity of light, light dis-
tribution, glare or intrusion of direct rays of the sun, and color
of light; and (8) noise, which is difficult to measure. It is
recommended that suitable criteria be provided tor four
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
149
categories of indoor environments: ideal, good, average, and
the worst allowable limit.
21652
Ekman, G.
QUANTITATIVE PRINCIPLES OF ADAPTATION AND
RECOVERY. Karl Marx Univ., Leipzig (East Germany),
Symp. Biokybernetik, 1st Intern., Leipzig, E. Germany, 1967,
p. 141-146. 4 refs. (Sept. 19-22).
Adaptation and recovery were studied in the modalities of ol-
faction and vision. By developing scaling methods for measur-
ing perceptual or subjective variables, an attempt was made to
measure the sensory intensity as perceived by the observing
sublet. Subjects were exposed to a continuous flow of
hydrogen sulfide in air, and estimates were obtained of the
perceived intensity of odor at regular intervals. Results are
shown graphically. With increasing time of exposure the per-
ceived intensity diminishes until it becomes practically asymp-
totic after 10 minutes. An exponential function is given for the
adaptation process. Measurements were also obtained during
and immediately following recovery period, in which the trend
was one of initially very rapid but successively slower growth.
Full sensitivity was recovered after about five minutes. In the
vision experiments, the subject's task was to estimate the
brightness perceived by the dark-adapting eye in relation to
the brightness perceived by the pre-adapted eye. Perceived
brightness was seen to grow with the time of dark-adaptation
according to two negatively accelerated curves intersecting at
about 8 min. The data is described as the sum of two
logarithmic functions.
21693
Reckner, L. R. and R. E. Squires
DIESEL EXHAUST ODOR MEASUREMENT USING HUMAN
PANELS. SAE (Soc. Automotive Engrs.) Trans., 77(3):1694-
1705, 1968. 13 refs.
A technique for measuring the intensity of diesel exhaust odor
using a human panel has been developed and evaluated. While
the ratings are primarily useful for comparative tests, the
degrees of difference which can be shown to be significantly
small to make the procedure adequate for practical use. A
system was constructed which allowed presentation of diesel
exhaust to a panel at controlled dilutions in a manner simulat-
ing on-the-street exposure. The panelists were selected on the
basis of superior olfactory ability, and were trained to rate the
odor of diluted diesel exhaust against a series of 12 odor inten-
sity standards. The exhaust was diluted at the engine exhaust
pipe and flowed dynamically through the presentation system
to maintain its quality and intensity. The panelists were ex-
posed to the diluted exhaust in a 1/2 cu ft sniff box for ap-
proximately 5 sec. The standard deviations of the panelists'
responses were significantly higher at 1200 and 600 dilutions.
This indicated the panel ratings were less reproducible at low
concentrations, and more reliable results were obtained at con-
centrations with higher intensities.
21858
Nakagawa, F., S. Kuwata, H. Sugiyama, and K. Obata
THE MEASUREMENT OF ODOR WITH PORTABLE ODOR
ABSORBING APPARATUS. (Shuken kinoshita shiki shuki
sokootei sohchi ni yoloo shukido sokootei (III)). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
4(1):117, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
A portable odor level determining instrument has been con-
structed; some experiments were conducted to know the range
of its application and the relationship between measured odor
level and the concentrations of the sources. This instrument,
in priciple, gives the odor level in terms of a multiple of dilu-
tion when the liquid, which originally odorless (pure water),
has absorbed the odor and reached the equilibrium with it, and
loses its odor by dilution with odorless liquid (pure water,
again). Hydrogen sulfide loses its odor too quickly to measure
the odor level. For methyl mercaptan, odor levels are 40, 80,
and 200 for source concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 ppm, respec-
tively. Dimethyl sulfide gives 100 odor level against 300 ppm
of concentration. As a result, this instrument standardizes the
odor measurement and would be used for amines, ammonia,
and mercaptans. However, odors from matter insoluble in
water or ones not easily absorbed have to be studied. In addi-
tion, the data on the relationship between sources and odor
level has to be obtained.
21859
Okita, T., R. Sugai, and I. Kifune
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS BY FILTER METHOD OF
MALODOROUS GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Akooshu
no sokootei V Loshishiki sampler ni yoloo yuki ioh kagohboot-
soo no hoshu boonsekihon no kentoh narabini ryukasooiso
oyobi aldehyde rooi sokootei eno ohyoh). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 118,
1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution An-
nual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
To determine malodors in the environment, filter type sampler
for sampling organic sulfur compounds using mercury com-
pounds was earlier introduced. Since then, the following items
on sampling and analysis, by means of gas chromatography, of
ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide were
examined. In the process of the analysis (sampling, separation,
and concentration), moisture should be removed before con-
centrating the sample with potassium carbonate and soda lime.
The velocity in concentrating the sample with liquid oxygen is
0.2 1/min. The retention time of each sample gas can be re-
markably reduced if the column temperature is 47 C, the
flowrate of a carrier gas (N2) 30 1/min, and the column length
2.25 m. The reproducibility of this method is approximately
6% in terms of variation coefficients. Filters compared
(Tohyoh No. 6 filter, AAWP millipore filter, and glass fiber A
filter) show the collection efficiency from 44% to 100%, de-
pending on the gases. This method is applied for gases in the
water and the air polluted by waste from pulp and petroleum
refining industries to show 6.0-7.8 ppb of methyl mercaptan,
2.9-3.7 ppb ethyl mercaptan, and 5.1-7.2 ppb of dimethyl sul-
fide in river water and 4.0-5.2 ppb of methyl mercaptan and
2.3-3 ppb dimethyl sulfide in the air.
21866
Demon, Tom, Yoshio Hamauzu, Shinichi Harima, and
Yoshihiro Shigeta
SELECTION OF ODOR PANEL AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
FOR THE INVESTIGATION ON PUBLIC NUISANCE DUE
TO OFFENSIVE SMELL. (Akushu kogai chosa ni okeru
paneru no sentei to ikuseiho). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai
(Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(12):714-717, Dec. 25, 1969. 2 refs.
A survey was conducted to establish general standards for an
olfactory perception test, to test the ability of olfactory
judgment, to test the ability to rank odors, and to test olfacto-
ry ability compared to group odor quality. Qualitative odor
judgment examines the ability to tell one odor from another.
Odor samples, chosen from both 'enosmophore' and 'kit-
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150
ODORS
kosmophore' groups were given to 20 candidates each in two
rooms with a time limit of five minutes. Consideration was
given to the way odor samples could reduce olfaction fatigue,
therefore odor samples grew stronger. The test included two
questions in each odor group: the ranking of odor samples and
the identification of odor samples. Results of the tests which
were conducted twice with three month intervals showed
52.9% of the passing rate with 36 candidates of the total 68
candidates the first time, reaching 56 points as the passing
mark. The highest passing rate was in the forties and the
lowest in the fifties the first time; the second time, the forties
marked a great deal inverse passing rate and the twenties at-
tained the highest passing rate. The rate of correct response
concealed the fact that the lower rate of correct responses
found in 'kukosmophore' group was interpreted to mean that
the odor group was harder to be ranked than the
'enosmophore' group. It was added that the number of can-
didates probably was not large enough to draw a conclusion.
on natural dilution of the vehicle exhaust to the odor
threshold, are conducted in a controlled environment, indoors
in large buildings. Different degrees of exhaust dilution are
achieved by randomly varying the distance from the test vehi-
cle to the panelists. Panelists are required to make yes-or-no
decisions on whether or not they can detect an odor above the
background level. Exhaust odor intensity is expressed in terms
of the threshold response distance, with greater threshold
response distances indicating greater exhaust odor intensity.
The test procedures give adequate repeatability. Six repeat idle
tests with one bus give threshold response distances ranging
from 27-32 ft, averaging 29 ft. Four repeat acceleration tests
with another bus gave threshold response distances ranging
from 32-41 ft, averaging 36 ft. Idle tests with two different
busses in two different test facilities show repeatable dif-
ferences in the exhaust odor intensity, indicating that the
procedure is capable of discriminating between two odor
sources of differing intensity. (Author abstract modified)
22431
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
TWO OR THREE EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC NUISANCE DUE
TO BAD-SMELL. (Akushu kogai chosa no nisan no jirei).
Text in Japanese. Akushu No Kenkyu (Odor Res. J. Japan),
l(l):28-36, April 20, 1970.
In Japan, the number of complaints against obnoxious odor
has rapidly increased. Broadly speaking, this is not due to the
rapid increase of sources but to increased public awareness.
People's consciousness of interest in noxious odors has in-
creased since the air pollution, water pollution, or noise
became big issues. Noxiou odor was not well defined, and it is
still difficult to define the odor nuisance. The range of the
odor sources has become extremely large. Urbanization has
developed a great deal. Techniques and funds for odor preven-
tion are lacking. As a starting point of odor prevention, a sur-
vey was made of factories emitting noxious odors. A
processing factory for fish entrails and bones and a phar-
maceutical plant were chosen for this purpose. The survey
consisted of a questionnaire and odor test. The test included
organoleptic tests, such as the odorless chamber method
ASTM injector method, and Kinoshita method, and instrumen-
tal analyses, such as gas chromatography, ultraviolet, visible,
and infra-red spectroscopy, mass spectoscopy, and nuclear
magnetic resonance. By correlating these two sets of data, or-
ganoleptic and instrumental, the measurement of odor pollu-
tion can be quite reliable. Analysis and discussion of the data
obtained are given.
22448
Colucci, Joseph M. and Gerald J. Barnes
EVALUATION OF VEHICLE EXHAUST GAS ODOR INTEN-
SITY USING NATURAL DILUTION. Preprint, Society of Au-
tomotive Engineers, Inc., New York, 10p., 1970. 9 refs.
(Presented at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit,
Mich., Jan. 12-16, 1970, Paper 700105.)
Although exhaust gas odorants are generally a product of en-
gine and fuel parameters, it is the vehicle that the public as-
sociates with exhaust odor. The vehicle and its movements
have a large influence on the dispersion of exhaust odorants
and, therefore, on the actual public exposure to exhaust odor.
A considerable amount of public exposure to vehicle exhaust
odor results from municipal operation of diesel-powered
buses, especially during the bus-stop sequence. Panel test
procedures are developed for field evaluation of full-scale
vehicle exhaust odor intensity during the idle and acceleration
portions of a simulated bus-stop sequence. Odor tests, based
22958
Wohlers, Henry C.
ODOR INTENSITY AND ODOR TRAVEL FROM INDUSTRI-
AL SOURCES. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution (London), vol.
7:71-78, 1963. 4 refs.
Odor surveys were completed of stack effluents and in the
vicinity of a petroleum coking plant, a kraft-paper mill, an
onion and garlic dehydrating plant, and a retrogravure printing
plant. Gas samples were taken by the evacuated bulb
technique or by passing sufficient stack gas through a bottle to
replace the original air in the bottle. Threshold measurements
were made with an osmoscope consisting of two telescoping
metal tubes complexly arranged for odor dilution with clean
air. The odor intensity in the environs of the industrial plant
was determined subjectively while driving in a car at constant
speed (30-35 mph) with the wind-wing of the driver's window
open so that the oncoming air was directed at the face of the
observer. When the extent of the odor travel from these plants
was compared with the calculated threshold dilution of the
stack gases according to Sutton's equation, the odor measure-
ments at the stacks did not agree in all cases with the calcu-
lated dilutions at the distances in the field where the odors
were noted. Unless the diffusion coefficients are experimen-
tally determined, the Sutton equation should not be used for
distances greater than 2 miles; at distances greater than 1 or 2
miles under unstable conditions, the stack height, the exit
velocity, and the temperature of the exhaust gases no longer
seriously affect the plume axis concentrations. The
osmoscope, which assumes the validity of the Weber-Fechner
law, had an error of no larger than about 25%. The con-
sequence of the logarithmic relation of this law is that a 10-
fold reduction in odor concentration makes a scarcely per-
ceptible alteration in the strength of the odor. This relation
must be considered in making field odor surveys. It is sug-
gested that these results are another example of only partially
diluted stack gases moving as discrete eddies through the at-
mosphere. (Author abstract modified)
23004
Ohkita, Toshikazu and Masao Watanabe
MEASUREMENT OF MALODOUROUS GAS BY GAS CHRO-
MATOGRAPHY. (Gasukuromatogurafu ni yoru akushu gasu
no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Akusho no kenkyu (Odor
Research J. Japan), 1(1): 16-27, April 20, 1970.
Either qualitative or quantitative measurement of an odorous
gas by conventional methods are extremely difficult because
of its low density and because it is frequently a mixture of
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
151
several kinds of different gases. Also, the intensity of the odor
is affected by human factors and environmental conditions
such as humidity or temperature. Scattering of data is ob-
served in the detection threshold, but very little in recognition
threshold values. Gas chromatography is employed in the anal-
ysis because normally odorous gas is a mixture of gases, each
component of which can be analyzed by the method. Also, the
development of high-sensitivity detectors such as flame ioniza-
tion, electron capture, coulometric, and flame photometric de-
tectors, contributed to more use of the gas chromatograph.
Experimental procedures of the methods such as calibration
for amine, mercaptan, and organic sulfide, and gas collections
by cooled organic solvents, filtration with reagents, and
powder surface cooled by liquid oxygen are described. Field
measurements are also presented together with the method of
gas collection at the source. The application of gas chromatog-
raphy for the qualitative analysis of excretal smell is given in
detail. Several methods of gas collection, including organic sol-
vents and U-tube cooled by liquid oxygen, are described
together with gas chromatogram and infra-red spectrum.
23106
Kikuchi, Kaku
EXAMPLES OF ODOR MEASUREMENT AT KRAFT PULP
MILLS. (Kurafuto parupukojo no shukisokutei jirei). Text in
Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (J. of Odor Control), 1(1):9-18,
April 20, 1970.
A unique method of measuring odorant concentration
developed at Tohoku University. This is a new type of or-
ganoleptic method based on the olfactory reaction to deter-
mine odor perception thresholds which are numerically ex-
pressed. It is also noteworthy that this method is legally
authorized to be the only valid means of odor measurement
and to be employed as such for air pollution control. The
flowchart of the apparatus used for the olfactory test as well
as the present odor removal equipments which the kraft pulp
mills are operating are illustrated. The principle of this method
is based on Henry's law that a gas is saturated in proportion to
its partial pressure in the atmosphere after it has been passed
through water for a while. The maximum dilution multiplier
for the saturated solution which is determined by olfactory
sense provides the standard for the obnoxious odor level. The
sampled gas needs to be passed through the duct filled with
salt water until the concentration of the gas arising from the
salt water becomes tantamount to its original level in the at-
mosphere. The sample solution thus obtained have to be
promptly examined by an odor panel because some gases dis-
solve very readily. The application of this olfactorium to gase-
ous emissions from both the blow tank and the recovery boiler
in a kraft pulp mill was made, and the values obtained showed
700 and 200 respectively. The basic value of 200 was deter-
mined from a fish-meal factory). The results of tests con-
ducted on each one of the processes involved in kraft pulp
mills by use of this salt water olfactorium are presented in the
form of graphs and tables.
23107
Terabe, Mototsugu
MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION AND SOME AS-
SOCIATED PROBLEMS. (Taikiosen no sokutei to nisan no
mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Kukichowa to Reito (Air Condi-
tioning Refrig.), 10(2):56-64, Jan. 15, 1970. 3 refs.
The methods of atmospheric pollutant measurement are di-
vided into two groups: one dealing with the environmental
density of pollutants and the other at the sources with the flue
gas or automotive exhausts. For the latter, a number of
Japanese Industrial Standards has recently been established.
For the measurement of falling dusts, a deposit gauge and a
dust jar are used. For the suspended dusts or fumes, three
kinds of samplers, tape, high-volume, or Andersen samplers,
are described. Sulfur oxides in the air are monitored by lead
dioxide, rosaniline or electro-conductivity methods. Electro-
conductivity is not affected by NO2 existing witn SO2, but is
considerably dependent on Cl, HQ, or NH3. The rosaniline
method, on the other hand, is affected by NO2, which can be
counteracted by sodium azide of sulfamine acid. Nitrogen ox-
ides, NO2 or NO, are monitored by Saltzman, phenol disul-
fonic acid, or an automatic continuous method utilizing
colorimetry. The automatic recorders can be calibrated by a
permeation tube. An example employing DuPont's fluorinated
ethylene propylene resin is described. For the measurement of
odor in the atmosphere, the ASTM method, a dilution method,
is recommended. Definitions of an odor unit, concentration,
and emission rate are given, together with a method of calcu-
lating odor concentration and odor threshold. For the details
of the measurement the reader is referred to the references.
23755
Frey, Allan H.
ELECTRO-OLFACTOGRAM TECHNIQUE AND IN-
TERPRETATION. Randomline, Inc. Willow Grove, Pa., ONR
Contract N0014-69-C-0181, 16p., Nov. 1969. 9 refs. CFSTI,
DDC: AD 705520
Experiments bearing on the controversy regarding the in-
terpretation of the electro-olfactogram are reported, in which
frog olfactory receptor tissue was examined microscopically
after exposure in an experimental chamber to either odorized
or ambient air. The technique incorporated new controls, in-
volving laminar airflow conditions and care in identifying and
patterning the electrostatic environment that earlier work had
indicated to be necessary in EOG studies. Three different pat-
terns of EOG could be obtained from the same preparation as
a function of the controls used. The classic negative voltage
response was obtained when the olfactory receptor tissue was
exposed to the classic high velocity puff of odorized air
without the new controls. A slowly developing negativ voltage
response to odorized air was obtained when the tissue was ex-
posed to low velocity but not laminar flowing odorized air. In
contrast, a biphasic wave with a large initial positive com-
ponent was obtained when laminar flowing air was used and
the electrostatic environment was controlled. Placement of the
electrode in non-olfactory tissue as a control indicates that the
latter effect is not electrochemical. Thus it appears that much
of the controversy in the olfactory literature may result in part
from the use of a classic though unreliable stimulated
technique as well as from possible confounding of several ef-
fects in the past literature. (Author abstract modified)
24071
Barynin, Jan
MEASURING ODOUR POLLUTION. New Scientist,
48(723):116-119, Oct. 15, 1970.
The prospects are considered of introducing scientific stan-
dards for assessing odor pollution as an aid towards legislation
on odor abatement. In much previous work on odors, human
beings were subjected to different concentrations of odorous
materials under artificial conditions in laboratories. However,
the present experiments were conducted out-of-doors with a
photomultiplier tube, and observer responses were compared
with the detector curves. A typical experiment which is illus-
trated suggest that the nose and the detector have similar sen-
sitivities and that the olfactory threshold for methylmercaptan
-------
152
ODORS
is a few micrograms/cu m. What the records did not indicate
was the variety of other sensations experienced.
24429
Skinner, C. F.
ODOR CONTROL. Nat. Eng., 74(7):12-14, July 1970.
(Presented at the National Association of Power Engineers,
Pollution Control Conference, 2nd Annual, Chicago, HI., Nov.
12, 1969.)
An odor unit is defined as the quantity of any odor or mixture
of odors which, when dispersed in one cu ft of Oder-free air,
produces a median threshold odor detection response. A dilu-
tion method has been developed that uses the human nose to
measure odor concentration. It consists, in essence, of succes-
sively diluting a gas sample with odor-free air until a threshold
dilution is reached; that is, at further dilution no odor is de-
tectable by the human nose. Odor concentration is determined
by plotting dilution response on log-probability coordinates.
The choice of panel members should be limited to those with
the most generally reliable olfactory perception, and the odor
evaluation room should be designed to minimize the possibility
of extraneous odors in the vicinity of the panelists. Most or-
ganic materials and inorganic combustibles such as ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, and cyanide gases can be effectively
destroyed by incineration methods. Basic design requirements
for incinerators are the same for both the catalytic and thermal
methods. Systems must provide thorough mixing of the com-
bustibles with air, enough heat input to raise the temperature
of the gas stream to the required level for oxidation, even tem-
perature and flow distribution, and sufficient dwell time to ac-
complish the degree of oxidation required. In a catalytic
system, dwell time is the time the gases spend in the catalyst
bed, while in a thermal incinerator, dwell time is a function of
the size of the holding chamber, which is determined on the
basis of exhaust flow rate. Catalytic systems and thermal in- •
cineration are discussed in more detail.
24814
Okita, Toshiichi
CHEMISTRY OF SMELL. (Nioi no kagaku). Text in
Japanese. Eisei Kagaku (J. Hyg. Chem.), 16(5):235-240, Oct.
31, 1970. 5refs.
Various theories on the mechanism of sense of smell are
described, but there is no definite experimental method of
confirmation yet established, which calls for a more biological
explanation. Analyses by the use of instruments, started only
recently, and was made possible with the development of gas
chromatography. Threshold values and odor descriptions for
some 50 chemicals are listed. Various methods of trapping a
gas were investigated. Organic solvents such as alcohol,
acetone, or ethylbenzene, are cooled with a dry ice-acetone
refrigerant, trapping the gas with a 1 liter/min flow and in-
troducing a part of it for gas chromatography. In a second
glass method glass beads fill a U-tube which cooled with
liquefied oxygen; the gas is introduced at the rate of 0.3 1/min.
After the gas is trapped, the tube is fixed in the gas sampling
equipment for gas chromatography. In a third method,
trapping the gas with a filter, such reagents as mercury salt for
mercaptan and sulfide and sulfuric acid for amines, etc., are
coated on the filter. Odorous gases are trapped on the filter,
the gas is separated and condensed, and either the first or
second method is adopted for measurement. Infrared absorp-
tion spectra were used to identify mercaptans, sulfides, am-
monia, and methane from the gas emanating from feces were
identified.
25054
First, Melvin W.
A MODEL ODOR CONTROL ORDINANCE. Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 18p.,
1970. 12 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air Con-
gress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper AD-
36B.)
The ability of the human nose to make odor measurements for
which no instrument has yet been devised has retarded the
development of objective methods for evaluating odor
nuisances and the formulation of control ordinances and regu-
lations that eliminate purely subjective judgments by control
officials. A method of quantitatively evaluating and regulating
odors in the atmosphere which takes into account objective
measurements of odor intensity and quality, frequency and du-
ration of exposure, and recognizes the greater annoyance as-
sociated with odors which occur at times other than the usual
business hours is outlined and formulated into a model or-
dinance for the regulation of odor nuisances when caused by
odor concentrations below the threshold of instrumental analy-
sis or by ill-defined odor mixtures for which existing analytical
methods are inadequate. The current trend in the United
States of formulating odor control ordinances based on some
number or percentage of complaining neighbors is critically ex-
amined as a method of odor control and rejected in favor of
relying on properly trained professional air pollution control
officials to make the necessary judgments for effective com-
munity odor control. (Author abstract)
25065
Cleary, Graham J.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS IN THE EVALUATION AND
CONTROL OF ODORS. Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, 18p., 1970. 33 refs.
(Presented at the Internationa Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., 1970, Paper EN-34C.)
Variations in odor threshold values are caused mainly by sub-
jective factors and methodology but purity of the odorivector
and humidity are also important. Another factor is the nature
of the relationship between stimulus and response wherein a
given change in the concentration of the stimulus results in a
much smaller change in the response. Because of the mul-
tiplicity of factors involved, a comparatively large and diver-
sified population should be used to determine community
threshold values. The settin of these standards would be based
on a statistical analysis of the threshold data. Much more work
remains to be done on the frequency-objectionability relation-
ship and particularly on the interaction between time of expo-
sure, concentration, and frequency of exposure of odors. Of
the various collection methods, low temperature condensation
has two distinct advantages, namely that the concentrated
odorous material is immediately available for analysis and that
the odorant is preserved without chemical reaction. Short term
storage of many organic substances can be effected in plastic
bags but two-film bags have been advocated, the inner film
being impermeable to the gases of interest and the outer film
to moisture. Factors affecting thermal and catalytic com-
bustion, adsorption, absorption, oxidation by liquids and
gases, surface condensation, process change, and physical
containment of industrial odors are discussed. Thermal after-
burning is the surest method of eliminating an odor problem
and a temperature of 800 C of 0.3 seconds has been found
satisfactory. The extent of odor travel from industrial sources
in some instances is very much at variance with predictions
based on Sutton's diffusion formula. The main reasons for this
variation are thought to be the travel of large eddies) of low
frequency and the difference between the fleeting concentra-
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
153
tion of an odor which for more experimental work on the ex-
tent of odor travel, on special nocturnal effects, and on diffu-
sion of odors during atmospheric stratification is stressed. Dif-
ficulties in setting sufficient emission standards to cover the
multitude of possible odor emissions might be overcome by
preparing a wide range of acceptable ambient air standards
and incorporating 'presumptive' emission standards whie still
insisting that the best practicable means of control is to be em-
ployed. (Author abstract modified)
25466
Lindvall, Thomas
SWEDISH EXPERIENCES ON SENSORY EVALUATION OF
ODOROUS AIR POLLUTANT INTENSITIES. Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 34p.,
1970. 15 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air Con-
gress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper SU-
18A.)
A primary concern in the investigation of the environmental
hygienic annoyance effects of odorous air pollutants is to
establish a relationship between the dose to which the popula-
tion is exposed and the degree of annoyance experienced. A
method for sensory analysis of odor intensities of air pollu-
tants was developed, primarily as a base for a valid dose-
description. Field studies were conducted using mobile odor
laboratories providing standarized experimental environments
independent of the location of the laboratories and the
presence of odors in the vicinity. Sensory source intensity
analysis at a sulfate pulp factory combined with meteorologi-
cal calculations were used to predict the frequency with which
odor would be discernible in the ambient air at various
distances from the source. Reports made under controlled con-
ditions by special observers display a strikingly high degree of
correlation with the predictions of odor frequency in the ob-
servation area up to at least 5 km from the source. Such pre-
dictions have been used to estimate the consequences from an
environmental hygienic standpoint of a planned pulp mill in a
resort area in Sweden. Determinations of absolute odor
thresholds were conducted at various process stages in the
sulfate pulp and rock wool industries. Effects of various coun-
termeasures have been studied and an effort has been made to
correlate the chemical composition of the sulfate exhausts
with their odor intensity measured by absolute odor threshold
methods. The sensory method of analysis developed has dis-
played great applicability also for studies of exhausts from
motor vehicles, combustion units, and in the handling of
animal wastes. (Author abstract)
26096
Appell, Louis
ODOR INTENSITY. Am. Perfumer Cosmet., vol. 79:43-48,
Feb. 1964. 7 refs.
A method is given for computing odor intensity with and
without the use of standard solutions. It is based on principles
that have been applied in the measurement of visual brightness
and loudness of sound. Specifically, it takes the principle that
the intensity of the sensation is proportional to the logarithm
of the stimulus as the basis for the classification of odor inten-
sity. Preliminary results are given for the application of the
method to some aromatics and mixtures. In addition, equations
are derived for estimating odor threshold values.
26309
Yoshida, Masaaki
STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF OLFACTION (3).
QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF ODOURS. (Kyukaku
ni kansuru gakusetsu (3). Te in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu
(Odor Research J. Japan), l(3):l-9, Oct. 1970. 2 refs.
Past and present studies in the psychology of olfaction are
presented. System of classifying odors were developed by
Aristotle by specialists in the aromatics industry, by physiolo-
gists and psychologists, and, later, by food scientists. In 1946,
Hsu applie multi-variable analysis to the result of a classifica-
tion made by a panel. Yoshida applied the multiple dimension
measurement method devised by Torgerson (1951) to the
judgment made by a panel as to the similarity representative
between 10-25 odors. Yoshida's study is objective, as is Hsu's,
but it is difficult to name each factor. There is little consisten-
cy in the judgments made by laymen, while professionals in
the aromatic industry have very high consistency among them-
selves (over 0.8), which indicates that the latter have
established their own standards for classification, and also,
developed a terminology for their guidance. The correlation
betwee the direct approach, Crocker's classification, and the
semantic differential method proves that each approach is reli-
able to a satisfactory extent. Similar multi-dimensional ap-
proaches were used by Engen, who applied Ekman's method,
and Waskow, who had a panel judge the degree of similarity
between stimulus i and stimulu j with 1-9 marks. By giving ap-
propriate values to 1-9, the average was sought; this was made
the 'distance', and the similarity of 25 odors was expressed
qualitatively. The characteristics of the multi-dimensional ap-
proach is that by juding the degree of similarity or difference,
without making the panel designate the degree of pleasantness,
sweetness, etc., several basis for overall judgment on similari-
ty or difference can be derived without the need of language.
26547
Okita, T.
MEASUREMENT OF AMINES, MERCAPTANS, AND OR-
GANIC SULFIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE BY THE FILTER
PAPER METHOD. (Roshiho o mochiita taikichu no amin,
merukaputan, yuki sarufaido no sokutei). Text in Japanese.
Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(12):703-708, Dec. 1969.
9 refs.
A filter paper method was devised in order to collect,
separate, and concentrate the malodorous gases in the at-
mosphere and to later pass them through a gas-chromatograph
for analysis. A hydrogen flame ionization detector was also
used. For the separation of methyl mercaptans and dimethly
sulfides, TCP was used. Mono-, di-, and trimethyl amines
were separated by diglycerol, tetraethylene pentamine, and
caustic soda. Collection was accomplished by refrigerated or-
ganic solvents such as ethylbenzene, acetone, and methanol
and water. The gas collection rate was over 90%. Glass fiber
filters were impregnated with 3% Hg(CN)2 and 20% H2SO4 in
order to recover gases; the recovery rate was 100%. In a sil-
ica-ge desicator with the filter protected from light exposure
there was no loss, even three days after gas collection. When
gas was captured by powder surfaces such as glass bead sur-
faces cooled by liquid oxygen, the retention efficiency was
about 100% for the captured gas volume less than 100 microg.
A filter gas sampler was constructed for sampling in the vicini-
ty of various factories; for malodorous gases over 1 ppb, only
a few minutes was necessary, although there was a possibility
of contamination by olefin gases.
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154
ODORS
26837
Okuno, Toshihide, Masahiko Tsuji, and Tadashi Yamamoto
ODOR THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS OF AMINE COM-
POUNDS BY OLFACTO-TESTER. (Orufakutotesta ni yoru
amin kagobutsu no kyukaku genkal nodo no sokutei). Text in
Japanese. Hyogo-Ken Else! Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Rept.
Environ. Sci. Inst. Hyogo Prefect.), no. 1:9-15, May 1970. 17
rets.
A unique olfacto-tester has been applied to aliphatic amines
for th measurement of their threshold concentrations. The ves-
sel is connected to a vacuum pump to remove substances ab-
sorbed from previous tests, a problem found with most ap-
paratus used until now. Odorous substances which are injected
into the vessel diffuse rapidly into the vacuum space and are
diluted by air. Physiologically identifiable minimum concentra-
tions in ppm of amine absorbed are as follows: primary amines
(carbon 1 to carbon 4), 0.8 to 2.2 ppm; secondary amines (C2-
C8), 0.1 to 0.5 ppm; tertiary amines (C3-C12), 0.05 to 0.4 ppm.
As the carbon number of the amines increases, the threshold
concentration decreases.
26966
Kaiser, Elmer R.
ODOR AND ITS MEASUREMENT. In: Air Pollution. Arthur
C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 1, New York, Academic Press, 1962,
Chapt. 15, p. 509-527. 21 refs.
Part of the air pollution problem of all sizable communities is
the presence of gases and vapors in the atmosphere that of-
fend the sens of smell. The amazing sensitivity of olfactory
reception is apparent from the fact that a sniff of 50 cc of air
containing only 2 times 10 to the minus 9th power mg of mer-
captan serves as an adequate odor stimulus. The first require-
ment for odor measurement is a definable and reliable yard-
stick. An individual perception threshold and a population per-
ception threshold are discussed. A group of three, five, or
more trained observers, each with at least an average keenness
of smell, and who will follow prescribed rules, can make valu-
able odor determinations. The organoleptic panel technique is
described, as well as the sampling of odorized air or gas. The
most satisfactory determination of odor concentration is by
dilution of a sample with odor-free air until the perception
threshold is reached. A simple procedure of the American
Society for Testing Materials is outlined. An odor evaluation
apparatus has been devised by Nader, which utilizes the per-
ception principle with continuously proportioned streams of
odorous air and odor-free air. Factors affecting odor percep-
tion include concentration of th odorant in air, odor fatigue or
adaptation, humidity, and temperature. Odor sources most
frequently reported to air pollutio control agencies are
presented tabularly, as well as the minimum concentration for
positive perception of a large number of compound Odor
masking and counteraction are discussed, including the cost of
odor treatment.
27121
Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE ODOR COM-
PONENTS IN DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST. (FINAL RE-
PORT). HEW Contract CPA-22-69-63, CRC Proj. CAPE-7-
68(1-69), C-71407 and C-71475, 112p., June 1970. 4 refs. NTIS:
PB 194144
In the second and final year of this research program, a two-
stage gas chromatographic method for resolution of diesel
odor fractions was refined, using an efficient GC fraction
trapping method and applying it successfully to the oily-
kerosene odor fraction obtaine from the first-stage, liquid-
column chromatography separation. The odors of the in-
dividually resolved compounds were characterized and their
structure determined by high resolution mass spectrometry.
The chemical classes associated with the oil-kerosene portion
of diesel exhaust odor are alkyl benzenes, indans/tetralins, and
indenes; alkyl naphthalenes may also contribute synergisti-
cally, while unbumed fuel apparently contributes heavily.
Some limited success was achieved in applying modifications
of the GC/LCC techniques to the smoky-burnt odor fraction,
and several individual odor species were identified, but
detailed odor and chemical structure assignments for this odor
fraction await the application of the two-stage GC approach
for the study of resolved single species. Recommendations for
future research are made. (Author summary modified)
27248
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Paris (France), Air Management Research Group
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS IN MEASUREMENT AND MONI-
TORING. Rept. EX.40131, 61p., Feb. 10, 1970. 89 refs.
Factors influencing the research policy on the measurement
and monitoring of air pollution include recognition of the inter-
nal combustion engine as a major source, routine monitoring
of specific industrial pollutants, potentially hazardous occupa-
tional conditions, atmospheric tracing and fluctuating levels,
and recent developments in technology. Emerging administra-
tive requirements of measurement are discussed, as well as
priorities in research. Continuous monitoring networks are
described, and predictive models are considered. Sampling and
analytical techniques for asbestos, carbon monoxide,
fluorides, heavy metals, fuel additives, organic compounds,
nitrogen oxides, oxidants and ozone, sulfur compounds, odors,
and pesticides are presented, including spectrometry,
fluorescence, polarography, chromatography, Saltzman
method, iodimetric methods, photometric methods, and others.
Current research on the measurement of particulates below 10
micron is described. Emission inventories are described, and
the principal areas of deficiency in technical capabilities are
disclosed.
27355
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
ODOR POLLUTION IN THE CHEMICAL PLANT AND ITS
MEASUREMENT METHOD. (Kagaku kojo ni okeru akushu-
kogai to snon sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Anzen Kogaku (J.
Japan Soc. Safety Eng.), 9(l):20-28, Feb. 1970. 19 refs.
Sources of odor pollution include petroleum refinery,
petrochemical and kraft pulping industries. Direct con-
sequences of odor pollution depend on the pollutant.
Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are1 malodorous and
chlorine, acrolein, and ammonia are stimulants. The former in-
duce headaches and sick feelings, while the latter attack eyes
and throat. Indirect damages are deterioration of property,
soiling, and loss of business. The damages extend to an
average of 100-200 m downwind from the source, and in some
cases extend as far as 4 km or even 7 km. The definition of
malodorous gases is difficult, because they cannot be
categorized by the industries or processes, or by harms done
on the human body. Here the definition bad odor is 'odor that
disgusts people' and malodorous substance is gaseous sub-
stance, sometimes containing mists and particulates, that in-
duce disgust through olfaction. In Japan odorimetry involves
odorless chamber, syringe, or Kinoshita-type (salt solution
equilibrium) methods. There is also gas-chromatographyi such
as low-temperature adsorption, vacuum bottle, or solid reactor
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
155
tube methods. Methods in the U. S. include dilution by air,
chemical analysis, and mechanical analysis methods. The con-
tinuous (dynamic) method falls into the category of air-dilution
and uses an olfactometer or scentometer together with an odor
panel. The odor panel must possess the following qualities:
discrimination ability, pertinence, stability, and ability to ex-
press.
27475
Baba, Yoshio
ANALYSIS OF ODOR COMPONENT: GAS CHROMATO-
GRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS BY
THE FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR. (Shuki seibun
no bunseki: senko kodogata kenshutsuki tsuki gasukuro-
matografu ni yoru biryo iou kagbutsu butsu no bunseki). Text
in Japanese. Kogai (Pollution Control), 5(4):204-215, July 1970.
13 refs.
A concentration process is described for preparing odorous
sulfur compounds for gas chromatographic analysis by a flame
photometric detector (FPD). Concentration is based on extrac-
tion by air, absorption by powdered celite, and subsequent
cooling with dry ice-ethanol. A small amount of the absorbed
sample is then placed in front of the separation column and
the odor component desorbed by nitrogen carrier gas and de-
tected by the FPD. This method was successfully used to
determine hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and sulfides in such
practically odorless substances as wood, hop, beer, and
refinery waste water. Selective elimination of mercaptans in a
mixture of sulfur compounds was studied to obtain a simple
group analysis of sulfur compounds on the gas chromatogram.
Solid absorbers were prepared by sintering aqueous solutions
of metals salts on powdered celite. Mercaptans in the sulfur
compounds could be removed selectively with cadmium
chloride and sodium carbonate, but silver nitrate and mercuric
sulfate exhibited no selectivity. The relative retention values
of 19 sulfur compounds were also determined. (Author ab-
stract modified)
27685
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
MEASUREMENT OF RANK ODOR. (Akushu kogai no soku-
tei to sono boshiho). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan), 2(2):35-
47, Feb. 1971.
A quantitative indicator of rank odor is very much needed.
The low concentration and multicomponent mixture of rank
odors is the object of odor pollution control. Nitrogen or sul-
fur compounds and several kinds of organic compounds are
the main substances causing bad smells. A dedorization effect
is generally expected for a removal efficiency of more than
99.9-99.99%. The wide range of distribution of threshold values
of rank odors also impedes rank odor control. Gas chromatog-
raphy is widely used for determining rank odor. Condensation
of sampled gas is the feature of this method, which has good
reproducibility and separate power. Direct condensation is
desired for this method, as sampled gas contains a compara-
tively large amount of water or carbonic acid gas. Adsorption
on the surface of a packed agent makes possible the collection
of a comparatively complete amount of odor particles or
molecules. In comparison to all other gas chromatographic
methods, the glass beads method is best in respect to prepara-
tion, handling, preservation, easy sampling, and commonness
of samples. This method has been applied to hydrogen sulfide,
sulfides, mercaptans, ammonia, amines, aldehydes, and
several kinds of fatty acid. Mass spectrography is used as the
method for qualitative analysis, especially for recognition of
substances detected by gas chromatography. A sense test is
adopted for quantitative determinations; to strength of odor
does not necessarily agree with the concentration of odor sub-
stances detected. The air dilution method is the best of all
sense tests, in spite of the adsorption of odor substances, and
the mechanism of dilution. An odorless chamber is widely util-
ized for the method which also is applied to determine
threshold value. The injector method is easy to perform and is
expected to be used widely. The equilibrium method with sodi-
um chloride is based on Henry's law and is also easy to per-
form.
27733
London, Sheldon A., Wilbur M. Sappington, and Barry W.
Widman
EVALUATION OF FIELD INSTRUMENTATION FOR N204
AND MONOMETHYLHYDRAZINE. Aerospace Medical
Research Lab., Wright- Patterson AFB, Ohio, Medical Div.,
Conference on Atmospheric Contamination in Confined
Spaces, 5th Annual, Dayton, Ohio, 1969, p. 341-362. 23 refs.
(Sept. 16-28, Paper 25.) KITS, DDC: AD 709994
The past and present effort to develop monitoring instrumenta-
tion for liquid missile propeUant operations, particularly
systems of monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and nitrogen diox-
ide/nitrogen tetroxide, is considered. Currently available
colorimetric and physico-chemical methods are reviewed, and
a detailed account is given of evaluation studies of a commer-
cially manufactured portable detector, the Olfactron Model
6110, which were conducted to determine its sensitivity and
linearity of response to MMH, to ascertain the validity of
MMH calibration using UDMH, and to determine the per-
formance of a new NO2 transducer. Review of the literature
and results of the present studies indicate little success in
developing the desired instrument; none of the devices tested
fulfilled field requirements for MMH and NO2 monitoring.
Field calibration of the Olfactron with UDMH for MMH de-
tection was not accomplished as designated by the manufac-
turer, and the reproducibility of the estimation of repeated ex-
posures was limited to short term events unacceptable for
operational situations. Emphasis should therefore still be
placed on colorimetric methods of proven reliability. In con-
junction with previously demonstrated sensitivity of olfactory
detection (odor thresholds of less than 0.5 ppm for NO2 and
less than 0.3 ppm for UDMH), colorimetric tubes can provide
useful information until instruments and dosimeters are
developed that have the required reliability.
27791
Ohira, Toshio
PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE COURSE OF RESEARCH
ON OFFENSIVE ODOR, A PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Akushu
kogai kenkyu no genjo oyobi hoko). Tex in Japanese. Tokyo-to
Kogai Kenkyusho-ho (Tokyo Public Nuisance Res. Inst. Bull.),
no. 1-3-2:1-31, March 1970.
Studies of offensive odors undertaken by the Research In-
stitute of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, begun in 1966
are reviewed. The Institute has been concentrating on studying
the offensive odor generated in fish intestines and bone
disposal plants. In 1966, the offensive odor was analyzed by
gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic analysis of the
offensive odor to determine amines was made in a field ex-
periment at fish waste disposal plants. Only ammonia and
trimethyl amine were detected in this analysis, conducted in
1967, perhaps because of improper sampling and pretreatment
of the sample. In 1968, three types of commercially available
deodorizers were tested for deodorization of the fish wastes:
the ozone oxidation type (water washing-ozone addition- ac-
-------
156
ODORS
live carbon adsorption), venturi scrubber type, and the sul-
fonic carbon adsorption type. The results obtained were tabu-
lated by type. An extracted-juice concentrator was also tested
with a view toward recovering and deodorizing the useful con-
tents. The device consisted of a juice storage tank, a separator
(protein, fat, and solids), a high-speed centrifugal separator
(protein separation) and vacuum concentrator (protein concen-
tration). Among the main objectives of the 1970 study were
improvement of sampling method, upgrading of gas chromato-
graphic analysis precision (on low amine compounds and low
sulfides) and comparison of three types of sense tests (non-
odor chamber method, injector method, and Kinoshita
method). Intermediate results of the experiments and tests
were tabulated. Some of the outstanding problems that have to
be solved as soon as possible include standardizing sampling
methods for obtaining odorous test samples, analyzing un-
determined contents contained in an offensive odor by
gas/mass analyzer or through synthesization of odorous sub-
stances unobtainable commercially, and making available more
complete sets of measuring instruments.
27934
Leonardos, Gregory, David A. Kendall, and Elaine R. Rubin
THE ROLE OF BACKGROUND ODOR IN AFFECTING THE
PERCEPTION OF ODORANT CHEMICALS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 33p., 1970. 3 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-23.)
The effect of various background odors that may exist in the
environment on the perception of odorant chemicals has not
been fully evaluated in a systematic manner. The information
presented reports on the effects that various low-intensity
background odors might have on the recognition odor
threshold concentration and the perception of supra-threshold
concentrations of odorant chemicals. Additional data is
developed on the odor character and intensity of selected
odorant chemicals as their concentration is increased above
threshold levels. The odorant chemicals studies included
methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, ethyl acrylate, ethyl mercap-
tan, p-chlorophenol, diphenyl ether, hydrogen sulfide, and
pyridine. The odor properties of these chemicals were evalu-
ated against low- odor intensity backgrounds that included a
minimal odor background as the control, a simple chemical
background (hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide) and complex
backgrounds (gasoline, diesel exhaust or cigarette smoke). The
recognition threshold concentration for methyl isobutyl ketone
ranged from 0.25 ppm (0.1 ppm SO2 background to 6.3 ppm in
a low-level diesel exhaust background. Methyl isobutyl ketone
(concentration range of 0.63 - 2.5 ppm) interacted with diesel
exhaust background to produce a qualitative change in the
odor quality. The recognition threshold concentration of ethyl
mercaptan in a 1.0 ppm SO2 background was 0.025 ppb as
compared to a threshold concentration range of 0.25 - 0.63 ppb
in the other backgrounds studied. The range of thresholds
determined for p- chlorophenol was 0.025 ppb (activated car-
bon-treated air) to 1.0 ppb in diesel exhaust. The similarity of
odor quality (burnt) of diesel exhaust and p-chlorophenol may
explain the higher threshold for p-chlorophenol observed in
diesel exhaust. In certain instances, background odor can have
an effect on the perception of odorant. It appears that the
likelihood of this occurring is enhanced if the odorant and
background have similar odor descriptions or if the
background is complex. It does not appear to be possible to
predict the effect that background odor might have on the per-
ception of specific odorant chemicals. Because of the com-
plexity of the problems of odorant interaction, it is almost im-
possible to draw firm conclusions from the limited data availa-
ble. (Author abstract modified)
28141
Stephens, Edgar R.
IDENTIFICATION OF ODORS FROM CATTLE FEED LOTS.
Calif. Agr., 25(1):10-11, Jan. 1971. 2 refs.
To identify the odorant compounds from typical cattle feedlot
operations and to develop suitable chemical analytical methods
for their determination and measurement, a small-scale project
was conducted at the State-wide Air Pollution Research Center
of th University of California. Several classes of compounds
which were obvious candidates for analysis included the
amines, sulfur compounds, and low molecular weight organic
acids. Trimethylamine, especially, is a powerful odorant very
reminiscent of feedlot areas. Gas chromatography with both
flame ionization and electron capture detectors was the first
method of analysis chosen for odorous materials. Paper chro-
matography was also investigated, as were various spectromet-
ric techniques and flame photometry. The low molecular
amines were suggested to be the most important odorous com-
pounds in feedlot air. Odor threshold values of some strong
odorants are presented tabularly.
28393
Lang, Oskar and Thorkill zur Muehlen
AIR POLLUTION BY ORGANIC ACIDS AND ESTERS AND
THEIR ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION. (Luftverun-
reinigung durch organische Saeuren und Ester und deren
analytischer Nachweis). Text in German. Zbl. Arbeitsmed., no.
2:39-45, Feb. 1971. 25 refs.
Odor emissions are frequently traced to organic acids and their
esters, concentration of which can be photometrically deter-
mined with the hydroxamic acid reaction. An impinger
(volume 100 ml) with 50 ml saturated barium hydroxide solu-
tion is used for sampling Sampling speed is 1.8 to 2.0 cu m/hr.
The pollutant to be measured is absorbed on a 10-cm layer of
silica gel. The silica gel is then extracted for 30 min with 15 ml
ether. For analysis, 10 ml ether solution is mixed with 2 ml
diazomethane solution and the mixture heated to the boiling
point. After cooling, 3 ml hydroxylamine solution is added and
the mixture heated again for 10 min. The extinction is mea-
sured and compared with a control solution. The method was
used to measure ricinolic acid in the waste gas of a lacquer
drying oven; a concentration of 0.6 mg/cu m was measured.
The method was also used for measuring methylcyclohex-
ylacetate and for measurements at an acetylation plant.
28787
Katoh, Tatsuo, Tomohiko Ishiguro, Chikako Kakuda, Seiji
Takahasi, and Takeshi Murata
TOTAL ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTANTS NO.22: GC-MASS
ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL ODOR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen
no zenbunseki. Dai-22-ho, GC-MASS ni yoru daihyoteki
akushu no bunseki). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):91, 1970. (Proceedings of the
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, lith, 1970.)
Analyses of odors were attempted to gain further knowledge
of gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy (GC-MASS) and
to improve its efficiency and capabilities. The sample odor
liberated into the atmosphere was collected in a vacuum bottle
with a Teflon cock. The sample was then released by a
vacuum pump in the heated state, and led through liquid ox-
ygen to be cooled and removed to its gas-chromatography test
tube. Part of the sample was analyzed by the hydrogen flame
ionization method. The GC-MASS used was Shimadzu LKB
9000. For gas chromatography, helium was used as carrier gas.
The sensitivity was as high as that obtained by high-sensitjvity
gas chromatography. Due to the rise of base at high tempera-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
157
ture, however, the applicable temperature range was narrower.
In addition, the presence of even simple components such as
water or hydrogen sulfide can interfere with mass analysis.
29243
Prochazka, Vladimir and Jaromir Base
METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE RESULTS OF MEA-
SURING THE INTENSITY OF THE ODOR OF HEATING
GASES. (Vyhodnocovani mereni intenzity zapachu topnych
plynu). Text in Czech. Plyn (Prague), 51(3): 70-72, 1971. 6 refs.
Attempts were made to provide an objective method of deter-
mining the intensity of odors by measuring the content of
odorants, such as sulfur compounds in the air. However, this
was found to be unreliable since there are cases where the
simultaneous presence of certain substances which individually
would cause an odor, results in an interference and a reduc-
tion in the intensity of the odor. A synergism of odors can also
occur. For instance, organic sulfides have a milder odor than
mercaptans, but if the two are mixed they produce an intensity
of odor which is greater than the average odor intensity of the
two components. As a result of these observations it was con-
cluded that even the most perfect analytical control of the
deodorant content in a gas cannot replace or eliminate the con-
trol by smell. For the intensity of odors registered by smell, a
classification was adopted in which class 0.5 signifies a condi-
tion where the presence of an odor is just noticeable, class
one means a weak smell, class two a warning smell, and class
three a very strong smell. The sensitivity of the human olfac-
tory organ varies among individual persons, therefore, the
average classifications obtained from a number of persons re-
lated with the odorant content established by gas analysis.
Class two can in some cases be equated with a condition
which signifies a danger of poisonous effects or of explosive-
29269
Laffort, Paul
BIVALENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OLFACTORY
THRESHOLDS OF 50 PURE SUBSTANCES AND SOME OF
THEIR MOLECULAR PROPERTIES. (Relation biunivoque
entre les seuils olfactifs de cinquante corps purs et certaines
de leurs proprietes moleculaires). Text in French. Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 162(2): 1704-1712, July-Dec. 1968. 12
refs.
A mathematical formula is derived from a study of 50 sub-
stances, mostly organic, which permits the calculation of the
olfactory threshold in man from certain physicochemical data.
The important parameters in the equation are the apolarity (A)
derived from the molecular volume, the hydrogen bond index
(H), and the volumetric polarizability of the octet. The group
of 50 substances examined includes aliphatic hydrocarbons,
common alcohols, some esters of ethyl alchol, common or-
ganic acids, ammonia, bromine, carbon disulfide, and
hydrogen sulfide.
29337
Oka, Minoru
METHODS AND PROBLEMS OF MEASURING DIESEL
EMISSIONS. (Haikigasu seibun no sokutei to sono mon-
daiten). Text in Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (J. Soc. Automot.
Engrs. Japan), 25(3):276-282, March 1971. 5 refs.
Measurement methods of three types of diesel emissions -
gaseous pollutants smoke, and odor - methods are described.
For the measurement of such gaseous pollutants as carbon
monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrocarbons methods include gas
chromatography, PDS (phenol desulfonic acid method), the
Saltzman method, non-dispersive infrared, non-dispersive ul-
traviolet, and flame-ionization anaysis, and gas-liquid chro-
matography. The most difficult emissions to measure is HC, in
that a sampled diesel exhaust gas has to be cooled rapidly in
order to avoid the HC from being oxidized with the excess ox-
ygen present; it is also necessary to keep the sampled gas at a
higher temperature to avoid condensation of HC. Gas - liquid
chromatography is designed for the HC measurement. Filter
paper and transmission techniques to measure smoke are
discussed. In the filter paper method, soot or carbon particu-
lates in the exhaust smoke are filtered and the blackened filter
paper is then compared visually with a smoke chart to deter-
mine the soot density. The transmission method involves a
photoelectric device which measures the density according to
the smokes light transmissivity. Measuring devices for odors
are still in development stage. At present, odor is evaluated by
the human sense of smell.
29508
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
A FINDING CONCERNING A BASIC INVESTIGATION
METHOD ON ODOR POLLUTION SEEN FROM ACTUAL
EXPERIENCE. REPORT NO. 2 ON THE STUDIES OF OB-
NOXIOUS ODOR. (Genbateki keiken kara mita akushu kogai
kihon chosaho ni kansuru ichi kosatsu. Shuki no kenkyu dai 2
ho). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Chemical Society,
Tokyo, lp., 1971. (Presented at the Japan Chemical Society,
Annual Meeting, 24th, Tokyo, March 1971, Paper 3340.)
Human perception of obnoxious odors is a composite
phenomenon, caused by certain chemicals in a certain com-
bination and concentration. A survey method for obnoxious
odors is presented. The first step is a statistical classification
of smell characteristics. The second stage is to confirm the
odor-causing substance by chemical and instrumental analyses.
In the third stage a similar mixture is made by using known
substances. The type and intensity of each odor should be the
same as the one expressed in the first stage. Examples of raw
materials for the synthesis of various kinds of amino acids are
noted and a gas chromatograph of an obnoxious odor from an
amino acid synthesis plant is included.
29726
Baba, Yoshio
ON MEASUREMENT OF ODOR. (Shuki no sokuteiho ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai (Hakua Shobo) Pollution Con-
trol, 6(l):50-56, Jan. 1971.
In a bill to control obnoxious odors, methylamine sulfide,
methyl mercaptan and ammonia and industries such as the
livestock farms, food processing, garbage treatment, and pulp
manufacturing are the objects for possible control. However,
although the refinery and pulp mill both emit obnoxious odors
of a sulfur origin, the odor from the steaming pot of the kraft
pulp mill is mostly methylmercaptan; from refinery, dozens of
sulfur compounds are emitted, not just methylmercaptan. If
the concentration of methylmercaptan alone is to be the mea-
sured, because the concentration of methylmercaptan from
refinery is so small, the kraft pulp mill would be placed at a
disadvantage. In all fairness the total amount of sulfur should
be added. Based on the ASTM, the sensory test is used for the
measurement of odors. In Japan, the air dilution method
(olefactometer method), the pressure ratio method, salt
balance method, and odorless chamber method are used. The
balance method is simple to handle and is the most widely
used. The weakness of the sensory method is that it cannot be
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158
ODORS
used for continuous measurement of air pollutants. In using in-
strumental measurements, there is a problem of detecting
small amounts of odor constituents and relating the intensity
of the odor suffered by the people to the components of the
odor. Man can detect 0.1-0.005 ppm of hydrogen sulfide and
0.01-0.0001 ppm methylmercaptan, which is difficult to mea-
sure with instruments. However, there are gas chromatographs
which are very sensitive, measuring 10 to the minus ninth g.
Selective use of the gas chromatograph with an adequate
trapping method must be made. A method for the extraction of
odor components is also described.
29843
Sakata, Ei
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ITS MEASURE-
MENTS CO). (Kogai- kankyo osen to seno sokutei (II). Text in
Japanese. Shin Kinzoku Shiryo (J. Japan Soc. Newer Metals),
no. 182:57-62, March 1971.
Measurement equipment is classified into the following
groups: continuous autoanalyzers which are located at con-
taminated spots and are generally used for the measurement of
one species; {instruments which are placed in a laboratory
because of the difficulty of complete automation and which
have diverse uses, are versatile and apparatus used for the
research on pollution control techniques. The principles,
mechanisms, applications, and advantages are given for an in-
frared gas analyzer used for the measurement of carbon
monoxide and sulfur dioxide; a visible-ultraviolet gas analyzer
for nitrogen dioxide and chlorine; a conductometric analyzer
for sulfur oxides; an autoanalyzer by absorptiometry for
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and oxidant; an automatic
electrochemical analyzer for nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide,
oxidant, hydrogen sulfide, and chlorine; a hydrogen flame
ionization detector in a gas chromatograph for hydrocarbons,
and a dust monitor. Emission spectrometry for the qualitative
and quantitative analysis of metals, atomic absorption spec-
trometry for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of
metals, atomic absorption spectrometry for the routine mea-
surement of small numbers of metals, visible-ultraviolet spec-
trophotometry, fluoro-spectrophotometry, and gas chromatog-
raphy for mixed samples applied to odor analysis, and mass
spectrometry are also discussed.
29858
Mueller, Peter K., Evaldo L. Kothny, Louis B. Pierce,
Theodore Belsky, Miles Imada, and Hezekiah Moore
AIR POLLUTION. Anal. Chem., 43(5):1R-15R, April 1971.
557 refs.
A literature review is presented of analytical activities con-
cerning air pollution in the years 1969 and 1970. Sampling and
physical properties, inorganic composition, and organic com-
position are discussed for suspended paniculate matter. Deter-
mination methods are considered for inorganic and organic
gases, as well as automated analyses; the effort is devoted
mainly to sulfur and to carbon compounds. The analytical
chemistry for measuring odorous pollutants does not yet pro-
vide the sensitivity of the organoleptic measurements, espe-
cially for short-term sampling. Methods of measuring
biospecimens are also indicated.
29891
Karolinska Inst., Stockholm (Sweden), Dept. of Environmental
Hygiene
METHODS FOR MEASURING AND EVALUATING
ODOROUS ADJ POLLUTANTS AT THE SOURCE AND IN
THE AMBD2NT ADX 77p., 1970. 114 refs. (Discussions of
Working Papers presented at the Third Karolinska Institute
Symposium on Environmental Health, Methods for Measuring
and Evaluating Odorous Air Pollutants at the Source and in
the Ambient Air, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1-5, 1970.) Also:
Nord. Hyg. Tidsk., 51(2), 1970.
Odor problems are associated with a variety of sources such
as industrial installations, farm yards, and urban areas with
heavy traffic. The procedure in studying environmental
nuisance is ultimately based on an effort to find the relation-
ship between the dose to which the public is exposed and the
annoyance reaction displayed. A detection methodology is
detailed for the following aims: to study the relative im-
portance of various odoriferous processes in regard to the ulti-
mate odor intensity of the emission; to study the effectiveness
of various odor control systems; to measure source intensity
by determining odorant levels in discharges; to forecast odor
distribution and intensity at various distances from a source;
and to investigate the feasibility of predicting odor intensity
from the chemical and physical characteristics of the
discharge. The effects on humans are also discussed. Conclu-
sions and recommendations for future research on physico-
chemical methods, sensory methods, and responses to odor
exposure are made.
29929
Yoshida, MasaaM
STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF OLFACTION. (4).
QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF ODORS. (Kyukaku no
riron. (4)). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor
Research J. Japan), l(4):l-8, March 1971. 5 refs.
Studies on olfaction psychology are reviewed. Osgood s se-
mantic differential method has been applied to the area of the
senses which are difficult to express in words. In Japan, stu-
' dies were made on the harmonious degree of colors, the quali-
ty of sound, and the touch of textiles. Studies on olfactory
sense were made by Wright and Michels (1964), Schutz (1964),
Harper-Land-Bate-Smith (1968), and Yoshida with differences
in the methods used. Yoshida reported the principle of the
classification of odors. Harper (1968) selected representative
odorous substances that included representative chemical
structures. They contain low, medium, and high ceilings and
low, medium, and high degrees of pleasantness. The level of
concentration used in experiments is harmless and does not
change its nature for 4 weeks, even though exposed to air
from time to time. Schutz seeks a correlation between the
profiles of stimulant matter used as the sample by using 27
kinds plus liking and intensity. The method used by Wright
and Michels examines the relationship between the infrared
spectrogram and the characteristics of smells. Using nine stan-
dard substances, the panel members remembered them and
evaluated the similarity of 50 substances by six steps. The
credibility on similarity is very high. Since the vocabulary of
many people is poor monitors with only a little knowledge and
experience have less difficulty with the Schutz or Wright and
Michels methods.
30014
Leithe, Wolfgang
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF LOW CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTANTS. (Zur
Bestimmung und Bewertung niedriger Konzentrationen indus-
trieller Luftverunreinigungen). Text in German. Chemiked Z.
(Heidelberg), 95(10):452-455, 1971. 17 refs.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
159
Common methods for the determination of small concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide, fluorides, oxides of nitrogen, and
odorous substances are discussed. For SO2 the highly selec-
tive and sensitive West and Gaeke colorimetric method, em-
ploying rosaniline, is used. Fluorides are also determined by
colorimetry, using alicarine-complexone and lanthane nitrate.
Recently, fluoride-selective electrodes have also been used.
For the analysis of NO2 and NO, sensitive methods are availa-
ble which uses azo dyes. More recently the so-called Saltz-
man-reagent, N-(l-naphthyl)-ethylene diamine and sulfanilic
acid, has been preferred. Gas chromatography is used to deter-
mine odorous substances. The sensitivity of this method could
be greatly increased by the recently developed technique of
reversion gas chromatography. The substances to be analyzed
are concentrated in a tube which is filled with a suitable ad-
sorption agent. The beginning and the end of the tube filling
can be cooled and a heating sleeve can be moved across the
entire tube. The method operates periodically and a complete
chromatogram is obtained every 15 min. In the first period, the
air sample is passed through the tube with the two cold zones
in action. In the second period, the heating sleeve is moved
across the tube at a speed which is below the sampling speed.
30374
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
PROPOSAL ON OBNOXIOUS ODOR SURVEY ACT (NO. 1).
(Akushu kogai chosaho ni kansuru teian). Text in Japanese.
Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan), l(4):39-47,
March 1971.
Obnoxious odor cannot be merely a matter for scientific in-
vestigation. Even when a very small amount exists (e.g.,
0.0001 ppm of methylmercaptan) it is detected by men gives an
unpleasant feeling. Medico-physico-chemical evaluation is an
important factor. Although the Odor Survey Act covers the
physiological phenomenon of the sense of smell, the actual
emission of odors by factories, the mechanism of generating
odor causing material and the relationship between the facto-
ries and the inhabitants in a neighborhood, almost all the
episodes must be dealt with case by case, and no methodology
is established. There is no methodological approach to the
odor problem because it is vague, difficult to define, and there
is no appropriate method for measurement. The atmosphere,
water, and filthy materials which cause odor pollution contain
chemical substances in a certain combination and in a certain
concentration. The only possible approach at present is to sort
out the expression of people who smelled the odor (including
specialists of smells), confirm the substances by instrumental
analysis, approximate the concentration based on instrumental
quantitative and qualitative analysis, and prepare a similar
mixture of known substances to fingerprint the odor. The in-
habitants reaction must be an indicator of the effectiveness of
an odor eliminating device. The elimination of substances at
the inlet and outlet of odor-eliminating device cannot soley be
depended upon. Monitoring should be done at as many places
as possible; 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 500, 1000 m with 5-10 deg
angles and at more than 10 other spots, and repeating the
checks three to four times. The instruments used would be a
jgas chromatograph, infra-red visible, and ultra-violet spectro-
scopic analysis, thermo- analysis and mass spectrometry.
Several instruments should be combined. For the sensory test,
the ASTM method, the smelling window-odorless-chamber
methods, and the Kinoshita method are applied. It is very dif-
ficult to establish emission standards on obnoxious odors.
30689
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi Isao Kobayashi, Atsuko Kobayashi,
Yoshihiro Shigeta, Yasuyuki Hoshika, Tomohiko Ishiguru, and
Shosaburo Dobashi
ON COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ODOR TESTS BY SMELL
PANEL. (Kanno shiken kakuho no hikaku ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Tokyo- To Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo (Annu. Kept.
Tokyo Met. Res. Inst. Environ. Prot.), vol. 2: 78-81, March
1971. 6 refs.
Three representative odor test methods using a smell panel
were compared for their effectiveness: the odorless chamber
with a smelling window method; the injector method; and the
shuken kinoshita-shiki odor test method. The panel consisted
of experts from established perfume firms. Two kinds of test
samples were used, one from the exhaust gas of a drier used
in a waste fish processing plant and the other from an animal
bone treatment plant. The odor concentration expressed by
rate of dilution required to dilute the sample with clean air to
the threshold value of the odor was measured. For the sample
from the fish treatment plant the value was 10,000-400,000
when tested by the odorless chamber method. The odor con-
centration from the animal bone treatment plant was 15,000-
40,000 for a sample from a direct fire type rotary drier and
150,000-200,000 for a sample from a conventional box type dri-
er. With the injector method, the fish waste odor was 30,000-
50,000 while the animal bone odor was 750-200,000. Under the
shuken kinoshita-shiki odor test method, it was 200-800 for the
fish waste and 150-500 for the animal bone. Whereas the first
two methods dilute the sample with clean air, the third uses
water so that water-soluble substances contained in the sam-
ple, if any, may dissolve in the dilutent to change the odor. A
second problem is the difference in sampling time among the
three methods and the time that elapses from the time of sam-
pling to the time of test by the panel. While it takes longer to
sample with the kinoshita method, the sample remains com-
paratively stable. With the odorless chamber method, a longer
time is required between the time of sampling and that of test,
so that some measures should be taken to shorten the period.
All three methods require some improvements. A better odor
test method may be a combination of the injector and odorless
chamber methods, using the former as the standard method
and the latter as supplemental.
30704
Shoji, Hikaru, Takeo Yamamoto, Konosuke Nishida, Yasuo
Yagi, and Susumu Takada
THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPmC ANALYSIS OF THE
DIGESTION GASES AND THE OFFENSIVE COMPOUNDS
PRODUCED IN THE PROCESS OF NIGHT SOIL TREAT-
MENT. Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J.
Hyg.), 22(2):32-47, June 1967. 39 refs.
Offensive components in the night soil treatment plants where
anaerobic digestion was used were analyzed by gas chromatog-
raphy. The gases in the digestion tanks contained 20.6 to
27.4% carbon dioxide, 51.7 to 66.0% methane, and 0.9 to 2.0%
oxygen. The gases in the tightly sealed trickling filter con-
tained 15.0% CO2, 30.4% CH4, and 20.4% 02. The determina-
tion of aliphatic amines, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide was
carried out using a Triton X-100 and Quadol column after the
samples were collected into distilled water. In the digestion
tanks, there was 40.2 to 61.0 ppm total amines, 440 to 1220
ppm ammonia, and 3180 to 8068 ppm hydrogen sulfide.
Aliphatic aldehydes, ethanol, aliphatic mercaptans, thioether,
indol, and skatol were also determined using appropriate
columns. It was suggested that mercaptans and skatol in the
digestion tanks exert large effects on human olfaction. (Author
abstract modified)
-------
160
ODORS
30811
Nakagawa, B, S. Kuwata, H. Sugiyama, and K. Obata
DATA OF ODOR MEASUREMENT BY SHUKEN
KINOSHITA APPARATUS. (Shuken Kinoshita shiki shuki
sokutei sochi ni yoru shukido no sokutei). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):96, 1970.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
The Shuken Kinoshita odor measuring apparatus is most sensi-
tive to the following single elements: ammonia, amines,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, aldehydes, and alcohols.
It is less sensitive to mercaptans, dimethylsulfide, and other
insoluble odors. It is insensitive to low molecule fatty acids.
The odors that were detected most effectively in actual appli-
cations near odor producing factories cam from fish meal (in-
testines and bones), chicken excretion, soluble adsorption feed
stuff, exhausts from vacuum cars (?), vitamin oil, and leftover
processing (for pig feed). Less detectable odors were from
animal bone processing, feather processing, marine products
paste, leather, fertilizer manufacturing, and craft pulp. The in-
strument was insensitive to the incinerators of animal corpses
and to relatively weak odors such as environmental odor.
Those odors that could not be tested because of the lack of
material were glue, oil fertilizer, plastic, oil refinery, petrole-
um chemicals, and rubber processing.
31222
Kato, Tatsuo, Shin Tanaka, and Junko Itaya
SEVERAL PROBLEMS ON TECHNIQUE OF MEASURING
FOR ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION IN SMELL. (Kankyo
shuki osen sokutei nikansuru gijutsujo no shomondai). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Safety Engineering Assoc., Tokyo (Japan),
36-37, 1971. (Presented at the Symposium of Safety Engineer-
ing, 2nd, May 27-28, 1971, Paper 18.)
The problem associated with the gas chromatographic analysis
of odors in the atmosphere are discussed. The first problem is
that gas chromatography gives an entire analytical value of the
sample gas. Since the waste gas from automobiles becomes an
obstacle to analysis, the selective extraction of the same kind
of contaminated constituents is desirable. That is possible by
causing hydrocarbon and mercury chloride, one percent in
weight, to adhere to glass beads. The sample is then extracted
by absorption in the glass filter. Contaminated constituents are
regenerated and analyzed. Qualitative analysis is important in
the study of odors. It can be done by applying gas chromatog-
raphy mass analysis. Another problem is that odor in at-
mosphere may also come from drains. The relationship
between the sense of smell and the analytical odor value
should be proportional.
31924
Baba, Yoshio
MEASUREMENT/ANALYSIS OF ODOR AND TECHNIQUES
OF OFFENSIVE ODOR PREVENTION. (Shuki no sokutei
bunseki oyobe akushu boshi gijutsu). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan), 60p.,
1971. (Presented at the Public Nuisance Prevent. Tech.
Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
Odors can be measured by a human panel procedure or with
analytical apparatus; the former method is used primarily to
determine the intensity of an odor and/or kinds of odors, while
the latter method is more often used for the analysis of sub-
stances giving a particular smell. Odorants which exist in ex-
tremely small quantities can now be detected by gas chromato-
graphic analysis. However, it is still difficult to correlate the
detected odorants and the unpleasant odor they are believed to
cause. Various olfactory tests are cited. Deodorizing
techniques include combustion, scrubbing, adsorption, oxida-
tion, masking, neutralization, and a chemical deodorization
method. The preventive measures implemented at the source
of odor generation are cited for oil refineries, Kraft pulping,
petrochemical processes, chemical processes, painting and
printing industries, slaughterhouses, pig and poultry farming,
and diesel or jet engine exhaust. The analysis methods are
given for acrolein, formaldehydes, acetaldehyde, mercaptans,
benzenes, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide.
32022
Purdom, Paul Walton
SOURCE MONITORING. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C. Stern
(ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968,
Chapt. 29, p. 537-560. 54 refs.
Source monitoring is used to control processes which may
cause air pollution and may be supplemented by monitoring in-
dividual processes and raw materials. Systems for determining
stack emissions include the Ringelmann Smoke Chart, trans-
missometers, and human observations. Organoleptic methods
can be used to determine odors. Automatic monitoring for par-
ticulates and gases includes electrometric, photometric, ioniza-
tion, chromatographic, conductimetric, and spectrographic
methods. In the past, the greatest attention has been to com-
bustion processes. Various control agencies use source moni-
toring to ensure compliance with legal emission standards.
Plant managements also use it to alert personnel to operating
difficulties so that corrective action can be taken quickly, and
to provide a record for defense for the plant where emissions
are carefully controlled within allowed limits. In the future,
control agencies may require plants to maintain source moni-
toring systems and report data to the control agency. While
such efforts may raise legal questions, the principle has had
wide application in the fields of waste water treatment, water
purification, and milk pasteurization.
32268
Amoore, John E.
COMPUTER CORRELATION OF MOLECULAR SHAPE
WITH ODOUR: A MODEL FOR STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY
RELATIONSHIPS. Ciba Foundation, London (England),
Taste Smell Vertebrates, Ciba Found. Symp., 1969, p. 293-312.
43 refs.
The principles underlying olfactory classification and dis-
crimination are reviewed. Initial detectors of sapid or odorous
molecules are specialized proteins, having specific affinities
for particular classes of compounds. Receptor proteins, prima-
ry odors, specific anosmia to isovaleric acid, and protein
receptor sites are discussed. Computer assessment of molecu-
lar shape by submitting silhouette photographs of molecular
models to a pattern-recognition machine is .examined. Future
possibilities for correlation of structure and activity are pro-
jected, with respect to theoretical screening o:f large numbers
of known molecular structures for valuable, but previously un-
recognized, biological activities. (Author summary modified)
32269
Doving, Kjell B.
EXPERIMENTS IN OLFACTION. Ciba Foundation, London
(England), Taste Smell Vertebrates, Ciba Found. Symp., 1969,
p. 197-225. 55 refs.
Some analytical methods which can be used to facilitate the
correlation between biological data and physicochemical
parameters are examined. The mechanisms of coding the quali-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
161
ty of the olfactory messages at different levels within the
system are discussed. Electrophysiological and psychophysical
data are the results of the discriminatory mechanisms. These
data contain information pertinent to the question of what
physicochemical parameters determine odor quality. The data
from the biological experiments give matrices where the rela-
tionships between the odors are ranked. Three methods for
transferring such data on the ranked relationships between
odors to multidimensional scaling are examined. The results of
these scaling procedures give odor spaces that are obtained ex-
clusively on data from biological experiments. In conjunction
with multidimensional scaling methods, a way of grouping the
odors by a hierarchical method is described. A method by
which the odor spaces are fitted and correlated to known
physicochemical parameters is examined. (Author summary
modified)
32467
Takagi, Sadayoshi, Tatsuo Kato, Tsugio Sawatani, Akio Tsuji,
Hidetsuru Matsushita, and Takeo Miura
STUDY ON MAL-ODORS IN AIR POLLUTION. (INTERIM
REPORT). (Akushu kogai ni kansuru kenkyu. (Chukan
hokoku)). Text in Japanese. Study Group on Bad Odors
(Japan), 42p., March 1970.
Problems pertaining to foul odors are difficult to solve or to
quantitatively measure, since in perceiving them psychological
aspects are involved. Characteristics, types, concentrations,
and effects of odors on the physiological function of experi-
mental animals are considered. An analytical method which
utilizes gas chromatography and low-temperature condensation
is described for measuring odors. Dry ice or liquid oxygen is
used to adsorb the malodorous substances on diatomaceous
refractory brick particles or glass beads at low-temperature.
Substances used for comparison are generally mercaptans, sul-
fides, amines, aldehydes, or chlorides. Experiments were con-
ducted at oil refineries, fish processing plants, and pulp mills.
Another method involves solid reaction in a tube, and has a
number of advantages such as moderate costs and easy
preparation.
32676
Byrd, J. Floyd and Austin H. Phelps, Jr.
ODOR AND ITS MEASUREMENT. In: Air Pollution. Arthur
C. Stem (ed.), Vol. 2, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press,
1968, Chapt. 23, p. 305-327. 22 refs.
Conditions necessary for odor measurement, available
techniques, and use of the data are discussed. Odor measure-
ment at the source is easiest and most accurate for obtaining
useful data. Ambient odor, however, is often weak and may
be several thousand dilutions below that in the stack. It the
odor is a relatively pure compound, its ordor threshold and
behavior downwind can be determined by simple analytical
and mathematical techniques. The relative strength of an odor
is determined by dilutions. The greater the number of dilutions
of odor-free air needed to bring an odorous gas to the
threshold level, the stronger the odor. The best measuring
device of odor is the nose. Selection of panel members is
discussed. Several devices are available to inject an odorous
gas into the nose, including the Fair-Wells Osmoscope, the
Katz and Allison Odorometer, the syringe technique, and the
Proctor and Gamble Osmo. Applications of odor measurement
results to a single source, entire plant, or pilot plant are given.
Odor threshold data are usually vague about techniques for
determination, evaluation of the odor panel, and reliability of
the observed results.
32795
Kato, Tatsuo
PRACTICAL METHOD AND APPARATUS IN ODOR POL-
LUTION MEASUREMENT. (Akushu sokutei no jissai to
sochi). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 7(9):793-802, Sept. 1971.
The principles of gas chromatography (used in analysis of bad
odor), the vacuum jar sampling method, the low temperature
adsorption method, and the solid reaction tube method (beads
tube method) are reviewed with illustrations. The low tempera-
ture adsorption method was redesigned and improved three
times in the past eight years; it has the capacity of collecting
100 1 of air sampling in 10 min and concentrating it 10 to the
fifth times. It consists of the mouth, a dehydration-decarbu-
rization tube, a condenser, a suction pump, a flowmeter and a
gas chromatography sampling transferring system. Soda lime
and potassium carbonic acid anhydride in the dehydration-
decarburization tube take out most of the carbon monoxide
and water from the sampling air. The condensation pipe is a
glass tube 30 cm long, 2 cm in diameter, and U-shaped, filled
with refined diatom fire-brick particles. Three-way valves are
attached at both ends. The suction pump also functions as a
vacuum pump and has a capacity of 20 1/min, vacuum degree
0.01 mm Hg. First the large jar outside the condenser is filled
with liquid oxygen and the jar is cooled. The pump starts to
suction sampling air; after approximately 100 liters of sampling
is collected, the cock is switched to the gas chromatography
test material tube. The GC test tube is cooled. The liquid ox-
ygen outside the condenser is taken away and the nichrome
wire wound around the U-shaped tube is heated. The concen-
trated odor producing elements in the condenser is transferred
to the GC test tube by the pump. This takes about five
minutes. The GC tube cock is turned off and the material is
ready for analysis.
32880
Hoshika, Yasuuki
CORRELAITVITY BETWEEN SOME ODOR MEASURE-
MENT METHODS USED IN ODOR SURVEY. (Akushu kogai
chosa ni okeru 2-3 no shuki sokuteiho no sokanei. Text in
Japne. osu o Hi(J. Water Wste, 13(:-l,Au. 1971.
A study was performed to correlate data obtained by olfactory
test (ASTM syringe method) and gas chromatography. The
relation between the potential of the offensive odor and the
detected density of each component causing the odor was
established based on the assumptions that the dilution process
caused neither mechanical nor chemical errors; the olfactory
sense (olfactory, discrimination, and odor threshold values)
was stable and reproducible; and no chemical reactions and
multiplication or offsetting of the odor take place among the
odorous components. The relation between the odor dilution
ratio and the detectable and olfactory threshold values of each
odorousct was estimated nd applid t o ather process! la, amin
acid manufactig plat, ad a kraft pulping plant. The olfactosen-
sdetermined methyl mercaptan in the kraft pulping plant,
acrolein in the feather processing plant, and ammonia,
acrolein, and methyl mercaptan in the amino acid plant as the
strongest odorous components.
33121
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
CONTRIBUTION OF OLFACTORY METHOD TO THE
PREPARATION OF ODOR PERMISSION STANDARD. (Shu-
kaku shiken kara no akushu kyoyo kijun sakusei e no enjo).
Text in Japanese. Yosui to Haisui (J. Water Waste),
13(9):1121-1127, Sept. 1971. 7 refs.
-------
162
ODORS
An olfactory panel is composed mostly of inhabitants of a
given area where they evaluate bad odors from the standpoint
of environmental hygiene; emission sources; judgment of ef-
fectiveness of deodorants and deodorization apparatus; and in-
vestigation of emission sources. There are analytical panels
composed of odor inspectors and preference panels for in-
vestigation of the reactions to various odors. General qualifica-
tions for panel members are an outstanding ability to recognize
odor, appropriate standard for judgment, reliability and stabili-
ty of judgment, and descriptive ability. A test was given to a
group of people on June 19, 1969 which consisted of intensity
recognition for 3 ppm and 6 ppm solutions of trimethyl
amines; recognition of putrefied egg (solution of hydrogen sul-
fide), fish odor (solution of trimethyl amine), feces (scatole-
isovaleric acid mixture in diethylphthalate), pickle (solution of
methyl mercaptan), and burned odor (diethyl phthalate solu-
tion of pyroligneous acid oil solubles); recognition of one weak
odor among two portions of 0.5% solution of orange ethanol
solution and one 0.25% of the same material; and identification
tests of lemon, lime, strawberry, banana, and grape oils. More
than 65% right answers were considered to be passing grades;
36% of 68 people (52.9%) passed. The ratio of correct answers
were 1 to 30.9%; 2 to 48.5%; 3 to 56.0%; and 4 to 50.0%.
33349
Sano, I.
CHEMISTRY OF ODOR-WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE
TO THE RECOGNITION THRESHOLD DETERMINATION.
(Nioi no kagaku—ikichi o chushin to shite). Text in Japanese.
Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
9(3),l-6, Aug. 1971. 4 refs.
Recent studies on the organoleptic determination of the
thresholds of a number of odorous chemicals are described.
The chemicals were presented to a trained panel in a test
room, as well as to an untrained panel under the open sky.
Sulfur-containing compounds have low thresholds on the order
of parts/billion; t-butyl mercaptan exhibits a much higher
threshold than would be expected; and thiophene varies con-
siderably from test to test. Molecular chain branching might
lead to enchanced odor intensity. Depending on the nature and
number of the radical added, substitution on the benzene ring
reduces the threshold by as much as a thousandfold. (Author
abstract modified)
33577
Sawaya, Tsugio
ODOR MEASURING METHODS. (Shuki no sokuteiho). Text
in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning As-
soc., Tokyo), 9(3):7-12, Aug. 1971. 9 refs.
Methods of measuring odor producing elements in waste water
from fishmeal plants or slaughter houses depends on the
chemical element in the water. When the element is volatile
aliphatic acid, a given amount, v ml, is taken from the total V
ml. Phenolphthalein indicator is added to v. The amount of a
standard solution of caustic soda (NaOH) added to the solu-
tion producing a change of color to pink is designated as A; 5-
10 ml of 20% formalin solution is added to the solution causing
the color to fade. The amount of NaOH producing a change to
pink for the second time is B. A dry run is given to V amount
of liquid and the amount of loss is designated as a. The
volatile aliphatic acid (CH3COOH) in the test material (in mg)
then may be calculated by: 60N multiplied by (A + B - a) and
multiplied by V which is divided by v where N is NAOH con-
centration. Amines in the test water (CH3NH2) may be ob-
tained in mg by: 31N multiplied by (B-a) multiplied by V
which is divided by v. When the test material is alkaline,
bromothymol blue indicator is added to v ml of the wastewater
and HQ standard solution is added until it turns yellow. The
amount of HC1 is C. Separately v ml of the test water is taken
and 5-10 ml of 20% formalin solution and phenolphthalein are
added. The amount of NaOH standard solution that changes
the material into pink is D. The amount of loss of NaOH by a
dry run with v amount of liquid is d. The total weight of
aliphatic acid may be obtained by 60N (D-d) multiplied by V
divided by v. The weight of amines may be obtained by 31FC
multiplied by V divided by v. F is HQ standard solution con-
centration. A method of selecting an olfactory panel and the
test method using the panel, methods of producing low-con-
centration gases, and actual cases of fishmeal plants are
discussed briefly.
34047
Saikado, Hideki
STUDY AND COUNTERMEASURES OF BAD ODORS FROM
OIL REFINERY. (Seiyusho shuuki no chosa to taisaku). Text
in Japanese. Sekiyu Gakkai-shi (J. Japan Petroleum Inst.,
Tokyo), 14(10):797-801, Oct. 1971. 2 refs.
Intensities of odors at their sources were studied in terms of
odor pollution. Speed of odor emission was introduced to ex-
press odors quantitatively. A perceptible limit of the smell of
gas in one cu ft was one odor unit. Speed of odor emission
and unit odor per hour were calculated by applying the law of
Weber Fechner or by analyzing odorous gas composition and
determining the perceptible limit of concentration of each
compound in the gas. The allowable limit of odor was studied
by developing a formula in which odor was assumed to spread
only to leeward, not in all directions. Distance from the emis-
sion source was also considered relative to intensity of odor.
Sources of bad odors within a refinery plant and their intensi-
ties were surveyed. Several countermeasures for prevention or
reduction of bad odor were reported.
34178
Gridgeman, N. T.
DESIGNS FOR MULTIPLE PAIR-COMPARISON SENSORY
TESTS. Can. Inst. Food Technol. J., 3(l):25-28, 1970. 6 refs.
(Presented at the International Congress of Food Science and
Technology, 2nd, Warsaw, Poland, 1966.)
If the relative sensory quality — in terms, say, of intensity or
delectability of flavor or odor or texture — of a number of dif-
ferent food products has to be subjectively determined, the
method of paired comparison offers attractions. This is
because of task simplicity; that is, the subject (the panel
member) has merely to choose between two alternatives ac-
cording to some agreed criterion, and he has no problems
about scaling or scoring to worry about. If the number of sam-
ples is n, there is in all n(n - l)/2 pair combinations to be
made. Schemes for allocating the pairs equitably among a
panel of n - 1 subjects (if n is even) or n subjects (if n is odd)
are given.
34279
Araki, Takashi
MEASUREMENT AND PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTANTS.
(Taiki osen busshitsu no sokutei to mondaiten). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Industrial Public Nuisance Council, Tokyo
(Japan), 16p, 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the Public Nuisance
Symposium, 6th, Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 20-21, 1971.)
The purpose and methods of air pollutant measurement, sam-
pling quantity, frequency, and time, various measurement
methods designated by the Japanese Industrial Standards, and
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
163
the method of producing a standard gas are briefly discussed.
Analytical methods for sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxidants, and bad odors are ex-
plained. The electroconductivity measurement is used for de-
tecting the total amount of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide in
the air, which is absorbed in hydrogen peroxide solution and
measured automatically. Automatic absorption photometry is
used for measuring NOx in the air, using the reaction of
naphthyl ethylenediamine chlorine salt and sulphanyl acid to
nitrous acid ion. However, it is not certain how much nitrogen
dioxide in the solution reacts to this method. Carbon monoxide
is analyzed by non-dispersion infrared analyzers. The positive
filter method is explained. Gas chromatography is used for or-
ganic elements such as hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and alcohols.
Gas chromatography is effective especially for analyzing vari-
ous photochemical elements such as peroxyacyl nitrates.
Analyses of ozone in oxidant is usually conducted by cou-
lometry or absorption photometry. The nature of odor is com-
plex and varied, and satisfactory measurement methods have
not been developed. However, successful analyses of
hydrogen sulfide or mercaptan have been reported using gas
chromatography with a flame photometric detector.
34863
Mulik, J. D., R. K. Stevens, and R. Baumgardner
AN ANALYTICAL SYSTEM DESIGNED TO MEASURE
MULTIPLE MALODOROUS COMPOUNDS RELATED TO
KRAFT MILL ACTIVITIES. Preprint, Southern California
Univ., Los Angeles, 23p., 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Con-
ference on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene
Studies, 12th, Los Angeles, Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
Automated chromatographs with flame photometric detectors
were developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of
both low- and high-molecular-weight sulfur compounds in kraft
mill effluents. One chromatograph with a Teflon column
packed with Teflon and coated with polyphenyl ether was
used to measure the following low-molecular-weight com-
pounds: hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methyl mercaptan,
ethyl mercaptan, and propyl mercaptan. A second chromato-
graph resolved the higher-molecular-weight compounds: butyl
mercaptan, dimethyl disulfide, dipropyl sulfide, and dibutyl
sulfide. Kraft mill effluents with sulfur species at five ppb to
percent levels were analyzed with the aid of a six-stage
dynamic dilution system. Principal emissions from mills em-
ploying the weak black liquor oxidation process were
hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan. Sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide were the major pollutants from the strong
black liquor oxidation process. (Author abstract modified)
34972
Kay, Robert E.
INVESTIGATION OF ANIMAL SENSOR AND SENSOR IN-
FORMATION PROCESSING MECHANISMS FOR APPLICA-
TION TO TARGET ACQUISTION AND TRACKING. (FINAL
REPORT). Philco-Ford Corp., Newport Beach, Calif.,
Aeronutronic Div., Naval Air Systems Command Contract
N00019-70-C-0150, Rept. U-4908, 55p., Feb. 1971. 19 refs.
NTIS, DDC: AD 720412
Investigations dealing with the analyses of animal sensory and
information processing systems are summarized, and two in
vitro devices are described which resulted from ideas
generated by these analyses. Using the receptor and fast ac-
tion potentials as endpoint criteria, the effects of odor concen-
tration and quality, temperature, mixing of odors, and duration
and frequency of odor stimulus on the interaction of odors
with olfactory cell membranes were examined. The potentail
usefulness of organic semiconductors in power producing
devices has been demonstrated. Spectral sensitivity is con-
sidered as a factor in visual target acquisition by insects. The
conversion of electromagnetic to electrical energy is examined,
and a methyl violet 2B photocell was constructed.
35182
Gaynullina, E. T.
BIONICS AS APPLIED TO ANALYTICAL RESEARCH. Zh.
Vses. Khim. Obshchestva im. D. I. Mendeleeva., 15(5):553-
560, Oct. 9, 1970. 68 refs. Translated from Russian in: At-
mospheric Studies at Chemical Enterprises USSR, p. 153-
169, March 9, 1971. Joint Publications Research Services,
Washington, D. C. NTIS: JPRS-52566
Bionics includes such problems as simulation of the olfactory
organs of animate organisms and development of methods of
analyzing toxic compounds using biologically active substances
such as enzymes. The enzyme method of analysis has found
broad application both for indicating poisonous substances
with a neuro-paralytic effect and in analyzing low concentra-
tions of organophosphorus insecticides. Various procedures
using the cholinesterase reaction are tabulated and an auto-
matic signal for analyzing cholinesterase inhibitors is
described. Instruments for measuring odors have also been
developed. One is based on measuring the heat of adsorption
with a semiconductor thermal resistor coated with an adsorb-
ing film. Another instrument analyzes scent with respect to the
variation of the electric current arising as a result of sorption
and oxidation of the scent at a liquid-gas interface. A third
analyzer operates on the principle of selective adsorption of
ultraviolet radiation. The olfactory analyzers should find broad
application in industrial facilities.
35240
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Air and
Industrial Hygiene Lab.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ODOR CONCENTRATION BY
DYNAMIC OLFACTOMETRY. Preprint, California Air
Resources Board, Sacramento and California State Dept. of
Public Health, 10p., 1971. (Presented at the Conference on
Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies, 12th,
Los Angeles, Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
A measurement method for the determination of odor concen-
tration in the atmosphere or in source emissions in terms of a
specific odorant is presented, in which the odor is measured at
the odor threshold while the odorant is introduced to a stream
of deodorized air. The dynamic olfactometer used includes a
carbon vane pump, two flowmeters, two deodorizing columns,
a 300-ml surge chamber, primary dilution chamber, cyclone
mixing chamber, inhalation mask, and sampling probe. The
range for ambient atmospheric sampling is 2-1200 dilutions and
for captured gas sampling, 2-300,000 dilutions. The reliability
of the measurements were determined at plus or minus 30%.
Factors interfering with the olfactory perception of the ob-
server include respiratory infections, allergic reactions, irritat-
ing noises, and elevated temperatures. Reagents, apparatus,
and procedure are detailed.
35541
Dravnieks, A. and J. Whitfield
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY OF AIR QUALITY IN
SCHOOLS. ASHRAE (Am. Soc. Heat. Refrig. Air-Cond.
Eng.) Proc., vol. 77:113-123, 1971. 13 refs.
By use of high-capacity organic vapor collection devices and
appropriate sample transfer analysis techniques, combined
-------
164
ODORS
with psychophysical odor evaluation of the gas chromatically
resolved components at the effluent port of a gas chromato-
graph, it is possible to gather considerable insight into the in-
ventory of the odorous components of an air sample. These
procedures were applied to a study of air in several Chicago
metropolitan area schools. The outside air was also examined,
to permit assessments of the contribution of outside air pollu-
tion to the air pollution of the school air by organic vapors and
odorants. The gas chromatographic parameters were then in-
spected, using non-parametric statistics for correlations to the
air quality which was first independently ranked using en-
gineering data and on-the-spot observations. (Author introduc-
tion)
35648
MacKay, Donald A. M., David A. Lang, and Murray Berdick
OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF ODOR: IONIZATION DE-
TECTION OF FOOD VOLATTLES. Anal. Chem., 33(10):1369-
1374, Sept. 1961. 14 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society, Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Meet-
ing, 135th Boston, Mass., April 1959.)
Volatiles in various foods, beverages, and flavoring materials
were directly analyzed with gas chromatographic ionization de-
tectors. The sensitivity of the detectors (10 to minus the 12th
power or 10 to minus the 14th power/mole) make possible the
breakdown of odors into their various components. Typical
chromatograms are given for vapors from peppermint oils,
fresh and imitation banana, brewed and roast coffee; brandy;
various whiskies; onion volatiles; and cigar and ciagarette
smoke. With the ionization detection technique, direct correla-
tion with sensory evaluation is possible. Moreover, the sen-
sitivity of the method allows a lower temperature to be used
and the concentration step to be circumvented in many cases.
Instead of working with 10 to 100 ml of liquid concentrates,
from one to five ml of vapor samples can be used. The
techniques described are equally applicable to odor problems
in perfumery and air pollution.
35751
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
METHODS OF MEASURING BAD ODOR AND CONTROL
TECHNIQUE. (Akushu no sokutei-ho to boshi gijutsu). Text
in Japanese. Japan Society of Efficiency, Tokyo, Chem. Plant
Eng. Conf. Proc., Tokyo, Japan, 1971, p. 2-2-1 - 2-2-10. (Oct.)
Various methods used for odor sensitivity tests are examined
and discussed. In general, results from the injection method
were lower than those from the odorless chamber method; in-
dices from the Shuken Kinoshita (saline-water equilibrium)
method were approximately 1/100 lower than the injection
method, due to the fact that many odor causing elements do
not dissolve easily in water. The scentometer was also
discussed. Methods of mechanical analyses included gas chro-
matography; the low-temperature adsorption method; the
vacuum jar method; and the solid reaction tube method, using
appropriate reagents for different odors.
35865
Earth, C. L. and L. B. Polkowski
IDENTD7YING ODOROUS COMPONENTS OF STORED
DAIRY MANURE. Preprint, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, Saint Joseph, Mich., 27p., 1971. 27 refs. (Presented
at the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Winter
Meeting, Chicago. HI., Dec. 7-10, 1971, Paper 71-568.)
Techniques for the determination of volatile and liquid
odorous components produced in stored liquid dairy manure
were examined. Selective absorption, steam distillation, and
paper chromatography procedures were effective in the
separation, analysis, and identification of gaseous volatile or-
ganic acids, amines, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,
and disulfides. (Author summary modified)
35949
Grennfelt, Peringe
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS SUL-
FUR COMPOUNDS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Gaukro-
matografisk analys av gasformiga svavelforeningar in at-
mosfaren). Text in Swedish. Lakartidningen, 68(28):3232-3234,
1971. 4 refs.
Most of the volatile sulfur compounds can be detected by their
smell in very low concentrations. There are, however, no
methods available for the simultaneous measurement of
malodorous materials in concentrations below one ppm. An in-
strument for the simultaneous measurement of different gase-
ous sulfur compounds up to a minimum concentration of ap-
proximately five ppb was reproduced and tested in Sweden.
The instrument represents a special gas chromatograph with an
air volume of 10 ml. The air sample is brought by a carrier gas
(nitrogen) into the column where separation occurs, depending
on the affinity to the gaseous phase contained in the column.
The detector is a flame photometer in which the gases are
burned in the presence of a hydrogen surplus. Due to a
chemiluminescent reaction, the sulfur present in the flame
emits light in a wavelength range of 300-423 micron. A filter is
inserted between flame and phototube that only transmits the
light of the wavelength of 394 + or - five micron. The selec-
tivity for sulfur is 10,000-30,000-to-one relative to other sub-
stances. The minimum detectable concentration lies at about
three ppb. The phototube delivers signals for a one microvolt
recorder. This instrument has been used for practical measure-
ments in the surroundings of three sulfate plants when or-
ganoleptic tests were carried out at the same time. A correla-
tion factor of 0.6 was found between organolpetic and instru-
mental testing. The method is being further developed to make
detection of concentrations below odor threshold possible.
35956
Cooper, Hal B. H., Jr. and August T. Rossano, Jr.
SOURCE TESTING FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Wil-
ton, Conn., Environmental Research and Applications, Inc.,
1971, 228p. 532 refs.
Source testing for air pollution control is reviewed with
respect to basic procedures, terminology, operating and
theoretical priciples, gas flow measurements, sampling trains,
principles and methodology of paniculate sampling, gaseous
sampling, continuous monitoring, and special applications of
various techniques. Measurements of stack gas parameters
prior to sampling are discussed for determinations of tempera-
ture, pressure, moisture content, and gas composition using
such instruments as thermometers, thermocouples,
thermistors, wet or dry bulbs, condensation methods, Orsat
analyzers, pitot tubes, anemometers, tracers, balloons, and
various meters. Instrumentation for participate sampling in-
cludes sampling probes, flowmeters, wet impingers, filters,
centrifugal separators, and electrostatic and thermal precipita-
tors. Paniculate sampling trains are examined with respect to
specific contaminants (polynuclear hydrocarbons, fluoride
compounds, mists, tars, and droplets); combustion sources,
e.g., boilers, incinerators, open burning, pulp and paper plants,
lime kilns, kraft recovery furnaces, chemical processing, and
metallurgical operations; and particle size analysis using impin-
gers and cascade impactors. Sampling techniques for gases
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS 165
containing sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, total tal analysis (gas chromatography, spectrophotometry, flame
sulfur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, chlorine compounds, carbon ionization, and mass spectrometry). Special applications for
monoxide and organic gases and vapors include absorption ^ techni mdude determination of odor upholds of flue
into a liquid phase, using sample probes and impmgers; collec-
tion in fabric bags; adsorption on a solid; and freeze-out ^ases, measurement of acid deposition onto metal surfaces,
techniques. Subsequent analytical methods include wet chemi- the presence of radioactive materials, and bacterial emissions
cal analysis (turbidimetry, colorimetry, potentiometry, polarog- to the atmosphere. Pertinent source test data and sources of
raphy, iodimetric methods, and Orsat analysis) and instrumen- equipment are included.
-------
166
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
00209
R. Cederlof, M. L. Edfors, L. Friberg, and T. Undvall
DETERMINATION OF ODOR THRESHOLDS FOR FLUE
GASES FROM A SWEDISH SULFATE CELLULOSE PLANT.
Tappi, 48(7):405-411, July 1965. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. Vol. 46:51-
56, 1965, Danish.
The purpose of the investigation was to determine the odor
thresholds of complex flue gases from two Swedish sulfate
certain individual processes on the odor strength of the total
measures were also studied. Odor threshold determinations
were made by means of an exposure apparatus especially
devised for field studies. The subjects were tested according
to the principle of paired comparisons between test gases (in
different dilutions) and fresh air. The odor threshold was eval-
uated as a value, expressing the logarithm of the dilution fac-
tor at which on the average 50% of the subjects noticed the
odor. The odor strength of the flue gases from the two stacks
investigated were markedly similar. Parallel chemical analysis
showed a correlation between the concentration of the sulfur
compounds analyzed and the odor threshold of the gases. In
studying the odor reducing effect of various technical mea-
sures it was found that oxidation of the flue gases with black
liquor reduced the odor threshold by approximately one power
of 10 and the use oa a 'chlorine scrubber' by two powers of
10. (Authors' abstract)
00241
R.W. Hum D.E. Seizinger
AIR POLLUTION INVENTORY - ENTER THE DIESEL.
Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst., 45(111):127-132, May 1965. (Presented
at the 30th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum Inst. Div. of
Refining, Montreal, Canada, May 10, 1965.)
Exhaust gases from truck-type diesel engines tested on a
dynamometer stand were shown to involve hydrocarbons, ox-
ides of nitrogen, and formaldehyde in significant quantities.
Without reference to similar modes of operation, each class of
pollutant was found to be generated in the diesel combustion
in concentrations comparable to concentrations found in au-
tomotive (gasoline-powered) equipment. Although some trends
in the data were observed, the experimental program was not
extensive enough to justify conclusions regarding effects of
fuels, engine design, or mode of engine operation. In compar-
ing present findings with previously published information, the
authors have noted interpretations of data that do not readily
reflect the significant magnitudes of diesel emissions. Both the
real contribution of diesels to air pollutant loading and the par-
ticipation of these pollutants in the photochemical system
should be weighed more carefully. (Authors' abstract)
00251
L. R. Reckner, W. E. Scott and W. F. Biller
THE COMPOSITION AND ODOR OF DIESEL EXHAUST.
Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. 45(111):133-147, May 1965. (Presented
at the 30th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum Inst. Divi-
sion of Refining, Montreal, Canada, May 10, 1965.)
Sampling and analysis techniques are described for determin-
ing light hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde,
acrolein, total aldehydes, total particulate, and polycyclic aro-
matic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust. Using the techniques
described, results are reported on the composition of exhaust
from two diesel engines, a two- and a four-cycle, under a
variety of operating conditions. Smoke ratings using different
techniques are also reported and compared to total particulate
results. No correlation was found between smokemeter ratings
and particulate loadings at other than black smoke conditions.
Human panel observations of exhaust odor are being made as
part of a continuing program, but no panel data are reported.
(Authors' abstract)
00373
SUBMARINE ATMOSPHERE HABITABILITY DATA BOOK
(REVISION-1). Navy Dept., Washington, D. C, Bureau of
Ships (NAVSHIPS 250-649-1). Sept. 1962. 198 pp.
This publication brings together scattered information and
references to more detailed information on chemical princi-
ples, experimental results, and operating experience concerned
with maintenance of atmospheric habitability in nuclear-
powered submarines. Habitability is defined as control of
chemical aspects of the atmosphere to meet the requirements
of equipment and personnel. Recommended methods for
removal of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
aerosols, and odors are discussed. Basic operation of an elec-
trostatic precipitator is described. Details are given on the con-
tinuous air monitoring system required to insure safe operation
of* the submarine.
00690
H. P. Sanderson, P. Bradt, and M. Katz
A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN SAINT JOHN, NEW
BRUNSWICK, CANADA. Preprint. (Presented at the 58th An-
nual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-135.)
An analysis has been made of air pollution data gathered over
a two-year period in the City of Saint John, N.B., which has a
population of about 95,000. Apart from normal activities, this
town is also the site of a large Kraft pulp and paper mill and
an oil refinery. Continuous measurements of smoke concentra-
tions with AISI paper tape samplers and more limited observa-
tions of hydrogen sulphide with lead acetate impregnated
paper tape samplers were carried out at two sampling sites in
each case. The study has been conducted in cooperation with
the Saint John Board of Health and the Meteorological
Branch, Canada Department of Transport. The soiling index
values in Coh units per 1000 linear ft. show a strong seasonal
trend. The soiling potential is markedly higher during the heat-
ing season than in the late spring, summer and early fall
months. There is also evident a diurnal variation in pollution
with a relatively high frequency of heavy concentrations oc-
curring during the morning hours between 8 and 9:30 a.m.,
with a secondary peak in the evening. The observations have
been correlated with wind speed and direction. A comparison
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
167
has been made of these results with similar data from eight
other Canadian cities. Hydrogen sulphide, as an index of the
odor nuisance due to sulphur compounds, has been detected
on many occasions, coincident probably with subjective re-
ports of such occurrences or reported blackening of painted
buildings. (Author abstract)
00751
S.W. Horstman, R.F. Wromble, A.N. Heller
IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY ODOR PROBLEMS BY
USE OF AN OBSERVER CORPS. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 15(6):261- 264, June 1965. (Presented at the 56th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich.,
June 9-13, 1963.)
To evaluate the major odors affecting a community, approxi-
mately 120 high school students recorded odor observations.
Simultaneous odor observations were made three times daily
for 14 consecutive days each in a fall and spring survey. The
observes were tested for olfactory sensitivity, and population
characteristics were recorded for analyses of the human varia-
bles. These data were analyzed to show the areas most severe-
ly affected, the major objectionable odor types, the time when
odors were most frequent, and the associated weather parame-
ters. A critique of the procedures employed and the results of
the survey is presented. (Authors' abstract)
01202
M. Nolan
A SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION IN COMMUNITIES
AROUND THE JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIR-
PORT (Sept. - Oct. 1964). Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. June 1966. 82 pp. GPO.HEW: 826-
792-2
A 1-month air-quality study was conducted in the communities
adjacent to John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens and Nassau
Counties, New York, from September 24 to October 24, 1964.
Eight sampling stations were located in the area. Limited mea-
surements of paniculate matter and hydrocarbons, and odor
observations yielded some evidence to indicate that aircraft
operations contributed a small amount to paniculate and
hydrocarbon concentrations and to odor occurrence. Concen-
trations of particulates, odors, and hydrocarbons at the sam-
pling stations were substantial and came from many sources in
the metropolitan area. Thus, the small variations that occurred
in measured air quality were not significantly correlated to air-
craft emissions on a statistical basis. The number and percent-
age of jet aircraft using water injection during' takeoff
decreased markedly from 1963 to 1964 at the J. F. Kennedy
Airport; therefore, smoke emissions caused by water injection
have been reduced. This downward trend is expected to con-
tinue. Meteorological conditions during the study were near
normal for this period of the year. Poor conditions for at-
mospheric dispersion were experienced for a 5-day period;
however, no prolonged severe atmospheric stagnation oc-
curred. Therefore, air contaminant concentrations that would
exist under extremely adverse meteorological conditions could
not be measured. The limited, modest studies did not show
any difference in the characteristics of particulates emitted
from jet, diesel, or gasoline engines.
01949
P. W. Hildebrand and R. L. Stockman
AIR QUALITY IN CLARK COUNTY, WASHINGTON.
Washington State Dept. of Health, Olympia, Division of En-
vironmental Health. 74 PP.
This is a report on a community air pollution survey which
began Feb. 1, 1961 and which was conducted in cooperation
with the Clark County Air Pollution Committee and the Clark-
Skamania Health District. The following findings, and conclu-
sions, are given. Clark County air pollution problems are
primarily restricted to localized areas in the immediate vicinity
of specific sources. Existing nuisance conditions and the
potential for an area-wide problem in the near future warrant
corrective and preventive action on the part of the community.
Air pollution concentrations in Portland, Oregon are demon-
strably higher than those measured in Clark County leading to
the conclusion that area-wide pollution in the County will in-
crease as community development progresses. Air pollution ef-
fects that can be established include fallout of solid materials,
odor, soiling, and esthetic considerations. Heating and trans-
portation make significant contributions to the total problem.
Gaseous emissions and concentrations have not been studied
sufficiently to establish their effects upon the community.
Local legislation is presently inadequate to control the problem
on either a corrective or preventive basis. This report recom-
mends that an air pollution control district, as provided for by
the laws of the State of Washington, be established encom-
passing Clark County and the cities of Vancouver and Camas.
02212
M.E. McLouth H.J. Paulus
AIR POLLUTION FROM THE GRAIN INDUSTRY. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 11, 313-7, July 1961, (Presented at
the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.
In the Twin Cities, the many elevators, mills, and plants of the
grain industry comprise a substantial portion of the industrial
picture. Millions of bushels of grain are processed into human
and animal foods and other products each year in plants scat-
tered throughtout the area. The air contaminants from the
grain industry operations consist of various sizes and types of
particles from grain handling operations and certain odor
producing compounds from Unseed and soybean oil processing
and refining, animal food fproduction, and other processes.
Grain unloading and loading, considered to be the dustiest
operations, are carried on by essentially all types of mills and
plants. Grain dust collected at the mills is utilized in animal
food preparations after being prepared in dust grinding mill.
Handling of the collected dust and dust grinding to destroy
weed seeds are extremely dusty operations that contribute
substantial amounts of pollution to the atmosphere. Most of
the dusty operations are exhaust ventilated through collection
systems. Cyclone separators are the most commonly used col-
lectors with baghouse filter installations gaining in prominence
in recent years. For special situations in grain operations elec-
tro-static precipitators and multicyclones are being used.
Preliminary results of a study on the dispersion of dust from
the grain industry plants indicate a considerable influence on
the total paniculate pollution in limited area. (Author summa-
ry)
02331
H. N. Jenkins and T. O. Harris.
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY. PHASE U PRO-
JECT REPORT IV. ODORS - RESULTS OF SURVEYS.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution
pp. 53, June 1966.
The odor episode experienced during the survey was caused
by odors that originated in Illinois, crossed the Mississippi
River, and extended all the way west across St. Louis and into
St. Louis County almost to the St. Louis Municipal Airport.
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168
ODORS
This episode clearly indicated that severe interstate odor
problems do exist in the metropolitan area. Further indication
of the existence of interstate and interjurisdictional odor
problems is presented which strongly indicates that the chemi-
cal odors so frequently observed in St. Louis arise from the
industrial complexes on the Illinois side of the Mississippi
River. The results of the survey described indicate that un-
pleasant odors are of relatively frequent occurrence in the St.
Louis Metropolitan Area. The existence of these odors is a
source of considerable discomfort to the multitude of persons
forced to breathe this contaminated air during the course of
their everyday activities. Future increases in population and
industrialization will surely cause the odor situation to become
even more undesirable if steps are not taken to alleviate
present conditions and prevent the occurrence of future odor
problems. Tables, graphs and appendices are given. (Author
summary)
02339
THE AIR POLLUTION SITUATION IN TERRE HAUTE, IN-
DIANA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HYDROGEN
SULFIDE INCIDENT OF MAY-JUNE, 1964. Public Health
Service, Washington, D.C., Division of Air Pollution and Indi-
ana Air Pollution Control Board, Division of Sanitary En-
gineering. June 19, 1964. 28 pp.
Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in Terre Haute during the
episodes of late May and early June 1964 were sufficient to
cause public complaints and discomfort and paint blackening.
Concentrations exceeding 30 parts per hundred million (pphm)
were measured. The most probably source of hydrogen sulfide
and other odorous materials which caused the public com-
plaints and discomfort and paint darkening was a 36-acre
lagoon used for the biodegradation of organic industrial
wastes. This was indicated by the relationship between mea-
surements of hydrogen sulfide and odor observations and
meteorological data and also by measurements of hydrogen
sulfide made in the immediate vicinity of suspect sources.
There are sources of other pollutants in Terre Haute such as
smoke and flyash which should be controlled. Many public
complaints about odors, health effects and property damage
were made by citizens of Terre Haute during the current
episodes. Investigation of the possible health effects of the air
pollution revealed the presence of an air pollution problem
with greater than nuisance value. The main symptoms reported
by affected people included nausea, loss of sleep and abrupt
awakening, shortness of breath and headache. However, al-
most none sought medical attention. In the opinion of medical
observers, the hydrogen sulfide and other obnoxious odorous
materials were the likely cause of certain symptoms in ex-
posed individuals. A 'medical disaster' did not occur. There
was a pressing need for the establishment of an adequate air
pollution control program in Terre Haute. (Author conclusions
modified)
03001
THE AUCKLAND AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH COMMIT-
TEE (SEVENTH ANNUAL REPT. FOR YEAR ENDING MAR.
31, 1966.) Auckland Air Pollution Research Committee, New
Zealand. 33 pp., 1966
The conclusion of the fourth annual survey in Auckland, New
Zealand, is that no significant increases in air pollution have
occurred in the last year. The specific areas of consideration
are: (1) smoke levels, (2) odors, and (3) pollution by motor
vehicles. The report reflects an increased awareness by the
public of the air pollution problem and is exemplified by the
adoption of smoke regulations.
03017
P. A. Kenline
IN QUEST OF CLEAN AIR FOR BERLIN, NEW
HAMPSHIRE. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Divi-
sion of Air Pollution (Technical Kept. No. A62-9) 53 pp., 1962
The city of Berlin, with a population of 15,000 is a manufac-
turing area. Manufacturing accounts for over half of all em-
ployment, with 1 plant accounting for 80% of this toal. The
population has been gradually decreasing since 1930. The city
proper occupies 4 square miles and is situated in a valley such
that frequent inversions, confinement of lateral dispersion, and
weak winds allow periods of pollutant accumulation. Levels of
suspended paniculate matter (averaging 183 ug./cu m) and
dustfall (35 tons/sq. miles/30 days) are relatively high, com-
pared to levels measured in other areas. Levels of sulfur diox-
ide (averaging 16 ppb.), hydrogen sulfide (max. 23 ppb.), and
malodors, although not generally or consistently high, do not
reach levels where undesirable effects are produced. Pollution
was heaviest in areas near the pulp mill and tended to carry
down the valley. Air pollution problems exist in Berlin and
have reached levels that justify constructive efforts to
ameliorate the situation. It was concluded from the study that
emissions from other than industrial operations are not of suf-
ficient magnitude to warrant consideration of control mea-
sures. Since all of the 9 initial steps to achieve control op pol-
lutionnrelated to Brown Co., it was suggested that the Berlin
City Council request the Company to undertake the 1st 7 items
and report their findings to the Council. The last 2 items
require only diligence on the part of the Company with regard
to operation and good housekeeping.
03418
E. V. Porter
AN ODOR SURVEY OF THE TWO KANSAS CITYS. Public
Health Service, Washington, D.C.Div of Air Pollution. (In
cooperation with Kansas City, Kans. and Kansas City, Mo.)
July 1965. 39 pp.
A survey with special attention given to the central industrial
areas was conducted for a 2-week period during the first part
of December 1963. The purpose of the study was to determine
the type and general level of the odor problem of these areas.
The major sources were stockyard districts, yransportation
and smoke. Meteorological data are provided and recommen-
dations are made.
03431
G. B. Welsh.
AN APPRAISAL OF AIR POLLUTION IN HUNTSVILLE,
ALABAMA. Public Health Service, Washington, D.C., Div. of
Air Pollution. May 1963. GPO: 862-747
During the period 1950 to 1963, the population of Huntsville
increased about 480%. This growth trend, which is expected to
continue, favors higher pollution levels in the future unless
adequate control measures are taken. Local meteorological
factors tend to intensify the air pollution problem in Hunt-
sville. During periods of adverse meteorological conditions air
pollutants may be concentrated in the business district of the
city. The southeastern portion of the United States, which inl-
cudes Huntsville, is subjected to a high frequency of low-level
atmospheric temperature inversions and stagnating air masses.
Both of these conditions contribute to accumulation of air pol-
lution in Huntsville, especially during the months of the year
when the space heating requirements are greatest. The at-
mospheric pollutants of primary concern is Huntsville are due
to (1) the improper combustion of coal, (and oil to a lesser
degree) for space heating and power generation in connection
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
169
with residential, commercial and industrial usages; (2) burning
of garbage and refuse at the dump and of refuse on the
premises of commercial and industrial installations; and (3)
dust from mineral processing activities. Pollutants of seconda-
ry concern are odors, gases, and solvent vapors from various
industrial and commercial activities. In addition, emissions
from motor vehicles should also be considered. Whule public
complaints have been primarily directed at smoke and dust
problems there are many other gaseous pollutants which add
to the complexity and magnitude of the proboelm. Periodic in-
cidents of reduced visibility are one apparent indication of air
pollution problem in Huntsville. Measurements of air pollution
that have been made to data are inadequate to define the na-
ture and extent of the air pollution problem. Visual observa-
tions indicate that the primary problems probably are: (1)
smoke from the improper combustion of certain fuels and
burning garbage and refuse; and (2) dusts from the processing
and production of building materials. There is no organized air
pollution control effort in Huntsville at the present time. The
zoning ordinance establishes specific uses for certain districts
and provides performance standards for air pollution control in
the Research Park District. If properly enforced the zoning or-
dinance should minimize the future intermingling of residential
and industrial areas, a condition that usually intensifies local
air pollution problems.
03459
P. A. Kenline
AIR POLLUTION IN HAMILTON, OHIO. Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. 1960, 19 pp.
(Kept. No. A60-8.) HEW: A60-8
The purpose of this appraisal was to determine the status of
the air pollution situation and the need for activity on the part
of government in solving air pollution problems. This report is
an analysis of data and information assembled on air pollution
levels, sources, dispersion, and local control activity. Industri-
al sources of pollutants contribute significantly to Hamilton's
air pollution levels. These sources include emissions which are
of principal concern to a localized area near the source, and
emissions which contribute to the overall community pollution
level. Examples of industrial emissions include odors from
several sources, dust from a slag and gravel products plant,
and emissions from a chemical plant, cupolas, foundries, and
various fabricated metal products producers. (Author summary
modified)
03506
P. A. Kenline
AIR POLLUTION IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution.
(Kept. A60-6.) 1960. 32 pp. HEW: A60-6
At the request of the South Carolina Department of Health
and with the cooperation of the Charleston County Health De-
partment, the Public Health Service made an appraisal of fac-
tors relating to air pollution in the Charleston area. The pur-
pose of this appraisal was to determine the status of the air
pollution situation, and the need for government activity in
solving air pollution problems. This report is an analysis of in-
formation collected relating to sources of pollutants, disper-
sion of pollutants, indication of pollution levels, and the status
of local activity in the air pollution field. Charleston lies in an
area of frequent stagnating high pressure systems - the
meteorological model associated with major air pollution
episodes - and for this reason bears surveillance. However,
because of its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its level
topography, Charleston usually receives good ventilation in
part because of the sea breeze. This advantageous
phenomenon decreases inland. The atmospheric pollutants of
immediate concern derive from industrial sources. However,
domestic, commercial, and municipal sources do contribute to
the overall pollution load of the atmosphere. To date, public
complaints relate to nuisances, particularly industrial odors.
There have also been a few allegations of vegetation and pro-
perty damage. Measurements by the Public Health Service's
National Air Sampling Network in the City of Charleston in-
dicate that the paniculate loading is not excessive, as judged
by comparison with cities of comparable size. The sampler is
located in the center of the city and is not indicative of pollu-
tion levels in other areas. Of greatest interest and concern is
the North Charleston 'neck' which contains within a limited
area a complex of air pollutant sources and residences. No
data are available to indicate pollution levels in this area,
although analysis of the Network data implies that they are
significantly higher than in the city. There is presently no local
or State air pollution program, nor is there routinely available
to the local area any agency with authority and competence in
this field. On the basis of this appraisal and the general availa-
ble knowledge relating to air pollution, the following recom-
mendations are made to the Charleston County Health Depart-
ment. (1) Information should be developed relating in detail to
air pollution levels and sources in the Charleston area, particu-
larly to the north of the city limits. (2) A modest public educa-
tion program should be undertaken. (3) A modest air pollution
program should be developed within the County Health De-
partment. (4) In
03514
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE GREAT KANAWHA
RTVER VALLEY INDUSTRIAL AREA. West Virginia State
Dept. of Health, Charleston, Bureau of Industrial Hygiene and
Cincinnati Univ., Ohio, Kettering Lab. 1952. 184 pp.
The purpose of the survey was to (1) establish factual informa-
tion as to the atmospheric pollution problem of the valley, (2)
compare the present particle-fall load of the valley to that of a
previous survey made by the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene,
West Virginia Department of Health from June 1945 to
December 1947 and (3) to determine the present or future
needs of establishing an agressive air pollution control pro-
gram for the area. The total daily load of particulate solid
matter discharged to the atmosphere was found to be approxi-
mately 500 tons, derived mostly from burning or processing of
coal; that of gases, fumes, and vapors, most of which are sul-
fur gases from the use of coal, amounted to about 370 tons.
While the particulate matter (fly ash, etc.) can be controlled to
acceptable levels through selection of coal and installation of
collectors, it does not appear that there is any prospect of
'cleaning up' the valley completely, although there is evidence
that much more can be accomplished by economical means. It
is further indicated that even with a consistent uniform daily
loading of the atmosphere with particulate matter, the ground
level concentrations may vary greatly, depending upon
meteorological conditions. The elimination of sulfur dioxide
arising from the use of coal is an extremely difficult problem,
since low sulfur coal is not obtainable locally in sufficient
quantity, while chemical methods of control would be
economically prohibitive at the present time. Odors, which are
extremely annoying at times, have not been explained satisfac-
torily in many cases. Analytical methods of identification are
not available except in a few cases, although special equip-
ment might be valuable in identifying such contaminants.
Greater assistance from industry is required to identify such
materials, to determine their toxicity and to establish the quan-
tities discharged into the atmosphere. Two episodes of eye ir-
-------
170
ODORS
ritation of fairly severe character occurred in 1951. While
these were of short duration, they served to indicate that pol-
lution in the valley, under adverse conditions, can cause
demonstrable ill effects. (Author summary modified)
05256
V. A. Ryazanov
CRITERIA AND METHODS OF ESTABLISHING THE MAX-
IMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF AT-
MOSPHERE POLLUTION IN THE USSR. (In: maximum per-
missible concentrations of atmospheric pollution.) Predel'no
Dopustimyye Kontsentratii Atmosfernykh Zagryazneniy.
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR. (8), 5-21 (1964). Russ.
(Tr)
Four different opinions may be found in the literature on ap-
proaches to the establishedment of maximum permissible con-
centrations of atmosphere pollution. They may be briefly for-
mulated in the following way: (1) Only that composition of the
air that is observed under natural conditions in noncon-
taminated human environment can be recognized as normal;
(2) Only that content of a given contaminant in the atmospher-
ic air that cannot practically be removed at the modern level
of development of technology should be considered as normal.
(3) Only such concentrations as are economically justified
should be considered the standard, i. e. the cost of measures
guaranteeing their achievement should be equal or less than
the cost of the damage that they inflict upon society; and (4)
Only such concentration of atmosphere pollution as does not
exert either a direct or an indirect toxic or unpleasant action
on man, does not reduce his ability to work, and exerts no
negative influence on his health and frame of mind can be
recognized as permissible. In the USSR two types of indices
of degree of contamination of the atmospheric air are used:
maximum permissible single and average daily concentrations.
They are aimed at preventing the chronic resorptive action of
toxic substances during prolonged inhalation. The maximum
single permissible concentrations are aimed at preventing at-
mosphere pollution that might produce reflex reactions
through irritation of the receptors of the respiratory organs,
chiefly the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. Summarizing,
it can be noted that the Russians attribute great significance in
the substantiation of the maximum permissible concentrations
of atmosphere pollution to experimental methods of investiga-
tion.
05481
AMBIENT AIR: GUILFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.
Guilford County Health Dept., Greenboro, N.C., Division of
Environmental Health. 1966. 52 pp.
The purpose of this report was to provide factual information
for the citizens and government of Guilford County for use in
the development of a program to control air quality in the
area. The County covers an area of 691 sq. miles and has a
population of 246,520 (1960 census statistics). Industrial activi-
ties include: textile, wood products, machinery and metal
products, food products, mineral products, printing and
publishing, paint, chemical and fertilizer manufacturing. Pollu-
tants resulting from these activities include: dusts, fines,
fumes, smokes, organic vapors, odors, and gases. Sampling
data for the year between 1964 and 1966 were obtained by the
following methods: high volume samplers for suspended parti-
cles, dustfall jar sampling for dusts, AISI tapes for soiling
index measurements, and gas samplers for SO2, NO and NO2.
The sampling data are tabulated for the various pollutants.
Estimated fuel usage in the County for the year of 1965 is
tabulated. Estimated sulfur content for coal was 0.9% and
1.0% for commercial and domestic use, and industrial use,
respectively. Meteorological aspects here pertaining to air pol-
lution are also reported. Results indicated that an undesirable
concentration of air pollution existed, based on levels
established in other sections of the nation. More detailed and
concentrated efforts are needed on gaseous sampling for
achieving meaningful conclusions.
06535
T. O. Carver,B. Bucove.V. G. Mackenzie.and A. N. Heller
AN APPROACH TO A SOLUTION OF AN INTERSTATE AIR
POLLUTION PROBLEM. Preprint. (Presented at the 57th An-
nual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Houston,
Tex., June 1964.)
A six-months study (1961-1962) of an air pollution problem in
Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington was made jointly
by the Departments of Health of Idaho and Washington and
the Division of Air Pollution, Public Health Service. Aeromet-
ric studies, meteorological conditions, materials damage, and
emission inventories were evaluated and preliminary con-
siderations of health effects were made. Socio-economic
aspects via a public awareness study of air pollution in Clark-
ston, Washington are reviewed in terms of survey methodolo-
gy and analysis. Complementary studies of an odor survey in
both Lewiston and Clarkston are interpreted. The development
of a number of joint recommendations to solve the immediate
air resource management problem and allow for future
economic growth in the valley is explored. (Authors' abstract)
07572
Benforado, D. M. and G. Cooper
THE APPLICATION OF DIRECT-FLAME INCINERATION
AS AN ODOR CONTROL PROCESS IN KRAFT PULP
MILLS. Preprint, (19)p., (1968). 18 refs. (Presented at the
22nd Engineering Conference, Process Systems & Controls
Water & Air Pollution, TAPPI, Atlanta, Ga., Sept. 19-22,
1967.)
A method of controlling the odors in Kraft Pulp Mills by
direct-flame incineration is discussed. The design criteria, as
well as the incorporation of heat recovery equipment, is
covered. A method of quantitatively measuring the odor
strength of waste gases and the use of this method to deter-
mine effectiveness of control equipment is also discussed. The
intent of the paper is to offer one method of air pollution con-
trol which appears to be applicable to Kraft Pulp Mills and
which may be equated with other methods presently being
considered. (Authors' abstract)
09590
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA, MARIETTA, OHIO AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY. 87p., March 1967.
((38)) refs. <
An investigation of air pollution in the interstate area encom-
passing Marietta, Ohio, Parkersburg, West Virginia, and Vien-
na, West Virginia was conducted. The average concentrations
of suspended particulates measured in the three major popula-
tion centers was in excess of 150 micrograms per cubic meter
with maximum daily values in excess of 500 micrograms per
cubic meter. The average value for 2-hour sulfur dioxide mea-
surements made at three locations was approximately 0.02 part
per million parts of air. At the Vienna station, however, a
daily average concentration of 0.10 part of sulfur dioxide per
million parts of air was exceeded 3.4 percent of the time.
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
171
Short-term concentrations approached one part sulfur dioxide
per million parts of air at various times. Sensitive vegetation
exposed in Vienna developed injury that was attributed to the
synergistic action of ozone and sulfur dioxide in low-level
combination. Damage to indigenous vegetation from sulfur
dioxide and fluorides was also observed. Atmospheric corro-
sion of ferrous metals was not abnormally high. Tarnishing of
silver plate indicated, however, that the presence of gaseous
sulfides is consistent with reported complaints of odor
nuisance. From an inventory of emissions of sulfur oxides and
paniculate pollutants it is estimated that more than 123,000,000
pounds of sulfur oxides and 25,000,000 pounds of paniculate
pollutants are emitted each year from sources in the survey
area. Approximately 85 percent of the sulfur oxide and 55 per-
cent of the paniculate matter are emitted from sources in
Ohio, and 15 percent of the sulfur oxides and 45 percent of
the paniculate matter from sources in West Virginia. Eight
point sources account for almost 98 percent of the total sulfur
oxides and 94 percent of total paniculate emissions. Mathe-
matical applications of diffusion theory were used to estimate
the relative contributions of specific sources.
09592
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
LEWISTON, IDAHO, CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY. 61p., Feb. 1967. 18
refs.
Investigations of air pollution in the community have been
concerned with air quality, meteorology, sources of pollutants,
and various effects of air pollution. There are numerous
sources of air pollution in the community; the largest of these
is a kraft pulp mill located just east of Lewiston. Other
sources include: Lumbering Operations; Asphalt Mix Plants;
Food Processing Plants; Concrete Mixing and Grain Handling;
Fuel Usage; Refuse Disposal; and Vehicular Emissions. The
interstate movement of pollutants, particularly odorous gases
emitted by the pulp mill in Idaho and transported to Clarkston,
Wash., has been demonstrated. In a public opinion survey in
Clarkston, Wash., more than 90 percent of the persons inter-
viewed perceived air pollution in the community as a malador
problem. The pulp mill reported emissions amounting to about
1,800 pounds of hydrogen sulfide, 2,500 pounds of mercap-
tans, and 1,000 pounds of organic sulfide gases per day; about
23,000 pounds of particulates, consisting mostly of sodium
sulfate and sodium carbonate per day, from the mill's
recovery furnaces; and an average of about 9,700 tons of
water vapor per day from all operations. Calculated daily
emissions of selected pollutants from sources other than the
pulp mill included about 4,000 pounds of particulates, 100,000
pounds of carbon monoxide, and more than 20,000 pounds of
hydrocarbons. About two-thirds of the community emissions
are released in Idaho and about one-third in Washington. The
valley topography of the Lewiston-Clarkston area results in
the transport of air pollutants alternately from either of the
states to the other.
12426
Vaughan, H. L. and G. B. Welsh
AIR POLLUTION EVALUATION. PASCAGOULA - MOSS
POINT AREA OF MISSISSIPPI. Jackson County Health
Dept., Miss., 15p., Feb. 1964 5 refs.
A thirty day air pollution evaluation was undertaken in the
Pascagoula-Moss Point area to determine the extent and mag-
nitude of the air pollution problem and to obtain basic infor-
mation on air pollution levels that may be useful as a
reference point to indicate any significant changes that may
occur in the future. The Pascagoula-Moss Point area is one of
the most industrialized areas in Mississippi and has the poten-
tial for future industrial expansion. The air pollutant levels in-
dicated that air pollution is not a serious problem at present,
although hydrogen sulfide levels may be sufficient to cause
lead base paint discoloration and odor complaints at times; the
suspended paniculate loading indicated a potential problem. It
was pointed out that a short term evaluation can only provide
a general indication of air pollution levels. Generally, the
meteorological conditions in the Pascagoula-Moss Point area
favor the dispersion and dilution of air pollution. However,
periodic low-level inversions and stagnant air masses may oc-
cur. There are also indications that appreciable periods of
calm-stagnant weather may occur which contributes to the ac-
cumulation of air pollution in the area. It was recommended
that surveillance be maintained to indicate any significant
changes in the air pollution problems of the area; that records
of air pollution type complaints be maintained; and future
evaluations be undertaken whenever there is an indication that
the air pollution problem in the area may be significantly
changed. (Author summary modified)
12648
S. F. Galeano
HOW TO DEVELOP AIR SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
FOR PULP MILLS. Paper Trade J., 153(l):41-43, Jan. 6, 1969.
2 Refs.
Air quality and emission standards are being prepared and im-
plemented by local and state authorities on a continuing basis.
Emissions to the atmosphere by pulp and paper mills, as well
as other industrial plants, will be governed by these standards.
The most meaningful contribution of a paper mill air surveil-
lance program would be in providing data essential to the
establishment of realistic air quality standards. With such a
program supported by management, a company will be in a
position to authoritatively recommend realistic air criteria for
the area surrounding a particular manufacturing facility. A
substantive surveillance program is outlined.
16062
Donkelaar Van, A.
AIR QUALITY CONTROL IN A BLEACHED KRAFT MILL.
Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech. Sec., p. T346-T350, 1967 (?). 10
refs. (Presented at Paper Ind. Air and Stream Improvement
Conf., 3rd, Vancouver, B. C., 1967.)
The air pollution control program of a bleached kraft mill in
northern Calif, is described. By using black liquor oxidation,
hydrogen sulfide emissions from the stack were reduced to
near zero, and a high degree of efficiency in eliminating mer-
captans and organic sulfides was reached through treatment by
incineration. A detailed in-plant monitoring program for mea-
suring emissions is described and the results reported weekly
to the local Air Pollution Control District. The use of
telephone responses and home monitoring systems are also
valuable. Four-hour checks on critical equipment, weather
measurements, and an ambient air monitoring program in
which paniculate fall-out is measured at seven stations, are
also part of the control program. Data show typical main stack
emissions, lime kiln stack emissions, and green liquor dis-
solver stack emissions.
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172
ODORS
16635
Gil'denskjol'd, R. S.
EXPERIMENTAL BASIS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
MAXIMAL ALLOWABLE SINGLE CARBON BISULFIDE
CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. U.S.S. Litera-
ture on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
vol.8:153-158, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-11570
Atmospheric air pollution with carbon disulfide discharged
from a combine was studied. Air samples were collected
within radii of 150, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 m
from the combine. A total of 342 samples were collected on
the lee side of the plant. Results showed that carbon disulfide
vapor was detected 3000 m from the plant. Carbon disulfide
odor was detected 2000 m from the plant. Sensory tests in-
dicated that 0.05 mg/cu m of carbon disulfide was the
threshold concentration sensed by most odor- sensitive per-
sons. Optical chronaxy tests indicated that 0.04 mg/cu m of
CS2 was the threshold concentration of carbon disulfide reflex
activity affect. Statistical analysis showed that 0.04 mg/cu m
CS2 was the minimal active concentration which elicited shifts
in darkness adapted eye sensitivity to light, and that 0.03
mg/cu m was the maximum subthreshold concentration. It was
concluded that the existing 0.5 mg/cu m maximal single and
0.15 mg/cu m average 24-hr CS2 concentrations were too high.
The presently recommended and adopted 0.03 mg/cu m limit
of allowable carbon disulfide concentration in atmospheric air
of inhabited localities is below the threshold of odor percep-
tion and reflex activity affect.
16636
Baikov, B. K.
HYGIENIC DATA RELATED TO SANITARY CLEARANCE
ZONES FOR KORKINSK OPEN COAL PITS. U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
vol. 8:188-190, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-11570
The degree of air pollution with coal dust, sulfur dioxide, and
carbon monoxide at different distances from the Korkinsk
open coal pits was investigated. Air samples were collected on
the lee side of the mine pit at 300, 500, 800, 1000, and 1200 m
from the pits. Air samples for the determination of SO2 were
collected by the aspiration method and determined
nephelometrically, using a gas analyzer. Records were kept of
the temperature, air humidity, wind direction and velocity, and
barometric pressure. Results showed intense pollution with
SO2 and dust. Sulfur dioxide concentrations exceeded the limit
of allowable single concentration for atmospheric air of in-
habited places by 260% at 300 m, and by 100% at 800 m. Dust
concentrations exceeded the hygienic norm by 360% at 300 m
and by 140% at 800 m. Carbon monoxide was present in trace
amounts only. Residents in the vicinity complained of un-
pleasant odor and air dustiness. A sanitary clearance zone of
1000 m was recommended. The sanitary clearance zone could
be reduced where sufficient hydro-mechanical installations are
efficiently operated, provided that production processes and
sanitary-hygienic protection means are under strict inspection
and control.
17630
Kogo, Tetsutaro, Ryosaku Endo, Tatsunori Oyake, and
Hirosni Shirakawa
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 9. INVESTIGATION OF THE EXIST-
ING CONDITIONS IN HOKKAIDO WITH RESPECT TO OF-
FENSIVE ODORS (FIRST REPORT). INVESTIGATION OF
THE ORIGINS OF THE ODORS, THE DAMAGE BEING
CAUSED, AND THE REACTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF THE
LOCAL RESIDENTS. Taiki Os Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
Pollution), 2(l):48-58, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
Out of 1586 cases of complaints and petitions concerning
public hazards received by the Hokkaido local government in
1965, those related to offensive odors accounted for 25.6%. An
investigation of the situation was conducted. The sources of
odor included marine products processing plants, animal
stockyards, paper manufacturing factories, garbage and trash
disposal facuities, agricultural products processing plants, and
animal carcass disposal facilities. An investigation of odor dif-
fusion was conducted at 23 different offensive odor sites.
Twenty-four measuring points were set up on concentric cir-
cles of radius 500, 200, 100, and 50 m, with the plant being the
center. The measurements were made with the sense of smell.
At distances of more than 100 m, the number of appraisals of
'no odor' was greatest, then 'faint odor", 'definite odor', 'very
strong odor', and 'unbearable odor', in that order. Occurrence
rates of 'definite odor' were highest downwind of the source,
and the odor extended to a greater distance. Questionnaires
were distributed to residents of the area, and inquiries were
made concerning their reactions and attitudes toward the odor.
A total of 70.9% of all the people interviewed appraised the
odor to be 'definite odor' or greater.
18231
Turk, Amos, Janet T. Wittes, L. R. Reckner, and R. E.
Squires
SENSORY EVALUATION OF DIESEL EXHAUST ODORS.
Public Health Service, Raleigh, N. C., National Air Pollution
Control Administration, Contracts PH 27-66-96 and CPA-69-
528, 67p., February 1970. CFSTI: PB 192 224, NAPCA: AP-60
Exhaust gases, not necessarily toxic, emitted by diesel en-
gines, are characterized by offensive odors which can be rated
numerically by human judges. Correlations of such ratings
with the chemical composition of diesel exhaust will aid in
establishing Federal standards for diesel exhaust emissions and
developing methods of diesel odor control. An outline is
presented for the development of programs in which human
panelists selected for superior olfactory ability can be trained
to rate odors in terms of quality and intensity relative to
reference standards. These techniques are being applied in
much of the PHS-sponsored research involving air pollution by
diesel engines. Further work undertaken to develop and extend
earlier studies is summarized. Described is the physical ar-
rangement of an exhaust dilution and panel exposure system
designed to simulate on-the-street exposure to emissions. In-
structions for conducting the odor evaluation tests with these
facilities are also presented, along with the design of test pro-
grams and statistical analysis of the resulting test data. Appen-
dices describe the theoretical basis for air purification require-
ments in test chambers, the composition and makeup of diesel
odor standards, and mathematical derivations of the statistical
procedures. (Author abstract modified)
20355
Murata, M., H. Hirobe, H. Shima, T. Kanamaru, T. Matsui,
and K. Naka
AIR POLLUTION IN YOKKAICffl CITY. (Yokkaichi no taiki
osen: gasujo osen busshitsu (ryukaiwo) ni tsuite.) Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
4(1):5, 1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the
Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
The citizens of Yokkaichi have complained extensively about
obnoxious odors. Organic sulfur compounds and hydrogen sul-
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
173
fide emitted or leaking out from the local petrochemical indus-
try were suspected of being the main cause, and an investiga-
tion on hydrogen sulfide was conducted. The observations
were made around the industrial locations of the city during
the winter of 1968 1969. Instantaneous measurement by
means of milli-pore filter method was mainly employed. The
concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air around Yokkaichi
was below 20 ppb, the odor threshold for hydrogen sulfide.
However, if the rotten egg odor did originate in hydrogen sul-
fide, there probably was an operational mistake or emission
from the factories.
23098
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
SOME EXAMPLES OF INVESTIGATING ODOR POLLU-
TION. PART II. (Akushu kogaichosa no nisan no jirei. tsuzu-
ki). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J.
Japan), l(2):19-23, June 20, 1970. 27 refs.
The data from the experimental field survey of the odor
problem in three areas adjacent to two chemical plants and a
drug plant are analyzed. The items included in the question-
naire were subjective olfactory perception, weather condi-
tions, subjective symptoms of health injury from the odor,
opinion of existing odor problem and similar questions. Due to
geographical features, odor bearing emission gas in one area,
was observed to form atmospheric odor layers flowing over
hilly suburbs and covering the whole area as far as 2 km away.
In another area, odor level was found almost same as in the
past. A comparison of the data with the results derived from
the field measurement of odor by an olfactorium and gas chro-
matography was attempted to determine the correlation
between the olfactory perception thresholds and the quantita-
tive data from odor measurement devices. Odorous emission
from the chemical plants was measured to be 10 million cu
m/hr and nearly 10 billion cu m/hr from the drug plant as was
initially expected, the odor intensity index obtained by the ol-
faction test and the odor intensity multiple of threshold value
detected by the meters were not necessarily the same. By con-
structing a table that shows the relationship between or-
ganoleptic and mechanical measurement results, it might be
possible to infer as to whether the odor components comple-
ment or neutralize each other, whether other odor components
not detectable by measurement devices exist, or whether there
are other background odors in the general area.
23149
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Yoshio Katagawa '
ON THE UNEXPECTED AIR POLLUTION AND THE CON-
SIDERATION OF THE CAUSE. PART H. EPIDEMIOLOGI-
CAL RESEARCH ON THE ODOR IN TOKUYAMA CITY.
(Toppatsuteki taiki osen to sono geninteki kosatsu. sono 2.
Tokuyama-shi ni okeru shuki no ekigaku teki tsuikyu). Text in
Japanese. Yamaguchi Ida! Sangyo Igaku Kenkyusho Nenpo
(Ann. Report Res. Inst. Ind. Med., Yamaguchi Med. School), no.
16:225-227, 1969. 1 ref.
In Tokuyama, a town of petrochemical industry, frequent
odors have been the target of citizens' complaints. The geo-
graphical distribution of complaint frequencies determined by
means of a questionnaire survey and wind speed and direction
indicated that the odors originate from the eastern industrial
complex. Despite the claim by industry representatives that
the odors were the result of the secondary reaction of gases
similar to photo-chemical events, the meteorological data
showed that the odors were the result of direct emissions from
the factories. Some of the most frequent descriptions of the
odor are, indescribable, headaches, loss of appetite, eye irrita-
tions, nausea, sore throat, burning sulfur, and human waste.
The geographical distribution of these descriptions indicated
that the odorants consisted of butadiene, styrene, ethylene,
hydrogen sulfide, and similar substances. The investigation
results pointed to the factory of the N-rubber Co. and the odor
was determined as butadiene and styrene. The odor problem
was subsequently voluntarily rectified by the company. 23149
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Yoshio Katagawa
23152
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Sekio Ueno
ON THE UNEXPECTED AIR POLLUTION AND THE CON-
SDDERATION OF THE CAUSE. PART I. EPIDEMIOLOGI-
CAL RESEARCH ON THE IRRITATING GASES IN NANYO-
CHO. (Toppatsuteki taiki osen to sono geninteki kosatsu.
Sono 1. Nanyo-cho ni oleru shigekisei gasu no ekigakuteki
tsuikyu) Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi Idai Sangyo Igaku Ken-
kyusho Nenpo (Ann. Report Res. Inst. Ind. Med., Yamaguchi
Med. School), no. 16:221-224, 1969. 1 ref.
Residents living close to the coastal petrochemical industry
complex in Nanyo, Yamaguchi, have been complaining of oc-
casional severe eye irritations. The residents were asked to fill
out questionnaires and six persons were requested to be con-
fidential monitors. The analysis of complaint frequencies, the
geographical distributions of complaints, and wind speed and
direction led to the conclusion that the eastern industrial com-
plex could be excluded. The compilation of the types of physi-
cal perceptions, (eye irritation, sweet-sour smell) and the geo-
graphical distribution of the frequency of complaints indicated
that the obnoxious gas originated periodically from the
western complex. Contrary to the claim by the industrial
representatives that the pollution is a secondary or indirect
result of photochemical effect in the atmosphere, the data
revealed that the emissions were directly from the factories.
The reports from the monitors further confirmed that the
odors probably consist of halogens, aldehydes, halogen com-
pounds of hydrocarbons, acetic acid, or ethylene. The respon-
sible factories subsequently voluntarily eliminated the emis-
sions.
23411
Allure, H. L. and John Bramblett
ADX POLLUTION IN WASHINGTON COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality Control and Washington County Dept. of Health, 63p.,
Jan. 1970. 20 refs.
The study was conducted to provide a preliminary survey of
air pollution conditions. It is part of a series of county surveys
which are being prepared for Maryland. The report is based on
measurement of atmospheric pollutants for several years in
Hagerstown and on data in the files of the State and county
health departments. The measurements of suspended particu-
late matter indicate that the annual arithmetic average value in
some 30 micrograms/cu m higher than the serious level stan-
dard of 75 micrograms/cu m and 40 above the adverse level of
65. Some 24 hour readings exceed 160 micrograms/cu m. Mea-
surements of dustfall indicate that the serious level standard of
14 tons/sq mi/mo and the adverse level of 10, is exceeded.
Readings in Hagerstown have averaged 18.3 tons/sq mi/mo
over a nine-year period. In regard to sulfur dioxide concentra-
tions in the ambient air, a serious level standard of 0.03 ppm
and an adverse level of 0.015 ppm (annual arithmetic average)
have been proposed. Actual readings were slightly above the
serious concentration at 0.031 ppm. The pollution problems are
mainly associated with a variety of manufacturing processes,
the combustion of coal and oil, and odors from plants using
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174
ODORS
organic chemicals. The increased fuel use for space heating in
the winter is closely allied with higher levels of sulfur dioxide
and the soiling index. Dust from quarrying operations at four
rural locations creates nuisances in the immediate vicinity of
these facilities. Smudge pots which are used to lessen the
chances of frost damage to fruit blossoms near Hancock and
in the northeastern portion of the county create extremely
dirty conditions. The use of insecticides by the orchard indus-
try also creates objectionable odors in those areas. There are
two burning dumps, one near Hagerstown rated the fifth worst
dump in the State. In the Williamsport area a power plant is
responsible for locally heavy emission concentrations and a
brick yard and tannery are responsible for other undersirable
emissions. With the exception of Hagerstown, Williamsport,
and Hancock, Washington County has satisfactorily clean air.
There are infrequent cases of stagnation and pollution drift
that may temporarily raise pollutant levels in other parts of the
county.
23845
Cholark, J., L. J. Schafer, and R. F. Hoffer
RESULTS OF A FIVE-YEAR INVESTIGATION OF AIR POL-
LUTION IN CINCINNATI. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational
Med., Vol. 6:314-325, 1952. 3 refs. (Presented at the American
Industrial Hygiene Association, Air Pollution Division, Annual
Meeting, 13th, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 24, 1952.)
The results of an air quality investigation in Cincinnati, Ohio
are presented. Samples were taken at 18 sites, several times
monthly for a period of five years. At each of the stations,
samples of suspended matter were collected by an electrostatic
precipitator and were analyzed several ways to determine the
composition of the paniculate matter suspended in the at-
mosphere. Compounds identified included various metals, sul-
fur dioxide, fluorides, chlorides, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, aldehydes, nitrates, and ammonia. In addition, mea-
surements of odors and dust fall are reported. Relationships
between pollutant concentration and traffic density, season,
and meteorological conditions are discussed. Plans for the con-
tinuation of the monitoring network are described.
24162
Thorn, Norman G.
AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES IN NEW ZEA-
LAND. SAE-Australasia, 30(4):136-142, July-Aug. 1970. 6 refs.
(Presented at the Vehicle Exhaust Symposium, Auckland,
New Zealand, April 15, 1970.)
Air pollution monitoring in New Zealand, particularly in
Auckland, has indicated that levels of pollution originating
from motor vehicles are comparable with those of similar
sized cities in developed countries. Carbon monoxide affects
the body by combining with the hemoglobin of the blood to
form carboxyhemoglobin, thus decreasing the ability of the
blood to carry oxygen to body cells. The maximum two hour
concentration measured in Auckland would result in approxi-
mately 3% of a person's hemoglobin being combined with CO
if he were a non-smoker and stayed in the area where the
measurements were taken for two hours. The major sig-
nificance of the oxides of nitrogen in air pollution is the role
they play in the formation of photochemical smog. Average 24
hour concentrations in Auckland range from 0.4 pphm in the
outer suburbs to 9.0 pphm in the city streets. Hydrocarbons no
doubt include many of the gases which give rise to traffic
odors, while some of the ring shaped compounds are known
carcinogens. The main significance of the hydrocarbons
emitted in the exhaust gases is that they contain many unsatu-
rated compounds which are very reactive in the processes
which give rise to photochemical smog. However, Auckland
has neither the topography nor meteorology likely for promot-
ing this type of phenomenon. Values of airborne lead range
from peak concentrations of 6.0 micrograms/cu m in city
streets to an average 0.6 micrograms/cu m in residential areas
Lead is to some degree a cumulative poison in the human
body. Generally, a well maintained diesel that is not over-
loaded gives rise to less air pollution than an equivalent
gasoline vehicle. Control of air pollution from automobiles is
also mentioned.
25291
Osaka Municipal Office, (Japan)
THE PRESENT STATUS AND THE CONTROL OF PUBLI
NUISANCES IN OSAKA. (Osaka-shi no kogai no genkyo to
sono taisaku). Text in Japanese. Public Nuisance Control
Material NO. '70-12, 124p., July 1970.
General statistics related to the city of Osaka are enumerated
initially. The items concerning air pollution cover the transition
of air pollution such as the historical data on the quantity of
settling dusts, sulfur oxides, and the number of smoggy days.
Also covered under the present status of air pollution are the
quantity of settling dusts, the sulfur oxides concentration ac-
cording to the lead peroxide as well as electroconductivity
methods, the concentration of suspended particulates, and air
pollution monitoring stations. The background and the present
status of automobile exhaust pollution are also included. The
control measures against air pollution consist of regulation by
laws, enlightenment and administrative guidance, smog alert
and emergency measures, constant surveillance, control of au-
tomobile emissions, investigation of pollution effects, and the
execution of plans to establish air pollution environmental
standards. The report further discusses water pollution, noise
pollution, ground settling, bad odors, industrial wastes, aid to
pollution victims, special loan funds for pollution control
equipment purchases, and appropriate geographical distribu-
tion of factories.
•/'
25780
Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution
Control Administration
PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA-MARIETTA, OHIO, AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY: SUPPLEMENTAL
TECHNICAL REPORT. NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-50, 71p.,
Sept. 1969. 31 refs. NTIS: PB 195144
To supplement and update a 1967 technical report on air abate-
ment activity in the Parkersburg, West Virginia - Marietta,
Ohio area, a number of field investigations were initiated in
January 1969 and continued through August 1969. The activi-
ties included additional measurements of sulfur dioxide pollu-
tion through saturation samplin using sulfation plate measure-
ments and aerial sampling from light aircraft. Data developed
by these tests were used to determine the spread of sulfur
dioxide over the area and the transport and diffusion of sulfur
dioxide emissions from large sources. Source categories sur-
veyed in 1966 were re-examined to determine whether signifi-
cant changes had occurred in type and quantity of pollutant
emissions in the two-year period since the initial survey. The
general condition of vegetation in the area, particularly in the
vicinity of major pollutant sources, was surveyed to determine
the extent of injury from air pollution and possible changes in
types of injury and areas affected since 1967. An odor and irri-
tant survey was performed to obtain evidence of odors and
sensory irritants causing lachrymation or nasal and throat
discomfort. The results of the survey efforts are reported, and
recommendations made with regard to control of process and
steam-generating-plant emissions and refuse disposal.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
175
25996
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Raleigh, N. C.
and West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission
KANAWHA VALLEY AIR POLLUTION STUDY. NAPCA
Pub-APTD-70-1, 369p., March 1970. 96 refs. NTIS: PB 194881
A cooperative study of air pollution in the upper Kanawha
Valley of West Virginia was undertaken. Air quality measur-
ments were made, meteorological parameters were evaluted,
odor studies were undertaken, and existing information was
collected and evaluated. A pollutant emission inventory was
compiled from fuel combustion sources, refuse disposal,
gasoline and solvent evaporation losses, chemical processes,
concrete batch plants, metallurgical processes, wood products,
and a number of other industrial processes. Wind data,
sunshine, temperature and stability, and climatology are
discussed. Measurements of paniculate matter, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, oxidants, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sul-
fide, sulfuric acid mist, and total aldehydes are included. The
relationship between air quality and emissions is mentioned.
Air quality goals and reduction plans are discussed. Materials
deterioration is evaluated and control economics are con-
sidered. Instruments for measurements are also listed.
26304
Nishida, Konosuke, Yoshinori Ishikawa, Takashi Suzuki,
Masaichi Sasaki, Junichi Ueda, Kazutomo Yamaguchi, and
Sadaharu Hattori
A TENTATIVE PLAN CONCERNING A COMPREHENSIVE
ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. (Kan-
kyo osen no sogo hyoka ni kansuru ichi shian). Text in
Japanese. Koshu Eisei (Public Health), 34(9):563-572, Sept.
1970. 17 refs.
A tentative plan, for assessing factors which adversely affect
the environment of Kyoto city involved dividing it into 404
evaluating zones and measuring environmental contaminants in
each area to assess the level of pollution. The measured values
were classified into 5 grades for each of 7 contaminant factors
(noise, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, bad
odor density 5 soot and dust, and the density of factories)
which seemed to adversely affect the situation, and an assess-
ment was correspondingly made for each grade. Question-
naires distributed to citizens were analyzed; the weighting
coefficients which reflected the various degrees of influence
of the seven contaminant factors on the living conditions in
each zone were calculated. A comprehensive, overall value
was computed by multiplying the measured levels of contami-
nants by their respective weighting coefficients and by
summing up seven measured points in each zone. The com-
prehensive values derived in this way were further classifie
into 5 grades, and assessments which corresponded with each
grade were given. The quantitative degree of contamination for
each zone were plotted on a map of Kyoto city giving an
overall distribution of pollution. As a result, the living condi-
tions were shown to have deteriorated most seriously in 3 sec-
tions of Nishijin Kamigyo-ku and the whole of Kawaramachi,
and Nakagyo-ku; 5 areas of Minami-ku and the east of Sakyo-
ku; and 2 areas of north of Fujimi-ku. The conditions were
best in the western parts of Kita-ku, Sakyo-ku, and Ukyo-ku
and the southwest of Fushimi-ku. Compared with the distribu-
tion of areas where environmental pollution complaints arise,
the map giving the overall assessments for Kyoto city shows
that the former are generally located where conditions have
deteriorated. The comparison reveals a generally close cor-
respondence between the areas where complaints arise and
those worst affected according to the comprehensive, overall
grading.
27255
Miyaga Prefecture (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
AIR POLLUTION. (Taikiosen). Text in Japanese. In: Data of
Environmental Pollution in Miyagi Prefecture. Report 7. (April
1969 March 1970). (Miyagiken Kogai Shfryo. Dai 7 ho.
(Showa 44 nen 4 gatsu Showa 45 nen 3 gatsu)). Sendai,
Japan, Miyagi Prefecture, Sept. 1970, Chapt. E, p. 4-100.
The results of measuring dust fall, sulfur oxides, automobile
exhaust gases, and offensive odor substances, of meteorologi-
cal observations, investigations of the effects of offensive
odors on the human body, and a previous inquiry for preven-
tion of environmental pollution arising from industries at Sen-
dai Bay district of the new industrial city in Miyagi Prefecture
from January to December 1969 are reported. The yearly
amount of dust fall and the concentrations of sulfur oxides (by
the PbO2 method) were 61 (6.39 t/sq km/month) and 80 (0.34
mg/100 sq cm/day), respectively in the case of taking the 1965
values as 100. The observation of dust fall by season revealed
that the amount was the lowest in summer and had increased
gradually from autumn to winter. The average concentrations
of sulfur oxides measured by the electric conductivity method
were within a range of 0.007 to 0.011 ppm. Among meteorolog-
ical observations, the average wind speed at Sendai and Taga
district were 2.1 3.1 and 2.3 3.5 m/s respectively. The
results of measurement of automobile exhaust gases at Furu-
kawa and Ishinomaki revealed that the average annual values
of carbon monoxide were 11.5 ppm and 9.4 ppm, and those of
nitrogen dioxide were 4.8 pphm and 5.1 pphm, respectively;
they were high during rush hours in the morning and the even-
ing. A diffusion experiment was previously conducted by an
air-tracer system; at the same time, local meteorological condi-
tions were observed. Ophthalmologic and nasopharyngeal ex-
aminations, lung function tests, examinations of blood pres-
sure and urine, and roentgenographic examinations were car-
ried out, based on the result of a consciousness survey to of-
fensive odor and individual questioning including question-
naires about subjective symptoms at Shiogama where there
were fish-meal factories. Offensive odor occurred on rainy
days and rainy seasons.
29349
Nakayama, Hidero
REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATIONS ON THE OFFENSIVE
ODOR IN YOKKAICHI CITY. (Yokkaichi chiku ni okeru
akushu ni kansuru chosa hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 122p.,
1969.
Offensive odors in Yokkaichi City, Mie Prefecture were
analyzed. The concentration was estimated and gas chromato-
graphic qualitative and quantitative determinations were made.
The selection of column, conditions of gas chromatography,
drawing up of a calibration curve, and the method of elimina-
tion were mentioned. On-the-spot investigations were carried
out in the district around the petroleum industries in the town
and the site of frequent complaints from March 1969 to March
1970. Although the charts had not yet determined some pat-
terns, they showed that hydrocarbons were frequently found
because of the petroleum industry s use of substances with
relatively low boiling points. Furthermore, the sulfur com-
pounds such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide and methyl
mercaptan were detected in some districts and aldehydes such
acetaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde at other districts. Hydrocar-
bons include many olefins. Also, the relationship between the
contamination by organic matters and the amount of hydrogen
sulfide and total aldehyde was observed; 0.026 ppm H2S was
detected at one point and aldehydes were found at every
point, with a minimal value of 0.003 ppm and a maximum of
-------
176
ODORS
0.022 ppm. This result agreed with the result from gas chro-
matography. The amount of bad-smelling substances such as
mercaptan and sulfinel could not be determined when they
coexisted with a great deal of hydrocarbons and other sub-
stances.
29973
Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Protection Research lust.
(Japan)
POLLUTIONS AND TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERN-
MENT. (Kogai to Tokyo-to). Text in Japanese. 724p., June
1970.
Ten thousand and four hundred facilities are required to report
under Air Pollution Control Law, of which 91% are boilers. In
the six central wards, there are 37% of the total boilers, con-
sidered to be for heating of buildings. There are only 17 open
hearths, 84 cupolas, 61 electric furnaces for steel-making, 25
boilers for thermal generation, and 45 facilities to supply city
gas. Of the 19 stacks taller than 70 m, 13 are in Kawasaki
City, and nine are in Yokohama; these 41 stacks emit 6,783.3
cu m sulfur dioxide. Pollutants emitted in a year in Tokyo are:
857,000 tons of carbon monoxide, 444,000 tons of SO2, and
30,000 tons of particulates. This is roughly twice as much SO2
and CO as in the U. S. Metals and sulfuric acid mist adhere to
dust. Also the 10 micron and submicron particulates from elec-
tric furnace can be seen only under electronic microscopes. At
a busy intersection in Tokyo, 11.6 ppm CO on the ground was
measured, the daily average was 11.6 ppm and 12.3 ppm at
another crossing. Nitric oxide concentration in front of the
Metropolitan Government Office was 0.078 ppm, annual
average, but in the hinterland, the concentration of nitrogen
dioxide was greater. The number of cars has increased at the
rate of 100,000 a year since 1960, and at 200,000 since 1966;
recently there is one car for every 6.5 people. Most of CO is
estimated to have been caused by the automobiles gasoline
combustion. Cars emit NO at high concentrations near the
ground. Also, 270 complaints out of 1000 complaints on air
pollution lodged with the Metropolitan Government in 1960
concerned the factories which generated harmful substance
and obnoxious odor. Of 12,000 factories, employing more than
20 workers, about 5000 are suspected of emitting harmful gas
and obnoxious odor. Since 1964, manuals on guiding these en-
terprises have been in use on dust, harmful substance (am-
monia and chromium acid mist), and there are 14 in all as of
March, 1969. Thirteen automatic measuring equipment stations
have been installed to measure SO2 and micro- particulates
(rate of filtering) and six stations measure CO, NO, and NO2
(to be increased to nine in the future). At present, five spots
on major highways measure CO, NO, NO2, and hydrocarbons
(to be increased to 10 spots in 1969 and 1970). Air pollution
control agreements have been concluded between the Tokyo
Metropolitan Government, the Tokyo Electric Power Co., and
the Tokyo Gas Co.
31371
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
REPORT OF A SURVEY ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
IN THE DISTRICTS UNDER POLLUTION CONTROL PRO-
GRAM. (Kogai boshi keikaku sakutei chiiki kankyo chosa
hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 136p., March 1969.
Air pollution, water pollution, offensive odors, and noise in
the Chiba/Ichihara, Yokkaichi, and Mizushima districts were
surveyed in 1968. Average daily sulfur dioxide concentrations
were 0.02 ppm in the Chiba/Ichihara district and 0.01-0.05 ppm
in the Yokkaichi district. Values measured at 28 points in the
latter district varied according to direction, wind velocity, and
geographical conditions. The mean value of suspended dusts in
the Chiba/Ichihara district was 151.6 microgram/cu m, but
values as high as 256-1649 microgram/cu m were measured in
Yokkaichi. Here iron contents of 105.8 microgram/cu m and
334.0 microgram/cu m were found. Organic sulfur compounds
such as dimethyl sulfide (1.0 ppb) and isoprophyl mercaptan
(3.5 ppb) were also detected in Yokkaichi City. Nitrogen ox-
ides and hydrogen chloride values in th Chiba/Ichihara district
were 0.003-0.025 ppm and 0.01-0.06 ppm, respectively.
Fluorine compounds were not detected. Maximum chlorine,
formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 0.07,
0.057, and 0.005 ppm, respectively, were measured in the
summer. In the Mizushima district, two methods were applied
to determine offensive odors from petroleum complexes:
odorimetry and gas chromatography. With the latter measuring
0.006-0.012 ppm of ethyl acetate. The gas was irritative with a
sour and sweet odor. Biological oxygen demand measurements
and analysis of bottom soil in Yokkaichi harbor, and 0.20-1.28
milligram/dry kg of mercury in bottom soil of the drainage at a
chemical factory in the Mizushima district. Noise levels in re-
sidential areas were below or only a little higher than the stan-
dard, but noise levels along heavily travelled roads were sig-
nificantly high.
31760
Anderson, D. M., R. S. Brief, J. Churchill, J. R. Davis, P. A.
Drinker, Jr., L. B. Hall, E. K. Harris, M. M. Harris, R. I.
Larsen, E. H. Markee, F. Pooler, A. T. Rossano, N. E. Schell,
J. J. Schueneman, P. Skaliy, J. Walters, C. A. Weishampel,
and C. E. Zimmer
THE LOUISVILLE AIR POLLUTION STUDY. Robert A. Taft
Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Jefferson
County Air Pollution Control Board; Louisville and Jefferson
County Board of Health; Kentucky State Dept. of Health, TR-
A61-4, 172p., 1961. 88 refs.
The primary objectives of the air pollution study in Louisville,
Ky. were to prepare an inventory of air pollutants emitted to
the atmosphere with special regard to major sources, to deter-
mine' the range of influence of pollutants arising in western
Louisville, to evaluate the effect of pollutants on residents and
the effect of pollution on materials, to obtain a detailed analy-
sis of contaminants in the atmosphere, and to determine the
bacterial content of the air over Louisville. An inventory of
pollutant emission was made by source sampling and analysis
and estimations based on existing emission information, com-
bined with a knowledge of process throughputs, fuel consump-
tion, and similar data. Meteorological studies on the wind,
temperature, humidity, precipitation, and solar radiation were
conducted. Air quality studies included collection of
suspended paniculate matter by a high volume sampler, dust
fall measurements, gas sampling for the presence of acetylene,
aldehydes, chloride, nitrogen dioxide, total oxidant, ozone,
phenol, and sulfur dioxide. Bacteriological studies, odor
threshold determination, and a metal deterioration study were
conducted. Results of the studies and recommendations were
presented.
33108
Fuji City Citizens Committee for Environmental Pollution
Control (Japan)
REPORT OF THE SURVEY ON PUBLIC NUISANCE IN FUJI
AREA (1). (Fuji chiiki kogai chosasho, dai 1-pen). Text in
Japanese. 88p., Sept 1969.
Pollution in the Fuji industrial area includes detailed data on
climatic characteristics, the mechanism and the state of air
pollution in the area centered around Motoyoshihara Junior
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
177
High School, comparison with Yokkaichi city, bad odor and
noise, sources of odor emission, a survey of respiratory dis-
eases in the area, results of questionnaires, water pollution of
the sea and rivers, influence of pollution on plants and agricul-
tural produce, and the state of pollution in the neighboring Fu-
jikawa township. Fuji Municipal Motoyoshihara Junior High
School is located in the most polluted area in the entire Fuji
industrial complex; situated on a sand dune near the shore of
Suruga Bay, it is flanked by four large plants on the west and
10 on the north. The sulfur dioxide counts go up characteristi-
cally with north-northwest winds; with 5 m/sec winds, it can
go above 0.1 ppm. The average SO2 count from five months in
1968 was 0.093 ppm. The pollution sources include Kraft pulp
mills, cellophane plants, chemical factories, Tagonoura port
dredgers, aluminum electrolysis plants, fertilizer plants, and
automobile exhaust gas. In the neighboring Kanbara township,
there is also a light metal company. Pollutants are soot and
other particulates (lime, mirabillite), sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide and other sulfides, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine gas and
chlorides, nitrogen compounds, and dusts. According to the in-
vestigation in April 1968, the total heavy oil consumption in
Fuji city was 2,240 kl/day; black liquor, 2,750 kl/day; coal, 23
t/day; coke, 5 t/day; and wood, 16 t/day. The calculated total
sulfur dioxide emissions was 130 t/day from heavy oil and 49
t/day from black liquor. According to an investigation by the
Fuji Medical Association between Nov. 1967 and Oct. 1968,
bronchitis and asthma cases in the polluted areas were 2.5
times as many as those in nonpolluted areas, and cases of
asthmatic bronchitis in the former were four times as many as
those in the latter. The ratio of asthmatic children in polluted
and nonpolluted areas was 37:18; the number of absences,
131:27; and average absence per child, 3.63:1.49.
33539
Bogen, Norma, Steven Fosburg, and Gail Howrigan
ST LOUIS REGION STUDY - PART I. In: Computer
Mapping as an Aid in Air Pollution Studies. Volume Two: In-
dividual Reports. Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass., Lab. for
Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, National Air Pollu-
tion Control Administration Demonstration Grant 68A-2405D,
Rept. A, 72p., April 1970. 8 refs.
The Interstate Air Pollution Study was undertaken as a result
of independent requests from official groups in St. Louis, Mis-
souri, and East St. Louis, Illinois, for aid in solving odor
problems and in drafting air pollution ordinances. An emission
inventory was conducted. Aldehydes, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulates, and
benzo(a)pyrene were included in the survey, as well as chemi-
cal by-products. Sources of air pollution were divided into the
following categories: fuel combustion in stationary plants;
combustion of refuse material; fuel combustion in transporta-
tion vehicles; industrial process emissions; and solvent
evaporation. Since the development of an effective air
resource management program begins with identification of the
pollutants in the air and determination of the quantity and
origin of each type, an air quality measurement program was
designed and operated in the metropolitan St. Louis area.
Detailed records of air pollution complaints were compiled and
summarized from local agency files. Odor surveys were car-
ried out. Topography and meteorological parameters were con-
sidered, as well as air pollution climatology. Recommendations
were made for an air resource management program. The St.
Louis Project of the Air Pollution Demonstration Study
focused on levels of pollution, demographic and housing
characteristics, and the relationships among these variables.
Specific objectives were to map levels of air pollution, to
describe the socio-economic structure of the area in spatial
terms, and to relate levels of pollution to demographic charac-
teristics. A computer mapping program was employed, with
regression analysis to determine the statistical relationships
among the variables.
33723
Yokkaichi Municipal Office (Japan), Div. of Public Nuisance
ACTUAL CONDITION AND COUNTERMEASURE OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL HAZARD IN YOKKAICHI CITY. (Yok-
kaichi-shi ni okeru kogai no genkyo to taisaku). Text in
Japanese. 13p., June 1970,
The state of air pollution in Yokkaichi City is reviewed with
respect to historical background, geographical factors basic
characteristics, i.e., contamination of limited areas near facto-
ries, climatic conditions, and control measures. The major pol-
lutants were sulfur oxides and offensive odors caused by
hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan, and waste gases from oil
refinery and petro-chemical industries. Seasonal winds in-
fluenced damage due to pollution, and contamination in high
concentrations was determined in a broad area under a set of
specific climatic conditions. A recent decrease in the concen-
tration pollutants was due to diffusion and dilution and the use
of low sulfur fuel. Monthly average values for dust fall in 1968
were 10.9 tons/sq km, which increased to more than 20 tons/sq
km in the summer for regions including certain urban districts,
affected by certain conditions of wind direction. Complaints of
inhabitants about pollution related to offensive odor decreased
from 72% in 1965 to 54% in 1969. Actual conditions of water
pollution, noise, and vibration are summarized. Regulations
monitoring, medical measure, and control plans for pollution
prevention based on the laws for pollution control are ex-
amined. Countermeasures enforced for 1955 - 1969 and a list
of factories related to the petroleum complexes are included.
35764
PUBLIC NUISANCE WHITE PAPER, 1971. (Kogai hakusho,
Showa 46 nendo ban). Text in Japanese. 483p., July 10, 1971.
The state of air pollution in Japan is surveyed with respect to
statistical data on concentrations of sulfur oxides, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, suspended and settling particu-
lates, and specific toxic materials (hydrogen fluorides and
hydrogen cyanides). Local conditions are discussed with
emphasis on areas with complex and acute air pollution
problems, such as the Tokyo-Yokohama and Osaka-Amagasaki
areas; specific industrial developments, e.g., Fuji, South
Nagoya, Yokkaichi, North Kyushu, and Omuta; and areas
where pollution is rapidly increasing due to the development
of large-scale industrial complexes, such as Tomakomai,
Kashima, Chiba-Ichihara-Kimizu, Mizushima, and Oita.
Damages caused by air pollution and effects on human health
and agricultural and forestry produce are discussed. Govern-
mental means of control, the nation-wide network of pollutant
measuring devices, and local and regional surveillance systems
are reviewed. The policy on desulfurization and acquistion of
low-sulfur fuels is outlined. Indirect control measures included
a buffer-green area development plan, large-scale heating-cool-
ing systems instead of individual home or building systems,
and construction of collective high stacks. The offensive odor
control bill is summarized.
-------
178
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
14906
Lesnik, G. E.
CERTAIN RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS OF AT-
MOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER TURBULENCE. Tr. Gl.
Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), no. 205:194-197 1967. Translated
from Russian. Foreign Technology Div., Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio. Translation Div., 6p., Nov. 15, 1968. CFSTI,
DDC: AD 684 025
At the Koltushi weather station, observations of the structure
of turbulent flows were conducted simultaneously with
gradient and actionometric observations. The purpose of this
work was to obtain structural and special characteristics of
turbulence in the surface layer of the atmosphere and to test
to new equipment for measuring the pulsation of wind speed.
The equipment consisted of thermocouples and acoustic
anemometers, which permitted the simultaneous recordings of
three random processes: pulsations of temperature, and lon-
gitudinal and vertical components of wind speed. Measure-
ments were taken four to six times a day for two months and
at hours corresponding to the most stationary state of the sur-
face layer. Contact anemometers measured wind speed at
heights from 0.25 to 8.6 m. Experimental data is given on
dispersion and time of averaging for wind speed and tempera-
tures, correlation, structural, and spectral characteristics of
turbulence over a wide interval of scales. The balance of ener-
gy of turbulence is also examined.
19849
Stephens, E. R.
THE ROLE OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN PHOTOCHEMI-
CAL SMOG. Scott Research Labs., Inc., San Bernardino,
Calif., 28p., June 16, 1963. 42 refs.
Chemical reactions in the atmosphere initiated by sunlight
produce many of the noxious properties of smog. Formal-
dehyde, peroxyacyl nitrates, and acrolein, which are known to
be formed in this photochemical reaction, are eye irritants.
The aerosol produced by irradiating automobile exhaust has
been related to the presence of sulfur dioxide. During the
photolytic reaction, SO2 is oxidized to sulfuric acid which
condenses to form a light scattering aerosol. Other effects of
smog are plant damage, and the odor and rubber cracking due
to ozone. Active components emitted to the atmosphere are
nitric oxide and hydrocarbons with some participation by SO2.
The first effect is the rapid conversion of NO to NO2, the rate
depending on the amount and reactivity of the hydrocarbon
present. With sufficient hydrocarbon, the conversion is
complete, and the NO2 concentration passes through a max-
imum and ozone appears. Peroxyacyl nitrate is formed by
reaction of peroxyacyl radicals with NO2. In the complete
absence of reactive hydrocarbon the NO is only slowly con-
verted to NO2, and NO2 decreases when photolyzed by sun-
light. With 80% of the hydrocarbon removed, it seems proba-
ble that the conversion of NO would not be complete. This
will have an effect on oxone concentration, since NO and
ozone cannot co-exist in the same atmosphere. The decrease
in peroxyacyl nitrate and aerosol should also be proportional
to the decrease in hydrocarbon, since their formation is in-
hibited by NO. Several recommendations for further un-
derstanding of photochemical smog formation are included.
22335
Hales, Jeremy M., James O. Wilkes, and J. Louis York
THE RATE OF REACTION BETWEEN DILUTE HYDROGEN
SULFTDE AND OZONE IN ABR. Atmos. Environ. (London),
3(6):657-667, Nov. 1969. 6 refs.
Gas-phase oxidation by ozone is believed to be an important
factor in the removal of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide. In ad-
diton, this reaction is thought to be significant in some odor
control processes involving hydrogen sulfide and organic sul-
fur compounds. Since little is known about the mechanism of
the reaction, experimental data on the rate of reaction between
dilute hydrogen sulfide and ozone in air were obtained from
two tabular, laminar-flow reactors. Internal diameters of the
reactors were 3/8 in. and 1/4-in. Production of sulfur dioxide
by the reaction between hydrogen sulfide and ozone was mea-
sured at 28.5 C and 48 C. Results from the reactors at 28 C,
when computed as homogeneous reaction rates, fell on the
same curve within the limits of experimental error. From this
it is concluded that the observed data represented an almost
totally homogeneous reaction. Linear regression performed on
the results at 28 C showed the reaction orders to be 0.495 and
1.562 in hydrogen sulfide and ozone, respectively. On the basis
of the total results, an expression was derived for the rate of
generation of sulfur dioxide by the reaction of hydrogen with
ozone in the absence of light, the expression also representing
the rate of depletion of hydrogen sulfide and ozone. From the
results of previous authors, the expression H2S + 03 to yield
SO2 + H2O is thought to represent the true stoichiometry
adequately under the experimental conditions of the study.
26550
Short, W.
POLLUTION PROBLEMS FROM COMBUSTION
PROCESSES. Environ. Health, 78(11):510-517, 550, Nov.
1970. 35 refs.
The essential problems with the combustion of any fuel or
waste material include the nuisance due to dust, smell or parti-
cles while awaiting incineration, smoke due to poor com-
bustion, grit and dust emission from the chimney, emission of
toxic or offensive gases fro the chimney, and disposal of the
residue which may contain offensiv or dangerous material.
Smoke formation, furnace residues, and the storing of fuels
are mentioned. Recommended chimney heights and plume
behavior are also discussed. When calculating maximum con-
centrations of solids and sulfur dioxide, the formula used is fo
an instantaneous value as might be obtained over a short
period of say 3 minutes when all variables, especially wind
speed and direction, are fixed at constant values. While the
Clean Air Act does not lay down any figures for permissible
dust and grit content in the flue gases leaving the chimneys of
a boiler plant, various organizations have made suggestions
covering a range of about 0.2 t 0.3 grains per cu ft of gases.
However, the size distribution is important. Grit and dust
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION 179
deposition and measurement are discussed, and it is suggested ture of gases, their velocity and mass, and the stack height.
to state the emission as weight emitted in an hour, rather than
just weight and volume. Sutton's diffusion equation is cited, The incineration of chlorinated compounds and some special
while factors affecting a thermal plume include the tempera- wastes, such as organic tars, is also mentioned.
-------
180
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
01784
D.F. Adams, R.K. Koppe, W.N. Tuttle
ANALYSIS OF KRAFT-MILL, SULFUR-CONTAINING
GASES WITH GLC IONIZAION. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 15, (1) 31-3, Jan. 1965
The technique includes the use of two chromatographic
columns in series to separate O2, N2.CO.CO2, H2O, H2S,
SO2, and CH3SH. Column 1, containing Triton 45 on
Chromosorb, separates H2O, H2S, SO2 and CH2SH. Column
2, packed with Molecular Sieve, separates O2, N2, CO2. The
conditions required to obtain adequate sensitivity and separa-
tion are discussed. (Author abstract)
03173
W. R. Roderick
CURRENT IDEAS ON THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF OLFAC-
TION. J. Chem. Educ. 43, (10) 510-20, Oct. 1966.
For a compound to have an odor, it must be volatile so that its
molecules are absorbed on the olfactory receptors. There is no
simple relation of odor to molecular structure, since odor is a
property of the entire molecule. Rather, odor appears to be
determined by molecular shape and size, which are in turn
determined by molecular structure. The Moncrieff-Amoore
theory, based on this concept, offers the best rationalization at
the present of the relation of odor to structure. The slow
development of a theory of olfaction is the result of several
unique problems. For one of these problems, the difficulty of
unreliable data due to insufficient purity of substances, the
solution is now available, and a selection of representative
compounds should be purified by GLC and re-evaluated for
odor. The lack of objective methods for measuring the
strength and quality of odors remains the greatest problem in
the study of odor. (Author summary conclusions)
07681
Fontijn, Arthur and Daniel E. Rosner
NO + O CHEMILUMINESCENT REACTION USING
ADIABATICALLY EXPANDED NITRIC OXIDE. Virginia
Univ., Charlottesville, Dept. of No. NR-0-,,Technical Rept.
No. AC-6-P, 7p., Jan. 1967. 18 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 647978
The rate constant for the chemiluminescent reaction NO -I- O
yields NO2 + hv has recently been observed from upper-at-
mospheric chemical releases and simulated releases in a low-
density wind tunnel to be several orders of magnitude higher
for adiabatically expanded than for 'normal* NO. In this note,
it is shown that this enhancement can be attributed to the
presence of clustered NO based on super saturation calcula-
tions and recent mass spectrometric gas-sampling data. These
clusters allow the normal three-body excitation step to be
replaced by a two-body step for which the observed rate con-
stant is shown to be quite reasonable. (Authors' abstract,
modified)
10308
Robert K. Koppe, and Donald F. Adams
GAS-PHASE CHLORINATION OF KRAFT PULP MILL
GASES. TAPPI, 51(5) 193-195, May 1968. 12 refs.
Gas-phase chlorination of gases from kraft pulp mills appears
to be of limited value as a means of odor reduction. In labora-
tory experiments, gas samples from the recovery furnace,
batch digester, multiple-effect evaporator, and lime kiln of a
mill were charged with known volumes of chlorine gas and the
reactions were recorded by gas chromatography. The chlorine
oxidized the methyl mercaptan in the gases to dimethyl disul-
fide but did not change the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
or dimethyl sulfide in the samples. Complete elimination of the
methyl mercaptan apparently is possible if adequate chlorine
doses are added. However, the odor reduction effected in the
total gaseous effluent would probably not be sufficient to jus-
tify use of this process on a plant scale. (Authors' Abstract
11132
Tagaki, Sadayuki F.
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE OLFACTORY
RECEPTIVE MECHANISM (FINAL REPORT). Gunma
Univ., Maebashi, Gunman-ken, (Japan), Grant DA-CRD-AFE-
S92-544-67-G67, Proj. DF-9777, Task 01-004FE J-271-3, (19)p.,
Arpil 1968. CFSTI, DDC: AD 671678
In the previous experiment of the first year, the ionic
mechanism of the negative slow potential elicited by odors in
the olfactory epithelium (EOG) was negative EOGs are
generated by the entry of Na ions and the exit of K ions
through the receptive membrane but not by the entry of Cl
ions. As a continuation of the above experiment the ability of
mono-, di- and trivalent cations to substitute for N ions was
examined this year. When Na ions in Ringer's solution was
replaced by one of these cations, the negative EOG decreased
in amplitude and in many cases disappeared. When Na ions
and K ions were exchanged in Ringer's solution, the negative
EOGs reversed their polarity. When recovery of these
reversed (originally negative) EOGs were examined in the Rin-
ger's solutions in which Na ions was replaced by one of the
cations, they recovered only partially and the recoveries were
not maintained. Only when K ions was replaced by Na ions
(normal Ringer's solution), the negative EOGs recovered
completely and could maintain their amplitudes. Thus, the in-
dispensability of Na ions was proved. The cation permeability
was considered on the basis of the ion size. By means of a
microelectrode, differential sensitivity to various odours of
single olfactory cells were shown. The mechanism of olfactory
fatigue was studied by recording the response of the olfactory
nerv twigs. The result indicates that the olfactory adaptation
essentially occurs in the higher olfactory centers. The im-
portance in olfaction of the trigeminal nerve was shown by
recording the responses to many kinds of odors. This nerve is
more sensitive to camphoraceous, pepperminty and pungent
odors than the olfactory nerve. In order to clarify the
mechanism of odors discrimination i the olfactory bulb, four
camphoraceous and four pepperminty odors were applied and
the numbers of the spike discharges of single cell to these
odors were counted. Good correlations were generally foun
between the numbers of spike discharges and the profiles of
the odorous molecules, although there were some exceptions.
(Author's abstract, modified)
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
181
12449
Nobuo, M.
THE PROBLEMS OF ODOR NUISANCE. I. ODORS AND
LIFE. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):
no pagination given, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 14p.
Certain odors are categorized as natural or artifical, and the
characteristic smell of each odor is noted. The chemical struc-
ture of several odors is shown, including methionine, L-tryp-
tophan, L-lysine, L-arginine, and allium.
12662
W. T. McKean, Jr., B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen
KINETICS OF METHYL MERCAPTAN AND DIMETHYL
SUL.IDE FORMATION IN KRAFT PULPING. Tappi,
51(12):564-567, Dec. 1968. 10 refs.
Earlier rate studies on the formation of methyl mercaptan and
dimethyl sulfide in kraft pulping were repeated under carefully
controlled conditions. While the rate data obtained were in
good agreement with earlier results, somewhat higher values
were obtained for the rate constant of dimethyl sulfide forma-
tion (k2) at temperatures above 160 degrees C. This difference
in results was traced to pH effects. It was possible to demon-
strate that the rate of dimethyl sulfide formation is directly
proportional to mercaptide concentration, while un-ionized
mercaptan does not react with lignin methoxyl groups. As a
consequence, the alkali charge in kraft pulping has a definite
influence on the ratio of mercaptan to dimethyl sulfide that are
formed in the cook. Noncondensibles escaping from the blow
gases of mills cooking to alkali-exhaustion (-pH 10.5) are
therefore more obnoxious than those from mills maintaining
adequate residual alkalinity. Sufficient actibe alkali charge is
therfore a recommended practice for older installations.
(Author's Abstract)
13107
Takagi, S. F., H. Kitamura, K. Imai, and H. Takeuchi
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ROLES OF SODIUM AND
POTASSIUM IN THE GENERATION OF THE ELECTRO-OL-
FACTOGRAM. EFFECTS OF MONO-, DI-, AND
TRIVALENT CATIONS. J. Gen. Physiol., 53(1): 115-130, Jan.
1969. 47 refs.
In the negative electro-olfactogram (EOG) generating process
a cation which can substitute for Na(=) was sought among the
monovalent ions, Li(=), Rb(=), Cs(=), NH4(=), and
tetraethylammonium, the divalent ions, Mg(2=), Ca(2=),
Sr(2=), Ba(2=), Zn(2=), Cd(2=), Mn(2=), Co(2=), (and
Ni(2=), and the trivalent ions, Al(3=) and Fe(3=). In Ringer
solutions in which Na(=) was replaced by one of these ca-
tions, the negative EOG's decreased in amplitude and could
not maintain the original amplitudes. In K(=)-Ringer solution
in which Na(=) was replaced by K(=), the negative EOG's
reversed their polarity. Recovery of these reversed potentials
was examined in modified Ringer solutions in which Na(=)
was replaced by one of the above cations. Complete recovery
was found only in the normal Ringer solution. Thus, it was
clarified that Na(=) plays an irreplaceable role in the genera-
tion of the negative EOG's. The sieve hypothesis which was
valid for the positive EOG-generating membrane or JJPSP was
not found applicable in any form to the negative EOG-generat-
ing membrane. The reversal of the negative EOG's found in
K(=)- , Rb(=)- , and Ba(2=>Ringer solutions was attributed to
the exit of the internal K(=). It is, however, not known
whether or not Cl(-) permeability increases in these Na(=)-free
solutions and contributes to the generation of the reversed
EOG's. (Author abstract modified)
13670
Shaw, A. C. and K. T. Waldock
VANDLLIN ANALYSIS AND ODOUR EVALUATION BY GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY. Pulp Paper Mag. Can., 68(3):T-118-T-
122, 1967. 7 refs.
Separation by gas chromatography of vanillin and its co-
products, formed during alkaline-air oxidation of lignosul-
fonates in waste sulfite liquor, can be accomplished on a
variety of polar liquid phases. Retention times are relatively
unaffected with increasing polarity of the liquid phase. Obtain-
ing a well- defined symmetrical peak suitable for peak area
measurements is more difficult. Polar materials commonly ad-
sorb on chromatographic solid supports, and vanillin is par-
ticularly prone to do this. Adsorption is minimized on
fluorocarbon supports, provided polar liquid phase loadings
are kept within narrow loadings. Even on glass surfaces, vanil-
lin tends to decompose during vaporization. Evidence suggests
that vanillin can be vaporized from chloroform solution on a
clean glass surface with negligible decomposition. In most of
its applications, odor is an ultimate criterion of vanillin quality.
An objective measurement of odor can be obtained by ex-
amination of the vapor in equilibrium with a finely divided
vanillin sample. Gas chromatography reveals the presence of
trace elements that are undetectable by direct chromatographic
examination of the vanillin product.
14987
Edwards, T. H.
ANALYSIS OF INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF
ASYMMETRIC MOLECULES (FINAL REPORT). Michigan
State Univ., East Lansing, Dept. of Physics, Contract AF
19(628)-4009, Proj. 8603-03-01, AFCRL-68-0637, 40p., Dec.
1968. 12 refs. DDC: AD 682838
Theoretical expressions for centrifugal distortion in planar
asymonetric molecules of the type non-linear XYX, and their
relationship to more fundamental molecular parameters, are
developed. A modified contact transformation was applied to
the Hamiltonian to arrive at the form appropriate when there
is an accidental near-degeneracy between vibrational states
(VI, V2, V3) and (Vl-1, V2, V3 plus 1). The revised Hamil-
tonian was incorporated into computer programs for simul-
taneous analysis of pairs of infrared absorption bands. Spectra
of H2S, and of several isotopes of H2Se, and of H2Te were
obtained and analyzed to yield values of numerous molecular
parameters for these molecules. (Author abstract modified)
16455
Turk, Amos
CONCENTRATIONS OF ODOROUS VAPORS IN TEST
CHAMBERS. In: Basic Principles of Sensory Evaluation.
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
STP-433, p. 79-83, 1968. 2 refs.
Factors that determine the changing and equilibrium concen-
trations of odorous vapors in test chambers were mathemati-
cally considered. Processes that tend to increase the concen-
tration of odorous vapors are the generation of vapor within
the space, and the introduction of vapor by replacement of
chamber air by ventilation or infiltration with outdoor air of
higher vapor concentration. Processes that tend to decrease
the concentration of odorous vapors are the treatment of the
chamber air by a vapor-reducing device, and the removal of
vapor by replacement of chamber air by ventilation or infiltra-
tion with outdoor air of lower vapor concentration. The equa-
tions for the concentration of vapors at any time and at
equilibrium were given. The simplified equations which apply
to only special cases were also given for the following: ventila-
-------
182
ODORS
tion air is pure, when no vapor is generated or injected, when
the vapor reducing device is 100% efficient, when the chamber
is originally pure, and when the air is tight. Equations are
given for combinations of the conditions. A mixing factor may
be applied to account for the fact that dilution of air is not in-
stantaneous, and that concentration fall-off rates are actually
smaller than the ideal values given by the equations. An equa-
tion is also given to calculate the efficiency of a vapor reduc-
ing device in a chamber from odor dilution methods deter-
mined at different times, or to calculate the time interval
between sensory tests that is needed to provide a specified
diminution of vapor concentration.
166%
Morton, Frank, P. J. King, and A. McLaughlin
HELICAL-COIL DISTILLATION COLUMNS PART I: EFFI-
CIENCY STUDIES. Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London),
42(8):T285-T295, 1964. 26 refs.
Efficiency tests of four helical-coil distillation columns with
tube diameters of 1.95, 1.1, 0.495, and 0.425 cm were carried
out at atmospheric and reduced pressures with three test mix-
tures: chlorobenzene/ethyl benzene; n-heptane/methyl cyclo-
hexane; and n-hexadecane/n-heptyl benzoate. At atmospheric
pressures, the measured efficiencies of the columns were in-
versely proportional to tube diameter. When the experimental
results were plotted in terms of height of transfer unit vs
vapor Reynolds number, a single line was obtained which cor-
related the results for the four coils investigated. This in-
dicates that the efficiencies of helical-coil columns at at-
mospheric pressures can also be correlated on the basis of
negligible liquid-phase resistance. At reduced pressures, there
was no direct relationship between height of the transfer unit
and tube diameter, nor could experimental data be correlated
only on the basis of vapor-phase resistance. This implies that
liquid-phase resistance at reduced pressure is a significant por-
tion of the total resistance. The increase in the liquid-phase re-
sistance is attributed to higher viscosities and lower diffusivi-
ties encountered at reduced pressures. A comparison of the 1.1
cm diameter helical coil column with other high efficiency
columns shows that at partial reflux and 20 mm Hg abs, the
helical coil unit is particularly useful for low- pressure frac-
tionation of heat-sensitive materials.
16828
Thomas, J. F., K. H. Jones, and D. L. Brink
A MECHANISM TO EXPLAIN THE PRODUCTION OF
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS IN KRAFT RECOVERY FUR-
NACES. Tappi, 52(10):1873-1875, Oct. 1969. 9 refs.
Some fundamentals of combustion which may offer an ex-
planation for the origin of malodorous sulfur pollutants which
originate in kraft recovery furnaces and which may indicate a
method to control these malodors are reviewed. The com-
bustion can be characterized by initial endothermic reactions,
which degrade the organic part of the black liquor into smaller
and smaller fragments, and by the competing exothermic reac-
tions of oxidation and recombination. The recombination reac-
tions are responsible for the formation of the malodorous com-
pounds. It is suggested that by separating the oxidation reac-
tions from the endothermic and recombination reactions, a fur-
nace effluent could be produced which would be completely
odor free. (Author's Abstract)
17801
Wright, R. H.
ODOUR AND MOLECULAR VIBRATION. Nature (London),
209(5023):571-573, Feb. 5, 1966. 2 refs.
The postulates of the vibrational theory of odor are elaborated
and applied to an investigation of benzonitrile, a substance
with bond-defined molecules and known normal-mode spectro-
scopic frequencies which has a distinctive bitter-almond smell.
To identify the osmically active frequencies, its possible
'populated frequencies' are given and collated with similar
values for nitrobenzene and benzaldehyde, which have similar
odors. Results indicate an apparent association of osmic activi-
ty with out-of- plane oscillations of the benzene rings. Three
criteria of osmically active vibrations are hypothesized: they
must have low frequency; they must involve all or most of the
molecule; and they must have substantial components perpen-
dicular to the receptor surface. Information theory suggests
that the whole array of smells derives from about 25 primary
odors; if the almond odor is due basically to the three frequen-
cies deduced in the experiments, it is a three-primary odor.
Other odors would presumably correlate with other combina-
tions of frequencies, although this has not yet been demon-
strated. It is concluded that the vibrational theory should in-
clude the understanding that two normal modes can be excited
in the same molecule at the same time, and that when this oc-
curs, the result must be a new frequency which is the dif-
ference between the frequencies of the two normal modes.
19061
Amoore, John E., James W. Johnston, Jr., and Martin Rubin
THE STEREOCHEMICAL THEORY OF ODOR. Sci. Am.,
vol. 210:42-49, 1964.
New evidence has shown that the geometry of molecules is
the main determinant of odor, and a stereochemical theory of
the olfactory process has been developed. It has been sug-
gested that the olfactory system is composed of different
types of receptor cells, each representing a distinct odor. The
odorous molecules produce their effects by fitting into recep-
tor sites on these cells. There are seven primary odors:
camphoraceous, musky, floral, peppermint, ethereal, pungent,
and putrid. Every known odor can be made from these seven
by mixing them in certain proportions. Camphoraceous
'molecules are spherically shaped and approximately seven
angstroms in diameter. Therefore, it is believed that the recep-
tor site for these molecules is a hemispherical bowl about
seven angstroms in diameter. The musky odor is accounted for
by disk-shaped molecules about 10 angstroms in diameter. The
floral odor is caused by disc-shaped molecules with a flexible
tail attached. The peppermint odor is caused by wedgeshaped
molecules with an electrically polarized group of atoms, capa-
ble of forming a hydrogen bond, near the point of the wedge.
The ethereal odor is due to rod-shaped molecules. In each of
these cases, the receptor site is the nerve endings, presumably
the shape and size of the molecule. Pungent odors are caused
by electrophilic molecules, while putrid odors are due to
nucleophilic molecules. Tests conducted to confirm the validi-
ty of this theory are also discussed.
19063
Homstein, Irwin and Roy Teranishi
THE CHEMISTRY OF FLAVOR. Chem. Eng. News, vol.
45:92-108, April 3, 1967. 8 refs.
The chemistry of flavor, as related to odor and taste, is
discussed. It is generally agreed that there are four basic
tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Sour tasting compounds
are generally acidic. An absolute correlation between taste and
physical and chemical properties of salts has not been
established, but, in general, low molecular weight salts are
salty and, as the molecular weight increases, the taste shifts to
bitter. No valid theory for predicting which substances will be
sweet or bitter exists. There have been many attempts to cor-
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
183
relate chemical structure and odor, but the results have been
disappointing. Compounds with different structures may have
similar odors, while compounds with similar structures may
have different odors. The physiological mechanisms which
generate olfactory and taste impulses are discussed. The low
thresholds for odoriferous compounds and the low concentra-
tions of these components in food make chemical analyses for
flavor components difficult. Mass spectrometry is the most
sensitive analytical method when used with gas-liquid partition
chromatography. Despite the steadily increasing accumulation
of factual information concerning the volatile compounds as-
sociated with flavor, no conclusions concerning the specific
nature of flavor have been obtained.
19102
Takagi, Sadayuki F., Gordon A. Wyse, Harunobu Kitamura,
and Katsuhiro Ito
THE ROLES OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS IN THE
GENERATION OF THE ELECTRO-OLFACTOGRAM. J.
Gen. Physiol., 51(4):552-578, 1968. 65 refs.
The roles of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, barium,
and other ions in the 'on' and 'off types of electronegative
mucosal potentials (EOG) were studied in order to clarify the
ionic mechanisms underlying these potentials. The experimen-
tal material was olfactory epithelium excised from frogs, with
menthone, amyl acetate, ethyl ether, and chloroform vapors as
stimulants, and normal Ringer's solution of varying composi-
tions as the test environment. Olfactory mucosal potentials
were recorded with a pair of nonpolarizable electrodes.
Detailed results for replacements and changes of Na(I) and
K(I) in the Ringer solutions are given which demonstrate the
essential role of these ions in negative EOG's. Thus, the EOG
decreased in amplitude and in some cases nearly or completely
disappeared when Na(I) in the solution was replaced by
sucrose, Li(I), choline (I), tetraethylammonium (I), or
hydrazine. In the K(I)-free solution, the negative EOG's first
increased and then decreased in amplitude. It was also con-
cluded that Ba(II) interferes only with Cl(-) influx, and that the
negative EOG's are elicited by an increase in permeability of
the olfactory receptive membrane to Na(I) and K(I) but not to
Cl(-). From the ionic mechanism it is inferred that the negative
EOG's are in most cases composites of generator and positive
potentials. The ionic basis of these potentials was compared
with that of other receptor potentials and a similarity of the
negative EOG's with the end plate potential is suggested.
22429
Yoshida, Masaaki '
THEORIES ON THE SENSE OF SMELL. PART H. (Kyukaku
ni kansuru gakusetsu (2)). Text in Japanese. Akushu No. Ken-
kyu (Odor Res. J. Japan), l(2):l-8, June 20, 1970. 7 refs. Part
I, Ibid., 1(1):9-15, April 20, 1970.
Theories of the interaction between molecules in olfaction are
presented. Amoore assumed that the sensory organ has holes
for odorant molecules of a particular size, configuration, and
electrical affinity. He formulated the similarity of the smell
and the similarity of the chemical structure of various odorant
molecules. Some correlations between the two were found.
Johnston showed that an odor named woody note can be
synthesized by blending the 7 standard smells defined by
Amoore. Wright assumed that there are 25 fundamental smells
detectable by the human nose. The total wave number range
covers 0.80-0.650 cm, which is divided into 25 sections of 0.8-
0.50 cm width, each overlapping with the adjacent ones.
Benzonitryl, nitrobenzene, and benzaldehyde were chosen,
and their normal mode frequencies less than 0.500 cm were
listed. All of the three had frequency regions of 0.174 plus or
minus 0.002, 0.225 plus or minus 0.004, and 0.400 plus or
minus 0.0003 cm in common. Wright asserted that these
frequencies give the almond smell which is common to the
three substances. A psychological experiment was also per-
formed in order to establish the theory.
22430
Yoshida, Masaaki
THEORIES OF THE SENSE OF SMELL. PART I. (Kyukaku
ni kansuru gakusetsu (1)). Text in Japanese. Akushu No Ken-
kyu (Odor Res. J. Japan), 1(1):9-15, April 20, 1970. 5 refs. Part
II. Ibid., 1(2): 1-8, June 20, 1970.
Theories on the mechanism of electrical changes in the neuron
receiving odoriferous molecules, different reaction patterns by
different molecules, and the properties of the molecules with
respect to threshold value, intensity, and characteristic of the
odor are reviewed, together with the classification and descrip-
tion of the odor. The impluse traveling through the nerve fiber
from the olfactory membrane is of the order of 0.07 v. Since
the membrane of the nerve cell is only several molecules
thick, the field intensity in the membrane is of the order of
100,000 volt/cm. The field instantaneously vanishes when the
pulse passes, and recovers by ion exchange between the inside
and outside of the nerve cell. The impluse is not amplitude
modulated, but is frequency modulated. Physiologists
unanimously agree up to this point as to the general
mechanism, but the mechanism of impulse generation at the
terminal of nerves in the nose is not yet clarified. Chemical
reactions, enzymes and stereostructure theorie have been
proposed in order to explain the generation of the impulse.
Some people considered an indirect action, such as, vibration,
wave, or radiation. Some of the strong theories recognizing the
phenomenon as an interfacial one or interaction between the
molecules are also explained.
23187
Hird, S. A. and L. L. Lloyd
THE ACTION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE UPON OILS AND
THEIR FATTY ACIDS. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 31(7):317-319,
April 15, 1912.
A number of oils, and independently the fatty acids obtained
from the oils, were subjected to the action of sulfur dioxide
under different conditions; in most cases, the physical and
chemical properties were found to alter. Generally, the iodine
value was reduced, the saturation number increased, and the
melting point and solubility were affected. Production of a
dark color and the polymerization of most of the oils or fatty
acids appeared to be governed by the iodine value, because
the higher the iodine value, the more rapid was the darkening
and thickening of the oils or fatty acids. Yet, this view was
not supported by the results of the action of SO2 upon castor
oil when treated in the cold, or to a greater extent upon practi-
cally pure oleic acid. The darker color obtained with the oils
or fatty acids by means of oxygen and SO2 is no doubt due to
the oxidizable oils acting as catalytic agents in the transfer of
oxygen from the air to the SO2, the production of sulfuric acid
being consequently cumulative. Quicker drying oils give color
reactions most readily, while their amount of sulfuric acid is
higher. On treatment with sulfur dioxide, especially in the
presence of air, the oils develop an unpleasant odor, whereas
the fatty acids are scarcely altered in odor. The reactions
which result when oils and fatty acids are subjected to SO2
are presented tabularly.
-------
184
ODORS
24354
Peyron, Louis
MOLECULAR STRUCTURES AND ODORS. (Edifices
moleculaires et odeurs). Text in French. France Parfums, vol.
7:397-405, 1964. 42 refs.
The problem of the relationship between odors and molecular
structure is most intricate. Interrelations appear to exist and
should exist, but so far only numerous facts of limited im-
portance have been reported. The solution to the problem, the
broad, simple and general theory which must govern these
relations, is still missing. Research undertaken to solve this
problem has a triple aim: scientific, enconomic, and aesthetic.
The rules which allow for approximate prediction of an-
ticipated orders are discussed. Theoretical forecasting of for-
mulas for new compounds, original as far as odor or structure
are concerned, is not possible at present. Nature still reserves
very bright days for the members of the perfume industry,
both in terms of raw materials and inspiration in the synthesis
of new compounds. (Author abstract modified)
24531
Guillot, M.
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND ODOR. Ion, vol.!9:72-75,
1959. 5 refs. Translated from Spanish by Robert I. Henkin,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Translating Unit,
9p., Nov. 7, 1969.
After summarizing hypotheses advanced at a 1957 symposium
to explain the relationship between molecular structure and
odor, conclusions are presented on possible correlations
between the two factors. In the case of certain groups of
similar molecules, there is a relationship between molecular
structure and odor, since a small variation in the formula
brings about a correlative change in the odor. With other
molecules, such as steroids, there is no correlation. The theory
of an interdependence between molecular structure and odor
can be reduced to the simply statement that all the chemical
and physical properties of a substance with a definite molecu-
lar structure are linked to this structure, which is in turn re-
lated to the infrared and Raman spectra. It is natural, there-
fore, that when the molecular structure and odor are related in
a simple way, a correlation with the spectra is also seen. In
this way, however, the vibrations of molecules intervene only
indirectly.
25761
Compressed Gas Assoc., Inc., New York, N. Y.
SULFUR DIOXIDE. Pamphlet G-3, 21p., 1964. 12 refs.
A comprehensive description of the compound sulfur dioxide
and all of its associated handling problems is presented. Its
composition, physical and chemical properties, methods of
manufacture, and commercial uses are described. The types of
containers available for SO2, including disposable cans, cylin-
ders, tank cars, and portable tanks, are discussed, as well as
the regulations pertaining to such containers. Storage methods
for the various types of containers are detailed. Handling and
withdrawing procedures for SO2 in both liquid and vapor
phase are mentioned. Safety precautions should be taken when
leaks are detected in containers. Even when equipped with a
safety mask, the operator should remain in the contaminated
area only long enough to make the necessary adjustments.
Physiological effects of SO2 include irritation of the mucous
membranes of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs due to the for-
mation of sulfurous acid. The physiological responses to vari-
ous concentrations of SO2 are documented. SO2 is readily de-
tected in concentrations of 4 ppm by its odor. First aid sug-
gestions in the event of emergencies are included.
26529
Ochi, Jinzaburo, M. Ishikawa, and Kiyoshi Komori
OCCURRENCE OF ABNORMAL ODOR IN TAP WATER
DUE TO PLANKTONS AND ITS CONTROL. (Suidosui no
purankuton ni yoru ijo shukihassei to sono taisaku ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Shikoku Koshueisei Gakkai Zasshi (J. Shik-
zoku ZOoc. Public Health), no. 15:54-56, Feb. 1970.
In the beginning of May 1969, tap water in lyo-Mishima and
Kawz2nzo started to produce a muddy and moldy odor. The
investigation conducted by the public health service showed
that the cause was probably due to the unnatural occurrence
of planktons (diatoms) in the water zof Yanagawa Dam. The
level of the water in the dam had not declined more than 15 m
for the past year, and the water had become stagnant. This led
to the abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds aris-
ing from the decomposition of organic matter and accumula-
tion of sludge at the bottom of the lake. In addition, the rise in
water temperature due to the abnormal meteorological condi-
tion (high temperature) in spring had led to a drastic change in
the water circulation in the lake and the production of plank-
tons was promoted. For emergency measures, wate intake was
changed to the gate at a lower water level, 0.8 ppm of copper
chloride was injected, and 1.2 ppm of chlorine was added. The
odor completely disappeared within two months. At that time,
the water level had risen due to the rainy season and the dam
was full. As future measures, investigation and removal of up-
stream pollution sources, elimination of bottom and inter-
mediate water at the full-water period, and the changing of
lake water were suggested.
29649
Takahashi, T.
A FEW OBSERVATION ON THE GENERATION
MECHANISM OF OBNOXIOUS ODOR. (Akushu busshitsu
hassei kijo no 2, 3 no kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Akushu no
Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan), l(4):33-38, March 1971. 9
refs.
••Much energy has been spent on how to cope with odor
problems, but only after they happen. Therefore, odor genera-
tion was studied. The automatic oxidation chain reaction of
unsaturated fats starts when the R-H loses hydrogen, causing
a free radical. The process of automatic oxidation can be
known by measuring the amount of oxygen absorbed or the
absorption speed (POV). In the initial induction period, there
is little oxygen absorbed and no generation of POV. Then the
reaction starts, and the amount of oxygen absorbed and POV
rapidly increase. The ROOH which is generated is compara-
tively stable, but is separated by metals, light, and tempera-
ture, causing the free radical. Automatic oxidation is
promoted, and various secondary products are made. When
fats are heated to a high temperature, carboxyls, carbonyls,
acrolein, and carbonic acid gas are generated, as in garbage
combustion. The Meyrard (?) reaction is the most well-known
amino acid reaction and generates melanoidin. When alpha-
dicarbonyl compounds cause Strecker decomposition, an ob-
noxious odor is given off. Alpha-amino acids are easily ox-
idized, and generate odors at a certain concentration, for ex-
ample, the decomposition of alanine into acetaldehyde and am-
monia, or of methionine into acrolein and mercaptan. Purefac-
tion is a kind of fermentation which happens in the presence
of microbes. Protein is th easiest to putrefy. Ptomaine, some-
times called the animal or putrefaction alkaloyd, is a mixture
of nitrogen compounds of the amine group. The putrefaction
of protein produces hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan, indole,
catole, ammonia, and amine. Thus, the substances generated
by the automatic oxidation of fats and heated decomposition,
are no different from those generated by the general oxidation
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
185
in a chemical reaction. Although they are unstable, they can
be supplied as standard samples. Most of the odorous sub-
stances change the quality of odor radically and more than two
kinds of substances may cancel each other or have multiple ef-
fects. Control should be made after quantitative analyses have
been made and after seeking the relationship between the
human sense of smell and the values arrived at by instrumen-
tal analysis. Authoritative panel members would judge the
smells.
32271
Wright, R. H. and R. E. Burgess
SPECIFIC PHYSICOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF OLFAC-
TORY STIMULATION. Ciba Foundation, London (England),
Taste Smell Vertebrates, Ciba Found. Symp., 1969, p. 325-342.
29 refs.
The course of an odorous molecule as it moves into contact
with the receptor organ was traced. The possible ways in
which its vibrational character might enable it to exercise a
selective stimulation and thereby impress its own specificity
upon the organism in examined. The transport and electrical
dipole of the molecule, molecular vibration, interacting
dipoles, limiting osmic frequencies, and thermodynamic con-
siderations are discussed. The vibrational properties of a
molecule are capable of imparting the requisite degree of
specificity to several kinds of interaction, and the upper and
lower limits to the scale of osmic frequencies prescribed by
the theory coincided with the experimental limits. A per-
manent or induced dipole may help to orient the stimulus
molecule with respect to the polarized membrane of the recep-
tor nerve, and the vibrational modulation of the moment could
govern the transfer of energy between stimulus and receptor.
The differential stimulation of selectively sensitive receptors
then enables the stimulus to impress its individuality upon the
organism, and the essentially physical nature of the interaction
makes possible the high sensitivity of the olfactory sense.
(Author summary modified)
33084
SHAPE OF SMELLS. Agri. Res., 18(7):3-4, Jan. 1970.
Evidence is presented which not only strengthens the
stereochemical theory of odor, but which suggests that the
theory could be useful in explaining the activity of alarm
pheromones of various species of ants and possibly other so-
cial insects. Pheromones are natural substances emitted by in-
sects that cause a typical reaction in other insects able to de-
tect the substance. Silhouettes were made of scale models of
the chemical compounds which could cause the typical alarm
response in ants. They were examined by a unique pattern
recognition machine, a hybrid instrument consisting basically
of a modified television camera linked to a special computer.
The machine is oriented for any given assignment by training
it on the silhouette of a reference molecule (in this case the
natural pheromone, 2-heptanone). When it is shown silhouettes
of other molecules, it compares them with those of the
reference molecule and prints out the degree of similarity
within five seconds. Substances with a remarkable range of
chemical variation caused alarm activity, provided their
molecular shape conformed closely to that of 2-heptanone.
35651
Jones, F. Nowell
OLFACTORY THRESHOLDS IN THE INTERNATIONAL
CRITICAL TABLES. Science, 118(3064):333, Sept, 18, 1953. 2
refs.
Olfactory thresholds in the International Critical Tables are ex-
pressed as molecules/cc of air. Because of an error in the for-
mula used to translate threshold data into this common unit,
the thresholds in the tables are in error by a factor of 100. The
Avogrado number, which is the basis of the calculation,
should read 6.023 times 10 to the 23rd power, not 6.06 times 10
to the 21st power. A simple procedure for correcting table
values is given.
-------
18*
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
00177
H. Buchberg, M. H. Jones, K. G. Lindh, and K. W. Wilson
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES WITH SIMULATED AT-
MOSPHERES. California Univ., Los Angeles, Dept. of En-
gineering. (Kept. No. 61-44.) July 1961. 185 pp.
Part I of this report deals with the statistical relations among
interacting atmospheric variables. Also contained in this report
are the results of several auxiliary or supporting studies as fol-
lows: Air Purification Studies; Development of an Eye Mask
for the Measurement of the Threshold of Eye Irritation;
Development of an Omnidirectional Solar Radiometer for a
Limited Spectral Region Centered about 0.36 microns; A Com-
parison of Concentration and Duration as Measures of
Threshold for Eye Irritation; A Comparison of Threshold to
Eye Irritation Resulting from Reacted Air Mixtures Sampled at
Different Points in the Exposure System; A Comparison of
Odor Threshold and Eye Irritation Threshold for Formal-
dehyde, Acrolein, and Ozone. (Author)
00208
R. Cederlof, L. Friberg, E. Jonsson, L. Kaij, and T. Lindvall
STUDIES OF ANNOYANCE CONNECTED WITH OFFEN-
SIVE SMELL FROM A SULPHATE CELLULOSE FACTORY.
Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. Vol. 45:39-48, 1964.
The primary aim of the investigation was to obtain an objec-
tive measure of the extent and development of the annoyance
among the population as a whole in the most exposed districts,
i.e. in the muncipalities of Morrum and Asarum, and in
Karlshamn. Secondary aims were to study the extent to which
the petitions to the public health authority constituted a relia-
ble measure of the actual nuisance experienced by the signato-
ries and also the extent to which factors other than exposure
to the pollution influenced the reactions to the nuisance. Of
the population in the district investigated, 10-15% suffered
major annoyance from the factory, while the corresponding
figure for those living in the immediate vicinity of the factory
was just under 20%. It should be noted, however, that the pur-
pose of the investigation was not disguised, so that the degree
of annoyance found is probably rather too high. Among those
who had signed the petition complaining of the existing condi-
tions, 47% reported that they had not experienced any an-
noyance from the flue gases at the time of the investigation.
Only 31% reported major annoyance. On the other hand, al-
most half considered that the smell was much the same as
when they had signed the petition. The petition must ac-
cordingly be rejected as a reliable measure of the extent of the
annoyance. The results also show that the annoyance derives
from factors other than the exposure to the factory. Thus an-
noyance is reported more frequently among those with previ-
ous respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, with a propensity
to neurosis, sensitivity to airplane noise, propensity to displea-
sure with other factors of community life and no connection
with the factory.
00715
O. Angleraud F. Borrelli
ODORIZATION AND ITS PROBLEMS. (Die Odorierung und
ihre Probleme.) Gas Wasserfach (Munich), 107(21):573-581,
May 27, 1966.
For easy and rapid detection of some dangerous gases, an
unmistakable and unpleasant odorifying agent is added to the
gas. Quantitative measurement in this area is difficult, but the
authors set out to define their terms and refine measurements
as mcuh as possible. Intensity of odor is based on Weber's law
which relates intensity directly to the log of concentration.
From this law, grades of odor intensity ranging from 0 to 5 are
defined, with 2 being the average intensity at which a normal
person can detect an odor with assurance, and 0.5 being the
minimum detectable. The safety coefficient in odorizing a gas
is the ratio of the least damaging concentration of the gas in
question to the warning concentration. For example, in France
and Italy, this coefficient is set at 5 vol %, so that 1% of natu-
ral gas or 0.4% propane should be detectable. With poisonous
gases, such as carbon monoxide or catalytically reformed gas,
the safety coefficient should be higher. The authors conducted
a series of experiments in and around natural gas and refinery
installations in France and Italy. They also conducted labora-
tory tests using a specially built room in which the concentra-
tions of gas and odorifying agent could be controlled. Various
types of natural gas from France had practically identical odor
intensities. Odor intensities of commercial odorifying agents
were also determined. Experiments carried out at the Turin
'gas works of 'Italgas* indicated that increasing the concentra-
tion of odor additive even slightly greatly increased the in-
cidence of complaints, especially during the winter months.
03788
H. F. J. Wenzel and O. V. Ingruber
CONTROLLING PROBLEMS OF AIR AND WATER CON-
TAMINATION. Paper Trade J. 151, (3) 42-7, Jan. 16, 1967.
The nature of the substances causing kraft pulp mill odor
problems; the manner and amounts in which they are
produced; analytical methods for determining them; the tolera-
ble limit of concentration; the threshold of perceptability; and
control measures are reviewed. Hydrogen sulfide, methylmer-
captan, dimethylsulfide, and to a lesser extent, dimethyldisul-
fide, are involved.
05942
E. V. Elfimova
DATA FOR THE HYGDZNIC EVALUATION OF
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AEROSOL (HYDROCHLORTOE
GAS) AS AN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT. (In: Limits of al-
lowable concentrations of atmospheric pollutants. Book 6.)
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. VoL 9. pp. 18-28. (1962). Russ. (Tr.)
It was shown that 0.1 mg/cu.m. is the concentration of
threshold hydrochloric acid aerosol odor perception, that 0.05
mg/cu.m. is the odor non-perceptible concentration, that 0.6
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
187
mg/cu.m. is the concentration of threshold reflex effect on op-
tical chronaxy, and 0.2 mg/cu.m. the concentration of
threshold reflex effect on eye sensitivity to light. The concen-
tration of threshold effect on digito-vascular tonicity is 0.5
mg/cu.m., and the threshold concentration of change in the
rhythm and depth of respiratory movement is at 0.1 mg/cu.m.
of the aerosol. On the basis of the above results it is recom-
mended that 0.05 mg/cu.m. be accepted as the limit of allowa-
ble single concentration of hydrochloric acid aerosol in at-
mospheric air. Results of this investigation indicated that 10
mg/cu.m. of the aerosol, representing the limit of allowable
concentration for working premises, elicited sharp shifts in the
physiological reactions. The method used for the determination
of hydrochloric acid aerosol in atmospheric air can be applied
to the determination of the aerosol in the presence of H2SO4
aerosol and in the presence of free chlorine and chlorides. The
present investigation indicated that atmospheric air in the
vicinity of a magnesium plant is highly polluted with
hydrochloric acid aerosol, that such air pollution extended
over considerable distances from the magnesium plant, and
that the sanitary protection zones around magnesium plant
discharging hydrochloric acid aerosol, in the absence of gas
purifying equipment, should be in excess of 3,000 m. Plans for
future magnesium plants should mandatorily include provisions
for the installation of hydrochloric acid absorbing equipment.
05942 E. V. Elfimova
05943
A RESTUDY OF THE MAXIMAL ALLOWABLE SINGLE
CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DISULFIDE IN AT-
MOSPHERIC AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of
Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 6. Translated from Russian in:
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, vol. 9:29-39, 1962, by R. S. Gil denskjol d and B. S.
Levine.
Examinations of air samples indicated that, even at 3000 me-
ters from the investigated plant, the air contained 0.03 mg/m3
of carbon disulfide. Results of tests conducted with the aid of
most odor perception sensitive persons indicated that 0.05
mg/m3 is the concentration of threshold odor perception for
CS2 and that 0.04 mg/m3 is the odor nonperceptible concentra-
tion of CS2. The concentration of threshold carbon disulfide
reflex effect, as determined by the method of optical chronax-
y, is 0.04 mg/m3 and the subthreshold concentration is 0.03
mg/m3. The limit of allowable CS2 concentration should not
exceed 0.03 mg/m3. Results of the present investigation sug-
gest that the present 2000 m width of sanitary clearance zones
surrounding viscous plants should be widened to 3000 m. (Sani-
tary bodies must insist on the immediate installation of effec-
tive equipment for the purification of viscous combine gas
discharges containing CS2. Gases discharged by viscous plants
contain vapors other than CS2. It is, therefore, suggested that
a comprehensive and complex study of the atmospheric air in
vicinities of viscous plants be initiated without undue delay.
05946
Stayzhkin, V. M.
HYGIENIC DETERMINATION OF LIMITS OF ALLOWA-
BLE CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLORINE AND
HYDROCHLORIDE GASES SIMULATENOUSLY PRESENT
IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (In: Limits of allowable concentra-
tions of atmospheric pollutants. Book 6.) U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9,
pp. 55-61. (1962). Russ. (Tr.)
This study was confined to the use of low concentrations of
chlorine and hydrochloride gases and their effect on the
physiological reactivity of man. The methods of investigation
were: determination of threshold odor perception, optical
chronaxy and adaptometry. Results of this investigation in-
dicated that 0.75 mg/cu m was the concentration of threshold
chlorine odor perception, and 0.02 mg/cu m the concentration
of threshold hydrochloride gas odor perception. The simultane-
ous presence in the air of chlorine and hydrochloride gases
was not odor perceptible when the gases co-existed in the fol-
lowing ratio concentrations: 0.3 mg/cu m of chlorine and 0.1
mg/cu m of hydrochloride gas, also 0.2 mg/cu m of chlorine
and 0.13 mg/cu m hydrochloride gas. The additive physiologi-
cal and neurological effects of simultaneously present chlorine
and hydrochloric gases in the air were in the nature of
arithmetical summation. Optical chronaxy tests indicated that
threshold reflex effects were produced by chlorine and
hydrochloride gas simultaneously present in the air in the fol-
lowing ratio combinations: chlorine, 0.3 mg/ cu m and
hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m and also chlorine, 0.3 mg/ cu
m and hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m. Tests of eye sensitivity
to light indicated that the combination of 0.2 mg/cu m of
chlorine and 0.1 mg/cu m of hydrochlorinde gas constituted a
threshold combination mixture of the 2 gases which elicited
changes in eye sensitivity to light The present investigation
also indicated that the previously adopted limits of allowable
single chlorine concentration of 0.1 mg/cu m and of
hydrochloride gas of 0.005 mg/ cu m simultaneously present in
atmospheric air were below the threshold of odor perception
and of effect on reflex activity.
05949
G. I. Solomin
HYGD2NIC EVALUATION OF DINYL AS AN ATMOSPHER-
IC AER POLLUTANT. (In: Limits of allowable concentrations
of atmospheric pollutants. Book 6.) U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9. pp. 82-92.
(1962). Russ. (Tr.)
Results of odor perception study conducted with 15 persons
indicated that the concentration of threshold dinyl vapor odor
perception was 0.06 mg/cu.m. and that the concentration of
threshold dinyl reflex effect on eye sensitivity to light was 0.04
mg/cu.m. The concentration of threshold dinyl electrocortical
conditioned reflex formation was 0.03 mg/cu.m., and the
subthreshold concentration was 0.01 mg/cu.m. The maximal
single allowable dinyl vapor concentration for atmospheric air
should not exceed 0.01 mg/cu.m. Dinyl concentrations of 10
and 0.2 mg/cu.m. under conditions of chronic vapor inhalation
elicited changes in the muscle antagonist's chronaxy in white
rats. Rate of coproporphyrin elimination with the urine was
lowered in rats which chronically inhaled 10 and 0.2 mg/cu.m.
of dinyl vapor. Prolonged inhalation of air containing 10
mg/cu.m. of dinyl lowered cholinesterase activity, while in-
halation of 0.2 mg/cu.m. under similar conditions enhanced
cholinesterase activity. Inhalation of air containing 10 and 0.2
mg/cu.m. by rats increased the number of leucocytes and
decreased the number of lymphocytes. Chronic 24-hour inhala-
tion by rats of air containing 0.01 mg/cu.m. of dinyl vapor for
a period of 70 days had no effect on the rats' functional activi-
ties noted in rats inhaling air having higher dinyl vapor con-
centrations. The limit of average 24-hour dinyl vapor concen-
tration in atmospheric air could be the same as the limit of
maximal single concentration, i.e. 0.01 mg/cu.m. Sanitary
clearance zones surrounding capronic plants which discharge
up to 6 ton of dinyl per month should not be less than 800 m
wide.
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188
ODORS
06323
R. A. Goldbeck, J. H. Kaeding, W. E. Feroglia
ODOR CODING FOR MALFUNCTION DETECTION AND
DIAGNOSIS. Philco Corp., Palo Alto, Calif., Western
Development Labs. (Kept. AMRL-TR-66-122.) (Aug. 1966). 54
pp. 643239 CFSTI, DDC: AD 643239
The use of the olfactory sense for detecting and diagnosing
malfunctions in equipment systems has been investigated. The
literature on olfaction is reviewed and the data and data gaps
relevant to equipment maintenance applications are sum-
marized. With the literature findings as a point of reference,
performance requirements for an odor-coding system are
established and a taxonomic structure is synthesized for the
purpose of developing specific odor-coding systems. A survey
of equipment system applications leads to the conclusion that
odor-augmented maintenance displays are both feasible and
practical. Recommendations are made for a program of
research and development leading to broad scope implementa-
tion of odor coding for malfunction detection and diagnosis.
(Authors' abstract)
07091
Romano, A. H., and R. S. Safferman
STUDIES ON ACTINOMYCETES AND THEIR ODORS. (J.
Am. Water Works Assoc.) 55(2): 169-176, Feb. 1963.
A study was initiated to characterize the odoriferous materials
produced by actinomycetes and to evaluate the effectiveness
of various treatment procedures. Although the chemical struc-
tures of the odoriferous concentrates are yet unknown, these
preliminary studies demonstrate the extreme intensity of the
actinomycete odor, and also provide materials for assessing
the efficiency of various water treatment methods. All
evidence obtained thus far merely implicates the actino-
mycetes as a source of earthy odors in water supplies. Con-
sequently, further chemical studies would be most desirable as
a means of firmly establishing whether these troublesome
odors are in fact due to actinomycetes. When odoriferous con-
centrates obtained from S. griseoluteus were treated with
chlorine, no enhancement of the odor was noted; instead slight
decreases in odor intensity could be shown. On other hand,
activated carbon at a concentration of 10 ppm proved highly
efficient in reducing the odors. Whether similar results will
occur with other actinomycete groups still remains to be seen.
The addition of Ippm chlorine to spore suspensions of four
different actinomycete species buffered at pH7.5 was found to
be effective in preventing their development. It is conceivable
then that chlorine could be of consequence in indirectly con-
trolling actinomycete odor problems. ASM
07821T
Gilgen, A. and H. U. Wanner
THE TOXICOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE
OF OZONE. ((Die toxikologische und hygienische Bedeutung
des Ozons.)) Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. (Munich), 150(l-2):62-78,
1966. 62 refs.
The lexicological and bactericidal properties of ozone are
reviewed. The acute toxicity of ozone to laboratory animals is
reported as being diverse and variable from species to species.
Chronical exposure results in damage to the respiratory or-
gans, i.e., in bronchitis and lung emphysema, limitation in
weight increase of young animals and reduced urine acidity.
When man is exposed to 4 to 5 ppm, a lung edema develops
within a few hours. Lower concentrations primarily affect
respiration by irritation and cause headaches and nausea. In
animals, the exposure to low ozone concentrations produces
immunity to subsequently applied lethal doses. Tolerance to
ozone has also been brought about by germanium oxide. Con-
versely, ozone has been shown to produce tolerance for
ketene, H2O2 and NO2. The mode by which ozone becomes
biologically effective is not yet fully elucidated. Presumably
free radicals causing oxidation processes are formed, similar
to those produced by nuclear radiation. These processes, in
turn, set free adrenalin, noradrenalin and bradykinin. The
strongest bactericidal effects of ozone are obtained at high
relative humidity and low temperature. In practice the ger-
micidal effect of ozone can only be applied to sterilizing
water. The deodorizing effect is generally accepted but
requires concentrations exceeding the maximum allowable
concentrations.
09659
Thomas Lindvall
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES OF ORGANOLEPTIC
ODOR MEASUREMENT. In: Proceedings of the International
Conference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: Public Health Service, National Council for
Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. DeLand,
Ha., E. O. Painter Print- ing Co., ((1966)), p. 358-364.
There is a good deal of variation between the thresholds re-
ported in the literature for different odorous sulfur com-
pounds. The question is why? This problem and some of the
aspects of the techniques of organoleptic odor measurement
are discussed. An individual's reactions to exposure in or-
ganoleptic psychophysical studies are influenced by biological,
physical, socio-economic and subjective factors. Adaptation is
another important phenom- enon that is often involved in
these studies. Two problems connected with threshold tests
are: (1) what principle is to govern the choice of stimuli and,
(2) How are the subject's re- sponses to be given and evalu-
ated. There seem to be two altern- ative forms of response;
one is the yes/no response, and the other is the principle
known as forced choice. The question of how pre- vious
liydrogen sulfide determinations differed with respect to
method is discussed. It is finally concluded that different
methods do produce very different thresholds. Far too little is
known about what these differences really signify for practical
applications. Even within the laboratory much remains to be
studies before it can be stated with any precision, what it is
that is measured by odor tests, what conclusions may be
drawn from the results and how far these can be generalized.
A model program for the laboratory side of practical odor
research is suggested.
11476
Andreeshcheva, N. G.
THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN AROMATIC HYDROCAR-
BONS IN THE AIR. ((O sanitarno-toksikologicheskoi otsenke
nekotorykh aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov v atmosfernom
vozdukhe.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 33(4-6):13-17, April-June 1968. ((10)) refs. CFSTI: TT
68-50449/2 i /
A spectrophotometric method of determining meta-nitrochlor-
benzol (MNCB), and 3,4-dichloraniline (3,4-DCA) in the air is
elaborated. The findings point to a definite relation of the
threshold values of smell to the changes in the chemical struc-
ture of the substance due to introduction of nitro-amino- and
chlorine groups into the benzol ring. The action of chlorine
products on the light sensitivity of eyes becomes stronger as
additional chlorine groups, besides the nitro- and amino-
groups, are being introduced into the benzol ring.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
189
19599
Moulton, David G.
AN ANALYSIS OF ODOR INDUCED ACTIVITY IN THE OL-
FACTORY SYSTEM (FINAL REPORT). Pennsylvania Univ.,
Philadelphia, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Grant AF-
AFOSR-1056-67, AFOSR 69-2633TR, 19p. 1969. 14 refs. CF-
STI, DDC: AD 695976
Analyses were made of single unit activity in the olfactory
epithelium and bulb of the rat and goldfish. In goldfish, results
from testing with food extracts and other compounds indicated
that if low concentrations of appropriate stimuli are used, in-
hibition is less prevalent in the olfactory bulb than studies with
higher concentrations of inappropriate stimuli might suggest.
In experiments with rats, using a glass/teflon olfactometer,
electronic apparatus for recordings from the olfactory epitheli-
um, and a variety of odorants, results indicate that the evoked
potentials show a progressive activity change during odor
stimulation which has a clear relation to the quantity of the
odor and possibly some relation to odor quality. The threshold
is apparently changed at an active site by an odorant and its
change is closely linked to the coding mechanism for odor dis-
crimination at this primary center. In addition to these studies,
telemetry devices and techniques were developed for record-
ing neural impulses from freely-moving animals. In conjunc-
tion with the use of these devices, behavioral techniques were
also developed for training rats and rabbits in odor detection
or discrimination tasks which focus the animals' olfactory
equipment on the rest odor and allow the resulting odor-in-
duced activity to be recorded, in the form of single units, from
chronically implanted microelectrodes.
20969
Frey, Allan H.
ELECTRICAL CHARGE DISTRIBUTION AND OLFACTORY
METHODOLOGY AND THEORY. Psychol. Bull., 69(6):390-
395, 1968. 23 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 674227
The static electrical charge on the subjects, equipment, walls,
and odorant have had an effect on the results of a number of
olfactory experiments. The nature of airborne charge com-
plexes is considered, together with their biological effects and
methodology for the measurement and control of this variable.
Experimenters should consider the following procedures: all
subjects should be electrically grounded; human subjects
should wear only cotton clothing, and some consideration
should be given to washing animal subjects in an antistatic
solution; all subjects should be in a Faraday cage, or part of
it; and measurement should be made and reported of the
charge on the odorant, which can be done by using a Beckett
probe. The olfactory epithelium is a sheet of special sensory
cells with very thin cilia protruding into the overlying mucous
layer, and these cilia and the membrane can be affected by
charge complexes. The finding that all the physiological effects
of a positive carbon dioxide ion on the trachea can be
duplicated by the intravenous injection of 5-hydroxytryp-
tamine further suggests some reason for considering the possi-
bility of chemical change in the olfactory epithelium as a func-
tion of the charge on the odorant. Other factors for considera-
tion result from the hypothesis that negative ions modify brain
5-HT levels causing a tranquilization effect, and that X-radia-
tion of animals has a behavioral effect which is mediated by
the olfactory system.
21125
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROUS GASES.
(Maximale Immissions- Konzentrationen MIK Nitrose Gase).
VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinie, no. 2105, May 1960. 24 refs.
Translated from German. 9p., 1962.
The Permissible Emission Concentrations, (PEC values) set by
VDI are defined as those concentrations of pollutants in layers
of the open air close to the ground which may be considered
harmless, according to current knowledge, to man, animal, or
plant during exposure of a given frequency and duration.
These values are valid only within certain ranges, only when
the pollutant occurs by itself rather than in mixture with other
pollutants, and only for the open air outside of an emitting lo-
cation. Nitrous gases occur in nature from electric discharges
in the atmosphere; technologically, they are produced from
such principal sources as the manufacture and processing of
nitric acid and from internal combustion engines, explosives,
and celluloid. Nitrous gases, which are recognizable by their
brown color and characteristic odor, comprise the following
nitrogen oxides and their compounds: nitrogen monoxide
(NO); dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3); nitrogen dioxide (NO2); and
dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). The latter two are the primary
carriers of the toxic action of nitrous gases. The PEC half-
hour mean value set for continuous exposure to NO2 is 0.5
cm3/m3. The PEC for intermittent exposure (permissible ex-
cess above the PEC for continuous exposure) is 1.0 cu cm/cu
m half-hour mean value, three times daily. In the transition
from normal air into an atmosphere containing NO2, the olfac-
tory threshold lies at 0.1 cu cm/cu m (calculated as NO2) and
the odor becomes characteristic at 0.5 cu cm/cu m, although
within 5-6 min olfactory perception disappears even at 20 cu
cm/cu m. Minor symptoms of irritation such as dry and rough
throat may occur under prolonged inhalation of 1-2 cu cm/cu
m; with repeated exposure, these become less and finally dis-
appear even after inhaling 20 cu cm/cu m for 2 hrs. Toxic ef-
fects of nitrous gases on man and animals have not been dif-
ferentiated; in plants, it appears that even sensitive plants
sustain no damage from exposure to a mean concentration of 1
to 2 cu cm/cu m.
21359
Gesteland, Robert C.
CHEMICAL RANGING AND TRACKING. (FINAL REPORT).
Northwestern Univ., Evanston, HI., Dept. of Biological
Sciences. Army Research Office, Grant DA-ARO-D-31-124-
G991, Proj. 20061102A328, Rept 7823.1-RT, 54p., July 31,
1969. 28 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 698581
Significant advances in understanding the chemical basis of
the olfactory receptor mechanism, and in relating the signalling
parameters of nervous activity to receptor stimulation, have
been made. A comparative histological study has turned up a
vertebrate nose with very large receptor cells, which should
allow the monitoring of cell function with intracellular micro-
electrodes for the first time; several methods have been
developed for using an electrochemical cell as an indicator of
the presence of trace contaminants in a flowing stream. Based
on the consensus of recent literature, all cells in the Necturus
olfactory epithelium are of the order of 30 times larger in
volume than those in the frog olfactory region, making Nectu-
rus a good candidate for intracellular recording. The receptor
sites for odors in the olfactory mucosa are probably proteins
and/or the permeability change producing the electro-olfacto-
gram involves protein components of the membrane. It is
possible that stimulus molecules are strongly bound upon
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190
ODORS
reaching the receptors and are removed only by a very long
time-constant biochemical process, for instance sloughing or
readsorption of the stimulus molecule bound to a
macromolecular component of the membrane or a very slow
removal of the stimulus molecule from the membrane binding
substance. It may be that chemo-reception in the frog's nose is
an irreversible process and requires synthesis of new receptor
sites to replace those used up by reaction with the incoming
stimulus. Use of the high sensitivity of the polarized electrode
is still being investigated to trace impurities to detect the
presence of contaminants in solution in a sampling cell, and
most of the work completed is concerned with cell design and
measurement techniques. (Author abstract modified)
21712
Neuhaus, Walter and David M. Goldenberg
VEGETATIVE REACTIONS AFTER OLFACTORY STIMU-
LATION. (FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT). Erlangen-Nu-
remberg Univ., Erlangen (W. Germany), Medizinische Klinik
mil Poliklinik, Contract DA-91-591-EUC-4014, Proj.
2N061102B71D, 8p., July 1969. 14 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD
697162
Galvanic skin resistance, arteria radialis pulse and blood pres-
sure, respiration, and stomach motility were recorded elec-
trochemically in man after olfactory stimulation. In most
cases, skin resistance decreases rapidly and returns gradually
to its original value, frequently with temporary decrements in
between. Arteria radialis pressure often shows a decrease, fol-
lowed by a wavy pattern of alternate increments and decre-
ments, before returning to its original value. Pulse frequency
and amplitude are hardly affected. Respiration often becomes
deeper during stimulation with pleasant odors, while its am-
plitude decreases with unpleasant odors; however, a partial in-
crease of the respiratory amplitude with unpleasant odors was
observed in some cases. Stomach motility generally increases
in the form of increased amplitude of contraction, persistent
contraction, or increased frequency of contraction. The largely
autonomous cycles of the parameters investigated are con-
cluded to be affected by olfactory stimuli, the effects depend-
ing on the particular conditions prevailing in the autonomic
nervous system at the time of stimulation. (Author summary
modified)
23298
Alpert, Stephen, Barry B. Schwartz, Si Duk Lee, and Trent R.
Lewis
ALVEOLAR PROTEIN ACCUMULATION: A SENSITIVE IN-
DICATOR OF LOW-LEVEL OXIDANT TOXICTTY. Preprint,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution
Control Administration, 19p., 1970. 10 refs.
Studies of the response of low doses of edemagenic gases
have been hampered by the insensitivity and the nonquantita-
tive nature of the major indicators of response. A new and
more sensitive indicator, the recovery of I 131-albumin from
the alveolar spaces six hours after its intravenous injection in
rats was applied. Significantly increased albumin recovery was
found for all concentrations of ozone at and above 0.5 ppm.
No wet changes were noted below 2.5 ppm ozone, and there
was no consistent nistological finding except for slight
sloughing of bronchial epithelium at 2.5 ppm. Application of
these methods to studies of steroid effects revealed increased
sensitivity to ozone following administration of methyl-
prednisolone. In addition, animals treated with steroids and
prior to exposure to 0.25 ppm ozone became tolerant to sub-
sequent ozone challenge, while animals given pre-exposure but
no steroids did not. (Author abstract modified)
27137
Tisi, Gennaro M., Anthony J. Cuomo, and Kenneth M. Moser
AIR POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE. In: Pro-
ject Clean Air. California Univ., La Jolla, Pulmonary Div.,
Vol. 2, App.-B, p. B-l to B-10, Sept. 1, 1970. 28 refs.
The limitations of recent epidemiologic, pathologic, and
physiologi studies of the health hazards of air pollution are
noted. Although evidence has been obtained suggesting that
prolonged exposure to pollution can increase morbidity and
mortality in persons with pre-existing bronchitis and
emphysema and possibily cause obstructive airways diseases,
the specific pollutants involved and the mechanisms by which
they impair respiratory function have received limited atten-
tion. Future studies should attempt to separate the role of
gaseous vs. paniculate pollutants and consider the effects of
interacting factors such as age, sex, socioeconomic class, oc-
cupational exposure, migration, and smoking habits on car-
diorespiratory diseases. Several specific research projects
needed to resolve the specific air pollution problems of
California are listed.
28175
Ogata, Masana, Katsuaki Okuma, Junko Omori, and Suzuko
Ueki
THE RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION OF ODORS IN
MIZUSHEVIA DISTRICT. (Mizushima-chiku ni okeru akushu
chosa seiseki). Text in Japanese. In: An Outline of Counter-
measures Against Public Nuisance in Kurashiki City. (Ku-
rashiki-shi ni okeru kogai taisaku no gaiyo). Kurashiki Mu-
nicipal Office (Japan), Dec. 1968, Chapt. 6-(12), p. 144-155.
Complaints about odors in the Fukuda, Tsurashima,
Mizushima and Kojima districts of Kurashiki City (Okayama
Prefecture) were investigated by means of questionnaires sent
to families of junior-high schoolboys. In addition, measure-
ments of ammonia and organic matter in air and water were
carried out in the first three districts. The rates of complaints
were 6.0% for the Fukuda district, contiguous to factories,
4.6% for the former Kurashiki City, and 4.3% for the
Mizushima district. In the Tsurashima district, 32.24% of the
complaints centered on one odor. In all districts, more than
10% of the respondents complained about the odor of gases,
ammonia, gasoline, vinegar, rotten onions, burning matches,
and burning rubber. On one day ammonia concentrations in
Fuduka ranged from 0.11 ppm to 0.25 ppm. In increasing odor
of frequency, subjective symptoms were headache, sore
throat, eye irritation, coughing, and nausea, Organic matter
found in Mizushima was observed in all water basins.
34667
Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY ODOR EXPOSURE. 31p.,
1971. 58 refs. (Report resulting from discussions and based on
the working papers of a symposium sponsored by the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, April 26-29, 1971.) NTIS: PB
204989
Discussions on community odor exposure during a symposium
are summarized, based on papers and reports by the partici-
pants on human reactions to odors; empirical data on odor ex-
posure from different sources; dose-response relationships; in-
teractions between odor sources and environmental conditions;
temporal patterns; and scientific bases for performance stan-
dards. Recommendations for basic and applied research are
presented. Odorous compounds were defined as those materi-
als whose most common adverse effect is the annoyance reac-
tion caused by the odor itself. Human reactions to odors in-
cluded disease states, annoyance reactions, social and
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
191
economic reactions, physiological responses, and interference
with positive reactions to nonambient odors. Sensory analysis
techniques to determine odors from pulp mills and diesel ex-
haust are discussed.
34686
Henschler, D., A. Stier, H. Beck, and W. Neuman
OLFACTORY THRESHOLD OF SOME IMPORTANT IRRI-
TANT GASES AND MAND7ESTATION IN MAN BY LOW
CONCENTRATIONS. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg.,
17(6):547-570, March 9, 1960. 48 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. 32p.
An investigation was conducted to determine olfactory
threshold and symptoms resulting from the one-half hour ex-
posure of human subjects to different concentrations of sulfur
dioxide, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide. The experimental ar-
rangement is described. Sulfur dioxide in these tests was
smelled and/or tasted in some cases at 0.5 ppm, in 75% of the
cases at 1.0 ppm, and always at 2.5 ppm, while 5.0 ppm
produced coughing. The olfactory threshold for ozone lies
below the lowest tested concentration of 0.02 ppm. Nitrogen
dioxide is smelled in part at 0.1 ppm, and always starting at 0.4
ppm.
35570
GUIDES FOR SHORT-TERM EXPOSURES OF THE PUBLIC
TO AIR POLLUTANTS. U. GUIDE FOR HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE. National Academy of Sciences, Nationa
Research Council, Washington, D. C, Committee on Toxicolo-
gy, Air Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 70-57, 15p.,
Aug. 1971. 31 refs. NTIS: PB 203464
At sufficiently high concentrations, hydrogen chloride acts as
a primary irritant, especially to the eyes and the moist mucous
membranes of the respiratory tract. Effects of exposures of
animals to HC1 are cited, as well as the physiological respon-
ses of man to HC1. Although concentrations between 75 and
150 mg/cu m have been reported to be tolerable for periods up
to one hour, inhalation of 1500 mg/cu m is dangerous within
one hour. Odor thresholds are indicated, including the
threshold of injury for plants. Short-term and emergency expo-
sure limits are recommended. Effects on materials are men-
tioned, and analytical methods are described.
35671
Eglit, M. E.
BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF
OZONE. (Biologicheskiye deystviya malykh kontsentratsiy
ozona). Text in Russian. Aktual Voprosy Gig. Truda Prof.
Patol., Mater. Konf., 1st 1967, p. 77-80. 6 refs.
Investigation of the biological activity of low concentrations of
ozone showed that ozone affects the human organism when
present in concentrations of .01 mg/cu m and above. The
lowest concentration causing olfactory sensation in sensitive
persons participating in the experiment was .015 mg/cu m,
while the lowest concentration having an effect on the electric
activity in the brain was .01 mg/cu m. A specific spec-
trophotometric method for determination of atmospheric
ozone concentrations with the aid of dihydroacridine is
described. The sensitivity of the method is .0042 micrograms
per ml. The effect of ozone concentrations of .11-.0054 mg/cu
m on white rats was studied after 93 days of continuous expo-
sure using Physiological, biochemical, and other techniques. A
concentration of .11 mg/cu m caused pathologic changes in the
lungs, kidney, spleen, heart, and brain.
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192
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
00252
DEADLY GASES IN PIGGERIES. Ger. Res. Serv. 5, (5) 9,
May 16, 1966.
Manure pits situated below slotted floors should be
safeguarded by slides and odor barriers. Gases develop from
ammonia and hydrogen sulfide which remain harmless even
after prolonged periods of manure storage can become dan-
gerous to life, if the manure is agitated prior to being pumped
off. Dissection findings on a groupt of pigs which died in a
pig-sty showed death was caused by poisoning by waste gas.
In cases where slides and odor barriers are not available,
animals should be taken out in the open before the manure is
agitated, and pig-sties aired well before being reentered.
20028
LeBlanc, Fabius and D. N. Rao
REACTION OF SEVERAL LICHENS AND EPIPHYTIC
MOSSES TO SULFUR DIOXIDE IN SUDBURY ONTARIO.
(Reaction de quelques lichens et mousses epiphytiques a 1'an-
hydride sulfureux dans la region de Sudbury, Ontario). Text in
French. Bryologist, vol. 69:338-346, 1966. 11 refs.
Circular bark plugs 4.8 cm in diameter were cut from country
roadside trees bearing 19 species of lichens and mosses, and
forty-two plugs were transplanted in the summer of 1964 onto
trees in Sudbury, Ontario, where the atmosphere is heavily
polluted with sulfur dioxide. Most of the transplanted lichens
and mosses were dead or greatly damaged in October of 196S.
The lichens Bacidia chlorococca and Parmelia sulcata were the
species most tolerant of the contaminated atmosphere. (Author
abstract)
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193
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
05463
K. Toishi and T. Kenjo
ALKALINE MATERIAL LIBERATED INTO ATMOSPHERE
FROM NEW CONCRETE. J. Paint Technol. 39, (506) 152-5,
Mar. 1967.
Because of the interest in the damage to certain materials from
the odor-producing substance present in the air of newly con-
strue- ted concrete storage rooms, an investigation was made
of the air contaminant. There is present in the vicinity of fresh
concrete a detectable amount of alkalinity that can hasten the
deterioration of certain materials such as art objects, silk,
hardened linseed oil, leather, pigments and dyes. Spectro-
graphic analysis of material collected from the air shows a
composition similar to that of concrete. If the walls are
covered with varnish, the deterioration from the alkalinity will
be minimized. Natural ag- ing or neutralizing of the surface
layer of the concrete wall with air must be in a highly-
dispersed state approaching molecular dimensions.
19325
Konda, Kiyoshi, Hisao Ito, and Atsuhiro Honda
FIELD EVALUATION OF EXHAUST GAS FROM REFUSE
INCINERATOR RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION AND
METAL CORROSION. Trans. Soc. Heating, Air-Condition-
ing, and Sanitary Engrs. (Japan), vol. 7:95-104, 1969.
A study of municipal incinerator exhaust gas composition con-
ducted at five sites in Japan is described. The study was un-
dertaken to obtain information on odor and metal corrosion
problems. The exhaust consisted of sulfur oxides, nitrogen ox-
ides, ammonia, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic acids, and
hydrochloric acid. Volatile organic acids and hydrochloric acid
are mainly responsible for the corrosion, with sulfuric and
nitric acids only partially concerned. Percentages of exhaust
products as a function of raw refuse input are tabulated. Con-
tinuous firing rather than batch firing would limit noxious ef-
fluents. Temperature and excess air control would also help.
After-burning chambers should be installed to further reduce
contaminants.
24187
MAINTENANCE OF ODOR-CONTROL SYSTEMS. Environ.
Control Safety Management, 1970:58-59, Oct. 1970.
Material failures in odor control systems can do more than
result in costly downtime for maintenance, repair, or replace-
ment of plant equipment. While not harmful to health, odor is
annoying and can affect community relations. To prevent odor
during fermentation from being vented into the atmosphere,
engineers at a pharmaceutical company producing antibiotics
devised a system for conducting the fumes of the fermentation
facilities to the power plant for incineration. They discovered,
however, that the system' fans and ductwork were subjected
to moderately heavy pitting and corrosion, which resulted
from warm moist paniculate matter being picked up from the
fermenting tanks and carried in the airstream. The first step in
controlling the old system was to specify a more corrosion-re-
sistant material for the ductwprk and fans. Type 316 stainless
steel was specified, containing 16-18% chromium, 10-14%
nickel, and 2-3% molybdenum. The replacement ducts were
made from 16-gauge stainless steel sheet, and four-foot-long
duct sections were butt-welded together into eight-foot lengths.
These longer sections were joined during installation with sim-
ple flanged joints sealed with a silicone material.
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194
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
16457
Julson, J. O.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION - HOW MUCH WILL IT
COST YOUR MILL? Pulp Paper, 43(4):152-153, April 1969.
The cost of protecting the quality of the air against kraft mill
odors, bleach plant gaseous emissions, participates, soot, cin-
ders, incineration of mill refuse, and water protection was
discussed. Digester blow and relief gases are readily collected
and can be thermally oxidized in a special furnace, lime kiln,
or recovery furnace. Odor reduction was impressive and esti-
mated capital cost was $125,000-5150,000 (1969). Turpentine
should be condensed out of digester relief gases to take ad-
vantage of income generated through its sale. Black liquor ox-
idation is also effective in odor reduction and saves in chemi-
cal costs. Cost estimates ranged from $165,000 for a 200-ton
mill to $240,000 for a 1000-ton mill. Paniculate emission stan-
dards of 0.10 grains/standard cu ft of stack gas were obtained
with precipitators. Capital costs for 99% efficiency ranged
from $375,000 for a 200-ton mill to $1,087,000 for a 1000-ton
mill. Costs for cyclone scrubbers and lime kiln scrubbers were
considerably less. Capital costs for the trapping of chlorine
and chlorine dioxide emissions by scrubbing in a caustic solu-
tion and returning the resulting solution back to the bleaching
process ranged from $35,000 for a 200-ton mill to $155,000 for
a 1000-ton mill. The installation of precipitators for soot and
cinder control was estimated to cost $1.50/cu ft/min for 99%
efficiency. The cost estimates of incineration of mill refuse
ranged from $3400 for 50 Ib/hr to $38,200 for 2000 Ibs/hr. The
costs of primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge
incineration for water protection were also estimated. Capital
and operating budgets will have to provide for these heavy
added costs.
29299
Mueller, James H.
WHAT IT COSTS TO CONTROL PROCESS ODORS. Food
Eng., 43(4):62-65, April 1971.
The accepted and recognized method of controlling organic
fumes and odors is to raise the process exhaust to 1400 F for
0.5 sec. The three types of equipment that can meet this
requirement are compared with reference to total annual cost,
factors influencing total cost, and heat recovery efficiency.
The types are afterburner; afterburner with heat exchange;
and thermal regenerative air purification system (TRAPS).
While initial equipment cost is low, total annual costs of an af-
terburner are $202,510 in contrast to $119,090 and $69,620 for
afterburner with heat exchange and the TRAPS system,
respectively. A major factor in the additional annual costs of
an afterburner is the very high fuel cost ($181,000).
34518
Greene, C. H.
POLLUTION COSTS. Natl. Eng., 75(11):8, Nov. 1971.
(Presented at the American Institute of Plant Engineers, Pollu-
tion Conference.)
According to a survey conducted in approximately 3000 manu-
facturing plants, the leading water pollutants are acid and al-
kali, settleable solids and oil. Favorite types of air quality
treatment equipment include wet scrubbers (38%), fabric fil-
ters (33%), and mechanical collectors (31%). Electrostatic
•precipitators and incineration devices are also used. Estimates
of the breakdown of pollution expenses are tabulated. Odors,
participates, and sulfur dioxide are chief air problems.
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195
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
00157
Maga, John A. and John R. Kinosian
MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS - PRESENT
AND FUTURE. In: Vehicle Emissions, Part II, SAE Progress
in Technology Series, Vol. 12, New York, Society of Automo-
tive Engineers, Inc., 1966, p. 297-306. 10 refs. (Presented at
the SAE Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich.,
Jan. 10-14, 1966.)
In California, the State Dept. of Public Health has established
motor vehicle emission standards for exhaust hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide and smoke; for fuel tank and carburetor
evaporative losses; and for crankcase hydrocarbon emissions.
The data on which the standards are based and the need for
improved measurement procedures are discussed. At this time,
exhaust emission standards for oxides of nitrogen and for odor
are being considered as additional standards. Future standards
may rate hydrocarbon emissions according to their smog
potential. Another possible change that is discussed is to speci-
fy the quantity rather than the concentration of pollutants that
may be emitted from the exhaust of motor vehicles.
05117
V. A. Ryazanov
ABOUT THE CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF EFFECTS
OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AT LOW CONCENTRA-
TIONS UPON AN ORGANISM . Gigienna i Sanit. 26, (6)3-7,
June 1961. Russ. (Tr.)
The first attempt to develop maximum allowable concentra-
tions of air pollutants has been undertaken by the Soviet hy-
gienists. As a basis for this work the criteria were used which
were first published in 1949 and which did not meet with any
objections in the scientific literature. These criteria, in es-
sence, are as follows: (1) 'An allowable concentration' could
be only such concentration of any substance in an ambient air,
which does not affect a man directly or indirectly by produc-
ing a detrimental or unpleasant effect, does not lower his
working capacity, and does not affect his mood or sense of
well-being; (2) The necessity of acclimatization to the toxic
substances should be looked upon as an adverse condition and
a proof of untolerable concentration; and (3) The 'untolerable
concentrations' are also such concentrations of toxic sub-
stances, which have a damaging effect upon vegetation, cli-
mate of a location, visibility or customary conditions of life of
the residents. Therefore, during the investigations in regard to
hygienic regulation of atmospheric pollution, a special atten-
tion has been paid to a threshold of odors. These investiga-
tions, however, showed that an absence of odor perception
does not indicate that under the influence of an action of un-
perceived concentration there is no occurrence in an organism
of some reflex reactions with the receptors of the respiratory
system. As a rule, the higher concentrations of odoriferous
gases cause a decrease in light sensitivity, while the lower con-
centrations increase it. These changes were interpreted in re-
gard to relationship between nerve centers. When, under an in-
fluence of weak odor, a process of excitation takes place in a
sensory center it reaches the visual region by way of irradia-
tion over the brain cortex and induces an increase in light sen-
sitivity. If an odor is strong, an excitation which appears in ol-
factory center, according to a law of negative induction,
causes an inhibition of the visual region of the cortex and as a
result its light sensitivity is reduced.
05947
Feldman, Yu. G.
ACETONE AS AN ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANT. (In:
Limits of allowable concentrations of atmospheric pollutants,
Book 6.) U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Oc-
cupational Diseases, Vol. 9, pp. 62-72. (1962). Russ. (Tr.)
It was found in this study that 1.1 mg/cu m is the concentra-
tion of threshold acetone vapor odor perception in most sensi-
tive persons, and that 0.8 mg/cu m is the odor nonperceptible
concentration. 0.55 mg/cu m is the concentration of threshold
acetone reflex effect on the functional state of celebral cortex,
as determined by the adaptometric method. 0.44 mg/cu m is
the subthreshold concentration. The concentration of threshold
acetone reflex effect on the formation of electrocortical condi-
tioned reflexes is 0.44 mg/cu m, and the maximal inactive con-
centration is 0.35 mg/cu m. Chronic inhalation of an average
acetone vapor concentration of 199 mg/cu m, 8 hours daily for
45 days produces motor chronaxy changes in the experimental
animals. Continuous 45 'day inhalation of an average acetone
vapor concentration of 0.53 mg/cu m produces no clearcut
changes in the animals motor chromaxies. Motor chronaxy
curves of the control animal are practically identical with
those noted in experimental animals which inhaled 199 mg/cu
m and also 0.53 mg/cu m of acetone vapor uninterruptedly for
45 days. This is also true of the blood picture, of the animalOs
weight, and histologic pictures of the internal organs. The
limits of allowable single and average 24-hour concentrations
should not exceed 0.35 mg/cu m. The atmospheric air in the
vicinity of the investigated acetate silk plant is systematically
polluted with acetone, the concentrations of which exceed the
recommended allowable limit even at 600 m from the plant.
The 100 m sanitary clearance ozone established for acetate silk
producing plants is inadequate and should be increased to 750
m, especially where the acetone discharge averaged 4.5 tons
per day.
07766
Missouri Air Conservation Commission, Jefferson City
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL REGULATIONS FOR THE ST. LOUIS
METROPOLITAN AREA. Preprint, 46 p., Feb. 22, 1967.
Allowable maximum average concentrations for various
periods of time are listed for major pollutants such as SO2 and
suspended particulates. Among the topics covered in the 24
regulations are: Restriction of Emission of Particulate Matter
from Industrial Processes; Open Burning Restrictionsestriction
of Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide from Use of Fuel; and Control
of Odors from Processing of Animal Matter.
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196
ODORS
11734
Maga, John A.
CONSIDERATIONS IN ESTABLISHING AMBIENT AIR
QUALITY STANDARDS. J. Occupational Med., 10(8):408-413,
Aug. 1968.
Some of the factors to be considered in the establishment of
air quality standards by the U.S.P.(.S. or state and local
governments are the purposes and uses of such standards, the
degree of understanding regarding the effects of pollutants on
the environment, and the existence of usable data on the con-
centration of contaminants in the ambient air. A distinction is
drawn between air quality standards and air quality criteria on
which they are based, as well as between air quality standards
and emission standards which serve as the direct basis for
control. It is pointed out that ambient air quality standards are
generally much lower than threshold limit values for occupa-
tional exposure, and that careful attention must be paid to the
relationship between effects of air pollutants and concentra-
tion. An air monitoring program is an essential part of any
developmental work towards the establishment of air quality
standards. Among the potential effects to be taken into con-
sideration are those on human health, vegetation and
livestock; irritation to the senses, and impairment of visibility;
soiling, unpleasant odors and other esthetic effects. The ex-
perience of the State of California in the establishment of air
quality standards is briefly reviewed, with emphasis on the
three-level approach ('emergency', 'serious', and 'adverse'
levels) and the 'oxidant index*.
15926
AIR POLLUTION CODES - HERE'S LATEST PICTURE.
Roads Streets, 113(1):104, 106-107, Jan. 1970. 5 refs.
Regulations currently in effect that are used by air pollution
control agencies to control emissions from asphalt batch plants
were described. Nine of 38 states have specific regulations for
asphalt plants. These regulations include participate matter and
smoke, but do not include odors or other pollutants. The regu-
lations of four states and one local agency are based on the
amount of pollution emitted per 1000 Ib of flue gas discharged
from the stack. Two of the states base their regulations on a
process weight table, and require a specified collection effi-
ciency of control equipment. Still another state bases its regu-
lations on a concentration standard and a buffer zone. And
one state uses only a buffer zone to control emissions. The
other 29 states and five local control programs have regula-
tions applicable to all industrial processes and apply them to
asphalt plants. Most of these states use process weight tables
for the control of paniculate matter. Many also have regula-
tions that visible emissions must not exceed No. 2 on the Rin-
glemann Scale or equivalent opacity. Nine of the states em-
ploy a standard for odor control. Although most of the regula-
tions are written in general terms, one state stipulates the use
of a scentometer for odor measurements.
16263
Ludwig, John H.
SEMINAR ON AIR POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLES.
Preprint, Assistant Commissioner, Science and Technology,
Washington, D. C. 64p., 1970. 27 refs.
The contribution of motor vehicle emissions to community-
wide air pollution problems depends on several related factors:
the extent of community, commercial, and industrial sources
as compared to vehicle sources; the size of the community and
the distribution of these sources; topographical and
meteorological factors; and the degree of control exercised for
sources. The relative importance of motor vehicle emissions
can be approached by evaluating specific effects, specific pol-
lutants, and sources with respect to pollutant emissions of all
types. Average emissions by sources are presented for Los
Angeles County, Louisville, Detroit, and 11 Pennsylvania
counties. Sources of gaseous emissions from motor vehicles
are reviewed, as well as the sources of hydrocarbon and
smoke emissions from diesels. California standards are re-
ported for vehicle smoke and odor emissions, carbon monox-
ide, and nitrogen oxides levels. Also reported are 1970 Federal
Standards for exhaust emissions from automobiles and light
trucks. An attempt is made to assess specific hydrocarbon
constitutents in gasoline engine exhaust, crank case ventila-
tion, and evaporation losses, and diesel exhausts and their
relationship to photochemical reactions occuring in the at-
mosphere. The need of continued laboratory research and
detailed examination of exhausts produced by control devices
is stressed.
18294
Gerhardson, G.
EXHAUST GASES FROM GASOLINE POWERED VEHI-
CLES. (Avgaser fran bensindrivna bilar.) Text in Swedish.
Kommunikationsdepartmentet ledningsgrupp rorande utveck-
lingsarbete pa bilavgasomradet, 112p., 1968. 51 refs.
The investigation deals with the occurrence and effects of au-
tomotive exhaust smoke, statistical information, trends of
development, emission of air pollutants from gasoline fueled
automobiles, and available methods to reduce the emissions.
The purpose of the survey is to supply information to the
Swedish government about air pollution problems from
gasoline powered vehicles. The investigation is ended with
proposals for reducing the lead content of gasolines. The sub-
stances dealt with are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
odorous and irritating substances, oxides of nitrogen, and par-
ticulates among which lead compounds are discussed. Mea-
surements and calculations show that the pollution level on
heavily trafficked streets normally does not reach levels which
cause acute health effects by the separate substances. Uncer-
tainty exists concerning synergistic and long- term-exposure
effects. Bad odor and soiling are evident inconveniences from
auto exhaust gases. Photochemical smog, however, has not oc-
curred in Sweden. The suggested standards by the Guidance
Group are 45 grams of carbon monoxide and 2.2 grams of
hydrocarbons per dilometer. Corresponding average values are
30 grams carbon monoxide and 1.5 grams of hydrocarbons per
kilometer, which means that the emissions will be reduced by
about 40 per cent of the present level. For the model year 1973
the group considers that technical development has made it
possible to tighten the standards. Sixty per cent reduction of
the carbon monoxide and 50 per cent of the hydrocarbons
should then be possible. After two more years, in 1975, it
should be possible to obtain 70 per cent reduction of the car-
bon monoxide and 60 per cent of the hydrocarbons.
20194
Chzhen-tsi, Chzahao
BASIC EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF THE LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE METHANOL
CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Limits of
Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. V. A.
Ryazanov (ed.), Book 5, Washington D. C., U. S. Public
Health Service, March 1962, p. 67-78. 14 refs. (Translated by
B. S. Levine.)
Studies were conducted of the presence and effects on rats
and humans of methanol as an atmospheric pollutant.
-------
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
197
Methanol vapor concentration was determined by a method
based on methanol oxidation to formaldehyde by means of
potassium permanganic in phosphoric acid medium. It was
found that 4.3 mg/cu m of methanol vapor in atmospheric air
constituted the odor perception threshold concentration for
sensitive persons; 3.7 was the subthreshold concentration. The
threshold methanol vapor concentration affecting eye sensitivi-
ty to light was 3.3 mg/cu m. Concentrations below odor per-
ception threshold affected the functional state of the cerebral
cortex. Exposure to 50 mg/cu m concentration 12 hr daily for
3 months brought about changes in motor chronaxy and in the
ratio of flexor and extensor chronaxies. Equalization (chronax-
y ratios equallized) and at times reverse chronaxy ratios oc-
curred most frequently as a result of exposure to higher con-
centrations. Inhalation of 1.77 mg/cu m produced no such
results. Using threshold of reflex effect on eye sensitivity to
light as an index, together with the need for a safety coeffi-
cient, 1/5 mg/cu m is recommended as the MAC value for at-
mospheric methanol vapor. Methanol-emitting pharmaceutical
and chemical plants should not be located near residential
areas, and should be equipped with adequate control equip-
ment. (Author conclusions modified)
21083
Mnatsakanyan, A. V.
BASIC EXPERIMENTAL INFORMATION FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF THE LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE
CHLOROPRENE CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC
AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric
Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov (ed.), Book 5, Washington, D. C.,
U. S. Public Health Service, March 1962, p. 79-85. 13 refs.
(Translated by B. S. Levine.)
Studies were made of the 'physiological effects of chloroprene,
a highly volatile fluid emitted with other unsaturated and
chlorine-substituted hydrocarbons emitted during the synthesis
of rubber from acetylene. Results obtained by question and
answer indicated that 0.9 mg/cu m is the threshold concentra-
tion of chloroprene odor perception for the average persons,
and 0.4 for persons with sensitive odor perception. Threshold
concentrations on the functional state of the visual analyzer,
determined by use of an adaptometer, coincided with
threshold values determined by the odor perception method.
Threshold and subthreshold chloroprene vapor concentrations
increased the analyzer sensitivity to light stimulation; concen-
trations 4 or more times greater than threshold values reduced
the sensitivity. It is recommended that the maximum allowable
concentration be set at 0.25 mg/cu m. Concentrations of
chloroprene found in the atmospheric air surrounding a
synthetic acetylene rubber plant greatly exceeded the
threshold concentrations; reductions can be attained by
eliminating leakages at all stages of production and by instal-
lating equipment for removing unsaturated chlorinated
hydrocarbons. The 1-km sanitary clearance zone now
prescribed for synthetic rubber plants is inadequate; it is
recommended that such plants, especially plants using
acetylene as the basic raw material should be located 5-10 km
from populated areas. (Author conclusions modified)
21084
Izmerov, N. F.
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH GASOLINE
VAPOR AND ITS LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRA-
TION. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospher-
ic Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov (ed.), Book 5, Washington, D.
C., U. S. Public Health Service, March 1962, p. 52-67. 17 refs.
(Translated by B. S. Levine.)
The effects of solvent gasoline vapors emitted from crude oil
on conditioned reflex reactions, odor thresholds, and eye sen-
sitivity were studied. White rats exposed to 106.5 cu m vapor
concentration 6 hours daily for 5 months showed shifts hi con-
ditioned reflex activity which progressed with exposure dura-
tion, but which returned to normal two weeks after the expo-
sure was terminated. No notable changes occurred in the
cerebro-cortical activity of rats exposed to a chronic inhalation
of 21.8 mg/cu m or in the control rats. Thresholds of odor per-
ception were 10 mg/cu m for solvent gasoline; 6.5 for automo-
tive gasoline; and 7.5 cu m for aviation gasoline. Solvent
gasoline vapor began to affect reflex activity at 56 mg/cu m
concentration; the threshold of reflex activity effect proved a
sensitive index for determining maximum allowable concentra-
tions. It is recommended that 5 mg/cu m of low-sulfur gasoline
vapor be adopted as the MAC cu m in atmospheric air, calcu-
lated in terms of hydrocarbons. Industrial enterprises which
use gasoline in ton quantities per day constitute potent sources
of ambient air pollution with gasoline vapor (hydrocarbons).
Sanitary clearance zones around such plants must be not less
than 500 m wide. Results of air sample test analyses showed
that gasoline vapor concentrations in the air 30 m from an auto
repair shop were as high as 7.1 mg/cu m. It was recommended
that the zone surrounding that shop be not less than 50 m.
Plants which use gasoline as solvent in 2.5 ton quantities per
day should have a clearance zone of not less than 300 m, and
plants using up to 1.5 tons per day, 100 m wide. (Author con-
clusions modified)
21918
Rumsey, Donald W. and Ramon P. Cesta
ODOR THRESHOLD LEVELS FOR UDMH AND NO2. Am.
Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 31(3):339-343, May-June 1970. 12 refs.
The odor threshold levels for unsymmetrical dimethyl-
hydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen dioxide have been generally
quoted at 6 to 14 parts per million (ppm) for UDMH and 5
ppm for NO2. The value for UDMH is twelve to twenty-eight
times the threshold limit value. Seven years of field experience
by personnel of this section have indicated that the actual odor
thresholds are considerably below these values. Since odor
threshold levels are used by safety and operating personnel at
Cape Kennedy as an indication of exposure, it was considered
appropriate to evaluate this field experience. On the basis of
these data and the results of some controlled studies, it was
concluded that the actual odor thresholds are 0.5 ppm or less
for NO2 and less than 0.3 ppm for UDMH. (Author abstract
modified)
27403
MAXIMAL ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATION OF
NITROGEN DIOXIDE. American Standards Assoc., Inc.,
New York, Kept. 237.13-1962, June 7, 1962. 9 refs.
The maximum acceptable concentration of nitrogen dioxide is
5 parts per 1,000,000 parts of air by volume, corresponding to
0.0094 mg pe liter at 25 C and 760 mm pressure, for exposures
not exceeding a total of 8 hours daily. Short exposures of 3 to
5 minutes duration should not exceed a maximum of 25 ppm
of NO2. Sampling procedures and analytical methods are men-
tioned, with the Saltzman method for NO2 determination
recommended. The odor threshold has been stated to be 5 ppm
and the visual threshold to be 75 to 100 ppm. Establishment of
maximum acceptable concentration is discusse General proper-
ties, physical and toxic properties of nitrogen dioxide are in-
dicated. All reports indicate that NO2 affects the respiratory
tract, including the lungs, causing irritation and injury that
may result in fatal pulmonary edema and hemorrhage if the
concentration is excessive.
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198
ODORS
30870
Basmadshijewa, K., M. Argirowa, and E. Dawidkowa
HYGIENIC ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VALUE OF THE
MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION OF IMMISSION FOR
METHYLENE CHLORIDE IN THE AIR OF THE AT-
MOSPHERE. (Hygienische Begruendung des MIK-Wertes
von Methylendichlorid in der atmosphaerischen Luft). Text in
German. Wiss. Z. Humboldt Univ. Berlin Math. Naturw.
Reihe, 19(5):469-470, 1970. 7 refs.
The short-time maximum permissible emission concentration
value for methylene dichloride was sought by determining the
olfactory sensitivity threshold, the reflex threshold of the eye
by means of optical chronaxy, and the vascular reaction by
means of finger plethysmography. The range of methylene
dichloride concentrations used in the experiments involving 10
individuals was from 2.8 to 33.2 mg/cu m. The olfactory sen-
sitivity threshold was found to be 4.1 mg/cu m for the most
sensitive individuals. The visual reflex threshold was found to
coincide with the olfactory sensitivity threshold, which was 2.8
mg/cu m. The reflex threshold determined by finger
plethysmography was 6.5 mg/cu m, and the lower threshold
was 4.1 mg/cu m. In view of these findings, a short-time max-
imum permissible emission concentration of three mg/cu m
methylene dichloride in atmospheric air is proposed.
31286
Don, W. A.
DOBETA AND THE CLEAN AIR ACTS. Smokeless Air (Lon-
don), 40(152): 120-123, Winter 1969.
DOBETA (the Domestic Oil Burning Equipment Testing As-
sociation) is an independent association that tests the reliabili-
ty, performance, and safety of domestic oil burning ap-
paratuses. Every appliance submitted for DOBETA approval
is tested to standards much more stringent than those specified
in the Clean Ah- Acts. DOBETA standards specify that smoke
number during continuous normal operation should not exceed
a Bacharach figure of two. Performance during start-up and
change of firing rate, when this figure can be exceeded, is as-
sessed by the Smoke Index. Odors are determined by a flame
ionization test. In addition to laboratory testing, DOBETA has
established a factory inspection system to insure that produc-
tion is in complete conformity with the model that has been
tested and approved.
31516
Board of Water and Air Resources, Raleigh, N. C.
RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE CONTROL
OF AIR POLLUTION. 25p., May 13, 1971.
Rules, regulations, and standards governing the control of air
pollution in North Carolina are presented. These include
definitions, controls and prohibition of open burning and visi-
ble and odorous emissions, classification and registration for
air contaminant sources, emission control standards and com-
pliance with these, and ambient air quality standards. Descrip-
tive charts are also included.
31968
Yamarnoto, Norimasa
ON EMISSION STANDARD OF SMOKE (HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES) BASED ON ABR POLLUTION CONTROL LAW.
(Taiki osen boshiho ni motozuku baien — yugai busshitsu — no
haishutsu kijin ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Smaller
Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan) 72p., 1971. (Presented at
the Public Nuisance Prevent. Tech. Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
Characteristics of smoke, dust collection equipment, average
paniculate diameter, and other factors are tabulated. The
number of boilers in Tokyo, Osaka, and Kanagawa are com-
pared. The emission standard for dust is 0.06 g/N cu m-0.20
g/N cu m for boilers and furnaces, in newly constructed instal-
lations, which utilize heavy oil as fuel. The average cadmium
concentration at nine monitoring stations in 1969 was 0.020
micrograms/cu m. Environmental pollution due to heavy
metals is also considered. At 0.1 ppm, the odor of chlorine can
be detected with slight irritation; at three to six ppm, there is
irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and headache, while life is
threatened at 14-21 ppm. Chlorine also damages plants after
about 0.5 ppm. Chlorine, up to 0.5 ppm, is contained in tap
water. The environmental standard should be less than 0.02
ppm. Even small amounts of fluorine in the atmosphere can
damage plants, and the standard should be two to five micro-
grams/cu m. Above two to eight ppm of F, teeth have motley
patterns, and eight to 15 ing/day for 10 years would bring
about softening of the bone. Standards are also given for sul-
fur dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxidants, hydrocarbons, and
nitrogen dioxide. Air pollution control agencies, districts, plans
and alerts are mentioned.
35146
Suzuki, Takeo, Kiyofumi Ishikawa, and Hiroshi Yamamoto
DATA AND EXAMINATION FOR ESTABLISHING SULFUR
OXIDES EMISSION STANDARD. (Aryusan gasu io sankabut-
su no kankyo kijun settei no tame no shiryo to kosatsu). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(3):315-357, Sept. 1971. 124 refs.
The policies of the World Health Organization, the govern-
' ments of the United States, West Germany, Russia, and Japan
with regard to establishment of environmental standards are
reviewed briefly. The actual methods of establishing standards
in the United States, California, Sweden, Russia, and West
Germany are discussed in more detail. The influences of sulfur
dioxide and sulfur trioxide are discussed generally with regard
to human respiratory systems, animal bodies, olfactory
threshold, and eye damage. The effects of SO2 on human and
animal health have been studied during many experiments.
Some of the major experiments are listed with compilations of
facts and observations, methods of measurements, concentra-
tions (seasonal, annual, maximum, monthly, or daily average),
coexisting elements (such as nitrogen dioxide, suspended par-
ticulates settling particles, sulfides, ammonia, hydrogen sul-
fide, and chlorine), descriptions of effects on health, and the
names of researchers. Environmental standards should be set
for each specific area in order to control and prevent bad ef-
fects on health and disturbances of normal living and to pro-
vide the standard for sound judgment of what is to be done
towards emission control.
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199
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
00054
A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE INTERSTATE RE-
GION OF LEWISTON, IDAHO, AND CLARKSTON,
WASHINGTON. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div
of Air Pollution.(999-AP-8.) Dec. 1964. 166p.
As a result of an increasing number of complaints from
citizens about reduced visibility, damage to house paint,
tarnishing of silver, undesirable odors, and suspected effects
of air pollution on health, Idaho and Washington and Lewiston
and Clarkston officials requested assistance from the U.S.
Public Health Service. Subsequently, the Public Health Ser-
vice, the two states, and the two cities agreed to undertake a
cooperative study; the two cities participated hi the study. The
purpose of the study was to determine the nature and extent
of air pollution in the two-city area and to assemble informa-
tion to be used as a basis for technical and official action
needed to conserve air quality in the area. Because of its
unique valley location, the two-city area is susceptible to
meteorological conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation.
Either city can contaminate the other, and this creates a multi-
jurisdictional problem that requires joint and cooperative ac-
tion to control air pollution. As a first step to solve the
problem, an Air Resources Management Council consisting of
county, city, and state officials is to be organized. This council
will be responsible for planning surveys and studies to deter-
mine air quality guides and legislation and administration
necessary to control air pollution in this multi-jurisdictional
area. The Public Health Service hi its advisory capacity will
provide technical assistance. (Author)
00549
D.M. Keagy
THE CLEAN AIR ACT AND ITS EFFECTS. Preprint.
(Presented at the Second Annual Meeting, Pacific Northwest
International Section, Air pollution Control Association, Port-
land, Oreg., Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
Activities and programs which are evolving under the in-
fluence of the Clean Air Act 1963 are reviewed. Although
responsibility for the control of air pollution rests primarily
with State and local governments, the Federal Government
through the Clean Air Act is better equipped to aid State and
local control programs more effectively and to stimulate them
to the increased level of activity considered necessary.
00871
J.D. Williams W.S. Smith
AN AIR POLLUTION INCIDENT IN TERRE HAUTE, INDI-
ANA. THE STUDY PLAN AND STUDY. Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Presented at the
Third Conference on Air Pollution Control, Purdue Univ.,
Lafayette, Ind., Oct. 27-28, 1964.) 12 pp. CFSTI: PB 167 781
The mayor of Terre Haute was first to recognize and examine
the air pollution incident in that city. His study began on May
9, 1964, after he had received numerous reports of strong and
objectionable odors, of illness and of the darkening of painted
surfaces. Since the situation was beyond his available
resources, he requested assistance from the Indiana Board of
Health and the U.S. Public Health Service. A joint study plan
for the area was set up by the PHS and State engineers. Of
about 50 samples taken near the 12 possible sources, hydrogen
sulfide concentrations greater than 100 pphm were detected at
one source. Although medical evaluation did not reveal a dis-
aster situation, it did reveal that the air pollution problem was
greater than nuisance value. The report submitted to the city
recommended appointment of a committee with specific
responsibility for this air pollution problem. Such an appoint-
ment would improve communications within the community,
and the working relationships between the mayor, the State
and industry. A committee has been formed since and it is im-
plementing the recommendations of the report.
00973
A COMPILATION OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTION EMIS-
SION CONTROL REGULATIONS AND ORDINANCES.
(REVISED EDITION.) Public Health Service, Washington,
D.C., National Center for Air Pollution Control 143p., 1967.
The regulations and ordinances have been arranged in sections
which include Smoke Emissions and Equivalent Opacity Regu-
lations, Regulations Pertaining to Paniculate Emissions from
Fuel Burning Plants, Regulations Pertaining to Paniculate
Emissions from Refuse-Burning Equipment, Regulations Per-
taining to Paniculate Emissions from Manufacturing
Processes, Regulations Pertaining to Sulfur Compound Emis-
sion Control, Regulations Pertaining to Hydrocarbon Emission
Control, Regulations Pertaining to Fluoride Emission Control,
Regulations Pertaining to Motor Vehicle Emission Control,
Regulations Pertaining to Odor Emission Control, and Zoning
Ordinances. The regulations and ordinances represent the dif-
ferent methods of controlling emissions by law and varying
degrees of control. Some definitions were picked selectively to
provide very good definitions while others were picked
because of then* wide use by many states and communities.
01528
K. Guthmann
(NEW KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE IN THE PURIFI-
CATION OF ADI IN FOUNDRIES.) Neue Erkenntnisse und Er-
f ahrungen bei der Reinhaltung der Luft in Huttenwerken. Radex
Rundschau (Austria), No: 3: 139-162, June 1966.
German laws, passed by the Federal Government, requiring
maintenance of clean air, are discussed. Maximum allowable
emission values for dusts, gases, and smokes are given. Pro-
grams established for research on the measurement of dust
and SO2 and warning devices for smog are described. Other
research described is being conducted on the removal of
brown smoke in basic steelworks and oxygen-blowing steel-
works, recovery of converter gas, possibilities for utilizing ac-
cumulated dust, removal of fluorine from exhaust gases and
removal of odor from exhaust gases.
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200
ODORS
01604
R.A. Venezia
THE INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY: ST. LOUIS -
EAST ST. LOUIS METROPOLITAN AREA. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (Presented at
Missouri Public Health Association Convention, Kansas City,
May 11, 1965.) 1965. 22 pp.
The Interstate Air Pollution Study of the St. Louis - East St.
Louis metropolitan area is described. The study was in keep-
ing with the air resource management concept. Dustfall,
suspended particulates, soiling index, sulfur dioxide, oxidants,
odors, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and visibility were
measured. The effects indicated by steel corrosion, nylon and
cotton deterioration, asthma, opinion surveys, and complaints
were examined. An emission inventory, meteorology,
fluorescent tracer diffusion, diffusion models, economic
losses, legal aspects, and public relations were studied during
the study.
02294
LAW NO. 61-842 OF 2 AUGUST 1961 (ON THE STRUGGLE
AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTIONS AND ODORS,
AMENDING THE LAW OF 19 DECEMBER 1917). Journal
Officiel (Translated as JPRS R- 5881-D.) Aug. 3, 1963. 7195 pp.
Newly enacted legislation on air pollution and odors from in-
dustrial, non-industrial, agriculatural and other combustion
sources, as well as from radioactibe substances and transpor-
tation, are the content of this bill. A fine may be inflicted in
the event of failure to carry out the work or modifications,
within the period prescribed. Under Title II, the legislation
dating from 1917 and 1932 is being amended.
02295
PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION (ATMOSPHERIC
ODORS AND POLLUTION, DECREE NO. 63-963 OF 17 SEP-
TEMBER 1963.) Journal Officiel pp. 8539, Sept 21, 1963.
(Translated as JPRS R-5880-D.)
Legislation of September 17, 1963, concerning control of emis-
sion of odors and air pollutants from all combustion sources.
Noneompliance to be penalized. Special attention is to be
given to smokeless zones and established emission standards
are to be strictly enforced.
02840
G. B. Welsh and T. E. Kreichelt
CLEAN AIR FOR CHATTANOOGA. Public Health Service,
Atlanta, Ga., (Region IV) and Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. July 1964, 77 pp.
The results of limited investigations, based on air quality data
obtained during a 30-day sampling period, other available air
quality data, evaluation of existing information related to the
air pollution problem and a review of the present air pollution
control program are presented. Of primary concern in Chat-
tanooga are improper combustion of coal and fuel oil, particu-
late materials, odors, and fly ash. The sources are industrial,
domestic, solid waste and open burning, and motor vehicles.
Local meteorological and topographical factors contribute to
the accumulation of air pollution in Chattanooga. Low-level in-
versions occur frequently (about 35 percent of the total hours
per year). Although Chattanooga has had a smoke abatement
program since 1935 and some progress has been made, there is
an apparent need for a more comprehensive air pollution con-
trol program.
03198
J. W. Gardner.
AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION (FIFTH REPORT OF THE
SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
TO THE U.S. CONGRESS IN COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC
LAW 88-206 AS AMENDED BY PUBLIC LAW 89-272). 90th
Congress (1st Session) (Document No. 8) Dec. 1966. 14 PP.
GPO 74-5880
The procedure is described whereby the manufacturer may
apply for a certificate of conformity and it describes the ac-
tivities of the certification laboratory established by the De-
partment to verify the manufacturer's test data. The status of
legislation at the State level to provide for continued com-
pliance following Federal certification is also covered. The ef-
fectiveness of the Federal control program, as it may be an-
ticipated from early experiences under California's similar pro-
gram, is discussed in a section on surveillance testing. The
Federal standards, which were established March 31, 1966, are
subject to revision as new dimensions of the problem are
defined and as limitations become apparent in the implementa-
tion of existing standards. Current standards of emissions con-
trol apply to two contaminants, hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide, and to two possible emission sources, crankcase
and exhaust systems. It is probable that nitrogen oxide, lead,
sulfur dioxide, odor, and particulate components of motor
vehicle exhaust will become the subject of future standards;
the fuel system and evaporation losses associated with it is the
subject of study for early inclusion among systems requiring
control. Research studies upon which revised standards and
procedures will be based are reviewed. The policy which will
prevail in the establishment of new emission standards on a
national level is one which will recognize the needs of the
most susceptible members of the population at risk and the
quality of the air where the risk is highest. Sections of this re-
port deal with the air quality as it refelcts the extent of the au-
tomotive air pollution problem in many cities across the
United States and its potential influence on the health and
well-being of their citizens. (Author summary modified)
t
03540
J. J. Sableski
THE FEDERAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM AS
IT RELATES TO THE KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY. Tappi,
50(8):35A-39A, Aug 1968, 24 refs. (Presented at the 52nd An-
nual Meeting, Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Indus-
try, New York City, Feb. 1967.)
The Federal air pollution control program as it relates to the
kraft pulping industry, with particular emphasis on the
odorous character of the industry's atmospheric emissions, is
described in terms of four individual Federal activities,
research, grants-in-aid, technical assistance, and abatement ac-
tions. (Author abstract)
04841
Springer, K. J. and R. C. Stahman
AN INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE
ODOR AND SMOKE (A PROGRESS REPORT). Southwest
Research Inst., San Antonio, Tex., and Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution. 1966. 23pp. (Rept.
No. FL-66-46.) (Presented at the Fuels and Lubricants Meet-
ing, National Petroleum Refiners Association, Philadelphia,
Pa., Sept. 15-16, 1966.)
The objective of the Southwest Research Institute program is
to provide long term assistance to the Public Health Service in
the development of engineering data regarding diesel emis-
sions. The current project is limited to investigation of two
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
201
widely used diesel engine-vehicle combinations. For purposes
of procedural development, the 2 cycle GM-6-V-71 powered
municipal bus and the 4 cycle Cummins NH 220 powered tan-
dem axle inter-city truck tractor are being used. In addition to
base line smoke and odor data, determination of vehicle varia-
bility involving ten similar buses and ten similar trucks will be
made. Limited investigation and evaluation of fumigation and
exhaust dilution techniques are also included in the scope of
the current programs. To provide realistic guidelines, field stu-
dies have been conducted to determine operating conditions
that produce significant levels of odor and smoke. At the same
time trace gas surveys were conducted to determine the natu-
ral dilution which occurs to diesel powered vehicle exhaust.
The experience and data resulting from these field studies will
then be translated to the laboratory for development of chassis
dynamometer road load and inertia simulation procedures. In
addition, the odor facility will be utilized and measurement
procedures, using the dynamic dilution facility and a ten per-
son odor panel, will be developed. To assure realistic dat,
buses and trucks from normal service fleet are utilized. The
GM Truck and Coach Model 4519 buses are provided from the
San Antonio Transit System and truck tractor units are being
supplied by the Ryder Truck Leasing Company. The work to
date has been expended on the special preparations required to
develop test facilities and procedures and determination of
base line data.
04888
K. J. Springer
INVESTIGATION OF DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE ODOR
AND SMOKE (MONTHLY PROGRESS REPT. NO. 2, FEB.
UK - MAR. 15, 1967). Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio,
Tex., Vehicle Emissions Research Lab. Mar. 26, 1967. 16 pp.
Progress is reported on: catalytic muffler evaluation; engine
derating; exhaust dilution and oxidation; Jacobs engine brake;
fleet test of smoke suppressant; odor correlation chemistry;
statistical analysis; and humidity control.
04942
F. B. Kaylor
ADR POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM OF A CHEMI-
CAL PROCESSING INDUSTRY J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
15, (2) 65-7, Feb. 1965.
Solvay Process, a Division of Allied Chemical Corporation,
utilizes Onondaga County's only two mineral resources, salt
and limestone, to manufacture soda ash as well as caustic
soda, chlorine, calcium chloride and chlorinated organics. The
following areas involved most of the major pollution com-
plaints: paniculate matter from the boiler house, dust and
fumes from the lime kilns, smoke and soot from the ammonia-
caustic soda concentration operation, smoke and soot from
soda ash calcining operation, and occasional situations where
odors and reactions of sulfur dioxide were noticeable. The
abatement program and its costs are described.
05129
A. Turk
SELECTION AND TRAINING OF JUDGES FOR SENSORY
EVALUATION OF THE INTENSITY AND CHARACTER OF
DIESEL EXHAUST ODORS. City Coll., New York. (PHS
Publ. No. 999-AP-32.) 1967. 50 pp.
Exhaust gases emitted by diesel engines are characterized by
offensive odors. These odors must be rated numerically by
human judges with the ultimate objectives of (1) correlating
such ratings with the chemical composition of diesel exhaust
and (2) establishing Federal standards for control of diesel ex-
haust odors. Judges are selected on the basis of (1) their ability
to distinguish among odors of different intensities and quali-
ties, and (2) their behavior in subjective testing environments.
The chosen judges are then trained to improve their per-
formance in odor discrimination, to become familiar with
diesel exhaust odor, and to rate the odor in terms of intensity
and quality standards that are provided to them for reference.
These standards comprise a scale of overall odor intensity,
and four odor quality scales that correspond to the descrip-
tions 'burnt/smoky/ 'oily,' 'pungent/acid,' and 'aldehydie/aro-
matic.' Appendices describe (A) the theoretical basis for air
purification requirements in test chambers for odor studies,
(B) the composition and makeup of the diesel odor standards,
and (C) the mathematical derivations of the statistical
procedures.
06732
H. W. Gehm
STATEMENT BY H.W. GEHM FOR SENATE SUBCOMMIT-
TEE ON ADX AND WATER POLLUTION. 90th Congress 'Air
Pollution-1967, Part IV (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution, May 15-18, 1967.) pp. 2361-7, 2370-82.
Dr. Gehm is technical director of the National Council for
Stream Improvement of the pulp and paperboard industries. In
his statement, Dr. Gehm reviews the industry's understanding
of its atmospheric emission control problems, the development
of its control technology, the current state of the art and its
limitations, and the industry's research and development ef-
forts to remove these limitations. Discussed in an attachment
to Dr. Gehm's statement are black liquor oxidation, absorption
and oxi- dation of sulfur compounds and paniculate emission
control.00
07235
R. Langmann
CLEAN ADX MAENTENANCE-A TASK FOR THE OFFICE OF
PUBLIC HEALTH. Die Reinhaltung der Luft als Aufgabe des
Gesundheitsamtes. Oeffentl. Gesundheitswesen (Stuttgart) 29
(3), 126-34 (Mar. 1967). Ger.
Government regulations request that the office of public health
pays attention to the maintenance of clean air. More specifi-
cally, it must screen projected industrial enterprises as to the
degree of their expected air polluting emissions and the even-
tual impact on the health of the employees and the neighboring
inhabitants. In cases where the office of public health through
its investigations finds evidence of health hazards, it must
recommend various ways of avoiding or eliminating the pollu-
tion of air. A large number of pollutants are discussed, such as
dust, toxic gas- es, and obnoxious vapors and odors. Their
sources and methods for their elimination are discussed in
detail and represented by examples. Particular emphasis is
placed on proper city planning, zoning, and a more stringent
application of regulations concerning the construction of new
plants, especially their chimneys. Further investigations into
possibilities of remote heating and of substituting gas and elec-
tricity for coal are recommended. Finally, the importance of
educating the public on the consequences of air pollution is
stressed.
07781
Muskegon County Health Board, Mich.
MUSKEGON COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL RULES
& REGULATIONS. 20p., April 11, 1967.
-------
202
ODORS
The purpose of these regulations is to reduce and prevent air
pollution caused by soot, cinders, fly ash, dust, noxious acids,
fumes, gases and odors. Included are: emission limitations,
penalties for violations and a tabulated paniculate matter emis-
sion schedule.
09215
Prick, R.
AIR POLLUTION BY MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES.
(POLICE REGULA- TIONS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT.)
((Die Veninreinigung der Atmos- phare durch Abgase der Mo-
torfahrzeuge. (PoKzeiHche Vorsch- riften und ihre Durchset-
zung.))) Text in Gennan. 2. Prae- ventivmed. ll(2):252-256,
March-April 1966.
A discussion is presented of regulations which are in force to
curb automotive air pollution in Switzerland. They include:
trucks with trailers must be capable of negotiating IS percent
hills with full load; engine performance mhst amount to 10 hp.
per ton of total weight of the truck and 6 hp. per ton of total
weight of truck with trailer. Vehicles producing smoke or odor
do not pass inspection. Regulations concerning the design and
performance of the exhaust system are also discussed.
09604
Maryland State Dept. of Health, Baltimore
43P05 REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE CONTROL OF
AIR POLLUTION IN AREA IV. Preprint, lOp., March 29,
1968.
A regulation governing area IV in the State of Maryland speci-
fies the control and prohibition of: visible emissions; particu-
late matter from fuel burning equipment, incinerators, other
installations, material handling; gas, vapor and odor emissions;
and open burning. No control equipment that may produce
emissions can be operated such that a nuisance is created.
Area IV is comprised of Montgomery and Prince George
Counties.
09677
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
A COMPILATION OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTION EMIS-
SION CONTROL REGULATIONS AND ORDINANCES.
(REVISED EDITION.) 142p., 1968.
This compilation contains selected sections of many emission
con- trol regulations and ordinaces. It has been prepared to
provide state and local air pollution control agencies, indus-
tries, and other interested people with selected examples of
the many types of regulations and ordinances in use today. All
sections of regula- tions and ordinances included have been
copied directly from the original text of individual state and
local laws. The regula- tions and ordinaces have been arranged
in such a manner that each section of this report is a compial-
tion of laws pertaining to a specific type of pollutant or pollu-
tant source. These sections include Smoke Emissions and
Equivalent Opacity Regulations, Paniculate Emissions from
Fuel Burning Plants, Paniculate Emissions from Refuse-burn-
ing equipment, Paniculate Emissions from Manufacturing
Processes, Paniculate Emissions from Asphalt Batching
Plants, Sulfur Compound Emissions, Organic Solvent Emis-
sions, Hydrocarbon Emissions, Fluoride Emissions, Motor
Vehicle Emissions, Odor Emissions, and Zoning Ordinances.
The regulations and ordinances compiled were selected to
represent the different methods of controlling emissions by
law and to represent varying degrees of control.
10484
Huey, Norman A.
AMBIENT ODOR EVALUATION. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, 10p., 1968. 2 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul,
Minn., June 23-27, 1968. Paper 68-15.)
Data are presented which may serve as a basis for the formu-
lation of ordinances controlling odor pollution. The problem of
odor measurement and evaluation are considered for the pur-
pose of determining what measurement methodology should be
specified in control ordinances. Any viable ordinance pertain-
ing to odor control must be based on an understanding of how
odors occur, their frequency, their duration, and their
strength. These aspects of the problem are discussed, as well
as the general problem of evaluating the objectionability of
odors. Suggestions are made as to measurement requirements
and a methodology for satisfying these requirements is
presented. The function and potential usefulness of the 'Scen-
tometer' are described. (Author's abstract, modified)
10567
ADX POLLUTION CONTROL. Philadelphia Med., 64(14):658,
July 20, 1968.
The Air Pollution Board of Philadelphia has adopted revised
incinerator regulations which will prohibit the issuance of per-
mits for the construction of new incinerators used in the
disposal of ordinary apartment-commercial-industrial refuse
after January 1, 1969. Within one year of that date, all in-
cinerators are to be equipped with devices to meet stringent
emission standards; all current incinerator owners will be
required to certify by February 1, 1969, that their units will be
shut down, upgraded, or replaced. The new regulations call for
installation of equipment which will reduce particulates in flue
gas to 0.2 or 0.6 Ib./lOO Ib. gas, depending on gas charging
rate; for smoke emission density not exceeding Ringelmann
>No. 1 or its equivalent for more than 30 sec. in any one hour
or a total of 3 min. in any day; and for control of odors from
incinerators such that odors shall not be detectable in any area
for human use or occupancy. These regulations must be ap-
proved by the Philadelphia Board of Health, and by the City's
Law and Records Departments, after which a final adoptive
date will be established.
12376
Martland, L.
EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE MOTOR VEHICLES. Inst. of
Mechanical Engineers, London (England), Automobile Div.,
Symp. Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control, London, 1968, 4p.
(Nov. 25-26, Paper L)
The British Technical Council (B.T.C.) was started in 1963 and
is composed of single representatives from each of the major
motor and petroleum companies to provide cooperative con-
sultation and action on technical problems. In the same year
the B.T.C. and similar bodies from other West European coun-
tries formed the Co-ordinating European Council (C.E.C.). The
activities of these organizations in the air pollution matters are
outlined, and California and U. S. Federal regulations on pol-
lution are reviewed. The Bureau Permanent International des
Constructeurs d*Automobiles, composed of manufacturers' as-
sociations from all countries producing motor vehicles, made a
strong recommendation to the Economic Commission for Eu-
rope in 1966 that air pollution regulations in terms of
procedures and levels should be atgr^arHiy^ for all countries
of Europe. The recommendation was accepted, and sub-
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
203
sequently the B.T.C. Fuels Committee contributed significantly
to the final European recommendations for control of exhaust
emission from gasoline-engine cars and derivatives, to be ap-
plied as a type test acceptance. In new U. S. regulations,
levels of emissions are controlled on a basis of mass flow in-
stead of proportion of total exhaust gas volume as previously;
this aligns with the European method. Although diesel emis-
sions do not constitute a public health hazard the opacity of
diesel smoke can be a driving hazard. Odor and deposition
from the smoke are also problem areas. Thus the various na-
tional and international organizations have more recently in-
itiated programs to design and implement control of diesel
emissions as well.
12511
Stumph, Terry L. and Robert L. Duprey
TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Association, New York City,
40p., 1969. 19 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 62nd, New York, June 22-26, 1969,
Paper 69-175.)
Recent trends in air pollution control regulations adopted by
state and local agencies were analyzed. Emphasis was on the
concepts of control regulations rather than on specific emis-
sion limits. Trends in control regulations are towards prevent-
ing air pollution through required application of known control
techniques. Outmoded concentration emission standards are
rapidly being replaced by those that limit total mass-emission
rates. Allowable emission rates usually vary according to the
size of the source. Control of all visible emissions is being ac-
cepted as necessary to any control program. Particulate matter
from fuel-burning equipment is being controlled to a high
degree; emission standards for sulfur oxides from fuel com-
bustion are anticipated in the near future. Incinerator emis-
sions standards are relatively undeveloped, due to lack of
knowledge about the performance of high-efficiency dust col-
lectors on these sources. Control of many types of process in-
dustries presents a challenge in the design of equitable emis-
sion standards. The familiar process-weight-rate regulation is
rapidly becoming the standard for limiting paniculate matter
from this source category. The potential- emissions-rate con-
cept shows promise for certain source types and pollutants.
Odor regulations have mainly involved ambient air measure-
ments using the human sense of smell. (Author abstract
modified)
14028
FILTRATION OF WASTE AIR FROM DRY CLEANING
MACHINES. (Filterung der Abluft aus Reinigungsmachinen).
Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 13(4):127-128, April
1969.
The fifth regulation of the Law for the Prevention of Air Pol-
lution in North Rhine-Westphalia of 1967 is now in effect. It
concerns all machines for cleaning and drying textiles, leather
goods, or furs if they operate with chlorinated hydrocarbons in
the form of trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene. The regula-
tions pertain to all sizes of machines so that tumble driers and
coin-operated cleaners are also affected. In a departure from
other regulations, a specific method for cleaning of the waste
air is required, namely, filtration with activated coal. The con-
centration limit cannot exceed 200 mg of solvent per cu m
waste air. Commercially available activated coal is capable of
storing 25 to 35% more solvent than must be regenerated. For
this reason, installation of two filters is recommended. The ef-
ficiency of a charcoal filter is rather high, so lower concentra-
tions than the prescribed limit concentration are obtained.
Since the odor threshold of trichloroethylene fluctuates
between 260 and 520 mg/cu m and that of perchloroethylene is
360 mg/cu m, the effectiveness of the filter can be roughly
evaluated by the presence or absence of odor at the filter out-
let. According to the regulations, official inspections will be
made once a year without charge. For this purpose, the
Draeger trace gas-measuring unit will be used. The solvent
retained by the activated coal can be recovered and returned
to the process. Investment costs should be amortized within
two years.
14616
Commission on Earth, Water, and Air, Rotterdam
REPORT ON THE YEAR 1967. (Verslag over het jaar 1967).
Text in Dutch. 128p.
The Commission on Earth, Water and Air Pollution, Rotter-
dam, is composed of engineers and scientists from various mu-
nicipal commissions and public service departments. It works
closely with other municipal groups and industrial associations
to regulate pollution in the area around the mouth of the
Rhine, collaborating on guidelines for municipal ordinances
and emission standards. The commission operates an extensive
measurement network and maintains laboratory facilities for
the chemical analysis of pollutants. One of its purposes is to
compile a report pf all public and private activities relating to
combating the pollution of earth, water, and air. This report
for 1967 surveys the reduction in pollution effected by mea-
sures undertaken by municipal power operations, municipal
plants, and private industry in the Rotterdam area; control
methods still under study; sources of water pollution; com-
plaints about the dispersion of unpleasant odors, smoke, soot,
and fog; the possible relation between air pollution and
bronchitis in municipal employees and school children; results
of atmospheric measurements; and the preparations for a na-
tional environmental hygiene literature pool. In 1967, pollution
caused by smoke, sulfur dioxide, and polycyclic hydrocarbons
continued to decrease, indicating that conditions imposed by
authorities and efforts made by industries were largely suc-
cessful. Measurement data and meter readings are tabulated.
Maps of the measurement network are included.
14798
Liedmeier, G. P.
PREVENTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN
PETROLEUM REFINERIES. (La prevention de la pollution
atmospherique dans les raffineries de petrole). Text in French.
Pollut, Atmos. (Paris), ll(Special):3-8, Feb. 1969.
A review of atmospheric pollution and problems in controlling
it in the refineries of Europe is presented. The author
discusses the founding of CONCAWE (Conservation of dean
Air and Water— Western Europe), which is a group of oil com-
panies and societies representing 80% of the refining capacity
in Western Europe. Its functions are to process information
pertaining to pollution by refineries and the joint study of pol-
lution problems. It now has working groups in the following
areas: study of the height of chimneys and atmospheric disper-
sion; liquid effluents; petroleum pipelines; subterranean migra-
tion of petroleum; and noise abatement The sources and ef-
fects of refinery pollution, particularly by sulfur oxides,
hydrocarbons, and malodorous gases are reviewed. Particulate
matter and nitrogen oxides are considered of secondary im-
portance. A brief review of methods for combatting pollution
is also included.
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204
ODORS
14932
AGREEMENT BETWEEN FUJI CITY AND DAISHOWA
PAPER MANUFACTURING CO. IN RELATION TO THE
PREVENTION OF EXISTING PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Fujishi
oyobi Daishowa seishi kabushikigaisha no kisonkogai no boshi
ni kansuru kyoteisho). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 5(6):475-478, June 1969.
An agreement between the city of Fuji and the Daishowa
Paper Mfg. Co. with respect to environment sanitation and
protection of the local residents from industrial pollution is
presented. The eight items of the agreement were: (I) The
company is to install air pollution control facilities before the
prescribed date. (II) The company will follow the occasional
recommendations made by Fuji City when the need arises.
(IH) The company should obtain approval from the city for al-
teration of the conditions specified in any articles in the agree-
ment. (TV) Fuji City is allowed to request data on the air pollu-
tion control installations from the company and is permitted to
inspect the inside of the plant. (V) If any detrimental effects
are felt by the local residents in spite of the existing agree-
ment, the company should promptly take counter-measures.
(VI) The company is encouraged to cooperate in beautifying
the area surrounding the plant. (VTD The company is required
to take prompt action if any damage to community buildings
occurs. (VIII) Both Fuji City and the company are responsible
for anything not mentioned above. Existing pollution control
plans include decreasing SO2 emissions; alkaline mist diffusion
control; noise and odor control; and waste water pollution
control. The city is responsible for keeping the emission stan-
dard constant, and the company will keep alkaline emissions
to 0.075 g/N cu m.
15554
Cross, Frank L., Jr. and Roger W. Ross
CURRENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGU-
LATIONS FOR ASPHALT PLANTS AND SIMILAR DRYING
OPERATIONS. Preprint, Public Health Service, Durham, N.
C., National Air Pollution Control Administration, 12p., Sept.
1969. 5 refs.
Current regulations for controlling emissions from asphalt
plants are reported for 38 states and 6 local agencies. Nine
states, and one local control agency, have specific regulations
for asphalt plants. These regulations include particulate matter
and smoke, but not odors or other pollutants. Four of the
states base their regulations on the amount of pollution
emitted per 1000 pounds of flue gas discharged; two others
base theirs on a process weight table, and require a specific
collection efficiency for control equipment; the remaining use
a concentration standard and/or a buffer zone. The remaining
29 states, and five local control agencies, have regulations ap-
plicable to all industrial processes and apply them to asphalt
plants. Most of these states use p4cess weight tables for con-
trol of particulate matter. Many also require that visible emis-
sions not exceed Number 2 on the Ringlemann Scale or
equivalent opacity. Nine states employ a standard for odor
control. Although most of the odor regulations are general in
nature, one state stipulates the use of a scentometer for odor
measurement.
15688
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. Intern. Digest Health
Legislation, 20(3):418-419, 1969.
The principal provisions of a regulation under an air pollution
control act for Ontario are presented. Terms defined include
fuel burning equipment, odor, and smoke. Sources of air pollu-
tion exempt from governmental regulation and fuel burning
equipment for comfort heating, on-site construction equipment
for maintenance and construction of public roads, domestic in-
cinerators, equipment for food preparation in restaurants,
bakeries, dry-cleaners, personal residential equipment, and
equipment for seeding, harvesting, fertilizing, or pest and
weed control on agricultural lands. The regulation also states
that equipment may not be operated which do not comply with
minimum air quality standards or emit disagreeable odors. A
smoke density chart is provided for which determines the al-
lowable smoke density for a given period of time or for
specific operations. The regulation prohibits the emission of
pollutants from incinerators and waste disposal units and the
operation of municipal incinerators other than at the
prescribed hours. Fuel burning equipment for the burning of
solid fuel in suspension may not be operates without the use
of dust separating equipment. Maximum allowable concentra-
tions for use in assessing air quality are also prescribed.
15691
BASIC PLAN FOR PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL IN
D3ARAGI PREFECTURE. (Ibaragiken kogai boshi kihon
keikaku). Text in Japanese. (Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(7):389-
398, 1969.
A fundamental plan for the control of public nuisances is
presented which conforms to the Public Nuisance Control
Regulation in Ibaragj prefecture. A basic attitude towards
public nuisance control and policies which promote the exter-
mination of major sources and factors of public nuisance are
given. The purpose of this plan is to preserve the living en-
vironment by bringing under control unpleasant odors, sewage
or waste water, noise, vibration, stack smoke, dust, and gas.
Land use control, enforcement of water range control, and ad-
justment and preservation of the living environment constitute
actual measures which can be taken. The development and
practice of control techniques are being researched. A survey
is recommended of the existing pollution severity with respect
to classification and localization. A collective control system
consisting of all these divisional activities is to be established
to make a final decision. Collection of all the available ideas or
countermeasures on the national scale and transmission of
these to local bodies is strongly encouraged.
16330
Stumph, Terry L. and Robert L. Duprey
TRENDS IN Am POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS.
Environ. Control Management, 139(2):45-46, Feb. 1970. 2 refs.
(Presented at the 1969 Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association.)
Existing odor control regulations consist of a variety of par-
tially successful measures. These include nuisance type restric-
tions based on ambient air detection of odors, process restric-
tions for certain known odor-producing sources, and control
equipment requirements for specific source operations. Most
odor regulations are directed at measurement of odors in the
ambient air. This approach is justified because human
response to ambient odor must be the ultimate criterion of ac-
ceptable odorous emissions. St. Louis adopted a regulation
that allows a panel of observers to evaluate odor intensity of
ambient air samples when such samples are diluted with
specified quantities of odor-free air. A similar procedure was
proposed by Huey but did not offer a method for abating such
odors at the source. Odor control regulations in the form of
process restrictions and control equipment specifications were
applied to certain known odor- producing operations. Los An-
geles, St. Louis, and many other agencies require that ef-
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
205
fluents from animal matter reduction be incinerated at a tem-
perature of 1200 F for at least 0.3 seconds. Los Angeles Coun-
ty Air Pollution Control District developed a quantitative odor-
measurement that can be applied at the source. Odor concen-
tration is expressed in odor units per standard cubic foot of
flue gas. Possible developments in control regulations include
required elimination of all visible emissions, emission stan-
dards for sulfur oxides from fuel combustion, process-weight-
rate and potential-emission-rate regulations for specific indus-
try types for paniculate and gaseous pollutants, mass-emis-
sion-rate standards that require application of modem flyash
collectors to incinerators, and emission standards that limit the
mass rate of emission of odors measurable by source
sampling.
17258
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM. (Kogai boshi
keikaku no sakutei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Nyusu (Air Pollution News), no. 53:2-12, July 1969.
A public nuisance control program for three regions in Japan
was presented. Details of the control program were explained.
Each of the three regions is characterized by promising
development in petroleum refining the petrochemical industry,
production of thermal power, and the iron and steel industry.
Considering this background, proper steps were strongly en-
couraged in a composite and extensive scheme. The goals
were divided into four categories: the air pollution category in-
cluded sulfur oxides, suspended particulates and odors, the
water pollution category included a water quality standard for
drinking water, river water for fish, river water for other use,
and water concerned with the living environment; the noise
blocking category dealt with a phone standard in the daytime,
morning, evening, and night; and a ground subsidence catego-
ry. Procedures required for enforcement were concerned with
concrete control means for pollutant sources and other means
concerning ground use along with living environment con-
solidation. Precise and valid data obtained by research activi-
ties can contribute to the performance of an observation and
supervision system. Mutual cooperation must be attained
between a party in practice and its counterpart, the regional
residents and local autonomy to pursue the program. Adjust-
ment of the program with existing control programs was
stated. A marked difference among the three designated re-
gions in the basic purpose and framework of the program was
not demonstrated.
19059 1
Bistowish, Joseph M.
NASHVILLE'S AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM: PAST,
PRESENT AND FUTURE. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn.,
School of Engineering, Tennessee Stream Pollution Control
Board, Tennessee Dept. of Public Health, Proc. Conf. En-
viron. Water Resources Eng., 8th Ann., Nashville, Tenn.,
1969, p. 171-177. (June 5-6).
The provisions and implementation of an air pollution control
ordinance prepared by the Nashville Health Department are
discussed. The ordinance regulates visible emissions from all
fuel or refuse burning equipment. It is unlawful to burn any
solid or liquid fuel containing more than 2% sulfur by weight
New incinerators must be multiple chamber incinerators hav-
ing capacities of 100 Ibs/hr with auxiliary heat sources to
prevent air pollution. No incinerator may emit fly ash or other
particulates in excess of 0.2 grain/cu ft. Automobiles and
trucks may not emit visible air contaminants in excess of Rin-
gelmann No. 1. The ordinance also regulates odors, dusts, and
emissions from laundries, dry cleaning plants, and similar
operations. The air pollution control division is divided into
three sections: engineering, enforcement, and laboratory. The
progress of implementation of the ordinance is also discussed.
22343
Hoeffken, Fritz
EXCERPTS FROM THE WELCOMING ADDRESS OF THE
DD2ECTOR, INSTITUTE OF WATER, SOIL, AND AIR
SANITATION, FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION.
(Aus der bergruessungsansprache des letters des institutes fuer
Wasscr-, Boden- und Lufthyglene im Bundesgesundheitsamt).
Text in German. Schriftenreihe Ver. Wasser Boden Lufthyg.
(BerHn), no. 30:5-7, 1970.
The history of the Institute of Water, Soil, and Air Sanitation
in West Germany is traced. As early as the 1920s it had in-
itiated interdisciplinary cooperation in the study of air pollu-
tion, which brought together the combined gifts of chemists,
medical scholars, biologists, a meteorologically trained
physicist, and the German weather bureau. At present there
are 3 important study groups presently being developed which
are concerned with the following problems: effect of pollu-
tants on humans and animals; diffusion of pollutants in the at-
mosphere (relating emission to immission, taking account of
orographic and meteorological conditions); the origin of pollu-
tants and their prevention. Among the major problems still
confronting those engaged in air pollution control are the
reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions, the elimination of un-
pleasant odors in the vicinity of chemical plants, fish meal fac-
tories, and plastic industries; and the problems created by au-
tomotive transportation.
23754
Walsh, Robert T.
THE BISHOP CASE - AN INTERSTATE ODOR PROBLEM.
Preprint, National Air Pollution Control Administration, Dur-
ham, N. C., Div. of Abatement, lip., 1970. 2 refs. (Presented
at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J., May 13, 1970.)
The rendering plant of the Bishop Processing Co. in 1965
became the focal point of the first interstate abatement con-
ference initiated under the Clean Air Act. The plant, located in
Maryland, was causing a severe odor pollution problem in the
nearest community, Selbyville, Del. A technical investigation
evaluated the odor potential of each process in the plant and
the control measures in use or potentially applicable; then the
abatement conference was held, with officials from Md., Del.,
and the Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare unanimously
recommending remedial measures. Company failure to carry
these out led to the first public hearing conducted under the
Clean Air Act, then to a suit in the U. S. District Court in Md.
which upheld the abatement provisions of the Act and their
application by National Air Pollution Control Administration
officials. The same court later ordered the plant shut down as
required by the terms of a consent degree signed by the com-
pany in a pre-trial action. The company appealed to the
Supreme Court, which, in deciding not to review the lower
court's cease and desist order, upheld the decision and the
Act.
25446
Drowley, W. B.
AIR MANGEMENT IN ONTARIO, CANADA. Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 37p.,
1970. (Presented at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper AD-11C.)
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206
ODORS
The history of air pollution control legislation in Ontario is
reviewed; a description is provided of control requirements
and air quality and meteorological monitoring. Although the
first control legislation was contained in The Municipal Act
dating back to the turn of the century, another act was passed
in 1967 whereby the Province assumed the total control func-
tion. Salient features of this Act are cited, while its administra-
tion was transferred to the Department of Energy and
Resources Management and renamed the Air Management
Branch in June 1969. The Branch is organized into the follow-
ing sections: abatement, approvals, air quality and meteorolo-
gy, phytotoxicology, automotive, and laboratory. For adminis-
trative purposes, the Province has been divided into seven re-
gions and the regions further divided into districts. Smoke con-
trol and emission limitations are mentioned, as well as the use
of diffusion equations. Vehicle emissions are discussed, in-
cluding standards and criteria for desirable air quality. The On-
tario Air Pollution Index is based on the continuous measure-
ments of sulfur dioxide and suspended paniculate matter.
Problems concerning odors and water pollution are mentioned.
Air quality monitoring is carried out at 31 locations, involving
some 340 sampling sites. The phytotoxicology section is
responsible for the investigation of complaints of injury to
vegetation by air pollution, for the documentation of cases
which may result in economic loss, and for conducting surveil-
lance studies. The problem of transboundary air pollution is
mentioned, and the staffing and budget of the Air Management
branch is discussed.
26511
Wehnert, Klaus
HALLE EXPERIENCES IN PURIFICATION OF AIR AND
WATER DESCRIBED. In: Translations on Eastern Europe
Scientific Affairs. No. 121, Washington, D. C., Joint Publica-
tions Research Service 1970, p. 21-25. (Also: Sozialistische
Demokratie (East Berlin), 1970:8, May 15, 1970.) NTIS: JPRS
50855
Due to a combination of chemical processes and the lignite in-
dustry, there is a high level of air pollution in the Merseburg-
Halle-Bitterfeld industrial area. Dust and large quantities of
sulfur dioxide are emitted, while severe odor problems result
from the chemicals. In September 1967, district leadership of
the Halle organized a task force entitled the 'Purification of
Air and Water', followed by an experiment in the use of
economic levies. New designs were established for minimum
emissions, decreasing the money for dust and waste gas con-
trol. Thus, the sources of emissions could be differentiated.
Implementation of the economic experiment necessarily
brought about more cooperation between the state organs and
local enterprises. The workers also were well informed con-
cerning air purification.
26940
West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission
REGULATION IV-TO PREVENT AND CONTROL THE
DISCHARGE OF AIR POLLUTANTS INTO THE OPEN AIR
WHICH CAUSES OR CONTRIBUTES TO AN OBJECTIONA-
BLE ODOR OR ODORS. West Virginia Administrative Regu-
lations, Chapt. 16, Article 20, Ser. 4, 5p., 1967.
Upon receipt of a complaint of odor pollution, the Air Pollu-
tion Control Commission investigates the complaint and, if
warranted, issues a 'Notice of Violation' to the violator. The
Commission is authorized to hire or contract for the services
of specialists in the area of odor evaluation. Upon receipt of
the notice, the violator must present a control plan to the
Commission. Following approval of the plan, the person
responsible for the discharge shall not be considered in viola-
tion so long as the provisions of the plan are observed. Under
emergency conditions, the Commission is permitted to issue a
variance for a specified period of time when such a variance is
properly applied for. Penalties for violation are provided in the
Air Pollution Control Law and may only be imposed by the
courts. Maximum penalty under the law is $1000/day of viola-
tion. Internal combustion engines and operations associated
with the production of agricultural products grown on the
premises, or livestock, dogs, cats, and poultry are exempt
from this regulation.
27184
Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance (Japan)
POLLUTION PREVENTION CONTRACTS I. (Kogai boshi
keiyaku dai 1 pen). Text in Japanese. Yokohama Center for
Public Nuisance Kept no. 25:1-119, May 1970.
Since not much authority is given local autonomous bodies, all
they can do in preventing pollution is give administrative
guidance to the enterprises, without, however, binding force.
Yokohama city decided to sign a contract with the enterprises.
The important item common in these contracts is that the en-
terprises shall take sufficient measures in preventing pollution.
When pollution does occur, despite these measures, solutions
must be made on the responsibility of the enterprise. The city
can direct the enterprise on preventing pollution. When no
directive is given, th city will take measures on behalf of the
enterprise, and the expens shall be borne by the enterprise.
Since the start of this system, the citizens' movement has
quieted down. Correspondence between th mayor and the en-
terprises, numbering 15, including power generation oil
refinery, gas, chemical and industrial, and the agreements
signed between the mayor and the enterprises are included in
the pamphlet, as well as the sales contract of the reclaimed
land at Yokohama harbor, signed by more than 200 enterprises
concerned in order to prevent pollution such as noise, vibra-
tion, filthy water, effluent, smoke, dust, gas, and odor. The
exchange of correspondence indicates the proposal made by
the city and counterproposals, and pledges made by the enter-
prises. The first contract was with a thermal power generating
station, the construction of which started a citizens' campaign
against it. Yokohama city, since 1956, has measured dust fall
and sulfur dioxide, and dealt with complaints concerning pollu-
tion from May 1961, entrusted by the prefecture! government.
In April 1964, the Pollutions Subsection became independent.
When the subsection proposed to change the site of the ther-
mal power station, arguments were stirred up. Since then, the
city requested the cooperation of scholars and the meteorolog-
ical station, and was fully armed with pertinent and scientific
data when proposals on contracts with enterprises came to be
made and agreed to.
27185
Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance (Japan)
ON FACTORY POLLUTION. (Kojo kogai o kangaeru). Text
in Japanese. Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance Kept., p.
1-13, June 1970.
In the Tokyo-Yokohama area, there are nearly 100,000 facto-
ries, including heavy industry, such as automobiles, metal
products, and iron and steel. In 1968, there were 520 cases of
pollution reported: 245 on noise; 92 bad odor; 71 sooty smoke;
47 poisonous gas; 28 vibration; 18 waste liquid; 9 dust; and 10
others. They were handled by the Pollution Center and Public
Health Clinic. The National government has authority over
power generating stations, city gas manufacturing, and almost
all authority over the oil refinery and petro-chemical industry;
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
207
local government has only limited authority for other types of
factories. Kanagawa prefectur is responsible for planning a
pollution prevention program for a special area in the prefec-
ture, and under the Air Pollution Prevention Law, under spe-
cial circumstances, it is responsible for supervising factories
which have smoke emitting facilities, as well as control over
high pressure gas. For certain waters, the prefecture is respon-
sible for maintaining water quality under the Water Quality
Control Law. The prefecture is responsible for makin big fac-
tories take urgent measures on fuel control, but Yokohama
city is responsible for watching the situation of air pollution
constantly, controlling poison gas spreading on the ground,
noise, and boiler and exhaust gas from automobiles. Twenty
employees work at the City's Pollution Center. Yokohama city
became famous for first signing the agreement with factories
which may be sources of pollution, as well as establishing the
constant checking system and centralized control system.
Citizens were invited to see some of the surveys being con-
ducted. Experience gained enabled the city to forecast pollu-
tion, so that the predicted air pollution by sulfur dioxide was
close to the actual one, under certain conditions. A few cases
of noise and waste liquid from a plating factory are cited. The
city, after being consulted by the citizens, acted as a inter-
mediary in the solution of these cases.
27677
Osaka Prefecture! Government (Japan)
OSAKA PREFECTURE PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL
CODE (PROPOSED). (Osakafu kogi boshi joreian). Text hi
Japanese. 29p., Feb. 1971.
The proposed code for Osaka Prefecture consists of general
regulations, measures to control public nuisances, such as en-
vironmental standards, public nuisance control plans, and
regulations for factories, including regulating smoke and dust,
and reporting nuisance-creating facilities. Public nuisances
from factories consist of smoke and dust, polluted water, bad
odors, noise, and vibrations. There are special provisions con-
cerning extraction of ground water, special construction activi-
ties, automobile traffic, use of loud speakers, and monitoring
of air pollution. Air pollutants under consideration are sulfur
oxides, dusts, cadmium, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, lead and
other substances potentially harmful to human health.
27678
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan), Public Nuisance Control
Promotion Headquarters
REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Kogai boshi jorei kan-
kei reikishu). Text in Japanese. 35p., 1970.
The regulations and amendments which concern the preven-
tion and control of public nuisances in Kanagawa Prefecture
are listed. Regulations concerning enforcement are also in-
cluded. Various machines, manufacturing processes, and
production processes that involve public nuisances, such as
noise, vibration, water pollution smoke, dust, gas, and odor
are tabulated and are categorized according to the applicable
sections of the regulation. Various sample forms used to re-
port the nuisance- producing facilities and operations are at-
tached. Environmental standards are presented for diverse pol-
lutants in water according to the water areas of the prefecture,
and the Japan Industrial Standard tests applicable to each pol-
lutant are listed. Standards are also given for air pollutants
such as sulfur oxides, ammonia, hydrogen cyanides, and
nitrogen dioxide, as well as for the allowed stack heights. The
levels of noise allowed for different times of day and for dif-
ferent geographical areas are specified.
27679
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan), Dept. of Planning and
nvestigations
REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Kogai boshi jori kankei
reikishu). Text in Japanese. 86p., 1968.
The regulations concerning the prevention and control of
public nuisance in Kanagawa Prefecture are presented. En-
forcement regulations are also included. Various machines,
manufacturing processes, and production processes that in-
volve public nuisances such as noise, vibration, water pollu-
tion, smoke, dust, gas, and odor are tabulated, and are
categorized according to the applicable sections of the regula-
tions. Various sample forms used to report the nuisance-
producing facilities and operations are attached. Environmen-
tal standards are presented for diverse pollutants in water ac-
cording to the water areas of the prefecture to each pollutant
are listed. Standards are also given for air pollutants such as
sulfur oxides, ammonia, hydrogen cyanides, and nitrogen diox-
ide, as well as for the allowed stack heights. The level of noise
allowed for different times of day and for different geographi-
cal areas are specified.
28348
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan), Public Nuisance Prevention
Center
ANNUAL REPORT OF KANAGAWA PREFECTURAL
PUBLIC NUISANCE PREVENTION CENTER. (Kanagawaken
kogai senta nenpo). Text in Japanese. 102p., 1968,
The history of the Kanagawa Prefecture Public Nuisance
Prevention Center, its organization, the jurisdiction oj Elec-
tion, administrative aspects and research budgets, are given.
The activities of the Center for the year, dealing with com-
plaints, diffusion activities (use of gas absorption equipment,
exhaust gas tester), and those on air pollution (survey of air
pollution in Tokyo-Yokohama industrial area, coastal area,
survey of sulfur dioxide emissions from factories, analysis of
fuel oil, survey of odor from factories designated as sources
of public hazards, patrolling coastal areas, patrolling factories
when air pollution becomes acute, and surveying the effects of
air pollution on plants) and on water pollution survey of
rivers, factories, seas, water control patrol, survey when pol-
lution becomes acute), and business connected with noise (sur-
vey of noise from factories, vibration caused by factories,
noise due to traffic, vibration due to traffic, survey on noise
from construction work, and street noise) are described. The
lecture meetings held under the auspices of the Center are
given. The BOD continuous and automatic gauge, developed
by the Center, is explained; the device also records pH.
28363
Osaka Prefecture (Japan), Bureau of Hygiene
FULL TEXT OF OSAKA PREFECTURAL POLLUTIONS
PREVENTION REGULATIONS AND REGULATIONS ON
THE ENFORCEMENT OF OSAKA PREFECTURAL REGU-
LATIONS ON PREVENTION OF POLLUTIONS. (Osakafu
kogai boshi jorei, Osakafu kogai boshi jorei seko kisoku). Text
in Japanese. 19p., 1970 (?).
Osaka Prefectural Regulations No. 35 on the prevention of
pollution were used on October 17, 1969 and became effective
April 1, 1970. The full text of the Regulation is given. Chapter
topics are as follows: general rules (Articles 1-3); control of
factories (Articles 4-15); control of special construction work
(Articles 16-17); control of use of megaphones, etc. (Articles
18-21); sundry regulations (Articles 22-26); and penalties (Arti-
cles 27-30). Article 1 stipulates the objective of the Regulation
-------
208
ODORS
to determine the necessary items concerning prevention of
public hazards, besides the specific points provided for in Pol-
lutions Countenneasure Fundamental Law (Law No. 132,
1967) to protect the health of the people of Osaka Prefecture
and to maintain a living environment in a manner in harmony
with the sound development of industry. Article 2, defining
public hazards, mentions air and water pollutions, noise, vibra-
tion, and odor. Recording and reporting responsibilies of enter-
prises are stipulated. Appended to the regulation are a list of
special facilities concerning sooty smoke, a list of special
facilities concerning gas and dust, a list of special facilities
concerning filthy water, a list of special facilities concerning
noise, and a list of special equipment including some facilities
which are omitted from the Regulations. The Osaka Prefec-
tural Pollutions Prevention Regulation Enforcement Rule was
issued on March 16, 1970, as Osaka Prefecture! Pollutions Pre-
fectural Rule No. 8, and was amended on July 3, 1970 by
Osaka Prefecture! Rule No. 65. Chapter topics are as follows:
general rule (Articles 1 and 2); rules on factories (Articles 3-6);
rules on special construction work (Articles 7-10); Rules on the
us of megaphones (Articles 11-17); sundry rules (Articles. 18-
20); and supplementary rules, stipulating necessary items in
the enforcement of the Osaka Prefectural Pollutions Preven-
tion Regulation, to become active from July 20, 1970. list 1 of
the Appendix gives the standards on the control of noise
generated by special construction work and List 2, items to be
complied with in using megaphones.
29679
Chiba Prefecture (Japan), Pollutions Counter-measure Bureau
CfflBA PREFECTURAL ORDINANCE ON POLLUTIONS
CONTROL AND ENFORCEMENT REGULATION OF OR-
DINANCE. (Chiba ken kogai boshi jorei, Chiba ken kogai
boshi jorei seko kisoku). Text in Japanese. 58p., March 1970
and Sept. 1970.
The Chiba Prefectural Ordinance on pollution control consists
of 42 articles, divided into general rules, basic measures con-
cerning prevention of pollution, rules on smoke emission, the
control of megaphone use, and sundry rules and penalties,
with three articles of by-laws. In Article two, the definition of
pollution is given as air and water pollution, noise, vibration,
depletion of underground water, subsidence (except mining of
ores), and obnoxious odors which cause damage to man s
health or living environment (inlcuding property, animals, and
plants, and their living environment, which has a close rela-
tionship with man). Soot smoke is sulfur dioxide which is
emitted with the combustion of fuel, and other dust which is
generated by fuel combustion and the use of electricity. The
definitions of special facilities, special work and special con-
struction work are given. The governors are required to deter-
mine pollution, to carry out research and survey for adopting
necessary control measures, and to disseminate the knowledge
for pollution control. When the control standard is to be set,
changed, or revoked, the governor shall get the opinion of
Chiba Prefecture Pollutions Countenneasure Council. Also, he
must require those who emit soot and dust, when it harms
human health or the living environment, to take necessary
steps. He can make them report on necessary items such as
the facilities emitting soot and dust, the control method, and
the amount. His staff can inspect such factories, books, and
facilities. The heaviest penalty for violation is less than one
year prison term or less than $280 fine. The corporations, as
well as those who were responsible for violating actions, are
responsible. In the enforcement regulation, the special facili-
ties are: those where SO is generated and emitted into the at-
mosphere exceeding 10 cu m/hr in terms O C temperature and
1 atm pressure; those which generate soot and other dust; and
those which the governor recognizes to be in danger of
generating pollution. The measurement record must be kept
for three years. The mayors are responsible for some of the ci-
ties control business. Twelve types of facilities are given
which emit soot and dust, with the scale and capacity; 9 types
which emit harmful gas, dust, and odor are given.
29813
Chiba Prefecture (Japan)
POLLUTIONS PREVENTION PLAN FOR CHIBA AND
ICmHARA CITIES IN CfflBA PREFECTURE. (Chibaken
Chiba, Ichihara chiiki ni kakawaru kogai boshi keikaku). Text
in Japanese. 127p., Nov. 1970.
On May 27, 1969, the national government gave the Chiba pre-
fectural government a directive to develop a plan for the
prevention of pollutions for the Chiba and Ichihara area, based
on the Pollutions Countenneasure Fundamental Law, showing
the targets, because the area is expected to increase in popula-
tion and to expand production facilities, with accompanying
pollution increase. Consumption of heavy oil at present is
6,676,000 tons a year. Average sulfur dioxide for this area is
0.03 ppm, and out of 19 monitoring spots, 1 spot exceeded the
environmental standard in 1969. In 1975, the consumption of
heavy oil is expected to reach 27,700,000 tons, and if sulfur
content in fuel remains the same, emitted SO2 will reach
160,000 tons. The following steps will be taken: in 1973, 30 en-
terprises which contribute to the peak pollution, will have a
wind tunnel value of less than 0.015 ppm maximum on the
ground, and the other enterprises will have less than 0.02 ppm;
sulfur content of the fuel used shall be maximum 1.7% and the
area average shall be less than 1.3%. In 1973, the total SO2
emission is to be less than 20,000 N cu in/hour; new chimney
stacks are to be over 30 m and SO2 is to be collected; SO2
emitted from stacks taller than 70 m is to be 94.1%, to dilute
and diffuse. Even at the worst condition with wind coming
from the SSW, the complex concentration is to be less than
0.2 ppm. For new production facilities after 1973, the max-
imum ground concentration and degree of complex pollution
are to be less than that of already existing industries. One hun-
dred and twenty-four types of prevention equipment, including
electric dust collectors are to be established by enterprises;
steel mills are to emit dust of less than one third of the present
level; steel mills shall remove mineral ore yard and coal yard
to the reclaimed land area, and shall establish water sprinkling
facilities. Also, 146 types of equipment, such as scrubbers,
and 11 systems are to be installed at sources of obnoxious
odors; and chemical plants within steel mills are urged to
move to reclaimed areas. Thorough education and training of
employees shall be established to prevent mishandling of
equipment. Finally, enterprises near residences are to be
removed with financial assistance.
29975
Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan)
CASTING WORK ENVDIONMENTS AND , PUBLIC
NUISANCE. (Chuzo sagyo kankyo oyobi kogai). Text in
Japanese. In: Report of Field Survey on Technical ''Standards
of Smaller Enterprises. Pig Iron Castings Manufacturing Indus-
try (70-70) Chapt RepL 419, p. 57-69, March 1971.
The shortage of labor, caused by generally poor working con-
ditions, is an increasingly serious problem for the casting in-
dustry. A survey revealed that 100% of the enterprises in the
pig iron casting industry admitted the need to make working
environment improvements. Changes should include: the
development of work procedures, machines, tools, and equip-
ment that will not damage the working environment; the im-
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
209
provement of ventilation, lighting, and air conditioning to
eliminate dust, heat, noise, and odor; and the development of
high-performance, low-cost devices to improve the working
environment. According to the opinion survey, 774 out of 1762
companies wanted something done about dust, 386 about heat,
364 about noise, 129 about vibration, 82 about odor, and 27
about other items. Dust is produced by sand screening,
demolition of molds, grinding, and melting in a cupola furnace.
Heat occurs in teeming, especially hand-teeming, melting in a
cupola, and demolition of molds. Noise comes from compres-
sors, melting, molding machines, and grinding. Vibration
comes from molding machines, grinders, cupola furnaces, and
others, while odor is from mold-making, especially shell mold-
making, carbon dioxide, melting in a cupola, and demolition of
molds. Dust, noise, vibration, exhaust gas, odor, and effluents
from the casting industry also cause a public nuisance. Since
most casting works are smaller enterprises and located in den-
sely populated districts, the solution of the public nuisance
problem is very difficult, particularly for economical reasons.
It can only be solved through the cooperation of central and
local governments, enterprises, and local inhabitants. The most
popular public nuisance prevention devices in the industry are
dust removers and sound insulation devices, followed by the
suspension of night-time operations. Now 75.4% of the enter-
prises operate during daytime only.
30149
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
RESEARCH ON ODOR ABATEMENT AND CONTROL IN
U.S.A. (II). (Amerika ni okeru akushu no kisei to taisaku II).
Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J.
Japan), 1(4):9-20, March 1971. 12 refs.
Odor measurement in Seattle with a scentometer, actual condi-
tions of obnoxious odor in the Columbia-Willamette Valley,
Portland and its control regulations, and the control regula-
tions of Chicago, Cleveland, and St. Louis were described.
The kraft paper mill in the Puget Sound produces 325 tons/day
of kraft paper with 9 digesters. The odor is a problem in the
residential area about 6 km to the east of the kraft pulp mill,
and its white smoke can be seen 30 km away. An electric dust
collector was installed the recovery boiler was modified in
1968. By 1975, 98% of dust and more than 99% of odor will be
eliminated. At present, the odor of the noncondensable gas is
drawn out by fans and is burned by atomizing the oil burner at
over 1000 F. The rest of the odor is eliminated by the Los An-
geles formula. The Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency
carries out wide range of air pollution control activities. A
scentometer and the iodimetry method are being used for odor
control. The Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority con-
sists of 5 counties and has 8 air pollution monitoring networks.
One-third of the complaints it receives from the citizens were
on obnoxious odors, but very few enterprises actually violate
the pollution control regulations. Portland, as well as Los An-
geles, is one of the few areas which made the installation of
deodorizing devices compulsory. Chicago makes it a violation
of the Air Pollution Control Law to emit soot, fly ash, dust,
and embers within 1.6 km of the city. Cleveland s Air Pollu-
tion Control Law forbids the emission of harmful, poisonous,
irritating odors, fumes or other pollutants from chimneys. In
St. Louis, no one should emit obnoxious odors which are un-
pleasant to the people. In the industrial area or its neighboring
areas, no odor of more than 20 Odir units is to be emitted, as
measured with an olfactometer. When more than 30% of the
residents in a residential area suffer unpleasant odors, such an
odor is regarded as environmental pollution. No rendering fac-
tory can be operated without deodorizing in an approved
manner.
30153
Morita, Minoru
REPORT ON THE BASIC RESEARCH CONCERNING THE
ADMINISTRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AT
HEALTH CENTERS. (Hokensho ni okeru kogai gyosei ni
kansuru kisoteki chosa kenkyu, hokokusho). Text in Japanese.
Research Committee on the Administration of Environmental
Pollution at Health Center (Japan). I89p., 1968.
The actual condition of the administration of environmental
pollution was studied with questionnaires. From January to
December 1968, 832 nationwide health centers and organiza-
tions related to pollution problems in 46 prefectures and seven
main cities were questioned, and 86.2% of the health centers,
93.5% of the organizations in 46 prefectures and 100% of those
in seven cities replied. The number of the cases of complaints
and petitions per year varied with cities and prefectures: there
were 2648 cases in Osaka, which was the highest; 2613 cases
in Tokyo; and 1116 cases in Hagoya. The content of the com-
plaints and petitions received by the organizations differed
from those received by health centers. Problems of air pollu-
tion and water pollution tend to be received by the former and
bad odor and other pollution problems by the latter. The
health centers found the pollutants, in most cases, through re-
sidents reports and 64.16% experienced the problems of pollu-
tion. The investigation of pollution varied with the anti-pollu-
tion measures used by each health center. However, Osaka
and Kanagawa had the most cases per year (65), while Kyoto
was second with 53 cases. At health centers in areas where
soot and smoke is controlled, a considerable number of com-
plaints and petitions mentioned not only air pollution, but also
other pollution. In order to know more regarding the organized
activities for anti-pollution measures, actual organizations and
examples of investigations, in Me Prefecture, Yokohama City,
Kawasaki City, Tokyo, Shizuoka Prefecture, Sakai City, and
Chiba Prefecture are listed.
30688
WHAT KIND OF ADMINISTRATION SHOULD BE PRAC-
TICED FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AT PREFECTURE
LEVEL? (Todofuken ni okeru kogai gyosei no arikata (Dai 1
po)). Text in Japanese. 224p., 1970.
The conditions of administration in pollution control, espe-
cially the activites of health centers were studied. All the pre-
fectures and 25 special cities in Japan were objects of the stu-
dy. The areas investigated include: kinds of pollution, regula-
tions for pollution control, administrative procedures, or-
ganizations of departments or sections in charge, related
research organizations, cases of pollution problems which
were disposed of based on relevant laws or regulations, and
non-governmental activities. In the research organizations, the
activity and career of personnel in full-time duty were ex-
amined. In health centers complaints about pollution, disposi-
tion of the problem, and demands for activity were studied.
Air pollution, water pollution, noise, vibration and offensive
odors were reported by all the prefectures and cities. Though
ground shrinkage was reported by 21 prefectures and nine spe-
cial cities, industrial wastes were treated as pollutants only by
three prefectures and six cities. There were nine prefecture!
institutes, or centers, on pollution research. However, in al-
most all the prefectures and cities, studies were done by the
institutes of public health. Personnel in medicine are desirable
for full-time service, as well as scientists and engineers. At the
health centers near cities, only one person for five health cen-
ters was in charge of pollution problems, regardless of many
complaints. In spite of the increase in pollution problems with
the development of industrialization, administrative activity
concerning pollution was underdeveloped at health centers in
-------
210
ODORS
agricultural and fishing villages. The number of intermediate-
type health centers belonged between the above mentioned
two types, and was only one-tenth of the total number of
health centers in Japan. Their activities and instruments for
measuring pollutants are efficient Residents are highly con-
cerned about pollution problems, and since the number of
complaints will increase in the future, accomplishment of ac-
tivities at health centers is urgently needed.
31084
Shaw, F. M.
mONFOUNDRIES AND THE REQUIREMENTS OF CLEAN
AIR LEGISLATION. Iron Steel (London), 44(3):183-188, June
1971. 4 refs.
Regulations covering emissions from iron foundries and availa-
ble preventive measures are summarized. The emissions in-
clude grit, dust, fume, smoke, and sulfur dioxide from cold
and hot blast cupolas, smoke and odor from core-making and
mould pouring operations, and dust from cleaning and fettling
operations Among cupolas control measures discussed are
dispersion from tall stacks, combustion in cupolas, and wet
and dry arresters. Exhaust hoods and tall stacks appear feasi-
ble in controlling odorous smoky gases from core stoves.
Combustion may also have possible applications for core
stoves. Requirements of fabric collectors for metallic dust are
noted. Cost data are presented for most of the control mea-
sures.
31465
Wrist, P. E.
IMPACT OF NEW AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS ON
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Tappi, 54(7):1090-1093,
July 1971. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, Water and Air Conference, Boston,
Mass., April 4-7, 1971.)
The Clean Air Act of 1970 departs from the trend of previous
legislation in that it places emphasis on emission standards and
emission monitoring, coupled with speedier processes of en-
forcement to improve air quality. Implications of this act upon
the pulp and paper industry are explored. The importance of
participation in standard settings is emphasized, together with
the need for development of better instrumentation and an un-
derstanding of the effect of normal operating variables on the
level of odor emission. The technical person can have a major
influence on the economic impact which the new act will have
on industry. (Author abstract)
32147
Colorado State Dept. of Public Health, Denver, Air Pollution
Control Section
COLORADO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 75p., 1969.
The Colorado State Health Department feels that the concept
of preventive action takes precedence over action based only
on proven adverse effects; maximum control, utilizing existing
technology, takes precedence over delay until technology
develops; stringent emission control at the source takes
precedence over the use of the atmosphere to dilute the air
contaminants; and conservation and non-degradation of air
resources takes precedence over delay and apathy until the
problem develops. Proposals for changes in 1970 legislation
were listed. Ambient air standards, emission standards,
nuisance prevention, emission notices, a variance board, and
adequate budgetary appropriations were considered. Enforce-
ment activities were described. Six air pollution control areas
were established. Open burning was curtailed; positive court
actions were upheld by the State Air Pollution Control Act.
Smoke emission limitations against automobiles and trucks are
being enforced. Legal aspects of air pollution control in
Colorado were also discussed. An emission inventory was
made, and an air monitoring program was established. Emis-
sion inventory classifications are given for particulates, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and
aldehydes. The stations are listed by designated air pollution
control data, the sampling period involved, and the number of
samples taken. The data from each station are presented. An
odor survey and tracer study were also conducted. Public edu-
cation is also being enhanced. Meteorology, wind, diffusion
models, and inversions are also discussed.
32171
Reno, Sparks, and Washoe County District Board of Health,
Nev.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATION. 24p., Sept. 18,
1969.
Air pollution control regulations are presented for the cities of
Reno and Sparks and Washoe County. General terms are
defined and the powers and duties of the Board of Health are
delineated. Emission standards are derived for visible air con-
taminants, odorous or gaseous emissions, participate matter,
sulfur compounds (sulfur dioxide), combustion contaminants
(carbon dioxide), scavenger plants, dusts, fumes, open fires,
incinerators, sulfur content of fuels, gasoline loading and un-
loading, storage of petroleum products, and sand. Registration
requirements and penalties for violations are included.
32352
Gainer, J. G.
CANADIAN AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS AND THE
SOUR GAS PROCESS INDUSTRY. Proc. Nat. Gas Processors
Assoc., vol. 48-93-96, 1969. 7 refs. (Presented at the Natural
Gas Processors Association, Annual Convention, 48th, 1969.)
The evolution of air pollution control in the natural gas sulfur
recovery industry in Alberta is reviewed, in the light of legisla-
tion and industrial developments which led to the Public
Health Act and the Oil and Gas Conservation Act. Most con-
trol legislation is provided by regional governments; a small
amount is provided by the federal government. In 1945, the
first legislation was enacted in Alberta to evaluate complaints
and to remedy the conditions where necessary. Later legisla-
tion governed the control of dust from piles of coal and slag,
the authority to make regulations, the control of pipelines, and
the control of new construction. Emission standards were
established for smoke in urban and rural areas (with the Rin-
gelmann chart), particulates, odors, and toxic materials. The
Alberta Department of Health used two approaches to the
general problem: the control of pollution at the source; the
control by dilution in the atmosphere (tall stacks, meteorologi-
cal control of process operations, and effective zoning). Air
quality criteria were developed for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, and sulfur trioxide for short and long terms and for
populated and remote areas. All construction must be ap-
proved and monthly reports of atmospheric monitoring, plant
operations, incinerator stacks, flares and flare pits must be
made. Odors are controlled by incineration, pilot flames, set-
tling ponds, vapor recovery, or weather. Comparative sulfation
rates show improvement in air quality since the Health Regula-
tions took complete effect
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
211
32354
Nordrhein-Westf alen Arbeits-und Sozialminister (West
Germany)
PLANS AND GOALS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT TILL
1975. (Plaene und Ziele der Landesregjerung bis 1975). Text in
German. In: Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrhein Westfalen. Es-
sen, West Germany, Brinck and Co. KG, 1969, p. 84-93.
The state government has adopted a new regional approach to
all pollution control planning. Abatement programs instituted
for Thomas steel converters, ore sintering plants, cokeries,
foundries, and steam power plants will terminate in 1973. In
selected industrial centers with high pollution emissions, all in-
dustrial, domestic, and automotive polluters will be rechecked
and results of the survey will be used as a basis for pollution
control improvement and for planning and legislative purposes.
An emission register (map) of Cologne, Duisburg-Oberhausen-
Muelheim an der Ruhr, Essen-Bottrop, Gelsenkirchen-
Wanne/Eickel-Bochum, Gastrop-Rauxel, and Dortmund will be
compiled and used for purposes of pollution forecasting. Mea-
surement data show that chemical and petrochemical plants
contribute an inordinately large share to overall pollution;
these plants will have to install new equipment to reduce emis-
sions of concentrated reaction gases, odorous gases, and gases
with high particulate content. New monitoring programs will
be instituted for fluorine, hydrocarbons, odorous sulfur and
nitrogen compounds, hydrogen chloride, and oxidants and par-
ticulates in an area extending from Cologne to Dortmund. New
regulations will be issued governing maximum permissible
emissions from all domestic heating plants fired by oil, coke,
or coal. The incineration of solid waste in heating plants will
be prohibited.
32382
Fima County, Air Pollution Control District, Ariz.
RULES AND REGULATIONS. SUPPLEMENTING OR-
DINANCE NO. 1967-10. 22p., Dec. 23, 1968.
Rules and regulations on air pollution emissions and control
are reviewed for Pirna County. General terms and standard
conditions are defined. Permits, fees, and fee schedules are
determined. Emission standards are designated for visible
emissions, particulate matter, emissions of gases, vapors,
fumes, or odors, storage and handling of petroleum products,
maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric
acid, sulfur trioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, and open burning.
Emergency procedures are outlined.
32383
Clark County District Board of Health, Nev.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS. 29p., April
22, 1970.
Air pollution control regulations are reviewed for Clark Coun-
ty. General pollution terms are defined and the organization of
the Air Pollution Control Board, its powers, and duties, are
determined. The registration and inventory of sources of pollu-
tion emissions, items requiring a registration certificate, and
fees are listed. Standards are evolved for open burning, in-
cinerators, visible air contaminants, particulate matter, dust
and sand control, gasoline unloading, storage of petroleum
products, and odors in the ambient air. Penalties and costs for
violations are included.
32566
Hemeon, Wesley C. L.
MALODORS - A BASIS FOR REGULATIONS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 24p., 1971. 3 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper
71-21.)
Of the four major categories of objectionable air pollution ef-
fects, climatic modification, hazards to health, injury to
vegetation, and sensory offenses, the last is considered to be
of dominant importance, and should receive higher priority in
governmental policy. This particularly applies to malodors.
This deficiency may be partially due to the pre-eminent
emphasis on the search for health effects and partly to the
problems of measurement of malodors. Odors can be mea-
sured at the source with satisfactory precision by collecting
odor—contaminated air in a large polyethylene bag and subject-
ing it to an odor meter for evaluation. Ambient air quality can
also be evaluated by a simple technique and with nontechnical
personnel. A sample of ambient air is taken into a plastic bag
during a one-minute sampling period and is then taken to
another location for evaluation by a panel of impartial persons.
A compatible system of an ambient air quality standard and al-
lowable emission rates from sources is demonstrated, and the
essential elements of an odor control regulations are described.
(Author abstract modified)
32626
Wilson, Edwin B.
CURRENT AND PROPOSED REGULATIONS AND
LEGISLATION ON AIR POLLUTION CONCERNING THE
APPALACHIAN COAL INDUSTRY. Preprint, American Ins
of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME),
New York, N. Y. 31p., 1969. 7 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum En-
gineers, Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C., Feb. 19, 1969.)
The implications of air pollution control in the Appalachian re-
gion of the United States will be felt most strongly by the coal
industry of this area. Directly or indirectly, most regulations in
these states have a significant bearing on coal mining,
processing, utilization, or waste disposal. In the Appalachian
area, typical state law establishes a separate air pollution con-
trol authority and specifies its membership. Regulations are
generally brought into effect by cooperation with industry.
Regulations are not uniform from state to state; they vary
from no regulation at all to strict limits on the sulfur content
of fuel. Emissions of particulate matter are controlled by mea-
surements with the Ringelmann Smoke Chart Regulations may
also place limitations on open burning, particulate matter emis-
sion, gaseous matter emission, objectionable odor, and dust.
The air pollution control laws of West Virginia, Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and how they
apply to the coal industry, are given. All organizations with an
existing or potential air contamination source should become
thoroughly familiar with all organizations, legislation, and
regulations of concern to their operation.
327%
Wada, Masaru
ON ENACTMENT OF OFFENSIVE ODORS CONTROL LAW.
(Akushu boshiho no sentei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai
to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(9):780-787, Sept. 1971.
The statistics of complaints made against bad odors in 1969 in-
dicate that 38.0% of the total was made against stockfarming,
animal offal treatment and fishmeal plants; 36.6% against ofl
-------
212
ODORS
chemical factories and Kraft pulp mills; and 8.6% against
sewage treatment plants and waste disposal incinerators.
Detailed tables of statistics are included. The Odor Control
Law, issued on June 1, 1970, its purpose, odor producing
materials, definition of odor producing areas, and other items
in the law are reviewed. Currently available deodorizing
methods include the gas cleansing method, effective for water,
ammonia, low molecule amines, low molecule fatty acids,
acidic alkalines, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, sulfides and
high molecule amine fats, applicable to agriculture and
stockfarming, sea products manufacturing, and urban sanita-
tion facilities. The ozone oxidation method is effective for
nonsaturated organic chemicals, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,
amines, aldehyde-sulfides and is applicable to sewage treat-
ment plants. The direct combustion method is effective for oil
refineries and oil and fat treatment factories. The catalytic ox-
idation method is effective for hydrocarbons and applicable to
paint-varnish solution mixing, oil-fat processing, pharmaceuti-
cals, resin manufacturing, animal cadaver incinerators, and
sewage treatment plants. The adsorption method is effective
for alcohols, fats, acids, benzene, mercaptans, and oil, ap-
plicable to fishmeal plants, fertilizer plants, pharmaceutical
plants, propane gas filling plants, and vacuum cars. The air ox-
idation method is good for hydrogen sulfide and is used at oil
refineries. The soil oxidation method is good for ammonia and
amines, and is applicable to poultry farms. The ion exchange
resin method is effective for sewage treatment plants.
32893
Hattori, Taira
OFFENSIVE ODOR CONTROL ADMINISTRATION TODAY
AND TOMORROW. (Akushu kogai gyosei no genjo to tenbo).
Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(8):957-
961, Aug. 1971.
The provisions of the Offensive Odors Prevention Law in
Japan, enacted June 1, 1971, and the controversies surround-
ing it are reviewed. The law designated criteria to control
respective substances contributing to offensive odors but not
the odors themselves, since unpleasant odors are generally a
complex combination of two or more odorous components.
The sources of the offensive odors (oil industry, paper pulp in-
dustry, stock raising) are easily specified, and the representa-
tive odor generating substances are also easily determined;
control of these substances, e.g., methyl mercaptan or am-
monia, effects a control of the odors. Controls of specific
components rather than general odors are more effective with
respect to legal factors. Evaluation of an offensive odor by a
human panel is not irrefutable evidence in a law suit, but in-
strumental analysis of a known odor-causing substance is ac-
cepted.
33117
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
PROBLEM OF ODOR CONTROL LAW. (Akushu boshi ho
no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollu-
tion Control), 7(9):789-792, Sept. 1971. 20 refs.
An Odor Control Law was issued on June 1, 1971, at the 65th
session of the Japanese Diet. Characteristically, the subject of
the odor control enforcement is not specific emission sources
such as boilers, furnaces, or apparatus, but the entire plants
which contain these sources (sanitation plants, sewer treat-
ment plants, slaughter houses, and stock farms), regardless the
scale of their operations; when a prefectural governor declares
odor control areas, he is to consult with the heads of cities,
towns and districts; these heads in turn are able to request the
governor to declare odor control areas where they feel neces-
sary. Three general criteria are applied to a place of operation
under inspection: determination of the maximum allowable
concentration of odor producing material at the boundary of
the facility and the outside; regulation of the concentration of
odor producing material at the emission source so that the
concentration rate would be same as the first criteria; and the
concentration of odor producing material evaporating from
polluted liquid discharge should be same as the first criteria.
The maximum permissible concentration figures are to be
within the limits set by the National Pollution Control Agency,
and determined by respective local administrative bodies on
each of 13 odor producing elements, according to the area s
climatic social, and topographical conditions. The most serious
limitation of the law is its designation of only 13 odor produc-
ing materials as objects of control, and the basic outlook that
regulation of their concentration in the air rather than the
source would solve the problem. While there is no objective
way of evaluating odor nuisance, nor sufficient data for effec-
tive legalization of odor control, the matter of odor should be
handled separately from area pollution by organic and inor-
ganic gases.
33672
Henz, Donald J. and Richard W. Gerstle
THE PLANT ENGINEER AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.
Factory, 4(10):35-36, Oct. 1971.
A plant engineer should know the effect of the Clean Air Act
and generic types of emission control regulations. The Act ef-
fectively brings every area in the U. S. within the scope of air
quality management. It gives the administrator of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency the right to publish regulations giv-
ing ambient air quality standards including emission or equip-
ment standards. These performance standards are applicable to
all sources constructed or modified after promulgation of the
standards. The operator of a new or modified source can be
required to keep records, make reports, and monitor and sam-
ple for emissions. His plant can be entered for inspection and
testing of the exhaust stream. Where a state fails to enforce
emission standards, the Clean Air Act provides for federal en-
forcement. Generic types of regulations pertain to participate
matter, gaseous emissions, odor, visibility, and equipment
specifications. New paniculate regulations are based on the
total allowable amount emitted per hour. The allowable rate is
determined by the types of control equipment available for
various sources or types of combustion sources in an area.
Gaseous emission rules vary according to area problems.
Thus, in cities where large amounts of coal or oil are burned,
the emphasis is on sulfur dioxide. Since visibility regulations
do not present a quantitative emission limit, they are among
the most difficult for the plant engineer.
33725
ODOR CONTROL LAW-JUNE 1, 1971, NO. 91. (Akushu
boshi ho-Showa 46 nen 6-gatsu 1-nichi, Horitsu dai 91 go).
Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control),
7(9):829-831, Sept. 1971.
Odor Control Law 91, Effective June 1, 1971 in Japan, is ex-
amined. The purpose of the law is the maintenance of a
healthy living environment by controlling emissions of offen-
sive odors from factories and other sources. Bad odor is
defined by law as material causing unpleasant odor, and in-
cludes ammonia and methyl mercaptan, along with other
materials designated by ordiances. The prefectural government
has the responsibility of designating the areas that come under
control surveillances; setting standards of odor control and
measurement methods, issuing odors for improvement; deter-
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
213
mining procedures of inspections and reports; and enforcing
regulations and orders. Governors are to decide in these mat-
ters on the advice of city, township, and village governments
in the specific areas subjected to odor regulations and in areas
adjacent to those subject to surveillance. Violators of an im-
provement order issued by the governor are subject to less
than one year of incarceration or a fine of less than $300, after
an advisory period of appropriate length. Those who fail to
submit reports, submit false reports, or decline or obstruct an
inspection under such orders, are subject to a fine of less than
$100.
34033
Bermingham, P. E.
CUR-iENT EMISSION STANDARDS AND THE PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY. American Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of
Refining, Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. Div. Refining, vol. 51:587-
610, 1971. 86 refs. (Presented at the Midyear Meeting, 36th,
San Francisco, Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
Environmental laws and regulations applicable to petroleum
refining are discussed from a legal point of view. Effluent
discharges as affected by the Water Pollution Control Act and
its amendments are discussed, as well as oil spills affected by
the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 and impediments
to navigation affected by the Refuse Act of 1889. Pending 1971
water pollution amendments are indicated. Refinery emissions
into the ambient air as affected by the Clean Air Act and its
amendments are considered. National standards are cited for
major pollutants and new stationary sources. Fuel composition
including lead in gasoline is discussed. Citizens suits, noise,
odors, flares and glares, and thermal pollution are mentioned.
(Author abstract modified)
34256
CLEAN AIR FOR CALIFORNIA. (SECOND REPORT).
California State Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, 24p., March
1956.
To carry out the responsibility assigned by the 1955 Legisla-
ture, the California State Department of Public Health has un-
dertaken environmental and medical investigations. These pro-
jects are to evaluate the effects of air pollution on health;
determine the factors responsible for air pollution; survey air
pollution throughout the State; monitor pollutants, and assist
local agencies concerned with air pollution. Efforts are made
to coordinate the activities of other governmental agencies and
to assure that necessary research is undertaken and effective
control programs planned. Also mentioned are smog, preven-
tive health, mortality temperature-smog alert correlations,
respiratory diseases, lung cancer, odors, and oxidants.
34755
Partee, Frank P.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN KENTUCKY - THE SUR-
PRISE STATE. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn. Dept of
Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, and Tennes-
see Stream Pollution Control Board, Environ. Water
Resources Eng. Conf., 9th, Annu., Nashville, Tenn., 1970, p.
1-19. 6 refs. (June 4-5.)
Population statistics and the topography and meteorology of
Kentucky are reviewed. Sources of air pollution include motor
vehicles, jet aircraft, open burning, and a wide variety of in-
dustrial process emissions, including steel mills, foundries, alu-
minum refineries, chemical plants, petroleum refineries, char-
coal and coke plants, asphalt plants, cement plants, paper
mills, and extensive mineral production. Unique odor problems
occur from the numerous tobacco curing sheds and
warehouses. The Air Pollution Control Commission,
established in 1966 under the Kentucky Air Pollution Control
Law, consists of 13 members including heads of the Depart-
ments of Health, Commerce, Natural Resources, and Agricul-
ture, and the Attorney General. Of the eight appointed mem-
bers three represent industry; three, the general public; and
one each, the University of Kentucky and a local control
agency. The Technical Services section is responsible for data
processing and air monitoring. Field Enforcement Services ob-
tains compliance with regulations, and Engineering Services
oversees source registration, emission inventories, develop-
ment of emission standards, and consultative services. Inter-
governmental operations are discussed. Future developments
in the Kentucky air pollution control program may include ad-
ditional emission standards for sulfur oxides and solvent vapor
emissions. Motor vehicle air pollution control device inspec-
tion will be tied to proposed state safety inspection programs.
34926
Coordinating Research Council, Inc., New York, Air Pollution
Research Advisory Committee
APRAC STATUS REPORT. 109p., Jan. 1971.
The Coordinating Research Council s research program on au-
tomotive air pollution is being accomplished with support from
the automotive industry, the petroleum industry, and the
Government. Summaries are presented of engineering projects
which explore the interactions between petroleum products
and the automotive equipment in which the products are used,
atmospheric projects aimed at explaining pollutant behavior in
the atmosphere, and medical projects to determine the effect
of emissions upon health. Exhaust odor, combustion processes
within engine exhaust systems, automotive fueling emissions,
driving patterns, instrumentation for nitrogen oxides and ox-
ygenates in exhaust gas, methods for analysis of particulates
and polynuclear aromatics, inspection, maintenance, surveil-
lance, and economic effectiveness, and characterization of
particulates versus fuel composition are some of the engineer-
ing projects outlined. Atmospheric projects include chamber
reactivity, plant damage, a diffusion model of the urban at-
mosphere, the fate of carbon monoxide, light hydrocarbons in
the atmosphere, haze formation, and atmospheric pollutants in
the urban air. Medical projects have included the exposure to
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidants, and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, and synergistic effects.
35511
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan), Agency
of Industrial Science and Technology
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNICAL
RESEARCH BASIC PLANS (fTLOrt PLANS). (Sangyo kagai
boshi gijutsu kenkyu kihon keikaku (shian)). Text in Japanese.
17p., 1971.
Various projects on industrial pollution control to be con-
ducted by various institutions under the Agency of Industrial
Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and
Industry are reviewed in a table form for 1971. Research
themes, brief descriptions of projects, purposes, and organiza-
tions in charge are given. Projects concerning automotive
emissions include: methods of testing engine exhausts,
methods for analysis of aldehydes, the influences of exhaust
gas on air pollution, improvement of fuels, and the develop-
ment of catalytic converters, small high power diesel engines,
and lithium batteries. Projects concerning emission control of
nitric oxide from stable combustion sources include: research
for controlled combustion techniques, methods of elimination
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214
ODORS
of toxic matter from stack gases, and development of
catalysts. Studies on stack gas dispersion include: on-site tur-
bulence mechanism, simulation with wind tunnels, and simula-
tion using computers. Studies concerning measurements in-
clude: development of toxic gas analyzers, dust paniculate
measuring methods, and odor component measuring methods.
35694
Gray, Albert Woodruff
LEGAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. Air Eng., 4{3):29-
31, March 1962. 5 refs.
Case histories were given to answer legal questions about
when an odor constitutes an actionable nuisance. A permit is
no legal sanction for conducting a business that is a public
nuisance. In California, the legal use of the Ringelmann chart
was established; it says a person shall not discharge smoke or
contaminants as dark or darker in shade than that designated
No. 2 on the Ringelmann chart. Smoke from ships is in the
province of local governments. Congress recognized that the
problem of air pollution is a matter of state and local concern.
A court maintained that there is no overlap between the scope
of the federal ship inspection laws and that of municipal or-
dinances.
35752
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
THE DIRECTION OF ODOR CONTROL AND REGULA-
TIONS. (Akushu kogai no genjo to kisei no hoko). Text in
Japanese. Japan Society of Efficiency, Tokyo, Chem. Plant
Eng. Conf. Proc., Tokyo, Japan, 1971, p. 2-1-1 - 2-1-17. (Oct.)
Some difficulties and trends of odor control methods are ex-
amined. The lack of objective methods for evaluating odors
and established method of analysis; the complex composition
of odors; effectiveness of control methods, which demands
the elimination of more than 99.9% odors; costs; and distribu-
tion methods are discussed. The function of the control agency
include the designation of offensive odors, their sources, con-
trol methods, and standards for concentrations. The entire in-
dustry, as opposed to a specific source, and the entire classifi-
cation, as opposed to the individual operation, must constitute
the objects of control. Before establishing future policies, the
designated 13 odor-producing materials should be re-examined;
measurement methods, limited to the low-temperature conden-
sation method and gas chromatography, must be evaluated and
expanded; the role of local opinion and government agencies,
with respect to standards, laws, enforcement procedures, and
financial measures, must be investigated. Data on complaints
of offensive odors and odor sources are presented.
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215
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
00376
N. Z. Medalia
AIR POLLUTION AS A SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEM: A SURVEY REPORT. J. Health and Human
Behavior 5, 154-65, 1964.
An attempt has been made to explore the behavioral variables
of situation-defining in relation to a specific environmental
stress, sulfate odors associated with kraft pulp mill operation.
The results of this study are presented because of the
methodological and conceptual implications relative to social
science research on environmental health problems. The fol-
lowing topics are discussed: Awareness of and concern with
air pollution; community satisfaction and concern with air pol-
lution; analysis of action potential with reference to environ-
mental stress; ecological and social status variables in air pol-
lution awareness and concern; and air pollution as an eco-
system variable.
00487
J. J. Sableski
COMMUNITY ODOR SURVEYS AND EVALUATION.
Preprint. (Presented at the Mid-Atlantic States Section Meet-
ing, Air Pollution Control Association, Wilmington, Del., Nov.
1965.)
Typical objectives of an odor survey are listed. The com-
ponents of an odor survey are described as selecting obser-
vers, evaluating their sensitivity, making odor measurements,
and obtaining background information on meteorology and
sources. The conduct of an actual survey is described and
methods for analyzing the data given. (Author abstract)
00844
N.Z. Medalia
COMMUNITY PERCEPTION OF AIR QUALITY: AN
OPINION SURVEY IN CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. June
1965. 106 pp. GPO: 820-365-9, HEW: 999-AP-10
In a community with a population of 7,000 and located approx-
imately 4 miles downwind from a pulp mill, a public opinion
survey was taken to analyze the environmental stress of air
pollution on a sample of household heads and spouses, along
two principal attitudinal dimensions: awareness and concern.
Of those interviewed, 91% perceived air pollution in the com-
munity as a malodor problem; 74% perceived it as a problem
of visibility; and 62% as a problem of nose-throat irritation. A
Guttman-type scale showed high concern with air pollution
among 48% of the sample; low to moderate concern among
31%; and minimal concern among 21%. Although exposure ot
odorous pollutants in ambient air appeared roughly equal for
all members of the sample, their concern with air pollution
was found to vary directly with social status and attitude
characteristics such as civic pride, desire to ameliorate the
situation, length of residence in the community, and occupa-
tional prestige of the household head. (Author abstract)
01069
W.S. Smith, J.J. Schueneman, L.D. Zeidberg
PUBLIC REACTION TO AIR POLLUTION IN NASHVILLE,
TENNESSEE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. Vol. 14(10):418-
423, Oct. 1964. (Presented at the Annual Meeting American In-
dustrial Hygiene Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 5-10,
1963.)
Extensive air pollution studies have been completed in Nash-
ville. One part of the study involved collection of opinions
from nearly 3000 people. Opinions were solicited relative to
awareness and concern about possible adverse effects of air
pollution on health, property, materials, and aesthetics.
Responses of the interviewed people are related to several
types of pollutant measurements. The results indicate
widespread concern about air pollution, and the degree of con-
cern is, in general, closely related to the degree of air con-
tamination experienced by interviewed people. Methodology is
discussed, data are analyzed statistically, and conclusions are
presented. (Author abstract)
08698
Nelson, Bryce
AIR POLLUTION: THE 'FEDS' MOVE TO ABATE IDAHO
PULP MILL STENCH. Science, 157(3792): 1018-1021, Sept. 1,
1967.
A major inversion occurred in 1959; one resident recalls it as
'the black night.' After such incidents, more citizens
protested, and the mayor of Lewiston created a committee on
air pollution. In Nov. 1960, the mayor of Clarkston wrote to
the chief of the Division of Air Pollution of PHS to request
help in abating an interstate air-pollution problem said to be
principally caused by the PFI mill. In response to this request,
the PHS initiated several meetings with local and state authori-
ties and began a study of air pollution in 1961-62. The PHS
study indicated that Lewiston and Clarkston had a common air
mass and that either city could pollute the air of the other. The
PHS report stated that 50 percent of the physicians in
Lewiston and Clarkston had been interviewed and that a large
majority of the physicians stated that they concurred in their
patients' belief that certain of their disease conditions were re-
lated to air pollution and that several noted improvement in
patients with respiratory conditions when the patients moved
from the area of high pollution or used air conditioning. In-
cluded in the PHS-study was an opinion survey conducted in
1962 about community perception of air quality in Clarkston.
Nearly 80 percent of those interviewed said that their city was
affected by air pollution, and almost two-thirds stated they
were bothered by it to some degree. More than 90 percent who
recognized air pollution as a problem first mentioned the pulp
mill as being among the sources of such pollution. In March of
this year, a conference on the areas air pollution was held in
Clarkston. The conference provided many area citizens with
an unparalleled opportunity to voice their frustration about the
condition of their local atmosphere.
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216
ODORS
13980
Nishiyama, Keitaro, Mitsuyoshi Nagayasu, Takeo Azuma, and
Masaichi Ishizawa
STUDIES OF THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
PART 3. INFLUENCES OF ODOR ON N-AREA INHABI-
TANTS. (KP seishi kojo haigasu no kogai boshi ni kansuru
kenkyu dai 3 ho kojo shuhen no shuki ni taisuru jumin no
hanno ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Shikoku Igaku Zasshi,
(Shikoku Acta Medica), vol. 24:43-52, 1968.
A survey of bad odor was undertaken in the area within 6 km
of a kraft pulp mill labeled the N mill. Of 749 inhabitants,
87.8% recognized the bad odor and most referred to the mill as
its source. A number of people found that the odor existed
throughout the year. This is due to the unstableness of the
wind direction in the area. Approximately 29% of the inhabi-
tants were forced to close the windows and doors and 52% of
that group said they failed to get rid of the odor. The chief
complaints of the inhabitants were unpleasantness, mental op-
pression, meals not enjoyed, disturbed reading and work, and
respiratory disorders. Comparative studies of locations in dif-
ferent directions and distances from the mill did not show
clear differences. (Author abstract modified)
14491
Ohira, M-, H. Maruya, and T. Nagira
A STUDY OF AWARENESS AND OPINION OF THE RE-
SIDENTS ABOUT PUBLIC NUISANCES IN MIZUSfflMA
(NEWLY DEVELOPED INDUSTRIAL AREA). (Mizushima
chiku jumin no kogai ni tsuite no ishiki jokyono chosa). Text
in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.),
24(1):99, April 1969.
Air pollution has been intensified in Mizushima, due to the in-
troduction of the steel and oil industries. A survey of subjec-
tive symptoms and opinion on air pollution was conducted
among 182 households in the area regarded as most polluted
(called area A) and 88 households in apartments owned by one
of companies regarded as a polluter in this area (area B). Com-
plaints such as eye irritation, frequent coughing and expectora-
tion, and malodorous air were heard more frequently at A than
at B. People from area A, who once welcomed the introduc-
tion of industry, are much more displeased with it than people
from area B, who belong to the industry. However, the former
are becoming reconciled to this pollution. They do not believe
that the local government or industry will control air pollution.
Furthermore, they have little confidence in the ability of a
civic association to eliminate public nuisances and would
rather move out of the area than oppose pollution. On the
other hand, people working in the offending industry pay little
attention to nuisances. It is concluded that the opposition of
residents to public nuisances should be supported by physi-
cians, scientists, and other actively concerned persons.
15760
Lindvall, Thomas
THE NUISANCE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. (Luft-
foeroreningars olaegenhetseffekter). Text in Swedish. Nord.
Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm), no. 3:99-115, March 1969. 11 refs.
Annoyance reactions from odorous and particulate air pollu-
tants were regarded as medico-hygienic problems in Sweden.
Legislation in Sweden permits intervention based solely upon
subjective annoyance reaction to some extent. Nuisances from
industrial plants are usually caused by odors and particulate
matter. Complaints were reported in 78% of urban and 27% of
rural communities. The medico-hygienic evaluation of nuisance
from air pollution includes studies of the dose-response rela-
tionship between the pollutant in the ambient air and the ex-
tent and strength of the annoyance reaction. The description
of the dose is often complicated by the fact that many odorous
substances are hard to detect while they still have odor. There-
fore, the concentration in the ambient air is often based upon
analysis at the source combined with meteorological spreading
calculations. From a statistical point of view, there is often a
satisfying correlation between predicted and actual concentra-
tions in the ambient air. The organoleptic principle of analysis
of odorous emission was used more frequently during the last
few years. Odor threshold determinations were successfully
used in testing odor abatement equipment and in dose descrip-
tion around pulp mills. The frequency is calculated by which a
certain concentration is exceeded at different distances from
the source. The description of the dose was satisfactorily
worked out by the use of standardized, sociological inquiries
with special attention to certain effects of interaction, such as
disquising of or differences in attitude. Response studies were
undertaken in Sweden around pulp mills and oil refineries.
(Author summary modified)
23408
Springer, Karl J. and Charles T. Hare
A FIELD SURVEY TO DETERMINE PUBLIC OPINION OF
DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST ODOR. (FINAL REPORT).
Southwest Research Inst, San Antonio, Te Vehicle Emissions
Research Lab., NAPCA Contract PH 22-68-36, SwRI Rept.
AR-718, 166p., Feb. 1970. 8 refs. CFSTI: PB 191529
A workable method of sampling public opinion of diesel ex-
haust odor was conceived and employed. The method involved
use of a calibrated mobile odor evaluation laboratory similar to
the odor room used by the trained odor panel at SwRI.
Opinions on a series of three levels of diesel odor were ob-
tained from 3039 persons whose backgrounds, ages, and places
of residence are well distributed with respect to the total urban
population. A majority of all the participants rated more in-
tense diesel exhaust odors higher on the cartoon-objectiona-
bility scale than less intense odors. Approximately 75% of the
participants selected a higher cartoon number for test 2('D-4')
than for test l('D-2') and about 86% of them found test 3('D-
6') more objectionable than test (l'D-2'). This determination is
based on results obtained from 3039 people in five major U. S.
cities. Some variation in odor response from city to city can
be found which remains unexplained by consideration of varia-
tion in socioeconomic characteristcs of the several populations
or other quantitative factors. In particular, San Antonio par-
ticipants seemed to find the exhaust odors less objectionable
and Los Angeles participants seemed to find them more objec-
tionable than did the Chicago, St. Louis, and Philadelphia par-
ticipants, whose responses were close to the average. Partici-
pants and passers-by in Los Angeles were very quick to as-
sociate the survey with air pollution, but those in San Antonio
had little to say about pollution, and, again, the participants in
the other three cities fell between the extremes. San Antonio
has the cleanest air of the cities surveyed, and Los Angeles is
at least the best known of the five cities for polluted air if it is
not in fact most heavily polluted. It is quite possible that a
relationship exists between response to diesel exhaust odors
(or, for that matter, almost any pollution-related subject) and
public awareness of and attitudes toward air pollution both of
which depend on the severity of the local pollution problem
and the type and amount of publicity given it. This study did
not make an accurate determination of public attitudes and
knowledge about air pollution, but the strength and frequency
of the aforementioned unsolicited comments made to the sur-
vey crew give a qualitative indication of public concern. The
-------
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
217
indication is that high local pollution and/or high awareness of
it are associated with more objectionable characterization of
odors, and vice versa. Highly concerned citizens might rate
the odors they perceive as being slightly more objectionable
than they actually are in the hope that they can thereby strike
a blow at pollution in general.
24091
MacLaren, James W.
ENGINEERING THE METROPOLITAN ENVIRONMENT.
Eng. J. (Montreal), 53(6):16-25, June 1970. 10 refs. (Presented
at the Engineering Institute of Canada, Annual Meeting, Van-
couver, B. C, Sept. 10-12, 1969, Paper EIC-70-CIV 4.)
It is important to recognize the benefits that can accrue to the
urban environment in the adoption of regional government and
to be aware of the restrictions that can still obtain in engineer-
ing the optimum system. It should be recognized that in regard
to water supply, solid waste disposal, waste water control and
air pollution control, the regional concept is developed not for
local servicing but to establish framework schemes. Every re-
gional activity must be developed in the best interest of the
area but with a full awareness of its effects on other activities.
Too often, political and single purpose thinking establishes the
regional system and its development plan and the 'best fit'
comprehensive approach is bypassed. It has been demon-
strated that engineering the regional or metropolitan environ-
ment requires some difference in appreciation than might be
necessary in typical municipal design. It is essential that this
difference be appreciated in relation to sepcific experience to
date. The implications of regional development in terms of
water supply, waste water control, solid waste disposal, air
pollution control, financing, and legislation are elaborated. A
comprehensive study of the air pollution situation should
result in an air resource management program including air
quality monitoring, emission inventory, air quality standards
based on criteria, and a thorough knowledge of the local con-
ditions influencing the transport of pollutants. Implementation
of the air use plan should include regulations to reduce odors,
particulates, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
oxidants, and nitrogen oxides. A metropolitan effort is neces-
sary to successfully achieve these goals.
24768
NATIONAL SURVEY OF THE ODOR PROBLEM. PHASE I
OF A STUDY OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF ODORS: APPENDIX. Copley International Corp., Con-
tract NAPCA 22-69-50, 342p., Jan. 1970. NTIS: PB 194377
Fourteen appendices are compiled in support of Phase I of the
National Survey of the Odor Problem. They include a list of
the major odor-producing air pollutants with olfactory
thresholds and related data, the questionnaire used in the sur-
vey, locations of the survey areas, and tabulated summaries of
survey findings. For all survey cities combined, opinions of re-
sidents are summarized, respectively, by income, occupation,
age, and education. Summaries are also presented of the
opinions of residents of the individual cities and of the com-
bined opinion of businessmen in all cities surveyed. For sur-
vey plan and analysis of results, see NTIS: PB 194376.
26725
Peckham, Brian W.
SOME ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION: ODORS, VISIBILI-
TY, AND ART. Preprint, Water Resources Research Center,
13p., 1969. (Presented at the Seminar, on Economics of Air
and Water Pollution, Seminar, Blacksburg, Va., April 28-30,
1969.)
The interference of air pollution with man's esthetic and
psychological needs are discussed and numerous examples
given. Odors, though frequently confined to a small area, can
sometimes span considerable distances and can damage health
and deprive people of the use and enjoyment of their property
at all economic levels, as confirmed by surveying court
records. Methods and problems of odor measurement and
evaluation are reviewed. Air pollutants also offend the sense
of sight; aerosols affect visibility both by scattering and ab-
sorbing light, often aggravating fogs and diminishing sunlight
and creating difficult and hazardous travel conditions. Another
kind of injury to esthetic sensitivies occurs when air pollu-
tants, primarily sulfur oxides, accelerate the decay of sculp-
ture and architecture, damage artwork even in indoor environ-
ments, and increase the deterioration of library holdings. Other
miscellaneous effects which impair the quality of urban life in-
clude damage to city plantings, adverse effects on athletic per-
formances, and increased population movements out of cities.
Society must decide how to resolve conflicting technical and
biological/amenity claims on natural resources so that the
general welfare shall be at a maximum.
27680
Hoshoka, Yasuyuki, Shinofu Niki, Tomohiko Ishiguro,
Yoshiyuki Katori, and Yoshihiro Shigeta
IMPORTANCE OF OPINION SURVEY USING QUESTION-
NABRES IN ODOR POLLUTION SURVEY. REPORT NO. 3
ON STUDD2S OF ODOR). (Akushu kogai chosa ni okeru an-
keto kikitori chosa no juyosei (Shuki no kenkyu dai 3 po).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, p. 38-39, 1971. (Presented at the
Disaster Prevention Chemistry Meeting, Japan, llth, Jan.
1971, Paper 20.)
The approach of the Environmental Hygiene Center in con-
ducting a questionnaire type of survey was to divide the area
around a factory which was emitting an odor into 8-10 sec-
tions, then visit 30-40 houesholds in each section, preferably in
the evening so that it would not only be the housewives who
answered the questions. At the same time, a direct survey was
made of the source of odor and the environment Question
No. 1 sought to determine the area of the odor and its degree,
while an answer to the second question would indicate
whether the factory had adopted odor counteraction methods.
Several questions sought to determine who among the family
members was most affected and for long, while the answer to
the seventh question would indicate how meteorological condi-
tions have affected the odor. A rendering factory and 133 peo-
ple from 0.5 to 1.7 km downwind of it were chosen for the
survey. Complaints ranged from 'unpleasantness' to 'no ap-
petite'. The odor was strongest in the rainy season, from noon
to evening, on cloudy days, with a west wind; wind velocity
was not too high. An area in the vicinity of a pharmaceutical
company was similarly investigated, and methylmercaptan and
dimethylsulfide were detected chromatographically.
308%
Miyoshi, H., A. Fukuda, and T. Mizuki
EPEDEMIOLOGICAL CASE STUDY ON COMPLAINTS OF
ODOR. (Akushu kujo jirei no ekigakuteki kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):143, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
Questionnaires were sent out to the citizens of Tokuyama
City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, in July 1967 and November 1969
as a result of an average of 150 complaints a year against the
odor created by the city s petroleum chemical industrial com-
plex. Investigations by monitors and reports on complaints
were studied in detail. A total of 42 complaints were reported
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218
ODORS
in January to June in 1969; 112, from July to December 1969;
and 63, from January to June in 1970. In each case, time, geo-
graphical conditions, descriptions of odor and physical effects,
wind velocity, and the emission sources were investigated.
Studies were sent to the management of the industry. Requests
were made to avoid repetitious offenses, maintenance of
repairs, and prevention of gas leakage, and for a better un-
derstanding and recognition of air pollution among the factory
workers. The city of Tokuyama is offering the results of these
investigations as basic data for industrial complex administra-
tion and for gas analyses in the future.
31071
Greene, Charles H.
INDUSTRIAL MANAGERS SPEAK OUT IN POLLUTION
SURVEY. In: Pollution Control Update, Spec. Kept, by Mod.
Mfg., 2p., 1970.
The results are presented of a survey of manufacturing
managers in 10 major industries on plant emissions, the stan-
dards governing them, abatement practices, and their personal
commitment to a cleaner environment. Over 75% of the
managers surveyed were personally familiar with existing stan-
dards. Despite strong personal desires, about 40% of the plants
currently do not meet the air pollution standards that apply to
them. Particulates are the biggest problem, with sulfur dioxide
and odors following. Control equipment includes wet scrub-
bers, fabric filters, mechanical collectors, and a wide variety
of other types. Budgeting for pollution expenses in an area in
which problems are anticipated; most of the respondents do
not have a separate budget for their anti-pollution operations.
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219
N. GENERAL
01539
J.H. Broomhall
THE PUBLIC HEALTH INSPECTOR'S ROLE IN AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL. Can. J. Public Health (Toronto)
57(2):87-88, Feb. 1966.
The role of the public health inspector in policing air pollution
in Alberta, Canada is discussed. Services performed include
investigating complaints, and observing, recording, and con-
ducting surveys of new sources of pollution. The results of
two surveys of odor in residential areas are given.
03438
B. C. Blakeney and M. D. High.
CLEANER AIR FOR NORTH CAROLINA (A SURVEY AND
APPRAISAL FOR AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS). North
Carolina State Board of Health, Raleigh, Div. of Sanitary En-
gineering and Public Health Service, Washington, D.C. Div of
Air Pollution. Sept. 1959. 62 pp.
The most frequently occurring air pollution problems at-
tributed to industrial and municipal establishments results from
emissions of smoke, soot, or fly ash from fuel burning equip-
ment. The lumber, wood and furniture industries are
frequently sources of dust. Asphalt paving material plants
create more acute air pollution problems than any other indus-
try. Pulp and paper mills are the cause of odor complaints and
are considered the cause of some property damage. A variety
of waste disposal operations emit excessive smoke and odors.
In eight cities, open dumps have caused complaints and in five
cities semi-landfills (burning before covering) have resulted in
public request for relief. Control of gases, dusts, and other
pollutants cannot be legally required by the State except
through the Nuisance Code or indirectly through some other
statue. The lack of specific State legislation limits the control
of air pollution to the jurisdictional area of a few cities,
whereas pollution of community air is not confined to man-
made boundaries or jurisdiction. Existing and potential air pol-
lution problems requiring further investigation are discussed.
05235
Mazitova, R. M., V. N. Okhotskaya, and B. I. Puchkin
OLFACTORY SENSE AND ITS SIMULATION BY MODEL-
ING. Text in Russian. In: Olfactory Sense and Its Modeling.
((Obonyaniye i yego modelirovaniye.nS) Siberian Affiliate,
Novosibirsk, 'Nauka' Publishing House, 1965, Chapt. V, p.
106-114, 6 refs. Engl. transl: JPRS (38,994,12 p., Dec. 7, 1966.)
The authors discuss present-day functional methods of the
peripheral part of the olfactory organ. These models cor-
respond to the original and are more accessible to study then
the olfactory analyzer. The usefulness of the models discussed
is determined not by their absolute correctness or correspon-
dence to the olfactory analyzer, but by whether they can offer
a more rational approach to the investigation of olfaction, or
help in the elicitation of the true nature of olfaction. A model
may provide the basis for the study of many aspects of olfac-
tion. The adsorption theories served as the basis for the
majority of known models of the olfactory analyzer. Illustra-
tions of the Dravnieks, Moncrieff, and a simplified model are
included. The so-called 'electric rose' created by Rosano and
Skeps and the 'electronic blood hound' are discussed. Models
of the olfactory analyzer may find widespread use in the
chemical, food and perfume industries, medical diagnosis, the
deodorization of conditioned air, the localization of leakage in
gas-pipe systems, etc. It is also pointed out that recent
research in this field makes it possible to evaluate objectively
the quality and intensity of various odors, and even obtain
some idea as to the nature of odors, although the mechanism
of perception of odor has not been definitely clarified as yet.
19060
Lukacs, J. and A. T. Rossano
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL. J. Can. Petrol.
Technol. (Montreal), 6(l):23-26, Jan.-March 1967. 5 refs.
(Presented at The Petroleum Society of CIM Annual Technical
Meeting, 17th, Edmonton, May 1966.)
The sources, effects, and meteorological conditions of air pol-
lution are discussed. There are many sources of pollution, in-
cluding natural and man-made ones. The man-made sources,
such as combustion, steel mills, refineries, pulp and paper
manufacturing, and food processing generally outweigh the
natural sources in number and importance. Man emits dusts,
fumes, smoke, soot, flyash, sprays, and mists to the at-
mosphere in large quantities. The severity of air pollution in a
given area is determined largely by the meteorological condi-
tions. The most undesireable meteorological condition is an in-
version layer. Inversions lead to poor dilution and dispersion
of plumes, and pollutants tend to concentrate in the at-
mosphere. The effects of pollution vary widely: smoke can
reduce visibility; hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans have very
objectionable odors; soiling and corrosion of materials result;
and plants and animals may be severely injured or killed.
There is medical evidence that air pollution is related to
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer. It is recom-
mended that new methods be developed to produce by-
products from potential contaminants, rather than building
higher stacks. Consideration is given to air pollution in Al-
berta, and an air quality control program is proposed.
19088
Thuman, William C.
ACTIVITIES OF THE NASA-SPONSORED SRI TECHNOLO-
GY APPLICATIONS TEAM IN TRANSFERRING
AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY TO THE PUBLIC SECTOR.
(QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT). Stanford Research
Inst., Menlo Park Calif., Contract NASw-1992, SRI Proj.
PAU-8368, Rept. 1, 37p., Oct. 1969. CFSTI: N70-18913
An interdisciplinary Technology Applications Team was
established to plan, coordinate, control, and evaluate a pro-
gram to apply aerospace data to the solution of public sector
user problems in the fields of criminalistics, transportation,
and air pollution. Emphasis is placed on users west of the
Rocky Mountains. Problems are identified through visits to
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220
ODORS
and consultation with user agencies. Two air pollution control
agencies, the Bay Area Air Pollution Control District and the
Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the California Dept.
of Public Health, were visited. The major problem identified
was the requirement for relatively inexpensive continuous
monitoring instruments for the measurement of opacity and
the identification of particle size and composition in
photochemical smog, concentration and composition of gase-
ous emissions, wind speed, temperature, and direction, and
odors. Other problems mentioned were the need for a method
to remove sub-micron particles from stack effluent and several
biomedical problems associated with air pollution.
20495
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
Engineering and Environmental Sciences Div.
APPLICATIONS OF AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY IN AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL. (FINAL REPORT). NASA Contract
NSR-34-004-056, RTI UE-411-3, 65p., June 1969. CFSTI: N69-
36186
The Technology Application Team of the Research Triangle
Institute, Research Triangle Park, N. C. acts as an information
and technology interface between the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration and National Air Pollution Control
Administration and as a catalyst among the various sources of
information involved in the technology. It identifies very
specific technology-related problems and prepares air pollution
problem abstracts on each specific requirement which
describes the problems in a concise manner using functional
nondisciplinary terminology. The specifically described
problems include automobile drivers performance tests;
remote temperature and wind vector sensing techniques for
the lower 2 km of the atmosphere; long-term geophysical ef-
fects of carbon dioxide and of particles in the 0.2 to 0.5
micron size range; development of advanced pollutant sensors
for methane, sulfur dioxide, fluorine, carbon dioxide, total
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen diox-
ide, and total oxides of N2; improvement of adsorption and
absorption techniques for removing pollutants from carrier gas
streams; instrumentation for the investigation of flame chemis-
try; effect of trace qualitites of metals and impurities on pollu-
tant identity and output in combustion; analytical techniques
for the trace metals in combustion effluent and waste gases
from metal processing, both in collected particles and in situ;
fluidized bed combustion processes; working fluids for Ran-
kine cycle engines; heat transfer to small gas-borne particles;
physical consideration in optimizing fuel-air mixture; measur-
ing techniques for air-borne particulates; and gas exchange
capacity of lungs. Other problems mentioned, but not specifi-
cally described are Oder classification and identification;
development of advanced pollutant sensors for As, Be, Hg,
Ni, NH3, carcinogens, Cl and HCI, H2S, V, ozone, Br, Ce, F,
I, Pb, reactive hydrocarbons, and Cd; holographic techniques
for measuring paniculate flux, and combustion chamber
aerodynamics.
32254
Nordrhein-Westfalen Arbeits-und Sozialminister (West
Germany)
THE SITUATION IN NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN IN 1970
AND DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS. (Situation in Nordrhein-
Westfalen 1970 und die Entwicklungstendenzen). Text in Ger-
man. In: Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrhein Westfalen, Essen,
West Germany, Brinck and Co. KG, 1969, p. 75-83.
The population density of the industrial regions of the state is
1300 to 3000 inhabitants per sq km. These regions are the
home of 90% of all coal mines, 70% of the steel industry, 50%
of the heavy chemical industry, and 35% of the refineries in
all of West Germany. To the emissions from these industries
must be added those from 5.5 million households and from 3.5
million automobiles. Since the introduction of mandatory cer-
tification of polluters, air pollution in the entire area has
decreased markedly. The projection for SO2 emission in West
Germany is that it will increase by about 25% until 1975 and
from then on will decrease because of the construction of
nuclear power plants. In the U. S., in contrast, SO2 pollution
will double until 1980 because of widespread use of coal. Pol-
lution trends will be further affected by the growth rate of the
chemical industry, which will expand from an index of 100 in
1962 to an index of 320 in 1975. The importance of SO2 as a
pollutant will diminish to be replaced by fluorine, hydrocar-
bons, chlorine, and odorous emissions. The emission of fine
dust as a health hazard will increase and dust fall measure-
ments will have to be supplemented by dust concentration
measurements. The problem in the steel industry will be fine
dust control; in the aluminum industry, fluorine emission con-
trol; in steam power plants, fine dust control; and in domestic
heating, nitrogen oxide control. Pollution from automobiles is
expected to increase until 1975, especially from nitrogen ox-
ides.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
221
AARONSON A E 'A-34766
ACRES G J K *B-27154, 'B-31400
ADALBERTO T A *B-33073
ADALBERTO, T A C-09660
ADAMS D F 'B-32681, C-18194
ADAMS, D F A-00525, B-00379, »C-05426,
•C-06526, *C-08268, »C-0%19,
•F-01784, F-10308
ADAMS, D. F. "B-04773
ADOLF H R B-32166
ADRIAN, R C B-06088
AGNEW W G 'B-17906
AIKENS A "B-28206
AINSLEY Y 'A-28352
AINSWORTH L D B-22837
AKAMATSU I 'A-16494
AKAMATSU K 'B-22061
AKAMATSU, I *B-13072
ALBERTE T 'A-27986
ALFEROVA L A *B-29278
ALKIRE H L A-11700, 'A-12832,
•A-12834, 'A-23313, *A-23314,
•D-23411
ALPERT S *G-23298
AMBERG H R B-I6842, B-17409
AMOORE J E 'C-17044, "C-32268,
•F-19061
ANDERSON C E *B-32166
ANDERSON D M 'D-31760
ANDERSON L W 'B-29261
ANDERSON, F J 'B-06363
ANDO T B-14488
ANDREESHCHEVA, N G "G-11476
ANGLERAUD, O *G-00715
AOKI T *B-31160
AOYAMA M *B-32847
APPELL L 'C-26096
ARAKI T "C-34279
ARCHIBALD E E JR 'B-25950
ARGIROWA M K-30870
ARHIPPAINEN, B *B-09933
ARITO, H C-10983
ARTHOR D LITTLE INC »C-11123
ASAKURA N A-28614
ASHIDA K B-32799
ATARASHI Y *A-26575
ATSUMI M 'C-16134
AVERY R H 'B-29323
AVY, A P »B-03129
AZUMA T M-13980
B
BABA Y 'B-26128, »C-17288, »C-2747S,
•C-29726, *C-31924
BACHMAIR A *B-33854
BACHMAN, H E B-11220, B-11234
BAIKOV B K *D-16636
BALAKRISHMAN S 'A-32385
BALESTRIERI, S C-01289
BANDUNI, J S B-04045
BANNER, A P *B-0272S
BARNARD N J C-14109
BARNEBEY, H L «B-04943
BARNES G J *A-20118, A-33564, C-22448
EARTH C L *C-35865
BARYNIN J *C-24071
BASE J C-29243
BASMADSHUEWA K *K-30870
BAUCH H 'B-21294
BAUM F *B-23885
BAUM, F *A-08373
BAUMGARDNER R C-34863
BEARD, CGH A-02765
BECK H G-34686
BEHRENS M D B-27401
BEINE H A-25179
BEISER, F R B-04227
BELSKY T C-298S8
BENDL H *B-31302
BENFORADO D M *B-13971
BENFORADO, D 'B-11136
BENFORADO, D M B-00257, *B-06366,
•B-08506, 'D-07572
BENGER M 'B-26908
BENJAMIN, M *A-12621
BERDICK M C-35648
BERMINGHAM P E 'L-34033
BERNERT J 'B-21888
BERNHART A P 'A-34018
BERNICCHI R V 'B-18153
BETHGE, P O *C-07214
BETZ, E *B-04300
BILLER W F A-35635
BILLER, W F D-00251
BINDER H "C-14197
BISTOWISH J M 'L-19059
BISWAS B K 'B-26731
BLAKENEY, B C 'N-03438
BLOKKER P C *A-31882
BLOSSER, R O 'B-07415, 'B-10277
BLUE J D 'B-31463
BLYTHE D J *A-26402
BODURTHA F T B-27605
BOEGLY W J JR 'A-32411
BOGEN N *D-33539
BOLDUE, M J *B-03966
BOLZE C A-24459
BORRELli, F G-00715
BOWERS P H A-31323
BRADT, P D-00690
BRAMBLETTJ D-23411
BRANDENBURT J T B-27401
BRETSCHER H »B-16712, -8-23371
BREWER, G L B-03966, *B-11137
BRIEF R S D-31760
BRIGANTI A *B-23319
BRINK D L B-11673, B-12506, "B-20258,
F-16828
BRINK, D L »A-06981, A-08359, *C-08354
BROADDUS, S B-07434
BROCKE W A-25179, B-23885
BROERING, L C C-00178, C-08678
BROOMAN, D L *B-00286
BROOMHALL, J H *N-01S39
BUCHBERG, H *G-00177
BUCOVE, B D-06535
BURCHARD H B-21294
BURGESS R E F-32271
BURNETT W E *B-19182, 'C-13749
BURNHOUSE, W A 'B-09922
BURT L R 'B-21006
BUXTON W H JR »B-31790
BUXTON, W H 'B-04783
BYRD J F 'C-32676
BYRD, J F »B-02729, C-05898
CADY, F H 'B-00552
CAREY, A W A-05335
CARLSON D A *B-27336
CARLSON, D A B-01563
CARLSSON B O *A-30389
CARRUTHERS J D 'B-34679
CARVER, T O 'D-06535
CAVE, G C -C-08355, 'C-08356,
•C-08357. "C-08358
CEDERLOF, R *C-00%5, *C-09648,
•D-00209, 'G-00208
CESTA R P K-21918
CHANSKY S H *A-22860
CHASS, R L C-03010
CHATFIELD, H E *B-09819
CHISHOLM J A C-13367
CHOLARK J *D-23845
CHURCHILL J D-31760
CHZHEN TSI C "K-20194
CLAPHAMTM -B-31211
CLARK WE A-32411
CLAYTON P 'B-32302
CLEARY G J 'C-16754. 'C-25065
CLEMENT J L 'B-16747
CLEMENT, J L *B-12658
COLLINS T T JR *B-15779, «B-26172
COLLINS, T T JR "B-04781
COLUCCI J M *C-22448
COLVER W C-20192
CONNELL, G F B-06688
CONRADI K A-21700
COOPER H B H JR "C-35956
COOPER, B H JR B-074I5
COOPER, G D-07572
COOPER, H B JR B-10277
COURAU P J »B-30809
CROSS F L JR "L-15554
CUFFE, S T B-07875
CUOMO A J G-27137
D
D IMPERIO, J 'B-09815
D'IMPERIO, J «B-09857
DAMON W A *B-24743
DANIELSON, J A B-06412. *B-09784
DAVIS J C *B-30062
DAVIS J R D-31760
DAVIS R F A-35590
DAWTDKOWA E K-30870
DENDA T B-14488
DENMEAD, C F 'C-05503
DESIDERATIP "B-25623
DEVORKIN, H »C-03010
DEWTTT I L A-29698
DEY, H F *B-09791, B-09852
DIMFTRIOU A N A-22860
-------
222
DOBASHI S C-30689
DOMON T A-21857, C-17638, "C-21866
DON W A «K-31286
DONALDSON W R *A-32653
DONDERO N C B-19182
DONKELAAR VAN A »D-16062
DORSTEWTTZ U A-33719
DOUGLAS, I B 'A-04893, B-04950
DOUGLASS I B *A-28885
DOUGLASS, I B *A-01644, »A-04879,
»A-11144, A-12621, »B-04861
DOVING K B »C-32269
DRAVNDEKS A A-23327, A-34964,
C-10693, C-13969, »C-3S541
DRAVNIEKS, A 'C-09521. 'C-09620,
•C-10016, *C-10593
DRINKER P A JR D-31760
DROWLEY W B *L-25446
DUBOIS W H B-28047
DUCKWORTH, S 'A-03097
DUERDEN, C 'B-01352
DUFFEE R A B-20824
DUFFEE, R A 'C-06381
DUNCAN L »B-34868
DUPREY R L L-12511, L-16330
ECKERT, J S 'B-04949
EDFORS, M L C-00965, D-00209
EDGERLEY. E JR B-00286
EDWARDS F R »B-30943
EDWARDS T H »F-14987
EGLIT M E »G-3S671
EGUCHI Y «B-17314, *B-31354
EHRENBORG, L C-07214
EKBERG, G B-06280
EKMAN G 'C-21652
ELFIMOVA, E V 'G-05942
ELLIOT J S B-16747
ELLIOT M A 'A-35590
ELLIOT T C 'B-29877
ELLIOTT L F *A-35564
ELLIOTT T B-31062
ELLIOTT, J S B-12658
ELLIS W H 'B-16890
ELNICKI W *B-24197
EMANUEL, A G »B-03972
ENDO R 'A-17198. *A-17631, D-17630
ENDO T 'B-26308
ENGDAHL R B *A-34228, B-14967,
B-33077
ENGSTROM S 'A-30327
ERDMAN, T C C-10534
ESSENHIGH R H »A-28861, 'B-26730,
B-26731, B-35566
ETTINGER, M B A-07089
EVERS R L A-21978
EWING, R C 'A-12083
FABUSS B M 'B-28047
FAITH W L 'B-13551, 'B-32682
FAITH, W L 'B-03297
FATTINGER V 'B-29363
FAWCETT R L *B-19493
FEIST, H J »B-07362
FEITZELMAYER K *A-21700
PEL OMAN, Y G "K-05947
FELDSTEIN, M 'C-01289
FERBER M *A-11969
FERNANDES J H *B-22357
FEROGLIA, W E G-06323
FERRARI, L M B-01414
FEUERSTEIN, D L 'A-08359, C-08354
FIALA E 'C-16298
FIALA, E *B-07224, 'B-08604
FIELD E L A-22860
FIELD J H *A-33188
FIELD S C-20192
FIELD, S N C-10534
FIFE, J A 'B-10009
FIRST M W *C-25054
FIRST, M W *A-09175, *B-02047
FONES R E *B-13398
FONTJJN, A *F-O7681
FOSBURG S D-33539
FRANZKE H H »A-21882
FRANZKY U *A-21887, »A-24754.
•B-14004, *B-16113, *C-20538
FRANZKY, U *B-11059
FREY A H «C-237S5. «G-20969
FREYSHUT S *B-17266
FRIBERG, L C-00965, C-09648. D-00209,
G-00208
FRICK, R *L-09215
FRISCH N W B-20817
FUDURICH, A P C-03010
FUJH S *B-14951, *C-21208
FUJH T "A-17634
FUJTTAI B-23002
FUJIWARA M A-16135
FUKUDA A M-30896
FUKUDA S C-17639
FUKUI H A-26826
FUNAKIH A-17633
GABRIEL K L C-20192
GAINER J G "L-32352
GALEANO, S F *D-12648
GANDHI K B-21938
GARDNER, J W »L-03198
GAYNULLINA E T *C-35182
GEHM, H W *L-06732
GELLMAN I B-34868
GERHARDSON G "K-18294
GERSTLE R W L-33672
GESTELAND R C »G-21359
GHISONIP »B-26176
GIEVER P M »A-32489
GIEVER, P M *C-09476
GIL DENSKJOL D R S *D-16635
GILGEN, A 'G-07821
GILLS, B *A-02001
GILLS, B G *B-04361
GILMORE F R A-33828
GLAZE W H C-13143
GOLDBECK, R A «G-06323
GOLDBERG A S *B-32935
GOLDENBERG D M G-217I2
GOLDFIELD J »B-21938
GOLDHAFT T M A-35673
GOMMI J V *B-24079, *B-32937
GONDIM P M *A-32465
GOODWIN J T JR A-24459
GORMEL B B-35879
GRAMES, L D B-00257
GRAY A W *L-35694
GRECO V B-21938
GREEN W »B-31062
GREENE C H *J-34518, 'M-31071
GRENNFELT P «C-35949
GRJJXJEMAN N T *C-34178
GRIFFITH W L A-32411
GRILLOT R »B-13812
GRJMLEY K W JR C-19051
GROSS L J B-15709
GRUBER, C W A-05608, C-00178,
C-08678
GRUTSCH J F B-22435
GTOWIAK, R B-10588
GUEST E T *B-13772, *B-26173
GUEVARA. M V B-04045
GUILLOT M »F-24531
GUMERMAN, R C »B-01563
GUTHMANN, K *L-01528
H
HAEDIKE E W *A-34654
HALES J M *E-22335
HALES, J M B-00025
HALITSKY, J A-07561
HALL L B D-31760
HAMANABE Y *A-21857
HAMAUZU Y *C-17290, C-21866
HAMMOND, W F B-06088
HANSEN, G A A-12621, "B-08360
HANSTEDT, W »A-11651
HARDING, C I "B-01505, B-01900,
B-02018, »B-09508
HARDISON L C *B-23967
HARE C T B-23067, M-23408
HARIMA H C-17638
HARIMA S A-21857, C-21866
HARRIS E K D-31760
HARRIS M M D-31760
HARRIS, E R "B-04227
HARRIS, E S 'A-03825
HARRIS, T O D-02331
HART S A B-22550
HARTLER, N »B-08361
HASEBE N B-14203
HASHIMOTO K *B-17403
HASHIMOTO M *A-16135
HASSELHUHN, B *C-09657
HATTORIS D-26304
HATTORIT »L-32893
HAWKINS G 'B-18140
HAYASHI M *A-30687
HAYASffl S A-30687
HAYASfflNO M C-17640
HAZEN T E C-13099
HEANEY F L *B-31453
HECKEL U A-33713
HEDLUND, F *B-06280
HEIN G M 'B-14967, *B-33077
HELLER A »B-22525
HELLER, A N D-00751, D-06535
HEMEON W C L *A-35638, »L-32566
HEMEON, W C L "C-09364
HENDERSON W L 'B-25554
HENDRICKSON, E R *B-01900, *B-02018
HENLEY D E «C-13143
HENSCHLER D »G-34686
HENSHAW, T B »B-00571
HENZ D J *L-33672
HESCHELES C A 'B-30773
HETTCHE, H O 'B-07374, *B-07530,
•B-07531
HEUSER A R "B-16498
HICKS R rA-25228
HIGGINSON A E *A-29353
HIGH M D »B-32646
HIGH, M D N-03438
HILBIGV A-33713
HILDEBRAND, P W "D-01949
HILLIGER H G *A-33713
HIND C J »A-14297, *A-30603
HIRABAYASHIM B-27541
HJRAIKE M *A-29332
HIRAKAWA H A-17631
HIRAMA M »B-32799
HIRAYAMA H C-17639
HIRD S A *F-23187
HIROBE H D-20355
HISHIDA K A-32855
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
223
HOCHHEISER S A-27451
HOCHHEISER, S A-05549
HOCHMUTH. F W *B-11153
HOCHSTETTLER A D C-18093
HODGSON F N A-21978
HOEFFKEN F 'L-22343
HOFFER R F D-23845
HOFFMANN, H 'A-08802, 'B-08497
HONDA A *B-33122, 1-19325
HONDA K »B-31091
HONMA T B-26296
HOPPER W C *B-27719
HORNSTEIN I 'F-19063
HORRES C R JR C-19051
HORSTMAN, S W *D-00751
HORTON D L B-13971
HORTON R J M 'A-00402
HOSHIKA Y A-20706, 'A-28527,
•A-31044, 'A-31263, 'A-32879,
•B-26014, C-20264, "C-22431,
•C-29508, 'C-30374. 'C-32880,
•D-23098, *M-27680
HOUGH G W *B-15709
HOWE, E L A-02001, B-04361
HOWORTH F H 'B-35955
HOWRIGAN G D-33539
HRUTFIORD B F A-33983
HRUTFIORD, B F A-01885, B-04950,
B-04952, B-04953, »B-05409, F-12662
HSUEH L B-26254
HUCH R «A-25179
HUEY, N A *C-00178, *C-08678, *L-10484
HURN R W A-12505, 'A-14116, A-14914,
•A-27249, *B-30865, *C-20100
HURN, R W 'D-00241
ICHIKAWA M *B-32119
IIDA S 'B-14203
IKEDA H B-17635
IKEHATA A *B-16535
ILGENFRITZ, E M B-02725
IMADA M C-29858
IMAI K F-13107
IMAIT *B-31233
INGRUBER, O V G-03788
INOUE T «B-27674
ISHIGURO T A-20706, *A-22987,
•A-23000, A-28527, *A-32855,
B-17636, B-20628, B-24380, 'B-26002,
B-26014, "B-32797, C-17628, C-20264,
•C-2768S, C-28787, 'C-30689,
•L-33117, 'L-33752, M-27680
ISHIGURU T C-30689
ISHII K 'A-25056, *A-26574
ISHIIT *B-32798
ISHIKAWA K •B-17395, K-35146
ISHIKAWA M F-26529
ISHIKAWA Y D-26304
ISHIZAWA M M-13980
FTAYA J C-31222
ITO H 1-19325
ITO K C-16134, F-19102
ITO N *B-34073
IZMEROV N F 'K-21084
JACOBS, M B A-07561
JAHNKE H *B-25711
JENKINS, H N 'D-02331
JENSEN R M 'A-22973
JENSEN, D A «B-00504
JENSEN, G A 'B-00379
JOHANSON, L N B-04952, B-04953,
B-05408
JOHNSTON J W JR F-19061
JONES K H *B-11673, *B-12506, B-20258,
F-16828
JONES, K H A-06981
JONES, M H G-00177
JONSSON S E *B-30339
JONSSON, E G-00208
JULSON J O 'J-16457
JUNKER TJ B-31211
JUST, J 'C-09716
JUTZE, G A C-08678
JUTZIW "C-15677
K
KAEDING, J H G-06323
KAFKA, F L B-01414
KAINOSHO M *C-12487
KAISER E R "C-26966
KAISER. E R 'A-07561
KAIU, L G-00208
KAKUDA C C-28787
KALISH J 'B-3438S
KAMETANI, F A-06240
KAMISHIMA H A-16494
KAMISHIMA, H B-13072
KAMITSU K A-17462
KAMO, R A-05335
KANAMARU T D-20355
KANAZAWA K C-17638
KANNO K 'A-21661
KANTER, C V C-03010
KAPLAN L M 'A-27821
KASPARICK, M F 'B-00032
KATAGIRIT *B-30479
KATAYOSE S *B-27548
KATO S B-28756
KATO T *C-12488, 'C-17629, *C-31222,
C-32467, 'C-32795
KATOH T »C-28787
KATORIY M-27680
KATZ, M D-00690
KAWAGUCHIT C-17629
KAWAI S A-26826
KAWASHIMA T A-17462
KAY R E 'C-34972
KAYLOR, F B -L-04942
KAZUMIJ B-20628
KEAGY, D M «L-00549
KELLUM J «B-23594
KEMNITZ, D A B-07875
KENDALL D A C-14109, C-27934
KENDALL, D A 'A-04785
KENJO, T 1-05463
KENLINE, P A 'B-00025, *D-03017,
•D-03459, *D-03506
KERSHENBAUM, L C-10534
KESHEN A S 'A-35383
KIFUNE I C-21859
KIKUCHII A-17632, 'A-17633
KIKUCHI K 'B-22538, 'B-26567,
•C-23106
KIMURA Y A-16494
KING P J F-16696
KINOSIAN, J R K-00157
KINSEY, R H 'B-09839, *B-09840
KTTAGAWA Y D-23149
KTTAMURA H F-13107, F-19102
KITTREDGE G D A-30851, B-20120
KITTREDGE, G D B-09608
KIYOZUMIH C-16134
KLEIN N 'B-35554
KLEPPE P J 'B-32615
KLINCK R W B-27357
KLINE M F *B-20754
KNIEBES D V 'C-13367
KOBAYASHI A C-30689
KOBAYASHI I C-30689
KOBAYASHI S C-17640
KOBAYSSHI Y 'A-30513
KOGO T A-17631, 'D-17630
KOIZUMI M A-25056
KOMORI K F-26529
KONDO K '1-19325
KOPPE, R K F-01784, 'F-10308
KORTH M W 'B-12133
KOSAKI M 'B-31223
KOSAYA G S 'B-31072
KOYAMA I B-24380
KOYAMA K B-20628
KOYAMA O B-17636. C-17628
KOYAMA Y B-14488, "B-33003,
•B-33380, C-17640
KRAHL H 'B-31167
KRANE D 'B-14453
KRANIG L E 'B-28118
KREICHELT, T E '8-07875, L-02840
KROTOSZYNSKI B K "C-10693, *C-13%9
KROTOSZYNSKI, B C-09620
KROTOSZYNSKI, B K C-09521,
C-10016, C-10593
KUKIN, I *B-07971
KUMAGAIY B-16535
KUO T A-28861, B-26731
KUO T J B-26730
KURMEIER H *B-30350
KURMEIER H H *B-14671
KUWATA S C-17641, C-21858, C-30811
KUZUMA J *B-24380
LADAM A B-13812
LAFFORT P *C-29269
LAMANTIA C R A-22860
LANDEN E W A-20101
LANDRY, J E B-01505, 'B-02279,
•B-08364
LANG D A C-35648
LANG O 'C-28393
LANGMANN, R 'L-07235
LANGNER H J A-33713
LAPOINTE, M W B-04783
LARDIERI N J 'B-35660
LARSEN R I D-31760
LARUE P G 'B-23836
LAWTHER, P J A-09255
LEAK R J 'B-27401
LEBLANC F "H-20028
LEDBETTER, J O «B-01508
LEE S D G-23298
LEISER C P B-27336
LEITHE W 'C-30014
LENZ, W *B-03946, «C-09660
LEONARD, J S *C-03789
LEONARDOS G 'C-14109, 'C-27934
LEPISTO, P B-01867
LESNIK G E *E-14906
LESNINI D G B-16890
LEVAGGI, D A C-01289
LEWIS T R G-23298
LI PUMA T B-32646
LIEBERMAN, A 'B-05532
LIEDMEIER G P "L-14798
LIENESCH J H 'A-20125
LINDBERG E A S *B-25085
LINDBERG, S 'B-01549, 'B-09656,
•B-09661
LINDH, K G G-00177
-------
224
LINDVALL T "C-16080, *C-2S466,
•M-I5760
LINDVALL, T C-00965, "C-08953,
C-09648, D-00209, G-00208, *G-09659
LINNELL, R H 'C-02786
LLEWELLYN W F B-31463
LLOYD L L F-23I87
LOEHR R C *B-22330
LONDON S A 'C-27733
LONGWELL, D H B-02279
LOQUERCIO, P A »A-08912
LORENTZ F 'B-35609
LOZANO E R *A-27451
LOZANZO, E R -A-05549
LUDINGTON D C -B-35879
LUDWIG J H 'K-16263
LUDWIG, J H *A-05007
LUEDTKE, K D A-09853, C-05614,
•C-09860
LUHR, R A C-08268
LUHR, W B-07374, B-07530, B-07531
LUKACS J 'N-19060
LUNCHE R G 'A-24527, 'B-14341
M
MACHIYAMA T A-25056
MACKAY DAM 'C-35648
MACKENZIE, V G D-06535
MACLAREN J W "M-24091
MAEDA T 'A-31155, «A-31157
MAGA, J A *K-00157, *K-11734
MAIER A *B-31301, 'B-31472
MAJOR, W D A-12621, 'B-09655
MAKSIMOV V F B-22400
MALARKEY, E J *B-11158
MALLATT R C 'B-22435
MARIA G 'B-14013
MARKANT H P 'B-14118
MARN W L 'B-12434
MARSHALL W F 'A-12505, "A-14914,
C-20IOO
MARTIN LOF R 'A-25205
MARTLAND L *L-12376
MARUSHIMA Y B-14203
MARUYA H M-14491
MASON, L B-09733
MASSIELLO, F 'B-05930
MASUDA, S I 'B-03976
MATSUDA S B-12480, C-20460
MATSUI T D-20355
MATSUSHITA A C-32467
MATSUSHITA, H *C-10983
MATTESON, M J »B-05408
MATULA R A A-25455, A-34766
MAZITOVA, R M "N-05235
MCCABE L C 'A-35693, 'B-35595
MCCABE, L C A-07561
MCCALDIN R O A-00402
MCCALLA T M A-35564
MCCARTHY, J L B-05408, B-05409
MCCAULEY R F 'A-35599
MCGINNITY J L 'C-19051
MCGINNITY, J L B-09813
MCKEAN, W T JR "A-01885, 'B-04950,
*F-12662
MCLAUGHLIN A F-16696
MCLOUTH B F 'B-14609
MCLOUTH, B F A-10699
MCLOUTH, M E 'D-02212
MEDALIA, N Z *M-00376, 'M-00844
MEITES L *B-14757
MELLOR J F JR «B-08946
MELVIN W W JR A-27451
MELVIN, W W JR A-05549
MERKEL J A *C-13099
MERRION D F *A-27129
MERRTTT, C JR C-03354
MERZ O *A-23843
MEUTHEN B *A-34585
MEYER, W E 'A-05527
MILKS D "A-25455
MILLINGTON B W *A-12377
MILLS, H A B-02729
MILLS, J L *B-06088, 'B-06412, «C-05614
MINER J R C-13099
MINER S 'A-17603
MISHIMA M C-17627
MTTADERA T B-29437
MITCHELL G E 'B-22353
MIURA M »B-31945
MIURA T A-21857, C-17638, C-32467
MIYAGAWA T *B-32498
MIYAGI S B-29437
MIYAHARA K 'B-33617
MIYAJIMA H »B-35803
MIYOSHI H *M-308%
MIZUKI T M-30896
MNATSAKANYAN A V -K-21083
MOEHLE F W *B-25694
MOLOS, J E *B-05862
MONSCVTTZ J T 'B-22837
MOORE H C-29858
MORGAN J P "B-23901
MORIKAWA T *B-23002
MORTTA M 'L-30153
MORRISS F V 'A-24459
MORTON F "F-16696
MORTSTEDT, S E B-06280
MOSER K M G-27137
MOULTON D G "C-12359, 'G-19599
MOUM S G A-35673
MUELLER J H 'J-29299
MUELLER P K *C-298S8
MUIR A J *B-31631
MUKHERJI A K C-20192
MULIK J D C-19051, *C-34863
MUNAKATA Z C-17629
MURAHARA M *B-33398
MURAKAMI M *A-17462
MURANAKA H B-17635
MURATA K B-32799
MURATA M *D-20355
MURATA T C-28787
MURPHY R P *A-34290
MURRAY F E *A-12507,'B-14113,
B-15690
MURRAY, F E 'B-05808
MURRAY, R C B-09794, 'B-09836,
•B-09842, 'B-09849
N
NAGATA K A-25056
NAGAYASU M M-13980
NAGIRA T M-14491
NAKA K D-20355
NAKAGAWAB *C-30811
NAKAGAWA F »C-17641, "C-21858
NAKAI Y 'B-30530
NAKAJIMA K "B-33742
NAKAJIMA S *B-19218
NAKAMURA K "C-17639
NAKAMURA N 'A-17236
NAKANO T *B-15948
NAKAYAMA H *D-29349
NAMIKI T A-21857, C-17638
NATUSCH DPS "A-34287
NAVARRE, A J A-12621
NEILSON, A J A-04785
NELSON, B "M-08698
NETZLEY, A B 'B-09830
NEUHAUS W »G-21712
NEUMAN W G-34686
NIKI S M-27680
NISHIDA K B-14488, *B-26056,
•B-29448, C-30704, *D-26304
NISHIYAMA K 'M-13980
NISHIYAMA, K A-06240
NOBUO M *F-12449
NOLAN W J "B-23538
NOLAN, M *D-01202
NOSE Y 'D-23149, *D-23152
NTJRANAKA K »B-32497
O
O DONNELL A A-25327
OBATAK '8-31911,0-21858^-30811
OBERING E A *B-13697
OCHIJ *F-26S29
OCHS H J *B-23493
ODAIRA T 'B-20628, B-24380
ODONNELL A *A-34964
OE, M A-06240
OGATA M 'G-28175
OHIRA M *M-14491
OHIRA T *C-17628, *C-27791
OHKTTA T *C-23004
OKA M "C-29337
OKADA S 'A-32878
OKAMOTO M *A-26826
OKAMOTO Y *A-28614
OKATSUKA H *B-26296
OKAZAKIT B-26308
OKEY R W A-32385
OKHOTSKAYA, V N N-05235
OKITA T "C-17627, *C-20202, *C-21859,
*C-24814, *C-26547
OKUBO S »A-27972
OKUDA M A-25056
OKUMA K G-28175
OKUNO T A-29599, *A-29842, B-12480,
•B-15772, B-20625, *B-22988, B-26836,
•B-29131, *B-29978, C-20460,
•C-20624, *C-26837
OLOMAN C "B-15690
OLSSON H 'B-23456
OMORIJ G-28175
ONISHII 'B-26568
ONISHI, T B-03976
ONO S *B-33120
ONO, S *B-04664
OSHIMA T C-16134
OSTERLI V P *B-25977
OTOBE S B-17395
OTT, R R A-00393
OWENS, V P *B-05880, 'B-10994
OYAKE T A-17631, D-17630
PACHERNEGG S J *A-33648
PADRTA F G C-14607
PAPETTI R A *A-33828
PARDOE E S 'B-25594
PARISH H C A-21395
PARTEE F P "L-34755
PATCZYNSKI, R 'B-10588
PAULETTA, C E B-00257
PAULSON E G *B-22518
PAULUS H J B-14609
PAULUS, H J D-02212
PEARSALL, H W C-05170
PECKHAM B W *M-26725
PEREZ J M *A-20101
PERRINE R L *A-269M. -B-26254
PETERSON, C M *A-10699
PETROVA, M S *C-11486
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
225
PEYRON L 'F-24354
PHELPS A H JR C-32676
PHELPS, A H *B-OS332
PHELPS, A H JR *B-07429, "C-05898
PICKEL, W "A-07394
PIERCE L B C-29858
PIRCON L J *B-12346
POLGLASE, W L 'B-09852
POLKOWSKI L B C-3586S
PORTER, E V 'D-03418
POSSELT, H S »B-04627, B-06363
POTTINGER J F A-34290
PRICE L A-2888S
PRICE, L A-01644, A-04879, A-11144,
B-04950
PROCHAZKA V 'C-29243
PROWLER M E 'A-27235
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 'D-09590,
•D-09592, "L-09677
PUCHKIN, B I N-05235
PURDOM P W »C-32022
PUSTINGER J V JR *A-21978
R
RAMSDELL, E W B-07434
RAO D N H-20028
RASMUSSEN R A *A-19814
RAYZACHER B 'A-33883, B-27719,
•B-28108
RECKNER L R * A-35635, »C-14606,
•C-16442, "C-21693, D-18231
RECKNER, L "C-03542
RECKNER, L R *C-07266, *D-00251
REED, R D *B-04838
REED, R J 'B-05852
REHM, F R *C-04117
REIDIES, A H B-04627
REPORT OF A SURVEY ON ENV
•D-31371
RICKETTS C *B-31178
RISK J B B-15690
RISMAN A A-2782I
ROBERSON J E 'B-16807, 'B-21051
ROBERTS A J B-14609
ROBERTS, A J A-10699
ROBERTSON, D H C-03354
ROBINETTE, G *B-09407
RODERICK, W R *F-03173
ROMANO, A H 'G-07091
ROSE A H A-31880
ROSE, A H JR *B-01613
ROSEN, A A 'A-07089
ROSNER, D E F-07681
ROSS R W L-15554
ROSSANO A T N-19060
ROSSANO A T JR C-35956
ROSSANO, A T JR 'A-00393
ROTELLA W J B-13971
ROTH L A-30701, A-35581
ROTHE W »B-20369
ROUNDS, F G *C-OS170
RUBIN E R C-27934
RUBIN M F-19061
RUDOSKY, C B-11158
RUE POL 'A-20276
RUEB F *B-24969
RUMSEY D W "K-21918
RUTHERFORD J G *B-21220
RUUS A L 'B-13334
RYAZANOV, V A *D-05256, *K-05117
SAARY Z B-16890
SABLESKI, J J "C-11167, 'L-03540,
•M-00487
SAFFERMAN, R S G-0709I
SAIKADO H *C-34047
SAITO, H B-03976
SAKATA E 'C-29843
SAKUMA K *C-17638
SAKURAI T B-24380
SALLEE E D *B-14895
SAMSON P C C-14607
SANDERSON, H P *D-00690
SANDOMIRSKY, A G *B-00257
SANO I 'C-33349
SANTRY, I W JR 'B-04666
SAPP J E B-13398
SAPPINGTON W M C-27733
SARKANEN, K V A-01885, B-04950,
•B-04951, B-049S2, B-04953, F-12662
SASAKI M D-26304
SATO S A-17632, A-17633, 'B-20709
SAVERY C W A-25455
SAWATANI T *B-29745, *C-12492,
C-32467
SAWAYA T -A-19899, *C-33577
SCHAFER L J D-23845
SCHELLHASE, C H B-02729
SCHIELE G *B-24065
SCHIRZ S *B-25858
SCHMIDT, R C *A-05335
SCHNEIDER W B-15153
SCHOEFFMANN E 'B-15153
SCHOENING M A »A-14580
SCHUENEMAN, J J 'A-02765, M-01069
SCHUMANN, C E »A-05608
SCHWARTZ B B G-23298
SCHWARZ, H B-07374, B-07530, B-07531
SCOTT D H A-14972
SCOTT W E A-35635
SCOTT. W E C-02786, C-03542, D-00251
SEASE, W S *B-06688
SEIZINGER, D E D-00241
SELTZER W *A-35673
SEVERES, R K B-03966
SHAFFER D E A-29698
SHAH I S *B-14094
SHAH, I S *B-06859, 'B-09733, 'B-11008,
•B-11009
SHAW A C *F-13670
SHAW F M *L-31084
SHERWOOD P T *A-31323
SHEVKUN, O N C-H486
SHIBAHARA T 'B-30782
SHIEH W 'B-35566
SHIGENO K *B-17637
SHIGETA F C-17627
SHIGETA'Y A-20706. A-28527, •B-12482,
•B-23117, 'B-26057, 'B-27288,
•B-29601, *C-13627, 'C-17640,
•C-20264, C-21866, *C-27355, C-30689,
*C-33121, "C-35751, *L-30149,
M-27680
SHIH, TT 'B-04953
SHIH, T T C *B-04952
SHIMODA M B-34073
SHIRAKAWA H D-I7630
SHOJI H 'B-14488, "C-30704
SHORT W 'E-26550
SILVEY J K G C-13143
SIMONS H E B-22435
SINGER R E »B-31700
SKALA H «C-14607
SKEEL, R T A-07089
SKINNER C F *C-24429
SMARSH J B-27732
SMITH D B "A-14972
SMITH H O "C-18093
SMITH, L K A-09853, B-06412, C-05614
SMITH, W S L-00871, «M-01069
SMOYER J C *A-29698
SOBEL A T B-35879
SODA, R C-10983
SOLOMIN, G I 'G-05949
SOMERS J H -A-30851, A-33564
SONE H 'A-17632, A-17633
SPINDT R S 'A-33564
SPONSEL K *B-21702
SPRINGER K J A-34891, B-20120,
•B-20877, 'B-20878, -B-23067,
*M-23408
SPRINGER, K J A-06039, 'B-01867,
*B-05490, -B-06453, 'B-06525,
•B-06979, «B-07479, B-09608,
•L-04841, «L-04888
SQUIRES R E C-16442, C-21693, D-18231
STAHMAN R C 'B-20I20
STAHMAN, R C »B-09608, L-04841
STANLEY, W J A-08912
STARKMAN, E S 'A-01565, 'B-08663
STAYZHKIN, V M 'G-05946
STEIGERWALD B J 'A-31880
STEINBACH, W A-08373
STEINBERG J L A-25455
STENBURG, R L 'B-02427
STEPHENS E R *C-28141, *E-19849
STEPHENSON, W D B-11009
STEVENS R K C-34863
STIER A G-34686
STOCKHAM J 'A-25327
STOCKHAM, J C-09620
STOCKMAN, R L D-01949
STOKES R 'B-25017
STOKES, H E B-02729
STONE R 'B-19705
STORMONT D H 'B-19850
STRAUSS W 'B-14354
STRAUSS, W 'B-04669, "B-05093
STRESEN REUTER J 'B-18050
STROBEL J E A-21978
STUBBS R C C-13367
STUECKRAD J 'A-33719
STUMPH T L "L-12511, *L-16330
STUTZ, C N *B-02488
STYLES, H E *A-09255
SUDO T C-16134
SUGAIR C-21859
SUGIMOTO N A-25056
SUGIURA K 'A-28295
SUGIYAMA H C-17641, C-2I858
SULLIVAN D C "C-18194
SULLIVAN J L *A-20134
SULLIVAN R J 'A-20553
SULLIVAN, J H "C-03354
SULLIVAN, J L "B-01414
SUMMER W *B-25224
SUMMER, W *B-05624
SUTTON G P *A-31602
SUZUKI F 'B-26125
SUZUKI K «K-35146
SUZUKI T D-26304
SUZUKI, Y 'A-06240, C-10983
SWWENY J W «B-22838
TADA M "B-14940
TADA T A-26826
TADA. O »C-06112
TAJIMO M B-17238
TAKADA K A-29599
TAKADA S A-26826, C-30704
TAKAGI S 'C-32467
TAKAGI S F 'F-13107, "F-19102
TAKAGI, S F -F-11132
TAKAHASHIH B-34073
TAKAHASHI S C-28787
-------
226
TAKAHASHI T C-17629, 'F-29649
TAKAHASHI Y B-17238
TAKAMATSU Y *A-29455
TAKEDA M *B-17636, C-17628
TAKEI K *B-24845
TAKEUCHI H F-13107
TAKUIMA T A-17632
TALENS, P G 'B-09827, B-09854
TAMAN S 'B-17635
TANAKA H B-12480, 'B-17238, C-20460
TANAKA I 'B-14956, »B-1S170
TANAKA S C-31222
TARALA F E »B-19221
TATEMATSU K B-30479
TAYLOR E F 'B-27605
TAYLOR, F R C-03542
TELLER, A J 'B-06103
TERABE M 'B-17293, *C-23107
TERANISHI R F-19063
TERAO K 'B-29437, 'B-29533
TESSIER, K C 'B-11220, 'B-11234
TEYOGI N *B-24988
THOM N G *D-24162
THOMAS J F B-11673, B-12506, B-20258,
•F-16828
THOMAS, E 'B-07434
THOMAS, J F A-06981, A-08359, C-08354
THUMAN W C *N-19088
TICHATSCHKE J 'A-30218
TIMBY E A *B-34778
TIRADO, A A B-03946, *B-04045
TISI G M *G-27137
TTTOVA G A B-29278
TOBIAS G S B-31211
TOHATA H 'B-28756
TOISHI, K -1-05463
TRIEFF N M *C-20192
TRIEFF, N M »C-10534
TRUITT. S M B-05852
TSUCHIBASHI S C-20264
TSUCHIDA T B-17635
TSUCHIHASHI S A-20706
TSUIJI M 'B-20625, C-20624
TSUJI B-29978
TSUJI A C-32467
TSUJI M A-29599, A-29842, B-12480,
•B-26836, B-29131, C-20460, C-26837
TUERKOELMEZ S 'B-14692, *B-16365
TURK A "B-20796, *B-32070, 'C-05813,
•D-18231, 'F-16455
TURK, A 'B-03499, 'B-10005, "C-05396,
*L-05129
TURPIN A J *B-27793
TUTTLE, W N F-01784
TYLER, W S 'B-05929
UEDA J
UEKIS
UENO S
U
A-26826, D-26304
G-28175
D-23152
VALENTINE J P B-22838
VAN DONKELAAR A B-25950
VANDAVEER F E 'B-23008
VAUGHAN H L *D-12426
VEDERNIKOV V G *B-22400
VENEZIA, R A "L-01604
VIESSMAN, W »B-00358
VINCENT, E J *B-09813, B-09849
VOGEL, H E *B-08467
VOGELHUBER W W 'A-21395
VOGH J W *C-16781
VOS A W D »B-27732
VREBOS, J A-09255
W
WADA K B-26567
WADA M 'L-32796
WADE W R A-20125
WAGNER T O *C-14680
WAID D E *B-30738, *B-32559
WATTKUS, J B-06366, B-08506
WALDOCK K T F-13670
WALKER A B *B-14687, «B-20817
WALKLEY. J A-09175
WALLACH, A *B-04533
WALSH R T "L-23754
WALSH, R T A-04860, *A-09853,
•B-09794, B-09852, "B-09854, C-056I4
WALTHER J E 'B-16842, *B-I7409
WANNER, H U G-07821
WATANABE M C-23.004
WATANABE S »C-12479, "C-16540
WEHNERT K 'L-26511
WEINERJ 'A-30701, »A-35S81
WEISBURD, M I *B-00975
WELSH G B D-12426
WELSH, G B *D-03431, *L-02840
WENZEL, H F J *G-03788
WERTZLER J E *B-26944
WESSLER M A *A-I1692
WESTALL G B JR *B-27818
WESTERBERG, E N B-09933
WESTON R F *B-29251
WHITFIELD J C-35541
W1DMAN B W C-27733
WIENKE K *C-12942
WILBY F V "C-14108
WILDER OHM B-12346
WILKES J O E-22335
WILLIAMS, A F *A-10075
WILLIAMS, J D *L-00871
WILLIAMSON D E A-32385
WILSON D F *A-33983
WILSON E B *L-32626
WILSON, K W G-00177
WIMETTE, H J C-03542
WITTES J T D-18231
WOHLERS H C *C-22958
WOHLERS, H C *C-08066
WOOD, C B-01867
WRIGHT R H A-14580, *A-24903,
•B-27357, »F-17801, »F-32271
WRIGHT, R H "B-06106
WRIST P E "L-31465
WROMBLE, R F D-00751
WYSE G A F-19102
YAGI Y C-30704
YAJIMA T A-32855
YAMAGUCHIK D-26304
YAMAMOTO H K-35146
YAMAMOTO N 'K-31968
YAMAMOTO T B-12480, B-20625,
B-26836, *C-20460, C-20624, C-26837,
C-30704
YAMAMURA Y 'B-27541
YANAGIF »B-28146
YARGER, H J A-12621
YASUI N *A-26048
YOCOM J E *B-20824
YORK J L E-22335
YOSHIDA M *C-26309, 'C-29929,
•F-22429, *F-22430
YOSfflOKA T C-17641
YOUNG F A C-18194
YOUNG, F A C-08268
YUKAWA N *B-26843
ZEIDBERG, L D M-01069
ZESCHMANN E G C-16298
ZESCHMANN, E G B-07224, B-08604
ZILLES, P A-09175
ZIMMER C E D-31760
ZINN R E A-22860
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
227
ABATEMENT A-20S53, A-24500, A-26911,
A-31882, A-32465, A-35S81, B-01672,
B-06103, B-08364, B-0%55, B-24743,
B-25479, B-26087, B-32057, C-08678,
D-09S90, D-09592, D-25291, D-29973,
L-04942, L-07781, L-09677, L-12511,
L-15691, L-17258, L-25446, L-26511,
L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-27677,
L-27678, L-27679, L-28348, L-28363,
L-29679, L-29813, L-30149, L-32147,
L-32171, L-32352, L-32354, L-32382,
L-32383, L-32796, L-32893, L-33117.
L-33725, L-34033, L-34256, L-3S694,
L-35752, M-08698, M-24091, M-31071
ABSENTEEISM D-33108
ABSORPTION A-20553, B-00358, B-00379.
B-01563, B-02427, B-03499, B-04773.
B-04882, B-04887, B-04952, B-06106,
B-08104, B-09S08, B-09784, B-09836,
B-09922, B-10588, B-11059, B-13072,
B-13812, B-14I18, B-14671, B-15690,
B-17293, B-17314, B-1763S, B-20628,
B-20817, B-20824, B-22400, B-22525,
B-22838, B-23371, B-23456, B-23967,
B-24969, B-27674, B-29745, B-30530,
B-30809, B-31062, B-31178, B-31456,
B-32634, B-33122, B-34073, B-35803,
C-03010, C-05426, C-06112, C-09619,
C-09620, C-10016, C-10534, C-17288,
C-17641, C-20538, C-25065, C-35865,
C-35956, F-01784, F-14987, F-29649,
G-07091, 1-05463, N-20495
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-20369,
B-21647, B-25224, B-326I5
ACETALDEHYDE A-32475, B-02427,
B-04627, B-26014, B-29437, C-03354,
C-08066, C-11123, C-31924, D-29349,
F-29649, G-00177
ACETIC ACID A-1763I, A-32411,
A-32475, B-24969, C-08066, C-09521,
C-11123, C-14109, C-18093, C-32269,
D-23152, D-31371
ACETONE A-32855, A-33713, B-04627,
B-05409, B-16842, C-07214, C-08066,
C-08356, C-11123, G-00177, K-05947
ACETYLENES A-05007, B-03129,
C-08066, C-08354, D-00251, D-31760
ACID SMUTS K-07766
ACIDS A-00393, A-05007, A-07394,
A-07561, A-17198, A-17631, A-29599,
A-29842, A-30218. A-31880, A-32411,
A-32475, A-32855, A-34018, A-34766,
A-34964, B-00975, B-01414, B-03129,
B-03966, B-04943, B-05332, B-06106,
B-06280, B-07362, B-07531, B-09784,
B-09827, B-09839, B-09849, B-09852,
B-14967, B-19493, B-24969, B-26254,
B-29363, B-30350, B-31091, B-31233,
B-32099, B-32119, B-32166, B-33077,
C-01289, C-03010, C-08066, C-09521,
C-11123, C-11167, C-14109, C-14607,
C-17044, C-18093. C-20460, C-23107,
C-28141, C-28393, C-29269, C-31924,
C-32268, C-32269, C-33577, C-35865,
C-35956, D-06535, D-07572, D-09590,
D-09592, D-23152, D-25996, D-29973,
D-31371, D-33108, D-35764, E-19849,
F-23187, F-29649, G-05942, G-05946,
G-21125, G-35570, 1-19325, K-07766,
K-31516, L-00054, L-07781, L-27677,
L-27678, L-27679, L-32354, L-32382,
N-03438
ACRIDINES B-04300
ACROLEIN A-05608, A-06039, A-28527,
A-31044, A-32855, A-34891, B-00286,
B-02427, B-04627, B-05929, B-20877,
B-20878, B-26014, C-02786, C-03542,
C-07266, C-11123, C-31924, C-32880,
D-00251, E-19849, F-29649, G-00177,
L-04888
ACUTE G-07821
ADAPTATION C-08953, C-21652, C-26966,
G-06323
ADMINISTRATION A-00402, A-02765.
A-08912, A-11700, A-12832, A-12834,
A-16058, A-17198, A-23313, A-23314,
A-24350, A-25638, A-26826, A-26911,
A-29698, A-30851, A-31263, A-31323,
A-32465, A-35622, B-00504, B-00975,
B-01505, B-01672, B-01867, B-02794,
B-03129, B-04882, B-06280, B-06636,
B-07971, B-08364, B-09791, B-11059,
B-16842, B-19850. B-25479, B-26087,
B-30865, B-31178, B-32057, B-34868,
C-03010, C-04117, C-11167, C-27248,
C-29891, C-30374, D-00751, D-01202,
D-01949, D-02212, D-02331, D-02339.
D-03001, D-03017, D-03418, D-03431,
D-03459, D-03506, D-03514, D-05481,
D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12426,
D-12648. D-16062, D-23411, D-23845.
D-25291. D-25780, D-259%, D-29973,
D-31371, D-33539, D-35764, G-28175,
G-34667, K-OOI57, K-11734, K-31%8,
L-00054, L-00549, L-00871, L-01528,
L-01604, L-02295, L-02840, L-03540,
L-048,41, L-04888, L-04942, L-06732,
L-07235, L-09677, L-10567, L-14616,
L-15691, L-17258, L-19059, L-22343,
L-25446, L-26940, L-27184, L-27185,
L-28348, L-29679, L-29813, L-30153,
L-30688, L-32147, L-32352, L-32354,
L-34256, L-34755, L-34926, L-35511,
M-00376, M-00487, M-00844, M-13980,
M-23408, M-24091, M-24768, M-27680,
M-30896, M-31071, N-03438, N-32254
ADSORPTION A-03825, A-04860,
A-09853, A-20553, A-33188, B-00286,
B-00358, B-01352. B-01563, B-03499,
B-03972, B-04666, B-04669, B-04943,
B-05093, B-06103, B-09784, B-09794,
B-09854, B-10005, B-10588, B-11059,
B-12482, B-13072, B-13812, B-14692,
B-16113, B-16365, B-17293, B-20625,
B-20709, B-20817, B-20824, B-22518,
B-23456. B-24380, B-24969, B-26128,
B-26836, B-28047, B-29437, B-29448,
B-29601, B-30530, B-30738, B-30809,
B-31233, B-32070, B-32634, B-32768,
B-33120, B-33122, B-34778, B-35609,
C-05426, C-09619, C-10016, C-10534,
C-10693, C-17288, C-20460, C-25065,
C-27475, C-31924, C-32467, C-35956,
D-00373, F-01784, G-00177, G-07091,
L-14028, L-32796, N-05235, N-20495
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) B-25224,
B-28047
ADULTS C-14108, D-18231, M-00844,
M-01069
ADVISORY SERVICES A-35622, D-29973,
L-00549, L-12376, N-19088
AERODYNAMICS D-00373, N-20495
AEROSOL GENERATORS A-02001,
A-10075, B-03976, B-04361, B-05532,
B-33380, L-30149
AEROSOLS A-05007, A-07561. A-32653,
B-00257, B-00975, B-01508, B-02047,
B-07530, B-07531, B-09784, B-09791,
B-09836, B-09842, B-14895. B-20817,
B-24969, B-30124, B-35660, C-03542,
D-00373, D-09590, E-19849, G-00177,
G-05942, M-26725
AFTERBURNERS A-04860, A-06039,
A-07394, A-08912, A-09853, A-10699,
A-17603, A-20276, A-21887, A-24007,
A-25179, A-29332, A-32465, A-33188,
A-34228, A-34585, B-00257, B-00504,
B-00571, B-01414, B-01867, B-02047,
B-02725, B-03499, B-04300, B-04669,
B-05852, B-06088, B-06366, B-06412,
B-06453, B-06979, B-07362, B-07479,
B-09508, B-09608, B-09784, B-09791,
B-09794, B-09813, B-09819, B-09830,
B-09849, B-09852, B-09854, B-11059,
B-11136, B-11137, B-13971, B-14341,
B-14757, B-14895, B-19493, B-19705,
B-19850, B-20817, B-20824, B-21888,
B-22525, B-23067, B-23371, B-23967,
B-24988, B-25554, B-25977, B-26128,
B-26308, B-26843, B-26944, B-27154,
B-27401, B-27793, B-30738, B-30773,
B-31062, B-31167, B-31400, B-31631,
B-32559, B-32847, B-33077, B-34679,
C-05614, C-24429, C-25065, 1-19325,
J-29299, L-04888
AGE K-11734
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
A-12998, B-08104, B-14354, B-24810,
B-25711, B-29761, B-31211, B-31233,
B-31354, B-32913, B-34778. G-06323,
L-29975
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES A-00525,
B-09922, B-25479. D-02331, D-02339.
D-09590, D-09592, D-25291, K-31968,
L-00871
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
A-03097. A-31759, C-27248, L-27185
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA A-25638,
A-35581, B-26087, D-05256, D-09590.
D-18231. K-05117, K-07766, K-11734,
K-35146, L-10484. L-15688. L-32352,
L-32566
AIR QUAUTY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-00402, A-02765,
-------
228
A-11700, A-12832, A-12834, A-16058,
A-17198, A-23313, A-23314, A-24350,
A-25638, A-26826, A-29698, A-31263,
B-02794, B-26087, B-31178, C-04117,
C-11167, C-27248, C-30374, D-00751,
D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-02331,
D-02339, D-03001, D-03017, D-03418.
D-03431, D-034S9, D-03506, D-03514,
D-05481, D-06535, D-09590, D-09592,
D-12426, D-12648, D-23411, D-23845,
D-25291, D-25780, D-259%, D-29973,
D-31371, D-33539, D-35764, G-28175,
K-11734, K-31968, L-00871, L-01604,
L-02840, L-07235. L-14616. L-25446,
L-27184, L-28348, L-2%79, L-29813,
L-32147, L-32354, L-34256, L-34755,
M-00376, M-00487, M-00844, M-13980,
M-23408, M-24091. M-24768, M-27680,
N-03438, N-32254
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-00402, A-00525, A-01885, A-03097,
A-05335, A-05549, A-05608, A-07089,
A-08912, A-10075, A-11692, A-12505,
A-12832, A-14580, A-14914, A-160S8,
A-16135, A-17236, A-17631, A-22860,
A-24350, A-25455, A-29599, A-29842,
A-30389, A-30513, A-30701, A-30851,
A-32653, A-32879, A-33564, A-33828.
A-34018, A-35590, A-35635, A-35638,
A-35693, B-00032, B-00286, B-00358,
B-00504, B-00975, B-01505, B-01563,
B-02729, B-03946, B-04533, B-05409,
B-06280, B-09608, B-09784, B-09827,
B-10277, B-14967, B-16842, B-22353,
B-24380, B-26087, B-31354, B-31400,
B-32099, B-32119, B-32900, B-32913,
C-00178, C-02786, C-03542, C-04117,
C-04883, C-05170, C-0%19, C-09860,
C-10029, C-10534, C-12492, C-13099,
C-13627, C-13749, C-15287, C-16754,
C-18093, C-20192, C-23004, C-23106,
C-27248, C-29269, C-29337, C-32022,
C-32467, C-32880, C-35541, C-35949,
D-00209, D-00251, D-00373, D-00690,
D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-02339,
D-03001, D-03017. D-03431, D-03506,
D-03514, D-05481, D-06535, D-07572,
D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-12648,
D-16062, D-16635, D-16636, D-18231,
D-20355, D-23411, D-23845, D-24162,
D-25291, D-25780, D-25996, D-26304,
D-27255, D-29349, D-29973, D-31371,
D-31760, D-33108, D-33539, D-33723,
D-35764, F-12449, F-16455, G-00177,
G-05942, G-05943, G-05946, G-05949,
1-19325, J-34518, K-05947, K-07766,
K-11734, K-21083, K-21084, K-31286,
K-31516, K-31968, L-00054, L-00973,
L-01604, L-02840, L-04942, L-07235,
L-09604, L-09677, L-10484, L-10567,
L-14616, L-15688, L-19059, L-27184,
L-29813, L-32147, L-32171, L-32352,
L-32382, L-32383, L-32626, L-32893,
L-33672, L-34926, L-35511, L-35694,
M-00376, M-00844, M-01069, M-26725,
N-03438
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-23843,
A-24500, A-25638. A-32878, A-33719,
B-00504, B-00552, B-00975, B-03129,
B-09922, C-02786, C-09716, D-01202,
D-05256, D-16635, D-16636, D-18231,
G-05942, G-05943, G-05946, G-05949,
G-07821. G-21125, G-35570, K-05117,
K-05947, K-07766, K-11734, K-20194,
K-21083, K-21084, K-21918, K-27403,
K-30870, K-31516, K-31968, K-35146,
L-00549, L-00871, L-00973, L-01604,
L-09677, L-14616, L-15688, L-27678,
L-27679, L-32382, L-32383, L-32566,
L-33117, L-33672, L-33725, L-34755,
M-00376, M-00844
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
C-32022, D-33539, L-25446, L-26511,
L-32147, M-24091
AIR-FUEL RATIO A-01565, A-02001,
A-05335, A-05549, A-09255, A-10075,
A-12377, A-14297, A-20118, A-21700,
A-27249, A-27986, A-35590, B-01613,
B-04361, B-06280, B-07224, B-08663,
B-19850, B-21220, B-30865, B-32119,
B-35566, N-20495
AIRCRAFT A-05549, A-27451, A-32653,
A-33719, B-08663, B-29628, B-34778,
C-31924, D-01202, N-I9060
AIRPORTS A-05549, A-32653, D-00690,
D-01202, L-00054
ALABAMA D-03431
ALCOHOLS A-07089, A-07561, A-12083,
A-23843, A-32855, A-33564, A-33983,
A-34766, B-01414, B-04627, B-04838,
B-04943, B-05409, B-06366, B-08506,
B-09849, B-14692, B-16842, B-16890,
B-21294, B-22400, B-22838, B-24090,
B-26843, B-31233, B-32166, B-32956,
C-03354, C-07214, C-08357, C-10983,
C-11123, C-14109, C-14607, C-27934,
C-29269, C-30704, C-30811, C-32269,
C-34279, D-31371, D-31760, K-20194,
L-32796
ALDEHYDES A-00393, A-02001, A-05007,
A-05549, A-05608, A-06039, A-07561,
A-08802, A-09175, A-09255, A-14116,
A-14297, A-23843, A-24459, A-25327,
A-26048, A-27249, A-27451, A-28527,
A-29599, A-30218, A-30603, A-31044,
A-31880, A-32465, A-32475, A-32855,
A-33564, A-34018, A-34766, A-34891,
A-34964, A-35590, A-35635, A-35673,
B-00286, B-00975, B-01414, B-02427,
B-04361, B-04533, B-04627, B-05808,
B-05929, B-06280, B-06636, B-07224,
B-07971, B-08497, B-09827, B-09830,
B-09852, B-11234, B-14895, B-14967,
B-15772, B-19493, B-20877, B-20878,
B-21294, B-23008, B-24090, B-24845,
B-24988, B-25594, B-26014, B-27674,
B-29437, B-29533, B-31700, B-32166,
B-33077, C-02786, C-03010, C-03354,
C-03542, C-05170, C-06112, C-07266,
C-08066, C-08953, C-10693, C-11123,
C-11167, C-14607, C-16781, C-20100,
C-27685, C-30704, C-30811, C-31924,
C-32467, C-32880, C-34279, D-00241,
D-00251, D-01949, D-03506, D-03514,
D-06535, D-09592, D-23152, D-23845,
D-25996, D-29349, D-31371, D-31760,
D-33539, E-19849, F-17801, F-29649,
G-00177, L-00054, L-04888, L-32147,
L-327%, L-35511, N-03438
ALERTS B-25479, D-25291, K-31968
ALFALFA A-35564
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS A-01885,
A-05007, A-05549, A-16494, A-23843,
A-26911, A-27235, A-27249, A-27451,
A-28352, A-29599, A-32411, A-32475,
A-33564, A-34891, A-34964, A-35564,
B-00379, B-01414, B-01508, B-03129,
B-04838, B-06636, B-07224, B-07362,
B-09655, B-14341, B-14609, B-15772,
B-16498, B-16890, B-22838, B-28118,
B-29437, B-29978, B-32956, C-03354,
C-05170, C-07214, C-08066, C-08354,
C-09521, C-09619, C-10693, C-24814,
C-26837, C-29269, C-30704, D-00251,
D-23149, D-23152, D-29349. D-31760,
F-16828, G-00177, G-00715, K-11734,
K-21083, K-30870, N-20495
ALKALINE ADDITIVES B-09508,
B-20709, B-30350, B-32070, B-32615,
B-35803
ALKALIZED ALUMINA (ADSORPTION)
B-06636, B-26908, B-32070
ALLERGIES A-20553
ALTITUDE A-29353, A-35638, B-04361,
B-31223, D-09590, D-29973, E-14906,
F-07681, L-29813, L-32566
ALUMINUM A-34018, B-03129, B-07362,
B-09784, B-09791, D-33108, F-11132,
G-00177
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-32489,
B-09849, B-24743, B-27401, B-28756,
F-11132, 1-05463
ALVEOLI G-23298
AMIDES C-11123
AMINES A-09853, A-17198, A-17631,
A-19899, A-23843, A-29599, A-29842,
A-31044, B-01508, B-02729, B-04300,
B-04627, B-05624, B-05862, B-07530,
B-07531, B-09849, B-09854, B-12480,
B-15772, B-20625, B-26014, B-26836,
B-27605, B-27674, B-29131, B-29363,
B-29448, B-29745, B-29978. B-31302,
B-31700, B-32099, B-32768, C-11123,
C-13099, C-17627, C-17628, C-17638,
C-17640, C-20202, C-20624, C-21858,
C-23004, C-26547, C-26837, C-27685,
C-27791, C-28141, C-29726, C-30704,
C-30811, C-32467, C-33577, C-35865,
F-29649, L-327%
AMINO ACIDS C-29508, C-32880, F-29649
AMMONIA A-07561, A-17198, A-17631,
A-21857, A-29599, A-30218, A-30389,
A-31044, A-31263, A-31880, A-32465,
A-32855, A-33713, A-34018, A-35564,
A-35673, B-01508, B-04627, B-04664,
B-06280, B-07531, B-09854, B-14488,
B-14967, B-17637, B-20625, B-20824,
B-24969, B-26014, B-26618, B-26836,
B-28118, B-29448, B-29978, B-31302,
B-32768, B-33077, B-33122, C-03010,
C-05170, C-11123, C-17628, C-17639,
C-17640, C-17641, C-21858, C-23107,
C-24429, C-24814, C-27355, C-27685,
C-27791, C-29269, C-29726, C-30704,
C-30811, C-31924, C-32880, C-35865,
C-35956, D-03506, D-03514, D-06535,
D-07572, D-09592, D-23152, D-23845,
D-29973, D-33108, F-29649, H-00252,
1-19325, K-35146, L-00054, L-04942,
L-27678, L-27679, L-32796, L-32893,
L-33725
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE A-17634
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-07561,
A-17198, A-17631, A-17634, A-21857,
A-29599, A-29842, A-30218, A-30389,
A-31044, A-31263, A-J31880, A-32465,
A-3285S, A-33713, A-34018, A-35564,
A-35673, B-01508, B-04627, B-04664,
B-06280, B-07531, B-09854, B-14488,
B-14967, B-17637, B-20625, B-20824,
B-24969, B-26014, B-26618, B-26836,
B-28118, B-29448, B-29978, B-31302,
B-32099, B-32768, B-33077, B-33122,
C-03010, C-05170, C-11123, C-17628,
C-17639, C-17640, C-17641, C-21858,
C-23107. C-24429, C-24814. C-27355,
C-27685, C-27791, C-29269, C-29726,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
229
C-30704. C-30811, C-31924, C-32880,
C-35865, C-35956, D-01949, D-03506,
D-03514, D-06535, D-07572, D-09592,
D-23152, D-23845, D-29973, D-33108,
F-11132, F-29649, G-28175, H-00252,
1-19325, K-35146. L-00054, L-04942,
L-27678, L-27679, L-327%, L-32893,
L-33725
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-01644,
A-03825, A-OS549, A-05608, A-06981,
A-08359, A-08373, A-08802, A-10075,
A-14580, A-15297, A-16494, A-17603,
A-17631, A-17633, A-19814, A-20101.
A-20557, A-21661, A-21978, A-23843,
A-24350, A-25228, A-25327, A-25455,
A-27451, A-28527, A-2%98, A-30687,
A-30701, A-31044, A-31263, A-31602,
A-32411, A-32475, A-33564, A-33713,
A-34287, A-34766, A-34891, A-34964,
A-35581, A-35635, B-00032, B-00286,
B-00358, B-00379, B-00571, B-00975.
B-02279, B-03807, B-03966, B-04045,
B-04361, B-04882, B-04887, B-05408,
B-05409, B-05808, B-06363, B-06366,
B-06453, B-0652S, B-06979, B-08364,
B-08497, B-08506, B-09830. B-10277,
B-11843, B-12480, B-14692, B-14967,
B-16842, B-17636, B-20628, B-23319,
B-23371, B-24380, B-29323, B-32099,
B-32166, B-32302, B-32681, B-34679,
B-35566, C-01289, C-02786, C-03010,
C-03542, C-04883, C-05426, C-06112,
C-06381, C-06526, C-07214, C-07266,
C-08066, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
C-08357, C-08358, C-09476, C-09521,
C-09619, C-09620, C-0%57, C-09860,
C-10016, C-10029, C-10534, C-10593.
C-10693, C-12488, C-12942, C-13099,
C-13143, C-13367, C-13749, C-13969,
C-14197, C-14680, C-15287, C-16134,
C-16442, C-17288, C-17627, C-17628,
C-17629, C-I8093, C-I9051, C-20100,
C-20192, C-20202, C-20264, C-20460,
C-20624, C-21859, C-22431, C-23004,
C-23107, C-2375S, C-24814, C-26547,
C-27121, C-27248, C-27355, C-27475,
C-27685, C-27733. C-27791, C-28141,
C-28787, C-29337, C-29508, C-29726,
C-29843, C-29858, C-30014, C-30374,
C-30704, C-31222. C-31924, C-32022,
C-32467, C-32795, C-32880, C-33577,
C-34047, C-34279, C-34863, C-35541,
C-35648, C-35751, C-3586S, C-35949,
C-35956, D-00209, D-00251, D-05481,
D-23098, D-29349, D-31371, D-31760,
F-01784, F-10308, F-13670, F-19061,
F-19063, G-00177, G-03788, G-05949,
G-21359, G-35570, G-35671, 1-05463,
K-27403, K-31286, L-00054, L-04888,
L-35511, L-35752, N-19088, N-20495
ANEMOMETERS C-03010, C-35956,
E-14906
ANIMALS A-00402, A-09175, A-17198,
A-22973, A-25179, A-26911, A-30389,
A-33713, A-33828, A-34018, A-35673,
B-02427, B-03297, B-09827, B-09854,
B-14453, B-22550, B-25379, B-25858,
B-31302, B-33120, B-33398, B-35879,
C-02786, C-03542, C-12359, C-13099,
C-13749, C-23755, C-28141, C-32467,
C-34972, D-00751, F-19102, F-33084.
G-00177, G-00208, G-00715, G-05949,
G-07821, G-19599, G-21125, G-21359,
G-23298, G-35570, G-35671, H-00252,
K-05947, K-11734, K-20194, K-21084,
K-31968, K-35146, L-34926, M-00844,
M-01069, N-03438
ANNUAL A-28352, B-31354, D-03001,
D-23411, D-27255, D-29973, K-31516,
K-35146
ANOXIA B-08497
ANTHRACENES A-01565, C-03542,
D-00251
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
K-11734, L-07235, L-0%77, L-33725
AREA SURVEYS A-00402, A-02765,
A-11700, A-12832, A-12834, A-16058,
A-17198, A-23313, A-23314, A-24350,
A-26826, A-29698, A-31263, B-02794,
B-26087, D-00751, D-01202, D-01949,
D-02212, D-02331, D-02339, D-03001,
D-03017, D-03418, D-03431, D-03459,
D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-06535,
D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-23411,
D-25780, D-25996, D-29973, D-31371,
D-33539, G-28175, K-31968, L-00871,
L-02840, L-14616, L-28348, L-29679,
L-29813, L-34256, M-00376, M-00487,
M-00844, M-13980, M-23408, M-24091,
M-24768, M-27680, N-03438. N-32254
ARIZONA L-32382
AROMATIC FRACTIONS A-33564
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A-05007,
A-05549, A-07089, A-07394, A-07561,
A-10075, A-11692, A-23843, A-27451,
A-29599, A-32855, A-33564, A-34766,
A-34964, B-03966, B-04627, B-09839,
B-16498, B-16842, B-16890, B-17906,
B-28047, C-02786, C-03542, C-06112,
C-07214, C-08356, C-08357, C-08953,
C-09521, C-11123, C-11486, C-14109,
C-14607, C-15287, C-18093, C-27121,
C-27934, C-31924, C-32269, C-33349,
D-00251, D-23149, F-17801, G-00177.
G-05949, G-U476, L-32796, M-08698
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-26402,
B-00975
ARSINE B-00975
ASBESTOS B-21938, B-26254, C-27248
ASBESTOSIS B-25479
ASHES A-31155, A-34228, A-34290,
B-00025, B-00246, B-10009, B-30773,
B-33077, B-33793
ASIA A-06240, A-16135, A-16494,
A-17198, A-17236, A-17462, A-17631,
A-17632, A-17633, A-17634, A-19899,
A-20706, A-21661, A-21857, A-22987,
A-23000, A-24500, A-25056, A-25228,
A-26048, A-26574, A-26575, A-26605,
A-26826, A-27669, A-27972, A-28295,
A-28527, A-28614, A-29332, A-29455,
A-29599, A-29842, A-30513, A-30687,
A-31044, A-31155, A-31157, A-31263,
A-32475, A-32855, A-32878, A-32879,
B-03976, B-04664, B-08104, B-12480,
B-12482, B-13072, B-14203, B-14488,
B-14940, B-14951, B-14956, B-15170,
B-15772, B-15948, B-16535, B-17238,
B-17293, B-17314, B-1739S, B-17403,
B-17635, B-17636, B-17637, B-19218,
B-20625, B-20628, B-20709, B-21647,
B-22061, B-22538, B-22988, B-23002,
B-23117, B-24380, B-24845, B-25379,
B-26002, B-26014, B-26056, B-26057,
B-26125, B-26128, B-26296, B-26308,
B-26567, B-26568, B-26618, B-26836,
B-26843, B-27288, B-27541, B-27548,
B-27674, B-28146, B-28756, B-29131,
B-29437, B-29448, B-29533, B-29601,
B-29745. B-29761, B-29978, B-30260,
B-30479, B-30530, B-30782, B-31091,
B-31160, B-3I223, B-31233, B-31354,
B-31456, B-31911, B-31945, B-32099,
B-32119, B-32497, B-32498, B-32768,
B-32797, B-32798, B-32799, B-32847,
B-32900, B-32913, B-33003, B-33120,
B-33122, B-33380, B-33398, B-33617,
B-33742, B-34073, B-35803, C-06112,
C-12479, C-12487. C-12488, C-12492,
C-13627, C-16134, C-16540, C-17288,
C-17290, C-17627, C-17628, C-17629,
C-17638, C-17639, C-17640, C-17641,
C-20202, C-20264, C-20460, C-20624,
C-21208, C-21858, C-21859, C-21866,
C-22431, C-23004, C-23106, C-23107,
C-24814, C-26309, C-26547, C-26837,
C-27355, C-27475, C-27685, C-27791,
C-28787, C-29337, C-29508, C-29726,
C-29843, C-29929, C-30374, C-30689.
C-30704, C-30811, C-31222, C-31924,
C-32467, C-32795, C-32880, C-33121,
C-33349, C-33577, C-34047, C-34279,
C-35751, D-17630, D-20355, D-23098,
D-23149, D-23152, D-25291, D-26304,
D-27255, D-29349. D-29973, D-31371,
D-33108, D-33723, D-35764, F-11132,
F-12449, F-13107, F-19102, F-22429,
F-22430, F-26529, F-29649, G-28175,
1-05463, 1-19325, K-31968, K-35146,
L-14932, L-15691, L-17258, L-27184,
L-27185, L-27677, L-27678, L-27679,
L-28348, L-28363. L-29679, L-29813.
L-29975, L-30149, L-30153, L-30688,
L-32796, L-32893. L-33117, L-33725,
L-35511, L-35752, M-13980, M-14491,
M-27680, M-30896
ASPHALT B-03972, B-04627, B-09784,
B-09791, B-09819, B-09836, B-24090,
B-26125, D-09592, K-15926, K-31516.
L-0%77, L-15554
ASPIRATORS B-30809
ASTHMA A-30513, A-31759, D-02212,
D-33108, L-01604
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-03097,
A-05007, A-06240, A-10075, A-11700,
A-20706, A-23313, A-24500, A-29353,
A-29599, A-30513, A-33828, A-35564,
A-35693, B-00975, B-01508, B-01672,
B-09836, B-16842, B-26087. B-32900.
C-00178, C-08066, C-08678, C-09660,
C-11167, D-00690, D-01202, D-01949,
D-02331, D-02339, D-03017, D-03418,
D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12648,
D-25996, D-27255, D-31371, D-31760,
D-33108, D-33723, E-14906, L-00054,
L-02840, L-07235. L-29813, M-00487,
M-27680, N-03438. N-19088
AUSTRALIA A-34290, B-04669, B-14354,
C-16754, C-25065
AUTOMATIC METHODS B-00975.
C-05426, C-09619, C-29843, C-32022,
C-34279, D-29973
AUTOMOBILES A-05007, A-05549,
A-05608, A-26048, A-28352, A-28614,
A-30327, A-31323, A-31759, A-31882,
A-32465, A-32653, A-33719, A-34018,
B-00504, B-00975, B-06280, B-07224,
B-08604, B-08663, B-17906, B-25711,
B-31631, B-33077, C-16298. C-31222.
D-25291, D-27255, D-29973, D-33108,
K-00157, L-00054, L-09215, L-19059,
L-22343, L-27185, L-27677, L-32147,
L-34926, N-322S4
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-01565, A-02001, A-05007. A-05335.
A-05549, A-06039, A-08802, A-09255.
A-10075, A-12377, A-12505, A-12998.
A-14297, A-14914, A-20118, A-21700,
A-23313, A-23314, A-26048, A-27129.
-------
230
A-27249, A-27986, A-28352, A-30851,
A-31323, A-31759, A-32653, A-35S90,
B-00504, B-01613, B-04361, B-05490,
B-06280, B-06453, B-06525, B-06979,
B-07224, B-07479, B-08497, B-08604,
B-08663, B-09608, B-12133, B-17906,
B-19850, B-20120. B-20877, B-20878.
B-21220, B-23067, B-24988, B-25594,
B-27401, B-28108, B-29437, B-29533,
B-30260, B-30865, B-31400, B-31631,
B-32119, B-35566, C-03542, K-00157,
K-18294, L-03198, L-04888, L-09215,
N-20495
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-00393,
A-01565, A-05007, A-05335, A-05527,
A-05608, A-06039, A-08802, A-09255.
A-11692, A-12377, A-12505, A-14116,
A-14914, A-15297, A-16058, A-16135,
A-20101, A-20118, A-20125, A-20134,
A-20557, A-21700, A-24459, A-25327,
A-26048, A-27129, A-27249, A-27451,
A-283S2, A-30327, A-30603. A-30851,
A-31323, A-31759, A-32465, A-32653,
A-33648, A-33719, A-34018, A-34766,
A-34891, A-34964, A-35590, A-35622,
A-35635, B-00504, B-00975, B-01613,
B-06280, B-06453, B-06525, B-06636,
B-06979, B-07224, B-07479, B-08497,
B-08604. B-08663, B-09608, B-11220,
B-11234. B-12133, B-17314, B-17906,
B-20120, B-20877, B-20878, B-23067,
B-24845, B-24988, B-25594, B-27401,
B-28118, B-29437, B-29533, B-29628,
B-30260, B-30865, B-31167, B-31233,
B-31400, B-31631, B-33077, C-02786,
C-03542, C-05170, C-06112, C-07266,
C-09476, C-09620, C-14197, C-14607,
C-14680, C-16298, C-16442, C-16781,
C-20100, C-22448, C-23107, C-26966,
C-27121, C-27248, C-27934, C-29337,
C-31222, D-00241, D-00251, D-03001,
D-03017, D-03431, D-03506, D-09592,
D-18231, D-23411, D-23845, D-24162,
D-25291, D-27255, D-29973, D-33108,
E-19849, G-00177, K-00157, K-07766,
K-16263, K-18294, L-00973, L-03198,
L-04888, L-05129, L-07235, L-09215,
L-09677, L-12376, L-25446, L-32147,
L-32354, L-34926, L-35511, M-23408,
N-19060
AZO DYE C-30014
AZOLES C-10693
B
BACTERIA A-04785, A-35599, B-03297,
B-04666, B-06688, B-21006, B-22538,
B-27336, B-33398, C-13143, C-21208,
C-35956, D-31760, G-07091, G-07821
BAFFLES B-OS930, B-12434, B-20754,
B-21006, B-23594, B-32634, B-35554,
G-06323
BAG FILTERS A-24903, A-26402,
B-09794, B-09813, B-09815, B-09830,
B-09849, B-16113, B-20817, B-22357,
B-24810, B-30124, B-30530, B-31945,
C-35956, D-02212, L-04942
BALLOONS C-00178, C-35956, D-09592
BARIUM COMPOUNDS A-34891,
B-11220, B-11234, B-24845, F-11132,
L-04888
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES B-26254,
L-01528, L-09677
BATTERY MANUFACTURING B-10277,
B-32799
BELGIUM A-09255
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
A-32653, A-33564, B-31400, C-03542,
L-34926
BENZENES A-05007, A-07089, A-07561,
A-32855, A-33564, A-34964, B-04627,
B-28047, C-02786, C-03542, C-08356,
C-08357, C-11123, C-14109, C-27121,
C-31924, C-32269, C-33349, F-17801,
G-00177, G-11476, L-327%
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE A-01565, A-08802,
B-08497, C-03542, D-00251
BENZOIC ACID B-07362, B-19493,
B-24%9
BENZOPYRENES A-01565, A-08802,
A-34018, B-08497, B-24988, B-29533.
C-03542, C-32269, D-00251, D-33539
BERYLLIOSIS A-00393, A-00525,
A-01644, A-01885, A-02001, A-03097,
B-00032, B-00286, B-00358, B-00379,
B-00504, B-00571, B-00975, B-01414,
B-01505, B-01549, B-01563, B-02279,
B-02729, B-03807, B-03946, B-03966,
B-03976, B-04045, C-00178, C-00965,
C-01289, C-02786, C-03010, C-03354,
C-03542, C-03789, C-04883, D-00209,
D-00241, D-00251, D-00373, D-00690,
D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-03001,
D-03017, D-03506, D-03514, F-01784,
G-00177, G-00715, G-03788, L-00054,
L-00871, L-00973, L-01604, L-02840,
M-00487, M-01069, N-03438
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS C-09476
BESSEMER CONVERTERS B-31223,
L-01528, L-0%77
BIO-ASSAY C-29858
BIOCLIMATOLOGY D-33539, L-34256
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
MEASUREMENT C-08953,
G-05942, G-05949, G-06323, K-05947,
K-11734, L-03198
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION A-00525,
A-04879, A-04893, A-06981, A-08359,
A-11144, A-12507, A-12621, A-17603,
A-24903, A-32S79, B-00025, B-01505,
B-01672, B-01900, B-04045, B-04773,
B-04781, B-04861, B-04882, B-04950,
B-04951, B-05332, B-05880, B-06106,
B-06859, B-07434, B-08360, B-08361,
B-08364, B-09655, B-09656, B-09933,
B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11153,
B-11158, B-11673, B-12658, B-13334,
B-13398, B-13772, B-14094, B-14113,
B-15709, B-15779, B-16747, B-16807,
B-16842, B-17409, B-18140, B-21051,
B-22061, B-22400, B-23117, B-23538,
B-23901, B-24079, B-25950, B-26172,
B-26173, B-26176, B-27357, B-29278,
B-30062, B-30339, B-31072, B-31463,
B-31794, B-32615, B-32798, B-32937,
B-34385, B-35660, B-35803, C-00965,
C-08354, C-34863, D-00209, D-07572,
D-09592, D-16062, F-01784, F-16828,
J-16457, L-06732
BLAST FURNACES A-25638, A-26402,
A-26574, B-31223, L-01528, L-0%77
BLENDING B-32956
BLOOD CELLS A-31759
BLOOD CHEMISTRY G-05949
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS N-20495
BLOOD PRESSURE G-21712
BLOOD VESSELS K-30870
BLOWBY A-28352, A-34766, B-00504
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
A-07561, B-03297, B-06280, B-09854,
C-08066, C-08678, F-03173, F-11132,
G-00177, G-05942, G-05946, G-05949,
G-06323, G-07821, G-0%59, G-11476,
H-00252, K-11734, M-00376, N-05235
BODY FLUIDS B-09854
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
A-03825, A-04785, A-07089, B-02427,
B-02729, B-04627, B-04666, B-04669,
B-05532, B-08104, B-09854, B-09922,
B-10005, C-06381, C-08066, C-08678,
C-08953, C-09364, C-09521. C-09648,
C-10983, C-11123, D-00209, D-00373,
D-02339, F-11132, G-00177, G-03788,
G-05942, G-05946, G-05949, G-06323,
G-07091, G-07821, G-09659, G-11476,
K-05947, K-11734, L-03198, N-05235
BOILERS A-09175, A-10075, A-11969,
A-17633, A-25205, A-25638, A-26605,
A-30218, A-32475, A-32879, A-34290,
B-07971, B-09656, B-09661, B-09784,
B-09933, B-12658, B-14094, B-15709,
B-16747, B-17635, B-19218, B-20824,
B-22522, B-23117, B-25085, B-26002,
B-26176, B-28108, B-31091, B-31233,
B-31453, B-31456, B-31463, B-32497,
B-34679. B-35803, C-23106, C-35956,
D-09592, D-29973, E-26550, K-31968,
L-04942, L-09604, L-09677, L-30149,
L-32626, M-08698
BONES B-09854, K-31968
BREATHING B-08104, B-34778, C-08678,
C-09648, D-00373, D-02339, G-05946,
K-05947
BREATHING EXERCISES G-05942
BRICKS B-09830, B-10277, B-32302
BROMIDES B-14692
BROMINATED HYDROCARBONS
C-05813, C-10983
BROMINE A-34018, C-04883, C-11123,
C-29269
BROMINE COMPOUNDS B-00975,
B-14692
BRONCHI G-07821
BRONCHITIS A-22973, B-25479, D-33108,
G-07821, G-27137, L-03198, L-14616
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT A-33828
BUBBLE TOWERS B-00358, B-03966,
B-04627
BUDGETS L-25446, L-28348, L-32147,
L-34755, M-31071
BUILDINGS A-33713, B-08104, B-09784,
B-11843, B-31233, B-32797, C-10029,
C-13627, D-09590, G-05942, 1-05463
BUSES A-05007, A-05549, A-05608,
A-06039, A-27129, A-30851, A-34018,
B-00975, B-01867, B-05490, B-06280,
B-06453, B-07224, B-07479, B-07971,
B-08604, B-09608, B-11220, B-12133,
B-20120, B-20877, B-20878, B-25594,
C-22448, K-00157, L-00054, L-04841,
L-04888
BUTADIENES A-32475, D-00251,
D-23149, K-21083
BUTANES B-32956
BUTENES B-06636, D-00251
BUTYRALDEHYDES D-29349
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-06981,
A-08359, A-10699, A-12083, A-17603,
A-22860, A-26402, A-30389, A-3S599,
B-00025, B-00504, B-01672, B-01900,
B-02018, B-04045, B-04773, B-06412,
B-08360, B-08364, B-09508, B-0%55,
B-09733, B-09813, B-09922, B-09933,
B-10994, B-11153, B-12658, B-13551,
B-13772, B-14118, B-14203, B-14609,
B-14940, B-15690, B-15779, B-21647,
B-23002, B-24079, B-24969, B-25977,
B-26172, B-26308, B-26618, B-27719,
B-30339, B-30530, B-31167, B-31790,
B-32497, B-32847, B-32900, B-32935,
B-32956, B-33073, B-34385, C-08354,
D-07572, J-16457, N-19060
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
231
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-30513,
C-08356, C-08358, C-0%19, K-31968,
L-27677
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-25205,
B-11009, B-11234, B-14671, B-20369,
B-28146, B-29251, B-30350, B-31790,
B-32646, B-34073, F-11132, 1-05463
CALIBRATION METHODS C-08357,
C-08358, C-09521, C-10016, C-10693,
D-29349, M-23408
CALIFORNIA A-03097, A-06981, A-24527,
A-32653, A-35693, B-00504, B-00975,
B-03297, B-06412, B-08663, B-09784,
B-09842, B-14341, B-16890, B-26057,
B-32559, C-03010, G-27137, K-00157,
K-11734, K-35146, L-00549, L-00973,
L-09677, L-34256, L-35694
CAMERAS C-17044
CANADA A-00393, A-02001, A-03097,
A-12507, A-20134, A-24903, A-28352,
A-34018, B-00257, B-00286, B-00379,
B-00975, B-01867, B-02794, B-03976,
B-05808, B-08364, B-13772, B-14113,
B-15690, B-21220, B-22522, B-23901,
B-26173, B-27357, B-29628, B-31794,
C-00178, C-00965, C-02786, C-03010,
C-03542, C-03789, C-34178, D-00251,
F-13670, F-17801, F-32271, G-00177,
G-00715, H-20028, L-03198, L-15688,
L-25446, L-32352, M-24091, N-19060
CANCER A-22973, L-34256
CANNING A-09853, A-31602, A-35693,
B-06412, B-21888, C-08066
CARBON BLACK A-34287, A-34290,
B-00286, B-00358, B-07479, B-20369,
B-22518, B-24969, B-26836, B-28047,
B-30479, B-30530, B-31211, B-31233,
B-31354, B-32070, B-32847, B-32900,
B-33122, B-35609, G-00177, G-07091
CARBON DIOXIDE A-02001, A-05549,
A-07561, A-08373, A-09175, A-10075,
A-I4297, A-20101, A-20276, A-25455,
A-27249, A-27451, A-30603, A-32411,
A-32489, A-34018, A-34891, A-35564,
B-00975, B-01508, B-01867, B-03966,
B-04361, B-08104, B-08497, B-0%55,
B-09827, B-20878, B-22838, B-24079,
B-25554, B-27541, B-31091, B-31233,
B-32119, B-33816, C-03010, C-03354,
C-06112, C-07214, C-08354, C-19051,
C-30704, C-32467, D-00241, D-00251,
D-00373, D-23845, F-16828, G-00715,
G-20969, 1-05463, L-09677, L-29975,
L-32147, L-32171, N-19060, N-20495
CARBON DISULFIDE B-04627, B-13072,
C-03354, C-05426, C-08066, C-11123,
C-14108, C-14109, C-29269, C-35865,
D-16635, D-29349, G-05943
CARBON MONOXIDE A-01565, A-02001,
A-05007, A-05549, A-06039, A-07561,
A-08373, A-08802, A-09175, A-09255,
A-12377, A-12998, A-14116, A-14297,
A-16135, A-20101, A-20125, A-20134,
A-22973, A-24459, A-26048, A-26911,
A-27129, A-27249, A-27451, A-28352,
A-30513, A-30603, A-31323, A-31759,
A-31880, A-31882, A-32411, A-32465,
A-32489, A-32653, A-32855, A-33648,
A-33719, A-33828, A-34018, A-34891,
A-35564, B-00504, B-00975, B-01867,
B-03966, B-04361, B-04627, B-05808,
B-06280, B-06636, B-07224, B-07362,
B-07971, B-08497, B-08604, B-08663,
B-09784, B-11234, B-17906, B-19493,
B-20878, B-21220, B-24845, B-24969,
B-24988, B-26944, B-27401, B-29437,
B-29533, B-30738, B-30865, B-31062,
B-31167, B-31233, B-31354, B-31400,
B-32119, B-32559, B-32956, B-33077,
C-03010, C-04117, C-06112, C-08354,
C-09476, C-16298, C-19051, C-20100,
C-27248, C-29337, C-29843, C-34279,
C-35956, D-00241, D-00251, D-00373,
D-01949, D-06535, D-09592, D-16636,
D-23845, D-24162, D-259%, D-26304,
D-27255, D-29973, D-33539, D-35764,
F-16828, G-00177, G-00715, K-00157,
K-16263, K-18294, K-31968, L-01604,
L-02840, L-03198, L-07235, L-32147,
L-34926, M-24091, N-19060, N-20495
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE B-04838,
B-31233, C-08066. C-11123
CARBONATES B-14671, B-30350,
B-31790, L-04888
CARBONYLS A-33564, A-33713, B-07531,
C-07266, C-14109, C-16781, F-29649,
L-04888, L-09677
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN A-30513,
D-24162, L-03198
CARBURETION A-28352, B-07224,
B-08663, B-09608, B-23067, B-25594,
B-28108, B-31631
CARBURETOR EVAPORATION LOSSES
A-01565, A-05007, A-28352, B-00504,
B-17906, K-00157, K-16263, L-09677
CARCINOGENS A-01565, A-01644,
A-01885, A-34766, B-00286, B-00504,
B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01563,
B-02427, B-02729, B-03499, B-03966,
B-04664, B-08663, C-00965, C-01289,
D-00251, D-00690, D-01202, D-01949,
D-02212, D-02339, D-03017, D-03506,
D-03514, D-24162, F-03173, G-00177,
G-03788, K-00157, L-00054, L-00973,
L-01604, L-02840, M-00844, M-01069,
N-03438
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES L-07235
CASCADE SAMPLERS A-28614, B-00975,
B-33073, C-35956
CATALYSIS A-25179, A-32411, B-00358,
B-01352, B-01414, B-01867, B-02427,
B-02725, B-04300, B-04533, B-04669,
B-05808, B-05929, B-07362, B-09791,
B-09849, B-11136, B-11137, B-11234,
B-12133, B-17395, B-20369, B-23008,
B-26172, B-26908, B-27154, B-27674,
B-28756, B-30943, B-31167, B-31400,
B-32768, B-32913, B-33742, B-33816,
C-24429, D-00373, F-23187, G-00177,
L-35511
CATALYSTS A-32411, B-00358, B-01414,
B-01867, B-02427, B-04669, B-05808,
B-05929, B-07362, B-09791, B-09849,
B-11136, B-11137, B-17395, B-20369,
B-23008, B-26172, B-27154, B-27674,
B-28756, B-31167, B-31400, B-32768,
B-32913, B-33742, B-33816, C-24429,
D-00373, G-00177, L-35511
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY B-04300,
B-05808, B-05929, B-07362, B-11136,
B-26908, B-30943, B-33742
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS A-06039,
A-08912, A-25179, A-32465, A-34585,
B-00504, B-00571, B-01414, B-01867,
B-02047, B-02725, B-03499, B-04300,
B-06453, B-06979, B-07362, B-07479,
B-09508, B-09608, B-09791, B-11059,
B-11136, B-11137, B-14341, B-14757,
B-19493, B-20817, B-23067, B-23967,
B-24988, B-25554, B-26308, B-27154,
B-27401, B-30738, B-31167, B-31400,
B-31631, C-24429, L-04888
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-00525,
A-04879, A-04893, A-06981, A-08359,
A-11144, A-12507, A-12621, A-12998,
A-17603, A-21887, A-23843, A-24754,
A-24903, A-25179, A-32411, A-32879,
A-33188, B-00025, B-00358, B-00379,
B-00504, B-01505, B-01672, B-01900,
B-02725, B-03966, B-04045, B-04300,
B-04533, B-04669, B-04773, B-04781,
B-04861, B-04882, B-04950, B-04951,
B-05332, B-05808, B-05880, B-05929,
B-06106, B-06859, B-07362, B-07434,
B-07479, B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
B-09655, B-09656, B-09933, B-10005,
B-10588, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
B-11059, B-11153, B-11158, B-11673,
B-12346, B-12482, B-12658, B-13334,
B-13398, B-13551, B-13772, B-13812,
B-14094, B-14113, B-14203, B-15709,
B-15779, B-16498, B-16747, B-16807,
B-16842, B-17395, B-17409, B-18050,
B-18140, B-20628, B-20824, B-20877,
B-20878, B-21051, B-21220, B-21702,
B-22061, B-22357, B-22400, B-23008,
B-23117, B-23538, B-23901, B-24079,
B-24380, B-24%9. B-25224, B-25554,
B-25950, B-26128, B-26172, B-26173,
B-26176, B-26308, B-26843, B-27154,
B-27357, B-27401, B-27605, B-27674,
B-28206, B-28756, B-29278, B-29601,
B-30062, B-30339, B-30530, B-30809,
B-30943, B-31072, B-31463, B-31794,
B-32070, B-32615, B-32634, B-32768,
B-32798, B-32937, B-33120, B-33742,
B-33816, B-34385, B-35660, B-35803,
C-00965, C-08354, C-25065, C-34863,
D-00209, D-00373, D-07572, D-09592,
D-16062, F-01784, F-16828, G-00177,
J-16457, L-06732, L-327%, L-35511
CATS G-07821
CATTLE A-00402, A-22973, A-33828,
B-03297, B-25858, C-28141, K-31968
CELLS A-31759, F-11132
CEMENTS A-32465, A-33719, A-34018,
B-03976, B-07875, B-08467, B-09784,
1-05463, K-31516
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-07394,
A-08912, A-09175, A-09853, A-17462,
A-25056, A-29353, A-33188, B-04783,
B-05332, B-05930, B-07429, B-09813,
B-09849, B-09852, B-12434, B-12482,
B-13697, B-14687, B-19850, B-20817,
B-22353, B-22357, B-26568, B-27288,
B-31301, B-31456, B-32634, C-27791,
C-35956, D-02212, L-04942
CERAMICS B-07362, B-09830, B-09840
CESIUM COMPOUNDS B-11234, F-11132
CHARCOAL A-03825, A-04860, A-09853,
A-32411, B-02427, B-04666, B-04669,
B-04943, B-06103, B-08104, B-09854,
B-10005, B-10588, B-11059, B-13072,
B-16113, B-27818, B-29323, C-08678,
D-00373, 1-05463, L-14028
CHEMICAL BONDS A-28527, C-12492,
C-33349, E-22335. F-17801, F-19061,
F-24531
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-07089,
A-11692, A-12505, A-14580, A-14914,
A-17236, A-17631, A-25455, A-29842,
A-30851, A-32653, A-33564, A-35590,
A-35635, B-04533, B-05409, B-09608,
B-09827, B-24380, B-31400, B-32119,
B-32900, C-02786, C-03542, C-05170,
C-10029, C-10534, C-12492, C-13099,
C-13749, C-15287, C-29269, C-32467,
C-32880, D-00251, D-18231, D-23845,
F-12449, 1-19325, L-00054, L-32893,
L-34926
-------
232
CHEMICAL METHODS A-05608,
A-08802, A-10075, A-14580, A-17603,
A-17631, A-21661, A-31602, A-33564,
A-34287, A-34891, B-00032, B-00358,
B-00379, B-02279, B-03807, B-03966,
B-04045, B-04887, B-05408, B-05409,
B-06453, B-06979, B-08364, B-08506,
B-20628, B-23319, C-03010, C-04883,
C-05426, C-08066, C-08354, C-08355,
C-08358, C-09619, C-09657, C-10534,
C-23755, C-27248, C-30014, C-32022,
C-34279, C-35865, C-35956, D-00209,
D-05481, F-01784, G-2I359
CHEMICAL PROCESSING A-00525,
A-01885, A-02765, A-04785, A-04879,
A-04893, A-06240, A-06981, A-08359,
A-11144, A-12507, A-12621, A-12832,
A-12834, A-14580, A-16494, A-17603,
A-17633, A-17634, A-19899, A-20553,
A-22973, A-24350, A-24500, A-24527,
A-24903, A-25179, A-25205, A-28295,
A-28885, A-29599, A-29698, A-29842,
A-30513, A-30687, A-30701, A-31044,
A-31263, A-31602, A-31880, A-31882,
A-3246S, A-32475, A-32879, A-33883,
A-33983, A-35581, B-00025, B-00032,
B-00358, B-00552, B-00571, B-00975,
B-01537, B-01549, B-01563, B-01672,
B-01900, B-02018, B-02047, B-02279,
B-02729, B-03129, B-03807, B-03946,
B-03966, B-04045, B-04300, B-04773,
B-04781, B-04783, B-04861, B-04882,
B-04887, B-04943, B-04950, B-04951,
B-04952, B-04953, B-05332, B-05408,
B-05409, B-05808, B-05862, B-05880,
B-05930, B-06103, B-06106, B-06859,
B-07362, B-07415, B-07434, B-08360,
B-08361, B-08364, B-08467, B-08946,
B-09508, B-09655, B-09656, B-09661,
B-09733, B-09784, B-09794, B-09836,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09849,
B-09857, B-09922, B-09933, B-10277,
B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11153,
B-11158, B-11673, B-12480, B-12482,
B-12506, B-12658, B-13072, B-13334,
B-13398, B-13551, B-13772, B-14094,
B-14113, B-14118, B-14940, B-15170,
B-15690, B-15709, B-15779, B-16747,
B-16807, B-16842, B-17177, B-17266,
B-17293, B-17409, B-17635, B-18140,
B-19218, B-19493, B-19850, B-20258,
B-20824, B-21051, B-22061, B-22353,
B-22357, B-22435, B-22518, B-22522,
B-22988, B-23117, B-23371, B-23538,
B-23901, B-23967, B-24079, B-24743,
B-25479, B-25950, B-25977, B-26128,
B-26172, B-26173, B-26176, B-26254,
B-26567, B-26618, B-26843, B-26908,
B-27288, B-27357, B-27719, B-28118,
B-29278, B-29363, B-2%28, B-29745,
B-30062, B-30339, B-30773, B-30943,
B-31072, B-31167, B-31178, B-31223,
B-31463, B-31790, B-31794, B-32497,
B-32615, B-32681, B-32798, B-32900,
B-32937, B-32956, B-33073, B-34385,
B-34868, B-35595, B-35609, B-35660,
B-35803, C-00965, C-01289, C-03789,
C-04883, C-05614, C-06526, C-07214,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356. C-08357,
C-08358, C-09648, C-09657, C-09660,
C-15287, C-20460, C-21859, C-22431,
C-22958, C-23106, C-25466, C-26966,
C-27355, C-29726, C-31924, C-32467,
C-32880, C-34047, C-34863, C-35949,
C-35956, D-00209, D-00690, D-00751,
D-02331, D-02339, D-03017, D-03506,
D-06535, D-07572, D-09590, D-09592,
D-16062, D-16635, D-23098, D-25780,
D-31371, D-33108, D-33723, F-01784,
F-10308, F-12662, F-16828, F-25761,
G-00208, G-00715, G-03788, G-05942,
G-21125, G-34667, 1-24187, J-16457,
K-20194, K-31516, L-00054, L-00871,
L-03540, L-04942, L-06732, L-07235,
L-14798, L-22343, L-27184, L-27185,
L-29813, L-30149, L-31465, L-32796,
L-32893, L-34033, M-00844, M-08698,
M-13980, M-14491, M-15760, M-27680,
M-30896
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-04879,
A-04893, A-05007, A-06981, A-08359,
A-16135, A-25179, A-27451, A-28885,
A-30513, A-31759, A-32411, A-33828,
A-33983, A-34654, A-34766, A-35581,
B-00257, B-00358, B-00379, B-00504,
B-01505, B-01508, B-01900, B-02279,
B-03499, B-03807, B-03972, B-04045,
B-04838, B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
B-05532, B-05624, B-05808, B-05929.
B-06106, B-06363, B-06636, B-06859,
B-06979, B-07362, B-07479, B-08360,
B-08361, B-08364, B-09661, B-09830,
B-09836, B-09839, B-09849, B-09933,
B-10005, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
B-11673, B-12506, B-14203, B-15772,
B-15948, B-17293, B-19850, B-20258,
B-20625, B-20824, B-22400, B-22525,
B-23117, B-23456, B-24079, B-25085,
B-25379, B-25977, B-26014, B-26128,
B-26176, B-26730, B-26731, B-26843,
B-29131, B-29978, B-30738, B-31794,
B-32559, B-32615, B-32634, B-32768,
B-32935, B-32956, B-33077, B-33120,
B-33122, B-35566, C-08354, C-08953,
C-13099, C-14607, C-25065, C-31924,
C-34279, C-35182, D-24162, E-19849,
E-22335, F-07681, F-10308, F-16828,
F-22430, F-23187, F-29649, G-00177,
G-07821, K-11734, K-16263, L-03198,
L-04888, L-32796
CHEMISTS L-14616
CHICAGO A-07394, A-08912, C-35541,
L-00973, L-0%77, L-30149
CHILDREN D-33108, K-11734
CHLORIDES A-17634, A-30687, A-32475,
A-32489, B-04887, B-09839, B-09849,
B-14692, B-20824, B-26843, C-08066,
C-31222, C-32467, D-03514, D-23845,
D-31760, D-33108, F-26529
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-17634, A-32475, B-04838, B-21294,
B-28756, B-31233, B-32119, C-08066,
C-11123, C-18093, D-00251, F-19102,
K-21083, K-30870, L-14028
CHLORINE A-34018, B-00379, B-00552,
B-03129, B-03807, B-04861, B-04887,
B-06636, B-09729, B-09839, B-18169,
B-25623, B-26176, B-30350, B-32646,
C-03010, C-09657, C-11123, C-23107,
C-29843, D-31371, D-33108, F-10308,
G-05946, G-07091, K-31968
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-11651,
A-17634, A-25228, A-30687, A-32475,
A-32489, B-00379, B-00975, B-04666,
B-04773, B-04861, B-04887, B-08360,
B-09729, B-09839, B-09849, B-14692,
B-16535, B-20824, B-26843, B-31794,
B-32646, B-32781, B-32935, C-08066,
C-31222, C-32467, C-35956, D-03514,
D-23845, D-31760, D-33108, F-10308,
F-26529, G-11476, J-16457, K-35146,
L-27677, N-32254
CHLOROFORM B-31233, D-00251,
F-19102
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-01644, A-03825,
A-05549, A-06981, A-08373, A-15297,
A-16494, A-17633, A-19814, A-20101,
A-20557, A-21978, A-23843, A-25228,
A-25327, A-25455, A-28527, A-29698,
A-30687, A-30701, A-31044, A-31263,
A-32411, A-32475, A-33564, A-33713,
A-34766, A-34964, A-35581, B-00032,
B-00286, B-00379, B-00571, B-02279,
B-03966, B-04882, B-05408, B-05409,
B-05808, B-06525, B-06979, B-09830,
B-12480, B-14692, B-16842, B-17636,
B-23371, B-24380, B-32099, B-32166,
B-32302, B-34679, C-01289, C-02786,
C-03010, C-03542, C-04883, C-OS426,
C-06112, C-06526, C-07214, C-08066,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
C-08358, C-09521, C-09619, C-09620,
C-09657, C-10016, C-10029, C-10534,
C-10593, C-10693, C-12488, C-12942,
C-13099, C-13143, C-13367, C-13749,
C-13969, C-14197, C-14680, C-15287,
C-16134, C-16442, C-17288, C-17627,
C-17628, C-17629, C-19051, C-20100,
C-20192, C-20202, C-20264, C-20460,
C-20624, C-21859, C-22431, C-23004,
C-24814, C-26547, C-27121, C-27248,
C-27355, C-27475, C-27685, C-27791,
C-28141, C-28787, C-29337, C-29726,
C-29843, C-30014, C-30374, C-30704,
C-31222, C-31924, C-32022, C-32467,
C-32795, C-32880, C-34279, C-34863,
C-35541, C-35648, C-35751, C-35865,
C-35949, C-35956, D-00209, D-00251,
D-23098, D-29349, D-31371, F-01784,
F-10308, F-13670, F-19061, F-19063,
G-00177, G-03788, K-31286, L-35752
CHROMIUM B-07362, 1-24187
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS B-27401,
D-29973
CHROMIUM OXIDES A-32855
CHRONIC G-07821, G-35671
CHRYSENES B-02725, D-00251
CINCINNATI A-05608, C-00178, D-23845,
L-00973, L-09677
CINDERS A-34228, A-34290, B-27674,
J-16457, L-07781, L-30149
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A-17603,
G-35671, H-00252, K-30870
CITIZENS GROUPS B-00975, L-27184,
M-08698
CITRUS B-04943
CITY GOVERNMENTS A-08912, A-32855,
B-07971, B-25479, D-01949, D-29973,
L-00054, L-00549, L-14616, L-14932,
L-19059, L-27184, L-27185, L-29679,
L-30153, L-33117, L-33725
CLAY B-32302
CLEAN AIR ACT B-01672, L-00549,
L-23754, L-33672, L-34033, M-08698
CLOUDS D-09592 !
COAL A-02765, A-2&14, A-34018,
B-01672, B-06636, B-07971, D-01949,
D-03431, D-03506, D-03514, D-09590,
D-09592, D-16636, D-23411, D-33108,
K-07766, L-00054, L-00973, L-02840,
L-07235, L-32626, N-32254
COAL CHARACTERISTICS B-06636
COAL PREPARATION B-09839, B-17266,
B-338S4, K-07766
COAL TARS B-02725, B-05929, B-09819,
B-24065
COBALT COMPOUNDS F-11132
CODES B-26057, G-06323, L-32626
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
233
COFFEE-MAKING A-07394, A-08912,
A-21887, A-24754, B-00246, B-01414,
B-07362, B-09791, B-09852, B-26254,
C-03354, C-05614
COKE A-33719, B-02725, B-29628,
B-31223, D-33108, L-09677
COLLECTORS A-07394, A-08912,
A-09175, A-09853, A-12621, A-17462,
A-25056, A-29332, A-293S3, A-33188,
A-34228, B-04664, B-04783, B-05332,
B-05852, B-05930, B-07429, B-07875,
B-08360, B-09784, B-09813, B-09836,
B-09849, B-09852, B-10009, B-12434,
B-12482, B-13697, B-14687, B-19218,
B-19850, B-20754, B-20817, B-21006,
B-22353, B-22357, B-23594, B-25017,
B-26S68, B-27288, B-28146, B-29533,
B-30530, B-31301, B-31456, B-31945,
B-32634, B-35554, B-35660, C-03010,
C-25065, C-27791, C-35956, D-02212,
G-06323, J-34518, K-31968, L-04942,
L-29813, L-32352, M-31071
COLLOIDS B-10588
COLORADO L-32147
COLORIMETRY A-05549, A-23843,
A-35635, B-02279, B-03966, B-04045,
B-06525, B-08364, C-02786, C-03010,
C-03542, C-OS426, C-06112, C-09619,
C-09657, C-17288, C-23107, C-27248,
C-27733, C-29337, C-30014, C-33577,
C-35956, D-00209, D-05481, 1-05463,
K-27403, L-00054
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
A-15297, A-20557, A-33564, A-34964,
B-00379, B-03966, B-05408, B-05409,
C-02786, C-10534, C-14680, C-27121,
D-00251, F-01784, F-19063
COMBUSTION A-02001, A-03097,
A-06981, A-08359, A-10075, A-10699,
A-12377, A-20553, A-24007, A-24754,
A-25056, A-25179, A-26048, A-27235,
A-27249, A-28861, A-31602, A-32385,
A-34654, A-34766, A-35383, A-35622,
B-00257, B-00358, B-01352, B-01508,
B-02427, B-02725, B-03499, B-04300,
B-04361, B-04533, B-04669, B-04773,
B-04861, B-05852, B-06088, B-06280,
B-07224, B-07362, B-07971, B-08360,
B-08663, B-09656, B-09791, B-09827,
B-09830, B-09852, B-10009, B-11234,
B-17293, B-17395, B-22538, B-23117,
B-23456, B-23836, B-24743, B-25085.
B-25379, B-25977, B-26002, B-26128.
B-26567, B-26568, B-26730, B-26731,
B-27154, B-27288, B-287S6, B-29601,
B-29745, B-31631, B-31911, B-33120,
B-34385, B-35566, C-03010, C-08354,
C-25065, C-31924, D-02331, D-09590,
F-16828, L-02840, L-09677, N-20495
COMBUSTION AIR A-07561, A-10075,
A-10699, A-24007, A-26911, A-27249,
A-27986, A-28861, A-30603, A-34290,
A-34654, B-04361, B-04781, B-04783,
B-04838, B-05852, B-08360, B-09656,
B-09827, B-09830, B-10009, B-11153,
B-23836, B-25554, B-26731, B-27541,
B-31091, B-32119, B-32302, B-32498,
B-32937, B-33077, B-35566, B-35803,
D-09592, 1-19325
COMBUSTION GASES A-02001, A-07561,
A-08359, A-08802, A-0917S, A-10075,
A-17631, A-17634, A-20118, A-22860,
A-24007, A-25179, A-25205, A-26402,
A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-27235,
A-28527, A-28614, A-28861, A-29353,
A-30218, A-30687, A-31155, A-31157,
A-32465. A-32489. A-32879, A-33719,
A-33883, A-33983, A-34290, A-35638,
B-00246, B-00358, B-01505, B-01672,
B-01900, B-03807, B-04227, B-04361,
B-04533, B-04773, B-05332, B-05532,
B-05930, B-06412, B-06636, B-06859,
B-07971, B-08360, B-08497, B-08604,
B-09655, B-09656, B-09784, B-09791,
B-09813, B-09827, B-09830, B-10009,
B-10277, B-10994, B-11009, B-11153,
B-11158, B-135S1, B-13772, B-13971,
B-14004, B-14094, B-14203, B-14609,
B-14687. B-14692, B-14895, B-14956,
B-15690, B-15779, B-16747, B-17314,
B-17403, B-19218, B-19363, B-19850,
B-20817, B-20824, B-21647, B-21702,
B-22061, B-22353, B-22400, B-22522,
B-22525. B-23836, B-23967, B-25017,
B-25085, B-25950, B-26173, B-26176,
B-26568, B-26618, B-26731, B-27541,
B-27548, B-27674, B-27732, B-27793,
B-28146, B-28206, B-28756, B-29251,
B-29363, B-29533, B-29628, B-29761,
B-30062, B-30260, B-30350, B-30773,
B-31091, B-31167, B-31223, B-31301,
B-31354, B-31453, B-31456, B-31463,
B-31631, B-31700, B-31790, B-31911,
B-31945, B-32070, B-32119, B-32615,
B-32634, B-32781, B-32847, B-32900,
B-32913, B-32956, B-33077, B-34385,
B-35554, B-35566, B-35803, C-01289,
C-03010, C-04117, C-04883, C-05898,
C-06112, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
C-08357, C-09476, C-09648, C-09657,
C-09660, C-19051, C-22958, C-23107,
C-29243, C-32022, C-34863, C-35956,
D-00209, D-01949, D-03459, D-03506,
D-03514, D-07572, D-09592, D-16062,
D-29973, D-33723, E-26550, F-10308,
F-2S761, G-00715, 1-19325, J-16457,
K-15926, K-31516, L-01528, L-04942,
L-07235, L-07781, L-09677, L-10567,
L-14798, L-15554, L-15691, L-27184,
L-27185, L-27678, L-27679, L-28348,
L-2%79, L-29813, L-29975, L-30149,
L-31084, L-32626, L-33672, L-35511,
N-19060, N-19088
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-02001,
A-05549, A-06981, A-07561, A-08359,
A-08802, A-09175, A-0925S, A-10075,
A-16058, A-17631, A-17634, A-20118,
A-22860, A-23313, A-23314, A-24007,
A-25J79, A-25205, A-26402, A-26574,
A-26575, A-26605, A-27235, A-28527,
A-28614, A-28861, A-29353, A-30218,
A-30687, A-31155, A-31157, A-32465,
A-32489, A-32879, A-33188. A-33719,
A-33883, A-33983, A-34228, A-34290,
A-3S638, B-00025, B-00246, B-00358,
B-00975, B-01505, B-01672, B-01900,
B-03807, B-04227, B-04361, B-04533,
B-04773, B-05332, B-05532, B-05930,
B-06412, B-06636, B-06859, B-07971,
B-08360, B-08497, B-08604, B-09655,
B-09656, B-09784, B-09791, B-09813,
B-09827, B-09830. B-10009, B-10277,
B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11153,
B-11158, B-12434, B-13551, B-13772,
B-13971, B-14004, B-14094, B-14203,
B-14609, B-14687, B-14692, B-14895,
B-14956, B-15690, B-15T79, B-16747,
B-17314, B-17403, B-19218, B-19363,
B-19850, B-20258, B-20817, B-20824,
B-21647, B-21702, B-22061, B-22353,
B-22400, B-22522, B-22525, B-23836,
B-23967, B-24969, B-2S017, B-25085,
B-25950, B-26173, B-26176, B-26S68,
B-26618, B-26731, B-27541, B-27548,
B-27674, B-27732, B-27793, B-28146.
B-28206, B-28756. B-29251, B-29363,
B-29533, B-29628, B-29761. B-30062.
B-30260, B-30350, B-30773, B-31091,
B-31167, B-31223, B-31301, B-31354,
B-31453, B-31456, B-31463, B-31631,
B-31700, B-31790, B-31911, B-31945,
B-32070, B-32119. B-32615, B-32634,
B-32681, B-32781. B-32847, B-32900,
B-32913, B-32956, B-33077, B-33793,
B-34385, B-35554, B-35566, B-35803,
C-01289, C-03010, C-04117, C-04883,
C-05898, C-06112, C-08354, C-08355,
C-08356, C-08357, C-09476, C-09619,
C-09648, C-09657, C-09660, C-19051,
C-22958, C-23107, C-29243, C-32022,
C-34863, C-35956, D-00209, D-01949,
D-03459, D-03506, D-03514, D-07572,
D-09590, D-09592. D-16062, D-23411,
D-29973, D-33723, E-26550, F-10308,
F-25761, G-00715, 1-19325, J-16457,
K-11734, K-15926, K-31S16, L-01528,
L-04942, L-07235, L-07781, L-09604,
L-09677, L-10567, L-14798, L-15554,
L-15691, L-27184, L-27185, L-27678,
L-27679, L-28348, L-29679, L-29813,
L-29975, L-30149, L-31084, L-32171,
L-32626, L-33672, L-35511, N-19060,
N-19088
COMMERCIAL AREAS D-09590, L-00054,
L-07235, L-09677, L-10567, L-32352
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT A-29332,
B-00246, B-00541, B-00552, B-00975,
B-01549, B-05862, B-09791, B-09840,
B-26128, B-30260, C-02786
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-06103, B-26128,
B-29761, B-30260, C-04117, C-08678,
D-16062, D-29973, L-14932, L-23754,
L-29813, L-29975, M-31071
COMMON COLD C-08678
COMPLAINTS A-14972, A-27669,
A-28295, A-30687, A-30851, A-31263,
A-32855, B-00032, B-00975, B-01352,
B-05862, B-08360, B-24380, B-25479,
B-29761, B-33077, C-00178, C-05614,
C-05898, C-08678, C-09660, D-01202,
D-02339, D-03017, D-03431, D-17630,
D-23149, D-23152, D-29973, D-33539,
G-00208, G-28175, L-00054, L-00871,
L-01604, L-10484, L-23754, L-26940,
L-27184, L-27185, L-30153, L-30688,
L-32352, L-32796, M-08698, M-13980,
M-15760, M-30896
COMPOSTING A-11651, A-17236,
A-293S3, A-35599
COMPRESSED GASES A-21395, B-09836,
B-27719, C-32467
COMPRESSION B-07362, B-09836,
B-26125
COMPUTER PROGRAMS C-08268.
D-33539, F-14987, F-33084
COMPUTERS C-17044, C-32268, D-33539,
L-35511
CONCRETE B-09784, B-09836, 8-10277,
D-09592. 1-05463
CONDENSATION A-04860, A-08359,
A-09853, A-24527, B-01352. B-01505,
B-01672, B-05408, B-05532, B-06103,
B-09656, B-09661, B-09794, B-09813.
B-09836, B-09852. B-09854, B-11059,
B-15779, B-20824, B-25085, B-26014,
B-27288, B-29745, B-30339, B-31091,
C-25065, C-32467. C-35956
-------
234
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-35622, B-02047, B-16842, D-09592,
L-14616, L-34926, M-00376, M-26725
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-10699,
A-32465, A-33719, A-34018, B-00975,
B-03972, B-03976, B-04627, B-07875,
B-08467, B-09784, B-09791, B-09819,
B-09830, B-09836, B-09840, B-10277,
B-24090, B-26125, B-32302, C-11486,
D-03431, D-09590, D-09592, 1-05463,
1-24187, K-15926, K-31516, L-09677,
L-15554, M-26725
CONTACT PROCESSING D-09592
CONTINUOUS MONITORING A-26605,
A-29599, A-31155, B-10009, B-27793,
B-28118, B-32798, C-05426, C-06112,
C-19051, C-23107, C-27248, C-32022,
C-34279, C-35956, D-00690, D-25291,
G-00177, K-31286, L-01604, L-07235,
L-25446
CONTRACTING L-27184
CONTROL AGENCIES A-24350, A-25638,
B-25479, B-30260, C-03010, C-08678,
C-32022, D-01949, D-03001, D-16062,
D-23152, K-31968, L-07781, L-14616,
L-19059, L-26940, L-28348, L-29679,
L-30153, L-3217I, L-32383, L-32626,
L-33117, L-33672, L-34256, L-34755,
L-35511, L-35752, M-08698, N-01539
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-00525,
A-04785, A-04860, A-06039, A-07394,
A-08912, A-09175, A-09853, A-10699,
A-11651, A-11969, A-12621, A-12998,
A-17462, A-17603, A-17634, A-19366,
A-20134, A-20276, A-21882, A-21887,
A-22860, A-22987, A-24007, A-24527,
A-24903, A-25056, A-25179, A-25205,
A-25228, A-26402, A-27235, A-27972,
A-28614, A-29332, A-29353, A-29599,
A-30687, A-31155, A-31759, A-31880.
A-32385, A-32465, A-32489, A-32879,
A-33188, A-34228, A-34287, A-34585,
A-35564, A-35581, A-35590, A-35599,
A-35638, B-00025, B-00032, B-00257,
B-00286, B-00358, B-00379, B-00504,
B-00541, B-00552, B-00571, B-00975,
B-01352, B-01414, B-01505, B-01537,
B-01549, B-01672, B-01867, B-01900,
B-02047, B-02279, B-02427, B-02488,
B-02725, B-02729, B-03129, B-03499,
B-03807, B-03966, B-03976, B-04045,
B-04227, B-04300, B-04627, B-04664,
B-04669, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783,
B-04882, B-04943, B-04949, B-05332,
B-05408, B-05624, B-05852, B-05862,
B-05880, B-05929, B-05930, B-06088,
B-06106, B-06280, B-06363, B-06366,
B-06412, B-06453, B-06525, B-06688,
B-06859, B-06979, B-07362, B-07374,
B-07415, B-07429, B-07434, B-07479,
B-07530, B-07531, B-07875, B-08104,
B-08360, B-08364, B-08467, B-08946,
B-09508, B-09608, B-09655, B-09656,
B-09661, B-09733, B-09784, B-09791,
B-09794, B-09813, B-09815, B-09819,
B-09830, B-09836, B-09839, B-09840,
B-09842, B-09849, B-09852, B-09854,
B-09922, B-10005, B-10009, B-10277,
B-10588, B-11008, B-11059, B-11136,
B-11137, B-11158, B-12434, B-12482,
B-12658, B-13334, B-13551, B-13697,
B-13772, B-13971, B-14094, B-14118,
B-14341, B-14354, B-14488, B-14671,
B-14687, B-14757, B-14895, B-14940,
B-14951, B-14956, B-15690, B-15709,
B-15779, B-16113, B-16365, B-16712,
B-16747, B-16807, B-16842, B-17177,
B-17403, B-18140, B-18169, B-19218,
B-19221, B-19363, B-19493, B-19705,
B-19850, B-20709, B-20754, B-20817,
B-20824, B-20877, B-20878, B-21006,
B-21051, B-21647, B-21677, B-21702,
B-21888, B-21938, B-22353, B-22357.
B-22400, B-22435, B-22522, B-22525,
B-23067, B-23117, B-23319, B-23371,
B-23493, B-23594, B-23885, B-23901,
B-23967, B-24065, B-24090, B-24380,
B-24810, B-24%9, B-24988, B-25017,
B-25085, B-25479, B-25554, B-25694,
B-25711, B-25977, B-26002, B-26014,
B-26128, B-26173, B-26176, B-26254,
B-262%, B-26308, B-26568, B-26843,
B-26944, B-27154, B-27288, B-27336,
B-27401, B-27732, B-27793, B-27818,
B-28118, B-28146, B-29251, B-29261,
B-29323, B-29363, B-29437, B-29533,
B-29745, B-29761, B-30062, B-30124,
B-30350, B-30479, B-30530, B-30738,
B-30T73, B-30782, B-30943, B-31062,
B-31160, B-31167, B-31178, B-31211,
B-31223, B-31233, B-31301, B-31302,
B-31354, B-31400, B-31453, B-31456,
B-31463, B-31472, B-31631, B-31790,
B-31945, B-32057, B-32099, B-32166,
B-32559, B-32615, B-32634, B-32646,
B-32681, B-32682, B-32768, B-32781,
B-32847, B-32900, B-32913, B-32935,
B-32937, B-32956, B-33003, B-33077,
B-33120, B-33122, B-33380, B-33617,
B-33854, B-34385, B-34679, B-34778,
B-35554, B-35595, B-35609, B-35660,
B-35803, B-35955, C-00965, C-02786,
C-03010, C-03789, C-04117, C-05614,
C-05898, C-06112, C-09619, C-17288,
C-17627, C-17628, C-17638, C-17641,
C-20202, C-21859, C-23004, C-24429,
C-25065, C-26547, C-27685, C-27791,
C-29337, C-30704, C-31222, C-31924,
C-34279, C-35956, D-00209, D-00373,
D-02212, D-07572, D-09590, D-09592,
D-20355, D-23845, G-00177, G-05942,
G-06323, 1-05463, 1-19325, 1-24187,
J-16457, J-29299, J-34518, K-31968,
L-04888, L-04942, L-07235, L-09604,
L-10567, L-14028, L-14932, L-29813,
L-29975, L-30149, L-31084, L-32352,
L-35511, M-08698, M-31071, N-03438
CONTROL METHODS A-00393, A-00525,
A-01565, A-02001, A-03825, A-04785,
A-04860, A-04879, A-04893, A-05007,
A-05335, A-05527, A-05549, A-06039,
A-06981, A-07394, A-07561, A-08359,
A-08802, A-08912, A-09255, A-09853,
A-10075, A-10699, A-11144, A-11651,
A-12083, A-12377, A-12505, A-12507,
A-12621, A-12998, A-14297, A-14580,
A-14914, A-17603, A-17632, A-17634,
A-19366, A-19899, A-20118, A-20276,
A-20553, A-21661, A-21700, A-21887,
A-22860, A-22987, A-23000, A-23313,
A-23314, A-23843, A-24007, A-24527,
A-24754, A-24903, A-25056, A-25179,
A-25205, A-25228, A-25455, A-25638,
A-26048, A-26402, A-26575, A-26605,
A-26826, A-26911, A-27129, A-27249,
A-27821, A-27972, A-27986, A-28352,
A-28861, A-29332, A-29455, A-29599,
A-29842, A-30389, A-30603, A-30701,
A-30851, A-31155, A-31157, A-31323,
A-31602, A-31759, A-31880, A-31882,
A-32385, A-32411, A-32653, A-32855,
A-32879, A-33188, A-33883, A-34228,
A-34290,
A-35383,
A-35599,
B-00032,
B-00358,
B-00552,
B-01414,
B-01549,
B-01867,
B-02427,
B-03297,
B-03966,
B-04300,
B-04664,
B-04781,
B-04882,
B-04951,
B-05332,
B-05532,
B-05862,
B-06088,
B-06363,
B-06525,
B-07224,
B-07429,
B-07531,
B-08360,
B-08497,
B-08946,
B-096S5,
B-09733,
B-09813,
B-09836,
B-09849,
B-09922,
B-10588,
B-11059,
B-11158,
B-11843,
B-12480,
B-13072,
B-13772,
B-14013,
B-14203,
B-14488,
B-14757,
B-14956,
B-15709,
B-16113,
B-16712,
B-17177,
B-17314,
B-17635,
B-18050,
B-19182,
B-19705,
B-20369,
B-20754,
B-20877,
B-21220,
B-21702,
B-22353,
B-22522,
B-22837,
B-23008,
B-23371,
B-23594,
B-23967,
B-24810,
B-25017,
B-25554,
B-25711,
B-26002,
B-26087,
B-26173,
B-26308,
A-34585,
A-35564,
A-35622,
B-00246,
B-00379,
B-00571,
B-01505,
B-01563,
B-01900,
B-02725,
B-03499,
B-03972,
B-04361,
B-04666,
B-04783,
B-04887,
B-04952,
B-05408,
B-05624,
B-05880,
B-06103,
B-06366,
B-06636,
B-07362,
B-07434,
B-07875,
B-08361,
B-08506,
B-09407,
B-09656,
B-09784,
B-09819,
B-09839,
B-09852,
B-09933,
B-10994,
B-11136,
B-11220,
B-12133,
B-12482,
B-13334,
B-13812,
B-14094,
B-14341,
B-14609,
B-14895,
B-15153,
B-15772,
B-16365,
B-16747,
B-17238,
B-17395,
B-17636,
B-18140,
B-19218,
B-19850,
B-20625,
B-20796,
B-20878,
B-21294,
B-21888,
B-22357,
B-22525,
B-22838,
B-23067,
B-23456,
B-23836,
B-24079,
B-24845,
B-25224,
B-25594,
B-25858,
B-26014,
B-26125,
B-26176,
B-26567,
A-34654,
A-35581,
A-35673,
B-00257,
B-00504,
B-00975,
B-01508,
B-01613,
B-02018,
B-02729,
B-03807,
B-04045,
B-04533,
B-04669,
B-04838,
B-04943,
B-04953,
B-05409,
B-05808,
B-05929,
B-06106,
B-06412,
B-06859,
B-07374,
B-07479,
B-07971,
B-08364,
B-08604,
B-09508,
B-09661,
B-09791,
B-09827,
B-09840,
B-09854,
B-10005,
B-11008,
B-11137,
B-11234,
B-12346,
B-12506,
B-13398,
B-13971,
B-14113,
B-14354,
B-14671,
B-14940,
B-15170,
B-15779,
B-16498,
B-16807,
B-17266,
B-17403,
B-17637,
B-18153,
B-19221,
B-20120,
B-20628,
B-20817,
B-21006,
B-21647,
B-21938,
B-22400,
B-22538,
B-22988,
B-23117,
B-23493,
B-23885,
B-24380,
B-24%9,
B-25379,
B-25623,
B-25950,
B-26056,
B-26128,
B-26254,
B-26568,
A-34891,
A-35590,
B-00025,
B-00286,
B-00541,
B-01352,
B-01537,
B-01672,
B-02047,
B-03129,
B-03946,
B-04227,
B-04627,
B-04773,
B-04861,
B-04950,
B-05093,
B-05490,
B-05852,
B-05930,
B-06280,
B-06453,
B-06979,
B-07415,
B-07530,
B-08104,
B-08467,
B-08663,
B-09608,
B-09729,
B-09794,
B-09830,
B-09842,
B-09857,
B-10009,
B-11009,
B-11153,
B-11673,
B-12434,
B-12658,
B-13551,
B-14004,
B-14118,
B-14453,
B-14692,
B-14951,
B-15690,
B-15948,
B-16535,
B-16842,
B-17293,
B-17409,
B-17906,
B-18169,
B-19493,
B-20258,
B-20709,
B-20824,
B-21051,
B-21677,
B-22061,
B-22518,
B-22550,
B-23002,
B-23319,
B-23538,
B-23901,
B-24743,
B-24988,
B-25479,
B-25694,
B-25977,
B-26057,
B-26172,
B-26296,
B-26618,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
235
B-26730, B-26731, B-26836, B-26843,
B-26908, B-27154, B-27288, B-27357,
B-27401, B-27541, B-27548, B-27605,
B-27674, B-27719, B-27732, B-27793,
B-27818, B-28047, B-28108, B-28118,
B-28206, B-28756, B-29131, B-29251,
B-29278, B-29323, B-29363, B-29437,
B-29448, B-29533, B-29601, B-2%28,
B-29745, B-29761, B-29877, B-29978,
B-30062, B-30124, B-30260, B-30339,
B-30350, B-30479, B-30S30, B-30738,
B-30782, B-30809, B-30865, B-30943,
B-31062, B-31072, B-31091, B-31167,
B-31178, B-31211, B-31233, B-31301,
B-31302, B-31400, B-31453, B-31456,
B-31463, B-31631, B-31700, B-31790,
B-31794, B-31911, B-31945, B-32057,
B-32070, B-32099, B-32119, B-32166,
B-32302, B-32497, B-32498, B-32615,
B-32634, B-32646, B-32681, B-32682,
B-32768, B-32781, B-32797, B-32798,
B-32799, B-32847, B-32900, B-32913,
B-32935, B-32937, B-32956, B-33003,
B-33073, B-33077, B-33120, B-33122,
B-33380, B-33398, B-33617, B-33742,
B-33793, B-33816, B-33854, B-34073,
B-34385, B-34679, B-34778, B-34868,
B-35554, B-35566, B-35595, B-3S609,
B-35660, B-35803, B-35879, B-35955,
C-00965, C-03010, C-03542, C-04883,
C-05170, C-05426, C-05614, C-05898,
C-06112, C-08354, C-0%19, C-09620,
C-10016, C-10029, C-10534, C-10693,
C-13749, C-17288, C-17639. C-17641,
C-20460, C-20538, C-21208, C-24429,
C-25054, C-2506S, C-26966, C-27248,
C-27475, C-29891, C-31924, C-32467,
C-32676, C-34047, C-34863, C-35865,
C-35956, D-00209, D-00373, D-02212,
D-07572, D-09590, D-09592, D-16062,
D-23149, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
F-01784, F-10308, F-12662, F-14987,
F-16828, F-26529, F-29649, G-00177,
G-00208, G-00715, G-03788, G-07091,
G-07821, G-34667, 1-05463, 1-19325,
1-24187, J-16457, J-29299, K-00157,
K-07766, K-18294, K-31516, L-00973,
L-03198, L-03540, L-04888, L-06732,
L-07235, L-09215, L-14028, L-14616,
L-14932, L-16330, L-22343, L-28348,
L-29679, L-29975, L-30149, L-31084,
L-32796, L-33672, L-33725, L-34926,
L-35511, L-35752, M-30896, N-05235,
N-19060, N-19088, N-20495
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-02765,
A-3I323, A-32465, B-00504, B-00975,
B-01S05, B-01672, B-01867, B-03129,
B-07971, B-25479, B-30865, B-32057,
C-03010, D-02339, D-03017, D-03418,
D-03459, D-05481, D-16062, D-25996,
D-29973, D-31371, K-00157, K-11734,
K-31968, L-00549, L-01604, L-02295,
L-02840, L-03540, L-06732, L-09677,
L-10567, L-15691, L-17258, L-19059,
L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-29813,
L-30688, L-32147, L-32352, L-32354,
L-34256, L-34755, M-31071
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES A-03825,
A-21978, B-00286, B-08104, B-14951,
B-21006, B-34778, C-08268, C-09860,
C-11123, C-21208, D-18231, G-00715,
G-05946
COOLING A-07394, A-21395, A-26605,
B-07531, B-09794, B-09842, B-10009,
B-14094, B-24065, B-32781, B-34778,
B-35S54, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
C-10534, C-35956
COPPER A-34287, B-07362, B-09830,
C-08066
COPPER COMPOUNDS B-03499, B-09839,
B-27401, 1-05463
CORE OVENS A-25179, B-09784,
B-09791, L-31084
CORONA B-06688, B-26296, B-30479
CORROSION A-16058, A-22973, A-34287,
B-01505, B-02018, B-10277, B-19218,
B-26172, B-29323, B-31790, D-03017,
D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, 1-19325,
1-24187, L-01604
COSTS A-00402, A-17603, A-21395,
A-22860, A-24903, A-25179, A-25205,
A-26911, A-28352, A-29353, A-31882,
A-32385. A-33883, A-34228, A-34290,
A-35581, A-35693, B-00257, B-00552,
B-01867, B-04300, B-05093, B-05930,
B-06103, B-08946, B-0%56, B-09791,
B-09836, B-09922, B-09933, B-10009,
B-10277, B-11137, B-11158, B-13551,
B-13812, B-14687, B-14757, B-15709,
B-16890, B-17314, B-19363, B-19850,
B-20817, B-20824, B-21051, B-22518,
B-22838, B-23967, B-24090, B-24197,
B-26128, B-26778, B-27154, B-28047,
B-29261, B-29323, B-29601, B-31453,
B-31631, B-31700, B-31945, B-32099,
B-32498, B-32935, B-35660, C-26966,
C-32676, D-25996, J-16457, J-29299.
J-34S18, K-18294, L-04942, L-25446,
L-30149, L-31084, L-35752, M-24091,
M-31071
COTTON A-35564
COTTONS B-09813, B-09815, B-09830,
L-01604
COUGH A-30687, G-28175, G-34686,
M-14491
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS A-12832,
A-12834, A-23313, A-23314, B-09784,
C-03010, D-01949, D-23411, L-00549,
L-07781, L-09677, L-32171, L-32382,
L-32383
CRACKING A-17603, E-19849
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS A-01565,
A-05007, A-28352, A-32465, A-34766,
B-00504, B-17906, D-00241, D-00251,
K-00157, K-16263, L-0%77
CRANKCASE VENTILATION AIR
K-16263
CRITERIA A-14116, A-19366, A-21395,
A-25638, A-26911, A-35581, A-35638,
B-09661, B-14341, B-14687, B-26087,
B-29323, B-31062, B-32057, C-33121,
D-00751, D-05256, D-09590, D-18231,
G-06323, K-05117, K-07766, K-11734,
K-31516, K-35146, L-00973, L-01604,
L-09677, L-10484, L-15688, L-32352,
L-32354, L-32566
CROP SPRAYING A-35564, B-32682,
D-23411
CROPS A-34018, A-35564, D-09590,
D-33108, K-11734, L-03198, N-03438
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE F-24354
CUMULATIVE METHODS C-05426,
C-05503, D-03001, D-09590, D-25291,
L-01604
CUPOLAS A-25638, A-28614, A-32489,
C-03010, D-29973, L-01528, L-09677,
L-29975, L-31084
CYANIDES A-12083, B-14692, C-24429
CYCLIC ALKANES D-00251
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-03097, B-00257,
B-00286, B-00379, B-00975, B-01867,
B-02047, B-03976, C-00178, C-02786,
C-03010, C-03354, C-03542, C-29243,
D-00209, D-00251, D-00373, D-00751,
D-03514, F-03173, G-00177, G-00715,
M-00376, M-00487, M-00844
D
DATA ANALYSIS A-14972, C-09860,
C-32268, M-00487
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-14972,
B-00975, C-08268, C-09860, C-32268,
D-33539, F-14987, F-33084, M-00487
DECISIONS B-25479, L-35694
DECOMPOSITION A-08359, A-33983,
B-04953, B-09830, B-09839, B-25085,
B-33122, C-13099, F-29649
DEFOLIANTS B-00571
DECREASING B-09784
DELAWARE B-02794, L-23754
DENSITY A-29599, A-30513, B-31301,
B-32070, B-32302, B-32634, B-33073
DEPOSITION C-35956, D-29973
DESIGN CRITERIA A-02001. A-03825,
A-10699. A-11969, A-14116, A-17462,
A-20276, A-21700, A-22860, A-25056,
A-26574, A-26575, A-27235, A-27972,
A-28861, A-30327, A-31155, A-31157,
A-34654, B-00552, B-00571, B-02725,
B-02729, B-04838, B-05093, B-05929,
B-06088, B-06103, B-08497, B-09733,
B-09784, B-09791, B-09813, B-09827,
B-09830, B-09836, B-09840, B-09842,
B-09849, B-11009, B-11136, B-11137,
B-12658, B-14609, B-16747, B-17177,
B-18050, B-19221, B-20754, B-21006,
B-21051, B-22353, B-22522, B-23836,
B-24065, B-24090, B-24197, B-24810,
B-25017, B-25379, B-25554, B-25694,
B-25711, B-26002, B-26172, B-262%,
B-26308, B-26568, B-26778, B-26944,
B-27336, B-27357, B-27401, B-27541,
B-27548, B-27793, B-27818, B-28146,
B-28206, B-29251, B-30062. B-30479,
B-30738, B-30773, B-30782, B-31091,
B-31160, B-31456, B-31463, B-31790,
B-31911, B-32070, B-32497, B-32498,
B-32634, B-33073. B-33617, B-35554,
B-35955, C-083S6, C-09521, C-10593,
C-12359, C-12487, C-17629, C-18194,
C-24429, C-32676, C-32795, C-35956,
D-07572, 1-24187, L-04841
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
A-31759, A-33883, B-06636, B-09839,
B-17266, B-20369, B-26908, B-28118,
B-32956, B-33854, D-33723, D-35764,
K-07766, L-07235
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
B-07429, B-09784, B-09794, B-09849
DETROIT L-00973. L-09677
DIAGNOSIS C-29858, G-06323
DIESEL ENGINES A-00393, A-01565,
A-05007, A-05335, A-05527, A-05549,
A-05608, A-06039, A-08802, A-09255,
A-11692, A-12377, A-12505, A-14116,
A-14297, A-149I4, A-15297, A-20101,
A-20118, A-20553, A-20557, A-21700,
A-25327, A-25455, A-26048, A-27129,
A-27249, A-27986, A-28352, A-30603,
A-30851, A-33564, A-33648, A-33719,
A-34018, A-34766, A-34891, A-34964,
A-35590, A-35635, B-00504. B-01613.
B-01867, B-05490, B-06280, B-06453,
B-06525, B-06636, B-06979, B-07479,
B-07971, B-08497, B-08663, B-09608.
B-11220, B-11234, B-12133, B-17906,
B-20120, B-20877, B-20878, B-21220,
B-23067. B-24845, B-24988, B-29437,
-------
236
B-29533, B-31167, B-31400, B-31631,
C-02786, C-03542, C-05170, C-07266,
C-14606, C-14607, C-14680, C-16442,
C-16781, C-20100, C-21693. C-22448,
C-26966, C-27121, C-27934, C-29337,
C-31924, D-00241, D-00251, D-18231,
D-24162, G-34667, K-00157, K-16263,
L-00054, L-03198, L-04841, L-04888,
L-05129, L-09215, L-12376, L-35511,
M-23408
DIFFRACTION B-34073
DIFFUSION A-33828, A-33883, A-35622,
A-35693, B-01672, B-32900, C-00178,
C-09648, C-10693, C-22958, C-25065,
D-09590, D-17630, D-25780, D-33723,
F-32271, G-06323. L-01604, L-22343,
L-25446, L-34926
DIFFUSION MODELS A-33828, C-25065,
G-06323, L-01604, L-25446, L-34926
DIGESTERS A-09853, A-32475, A-32879,
B-04861, B-04951, B-07434, B-09508,
B-09655, B-09656, B-09661, B-09839,
B-11008, B-15709, B-16842, B-23I17,
B-25085, B-26176, B-27288, B-32615,
B-32681, B-32798, B-34385, D-09592,
L-30149
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM G-21712
DIOLEFINS A-05007, A-32475, D-00251,
D-23149, K-21083
DIPHENYLS G-05949
DISCOLORATION A-16058, A-17603,
C-08066, D-03017
DISPERSION A-03097, A-14972, A-16058,
A-19814, A-28352, A-29353, A-29599,
A-32489, A-32653, A-33828, A-33883,
A-35622, A-35693, B-00975, B-01352,
B-01672, B-04838, B-05490, B-07415,
B-09608, B-10277, B-16712, B-19363,
B-20796, B-23371, B-26087, B-31223,
B-32900, C-00178, C-05396, C-05813,
C-09648, C-10693, C-22958, C-25065,
C-27248, C-35956, D-00690, D-02212,
D-02339, D-03017, D-03431, D-03459,
D-03506, D-09590, D-09592, D-12426,
D-17630, D-23098, D-25780, D-33723,
E-14906, E-26550, F-32271, G-03788,
G-06323, L-01604, L-02840, L-04841,
L-04888, L-14798, L-22343, L-25446,
L-29813, L-34926, L-35511
DISPERSIONS B-05532, B-09839, B-10588,
B-23493
DISSOCIATION B-04952, B-04953
DISTILLATE OILS A-09255, B-04361,
B-09836, B-32956, D-01949, D-09592
DIURNAL A-32653, B-09836, B-31463,
C-08678, C-25065, D-00690, D-01202,
D-01949, D-03001, D-03017, D-03514,
D-27255, D-29973, D-31371, D-33108,
K-31516, K-35146, M-01069
DOMESTIC HEATING A-02001, A-10075,
A-16058, A-31759, A-33719, B-04361,
B-07971, B-25479, B-27541, B-28108,
B-33854, D-00690, D-01949, D-03431,
D-09590, D-09592, D-23411, D-29973,
D-35764, K-31286, L-00054, L-07235,
L-15688, L-32354, N-32254
DONORA L-10567
DROPLETS A-07394, B-02047, B-05532,
B-06088, B-09819, B-09836, B-20817,
B-24090, B-29533, B-32937, B-35955.
C-35956, D-00373
DRUGS 1-24187
DRY CLEANING A-34018, B-09784,
B-11059, B-16113, D-03431, L-07235,
L-14028, L-19059
DRY CLEANING SOLVENTS B-11059,
B-16113, C-08066, L-07235, L-14028
DRYING A-09853, A-26605, A-29599,
A-32879, A-34585, B-07530, B-07531,
B-09813, B-09836, B-14453, B-25379,
B-26568, B-28146, B-31167, B-32797,
B-34385, B-34679, B-35879
DUMPS A-12832, A-12834, A-23313,
A-23314, A-24350, A-35693, B-31453,
D-02331, D-02339, D-23411, M-00844
DUST FALL A-12832, A-16135, A-35638,
B-00975, B-10277, B-26087, D-02212,
D-03017, D-05481, D-09590, D-23411,
D-23845, D-26304, D-27255, D-31760,
D-33723, K-07766, L-01604, L-07235,
L-27184, M-01069, N-03438
DUSTS A-07394, A-08912, A-09175,
A-09853, A-10699, A-12621, A-17633,
A-20134, A-21882, A-24500, A-24903,
A-25056, A-25205, A-25638, A-26574,
A-26911, A-27669, A-29332, A-29353,
A-30389, A-32385, A-32489, A-33188,
A-33719, A-35564, B-00025, B-02279,
B-04227, B-04949, B-05930, B-06859,
B-07429, B-07875, B-08104, B-09407,
B-09655, B-09733, B-09784, B-09813,
B-09815, B-09849, B-09852, B-09854,
B-10009, B-13551, B-13697, B-14094,
B-14951, B-14956, B-16842, B-17403,
B-19221, B-19363, B-20817, B-21006,
B-21647, B-22357, B-23319, B-23493,
B-24380, B-24810, B-26254, B-262%,
B-26568, B-27288, B-29323, B-29363,
B-29533, B-29761, B-30479, B-30530,
B-31160, B-31233, B-31301, B-31354,
B-31456, B-31472, B-31631, B-31945,
B-32634, B-32682, B-32956, B-33120,
B-35803, B-35955, C-03010, C-04117,
C-21208, C-23107, D-02212, D-03431,
D-03459, D-05481, D-09590, D-09592,
D-12648, D-16636, D-23411, D-29973,
D-33108, E-26550, K-07766, K-31968,
L-01528, L-02840, L-04942, L-07235,
L-07781, L-09677, L-15691, L-17258,
L-19059, L-26511, L-27184, L-27185,
L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28363,
L-2%79, L-29813, L-29975, L-30149,
L-31084, L-32171, L-32352, L-32383,
L-32626, L-35511, M-00376
DYE MANUFACTURING B-09794,
B-21294, 1-05463, K-20194
DYNAMOMETERS A-33648, B-01867,
B-05490, B-20878, D-00251, G-00177,
L-04841
ECONOMIC LOSSES A-17603, A-22973,
A-24350, A-26911, A-33828, A-34018,
B-00975, B-01563, J-16457, L-01604
EDUCATION A-26911, L-05129, L-32147
ELECTRIC CHARGE B-05532, C-08953,
C-35182, F-19061, G-20969
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-37489, D-29973
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-12832, A-14972, A-24500, A-26911,
A-30513, A-31759, A-31882, A-32653,
A-33719, A-34018, B-00975, B-05880,
B-07971, B-09784, B-10009, B-26087,
B-28108, B-31400, C-31924, D-00373,
D-03001, D-03431, D-09590, D-23411,
D-25780, D-29973, D-33539, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29679
ELECTRIC PROPULSION A-31759,
L-35511
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
C-12359, F-19102
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-05532,
B-06688, B-24065, B-25711, B-26296,
B-28047, B-30479, B-32070, C-06526,
C-08953, C-09619, C-35182, F-19061,
F-19102, F-22430, G-20969, N-05235
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE N-05235
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
B-00379, B-03966, B-04045, B-05408,
B-08364, B-23319, C-04883, C-05426,
C-08354, C-09619, C-23755, C-27248,
C-30014, C-32022, C-34279, C-35956,
F-01784, G-21359
ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY ANALYZERS
B-32798, C-05426, C-06112, C-32022,
C-34279, D-25291
ELECTROLYSIS B-22435, B-24743
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY A-00393,
G-00177
ELECTROSTATIC COUNTERS B-04361,
B-05532
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-09175, A-17462, A-21882, A-22860,
A-24903, A-25205, A-26402, A-29353,
A-31759, A-33188, A-35564, B-02279,
B-03976, B-04949, B-05880, B-07415,
B-07875, B-08104, B-09655, B-09784,
B-09819, B-09852, B-10277, B-11158,
B-12658, B-13551, B-13697, B-14354,
B-14687, B-15709, B-16842, B-17177,
B-17403, B-19850, B-20817, B-20877,
B-20878, B-22353, B-22357, B-22400,
B-22522, B-23067, B-23371, B-23493,
B-24065, B-24969, B-25711, B-26296,
B-26568, B-27732, B-30479, B-31178,
B-31453, B-31945, B-32615, B-32634,
B-35660, B-35803, C-03010, C-03789,
C-06112, C-35956, D-00373, D-09592,
D-23845, J-16457, J-34518, L-04942,
L-30149
ELUTRIATION B-17266
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-05549,
A-05608, A-08912, A-22860, A-29599,
A-30513, A-35638, B-00975, B-16842,
C-27248, D-01202, D-02339, D-05481,
D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-25780,
D-25996, D-31760, D-33539, J-34518,
L-01604, L-04942, L-32147
EMISSION STANDARDS A-21882,
A-25205, A-25638, A-27821, A-29353,
A-30603, A-31759, A-34290, A-34585,
B-00504, B-03129, B-11059, B-24988,
B-25479, B-31062, B-31301, C-09716,
C-14680, C-25065, C-32022, D-18231,
K-00157, K-07766, K-11734, K-15926,
K-16263, K-18294, K-31516, K-35146,
L-00973, L-03198, L-07781, L-09604,
L-09677, L-10567, L-14932, L-15688,
L-25446, L-29679, L-29813, L-31465,
L-32147, L-32171, L-32352, L-32382,
L-32383, L-32566, L-32893, L-33672,
L-33725, L-34033
EMISSIVITY C-03542
EMPHYSEMA A-31759, G-07821,
G-27137, L-03198
EMULSIONS B-05532, B-09839, B-23493
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
A-24500, A-25638, B-00975, B-02794,
B-25479, B-29628, C-08678, D-23149,
D-23152, K-11734, L-00549, L-01528,
L-02294, L-02840, L-03198, L-07781,
L-09215, L-17258, L-23754, L-26940,
L-27184, L-27678, L-27679, L-28363,
L-29679, L-31084, L-31465, L-32147,
L-32171, L-32383, L-33725, L-35752
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
A-08802, A-12377, A-12505, A-14297,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
237
A-14914, A-27129, A-31759, A-32653,
B-00504, B-06280, B-06453, B-07224,
B-07479, B-08497, B-23067, B-24988,
B-31400, L-09215
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-00393, A-01565,
A-05007, A-05527, A-05608, A-06039,
A-08802, A-092S5, A-11692, A-12377,
A-14116, A-15297, A-16135, A-20101,
A-20118, A-20125. A-20557, A-21700,
A-25327, A-26048, A-27249, A-27451,
A-28352, A-30603, A-30851, A-32465,
A-32653, A-33648, A-33719, A-34018,
A-34766, A-34891, A-34964, A-35590,
A-35635, B-00504, B-06280, B-06453,
B-06525, B-06636, B-06979, B-07224,
B-07479, B-08497, B-08604, B-08663,
B-09608, B-11220, B-11234, B-12133,
B-17906, B-20120, B-20877, B-20878,
B-24845, B-24988, B-25594, B-27401,
B-29437, B-29533, B-30260, B-31167,
B-31400, B-33077, C-02786, C-03542,
C-05170, C-07266, C-09476, C-09620,
C-14197, C-14607, C-14680, C-16298,
C-16442, C-16781, C-20100, C-22448,
C-26966, C-27121, C-27248, C-27934,
C-31222, D-00241, D-00251, D-03001,
D-03017, D-18231, D-25291, D-27255,
D-33108, E-19849, G-00177, K-00157,
K-16263, L-04888, L-05129, L-09215,
L-09677, L-34926, L-35511, M-23408
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES A-01565,
A-05007, A-08802, A-28352, A-32653,
B-01613, B-05490, B-06280, B-08604,
B-08663, B-09608, C-16442, C-22448,
D-00241, D-00251, G-00177, L-03198
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
A-01565, A-02001, A-05335, A-05549,
A-06039, A-08802, A-09255, A-10075,
A-12377, A-12505, A-14297, A-14914,
A-20118, A-21700, A-26048, A-27129,
A-27249, A-27986, A-28352, A-30851,
A-35590, B-01613, B-04361, B-06280,
B-06525, B-06979, B-07224, B-08497,
B-08663, B-09608, B-19850, B-20120,
B-21220, B-23067, B-24988, B-25594,
B-28108, B-30865, B-31400, B-3163I,
B-32119, B-35566, C-03542, L-04888,
N-20495
ENGINEERS L-14616, L-30688, L-33672
ENZYMES C-35182, G-07821
EPIDEMIOLOGY C-08953, C-16080,
G-27137
EPITHELIUM F-11132, F-19102, G-19599,
N-05235
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA A-19366,
A-35638, B-14341, B-14687, B-29323,
B-31062, B-32057, L-32354
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS A-25638,
A-28861, A-34290, B-00504, B-23319,
B-29323, K-15926, K-31286, L-15688,
L-19059, L-33672
ESTERS A-07561, A-32475, B-15772,
B-16890, B-21294, B-22988, C-03354,
C-08357, C-08953, C-10983, C-11167,
C-11486, C-14109, C-28393, C-29269,
C-32269
ETHERS A-07089, B-16890, B-22838,
C-11123, C-27934, D-00251, F-19102,
G-00177
ETHYL ALCOHOL B-05409, C-07214,
C-11123, C-30704
ETHYLENE A-26911, B-22838, B-28118,
B-32956, C-07214, D-00251, D-23152,
K-11734
EUROPE A-00393, A-00525, A-01885,
A-02001, A-03097, A-08373, A-08802,
A-09255, A-10075, A-11651, A-11%9,
A-12377, A-14297, A-21700, A-21882,
A-21887, A-22987, A-23000, A-23843,
A-24754, A-25179, A-25205, A-25638,
A-29353, A-30218, A-30327, A-30389,
A-30603, A-31323, A-31882, A-33648,
A-33713, A-33719, A-33883, A-34585,
B-00257, B-00286, B-00358, B-00379,
B-00504, B-00975, B-01352, B-01414,
B-01505, B-01508, B-01537, B-01549,
B-01563, B-01867, B-01900, B-02047,
B-02279, B-02427, B-02725, B-03129,
B-03499, B-03807, B-03966, B-03972,
B-03976, B-04045, B-04300, B-04361,
B-04664, B-04666, B-04773, B-05624,
B-06280, B-07224, B-07362, B-07374,
B-07530, B-07531, B-08361, B-08467,
B-08497, B-08604, B-09656, B-09661,
B-09933, B-10588, B-11059, B-11843,
B-13334, B-13697, B-13812, B-14004,
B-14013, B-14453, B-14671, B-14692,
B-15153, B-16113, B-16365, B-17266,
B-20369. B-21294, B-21702, B-21888,
B-22400, B-2252S, B-23319, B-23456,
B-23493, B-23885, B-24065, B-24743,
B-24969, B-25085, B-25224, B-25479,
B-25711, B-25858, B-26176, B-26908,
B-27154, B-27719, B-28108, B-28118,
B-28206, B-29278, B-29363, B-30339,
B-30350, B-30809, B-31072, B-31167,
B-31178, B-31301, B-31302, B-31400,
B-31472, B-32057, B-32302, B-32781,
B-32956, B-33816, B-33854, B-34778,
B-35955, C-00178, C-00965, C-02786,
C-03010, C-03354, C-03542, C-07214,
C-08953, C-09648, C-0%57, C-09716,
C-10029, C-11486, C-12942, C-14197,
C-15287, C-16080, C-16298, C-20538,
C-21652, C-24071, C-25466, C-28393,
C-29243, C-29269, C-29891, C-30014,
C-32269, C-35182, C-35949, D-00209,
D-00251, D-00373. D-00751, D-01202,
D-01949, D-02331, D-03514, D-05256,
D-16635, D-16636, E-14906, E-26550,
F-01784, F-03173, F-16696, F-24354,
F-24531, G-00177, G-00208, G-00715,
G-05942, G-05943, G-05946, G-05949,
G-07821, G-09659, G-11476, G-21125,
G-21712, G-34686, G-35671, K-05117,
K-05947, K-18294, K-20194, K-21083,
K-21084, K-30870, K-31286, K-35146,
L-01528, L-02294, L-02295, L-02840,
L-03198, L-04888, L-07235, L-09215,
L-12376, L-14028, L-14616, L-14798,
L-22343, L-26511, L-31084, L-32354,
M-00376, M-00487, M-00844, M-15760,
N-03438, N-05235, N-32254
EVAPORATORS A-09853, A-32879,
B-04861, B-04951, B-09508, B-096S5,
B-09656, B-09933, B-11008, B-11153,
B-12658, B-15709, B-16747, B-16842,
B-18140. B-19218, B-21051, B-22522,
B-26176, B-30062, B-32615, B-32681,
B-32798, B-32937, B-34385, D-09592
EXCESS AIR A-10075, A-27986, A-28861,
B-04781, B-04783, B-04838, B-05852,
B-08360, B-09830, B-10009, B-23836,
B-26731, B-32498, 1-19325
EXCRETIONS A-25179, B-03297, B-04664,
B-14453, B-33398, C-13099, C-17639
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-04860, A-09853,
A-12998, A-27235, A-31155, B-01672,
B-06088, B-09656, B-09784, B-09791,
B-09813, B-09815, B-09819, B-09842,
B-09852, B-09854, B-10005, B-18140,
B-22435, B-25017, B-27818, B-30943,
B-31453, B-32847, B-33617, B-35609,
C-17638, 1-24187, L-04942, L-30149,
L-31084
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A-04785,
A-08359, B-00257, B-04627, B-04664,
B-04783, B-07362, B-07374, B-13398,
C-08355, C-08356, C-09364, C-09521,
C-10029, C-10593, C-26837, C-34972,
E-14906, L-04841, N-05235
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A-00393,
A-03825, A-04785, A-04879, A-08359,
B-01867, B-04627, B-08506, B-16890,
C-03010, C-08354, C-08356, C-08357,
C-08953, C-09364, C-10534, C-34972,
C-35240, D-05256, D-18231, G-05946,
G-0%59, K-05947, L-04888, N-05235
EXPLOSIONS A-32489, B-04861, B-24810
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS C-00965,
C-08268, C-11123, C-17638, C-18194,
C-23755, D-18231, F-16455, G-00177
EXPOSURE METHODS A-34287,
C-053%, C-07266, C-11123, D-00751,
D-18231, G-00715, G-07091, L-34926
EYE IRRITATION A-00402, A-17603,
A-20557, A-24459, A-31759, B-04533,
B-06280, B-31700, C-02786, C-03542,
C-07266, D-03514, E-19849, F-25761,
G-00177, G-11476, G-28175, G-35570,
K-11734, K-31968, K-35146, M-00376,
M-14491
EYES B-06280, B-31400, C-21652,
C-34972, G-00177, G-11476, K-11734,
K-21083, K-21084, K-30870, K-35146
FADING D-09590, 1-05463
FALLOUT A-03097
FANS (BLOWERS) A-12998, A-27235,
A-31155, B-01672, B-09784, B-09791,
B-09813, B-09815, B-09819, B-09842,
B-25017, B-30943, B-31453, B-32847,
B-33617, B-35609, C-17638, L-30149,
L-31084
FARMS A-26911, A-33713, A-35564,
B-14453, B-20709, B-22550, B-25858,
B-33120, H-00252
FEASIBILITY STUDIES B-06103,
B-12346, B-14687, N-19088
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS A-21882,
B-00504, B-06280, B-07971, B-29628,
K-11734, L-01528, L-02294, L-02295,
L-03540, L-22343, L-23754, L-27185,
L-29813, L-32352, L-32893, L-33U7,
L-34256, L-35694, M-08698
FEED LOTS B-03297, B-22550, B-32682,
C-28141
FEES L-32382, L-32383, L-33725
FEMALES C-02786, C-08268, D-00751,
M-00844, M-01069
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-12834, A-17198, A-17631, A-19899,
A-20706, A-22987, A-23000, A-29599,
A-32855, A-34018, A-35693, B-12480,
B-17635, B-20709, B-24380, B-26567,
B-32099, C-23106, C-30811, D-33108,
G-21125, K-31516, L-327%
FERTILIZING A-17236, B-00571, B-03129,
B-22550, B-32682, D-23411, L-15688
FIELD TESTS A-35673, B-00257, B-00975,
B-02047, B-03976, B-05490, B-06366,
B-08104, B-09508, B-09608, B-09840,
B-11009, B-11220, B-14609, B-22538,
B-23008, B-32559, C-08066, C-08358,
K-18294
-------
238
FILTER FABRICS A-10699, B-01414,
B-03966, B-07875, B-09784, B-09813,
B-09815, B-14354, B-19221, B-21938,
B-24090, B-26254, B-31301, C-02786,
C-09619, C-17288, C-17627, C-17628,
C-17641, C-20202, C-26547, C-27685,
C-31222, C-35956, D-09590, G-00177,
J-34518, L-07235, M-31071
FILTERS A-04785, A-10699, A-11969,
A-20134, A-24903, A-2S228, A-26402,
A-33188, A-34287, A-35564, B-00257,
B-00286, B-01352, B-01414, B-03966,
B-05624, B-07875, B-08104, B-09784,
B-09794, B-09813, B-09815, B-09830,
B-09839, B-09849, B-09852, B-11059,
B-12434, B-13551, B-14354, B-14687,
B-14951, B-16113, B-18169, B-19221,
B-20754, B-20817, B-21006, B-21702,
B-21888, B-21938, B-22357, B-22435,
B-23319, B-23371, B-23885, B-24090,
B-24810, B-25017, B-25694, B-26254,
B-26843, B-27336, B-28146, B-29323,
B-29437, B-29533, B-30124, B-30479,
B-30530, B-30782, B-31211, B-31233,
B-31301, B-31302, B-31354, B-31945,
B-32634, B-32781, B-32847, B-32913,
B-32935, B-33003, B-35955, C-02786,
C-03010, C-04117, C-06112, C-09619,
C-17288, C-17627, C-17628, C-17641,
C-20202, C-21859, C-23004, C-26547,
C-27685, C-29337, C-30704, C-31222.
C-34279, C-35956, D-02212, D-09590,
D-20355, G-00177, 1-05463, J-34518,
L-04942, L-07235, L-14028, M-31071,
N-03438
FIRING METHODS A-07561, A-10075,
A-10699, A-14297, A-24007, A-26911,
A-27249, A-27986, A-28861, A-30603,
A-34290, A-34654, A-34891, B-04361,
B-04781, B-04783, B-04838, B-05852,
B-08360, B-09656, B-09827, B-09830,
B-09933, B-10009, B-11153, B-11158,
B-17409, B-22522, B-23836, B-23885,
B-25554, B-26730, B-26731, B-27288,
B-27541, B-27818, B-31091, B-31453,
B-31631, B-32119, B-32302, B-32498,
B-32937, B-33077, B-33617, B-33793,
B-35566, B-35803, D-09592, 1-19325,
K-07766, L-07235
FLAME AFTERBURNERS A-08912,
A-09853, A-20276, A-24007, A-25179,
A-29332, A-32465, A-34585, B-00257,
B-01414, B-02047, B-03499, B-04669,
B-05852, B-06088, B-06366, B-09508,
B-09791, B-09830, B-09849, B-09852,
B-09854, B-11059, B-11136, B-11137,
B-13971, B-14757, B-19493, B-20817,
B-20824, B-21888, B-22525, B-23967,
B-26843, B-26944, B-27793, B-30738,
B-32559, B-33077, C-24429, C-25065
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
A-05549, A-06981, A-08373, A-20101,
A-23843, A-29698, A-33564, B-00286,
B-02279, B-03966, B-16842, B-32302,
C-05426, C-06112, C-07214, C-08066,
C-08354, C-09521, C-09619, C-09620,
C-09657, C-10016, C-10029, C-10693,
C-13099, C-14680, C-17627, C-19051,
C-20100, C-20192, C-20202, C-26547,
C-28141, C-28787, C-29337, C-29843,
C-34279, C-34863, C-35648, C-35949,
C-35956, F-01784, F-19063, K-31286
FLARES B-02729, B-08946, B-09836,
B-09840, B-09849, B-31223
FLORIDA A-14972, B-08364, L-00973,
L-09677
FLOUR PROCESSING B-24810
FLOW RATES A-28861, B-01563,
B-03966, B-04887, B-07362, B-08360,
B-08364, B-09791, B-09813, B-09827,
B-09842, B-12346, B-16890, B-21938,
B-23493, B-24197, B-26836, B-27605,
B-27818, B-29131, B-29323, B-29978,
B-31211, B-31456, B-32302, B-33073,
B-34073, B-34385, B-34778, C-03010,
C-08355, C-08356, C-24429, C-34047
FLOWERS D-00751, D-09590, K-11734
FLOWMETERS B-00257, B-04882,
C-03789, C-08356, C-08358, C-17640,
C-35956
FLUID FLOW A-28861, B-01563, B-03966,
B-03976, B-04887, B-04949, B-07362,
B-08360, B-08364, B-09791, B-09813,
B-09827, B-09842, B-12346, B-16890,
B-21938, B-23493, B-24197, B-25623,
B-26836, B-27605, B-27818, B-29131,
B-29323, B-29978, B-31211, B-31456,
B-32302, B-32497, B-33073, B-33077,
B-34073, B-34385, B-34778, C-03010,
C-08355, C-08356, C-08678, C-24429.
C-34047,C-35956
FLUORANTHENES D-00251
FLUORENES B-02725
FLUORESCENCE A-35635, C-03542,
C-05426, C-05813, C-27248, C-35949
FLUORIDES A-20134, A-26911, A-34018,
B-14692, B-26254, C-03010, C-05813,
C-27248, C-30014, C-35956, D-01949,
D-03514, D-09590, D-23845, L-00973,
L-0%77
FLUORINE A-25638, B-03129, B-26908,
C-09476, K-31968, L-01528, N-19060
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-20134,
A-22973, A-26911, A-32855, A-34018,
B-13551, B-14692, B-26254, B-32302,
C-03010, C-05813, C-06112, C-09476,
C-27248, C-30014, C-35956, D-01949,
D-03514, D-09590, D-23845, D-31371,
L-00973, L-07235, L-09677, L-32354,
N-20495, N-32254
FLUOROSIS A-22973
FLY ASH A-00402, A-07561, A-09175,
A-11651, A-26605, A-29353, A-34228,
A-34290, B-00246, B-08360, B-09852,
B-10009, B-13551, B-16842, B-23008,
1 B-25694, B-26087, B-26778, B-26908,
B-28146, B-31453, B-33077, B-35566,
D-09590, L-00973, L-02840, L-07235,
L-07781, L-09677, L-19059, L-30149
FOG B-16842, D-09592, L-14616, M-00376,
M-26725
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-07394, A-08912, A-09853, A-11700,
A-12834, A-17198, A-17631, A-17632,
A-20553, A-21887, A-23313, A-23314,
A-24350, A-24754, A-25179, A-25228,
A-26826, A-26911, A-29842, A-30389,
A-31044, A-31263, A-31602, A-32855,
A-32879, A-33713, A-34018, A-35564,
A-35693, B-00246, B-01414, B-02794,
B-03972, B-04943, B-05532, B-05624,
B-05930, B-06412, B-07362, B-07374,
B-07530, B-07531, B-08467, B-09784,
B-09791, B-09852, B-09854, B-11059,
B-12480, B-12482, B-13551, B-14671,
B-14940, B-15153, B-16535, B-17635,
B-17636, B-17637, B-18169, B-20628,
B-20824, B-21677, B-21888, B-22525,
B-23002, B-23456, B-23967, B-24810,
B-25379, B-25858, B-25977, B-26002,
B-26057, B-26128, B-26254, B-26843,
B-27154, B-27548, B-29745, B-30350,
B-30943, B-31178. B-32099, B-32166,
B-32682, B-32768, B-32781, B-32797,
B-33120, B-33398, B-33816, B-33854,
B-35595, C-03354, C-05614, C-08066,
C-22431, C-22958, C-26966, C-27791,
C-29726, C-30689, C-30811, C-31924,
C-32467, C-33577, D-02212, D-02331,
D-03418, D-09592, D-17630, D-27255,
L-22343, L-327%, L-32893, L-33117.
N-03438
FOODS C-03354, C-35648
FORESTS A-19814
FORMALDEHYDES A-05549, A-06039,
A-23843, A-27451, A-32855, A-34891,
A-35673, B-04533, B-05808, B-06636,
B-11234, B-20877, B-20878, B-24090,
B-29533, B-31700, C-02786, C-03010,
C-03542, C-05170, C-07266, C-11123,
C-31924, D-00241, D-00251, D-31371,
E-19849, G-00177, L-04888
FRACTIONATION C-08356, C-08357.
F-16696
FRANCE B-00504, B-04773, B-13812,
B-28108, B-30809, C-29269, F-24354,
F-24531, L-03198, L-04888
FREE RADICALS F-29649, G-07821
FREEZING C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
C-10534, C-35956
FROTH FLOATATION B-09839
FRUITS B-04943, K-11734
FUEL ADDITIVES A-06039, A-09255,
A-12505, A-14914, A-27249, A-32653,
A-34891, A-35622, B-00504, B-06280,
B-06525, B-06979, B-07479, B-07971,
B-09608, B-11220, B-11234, B-20120,
B-20877, B-20878, B-23067, B-24845,
B-24988, C-27248, L-03198, L-04888
FUEL CELLS A-31759
FUEL CHARGING A-07561, A-27986,
A-34654, A-34891, B-27288, B-31631,
B-33077
FUEL EVAPORATION A-01565, A-05007,
A-28352, A-32465, A-34018, B-00504,
B-17906, B-28118, K-00157, K-16263,
L-03198, L-09677, N-19060
FUEL GASES A-17603, A-21395, A-27249,
A-28352, A-31759, A-34654, B-00257,
B-05852, B-09784, B-09827, B-09922,
B-22838, B-23008, B-25479, B-27719,
B-31911, B-33077, B-33793, C-14108,
D-03431, D-03506, D-09590, D-09592,
G-00715, L-04942, L-07235, L-32352
FUEL OIL PREPARATION A-33883,
B-26908, B-28118, B-32956
FUEL OILS A-05007, A-09175, A-09255,
A-10075, A-23313, A-23314, A-24500,
A-25056, A-26048, A-33883, A-34654,
A-34891, B-00257, B-01613, B-04361,
B-05490, B-06280, B-06979, B-07971,
B-09784, B-09836, B-11220, B-22435,
B-22518, B-23885, B-26908, B-27719,
B-28108, B-28118, B-30260, B-31354,
B-32956, B-33077, C-27121, D-00251,
D-00751, D-01949, D-03431, D-03506,
D-09590, D-09592, D-23411, D-33108,
K-31968, L-00054, L-02840, L-07235,
L-0921S, L-29813
FUEL STANDARDS B-06280, K-00157,
K-07766, L-29813, L-32171
FUEL TANK EVAPORATION A-01565,
A-05007, A-28352, B-00504, B-17906,
K-00157, K-16263
FUELS A-02765, A-05007, A-09175,
A-09255, A-10075, A-12505, A-12832,
A-12834, A-14914, A-17603, A-21395,
A-23313, A-23314, A-24459, A-24500,
A-25056, A-25455, A-26048, A-26574,
A-27249, A-28352, A-30603, A-31759,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
239
A-31880, A-31882, A-32385, A-32653,
A-33648, A-33719, A-33883, A-34018,
A-34654, A-34891, A-35622, B-00257,
B-00975, B-01613, B-01672, B-02725,
B-04361, B-04838, B-05490, B-05852,
B-06280, B-06636, B-06979, B-07224,
B-07875, B-07971, B-08663, B-09784,
B-09827, B-09836, B-09922, B-11220,
B-20369, B-22435, B-22518, B-22838,
B-23008, B-23885, B-24743, B-25479,
B-2S594, B-26908, B-27719, B-28108,
B-28H8, B-29628, B-30260, B-30865,
B-31167, B-31223, B-31354, B-31631,
B-31911, B-32497, B-32956, B-33077,
B-33793, B-33854, C-03542, C-06112,
C-14108, C-27121, C-27934, D-00251,
D-00690, D-00751, D-01949, D-03017,
D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
D-09590, D-09592, D-16636, D-23411,
D-29973, D-31760, D-33108, D-33539,
G-00177, G-00715, J-29299, K-00157,
K-07766, K-18294, K-21084, K-31968,
L-00054, L-00973, L-02840, L-04942,
L-07235, L-07781, L-09215, L-09604,
L-09677, L-12511, L-2%79, L-29813,
L-32171, L-32352, L-32383, L-32626,
L-34033, L-34926, L-35511, N-03438.
N-32254
FUMES A-07561, A-08912, A-17634,
A-24007, A-26402, A-27235, A-30687,
A-32489, B-00257, B-00379, B-00541,
B-01352, B-01537, B-01549, B-02427,
B-02725, B-03129, B-04533, B-04943,
B-04949, B-05929, B-06366, B-08506,
B-09733, B-09784, B-09791, B-09794,
B-09813, B-09815, B-09819, B-09836,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09849,
B-09857, B-11137, B-14341, B-17906,
B-18140, B-20817, B-24969, B-25017,
B-26308, B-26944, B-27818, B-30943,
B-31456, B-31700, B-31945, B-32634,
B-32781, B-33793. B-35554, C-03010,
C-05503, C-07214, C-15287, C-23107,
D-00241, D-00251, D-03514, D-05481,
D-18231, 1-24187, J-29299, L-01528,
L-04942, L-07781, L-09677, L-30149,
L-31084, L-32171, L-32382
FUMIGATION B-01672, B-09608,
D-09592, L-04888
FUNGI G-0709I
FURNACES A-02001, A-04879, A-06981,
A-08359, A-10075, A-11144, A-25056,
A-25205, A-25638, A-26402, A-26574,
A-28614, A-28885, A-29455, A-31157,
A-32489, A-33719, A-34018, A-34290,
A-35383, B-00975, B-02725, B-04361,
B-04783, B-04861, B-05880, B-06106,
B-07971, B-09655, B-09656, B-09784,
B-09827, B-09933, B-10994, B-11008,
B-11153, B-11158, B-14118, B-16747,
B-16842, B-17635, B-19363, B-20258,
B-23002, B-23885, B-25085, B-26254,
B-26567, B-27541, B-31223, B-31301,
B-31453, B-31631, B-31790, B-32119,
B-32498, B-32615, B-32681, B-32913,
B-32937, B-33077, B-33793, B-35554,
C-00965, C-03010, C-35956, D-09592,
D-29973, K-31286, K-31968, L-01528,
L-02840, L-07235, L-07781, L-09604,
L-09677, L-29975, L-30149, L-31084,
N-32254
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY A-01644,
A-03825, A-05549, A-06981, A-08373,
A-15297, A-16494, A-17633, A-19814,
A-20101, A-20557, A-21978, A-23843,
A-25228, A-25327, A-25455, A-28527,
A-29698, A-30687, A-31044, A-31263,
A-32475, A-33564, A-34766, B-00032,
B-00286, B-00379, B-00571, B-02279,
B-03966, B-04882, B-05408, B-05409, '
B-05808, B-06525, B-06979, B-12480,
B-16842, B-17636, B-23371, B-24380,
B-32099, B-32166, B-32302, B-34679,
C-01289, C-02786, C-04883, C-05426,
C-06112, C-06526, C-07214, C-08066,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
C-08358, C-09521, C-09619, C-0%20,
C-09657, C-10016, C-10029, C-10534,
C-10593, C-10693, C-12488, C-12942,
C-13099, C-13143, C-13749, C-13969,
C-14197, C-14680, C-15287, C-16134,
C-17288, C-17627, C-17628, C-17629,
C-19051, C-20100, C-20192, C-20202,
C-20264, C-20460, C-20624, C-21859,
C-22431, C-23004, C-24814, C-26547,
C-27121, C-27355, C-27475, C-27685,
C-27791, C-28141, C-28787, C-29337,
C-29726, C-29843, C-30014, C-30374,
C-30704, C-31222, C-31924, C-32467,
C-32795, C-32880, C-34279, C-34863,
C-35541. C-35648, C-35751, C-35949,
C-35956, D-00209, D-23098, D-29349,
D-31371, F-01784, F-10308, F-13670,
F-19061, F-19063, G-00177, G-03788,
K-31286, L-35752
GAS SAMPLING A-00525, A-04785,
A-05608, A-09175, A-14580, A-33713,
A-34964, A-35622, B-01414, B-03966,
B-04882, B-04887, B-05808, B-09784,
B-13971, B-32166, C-00965, C-02786,
C-03789, C-04117, C-04883, C-05426,
C-05614, C-06112, C-08066, C-08355,
C-08356, C-08358, C-09521, C-09620,
C-0%57, C-09860, C-10016, C-10593,
C-12492, C-13969, C-16781, C-17628,
C-17629, C-20460, C-23004, C-24814,
C-26547, C-29726, C-35865, C-35956,
D-00241, D-05481, D-09590, D-31760,
F-10308
GAS TURBINES A-OS549, A-27129,
A-27249, A-27451, B-07362, B-07971,
B-30865, D-09592
GASES A-00393, A-05007, A-06981,
A-09175, A-14580, A-21395, A-22860,
A-24527, A-34228, B-00358, B-00975,
B-01505, B-01563, B-04949, B-05408,
B-05409, B-05808, B-07374, B-07531,
B-08360, B-09655, B-09656, B-09661,
B-09836, B-10005, B-15779, B-20625,
B-25085, B-27719, B-29323, C-07214,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
C-08358, C-08953, C-09619, C-0%20,
C-09648, C-096S7, C-09660, C-10016,
C-10593, C-23106, C-29858, C-32467,
D-01202, D-01949, F-10308, F-16696,
G-05942, G-05946, G-21125, L-32382,
L-33672
GASOLINES A-05007, A-24459, A-30603,
A-32653, A-33648, A-33883, A-34018,
B-07224, B-08663, B-09836, B-25594,
B-28108, B-29628, B-31167, B-31354,
C-27934, D-00751, D-01949, D-09592,
D-29973, G-00177, K-00157, K-07766,
K-18294, K-21084, L-09215, L-32171,
L-32383, L-34033, L-34926
GERMANY A-08373, A-08802, A-11651,
A-11969, A-21700, A-21882, A-21887,
A-23843, A-24754, A-25179, A-25638,
A-30218, A-33713, A-33719, A-34585,
B-01537, B-07224, B-07362, B-07374,
B-07530, B-07531, B-08497, B-08604,
B-11059, B-13697, B-14004, B-14453,
B-14671, B-15153, B-16113, B-20369,
B-21294, B-21702, B-21888, B-22525,
B-23493, B-23885, B-24065, B-24969,
B-25224, B-25711, B-25858, B-28118,
B-30350, B-31167, B-31301, B-31302,
B-31472, B-32057, B-32781, B-32956,
B-33854, C-12942, C-15287, C-16298,
C-20538, C-28393. C-30014, G-07821,
G-21125, G-21712, G-34686, K-35146,
L-01528, L-07235, L-14028, L-22343,
L-26S11, L-32354, N-32254
GLADIOLI D-09590
GLASS FABRICS A-10699, B-01414,
B-03966, B-09784, B-19221, B-21938,
B-24090, B-26254, C-02786, C-17288,
C-17627, C-17628, C-17641, C-20202,
C-26547, C-27685, C-31222, D-09590
GLUE MANUFACTURING A-34018,
B-05624
GOATS B-25858
GOVERNMENTS A-08912, A-12832,
A-12834, A-21882, A-23313, A-23314,
A-25638, A-28295, A-32855, A-34290,
B-00504, B-00975, B-01672, B-06280,
B-07971, B-09784, B-16890, B-25479,
B-26057, B-29628, B-32057, C-03010,
C-11167, D-01949, D-03459, D-09590,
D-23411, D-29973, D-35764, K-00157,
K-11734, K-15926, L-00054, L-00549,
L-00871, L-01528, L-02294, L-02295,
L-03540, L-07235, L-07781, L-09604,
L-09677, L-12511, L-14028, L-14616,
L-14932, L-15554, L-15691, L-17258,
L-19059, L-22343, L-23754, L-25446,
L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-27677,
L-27678, L-27679, L-28348, L-28363,
L-29679, L-29813, L-30153, L-32147,
L-32171, L-32352, L-32354, L-32382,
L-32383, L-32626, L-32893, L-33117,
L-33725, L-34256, L-34755, L-35694,
L-35752, M-08698, M-24091, N-03438,
N-32254
GRAIN PROCESSING A-35564, B-09784,
D-02212, D-09592
GRANTS L-00549, L-03540
GRAPHITE B-09840, B-20369
GRASSES A-34018
GRAVITY SETTLING B-09839, B-35955
GREAT BRITAIN A-09255, A-12377,
A-14297, A-29353, A-30603. A-31323,
B-01352, B-04300, B-05624, B-06280,
B-10588, B-24743, B-26908, B-27154,
B-28206, B-31178, B-31400, B-32302,
B-33816, B-34778, B-35955, C-24071,
E-26550, F-166%, K-31286, L-12376,
L-31084
GREENHOUSES D-09590
GROUND LEVEL A-29353, A-35638,
B-04361, B-31223, D-09590, D-29973,
E-14906, L-29813, L-32566
GUINEA PIGS G-07821
H
HALOGEN GASES A-24459, A-25638,
A-34018, B-00379, B-00552, B-03129,
B-03807, B-04861, B-04887, B-06636,
B-09729, B-09839, B-18169, B-25623,
-------
240
B-26176, B-26908, B-30350, B-32646,
C-03010, C-04883. C-09476, C-09657,
C-11123, C-23107, C-29269. C-29843,
D-23152, D-31371. D-33108, F-10308,
G-05946, G-07091, K-31968. L-01528,
N-19060
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
A-17634, A-32475, B-04838, B-21294.
B-26843, B-28756. B-31233, B-32119,
C-05813, C-08066, C-10983, C-1I123,
C-18093, D-00251, F-19102, K-21083,
K-30870, L-14028
HAMSTERS G-07821
HAZE A-35622, B-02047, L-34926,
M-00376
HEADACHE A-205S3, A-30687, A-31263,
B-OI672, D-02339. G-07821, G-28175,
K-31968
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT A-20S53,
A-26911, A-31602, A-31759, A-33828,
A-35622. B-00975, B-01672, B-02427,
B-02794, B-09819, B-26087, C-29891,
D-00373, D-02339, D-03017, D-03514,
D-09590, D-35764, F-25761, G-00177,
G-05942, G-05949, G-07821, G-27137,
G-34667, G-35570, K-11734, K-31968,
L-00054, L-00871, L-07235, L-22343,
L-32566, L-34256, L-34926
HEARINGS L-06732, L-23754, L-32171,
L-32383, N-03438
HEART G-35671, H-00252
HEAT CAPACITY B-00257
HEAT OF COMBUSTION A-24754.
A-27249, B-33077
HEAT TRANSFER A-04879, A-07394,
A-21395, A-26605, A-29455, A-33648,
A-34654, B-07362, B-07531, B-09794,
B-09842, B-10009, B-14094, B-24065,
B-24079, B-24197, B-25085, B-26308,
B-31911, B-32119, B-32498, B-32559,
B-32781, B-32937, B-34778, B-35554,
C-083S5, C-08356, C-08358, C-10534.
C-35956, J-29299
HEIGHT FINDING E-26550
HEMATOLOGY A-30513, D-24162,
D-27255, G-05949, K-05947, L-03I98,
N-20495
HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
SAMPLERS B-00975, D-00690
HEPTANES B-07224
HEPTENES G-00177
HERBICIDES B-00571, B-32682
HEXANES B-01414, G-00177
HEXENES D-00251, G-00177
HI-VOL SAMPLERS A-28614, C-20192,
C-23107, D-02212, D-05481, D-31760,
L-00054, L-02840, N-03438
HIGHWAYS D-31371
HOGS B-25858, B-33120. C-13099,
H-00252
HORMONES F-33084, G-07821
HOT SOAK A-05007, L-09677
HOURLY A-31263, C-08678, D-03001,
D-03017, K-31516, L-32382, L-32383
HUMANS A-00402, A-30513, A-31323,
A-31759, A-32878, A-34018, A-35581,
B-05490, B-08104, B-08604, B-09827,
B-27288, B-31354, C-02786, C-03542,
C-05614, C-05898, C-07266, C-08066,
C-08268, C-08953, C-09660, C-10593,
C-12665, C-14108, C-14606, C-16442,
C-16540, C-17290, C-20624, C-21693,
C-21866, C-24429, C-26966, C-27934,
C-29269, C-29891, C-29929, C-33121,
D-00751, D-18231, D-23098, D-27255,
D-31760, D-33108, G-00177, G-00208,
G-00715, G-05942, G-05946, G-05949,
G-07821, G-09659, G-11476, G-21125,
G-21712, G-27137, G-34667, G-34686,
G-35570, G-35671, K-05947, K-11734,
K-20194, K-21083, K-30870, K-35146,
L-07235, L-34256, L-34926, M-00376,
M-00844, M-01069, M-13980, N-03438
HUMIDITY A-34290, B-00358, B-01672,
B-03976, B-05490, B-27288, B-32070.
B-35955. C-08358, C-08678, C-21208,
C-25065, C-26966, C-35956, D-01202,
D-06535, D-31760, G-00177, 1-05463,
L-00054, L-02840, L-04888
HYDRAZINES C-27733, K-21918
HYDROCARBONS A-01565, A-01885,
A-02001, A-04785, A-05007, A-05335,
A-05549, A-06039, A-07089, A-07394,
A-07561, A-08359, A-08373, A-08802,
A-09175, A-09255, A-10075, A-10699,
A-11692, A-12377, A-12998, A-14116,
A-14297, A-16135, A-16494, A-19814,
A-19899, A-20101, A-20125, A-20134,
A-20276, A-21661, A-23843, A-24459,
A-24527, A-25327, A-25455, A-26911,
A-27129, A-27235, A-27249, A-27451,
A-28352, A-28527, A-29599, A-29842,
A-30513, A-30603, A-31323, A-31759,
A-31880, A-32411, A-32465, A-32475,
A-32489, A-32653, A-32855, A-33564,
A-33648, A-33719, A-33983, A-34018,
A-34290, A-34585, A-34766, A-34891,
A-34964, A-35564, A-35635, B-00257,
B-00379, B-00504, B-00975, B-01414,
B-01508, B-OI867, B-02725, B-03129,
B-03966, B-04361, B-04627, B-04669,
B-04838, B-05409, B-05929, B-06280,
B-06366, B-06636, B-07224, B-07362,
B-07971, B-08497, B-08506, B-08604,
B-08663, B-09655, B-09784, B-09830,
B-09836, B-09839, B-09840, B-09842,
B-09857, B-11234, B-12133, B-13551,
B-14004, B-14203, B-14341, B-14609,
B-14757, B-14967, B-15772, B-16498,
B-16842, B-16890, B-17906, B-18050,
B-19850, B-20369, B-22353, B-22838,
B-24845, B-24%9, B-24988, B-26944,
B-27401, B-27674, B-27818, B-28047,
B-28118, B-29437, B-29533, B-29745,
B-29978, B-30738, B-30865, B-31062,
B-31233, B-31354, B-31400, B-32302,
B-32497, B-32559, B-32956, B-33077,
B-34679, C-01289, C-02786, C-03010,
C-03354, C-03542, C-05170, C-06112,
C-07214, C-08066, C-08354, C-08356,
C-08357, C-08953, C-09476, C-09521,
C-09619, C-10693, C-11123, C-11486,
C-14109, C-14607, C-14680, C-15287,
C-16298, C-16781, C-18093, C-20100,
C-20460, C-20538, C-24814, C-26837,
C-27121, C-27248, C-27934, C-29269,
C-29337, C-29843, C-29858, C-30704,
C-31222, C-31924, C-32269, C-33349,
C-34279, C-34972, C-35956, D-00241,
D-00251, D-00373, D-01202, D-01949,
D-03506, D-06535, D-09592, D-23149,
D-23152, D-24162, D-29349, D-29973,
D-31760, D-33539, E-19849, F-01784,
F-16828, F-17801, F-29649, G-00177,
G-00715, G-05949, G-11476, K-00157,
K-11734, K-16263, K-18294, K-21083,
K-30870, K-31968, L-00054, L-00973,
L-01604, L-04888, L-07235, L-09677,
L-14616, L-14798, L-32147, L-32354,
L-32796, L-34926, M-08698, M-24091,
N-03438, N-20495, N-32254
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-30218,
A-32855, B-04943, B-05332, B-06106,
B-26254, B-29363, B-30350, B-32119,
C-11123, C-23107, C-31924, D-31371,
G-05942, G-05946, G-35570, 1-19325,
L-32354
HYDROCYANIC ACID A-32855, D-35764,
L-27678, L-27679
HYDRODESULFURIZATION B-32956
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-30218,
B-26254, D-09590, D-33108, D-35764,
L-27677
HYDROGEN B-32646, C-08354, D-00373,
D-03017, F-16828, L-02840
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-04879, A-04893,
A-06240, A-11144, A-12507, A-14580,
A-17603, A-17631, A-17633, A-25179,
A-25228, A-2888S, A-29599, A-31263,
A-32475, A-32855, A-32879, A-34018,
A-34287, A-35564, B-00025, B-00379,
B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01508,
B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01900,
B-02018, B-02279, B-02488, B-03807,
B-04627, B-04664, B-04666, B-04773,
B-04781, B-04783, B-04861, B-04882,
B-04887, B-04952, B-04953, B-05408,
B-05409, B-05624, B-05808, B-05880,
B-06106, B-07434, B-07531, B-07875,
B-08364, B-08467, B-08946, B-09508,
B-0%55, B-09839, B-09840, B-09854,
B-09922, B-10277, B-10994, B-11008,
B-11009, B-11673, B-13072, B-14094,
B-14113, B-14118, B-14203, B-14488,
B-15690, B-15779, B-16842, B-17293,
B-17409, B-17637, B-18140, B-19218,
B-19850, B-20625, B-20824, B-21051,
B-22061, B-22400, B-22522, B-22837,
B-22838, B-23117, B-23538, B-23594,
B-23901, B-25224, B-25623, B-25950,
B-26014, B-26128, B-26173, B-26254,
B-26618, B-26836, B-26908, B-28118,
B-29278, B-29448, B-30062, B-30339,
B-31091, B-31302, B-31790, B-32615,
B-32681, B-32798, B-32937, B-32956,
B-33122, B-33380, B-34073, B-35803,
C-00%5, C-04883, C-05426, C-05503,
C-06112, C-07214, C-08066, C-08268,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
C-09619, C-09648, C-09657, C-11123,
C-14108, C-14109, C-17629, C-17638,
C-17639, C-17640, C-19051, C-21652,
C-24429, C-27355, C-27685, C-27934,
C-28787, C-29269, C-29726, C-29843,
C-30704, C-30811, C-31924, C-34279,
C-34863, C-35865, C-35956, D-00209,
D-00690, D-01949, D-02339, D-03514,
D-06535, D-07572, D-09592, D-12426,
D-16062, D-20355, D-23149, D-25996,
D-29349, D-31371, D-33108, D-33723,
E-22335, F-01784, F-10308, F-14987,
F-16828, F-29649, G-00208, G-03788,
G-09659, H-00252, K-07766, K-35146,
L-00054, L-00871; L-06732, L-07235,
L-32352, L-32382, L-32796, M-00376,
M-08698, N-19060 '
HYDROGENATION B-19850, B-32956
HYDROLYSIS A-32411, B-09839, B-09849,
B-22400, B-24079
HYDROXIDES A-03825, B-00379,
B-09849, B-27674
HYGROSCOPICTTY B-21702, B-27674,
B-32634
ICE C-08358
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
241
IDAHO D-06535, D-09592, L-00054,
M-08698
ILLINOIS A-07394, A-08912, B-06636,
C-35541, D-02331, D-33539, L-00973,
L-01604, L-09677, L-30149
IMPINGERS A-33188, B-00975, B-12434.
B-30773, B-33077, C-01289, C-03010,
C-05426, C-09619, C-09657, C-35956
INCINERATION A-00525, A-04860,
A-07394, A-0756I, A-08373, A-08912,
A-09175, A-10699, A-116S1, A-11969,
A-12083, A-14972, A-17198, A-17462,
A-20276, A-21882, A-22860, A-23313.
A-23314, A-24007, A-24350, A-25056,
A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-27235,
A-27821, A-27972, A-28861, A-29332.
A-29353, A-29455, A-30218, A-31155,
A-31157, A-31602, A-32385, A-33188,
A-33719, A-34018, A-34228, A-34290,
A-346S4, A-35383, B-00246, B-00257,
B-00541, B-00975, B-01549, B-02047,
B-02427, B-02488, B-04533, B-04773,
B-04838, B-04861, B-OS852, B-06088,
B-06366, B-08360, B-08467, B-08S06,
B-08946, B-09656, B-09661, B-09784,
B-09791, B-09819, B-09827, B-09830,
B-09836, B-09839, B-09849, B-09852,
B-098S7, B-09922, B-10009, B-11059,
B-11136, B-11137, B-12434, B-13551,
B-13697, B-14609, B-14940, B-14956,
B-14967, B-15170, B-16807, B-17403,
B-180SO, B-22357, B-22435, B-23008,
B-23836, B-24197, B-25379, B-25479,
B-2S950, B-25977, B-26567, B-26568,
B-26730, B-26731, B-26778, B-26944,
B-27541, B-27548, B-27818, B-28146,
B-29251, B-30124, B-30530, B-30738,
B-30773, B-30943, B-31062, B-31091,
B-31178, B-31302, B-31453, B-31631,
B-32119, B-32497, B-32498, B-32634,
B-32847, B-329S6, B-33003, B-33077,
B-33120, B-33617, B-33793, B-33854,
B-35554, B-35566, B-35595, B-35609,
C-04117, C-05614, C-06381, C-24429,
C-26966, C-359S6, D-02331, D-07572,
D-09592. D-33539, E-26550, 1-19325,
1-24187, J-16457, J-34518, K-07766,
K-31516, L-00054, L-00973, L-07235,
L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12511,
L-15688, L-19059, L-32171, L-32352,
L-32383, L-32796, N-01539, N-03438
INDIANA D-02339, L-00871, L-00973,
L-09677
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-24500, A-31044,
A-31263, A-34228, A-35693, B-00358,
B-31301, C-35949, D-00690, D-03506,
D-03514, D-05481, D-09590, D-12426,
D-20355. D-23149, D-23152, D-27255,
D-29349, D-31371, D-33108, D-33723,
D-35764, G-00208, Q-05942, G-05949,
H-20028, K-05947, L-00054, L-07235,
L-09677, L-10567, L-26511, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29813, L-30149, L-32352,
L-32354, M-14491
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-00525, A-01644, A-01885, A-02765,
A-04785, A-04860, A-04879, A-04893,
A-06240, A-06981, A-07394. A-07561,
A-08359, A-08373, A-08912, A-09175,
A-09853, A-10699, A-11144, A-11651,
A-11700, A-11969, A-12083, A-12507,
A-12621, A-12832, A-12834, A-14580,
A-14972, A-16058, A-16494, A-17198,
A-17462. A-17603, A-17631, A-17632,
A-17633, A-17634, A-19366, A-19899,
A-20134, A-20276, A-20553, A-20706,
A-21882, A-21887, A-22860, A-22973,
A-22987,
A-23843,
A-24527,
A-25179,
A-26574,
A-26911,
A-27972,
A-28861,
A-29455,
A-30218.
A-30701,
A-31263,
A-31882,
A-32489,
A-33188,
A-33883,
A-34290,
A-35564,
B-00032,
B-00379,
B-00975,
B-01537,
B-01900,
B-02427,
B-03129,
B-03972,
B-04300,
B-04773,
B-04861,
B-04950,
B-05093,
B-05532,
B-05862,
B-06088,
B-06412,
B-07374,
B-07530,
B-08360,
B-08506,
B-0%56,
B-09791,
B-09819,
B-09839,
B-09852,
B-09933,
B-10994,
B-11136,
B-11673,
B-12482,
B-13334,
B-13772,
B-14609,
B-14940,
B-15170,
B-16113,
B-16807,
B-17293,
B-17636,
B-18I69,
B-19850,
B-20824,
B-21677,
B-22357,
B-22S22,
B-23008,
B-23493,
B-23901,
B-24090,
B-24810,
B-25479,
B-26002,
B-26128,
B-26254,
B-26730,
B-26908,
B-27357,
A-23000,
A-24007,
A-24754,
A-25205,
A-26575,
A-27235,
A-28295,
A-28885,
A-29599,
A-30389,
A-31044,
A-31602,
A-32385,
A-32653,
A-33713,
A-33983,
A-34585,
A-35581,
B-00246,
B-00541,
B-01352,
B-01549,
B-02018,
B-02488,
B-03807,
B-03976,
B-04533,
B-04781,
B-04882,
B-04951,
B-05332,
B-05624,
B-05880,
B-06103,
B-06688,
B-07415,
B-07531,
B-08361,
B-08946,
B-09661,
B-09794,
B-09827,
B-09840,
B-09854,
B-10009,
B-11008,
B-11137,
B-12346,
B-12506,
B-13398,
B-14094,
B-14671,
B-14956,
B-15690,
B-16498,
B-16842,
B-17403,
B-17637,
B-19218,
B-20258,
B-21051,
B-21888,
B-22400,
B-22525,
B-23117,
B-23538,
B-23967,
B-24197,
B-25017,
B-25858,
B-26014,
B-26172,
B-26567,
B-26731,
B-26944,
B-27541,
A-23313,
A-243SO,
A-24903,
A-25228,
A-26605,
A-27669.
A-28527,
A-29332,
A-29698,
A-30513.
A-31155,
A-31759,
A-32465,
A-32855,
A-33719,
A-34018,
A-34654,
A-35693,
B-00257,
B-005S2,
B-01414,
B-01563,
B-02047,
B-02729,
B-03946,
B-04045,
B-04627,
B-04783,
B-04887,
B-049S2,
B-05408,
B-05808,
B-05929,
B-06106,
B-06859,
B-07429,
B-07875,
B-08364,
B-09508,
B-09733,
B-09813,
B-09830,
B-09842,
B-09857,
B-10277,
B-11009.
B-11153,
B-12434,
B-12658,
B-13551,
B-14113,
B-14757,
B-14967,
B-15709,
B-16535,
B-17177,
B-17409,
B-18050,
B-19363,
B-20628,
B-21220,
B-22061,
B-22435,
B-22988,
B-23371,
B-23836,
B-24065,
B-24380,
B-25085,
B-25950,
B-26057,
B-26173,
B-26568,
B-26778,
B-27154.
B-27548,
A-23314,
A-24500,
A-25056,
A-26402.
A-26826,
A-27821,
A-28614,
A-293S3.
A-29842,
A-30687.
A-31157,
A-31880,
A-32475,
A-32879,
A-33828,
A-34228,
A-35383,
B-00025,
B-00358,
B-00571,
B-01505,
B-01672,
B-02279,
B-02794,
B-03966,
B-04227,
B-O4669,
B-04838.
B-04943,
B-04953,
B-05409,
B-05852,
B-05930.
B-06366,
B-07362,
B-07434,
B-07971,
B-08467,
B-09655,
B-09784,
B-09815.
B-09836,
B-09849,
B-09922,
B-10588,
B-11059.
B-11158,
B-12480,
B-13072,
B-13697,
B-14118,
B-14895,
B-15153,
B-15779,
B-16747,
B-17266,
B-17635,
B-18140,
B-19493,
B-20709,
B-21294,
B-223S3,
B-22518.
B-23002,
B-23456,
B-23885,
B-24079,
B-24743,
B-25379,
B-25977,
B-26087,
B-26176,
B-26618,
B-26843,
B-27288,
B-27605,
B-27719, B-27732, B-27818, B-28108,
B-28118, B-28146, B-29251, B-29278,
B-29363, B-29601, B-2%28, B-29745,
B-29761, B-30062, B-30124. B-30339,
B-30350, B-30530, B-30738, B-30773,
B-30943, B-31062, B-31072, B-31091,
B-31167. B-31178, B-31223, B-31301,
B-31302, B-31400. B-31453. B-31463,
B-31472. B-31631. B-31700, B-31790,
B-31794, B-32057, B-32099, B-32119,
B-32166, B-32302, B-32497, B-32498,
B-32615, B-32634, B-32646, B-32681,
B-32682, B-32768, B-32781, B-32797,
B-32798, B-32799, B-32847, B-32900,
B-32937, B-32956, B-33003, B-33073,
B-33077, B-33120, B-33398, B-33617,
B-33793, B-33816, B-33854, B-34385,
B-34679, B-34868, B-35554, B-35566,
B-35595, B-35609, B-35660, B-35803,
C-00178, C-00965, C-01289, C-03354,
C-03789, C-04117, C-04883, C-05614,
C-05898, C-06381, C-06526, C-07214,
C-08066, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
C-08357, C-08358, C-08678, C-09620,
C-09648, C-0%57, C-09660. C-10534,
C-15287, C-16134, C-17628, C-19051,
C-20192, C-20460, C-20538, C-21859,
C-22431, C-22958, C-23106, C-24429,
C-25466, C-26966, C-27355, C-27791,
C-29726, C-30689. C-30811, C-31924,
C-32467, C-32880, C-33577, C-34047,
C-34863, C-35949, C-35956, D-00209,
D-00373, D-00690, D-00751, D-01949,
D-02212, D-02331, D-02339, D-03001,
D-03017, D-03418, D-03431, D-034S9,
D-03506, D-03514, D-06535, D-07572,
D-09S90, D-09S92, D-12648, D-16062,
D-16635, D-16636, D-17630, D-20355,
D-23098, D-23149, D-23152, D-23411,
D-25780, D-25996, D-27255, D-29349,
D-29973, D-31371, D-31760. D-33108,
D-33539, D-33723, E-26S50, F-01784,
F-10308, F-12662, F-16828, F-25761,
G-00208, G-00715, G-03788, G-05942,
G-21125, G-34667, 1-05463, 1-19325,
1-24187, J-16457, J-34518, K-07766,
K-15926, K-20194, K-21083, K-21084,
K-31516, L-00054, L-00871, L-00973,
L-01528, L-02840, L-03540, L-04942,
L-06732, L-07235, L-07781,L-09604,
L-09677, L-10567, L-12511, L-14028,
L-14798, L-14932, L-15554. L-15688,
L-19059, L-22343, L-23754, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29679, L-29813. L-29975,
L-30149, L-30688, L-31084, L-31465,
L-32171, L-32352, L-32382. L-32383,
L-32626, L-32796, L-32893, L-33117,
L-34033, L-34256, M-00376, M-00844,
M-08698, M-13980, M-14491. M-15760,
M-27680, M-30896, M-31071, N-01539,
N-03438, N-19060, N-32254
INERTIAL SEPARATION B-07429,
B-31945
INFECnOUS DISEASES A-00402,
L-03198
INFRARED RADIATION B-03966,
B-22538, C-03010, C-23004
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY A-03825,
A-05549, A-08373, A-19814, A-23843,
B-06363, C-02786, C-03542, C-05426,
C-07214, C-08066, C-20100, C-20192,
C-20264, C-24814, C-29337, C-29843,
C-34279, D-00251, D-00373, F-14987,
F-19061, F-19063, G-00177
INGESTION A-00402
-------
242
INORGANIC ACIDS A-30218, A-32855,
B-00975, B-03129, B-04943, B-05332,
B-06106, B-0753I. B-09784, B-09839,
B-262S4, B-29363, B-30350, B-31091,
B-31233, B-32119, C-03010, C-1I123,
C-20460, C-23107, C-31924, D-09590,
D-25996, D-29973, D-31371, D-33108,
D-35764, E-19849, F-23187, G-05942,
G-05946, G-21125, G-35570, 1-19325,
K-07766, K-31516, L-27677, L-32354,
L-32382
INSPECTION A-27821, B-00504, B-01672,
B-06280, B-32956, L-03198, L-09215,
L-14932, L-28348, L-29679, L-33672,
L-34926
INSPECTORS A-27669, B-00975, C-08678,
N-01539
INSTRUCTORS B-00975
INSTRUMENTATION A-00393, B-00257,
B-00286, B-00379, B-00975, B-01867,
B-02794, B-05808, B-08360, B-09656,
B-09661, C-00178, C-02786, C-03010,
C-04883, C-05426, C-08354, C-08355,
C-08356, C-08357, C-08358, C-08678,
C-08953, C-09364, C-0952I, C-09620,
C-09648, C-10593, C-12665, C-13367,
C-23004, C-29726, C-29843, C-32676,
C-35240, C-35956, D-00251, L-10484,
L-31465, L-34926, N-05235
INTERMITTENT MONITORING D-23845
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-00393, A-01565, A-05007. A-05335,
A-05527, A-05549, A-05608, A-06039,
A-08802, A-09255, A-11692, A-12377,
A-12505, A-14116, A-14297, A-14914,
A-15297, A-20101, A-20118, A-20134,
A-20553, A-20557. A-21700, A-25327,
A-25455, A-26048, A-27129, A-27249,
A-27986, A-28352, A-30603, A-30851,
A-31759, A-32653, A-33564, A-33648,
A-33719, A-34018, A-34766, A-34891,
A-34964, A-35590, A-35635, B-00504,
B-01613, B-01867, B-05490, B-06280,
B-06453, B-06525, B-06636, B-06979,
B-07224, B-07479, B-07971, B-08497,
B-08604, B-08663, B-09608, B-11220,
B-11234, B-12133, B-17906, B-20120,
B-20877, B-20878, B-21220, B-23067,
B-24845, B-24988, B-29437, B-29533,
B-30865, B-31167, B-31400, B-31631,
C-02786, C-03542, C-05170, C-07266,
C-14606, C-14607, C-14680, C-16442,
C-16781, C-20100, C-21693, C-22448,
C-26966, C-27121, C-27934, C-29337,
C-31924, D-00241, D-00251, D-18231,
D-24162, G-21125, G-34667, K-00157,
K-07766, K-16263, L-00054, L-03198,
L-04841, L-04888, L-05129, L-09215,
L-09677, L-12376, L-35511, M-23408
INTERNATIONAL A-31882, B-06280,
K-35146, L-12376
INVERSION A-03097, A-05007, A-14972,
A-16058, A-31759, B-00975, B-01672,
B-26087, C-25065, D-03017, D-03431,
D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, L-02840,
L-07235, M-08698, N-03438
IODIMETRIC METHODS A-17603,
B-02279, B-03807, C-08355, C-08358,
C-09619, C-27248, C-35956
IODINATED HYDROCARBONS C-08066
IONIZATION A-01885, B-21006, B-26296,
C-08357, F-01784
IONIZATION CHAMBERS C-08357
IONS B-16365, B-33122, F-01784, F-11132,
F-19102
IRON A-32489, B-04227, B-09784,
B-09836, B-10277, B-28756, D-09590,
D-09592, D-29973, 1-24187. L-00973,
L-01604, L-29813, L-29975, L-31084
IRON COMPOUNDS D-31371, F-11132,
1-05463
IRON OXIDES A-28614, B-28146, B-28756
IRRADIATION CHAMBERS A-05007,
B-25224
ISOPENTANES G-00177
ISOTOPES F-14987, N-03438
ITALY B-04773, B-23319, B-26176
JAPAN A-06240, A-16135, A-16494,
A-17198, A-17236, A-17462, A-17631,
A-17632, A-17633, A-17634, A-19899,
A-20706, A-21661, A-21857, A-22987,
A-23000, A-24500, A-25056, A-26048,
A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-26826,
A-27669, A-27972, A-28295, A-28527,
A-28614, A-29332, A-29455, A-29599,
A-29842, A-30513, A-30687, A-31044,
A-31155, A-31157, A-31263, A-32475,
A-32855, A-32878, A-32879, B-03976,
B-04664, B-08104, B-12480, B-12482,
B-13072, B-14203, B-14488, B-14940,
B-14951, B-14956, B-15170, B-15772,
B-15948, B-16535, B-17238, B-17293,
B-17314, B-17395, B-17403, B-17635,
B-17636, B-17637, B-19218, B-20625,
B-20628, B-20709, B-21647, B-22061,
B-22538, B-22988, B-23002, B-23117,
B-24380, B-24845, B-25379, B-26002,
B-26014, B-26056, B-26057, B-26125,
B-26128, B-262%, B-26308, B-26567,
B-26568, B-26618, B-26836, B-26843,
B-27288, B-27541, B-27548, B-27674,
B-28146, B-28756, B-29131, B-29437,
B-29448, B-29533, B-29601, B-29745,
B-29761, B-29978, B-30260, B-30479,
B-30530, B-30782, B-31091, B-31160,
B-31223, B-31233, B-31354, B-31456,
B-31911, B-31945, B-32099, B-32119,
B-32497, B-32498, B-32768, B-32797,
B-32798, B-32799, B-32847, B-32900,
B-32913, B-33003, B-33120, B-33122,
B-33380, B-33398, B-33617, B-33742,
B-34073, B-35803, C-06112, C-12479,
C-12487, C-12488, C-12492, C-13627,
C-16134, C-16540, C-17288, C-17290,
C-17627, C-17628, C-17629, C-17638,
C-17639, C-17640, C-17641, C-20202,
C-20264, C-20460, C-20624, C-21208,
C-21858, C-21859, C-21866, C-22431,
C-23004, C-23106, C-23107, C-24814,
C-26309, C-26547, C-26837, C-27355,
C-27475, C-27685, C-27791, C-28787,
C-29337, C-29508, C-29726, C-29843,
C-29929, C-30374, C-30689, C-30704,
C-30811, C-31222, C-31924, C-32467,
C-32795, C-32880, C-33121, C-33349,
C-33577, C-34047, C-34279, C-35751,
D-17630, D-20355, D-23098, D-23149,
D-23152, D-25291, D-26304, D-27255,
D-29349, D-29973, D-31371, D-33108,
D-33723, D-35764, F-11132, F-12449,
F-13107, F-19102, F-22429, F-22430,
F-26529, F-29649, G-28175, 1-05463,
1-19325, K-31968, K-35146, L-14932,
L-15691, L-17258, L-27184, L-27185,
L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28348,
L-28363, L-29679, L-29813, L-29975,
L-30149, L-30153, L-30688, L-327%,
L-32893, L-33117, L-33725, L-35511,
L-35752, M-13980, M-14491, M-27680,
M-30896
JET AIRCRAFT A-05549, A-27451,
A-32653, B-08663, C-31924, D-01202
K
KANSAS C-11167, D-03418
KENTUCKY D-31760, L-09677, L-32626,
L-34755
KEROSENE B-06979, B-11220, C-27121,
D-00251
KETONES A-29698, A-32855, A-33713,
A-33983, A-34964, B-04627, B-05409,
B-16842, B-16890, B-19493, B-21294,
B-24%9, B-27674, B-32166, C-03354,
C-07214, C-08066, C-08356, C-08357,
C-10983, C-11123, C-13749, C-14607,
C-27934, C-32269, G-00177, K-05947
KIDNEYS G-35671
KILNS A-08359, A-25205, A-29599,
A-34228, A-35564, B-02279, B-03976,
B-07434, B-07875, B-08360, B-11008,
B-11059, B-11158, B-13551, B-15709,
B-15779, B-16842, B-17409, B-17635,
B-17636, B-20709, B-20824, B-23002,
B-24065, B-27541, B-32615, B-32681,
B-32956, B-35660, C-35956, D-03017,
D-09592, D-16062, J-16457, L-00054,
L-04942, L-07235, L-09677
KRAFT PULPING A-00525, A-01885,
A-04879, A-04893, A-06240, A-06981,
A-08359, A-11144, A-12507, A-12621,
A-12832, A-12834, A-14580, A-16494,
A-17603, A-17633, A-19899, A-24903,
A-25205, A-28885, A-30701, A-32475,
A-32879, A-33983, A-35581, B-00025,
B-00552, B-01549, B-01563, B-01672,
B-01900, B-02018, B-02279, B-03129,
B-03807, B-03946, B-04045, B-04773,
B-04781, B-04783, B-04861, B-04882,
B-04887, B-04950, B-04951, B-04952,
B-04953, B-05332, B-05408, B-05409,
B-05808, B-05880, B-06106, B-06859,
B-07415, B-07434, B-08360, B-08361,
B-08364, B-08467, B-09508, B-0%55,
B-09656, B-09661, B-09733, B-09933,
B-10277, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
B-11153, B-11158, B-11673, B-12506,
B-12658, B-13072, B-13398, B-13551,
B-13772, B-14094, B-14113, B-14118,
B-14940, B-15690, B-15709, B-15779,
B-16747, B-16807, B-16842, B-17177,
B-17266, B-17409, B-18140, B-19218,
B-20258, B-20824, B-21051, B-22061,
B-22357, B-22522, B-23117, B-23538,
B-23901, B-24079, B-25950, B-25977,
B-26172, B-26173, B-26176, B-26254,
B-27288, B-27357, B-29278, B-29628,
B-30062, B-30339, B-3ld72, B-31463,
B-31790, B-31794, B-32615, B-32681,
B-32798, B-32937, B-33073, B-34385,
B-34868, B-35660, B-35803, C-00965,
C-03789, C-04883, C-06526, C-07214,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
C-08358. C-09646, C-09657, C-09660,
C-21859, C-22958, C-23106, C-25466,
C-27355, C-29726, C-32467, C-32880,
C-34863, C-35956, D-00209, D-00690,
D-00751, D-03017, D-03506, D-06535,
D-07572, D-09592, D-16062, D-33108,
F-01784, F-10308, F-12662, F-16828,
G-03788, G-34667, J-16457, L-OOOS4,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
243
L-03540, L-06732, L-30149, L-31465,
L-32796, L-32893, M-00844, M-08698,
M-13980
LABORATORY ANIMALS B-02427,
B-03297, C-02786, C-03542, C-12359,
C-237S5, C-32467, D-00751, F-19102,
G-00177, G-00208, G-00715, G-05949,
G-07821, G-19599, G-21359, G-23298,
G-35671, H-002S2, K-05947, K-20194,
K-21084, M-00844, M-01069, N-03438
LABORATORY FACILITIES A-06981,
A-08359, A-35673, C-03010, C-09648,
C-17290, G-09659, L-03198, L-04841
LAChRYMATION A-17603, B-19493,
D-25780
LACQUERS A-23843, A-34585, B-21294,
B-31301, B-31472, C-28393
LAKES B-01672
LANDFILLS A-11651, A-23313, A-23314,
A-29353, B-30124, B-30773, D-03017
LAPSE CONDITION C-08066
LARYNX M-00376
LAUNDRIES L-19059
LEAD A-01565, A-26402, B-30124,
G-00177
LEAD ALLOYS A-26402
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-01565, A-24459,
A-27249, A-30513, A-30603, A-31323,
A-34018, B-08663, B-17906, B-28108,
B-29628, B-30124, C-05426, C-06112,
C-09476, D-24162, G-00177, K-18294,
L-07235, L-34033
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLE C-05503,
D-03001, D-09590, D-25291, L-01604
LEATHER A-17634, B-09840
LEAVES A-19814, B-09407, B-17637,
D-09590
LEGAL ASPECTS A-01565, A-03097,
A-08912, A-20134, A-23313, A-23314,
A-24350, A-25179, A-25205, A-25638,
A-26911, A-27821, A-29353, A-31323,
A-34585, A-35581, B-00504, B-00975,
B-0150S, B-01672, B-02794, B-03129,
B-06280, B-09784, B-10277, B-16890,
B-24743, B-25479, B-26057, B-26087,
B-27732, B-29628, B-30260, B-31062,
B-31453, B-32559, B-33854, C-03010,
C-08678, C-25054, C-30374, C-32022,
D-01949, D-03001, D-03431, D-25291,
D-29973, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
F-25761, G-06323, K-07766, K-11734,
K-15926, K-21084, K-31286, K-31516,
L-00054, L-00549, L-00973, L-01528,
L-01604, L-02294, L-02295, L-02840,
L-06732, L-07235, L-07781, L-09215,
L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12376,
L-12511, L-14028, L-14616, L-14932,
L-15554, L-15688, L-15691, L-16330,
L-17258, L-19059, L-23754, L-25446,
L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-27677,
L-27678, L-27679, L-28363, L-2%79,
L-29813, L-30149, L-30688, L-31084,
L-31465, L-32147, L-32171, L-32352,
L-32354, L-32382, L-32383, L-32566,
L-32626, L-32796, L-32893, L-33117,
L-33672, L-33725, L-34033, L-34256,
L-34755, L-35694, L-35752, M-00487,
M-08698, M-24091, N-03438
LEGISLATION A-0156S, A-20134,
A-2S205, A-293S3, A-31323, A-35581,
B-00504, B-00975, B-01672, B-02794,
B-03129, B-16890, B-24743, B-25479,
B-29628, B-30260, C-30374, C-32022,
D-01949, D-25291, D-29973, D-33539,
D-33723, D-35764, K-11734, K-31286,
K-31516, L-00054, L-00549, L-00973,
L-02294, L-02295, L-09677, L-12376,
L-23754, L-25446, L-27185, L-29679,
L-29813, L-30688, L-31084, L-31465,
L-32147, L-32352, L-32626, L-32796,
L-32893, L-33117, L-33672, L-33725,
L-34033, L-34256, L-34755, L-35694,
L-35752, M-00487, M-08698, M-24091,
N-03438
LIGHT RADIATION A-05007, A-25179,
B-01352, B-03966, B-05624, B-09836,
B-21006, B-22538, B-25224, B-27674,
C-03010, C-21652, C-23004, C-35182,
D-01202, D-31760, G-00177, G-11476
LIGHT SCATTERING A-32653, B-05532
LIME A-08359, A-29599, A-35564,
B-02279, B-07434, B-08360, B-11008,
B-13551, B-15709, B-15779, B-16842,
B-17409, B-32615, B-32681, C-35956,
D-03017, D-09592, D-16062. J-16457,
L-00054, L-04942, L-07235
LIMESTONE B-14671, B-30350, B-32646,
B-34073
LIPIDS G-05946
LIQUIDS A-09175, A-14580, A-20276,
A-2139S, A-26574, A-27972, A-29455,
A-34228, B-02427, B-04949, B-04952,
B-04953, B-05532, B-06103, B-09794,
B-09836, B-09839, B-09840, B-09842,
B-15779. B-16365, B-25017, B-25224,
B-26125, B-29533, B-30773, B-31091,
C-08354, C-10016, C-27475, C-28787,
F-16696, 1-05463
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS A-03825,
B-11234, D-00373, F-11132, L-35511
LITIGATION L-23754, L-27185, L-32147,
L-34033, L-35694
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS B-00975,
B-26057, C-11167, D-35764, K-15926,
L-00871, L-09677, L-12511, L-15554,
L-27185, L-33117, L-33725, L-35694,
N-03438
LONDON B-05624
LOS ANGELES A-24527, A-32653,
B-00975, B-06412, B-09784, B-09842,
B-14341, B-16890, B-26057, B-32559,
C-03010, K-00157, L-00549, L-00973,
L-09677
LOUISIANA B-08364
LOWER ATMOSPHERE B-31223, L-32566
I
LUBRICANTS A-34766, B-09857, B-32956
LUNG CANCER A-22973, L-34256
LUNGS G-07821, G-23298, G-35671,
H-00252
M
MAGNESIUM G-05942
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS F-11132,
1-05463
MAINE B-07434
MAINTENANCE A-02001, A-05527,
A-08802, A-27821, A-31155, A-31880,
A-33883, B-00504, B-01672, B-06280,
B-07415, B-08497, B-09840, B-09842,
B-20824, B-21220, B-23067, B-24845,
B-25858, B-28108, B-31631, B-32498,
B-33077, B-35595, D-02212, 1-24187,
L-34926, M-30896
MALES C-08268, D-00751, M-00844,
M-01069
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL M-31071
MANGANESE F-11132, G-00177
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-08912,
B-03297, B-04627, B-11234, B-32166,
B-32646, F-11132, G-00177
MANGANESE DIOXIDE (JAPANESE)
B-06636
MAPPING D-26304, D-33539, L-32354
MARYLAND A-11700, A-12832, A-12834,
A-23313, A-23314, A-29698, B-02794,
D-23411, L-09604, L-23754, L-32626
MASS SPECTROMETRY A-05549,
A-11692, A-19814, A-21978, A-25455,
A-33564, A-34766, A-34964, C-03354,
C-07214, C-08066, C-10534, C-14607,
C-27121, C-27685, C-28787, C-29843,
C-35956, F-07681, F-19063
MASSACHUSETTS B-31453
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-03097,
A-16058, A-17603, A-22973, A-33828,
A-34018, A-34287, B-00975, B-01505,
B-02018, B-04227, B-10277, B-19218,
B-26172, B-29323, B-31790, C-08066,
D-01949, D-03017, D-03514, D-06535,
D-09590, D-09592, D-25996, D-26304,
D-31760, D-35764, E-19849, G-35570,
1-05463, 1-19325, 1-24187, L-OOOS4,
L-00871, L-01604, M-26725, N-03438,
N-19060
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-03097,
A-28861, A-31759, A-33828, A-35590,
A-35638, B-26730, B-31211, C-03010,
C-08355, C-10693, C-21652, C-22958,
C-26096, C-27248, C-29269, C-32676,
C-34047, F-16455, F-22429, F-35651,
L-05129
MATHEMATICAL MODELING A-33828,
B-26730, B-31211, C-10693, C-27248
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-23843,
A-25638, A-32878, A-33719, B-00975,
B-03129, B-09922, C-02786, D-01202,
D-05256, D-16635, D-16636, G-05942,
G-05943, G-05946, G-05949, G-07821,
G-21125, G-35570, K-05117, K-05947,
K-07766, K-11734, K-20194, K-21083,
K-21084, K-27403. K-30870, K-31516,
K-35146, L-00549, L-00871, L-00973,
L-09677, L-15688, L-32382, L-32383,
L-33117
MBTH METHOD A-05549
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-02001,
A-03825, A-04785, A-04860, A-05549,
A-07089, A-08373, A-10075, A-15297,
A-17631, A-17632, A-19899, A-20134,
A-20553, A-20557, A-20706, A-21661,
A-21857, A-23843, A-24350, A-25228,
A-25455, A-26605, A-26826, A-29599,
A-29698, A-30218, A-30701, A-30851,
A-31044, A-31155, A-31263, A-31323,
A-32475, A-32855, A-33713, A-34891,
A-34964, A-35581, A-35622, A-35635,
B-00032, B-00975, B-01414, B-01672,
B-03946, B-03966, B-04045, B-04361,
B-04533, B-05490, B-05532, B-06106,
B-06280, B-06453, B-06979, B-07224,
B-08360, B-08506, B-08604, B-09608,
B-09784, B-10005, B-10009, B-11136,
B-11843, B-12480, B-13971, B-14013,
B-14967, B-20120, B-20877, B-20878,
B-23008, B-23319, B-23371, B-23885,
B-24380, B-24988, B-25594, B-25950,
B-27288, B-27793, B-28118, B-29448,
B-29877, B-30260, B-30809, B-31302,
B-32099, B-32646, B-32681, B-32797,
B-32798, B-34868, B-3S879, C-00178,
C-03010, C-03354, C-03789, C-04117,
-------
244
C-05170, C-OS396,
C-05614. C-05813,
C-06381, C-07266,
C-08953, C-09364,
C-0%19, C-09620,
C-09660, C-09716,
C-10029, C-10534,
C-10983, C-11167,
C-12479, C-12487,
C-12942, C-13367,
C-13969, C-14108,
C-15677, C-16080,
C-16754. C-16781,
C-17290, C-17638,
C-17641, C-18093,
C-20100, C-20264,
C-21208, C-21652,
C-21866, C-22431,
C-23004, C-23106,
C-24071, C-24429,
C-25065, C-25466,
C-26837, C-26966,
C-27355, C-27475,
C-27791, C-27934,
C-28787, C-29243,
C-29508, C-29726,
C-29891, C-29929,
C-30811, C-31222,
C-32268, C-32269,
C-32795, C-32880,
C-33577, C-34047,
C-34972, C-35182,
C-35648, C-35751,
C-35956, D-00251,
D-03001, D-03514,
D-09590, D-16062,
D-20355, D-23098,
D-23845, D-24162,
D-29349, D-29973,
F-11132, F-13107,
F-19063, F-19102,
F-32271, F-33084,
G-00715, G-05942,
G-05949, G-06323,
G-20%9, G-21359,
G-35671, K-05947,
K-21083, K-21084,
L-01604, L-03198,
L-04888, L-04942,
L-14616, L-25446,
L-30149, L-31465,
L-32354, L-32S66,
L-35511. L-35752,
M-26725, M-30896,
MEDICAL FACILITIES
C-05426. C-05503,
C-05898, C-06112,
C-08066, C-08678,
C-09476, C-09521,
C-09648, C-09657,
C-09860, C-10016,
C-10593, C-10693,
C-11486, C-12359,
C-12492, C-12665,
C-13627, C-13749,
C-14109, C-14606,
C-16442, C-16540,
C-17044, C-17288,
C-17639, C-17640,
C-18194, C-190S1,
C-20538, C-20624,
C-21693, C-21858,
C-22448, C-22958,
C-23107. C-23755,
C-24814, C-25054,
C-26096, C-26309,
C-27121, C-27248,
C-27685, C-27733,
C-28141, C-28393,
C-29269, C-29337,
C-29843, C-298S8,
C-30374, C-30689,
C-31924, C-32022,
C-32467, C-32676,
C-33121, C-33349,
C-34178, C-34279,
C-35240, C-35541.
C-35865, C-35949,
D-00373, D-00690,
D-05481, D-07572,
D-17630, D-18231,
D-23149, D-23152,
D-25291, D-25996,
D-31371, D-33723,
F-13670, F-19061,
F-22429, F-29649,
F-35651, G-00177,
G-05943, G-05946,
G-09659, G-19599,
G-34667, G-34686,
K-11734, K-20194,
K-31286, K-31968,
L-03540, L-04841,
L-07235, L-10484,
L-27677, L-28348,
L-32147, L-32352,
L-33672, L-34926,
M-00487, M-23408,
, N-19088, N-20495
L-30153, L-30688
MEDICAL PERSONNEL L-07235,
L-30688
MEETINGS D-23149, D-23152, M-08698
MEMBRANE FILTERS B-03966, B-32799,
C-06526, C-09619, D-00251, G-00177,
1-05463
MEMBRANES C-34972, F-22430, F-32271,
G-35570
MERCAPTANS A-01644, A-01885,
A-04893, A-08359, A-11144, A-12507,
A-14580, A-16494, A-17198, A-17631,
A-17633, A-19899, A-20134, A-21857,
A-24903, A-28527, A-29599, A-29842,
A-31044, A-31263, A-32475, A-32879,
B-00025, B-00286, B-00379, B-01414,
B-01505, B-01508, B-01563, B-01672,
B-01900, B-02018, B-02427, B-02488,
B-03807, B-04045, B-04627, B-04838,
B-04861, B-04882, B-04887, B-04950,
B-04951, B-04952, B-04953, B-05408,
B-05409, B-05808, B-06106, B-07434,
B-07531, B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
B-08467, B-09508, B-09655, B-09661,
B-09854, B-09922, B-10277, B-10994,
B-11008, B-13072, B-14113, B-14488,
B-14692, B-15779, B-16842, B-17266,
B-17293, B-19218, B-19850, B-20625,
B-22400, B-22838, B-23538, B-24380,
B-25224, B-26014, B-26176, B-26254,
B-26908, B-27674, B-29278, B-29745,
B-31302, B-31790, B-32099, B-32615,
B-32681, B-32798, B-32956, B-35595,
B-35803, C-00965, C-01289, C-04883,
C-05426, C-06381. C-08066, C-08354,
C-08355, C-08356, C-08357, C-08358,
C-09619, C-09648, C-09657, C-10983,
C-11123, C-13749, C-14108, C-17629,
C-17639, C-17640, C-19051, C-20202,
C-21858, C-21859, C-23004, C-24071,
C-24814, C-26547, C-27355, C-27685,
C-27934, C-29243, C-29726, C-30704,
C-30811, C-31924, C-32467, C-32880,
C-33349, C-34279, C-34863, C-35865,
C-35956, D-00209, D-09592, D-16062,
D-29349, D-31371, D-33723, F-01784,
F-10308, F-12662, F-16828, F-29649,
G-00208, G-03788, G-0%59, L-00054,
L-32796, L-32893, L-33725, M-08698,
M-27680, N-19060
MERCURY COMPOUNDS C-31222,
D-31371
METABOLISM A-26911, F-11132,
G-05949, L-03198
METAL COMPOUNDS A-01565, A-03825,
A-06240, A-08912, A-11144, A-24459,
A-24903, A-25205, A-27249, A-30513,
A-30603, A-31323, A-32489, A-33828,
A-34018, A-34287, A-34891, A-35590,
B-00025, B-00379. B-00571, B-03297,
B-03499, B-03972, B-04627, B-04666,
B-04783, B-04838, B-04887, B-04943,
B-04953, B-05808, B-06106, B-06363,
B-07531, B-08360, B-08364, B-08663,
B-0%55, B-09784, B-09839, B-09849,
B-10277, B-11008, B-11009, B-11220,
B-11234, B-14671, B-16365, B-16747,
B-17906, B-20369, B-23538, B-24743,
B-24845, B-27401, B-28108, B-28146,
B-28756, B-29251, B-29628, B-30124,
B-30339, B-30350, B-30530, B-31072,
B-31790, B-32070, B-32166, B-32615,
B-32646, B-32847, B-32935, B-34073,
B-34385, C-01289, C-05426, C-06112,
C-08356, C-08358, C-09476, C-09619,
C-09657, C-27248, C-31222, D-00373,
D-09590, D-09592, D-23845, D-24162,
D-29973, D-31371, F-11132, F-13107,
G-00177, 1-05463, K-18294, K-31968,
L-04888, L-07235, L-27677, L-34033,
L-35511
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-19366, A-20553, A-28614, A-32465,
A-32489, B-00975, B-08506, B-09784,
B-09791, B-09830, B-18050, B-19363,
B-23493, B-23967, B-26254, B-26843,
B-27732, B-30943, B-31178, B-31223,
C-26966, D-03431, D-33108, L-01528,
L-07235, L-27185. L-29975
METAL POISONING K-31968
METALS A-01565, A-10699, A-26402,
A-32489, A-34018, A-34287, B-03129,
B-03499, B-04227, B-05929, B-07362,
B-09784, B-09791, B-09819, B-09830,
B-09836, B-09840, B-10277, B-14609,
B-27154, B-28206, B-28756, B-30124,
B-31400, B-33742, B-33816, C-08066,
D-03514, D-09590, D-09592, D-29973,
D-33108, F-11132, G-00177, G-05942,
1-24187, L-00973, L-01604, L-29813,
L-29975, L-31084
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
A-03097, C-00178, C-03010, C-35956,
D-09592, E-14906
METEOROLOGY A-02765, A-03097,
A-05007, A-06240, A-10075, A-11700,
A-12832, A-12834, A-14972. A-20706,
A-23313, A-24500, A-26911, A-29353,
A-29599, A-30218, A-30513, A-31263,
A-31759, A-33828, A-34290, A-35564,
A-35581, A-35622, A-35693, B-00358,
B-00975, B-01508, B-01672, B-02047,
B-02794, B-03976, B-04882, B-05490,
B-09836, B-16712, B-16842, B-23371,
B-26087, B-27288, B-32070, B-32900,
B-35955, C-00178, C-08066, C-08358,
C-08678, C-09660, C-11167, C-21208,
C-25065, C-25466, C-26966, C-35956,
D-00690, D-01202, D-01949, D-02331,
D-02339, D-03001, D-03017, D-03418,
D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12648,
D-23098, D-23149, D-23152, D-23845,
D-25996, D-27255, D-31371, D-31760,
D-33108, D-33539, D-33723, E-14906,
G-00177, G-06323, 1-05463, L-00054,
L-01604, L-02840, L-04888, L-07235,
L-14616, L-29813, L-32352, L-32566,
L-34256, L-34926, M-00376, M-00487,
M-08698, M-26725, M-27680, N-03438,
N-19088
METHANES A-01885, A-16494, A-29599,
A-32411, A-34964, A-35564, B-00379,
B-01508, B-04838, B-09655, B-29978,
B-32956, C-07214, C-08354, C-10693,
C-24814, C-30704, F-16828, N-20495
MICE G-07821
MICHIGAN A-16058, L-00973, L-07781,
L-09677
MICROMETEOROLOGY D-33108,
D-33539, D-33723
MICROORGANISMS A-04785, A-21661,
A-31602, A-35599, A-35673, B-01508,
B-03297, B-04666, B-06688, B-20754,
B-21006, B-22538, B-22550, B-27336,
B-31233, B-31354, B-33398, C-13143,
C-21208, C-35956, D-31760, F-26529,
G-07091, G-07821
MICROSCOPY C-23755
MINERAL PROCESSING A-29842,
A-32465, A-33719, A-34018, B-00975,
B-03972, B-03976, B-04627, B-07875,
B-08467, B-14940, B-21220, B-26254,
B-31400, B-32302, C-25466, D-03431,
D-09592, D-16636, D-23411, K-15926,
K-31516, L-0%77, L-15554, L-32626
MINERAL PRODUCTS B-00975, B-09784,
B-09840, B-14671, B-20369, B-21938,
B-26254, B-30350J B-32302, B-32646,
B-34073, C-27248; ;
MINING B-21220, B-26::54, B-31400,
D-16636, D-23411, L-32626
MINNESOTA D-02212
MISSILES AND ROCKETS F-07681
MISSISSIPPI D-12426
MISSOURI A-01644, A-01885, A-02001,
B-00257, B-00379, B-01414, B-01563,
B-02725, B-02729, B-03966, B-03976,
B-04045, B-05862, C-03354, C-03789,
C-11167, D-02331, D-03418, D-33539,
K-07766, L-00973, L-01604, L-0%77,
L-30149
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
245
MISTS B-00025, B-04664, B-04949,
B-05930, B-07429, B-07971, B-09813,
B-09815, B-09836, B-09840, B-09842,
B-09849, B-09852, B-11008, B-135S1,
B-20817, B-23493. B-24065, B-27818,
C-35956, D-05481, D-29973
MOBILE A-32465, B-16842. C-19051,
M-23408
MOLYBDENUM 1-24187
MONITORING A-15297, A-25228,
A-26605, A-29599, A-31155, A-31323,
B-01672, B-08360, B-10009, B-259SO,
B-27793, B-28118, B-32681, B-32798,
C-03789, C-05426, C-06112, C-10693,
C-12665, C-19051, C-23107, C-27248,
C-27733, C-30374, C-32022, C-34279,
C-35956, D-00373, D-00690, D-03001,
D-16062, D-23152, D-23845, D-24162,
D-25291, D-33723, G-00177, G-06323,
K-11734, K-31286, L-01604, L-07235,
L-2S446, L-27677, L-30149, L-31465,
L-32147, L-32352, L-323S4, L-33672
MONTHLY A-30513, C-08678, D-01949,
D-09590, D-23411, D-23845, D-25780,
D-27255, D-33723, K-35146, L-32352,
N-03438
MORBIDITY G-27137
MORTALITY G-27137, L-34256
MOUNTAINS B-01672, N-03438
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
A-08373, A-10699, A-26575, A-27972,
A-29332, A-31155, A-31157, A-34654,
A-35383, B-00246, B-09784, B-09827,
B-09830, B-14956, B-15170, B-23008,
B-23836, B-26568, B-27548, B-33077,
B-33793
N
NAPHTHALENES A-07089, A-33564,
A-34964, B-14203, B-24969, C-27121,
C-32269
NAPHTHENES A-05007, B-07362
NASHVILLE L-19059, M-01069
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK
(NASN) N-03438
NATURAL GAS A-17603, A-21395,
A-27249, A-28352, A-31759, B-09922,
B-22838, B-25479, B-33793, C-14108,
D-03431, D-09590, D-09592, G-00715,
L-32352
NAUSEA A-20553, A-30687, B-01672,
D-02339, G-07821, G-28175
NERVOUS SYSTEM A-17603, A-31759,
C-12359, C-29269, C-32269, C-34972,
F-U132, F-22430, F-32271, G-05942,
G-05946, G-05949, G-06323, G-21359,
G-21712, G-35671, K-05947, K-20194,
K-21084, N-OS235
NEVADA L-32171, L-32383
NEW HAMPSHIRE D-03017
NEW JERSEY B-09729, L-00973, L-09677
NEW YORK CITY A-27821, L-00973,
L-09677
NEW YORK STATE A-27821, B-01672,
D-01202, L-00973, L-04942, L-09677
NICKEL B-33742, F-11132, 1-24187
NICKEL COMPOUNDS F-11132
NITRATES B-04666, B-06636, C-34279,
D-09590, D-23845, E-19849
NITRIC ACID B-03129. B-26254, G-21125,
1-19325
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-01565, A-05007,
A-05527, A-OS549, A-08802, A-27451,
A-30513, A-34891, B-00975, B-04627,
B-06280, B-06636, B-08497, B-08663,
B-20878, C-03542, C-09476, C-29337,
D-00251, D-05481, D-29973, F-07681,
G-00177, L-01604, L-35511, N-20495
N1TRILES B-14692, B-27674, C-03354,
C-11123, F-17801
NITRITES C-10693
NITROGEN A-17198, A-29599, A-32411,
A-32489, A-35673, B-07224, B-27674,
B-32119, C-03010, C-08354, C-27685,
F-26529
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-01565,
A-02001, A-05007, A-05527, A-07561,
A-08802, A-09175, A-30513, A-31759,
A-33828, B-00975, B-04361, B-06280,
B-08497, B-20878, B-21220, B-29437,
C-02786, C-03542, C-09476, C-16781,
C-27733, D-00241, D-00251, D-01949,
D-03001, D-05481, D-25996, D-27255,
D-29973, D-31760, G-00177, G-34686,
K-11734, K-21918, K-27403, K-31968,
K-35146, L-01604, L-03198, L-27678,
L-27679, N-03438, N-19060, N-20495
NITROGEN OXIDES A-01565, A-02001,
A-05007, A-05527, A-05549, A-06039,
A-07561, A-08802, A-09175, A-09255,
A-12377, A-14116, A-14297, A-20101,
A-20125, A-20134, A-24459, A-26048,
A-26911, A-27129, A-27249, A-27451,
A-28352, A-30513, A-31323, A-31759,
A-31880, A-31882, A-32465, A-32653,
A-32855, A-33719, A-33828, A-34018,
A-34891, A-35635, B-00504, B-00975,
B-01508, B-01867, B-04300, B-04361,
B-04627, B-06280, B-06636, B-07875,
B-07971, B-08497, B-08663, B-09784,
B-09827, B-09830, B-11234, B-14967,
B-16365, B-17906, B-19705, B-20878,
B-21220, B-23008, B-24845, B-24988,
B-29437, B-29533, B-30865, B-31062,
B-31354, B-31400, B-33077, C-02786,
C-03010, C-03542, C-05170, C-06112,
C-07266, C-09476, C-16781, C-20100,
C-23107, C-27248, C-27733, C-29337,
C-29843, C-30014, C-34279, C-35956,
D-00241, D-00251, D-01949, D-03001,
D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-06535,
D-09592, D-24162, D-25996, D-26304,
D-27255, D-29973, D-31371, D-31760,
D-33539, D-35764, E-19849, F-07681,
G-00177, G-21125, G-34686, 1-19325,
K-00157, K-11734, K-16263, K-18294,
K-21918, K-27403, K-31968, K-35146,
L-00054, L-01604, L-02840, L-03198,
L-04888, L-09677, L-27678, L-27679,
L-32147, L-34926, L-35511, M-24091,
N-03438, N-19060, N-20495
NITROGEN TRIOXEDE (NO3) C-09476,
D-31760
NITROSO C-10693
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) B-01867, B-24845
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-00525. A-02001, A-03097, A-04785,
A-05608, A-07089, A-07561, A-08373,
A-08802, A-09175, A-09255, A-10075,
A-11651, A-12083, A-12832, A-12834,
A-16058, A-17236, A-17462, A-17603,
A-19814, A-20553, A-22860, A-23313,
A-23314, A-24350, A-2S056, A-25228,
A-25638, A-26574, A-26S75, A-26911,
A-27821, A-27972, A-29332, A-29353,
A-29455, A-29599, A-30389, A-31155,
A-31157, A-31602, A-31759, A-32385,
A-32411, A-32855, A-33719, A-33883,
A-34228, A-34287, A-34290, A-346S4,
A-35383, A-35564, A-35599, A-35673,
A-35693, B-00032, B-00358, B-00541,
B-00571, B-00975, B-01508, B-01549,
B-01563, B-03129, B-03297, B-03972,
B-04361, B-04664, B-04666, B-05852,
B-06412, B-06453, B-06688, B-07224,
B-07479, B-07971, B-08497, B-08604,
B-08663, B-09729, B-09784, B-09827,
B-09839, B-09842, B-09922, B-10009,
B-13697, B-14609, B-14940, B-14967,
B-15948, B-16535, B-17403, B-18I53,
B-19182, B-19705, B-20754, B-22435,
B-22518, B-22538, B-22550, B-22837,
B-23008, B-23538, B-23594, B-23836,
B-25085, B-25479, B-25554, B-25623,
B-25694, B-25977, B-2612S, B-26254,
B-26778, B-27336, B-27541, B-27605,
B-27719, B-27732, B-27818, B-28108,
B-28118, B-28146, B-29251, B-29448,
B-30124, B-30530, B-30773, B-31302,
B-31453, B-31794, B-32119, B-32497,
B-32498, B-32615, B-32682, B-32768,
B-32900, B-32913, B-32935, B-33003,
B-33120, B-33380, B-33793, B-33816,
B-33854, B-34073, B-35595, B-35879,
C-05170, C-05503, C-08066, C-0%20,
C-13099, C-13749, C-16781, C-26966,
C-27791, C-28141, C-30704, C-31222,
C-32022, C-35865, C-35956, D-00373,
D-00690, D-00751, D-01949, D-02331,
D-02339, D-03017, D-03418, D-03431,
D-03506, D-09590, D-09592, D-17630,
D-23411, D-25291, D-25780, D-29973,
D-31371, D-33108, D-33539, D-33723,
D-35764, E-26550, F-07681, F-26529,
F-29649, G-03788, H-00252, 1-05463,
J-16457, J-34518, K-07766, K-31286,
K-31516, L-00054, L-00973, L-02840,
L-07235, L-09604, L-09677, L-10567,
L-14616, L-15688, L-15691, L-17258,
L-19059, L-25446, L-27184, L-27185,
L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28348,
L-28363, L-30153, L-32147, L-32171,
L-32354, L-32382, L-32383, L-32626,
L-32796, L-33117, L-34033, M-00844,
M-24091, N-03438, N-19060, N-32254
NON-URBAN AREAS A-11700, A-12832,
A-12834, A-22973, A-26911, A-33713,
A-35564, B-04361, B-14453, B-20709,
B-22550, B-25858, B-33120, D-29973,
H-00252, L-30153, L-30688, M-15760,
N-01539
NORTH CAROLINA D-05481, K-31516,
N-03438
NOSTRILS A-00402, B-06280, B-31700,
C-05898, C-08066, C-08678, C-21693,
C-32676, C-34972, F-03173, F-11132,
F-35651, G-06323, G-09659, G-20969,
G-21359, M-00376, N-05235
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS A-12832,
A-26911, B-28108
NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES D-00373
NUCLEATION B-29533
NYLON D-09590, L-01604
o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH G-35570,
K-11734, L-29975
ODOR COUNTERACTION A-00393,
A-00525, A-04785, A-04860, A-04893,
A-05527, A-06981, A-098S3, A-116S1,
A-12083, A-12507, A-I2621, A-12998,
A-14580, A-17603. A-17632. A-17634,
A-19366, A-19899, A-20276, A-20553,
-------
246
A-21661, A-21887, A-22987, A-23000, B-31945, B-32070, B-32099, B-32119,
A-24007, A-24527, A-24903, A-25056, B-32166, B-32302, B-32497, B-32498,
A-25179, A-2520S, A-25228, A-25455, B-32615, B-32634, B-32646, B-32681,
A-26402, A-2657S, A-26826, A-26911, B-32768, B-32781, B-32797, B-32798,
A-27249. A-27972, A-28352, A-28861, B-32799, B-32847, B-32900, B-32913,
A-29332. A-29455, A-29599, A-29842, B-32935, B-32937, B-33003, B-33073,
A-30389, A-30701, A-30851, A-31155, B-33077, B-33120, B-33122, B-33380,
A-31157, A-31602, A-31882, A-32385, B-33398, B-33617, B-33742, B-33793,
A-32855, A-33188, A-33883, A-34228, B-33816, B-33854, B-34073, B-34385,
A-34654, A-3S383, A-35564, A-35581, B-34679, B-34778, B-34868, B-35554,
A-35590, A-35673, B-00025, B-00032, B-35595, B-35609, B-35660, B-35803,
B-00257, B-00286, B-00358, B-00379, B-35879, B-35955, C-04883, C-05170,
B-00541. B-00552, B-00571, B-01352, C-05614, C-05898, C-13749, C-17639,
B-01414, B-01508, B-01537, B-01563, C-24429, C-25054, C-26966, C-29891,
B-01672, B-01867, B-01900, B-02047, C-31924, C-32676. C-34047, D-00209,
B-02427, B-02729, B-03499, B-03807, D-00373, D-07572, D-09592, D-16062,
B-03946, B-03972, B-04045, B-04227, D-23149, D-33539, F-10308, F-12662,
B-04300, B-04627, B-04664, B-04666, F-16828, F-26529, G-00208, G-00715,
B-04669, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783, G-03788, G-07821, G-34667, 1-24187,
B-04861, B-04882, B-04887, B-04943, J-16457, J-29299, K-00157. K-31316.
B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953, L-03540, L-06732, L-14028, L-14932,
B-05093, B-05408, B-05409, B-05624, L-16330, L-30149, L-327%, L-33725,
B-05808, B-05862, B-05929, B-05930, L-35752, M-30896
B-06088, B-06103, B-06106, B-06363, ODORIMETRY A-03825, A-04785,
B-06366, B-06412, B-07362, B-07434, A-04860, A-17631, A-17632, A-19899,
B-07530, B-07531, B-08104, B-08360, A-20553, A-20557, A-20706, A-21857,
B-08467, B-08506, B-09407, B-09608, A-24350, A-25228, A-25455, A-26826,
B-09656, B-09661, B-09729, B-09733, A-29698, A-30851, A-31044, A-31263,
B-09836. B-09849, B-09854, B-09933, A-32475, A-32855, A-33713, A-34891,
B-10005, B-10588, B-11059, B-11153, A-34964, B-00032, B-03946, B-03966,
B-11158, B-11220, B-11234, B-11673, B-04533, B-05490, B-06106, B-06453,
B-12133, B-12346, B-12434, B-12480, B-08506, B-08604, B-09608, B-10005,
B-12482, B-12506, B-13072, B-13334, B-11136, B-12480, B-13971, B-14013,
B-13772, B-13812, B-13971, B-14004, B-20120, B-20877, B-20878, B-23371,
B-14094, B-14113, B-14341, B-14354, B-23885, B-24380, B-25594, B-27288,
B-14453. B-14488, B-I4671, B-14692, B-29448, B-29877, B-30809, B-31302,
B-14757, B-14895, B-14940, B-14956, B-32099, B-32646, B-32797, B-32798,
B-15153, B-15170, B-15709, B-15772, B-35879, C-00178, C-04117, C-05170,
B-15T79, B-15948, B-16365, B-16498, C-05396, C-05426, C-05813, C-05898,
B-16535, B-16712, B-16807, B-17177, C-07266, C-08066, C-08678, C-08953,
B-17238, B-17293, B-17395, B-17409, C-09364, C-09521, C-09620, C-09648,
B-17635, B-17636, B-17637, B-18140, C-09657, C-09660, C-09716, C-09860,
B-18153, B-18169, B-19182, B-19218, C-10016, C-10029, C-10593, C-10693,
B-19221, B-19493, B-19705, B-19850, C-10983, C-11167, C-11486, C-12359,
B-20120, B-20258, B-20369, B-20625, C-12479, C-12487, C-12492, C-12665,
B-20628, B-20709, B-20796, B-20824, C-12942, C-13367, C-13627, C-13749,
B-20877, B-20878, B-21006, B-21051, C-13969, C-14108, C-14109, C-14606,
B-21220, B-21294, B-21647, B-21677, C-15677, C-16080, C-16540, C-16754,
B-21702, B-21888, B-21938, B-22061, C-16781, C-17044, C-17288, C-17290,
B-22353, B-22357, B-22400, B-22518, C-17638, C-17639, C-17640, C-17641,
B-22522, B-22525, B-22538, B-22838, C-18093, C-18194, C-19051, C-20264,
B-22988. B-23002, B-23008, B-23067, C-20624, C-21652, C-21693, C-21858,
B-23117, B-23319, B-23371, B-23456, C-21866, C-22431, C-22448, C-22958,
B-23493, B-23538, B-23594, B-23836, C-23004, C-23106, C-23755, C-24071,
B-23885, B-23901, B-24079, B-24380, C-24429, C-24814, C-25054, C-25065,
B-24743, B-24810, B-24969, B-24988, C-25466, C-26096, C-26309, C-26837,
B-25017, B-25224, B-25379, B-25479, C-26966, C-27121, C-27355, C-27475,
B-25554, B-25594, B-25623, B-25694, C-27685, C-27733, C-27791, C-27934,
B-25711, B-25858, B-25950, B-25977, C-2814I, C-28393, C-28787, C-29243,
B-26002, B-26014, B-26056, B-26057, C-29269, C-29508, C-29726, C-29843,
B-26125. B-26128, B-26172, B-26173, C-29858, C-29891, C-29929, C-30374,
B-26176, B-26296, B-26308, B-26567, C-30689, C-30811, C-31222, C-31924,
B-26568, B-26618, B-26730, B-26731, C-32022, C-32268, C-32269, C-32467,
B-26836, B-26908, B-27154, B-27288, C-32676, C-32795, C-32880, C-33121,
B-27357, B-27541, B-27548, B-27605, C-33349, C-33577, C-34047, C-34178,
B-27674, B-27719, B-27732, B-27793, C-34279, C-34972, C-35182, C-35240,
B-27818. B-28047, B-281I8, B-28206, C-35541, C-35648, C-35751, C-35865,
B-28756, B-29131, B-29251, B-29278, C-35949, C-35956, D-07572, D-17630,
B-29323, B-29363, B-29437, B-29448, D-18231, D-23098, D-23149, D-23152,
B-29533, B-29601, B-29745, B-29761, D-29349, D-31371, F-11132, F-13107,
B-29877, B-29978, B-30062, B-30124, F-13670, F-19061, F-19063, F-19102,
B-30350, B-30479, B-30530, B-30738, F-22429, F-29649, F-32271, F-33084,
B-30782, B-30809, B-30943, B-31062, F-35651, G-00715, G-05942, G-05943,
B-31072, B-31178, B-31211, B-31233, G-05946, G-05949, G-0%59, G-19599,
B-31302, B-31456, B-31463, B-31631, G-20969, G-21359, G-34667, G-34686,
B-31700, B-31790, B-31794, B-31911, G-35671, K-05947, K-20194, K-21083,
K-21084, K-31968, L-03540, L-04841,
L-04888, L-10484, L-28348, L-30149,
L-32566, L-35511, L-35752, M-23408,
M-26725, M-30896
ODORS A-00393, A-00402, A-00525,
A-01565, A-01644, A-01885, A-02001,
A-02765, A-03097, A-03825, A-04785,
A-04860, A-04879, A-04893, A-05007,
A-05335, A-05527, A-05549, A-05608,
A-06039, A-06240, A-07089, A-07394,
A-07561. A-08359, A-08373, A-08802,
A-08912, A-09175, A-09255, A-09853,
A-10075, A-10699, A-11144. A-11692,
A-11700, A-11969, A-12083, A-12377,
A-12505, A-12507, A-12832, A-12834,
A-14116, A-14297, A-14914, A-14972,
A-15297, A-16058, A-16135, A-16494,
A-17198, A-17236, A-17462, A-17603,
A-17631, A-17632, A-17633, A-17634,
A-19814, A-20101, A-20118, A-20125,
A-20134, A-20276, A-20553, A-20557,
A-20706, A-21661, A-21700, A-21857,
A-21882, A-22860, A-22973, A-22987,
A-23000, A-23313, A-23314, A-23843,
A-24350, A-24459, A-24500, A-24527,
A-24754, A-24903, A-25228, A-25327,
A-25455, A-25638, A-26048, A-26574,
A-26575, A-26605, A-26826, A-26911,
A-27129, A-27235, A-27249, A-27451,
A-27669, A-27821, A-27972, A-27986,
A-28295, A-28527, A-28614, A-28885,
A-29332, A-29353, A-29599, A-29698,
A-29842, A-30218, A-30327, A-30389,
A-30513, A-30603, A-30687, A-30851,
A-31044, A-31155, A-31157, A-31263,
A-31323, A-31602, A-31759, A-31880,
A-31882, A-32411, A-32465, A-32475,
A-32489, A-32653, A-32855, A-32878,
A-32879, A-33188, A-33564, A-33648,
A-33713, A-33719, A-33828, A-33983,
A-34018, A-34287, A-34290, A-34585,
A-34766. A-34891, A-34964, A-35564,
A-35581, A-35599, A-35622, A-35635,
A-35638, A-35693, B-00025, B-00032,
B-00246, B-00257, B-00286, B-00358,
B-00379, B-00504, B-00541, B-00552,
B-00571, B-00975, B-01352, B-01414,
B-01505, B-01508, B-01537, B-01549,
B-01563, B-01613, B-01672, B-01867,
B-01900, B-02018, B-02047, B-02279,
B-02427, B-02488, B-02725, B-02729,
B-02794, B-03129, B-03297, B-03807,
B-03946, B-03966, B-03972, B-04045,
B-04300, B-04361, B-04533, B-04627,
B-04664, B-04666, B-04669, B-04773,
B-04838, B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
B-04943, B-04949, B-04950, B-04951,
B-04952, B-04953, B-05332, B-05408,
B-05409, B-05490, B-05624, B-05808,
B-05852, B-05862, B-05880, B-05929,
B-05930, B-06103, B-06106, B-06280,
B-06363, B-06366, B-06412, B-06453,
B-06525, B-06636, B-06688, B-06859,
B-06979, B-07224, B-07362, B-07374,
B-07415, B-07429/B-07434, B-07479,
B-07530, B-07531, B-07875, B-07971,
B-08104. B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
B-08467, B-08497, B-08506, B-08604,
B-08663, B-08946, B-09407, B-09508,
B-09608, B-09655, B-09656, B-09661,
B-09729, B-09784, B-09791, B-09794,
B-09813, B-09815, B-09819, B-09827,
B-09830, B-09836, B-09839, B-09840,
B-09842, B-09849, B-09852, B-09854,
B-09857, B-09922, B-09933, B-10005,
B-10009, B-10277, B-10588, B-10994,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
247
B-11008,
B-11137,
B-11234,
B-12346,
B-12506,
B-13697,
B-14113,
B-14334,
B-14692,
B-14967,
B-15772,
B-16498,
B-16807,
B-17238,
B-17395,
B-17636,
B-18153,
B-19221,
B-20120,
B-20709,
B-20824,
B-21220,
B-2206I,
B-22435,
B-22538,
B-23002,
B-23456,
B-23885,
B-24079,
B-24845,
B-2S085,
B-25950,
B-26087,
B-26567,
B-26778,
B-26944,
B-27357,
B-27674,
B-28108,
B-28756,
B-29601,
B-29877,
B-30350,
B-30943,
B-31167,
B-31233,
B-31400,
B-31472,
B-31911,
B-32302,
B-32646,
B-32781,
B-32956,
B-33122,
C-01289,
C-03542,
C-05170,
C-05614,
C-06526,
C-08268,
C-08357,
C-09364,
C-09620,
C-09716,
C-10534,
C-11123,
C-12479,
C-12665,
C-13749,
C-14606,
C-15677,
C-16442,
C-17044,
C-17628,
C-17640,
C-19051,
B-11009,
B-11153,
B-11673,
B-12434,
B-12658,
B-13772,
B-14118,
B-14609,
B-14757,
B-15153,
B-15779,
B-16535,
B-16842,
B-17266,
B-17403,
B-17637,
B-18169,
B-19363,
B-202S8,
B-20754,
B-20877,
B-21294,
B-22353,
B-22518,
B-22550,
B-23008,
B-23493,
B-23901,
B-24090,
B-24969,
B-25224,
B-25977,
B-26128,
B-26568,
B-26836,
B-271S4,
B-27401,
B-27719,
B-28118,
B-29131,
B-29628,
B-29978,
B-30530,
B-31062,
B-31178,
B-31301,
B-314S3,
B-31631,
B-32057,
B-32559,
B-32681,
B-32798,
B-33003,
B-35566,
C-02786,
C-03789,
C-05396,
C-OS898,
C-07214,
C-083S4,
C-08358,
C-09476,
C-09648,
C-09860,
C-10593,
C-11167,
C-12487,
C-12942,
C-13969,
C-14607,
C-16080,
C-16540,
C-17288,
C-17629,
C-17641,
C-20100,
B-11059,
B-11158,
B-11843,
B-12480,
B-13398,
B-14013,
B-14203,
B-14671,
B-14951,
B-15170,
B-16113,
B-16712,
B-16890,
B-17293,
B-17409,
B-17906,
B-19182,
B-19493,
B-20625,
B-20796,
B-20878,
B-21677,
B-22357,
B-22522,
B-22837,
B-23067,
B-23594,
B-23967,
B-24197,
B-24988,
B-25554,
B-26014,
B-26173,
B-26730,
B-26843,
B-27288,
B-27S41,
B-27732,
B-28146,
B-29261,
B-29745,
B-30260,
B-30738,
B-31091,
B-31211,
B-31302,
B-31456,
B-31700,
B-32099,
B-32615,
B-32682,
B-32847,
B-33073,
C-00178,
C-03010,
C-04117,
C-05426,
C-06112,
C-07266,
C-0835S,
C-08678,
C-09521,
C-0%57,
C-10016,
C-10693,
C-11486,
C-12488,
C-13099,
C-I4108,
C-14680,
C-16134,
C-16754,
C-17290,
C-17638,
C-18093,
C-20192,
B-11136,
B-11220,
B-12133,
B-12482,
B-13551,
B-14094,
B-14341,
B-14687,
B-14956,
B-15690,
B-16365,
B-16747,
B-17177,
B-17314,
B-17635,
B-18050,
B-19218,
B-19705,
B-20628,
B-20817,
B-21006,
B-21938,
B-22400,
B-22525,
B-22988,
B-23117,
B-23836,
B-24065,
B-24380,
B-25017,
B-25858,
B-26056,
B-26254,
B-26731,
B-26908,
B-27336,
B-27605,
B-27793,
B-28206,
B-29448,
B-29761,
B-30339,
B-30865,
B-31160,
B-31223,
B-31354,
B-31463,
B-31790,
B-32166,
B-32634,
B-32768,
B-32935,
B-33077,
C-00965,
C-03354,
C-04883,
C-05503,
C-06381,
C-08066,
C-08356,
C-08953,
C-09619,
C-09660,
C-10029,
C-10983,
C-12359,
C-12492,
C-13143,
C-14197,
C-15287,
C-16298,
C-16781,
C-17627,
C-17639,
C-18194,
C-20202,
C-20264, C-20460, C-20538, C-20624,
C-21208, C-21652, C-21858, C-21859,
C-21866, C-22431, C-22448, C-22958,
C-23004, C-23106, C-23107, C-24071,
C-24814, C-25065, C-25466, C-26096,
C-26309, C-26547, C-26837, C-26966,
C-27121, C-27248, C-27355, C-2747S,
C-27685,C-27733. C-27791, C-27934,
C-28393, C-28787, C-29243, C-29269,
C-29337, C-29726, C-29891, C-29929,
C-30014, C-30374. C-30704, C-30811,
C-31222, C-31924, C-32268, C-32269,
C-32467, C-32676, C-32880, C-33121,
C-33349, C-33577, C-34047, C-34279,
C-34863, C-34972, C-35182, C-35240,
C-35541, C-35648, C-35751, C-35865,
C-35949, C-35956, D-00209, D-00241,
D-00251, D-00373, D-00690, D-00751,
D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-02331,
D-02339, D-03001, D-03017, D-03418,
D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
D-05256, D-05481, D-06535, D-07572,
D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-12648,
D-16635, D-16636, D-17630, D-18231,
D-20355, D-23098, D-23149, D-23152,
D-23411, D-23845, D-24162, D-25291,
D-25780, D-25996, D-26304, D-27255,
D-29349, D-29973, D-31371, D-31760,
D-33108, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
E-19849, E-22335, E-26550, F-01784,
F-03173, F-10308, F-11132, F-12449,
F-12662, F-16455, F-16828, F-17801,
F-19061, F-19063, F-22429, F-22430,
F-23187, F-24354, F-24531, F-25761,
F-26529, F-29649, F-32271, F-33084,
F-35651, G-00177, G-00208, G-00715,
G-03788, G-05943, G-06323, G-07091,
G-09659, G-11476, G-21125, G-21712,
G-28175, G-34667, G-34686, G-35570,
H-00252, 1-05463, 1-19325, J-16457,
J-29299, J-34518, K-00157, K-05117,
K-07766, K-11734, K-15926, K-16263,
K-18294, K-20194, K-21083, K-21084,
K-21918, K-27403, K-30870, K-31286,
K-31516, K-35146, L-00054, L-00871,
L-00973, L-01528, L-01604, L-02294,
L-02295, L-02840, L-03198, L-03540,
L-04841, L-04888, L-04942, L-05129,
L-07235, L-07781, L-09215, L-09604,
L-09677, L-I0484, L-10567, L-12376,
L-12511, L-14616, L-14798, L-15554,
L-15688, L-15691, L-16330, L-17258,
L-19059, L-22343, L-23754, L-25446,
L-26511, L-26940, L-27184, L-27185,
L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28348,
L-28363, L-29679, L-29813, L-29975,
L-30149, L-30153, L-30688, L-31084,
L-31465, L-32147, L-32171, L-32352,
L-32354, L-32382, L-32383, L-32566,
L-32626, L-32796, L-32893, L-33117,
L-33672, L-33725, L-34033, L-34256,
L-34755, L-34926, L-35511, L-35694,
L-35752, M-00376, M-00487, M-00844,
M-01069, M-08698, M-13980, M-14491,
M-15760, M-23408, M-24091, M-24768,
M-26725, M-27680, M-30896, M-31071,
N-01539, N-03438, N-05235, N-19060,
N-19088, N-20495, N-32254
OHIO A-05608, B-06636, B-26087,
C-00178, D-03459, D-09590, D-23845,
D-25780, L-00973, L-09677
OIL BURNERS A-02001, A-10075,
A-33719, A-35383, B-04361, B-23002,
B-2388S, B-26567, B-27541, B-31631,
K-31286, L-30149
OLEFINS A-05007, A-05549, A-26911,
A-27451, A-29599, A-32475, A-33564,
B-03129, B-06636, B-14341, B-15772,
B-16498, B-22838, B-28118, B-32956,
C-07214, C-08066, C-08354, C-10693,
D-00251, D-23149, D-23152, D-29349,
D-31760, G-00177, K-11734, K-21083
OPEN BURNING A-03097, A-16058,
A-23313, A-23314, A-26911, A-35564,
A-35693, B-09784, B-32682, C-35956,
D-00751, D-01949, D-02331, D-03431,
D-09590, D-23411, K-07766, K-31516,
L-02840, L-09604, L-19059, L-32147,
L-32171, L-32382, L-32383, L-32626
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES B-26254,
B-32937, D-29973, L-01528, L-09677
OPERATING CRITERIA A-14116,
A-21395, A-25638, B-14341, B-14687,
C-33121, G-06323, L-09677
OPERATING VARIABLES A-10075,
A-17462, A-19366, A-20125, A-22860,
A-26574, A-26911, A-32385, A-33648,
A-34585, A-34654, A-34891, A-35581,
A-35590, B-09655, B-09830, B-17403,
B-23493, B-25694, B-26125, B-26730,
B-29278. B-30738, B-30865, B-30943,
B-31091, B-31211, B-31453, B-31463,
B-31631, B-31794, B-31945, B-32070,
B-32119, B-32497, B-32498, B-32559,
B-32634, B-32847, B-32937, B-33077,
B-33793, B-33816, B-34073, B-34385,
B-35566, C-12487, C-12488, C-17290,
C-35956, 1-19325, L-31465
OPINION SURVEYS A-24350, A-28295,
B-00032, B-29761, B-33077, D-01202,
D-06535, D-09592, G-00208, J-34518,
L-00054, L-01604, L-29975, M-00376,
M-00487, M-00844, M-01069, M-08698,
M-14491, M-23408, M-27680, M-30896,
N-01539
OREGON B-04783, D-01949, L-09677,
L-30149
ORGANIC ACIDS A-00393, A-05007,
A-07394, A-07561, A-17198, A-17631,
A-29599, A-29842, A-31880, A-32411,
A-32475, A-32855, A-34018, A-34964,
B-00975, B-01414, B-03966, B-07362,
B-07531, B-09827, B-09849, B-09852,
B-14967, B-19493, B-24969, B-31091,
B-32099, B-32166, B-33077, C-03010,
C-08066, C-09521, C-11123, C-11167,
C-14109, C-14607, C-17044, C-18093,
C-28141, C-28393, C-29269, C-32268,
C-32269, C-33577, C-35865, C-35956,
D-06535, D-07572, D-09592, D-23152,
D-31371, D-35764, F-29649, 1-19325,
L-00054, L-27678, L-27679
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
A-07089, A-09853, A-17198, A-17631,
A-19899, A-23843, A-29599, A-29842,
A-31044, B-01508, B-02729, B-04300,
B-04627, B-05624, B-05862, B-07530,
B-07531, B-09836, B-09849, B-09854,
B-12480, B-15772, B-20625, B-26014,
B-26836, B-27605, B-27674, B-29131,
B-29363, B-29448, B-29745, B-29978,
B-31302, B-31700, B-32099, B-32166,
B-32768. C-08066, C-09521, C-10693,
C-11123, C-13099, C-13749, C-14109,
C-17627, C-17628, C-17638, C-17640,
C-20202, C-20624, C-21858, C-23004,
C-26547, C-26837, C-27685, C-27791,
C-27934, C-28141, C-29726, C-30704,
C-30811, C-32269, C-32467, C-33577,
C-35865, F-29649, L-32796
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
B-00975, C-09521, C-35182
-------
248
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
A-01644, A-01885, A-04785, A-04893,
A-06240, A-08359, A-11144, A-12507,
A-14580, A-I6494, A-17198, A-17631,
A-17633, A-19899, A-20134, A-21857,
A-24903, A-28527, A-29599, A-29842,
A-31044. A-31263, A-32475, A-32879,
A-33983, B-00025, B-00286, B-00379,
B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01508,
B-01563, B-01672, B-01900, B-02018,
B-02427, B-02488, B-03807, B-04045,
B-04627, B-04773, B-04838, B-04861,
B-04882, B-04887, B-04950, B-04951,
B-04952, B-04953. B-05408, B-OS409,
B-05808, B-06106, B-06363, B-07434,
B-07531, B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
B-08467, B-09508, B-09655, B-09661,
B-09854, B-09922, B-10277, B-10994,
B-11008, B-11673, B-12506, B-13072,
B-14113, B-14488, B-14692, B-15779,
B-16365, B-16747, B-16842, B-17266,
B-17293, B-19218, B-19850. B-20369,
B-20625, B-21294, B-22061, B-22400,
B-22838, B-23538, B-24380. B-25224,
B-26014, B-26176, B-26254, B-26908,
B-27674, B-29278, B-29745, B-31302,
B-31790, B-32099, B-32I66, B-32615,
B-32681, B-32798, B-32956, B-35595,
B-3S803, C-00%5, C-01289, C-04883,
C-05426, C-06381, C-06526, C-07214,
C-08066, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
C-08357, C-08358, C-09521, C-09619,
C-09648, C-09657, C-10983, C-11123,
C-13749, C-14108, C-17629, C-17639,
C-17640, C-19051, C-20202, C-21858,
C-218S9, C-23004, C-24071, C-24814,
C-26547, C-27355, C-27685, C-27934,
C-29243, C-29726, C-30704, C-308II,
C-31924, C-32467, C-32880, C-33349,
C-34279, C-34863, C-35865, C-35956,
D-00209, D-09592, D-16062, D-29349,
D-31371, D-33723. F-01784, F-10308,
F-12662, F-16828, F-29649, G-00208,
G-03788, G-09659, L-OOOS4, L-32354,
L-32796, L-32893, L-3372S, M-08698,
M-27680. N-19060
ORGANIC WASTES A-26575, A-31155,
A-31157, A-35564, A-35673, B-06412,
B-19182, B-22435, B-22518, B-22550,
B-25977. B-29448, B-30530, B-31302,
B-32497, B-32682, B-338I6, B-35595,
B-35879, C-13099, C-13749, C-27791,
C-35865, D-02339, F-29649
ORLON B-09813. B-27605
ORSAT ANALYSIS A-05549, B-03966,
B-07224, C-03010. C-04117, C-35956,
D-00251
OVERFIRE AIR A-28861, B-10009,
B-35566
OXIDANT PRECURSORS B-00975
OXIDANTS A-05007, A-06240, A-21661,
A-24459, A-30513, A-34018, A-35622,
B-00975, B-16890, B-21294, B-30865,
C-09476, C-27248, C-29843, C-34279,
D-09590, D-25996, D-31760, G-23298,
K-07766, K-11734, K-31968, L-01604,
L-02840, L-03198, L-34256, L-34926,
M-24091
OXIDATION A-25179, A-32411, A-33983,
A-34654, A-34766, B-002S7, B-00358,
B-00379, B-01505, B-01508, B-01900,
B-02279, B-03499, B-03807, B-03972,
B-04045, B-04838, B-04882, B-05624,
B-05808, B-05929, B-06106, B-06363,
B-06859, B-06979, B-07362, B-07479,
B-08360, B-08361, B-08364, B-09661,
B-09830, B-09836, B-09839, B-09933,
B-10005, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
B-14203, B-15772, B-15948, B-17293,
B-20824, B-22525, B-24079, B-25379,
B-26128, B-26176, B-26843, B-29131,
B-29978, B-30738, B-31794, B-32559,
B-32615, B-32768, B-32935, B-33077,
B-33122, C-08354, C-14607, C-25065,
C-31924, C-35182, E-22335, F-10308,
F-23187, F-29649, G-00177, G-07821,
L-04888, L-32796
OXIDES A-00402, A-00525, A-01565,
A-02001, A-05007, A-05527, A-05549,
A-06039, A-06240, A-07561, A-08373,
A-08802, A-09175. A-09255, A-10075,
A-12377, A-12621, A-12998, A-14116,
A-14297, A-16135, A-17633, A-20101,
A-20125, A-20134, A-20276, A-21661,
A-22973, A-23843, A-24459, A-24500,
A-25205, A-25455, A-26048, A-26402,
A-26911, A-27129, A-27249, A-27451,
A-28352, A-28614, A-30218, A-30513,
A-30603, A-31323, A-31759, A-31880,
A-31882, A-32411, A-32465, A-32475,
A-32489, A-32653, A-32855, A-32879,
A-33648, A-33719. A-33828, A-33883,
A-34018, A-34891, A-35564, A-35635,
B-00025, B-00504, B-00975, B-01505,
B-01508, B-01672, B-01867, B-02018,
B-02427, B-03966, B-04300, B-04361,
B-04627, B-04783, B-04838, B-05332,
B-05808, B-05880, B-06280, B-06636,
B-07224, B-07362, B-07530, B-07875,
B-07971, B-08104, B-08364, B-08467,
B-08497, B-08604, B-08663, B-09508,
B-09655, B-09784, B-09827, B-09830,
B-09854, B-09933, B-11008, B-11009,
B-11234, B-13551, B-14118, B-14671,
B-14692, B-14967, B-16365. B-16747,
B-17906, B-19493, B-19705, B-20369,
B-20817, B-20878, B-21220, B-22061,
B-22522, B-22837, B-22838, B-23008,
B-24079, B-24743, B-24845, B-24%9,
B-24988, B-25479, B-25554, B-26087,
B-26254, B-26908, B-26944, B-27401,
B-27541, B-27719, B-28108, B-28146,
B-28756, B-29437, B-29533, B-30124,
B-30738, B-30865, B-31062, B-31091,
B-31167, B-31233, B-31354, B-31400,
B-32070, B-32119, B-32302, B-32559,
B-32646, B-32681, B-32956, B-33077,
B-33816, B-33854, C-00965, C-02786,
C-03010, C-03354, C-03542, C-04117,
C-04883, C-05170, C-05426, C-05503,
C-06112, C-07214, C-07266, C-08066,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
C-09476, C-09619, C-09657, C-11123,
C-14109, C-16298, C-16781, C-19051,
C-20100, C-23107, C-27248, C-27733,
C-27934, C-29337, C-29843, C-30014,
C-30704, C-32467, C-34279, C-34863,
C-35949, C-35956, D-00241, D-00251,
D-00373, D-01949, D-03001, D-03017,
D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-06535,
D-07572, D-09590, D-09592, D-16636,
D-23411, D-23845, D-24162, D-25291,
D-25780, D-25996, D-26304, D-27255,
D-29973, D-31371, D-31760, D-33108,
D-33539, D-33723, D-35764, E-19849,
E-22335, E-26550, F-01784, F-07681,
F-16828, F-23187, F-25761, G-00177,
G-00715, G-20969, G-21125, G-34686,
H-20028, 1-05463, 1-19325, J-34518,
K-00157, K-05947, K-07766, K-11734,
K-I6263, K-18294, K-21918, K-27403,
K-31516, K-31968, K-35146, L-00054,
L-00973, L-01528, L-01604, L-02840,
L-03198, L-04888, L-04942, L-07235,
L-0%77, L-12511, L-14616, L-14798,
L-17258, L-19059, L-25446, L-26511,
L-27184, L-27185, L-27677, L-27678,
L-27679, L-28348, L-29679, L-29813,
L-29975, L-31084, L-32147, L-32171,
L-32352, L-32382, L-33672, L-34926,
L-35511, M-01069, M-08698, M-24091,
M-31071, N-03438, N-19060, N-20495,
N-32254
OXYGEN A-03825, A-05549, A-09175,
A-24007, A-32411, A-32489, B-01508,
B-01672, B-05408, B-05624, B-05808,
B-08364, B-08663, B-13398, B-16535,
B-25085, B-25224, B-27818, B-29278,
B-31072, B-31794, B-32119, B-34778,
C-03010, C-08354, C-19051, C-30704,
C-32467, C-34279, D-00373, F-07681
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION D-31371
OXYGENATED FRACTIONS A-32653,
B-31400, L-34926
OZONE A-05007, A-21661, A-25179,
A-25228, B-00975, B-01508, B-04664,
B-04666, B-04861, B-05624, B-06688,
B-08364, B-10005, B-11059, B-15772,
B-15948, B-16535, B-17238, B-20628,
B-21294, B-22061, B-29131, B-29601,
B-29978. B-30809, B-32768, B-32798,
C-06112, C-09476. C-27248, C-27791,
C-34279, D-09590, D-31760, E-19849,
E-22335, F-10308, G-00177, G-07821,
G-23298, G-34686, G-35671, L-01604,
L-03198, L-32796, N-19060
PACKED TOWERS B-00358, B-01352,
B-04949, B-07429, B-07434, B-08364,
B-11008, B-12482, B-13772, B-20817,
B-26173, B-30350
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-23843,
A-24754, B-02427, B-05532, B-06088,
B-07362, B-09791, B-17293, B-18050,
B-21294, B-22988, B-23967, B-29761,
B-35595, C-20538, C-26966, C-31924
PAINT REMOVERS B-07362, B-27732,
C-08066
PAINTS A-23843, B-08506, B-21294,
B-26087, B-27732, C-08066, D-02339,
D-06535, D-09592, 1-05463, L-00054
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY A-30701,
A-32411, A-35581, B-09830, C-35865
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-01644,
A-01885, A-12621, A-14580, A-17198.
A-17603, A-19899, A-20134, A-20553,
A-24903, A-25205, A-30701, A-35581,
B-00025, B-00379, B-00552, B-01505,
B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-02018,
B-02279, B-03129, B-08467, B-11158,
B-12658, B-13334, B-15709, B-17266,
B-22400, B-23117, B^-25085, B-30339,
B-31091, B-31463, B-31794, B-32615,
B-32768, B-34868, C-19051, C-23106,
C-35956, D-00690, D-03017, D-07572,
D-09592, D-12648, D-17630, F-01784,
F-10308, K-31516, L-00871, L-06732,
L-14932, L-31465, M-00376, M-08698,
M-15760
PARTICLE COUNTERS B-04361, B-05532
PARTICLE GROWTH A-00393, B-07530,
B-28146
PARTICLE SHAPE B-05532, C-09476,
C-32268, F-19061
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
249
PARTICLE SIZE A-00393, A-08912,
A-09853, A-28614, A-32489, A-32653,
A-33828, B-03976, B-04361, B-04949,
B-05332, B-05532, B-OS624, B-06088,
B-23319, B-26296, B-27674, B-28047,
B-29533, B-31233, B-31301, B-31456,
B-32634, B-32937, B-35554, C-03010,
C-09476, C-27248, C-35956, D-29973,
G-00177, G-07091, 1-05463, K-31968
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-00393,
A-08912, A-09853, A-28614, A-32489,
A-32653, A-33828, B-03976, B-04361,
B-04949, B-OS332, B-05532, B-05624,
B-06088, B-23319, B-26296, B-27674,
B-28047, B-29533, B-31233, B-31301,
B-31456, B-32634, B-32937, B-35554,
C-03010, C-09476, C-27248, C-32268,
C-35956, D-29973, F-14987, F-19061,
G-00177, G-07091, 1-05463, K-31968,
N-03438
PARTICULATE SAMPLING A-00393,
A-09175, B-01414, B-03966, C-02786,
C-03789, C-04117, C-06112, C-35956,
D-02212, D-05481, D-09590
PARTICULATES A-00393, A-00402,
A-01565, A-02001, A-03097, A-05007,
A-05335, A-05527, A-05549, A-06039,
A-07394, A-07561, A-08373, A-08802,
A-08912, A-09175, A-09853, A-10075,
A-10699, A-11651, A-12083, A-I2377,
A-12505, A-12621, A-14116, A-14297,
A-14914, A-14972, A-16058, A-17462,
A-17633, A-17634, A-20101, A-20125,
A-20134, A-20276, A-21882, A-22860,
A-23313, A-23314, A-24007, A-24459,
A-24500, A-24903, A-25056, A-25205,
A-25327, A-25638, A-26048, A-26402,
A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-26911,
A-27129, A-27235, A-27249, A-27451,
A-27669, A-27821, A-27986, A-28614,
A-28861, A-29332, A-29353, A-30389,
A-30603, A-30687, A-31323, A-31759,
A-31880, A-31882, A-32385, A-32465,
A-32489, A-32653, A-33188, A-33648,
A-33719, A-33828, A-34018, A-34228,
A-34290, A-34654, A-34891, A-35383,
A-35564, A-35693, B-00025, B-00246,
B-00257, B-00379, B-00504, B-00541,
B-00975, B-01352, B-01414, B-01505,
B-01508, B-01537, B-01549, B-01613,
B-01867, B-02018, B-02047, B-02279,
B-02427, B-02725, B-03129, B-03966,
B-03976, B-04227, B-04361, B-04533,
B-04664, B-04838, B-04882, B-04943,
B-04949, B-05332, B-05490, B-05532,
B-05852, B-05880, B-05929, B-05930,
B-06088, B-06280, B-06366, B-06453,
B-06525, B-06636, B-06859, B-06979,
B-07224, B-07415, B-07429, B-07479,
B-07530, B-07531, B-07875, B-07971,
B-08104, B-08360, B-08497, B-08506,
B-08663, B-08946, B-09407, B-09508,
B-09608, B-09655, B-09733, B-09784,
B-09791, B-09794, B-09813, B-09815,
B-09819, B-09827, B-09830, B-09836,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09849,
B-09852, B-09854, B-09857, B-10009,
B-10277, B-10994, B-11008, B-11137,
B-11158, B-11220, B-11234, B-13551,
B-13697, B-14094, B-14118, B-14341,
B-14354, B-I4609, B-14687, B-14895,
B-14951, B-14956, B-14967, B-15170,
B-15709, B-16842, B-17403, B-17906,
B-18140, B-19218, B-19221, B-19363,
B-19705, B-19850, B-20120, B-20817,
B-20877, B-20878, B-21006, B-21220,
B-21647, B-21938, B-22353, B-22357,
B-22435, B-22518, B-23008, B-23067,
B-23319, B-23493, B-23836, B-23885,
B-24065, B-24090, B-24380, B-24810,
B-24845, B-24969, B-24988, B-25017,
B-25554, B-25694, B-26087, B-26254,
B-26296, B-26308, B-26567, B-26568,
B-26730, B-26731, B-26778, B-26908,
B-26944, B-27288, B-27541, B-27548,
B-27732, B-27793, B-27818, B-28146,
B-29323, B-29363, B-29437, B-29533,
B-29761, B-30124, B-30479, B-30530,
B-30773, B-3086S, B-30943, B-31062,
B-31160, B-31167, B-31223, B-31233,
B-31301, B-31354, B-31400, B-31453,
B-31456, B-31472, B-31631, B-31700,
B-31945, B-32057, B-32615, B-32634,
B-32682, B-32781, B-32847, B-32913,
B-32937, B-32956, B-33077, B-33120,
B-33793, B-33854, B-34679, B-35554,
B-35566, B-35660, B-35803, B-35955,
C-03010, C-03542, C-03789, C-04117,
C-05503, C-06112, C-07214, C-09476,
C-10534, C-11167, C-14197, C-15287,
C-20100, C-21208, C-23107, C-29337,
C-29858, C-32022, C-35956, D-00241,
D-00251, D-00373, D-00690, D-00751,
D-01202, D-01949, D-02212, D-03001,
D-03017, D-03418, D-03431, D-03459,
D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-07572,
D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-12648,
D-16636, D-18231, D-23411, D-23845,
D-24162. D-25291, D-25780, D-25996,
D-29973, D-31371, D-31760, D-33108,
D-33539, D-35764, E-19849, E-26550,
G-00177, G-05942, 1-05463, 1-24187,
J-16457, J-29299, J-34518, K-00157,
K-07766. K-11734, K-15926, K-16263,
K-18294, K-31286, K-31516, K-31968,
K-35146, L-00054, L-00973, L-01528,
L-01604, L-02295, L-02840, L-03198,
L-04841, L-04888, L-04942, L-06732,
L-07235, L-07781, L-09215, L-09604,
L-0%77, L-10567, L-12376, L-12511,
L-14616, L-15554, L-15688, L-15691,
L-17258, L-19059, L-25446, L-26511,
L-27184, L-27185, L-27677, L-27678,
L-27679, L-28363, L-29679, L-29813,
L-29975, L-30149, L-30153, L-31084,
L-32147, L-32171, L-32352, L-32354,
L-32382, L-32383, L-32626, L-33672,
L-34256, L-34926, L-35511, L-35694,
M-00376, M-01069, M-08698, M-15760,
M-24091, M-26725, M-31071, N-03438,
N-19060, N-19088, N-32254
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES G-05949
PENELEC (CONTACT PROCESS)
B-09839, B-26908
PENNSYLVANIA A-35693, B-06636,
B-31062, L-00973, L-09677, L-10567,
L-32626
PENTANES G-00177
PENTENES D-00251, G-00177
PERMEABILITY B-29323, B-32799
PERMITS B-09784, C-03010, L-OOS49,
L-07781, L-09215, L-10567, L-32171,
L-32352, L-32382, L-35694
PEROXIDES B-32646
PEROXYACETYL NTTRATE D-09590
PEROXYACYL NITRATES B-06636,
C-34279, D-09590, E-19849
PERSONNEL A-27669, B-00975, B-30260,
C-08066, C-08678, C-25054, D-00751,
L-05129, L-07235, L-14616, L-30688,
L-33672, M-31071. N-01539
PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
C-16540, D-18231, L-05129
PERYLENES C-03542, D-00251
PEST CONTROL L-15688
PESTICIDES A-26911, A-35564, B-02488,
B-06688, B-09784, B-32682, C-27248,
C-35182, D-23411
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
B-22353
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION A-33883,
B-09784, B-09839, B-09840, D-00690,
L-32171, L-32382, L-32383, L-34033
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-04785,
A-12083, A-19899, A-24350, A-29599,
A-30513, B-05532, B-09836, B-09839,
B-09840, B-09922, B-25479, B-28I08,
B-28118, B-29745, C-16134, C-27355,
D-20355, D-29349, L-34033, N-01539
PETROLEUM REFINING A-04785,
A-17603, A-20553, A-24527, A-29599,
A-30513, A-31880. A-31882, A-32465,
A-32475, A-33883, B-00975, B-01537,
B-08467, B-09784, B-09794, B-09836,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09857,
B-09922, B-12480, B-13551, B-14940,
B-17293, B-19850, B-22353, B-22435,
B-22518, B-25479, B-26618, B-26908,
B-27719, B-28118, B-2%28, B-29745,
B-31223, B-32900, B-32956, B-35595,
C-20460, C-21859, C-22958, C-26966,
C-27355, C-29726, C-31924, C-32467,
C-34047, D-31371, D-33723, F-01784,
G-00715, L-07235, L-14798, L-27184,
L-27185, L-32796, L-32893, L-34033,
M-14491, M-15760, M-30896
PETUNIAS D-09590
PH A-01644, A-01885, A-17634, B-00379,
B-01563, B-04627, B-04882, B-04887,
B-04951, B-04952, B-04953, B-08361,
B-09655, B-19705, B-23538, B-29278,
B-32166, B-32615, C-09619, C-17641,
F-12662, 1-05463
PHENANTHRENES B-02725
PHENOLS A-07561, A-12083, A-23843,
A-32855, A-33564, A-33983, B-01414,
B-04627, B-06366, B-08506, B-14692,
B-24090, B-26843, B-32956, C-10983,
C-11123, C-14607, C-27934, D-31760
PHENYL COMPOUNDS A-07089,
B-04627, B-09839, C-11123, C-11486,
C-14109, C-15287, C-18093, D-23149,
G-05949
PHENYLS A-07089, B-04627, C-11123,
C-11486, C-14109, C-15287, C-18093,
D-23149
PHILADELPHIA B-31062, L-10567
PHOSPHATES A-29599, B-03129, D-03506
PHOSPHINE C-11123
PHOSPHORIC ACID B-09784
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-29599,
B-01508, B-02488, B-03129, C-11123,
D-03506, F-26529
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
A-05007, A-16135, A-27451, A-30513,
A-31759, A-33828, B-00504, B-06636,
C-34279, D-24162, E-19849, K-11734,
K-16263, L-03198
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS C-32268,
F-33084,G-11476
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS A-30218,
B-23319, C-04117, C-05426, C-24071,
C-27248, C-28141, C-28393, C-32022.
C-34279, C-34972, C-35949, G-00177
PHOTOOXJDATION B-06636
PHTHALIC ACID B-03966, B-07362,
B-19493, B-24969
-------
250
PHYSICAL STATES A-00393, A-05007,
A-06981, A-09175, A-14S80, A-20276,
A-21395, A-22860, A-24527, A-26574,
A-27972, A-28885, A-29455, A-32489,
A-34228, A-35599, B-00358, B-00975,
B-01505, B-01563, B-02427, B-04949,
B-04952, B-04953, B-05408, B-05409,
B-05532, B-05624, B-05808, B-05929,
B-06088, B-06103, B-07362, B-07374,
B-07531, B-08360, B-08467, B-08946,
B-09655, B-09656, B-09661, B-09794,
B-09836, B-09839, B-09840, B-09842,
B-10005, B-10588, B-12346, B-15709,
B-15779, B-16365, B-20369, B-20625,
B-23002, B-23117, B-23493, B-25017,
B-25085, B-25224. B-26125, B-27288,
B-27719, B-28047, B-29323, B-29363.
B-29533, B-30773, B-31091, B-32847,
B-33742, C-07214, C-08354, C-08355,
C-08356. C-08357, C-08358, C-08953,
C-09521, C-09619, C-09620, C-09648,
C-09657, C-09660, C-10016, C-10593,
C-10693, C-14197, C-15287, C-23106,
C-27475, C-28787, C-29858, C-32467,
C-35648, D-01202, D-01949, D-07572,
D-09592, F-10308, F-16455, F-166%,
F-19102, G-05942, G-OS946, G-05949,
G-06323, G-21125, 1-05463, K-05947,
K-20194, K-21083, K-21084, L-32382,
L-33672
PHYTOTOXICANTS B-00571, B-32682
PILOT PLANTS A-250S6, A-25228,
B-06636, B-08360, B-09733, B-11009,
B-21647, B-22435, B-26173. B-27605,
B-29251, B-32057, B-33077
PINTO BEANS D-09590
PITTSBURGH A-35693
PLANNING AND ZONING A-26911,
B-26087, B-31453, D-03431, D-25291,
K-07766, K-1I734, K-21084, L-00973,
L-OI604, L-07235, L-09677, L-15691,
L-17258. L-32352, L-33725, M-24091
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-00402,
A-02765, A-11700, A-12832, A-12834,
A-160S8, A-17198, A-23313, A-23314,
A-24350, A-25638. A-26826, A-29698,
A-31263, A-31323, A-32465, B-00504,
B-00975, B-01505, B-01672, B-01867,
B-02794, B-03129, B-07971, B-16842,
B-25479, B-26087, B-30865, B-31178,
B-32057, C-03010, C-04117, C-11167,
C-27248, C-30374, D-00751, D-01202,
D-01949, D-02212, D-02331, D-02339,
D-03001, D-03017, D-03418, D-03431,
D-03459, D-03506, D-03514, D-05481,
D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12426,
D-12648, D-16062, D-23411, D-23845,
D-25291, D-25780, D-25996, D-29973,
D-31371, D-33539, D-35764, G-28175,
K-00157, K-11734, K-31968, L-00054,
L-00549, L-00871, L-01604, L-02295,
L-02840, L-03540, L-04841, L-04888,
L-04942, L-06732, L-07235, L-0%77,
L-10567, L-14616, L-15691, L-17258,
L-19059, L-25446, L-26940, L-27184,
L-27185, L-28348, L-29679, L-29813,
L-30688, L-32147, L-32352, L-32354,
L-34256, L-34755, M-00376, M-00487,
M-00844, M-13980, M-23408, M-24091,
M-24768, M-27680, M-31071, N-03438,
N-32254
PLANT DAMAGE A-00402, A-02765,
A-22973, A-26911, A-31759, A-33828,
A-34018, A-35581, A-35622, B-00975,
B-02427, B-26087, D-09590, D-09592,
D-25780, D-33108, D-35764, E-19849,
G-35570, H-20028, K-31968, L-03198,
L-25446, L-32566, L-34926, N-19060
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-17236, A-19814,
A-34018, A-35564, A-35581, B-00975,
B-04943, B-09407, B-09655, B-17637,
B-22061, C-08066, D-00751, D-03017,
D-09590, D-09592, D-33108, G-00177,
G-21125, K-11734, L-03198, N-03438
PLASTICS A-03825, A-10699, A-26575,
A-29353, A-30687, B-01537, B-02047,
B-03129, B-06525, B-09830, B-09836,
B-09840, B-14609, B-15170, B-22988,
B-26568, B-32119, B-32497, B-35955,
C-09521, C-34863, D-00690, D-01949,
D-09590, G-00208, M-01069
PLATING B-09784, L-27185
PLATINUM B-03499, B-05929, B-07362,
B-27154, B-28206, B-31400, B-33742,
B-33816
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-03097, A-14972,
A-29353, A-32489, B-00975, B-01672,
B-04838, B-07415, B-09608, B-10277,
C-22958, D-09592, E-26550, L-04888
PNEUMOCONIOSIS B-25479
PNEUMONIA A-31759, L-03198
POINT SOURCES D-00690, D-09590
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS B-03966,
C-27248, C-35956
POLLENS A-34018, A-35564, B-19221,
B-21006
POLLUTION PRECURSORS B-00975,
K-11734
POLYMERIZATION F-23187
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS A-01565,
A-07089, A-08802, A-11692, A-29599,
A-33564, A-34018, A-34964, A-35635,
B-02725, B-06280, B-08497, B-14203,
B-17906, B-24969, B-24988, B-29533,
C-03354, C-03542, C-06112, C-09476,
C-09521, C-27121, C-32269, C-35956,
D-00251, D-33539, L-14616, L-34926
PORTABLE B-06366, C-03010, C-08358,
C-13367, C-21858
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS A-08912,
B-03297, B-03972, B-04627, B-06363,
B-07531, B-09849, B-11234, B-32166,
B-32646, F-13107
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS B-00379,
B-04045, B-08364, C-23755, C-35956
POULTRY A-30389, A-33713, B-14453,
B-25379, B-25858, B-33120, B-33398,
B-35879, C-13749
POWER SOURCES A-00393, A-01565,
A-05007, A-05335, A-05527, A-05549,
A-05608, A-06039, A-08802, A-09255,
A-11692, A-12377, A-12505, A-14116,
A-14297, A-14914, A-15297, A-20101,
A-20118, A-20125, A-20134, A-20553,
A-20557, A-21700, A-25327, A-25455,
A-26048, A-27129, A-27249, A-27451,
A-27986, A-28352, A-30327, A-30603,
A-30851, A-3J7S9, A-32653, A-33564,
A-33648, A-33719, A-34018, A-34766,
A-34891, A-34964, A-35590, A-35635,
B-00504, B-01613, B-01867, B-05490,
B-06280, B-06453, B-06525, B-06636,
B-06979, B-07224, B-07362, B-07479,
B-07971, B-08497, B-08604, B-08663,
B-09608, B-11220, B-11234, B-12133,
B-17906, B-20120, B-20877, B-20878,
B-21220, B-23067, B-24845, B-24988,
B-29437, B-29533, B-30865, B-31167,
B-31400, B-31631, C-02786, C-03542,
C-05170, C-07266, C-14606, C-14607,
C-14680, C-16442, C-16781, C-20100,
C-21693, C-22448, C-26966, C-27121,
C-27934, C-29337, C-31924, D-00241,
D-00251, D-00373, D-02331, D-09592,
D-18231, D-24162, G-21125, G-34667,
K-00157, K-07766, K-16263, L-00054,
L-03198, L-04841, L-04888, L-05129,
L-09215, L-09677, L-12376, L-35511,
M-23408
PRECIPITATION A-30218, A-30513,
B-16842, D-01202, D-02331, D-09590,
D-09592, D-27255, D-31760, L-00054,
L-14616, M-27680
PRESSURE A-01885, A-02001, A-05549,
B-02729, B-04045, B-08497, B-09836,
B-20824, B-22357, B-23002, B-25017,
B-29278, B-29323, B-32937, B-34778,
C-35956
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) B-09836,
C-08678, G-06323
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-20134, A-20553,
A-21887, A-26402, A-26574, A-30513,
A-32489, B-00975, B-04227, B-05532,
B-09784, B-09791, B-13551, B-17293,
B-24743, B-25017, B-26254, B-30124,
B-31178, B-31223, C-26966, C-35956,
D-03459, D-09590, D-29973, L-00973,
L-07235, L-09677, L-27185, L-29813,
L-31084, M-14491
PRINTING A-25179, B-04533, B-05929,
B-11137, B-14757, B-16498, B-34679,
C-05614, C-22958, D-03431
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-07561,
A-10075, A-10699, A-14297, A-24007,
A-26911, A-27249, A-27986, A-28861,
A-30603, A-33883. A-34290, A-34585,
A-34654, A-34891, B-00025, B-00032,
B-00358, B-01508, B-04045, B-04361,
B-04781, B-04783, B-04838, B-04951,
B-05852, B-05862, B-06106, B-07530,
B-08360, B-09656, B-09827, B-09830,
B-09933, B-10009, B-11153, B-11158,
B-16498, B-16807, B-17409, B-17636,
B-20824, B-21051, B-22522, B-23117,
B-23371, B-23836, B-23885, B-25554,
B-26730, B-26731, B-27288, B-27541,
B-27732, B-27818, B-31062, B-31091,
B-31453, B-31631, B-32119, B-32302,
B-32498, B-32615, B-32646, B-32900,
B-32937, B-33077, B-33617, B-33793,
B-33854, B-34679, B-34868, B-35566,
B-35803, C-25065, D-00209, D-09592,
1-19325, K-07766, L-07235
PROFANES A-27249, A-28352, B-32956,
C-05170, C-07214, D-00251
PROPENES A-32475, C-07214, D-00251
PROPIONALDEHYDES G-00177
PROPOSALS A-16058, B-01867, B-06280,
D-03418, D-06535, D-25780, L-00871,
L-35511
PROTEINS B-03297, C-29508, C-32268,
C-32880, F-29649, G-07821, G-21359,
G-23298
PUBLIC AFFAIRS A-14972, A-24350,
A-26911, A-27669, A-28295, A-30687,
A-30851, A-31263, A-32855, B-00032,
B-00975, B-01352; B-05862, B-08360,
B-24380, B-25479, B-29761, B-33077,
C-00178, C-05614, C-05898, C-08678,
C-09660, C-12479, D-00751, D-01202,
D-02339, D-03017, D-03431, D-06535,
D-09592, D-17630, D-23149, D-23152,
D-29973, D-33539, G-00208, G-28175,
J-34518, L-00054, L-00871, L-01604,
L-07235, L-10484, L-14616, L-23754,
L-26940, L-27184, L-27185, L-29679,
L-29975, L-30153, L-30688, L-32147,
L-32352, L-32796, M-00376, M-00487,
M-00844, M-01069, M-08698, M-13980,
M-14491, M-15760, M-23408, M-27680,
M-30896, N-01539, N-03438
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
251
PUBLIC INFORMATION A-26911,
L-07235, L-14616, L-29679, L-32147
PULMONARY EDEMA G-07821, H-00252,
K-27403
PULMONARY FUNCTION D-27255,
L-03198
PULSE RATE G-05942, G-21712
PYRENES A-01565, A-08802, A-34018,
B-02725, B-08497, B-24988, B-29533,
C-03542, C-32269, D-00251, D-33539
PYRIDINES A-07089, B-04627, C-08066,
C-11123, C-27934, C-32269
PYROLYSIS A-04879, A-06981. A-083S9,
A-28885, A-32411, A-34766, B-00358,
B-05532, B-11673, B-12506, B-20258,
B-23117, B-25977, B-26014, B-26730,
B-26731, B-32768, B-33120, B-3S566,
C-08354
QUESTIONNAIRES A-22860, A-28295,
A-31263, B-31178, D-01202, D-02331,
D-23098, D-23149, D-23152, G-00208,
G-28175, L-30153, M-00487, M-00844,
M-01069, M-23408, M-27680, M-31071,
N-03438
QUINONES B-19493, B-24969
RABBITS G-07821, G-19599
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
C-28787, C-35956, G-00177
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION A-03097,
A-0917S, B-32070, C-18093, C-3S956,
L-32147
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS C-18093,
L-32147
RADIOGRAPHY D-27255
RADIOSONDES A-03097
RAIN A-30218, A-30513, B-16842,
D-27255, L-14616, M-27680
RATS C-12359, G-05949, G-07821,
G-19599, G-23298, G-35671, K-05947,
K-20194, K-21084
REACTION KINETICS A-01885, A-32411,
B-04952, B-04953, B-05808, B-09655,
B-26730, B-26731, B-29131, B-29978,
E-19849, F-07681, F-12662
REACTION MECHANISMS A-01885,
A-04893, A-32411, A-33983, B-03807,
B-04887, B-04950, B-04953, B-06636,
B-11234, B-15772, B-16890, B-20258,
B-29131, B-33122, C-08953, C-24814,
F-07681, F-29649, G-07821
RECOMBINATION B-11673, F-16828
RECORDING METHODS B-08360,
C-32268, F-33084, G-11476, G-19599
REDUCTION B-00379, B-06106, B-07362,
B-08361, B-31794, B-33122, F-10308,
G-07821
REFRACTORIES A-25056, A-26575,
B-09830, B-10009, B-33742
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS A-28295,
B-29628, D-09590, D-35764, L-09604,
L-17258, L-25446, L-27185, L-27677,
L-27678, L-27679, L-28348, L-28363,
L-29679, L-29813, L-30153, L-32352,
L-33117, L-33725, M-24091
REGULATIONS A-03097, A-08912,
A-23313, A-23314, A-25638, A-27821,
A-34585, B-00975, B-01505, B-03129,
B-06280, B-09784, B-10277, B-27732,
B-30260, B-31062, B-32559, B-33854,
C-03010, C-25054, D-03001, D-25291,
F-25761, K-07766, K-15926, K-31516,
L-00973, L-01528, L-02294, L-02295,
L-02840, L-07235, L-07781, L-09215,
L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12376,
L-12511, L-14028, L-14616, L-14932,
L-15554, L-15688, L-16330, L-19059,
L-26940, L-27184, L-27677, L-27678,
L-27679, L-28363, L-29679, L-30149,
L-30688, L-32171, L-32352, L-32354,
L-32382, L-32383, L-32566, L-32626,
L-33672, L-33725, L-34033, L-34755,
M-24091, N-03438
REINLUFT PROCESS (ADSORPTION)
B-26908, B-32070
RENDERING A-04860, A-19899, A-20553,
A-20706, A-21887, A-22973, A-28527,
A-29599, B-02794, B-03972, B-04627,
B-05093, B-06103, B-06412, B-09784,
B-09791, B-09794, B-098S2, B-09854,
B-12346, B-20824, B-23002, B-25977,
B-26014, B-26128, B-26567, B-26843,
B-29601, B-29745, B-31062, B-32166,
B-32646, B-32682, B-32781, B-33816,
B-35595, C-06381, C-08066, C-10534,
C-17628, C-20192, D-00751, D-02331,
D-17630, K-07766, L-09677, L-19059,
L-23754, L-30149, M-27680
RESEARCH INSTITUTES K-31286,
L-35511
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES B-23008,
C-00178, C-09364, C-14109, C-21693,
C-29891, C-30689, C-35182, D-00209,
F-03173, M-00376, M-00487, M-00844
RESEARCH PROGRAMS A-26911,
A-30851, A-35622, B-00504, B-04882,
B-06636, B-08364, B-19850, B-34868,
C-29891, G-34667, L-01528, L-03540,
L-04841, L-04888, L-06732, L-22343,
L-28348, L-29679, L-30688, L-34256,
L-34926, L-35511
RESIDENTIAL AREAS A-17198, B-08360,
B-26618, D-09590, D-24162, D-31371,
L-00054, L-07235, L-09677, L-10567,
L-29813, L-30149, L-32352, N-01539
RESIDUAL OILS B-09836, D-01949,
D-09592, D-33108, K-31968, L-29813
RESPIRATION B-09407
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-17603,
A-22973, A-30389, A-30513, A-30687,
A-31759, A-34018, B-08497, B-25479,
C-08678, D-02212, D-33108, G-07821,
G-27137, G-28175, G-34686, G-35570,
H-00252, K-27403, K-35146, L-01604,
L-03198, L-14616, L-34256, M-14491
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS B-08104,
B-34778, C-08678, C-09648, C-35956,
D-00373, D-02339, D-27255, D-29973,
D-31371, G-05942, G-05946, G-07821,
G-21712, K-05947. L-03198
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A-00402,
B-06280, B-31400, B-31700, C-05898,
C-08066, C-08678, C-21693, C-32676,
C-34972, D-25780, F-03173, F-11132,
F-35651, G-05942, G-05946, G-06323,
G-07821, G-09659, G-20969, G-21359,
G-23298, G-35570, G-35671, H-00252,
K-11734, K-35146, M-00376, N-05235
RETENTION B-05532, C-08357
RHODE ISLAND L-09677
RINGELMANN CHART A-08912,
B-00504, B-00975, B-09784, B-22353,
B-32913, C-04117, C-32022, K-31516,
L-00973, L-09604, L-09677, L-10567,
L-19059, L-32171, L-32352, L-32382,
L-32626, L-35694
RIVERS A-07089, B-27605, D-03514,
D-09590, G-07091
ROTARY PISTON ENGINES A-27249
RUBBER A-03825, A-35383, B-00032,
B-04227, B-09784, B-09815, B-09830,
B-09840, B-14956, B-15170, C-11486,
D-09590, E-19849
RUBBER MANUFACTURING B-00032,
B-00257, C-08066, D-23149, K-21083
RUNNING EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
A-05007
SALTZMAN METHOD A-05549, C-27248,
C-29337, C-30014, K-27403
SAMPLERS A-10075, A-28614, A-33188,
A-33564, A-34964, B-00975, B-01505,
B-03966, B-12434, B-23885, B-25623,
B-30773, B-30809, B-32799, B-33073,
B-33077, C-01289, C-03010, C-03789,
C-05426, C-06526, C-08066, C-08358,
C-09521, C-09619, C-09657, C-09860,
C-10693, C-15287, C-20192, C-20460,
C-23107, C-35956, D-00251, D-00690,
D-01949, D-02212, D-03514, D-05481,
D-09590, D-31760, F-10308, G-00177,
1-05463, L-00054, L-02840, N-03438
SAMPLING METHODS A-00393, A-00525,
A-04785, A-05549, A-05608, A-07089,
A-09175, A-10075, A-10699, A-14580,
A-17632, A-17633, A-20101, A-27451,
A-28614, A-29698, A-30218, A-33188,
A-33564, A-33713, A-34964, A-35622,
B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-03966,
B-04882, B-04887, B-05490, B-05808,
B-06366, B-06525, B-09784, B-10277,
B-12434, B-13971, B-14013, B-14967,
B-16842, B-21006, B-23885, B-25623,
B-30773, B-30809, B-32099, B-32166,
B-32646, B-32681, B-32799, B-33073,
B-33077, C-00965, C-01289, C-02786,
C-03010, C-03542, C-03789, C-04117,
C-04883, C-05426, C-05503, C-05614,
C-06112, C-06526, C-08066, C-08355,
C-08356, C-08358, C-09521, C-0%19,
C-09620, C-09657, C-09860, C-10016,
C-10534, C-10593, C-10693, C-12492,
C-13%9, C-14197, C-15287, C-16781,
C-17628, C-17629, C-19051, C-20192,
C-20460, C-20538, C-23004, C-23107,
C-24814, C-25065, C-26547, C-29726,
C-29858, C-30689, C-32022, C-34279,
C-34863, C-35541, C-35865, C-35956,
D-00209, D-00241, D-00251, D-00690,
D-01949, D-02212, D-03514, D-05481,
D-09590, D-31760, F-10308, G-00177,
G-03788, 1-05463, K-27403, K-31516,
L-00054, L-00871, L-01604, L-02840,
L-03198, L-04841, L-10484, L-32566,
L-33672, N-03438
SAMPLING PROBES A-05549, A-30218,
C-03789, C-09860, C-20538, C-35956
SAN FRANCISCO A-35693, B-16890,
B-32559, L-00973, L-09677
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC) E-19849
SCRAP YARDS A-34228
SCREEN FILTERS B-32847, B-32935,
B-35955
SCRUBBERS A-00525, A-04860, A-08912,
A-09853, A-11651, A-12621, A-17603,
A-17634, A-22987, A-24903, A-25205,
A-25228, A-26402, A-27972, A-28614,
A-29353, A-29599. A-30687, A-32879,
A-33188, A-35590, B-00025, B-00358,
B-00552, B-00571, B-0097S, B-01352,
B-01505, B-01549, B-01672, B-01900,
B-02047, B-02279, B-02427, B-02488,
-------
252
B-03499, B-03807, B-03966, B-03976,
B-04227, B-04627, B-04664, B-04669,
B-04773, B-04781, B-04783, B-04882,
B-04943, B-04949, B-05332, B-05862,
B-05880, B-05930, B-06106, B-06363,
B-06412, B-06525, B-06859, B-07374,
B-07415, B-07429, B-07434, B-07530,
B-07531, B-08360, B-08364, B-09508,
B-09656, B-09733, B-09784, B-09813,
B-09815, B-09819, B-09849, B-09852,
B-098S4, B-09922, B-10005, B-10277,
B-10588, B-11008, B-11158, B-12482,
B-13334, B-13551, B-13772, B-14094,
B-14118, B-14671, B-14687, B-15690,
B-15709. B-15779, B-16365, B-16807,
B-16842, B-18140, B-18169, B-19493,
B-19705, B-20709, B-20817, B-21051,
B-21647, B-21677, B-22357, B-22400,
B-23117, B-23371, B-23901, B-23967,
B-24380, B-24969, B-25017, B-25085,
B-25479, B-26002, B-26014, B-26173,
B-26176, B-26843, B-29251, B-29261,
B-29363, B-29745, B-30062, B-30124,
B-30350, B-30530, B-30738, B-30773,
B-31062, B-31160, B-31167, B-31302,
B-31400, B-31456, B-31472, B-31790,
B-3I94S, B-32166, B-32615, B-32634,
B-32646, B-32768, B-32781, B-32847,
B-32900, B-32956, B-33003, B-33120,
B-33122, B-33380, B-34385, B-34778,
B-35554, B-35595, B-35660, B-35803,
C-00965, C-03010, C-05614, C-27791,
C-31924, D-00209, D-00373, D-09S92,
G-00177, J-16457, J-34518, L-04942,
L-29813, M-31071
SEA BREEZE D-00690
SEALING COMPOUNDS A-34585,
B-09840
SEALS B-09836, B-09840
SEASONAL A-03097, A-24500, A-27669,
B-01672, B-32900, C-05503, D-00690,
D-01949, D-03431, D-03514, D-09592,
D-17630, D-23845, D-27255, D-31371,
K-35146, M-01069
SECONDARY AIR A-34290, B-04783,
B-09827, B-27541, B-32302, B-32937,
D-09592
SEDIMENTATION B-07429, B-09784,
B-09839, B-31945, B-35955, C-03010
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS F-14987
SETTLING CHAMBERS A-33188,
B-05852, B-25017, B-32634, L-32352
SETTLING PARTICLES A-02001,
A-07394, A-07561, A-08373, A-08912,
A-09175, A-09853, A-10075, A-10699,
A-12621, A-14297, A-14972, A-17633,
A-20134, A-21882, A-22860, A-24500,
A-24903, A-25056, A-25205, A-25638,
A-26574, A-26911, A-27669, A-29332,
A-29353, A-30389, A-32385, A-32489,
A-32653, A-33188, A-33648, A-33719,
A-34018, A-35564, B-00025, B-00975,
B-02279, B-03976, B-04227, B-04361,
B-04949, B-05930, B-06280, B-06859,
B-07429, B-07479, B-07875, B-07971,
B-08104, B-09407, B-09655, B-09733,
B-09784, B-09813, B-09815, B-09830,
B-09849, B-09852, B-09854. B-10009,
B-13551, B-13697, B-14094, B-14951,
B-14956, B-16842, B-17403, B-19221,
B-19363, B-20817, B-21006, B-21647,
B-22357, B-23319, B-23493, B-23885,
B-24380, B-24810, B-26254, B-26296,
B-26568, B-27288, B-29323, B-29363,
B-29437, B-29533, B-29761, B-30479,
B-30530, B-31160, B-31167, B-31233,
B-31301, B-31354, B-31456, B-31472,
B-31631, B-31945, B-32634, B-32682,
B-32847, B-32956, B-33120, B-35803,
B-35955, C-03010, C-04117, C-21208,
C-23107, D-00251, D-01949, D-02212,
D-03431, D-03459, D-03514, D-05481,
D-09590, D-09592, D-12648, D-16636,
D-23411, D-25291, D-29973, D-33108,
D-35764, E-26550, J-16457, K-07766,
K-31968, K-35146, L-01528, L-02840,
L-04942, L-07235, L-07781, L-09604,
L-09677, L-14616, L-15691, L-17258,
L-19059, L-26511, L-27184, L-27185,
L-27677, L-27678, L-27679, L-28363,
L-29679, L-29813, L-29975, L-30149,
L-30153, L-31084, L-32171, L-32352,
L-32383, L-32626, L-35511, M-00376
SEWAGE A-04785, A-17462, A-17603,
A-20553, A-25056, A-25228, A-26574,
A-29353, A-29599, A-31602, A-32385,
A-32855, B-00541, B-01508, B-01563,
B-03972, B-04666, B-09729, B-09839,
B-09922, B-13697, B-14940, B-15948,
B-18153, B-19705, B-20754, B-22538,
B-23594, B-25623, B-25694, B-26125,
B-27336, B-28146, B-29251, B-30530,
B-32498, B-32768, B-32935, B-33003,
B-33120, B-33380, B-33793, B-34073,
C-05503, C-08066, C-26966, C-31222,
D-02339, D-03418, H-00252, J-16457,
L-15691, L-32796, L-33117
SEWAGE TREATMENT A-04785,
A-29353, A-29599, A-31602, A-32855,
B-00541, B-01508, B-01563, B-03972,
B-04666, B-09729, B-09839, B-13697,
B-14940, B-15948, B-18153, B-19705,
B-22538, B-23594, B-27336, B-32768,
B-33003, B-33120, B-33380, B-33793,
C-05503, D-02339, J-16457, L-32796,
L-33117
SEWERS B-04666, B-20754, B-23594,
D-03418
SHEEP B-25858
SHIPS D-00373, L-35694
SILICATES B-09784
SILICON COMPOUNDS B-05808,
B-09784, B-32070, B-32498, 1-05463
SILICON DIOXIDE A-00402
SILVER COMPOUNDS A-34287, D-09590,
D-09592
SIMULATION A-05007, A-11144,
A-25455, B-00286, B-05490, B-09608,
C-29508, C-35182, D-18231, G-00177,
L-35511, N-05235
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
A-07561, A-29455, A-34654, B-09830
SINTERING B-04227, B-13551
SKIN F-11132, F-19102, G-19599,
G-21712, N-05235
SLAUGHTERHOUSES A-21887, A-24350,
A-26911, A-30389, A-34018, B-05624,
B-06412, B-09852, B-09854, B-21677,
B-26254, B-27548, B-29745, B-32781,
B-33120, C-31924, C-33577, D-17630,
L-32893, L-33117
SLUDGE A-04785, A-17462, A-25056,
A-26574, A-29353, A-31602, A-32385,
B-13697, B-14940, B-25694, B-28146,
B-29251, B-30530, B-32935, B-33120,
B-33793, B-34073, C-08066, J-16457
SMOG A-24459, A-31759, A-33828,
A-35693, B-00504, B-00975, B-02427,
B-14895, B-17906, B-19218, B-30865,
D-00241, D-24162, D-25291, E-19849,
G-00177, K-00157, K-18294, L-01528,
L-03198, L-34256, M-01069
SMOKE SHADE A-05335, A-08912,
A-10075, B-00504, B-00975, B-06280,
B-09784, B-22353, B-32913, C-04117,
C-29337, C-32022, D-00690, D-03017,
K-31286, K-31516, L-00973, L-09604,
L-09677, L-10567, L-15688, L-19059,
L-32171, L-32352, L-32382, L-32626,
L-35694
SMOKEMETERS A-10075, A-34891,
A-35635, B-05490, B-06280, B-06979,
B-09608, B-20120, B-20877, B-20878,
B-24988, C-20100, C-32022, L-03198,
L-04841, L-04942
SMOKES A-02001, A-05007, A-05335,
A-05527, A-06039, A-07394, A-07561,
A-08373, A-08802, A-08912, A-09175,
A-09853, A-10075, A-10699, A-12083,
A-12377, A-12505, A-14116, A-14914,
A-16058, A-17462, A-20101, A-20125,
A-20276, A-22860, A-23313, A-26048,
A-26575, A-26605, A-27129, A-27235,
A-27249, A-27669, A-27821, A-27986,
A-28614, A-28861, A-29353, A-30603,
A-31323, A-32489, A-32653, A-34228,
A-34290, A-34654, A-34891, A-35383,
A-35564, A-35693, B-00246, B-00975,
B-01613, B-01867, B-04361, B-04533,
B-05490, B-05852, B-05930, B-06280,
B-06453, B-06525, B-06636, B-06979,
B-07224, B-07479, B-07971, B-08497,
B-08663, B-08946, B-09608, B-09791,
B-09813, B-09827, B-09830, B-09852,
B-11220, B-11234, B-14609, B-14895,
B-14951, B-14956, B-14%7, B-20120,
B-20877, B-20878, B-21220, B-23008,
B-23067, B-23836, B-24090, B-24380,
B-24845, B-24988, B-25554, B-26567,
B-26568, B-26730, B-26731, B-26778,
B-26908, B-27541, B-27548, B-27793,
B-27818, B-29533, B-29761, B-30865,
B-31233, B-31400, B-31453, B-31631,
B-31700, B-32682, B-32847, B-32913,
B-33077, B-33793, B-33854, B-34679,
B-35554, B-35566, C-04117, C-11167,
C-20100, C-29337, D-00241, D-00251,
D-00690, D-00751, D-01202, D-03001,
D-03017, D-03418, D-03431, D-03514,
D-09592, D-23411, E-26550, K-07766,
K-15926, K-16263, K-31286, K-31968,
L-00973, L-01528, L-02840, L-04841,
L-04888, L-04942, L-07235, L-09215,
L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12376,
L-14616, L-15554, L-15688, L-15691,
L-25446, L-27184, L-27185, L-27677,
L-27678, L-27679, L-28363, L-29679,
L-30149, L-30153, L-31084, L-32147,
L-32352, L-35694
SMOKING B-07224, B-08104, B-31233,
C-27934
SNOW D-09592
SOAP MANUFACTURING B-01505,
B-05862, B-05930, B-07429, B-09784,
B-09849 (
SOCIAL ATTITUDES A-20706, A-24350,
B-19850, C-18194, B-065}5, D-17630,
G-34667, L-15691, L-29975, M-00376,
M-00844, M-14491, M-23408, M-24091,
M-26725, M-31071
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS A-20553,
A-3U55, A-32653, A-33828, A-35581,
B-01672, B-29761, B-30260, B-31354,
B-32099, C-29891, D-06535, D-33539,
G-34667, L-26511, L-29975, L-34926,
M-24768
SODIUM CARBONATE B-00025, B-04943,
B-11008, D-09592
SODIUM CHLORIDE B-00025, B-32935
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
253
SODIUM COMPOUNDS A-11144,
A-24903, A-35590, B-00025, B-00379,
B-00571, B-04666, B-04783, B-04838,
B-04887, B-04943, B-04953, B-06106,
B-08360, B-08364. B-09655, B-09839,
B-09849, B-10277, B-11008, B-11009,
B-11234, B-1636S, B-16747, B-20369,
B-23538, B-29251, B-30339, B-30530,
B-31072, B-32615, B-32646, B-32847,
B-32935, B-34385, D-09592, F-11132,
F-13107
SODIUM HYDROXIDE B-00025, B-00379,
B-00571, B-04887, B-04953, B-09839,
B-09849, B-16365, B-30530, B-32847,
B-34385
SODIUM SULFITE A-11144, A-35590,
B-00025, B-08364, B-23538, B-32615
SOILING A-03097, A-16058, A-34018,
D-01949, D-03017, L-00871
SOILING INDEX B-00975, B-26087,
D-00690, D-01202, D-03017, D-23411,
K-07766, K-11734, L-01604, L-02840,
M-01069, N-03438
SOILS A-17236, A-33883, A-35564,
B-27336, B-32682, C-30704, D-31371,
G-07091
SOLAR RADIATION A-05007, B-09836,
D-01202, D-31760
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-07561,
A-08373, A-09175, A-11651, A-12832,
A-12834, A-17236, A-17462, A-22860,
A-23313, A-23314, A-24350, A-25638,
A-26575, A-27821, A-27972, A-29332,
A-29353, A-29455, A-30389, A-31155,
A-31157, A-32385, A-32411, A-32855,
A-34228, A-34290, A-34654, A-35383,
A-35564, A-35599, A-35673, A-35693,
B-00032, B-00975, B-04664, B-05852,
B-06412, B-09784, B-09827, B-10009,
B-14609, B-17403, B-19182, B-22435,
B-22518, B-22550, B-23008, B-23836,
B-25694, B-25977, B-26125, B-26254,
B-26778, B-27732, B-29448, B-30124,
B-30530, B-30773, B-31302, B-31453,
B-32119, B-32497, B-32682, B-32913,
B-33120, B-33816, B-33854, B-35595,
B-35879, C-13099, C-13749, C-27791,
C-35865, D-00373, D-01949, D-02331,
D-02339, D-03017, D-03431, D-03506,
D-09590, D-09592, D-17630, D-23411,
D-25780, D-33539, E-26550, F-29649,
K-07766, L-00054, L-00973, L-02840,
L-09604, L-09677, L-32626, M-00844,
M-24091
SOLIDS A-05007, A-26574, A-28885,
B-05532, B-30773, C-08358, C-27475
SOLVENTS A-03825, A-21978, A-23843,
A-24007, A-27235, A-29698, A-34585,
B-02427, B-04943, B-05929, B-07362,
B-09784, B-09791, B-09794, B-09813,
B-09815, B-09857, B-11059, B-11136,
B-11137, B-14757, B-14895, B-15170,
B-16113, B-16498, B-16890, B-21294,
B-22838, B-23117, B-23967, B-24197,
B-26308, B-26944, B-27732, B-28047,
B-31472, B-32956, B-34679, C-08066,
C-08357, C-20538, D-02339, D-03431,
D-33539, K-21084, L-07235, L-09677,
L-14028
SOOT A-02001, A-08373, A-09175,
A-10075, A-10699, A-14297, A-20134,
A-22860, A-24500, A-27669, A-32653,
A-33648, A-33719, B-04361, B-06280,
B-07479, B-07971, B-09830, B-23885,
B-29437, B-29533, B-31167, B-31631,
B-32847, D-00251, D-33108, 1-16457,
L-04942, L-0723S, L-07781, L-14616,
L-27185, L-28363, L-2%79, L-30149,
L-30153
SOOT FALL D-26304
SOURCE SAMPLING A-09175, A-10699,
A-17632, A-17633, A-20101, A-28614,
A-30218, B-00975, B-13971, B-32646,
B-32681, C-00965, C-03789, C-04117,
C-19051, C-32022, C-34863, C-35956,
D-31760, L-32566, L-33672
SOUTH CAROLINA D-03506
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-14297, A-25638,
B-06636, B-08104, B-09508, B-09839,
B-13551, B-15779, B-20369, B-20709,
B-21647, B-22353, B-24969, B-25224,
B-26908, B-28047, B-29437, B-29533,
B-29628, B-30260, B-30350, B-31456,
B-31463, B-31945, B-32070, B-32615,
B-32913, B-35803, L-07235
SPACECRAFT ATMOSPHERES A-03825,
A-21978
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES A-01565,
A-05007, A-05549, A-05608, A-27249,
A-28352, B-00504, B-01867, B-07224,
B-08604, B-08663, B-11234, C-27934,
D-24162, K-00157, L-00054, L-03198
SPARK TIMING A-27249, B-25594,
B-28108
SPECTROMETRY A-03825, A-05549,
A-08373, A-11692, A-19814, A-21978,
A-23843, A-25455, A-29698, A-33564,
A-34766, A-34964, A-35635, B-05408,
B-05624, B-06363, C-02786, C-03354,
C-03542, C-05426, C-07214, C-08066,
C-10534, C-13143, C-14607, C-20100,
C-20192, C-20264, C-22431, C-24814,
C-27121, C-27248, C-27685, C-28141,
C-28787, C-29337, C-29843, C-30374,
C-34279, C-35956, D-00251, D-00373,
D-03514, F-07681, F-14987, F-17801,
F-19061, F-19063, G-00177, G-11476,
1-05463
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY A-05549,
A-21661, B-02279, B-03966, B-05408,
B-06363, B-06453, B-24380, C-05426,
C-29843, C-30014, C-35956, D-00251,
G-35671, 1-05463
SPOT TESTS A-08373, A-17603, B-29323
SPRAY TOWERS A-27972, B-00025,
B-02047, B-02279, B-03976, B-04664,
B-05862, B-07374, B-07415, B-07429,
B-07530, B-07531, B-09508, B-09819,
B-09852, B-10277, B-14671, B-24969,
B-25017, B-29261, B-31160, B-31790,
B-35554
SPRAYS B-03976
ST LOUIS A-01644, A-01885, A-02001,
B-00257, B-00379. B-01414, B-01563,
B-02725, B-02729, B-03966, B-03976,
B-04045, B-05862, C-03354, C-03789,
D-33539, K-07766, L-09677, L-30149
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) A-03097,
A-05007, A-11700, A-14972, A-16058,
A-31759, A-33828, B-00975, B-01672,
B-16842, B-26087, C-08066, C-25065,
D-01202, D-01949, D-02331, D-03017,
D-03418, D-03431, D-03506, D-09590,
D-09592, D-12426, D-23411, D-25996,
L-00054, L-02840, L-07235, M-08698,
N-03438
STACK GASES A-02001, A-07561,
A-09175, A-10075, A-17634, A-22860,
A-24007, A-25I79, A-25205, A-26402,
A-26574, A-26575, A-26605, A-27235,
A-28527, A-28614, A-28861, A-29353,
A-30218, A-30687, A-32465, A-32489,
A-32879, A-33883, A-33983, A-35638,
B-00358, B-01672, B-03807, B-04227,
B-04533, B-05332, B-05532, B-05930,
B-06636, B-06859, B-07971, B-08360,
B-0%55, B-09656, B-09784, B-09813,
B-09827, B-10009, B-10277, B-l 1009,
B-11153, B-11158, B-13551, B-13772,
B-13971, B-14094, B-14203, B-14609,
B-14895, B-14956, B-15690, B-16747,
B-17403, B-19218, B-19363, B-19850,
B-20817, B-20824, B-22061, B-22353,
B-22400, B-22522, B-22525, B-23836,
B-25017, B-25950, B-26173, B-26176,
B-26568, B-26618, B-27541, B-27548.
B-27732, B-27793, B-28206, B-28756,
B-29251, B-29363, B-2%28, B-29761,
B-30062, B-30260, B-30350, B-31091,
B-31223, B-31301, B-31453, B-31456,
B-31463, B-31700, B-31790, B-31911,
B-31945, B-32070, B-32119, B-32615,
B-32781, B-32900, B-32913, B-32956,
B-33077, B-34385, B-35554, B-35803,
C-01289, C-03010, C-04117, C-04883,
C-05898, C-06112, C-09476, C-09648,
C-09657, C-09660, C-19051, C-22958,
C-32022, C-34863, C-35956, D-00209,
D-07572, D-09592, D-16062, D-29973,
D-33723, F-10308, F-25761, 1-19325,
J-16457, K-15926, K-31516, L-01528,
L-07235, L-09677, L-10567, L-14798,
L-15554, L-15691, L-27184, L-27678,
L-27679, L-28348, L-30149, L-31084,
L-32626, L-33672, L-35511, N-19060,
N-19088
STACK SAMPLING A-09175, A-10699,
A-17632, B-00975, B-13971, B-32681,
C-00965, C-03789, C-04117, C-19051,
C-34863, C-35956, L-33672
STACKS A-06240, A-07394, A-17462,
A-22860, A-25638, A-27235, A-29353,
A-29599, A-31882, A-35599, A-35638,
B-01352, B-02729, B-04838, B-05332,
B-08946, B-09827. B-09830, B-10005,
B-11153. B-13551, B-19493, B-22353,
B-23371, B-25479, B-26618, B-27541,
B-27793, B-28108, B-28118, B-31223,
B-32900, C-00965, C-03010, C-06112,
C-22958, C-32676, C-35956, D-16062,
D-29973, D-35764, L-07235, L-09604,
L-27678, L-27679, L-29813, L-31084,
L-32352
STAGNATION C-25065, D-01202,
D-03431, D-03506, D-09590, D-12426,
D-23411, L-02840, N-03438
STANDARDS A-05335, A-21882, A-23843,
A-24500, A-25205, A-25638, A-27821,
A-28861, A-29353, A-30603, A-31759,
A-32878, A-33719, A-34290. A-34585,
B-00504, B-00552, B-00975, B-03129,
B-06280, B-09922, B-11059, B-23319,
B-24988, B-25479, B-29323, B-29877,
B-31062, B-31301, C-02786, C-04117,
C-05614, C-05898, C-09716, C-14680,
C-25065, C-32022, C-34279, D-01202,
D-05256, D-16635, D-16636, D-18231,
G-05942, G-05943, G-05946, G-05949,
G-07821, G-21125, G-35570, K-00157,
K-05117, K-05947, K-07766, K-11734,
K-15926, K-16263, K-18294, K-20194,
K-21083, K-21084, K-21918, K-27403,
K-30870, K-31286, K-31516, K-31968,
K-35146, L-00549, L-00871, L-00973,
L-01604, L-03198, L-05129, L-07781,
L-09604, L-09677, L-10567, L-12376,
L-14616, L-14932, L-15688, L-19059,
L-25446, L-27678, L-27679, L-29679.
-------
254
L-29813, L-31465, L-32147, L-32171,
L-32352, L-32382, L-32383, L-32566,
L-32893, L-33117, L-33672, L-33725,
L-34033, L-34755, L-35752, M-00376,
M-00487, M-00844
STATE GOVERNMENTS A-23313,
A-23314, A-25638, A-34290, B-00504,
B-00975, B-01672, B-07971, B-16890,
B-32057. D-01949, K-00157, K-11734,
K-15926, L-00549, L-00871, L-09604,
L-09677, L-12511, L-14028, L-15554,
L-15691, L-23754, L-26940, L-32147,
L-32354, L-32626, L-34256, L-34755,
L-35694, N-03438, N-32254
STATISTICAL ANALYSES A-14116.
C-05170, C-08268, C-26309, C-29508,
C-32269, C-34178, C-35541, D-18231,
D-33539, F-16696, L-04888, L-05129
STEAM B-05408, B-05409, B-05624,
B-06103, B-07362, B-09656, B-15709,
B-23117, B-25085, B-29533, B-32847,
B-33742, D-09592
STEAM ENGINES A-30327, A-31759
STEAM PLANTS A-12832, A-24500,
B-05880, B-07971, B-09784, B-10009,
B-28108, D-09390, D-23411
STEEL B-04227, B-09836, B-10277,
B-28756, D-09590, D-09592, D-29973,
1-24187, L-00973, L-01604, L-29813
STOMACH G-21712
STONE K-31516, M-26725
STORAGE BATTERIES A-31759, L-35511
STREETS A-09255, D-24162, D-29973,
K-18294
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS B-11234
STUDENTS D-00751
STYRENES A-07089, B-04627, C-11123,
C-11486, C-14109, C-15287, C-18093,
D-23149
SULFATES A-06240, A-32489, B-00025,
B-00379, B-01900, B-03807, B-04666,
B-09839, B-09849, B-10277, B-19705,
B-30339, C-25466, D-00209, D-09592,
L-14616, M-01069
SULFIDES A-01644, A-01885, A-04879,
A-04893, A-06240, A-08359, A-11144,
A-12507, A-14580, A-16494, A-17603,
A-17631, A-17633, A-20134, A-21857,
A-25179, A-25228, A-28885, A-29599,
A-31044, A-31263, A-32475, A-32489,
A-32855, A-32879, A-34018, A-34287,
A-35564, B-00025, B-00286, B-00379,
B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01508,
B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01900,
B-02018, B-02279, B-02427, B-02488,
B-03807, B-04045, B-04627, B-04664,
B-04666, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783,
B-04838, B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
B-05408, B-05409, B-05624, B-05808,
B-05880, B-06106, B-06363, B-06859,
B-07434, B-07531, B-07875, B-08360,
B-08361, B-08364, B-08467, B-08946,
B-09508, B-09655, B-09661, B-09839,
B-09840, B-09854, B-09922, B-10277,
B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11673,
B-13072, B-14094, B-14113, B-14118,
B-14203, B-14488, B-15690, B-15779,
B-16747, B-16807, B-16842, B-17293,
B-17409, B-17637, B-18140, B-19218,
B-19850, B-20625, B-20824, B-21051,
B-22061, B-22400, B-22522, B-22837,
B-22838, B-23117, B-23538, B-23594,
B-23901, B-24380, B-25224, B-25623,
B-25950, B-26014, B-26128, B-26173,
B-26254, B-26618, B-26836, B-26908,
B-28118, B-29278, B-29448, B-30062,
B-30339, B-31072, B-31091, B-31302,
B-31790, B-32615, B-32681, B-32798,
B-32937, B-32956, B-33122, B-33380,
B-34073, B-35803, C-00965, C-03354,
C-04883, C-05426, C-05503, C-06112,
C-06381, C-07214, C-08066, C-08268,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
C-08358, C-09619, C-09648, C-09657,
C-10693, C-11123, C-13099, C-13749,
C-14108, C-14109, C-17629, C-17638,
C-17639, C-17640, C-19051, C-21652,
C-21858, C-21859, C-24429, C-24814,
C-26547, C-27355, C-27685, C-27791,
C-27934, C-28787, C-29243, C-29269,
C-29726, C-29843, C-30704, C-30811,
C-31924, C-32467, C-34279, C-34863,
C-35865, C-35956, D-00209, D-00690,
D-01949, D-02339, D-03017, D-03514,
D-06535, D-07572, D-09590, D-09592,
D-12426, D-16062, D-16635, D-20355,
D-23149, D-259%, D-29349, D-31371,
D-33108, D-33723, E-22335, F-01784,
F-10308, F-12662, F-14987, F-16828,
F-29649, G-00208, G-03788, G-05943,
G-09659, H-00252, K-07766, K-35146,
L-00054, L-00871, L-02840, L-06732,
L-07235, L-32352, L-32382, L-3Z796,
M-00376, M-08698, N-19060
SULFTTES A-25205, A-35590, B-07531,
B-11009, B-26172, G-00177
SULFONIC ACID B-24969
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-01644,
A-01885, A-04785, A-04879, A-04893,
A-06240, A-06981, A-08359, A-11144,
A-12507, A-14580, A-16494, A-17603,
A-17631, A-17633, A-20134, A-21857,
A-23313, A-23314, A-25179, A-25205,
A-25228, A-26048, A-26402, A-28885,
A-29599, A-29842, A-31044, A-31263,
A-32475, A-32489, A-32653, A-32855,
A-32879, A-33719, A-33828, A-33883,
A-34018, A-34287, A-34964, A-35564,
A-35590, B-00025, B-00286, B-00379,
B-00975, B-01414, B-01505, B-01508,
B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01900,
B-02018, B-02279, B-02427, B-02488,
B-03807, B-04045, B-04627, B-04664,
B-04666, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783,
B-04838, B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
B-05408, B-05409, B-05624, B-05808,
B-05880, B-06106, B-06363, B-06636,
B-06859, B-07434, B-07531, B-07875,
B-08360, B-08361, B-08364, B-08467,
B-08946, B-09508, B-09655, B-09656,
B-09661, B-09836, B-09839, B-09840,
B-09849, B-09854, B-09922, B-10277,
B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11673,
B-13072, B-13398, B-14094, B-14113,
B-14118, B-14203, B-14488, B-15690,
B-15709, B-15772, B-15779, B-16747,
B-16807, B-16842, B-17293, B-17409,
B-17637, B-18140, B-19218, B-19705,
B-19850, B-20258, B-20625, B-20824,
B-21051, B-22061, B-22400, B-22522,
B-22837, B-22838, B-23117, B-23538,
B-23594, B-23901, B-24079, B-24380,
B-25224, B-25623, B-25950, B-26014,
B-26128, B-26172, B-26173, B-26254,
B-26618, B-26836, B-26908, B-27674,
B-27719, B-28118, B-29278, B-29448,
B-30062, B-30339, B-30530, B-31072,
B-31091, B-31302, B-31790, B-32615,
B-32681, B-32798, B-32937, B-32956,
B-33122, B-33380, B-34073, B-35803,
C-00965, C-03354, C-04883, C-05426,
C-05503, C-05813, C-06112, C-06381,
C-06526, C-07214, C-08066, C-08268,
C-08354, C-08355. C-08356, C-08357,
C-08358, C-09619, C-09648, C-09657,
C-10693, C-11123, C-13099, C-13367.
C-13749, C-14108, C-14109, C-17629,
C-17638, C-17639, C-17640, C-19051,
C-21652, C-21858, C-21859, C-24429,
C-24814, C-25466, C-26547, C-27248,
C-27355, C-27475, C-27685, C-27791,
C-27934, C-28141, C-28787, C-29243,
C-29269, C-29726, C-29843, C-29858,
C-30704, C-30811, C-31924, C-32467,
C-33349, C-34279, C-34863, C-35865,
C-35949, C-35956, D-00209, D-00690,
D-01949, D-02339, D-03017, D-03514,
D-05481, D-06535, D-07572, D-09590,
D-09592, D-12426, D-16062, D-16635,
D-20355, D-23149, D-259%, D-29349,
D-31371, D-33108, D-33723, E-22335,
F-01784, F-10308, F-12662, F-14987,
F-16828, F-29649, G-00177, G-00208,
G-03788, G-05943, G-09659, H-00252,
K-07766, K-35146, L-00054, L-00871,
L-00973, L-02840, L-06732, L-07235,
L-09677, L-14616, L-32352, L-32382,
L-32626, L-32796, M-00376, M-01069,
M-08698, N-19060
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-00525, A-01565,
A-05007, A-06240, A-07561, A-09175,
A-09255, A-10075, A-12621, A-14297,
A-20134, A-22973, A-23843, A-26402,
A-26911, A-30218, A-30513, A-30603,
A-31759, A-31882, A-32489, A-32653,
A-32855, A-32879, A-34891, B-00025,
B-00975, B-01505, B-01672, B-02018,
B-02427, B-04361, B-04627, B-04783,
B-04838, B-05332, B-05808, B-06280,
B-06636, B-07530, B-07875, B-07971,
B-08104, B-08364, B-08467, B-08497,
B-09508, B-09830, B-09854, B-09933,
B-11008, B-13551, B-14118, B-14671,
B-14692, B-16747, B-19705, B-20817,
B-22061, B-22522, B-22837, B-25479,
B-26087, B-26908, B-27719, B-28108,
B-30124, B-31062, B-31091, B-31233,
B-31354, B-32070, B-32302, B-32681,
B-32956, B-33077, B-33854, C-00965,
C-03010, C-03542, C-04883, C-05426,
C-05503, C-08066, C-08355, C-08356,
C-08358, C-09476, C-09619, C-09657,
C-11123, C-14109, C-16781, C-19051,
C-23107, C-27934, C-29843, C-30014,
C-34279, C-34863, C-35949, D-00251,
D-01949, D-03001, D-03017, D-03506,
D-03514, D-05481, D-07572, D-09590,
D-09592, D-16636, D-23411, D-23845,
D-25780, D-25996, D-29973, D-31371,
D-31760, D-33108, E-19849, E-22335,
E-26550, F-01784, F-23187, F-25761,
G-00177, G-34686, H-20028, J-34518,
K-05947, K-07766; K-31516, K-31968,
K-35146, L-00054, L-00973, L-01528,
L-01604, L-02840, L-04942, L-07235,
L-09677, L-14616, L-25446, L-26511,
L-27184, L-27185, L-28348, L-29679,
L-29813, L-31084, L-32171, L-32352,
L-32382, L-33672, M-01069, M-08698,
M-24091, M-31071, N-03438, N-19060,
N-20495, N-32254
SULFUR OXIDES A-00525, A-01565,
A-05007, A-06240, A-07561, A-09175,
A-09255, A-10075, A-12621, A-14297,
A-17633, A-20134, A-22973, A-23843,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
255
A-24500, A-25205. A-26402, A-26911,
A-30218, A-30513, A-30603, A-31759,
A-31880, A-31882. A-32465, A-32489,
A-32653, A-32855, A-32879, A-33719,
A-33828, A-33883, A-34018, A-34891,
B-00025, B-00975, B-01S05, B-01S08,
B-01672, B-02018, B-02427, B-04361,
B-04627, B-04783, B-04838, B-OS332,
B-05808, B-05880, B-06280, B-06636,
B-07530, B-07875, B-07971, B-08104,
B-08364, B-08467, B-08497, B-08663,
B-09S08, B-09784, B-09830, B-09854,
B-09933, B-11008, B-135S1, B-14118,
B-14671, B-14692, B-16747, B-19705,
B-20817, B-22061, B-22522, B-22837,
B-23008, B-24743, B-25479, B-26087,
B-26254, B-26908, B-27719, B-28108,
B-30124, B-31062, B-31091, B-31233,
B-313S4, B-32070, B-32302, B-32681,
B-32956, B-33077, B-33854, C-00965,
C-03010, C-03542, C-04883, C-05426,
C-05503, C-06112, C-08066, C-08355,
C-08356, C-08358, C-09476, C-0%19,
C-09657, C-11123, C-14109, C-16781,
C-19051, C-23107, C-27248, C-27934,
C-29843, C-30014, C-34279, C-34863,
C-35949, C-35956, D-00251, D-01949,
D-03001, D-03017, D-03506, D-03514,
D-05481, D-06535, D-07572, D-09S90,
D-09592, D-16636, D-23411, D-23845,
D-25291, D-25780, D-25996, D-26304,
D-27255, D-29973, D-3137I, D-31760,
D-33108, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
E-19849, E-22335, E-26S50, F-01784,
F-16828, F-23187, F-25761, G-00177,
G-34686, H-20028, 1-19325, J-34518,
K-05947, K-07766, K-31516, K-31968,
K-35I46, L-00054, L-00973, L-01528,
L-01604, L-02840, L-04942, L-07235,
L-09677, L-12511, L-14616, L-14798,
L-172S8, L-19059, L-25446, L-26511,
L-27184, L-27185, L-27677, L-27678,
L-27679, L-28348, L-29679, L-29813,
L-31084, L-32147, L-32171, L-32352,
L-32382, L-33672, M-01069, M-08698,
M-24091, M-31071, N-03438, N-19060,
N-2049S, N-32254
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-14297,
A-25638, A-31759, A-33883, B-06636,
B-08104, B-09508, B-09839, B-13551,
B-15779, B-17266, B-20369, B-20709,
B-21647, B-22353, B-24969, B-25224,
B-26618, B-26908, B-28047, B-28118,
B-29437, B-29533, B-29628, B-30260,
B-30350, B-31456, B-31463, B-31945,
B-32057, B-32070, B-32615, B-32900,
B-32913, B-32956, B-33854, B-35803,
D-33723, D-35764, F-01784, K-07766,
L-07235, L-22343
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-09175, A-30218,
A-32489, B-01505, B-04838, B-07971,
B-20817, B-31091, C-34279, K-07766,
K-35146, L-32352, L-32382
SULFURIC ACID A-32855, B-03129,
B-07531, B-09784, B-09839, B-26254,
B-29363, B-31091, B-31233, C-03010,
C-20460, D-25996, D-29973, E-19849,
F-23187, G-21125, K-07766, K-31516,
L-32382
SUPERSATURATION B-29533, C-23106,
F-07681
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
A-32855, A-34585, B-03966, B-04533,
B-06366, B-08506, B-09784, B-09791,
B-09819, B-11137, B-14895, B-31301,
B-31472, D-03431, L-07235
SURFACE COATINGS A-23843, A-32855,
A-34585, B-02427, B-03966, B-06088,
B-08506, B-09819, B-09830, B-16890,
B-21294, B-26087, B-26125, B-27732,
B-31301, B-31472, C-08066, C-11486,
C-28393, D-02339, D-06535, D-09592,
1-05463, L-00054
SURFACE PROPERTIES B-20625,
B-30530. B-32070, C-10016, G-06323
SURVEY METHODS A-24350, B-31178,
C-04117, C-11167, C-30374, D-00751,
D-02331, D-03514, L-00871, M-00376,
M-23408. M-27680
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-00402,
A-02001, A-05007, A-05335, A-05527,
A-06039, A-07394, A-07561, A-08373,
A-08802, A-08912, A-09175, A-09853,
A-10075, A-10699, A-11651, A-12083,
A-12377, A-12505, A-14116, A-14914,
A-14972, A-16058, A-17462, A-17634,
A-20101, A-20125, A-20276, A-22860,
A-23313, A-24007, A-24459. A-26048,
A-26402, A-26575, A-26605, A-27129,
A-27235, A-27249, A-27669, A-27821,
A-27986, A-28614, A-28861, A-29353,
A-30603, A-30687, A-31323. A-31759,
A-32489, A-32653, A-33828, A-34018,
A-34228, A-34290, A-34654, A-34891,
A-35383, A-35564, A-35693, B-00025,
B-00246, B-00257, B-00379, B-00504,
B-00541, B-00975, B-01352, B-01537,
B-01549, B-01613, B-01867, B-02047,
B-02427, B-02725, B-03129, B-04361,
B-04533, B-04664, B-04943, B-04949,
B-05490, B-05S32, B-05852, B-05929,
B-05930, B-06088, B-06280, B-06366,
B-06453, B-06525, B-06636, B-06979,
B-07224, B-07429, B-07479, B-07971,
B-08360, B-08497, B-08506, B-08663,
B-08946, B-09608, B-09733, B-09784,
B-09791, B-09794, B-09813, B-09815,
B-09819, B-09827, B-09830, B-09836,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09842, B-09849,
B-09852, B-09857, B-10009, B-11008,
B-11137, B-11220, B-11234, B-13551,
B-14341, B-14609, B-14895, B-14951,
B-14956, B-14967, B-16842, B-17906,
B-18140, B-19218, B-19221, B-20120,
B-20817, B-20877, B-20878, B-21006,
B-21220, B-22435, B-22518, B-23008,
B-23067, B-23493, B-23836, B-24065,
B-24090, B-24380, B-24845, B-24969,
B-24988, B-25017, B-25554, B-25694,
B-26087, B-26308, B-26567, B-26568,
B-26730, B-26731, B-26778, B-26908,
B-26944, B-27541, B-27548, B-27793,
B-27818, B-28146, B-29533, B-29761,
B-30865, B-30943, B-31233, B-31400,
B-31453, B-31456, B-31631, B-31700,
B-31945. B-32634, B-32682, B-32781,
B-32847, B-32913, B-32937, B-33077,
B-33793. B-33854, B-34679, B-35554,
B-35566, B-35955, C-03010, C-04117,
C-05503, C-07214, C-11167, C-15287,
C-20100, C-23107, C-29337, C-35956,
D-00241, D-00251, D-00373, D-00690,
D-00751, D-01202, D-03001, D-03017,
D-03418, D-03431, D-03514, D-05481,
D-09590, D-09592, D-12426, D-12648,
D-18231, D-23411, D-23845, D-24162,
D-25291, D-29973, D-31371, D-31760,
D-35764, E-19849, E-26550, G-00177,
1-24187, J-29299. K-00157, K-07766,
K-15926, K-16263, K-18294, K-31286,
K-31516, K-31968, K-35146, L-00973,
L-01528, L-01604, L-02840, L-03198,
L-04841, L-04888, L-04942, L-07235,
L-07781, L-09215, L-09604, L-0%77,
L-I0567, L-12376, L-14616, L-15554,
L-15688, L-15691. L-19059, L-25446,
L-27184, L-27185, L-27677. L-27678,
L-27679, L-28363, L-2%79, L-30149,
L-30153, L-31084, L-32147, L-32171,
L-32352, L-32382, L-34256, L-35694,
M-01069
SWEDEN A-00393, A-01885, A-02001,
A-03097, A-25205, A-30327, A-30389,
B-00257, B-00358, B-00379, B-00504,
B-00975, B-01352, B-01414. B-01505,
B-01508, B-01563, B-01867, B-01900,
B-02279, B-02427, B-02725, B-03499,
B-03807, B-03966, B-03972, B-03976,
B-04045, B-04300, B-04664, B-04666,
B-04773, B-06280, B-08361, B-09656,
B-09661, B-09933, B-11843, B-13334,
B-17266, B-23456, B-25085, B-30339,
C-03010, C-03542, C-07214, C-08953,
C-09648, C-09657, C-10029, C-16080,
C-21652, C-25466, C-29891, C-35949,
D-00373, D-01202, D-01949, D-02331,
F-01784, F-03173, G-00177, G-09659,
K-18294, K-35146, L-02840, L-03198,
M-15760, N-03438
SYNERGISM A-07089, A-26911, A-33719,
B-06636, C-29243, G-05946, K-35146,
L-34926
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-10699, A-29599,
B-03129, B-09813, B-27605, D-09590,
L-01604
SYNTHETIC RUBBER A-03825, B-00032,
B-14956, C-11486
TAR B-09836, C-35956, D-02339
TAXATION L-26511, L-35752
TEFLON C-09521, C-34863, D-00690,
D-01949, M-01069
TEMPERATURE A-01644, A-01885,
A-03825, A-04879, A-05549, A-07561,
A-08359, A-08912, A-10699, A-20276,
A-24007, A-24754, A-27235, A-28527,
A-29599, A-30218, A-30687, A-31155,
A-32489, A-34654, A-35383, B-01414,
B-02725, B-03966, B-03976, B-04533,
B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
B-05808, B-05852, B-06088, B-06280,
B-06366, B-07362, B-08361, B-08506,
B-08663, B-09655, B-09791, B-09830,
B-09836, B-11136, B-11137, B-11673,
B-12346, B-12506, B-13697, B-19705,
B-20625, B-20824, B-22538, B-23002,
B-23117, B-23493, B-23967, B-24197,
B-24969, B-25694, B-26002, B-26308,
B-26731, B-26778, B-26944, B-27288,
B-27674, B-27818, B-28047, B-28146,
B-28206, B-29131, B-29251, B-29278,
B-29533, B-29978, B-30738, B-30943,
B-31072, B-31091, B-31167, B-31453,
B-31911, B-32070, B-32119, B-32302,
B-32497, B-32498, B-32559, B-32634,
B-32847, B-32956, B-33073, B-33077,
B-33122, B-33816, B-34778, C-03789,
C-08355, C-08356, C-08357, C-08358,
C-10693, C-20460, C-21208, C-25065,
C-28787, C-32467, C-34972, C-35648,
C-35956, D-07572, G-06323, 1-19325,
J-29299
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-29599, B-00358. B-09836, C-08678,
C-26966, D-01202, D-06535, D-09590,
-------
256
D-09592, D-25996, D-31760, E-14906,
G-06323, L-34256, N-03438, N-19088
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS B-09791, C-35956,
N-20495
TENNESSEE B-06636, L-02840, L-19059,
L-32626, M-01069
TENSILE STRENGTH B-08361, 1-05463
TEST ENGINES A-33564, A-33648.
B-01867, B-11220, C-03542, D-00251,
G-00177
TESTING FACILITIES A-03825, A-05007,
A-06981, A-08359, A-33564, A-33648,
A-35673, B-01867, B-11220, B-13398,
B-25224, C-00965, C-03010, C-03542,
C-08268, C-08357, C-09648, C-11123,
C-12487, C-17290, C-17638, C-18194,
C-23755, D-00251, D-18231, F-16455,
G-00177, G-00715, G-09659, L-03198,
L-04841, L-35511
TETRAETHYL LEAD A-24459, A-30603,
B-28108
TEXAS B-01867, B-08364
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-17634,
A-27235, A-34018, B-02047, B-26567,
B-27605, B-31700, D-09590
TEXTILES A-10699, A-29599, B-03129,
B-09813, B-09815, B-09830. B-09836,
B-27605, B-31700, D-09590, 1-05463,
L-01604
THERMAL RADIATION A-25179,
A-34654, B-24197, B-31790, C-35182,
L-34033
THERMIST6RS C-35956
THERMOCOUPLES C-35956
THERMODYNAMICS B-04953, B-29533,
B-29978, F-07681, F-32271
THERMOMETERS C-35956
THIOPHENE B-04627, C-07214, C-33349
THRESHOLDS A-04785, A-07089,
A-17631, A-19899, A-20118, A-21661,
A-21857, A-31263, A-32878, B-02729,
B-04627, B-04666, B-04669, B-09854,
B-10005, B-27288, B-31233, C-06381,
C-08066, C-08678, C-08953, C-09364,
C-09521, C-09648, C-10693, C-10983,
C-11123, C-14108, C-14109, C-16080.
C-16540, C-17638, C-17640, C-18093,
C-22448, C-22958, C-24071, C-24429,
C-24814, C-25065, C-25466, C-26837,
C-26966, C-27685, C-27733, C-27934,
C-28141, C-29269, C-29891, C-30689,
C-32676, C-32880, C-33349, C-35240,
C-35956, D-00209, D-16635, D-20355,
D-23098, D-31760, F-19063, F-35651,
G-00177, G-03788, G-05942, G-05943,
G-05946, G-05949, G-06323, G-07091,
G-07821, G-0%59, G-11476, G-19599,
G-34667, G-34686, G-35570, G-35671,
K-05947, K-11734, K-20194, K-21083,
K-21084, K-21918, K-27403, K-30870,
K-35146, M-15760, N-05235
TIMED FUEL INJECTION A-06039,
A-08802, A-09255, A-12377, A-26048,
A-27129, A-27249, A-30851, B-01613,
B-06280, B-06525, B-08497, B-23067,
B-31631, L-04888
TISSUES B-09854, C-34972
TITANIUM G-05942
TOBACCO D-09590, L-03198, N-03438
TOKYO A-30513, A-32855, B-20628,
B-24380, B-32797, C-17628, D-29973,
L-27185
TOLUENES A-05007, A-32855, B-04627,
B-16498, C-07214, C-11123, C-14109,
C-27934
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
A-02765, A-11700, A-12832, A-12834,
A-28352, A-29353, B-01672, B-02794,
B-26087, C-08066, D-03017, D-06535,
D-09592, D-23098, D-31371, D-33539,
G-03788, K-16263, L-00871, L-02840
TOXIC TOLERANCES B-02427, G-07821,
G-35570, K-11734, K-31968, K-35146
TOXICITY A-03825, A-17603, A-21661,
A-30513, A-31759, A-32878, A-35581,
B-09922, B-16890, C-35182, G-05942,
G-05943, G-05946, G-05949, G-07821,
G-11476, G-21125, G-23298, G-35570,
K-05947, K-27403, K-35146
TRACE ANALYSIS C-20202, G-05949,
N-20495
TRACERS C-05396, C-05813, C-27248,
C-35956, L-04841
TRACHEA B-31400
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS B-34868,
L-12376, L-14798
TRAINS A-08802, B-00975, B-06979,
B-08497, B-14951, B-31400, L-00054
TRANSMISSOMETERS B-06280, C-32022
TRANSPORT A-33828, A-35693, C-22958,
C-25065, D-23098, D-25780
TRANSPORTATION A-00393, A-01565,
A-05007, A-05335, A-05527, A-05549,
A-05608, A-06039, A-08802, A-09255,
A-11692, A-12377, A-12505, A-12832,
A-12834, A-14116, A-14297, A-14914,
A-15297, A-16058, A-20101, A-20118,
A-20125, A-20134, A-20553, A-20557,
A-21700. A-22973, A-25327, A-25455,
A-26048, A-27129, A-27249, A-27451,
A-27986, A-28352, A-28614, A-30327,
A-30603, A-30851, A-31323, A-31759,
A-31882, A-32465, A-32653, A-33564,
A-33648, A-33719, A-34018, A-34766,
A-34891, A-34964, A-35590, A-35635,
B-00504, B-00975, B-01613, B-01867,
B-05490, B-06280, B-06453, B-06525,
B-06636, B-06979, B-07224, B-07362,
B-07479, B-07971, B-08497, B-08604,
B-08663, B-09608, B-11220, B-11234,
B-12133, B-14951, B-17906, B-20120,
B-20877, B-20878, B-21220, B-23067,
B-24845, B-24988, B-25594, B-25711,
B-27719, B-28108, B-29437, B-29533,
B-2%28, B-30865, B-31167, B-31400,
B-31631, B-33077, B-34778, C-02786,
C-03542, C-05170, C-06112, C-07266,
C-09620, C-11167, C-14606, C-14607,
C-14680, C-16298, C-16442, C-16781,
C-20100, C-21693, C-22448, C-26966,
C-27121, C-27934, C-29337, C-31222,
C-31924, D-00241, D-00251, D-00373,
D-01202, D-01949, D-02331, D-03418,
D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-09592,
D-18231, D-24162, D-25291, D-27255,
D-29973, D-33108, D-33539, G-21125,
G-34667, K-00157, K-07766, K-16263,
L-00054, L-03198, L-04841, L-04888,
L-05I29, L-07235, L-09215, L-09677,
L-12376, L-19059, L-22343, L-27185,
L-27677, L-32147, L-34926, L-35511,
L-35694, M-23408, N-03438, N-19060,
N-32254
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) A-04785,
C-08355, C-08356, C-08358, C-09657,
C-09860, C-10016, C-16781, C-24814,
C-29726
TREATED FABRICS C-09619, G-00177
TREATMENT AND AIDS C-29858,
D-27255, G-05942, G-06323, 1-24187,
L-30153, L-30688, L-34256
TREES A-19814, A-34018, B-09407,
B-09655, B-22061, K-11734
TRIMETHYLBENZENE G-00177
TRUCKS A-05007, A-06039, A-08802,
A-27129, A-27986, A-34891, B-00504,
B-00975, B-01867, B-05490, B-06280,
B-06525, B-06979, B-07224, B-07971,
B-08604, B-09608. B-20120, B-20877,
B-20878. K-00157, L-00054, L-03198,
L-04841, L-04888, L-09215, L-19059,
L-32147
TUNNELS B-31400
TURBIDIMETRY C-35956
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-33828, B-04838, B-04949, C-08066,
C-22958, E-14906, L-35511
U
ULTRASONICS B-08364, B-31631
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION A-25179,
B-01352, B-21006, B-27674, C-35182,
G-00177
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
A-03825, B-05408, B-05624, C-05426,
C-20100, C-29337, C-29843, G-00177
UNDERFIRE AIR A-28861, B-10009
UNITED STATES A-34585, B-06280,
B-10588, C-10593, K-11734, K-35146,
L-30149, L-35694
UNIVERSITIES B-07971, B-08364,
D-02212
UPPER ATMOSPHERE F-07681
URBAN AREAS A-16058, A-17198,
A-22860, A-22973, A-24500, A-27669,
A-28614, A-30513, A-31044, A-31263,
A-31759, A-32465, A-32855, A-33828,
A-34228, A-35693, B-00358, B-04361,
B-08360, B-09608, B-20628, B-25479,
B-26618, B-31178, B-31301, B-31354,
B-32797, C-22431, C-35541, C-35949,
D-00690, D-01949, D-02212, D-03459,
D-03506, D-03514, D-05481, D-09590,
D-12426, D-20355, D-23149, D-23152,
D-23845, D-24162, D-25291, D-26304,
D-27255, D-29349, D-29973, D-31371,
D-33108, D-33539, D-33723, D-35764,
G-00208, G-05942, G-05949, G-28175,
G-34667, H-20028, K-05947, K-35146,
L-00054, L-01604, L-02840, L-07235,
L-09677, L-10567, L-26511, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29813, L-30149, L-30153,
L-30688, L-32171, L-32352, L-32354,
L-34926, M-01069, M-14491, M-15760,
M-23408, M-26725, M-30896, N-01539,
N-32254
URINALYSIS A-02765, B-00975, B-02427,
C-03354, D-00751, D-03017, D-27255,
G-00177, L-03198, N-03438
USSR B-22400, B-29278, B-31072,
C-11486, C-35182, D-05256, D-16635,
D-16636, E-14906, G-05942, G-05943,
G-05946, G-05949, G-11476, G-35671,
K-05117, K-05947, K-f20194;l K-21083,
K-21084, K-35146, N-05235
VALLEYS B-00975, B-01672, B-26176,
B-27605, D-03514, D-09590, D-09592.
L-00054
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS B-27401
VAPOR PRESSURE A-32411, B-04951,
B-04952, B-04953, B-09655, B-09794,
B-09836, B-16890, B-24065, B-32956,
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SUBJECT INDEX
257
C-08355, C-08356, C-08358, C-23106,
G-06323
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS A-35599,
B-01672, B-07362, B-08467, B-09656,
B-09836, B-09840, B-09849, B-16747,
B-16842, B-21647. B-22353, B-28118,
B-31463, B-34385, D-07572, G-05942,
L-32352
VAPORS A-09175, A-24527, A-32489,
A-35599, B-04952, B-04953, B-05408,
B-05409, B-05532, B-05624, B-05929,
B-06088, B-06103, B-07362, B-08467,
B-08946, B-09656, B-09794, B-09836,
B-10005, B-12346, B-15709, B-15779,
B-20369, B-23002, B-23117, B-2S085,
B-27288, B-28047, B-29363, B-29533,
B-32847, B-33742, C-07214, C-09521,
C-09620, C-09648, C-10016, C-10593,
C-10693, C-14197, C-15287, C-35648,
D-07572, D-09592, F-16455, F-19102,
G-05942, G-05949, G-06323, 1-05463,
K-05947, K-20194, K-21083, K-21084,
L-32382
VARNISHES A-23843, A-32855, B-02427,
B-03966, B-06088, C-11486, 1-05463
VEGETABLES C-08066, D-09590
VEHICLES A-01565, A-05007, A-05549,
A-05608, A-06039, A-08802, A-12377,
A-16058, A-26048, A-27129, A-27986,
A-28352, A-28614, A-30327, A-30851,
A-31323, A-31759, A-31882, A-32465,
A-32653, A-33719. A-34018, A-34891,
B-00504, B-00975, B-01867, B-05490,
B-06280, B-06453, B-06525, B-06979,
B-07224, B-07479, B-07971, B-08497,
B-08604, B-08663, B-09608, B-11220,
B-12133, B-14951, B-17906, B-20120,
B-20877, B-20878, B-25594, B-25711,
B-28108, B-31400, B-31631, B-33077,
C-06112, C-09620, C-16298, C-22448,
C-31222, D-02331, D-03431, D-03459,
D-09592, D-24162, D-25291, D-27255,
D-29973, D-33108, D-33539, K-00157,
K-16263, L-00054, L-03198, L-04841,
L-04888, L-07235, L-09215, L-12376,
L-19059, L-22343, L-27185, L-27677,
L-32147, L-34926, N-03438, N-19060,
N-32254
VENTILATION A-04860, A-26605,
A-30389, A-35599, B-00358, B-04666,
B-05624, B-09813, B-09819, B-09854,
B-09857, B-10005, B-13812, B-14951,
B-20754, B-20824, B-21220, B-23456,
B-23836, B-24810, B-27674, B-29761,
B-30809, B-31233, C-10029, C-21208,
D-00373, L-07235, L-29975
VENTURI SCRUBBERS A-00525,
A-17634, B-00025, B-00571, B-01672,
B-02047, B-02279, B-04227, B-04669,
B-04773, B-04781, B-04783, B-04949,
B-05332, B-05880, B-06859, B-07374,
B-07415, B-07434, B-08360, B-09733,
B-09849, B-10277, B-10588, B-11008,
B-14094, B-15709, B-16842, B-20817,
B-29251, B-30124, B-30530, B-31062,
B-31472, B-32615, B-35595, B-35660,
C-27791, D-09592, G-00177
VERMONT B-01672
VIRGINIA L-32626
VIRUSES B-06688
VISIBILITY A-03097, A-33828, A-34018,
A-35693, B-00975, B-26087, D-01202,
D-01949, D-03431, D-06535, D-09590,
K-11734, L-00054, L-01604, L-02840,
L-32171, L-32382, L-32383, L-33672,
M-00376, M-00844, M-01069, M-26725
VISIBLE RADIATION G-11476
VOLATILITY A-01885, A-05608, A-08359,
A-21978, A-33983, A-34290, A-34585,
A-35622, B-08467, B-09656, B-09836,
B-09840, B-09842, B-16890, B-25594,
B-26731, B-31091, B-32956, C-03354,
C-08355, C-35648, C-35865, C-35949
VOLCANOES A-00402
VOLTAGE B-06688, B-24065, B-25711,
C-06526
w
WASHINGTON (STATE) A-32653,
B-00552, B-08360, D-01949, D-06535,
D-09592, L-00054, L-30149, M-00844
WASHINGTON D C L-09677
WATER A-09175, A-20276, A-27972,
A-29455, B-06103, B-09794, B-09839,
B-09842, B-15779, B-16365, B-25017,
B-25224, B-29533, B-31091, C-28787,
1-05463
WATER POLLUTION A-07089, A-12083,
A-30389, A-31602, A-33883, B-01508,
B-01549, B-06688, B-09839, B-09842,
B-16535, B-22550, B-22837, B-23538,
B-25085, B-27605, B-27719, B-27732,
B-28118, B-30124, B-31794, B-32615,
B-32900, B-32913, B-32935, C-32022,
D-25291, D-31371, D-33108, D-33723,
F-26529, G-03788, J-34518, L-14616,
L-15691, L-17258. L-25446, L-27184,
L-27185, L-27677, L-27678, L-27679,
L-28348, L-28363, L-30153, L-34033,
M-24091
WEATHER MODIFICATION L-32566
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD B-02279,
C-30014, D-05481
WEST VIRGINIA A-02765, A-07089,
B-06636, B-26087, D-03514, D-09590,
D-25780, D-25996, L-09677, L-26940,
L-32626
WET CYCLONES B-07415, B-09733,
B-10588, B-15709, B-30530, B-35660,
B-35803, C-03010, M-31071
WETTING B-09836
WIND ROSE B-01672, D-01202, D-02339,
L-02840
WINDS A-03097, A-05007, A-06240,
A-11700, A-20706, A-23313, A-24500,
A-29353, A-29599, A-30513, A-35564,
A-35693, B-00975, B-01508, B-01672,
B-09836, B-16842, B-26087, B-32900,
C-00178, C-08066, C-08678, C-09660,
C-11167, D-00690, D-01202, D-01949,
D-02331, D-02339, D-03017, D-03418,
D-03431, D-03459, D-03506, D-03514,
D-06535, D-09590, D-09592, D-12648,
D-25996, D-27255, D-31371, D-31760,
D-33108, D-33723, E-14906, L-00054,
L-02840, L-07235, L-29813, M-00487,
M-27680, N-03438
WISCONSIN L-00973
WOOD A-01644, A-01885, A-16494,
A-30701, A-34228, A-34290, B-01352,
B-09655, B-09784, B-09836, B-09840,
B-31301, B-31472, C-09660, D-09592,
N-03438
WOOLS B-09813
X
XYLENES A-05007, B-03966, C-11123
YOKOHAMA L-27184, L-27185
ZINC B-09784, D-09590
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-32489, B-04666,
B-09839, C-09657, F-11132,
U. a. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 746763/41 IS
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