MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical
Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
October 1972
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The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the Informa-
tional Services Division of the Office of Administration for the Office of Air Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, to report the results of scientific and engineering studies ,
and information of general interest in the field of air pollution. Information reported in
this series includes coverage of intramural activities and of cooperative studies con-
ducted in conjunction with state and local agencies, research institutes, and industrial
organizations. Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to Federal employees,
current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 or for the cost indicated on the title page from the
Superintendent of Documents.
Office of Air Programs Publication No. AP-114
For sale by the Superintendent ol Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 6
C. Measurement Methods 9
D. Air Quality Measurements 19
E. Atmospheric Interaction 22
F. Basic Science and Technology 24
G. Effects - Human Health 26
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock 40
I. Effects Materials (None)
J. Effects - Economic (None)
K. Standards and Criteria 44
L. Legal and Administrative 46
M. Social Aspects 48
N. General (None)
AUTHOR INDEX 49
SUBJECT INDEX 51
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MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air Programs
has selected and compiled this bibliography of abstracts on mercury and air pollution. The
abstracted documents are thought to be representative of available literature, and no claim
is made to all-inclusiveness.
The abstracts are arranged within the categories listed in the Contents. Within each
category, they are arranged in ascending order by APTIC accession number. Generally,
higher numbers, representing later accessions, have been assigned to more recent docu-
ments. Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and accession
number. The author index lists all authors individually. Primary authorship is indicated
by an asterisk (*).
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711. Readers outside the Environmental Protection Agency may seek duplicates
of the documents directly from libraries, publishers, or authors.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
06351
R. F. Abernathy and F. H. Gibson
RARE ELEMENTS IN COAL. (Bureau of Mines, Washington,
D.C.) (Information Circular 8163). (1963). 73 pp.
Data are presented showing trends in the content of chlorine,
phosphorus, titanium, and manganese although these elements
are not included in the category of rare and uncommon ele-
ments hi coal. It is suggested that elements may be called rare
when the amount in the earth's crust is not much greater than
0.01 percent. By uncommon is meant unusual concentrations
of elements greater than normally occur in the mineral matter
of coal. The occurrence of 34 elements in coal is reviewed.
These do not include the elements silicon, aluminum, iron, cal-
cium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and sulfur, which con-
stitute the main part of the mineral matter hi most coals. Some
of the rare elements found in coal probably were derived from
the original coal-forming plant material. Elements occuring in
sufficient concentration to be detected as minerals usually are
considered as extraneous substances deposited in coal beds
from external sources. Three main stages of the enrichment of
elements in coal are suggested: (1) Concentration during the
life of the plants; (2) concentration during decay of the plants;
and (3) concentration during mineralization of the coal. There
are three hundred eighty (380) references.
06909
I. M. Trakhtenberg K. I. Luchina
'MERCURY DANGER' AND ITS PREVENTION IN SECON-
DARY SCHOOLS. ('Rtutnaya opasnost" i ee profilaktika v
usloviyakh obshcheobrazovatel'nykh shkol.) Hyg. Sank. (Gi-
giena i Sanit.) 30 (12), 411-4 (Dec. 1965) Russ. (Tr.)
The potential dangers and means of preventing micromercuri-
alism in secondary schools were discussed. In the last 10
years, health workers hi different cities have reported facts in-
dicating the potential danger of micromercurialism in standard
secondary schools. Contamination with mercury vapor was de-
tected in several physics rooms at schools as well as in the
laboratories attached to them. Mercury contamination is possi-
ble also in chemistry rooms. We sampled and analyzed for
mercury 626 air samples and 342 samples of different building
materials taken from several schools. The principal source of
air pollution with mercury in chemistry rooms was found to be
the mercury vapor liberated during the demonstrations of the
decomposition of mercuric oxide and of metallic mercury as
an example of a liquid metal. The dissociation of HgO to
metallic mercury and oxygen takes place at a high tempera-
ture, thus facilitating the intensive evaporation of mercury and
the liberation of large amounts of its vapor into the air. The
laboratories often keep compounds that are not on the stan-
dard lists, including mercury nitrate which liberates mercury
vapor even at ordinary temperatures.
08489
Korshun, M. N.
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION WITH MERCURY IN-
SIDE INDUSTRIAL PREMISES OF SYNTHETIC FIBER
COMBINES. ((0 preduprezhdenii zagryazneniya rtutyu voz-
dukha pomeshchenii kombinatov iskusstvennogo volokna.))
Text in Russian. Gigjena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya
(Moscow), 10(ll):18-22, Nov. 1966. lOrefs.
Mercury vapor concentrations in the chemical department of a
synthetic fiber combine were determined. A source of the
vapors appears to be the mercury present in the alkali which is
produced by electrolysis of salt, using mercury electrodes.
Factors contributing to air pollution include the high tempera-
ture of the alkali, the operating procedures, and equipment
which does not comply with sanitary regulations. The chemical
department of a synthetic silk industry is included in the
category of plants which are deemed harmful due to the
presence of mercury vapors. Health recommendations aimed
at improvement of working conditions are given. (Author's
summary, modified)
12422
Lutz, G. A., S. B. Gross, J. B. Boatman, P. J. Moore, R. L.
Darby, W. H. Veazie, and F. A. Butrico
DESIGN OF AN OVERVIEW SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING
THE PUBLIC-HEALTH HAZARDS OF CHEMICALS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME I. TEST-CASE STUDDJS. (FINAL
REPORT). Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, Colum-
bus Labs., Contract PH-86-66-165,146p., July 1967. 203 refs.
Potential environmental health hazards due to the utilization of
mercury, nickel, vanadium, fluorocarbons, and the chemicals
used by the pulp and paper industry were reviewed. Pertinent
information was identified and selected by examining ap-
propriate subject indexes of journals, abstracts, and current
periodicals. The combined activities of collection and evalua-
tion were directed specifically toward the following interpreta-
tions: current status of environmental contamination by each
of the five contaminants, current status of environment-related
medical knowledge of the effects of the contaminant,
technological changes likely to lead to the entrance of new
contaminants of the selected types, demographic-related
changes that would affect the degree of population exposure
to the contaminants, and deficiencies in the available informa-
tion. The studies revealed potentially hazardous situations.
Mercury showed a substantial increase hi the amount used in
the electrolytic production of chlorine. There also exists a lack
of fundamental information on national levels of mercury in
air, water, and food. The vanadium study showed a signifi-
cantly increased usage of volatile compounds in industrial ap-
plications. The nickel study raised the question of possible
chronic effects of small quantities of nickel hi food from the
use of large quantities of nickel equipment in food processing.
A need was demonstrated for the establishment of the en-
vironmental fate of fluorocarbons used hi aerosols and
refrigerants. A review of information on chemical processes
employed by the pulp and paper industry demonstrated the
need for surveillance of the atmospheric pollutants resulting
from increased use of kraft pulping operations. Economics in-
formation and die toxicity of the five contaminants were
discussed in detail.
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MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
14286
Pakter, M. K., D. P. Dubrovskaya, A. V. Pershin, and G. K.
Talalaev
MERCURY IN CARBONIZATION BY-PRODUCTS. Coke
Chem. (USSR) (English transl.), no. 11:41-44,1968. 7 refs.
The mercury content of various carbonization products from
Soviet coke and Chemical works was checked. Mercury was
present in the precipitates from tar and tar liquor,
predominately in the form of sulfides. The tar contained ap-
proximately 40% of the mercuric sulfide. When the tar was
rectified, about 40% of the mercury was released in metallic
form. Under appropriate cooling conditions, it is liberated in
the condensing apparatus. The remainder of the tar mercury
contained mainly anthracene, oil, and pitch. Nearly all the
mercury was distilled off when hard pitch was produced. It
was established that mercury collects in significant quantities
only in coal tar, in certain precipitates, and in sulfuric acid tar.
(Author conclusions modified)
17624
Melekhina, V. P.
DATA RELATED TO SANITARY CLEARANCE ZONE SUR-
ROUNDING THE KLINSK THERMOMETER PLANT.
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, vol. 8:184-187, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-
11570
The safety of a sanitary protection zone 100 m wide around a
mercury thermometer plant was investigated. Mercury vapor
in the air was determined microcolorimetrically. One hundred
and seventy three samples were collected with an aspirator on
the lee side of the plant of 100,250, 500, 1000,1500, 2000, and
3000 m. All atmospheric air samples collected at points up to
2000 m from the plant contained mercury vapor in concentra-
tions exceeding the allowable concentration limit. The high at-
mospheric air mercury vapor concentrations penetrated into
living quarters and into the soil. The analyses pointed to a
general gross environmental mercury vapor pollution caused
by the mercury vapor discharged into the atmospheric air by
the thermometer plant. It was concluded that the sanitary
clearance zone should be widened and apparatus be installed
in the plant for the purification of emissions prior to discharge
into the air.
21751
Stahl, Quade R.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF MERCURY
AND ITS COMPOUNDS. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton
Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems
Div. Contract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-40, 96p.,
Oct. 1969. 243 refs. CFSTI: PB 188074
The effects, sources, abatement, and methods of analysis are
reviewed for pollution due to mercury and its compounds. Sig-
nificant sources appear to be the mining and refining of mer-
cury and the use of mercury in industrial and scientific labora-
tory applications. Russian experiments with animals indicate
that continuous exposure to mercury vapor above 0.3 micro-
grams/cu m of air may present a health hazard. Mild symp-
toms of mercury intoxication are psychopathological in nature
and thus can present serious problems in diagnosing the cause.
Recent air measurements of participates in New York indicate
that the mercury concentration of indoor samples is as high as
40 micrograms/cu m, or several times higher than that found
safe in animal experiments using mercury vapor. Some organic
mercury compounds, particularly the alkyl derivatives, are
much more toxic than elemental mercury or the inorganic
compounds. Portable continuous monitoring detectors, battery-
operated vapor detectors, absorption techniques, radiochemi-
cal methods, and colorimetry are some of the approaches
available to detect mercury vapor. Mercury can be removed
by use of water scrubbers, a pyrolusite absorber, sweeping
with special vacuum cleaners, and chemical treatment. (Author
abstract modified)
23561
Morgan, George B. and Guntis Ozolins
THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRON-
MENT. Preprint, National Air Pollution Control Administra-
tion, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Quality and Emission Data,
12p., 1970.
The population of a large part of the world has been exposed
to polluted air for many decades and, in some cases, centuries.
Significant increases are forecast for the future. If control ac-
tions are not intensified, air pollution may increase by a factor
of six to ten by the year 2000. Before any meaningful control
efforts can be carried out, we must know what the ambient
levels of pollution are and how they relate to levels established
as causing health or economic effects. Many pollutants have
always been a part of the natural atmosphere. They are now
called pollutants because, with man's help, they are now ex-
cessive in quantity. Particulate pollution is the most recognized
and pervasive. Its health effects are functions of both particle
size and composition. Another significant effect is that,
suspended in the atmosphere, particulates reflect away part of
the sun's energy and could result in an over-all lowering of the
earth's temperature. Gases, 90% of all pollutants, are the
second class of pollutant. Examples are sulfur dioxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen
fluoride. A third major pollutant class is the family of
hydrocarbons. These participate in photochemical reactions
which result in the formation of secondary pollutants such as
peroxyacyl nitrates, ozone, formaldehyde, other aldehydes,
and ketones. It is from these secondary pollutants that the pri-
mary danger to both animal (including the human animal) and
vegetable life arises. Numerous industrial processes and the
ubiquitous automobile emit these assorted products that are a
serious problem in the environment surrounding their source.
Almost all human activity results in some form of air pollu-
tion, direct or indirect, particulate or gaseous. High-tempera-
ture combustion, automotive, industrial, and domestic, is the
principal offender. Parameters that must be considered when
evaluating effects of pollution include quantity, distribution,
and environmental tolerance for pollutants, individually and in
concert. Locally, micrometeorology and topography also
require consideration. Of all identified pollutants, suspended
particulates and sulfur dioxide have been the most extensively
measured and studied. As analytical techniques become availa-
ble, other pollutants will come under programmed surveillance.
Among these are asbestos, mercury, lead, pesticides,
fluorides, and biologically active metals. International assess-
ment of these problems is necessary for the preservation of
the biosphere.
27081
McCarthy, J. H., Jr., J. L. Meuschke, W. H. Ficklin, and R. E.
Learned
MERCURY IN THE ATMOSPHERE. In: Mercury in the En-
vironment. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., Profess.
Paper 713, p. 37-39, 1970. 7 refs.
The abundance of mercury in the earth's crust is estimated to
be about 60 ppb, and the abundance of mercury in soils is esti-
mated to be about 100 pb. Mercury in the atmosphere is
derived from surface rocks and solids and from continuing
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
hypogene and supergene processes. In general, the maximum
mercury concentration is found in areas over mercury mines,
lower concentrations over base and precious metal mines, and
still lower concentrations over porphyry copper mines. The
concentration of mercury in air over nonmineralized areas
ranged from 3 to 9 ng/cu m. Mercury concentration in air as a
function of altitude is shown graphically. A seasonal variation
is ascribed to seasonal temperature differences, while daily
variations result from changes in barometric pressure. Lesser
concentrations of mercury are found in air over the ocean.
29643
Grant, Neville
MERCURY IN MAN. Environment, 13(4):2-15, May 1971. 29
refs.
Perhaps the largest quantities of mercury added to the en-
vironment by man are released with the burning of natural
fuels. From available evidence it appears that TJ. S. coal may
average between 0.5 and 3.3 ppm mercury; at present rates of
coal consumption, between 275 and 1800 tons of mercury are
probably being released to the air annually. The extraction and
use of mercury itself is a substantial source of pollution. Ac-
cording to one estimate, mining, smelting, and refining opera-
tions released 170,000 pounds of mercury into the enviomment
in 1965. Agricultural uses of mercury, although small com-
pared to the total, are of concern because of their immediacy
to man. Mercurial fungicides may enter the food chain in a
variety of ways. Most recent concern over mercury has been
focused on water pollution and the resultant contamination of
fish. The conversion of inorganic mercury to organic by
microorganisms has been shown. The two general classes of
mercury compounds-organic and inorganic-differ greatly in
the extent to which they are absorbed by the body and the
degree of damage they may do, once absorbed. Methyl mercu-
ry is far more readily absorbed, and much more slowly
excreted, than inorganic compounds. Mercury compounds
have been shown to cause breakage and abnormal
chromosome division in concentrations lower than any other
known substance-as low as 0.05 ppm. The derangement of
chromosomes by mercury probably depends on its interaction
with sulfhydryl groups essential for normal spindle formation
that directs an equal division of chromosomes into each newly
formed cell. Other toxic effects of mercury are indicated as
well as the behavior of mercury in the body. Levels of expo-
sure are cited. An intake of not more than 0.03 milligram
methyl mercury per day has been recommended.
29787
Eda, Shizuo, Hiroshi Ito, Hiroshi Hikichi, Sadakichi, Ejiri,
Shigeo Nagayama, and Kaoru Nishiyama
INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN
IWAKI CITY. (Iwaki shi ni okeru jukinzoku osen chosa).
Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control),
7(4):317-324, April 1971.15 refs.
There are pollution problems of sulfur dioxide, heavy metals,
dust, hydrogen sulfide, cyanide, mercury, and cadmium, in the
Onahama industrial area. Analyses of the soil, paddy field
rice, cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, and other heavy metals.
Results showed that there is typical heavy metal pollution of
the air which is carried by the wind. There is no need to worry
about pollution of paddy fields, upland fields, and soils by fac-
tory effluents. Cadmium pollution of the soil exceeding 1 ppm
is seen in only a few spots, and is considerably lower than
Bandai Town, Fukushima Prefecture. A Pollution Prevention
Agreement was imposed. The enterprises must comply with
smoke emission standards and environmental standards and
adjust their operation in accordance with meteorological condi-
tions.
30017
Joensuu, Oiva, I.
FOSSIL FUELS AS A SOURCE OF MERCURY POLLUTION.
Science, 172(3987):1027-1028, June 4, 1971.10 refs.
One suspected source of environmental mercury pollution is
mercury-containing fungicides used in treatment of grain
seeds. However, the amounts used are much too small to ex-
plain high mercury contents in wildlife. A large part of the
mercury found in the environment is derived from industrially
produced mercury, approximately 10,000 tons/yr, most of
which is discarded in waste streams. Another possible source
could be fossil fuels and ores. Although the concentration of
mercury in fuels is small, they are consumed at an enormous
rate and must be considered as a possibly significant source of
mercury release. The amount of mercury in coal is not well
known. To obtain a preliminary value, 36 American coals were
analyzed by a mercury vapor detector. It was concluded that
3000 tons of mercury/yr are released to the environment by
the burning of coal. The upper limit of mercury released by
weathering is 230 tons/yr. Detailed studies are needed to deter-
mine the distribution of mercury near power plants and other
users of coal.
30292
Goeij, J. J. M. de and J. P. W. Houtman
MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT. (Kwik in het milieu).
Text in Dutch. Chem. Weekblad., 67(10):13-20, March 5, 1971.
62 refs.
Studies using neutron activation analysis show the average
mercury content of the lithosphere to be about 0.07 ppm. The
erosion of rocks and soil containing mercury liberates about
2.5 million kg of mercury annually into the biosphere. The
present mercury content of ocean water is 0.15 ppb. Total
production of mercury has been estimated at about 10 million
kg per year. Mercury used in thermometers and electrical
equipment does not usually need replenishing. Mercury used in
various chemical and metallurgical processes is partially lost to
the environment, while mercury used for pesticides, batteries,
paints, lubricants explosives, and fireworks is consumed
beyond recovery. The literature on mercury pollution in Japan,
Sweden, Canada, and the United States is reviewed, and
original data are given from Dutch investigations. Certain in-
dustrial processes, such as the roasting of ores, can release
mercury into the air. Some combustible materials, such as
paper and textiles, contain fungicides with mercury content; it
is also present in coal as a level of 0.4 ppm. Petroleum has
been known to contain as much as 20 ppm and tobacco as
much as 0.4 ppm. Mercury in the Toronto atmosphere was
found at concentrations of 0.14 and 0.35 mg/cu m in 1962;
eight years later the levels were 0.25 and 0.75. A San Fran-
cisco study revealed that the mercury content of the at-
mosphere is strongly dependent on meteorological conditions.
When the wind blew in from the ocean, a minimum of 1 mg/cu
m was recorded. With a northerly wind in winter, values
reached 15 and 25 mg, while in summer, when influenced by
the industrial area of San Francisco, values reached 50 mg.
Especially high values of mercury have been noted in conjunc-
tion with the occurrence of smog. The pollution of food with
mercury and the direction of future research in technology and
biomedicine are also discussed.
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MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
30457
Ruch, R. R., Harold J. Gluskoter, and E. Joyce Kennedy
MERCURY CONTENT OF ILLINOIS COALS. Illinois State
Geol. Surv., Environ. Geol. Notes, no. 43:1-15, Feb. 1971. 7
refs.
A neutron activation method with a sensitivity of 0.01 ppm
and a precision of + or - 20% was used for the determination
of mercury in coal. Fifty-five raw coal samples from 10 coal
seams in Illinois had a mean mercury concentration of 0.18
ppm and a mode between 0.10 ppm and 0.12 ppm. Eleven coal
samples from other states had mercury concentrations within
the same range, or slightly lower. Three coal samples were in-
dividually separated into specific gravity fractions in the
laboratory; all exhibited a mercury reduction of at least 50% in
the lightest coal fraction and a concentration of mercury in the
heaviest fraction. A significant part of the mercury was as-
sociated with the pyrite in the coal, and the remainder (per-
haps up to 50%) was in organic association.
31313
Ullmann, William W.
HEAVY METALS IN THE CONNECTICUT ENVIRONMENT.
Assoc. Food Drug Offic U. S. Quart. Bull., 35(3):147-152, July
1971. (Presented at the New England Association of Food and
Drug Officials, Winter Meeting, Windsor, Conn., Feb. 4,
1971.)
Connecticut s involvement with the prevention of lead poison-
ing originated in the 1930 s with a program aimed at protecting
occupationally exposed workers. Industrial air samples from
areas where lead is used in manufacturing processes were
periodically collected and analyzed, and urine and blood
analyses were performed by industry on all workers who may
have been exposed. Once a worker s blood lead level has
reached 0.08 mg/100 cc, he is removed from the job to a func-
tion not involving lead until the level has returned to 0.07
mg/100 cc or less. Fatalities in Connecticut due to lead poison-
ing totaled 14 in the ten-year period from 1959 through 1968.
Many more victims certainly were afflicted with non-fatal
symptoms including mental retardation, damage to the central
nervous system, convulsions, and anemia. As a result of the
awareness of the critical problem of lead poisoning, a Gover-
nor s Task Force was commissioned in 1969 and has been ac-
tive in reviewing all aspects of the hazards associated with
lead-based paints and in developing recommendations to help
formulate preventive programs. Lead poisoning in children and
screening programs are discussed. Sources of lead and its ab-
sorption in the body are mentioned. The problem of mercury
in food is also cited.
31548
Bolker, Henry L
OUT OF THE WOODS. Tech. Rev., 73(6):22-29, April 1971.
Except for the recycled paper which yields a product for only
limited and uses, and the small amount of rags converted into
special fine papers, most of the pulp and paper industry s raw
material comes from trees. Both the mechanical and chemical
methods for rendering wood into pulp are described. The kraft
process and the acid-sulfite process are cited. Rendering wood
into pulp, and then bleaching and processing the pulp into a
suitable base for paper, cause the most serious waste problems
in the papennaking process. One of the greatest errors of the
paper industry was to use organo-mercury slimicdes in its mills
to stop the growth of slimy molds on paper machines. The
problems with fibers are also mentioned, but every new mill is
now being equipped with facilities to remove solid and other
wastes before water is returned to the land. Older mills are
also acquiring suitable facilities-mainly in the form of large
settling tanks where the water can be clarified and secondary
aeration systems. Waste materials in true solution constitute a
different problem. After separation of the pulp fibers, the
spent liquor from a sulfite cook contains lignosulfonic acid,
degraded carbohydrate polymers, and free sugars, as well as
some residual bisulfite.
33004
Rancitelli, L. A.
INORGANIC EMISSIONS FROM THE HANFORD STEAM
PLANT. In: Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for
1970 to the USAEC Division of Biology and Medicine. Vol. II:
Physical Sciences. Part 2. Radiological Sciences. Battelle
Memorial Inst., Richland, Wash., Environmental and Life
Sciences Div., p. 37-38, March 1971. NTIS: BNWL-1551, Part
2
An effort was made to establish the inorganic emissions of a
Hanford steam plant by characterizing the trace element con-
tent of coal and ash. Neutron activation analysis of 12 ele-
ments in samples of coal and ash indicated that the chromium,
iron, sodium, and rubidium are conserved, while mercury, an-
timony, selenium, and scandium are depleted in the ash, rela-
tive to the coal. Based on a 20,000 tons/yr consumption rate
and a dry ash production of 1200 tons/yr, approximately 2.9
Ibs of mercury, 2.9 Ibs of selenium, and 2.6 Ibs of arsenic are
emitted by the plant annually. An extrapolation of these values
to the annual consumption rate of coal in the U. S. suggests
that 30 tons of arsenic and mercury and over 300 tons of
selenium/yr will be placed in the atmosphere by coal burning.
33058
West, J. M.
MERCURY. Preprint, Bureau of Mines, San Francisco, Calif.,
lip., 1970.21 refs.
The domestic production, consumption and uses, prices,
foreign trade, and a world review of mercury were presented.
In the field of technology, progress was made in geochemical
exploration techniques for mercury deposits and for the trace
mercury associated with base-metal deposits. Precision of mer-
cury analyses with the atomic absorption spectrophotometer
had a lower limit of detection of 0.05 micrograms. Using a one
gram sample, a content as low as 50 ppb was detectable. A U.
S. Geological Survey report was released describing a new
technique of detecting the presence of mercury in vapors
either in the soil or in the atmosphere above a deposit. Mercu-
ry content of 12 ppb was detectable in airborne tests.
33641
Eshleman, Alan, Sanford M. Siegel, and Barbara Z. Siegel
IS MERCURY FROM HAWAIIAN VOLCANOES A NATU-
RAL SOURCE OF POLLUTION? Nature (London),
233(S320):471-472, Oct 15,1971. 7 refs.
Field air samples were collected and analyzed to determine
whether active volcanism on the island of Hawaii is producing
significant amounts of mercury. A Utopia Instruments flame-
less mercury analysis kit and a 10 cm absorption cell mounted
on the burner of a Beckman 1301 atomic absorption spec-
trophotometer were used to analyze the mercury contents of
the trapped sample. Significant amounts of mercury were
produced from volcanoes, with 98% of the mercury issuing
from the Hawaiian fumaroles either in the form of a gas or as
particles less then 0.3 micrometer in diameter.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
34424
Weiss, Herbert V., Minoru Koide, and Edward D. Goldberg
MERCURY IN A GREENLAND ICE SHEET: EVIDENCE OF
RECENT INPUT BY MAN. Science, 174(4010):692-694, Nov.
1971.11 refs.
Neutron activation analysis of glacial ice from Greenland
revealed significantly higher rates of mercury deposition in
recent years. Samples from waters deposited prior to 1952 had
from 30 to 75 ng mercury/kg of water with an average value of
60 + or - 17. The mercury concentration in waters deposited
between 1952 and 1965 averaged 125 + or - 52 ng/kg of water
with a range between 87 and 230. The background concentra-
tion of mercury in the atmosphere appears to result from the
degassing of the terrestrial upper mantle and lower crust. In-
creased fluxes of mercury to the atmosphere may be the result
of human activities that enhance the degassing process by in-
creasing the exposure of crustal materials. Industrial activities
that release significant quantities of mercury to the at-
mosphere are chloralkali production, fossil-fuel combustion,
cement production, and the roasting of sulfide ores.
34754
Stock, Alfred and Friedrich Cucuel
THE OCCURRENCE OF MERCURY. (Die Verbreitung des
Quecksilbers). Text in German. Naturwissenschaften (Berlin),
vol, 22:390-393,1934. 9 refs.
The mercury trace content of many inorganic and organic sub-
stances was determined by highly sensitive analytical methods.
In most cases mercury was isolated by heating pulverized
material in a porcelain tube to 800 C for several hours and by
condensing the mercury vapors in a U-shaped absorption bulb.
The mercury was dissolved in chlorinated water and elec-
trolytically precipitated on copper wire. From materials which
yield interferring distillates, mercury was solubilized by a
potassium chlorate-hydrochloric acid solution. The trace quan-
tities of mercury found in some of the tested materials were:
rocks (granite, syenite), 2.1 gamma; slate, 48 gamma; humus
soil, 3-81 gamma; fossil coal, 0.8-2.2 gamma; spring water,
0.01-0.05 gamma; rain water, 0.05-0.48 gamma; lettuce, 0.9
gamma; dried beans, 4.6 gamma; pork, 0.6 gamma; calf s liver,
2 gamma; and fish, 2.4-19 gamma. Humans ingest approxi-
mately 5 gamma Hg every day in meals. Thus traces of mercu-
ry are ubiguitous, approximately in the order of magnitude of
0.00000001 g which is due to its great volatility which sets mer-
cury from other metals. It is possible that mercury plays a
biological role and that, like iron, it is one of the catalytic ele-
ments.
34827
Wallace, Robin A., William Fulkerson, Wilbur D. Shults, and
William S. Lyon
MERCURY IN THE ENVmONMENT. THE HUMAN ELE-
MENT. Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., National Science
Foundation Interagency Agreement AAA-R-4-79, 61p., March
1971. 281 refs. NTIS: ORNL-NSF-EP-1
Numerous aspects of environmental mercury are reviewed in-
cluding: flow of Hg in the U. S. during 1968; man-made and
natural sources; environmental and biological levels; forms
and transformation of Hg in the environment; turnover, trans-
location, and accumulation in plants and animals; criteria for
evaluating Hg levels, including human toxicity; existing stan-
dards and tolerance limits in air, water, and food; physical and
chemical properties; analytical methodology; the mercury cell
chlor-alkali process; and recommendations for future work.
The most important man-made sources of environmental He in
the U. S. are chlor-alkali plants, seed-dressing agents, smelting
operations, and fossil fuel combustion; the principal natural
sources are the land mass itself and geothermal processes. The
social implications of current use practices must be more in-
tensively considered, and improved recycling and industrial
technology must be developed.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
06837
D. Lee
REMOVAL OF REACTIVE LIGHT GASES WITH IM-
PREGNATED ACTIVATED CHARCOAL. Preprint.
(Presented at the Fourth Annual Technical Meeting and Ex-
hibit, American Association for Contamination Control, Miami
Beach, Fla., May 25-28, 1965.)
Straight activated charcoal is the most-nearly universal adsor-
bent known and for 95 percent of all air contaminants, it does
an excellent job. On those light reactive gases for which ac-
tivated charcoal does not have too much capacity, im-
pregnated charcoals can be used to good effect A series of
such charcoals has been developed wherein each member is
impregnated with one or more substances and is particularly
designed to have high capacity for the specific air contami-
nant. Because of the high cost of impregnated charcoal, it may
be desirable to use in conjunction with activated charcoal. Im-
pregnated charcoal has been very sucessful in air purification
to protect electronic equipment from sulfur and in removal of
mercury vapor, ammonia, and acid gases missed by alkaline
scrubbers.
06883
Petrova, N. I., and Zh. I. Pokrovenko
METHODS OF REDUCING AIR POLLUTION DUE TO
WASTE PRODUCTS FROM MKITOVKA MERCURY
WORKS. ((K voprosu ob umen'shenii zagryazeniya vozdukha
vybrosami Nikitovskogo rtutnogo zavoda.)) Hyg. Sanit. (Gi-
giena i Sanit.), 30(l):74-77, Jan. 1965. Translated from Russian.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
The pollution of air by mercury vapor depends on the total
quantity of the furnace gases; trapping the mercury vapor in
condensation systems; hermetic sealing of the equipment and
of the gas flues; and special purification of gases before their
discharge into the atmosphere. The most efficient method of
preventing the pollution of the atmosphere by mercury vapor
is by improving technological processes in the plant. For ex-
ample, since the quantity of exhaust gas increases if the ore
has a higher moisture content, it is important to keep this
moisture content within the technical specifications for plants
operating tubular and retort furnaces. The most complete con-
densation of mercury vapor reduces the amount of vapor in
the exhaust gases to 50% and less. Such condensation is
achieved by improving the performance of the condensation
systems and by spraying the gas with water in scrubbers, or in
the final compartment of the condensers. The furnace gases
were purified by spraying with water in the retort furnace
shop and by the use of the pyrolusite and selective chlorine-
gas methods in the tubular furnace shop. Gases from the retort
furnaces containing between 30 and 120 mg/cu m mercury pass
through two packed scrubbers sprayed with process water be-
fore being discharged into the atmosphere. The concentration
of mercury vapor is reduced by nearly 80% on the average.
06884
Krupitskaya, I. D., and I. L. Pisarevskii
AN INCIDENCE OF MERCURY VAPOR CONTAMINATION
OF RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS. ((Sluchai zagryaznenia parami
rtuti zhilykh kvartir.)) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i Sanit.), 30(1):81-
83, Jan. 1965. Translated from Russian. CFSTI: TT 66-51033
In view of the possibility of the poisonous effect of mercury,
the preparation of amalgam in dentist's offices is authorized
only in an exhaust hood with the fan turned on. Three such
hoods were installed in the new dental clinic in Chelyabinsk.
The ducts in the exhaust system leading from them were made
out of asbesto-cement ductwork and ran through builtin
closets in the apartments on the floors above the clinic. When
the clinic was being accepted for operation, the sanitary-
epidemiological station demanded the submittal of documents
pertaining to the concealed work, with an indication that the
exhaust ventilation had been executed according to the design.
A year after the dental clinic had begun to operate, the sanita-
ry-epidemiological station received complaints from the te-
nants in three stairwells in the building that medical smells
were entering their apartments. After determination of the ex-
istence of mercury in the areas intended for human habitation,
the sanitary-epidemiological station immediately prohibited the
clinic from filling teeth with copper amalgam. Simultaneously
the decontamination of the mercury in the apartments began.
This process was carried out with an acidulous solution of
potassium permanganic. At the request of the sanitary-
epidemiological station, a commission was created, which
established that the air seal of the exhaust ducts had been
broken as a result of the settling of the building and by the
fact that the asbestos-cement ducts had broken in a number of
places where they fitted into the ceilings. Repeated tests on
the apartments for the existence of mercury in them after the
carrying out of all these measures yielded negative results.
28918
Neal, Paul A., Robert H. Flinn, Thomas I. Edwards, Warren
H. Reinhaut, J. Walter Hough, J. M. Dallavalle, Frederick H.
Goldman, David W. Armstrong, Albert S. Gray, Allan L.
Coleman, and B. F. Postman
MERCURIALISM AND ITS CONTROL IN THE FELT-HAT
INDUSTRY. Public Health Bull., no. 263, 132p., 1941. 57 refs.
Fifty-nine cases of chronic mercurialism were found on medi-
cal examination of 534 hatters employed in five representative
felt hat factories. Four of the twenty-one men engaged in mix-
ing and blowing; 8 of the 34 coners; 6 of the 29 hardeners, and
33 of the 179 starters, wetters-down, and sizers were so diag-
nosed. Mixers and blowers were exposed to 5 mg Hg per 10 cu
m of air; hardeners to 2.7; and starters, wetters-down, and
sizers to 2.1 mg Hg per 10 cu m of air. In any range of expo-
sure above 1.0 mg Hg per.100 cu m the incidence of mercurial-
ism increased with increasing duration of employment. No
cases were found among hatters exposed to less than 1.0 mg
Hg per cu m of air, as measured by the Nordlander instru-
ment Chronic mercurialism is characterized by fine, intention
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
tremor; psychic irritability of an exaggerated degree;
dermographia, excessive perspiration, and abnormal readiness
to blush; exaggerated tendon reflexes; pallor; and certain ab-
normalities of the mouth. Mercurialism cases were found to
excrete slightly less mercury in their urine than similarly ex-
posed but nonaffected workers. Workers with elevated systolic
blood pressure and albuminuria tended to excrete less mercury
in their urine than similarly exposed workers who were normal
in these respects. The most direct means of preventing the oc-
currence of mercurialism among hatters is to substitute a non-
toxic carroting agent for mercury. Until this is practicable,
control of the mercury hazard depends on coordinated general
and local exhaust ventilation so arranged and maintained as to
prevent the escape of mercury into the breathing zone of wor-
kers, and upon enclosure or segregation of fur storage rooms,
blowers, driers, and other sources of volatile mercury.
Sketches of hoods and other enclosures, and specifications for
air flow are presented. Methods for quantitative chemical anal-
ysis of the mercury content of air, fur, tank water, etc., and
for the quantitative spectrographic analysis of mercury in
urine are described in detail. (Author abstract)
29328
Rastas, J., E. Nyholm, and J. Kangas
MERCURY RECOVERY FROM SO2-RICH SMELTER
GASES. Eng. Mining J., 172(4): 123-124, April 1971. 1 ref.
When Outokumpu Oy put on-stream its zinc plant at Kokkola,
Finland, about half of the mercury contained in the zinc con-
centrate went to the sulfuric acid produced, and Outokumpu
had to find a method for mercury removal from roaster gases.
If roasted in a fluidized bed furnace at 950 C, the mercury sul-
fide contained in zinc concentrates decomposes and the mer-
cury vaporizes. The heat contained in the gases is recovered in
a waste-heat boiler. Dust is separated from the gas with
cyclones and electrostatic precipitators, and the gases at a
temperature of 350 C go to the sulfatizing unit. The mercury
sulfatizer is a. brick-lined tower containing ceramic packing;
here, the mercury-bearing gases are contacted by a counter-
current flow of strong sulfuric acid which sulfatizes the mer-
cury. Sulfuric acid flows from the bottom of the tower to an
intermediate storage tank, from where it is pumped through a
heat exchanger and recycled to the tower. Part of the acid is
taken from the storage tank to a thickener, where mercury
sulfate and selenium compounds are separated from the solu-
tion. Zinc and iron salts formed from the dust of the gas are
also separated from the acid in the thickener. Gas leaving the
mercury sulfatizer at a temperature of 180 C contains less than
0.2 mg/cu Nm of elemental mercury. The gas is then washed
with weak sulfuric acid in a venturi scrubber to decrease the
temperature to about 70 C and to lower the chlorine content to
a level permitted for sulfuric acid production. The underflow
which is obtained when the mercury and selenium compounds
are separated from this weak acid in the thickener is combined
with the underflow of the thickener of the mercury sulfatizer.
Precipitates from the combined underflow are washed with
water. The filtered residue is mixed with lime in a certain pro-
portion, and the batch charged to a resistance-heated furnace
whose temperature is raised gradually to about 650 C. The
mercury compounds decompose, and metallic mercury
vaporized is carried out of the furnace together with an air
stream.
29450
Kanbara, Shu
HIGH POLYMER WASTE DISPOSAL AND TECHNICAL
RENOVATION. (Kobunshi haikibutsu shori to gijutsu
kakushin). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Society for High
Polymers, Tokyo, 8p., 1971. 8 refs. (Presented at the Symposi-
um of High Polymer Disintegration, 2nd, Tokyo, Japan, April
14-16, 1971, paper 4.)
The relationships between raw materials and production, con-
sumption and values, and products and by-products are criti-
cally reviewed to establish the basic guidelines for an industri-
al waste disposal system. The desulfurization of heavy oils and
the procedsing of the iron ores from mainland and China will
occur at the place of production. New manufacturing process
are mentioned in the processing of high quality lubricants
without using sulfuric acid; the development of inexpensive
and effective polymerization preventive agents other than sul-
fur used in refining styrene monomer; the synthesis of e-
caprolactam with less ammonium sulfate byproduct; the
development of a new catalyst for polypropylene polymeriza-
tion with less attacktic (?) production; the separation of oil
droplets of less than 100 ppm in waste water by polypropylene
or polyurethane; and the removal of the minute mercury con-
tent of water by polyethylene glycol. Research on collection,
shredding, and disintegration by light or microorganisms are
explained and the improvement of the energy efficiency in
chemical manufacturing processes is emphasized. In mechani-
cal manufacturing process, such as rolling the development of
new lubricants is desired. An example of the new types of
combined industry which utilize each other s by-products is
the use of sodium sulfite from the sulfur dioxide of a thermal
power plant in pulp manufacturing. Iron oxides and S02 are
being recovered by burning the iron sulfate from a titanium
white factory and sulfuric acid pitch from a lubricant factory.
A global look is taken on the waste disposal problem.
30117
Flewelling, F. J.
LOSS OF MERCURY FROM CHLORALKALI PLANTS.
Chem. in Can., 23(5):14, May 1971. (Presented at the Royal
Society of Canada, Symposium on Mercury in Man s Environ-
ment, Montreal, Quebec, Feb. 1971.)
Approximately 60% of the chlorine and caustic soda manufac-
tured in Canada is produced by the mercury cell process, the
remainder by a diaphragm cell process in which mercury is not
involved. Starting in 1970, the mercury cell plants undertook
extensive modification to reduce mercury losses in products,
in solid wastes, to the atmosphere, and to sewers. Typical
abatement methods are reviewed, and the extent to which they
reduce losses indicated. The methods include filtration, sulfide
precipitation, cooling of hydrogen, mist elimination, and
restricted use of water. The mercury emission limit per ton of
chlorine produced is 0.005 Ib/ton, effective Sept 1, 1971.
31390
Zemskov, I. F. and A. S. Stepanov
MECHANISM OF INTERACTION OF ORGANOMETALLIC
COMPOUNDS ON THE SURFACE OF ACTIVATED CAR-
BON. J. Appl. Chem. (USSR) (English translation from Rus-
sian of: Zh. Prikl. Khim.), 43(1):185-188, Jan. 1970. 6 refs.
Organometallic vapors in air-gas mixtures were adsorbed on
activated carbon and studied for the nature of their surface in-
teractions. The vapors were tetraethyl lead (TEL), diethylmer-
cury (DEM), tetraethyl tin (TET), and ethylmercuric chloride
(EMC). Tetraethyl lead and TET interacted with oxygen of the
gaseous mixtures on the activated carbon surface. Adsorbed
TEL AND TET underwent mineralization. Treatment of car-
bon saturated with TEL vapors with oxidants such as chlorine
or ozone accelerated mineralization of the adsorbed TEL,
-------
8
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
Mineralization of TEL increased the activity of activated car-
bon with respect to TEL vapor. Diethylmercury and EMC
vapors did not interact with oxygen on the carbon surface to
any appreciable extent. When the vapors were adsorbed in the
presence of ozone, the adsorbate content of the carbon in-
creased only in the case of TEL. This was due to the ease
with which TEL is oxidized. (Author conclusions modified)
32461
Kangas, J., E. Nyholm, and I. Rastas
SMELTER GASES YIELD MERCURY. Chem. Eng.,
78(20):55-57, Sept. 6, 1971.
A technique was developed which scrubs the sulfur dioxide-
rich gases from smelter or roasting operations of mercury be-
fore the gas is processed for sulfuric acid production. At the
Kokkola plant of Outokumpu Oy (Finland), zinc concentrates
are roasted in a fluidized-bed furnace at at temperature of 950
C. Mercury sulfide contained in the concentrate decomposes
completely and mercury vaporizes. The heat contained in the
gases is recovered in a waste heat boiler, and dust is separated
from the gas by means of cyclones and electrostatic precipita-
tors. Mercury-containing gases coming from the electrostatic
precipitators at a temperature of 350 C go to the sulfatizing
unit The mercury sulfatizer is a brick-lined tower containing
ceramic packing, in which mercury-bearing gases contact a
countercurrent flow of strong sulfuric acid. Mercury and
selenium are scrubbed from the gas by the acid. Sulfuric acid
flows from the bottom of the tower to an intermediate storage
tank, it is then pumped through a heat exchanger and recycled
to the tower. Zinc and iron salts, as well as chlorides and
fluorides, can also be removed in this process. Washing the
precipitate, and the production of metallic mercury are men-
tioned.
34795
Porter, D. H. and J. D. Watts
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CONVERTING A CHLOR-AL-
KALI PLANT FROM MERCURY CELLS TO DIAPHRAGM
CELLS. Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical Engineers, New
York, 15p., 1971. (Presented at the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, National Meeting, 68th, Houston, Tex.,
Feb. 28-March 4, 1971.)
In 1969 the U. S. electrolytic chlorine-alkali industry
purchased over 20,000 flasks of mercury, or over 25% of the
total U. S. consumption to become the largest single
purchaser. This industry does not consume mercury to form a
product. Following the initial charge, for which another
several thousand flasks were purchased in 1969, all mercury
entering a plant is used to replace losses — losses to the sewer,
losses in sludges, losses in ventilation air, and losses to
product La the form of contaminants. In March 1970, the
Chlorine Institute formed an ad-hoc committee to concern it-
self with the subject and set up several task forces to examine
the many phases of the problem. Threshold Limit Values, con-
trol programs, and estimated costs are considered. Conversion
to diaphragm cells is recommended to eliminate possibilities of
mercury pollution. Differences are discussed between the mer-
cury cell and diaphragm cell plants. These pertain to the cell
house, rectifiers and amperage, chlorine temperatures and
cooling equipment, hydrogen temperatures and recovery, the
brine system, caustic handling and waste handling or effluent
treatment Costs are considered.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
05191
A. R. Barringer
DEVELOPMENTS TOWARDS THE REMOTE SENSING OF
VAPOURS AS AN AIRBORNE AND SPACE EXPLORATION
TOOL . Proc. Symp. Remote Sensing Environ., 3rd, Ann Ar-
bor, Mich., 1964. pp. 279-92. Feb. 1965
The remote sensing of geochemical parameters is investigated.
The techniques under study and development are concerned
with sensing the dispersion of volatile components of
orebodies or their oxidation products in the surface soils and
in the air above. The elements and compounds of interest in-
clude mercury, iodine and sulphur dioxide in connection with
metal bearing deposits, and hydrocarbon gases and iodine in
association with oil fields. (Author abstract)
05977
Browett, E. V.
ANALYTICAL METHODS. Ann. Occupational Hyg. (London)
8, (1) 21-8, Mar. 1965. (Presented at the 16th Conference,
British Occupational Hygiene Society, Apr. 7-8,1964.)
Techniques of performing 'spot' tests for the presence of
metallic or metal-containing contaminants in atmospheres are
reviewed briefly. The procedures for more accurate determina-
tion of the concentration of atmospheric contaminants and for
the determination of the metal content of blood and of urine
are treated as comprising three steps: collection, pre-treatment
and analysis. Methods for the collection and pre-treatment of
various amples are are described. Colorimetric and polaro-
graphic methods of analysis Methods for the collection and
pre-treatment of various samples of prepared sample solutions
are discussed with particular refer- ence to the determination
of trace amounts of lead and attention is drawn to various
precautions that must be taken in order to obtain reliable
results. (Author abstract)
06045
D. L. Adamson, J. D. Stephens, and W. M. Tuddenham
APPLICATION OF MINERALOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND
INFRARED SPECTRA IN DEVELOPMENT OF SPECTRO-
GRAPffiC TECHNIQUES. Anal. Chem. 39(6):574-578, May
1967. (Presented at the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical
Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, March 5,1965.)
Correlation of infrared spectra of spectrographic arc residue
beads with emission data revealed that samples yielding beads
containing olivine and pyroxene group minerals evolved
volatile elements in the arc most rapidly and produced the
highest elemental line intensities for the volatile elements and
the lowest intensities for iron. The hypothesis was developed
that combination of iron with silca to form linked ionic groups
within the melt decreased iron evolution. The resulting in-
crease in arc temperature intensified excitation of the volatile
elements. Exclusion of extraneous ions from these ionic
groups also appeared to be a factor in the acclerated evolution
of volatile elements. Methods were developed for determina-
tion of volatile elements-antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmi-
um, gallium, germanium, indium, lead, mercury, tellurium,
thallium, and zinc-in a wide variety of materials, including
iron oxides, limonite, magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, man-
ganite, silca, and silicate minerals in general. (Authors' ab-
stract)
07284
Khrustaleva, V. A. and N. G. Shalya
MERCURY POLLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES IN
WORK INVOLVING MERCURIC CHLORIDE. Text in Rus-
sian. Gigiena i Sank. Vol. 9, p. 22-25, 1950. Engl. transl. by B.
S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit. on Air Pollut. & Relat. Occup. Dist.,
Vol. 2, p. 4-7, March 1960. CFSTI TT60-21188
An investigation was made into the source of mercury in the
atmosphere inside a dry cell plant. The method of HgC12 ab-
sorption by a NaCl solution was used in making separate
determinations of the simultaneous presence of mercuric
chloride and of mercury fumes. Mercury was determined
colorimetrically. The results indicated that air pollution in the
shops was caused almost entirely by Hg fumes and that the
concentration of the HgC12 fumes was negligible. High con-
centrations of both substances were found in scrapings from
the walls and floor. At this point it became certain that mercu-
ry was the source of pollution of the working area; attempts
were then made to establish the cause of HgC12 reduction to
Hg. The reducing action of the individual ingredients of the
electrolyte and of the flour thickener was also investigated.
Since calcium chloride, ammonium chloride and zinc chloride
did not reduce mercuric chloride, it was assumed that metallic
zinc, as an impurity of the zinc chloride, might have been
responsible for imparting this property to the electrolyte. How-
ever, results of the analyses did not substantiate this assump-
tion. An attempt was then made to determine mercury in the
final electrolyte which contained the flour thickener. Mercury
was found in amounts of 0.099 - 0.2 mg per 100 g of final elec-
trolyte. On the basis of information found in the literature con-
cerning the property of organic substances to reduce HgC12
experiments were set up to determine the reducing properties
of the flour. Subsequent colorimetric determinations of mercu-
ry in the electrolyte yielded positive results. To improve the
sanitary-hygenic conditions in the shops, it was suggested that
mercuric chloride, which is not an electrolyte, be replaced by
another less toxic substance, and that substitutes be found for
the flour thickener.
07567
Razumov, V. A. and T. K. Aidarov
INDIRECT SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF MERCURY VAPOR CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AIR OF
WORK PREMISES. (Kosvennyi spektrofotometricheskii
metod opredeleniya parov rtuti v vozdukhe rabochikh
pomeshchenii.) Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit, 30(7), July
1965. Engl. transl. by JPRS. OHYG. Sanit., 30(7):81-83, My
1967. CFSTI: TT66-51033/3
The method proposed states that the sample of air for analysis
should be taken by drawing 100 1 air, at the rate of 5 1/min,
into an absorbing solution consisting of 5 ml 0.1 N potassium
-------
10
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
permanganate and 5 ml 10% sulfuric acid. The absorbing solu-
tion is decanted into a separating funnel and 5% solution of
oxalic acid is added in small amounts to destroy the perman-
ganate until the solution is completely decolorized. The
volume is then brought up to 20 ml with twice-distilled water
prepared in a quartz apparatus, 5 ml of 6 N acetic acid are
added, the liquid is shaken and an addition is made of 10 ml
dithizone (C.P.) solution in carbon tetrachloride or chloroform,
with a concentration of 1 mg/100 ml. The mixture is vigorously
shaken for 15 to 20 sec, 10 ml carbon tetrachloride are added,
and the liquid is again shaken. The colored extract is then de-
canted into a cell. Mercuric chloride (0.0135 g) is dissolved in
water in a 100 ml volumetric flask (the solution can be used
for 6 months). The working standard solution, with a mercury
concentration of 1 microgram/ml, is prespared by diluting the
basic solution with twice-distilled water to 100 times the
original volume. This solution is unstable, and it is not recom-
mended to store it for long. Measurements are carried out by
means of an SF-4 spectrophotometer.*
07772
Christie, A. A., A. J. Dunsdon, and B. S. Marshall
FIELD METHODS FOR DETERMINING CERTAIN OR-
GANOMERCURIAL VAPOURS IN AIR. Analyst,
92(1092):185-191, March 1967. 10 refs.
Two methods are proposed for determining the vapours of cer-
tain organomercury compounds in air, at concentrations in the
region of 10 microgram of mercury per cu.m. The mercurial
vapours are collected either on a glass-fibre pad treated with
cadmium sulphide, or on a fhiidised bed of active carbon.
Mercury vapour is released by heating, and is determined by
comparing the colour produced on selenium sulphide test-
papers with a range of standard colours. The cadmium sul-
phide method is applicable to the determination of ethylmercu-
ry chloride, ethylmercury phosphate, diphenylmercury and
methylmercury dicyandiamide; the fluidised-bed method is
also applicable to this range of compounds and, in addition, to
diethyl mercury. Mercurial dusts can be determined by the
cadmium sulphide method, and mercury vapour by a slight
modification of the fluidised-bed technique. In both methods
the apparatus used is simple to manipulate and the time
needed for a complete determination is less than 30 minutes.
(Authors' summary)
08134
A. S. Aruin
DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
In: Survey of U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.,
Inst for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 18-20, May 1960. CFSTI:
TT 60-21475
Mercury in atmospheric air is determined colorimetrically. A
detailed descriotion of the preparation of samples and stan-
dards is given. The experimental samples are compared
colorimetrically with the standards.
09333
Lial W. Brewer, (ed.)
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH LABORATORY. Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, N.
Mex., Industrial Hygiene Lab., SC-M-3044, 147 p., Feb. 1968.
13 refs.
This is a manual compiled of thirty-nine analytical procedures
used by an industrial hygiene laboratory. The procedures for
the following substances in air are included: The Determinaton
of Acetone, Acid and Alkali Contaminants; Benzene, Toluene,
and Other Aromatics; Beryllium (Spectrographic Method);
Beryllium (Morin Method); Cadmium; Chromic Acid, Chro-
mates, and Dichromates; Formaldehyde; Lead; Methanol;
Nitrogen Dioxide; Oil Mist; Ozone (Colorimetric Method);
Ozone (Titration Method; Phosgene; Silica (Colorimetric
Method); Sulfur Dioxide; Thallium; and Zinc.
09369
Wilson, H. N. and G. M. Duff
INDUSTRIAL GAS ANALYSIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW.
Analyst, 92(1101):723-758, Dec. 1967. 712 refs.
Analytical methods are reviewed for: permanent and inorganic
gases; analysis of liquefied or pure gases; fuel gases; flue
gases; motor exhaust gases; analysis of micro samples; and at-
mospheric pollutants. The years from 1958 to about mid-1966
were covered. In no branch of analysis is the swing towards
physical methods more marked than in gas analysis. There
have been no important developments of the conventional
methods during the last ten years; the chief advances have
been the application of galvanic methods to 'trace* of certain
gases, and gas chromatography. The rapid spread of the elec-
trogalvanic methods for the 'on-stream' determination of
traces is also most significant. The other most noticeable fea-
ture is the vast and increasing attention being paid to at-
mospheric pollutants of all kinds, particularly sulphur dioxide,
sulphuric acid and hydrocarbons.
09587
Linch, A. L., R. F. Stalzer, and D. T. Lefferts
METHYL AND ETHYL MERCURY COMPOUNDS--
RECOVERY FROM AHt AND ANALYSIS. Am. Ind. Hyg. As-
soc. J., 29(l):79-86, Jan.-Feb. 1968. 15 refs. (Presented at the
28th Annual Meeting, Ameri- can Industrial Hygiene Associa-
tion, Chicago, Dl., May 3,1967.)
Attempts to recover dimethyl or diethyl mercury vapor by ab-
sorp- tion in the reagents usually recommended for collection
of mercury from air met with failure. The absorber design,
whether impinger or porous glass diffusion type, contributed
only minor differ- ences. However, 0.1N iodine monochloride
in 0.5M hydrochloric acid gave quantitative recoveries of
dimethyl and diethyl mercury, monomethyl and monoethyl
mercuric chlorides, and mercury vaporized into moving
airstreams. The reagent also is applicable to the analysis of
mercurial-bearing dusts. Again, the absorber design was not
critical but impinger recoveries were rate-dependent. The
Teflon permeation tube for SO2 calibration was adopted suc-
cess- fully to the dynamic calibration of microimpingers
developed for personnel monitoring. The ACGIH procedure
for analysis was followed after sample collection. (Authors'
abstract)
09751
Schmertzing, Hannibal and Julian H. Chaudet
UTILIZATION OF INFRARED SPECTROPHOfOMETRY IN
MICROCONTAMINANT STUDIES IN SEALED ENVIRON-
MENTS. Melpar, Inc., Falls Church, Va., Contract AF
41(609)-1962, Task 793002, SAM-TR-67-2, 20 p., Jan. 1967. CF-
STI, DDC: AD 650000
Microcontaminants in a sealed environmental system were
separated and identified. The separation and identification of
the collected samples were accomplished with gas-liquid chro-
matography and infrared spectrophotometry. Fifty-four sets of
samples of the atmosphere from a space cabin simulator, com-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
11
prising 162 individual samples, were analyzed. The method
used was gas-liquid chromatography using a flame ionization
detector. The retention time on the column was used for
identification, while the peak area was used for quantitative
estimation of the compounds. A collection of the vapor in-
frared spectra of 146 compounds, which are possible contami-
nants for space cabin simulators, has been compiled during 2
years. A computer program for sorting infrared spectra with
the aid of the ASTM deck of infrared cards has been
established. Analyses have been made of gases evolved from
paint panels, from the decomposition of a Teflon insulator,
and from human waste products.
10392
G. Thilh'ez
RAPID AND PRECISE DETERMINATION BY ATOMIC AB-
SORPTION OF TRACES OF MERCURY IN THE AIR AND
IN BIOLOGICAL MEDIA. (Determination precise et rapide
par absorption atomique de traces de mercure dans 1'air et
dans les milieux biologiques.) Text in French. Chim. Anal.
(Paris), 50(5):226-232, May 1968. 4 refs.
A method is described for the determination of traces of mer-
cury. The mercury is fixed on a platinum trap which is then
rapidly heated by high-frequency induction; mercury is thus
vaporized and conducted to a mercury cathode ray tube. A
peak is recorded from this tube (at 155.7 nm.) which cor-
responds to the mass of mercury. Sensitivity is 1 micro-
gram/cu m. Tests are described in which the levels of mercury
in blood and urine samples were determined. Sensitivity in
biological samples is 2 microgram/1. when a sample of 1 ml. is
used. This method is recommended for its speed (requiring
about 15 min.), its sensitivity, and the possibility of avoiding
unwanted contaminants and intermediates.
11626
Brune, D., S. Mattsson, and K. Liden
APPLICATION OF A BETATRON IN PHOTONUCLEAR AC-
TIVATION ANALYSIS. Aktiebolaget Atomenergi
(Stockholm), AE-333,1968.19 refs.
Determinations of iodine in Pharmaceuticals and of fluorine,
lead, and mercury in pure compounds were made by
photonuclear activation analysis, with a betatron accelerator
used as the irradiation facility. The accelerator yields a lower
photon flux density than a linear accelerator but has great
flexibility with regard to beam direction. Uniform irradiation
of the samples was achieved by inserting a rotating sample
holder device in the brehmstrahlung beam of the'betatron. The
detection limits obtained for iodine, fluorine, lead, and mercu-
ry were 50, 3, 400, and 15 micrograms, respectively. It is con-
cluded that the betatron has practical applications in the field
of pharmacy but is unsuited for lead analyses in pollution stu-
dies of air, water, and food. It could be used for the deter-
mination of mercury in various biological materials, though
better results are expected to be obtained by conventional
neutron activation techniques.
15451
Ueda, K.
STUDIES ON THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MERCURY
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MERCURY INTOXICA-
TION AMONT DENTAL TECHNICIANS. (Suigin no dokusei
ni kansuru kenkyu: Tokumi shikairyo ni okeru suigjn- chu-
doku). Text in Japanese. Shika Gakuho (Monthly Record
Dental Sci., Pract., Miscellany), 68(6):941-951,1968. 22 refs.
Dentists and dental technicians are exposed to the dangers of
mercury inhalation and absorption through the skin. The max-
imum tolerable concentration of mercury vapor in the air is 0.1
mg/cu m. The room where mercury amalgam for fillings is
compounded can provide a very hazardous environment if
ventilation is inadequate, since mercury under such conditions
can reach a level of 19 mg/cu m. A mercury vapor meter
which directly measures ambient vapor concentrations by
means of a mercury lamp at a wavelength of 253.7 mil-
limicrons is a convenient instrument with a sensitivity of 0.01
mg/cu m. The atmospheric concentration of mercury vapor is
directly proportional to the amount of mercury excreted in the
urine. The day after receiving a filling, the patient, as well as
the dental technicians, show twice to ten times, respectively,
the normal amount of mercury excretion. In recent years, mer-
cury vapor meters used in dental offices have helped to main-
tain a normal level of urinary mercury excretion in dental wor-
kers. Allergic reactions to mercury, occurrence of mercury in
foods, symptoms of acute and chronic mercury intoxication,
and treatment are also discussed.
19506
Kanebo, M., S. Naito, S. Setsuda, and J. Matsuzaki
ATOMIC ABSORPTION PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF MERCURY IN Am. (Genshi kyukoh kohdohoh ni yoloo
kookichu no sooigin no teilyohoh). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):105, 1969.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution Annual
Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
An improved method to determine the air-borne mercury by
means of atomic absorption photometry is obtained by modify-
ing the method reported by W. Ronald Hatch. Reagents in-
clude 1.18 N sulfuric acid; sulfuric acid hydroxyl amine solu-
tion where 15 gm of sulfuric acid hydroxyl amine is dissolved
into water to 500 ml; tin dichloride solution where 10 gm
SnC12.2H20 is dissolved into 0.5N sulfuric acid to 100 ml; and
mercury standard solution; where 1 ml of this solution in-
cludes 0.1 mg Hg (2)(+). Air is sampled into the equal-volume
mixture of 2N sulfuric acid and 0.3% potassium permanganate
solution and added sulfuric acid hydroxyl amine solution to
decolorise it; this becomes a sample solution. After 100 ml of
the sample solution is added with 25 ml of 18N sulfuric acid,
10 ml of sulfuric acid hydroxyl amine, and 10 ml of tin
dichloride solution, it is circulated through a measuring instru-
ment. The concentration of mercury, called C, is obtained by
determining the absorption rate of mercury vapor at 253.7 mil-
limicron (A), absorption rate of a standard (As), which con-
sists of 4 ml of mercury standard and water in the total 100
ml, and absorption rate of 100 ml of water (A sub O) as fol-
lows:
20944
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF MERCURY VAPOR
IN THE MR. U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:30-33, 1963. (B. S. Levine,
ed.)CFSTI: 63-11570
A method for the determination of mercury vapor in the air of
industrial premises for sanitary control purposes was
described. The method is based on the fact that the formation
of CuIHgI2 in solution is accompanied by the development of
a red color. This compound becomes mixed with the simul-
taneously formed copper iodide; in the presence of mercury, it
also forms a colorless substance. The air is aspirated at the
rate of 2 1/min through two consecutively placed absorbers,
each containing 10 ml of absorber solution. The content of
each absorber is analyzed separately. The absorber solution is
-------
12
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
poured into a 10 ml cylinder graduate. The glass absorber is
rinsed with a small amount of water and poured into the same
cylinder graduate. Fresh absorber solution is added to obtain a
total of 10 ml of solution. Five ml of the solution from each 10
cylinder graduate is placed in separate centrifuge tubes. A
standard scale is prepared at the same time. One ml of the
composite solution is added to all the tubes and shaken cau-
tiously. The solutions then are allowed to stand for 5-10 min to
complete the precipitation of CuIHgI2. The precipitates in the
centrifuge tubes are then colorimetrically compared. The sen-
sitivity of the method is 0.3 mg of mercury in the analyzed
volume. The reaction is nonspecific in the presence of mercu-
ric chloride or organic mercury compounds.
23771
Patton, W. F. and J. A. Brink, Jr.
NEW EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES FOR SAMPLING
CHEMICAL PROCESS GASES. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 13(4):162-166, April 1963. 7 refs (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, 55th Annual Meeting, Chicago,
May 20-24, 1962.)
When the need for improved sampling equipment and
techniques was recognized at Monsanto a number of years
ago, a cascade impactor suitable for adiabatic measurements
on process gases was developed. Simpler equipment, suitable
for routine control of air pollution, can determine accurately
the weight or chemical composition of the particles in a gas
stream, as well as separately determine the loading of particles
greater than three micron in diameter from particles smaller
than this. The dust or mist sampling device is contained in a
small case with a carrying handle and removable sides similar
to an Orsat analyzer. Gases first enter the cyclone where the
larger particles are collected, while the smaller particles are
carried over and collected by the filter. Sampling preparations
are discussed for large particles, fine particles, and isokinetic
sampling. The procedures for sampling are outlined, as well as
an example for sulfuric acid mist. Calculations of loadings
from sampling data are also indicated. Eight sets of the sam-
pling equipment have been utilized for sulfuric, phosphoric,
and nitric acid mists, mercury mist, various phosphate salt
dust, ammonium chloride fume, ammonium nitrate fume, and
several organic mists.
25431
Aughey, Henry
A RAPID MOBILE ANALYZER FOR MINUTE AMOUNTS
OF LEAD IN ADI. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 39(4):292-293, April
1949. 2 refs.
A mobile instrument of extreme sensitivity is described which
furnishes a rapid indication and an approximate assay of local-
ized relatively high concentrations of lead, combined or ele-
mental. Samples are drawn through a condensed spark
discharge adjusted to minimize air lines and to excite the lead
spectrum which is photographed with a small quartz instru-
ment. Visual examination of a series of exposures provides
data on lead concentration as a function of time and location.
A sensitivity of better than one part in 20 million can be main-
tained in routine operation. Instanteous response realized by
substitution of a specially- designed photoelectric Geiger
counter for the photographic plate. The technique is not yet
developed to a point where continuous quantitative measure-
ments are available over periods of many hours or days.
Although tried only for lead, similar sensitivity for mercury is
expected. The high energy of the spark source permits excita-
tion of materials present both in elemental and combined
forms and offers in addition a rapid analysis when extreme
sensitivity is not needed, as for dusts involving such elements
as arsenic, barium, and beryllium. (Author abstract modified)
26275
Chatigny, M. A., J. C. Craig, J. C. Edinger, G. Forester, J. E.
GUI, W. D. MacLeod, R. C. Maninger, T. Schneck, Jr., E. R.
Stephens, K. G. P. Sulzmann, and H. W. Wolochow
POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING IN-
STRUMENTATION TASK FORCE ASSESSMENT. In: Pro-
ject Clean Air. California Univ., Berkeley, Task Force 6,
170p., Sept. 1,1970. 237 refs.
Instrumentation concepts and devices for the measurement
and monitoring of air pollutants have been subdivided into
three principle categories of application: ambient air and emis-
sion source monitoring for regulatory purposes and for con-
trol, vehicle emission monitoring and control, and research in
pollution chemistry and laboratory analysis of pollutants. Cur-
rently available instruments are discussed, including oxidant
analyzers, electrochemical analyzers, chromatography, spec-
troscopy, photoelectric devices, and paniculate and gas sam-
plers, while research needed is indicated. An instrument is
needed for quantitative plume capacity measurements, to mea-
sure ambient air concentrations of hydrogen sulfide with a
sensitivity and accuracy of 1-3 ppb over a range of 1-100 ppb,
and a simple instrument is needed for measurements of the
total aldehyde concentration, as well as lead, mercury, and
chlorine. Improvements in the area of light and laser applica-
tions are also indicated. There is a need for rapid and valid
verification methods for the proper functioning of present and
future car emission control devices. Low-cost instruments and
systems are needed in the study of urban diffusion processes.
There is a need to devise ways for using the electron
microscope. Various other projects are cited.
27389
Delaughter, Buford
MERCURY DETERMINATION IN INDUSTRIAL PLANT AT-
MOSPHERES BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPEC-
TROPHOTOMETRY. Atomic Absorption Newsletter, 9(2):49-
50, March-April 1970. 2 refs.
A simple and accurate procedure is described for the deter-
mination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry of any form
of mercury in industrial atmospheres. A sample of air contain-
ing mercury vapor is collected by scrubbing through a 1 N
hydrochloric acid solution, the pH of which is adjusted to 2.5-
4.0 with mercury-free caustic and chelated with ammonium
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC). The resulting complex is
extracted into an organic medium, and the concentration of
mercury determined from absorbance at 2537 A. An equation
is given for finding the concentration of mercury in air from
the concentration in the extracted sample.
28126
Fukui, Shozo
MEASUREMENT OF DELETERIOUS GAS. (Yugai gasu no
sokuteihoho). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Society of Electro-
chemistry, Tokyo (Japan), Kanto Div., 24p., 1971. (Presented
at the Seminar on Air Pollution, Tokyo, Japan, Feb. 3-4, 1971,
Paper 5.)
The photometric determination of deleterious gases is con-
sidered, as well as the analysis of heavy metals in the at-
mosphere by an atomic absorption method, and the determina-
tion of atmospheric concentrations of organic solvents by gas
chromatography. Accordin to the type of gas to be measured,
sampling and preparation of test chemical solutions are in-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
13
dicated. Measuring procedures are presented for hydrogen sul-
fide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen
dioxide, nitrogen dioxide plus nitric oxide, hydrogen chloride,
chlorine, oxidants and ozone. The chemical analyses of heavy
metals includes the determination of mercury, lead, cadmium,
zinc, copper, iron, and manganese. For example, mercury
vapor is absorbed in a sulfuric acid potassium permanganate
solution and heated slowly for 30 min. A hydroxilamine solu-
tion is added to decolor the potassium permanganate, and a
stannous chloride solution is added to reduce the mercury.
Vaporized by circulating air, the mercury is absorbed by an
absorption cell and measured at 253.7 millimicrons. The gas
chromatograhic method is introduced for the measurement of
acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexene,
tetrachloroethane, phenol, and other organic solvents in the at-
mosphere.
28214
Hemeon, Wesley C. L. and George F. Haines, Jr.
AUTOMATIC SAMPLING AND DETERMINATION OF
MICRO-QUANTITIES OF MERCURY VAPOR. Am. Ind.
Hyg. Assoc. J., vol. 22:75-79, Feb. 1961. 1 ref
A new technique for the automatic sampling and determination
of mercury vapors is based on supplying the AISI smoke sam-
pler with Whatman No. 4 filter paper impregnated with a solu-
tion of iodine in potassium iodide. The mercury trapped by the
treated filter paper is then volatilized in a procedure that
releases mercury as a vapor into a stream of air which passes
through a sensitive to mercury vapor concentration as low as
0.005 ppm. This method would have value in an industrial hy-
giene situation where automatic sampling at several locations
is desirable for evaluating a mercury hazard. Details of the
procedure and calibration are given.
28338
Krivan, V.
A RADIO-RELEASE TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING
TRACES OF ELEMENTS. Z. Anal. Chem., vol. 253:192-194,
1971. 9 refs.
Trace elements are determined by fixing a small amount of an
insoluble compound on a small disc of filter paper or other
suitable material. The exchangeable ions of the compound are
labelled with a radioactive isotope and are then replaced with
ions of the trace element to be determined in a solution. After
the labelled ions are released from the carrier into the solution
by shaking, the activity of the species released is measured
and compared with one or a series of standards processed in
the same way. When the technique was used to determine
trace amounts of mercury in the presence of several other ele-
ments, radioactively labelled silver sulfide and filter paper
discs were used. The results obtained are summarized and the
advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.
(Author abstract modified)
28354
Kaiser, Gerhard, Peter Tschoepel, and Guenther Toelg
DECOMPOSITION WITH ACTIVATED OXYGEN IN THE
DETERMINATION OF EXTREMELY LOW CONTENTS OF
TRACE ELEMENTS IN ORGANIC MATERIALS.
(Aufschluss mil aktiviertem Sauerstoff bei Bestimmung extrem
niedriger Spurenelementgehalte in organischem Material). Text
in German. Z. Anal. Chem., vol. 253:177-179, 1971. 4 refs.
To determine elements in nanogram concentrations, the princi-
ple of low temperature ashing was modified by using
microwave frequencies for oxygen activation. Through contact
with the oxygen plasma, the 1-gram sample burns slowly from
top to bottom. The intensityof the microwave field and the
position of the substance with respect to the plasma control
the combustion process. The combustion products are dis-
solved in 500 microliters of acid, separated, and analyzed. The
method was tested with radio nuclides of the volatile elements
selenium, zinc, and mercury. It can be also used to determine
small concentrations of beryllium in the air.
28450
Polozhayev, N. G., V. V. Girina, and T. Ye. Laktionova
MICROMETHODS OF DETERMINING HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Mikrometody
opredeleniya vrednykh veshchestv v atmosfernom vozdukhe).
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 8:15-20, 1951.
Microanalytic nephelometric and colorimetric methods for
determining a number of air pollutants are described. Detec-
tion sensitivities are as follows: chlorine, 0.002 mg; hydrogen
sulfide 0.0002 mg; sulfur dioxide, 0.002 mg; lead, 0.001 mg;
and mercury, 0.00005 mg. Air microsamplers are also
described.
28505
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan)
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ITS DEVICE EQUIPPED
WITH ELECTRONIC ARRESTOR TYPE DETECTOR
SPECIFIED IN REGULATIONS CONCERNED WITH EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION STANDARDS. (Kogai no kijun
ni kansuru kisoku ni kiteisuru denshihokakugata kenshutsuki
tsuki gasu kuromatografuho to). Text in Japanese. Kanagawa
Prefecture Official Bull., no. 70, 4p., Dec. 1, 1970.
The standard procedures are presented for gas chromato-
graphic and atomic absorption analysis of mercury, cadmium,
zinc, copper, manganese, and iron. The bulletin stipulates the
analytical procedures, including the preparation of test solu-
tions, measuring methods, and calculating methods that are to
be followed. The preparation of the cysteine acetate solution
and methyl chlorida mercury standard solution, both reagents
used in gas chromatography are presented. Hydrochloric acid
L-cysteine (1 g), sodium acetate (775 mg), and sodium sulfuric
anhydride (12.5 g) are dissolved in water to make 100 ml of
solution. Benzene (pretreated by gas chromatography) is added
to 100 mg of methyl chloride mercury to make a solution. This
solution is removed into a flask and mixed with an additional
amount of benzene to make 1000 ml of the solution. Of this,
10 ml is mixed with another additional amount of benzene to
make 100 ml of solution. This dilution process should be re-
peated twice to make the methyl chloride mercury standard
solution. One ml of the solution equals 0.1ugCH3HgCl equals
0.0799ugHg. Preparation of the prescribed test and no-load test
solutions is also given in detail. As to measurement
procedures, micromilliters is taken from both the test and no-
load test solutions by means of a micro-syringe and injected
into the gas chromatograph respectively. The height of the
peak is then measured for both solutions and taken as H and
Hb respectively. The v micromililiters of the methyl chloride
mercury solution is similarly injected into the gas chromato-
graph. The height of the peak measured is then taken as Hs
(100 mm or higher). When the value of H-Hb/Hs is higher than
1/20, the density C (ppm) of mercury in the form of methyl
mercury in the solution can be calculated as: C(ppm) equals
0.1 times v times H-Hb/Hs times 5/V times I/quantity of the
sample (ml) times 0.799. The procedures for atomic absorbent
are also prescribed in similar detail.
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14
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
28583
Valic, Fedor and Morris B. Jacobs
ASSESSMENT OF MERCURY AIR CONCENTRATIONS IN A
WORK ENVIRONMENT. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 26(3):266-
269, May-June 1965.12 refs.
Ultraviolet photometry with mercury vapor meters and the
iodine- iodide method were employed to determine mercury
concentrations in a mercury mine and smelter in Yugoslavia.
Mercury vapor concentrations, as obtained by ultraviolet
photometry, were 0.1 to 2.0 mg/cu m in the mine and 0 to 2.0
mg/cu m in the smelter. Total mercury concentrations were
0.16 to 4.89 mg/cu m in the mine. The higher values obtained
by the iodine-iodide method imply that monitoring solely with
mercury vapor concentration devices may be inadequate for
industrial hygiene purposes.
29343
Shirasawa, Tadao
RESEARCHES ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MEA-
SUREMENT. (Kogai keisokuho ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Kokuritsu Kenkyujo no Kenkyu Seika (Researches
of Government Research Inst.), no. 1, p. 291, Dec. 1969. 9
refs.
In the field of air pollution, the method of monitoring dust
density and particle size distribution is being established and
control measure studied. The continuous monitoring of sulfur
dioxides is studied, together with the effects of accompanying
substances. Other harmful gases specified by the law, such as
fluorine, are also investigated. In the area of water pollution,
minute metal contents in industrial and mining effluents are
being studied. Above all, a rapid and high sensitivity quantita-
tive analysis of cadmium and mercury is aimed at. The results
already obtained in the fields mentioned above were used as a
basis of establishing Japanese Industrial Standards on dust and
S02 measurements of combustion exhaust and also on the test
method for plant effluents. The results are also utilized for the
public nuisance countermeasure of factories. The Government
Research Institute is cooperating with the local governments,
municipalities, and private industries in the education of staffs
dealing with public nuisances.
29480
Kuroda, Daisuke
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF NO IN ATMOSPHERE - ON
CHANGES IN SALTZMAN COEFFICIENT WITH CHANGE
IN COMPOSITION OF SALTZMAN REAGENTS. (Zarutsu-
man shiyaku no sosei ni yoru Zarutsuman keisu no hendo ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Chemical Society,
Tokyo, lp., 1971. (Presented at the Japan Chemical Society,
Annual Meeting, 24th, Tokyo, March 1971, Paper 3336.)
The relationship between the mixed reagents of Saltzman type
and the Saltzman coefficient was measured. To sulfanilic acid
5 g/1, N-1-naphthylethylenediaminedihydrochloride (NEDA),
50 mg/1 and n-butylalcohol 10 ml/1 solution, (a) were added
acetate 50 ml/1, (b citric acid 15 g/1, (c) tartaric acid 15 g/1, and
(d) sulfuric acid 0.07 ml/1 respectively, and mixed reagents
were prepared. To each of 7 ml of (a)-(d), 10 ng nitrogen diox-
ide/10 min was absorbed, and the Saltzman coefficient was
measured: (a) equals 0.91, (b) equals 0.87, (c) equals 0.90 and
(d) equals 0.82. These figures varied with the concentration of
NEDA, concentration of acids, velocity of air, and tempera-
ture. The NEDA concentration had the greatest effect For in-
stance, when NEDA concentration was 140 mg/1, in reagent
(d), the Saltzman coefficient was 0.63. While the diazotation
reagent was removed from reagents (a)-(d) and N02 was
added, there was a reaction with NEDA. The reaction was a
rapid one; three minutes after the addition of N02, 90% of the
N02 was consumed and five minutes after, 99%. When this
reaction took place while air was let in, a samll quantity of
N02 and a great quantity of NO were emitted. The emission
rate of NO to NO2 was: (a) equals 75%, (b) equals 76%, (c)
equals 68%, (d) equals 93%. There was no NO2 present in the
solution after the air was let through, and it looked slightly
yellowish. Six ml of (a)-(d) reagents were taken into a bubbler
with glass filter, and while air was let through 10 mg of N02
was poured in. The generation rate of NO was: (a) equals 4%,
(b) equals 8%, (c) equals 7%, (d) equals 17%. The rate of
coloring of N02 without air was: (a) equals 94%, (b) equals
92%, (c) equals 93%, and (d) equals 83%, and the loss was (a)
equals 4%, (b) equals 8%, (c) equals 7% and (17%), cor-
responding fully with the generation rate of NO. The coloring
rate of NO2 corresponds to the Saltzman coefficient measured
at first. The Saltzman coefficient is slightly lower because the
absorption of N02 and addition of N02 are not carried out
under identical conditions, so that there is a difference in the
rate of reaction of NEDA-N02. A formula is obtained show-
ing the concentration of NO2 is proportional to the degree of
light absorption while letting the air through. Therefore, if a
spectrum is made, using the figure measured by letting the air
through a standard N02 solution, under the same conditions
as when gas was sampled, the gas concentration can be ob-
tained directly. The Saltzman coefficient varies as the NEDA-
N02 reaction degree varies, with the different components of
reagents and condition of sampling the gas. If measurement is
made as above, the Saltzman coefficient can always be re-
garded as 1.
29652
Krause, Leonard A., Richard Henderson, Henry P. Shotwell,
and Dale A. Gulp
THE ANALYSIS OF MERCURY IN URINE, BLOOD,
WATER, AND AIR. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 35(5):331-337,
May 1971. 7 refs.
A procedure for the analysis of mercury in air, water, urine,
and blood is described. It is dependent on the rapid release of
mercury from digested specimens by using stannous chloride.
The apparatus consists of an all-glass reaction vessel with a
receiving funnel insert, connected to a water scrubber by
means of a three-way stopcock. From the scrubber, glass
fittings attach to an optical cell. A No. 1 Whatman filter is in-
serted at one point to remove possible droplets of moisture,
while aspiration is through coarse frits positioned to fit near
the bottom of the flasks. All glass joints are ball-and-socket
held by appropriate pinch clamps. A flow meter calibrated for
rates between 1 and 4 liters/min is inserted downstream of the
optical cell and before the vacuum pump. The Beckman Model
K-23 double-scale mercury vapor test meter used in these ex-
periments was altered by removing the grille, and mounting
and positioning an all-glass optical cell 22.5 cm in length by 4
cm in diameter (fitted with inlet and outlet ports) and with
quartz glass windows fused into the ends. Reagents and
preparation of the standard curve are discussed. Concentra-
tions of mercury below one part per billion can be detected ac-
curately by increasing the aliquot of the sample. '
29770
Nishimura, Kunio and Tohru Hirayama
INVESTIGATION OF ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF TRACE
MERCURY IN GAS BY RADIOISOTOPE TRACER
METHOD. Text in Japanese. Radioisotopes, 17(12):24-30,
Dec. 1968. 12 refs.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
15
Most chemical determination methods for mercury in gas con-
sist of the collection of mercury from a large volume of gas
followed by an estimation of the amount collected. While the
dithizone method has many advantages for small quantity
determinations, impurities interfere with this method. A
neutron activation analysis is suitable for small quantity deter-
minations because of its high sensitivity. The radioisotope
tracer technique and activation analysis are very useful for
this method. These techniques were used to establish a
method, and the results were compared to those by the
dithizone and gas detector tube methods. The absorbent was a
saturated chlorine solution. After a two hour absorption, four
ml of concentrated aqueous nitric acid solution was added to
the absorbent. Then the mixture was concentrated to eight ml
and sealed in the quartz capsule. Irradiation was carried out in
HTR with neutron flux of 1.2 times 10 to the llth power n/sq
cm sec for five hours. After cooling for 100 hours, samples
were taken from the capsule and determined by the non-
destructive method. The sensitivity of this method was .0001
mg/cu m. However, the sensitivity can be improved by using
irradiation with higher neutron fluxes and destructive methods.
30199
Larsson, Leif
PORTABLE APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING MERCURY
IN AIR. (Baebar apparat foer bestaemning av kvicksilver i
luft). Text in Swedish. Svensk. Papperstid (Stockholm),
74(8):241-244, April 1971.
A method for the determination of mercury in air with the aid
of a light, portable device is described. The method is based
on the absorption of mercury in an ampoule containing a carri-
er impregnated with potassium permanganate solution acidified
with sulfuric acid. The absorption of the mercury is quantita-
tive. In a subsequent step the mercury is extracted from the
ampoule and can then be determined by a suitable wet chemi-
cal method. This method has been used for measurements in a
chloralkali mill. (Author summary modified)
30510
Weissler, Alfred
HAZARDS OF MERCURY: ANALYTICAL METHODS. En-
viron. Res., 4(1): 53-61, March 1971.
Methods have been developed in Sweden, Denmark, and Fin-
land for the analysis of fish, other foods, and body tissues for
total mercury content by neutron activation analysis, atomic
absorption, spectrophotometry, and for methylmercury and
other organomercurials by gas chromatography. These
methods have been used successfully for extensive surveys of
the extent of mercury contamination to determine the mag-
nitude of the public health hazard. As a result of intensive
development and extensive experience, the analytic methods
used in Scandinavia and Finland are more sensitive and relia-
ble than those of many laboratories in the United States. An
increased adaptation and use of the Scandinavian procedures
for determining submicrogram amounts of mercury is recom-
mended. Analytic methods should be developed to distinguish
and measure methylmercury, phenylmercury, dimethylmercu-
ry, methoxyethylmercury, other organomercurials, and inor-
ganic mercury compounds. Methods should also be developed
for determining small concentrations of mercury and its com-
pounds in air at a sensitivity of at least 1 ng/cu m.
30635
Kanno, Saburo
MICROANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL IONS IN THE EN-
VIRONMENT AND THE PROBLEMS AT ISSUE. (Kan-
kyochuno biryo jukinzoku no bunsekiho to mondaiten). Text
in Japanese. Preprint, Society of Electro-chemistry, Tokyo
(Japan), 34p., 1970. (Presented at the Society of Elec-
trochemistry Industrial Public Nuisance Control Seminar,
Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 2-3, 1970, Paper 7.)
Representative methods for the microanalysis of mercury al-
kyl, total mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, and arsenic,
and lead in the atmosphere and gasoline were discussed by
describing the test procedures for each method. For the analy-
sis of mercury alkyl, gas chromatography was described, while
listing the test chemicals, apparatus, preparation of the test
sample, and the test procedures. Procedures for the microanal-
ysis of total mercury by an atomic absorption analysis method
were described, including the test apparatus, test chemicals,
prepartion of the samples, and the testing. The additional re-
marks included: How to prevent mercury from volatilizing
during decomposition of the sample; quality of the absorption
cell body, selection of desiccative, absorbency against quantity
of stannous chloride solution added, effect of coexisting ions;
calibration curve and reproducibility, plotting in chart, effect
of temperature, recovery test of mercury, and arresting mercu-
ry from air. Atomic absorption analysis procedures for the
microanalysis of cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc were also
described. For the microanalysis of arsenic, procecures of the
silver diethyl thiocarbamate method were described. Atomic
absorption analysis procedures for analysis of lead in the at-
mosphere and gasoline were also given. Attached as enclo-
sures were the Environmental Criteria Concerning Water Pol-
lution and the Results of Analysis of the Tokyo Bay s Bottom
Sludge.
31171
Jones, J. D., J. M. Rottschafer, H. B. Mark, K. E. Paulsen,
and G. J. Patriarche
DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF MERCURY IN BIOLOG-
ICAL MATERIAL BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION. (Determina-
tion de traces de mercure dans les systemes biologiques par
activation de neutrons). Text in French. Mikrochim. Acta
(Vienna), 1971(3):399-404, July 1971. 28 refs.
A simple and fast method for the trace analysis of mercury in
the blood, urine, tissue, and in the atmosphere by neutron ac-
tivation is presented. The activated mercury, as an HgC14(2-)
complex, is retained on an anion exchange resin which is
counted directly. In the human blood, 19 ppb of mercury were
measured with this method, in human hair 251 ppm. In fish,
concentrations between 0.86 and 0.58 ppm were measured. The
standard deviation in these concentration ranges was plus or
minus 10%. (Author abstract modified)
31862
Malenfant, Arthur L., Stanley B. Smith, and Jae Y. Hwang
MERCURY POLLUTION MONITORING BY ATOMIC AB-
SORPTION UTILIZING A GAS CELL TECHNIQUE.
Preprint, 8p., 1970. 11 refs. (Presented at th Eastern Analytical
Symposium, 12th, Annual, Nov. 19, 1970.)
The determination of mercury in fish, urine, and air samples
by atomic absorption is reviewed. The system design,
procedure, and typical results are presented. The methods pro-
vide for the aeration, or evolution, of all the mercury con-
tained in the original samples at the appropriate time. Only 2
manograms of mercury were required for 1% absorption at the
-------
16
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
peak height (0.0044 Abs). Interference in the methods centered
around the presence of other easily reducible substances;
selenium, as well as silver, gold, platinum, and palladium gave
low results. The working curve of mercury was linear over
several orders of magnitude in concentration. Under the condi-
tions established, sensitivity was unaffected by sample volume
as long as total volume was less than 10 -12 ml. The technique
used was open- ended. To shorten analysis time, the mercury
was reduced and then passed into the absorption cell. A
reasonably constant flow rate of the gas through the absorp-
tion cell was necessary to permit the profile of the mercury
sample to reproduce. When the flow rate was too slow, the
peak was broadened by diffusion; when it was too high, the
sample was flushed through the absorption cell too rapidly for
proper response and sensitivity was lost. Recovery experi-
ments were performed to test the accuracy of the methods.
32476
Fukui, Shozo
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF HARMFUL MATTERS
IN AIR. (Kuki chu no yugaisei busshitsu no sokutei hoho).
Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kiki (Analysis Instr.), 9(8):43-59,
Aug. 1971.1 ref.
Various measurement methods of harmful matter in the at-
mosphere are examined. The orthotolidine method is described
for chlorine determination, but there is no reliable method for
a high incidence of pollution by chlorine gas. The neutral
iodine potassium method for ozone and oxidants; the atom
light absorption method for cadmium; the pyridine pyrazole
and palladium quinolinol methods for hydrogen cyanide; the
dithizone and atom light absorption methods for mercury; and
the diazotation and Saltzman methods for nitrogen oxides are
reviewed. The atom light absorption method is generally used
for lead and zinc, since it is simple and accurate. Sulfur diox-
ide is trapped with sodium chloride and mercuric chloride in
solution; rosaniline formaldehyde is then added, and the
mauve color is determined. Fluorides or hydrofluorine are
measured by colorimetry, i.e., the lanter-alizarin complexion
method. The 3-methyl-benzo-thiazolon- hydrazone method,
which is most sensitive, and the chromotropic method are
used to measure formaldehyde. Hydrogen sulfide is deter-
mined by the methylene blue method, the molybdenum blue
method, and the starch iodine method. The methylene blue
method gives a unique reaction and involves less obstruction.
A new method for trapping sulfides is examined.
32534
Fujinaga, Taichiro and Mutsuo Koyama
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ANALYSIS - ESPE-
CIALLY ON THE BASIC APPROACH TOWARD IT. (Kogai
bunseki — Tokuni sono kangaekata ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Bunseki Kiki (Analysis Instr.), 9(7):3-9, July 1971.13 refs.
The basic characteristics of an environmental pollution analy-
sis are discussed to clarify the basic approach required for an
analysis that is usually of complex nature. Often organic and
inorganic analyses must be performed simultaneously.
Moreover, an analysis is more than simply qualitative or quan-
titative. A qualitative analysis intended simply to detect a pol-
luting element in air or water is often meaningless; very often
the toxicity of a particular element depends on its chemical
state. Therefore, microanalysis or, more properly, trace analy-
sis is required to detect extremely toxic substances. If possi-
ble, pollution should be continuously monitored and analyzed.
The most dependable of current measuring devices are,
theoretically, those employing ion-selective electrodes.
Sampling, pretreatment, and measurement methods, together
with measurable range and references, are tabulated for dif-
ferent air pollutants. The methods are as follows: dust (par-
ticulates), reflection factor or transmittivity measurement;
sediment, gravimetric analysis; precipitation density, X-ray,
light-dispersion, and gravimetric. X-ray microprobe analysis,
fluorescent X-ray analysis, radiometry, emission spectrochemi-
cal analysis, atomic absorption spectrochemical analysis, ab-
sorption photometry, polarography, and gas chromatography
are used for metals and other noxious elements. For carbon
monoxide or carbon dioxide measurements, conductometry,
coulometry, visible absorption photometry, and ultraviolet ab-
sorption photometry are used. Turbidimetry, coulometry, and
conductometry are used for hydrogen sulfide measurements.
Coulometric titration and absorption photometry are used for
oxidant measurements. Nitrogen dioxide or nitric oxide mea-
surements use visible radiation absorption photometry. Or-
ganics are measured by gas chromatography. Ammonia, al-
dehydes, fluorine, phenyl acetate, mercury, tetraethyl lead and
hydrogen cyanide use visible radiation absorption photometry.
32718
Fujiwara, Toshizo, Hideo Okashita, and Hiroshi Tsukiyama
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF SPECIMENS RE-
LATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. (Kogai kankei
shiryo no keiko X-sen bunseki). Text i Japanese. Shimazu
Hyoron (Shimazu Rev.), 28(2):87-91, June 1971. 5 refs.
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to analyze aqueous
solutions, heavy oils, dusts, and various deposits, as environ-
mental pollutants. The sensitivity was improved by enhancing
the peak-to-background ratio, and the interference of bubbles
in liquid samples was eliminated. Examples of determination
of mercury and arsenic in an aqueous solution and of sulfur in
heavy ofl are given. Dust was analyzed by adsorption and
trapping on filter glass, with special attention to the
background of the glass filter. A sample of mud accumulated
at the bottom of the sea was dried and crushed for analysis; it
contained barium, zirconium, bromide, lead, zinc, iron, and
manganese. Detection sensitivity was improved by condensing
the aqueous solution samples.
33042
Wainerdi, R. E., L. E. File, and W. E. KuykendaU
NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR
THE MEASUREMENT OF TRACE CONSTITUENTS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vien-
na (Austria), Nucl. Tech. Environ. Pollut., Proc. Symp., Salz-
burg (Austria), 1970, p. 459-480. 81 refs. (Oct. 26-30, Paper
IAEA-SM-142a/28.)
Nuclear and other methods of microanalysis can provide im-
portant information about the normal and abnormal concentra-
tion levels of trace elements in living systems and in their en-
vironment. Activation analysis, especially using gathered sam-
ples returned to well-equipped central laboratories, can pro-
vide extensive elemental and isotopic information, especially
when automated analytical spectrometers and computer data
processing are employed. Isotope dilution, radiation reflection,
and other nuclear methods can also provide additional impor-
tant information about the normal levels of trace elements in
the ecosystem and then* dispersion and about the magnitudes
of environmental effects caused by such materials. Many
materials of known toxicity, such as mercury, silver, bromine,
and lead, lend themselves to microanalysis using neutron,
charged particle (proton), or photonuclear activation analysis.
A summary is given of trace analyses of aerosols, marine
aerosols, particulates, rain and snow, water from rivers and
bays,, tissues, fish, and tobacco, performed by neutron activa-
tion analysis.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
17
33277
Asperger, Smiljko and Ivo Murati
DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
SUBMICROANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF MERCU-
RIC ION IN BROMINE AND CHLORINE WATER BASED
ON ITS CATALYTIC ACTION. Anal. Chem., 26(3):543-545,
March 1954. 12 refs.
Mercuric ions in bromine and chlorine water were determined
by spectrophotometric estimation of the violet complex
produced by the catalytic action of the ions on potassium fer-
rocyanide and nitrosobenzene in aqueous solution. Since the
catalytic activity of the mercuric ions was measured without
disturbance, the determination of mercury in the atmosphere
can be reduced to a determination of mercuric ions. A statisti-
cal treatment of the experimental results shows that the rela-
tive standard error of the proposed method is about 9.5%
when the concentration of mercuric ions in the solution is
0.000001 to 0.000005 mole/liter.
33278
Quino, E. A.
DETERMINATION OF DIBUTYL MERCURY VAPORS IN
AIR, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 23(3):231-234, May-June 1962.
10 refs.
Dibutyl mercury vapors in air can be collected in 99%
isopropyl alcohol in two impingers in series. Determination is
made by bromination followed by reaction with ditolyl mercu-
ry and dithizone In the laboratory, 2-12 micrograms can be
determined. A field procedure determines concentrations as
low as 0.5 mg/cu m. Eighteen atmospheric samples containing
organic mercury can be analyzed by the bromination method
in one hour or less in contrast to the two to three days
required by traditional methods. (Author abstract modified)
33338
Herman, Eleanor
APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPEC-
TROMETRY TO TRACE METAL ANALYSES OF TOX-
ICOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Progr. Chem. Toxicol, vol.
4:155-178, 1969.44 refs.
The instruments, principles and procedures used in atomic ab-
sorption spectrometry are described. This method has become
an important tool for the determination of various metals dur-
ing lexicological investigations and is the routine technique for
analyses of lead, cadmium, thallium, mercury, and arsenic.
Atomic absorption spectrometry can be used to determine the
presence of lead, mercury, copper, gold, and iron in blood,
urine, and body tissue. The trace analyses of cadmium, thalli-
um, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, chromium, lithium,
manganese, nickel, tin, and zinc are also explained.
33886
Stitt, Fred and Yoshio Tomimatsu
SENSITIZED PAPER FOR ESTIMATION OF MERCURY
VAPOR. AnaL Chem., 23(8): 1098-1101, Aug. 1951. 7 refs.
(Presented at the American Chemical Society, 115th Meeting,
San Francisco, Calif., March 27-April 1,1949.)
In the course of developing a portable instrument for measur-
ing small amounts of ethylene in air by use of hot mercuric
oxide as an oxidizing agent, sensitized paper suitable for de-
tecting and estimating mercury vapor was studied. A paper
both uniform and reproducible (plus or minus 5%) in its
response to mercury vapor and relatively insensitive to tem-
perature was prepared by a method which impregnates the
paper with only selenium as the reactive material. Preparation
of the paper involved soaking it in potassium selenocyanate
solution, draining, and exposing it to a hydrogen chloride at-
mosphere. The quantity of reactive material per unit area of
paper is easily controlled by adjusting the concentration of
selenocyanate. The properties of this paper were compared
with those of selenium sulfide papers prepared by three dif-
ferent procedures, when used in the form of a strip over
which a fixed volume of sample is slowly passed. A tempera-
ture of 65 C or above was required for maximum reactivity of
the mercury vapor with the reactive material on each of the
sensitized papers. The length of blackening of selenium paper
is directly proportional to the mercury vapor concentration
and is insensitive to paper temperatures between 65 and 200 C.
Both selenium and selenium sulfide papers retained their
original calibration after a year of storage at room temperature
in the dark. (Author abstract modified)
34388
Ulrich, William F.
SOLUTIONS FROM SPECTRA. Ind. Res., 13(6):52-55, June
1971.
Aside from the countless routine colorimetric and spec-
trophotometric methods for water analysis, spectroscopic
techniques are applied to a number of difficult and often spec-
tacular problems. At present, the determination of trace mer-
cury is best performed by the so-called flameless atomic ab-
sorption technique. For analysis, the water sample is treated
with a reducing agent that converts mercury into the atomic
state. Then, a gas purge sweeps the mercury, as a vapor, into
a gas cell where it is measured by its absorption at 253.7 nm.
Phenolics are commonly determined as a group either by a
colorimetric procedure or by their own natural absorbance in
the ultraviolet. Total organics are first broken down to form
carbon dioxide and then determined using a non-dispersive
type analyzer. Determination of the chlorinated pesticides,
biological species, ozone, and various drugs is also discussed.
One promising method for the measurement of bacteria and
viruses is based on the bioluminescence observed when
adenosine triphosphate reacts with hydroluciferin in the
presence of the enzyme, luciferase. An interesting new
technique for detecting morphine involves use of electron spin
resonance spectroscopy and spin labels.
34432
Christian, C. M., II and J. W. Robinson
THE DIRECT DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM AND MER-
CURY IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Anal. Chim. Acta, 56(3):466-
470, Oct. 1971. 6 refs.
Cadmium and mercury in laboratory air were directly deter-
mined by passing air samples through an injection furnace, by
passing injector effluent through a nitric acid scrubber, and by
analyzing the scrubber solutions by atomic absorption. The
concentrations of the metals in the ambient atmosphere were
then obtained by comparison of absorption measurements with
calibration curves. The sensitivity of the method was 1.2
microgram/cu m and 0.02 microgram/cu m for mercury and
cadmium, respectively. No evidence of interference by the
chemical form of mercury was detected for the compounds
studied. Chloro-compounds caused changes in percentage ab-
sorption, but the concentrations of organic chlorine com-
pounds used in interference studies were higher than normal
ambient concentrations.
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18
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
34641
Carter, J. A. and J. R. Sites
DETERMINING PPB MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS
USING A SPARK-SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETER SAM-
PLE CHANGER. Anal. Letters, 4(6):351-355, June 1971. 2
refs.
A probe-type sample changer has been added to a spark-
source mass spectrometer for the rapid determination of ppb
levels of mercury by isotope dilution. The initial purpose for
adding the changer was to run large sets of fish and environ-
mental samples for their mercury content as rapidly as possi-
ble, but the technique has also been used for determining cad-
mium, mercury, and zirconium in samples of air, water, and
urine. Transmittances of the appropriate lines on the
photoplate are read on a microdensitometer; calculations are
made using a short computer program that applies the emul-
sion calibration curve and corrects for interfering relative
isotopic abundance. (Author abstract modified)
34808
Moffitt, A. E., Jr. and R. E. Kupel
A RAPID METHOD EMPLOYING IMPREGANTED CHAR-
COAL AND ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPEC-
TROPHOTOMETRY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MER-
CURY IN ATMOSPHERIC, BIOLOGICAL, AND AQUATIC
SAMPLES. At. Absorption Newslett., 9(6):113-118, Nov.-Dec.
1970. 15 refs. (Presented at the Society for Applied Spec-
troscopy, Annual Meeting, 9th, New Orleans, La., Oct. 5-9,
1970.)
A quantitative procedure is described for determining sub-
microgram quantities of mercury in atmospheric, biological,
and aquatic samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
In the analysis of biologic and water samples, organically
bound mercury is oxidized with nitric acid, and all mercury
present is reduced to the elemental state with stannous
chloride. The liberated mercury is driven by an air current
through specially impregnated charcoal for approximately two
minutes. A glass tube packed with impregnated charcoal is
used to take integrated atmospheric samples. A standard
volume of 10 liters is sampled and the tube is capped and
returned to the laboratory for analysis. All charcoal samples
are analyzed directly for mercury with an atomic absorption
sampling boat assembly. Measurement of the recorder peak
height is used to determine the quantity of mercury present.
The total analysis time is less than five minutes for aqueous
samples, and the minimum detectable quantity of mercury is
0.02 microgram. After collection of mercury, the charcoal sam-
ples may be stored for later analysis. (Author abstract)
34815
Barnes, E. C.
THE DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN AIR. J. Ind. Hyg.
ToxicoL, 28(6):257-261, Nov. 1946. 10 refs. (Presented at the
American Industrial Hygiene Association, Annual Meeting,
9th, Chicago, 111., April 9-11, 1946.)
The maximum allowable concentration of mercury has been
established as one milligram per ten cubic meters of air. To
determine quantitatively the concentration of mercury in air,
the sampling procedure and analytical methods must be such
that the sample is truly representative of actual working condi-
tions at the location tested, and the quantity of mercury col-
lected in less than one hour should be such that the analytical
method employed will reveal, with a satisfactory degree of ac-
curacy, quantities of mercury between approximately .03 and
10.0 mg per cu m of air. A method is described for the deter-
mination of the total mercury concentration in the air, whether
present as dust or vapor. It employs the standard impinger for
collection of the samples and a simple colorimetric analysis for
the determination of mercury by a slight modification of the
method of Polejaeff. A potassium iodide-iodine solution is
used as the collection medium in the impinger.
34939
Gaynullina, E. T. and R. N. Nurmukhametov
POSSIBILITIES OF LUMINESCENT ANALYSIS OF INDUS-
TRIAL AIR POLLUTION. Zh. Vses. Khim. Obshchestva im.
D. I. Mendeleeva, 15(5):506-513, Oct. 9, 1970. 72 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian in: Atmospheric studies at Chemical Enter-
prises USSR, p. 53 -67, March 9, 1971. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington, D. C. NTIS: JPRS-52566
Organic compounds are distinguished by their luminescence
properties. Some have both fluorescence and
phosphorescence. These include aromatic condensed hydrocar-
bons and their derivatives. Others reveal only fluorescence, in-
cluding many compounds with a chain structure used as lu-
minescence additives in scintillators (polyphenyls,
arylethylenes, aryloxazols, and arylxadiazols). The third group
exhibits only phosphorescence (many aromatic aldehydes,
ketones, quinones, and N-heterocyclic compounds). Brightly
fluorescent compounds are easy to analyze by measuring their
fluorescence (fluorimetry) and brightly phosphorescent com-
pounds by their phosphorescence (phosphorimetry). Only the
former is widespread in luminescent analysis, although the
prospects for the latter are increasing. The dependence of lu-
minescence on molecule structure is discussed and compara-
tive data are presented on the sensitivity of luminescent and
colorimetric analyses for a number of compounds for example,
(benzanthrone, carcinogens, oil, beryllium, mercury, amines,
acetylene, phosgene, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans). The lu-
minescent method has advantages in both sensitivity and
speed: maximum optical density with the colorimetric method
is achieved in 30-40 min while maximum glow intensity with
the luminescent method is achieved in one to two minutes.
Although most luminescent analyses are performed with
laboratory instruments, automatic gas signal devices using lu-
minescent and chemiluminescent reactions have been
developed. Among the luminescent instruments are fluorescent
devices for detecting toxic organophosphorus compounds and
hydrogen sulfide.
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19
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
04986
J. Cholak
THE NATURE OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN A
NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITIES. Proc. Natl. Air
Pollution Symp., 2nd, Pasadena, Calif., 1952. pp. 6-15.
An expanded electrostatic precipitator sampling program for
investigating certain more general characteristics of the air pol-
lution of Cincinnati was resumed in 1946. Starting with twelve
sampling sites, the program was gradually enlarged in scope
during the period 1946-51 to include the measurement of a
number of gaseous pollutants as well as determinations of the
composition of the paniculate matter suspended in the air.
Various other pollutants were included in the investigation as
facilities for collecting samples and techniques for their analy-
sis were improved. During this same period opportunities
presented themselves for the study of pollution problems of a
number of other communities. Since these data, obtained by
comparable methods, are of interest in showing the similarities
and differences in the character of the atmospheric pollution
of various communities, it is our purpose (1) to describe the
nature of the air pollution of Cincinnati, (2) to compare the
Cincinnati data with the findings obtained during the course of
shorter studies in other communities, and (3) to amplify the
picture with results of observations reported in the literature.
In making such use of the data of other investigators the
analytical approach has been given careful consideration in
order to make certain that comparable data were being dealt
with.
06671
Z. Z. Bruskin
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WORKING CONDITIONS AND
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH ETHYLMERCU-
RIC CHLORIDE DURING TREATMENT OF CEREAL
GRAINS IN THE OMSK OBLAST . U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 7, 264-
71, 1962. (Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya,) i (5), 20-4
(1958). Russ. (Tr.) CFSTI: 62-11103
A study was undertaken to evaluate the health hazards in-
volved in the application of ethylmercuric chloride (EMC) to
cereal grains. Concentrations of EMC were measured in vari-
ous working zones and in the open air at varying distances
from the operation. The results of these measurements are
tabulated; the effectiveness of a respirator is reported; and
recommendations are made to improve the protection of the
workers.
07649
Thillie7, Georges
DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF LEAD IN AIR BY
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY. Anal. Chem.,
39(4):427-432, April 1967. 6 refs.
Direct supply of air samples from the atmosphere to the
burner of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer allows the
rapid determination of certain elements such as lead. The
method described has been in service in the tetraethyl-and
tetramethyllead production installations of our Paimboeuf
plant, since November 1965, with general satisfaction. It al-
lows continuous monitoring of the lead concentration in the
environments where the organic derivatives of this element are
manufactured or handled. It permits the detection of slight
leaks in the apparatus, and improves safety. The limit of de-
tection is .000001 gm/cu m. The sensitivity and accuracy are of
the same order as those of discontinuous methods, which
require from some hours to a day per analysis. This method is
also applicable to determination of other elements in air, par-
ticularly mercury. (Author's summary)
12065
Williston, S. H.
MERCURY IN THE ATMOSPHERE. J. Geophys. Res.,
73(22):7051-7055, Nov. 15, 1968. 3 ref.
High-sensitivity mercury-vapor analysis has been automated to
provide a continuous monitoring of Hg in the earth's at-
mosphere over the last 2-year period. In the San Francisco
Bay area (Los Altos) winter concentrations range from slightly
over 1/2 to 25 nanograms of Hg per cubic meter of air.
Summer concentrations range from slightly over 1 to 50 nano-
grams per cubic meter. Concentration of Hg seems to depend
primarily on wind direction, wind speed, and seasonal tem-
perature variations. Numerous other variables also affect it It
is shown that high Hg levels always coincide with high smog
levels. (Author's Abstract)
20790
Brar, S. S., D. M. Nelson, J. R. Kline, P. F. Gustafson, E. L.
Kanabrocki, C. E. Moore, and D. M. Hattori
INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR THE TRACE ELEMENTS
PRESENT IN CHICAGO AREA SURFACE AIR. J. Geophys.
Res., 75(15):2939-2945, May 20, 1970. 4 refs.
On April 4, 1968, surface air particulates were collected on
cellulose fiber filters simultaneously at 22 different locations
throughout the Chicago metropolitan area. A 1-sq cm portion
of each filter was irradiated with thermal neutrons in a CP-5
research reactor. The neutron-induced nuclides were analyzed
by gamma-ray spectrometry with 10.2 cm by 10.2 cm (4 in. by
4 in.) and 7.6 cm by 7.6 cm (3 in. by 3 in.) cylindrical NaI(Tl)
crystals and a 400-channel analyzer. By varying the neutron
flux and the time of irradiation, twenty trace elements in the
surface air were detectable by purely instrumental means. The
following elements, listed in decreasing order of concentration,
were present: iron, chlorine, aluminum, zinc, manganese, sodi-
um, bromine, vanadium, chromium, antimony, mercury,
selenium, cerium, silver, cobalt, lanthanum, scandium, cesium,
and europium. The average concentrations varied from 2400 to
0.12 mg/cu m air. Calcium concentrations in air were not quan-
titated. (Author abstract modified)
26557
ANNUAL REPORT OF PUBLIC HAZARDS. I. 1969. (Shows
44 nendo. Kogai no jokyo ni kansuru nenji hokoku. (I)). Text
-------
20
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
in Japanese. Kankocho Kogaisenmon Shiryo (Public Nuisance
Gaz.), 5(4):10942, 66, June 1970.
The present state of public hazards in Japan, with special
referenc to water and air pollution, were reviewed. In some ci-
ties the degree of pollution remained high and there were areas
where a tendency to increase was evident, and where urgent
countermeasures were necessary. Since the enforcement of
minimum standards for exhaust gases and promulgation of
countermeasures in the form of low-sulfur fuel in 1969, some
amelioration was observed in areas with a previous history of
pollution by oxides of sulfur. In the case of precipitated soot
and dust, there has been generally, if anything, a tendency for
the amount to decrease over the past few years due to the in-
stallation of dust and soot collectors and the transition from
coal to fuel oil. Recently, however, certain areas have again
shown an apparent tendency to increase. A similar tendency
was exhibited by suspended soot and dust. Oxidants which are
produced by reaciton between sunlight and the oxides of
nitroge released into the air following the combustion of
hydrocarbons in automobiles stimulate the eyes by a com-
plicated mechanism and are also harmful to plants. The re-
markably high levels of water pollution in recent years were
noted, together with their effect on the nation's health, the en-
vironment, and certain industries. With regard to health fac-
tors, the Minamata and Itai-itai syndromes were reported. The
former was caused by the accumulation of methyl mercury
through the consumption of affected fish, and the latter by
cadmium in the effluent from mines. With regard to the other
factors, water pollution, including that of city drinking-water
supplies, industrial water supplies, and agricultural water sup-
plie involving corrosion of the outer hulls of vessels and jetties
were reported. Effects on the public health factors of the en-
vironments of cities and the decrease in visibility in cities were
also noted.
27188
Dei, Sadao, Shunichi Yoshinaga, Tanetomo Nishimura, and
Masaru Matsumoto
THE CONTENTS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE AT-
MOSPHERIC DEPOSITS IN KITAKYUSHU CITY.
(Kitakyushushi niokeru koka baijin chuno kinzok seibun nit-
suite). Text in Japanese. Kyushu Sangyo Daigaku Kogakubu
Kenkyu Hokoku (Kyushu Ind. Coll. Res. Rept.), vol. 7:1-26,
June 1970. 4 refs.
Quantitative analysis of heavy metals contained in atmospheric
deposits was performed in February, October, and December,
1968, at 30 locations distributed in Kitakyushu city. Man-
ganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper, chromium, cadmium, and
lead analyzed by atomic absorption, first by way of total
burner consumption and later by laminar flow burner. The at-
mospheric deposit contained a large amount of Zn, Pb, titani-
um, and Mn (2534-1434 ppm), medium quantity of Cu, vanadi-
um, and Cr (448-240 ppm), and a little Ni, Co, and Cd (66.9-8.9
ppm). The solubility of the metals, the ratio of the amount dis-
solved to total was large for Cu, Zn, and Mn (64.05-26.17%),
small for Ni and Pb (1.10-1.05%), and nearly zero for Ti, Co,
Cr, V, and Cd. The proportion of the metal components in the
deposit varied from ward to ward, but differed very little
among industrial, commercial or residential areas. On the
average, coal ashes contained a large amount of Ti. Petroleum
ashes contained an especially large amount of V, Zn, Ni, and
Cu. Since neither coal nor petroleum ashes contain Mn or Pb,
these metals in the deposit were considered to come mainly
from plants and automobiles. The fact that the petroleum
ashes contained a much larger quantity of metals, except Ti,
than the coal indicated the future increase of metal contents
with the changeover to petroleum from coal. In the future,
dusts will be collected from other sources, and tin, beryllium,
arsenic, and mercury will also be determined.
29490
MERCURY IN THE AIR. Environment, 13(4):24, 29-33, May
1971. 9 refs.
An airborne survey has revealed that coal-burning power
plants, municipal incinerators, and several industrial plants are
emitting large quantities of mercury vapor. Measurements
were made of air taken from the plumes discharged from
smokestacks with the Barringer mercury spectrometer
mounted on a helicopter. Calculations were then made to esti-
mate the total quantities of mercury vapor being emitted from
these sources. Eight power plants accounted for a total of 8700
pounds per year of mercury emitted into the atmosphere,
while the four incinerators emitted an estimated total of 12770
pounds per year.
29545
King, E.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF EXAMINATION OF
AIR. (Interpretations des resultats de prelevements d at-
mosphere). Text in French. Lab. Central des Services
Chimiques de L Etat, Paris (France) and Inst. National de
Securite pour la Prevention des Accidents du Travail et des
Maladies Professionnelles, Paris (France), Colloq. Securite So-
ciale Serv. Prevent., 3rd, Paris, France, 1955, p. 27-33. 7 refs.
(Nov. 3-5.)
Caution is required in interpreting individual readings of pollu-
tant concentrations in manufacturing shops. Three graphs
represent variations in the atmospheric mercury vapor concen-
tration measured between 10 am and 5 pm in a repair shop
where small quantities of mercury are used. In the first case,
small concentrations were recorded up to 2 pm, apparently
due to little repair work being done. In the afternoon the con-
centration of the pollutant rose to a peak value of 400 micro-
grams of mercury per cu m of air, compared to an average of
100 micrograms in the morning. A second case under compara-
ble conditions, shows the effect of opening and closing a small
window. The third case reflects the conditions in a similar
shop, equipped with force air ventilation, where Hg pollution
unexpectedly occurred at higher rates than with plain window
ventilation. In another case involving chronic intoxication by
cadmium in a shop which produces a copper-cadmium alloy,
the relative skill of the furnace operator was responsible for
variations in the atmospheric concentration of cadmium oxide.
The emission of fumes from the furnace was usually restricted
to about 10 minutes per hour. A thermal precipitator was used,
supplemented by apparatus with a soluble filter for finding the
average dust concentration per shift. Another device for con-
tinuous recording incorporates a filter paper band transported
at constant speed under an orifice through which the air
streams and then passes through the filter. Subsequent visual
inspection of the filter permits the approximate interpretation
of the relative variations as a function of the time of the day
and of the workers activities.
30511
Thompson, Jack E.
HAZARDS OF MERCURY: AIRBORNE MERCURY. En-
viron. Res., 4(l):50-53, March 1971.
Very little is known about the quantitative or qualitative
aspects of mercury in the atmosphere, since only a few mea-
surements have been made of mercury concentrations in the
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
21
air. Mercury may occur as a vapor, an aerosol, or both; it may
also be present in the organic or inorganic form. The mercury
levels found in fish from several lakes in Sweden and Finland
were relatively high, with no known industrial discharges into
the lakes. It was, therefore, assumed that the mercury comes
primarily from the atmosphere. A partial model of the move-
ment of mercury among the air, soil, and water components of
the environment is presented The levels of atmospheric mercu-
ry in the United States, which have been observed from
limited ambient air sampling, are below the threshold limit
values of 0.1 mg/cu m for metallic vapor and inorganic com-
pounds and 0.01 mg/cu m for organic mercury. It is recom-
mended that the chemical and physical forms of mercury in
the air be determined. The quantitative and qualitative trans-
formation aspects of mercury and its compounds should also
be determined. Studies should be made on the amount of mer-
cury emitted to the air from soil, water, vegetation, and man-
made sources.
31112
Mayz, Eusebio, Morton Corn, and Gene Barry
DETERMINATIONS OF MERCURY IN AIR AT UNIVERSI-
TY FACILITIES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 32(6):373-377,
June 1971.20refs.
A Beckman Model K-23 mercury vapor meter was modified to
include a charcoal trap to remove interfering organic vapors
and a membrane filter to remove aerosols. During sampling of
an unknown atmosphere, the sample bypassed the filters and
entered an optical absorption cell which replaced the more
common external grill supplied with the standard instrument.
The modified instrument was used to measure mercury in air
concentrations at sites within a large university complex.
General air concentrations were found to be in the range 0.010
to 0.035 mg/cu m; several breathing zone areas were as-
sociated with concentrations in excess of the recommended
threshold limit value of 0.05 mg/cu m. Educational and surveil-
lance programs are urged to minimize the risk assumed by per-
sonnel using mercury. (Author abstract modified)
31371
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
REPORT OF A SURVEY ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
IN THE DISTRICTS UNDER POLLUTION CONTROL PRO-
GRAM. (Kogai boshi keikaku sakutei chiiki kankyo chosa
hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 136p., March 1969.
Air pollution, water pollution, offensive odors, and noise in
the Chiba/Ichihara, Yokkaichi, and Mizushima districts were
surveyed in 1968. Average daily sulfur dioxide concentrations
were 0.02 ppm in the Chiba/Ichihara district and 0.01-0.05 ppm
in the Yokkaichi district. Values measured at 28 points in the
latter district varied according to direction, wind velocity, and
geographical conditions. The mean value of suspended dusts in
the Chiba/Ichihara district was 151.6 microgram/cu m, but
values as high as 256-1649 microgram/cu m were measured in
Yokkaichi. Here iron contents of 105.8 microgram/cu m and
334.0 microgram/cu m were found. Organic sulfur compounds
such as dimethyl sulfide (1.0 ppb) and isoprophyl mercaptan
(3.5 ppb) were also detected in Yokkaichi City. Nitrogen ox-
ides and hydrogen chloride values in th Chiba/Ichihara district
were 0.003-0.025 ppm and 0.01-0.06 ppm, respectively.
Fluorine compounds were not detected. Maximum chlorine,
formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 0.07,
0.057, and 0.005 ppm, respectively, were measured in the
summer. In the Mizushima district, two methods were applied
to determine offensive odors from petroleum complexes:
odorimetrv and gas chromatography. With the latter measuring
0.006-0.012 ppm of ethyl acetate. The gas was irritative with a
sour and sweet odor. Biological oxygen demand measurements
and analysis of bottom soil in Yokkaichi harbor, and 0.20-1.28
milligram/dry kg of mercury in bottom soil of the drainage at a
chemical factory in the Mizushima district. Noise levels in re-
sidential areas were below or only a little higher than the stan-
dard, but noise levels along heavily travelled roads were sig-
nificantly high.
32912
Kanagawa Prefectural Government (Japan)
KANAGAWA PREFECTURAL AIR POLLUTIONS SURVEY
AND RESEARCH REPORT. (Kanagawa-ken taiki osen chosa
kenkyu hokoku). Text in Japanese. Rept. 13, 109p., Feb. 1971.
49 refs.
Reports were compiled on surveys conducted in Kanagawa
Prefecture. Atmospheric concentrations of dust, sulfur diox-
ide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, lead,
chlorine, sulfur trioxide, nitrogen oxides, and automobile ex-
haust gases were measured. Air pollution and meteorological
conditions in the Tokyo-Yokohama industrial belt, and effects
of air pollution on humans and trees were also studied. En-
forcement procedures based on the Air Pollution Control Law
are examined. Air pollution forecasting and some examples of
control methods are discussed. Research reports on mercury
determination by the atom light absorbing method, nitrogen
oxides measurement, gas sampling, and measuring carbon
monoxide by detection tubes are included.
-------
22
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
23744
Massachusetts List, of Tech., Cambridge
STUDY OF CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
(SCEP). SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOM-
MENDATIONS. Preprint, 17p., July 31, 1970.
The results of a study of environmental problems the cumula-
tive effects of which are so large and prevalent on ecological
systems that they have world-wide significance are reported.
Of primary concern are the indirect effects of pollution on
man through changes in climate, ocean ecology, or in large ter-
restrial ecosystems. Several specific problems are considered,
and recommendations to solve them are given. The com-
bustion of fossil fuels increases the total supply of carbon
dioxide. Direct climate change in this century resulting from
CO2 is small, but the long term potential consequences are
grave. Particulates in the atmosphere change the heat balance
of the earth. These particles can be released naturally or from
man-made sources. The effects of jet planes in the strato-
sphere, particularly in terms of cloud formation and tempera-
ture rise, are discussed. The effects of toxic pesticides on
crops and complex ecosystems are studied. The concentration
of these pesticides in marine organisms is a very serious
problem. Mercury and other toxic heavy metals enter the en-
vironment through industrial processes and biocides. The ef-
fects of oil spills on the ocean are discussed. The eutrophica-
tion of waters through extensive use of nitrogen and
phosphorus fertilizers leads to oxygen depletion and fish-kills.
The amelioration of the massive environmental problems that
exist depends upon social and political changes in the society.
23809
Wheeler, Fred
THE GLOBAL VILLAGE PUMP. New Scientist, 48(721):10-
13, Oct. 1, 1970.
During July 1970, some 40 scientists from all the relevant
disciplines and about 60 part-time advisers and consultants
were at Williams College in Massachusetts reviewing all the
literature and statistics that could be gathered concerning pol-
lution and the changing environment. The Study of Critical
Environmental Problems (SCEP) had the job of deciding
which pollution effects are indeed global, what measurements
and research are needed to repair the gaps in our understand-
ing of these global effects, and to provide some guidance as to
what kind of practical action may be needed. Global ecological
influences were DDT and other toxic persistent pesticides,
mercury and other toxic heavy metals, oceanic oil pollution,
and excessive nutrients in rivers, estuaries and coastal waters
in general. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, the
carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere was probably about
280 parts per million, while it is now 321 ppm and rising at an
annual rate of 0.7 ppm. SCEP recommendations include syste-
matic study of the partition of CO2 between the atmosphere
and oceans and the biomass, study of changes in the total
mass of living matter an decaying products, and improvements
in our estimates of future fossil-fuel burning. Climatic effects
of carbon dioxide are discussed, as well as the participate in-
terference from the emission of sulfur dioxide in the com-
bustion of fossil fuels. If atmospheric C02 rises, less heat
escapes from the earth and the overall temperature rises, while
the small particles of S02 absorb as well as scatter the incom-
ing solar radiation. SCEP encourages the development of com-
puter models of the atmosphere, as well as the study of the
optics of small particles and their transport. More needs to be
known about the stratosphere, particularly in the event of su-
personic transport. Ecosystems are mentioned and the identifi-
cation of potential global pollutants.
26697
Jenne, E. A.
ATMOSPHERIC AND FLUVIAL TRANSPORT OF MERCU-
RY. In: Mercury in the Environment. Geological Survey,
Washington, D. C., Profess. Paper 713, p. 40-45, 1970. 31 refs.
Near-surface mercury-bearing mineral deposits, industrial
wastes and exhausts, and applications of agricultural chemicals
serve locally to increase the mercury of levels of streams,
lakes, and impoundments. Mobility of mercury is greatly
enhanced by a property which is unique among the metals,
namely the relatively high vapor pressure of the metallic state
and, to a lesser extent, certain of its compounds. The satura-
tion level of mercury in air in equilibrium with metallic mercu-
ry increases logarithmically with increasing temperature. The
high degree of undersaturation of the soil air directly over a
mercury deposit probably represents the faster rate of
exchange of soil air with atmospheric air as compared to the
rate of evaporation of mercury and its volatile compounds.
Oxidation of mercury-bearing sulfide ores presumably results
in the formation of both mercuric and mercurous ions. Rainfall
and leaching convey a part of the atmospheric mercury to
streams and other waters. Mercury appears to be strongly
sorbed by soils and sediments, for which various indications
are cited. Less rapid reactions that may remove mercury from
water and soil solutions are the possible isomorphous substitu-
tion for barium and, to a lesser extent, for calcium. Little in-
formation is available on the cation exchange properties of
mercury. At trace concentrations, mercury is rapidly taken up
by micro-crystalline oxides, peat moss, and soils. Solute mer-
cury introduced into streams is quickly transformed to the par-
ticulate form by reduction to metallic mercury, by sorption on
the inorganic sorbates, by complexation with nonviable par-
ticulate organics, and by sorption and ingestion by viable
biota. Pollution of waters is mentioned.
28465
Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge •
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. In:
Man's Impact on the Global Environment. Cambridge, Coloni-
al Press, 1970, p. 3-36.
The findings and recommendations of a number of month-long
study/discussion work groups held at Williams College, Wil-
liamstown, Mass, in 1970 are presented for a series of
problems concerned with the indirect effects of pollution on
man through changes in climate, ocean ecology, or in large ter-
restrial ecosystems. The global environmental problems stu-
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
23
died were: climatic effects of increasing atmospheric carbon
dioxide, of the atmospheric particle load, and of tropospheric
and stratospheric contamination by sub- and super-sonic air-
craft; the ecologic effects of nutrients in estuaries, lakes, and
rivers; and the ecologic effects of petroleum in the oceans, of
DDT and other toxic persistent pesticides, and of mercury and
other toxic heavy metals. The recommendations emphasize the
need to gather more information about pollution of the planet
in order to understand the impact of man's activities and to
make possible reliable projections of future conditions as a
basis for remedial action. Global problems do not necessarily
require global solutions, and most corrective action will
probably have to be taken at the national, regional, and local
levels, but societal values will need to be reassessed in any at-
tempt to resolve the conflict between economic activity and its
environmental effects.
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24
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
06648
Matsak, V. G.
VAPOR TENSION AND VAPORIZATION OF SUBSTANCES
EM MOVING AIR. Gigiena i Sanit, (8) 35-41, 1958. In:
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, Vol. 8, 1-
9, 1962 CFSTI: 62-11103
The purpose was to place at the disposal of engineers and hy-
gienists working in the field of sanitary technology basic data
regarding vapor tension and rate of vaporization of different
inorganic and organic substances in moving air. Particular
emphasis was placed on substances, and especially toxic sub-
stances, most commonly used in industrial technology. Such
information should allow hygjenists to evaluate the potential
danger associated with vaporization of toxic substances in
relation to their physico-chemical and lexicological properties,
and sanitary engineers to apply it in their computation of air
ventilation in general and of qualitative determination of the
degree of air charged with vapor of high-molecular substances,
and in correctly distributing incoming and exhaust air, and in
computing other means required for the sanitary improvement
of labor conditions. It is suggested that sanitary engineers use
the nomograms presented especially where a 5% error is per-
missible. More than 85 chemically pure substances are
represented in three nomograms and two tables.
09764
Altaian, Philip L. and Dorothy S. Dittmer (comps. and eds.)
ATMOSPHERE AND POLLUTANTS. (CHAPTER V.) In: En-
vironmental Biology, Aerospace Medical Research Labs.
(6570th), Wright- Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF33(615)-
2252, Nffl-GM-06553, NASA- NASr-238, Proj. 7164, Task
716406, AMRL-TR-66-194, p. 269-329, Nov. 1966. (300) refs.
Numerical data on air pollutants are compiled and tabulated
for a broad range of problems. The effects of pollutants on
human health, plants and livesotck are presented. Charac-
teristics and chemical composition of the atmosphere and its
pollutants are compiled. Data on emission sources of pollu-
tants and their distribution at various periods of time in dif-
ferent locales are presented. Other categories covered are air
dispersion of small organisms, biological effects of gaseous
ions, and spacecraft and nuclear submarine atmospheres.
10866T
Reutov, 0. A. and U. Yan-Tsei
ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE OF SOME MERCURY ORGANIC
SALTS WITH METALLIC MERCURY MARKED WITH
Hg203. Translated from Russian. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
117(6):1003-1006, 1957.
The interaction was studied between metallic mercury labeled
with the isotope Hg203 and the following organic mercury
compounds: x-bromo-mercury-cyclohexanon, the ethyl ester of
delta-bromo-mercury-phenylacetic acid, the methyl ester of
delta-bromo-mercury-phenyl acetic acid, 3-bromo-mercury-3-
benzyl camphor, 3-bromo-mercury-camphor, 1-chloro-mercu-
ry-camphene, 2-bromo-mercury-camphagne and n-butyl-
merucry bromide. The reactions were carried out under identi-
cal conditions. The isotope exchange reaction was found to
take place by direct action of metallic mercury on the mercury
compound without the formation of free radicals. Isotope
exchange occurs under mild conditions without decomposition
of the mercury compounds and formation of radicals. Isotope
exchange occurred also without change in the stereochemical
configuration.
11570
Kosmider, S.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAVY METAL POISONING,
ATHEROMATOSIS, AND HEART AND CIRCULATORY DIS-
ORDERS. ((Zusammenhange zwischen Schwermetallvergiftun-
gen und Atheromatose bsw. Herz-und Kreislaufstorungen.))
Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. 14(5):355-360, May 1968. 12
refs.
Experimental lead poisoning in dogs induced electrocardio-
graphic disorders (changes in repolarization) and
histopathological alterations of the heart muscle. The clinical
study of 108 patients with chronic lead toxicity (no details as
to occupation) revealed that vagotonia prevailed mainly in
younger subjects (22 of 60 patients between 18 and 45 years
old) while older individuals (14 of 48 between 46 and 65 years
old) had alterations of the heart muscle. Phonocardiography
revealed that heart murmurs not connected to anemia but to
the injury of the heart muscle. Experimental mercury poison-
ing in dogs was responsible for high levels of cholesterol and
beta-lipoproteins in the serum, as well as for increased mu-
copolysaccharides in the aortic wall.
13197
Kleinfeld, Morris, Edward Stein, and Dolores Aguillardo
DIVALENT CATIONS ON ACTION POTENTIALS OF DOG
HEART. Am. J. PhysioL, 211(6):1438-1442, 1966.10 refs.
The effects of Mn, Ni, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Mg on trans-
membrane action potentials of Purkinje and ventricular muscle
fibers on dog heart were studied. The concentrations of ca-
tions administered varied between 0.001 and 0.00001 M. All ex-
cept magnesium altered the action potential of both fibers.
Only Hg produced a marked alteration of action potential of
Purkinje fiber with little change in ventricular fiber action
potential. The most consistent alteration produced by the
divalent cations was either a shortening or lengthening of
plateau phase of action potentials of both fibers. Nickel and
Mn lengthened the plateau phase, whereas Cu, Hg, Zn, Cd,
and Sr shortened it. Copper, Hg, Zn, and Cd produced a
greater degree of shortening of duration of action potential in
Purkinje than in ventricular fiber. These four cations have an
affinity for binding sulfhydryl groups, and the greater modify-
ing effect on the Purkinje fiber produced by these four cations
suggests that this fiber may be more sulfhydryl-dependent than
ventricular fiber. The lengthening of plateau phase can be as-
cribed to a decrease hi potassium conductance, and the shor-
tening of the plateau phase can be attributed to an increase in
K conductance. Changes in Ca conductance may also be im-
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
25
plicated in plateau phase-a decrease in Ca conductance being
associated with a shortening and an increase in Ca con-
ductance with a lengthening of plateau phase. (Author abstract
modified)
13348
Leach, S. J.
THE REACTION OF THIOL AND DISULPHIDE GROUPS
WITH MERCURIC CHLORIDE AND METHYLMERCURIC
IODINE. I. SIMPLE THIOLS AND SOLUBLE PROTEINS.
Australian J. Chem., 13(4):520-546, Nov. 1966. 45 refs.
The polarographic behaviour of MeHgCl, (me = methyl),
MeHgl, HgC12, neohydrin (3-chloromercuri-2-methoxypropylu-
rea) and its iodo-derivative are described. Their chemical reac-
tivity and -SH specificity were investigated and MeHgl was
shown to have advantages as an -SH reagent on account of its
high reactivity, stability, and 'ideal' polarographic behaviour.
The reaction of protein -SS- groups with Na2SO3 proceeds
slowly to completion in the presence of HgC12 or MeHgl and
it is shown that with bovine plasma albumin, ribonuclease, and
insulin the polypeptide chains may be separated for prepara-
tive or structural studies under milder conditions than are
customary. In the presence of urea at pH 9 the reaction is suf-
ficiently rapid to form the basis of 'amperometric titration
procedures for determining -SS- groups in eight intact proteins.
The methods are especially valuable for proteins which have
been previously converted to their -SR, -SO3(-), or -SS03(-)
derivatives since the destructive hydrolytic step may be
avoided. The mechanism and stoichiometry of the reactions
are discussed. (Author summary modified)
14712
Nelson, G. 0.
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR GENERATING KNOWN
CONCENTRATIONS OF MERCURY VAPOR IN AIR, In:
Hazards Control Progress Report No. 33 (Januar April 1969),
California Univ., Livennore, Lawrence Radiation Lab.,
UCRL-50007-69-1, p. 35-38, 1969.
A compact apparatus which would require a minimum of spe-
cialized equipment but which would still provide a desirable
accuracy for the production of mercury vapor in air was
designed. The compressed air passes through indicating silica
gel, soda lime, and a charcoal filter to remove any impurities.
The purified air stream splits into two lines; one line is used as
the dilution air and the other flows into a saturation unit. The
saturated and diluted air are mixed. The desired concentration
is achieved by adjusting the flow rates of air and mercury-
saturated air at the measurement temperature. Accurate mea-
surement of the temperature is the most crucial part of the
calibration operation. The mercury vapor generator occupies
only about 1 sq ft of bench space and yields concentrations
from 0.011 to 2.5 mg/cu m at flow rates of 6 1/min or more.
Other concentration ranges can be achieved if different flow-
meters are substituted for those suggested. Concentration
changes are made simply and easily by adjusting the needle
valves. Equilibrium is reached almost instantaneously, since
there is no large mixing flask to equilibrate.
15266
Rozenberg, Jean
PHOTOCHEMICAL SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES. Isotop.
Radial. Techno!., 3(3):200-205, Spring 1966. 57 refs.
Experiments in the photochemical separation of isotopes are
reviewed, and the technique is shown to be especially applica-
ble to mercury isotopes. Good separation requires that the
bands in the absorption spectrum of the element be widely
separated and that the product enriched by photoselective
reaction not be contaminated by secondary reactions. Separa-
tion of mercury isotopes is a well-developed procedure and is
about to become industrial. Lithium isotopes should theoreti-
cally be separable by such a technique, but handling of molten
lithium is difficult. The failure of the first attempts to separate
chlorine and uranium isotopes is probably due to misjudgment
of the primary mechanisms and to the use of too simple
techniques. Hydrogen isotopes may be separated with light
sources with H (or D) alpha Lyman sources, but yields are too
low for large-scale use. (Author abstract modified)
22567
Whiteman, J. L.
ADSORPTION AND SORPTION COMPLEXES FINAL
TECHNICAL REPORT. Imperial Coll. of Science and
Technology, London (England), Contract DA-91-591-EUC-
2465, 24p., June 1963. 5 refs. CFSTI: N63-23425
A study of the inclusion complexes formed by sulfur,
phosphorus, and mercury in a number of zeolites is reported.
The sorbents are regarded as continuous frameworks built by
stacking together cages of various types. One such cage is the
cubo-octahedron which has 14 faces; six are made from rings
of four (Al,Si)04 tetrahedra and the remaining eight from rings
of six such tetrahedra. Another structure-building unit is the
hexagonal prism. In chabazite and gmelinite the anionic
frameworks can be represented as sequences of layers of hex-
agonal prisms. Sulfur vapor adsorbed rapidly by the zeolites
CaA and NaX. The uptake of the large cages in these zeolites
is only about 75% of that expected from their volmes. This
may be attributed to steric difficulties encountered in packing
large molecules into the cages. The sulfur uptake of natural
chabazite is comparatively slow and limited in extent
Phosphorus is also strongly adsorbed by NaX, but the ap-
proach to equilibrium is slow. Studies have been conducted on
the mercury uptake of silver ion-exchanged zeolites. Large up-
takes were recorded for the zeolites with the more open struc-
tures, and hysterisis loops were obtained. The saturation up-
take of mercury is insufficient to completely fill the structure.
32072
Roesmer, J. and P. Kruger
THE RADIOCHEMISTRY OF MERCURY. Washington, D.
C., National Academy of Sciences National Research Council,
Dec. 1960, 50p. 85 refs.
The radiochemistry of mercury is reviewed with respect to the
isotopes of mercury; special attention is given to features of
chief interest to radiochemists, including metallic mercury,
mercury compounds, toxicity, insoluble compounds,
coprecipitatipn and exchange characteristics, complex ions, or-
ganic precipitants, solvent extraction of mercury, ion exchange
behavior, paper cnromatographic behavior, and activation, and
vaporization analysis. The dissolution of mercury compounds
and counting techniques for mercury are discussed. A collec-
tion of detailed radiochemical procedures for mercury are
presented.
-------
26
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
05185
K. Kiryakov
CHANGES IN THE CEREBRAL BIOELECTRICAL ACTIVI-
TY IN WORKERS FROM THE EFFECT OF MERCURY.
Gigiyena Truda i Professional'nyye Zabolevaniya. 60-4, 1963.
Russ. (Tr.)
The effect of mercurial vapors can bring about certain changes
in the cerebral cortical bioelectrical activity expressed chiefly
in low voltage and incomplete or partially dominant
desynchronization (fast rhythm). These changes are related to
the duration of industrial contact with mercury. In persons
who were healthy for practical purposes, in the majority of
cases, the electroencephalograph pattern showed no changes;
the EEG changes in some persons who were healthy for prac-
tical purposes can constitute the EEG method should be used
simultaneously with other clinical and laboratory methods for
purposes of early diagnosis of mercurial neurointoxications.
05470
Y. Ohta
ACTIVATION ANALYSIS APPLIED TO TOXICOLOGY;
MEASUREMENT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF MERCU-
RY IN HAIR BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS.
Japan. J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 8, (5) 12-5, May 1966. Jap.
A determination was made of the concentration of mercury in
head hair of a man suspected to have been exposed to mercu-
ry vapors and to have inhaled some. About 100 mg of hair, cut
to equal lengths and at the same distance from the scalp at the
part of the head every month for seven months, was washed
to remove surface contamination. After neutron irradiation of
the sample in an HTR reactor for 5 hr in a thermal neutron
flux of about 1 x 10 to the 12th power n/sq cm/sec, followed
by cooling for 5 days, mercury was determined by direct
gamma-ray spectrometry. Results from the hair samples
showed that the concentration of mercury decreased
monotonically from 20.4 ppm to 4.6 ppm. Results from sam-
ples taken from other workers who had not inhaled mercury
vapor were significant in that the concentration of mercury
found was only from 1.9 to 6.2 ppm. Non-destructive activa-
tion analysis of head hair enables more cases to be dealt with
in a shorter time. The detectable limit is 0.08 plus or minus
0.02 microgram using a minimum quantity of hair below 50 mg.
(Authors' summary, modified)
05737
Mastromatteo, E.
RECENT OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH EXPERIENCES IN ON-
TARIO. J. Occupational Med. (Ottawa). (Presented at the
American Industrial Health Conference, Bal Harbour, Fla.,
Apr. 1965.). 7(10):502-511, Oct. 1965.
Industrial exposure to several toxic agents is reveiwed and
case histories are given. Included are mercury exposure in
chlor-alkali plants, electrical outdoor advertising, the hat in-
dustry, and the treating of grain seed with an organic mercuri-
al fungicide; asbestos insulation and the manufacture of brake
linings and clutch faces; exposure to toluene didiisocyanate
and a curing agent for isocyanate-containing polymers; fur-
furyl alcohol exposure; illness associated with urethane foam
manufacture; and respiratory sensitization in a rubber indus-
try.
05945
Kurnosov, V. M.
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA ON THE ACCUMULATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN THE ORGANISM OF EX-
PERIMENTAL ANIMALS. (In: Limits of allowabl concentra-
tions of atmospheric pollutants. Book 6.) U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9.
pp.47-54. (1962). Russ. (Tr.) Levine, B. S. 'Translator'
Chronic experiments were conducted for the determination of
the effect of 0.002-0.005 mg/cu m mercury vapor on the organ-
ism. Chronic exposure to the effect of mercury vapor in con-
centrations at times found in atmospheric air adversely af-
fected the organism by disturbing the functional activity of
higher nervous centers, by excessive deposition of mercury in
the organs and especially in the brain, and by producing
pathomorphologjcal changes. The extent and gravity of the
neurological and pathomorphological changes were directly
proportional to the mercury vapor concentration in the inhaled
air. Experimental exposure of animals to the inhalation of mer-
cury vapor in concentrations below the limit of allowable con-
centration in atmospheric air elicited none of the above
described pathological symptoms. This confirms the conclu-
sion previously arrived at, namely, that 0.0003 mg/cu m of
mercury vapor should be regarded as the limit of its allowable
concentration in atmospheric air. Results of the present in-
vestigation showed that chronic exposure to mercury vapor in
concentrations of 0.008-0.01 mg/cu m, resulted in the deposi-
tion of mercury in organs and brain tissues, which disturbed
the higher central nervous activity centers and other organs,
accompanied by patho-morphological changes. Therefore, it is
suggested that the existing limit of allowable mercury vapor
concentration for air of working premises is ill founded and
should be revised after appropriate investigation.
06172
Clarkson, T.
TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS. Ann. Occupational Hyg. (Lon-
don) 8 (1), 73-80 (Mar. 1965). (Presented at the 16th Con-
ference, British Occupational Hygiene Society, Apr. 7-8,
1964.)
A discussion of one new technique which is finding increasing
application to the toxicology of mercury and which has al-
ready revealed some unusual biological properties of the com-
pound is presented. Thetechnique is radioisotopic, in particular
the isotope known as Hg203. In order to produce toxic effects,
metallic mercury vapor, after absorption into the animal, must
first be oxidized to the ionic form. The finding that the dis-
tribution and excretion of mercury is similar after injections of
HgC12 or exposure to mercury vapour indicates that the ox-
idation of the metal is rapid and probably takes place hi the
blood. To check this conclusion, samples of whole heparinized
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
27
human blood were equilibrated with radioactive mercury
vapour in vitro. After 25 hr equilibration in air, 25 micrograms
Hg were present per ml of haemoglobin solution. The unique
feature of this experiment was the behavior of the
radioisotope. The mercury, originally present as mercuric ion
strongly bound to hemoglobin, had been converted to mercury
vapour and as such, had diffused out of the solution into the
air space and finally collected in the liquid metallic phase.
Other electron donors (reducing agents) present in animal tis-
sue may be capable of converting the salt to the metal and
thereby leading to loss from the tissue by volatilization. The
significance of this point was not appreciated until further
results were obtained from completely different experiments.
These results give rise to a variety of questions concerning the
mechanism whereby micro-organisms are able to volatilize
mercury. We might also speculate that those micro-organisms
which are resistant to mercuric chloride are those which are
capable of volatilizing the metal. These questions must be left
for future investigation. Of immediate practical importance is
the ability of various micro-organisms to produce rapid
volatilization from sample of urine. Clearly much more care
must be taken in the collection and storage of urine samples
prior to measurement of mercury.
06176
Kazantzis, G.
CHRONIC MERCURY POISONING-CLINICAL ASPECTS.
Ann. Occupational Hyg. (London) 8 (1), 65-71 (Mar. 1965).
(Presented at the 16th Conference, British Occupational Hy-
giene Society, April 7-8, 1964.)
Chronic mercury poisoning, common in the past, still occurs
today and the diagnosis even in those exposed in industry can
be missed. Three cases of poisoning from a group of five wor-
kers exposed to mercury working in a firm making electrical
apparatus showed between them the classical features of the
disease. All had high values for urinary excretion of mercury
and one worker had transient proteinuria which cleared as
mercury excretion fell. Investigation showed the proteinuria to
resemble that found in glomerular lesions of the kidney but no
other functional abnormality was detected. All workers ex-
posed to mercury should be kept under medical surveillance
and regular examination of the urine should be performed.
Those who develop proteinuria, as well as those with mercuri-
alism, should be removed from further exposure until full
recovery occurs.
06239
Kudsk, F. N.
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN AIR (AN
IMPROVED DITraZONE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION
OF MERCURY AND MERCURY COMPOUNDS). Scand. J.
Clin. Lab. Invest., 16:1-15, 1964.
In an introduction the prophylactic and diagnostic importance
of knowledge of the mercury content of the air are described.
The present disagreement of the establishment of toxic
thresholds for this metal and its compounds is emphasized.
After a brief description of some of the most frequently used
methods for estimating mercury in the air, an improved ap-
paratus for the rapid collection of mercury from the air in 10
ml sulphuric acid- potassium permanganate solution is
described. The treatment of the absorption solution before the
determination of mercury is discussed, and a modified method
suggested. Two methods of estimating the mercury collection
are described. By one method, which can be used 'in the
field', the mercury is estimated with rather low accuracy by an
extraction titration with a solution of dithizone in chloroform.
The other more accurate and more sensitive method is based
on a spectrophotometric estimation using dithizone. A method
which can be used in the presence of up to 20 mg copper is
described. (Author summary)
06617
V. V. Sokolovskiy
CONCERNING THE HEMOLYTIC ACTION OF THIOL
POISONS. Tsitologiya (Cytology) (4), 460-5 (1962). Russ. (Tr.)
DDC: AD 400 415
For a more complete illumination of questions concerning the
ability of thiol poisons to cause destruction of erythrocytes,
and for the relation of destructive changes in cells through in-
activation of their SH-groups, the hemolytic action of
specimens of all three types of thiol poisons, i.e. oxidizing
(sodium nitrite), alkylating (monoiodo-acetic acid), and mer-
captide-forming (mercuric chloride) agents were studied. Thiol
poisons of the mercaptide-forming, oxidizing and alkylating
types produce hemolysis of erythrocytes in in vitro experi-
ments. Hemolytic action by oxidizers can be prevented by
thiol substances (2.3 dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate). An
essential role in the preservation of the spatial structures of
erythrocytes belongs to their sulfhydryl groups.
06680
Hervy B. Elkins
EXCRETORY AND BIOLOGIC THRESHOLD LIMITS. Am.
Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 28(4):305-314, July-Aug. 1967. 27 refs.
The Industrial Hygienist today recognizes that the peril in-
curred by the inhalation of harmful dust is a function of two
variable factors the degree of harmful exposure and the
specific susceptibility of the exposed individual to ... injury.'
The preceding statement was made by Don Cummings in a
paper published in 1938. The following year he repeated a sug-
gestion he had discussed previously. '...It is also suggested that
for each hazardous industrial dust two limiting concentrations
should be established. The first, to be designated as the prima-
ry threshold, should express that concentration of dust in
which a healthy man may be employed for a working lifetime
without incurring a disabling injury. The second, to be
designated as the secondary threshold, should express that
concentration of dust in which a healthy man will inevitably
contract silicosis if regularly employed for many years.' Practi-
cally all industrial hygienists presently pay lip service to the
principle stated in the first of these statements. The suggestion
in the second statement has been only half adopted. Threshold
limits, so-called, or under a different name, have been
prepared for over 400 industrial hazards by various organiza-
tions in this country and abroad. There seems to be some con-
fusion outside, if not within, the profession, however, over
whether these values correspond to the primary or secondary
limits. Certainly, when the observation that one or two wor-
kers can endure concentrations well above the Threshold
Limit Value for a few months, without obvious fll effects,
leads to the conclusion that the threshold limit is too low, it
would seem that the observer has the secondary threshold in
mind, rather than the primary one. The only biologic fluid
finding much application for exposure tests is blood; limited
use has been made of biopsy specimens of lung, skin and fat,
but these are not very practical for periodic sampling. The
excretory products most frequently analyzed are urine and
breath; sweat, the other major excretion product, is not wefl
adapted for exposure tests.
-------
28
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
07234
Kosmider, S., D. Habczynska, and C. Wazna-Bogunska
MORPHOLOGIC LESIONS IN THE KIDNEYS IN EXPERI-
MENTAL POISONING WITH SUBLIMATE AND MERCURY
VAPOR. ((Zmjany morfologiczne w nerkach w doswiadczal-
nym zatruciv sublimatem oraz parami rtecO) Patol. Polska
(Warsaw) 18(l):33-43, 1967. Text in Polish
a group of 47 rabbits composed of a mixed breed of both
sexes, was divided into a control and two groups which were
experimentally poisoned with mercury. The first group of 15
received a single intravenous dose of 3 mg/kg of sublimate.
The second group of 30 rabbits was exposed to a mercury
vapor atmosphere of 10.6 mg/cu m for 1 1/2 hr daily for 30
days after which they were sacrificed. In the first group, the
blood creatinine level rose from 1.39 mg % to 4.8 mg%; the
uric acid level from 1.07 mg% to 1.12 mg%, and great quanti-
ties of albumin, sediment, and red blood cells were found in
the urine. The animals were sacrificed after 4 days. Histologi-
cal examination of the kidneys showed severe damage in the
renal epithelium, more pronounced than in the second group.
Urinary levels of the following ions in the second group rose
to these maximums during the 2nd week: Na, 615 mg (control,
163 mg); K, 143 mg (control 40 mg; Ca, 19.4 mg (control 5.8
mg) and dropped gradually during the 3rd and 4th weeks.
Blood creatinine was normal; uric acid rose to 1.63 mg% (con-
trol 1.07 mg%) after 4 weeks. Both groups showed damage to
the renal arteries, with thickening of the vascular walls, en-
dothelial proliferation, and perivascular fibrosis.
07319
Copplestone, J. F. and D. A. McArthur
AN INORGANIC MERCURY HAZARD IN THE MANUFAC-
TURE OF ARTIFICIAL JEWELRY. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (Lon-
don), 24(1):77-80, Jan. 1967. 16 refs.
An unusual inorganic mercury hazard in a factory manufactur-
ing artificial jewelry is described. There was a decided mercu-
ry exposure in the jewelry plant where a mercury-cadmium
amalgam is poured into rubber molds which are removed when
the heated amalgam cools. The castings are encased in plaster
and heated from 1000 to 1200 deg C overnight. These opera-
tions, along with the recovery still, were responsible for con-
centrations in the air up to 0.5 mg/cu m of mercury in the
general atmosphere and up to 2000 micrograms/liter of urine.
Despite the high concentrations, no worker showed any overt
evidence of mercurialism and there had been no complaints of
illness among them. It is possible that mercurialism might be
due to an inability to excrete absorbed mercury rather than
simply to exposure. The poor excretion might be due to failure
of the mercury to reach the kidney or to selective tubular
resorption. Preventive measures have resulted in a slow fall in
urinary concentrations over a period of several months.
07330
V. Parameshvara
MERCURY POISONING AND ITS TREATMENT WITH N-
ACETYL-D- PENICDLIAMINE. Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London),
24(l):73-76, Jan. 1967.11 refs.
Two cases of chronic inorganic mercury poisoning of
moderately rapid onset are described. Although exposure was
the same in the two patients, the mercurial poisoning affected
chiefly the kidneys in one and the gums in the other. Mercuri-
alentis and coraeal opacities were seen after short exposure to
the metal. One case was treated successfully with N-acetyl-D-
penicillamine. No toxic effects were observed and this is sug-
gested as the treatment of choice for mercury poisoning.
(Author's abstract)
07337
M. Lob
CHRONIC MERCURY POISONING IN THE MANUFAC-
TURE OF FLUORESCENT TUBES. ((Intoxications
Chroniques par le Mercure dans 1'Industrie des Tubes Lu-
minescents.)) Text in French. Arch. Mai. Prof. (Paris),
26(6):289-292, June 1965. 4 refs.
The mercury hazard among glass blowers engaged in the
manufacture and repair of fluorescnet lamps is discussed on
the basis of a survey of 11 plants and clinical evidence of 12
glass blowers involved in an exposure with little or no regard
for ventilation, housekeeping, good practice, or awareness of
the hazard; 50% of the workers showed signs of mercury
poisoning. The symptoms included nervousness, irritability,
loss of libido, impotence, tremors, dermographism. The
average mercury in the urine was 125 microgram/liter with
three results equaling 200, 310, and 350 microgram/liter. The
air samples varied from 0.20 to 0.35 mg/cu m and were
generally below the minimum allowable concentration of 0.1
mg/cu m. Although one patient with 21 years of exposure and
classical symptoms of mercury poisoning showed only 20
microgram/liter of mercury in the urine, this was regarded as
evidence that he was not eliminating mercury, and not that he
was not exposed to it. Control measures were recommended
which were based on an educational campaign, improved
housekeeping, better ventilation, the elimination of mercury
spillage, and the removal of mercury already spilled. The prac-
tice of sucking mercury into tubes by mouth should be forbid-
den. The efficacy of the controls should be checked by
periodic air sampling and medical examinations. The uncon-
trolled use of mercury by glass blowers in the manufacture of
fluorescent tubes produces a serious mercury poisonging
hazard.
07423
Heimann, H.
STATUS OF Affi POLLUTION HEALTH RESEARCH, 1966.
Arch. Environ. Health, 14(3):488-503, Mar. 1967. 178 red
Health, 14(3):488-503, Mar. 1967. 178 refs. (Presented in part
before the American Industrial Hygiene Conference, Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., May 16-20,1966.)
Consideration is limited to man-made air pollutants, omitting
naturally occurring adventitious airborne materials. Radioac-
tive materials were not discussed. Acute episodes of air pollu-
tion; systemic effects of air pollution caused by arsenical com-
pounds, mercury, beryllium, lead, carbon monoxide, economic
poisons, manganese, and asbestos; air pollutants as irritants;
medical conditions such as acute nonspecific upper respiratory
disease, chronic obstructive ventilatory diseases, chronic
bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma, and lung
cancer, are reviewed.
08079
Keenan, Robert G.
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. Oc-
cupational Health Rev.Ottawa, 18(l):3-8,1966. 39 refs.
Modern methods of physical and chemical analysis, as applied
to biological materials, atmospheric samples containing gase-
ous or particulate contaminants, industrial process materials,
intermediates, and finished products are discussed briefly. A
discussion of the uses to be made of such analytical data in-
cludes: (1) the 'normal' concentrations of certain metallic ele-
ments in body tissues and fluides; (2) the need to compare
these concentrations with those developed analytically on sam-
ples from exposed subjects; (3) the comparison of atmospheric
concentrations of contaminating substances found in the work-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
29
ing environment with the A.C.G.I.H. Threshold Limit Values;
(4) the analysis of industrial process materials, settled dusts,
and finished products to help in assessing the total exposure of
the worker to chemical elements. (AuthorOs abstract,
modified)
08092
Beliles, R. P., R. S. Clark, P. R. Belluscio, C. L. Yuile, and L.
J. Leach
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS IN PIGEONS EXPOSED TO MER-
CURY VAPOR AT A CONCENTRATION OF 0.1 MG/CU M
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 28 (5): 482-484, Sept - Oct. 1967. 6
rets.
Earlier studies have shown that exposure to high concentra-
tions of mercury vapor (17 mg/cu m) induced changes in the
operant behavior of pigeons. The sensitivity of operant
behavioral techniques in pigeons exposed to a mercury vapor
concentration nearer the threshold limit value of 0.1 mg/cu m
was assessed. Three male Carneaux pigeons (one control, two
experimental) were trained to a multiple fixed ratio, fixed in-
terval schedule of reinforcement. After relative behavioral sta-
bility was obtained, the experimental animals were exposed 6
hours a day for 20 weeks to mercury vapor at a concentration
level of 0.08 mg/cu m. No behavioral, histological, or gross
signs of mercurialism were noted. (AuthorsO abstract,
modified)
08167
Trakhtenberg, I. M.
THE TOXJCITY OF VAPORS OF ORGANIC MERCURY
COMPOUNDS (ETHYLMERCURIC PHOSPHATE AND
ETHYLMERCURIC CHLORIDE) IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC
INTOXICATION. (EXPERIMENTAL DATA). In: Survey of
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied
Tech., Vol. 3, p. 205-210, May 1960. CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Inhalation by white mice of vapors of organic mercury com-
pounds, such as ethylmercuric phosphate and ethylmercuric
chloride, caused acute or chronic poisoning varying in severity
with the duration of exposure and vapor concentration.
Poisoning by the mercury compounds followed a definite
course and terminated in the death of the animals. Acute
poisoning seriously affected respiration and, to a lesser
degree, the nervous system. In chronic intoxication the control
nervous system was basically affected. Vapors of ethylmercu-
ric phosphate and chloride proved more toxic than metallis
mercury vapor.
08328
Molokhia, Mohamed M. and Hamilton Smith
TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE LUNG. Arch. Environ. Health,
Vol. 15, p. 745-750, Dec. 1967.15 refs.
The concentrations of three essential (copper, manganese,
zinc) and four nonessential (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, mer-
cury) trace elements in the lungs of a random healthy popula-
tion were surveyed and show the characteristic modes of dis-
tribution. Against this background are set the findings of an in-
vestigation of the distribution of trace elements throughout the
lungs themselves. These results show the tendency of nones-
sential trace elements to accumulate in higher concentrations
in the lung parenchyma than in the surrounding unexposed tis-
sue. That the source of this accumulated material is probably
airborne dust is supported by the fact that the apex of the lung
tends to be more contaminated than the base. The lower con-
centrations of trace elements in cancerous lung tissue than in
healthy lung may in part be due to the shorter exposure time
of the neoplasm to atmospheric dust. The picture within the
nonessential element group tends to vary. This is shown by the
low lymph-node concentration of mercury and cadmium when
compared with the antimony and arsenic levels and may be
due to the varying ease of absorption and removal of particu-
late contaminants by the normal body processes. The situation
with respect to the essential trace elements is more obscure,
perhaps due to a concentration control mechanism combined
with varying ease of absorption. (Authors' summary)
08387
N. A. Al'terman, S. F. Sorokina
DISEASE INCIDENCE IN UNDERGROUND WORKERS IN
MERCURY MINES. 110 zabolevaemosti podzemnykh
rabochikh rtutnykh shakht.)) Hyg. Sanit (English translation
of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 31(7-9):37-40, July-Sept. 1966. 8 refs.
The medical reports of 458 undergroun workers for 1961-1963
were analyzed. The majority were 21-40 years old, while only
7.5% of the subjects were over 50 years of age. Some workers
(31.5%) had worked in the mercury mines for up to five years
33.2% up to 10 years; 24.4%, up to 15 years; and 10.9% had
worked longer than 16 years. The incidence of industrial trau-
ma, tonsillitis and radiculitis decreased significantly between
1961 and 1963. During this period the average incidence per
100 workers for grippe was 3.3; for upper respiratory tract in-
fections, 15.3; for tuberculosis, 0.5; and 7.7 for tonsillitis and
exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis. A comparison of workers in
coal mines and in mercury mines indicates that the mercury
mine workers suffer most frequently from grippe and upper
respiratory tract infections, while the coal miners suffer prin-
cipally from industrial trauma. Furthermore, the length of
work experience, age, and occupation are directly related to
the incidence of morbidity in the mercury mine workers. Thus,
incidence of emphysema increased markedly, from 4.4 per 100
workers with work experience of up to five years, to 30.8 per
100 workers with experience of 16-20 years. Occupation is re-
lated to incidence of certain diseases: acute upper respiratory
tract infection and radicultis were higher in the cutters, who
also had a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis (often com-
bined with emphysema). These mercury mine workers
developed silicosis after working an average of 15 years; in
another mercury mine, silicosis appeared after an average ser-
vice of 4.5 years. This difference is related to the reduction of
dust in the mines (by a factor of seven) following the introduc-
tion of wet drilling with naphthenate soap. Bronchitis is re-
garded as an occupational disease related to the presence of
aerial dust in the mine.
08746
A REVIEW OF THE TOXICITY AND METABOLISM OF
MERCURY AND ITS COM- POUNDS. Med. Serv. J. (Can.)
23(5):886-808, May 1968.113 refs.
Mercury poisoning is most frequently brought about by inhala-
tion of mercury vapors. It is usally confined to industry, but
cases such as the death of two female stenographers in a
warehouse in Alberta, where diethyl mercury phosphate was
stored, have been re- ported. The frequency of positive cases
of mercurialism tends to increase with increase in duration and
intensity of exposure, es- pecially when exposure is to high
concentrations in the air. This appears to be statistically sig-
nificant for large groups of indi- viduals, but does not apply to
single cases. Several cases of mercurialism were found in in-
dividuals who had been exposed for 8 years or longer to con-
centrations of mercury in air less than the M-A.C of 0.1
-------
30
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
mg./cu. m. In general the excretion of mercury in the urine is
directly related to the concentration of mercury in the air and
the degree of exposure. There is a lack of correla- tion
between urinary mercury and clinical manifestations of poison-
ing. Similar observations were made on mercury concentra-
tions in the blood. When mercury is absorbed or inhaled an an
in- organic or phenyl compound, it leaves the blood in a
matter of hours and much of it is promply excreted in the
urine. This is not true of the alkylmercurials, which are highly
toxic. D. pen- cillamine and BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol)
have been used in the treatment of mercury poisoning. How-
ever, BAL is the effective drug of choice.
09056
Ulfvarson, Ulf
DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN SMALL QUANTITIES
IN BIOLOGIC MATERIAL BY A MODIFIED PHOTMETRIC-
MERCURY VAPOR PROCEDURE. Acta Chem. Scand.,
21(3):641-646, 1967. 5 refs.
A modification of the Jacobs-Yamaguchi method of determin-
ing mercury is presented. In the original method mercury is
extracted with dithizone in chloroform from incompletely
digested samples. The dithizone-mercury complex is subjected
to heat destruction and the resulting mercury vapor is deter-
mined photometrically. This method suffers from some disad-
vantages among which is a low and uncertain maximum
deflection because of a lengthy evaporation period for the
mercury vapor during the heat destruction of the dithizone-
mercury complex, and in some cases background readings
from interfering substances. In the presented modification the
mercury vapor is absorbed on gold and then released again
rapidly by mild heating of the gold filter. The method results
in comparatively high reading even with amounts of mercury
as low as 5 ng. The coefficient of variation of determinations
of mercury in a standard solution has been found to be about
30%, when amounts of mercury varying from 5 to 100 ng were
determined. The method has been controlled by comparison
with neutron activation analyses and scintillation analyses of
radioactive mercury. These comparisons show that analysis of
samples containing more than 10 ng of mercury per g can be
made with the photometric method to give results of the cor-
rect order of magnitude. Silver or copper will not influence the
determinations. Iodide, however, will inhibit the extraction of
mercury from the digest solution when present in amounts of
the same order of magnitude as the mercury itself. (Author's
abstract)
093%
Kosmider, S.,S. Zajaczkowski, and E. Rogowska
ACTIVITY OF SERUM CHOLINESTERASE IN EXPERIMEN-
TAL POISONING WITH METALLIC MERCURY. Patol. Pol-
ska. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1966. 15 ref Translated from Polish by I.
Jampoler in Polish Med. J., 5(5):1044-1048, Oct. 1966.
Serum cholinesterase activity was studied in a group of 25 rab-
bits exposed for 30 days to 1.5 hr. daily to 10.6 mg/cu.m. mer-
cury vapor. Increased diuresis and salivation were observed in
all rabbits. Daily urinary excretion of Hg increased, from 11-35
gamma in the first week of exposure to 117-125 gamma. Serum
cholinesterase activity dropped significantly after the 30-day
exposure. Studies of human serum cholinesterase in vitro also
indicate enzymatic activity is reduced by the presence of Hg
ions. A drop in serum cholinesterase activity could be of diag-
nostic value in the examination of persons exposed to mercu-
ry.
09397
Kosmider, Stanislaw and Zdzislaw Dabrowski
CATALASE ACTIVITY OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS,
BRAIN AND LIVER IN EXPERIMENTAL POISONING WITH
METALLIC MERCURY. Arch. Immunol. Therapiae Exp.
14(l):74-78, 1966.18 refs.
Catalase activity of erythrocytes, liver and brain was studied
in 19 rabbits exposed for 30 days for 1.5 hrs. daily to 10.6
mg/cu m mercury vapor. Salivation and apathy were observed.
Urinary excretion of Hg rose from 11-35 gamma daily in the
first week of exposure to 117-125 gamma in the following
weeks. Controls were normal. Erythrocyte catalase activity in-
creased significantly after 30 days exposure, but increased to
lesser degrees in the liver and cerebral tissues. Increased en-
zyme activity may be an expression of a cellular defense
mechanism to the effect of the Hg ions.
09406
Nordberg, Gunnar and Fredrik Serenius
DEPOSITION OF INHALED MERCURY EN LUNG AND
BRAIN-PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION OF A STUDY
ON THE GUINEA-PIG. ((Lung- och hjarndepositionen av in-
halerat kvicksilver—Preliminart meddelande fran en under-
sokning pa marsvin.)) Text in Swedish. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr.
47(l):26-27, Jan. 1966.
The distribution of radioactive mercury in lung and brain tis-
sue of guinea pigs was examined using autoradiography. Mer-
cury was found in the bronchial tree as well as in the alveoli.
Shortly after exposure, the mercury in the brain was concen-
trated in the cortex and cerebellum. Some 6-16 days after ex-
posure, however, the level of mercury in the cerebrum was
lower in the cortex than in the white matter of the corpus cal-
losum. At these longer post-exposure intervals, some parts of
the brain stem also concentrate high levels of mercury.
(Authors' abstract, modified)
09524
Gimadeev, M. M.
SULFHYDRYL GROUPS CONTENT IN THE BLOOD SERUM
OF RABBITS IN CHRONIC INTOXICATION WITH LOW
MERCURY FUMES CONCENTRATIONS. ((Soderzhanie sulf-
gidrilnykh gmpp v syvorotke krovi krolikov pri khronicheskoi
intoksikatsii parami rtuti v malykh kontsentratsiyakh.)) Text in
Russian. FarmakoL i Toksikol. (Moscow), 28(4):483-484, 1965.
Rabbits were exposed 6 hours daily for 6 months to mercury
vapor levels of 0.01 to 0.15 mg/cu m and the blood sulfhydryl
content studied. Sulfhydryl groups were determined by
iodometric titration from blood samples withdrawn at 10-15
day intervals and later at 20 -30 day intervals. The mercury
vapors caused a gradual reduction in the sulfhydryl group con-
centrations but when exposure was discontinued, sulfhydryl
concentration normalized within 15 days.
10361
Trakhtenberg, I. M., I. V. Savitskii and R. Ya. Shterengarts
THE EFFECT OF LOW MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS ON
THE ORGANISM. THE QUESTION OF SIMULTANEOUS EF-
FECTS OF TOXIC AND TEMPERATURE FACTORS). ((0
vliyanii na organizm malykh kontsentratsii rtuti. (K volrosu o
sovmestnom deistvii toksicheskogo i temperaturiogo
fakorov.))) Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya 9(12):7-12, Dec. 1965.
Mercury poisoning can occur even at low concentrations such
as a a few hundred rag/cum, and particularly in the presence
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
31
of high temperatures. To determine the combined effect, a se-
ries of tests were run on animals and in an industrial environ-
ment (Moscow Electric Bulb Plant). Three groups of workers
with varying degrees of exposure to mercury and at different
room temperatures were observed during 1955-1962. Results,
including workers' complaints, are tabulated and approximate
each other. Test animals (white mice and rabbits) were sub-
jected to a 4-6 hr. daily inhalation of 0.01-0.003 ing/cum mer-
cury for 30-50 days. Another group was exposed to 38-40 deg.
C. temperature, while a third group was exposed to both. The
high temperatures significantly increase the specific impact of
mercury on the health of the animals, producing shifts in the
blood serum protein levels (14.2% increase in gamma globulin;
9.4% decrease in albumin and in tissue sulhydryl level). Loss
of weight averaged 27%. Mice which were fed mercuric
chloride and kept at 40 Degrees C. developed anemia and a
weight loss of 12%. Death rate was 50-62% with mice
beginning to expire 10-15 days after the start of tests.
11241
E. M. Roth, W. H. Teichner, and A. 0. Mirarchi
CONTAMINANTS STANDARDS. (SECTION 13.) In: Compen-
dium of Human Responses to the Aerospace Environment,
Volume m, Sections 10-16, Emanuel M. Roth (ed.), Lovelace
Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Albuquerque,
N. Mex., CONTRACT ttNAS-HS, p. 1-115, Nov. 1968. 233 refs.
CFSTI: NASA CR-1205(m
Toxicological problems in space operations cover three situa-
tions: (1) the acute, short term, high-level exposure either in
ground support or space cabin conditions; (2) the 8-hour work
day exposure found in manufacturing and ground support
situations; and (3) continuous, long term exposure to trace
contaminants, such as would be anticipated in extended space
missions. In view of the necessity for provisional limits of
manned space flights of 90 to 1000 days duration the following
criteria for trace contaminant control in manned spacecraft
have been derived: Contaminants must not produce significant
adverse changes in the physiological, biochemical, or mental
stability of the crew. The spacecraft environment must not
contribute to a performance decrement of the crew that will
endanger mission objectives. The spacecraft environment must
not interfere with physical or biological experiments nor with
medical monitoring. Based on these criteria air quality stan-
dards for prolonged manned missions have been established.
The following topics are discussed: kinetics of contaminants in
space cabins; lexicological factors; toxicology in the
spacecraft environment; source of contaminants; particulates
and aerosols; microbial contaminants. Tables presenting
chemical analysis of all contaminants with standard levels for
space cabins are listed.
11556
Clarkson, T. W.
BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF MERCURY POISONING. J.
Occupational Med., 10(7):351-355, July 1968. 29 refs.
Since the results of studies on the localization of mercury and
its effects on particular enzymes and subcellular particles (e.g.,
the lysosomes) have been inconclusive, this review deals
mostly with the biotransformation of mercury and its com-
pounds in living systems. Particular attention is given to the
biotransformation of organic mercurials, especially their
degradation in mammalian tissues and the fate of such com-
pounds when released into the soil after use as fungicides. The
organic mercurials apparently yield inorganic mercury, which
can in turn be transformed into methyl-mercury, a cumulative
and irreversible poison. It has also been shown that metallic
mercury can be oxidized rapidly in the blood, but that mercu-
ric ion may also be rapidly volatilized (at least by microorgan-
isms). Mercury vapor seems to be taken up much more rapidly
than mercuric ion by the brain. The lexicological properties of
the alkyl mercurials are also reviewed, with particular atten-
tion to the mercurial diuretics and the kidney damage which
they may produce. The isotope exchange technique has been
used to determine whether the toxic effects of the alkyl mer-
curials are due to inorganic mercury, and whether any inor-
ganic mercury which is produced remains in the tissues for
long periods. Previously published data are cited on the toxici-
ty (LD50, renal accumulation of Hg) of HgC12, p-chloromercu-
ribenzoate, and chlormerodrin in rats and mice.
12653
M. H. Berlin, G. F. Nordberg, F. Serenius
ON THE SITE AND MECHANISM OF MERCURY VAPOR
RESORPTION IN THE LUNG. A STUDY IN THE GUINEA
PIG USING MERCURIC NITRATE Hg2O3. Arch. Environ.
Health, 18(1):42-50, Jan. 1969.
The percentage of whole-body mercury found in the lungs of
guinea pigs exposed to mercury vapor for ten minutes was in
the same range as after one hour's exposure (25% to 33%).
The highest concentrations of mercury were found hi
peripheral lung structures. The same distribution was found at
different concentrations of mercury in the air. Only one tenth
of the values were found in corresponding structures of
animals injected with mercuric nitrate. Most of the mercury
deposited in alveolar tissues is therfore probably deposited
there directly from the air. The results are considered to in-
dicate the following: That mercury vapor penetrates to the al-
veoli; that most of it is quickly transferred to the blood; and
that a small fraction is deposited in the pulmonary tissues,
from where it is slowly eliminated to the rest of the body.
(Author's Abstract)
13035
Kudsk, F. Nielsen
UPTAKE OF MERCURY VAPOUR IN BLOOD IN VIVO AND
IN VITRO FROM HG- CONTAINING ADX. Acta Pharmacol.
Toxicol., 27(2-3): 149-160, 1969. 26 refs.
Experiments were conducted to confirm previous results on
mercury vapor absorption by the lungs in human subjects, to
clarify the mechanism by which mercury vapor is taken up,
and to explain the inhibitory effect of ethyl alcohol. Results
showed that the respiratory dead space for mercury vapor in
human subjects corresponds to the physiological dead space,
which indicates a complete alveolar absorption of mercury
vapor in the lungs. The rate of uptake of mercury vapor in
blood in vitro was determined; the vapor was absorbed by the
blood and plasma at a higher rate during the first hour. Results
showed a pronounced inhibitory effect of ethyl and methyl al-
cohol on the in vitro uptake of mercury vapor in blood, but
isopropyl and n-butyl alcohol did not show similar inhibition.
A possible involvement of the primary hydrogen peroxide-
catalase complex or catalase only in the oxidation and uptake
of mercury in erythrocytes was investigated, using
aminotriazole as an inhibitor, either alone or in combination
with methylene blue and glucose as a hydrogen peroxide-
generating system. Aminotriazole had no effect Methylene
blue alone, and especially in combination with glucose, caused
a pronounced accelerated uptake of mercury in the erythro-
cytes. (Author summary modified)
-------
32
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
13154
Tada, Osamu
ON THE METHODS OF EVALUATING THE EXPOSURE TO
TOXIC SUBSTANCES BY ANALYZING THE METABOLITES
IN THE BODY. (Tainai taisha sanbutsu n yoru yugaibutsu
bakuro hyokaho). Text in Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (J. Sci.
Labour, Tokyo), 45(4):171-183, 1969. 177 refs.
Under certain conditions, the amount of toxic substance ab-
sorbed by workers exposed to toxic air contaminants cannot
be predicted from air analysis data. If the concentration of
metabolites in tissue or excreta is proportional to that of the
toxic substance in the air, the degree of adverse exposure may
be evaluated by analyzing samples of expired air, blood, urine,
or hair, with reference to atmospheric threshold limit values.
Tests for assessing the level of exposure to carbon monoxide,
mercuric vapor, inorganic lead, and chlorinated hydrocarbons
are discussed. Of the various methods developed for determin-
ing the carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood of workers ex-
posed to carbon monoxide, the 20-second breath holding
method is the most practical and convenient. If the determina-
tion is carefully made, the urinary excretion of mercury can be
used as an indicator of exposure to mercuric vapor. The ab-
sorption of lead varies according to whether it is absorbed as
fume or dust. Therefore, the degree of exposure should be
evaluated by analyses of lead in urine or blood during repeated
exposure. The storage of lead in the body can be determined
by the increase in urinary excretion of lead following the ad-
ministration of calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The deter-
mination of urinary excretion of alkaline-pyridine reactants is
tentatively suggested as an indicator of exposure to
chlorinated hydrocarbons. (Author abstract modified)
13446
Anbar, M. and M. Inbar
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN METALLIC CATIONS ON THE
IODIDE UPTAKE IN THE THYROID GLAND OF MICE.
Acta Endocrinol. (kobenhaven), 46:643-65 Aug. 1964. 21 refs.
It has been reported that certain metal ions interfere with the
iodine uptake in the thyroid. The effect of various metallic ca-
tions on the iodine uptake into the gland was studied. Ten ex-
perimental mice were used for each material to be examined.
The metallic cations to be tested were administered in isotope
form and traced by a radioactive tracer. The iodine uptake was
calculated in terms of % of injected dose accumulated in the
gland or as a concentration ratio. Ferric, cupric, mercuric,
zinc, cadmium, and nickel ions at the dose level of 0.1 mil-
limoles per kg body weight were found to decrease the uptake
of iodine in the thyroid gland. Manganous ions exhibited a
similar effect when the dose was doubled. A parallel decrease
in fluoroborate could be demonstrated. This suggests an inter-
ference at the stage of iodide accumulation. Cobaltous, cobal-
tic, magnesium, beryllium, and zirconium ions were shown to
have not effect on iodine uptake at the same dose level. The
extent of influence upon thyroxine production was discussed.
13625
Lindberg, Walter
AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY. H. PUBLIC HEALTH
ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION - A LITERATURE STUDY.
(Den Alminnelige Luftforurensning i Norge. Luftforurensning
som Helseproblem, en Litteraturstudie.) Translated from
Norwegian. Oslo Univ. (Norway), p. 66-77, 1968.
This presentation discusses functional and anatomical changes
arising from diseases caused by air pollution. The discussion
includes air pollution episodes, pollutants known to cause
specific effects (arsenic compounds, mercury, beryllium com-
pounds, manganese compounds, and lead). Lead and carbon
monoxide are discussed in greater detail. Emphasis is also
placed on respiratory irritations caused by S02, nonspecific
upper respiratory diseases, the effect of air pollution on the
occurrence of colds, smoking, chronic bronchitis emphysema,
bronchial asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease.
17470
Shirakaw, Kenichi
SYMPTOMS OF NERVE TROUBLE DUE TO PUBLIC
NUISANCE. HEAVY METALS AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS.
(Kogai niyoru shinkeishojo. Jukinzoku to yukiyozai). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Rinsho (Japan Clin.), 28(3):551-555, March
10, 1970.10 refs.
Characteristic symptoms of heavy metal and organic solvent
poisoning are discussed, with emphasis on representative
neural symptoms. Motor symptoms identified with inorganic
lead poisoning are paralysis of the arms, mononeuritis, and
polyneuritis, the latter characterized by sharp contractions of
the legs and arms. Early symptoms of alkyl lead poisoning are
chronic fatigue, headache, and vertigo. These are followed by
muscular ache, low fever, perspiration, low blood pressure,
feeble pulse, and declining mental faculties, which are defined
as nerve debility at the serious stage. Arsenic poisoning
manifests itself in catarrh of the digestive and respiratory or-
gans and in neuritis and skin disease. In arsenic poisoning,
perceptive nerve troubles appear after one or two weeks' ex-
posure, followed by mental derangement and, in some cases,
pain, resulting in the loss of sensation of movement. Barium
poisoning is considered a cause of alopecia and polyneuritis.
Acute cases exhibit fever, skin disease, alimentary and mental
disorders, in addition to respiratory diseases. The latter can
result in death. Chronic inorganic mercury poisoning is accom-
panied by vertigo, insomnia, and heart acceleration. Organic
mercury poisoning exhibits diverse symptoms, including con-
centric constriction of the visual field. Immediately following
ingestion, manganese produces hallucination and mental disor-
ders. Chronic manganese poisoning manifests in symptoms
resembling those of Parkinson and Wilson's disease. Tin
poisoning does not appear to remarkably influence neural or-
gans, though alimentary disorders can result from prolonged
exposure. Symptoms of cadmium poisoning, in addition to
those of organic solvents, are briefly reviewed.
18036
Berlin, Maths, Jerry Fazackerley, and Gunnar Nordberg
THE UPTAKE OF MERCURY IN THE BRAINS OF MAM-
MALS EXPOSED TO MERCURY VAPOR AND TO MERCU-
RIC SALTS. Arch. Environ Health, 18(5): 719-729, May 1969.
8 refs.
Rats, rabbits, and monkeys were exposed to mercury vapor (1
mg/cu m) for four hours, and uptake and distribution of mer-
cury in the brain was compared with that of animals injected
intravenously with the same dose of mercury as mercuric
salts. Vapor-exposed animals showed a brain content about ten
times higher than the injected animals. The results indicate
that the higher uptake in brain following vapor exposure is a
general phenomenon in mammals. (Author's Abstract)
18128
Hallee, T. James
DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE CAUSED BY INHALATION OF
MERCURY VAPOR. Am. Rev. Respirat. Diseases, 99(3):430-
436, March 1969.15 refs.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
33
Acute exposure of a five-member family to varying amounts
of mercury vapor is reported. Severe interstitial pneumonia
and hypoxemia developed in the father, who was most af-
fected. Pulmonary function studies performed 25 days after
exposure revealed moderate restrictive lung disease and mild
hypoxemia. He was treated with oxygen, antimicrobial drugs,
and dimercaprol (BAL). Because of continued dyspnea on ex-
ertion five months after exposure and evidence on arterial
blood gas analysis of intrapulmonary shunting, a lung biopsy
was performed. The biopsy revealed minimal interstitial fibro-
sis, and the patient remained mildly dyspneic on exertion 1
year after exposure. Symptoms and treatment of the other
members of the family are given.
18247
Kudsk, F. Nielsen
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IN VITRO UPTAKE OF
MERCURY VAPOUR IN BLOOD. Acta. Pharmacol. Toxicol.
(Copenhagen), 27(2-3):161-172, 1969. 24 refs.
The influence of a number of factors on the in vitro uptake of
mercury vapor in blood was investigated to clarify the
mechanism by which mercury is oxidized in the blood. The
rate of mercury uptake was moderately increased in a pure ox-
ygen atmosphere, but decreased in a nitrogen atmosphere
when compared with the rate of uptake in atmospheric air.
Both methylene blue and menadione, in high concentrations,
were found to increase the rate of uptake. Hydrogen peroxide
generation and an increased oxidation rate of glutathione is a
possible explanation for the acceleration of mercury uptake
caused by these compounds. The menadione-stimulated uptake
could be inhibited by low concentrations of ethyl alcohol.
lodoacetate, in concentrations lower than .00025 M, inhibited
the mercury uptake, while concentrations of .0005 M produced
an uptake which was 2.5 times that of the normal. The in-
fluence of potassium cyanide, sodium nitrate, hydroxylamine,
ascorbic acid, sodium fluoride, and glutathione on mercury up-
take in blood was investigated. The studies indicate that
hydrogen peroxide and oxidized glutathione are important in
the oxidation and uptake of mercury vapor. (Author summary
modified)
19190
Ui, J., Kyoichi Sonoda, and Nobuko lijima
PROGRESS OF 'KOGAT CONTROL AND PUBLIC
OPINION. (PART ffl). (Kogaitaisaku no Keisei to Seron.
(Sono III)). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 6(6):409-417, June 15, 1970.
Nearly 10 yrs ago, many persons died in Minamata as the
result of eating fish poisoned by mercury discharges from a
chemical plant. The deaths were unique and unprecedented,
but six years passed before mercury was identified as the
toxic agent. In the course of tracing the source of the mercu-
ry, investigators were hampered by various objections and
political pressures designed to withhold information from the
public. As a result, public opinion became quiescent until a
similar case of mercury poisoning occurred at Niigata. That
the poisoning was repeated is viewed as characteristic of the
Japanese attitude about public opinion and of the extreme ag-
gravation of industrial pollution, which the social system ap-
pears incapable of controlling. The two mercury poisoning
episodes symbolize the conflicts between industry and local
communities, capital and science, the right of local govern-
ments and central bureaucratic power, society and power hol-
ders and also the obstacles to research.
21113
Neville, G. A.
TOXICITY OF MERCURY VAPOR. Can. Chem. Educ.,
3(l):4-7, Oct. 1967. 33 refs.
Threshold limit values have been set at 0.1 milligram/cu m for
mercury vapor in the atmosphere and at 0.01 milligram/cu m
for mercury organic compounds. Access to the body is gained
mainly through the respiratory tract, but absorption may be
also through the skin or by ingestion. A study of the metabol-
ism of inhaled vapor in the rat indicated that after exposures
of 5 hours to an Hg level of 1.4 milligrams/cu m, the metal
was generally distributed in the body, becoming highly local-
ized in the kidney with an accumulation after 15 days of 70%
or more of the body burden. Mercury inhibits urease, inver-
tase, and other enzymes carrying sulphhydryl groups;
produces potassium ion loss; blocks glucose uptake by
erythrocytes and muscle; causes lesions of the central nervous
system; and influences bioelectric phenomenon by altering
transmembrane potentials and by blocking nerve conduction.
The most frequent manifestations of chronic poisoning are gin-
givitis and stomatitis, tremor, and erethism, while death
usually results from acute cases. Mercury spillages are most
conveniently cleaned up with a filter flask, the side arm of
which is linked by tubing to a water aspirator. The importance
of thorough washing of the hands must be emphasized.
23012
Tsuchiya, Kenzaburo
EPIDEMIC OF MERCURY POISONING IN THE AGANO
RIVER AREA. AN INTRODUCTORY REVIEW. Keio J.
Med., vol. 18:213-227, 1969. 10 refs.
A review is given of the established data and of several
hypotheses relating to the epidemic of methyl mercury poison-
ing which affected 26 humans as well as large numbers of
domestic animals in the Agano River delta, Niigata Prefecture,
Japan. The outbreak started in 1964 and ended in July 1965.
Most of the affected group, which included three females,
were fishermen or a member of a fishermen's family. Data on
mercury concentrations in hair, urine, and blood are given and
the biological complex of humans, fish and environmental fac-
tors is considered. Evidence indicates that fishermen, who
only live near the river mouth, were the victims because they
eat one kind of fish which cannot usually be marketed due to
its boniness. In fish with higher concentrations of mercury, the
mercury compound was most likely to be the agent of poison-
ing was methyl mercury rather than inorganic mercury. Vari-
ous hypotheses as to the source of the methyl mercury are
critically reviewed. These theories relate to an earthquake that
occurred several months before the epidemic, to two acetal-
dehyde factories located along the river which supposedly
discharge mercury into it, and to possible washout from pesti-
cides. It is concluded that the source cannot be definitely
established in the case of this particular epidemic.
26740
Epstein, Samuel S.
ADVERSE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS DUE TO CHEMICAL
POLLUTANTS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES. H. POTENTIAL
CARCINOGENICITY, MUTAGENICITY AND
TERATOGENICITY, DUE TO COMMUNITY AIR POLLU-
TANTS. In: Projec Clean Air. Children's Cancer Research
Foundation, Boston, Mass., California Univ. Task Force, Vol.
2, App. M, 54p., Sept. 1, 1970. Ill refs.
There is little doubt that many diseases hitherto regarded as
spontaneous, including cancer, mutations, and birth defects,
-------
34
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
may have exogenous causes from environmental pollutants.
This fear is accentuated by the exponential increase in human
exposure to new synthetic chemicals-and their degradation
and pyrolytic products in air, water and soil-which in general,
are inadequately characterized both lexicologically and ecolog-
ically. Two major classes of environment carcinogens may be
identified: potent carcinogens, such as aflatoxins and
nitrosamines, which can produce cancer in experimental
animals, even at the very low levels in which they have been
found in foods; weak carcinogens, such as atmospheric pollu-
tants, certain pesticides and food additives, whose effects may
easily escape detection by conventional biological tests.
Ethyleneimines are good examples of highly mutagenic chemi-
cals which are used for many purposes, including therapy of
neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, insecticides, pigment
dyeing and printing, fireproofing and creaseproofing of fabrics
textiles. Three major categories of human teratogens have so
far been identified: viral infections, x-irradiation, and chemi-
cals, e.g., mercurials and thalidomide. Methods for predicting
and monitoring adverse biologic effects are discussed, with
particular reference to carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and
teratogenicity.
27085
Jordi, A.
INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY AND SOCIAL MEDICINE.
(Gewerbliche Toxikologj und soziale Medizin). Text in Ger-
man. Praxis (Bern), 57:785-793, June 4, 1968.18 refs.
Toxicity of carbon monoxide increases as a result of various
factor like fast smoking during the inhaling of air containing
CO, reduction of partial oxygen pressure by other gases, or
flying at altitudes of 3000 m. Since hypoxemia causes no sen-
sation and gives no warning, the danger is especially great for
automobile drivers and pilots. The gradual reduction of the
leucocyte count has been known to physicians for 30 years.
The count of 6000-8000 is no longer normal; today a count of
5000 is normal for urban populations. The causes, aside from
exhaust gases, are various drugs like sulfonamides and an-
tibiotics. Silicosis is still the most important occupational dis-
ease in Switzerland today in spite of intensive prophylaxis.
The incidence of pulmonary asbestosis has increased
somewhat since 1940 as has the incidence of lung cancer in
contrast to silicosis. As a result of the processing of already
purifiied cotton and good ventilation, byssinosis has rarely
been observed in Switzerland in spite of the size of the textile
industry. It seems to be more frequent in the jute and hemp
industries. The incidence of chronic lead poisoning is in
second place among recognized occupational diseases. The
symptomatology is reviewed. Also reviewed are incidence,
symptoms and social implications of poisonings by beryllium,
by mercury and by organic solvents.
27317
McGee, Lemule C.
SOME OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE HAZARDS IN MUNI-
TIONS MANUFACTURE. Trans. NatL Safety Congr., 31st,
1942, p. 3-8. (Oct. 29.)
Some chemicals and solvents required in the manufacture of
military powders and explosives have a toxic action on human
tissues. Among them are trinitrotoluene, dinitrototulene, tetryl,
mercury fulminate, nitrogen oxides, and acetone. The symp-
toms produced by each of these compounds in exposed wor-
kers are described.
27387
Mesman, Brick B. and Billy S. Smith
DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN URINE BY ATOMIC
ABSORPTION, UTILIZING THE APDC/MD3K EXTRACTION
SYSTEM AND BOAT TECHNIQUE. Atomic Absorption
Newsletter, 9(4):81-83, July-Aug. 1970. 7 refs.
A procedure is described for determining submicrogram quan-
tities of mercury in urine. The method is based on the absorp-
tion of the 2537 A mercury resonance line. The urine
specimens are extracted by an ammonium pyrrolidine
dithiocarbamate/methyl isobutyl ketone (APDC/MIBK) system
and the MIBK extract is evaporated on a tantalum boat. The
mercury is detected by an atomic absorption spectrophotome-
ter. A 50-ml urine sample is required, which allows for many
replicate runs. Accuracy of the method is 96 plus or minus 6%.
(Author abstract modified)
27801
Davis, Wayne H.
POLLUTION: WHENCE AND WHITHER. Arch. Environ.
Health, vol. 21: 3-4, July 1970. 4 refs.
Earth is the test tube and as numbers of people continue to
rise, pollution and other toxic products of our civilization will
destroy the entire ecosystem. Mercury, lead, carbon monox-
ide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, pesticides, herbicides, and
radioactive wastes are some of the toxins which have already
caused serious trouble. The most important factor concerning
a toxin is concentration. Concentrations of DDT and its
metabolites in the environment have nearly eliminated the
brown pelican, Bermuda petrel, osprey, peregrine falcon, and
the eastern bald eagle. A fundamental law of ecology is that
the more species in a community the more stable it is. The
starfish population explosion which is destroying the coral
atols and threatening wave erosion loss of islands from Hawaii
to Australia probably results from man's effects on the
ecosystem, most likely his use of DDT. Concentrations of a
few parts per billion of DDT inhibit photosynthesis in marine
algae. Such algae not only are the base of the food chain upon
which marine animals are dependent, but they also provide
most of our oxygen. The food production advocates say that
the underdeveloped nations must increase pesticide usage six-
fold in order to feed themselves. Since these nations are the
poorest and DDT the cheapest, that pesticide will be used.
Rise in the human population means destruction to all.
28013
Armstrong, David W.
THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MERCURY CON-
TENT OF URINE BY A SPECTROGRAPHIC METHOD.
Public Health Bulletin, no. 263:106-110, 1941.
Reproducible values of mercury in urine were obtained by a
spectrograpbic method in which sections of a special spectro-
graphic graphite rod served as electrons. Both anodes and
cathodes were drilled to a depth of five-eighths in. to receive
the urine sample. This crater depth retarded excitation suffi-
ciently to obtain a satisfactory photographic record. Thallium
was used as an internal standard, and an exposure of 20 se at
22 amperes was found to be sufficient to volatilize the mercu-
ry and thallium completely. Under these conditions, the lowest
value consistently attained by the analysis of prepared stan-
dards was 0.1 mg Hg/1 (0.04 gamma of elemental mercury in
the arc). The intensity of the radiation that produced the opti-
cal density of the exposed and processed photographic plate
was determined from a prepared calibration curve. The spec-
trographic values are in good agreement with chemical values.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
35
28030
Goldman, F. H.
THE QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MERCU-
RY IN AIR, URINE, TANK WATER, AND SETTLED DUST.
Public Health Bulletin, no. 263:111-118 1941. 14 refs.
A series of experiments was conducted to determine whether
mercury compounds passed into the air when carroted fur was
treated with hot water in a manner which approximated certain
operations regularly carried on in hat factories. It was found
that mercuric nitrate could be recovered from the vapors
released by moist carroted fur maintained at the temperature
of boiler water. Becaus it appeared that there might be more
mercury in the air in hatting factories than could be measured
by the Nordlander instrument, a sampling method was devised
for collecting both mercury vapor and mercury compounds for
electrolytic analysis. The method includes treatment of a sam-
ple with chlorine and then with lead and hydrogen sulfide. A
gold cathode and a platinum anode are used for electrolysis,
while the current is obtained from a 6-volt storage battery
hooked up in a series with a variable 60-ohm resistance. From
this circuit, 1.3-1.5 volts are drawn off in the usual way. Addi-
tion of lead to the solution instead of copper considerably les-
sens the danger of contamination of mercury at the cathode.
28846
Sayers, R. R.
TOXICOLOGY OF GASES AND VAPORS. In: International
Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and
Technology. Edward W. Washburn (ed.), vol. 2, New York,
McGraw-Hill, 1927, p. 318-321.14 refs.
Toxicological factors are presented for acrolein, ammonia,
aniline, arsine, benzene, bromine, carbon disulfide, carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon tetrachloride, chlorine,
chloroform, chloropicrin, dichlorodiethyl sulfide, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, iodine, mercury,
nitrogen oxides, nitrobenzene, phosgene, phosphorus
trichloride, phosphine, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and
toluidine. These factors include boiling point, concentration
percentage fatal in 30 min or less, percentage causing dan-
gerous illness in 0.5 to 1 hour, percentage that can be borne
without severe effects for 0.5 to 1 hour, maximum safe con-
centration, physical properties, portal of entry, symptoms, and
occupations. An outline is also given for the prevention and
emergency treatment of gas poisoning.
29255
Karimova, L. K.
THE CLINICAL ASPECTS OF GRANOSAN POISONING.
Inst. of Hygiene of Labor and Industrial Diseases, Leningrad
(USSR), 9p. Translated from Russian.
Several cases of poisoning due to the accidental use in food of
grain treated with ethylmercurychloride were diagnosed among
families of collective farm workers. The clinical picture
presented by the disease was similar to that found in diethyl-
mercurophosphate poisoning: patients exhibited gastroin-
testinal disorders, marked adynamia, general exhaustion, and
functional disturbances of the central nervous system. The
presence of the disease was confirmed by the continuous
excretion of mercury in urine. A gradual improvement in the
condition of the patients was noted following intravenous in-
jection of glucose with vitamins Bl and C and subucaneous in-
troduction of unithiol, a new synthetic preparation recom-
mended as an antidote in cases of arsenic and mercury poison-
ing.
29276
Stock, Alfred
CHEMICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNDERSTANDING
OF MERCURY INTOXICATION. (Chemische Beitraege zur
Kenntnis der Quecksilbervergiftung). Text in German. Ber.
Deut. Chem. Ges., 75(12), Pt. 8:1530-1535, 1942. 28 refs.
Chronic intoxication with mercury resulting from exposure to
low concentrations of mercury vapors over an extended period
of time was studied to explore the mode of reaction of Hg in
the organism. The analytical method developed by I. Bodnar
and E. Szep was used for the determination of small quantities
of Hg after the colorimetric method failed. Hg is an om-
nipresent element generally at a level of the order of mag-
nitude of 1-10 gamma Hg/lOOg. Humans eliminate daily 0.1-1
gamma Hg in urine. Inhaled Hg is much more toxic than in-
gested Hg. Poisoning develops over a long time but once over-
sensitivity develops the smallest quantity of Hg will result in
characteristic depression. All means designed to neutralize Hg
in the body have failed. Most of the inhaled Hg vapor remains
in the nose and the upper respiratory tract; the remainder
reaches the lungs. The mucous membrane swells and a catarrh
develops. Hg is absorbed easily because it is quickly oxidized
by blood to HgO. The kidneys store Hg from the body fluids
and release it only slowly. A smaller accumulation also occurs
in the liver and glands of inner secretion, especially in the
hypophysis and the bulbi of olfactorii. The normal content of
Hg in human muscle tissue was found to be about 0.5 gamma
Hg/100 g, 2 gamma in the brain, and 10 gamma in the kidney
and in the hypophysis.
30308
Sasa, Tsurayuki, Kunio Aso, Fumio Kida, Jugoro Takeuchi,
Tadao Tsubaki, Haruhiko Tokuomi, Toshio Toyama, Noboru
Hagino, Tosbiyuki Fujino, Masakichi Mikuni, Isamu Murata,
and Ukichi Ishibashi
STUDY ON THE RANGE OF DISEASES BY ENVIRONMEN-
TAL POLLUTION. (Kogai no eikyo ni yoru shippei no hani to
ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Japan Public Health As-
soc., 48p., March 1970.
A committee was organized to investigate problems concerning
the names of diseases, their deuteropathy, and test items,
which are the objects of the health injury assistance scheme.
Particular attention was given to diseases caused by air pollu-
tion, organic mercury compounds, and cadmium. Bronchial
asthma, chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis and vesicular
emphysema were selected as the names of diseases caused by
air pollution. It was decided that their secondary symptoms
should be treated collectively as deuteropathy. For diagnosis,
Fletcher s definition for chronic bronchitis, the American
Thoracic Society s definition for vesicular emphysema were
used. Fifteen test items of pulmonary function and chest direct
radiography were selected. Diseases caused by organic mercu-
ry compounds are called Minamata disease. As the attentive
points for diagnosis, 11 items for congenital Minamata disease,
two items for the acquired disease, and three other items
(visual field, eye ground, and exact hearing tests) are con-
sidered essential for examination. The disease caused by cad-
mium injury was called Itai-itai disease for which five diag-
nostic items and ten items, such as blood test, chest x-ray, and
urinalysis were selected for necessary examination.
-------
36
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
31224
Mustafa, Mohammad G., Carroll E. Cross, and Walter S.
Tyler
INTERFERENCE OF CADMIUM ION WITH OXIDATIVE
METABOLISM OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES. Arch. In-
ternal Med., 127(6):1050-1058, June 1971. 67 refs. (Presented at
the Hanford Biology Symposium on Pollution and Lung
Biochemistry, Annual, 10th, Richland, Wash., June 1970.)
The effects of a number of divalent cations, especially cadmi-
um, on certain aspects of oxidative and energy metabolism of
alveolar macrophages are reported. The pulmonary alveolar
macrophages possess metabolic pathways operative predomi-
nantly in the aerobic environment These cells consume 0.15-
0.2 micromolar 02/mg protein/sec in vitro. Mitochondria from
these cells show a respiratory rate of 0.5-0.6 micromolar 02/mg
protein/sec for succinate as a substrate. Mitochondria! oxida-
tion is coupled to phosphorylation; adenosine diphosphate: ox-
ygen ratios are approximately two for flavin-linked and three
for pyridine nucleotide-linked substrates. The cadmium ion ad-
versely affects the respiration of alveolar macrophages. It
completely inhibits macrophage mitochondria! oxygen uptake
at 50 micromolar concentrations and uncouples oxidative
phosphorylation at five micromolar concentrations. This and
several other divalent cations, such as copper, mercury, stron-
tium, and zinc, also inhibit the adenosine triphosphatase activi-
ty of alveolar macrophages. Since metal fumes and oxides are
common air pollutants, a study of this sort may provide infor-
mation on mechanisms, at the biochemical level, as to how
toxic inhalants initiate pulmonary pathology. (Author abstract
modified)
31280
TRACE METALS: UNKNOWN, UNSEEN POLLUTION
THREAT. Chem. Eng. News, 49(29):29-30. 33, July 19, 1971.
Because no metal is degradable, toxic metals in the environ-
ment (such as cadmium, lead, nickel, tin, mercury, and ar-
senic) may be a more insidious problem than pollution by
pesticides, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
and other gross contaminants. Public health experts are con-
cerned that subtle physiological changes caused by trace
metals may go completely undetected or, if detected, be at-
tributed to other causes. The problem is how to detect harmful
responses to very low doses of trace metals and how to dif-
ferentiate adaptive responses from those representing the first
stages of a disease. Also, synergistic and antagonistic relation-
ships among trace metals must be defined. Until these
questions and relationships are mor thoroughly explored, stan-
dards for trace metals in air, water, and food residue will be
little more than guesses. Sources and health effects of some
trace metals considered hazardous are summarized.
31543
Goulding, Roy
CONTAMINATION IN COUNTRYSIDE AND HOME. J. Roy.
Coll. Physicians, 5(4):374-378, July 1971. 9 refs.
Without doubt, in a single, acute overdose, the organochlorine
insecticides can be manifestly toxic, causing stimulation of the
central nervous system and epileptiform seizures. This group
of chemicals is inordinately stable both chemically and biologi-
cally. This is an advantage to an insecticide. However, this
very persistence also leads to transfer throughout the food
chain, from flora to fauna and from one creature to another,
with a tendency to ultimate accumulation in carnivorous spe-
cies. More recently, the use of organic mercury compounds as
commercial fungicides has expanded enormously, and on the
farm they remain unsurpassed. In Japan a few years ago, the
geographically named Minamata disease provided an arresting
outbreak of organic mercury poisoning in an island communi-
ty. Certain organic arsenic compounds are widely used as
growth promoters in the rations of farm livestock, and the
possibility of an environmental accumulation thus emerges.
31624
Brune, Dag
LOW TEMPERATURE IRRADIATION APPLIED TO
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF MERCURY IN
HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD. Aktiebolaget Atomenergi
(Stockholm), 7p., 1966. 11 refs.
The distribution of mercury in human whole blood has been
studied by means of neutron activation analysis. During the ir-
radiation procedure the samples were kept at low temperature
by freezing them in a cooling device in order to prevent inter-
ference caused by volatilization and contamination. The mer-
cury activity was separated by means of distillation and ion
exchange techniques. The values from 20 samples were nearly
consistent with a skew distribution; the median, amounting to
0.011 microgram/g, was consequently chosen to represent the
central value. Expressed as the ratio of the highest and lowest
values, the range of the mercury concentrations corresponded
to a factor of eight. (Author summary modified)
31629
Eybl, V., J. Sykora, and F. Mertyl
THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM SELENTTE, SODIUM TEL-
LURTTE, AND SODIUM SULFTTE ON THE RETENTION
AND DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN MICE. Arch. Tox-
ikol., vol. 25:296-305, 1969. 20 refs. Translated from German.
Mundus Systems, McGregor, and Werner, Washington, D. C.,
lip.
The retention and distribution of mercury were studied in ex-
periments with mice during a four week period following the
intravenous administration of mercuric chloride (Hg—230) and
the subcutaneous application of sodium selenite, sodium tellu-
rite, and sodium sulfite. Both sodium selenite and sodium tel-
lurite caused a long term retention of mecury in the organism
and altered the distribution of mercury in the organs. Sodium
sulfite did not influence mercury retention, and caused only
insignificant changes in the distribution of mercury. The effect
of these compounds depended upon the redox potentials. Sodi-
um selenite and sodium tellurite are reduced in the organism,
and form compounds of a colloidal nature with mercury which
are retained in the organism. (Author summary)
31705
Bederka, John P., Jr.
ON THE TOXICITY OF OUR ENVIRONMENT. J. Med. As-
soc. Thailand, 54(5):335-348, May 1971. 45 refs.
Environmental pollution is considered with respect to sulfur
dioxide, smog nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, participates,
and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Studies on the public health ef-
fects of atmospheric pollutants are summarized, as are studies
on the metabolism of DDT and its effect on 'animals (on
reproduction and mortality). Also noted are the increasing at-
mospheric concentrations of heavy metals such as mercury,
beryllium, lead, copper, and cadmium. Also, the additive
and/or synergistic effects of air pollutants are pointed out.
Special attention is given to altered metabolic patterns
produced by increasing levels of insecticides in the body and
to the fact that lipid soluble organochlorine substances are
concentrated in passing up the food chain.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
37
32218
Jung, Fritz
THE PATHOLOGY OF ERYTHROCYTES. PART II. THE EF-
FECTS OF SOME METAL SALTS. (Zur Pathologic der roten
Blutkoerperchen. II. Mitteilung. Wirkungen einiger Metall-
salze). Text in German. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., vol.
204:139-156, 1947. 14 refs. Part I. Klin. Worchshr., p. 917,
1942.
The effects of zinc sulfate, and lead nitrate on isolated human
erythrocytes was studied by means of an ultramicroscope and
a potentiometer. High concentrations of mercury chloride
caused fixation of erythrocytes and of erythrocytal stromata
without significant optical structural changes. At lower HgC12
concentrations, all degrees from the outside to the inward
progressing fixation of cellular proteins were observed ultram-
icroscopically. Very low concentrations precipitated
hemoglobin inside the cell with a simultaneous increase of
osmotic resistance. Increasing concentrations brought about
progressive hemolysis based on membranal denaturation. This
was followed by a coagulation of the uppermost cellular layers
coupled with a liberation of the central hemoglobin residue
which can also form a circular coagulate within the fixated
membrane. The minimal amount of sublimate per cell still
causing hemolysis is about 1.2 times 0.00000001 molecules. In
contrast in HgC12, ZnS04 and Pb(N03)2 cause only increased
rigidity of the membrane. Lead hydroxide and lead phosphate
is adsorbed on erythrocytal membranes. The embedding of
lead in the membrane can be observed ultramicroscopically.
32546
Fukuda, Katsuhiro
EXPOSURE MODE TO MERCURY VAPOR AND BODY
BURDEN IN THE RAT AND ITS DECREASING PATTERN.
(Ratio eno suigin joki no bakuro yoshiki to suigin no tainai
bunpu narabini sono gensho pattern ni kansuru jikkenteki ken-
kyu). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J.
Hyg.), 26(2):257-263, June 1971.
Determinations were made of the mercury content in the tis-
sues of rats exposed to mercury vapors. One group was ex-
posed to 6.0 mg/cu m/hr, 3.0 mg/cu m/hr, and 1.5 mg/cu m/hr.
Another group was exposed to 1.0 mg/cu m/6hr, 1.0 mg/cu
m/3hr, and 1.0 mg/cu m/1.5hr. Each exposure was continued
five days a week for two to four consecutive weeks. Quantita-
tive mercury determination was performed by a dithizone
method. Mercury concentration in the lungs was higher at the
end of the period of exposure for those rats in the high con-
centration-short term exposure group than for those rats in the
low concentration- long term group. However, other body tis-
sues of rats in the first group had lower mercury concentra-
tions than those in the second group. When the meircury con-
tent of the rats in the 1.0 mg/cu m/6hr group was measured for
16 weeks after the termination of mercury exposure, the mer-
cury content was observed to decrease linearly on a
semilogarithmic scales. The half time of mercury was about 13
days in the lung and about 210 days in the brain. (Author ab-
stract modified)
32608
Fairhall, Lawrence T.
INORGANIC INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS. Physiol. Rev.,
25(1):182-202, Jan. 1945. 191 refs.
The effects of long continued exposure to relatively low con-
centrations of inorganic metal compounds are discussed in
connection with industrial hygiene. The diagnosis of lead
poisoning may be difficult. The usual symptoms are colic,
basophilic stippling of the erythrocytes, urinary excretion of
lead palsy, and anemia. However, any one or several of these
may be absent, and thus make diagnosis doubtful. Poisoning
by mercury, where it is not acute, is slow and insidious and
leads to impairmen of tissue functions. The symptoms of cad-
mium poisoning are increased salivation, choking attacks,
vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and tenesmus. Manganese
poisoning is relatively rare in industry; it is a crippling disease
with permanent disability, particularly of the legs. The in-
creased use of beryllium has led to several cases of severe
poisoning. The effects of molybdenum and tungsten com-
pounds are briefly discussed. Although antimony and arsenic
are usually regarded as having comparable toxic qualities, the
toxic effects of arsenic are believed to outweigh those of an-
timony. Antimonal poisoning does not appear to be an indus-
trial disease of any consequence. Uranium and its salts are
highly toxic. The absorption of small amounts over long
periods of time causes a chronic nephritis. The effects of mag-
nesium, zirconium, selenium, tellurium, vanadium, and chro-
mates are also described.
32936
Goldwater, Leonard J.
MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Sci. Am., 224(5):15-21,
May 1971.
The natural cycle of circulation of mercury on the earth
disperses it widely through the habitable spheres in trace
amounts that pose no hazard to life. The use of cinnabar as a
coloring agent and of mercury compounds in Pharmaceuticals
under careful control introduce no threat to the quality of the
environment. With the development of other applications,
however, particularly in industry and agriculture, serious
problems have arisen. In Minamata Bay (Japan) the substances
that had poisoned the fish and people were identified as
methyl mercurials. The grain that caused outbreaks of illness
and death among the farmers of Iraq had been treated with
ethyl mercury p-toluene sulfonanilide, and alkyls of mercury
were similarly incriminated in Sweden and other places. Alkyl
mercury can cause congenital mental retardation, while recent
laboratory studies have shown that it can produce abnormali-
ties of the chromosomes, as well as cerebral palsy. Mercury
has a strong affinity for sulfur, particularly for the sulfhydryl
groups in proteins. Bound to proteins in a cell membrane, the
mercury may alter the distribution of ions, change electric
potentials and thus interfere with the movement of fluids
across the membrane. There are also indications that the bind-
ing of mercury to protein disturbs the normal operation of
structures such as mitochondria and lysosomes within the cell.
The extent of man s exposure to mercury is considered, as
well as his response to this threat. Mercury concentrations in
the air and foods such as milk, meats, vegetables, eggs, and
fruits have been measured.
33504
Battigelli, M. C.
MERCURY TOXICITY FROM INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURE. A
CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE - PART L J.
Occupational Med., vol. 2:337-344, July 1960. 67 refs.
Data from animal experiments and observations of human
cases are analyzed in relation to the variables of intake and
subsequent handling by the body of mercury in different
forms. Industrial exposures include the mining and refining of
ore containing cinnabar (mercurous sulfide); the manufacture
of felt hats, technical instruments, carbon brushes for electri-
cal equipment, and certain fluorescent lamps; and the use of
mercury paints. The degree of intoxication produced by mer-
cury is determined by the amount and rate of absorption.
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38
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
physiochemical properties of the absorbed compound, and in-
dividual susceptibility. Neither the amount of mercury that
constitutes a harmful total body burden nor the amount that is
safely tolerated is known with satisfactory precision for hu-
mans. The metabolism of mercury in the blood, brain, kidney,
liver, and intestine is discussed. It is known that mercury
develops chemical associations with various substances in the
blood. There is a poor correlation between the amount of mer-
cury localized in a given tissue and pathological changes. The
matter is further complicated by the fact that mercury may be
found in impressive concentrations in the tissues of persons
with no identifiable intake of this substance. The diuretic ef-
fect of mercurials stems from their inhibition of succinic
dehydrogenase within kidney cells. The ultimate effect of mer-
cury and its compounds is very probably based on the capaci-
ty of these substances to inhibit enzymes.
33868
Tejning, Stig
THE PROBLEM OF MERCURY IN SWEDEN. (Kvicksilver-
fragen i Sverige). Preprint, Swedish Dept of Agriculture, 1965,
p. 80-91. Translated from Swedish. Scientific Translation Ser-
vice, Santa Barbara, Calif., 19p. (Presented at the Swedish De-
partment Agriculture, Conference on Mercury, 1965.)
The effects of metallic quicksilver, an inorganic mercury salt,
and the alkyl mercury compounds are compared. In 1953,
cases of a mysterious nervous disease began to appear among
the population of the city of Minamata, Japan. The suspicion
that it could be alkyl mercury poisoning was confirmed when
the patients were found to be excreting mercury in their urine
for the first five months after becoming ill. Further investiga-
tion revealed that a chemical plant which used mercury com-
pounds as catalysts had released waste products into the Mina-
mata Bay, and several types of fish subsequently were found
to have a high mercury content. Feeding experiments were
conducted with six month old white leghorn hens which were
given 12.5, 25, and 50% Panogen treated grain. In the groups
whose feed contained 25 and 50% Panogen, both food con-
sumption and egg production decreased. Alkyl mercury
poisoning in wild pheasants is also discussed.
34621
Bittersohl, G.
EXPOSURE TESTS FOR EVALUATION OF THE FITNESS.
(Die Durchfuehrung von Expositionstests fuer die Beurteflung
der Tauglichkeit). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Hire Grenz-
gebiete (Berlin), 17(10):727-730, Oct. 1971.
Exposure tests are necessary for determination of the fitness
of workers operating in a polluted surrounding. They have
even greater importance nowadays, since atmospheric pollu-
tion may have already affected the worker before he starts his
work. Urine samples are of lesser value, since the collection
of a 24-hour sample is hardly feasible in practice. Moreover,
for many pollutants, such as mercury, no direct relationship
between discharge quantity and blood or organ level exists.
For many pollutants the examination of the saliva is of im-
portance, such as bromides. Many pollutants are discharged
again by expiration, for example, gases or solvents. The analy-
sis of the expired air is still in a trial state. Measuring the car-
bon monoxide concentration in the expired air by a breathing
bag, test tube, or chemical and physical methods seems to be
promising. The best information is gained by analysis of body
fluids and organs, such as blood and serum. For metals and
metalloids, hair and finger nails are important storage places.
The most accurate method is the CO determination according
to the Uras principle. Of great value are tests which confirm
the reaction of an organism with the pollutants, such as the
delta-aminolaevulinic acid discharge in the urine and
methaemoglin formation.
34682
Adamo, Mario
TOXICITY OF MERCURY VAPORS UNDER VARIOUS EN-
VIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. (La tossicita dei vapori di
mercuric in deverse condizioni ambientali). Text in Italian.
Rass. Med. Ind., vol. 10:684-690, 1939. 7 refs.
Guinea pigs kept in confined and humid environments, and
subjected to inhalation of mercury vapor for two hours daily,
quickly (after three-seven hours of treatment) grew sick and
died. Toxicity was practically absent in guinea pigs subjected
to inhalation of Hg vapors in dry and well ventilated environ-
ments, for as long as 50 hours. The results suggest that the
fast toxic action exerted by the Hg vapors when inhaled in
humid environments is actually due to the indirect effect of
carbon monoxide. The latter, being soluble in water, is easily
absorbed by the animals; accordingly, it induces respiratory
stimulation and a subsequent fast rate of absorption of the
agent being tested. Work areas contaminated with Hg vapors
should be well ventilated and dry in order to protect the health
of the workers.
34756
Neal, Paul A.
MERCURY POISONING FROM THE PUBLIC HEALTH
VIEWPOINT. Am. J. Public Health, 28(8):907-915, Aug. 1938.
9 refs. (Presented at the American Public Health Association,
Annual Meeting, 66th, New York, Oct. 5, 1937.)
Principal industrial sources include mining, chemical
processing, and the manufacture of felt hats, electrical equip-
ment, phannaceuticals, photography supplies, and explosives.
Mercury can enter the body by inhalation of vapor or finely
divided dust, by ingestion, through the skin, and through the
subcutaneous tissues. The symptomatology of chronic mercuri-
alism falls into two types, one with stomatitis, colitis, and
nephritis predominating, and the other with tremor and other
neurological symptoms most characteristic. The quantity of
mercury in the air sufficient to cause chronic mercurialism
cannot be definitely stated. Age, sex, individual susceptibility,
and the physical condition of the individual play some part in
determining the reaction to mercury-vapor exposure. The
prevention of industrial mercurialism consists primarily in
avoiding the inhalation of mercury vapors and dusts. This is an
engineering as well as a medical problem, requiring special
local exhaust ventilation, good natural and mechanical ventila-
tion, good housekeeping, general sanitation, and in certain oc-
cupations, positive pressure masks.
34789
Witschi, Hanspeter
DESORPTION OF SOME TOXIC HEAVY METALS FROM
HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES IN VITRO. Acta Haematol., vol.
34:101-115, 1965. 21 refs.
Human red cells were incubated in vitro with lead-210, mercu-
ry-203, and thallium-204 and thereafter washed repeatedly with
different washing liquids; the desorption of these metals from
the erythrocytes was determined. Lead was removed from the
erythrocytes to a greater extent by repeated washings in their
own plasma than in pure inorganic medium. In a heterogenous
mixture of alpha- and beta-globulins including lipoproteins,
even more lead was desorbed from the cells than in plasma,
albumin or gamma-globulin solutions. It is supposed, there-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH 39
fore, that lead is bound at least partly to the deeper layers of lipoproteins, lipids, and/or smaller thiols of the outer surface.
the plasma protein film on the erythrocytic surface. On the Thallium apparently shows no definite predilection to binding
other hand, mercury was observed to be rather fixed to sites either in the plasma or in cells.
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40
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
17710
Thomas, Moyer D. and Russel H. Hendricks
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. In: Air Pollu-
tion Handbook. P. L. Magil, F. R. Holden, and C. Ackley
(eds.), New York, McGraw Hill, 1956, Sect. 9,44p. 129 refs.
The effects of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, hydrogen sul-
fide, hydrogen cyanide, mercury, ethylene, and pesticides on
plants are surveyed, with special attention to effects on alfal-
fa, barley, and wheat. Damage to crops in Los Angeles Coun-
ty has been estimated at $500,000 yearly. The toxicity of sul-
furous acid is attributed more to its reducing properties than to
its acidity. (It is 30 times as toxic as sulfuric acid.) Analysis of
plants for total sulfur and sulfate sulfur is a possible method
of diagnosing sulfur dioxide injury. The relative sensitivities to
sulfur dioxide of 90 cultivated plants and 29 native plants are
given (alfalfa sensitivity equals 1.0). Time-concentration and
yield-leaf-destruction equations are discussed. Hydrogen
fluoride is poisonous to gladiolus and iris, to various types of
grain, to pines and other coniferous trees, and some fruit
trees. Susceptibility varies widely, even among species of the
same plant. Some varieties of gladiolus are highly susceptible;
others are highly resistant. Coal smoke as a source of at-
mospheric fluoride should not be neglected. Fluoride content
of certain types of coal can be high as 295 ppm. In areas near
Pittsburgh, readings of as high as 269 ppm of fluoride have
been registered in tree leaves, and 53 ppm in grass. The effect
of smog on plants is discussed, including a tabulation of the
sensitivity of 47 plants cultivated in southern California and of
52 plants native to the area. The chemical composition of
smog is also analyzed.
19770
Dieman, et al.
ON THE ACTION OF MERCURY ON VEGETABLE LIFE.
(Sur 1'action due Mercure sur la vie vegetale). Anal. Chem.,
vol. 22:122-127, 1797. Translated from French. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 4p., June 2, 1970.
Several experiments were conducted to determine the effects
of mercury and mercury oxide on plants. When mint and bean
plants were placed next to a bottle of mercury, the leaves and
stems were covered with black spots on the third day, and
then turned completely black. A mint plant and mercury were
placed under a bell-glass whose sides were coated with sulfur.
The plant remained intact, indicating that sulfur prevents the
harmful effects of mercury. No damage was observed when
the mercury was covered with water. The experiments also
showed that mercury is not harmful unless it is mixed with
water or soil, or is in contact with the roots of the plants. Mer-
cury oxide killed a mint plant when placed in contact with the
roots. Beans planted in soil mixed with mercury oxide became
feeble and disfigured; beans planted in a mixture of soil and
lead oxide continued to grow and were four times as strong as
those grown in soil and mercury oxide.
20158
Zimmerman, P. W.
CHEMICALS INVOLVED IN AIR POLLUTION AND THEIR
EFFECTS UPON VEGETATION. Proc. Governor's Conf. Ex-
hibit Atmospheric Pollution New Jersey, 1952, p. 23-31. 33
refs. (Feb. 19-20.)
Results of studies on the effects of various gases on plants are
summarized for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, mercury vapor, ethylene and car-
bon monoxide, and the vapors of 2,4-D and other hormone-
type chemicals. Measurements of the atmosphere at Yonkers,
New York, show an average of 0.01 ppm of S02 for 62% of
the year. A maximum concentration of 0.75 ppm occurred in
January. Leaves of alfalfa and buckwheat exposed to a con-
centration of 0.40 ppm for 7 hours became spotted. Working
with concentrations of 0.1-0.2 ppm of S02, the following ob-
servations were made: there is more S02 resistance at or
below 40 F, and SO2 sensitivity does not change with minor
variations in soil moisture. The sulfate content of the nutrient
supply did not affect sensitivity, although the growth rate of
sulfur-defficient plants increased under fumigation with 0.1-0.2
ppm SO2. Plants recover between treatments if these are suffi-
ciently spaced. Sensitivity was not affected by wetting the leaf
surface. Young plants are more resistant than old plants; older
leaves are more resistant than younger ones. HF gas tends to
injure the margin of the leaf more frequently than SO2. Appli-
cation of sodium fluoride to soil caused similar injuries to
those induced by HF fumigation H2S gas is less toxic than the
other gases tested, and injured the younger rather than the
older leaves. Substituted phenoxy acids are extremely selec-
tive, stimulating growth in some plants and injuring or deform-
ing others.
21691
Heck, Walter H., Robert H. Daines, and Ibrahim J. Hindawi
OTHER PHYTOTOXIC POLLUTANTS. In: Recognition of
Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas. Jay S.
Jacobson and A. Clyde Hill (eds.), Pittsburgh, Pa., Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., 1970, p. F1-F24. 54 refs.
The effects of several phytotoxic pollutants are considered.
Ethylene acts as a growth hormone; it causes a reduction in
growth, stimulates lateral growth, and decreased apical
dominance. Plant leaves may develop epinasty or show chloro-
sis, necrosis, or abscission. Injury from oxidants other than
ozone, PAN, or nitrogen dioxide may be chronic or acute.
These oxidants, none of which have been identified, may
cause necrosis, collapse of leaf tissue, and dehydrated and
bleached lesions. Cotton leaves affected by herbicides show a
yellow-green mottling or stippling and vein clearing may be
pronounced. Tomatoes may show epinasty and twisting of
plant parts. Arsenic trioxide injury on sensitive fruit and
vegetable crops produces necrotic spots on the leaves,
petioles, twigs, and fruits. Mild to severe interveinal necrosis
and chlorosis may occur on broad-leaved plants as a result of
atrazine. Necrosis, chlorosis, and epinasty are the common
symptoms of chlorine injury. Acute tissue collapse and
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
necrotic spotting have resulted from ammonia injury.
Discoloration of peach and apple fruits have also been re-
ported. Hydrogen chloride caused an acid-type necrosis. Tip-
burn to fir needles and necrosis along leaf margins have also
been noted after HC1 exposures. Mercury causes chlorosis, ab-
scission of older leaves, growth reduction, and general poor
growth and development. The effects of particulates, hydrogen
sulfide, and carbon monoxide are briefly discussed.
22952
Boussingault, M.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY- ON THE DELETERIOUS ACTION
THAT THE VAPOR EMANATING FROM MERCURY EXER-
CISES ON PLANTS. (Sur 1'action deletere que la vapeur ema-
nant du mercure exerce sur les plantes). Compt. Rend., vol.
64:924-929, 1867. 2 refs. Translated from French. Belov and
Associates, Denver, Colo., 9p., March 12, 1970.
The effects of mercury vapor on plants were investigated.
When a mercury-filled capsule was placed on each side of a
petunia stem, the leaves turned black, withered, and were
hanging. Another petunia, enclosed under a dish-cover where
there was no mercury, retained all its vigor. Experiments were
also conducted on mint plants. On the inner surface of one
dish-cover sulfur was placed on the flower. In the other dish
cover there was no sulfur. In less than 52 hours, the mint
leaves in the dish containing only mercury had been complete-
ly destroyed. The leaves of the plant in the dish also contain-
ing sulfur were not affected. It was concluded that mercury
vapor has a damaging effect on vegetation, and that the
presence of sulfur counteracts this effect.
23436
Ruhling, Ake
HEAVY METALS IN THE REGION OF VARGON-TROLL-
HATTAN. H. ARSENIC AND MERCURY. (Tungematall-
fororeningar inom Vargon- Trollhattanomradet. n. Arsenik,
Kvicksilver). Text in Swedish. Lund Univ. (Sweden), Inst. of
Ecological Botany, Kept. 15, 8p., May 1970.
Arsenic and mercury were measured in a common moss, Hyp-
num cupressiforme, in the region of Vargon-Trollhattan,
Sweden. Three samples were taken from each of 127 sites, all
more than 100 m from any road. The region studied is highly
industrialized with iron, steel, and ferro-alloy industries. No
exceptionally high values were observed.
23696
Crocker, William
EFFECT OF CERTAIN LETHAL GASES UPON PLANTS
AND ANIMALS. In: Growt of Plants, New York, Reinhold
Publishing Corp., 1948, Chapt. 5, p. 172-203. 43 refs.
The effects of various toxic gases on plants and animals are
discussed. Ethylene is the constituent of artificial illuminating
gas that injures plants in greenhouses when this gas seeps
through the soil and into the houses. Hydrocyanic acid is the
most deadly constitutent of artificial illuminating gas to plants
growing outdoors near leaking gas pipes. Most natural gases
have very low toxicity to plants because they contain no
ethylene or other unsaturated hydrocarbons, and no HCN or
other highly toxic gases. Some natural gases contain H2S
which might injure plants if the gas were not thoroughly
scrubbed. Mercuric chloride, calomel, or organic mercury fun-
gicides mut be used with caution on soils in greenhouses or
other enclosed spaces because the soils reduce these com-
pounds to metallic mercury which has sufficient vapor pres-
sure, especially at higher growing temperatures, to injure
plants throughout the enclosed space. The most delicate plants
are injured by 0.46 ppm of sulfur dioxide with seven hours'
exposure. Animals endure 33 ppm for 500 hours without inju-
ry. Sulfur dioxide kills the leaf parenchyma of the medium-
aged leaves, thus cutting down assimilation, but there is no
reduction of assimilation or growth if no tissue is killed, that
is, there is no 'invisible injury.' Darkness and partial wilting
increase the resistance of plants to SO2, partly at least by
closing the stomates. Hydrogen sulfide differs from S02 in
several ways as to its effect upon plants; it requires a much
higher concentration to injure plants, 40 to 400 ppm; it kills
the young leaves and stems rather than spotting middle-aged
leaves, and its toxicity is not so greatly reduced by darkening
and by wilting the plants. Chlorine acts much like S02 on
plants and spots them in even lower concentrations
Chlorinated water has relatively low toxicity for land plants
when used either for syringing or watering them. By use of the
continuous air-flow method, a study was made of a relative
sensitiveness of plant and animal pathogens, sclerotia, seeds,
green plants, and houseflies, rats and mice to the five gases,
C12, HCN, H2S, NH3, and S02. Chlorine and S02 showed
high toxicity to pathogens and other gases low toxicity.
Sclerotia and seeds were little injured by any of the gases.
Green leaves were very sensitive to these gases, and the gases
showed the following descending order of toxicity: C12, SO2,
NH3, HCN, and H2S. Green stems were more resistant than
leaves, with no significant difference in the degree of toxicity
of the five gases. Animals were readily killed by HCN and
H2S and the descending order of toxicity for animals was
HCN, H2S, C12, S02, and NH3.
24773
Richter, Oswald
PLANT GROWTH AND LABORATORY ATMOSPHERE. (P-
flanzenwachstum und laboratoriumsluft). Ber. Deut. Botan.
Ges., vol. 21:180-194, 1903. 35 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 29p., June 10, 1970.
A series of experiments designed to determine the effect of
reduced oxygen or increased carbon monoxide on plant growth
is described. The results of the experiments indicate that gase-
ous impurities in the atmosphere may have significant effects
on the rate of plant growth. Another series of experiments is
conducted to determine the specific effects of coal gas, par-
ticularly acetylene and ethylene, on the growth of certain
vegetables. The results indicate that coal gas has an inhibiting
effect on the growth in length and that it promotes the growth
in thickness. A simple gas absorption system utilizing charcoal
decreases the influence of coal gas. The shortening and
thickening of affected plants is proportional to the amount of
coal gas and to the duration of exposure. The effects of
reduced oxygen partial pressure and plant respiration on plant
growth include nutations of 130-270 deg. Mercury vapor can
produce similar differences in growth as coal gas, however, it
kills the plants within a short time.
25826
Berg, H.
HYDROCHLORIC ACH). BROMINE. IODINE. HYDROGEN-
CYANIDE. ETHYLENE. CARBONMONOXEDE. MERCAP-
TANS. COAL GAS. ASPHALT- AND TAR-VAPORS. SATU-
RATED HYDROCARBONS. ACETIC ACID. 2,4-DICHLORO-
PHENOXY-ACETIC ACID. MERCURY. SELENIUM. SMOKE
AND FOG. In: Phylotescische Immissionen. Berlin, Parey,
1963. p. 51-71. Translated from German. 35p.
Occurrence of the contaminant, its macroscopic and micro-
scopic damage to plant organs, its mode of action, and its
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42
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
diagnosis are summarized, along with differences in resistance
among plants for the following: hydrochloric acid, bromine,
iodine, hydrogen cyanide, ethylene, carbon monoxide, mercap-
tans, coal gas, asphalt and tar vapors, saturated hydrocarbons,
acetic acid, 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy-acetic acid, mercury, seleni-
um, smoke and fog, and sulfuric acid.
25927
Hajduk, J. and M. Ruzicka
THE STUDY OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION
TO LIVE PLANTS AND PLANT COMMUNITIES. (Das Stu-
dium der Schaden an Wildpflanzen und Pflanzengesellschaften
verursacht durch Luftverunreinigung). Air Pollution Proc. First
European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals,
Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 183-192. Translated from
German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 13p., Nov. 4,
1970.
A review of the literature is provided concerning the influence
of air pollution on wild plants and vegetation. Such studies are
recommended in order to predict the influence of toxic emis-
sions of new industries upon the landscape. Examination of in-
dividual species is also essential to determine their resistance
and whether or not they are indicators of pollution. Studies
were made in the Institute for Landscape Biology in Bratislava
of the effects magnesium oxide, sulfur dioxide, mercury, and
other toxic materials have upon vegetation. The directions
which research should take with regard to protecting the land-
scape are indicated.
27872
Utagawa, Tatsuo
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS ON BIRDS
AND ANIMALS. (Kogai ni yoru choju no eikyo). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), (l):35-39,
Jan. 1971.
The lives of wild birds and beasts are being threatened
because of the destruction of their habitats, as development of
those areas progress, and because of pollution from chemical
matter, especially from insecticides and herbicides. It is possi-
ble that such birds as the albatross, and others, may be accu-
mulating radioactivity. Even in a vast area of the USSR, many
wild birds and beasts are dying because of dichloro-diphenyl-
trichloro-ethane (DDT). There are only two storks in Japan,
since they started to lay eggs which did not hatch because of
mercury poisoning. Benzene hexachloride (BHC) and DDT
have the same effect on eggs of birds. In the natural habitat of
herons near Tokyo one can now see only 2000 herons,
although at one time there were 50,000. While the adult herons
have to fly increasingly further distances to seek food, the
chicks are suffering from swollen knee joints, due to accumu-
lation of chlorine or organic phosphorous chemicals. Swallows
are dying, also, because they eat insects on which insecticides
were sprayed. The same fate has overtaken crows and kites,
as well as herons. Even though DDT and BHC are now forbid-
den, other chemicals, used for agricultural purposes are
poisoning birds. Water foul are being affected by waste oil and
detergents. Foxes, weasels, and martens, the natural enemies
of wild rabbits, died because they ate rats which were
poisoned with rat poison. People engaged in the forestry indus-
try are careful of using chemicals which might cause this sort
of secondary damage, but the people in agriculture still use
these kinds of chemicals. In Japan, BHC and DDT are con-
trolled, but are entirely forbidden, as in the case of the U. S.
Monkeys are being starved because of herbicides. There have
been cases of cattle and horses which died because of herbi-
cides. Deer and antelopes are also being threatened. The
citizens of Ichikawa City succeeded in getting the Chiba Pre-
fectural Government to spend approximately 2,800,000 to
make an artificial island to offer a haven for migratory birds.
The wild life in the forests of Mt. Fuji is being rapidly
destroyed because of a newly constructed road which takes
the sightseers to the middle slope of the mountain. It is
emphasized that private citizens can cooperate by planting
even one tree in their gardens.
28849
Zimmerman, P. W. and William Crocker
PLANT INJURY CAUSED BY VAPORS OF MERCURY AND
COMPOUNDS OF MERCURY. Contrib. Boyce Thompson
Inst., 6(1):167-187, Jan.-March 1934. 6 refs.
Experiments were performed to determine the effect of vapors
of mercury and its compounds on growing plants when ex-
posed under various conditions. Treating one bed of soil in a
rose house with bichloride of mercury injured flowers of
Briarcliff variety over the entire range, showing that the plants
were attacked by some inpurity in the air. Flower buds of
roses in all stages of development were affected by the vapors
emanating from soil treated with bichloride. Peduncles of very
young buds turned yellowish and then black; half mature buds
turned brown, and the corollas abscissed from the receptable
without opening; the older buds continued to unfold but the
petals lacked the pink color characteristic of Briarcliff variety
and brown patches finally developed; stamens also were in-
jured, turning nearly black in half mature buds. Leaves of rose
plants confined in glass cases with treated soil were injured as
well as flower buds. Plants of 65 different genera were found
susceptible to injury from vapors emanating from soil or tank-
age moistened with bichloride solution. Ten types were found
to be comparatively resistant. The injury to plants from vapors
from metallic mercury was similar to that caused by vapors
emanating from soil treated with bichloride. Thirteen other
compounds of mercury affected plants as reported for
bichloride; of these six were organic, and seven inorganic. The
extent of the injury and the rate at which metallic mercury in-
jured plants varied with the concentration of th vapor in the
air and this in turn varied with the temperature. Vapors from
soil treated with mercury compounds injured plants more
quickly at high than low temperature. In general, the amount
of injury at a given temperature could be correlated with mer-
cury vapor pressure at the same temperature. Metallic mercury
vapor was detected in the air surrounding soil treated with the
mercury compounds, indicating reduction to the metallic state.
Mercury was recovered from leaves of plants confined in glass
cases where a small amount of soil had been moistened with a
solution of bichloride. (Author summary)
29147
Byme, A. R. and L. Kosta
STUDDZS ON THE DISTRD3UTTON AND UPTAKE OF MER-
CURY IN THE AREA OF THE MERCURY MINE AT
n>RIJA, SLOVENIA (YUGOSLAVIA). Vestn. Sloven. Kern.
Drustva, 17(l/4):5-ll, 1970. 5 refs.
Results are presented of a preliminary investigation of the
mercury content of environmental samples, primarily of vari-
ous water, soil, and plant samples, in the neighborhood of the
mercury mine at Idrija, Yugoslavia. The measurement
technique was activation analysis using a volatilization method
for mercury separation. Results show a wide range from ap-
parently normal background (0.005-0.1 ppm) to very high levels
(10-100 ppm). The highest values are mainly due to aerial con-
tamination from the mine flue gases. More importantly, the
results show the ability of vegetation to accumulate mercury
during growth. (Author abstract)
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
43
33046
Byrne, A. R., M. Dermelj, and L. Kosta
A NEUTRON ACTIVATION STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN
ANIMALS AND FISH. International Atomi Energy Agency,
Vienna (Austria), Nucl. Tech. Environ. Pollut., Proc. Symp.,
Salzburg (Austria), 1970, p. 415-427. 11 refs. (Oct. 26-30, Paper
IAEA-SM-142a/24.)
A program was undertaken to determine the uptake and dis-
tribution of mercury in the biosphere around the mercury mine
and distillation plant at Idrija, Yugoslavia, in order to establish
tolerance levels and the possibility of the adaptation of living
organisms to its increased concentration. Two sampling sites
were chosen, one near the main discharge point for the flue
gases of the distillation plant, and the second in an area where
ore deposits occur on or near the surface. The initial samples
consisted of excreta, as well as of the fur and feathers of rab-
bits, hens, and cows. Eggs and milk were also analyzed at dif-
ferent periods of the year. In another set of experiments, rab-
bits were taken to an uncontaminated area and the mercury
content of the blood and excreta were tested for 50 days.
Trout were also taken from the river above, and at two sites
below, where residue deposits from the mercury mine come
into contact with the river water. Neutron activation analysis
was used to determine the mercury content of samples. Kid-
ney, liver, brain, and heart, samples were also tested. (Author
abstract modified)
348810
Johnels, A. G. and T. Westermark
MERCURY CONTAMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN
SWEDEN. In: Chemical Fallout. Morton W. Miller and
George G. Berg (eds.), Springfield, LI., Charles C. Thomas,
1969, Chapt. 10, p. 221-239. 21 refs.
Mercury and mercury compounds have a wide use in agricul-
ture and industry, and an increase in natural levels of mercury
content has been recorded. The mercury content in feathers of
11 terrestrial bird species, particularly goshawks, was studied
by activation analysis, in material derived from museum col-
lections and living or freshly killed birds and covering a period
of more than 100 years. Nearly constant mercury levels were
found from the middle of the 19th century until 1940. After
that, an increase in mercury concentration occurs, amounting
to at least 10 to 20 times the previous level. In 1940 alkylmer-
cury compounds began to be used as seed dressings, indicating
that this is the main source of terrestrial contamination. Ac-
tivation analysis of the mercury content in axial musculature
of the pike was used to estimate the level of mercury in the
aquatic environment The mercury concentration factor in pike
is 3000 or more. There are indications that mercury appears as
an airborne pollutant, mainly affecting the aquatic environ-
ment. A number of sources of mercury contamination includ-
ing fuel burning, fertilizing, and industrial processes, are
discussed; in many areas human activities have raised the mer-
cury level of the environment far above natural levels. (Author
abstract modified)
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44
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
05940
V. A. Ryazanov
NEW DATA ON LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE ATMOSPHERIC
AIR POLLUTANTS. (In: Limits of allowable concentrations
of atmospheric pollutants. Book 6.) U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 9. pp. 1-8.
(1962). Russ. (Tr.)
This volume contains material discussed by the Committee on
Sanitary Air Protection during its 1959 and 1960 sessions. The
material contained in this volume is of heterogenous character
in its methodological presentations and completeness and
finality of the reports. The Committee took the position that
the level of methodology reached during the last period of in-
vestigation and the degree of reliability of results obtained did
not represent the acme of perfection, and therefore, the
proposed limits of allowable concentrations should be regarded
as mere points of orientation for future studies, leading to
more basic, more scientific and hence, more reliable limits of
atmospheric air pollutants. In this connection it is the aim and
purpose of this Committee to act as the stimulator, guide and
directing agent leading into investigational channels based on
the outlined principles. Air pollutants studied include formal-
dehyde, HC1 aerosol, CS2 vapor, Mn, Hg, combined C12 and
HC1 gas, acetone, CO and Dinyl (mixture of diphenyl and
diphenyl oxide).
06677
E. V. Khukrin
MODERN APPROACH TO AIR DUSTEVESS IN
WORKSHOPS. U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases, Vol. 7, 301-8, 1962. (Gigiena i
Sanit.,) 24 (7) 50-5, 1959. Translated from Russian. CFSTI: 62-
11103
Extensive data were accumulated during recent years on the
study of the effect of different types of industrial aerosols.
Based on the summary and evaluation of new data obtained
from work institutes, university apartments and practicing
physicians a list was prepared of the maximum permissible
concentration of 55 dusts and aerosols. This list is presented
and improvements in those standards are recommended.
07576
Shakhbazyan, G. Kh. and I. M. Trakhtenberg
HYGIENIC STANDARDS AND SAFETY CRITERIA FOR EN-
VIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN INDUSTRY. (0 gi-
gienicheskom normirovanii i kriteriyakh bezurednosti faktorov
proizvodstvennoi sredy.) Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit.,
30(9), Sept. 1965. 15 refs. Engl. transl. by Israel Program for
Scientific Translations, Hyg. Sanit., 30(9):328-336, Sept. 1965.
CFSTI: TT66-51033/3
The principles governing the determination of hygienic stan-
dards for the factors of industrial environment are discussed.
The necessity of differential substantiation of hygienic stan-
dards for various factors closely related to the everyday life of
man and for factors whose action is undesirable and harmful
in the environment of man is also discussed. On the basis of
the work done at the Occupational Hygiene Department of the
Kiev Medical Institute certain data are presented on the
criteria that may evaluate the harm and safety of the in-
vestigated effects. Interpretation of the experimental findings
on the effect of toxic substances of the immunobiological
reactivity, the protein metabolism and the cardiac functioning
is given. The relationship of specific and nonspecific reactions
of the body in reply to the action of toxic substances is
analyzed.
21133
Kurnosov, V. N.
BASIC DATA FOR THE HYGIENIC DETERMINATION OF
LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE MERCURY VAPOR CONCEN-
TRATION IN ATOMSPHERIC AIR. In: Limits of Allowable
Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov
(ed.), Book 5, Washington, D. C., U. S. Public Health Service,
March 1962, p. 39-51. 22 refs. (Translated by B. S. Levine.)
Experiments on the effects of mercury inhalation by rats are
described, and previous investigations of mercury toxicity are
reviewed. Also included is a summary of symptoms of mercu-
ry poisoning on humans under industrial conditions. The major
sources of atmospheric mercury vapor emissions are plants
producing mercury and plants which use it as a raw or supple-
mental material, such as chemical and pharmaceutical indus-
tries and factories producing light bulbs. It is also used in large
quantities in the substations of certain electric transportation
systems. Experimental exposure of animals to 2-5 micro-
grams/cu m of mercury vapor, a level frequently occurring in
the atmospheric air around industrial enterprises, produced
such changes in the higher nervous activity as functional
disturbances in the brain cortex and diffuse protective inhibi-
tion. Concentrations of 0.3 micrograms/cu m elicited no
changes; therefore the present 0.3 allowable limit of mercury
concentration in atmospheric air is considered valid until more
thorough studies prove otherwise. It was found that 10 micro-
grams/cu m of mercury in the air of working premises can
cause chronic poisoning and that 8-10 and 2-5 micrograms/cu
m used experimentally elicited notable functional changes in
the higher centers of the nervous system. Therefore, it is
recommended that the present occupational MAC of 10 micro-
grams/cu m be reduced. (Author conclusions modified)
28466
Lebedev, Yu. D., M. K. Nedogjbchenko, and L. F. Glebova
CERTAIN RESULTS AND IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS OF HY-
GIENE SCIENCE AND SANITARY PRACTICE IN THE
AREA OF PROTECTING CITY AHt. (Nekotoryy itogi i bliz-
hayshiye zadachi gigiyenicheskoy nayki i sanitamoy praktiki v
oblasti okhrany atmosfemogo vozdukha gorodov). Text in
Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., 21(ll):3-8,1956.
Maximum allowable concentrations have been established for
a number of air pollutants as follows (single and daily-average
values, respectively, mg/cu m): sulfur dioxide, 0.50, 0.15;
chlorine, 0.10, 0.03; hydrogen sulfide, 0.03, 0.01; carbon disul-
fide, 0.50, 0.15; carbon monoxide, 6.0, 2.0; nitrogen oxides,
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K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
45
0.50, 0.15; non-toxic dust, 0.50, 0.15; soot, 0.15, 0.05;
phosphorus pentoxide, 0.15, 0.05; manganese and manganese
compounds, 0.03, 0.01; fluorine compounds, 0.03, 0.01; sul-
furic acid, 0.30, 0.10; phenol, 0.30, 0.10; arsenic (inorganic
compounds other than arsine), 0.003; lead and lead compounds
(other than tetraethyl lead), --, 0.0007; and metallic mercury, -
, 0.0003. Major administrative and technical problems as-
sociated with air pollution control in 1956 are reviewed.
34100
Love, G. J.
AIR POLLUTION INFORMATION PERTINENT TO THE
CARIBBEAN. Preprint, Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N. C. and American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers, New York, 29p., 1971. (Presented at the Technical
Environmental Conference, 1st, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1971.)
National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards
are given for sulfur dioxide, participates, carbon monoxide,
photochemical oxidants, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen dioxide.
The primary standards define air quality levels judged necessa-
ry, with an adequate margin of safety, to protect public health.
The secondary standards define levels necessary to protect
public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects
of a pollutant. Also included are initial lists, issued by the En-
vironmental Protection Agency, of hazardous substances for
which no ambient air quality standard is applicable and of five
categories of stationary sources that contribute significantly to
atmospheric pollution. Emission standards are to be promul-
gated for the hazardous substances (asbestos, beryllium, mer-
cury) and for the stationary sources (contact sulfuric acid
plants, large fossil fuel-fired steam generators, nitric acid
plants, Portland cement plants, and incinerators of more than
2000 Ib/hr charging rate. By regulating population growth, in-
dustrial development, and number of automobiles, the Carib-
bean could control pollution problems before they get out of
hand.
34664
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
BACKGROUND INFORMATION - PROPOSED NATIONAL
EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLU-
TANTS: ASBESTOS, BERYLLIUM, MERCURY. Pub
APTD-0753, 28p., Dec. 1971. 20 refs. NTIS: PB 204876
Background information on the derivation of proposed na-
tional emission standards for asbestos, beryllium, and mercury
is examined with respect to effects of the pollutants on health,
nature of the air pollution problem, and the development and
economic impact of the proposed standards. Standards for
asbestos emissions are expressed in terms of required control
practices that limit emissions to an acceptable level. The
proposed beryllium standards are designed to protect the
public from 30-day average atmospheric concentrations greater
than 0.01 microgram/cu m. For short-term periodic exposures,
the safe level was determined at 25 microgram/cu m for a 30-
minute maximum. Proposed emission standards for mercury
should not exceed an average daily concentration of 1.0 micro-
gram/cu m. Atmospheric dispersion estimates used to develop
the proposed standards are outlined. These were based on
parameters of average wind speed, stability, and wind
direction.
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46
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
12423
Lutz, G. A., S. B. Gross, J. B. Boatman, P. J. Moore, R. L.
Darby, W. H. Veazie, and F. A. Butrico
DESIGN OF AN OVERVIEW SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING
THE PUBLIC-HEALTH HAZARDS OF CHEMICALS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME H. THE OVERVIEW SYSTEM.
(FINAL REPORT). BatteUe Memorial Inst, Columbus, Ohio
Columbus Labs., Contract PH-86-66-165, 87p., July 18, 1967. 8
refs.
An overview system was designed that would assist in main-
taining a continuous surveillance of chemical contaminants in
the environment. To assess properly the difficulties and
problems that would confront a surveillance program, as well
as provide data on the operation of such a system, five
specific chemicals or groups of industry were selected. These
included mercury, nickel, vanadium, fluorocarbons, and the
chemicals involved in the pulp and paper industry. Information
needs were found to fall into five categories: chemical produc-
tion, secondary product formulation, pattern of chemical
usage, chemical toxicology and pharmacology, and environ-
mental health hazards. Four separate features were recognized
as essential to an overview center: a good scientific library
and information-handling capabilities, ready and convenient
access to large pools of scientific competence, an organiza-
tional solution for integration of information, and strong
managerial ability. The total program for a comprehensive
overview of chemical threats to environmental health was
judged to require 187 professional man-months of effort plus
consultant assistance. It was recommended that an overview
center be established within an existing institutional structure
possessing the qualifications necessary to provide both infor-
mation-analysis specialties and a significant multidisciplinary
block of professional scientists to immediately provide an in-
ternal core for the center. The necessary components of the
center itself were identified. The requirements, costs, and
recommended methods of operation of the total overview pro-
grams were discussed. (Author summary modified)
23116
Hashimoto, Michio
THE PRESENT STATE OF POLLUTION IN JAPAN.
(Wagakuni ni okeru kogai no genjo). Text in Japanese. Ku-
kichowa to Reito (Air Conditioning Refrig.), 10(2): 1-5, Jan. 15,
1970.
Pollutions in Japan are reviewed from the social viewpoint as
well as in relation to the situations before and after the passing
of the Basic Public Nuisance Control Law and the existing
state of contamination and the new understanding of health.
The change of energy source from coal to petroleum since
1955 produced new types of industrial pollution, and the high
rate of economic growth also produced the urban pollutions.
Contamination of Yokkaichi was the start of the present pollu-
tion problems, and it was followed by the investigations and
the passing of several control laws. Enforcemen regulations
were completed and the emission limitations were
strengthened. Local governments also established regulations.
The establishment of the environmental standards was enabled
by the Basic Law, and later the standard for sulfur oxides was
passed. General noise and carbon monoxide pollutions are now
being discusse as to their environmental standards, and stan-
dards for special type of noise, fine particles, hydrocarbons,
oxidants, nitrogen oxides and exceptionally harmful sub-
stances are expected to be established The Public Nuisance
Control Plans are also under way together with the provisions
for relief measures for pollution victims. Results of investiga-
tion of air pollution in 1968 are presented. Water pollution is
also described in terms of methyl mercury and cadmium dis-
eases.
23608
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
OSAKA AREA. (Osaka chiiki ni kakawaru kogaiboshikeikaku
sakutei no kihon hoshin. An). Text in Japanese. Yosui to
Haisui (J. Water Waste), 12(9):759-767, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program is presented which is to be effective
throughout Osaka Prefecture which has long been developing
as a large industrial area; the enormous economic activity has
added much to the pollution problem. Air pollution is severe in
the central and Hanshin coastal industrial district, and water
pollution is significant in Yodo, Kanzaki, Neya and Yamato
Rivers. Water quality in Osaka Bay has deteriorated to the ex-
tent of ruining the fishing industry. The ground settling
problem in East-Osaka, and the noise from Osaka Interna-
tional Airport have invited many complaints. The pollution
levels are to be lowered to within the tabulated limits by 1980.
There are many necessary control measures, but the following
are especially emphasized in view of the national planning pri-
orities. They are the control measures against stationary air
pollution sources, purification of coastal waters and rivers and
streams, control of nuisances accompanying automobile traf-
fic, treatment measures for metropolitan and industrial wastes,
and the control of airport noises. In addition, surveillance and
measurement systems as well as cooperation with th neighbor-
ing prefectures are indispensible. Detailed tables are given on
the target maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
for cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorous, cadmium,
lead, chromium, arsenic, and mercury in general for water pol-
lution. Values for pH, BOD, SS, DO and coliform bacteria
counts are also given. The maximum allowable noise levels for
daytime, morning and evening are also listed.
23610
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
TOKYO AREA. (Tokyochiiki ni kakawaru kogaiboshikeikaku
sakutei no kihonhoshin. An). Text in Japanese. Yosui to Haisui
(J. Water Waste), 12(9):750-758, Sept 1, 1970.
A control program to be effective throughout the Tokyo
metropolitan area other than islands in the Pacific Ocean
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
47
under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan government is
presented. The area is a megalopolis with 11.5 million people,
and the industrial and economic activities are increasingly ex-
acerbating the pollution problem. Air pollution from automo-
biles and factories is severe. It originates from the central and
Joto areas as well as from factories along the Arakawa River
and Sumida River. Water pollutip in Sumida, Naka, and Tama
Rivers is also intense. The pollution levels are to be lowered to
within the tabulated limits by 1980. The necessary control
measures are numerous, but the following are especially
emphasized in view of the national planning priorities. They
are the control measures against stationary air pollution
sources, purification of sea water in the coastal areas and
fresh water in rivers and streams, control of nuisances accom-
panying automobile traffic, control of ground settling (in some
areas as deep as four meters), and treatment measures for
metropolitan and industrial wastes. In addition, the establish-
ment of nuisance monitoring and measurement system is
necessary, and close cooperation with the neighboring prefec-
tures is indispensable. Detailed tables are given on the target
maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended participates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorus, cadmium, lead,
chromium, arsenic, mercury in general and pH, BOD, SS, DO,
and conform bacteria values for water pollution. The max-
imum allowable noise levels for daytime, morning and
nighttime are also listed.
24214
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
KANAGAWA AREA. (Kanagawa chiiki ni kakawaru koga
boshikeikaku sakutei no kihon hoshin. An). Text in Japanese.
Yosui to Haisui (J. Water Waste), 12(9):768-776, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program to be effective in the area East of Sagami
River within Kanagawa Prefecture is presented. This area
serves as the mainstay of the Japanese economy, industries
such as electric power, steel, petroleum, chemicals and heavy
automobile traffic have contributed to the chronic pollution
problems. Air pollution in the Taishi and Tajima areas and
water pollution in Tama, Tsurumi, and Katabira Rivers as well
as Tokyo Bay are extremely severe. The pollutant levels are to
be lowered to within the tabulated limits by 1980. There are
many necessary control measures, but the following are espe-
cially emphasized in view of the national planning priorities.
They are the control measures against stationary air pollution
sources in Kawasaki, especially purification of coastal waters
and rivers and streams, control of nuisances accompanying au-
tomobile traffic, and treatment measures for metropolitan and
industrial wastes. In addition, surveillance and measurement
systems as well as cooperation with the neighboring prefec-
tures are indispensable. Detailed tables are given on the target
maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended participates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorus, cadmium, lead,
chromium, arsenic, mercury in general, and pH, BOD, SS, DO
and colifonn bacteria values for water pollution. The max-
imum allowable noise levels for daytime, morning and evening
are also listed.
25288
Middleton, John T.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: SOME LESSONS LEARNED
IN THE UNITED STATES. Preprint, National Academy of
Medicine, Mexico City (Mexico), 13p., 1970. (Presented at the
Conference on Air Pollution, Mexico City, Feb. 18,1970.)
In the United States the fundamental philosophy that has
evolved in the development of air pollution control programs
is that air pollution control begins at the source. One of the
approaches that has been developed to carry out this
philosophy is the permit system, which requires that anyone
who wishes to construct or operate a machine, equipment or
other contrivance which may pollute the air obtain the prior
permission of a government agency. Standards have been set
limiting the emissions from automobiles. The kind and degree
of control of stationary sources will vary from area to area de-
pending upon such diverse parameters as climate and weather,
degree of industrialization, population density, and topog-
raphy. It is here that the technique of diffusion modeling plays
an important role. Losses to agriculture alone were recently
estimated to exceed $325 million annually in the United States,
while studies show that an exposure to 12 mg/cu m (10 ppm)
carbon monoxide for approximately eight hours may increase
the blood carboxyhemoglobin level to produce some decre-
ment in mental performance. A British study found an associa-
tion between air pollution and deaths from bronchitis and lung
cancer in an area where the yearly average sulfur dioxide level
was 116 micrograms/cu m (0.04 ppm). Another study found an
association between participate matter and prostatic cancer,
while eye irritation has been demonstrated when oxidant levels
increase above 100 micrograms/cu m. Hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, lead and mercury compounds are also mentioned.
Government responsibility on federal state, and local levels is
also discussed.
29230
Japan Public Health Assoc.
STUDIES ON THE RANGE OF DISEASES DUE TO EFFECTS
OF POLLUTIONS. (Kogai no eikyo ni yoru shippei no hani to
ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in Japanese. 42p., March 1970. 18
refs.
In 1969, the ministry of health and welfare established a com-
mittee to examine the designation of diseases due to pollution.
Committee members were divided into groups to tackle dis-
eases peculiar to particular regions. A subcommittee was or-
ganized on Minamata Disease, since it was prevalent at two
different localities in two different periods. The second general
meeting was held in December 1969, establish a law concern-
ing special measures to relieve the health damages due to pol-
lution. Discussion was held based on the reports from various
groups and a report was made incorporating necessary or-
dinances and public notices in accordance with the law. The
committee members believed that bronchial asthma, chronic
bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis and emphysema should be
designated, although they are non-specific diseases, as dif-
ferent from specific diseases like Minamata Disease and Itai-
itai disease, which are brought about by polluted water.
Overall judgment would have to be made based on the history
of residence and disease, since it is difficult to clinically distin-
guish diseases due to air pollution and those which are not.
Other diseases may occur after the primary disease. The diag-
nosis of chronic asthma should be in accordance with the
definition of the American Thoracic Society, and emphysema
should agree with the Emphysema Study Association Diagno-
sis standards. The minimum items to be checked are: lung
capacity one second volume, trachea! resistance, residual
volume (if necessary), chest x-ray, heart function (if necessa-
ry), blood pressure, electrocardiogram, blood test (red and
white corpuscles and hemoglobin), phlegm (shape, volume,
and microbes), skin reactio to allergy, and house dust The re-
port also contains a section on organic mercury and cadmium.
It is recommended that further studies of the effects of pollu-
tion be made and that notes be compared by those concerned
in different areas. Extracts of the laws related to pollution
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48
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
23145
Hashimoto, Michio
A NEW POLITICAL APPROACH TO CONTROL PUBLIC
NUISANCE. (Kogai gyosei no tachiba kara). Text in
Japanese. Toho Igakkaishi (J. Med. Soc. Toho, Japan),
16(6):608-614, Dec. 1969.
The general discussion of public nuisance control is geared
towards the implications of control laws and governmental in-
volvement and responsibilities. The legal control of pollution
problems must be performed systematically, since it concerns
many ministries and agencies. Detailed explanations concern-
ing how the sulfur dioxides environmental standard was
established are given. The threshold value is explained as is
the academic definition of 'purity', and the environmental
standard is designed toward the administrative aim of main-
taining the threshold at a feasible level. The standard was
declared to be impossible by the industrial and the business
sector of the economy, but the ten-year plan attached to the
standard was patterned after the plan of the Ministry of Inter-
national Trade and Industry. Studying the relationship between
pollution and public nuisance was difficult, and the opposition
of the industries was based on the absence of firm evidences.
This is the crux of future pollution control. In view of the
present and past examples, the possibility of administration
without complete scientific investigation is the key to pollution
control. The difficulty of investigating public nuisance
problems such as the methyl mercury poisoning in Minamata
as well as the problems encountered in the course of the in-
teraction of administrative-political and academic-medical deci-
sion-making are explained.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
49
ABERNETHY, R F *A-06351
ADAMO M *G-34682
ADAMSON, D L «C-06045
AGUILLARDO D F-13197
AIDAROV, T K C-07567
ALTERMAN, N A 'G-08387
ALTMAN, P L 'F-09764
ANBAR M «G-13446
ARMSTRONG D W B-28918, 'G-28013
ARUIN, A S *C-08134
ASO K G-30308
ASPERGER S *C-33277
AUGHEY H 'C-25431
8
BARNES E C *C-34815
BARRINGER, A R 'C-05191
BARRY G D-31112
BATTIGELLI M C *G-33504
BEDERKA J P JR *G-31705
BELILES, R P *G-08092
BELLUSCIO, P R G-08092
BERG H 'H-25826
BERLIN M «G-18036
BERLIN, M H 'G-12653
BERMAN E *C-33338
BITTERSOHL G *G-34621
BOATMAN J B A-12422, L-12423
BOLKER H I 'A-3I548
BOUSSINGAULT M *H-22952
BRAR S S 'D-20790
BREWER, L W «C-09333
BRINK J A JR C-23771
BROWETT, E V 'C-05977
BROWN, J R 'G-08746
BRUNE D "C-11626, 'G-31624
BRUSKIN, Z Z 'D-06671
BUTRICO F A A-12422, L-12423
BYRNE A R *H-29147, »H-33046
CHATIGNY M A "C-26275
CHAUDET, J H C-09751
CHOLAK, J 'D-04986
CHRISTIAN C M II *C-34432
CHRISTIE, A A «C-07772
CLARK, R S G-08092
CLARKSON, T 'G-06172
CLARKSON, T W 'G-11556
COPPLESTONE, J F 'G-07319
CORN M D-31112
CRAIG J C C-26275
CROCKER W *H-23696, H-28849
CROSS C E G-3I224
CUCUEL F A-34754
GULP D A C-29652
DABROWSKI, Z G-09397
DAINES R H H-2169I
DALLAVALLE J M B-28918
DARBY R L A-12422, L-12423
DAVIS W H 'G-27801
DE SCHMERTZING, H *C-09751
DELAUGHTER B *C-27389
DERMELJ M H-33046
DIEMAN »H-19770
DITTMER, D S F-09764
DUBROVSKAYA D P A-14286
DUFF, G M C-09369
DUNSDON, A J C-07772
EDA S 'A-29787
EDINGER J G C-26275
EDWARDS T I B-28918
EJIRIS A-29787
ELKINS, H B «G-06680
EPSTEIN S S 'G-26740
ESHLEMAN A *A-33641
EYBL V «G-31629
FAIRHALL L T 'G-32608
FAZACKERLEY J G-18036
FICKLIN W H A-27081
FTTE L E C-33042
FLEWELLING F J 'B-30117
FLINN R H B-28918
FORESTER G C-26275
FUJINAGA T 'C-32534
FUJINO T G-30308
FUJIWARA T 'C-32718
FUKUDA K *G-32546
FUKUI S *C-28126, *C-32476
FULKERSON W A-34827
GAYNULLINA E T "C-34939
GIBSON, F H A-06351
GILL J E C-26275
GIMADEEV, M M 'G-09524
GIRINA V V C-28450
GLEBOVA L F K-28466
GLUSKOTER H J A-30457
GOEIJ J J M D *A-30292
GOLDBERG E D A-34424
GOLDMAN F H B-28918, *G-28030
GOLDWATER L J *G-32936
GOULDING R 'G-31543
GRANT N *A-29643
GRAY A S B-28918
GROSS S B A-12422, L-12423
GUSTAFSON P F D-20790
H
HABCZYNSKA, D G-07234
HAGINO N G-30308
HAENES G F JR C-28214
HAJDUK J *H-25927
HALLEE T J 'G-18128
HASHIMOTO M *L-23116, 'M-23145
HATTORI D M D-20790
HECK W W 'H-21691
HEIMANN, H 'G-07423
HEM EON W C L 'C-28214
HENDERSON R C-29652
HENDRICKS R H H-17710
HIKICHI H A-29787
HINDAWI I J H-21691
HIRAYAMA T C-29770
HOUGH J W B-28918
HOUTMAN J P W A-30292
HWANG J Y C-31862
I
IUIMA N G-19190
IKI S 'D-27188
INBAR M G-13446
ISHIBASHI U G-30308
ITO H A-29787
JACOBS M B C-28583
JENNE E A »E-26697
JOENSUU 0 I 'A-30017
JOHNELS A G "H-34881
JONES J D "C-31171
JORDI A *G-27085
JUNG F 'G-32218
K
KAISER G 'C-28354
KANABROCKI E L D-20790
KANBARA S 'B-29450
KANEBO M *C-19506
KANGAS B-29328
KANGAS J 'B-32461
KANNO S 'C-30635
KARIMOVA L K 'G-29255
KAZANTZIS, G "G-06176
KEENAN, R G »G-08079
KENNEDY E J A-30457
KHRUSTALEVA, V A *C-07284
KHUKHRIN, E V 'K-06677
KIDA F G-30308
KING E *D-29545
KIRYAKOV, K 'G-05185
KLEINFELD M 'F-13197
KLINE J R D-20790
KOIDE M A-34424
KORSHUN, M N »A-08489
KOSMIDER, S »F-11570, *G-07234,
»G-09396, "G-09397
KOSTA L H-29147, H-33046
KOYAMA M C-32534
KRAUSE L A *C-29652
KRIVAN V 'C-28338
KRUGER P F-32072
KRUPITSKAYA, I D 'B-06884
KUDSK F N 'G-06239, 'G-18247
KUDSK, F N 'G-13035
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50
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
KULKARNI, M V G-08746
KUPEL R E C-34808
KURNOSOV V N "K-21133
KURNOSOV, V M 'G-05945
KURODA D 'C-29480
KUYKENDALL W E C-33042
NURMUKHAMETOV R N C-34939
NYHOLM E B-29328, B-32461
o
OHTA, Y 'G-05470
OKASHITA H C-32718
OZOLINS G A-23561
STALZER, R F C-09587
STEIN E F-13197
STEPANOV A S B-3I390
STEPHENS E R C-26275
STEPHENS, J D C-06045
STITT F *C-33886
STOCK A *A-34754, 'G-29276
SYKORA J G-31629
LAKTIONOVA T YE C-28450
LARSSON L 'C-30199
LEACH S J *F-13348
LEACH, L J G-08092
LEARNED R E A-27081
LEBEDEV YU D *K-28466
LEE, D *B-06837
LEFFERTS, D T C-09587
LIDEN K C-11626
LINCH, A L "C-09587
LINDBERG W 'G-13625
LOB, M 'G-07337
LOVE G J *K-34100
LUCHINA, K I A-06909
LUTZ C A *A-12422
LUTZ G A *L-12423
LYON W S A-34827
M
MACLEOD W D C-26275
MALENFANT A L "C-31862
MANINGER R C C-26275
MARK H B C-31171
MARSHALL, B S C-07772
MASTROMATTEO, E 'G-05737
MATSAK, V G 'F-06648
MATSUMOTO M D-27188
MATSUZAKIJ C-19506
MATTSSON S C-11626
MAYZ E *D-31112
MCARTHUR, D A G-07319
MCCARTHY J H JR *A-27081
MCGEE L C *G-27317
MELEKHINA V P *A-17624
MERTYL V G-31629
MESMAN B B *G-27387
MEUSCHKE J L A-27081
MIDDLETON J T "L-25288
MIRARCHI, A 0 G-11241
MOFFITT A E JR *C-34808
MOLOKHIA, M M 'G-08328
MOORE P J A-12422, L-12423
MOORE, C E D-20790
MORGAN G B 'A-23561
MURATI I C-33277
MUSTAFA M G 'G-31224
N
NAGAYAMA S A-29787
NAITO S C-19506
NEAL P A *B-28918, *G-34756
NEDOGIBCHENKO M K K-28466
NELSON D M D-20790
NELSON G 0 *F-14712
NEVILLE G A 'G-21113
NISHIMURA K *C-29770
NISHIMURA T D-27188
NISHIYAMA K A-29787
NORDBERG G G-18036
NORDBERG, G *G-09406
NORDBERG, G F G-12653
PAKTER M K *A-14286
PARAMESHVARA, V 'G-07330
PATRIARCHE G J C-31171
PATTON W F 'C-23771
PAULSEN K E C-31171
PERSHIN A V A-14286
PETROVA, N I »B-06883
PISAREVSKII, I L B-06884
POKROVENKO, Z I B-06883
POLOZHAYEV N G "C-28450
PORTER D H 'B-34795
POSTMAN B F B-28918
QUINO E A *C-33278
R
RANCITELLI L A »A-33004
RASTAS J 'B-29328, B-32461
RAZUMOV, V A 'C-07567
REINHAUT W H B-28918
REPORT OF A SURVEY ON ENV
•D-31371
REUTOV, 0 A *F-10866
RICHTER 0 *H-24773
ROBINSON J W C-34432
ROESMER J *F-32072
ROGOWSKA, E G-09396
ROTH, E M 'G-11241
ROTTSCHAFER J M C-31171
ROZENBERG J *F-15266
RUCH R R *A-30457
RUHLING AKE 'H-23436
RUZICKA M H-25927
RYAZANOV, V A "K-05940
SASA T *G-30308
SAVITSKII, i v 0-10361
SAYERS R R 'G-28846
SCHNECK T JR C-26275
SERENIUS, F G-09406, G-12653
SETSUDA S C-19506
SHAKHBAZYAN, G K *K-07576
SHALYA, N G C-07284
SH1RAKAWA K *G-17470
SHIRASAWA T *C-29343
SHOTWELL H P C-2%52
SHTERENGARTS, R Y G-10361
SHULTS W D A-34827
SffiGEL B Z A-33641
SIEGEL S M A-33641
SMITH B S G-27387
SMITH S B C-31862
SMITH, H G-08328
SOKOLOVSKIY, V V 'G-06617
SONODA K G-19190
SOROKINA, S F G-08387
STAHL Q R *A-21751
TADA 0 'G-13154
TAKEUCHIJ G-30308
TALALAEV G K A-14286
TEJNING S 'G-33868
THILLIEZ, G «C-10392, *D-07649
THOMAS M D *H-17710
THOMPSON J E 'D-30511
TOELG G C-28354
TOKUOMI H G-30308
TOMIMATSU Y C-33886
TOYAMA T G-30308
TRAKHTENBERG, I M 'A-06909,
*G-08167, *G-10361, K-07576
TSCHOEPEL P C-28354
TSUBAKIT G-30308
TSUCHIYA K 'G-23012
TSUKIYAMA H C-32718
TUDDENHAM, W M C-06045
TYLER W S G-31224
u
UEDA K *C-15451
UI J *G-19190
ULFVARSON, U 'G-09056
ULLMANN W W *A-31313
ULRICH W F 'C-34388
UTAGAWA T 'H-27872
VALIC F *C-28583
VEAZIE W H A-12422, L-12423
W
WAINERDI R E *C-33042
WALLACE R A *A-34827
WATTS J D B-34795
WAZNA BOGUNSKA, C G-07234
WEISS H V *A-34424
WEISSLER A *C-30510
WEST J M 'A-33058
WHEELER F *E-23809
WHITEMAN J L 'F-22567
WILLISTON, S H *D-12065
WILSON, H N *C-09369
WITSCHI H 'G-34789
WOLOCHOW H W C-26275
VAN TSEI, U F-10866
YOSHINAGA S D-27188
YUILE, C L G-08092
ZAJACZKOWSKI, S G-09396
ZEMSKOV I F *B-31390
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
51
ABATEMENT A-21751, K-28466,
K-34100, L-23116, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-25288
ABSORPTION A-29643, B-06883, C-05977,
C-09587, C-29770, C-30199, C-30635,
C-31862, E-26697, G-06680, G-08328,
G-09056, G-18247, H-24773
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-06883
ACETALDEHYDE G-11241
ACETIC ACID D-31371, F-06648,
G-06617, G-08079, G-11241, H-25826
ACETONE C-09333, C-09751, F-06648,
F-09764, G-11241, G-27317, K-05940
ACETYLENES C-09751, C-34939,
F-09764, G-11241, H-21691, H-24773
ACIDS A-23S61, B-29328, B-29450,
B-32461, C-09333, C-09369, C-09587,
C-23771, C-28126, C-30199, C-32476,
C-34432, D-31371, F-06648, F-09764,
G-06617, G-06680, G-08079, G-11241,
H-17710, H-20158, H-21691, H-23696,
H-25826, K-05940, K-06677, K-28466,
K-34100
ACROLEIN C-09369, G-11241
ACUTE C-15451, G-08167, G-32608,
K-05940
ADAPTATION G-09524, H-33046, K-07576
ADMINISTRATION A-31313, B-34795,
C-29343, D-29490, D-31371, E-23809,
E-28465, H-25927, K-28466, L-12423,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-25288,
L-29230, M-23145
ADSORPTION B-06837, B-06883, B-31390,
F-22567
ADULTS A-31313, F-11570, G-08328,
G-08387, G-18128, G-23012
AEROSOLS B-06884, C-33042, D-30511,
D-31112, F-09764, G-08328, G-09396,
G-11241, K-05940, K-06677
AGE F-11570, G-33868, G-34756
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES G-07423,
G-33868
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
D-32912
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA A-34827,
K-34100
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-31313, D-29490,
D-31371, L-12423, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-06351, A-08489, A-17624, A-21751,
A-33641, C-05977, C-07284, C-07567,
C-10392, C-28583, C-29343, D-04986,
D-06671, D-12065, D-20790, D-26557,
D-27188, D-29490, D-29545, D-30511,
D-31112, D-31371, D-32912, G-05945,
G-06239, G-07319, G-07337, H-20158,
H-23436, H-29147, K-05940
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-08489,
A-29643, C-34815, D-30511, G-05945,
G-06680, G-07337, G-11241, G-31280,
K-05940, K-06677, K-21133, K-28466,
K-34100, K-34664, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
AIRCRAFT C-05191, E-23744, E-28465
AIRPORTS L-23608
ALCOHOLS C-09333, C-09369, C-09751,
C-34388, D-31371, F-06648, F-09764,
G-05737, G-06680, G-08079, G-11241,
G-13035, K-28466
ALDEHYDES A-23561, B-06837, C-09333,
C-09369, C-26275, C-32476, C-32534,
C-34939, D-04986, D-31371, F-09764,
G-08079, G-11241, K-05940, K-06677
ALFALFA H-17710, H-20158
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS C-09369,
C-09751, C-34939, F-06648, F-09764,
G-06680, G-11241, H-17710, H-20158,
H-21691, H-23696, H-24773, H-25826
ALLERGIES C-15451, L-29230
ALTITUDE A-27081, A-34424, D-12065,
E-23744, E-23809, F-09764
ALUMINUM G-11241, K-06677
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS D-04986,
D-20790, F-22567, G-11241
ALUMINUM OXIDES K-06677
ALUMINUM SILICATES F-22567
ALVEOLI G-09406, G-12653, G-31224
AMIDES G-11241
AMINES B-06837, C-34939, F-06648,
F-09764, G-05737, G-11241, G-27317
AMINO ACIDS G-09524
AMMONIA B-06837, C-09369, C-09751,
C-28126, C-32534, D-04986, F-06648,
F-09764, G-11241, G-28846, H-17710,
H-20158, H-21691, H-23696
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE C-23771
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS B-06837,
B-29450, C-09369, C-09751, C-23771,
C-28126, C-32534, D-04986, F-06648,
F-09764, G-11241, G-28846, H-17710,
H-20158, H-21691, H-23696
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-21751,
A-30017, A-30292, A-30457, A-33004,
A-33058, A-33641, A-34424, A-34754,
A-34827, B-28918, C-05191, C-05977,
C-06045, C-07284, C-07567, C-07772,
CMJ8134, C-09333, C-09369, C-09587,
C-09-751, C-10392, C-11626, C-19506,
C-20944, C-26275, C-27389, C-28126,
C-28338, C-28354, C-28450, C-28505,
C-28583, C-29480, C-29770, C-30199,
C-305IO, C-30635, C-31171, C-31862,
C-32476, C-32534, C-33042, C-33277,
C-33278, C-33338, C-33886, C-34388,
C-34808, C-34815, C-34939, D-07649,
D-20790, D-31371, D-32912, F-13348,
F-15266, F-32072, G-05470, G-06239,
G-06617, G-08079, G-08328, G-09056,
G-13035, G-27387, G-28013, G-28030,
G-31624, H-33046, H-34881
ANEMIA A-31313
ANIMALS A-21751, A-34827, C-31171,
C-31862, C-33042, E-23744, F-09764,
F-H570, F-13197, G-05945, G-06617,
G-07234, G-08092, G-08167, G-08746,
G-09396, G-09397, G-09406, G-09524,
G-10361, G-11556, G-12653, G-13446,
G-18036, G-21113, G-27801, G-31543,
G-31629, G-31705, G-32546, G-32936,
G-33868, G-34682, H-23696, H-27872,
H-33046, H-34881, K-05940, K-21133
ANNUAL A-33004, D-29490
ANOXIA G-08167
ANTHRACENES F-06648
ANTIDOTES G-29255
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS A-06351,
A-33004, C-06045, D-04986, D-20790,
F-06648, F-09764, G-06680, G-08328,
G-11241
AREA SURVEYS D-29490, D-31371
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS C-09333,
C-09751, C-32534, C-34939, F-06648,
F-09764, G-05737, G-06680, G-08079,
G-08746, G-11241, G-27317, G-28846,
K-05940, K-06677
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-33004,
C-09333, C-25431, C-30635, C-32718,
C-33338, D-04986, D-27188, F-06648,
F-09764, G-06680, G-07423, G-08079,
G-08328, G-17470, G-28846, G-31280,
G-31543, G-32608, H-23436, K-06677,
K-28466, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
ARSINE F-09764, G-06680, G-08079,
G-28846
ASBESTOS A-23561, G-05737, G-06680,
G-07423, G-13625, G-27085, K-06677,
K-34100, K-34664
ASBESTOSIS G-13625, G-27085
ASHES A-33004, D-27188
ASIA A-29787, B-29450, C-15451, C-19506,
C-28126, C-28505, C-29343, C-29480,
C-29770, C-30635, C-32476, C-32534,
C-32718, D-26557, D-27188, D-31371,
D-32912, G-05470, G-07423, G-13154,
G-17470, G-19190, G-23012, G-30308,
G-31705, G-32546, G-33868, H-27872,
L-23116. L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-29230, M-23145
ASPHALT G-13625, H-25826
ASPHYXIATION G-11241
ASPIRATORS C-08134
ASTHMA G-07423, G-13625, G-30308,
L-29230
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-29787,
A-30292, D-06671, D-12065, D-31371,
D-32912, K-34664
ATTACK RATES G-08387, G-27085
AUSTRALIA F-13348
AUTOMATIC METHODS C-28214
AUTOMOBILES A-23561, A-31313,
D-26557, D-27188, D-32912, K-34100,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-25288
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-23561,
C-09369, C-26275, D-26S57, D-27188,
D-32912, E-26697, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-25288
AUTOPSY F-11570, G-05945, G-08079
AZOLES C-34939
-------
52
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
B
BACTERIA C-34388, F-09764, G-11241
BARIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
C-25431, C-32718, E-26697, G-17470
BARLEY H-17710
BATTERY MANUFACTURING B-34795,
C-07284
BELGIUM G-07423
BENZENES C-09333, C-09751, F-06648,
F-09764, G-06680, G-08079, G-11241,
G-28846
BERYLLIOSIS G-13625
BERYLLIUM G-06«80, G-07423. G-08079,
G-11241, G-13446, K-06677
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
C-09333, C-28354, C-34939, D-04986,
D-27188, F-09764, G-06680, G-08079,
G-11241, G-13625, G-27085, G-31705,
G-32608, K-06677, K-34100, K-34664
BETA PARTICLES C-09333, C-11626
BIO-ASSAY C-33042, G-08079, H-33046
BIOCLIMATOLOGY G-34682
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
MEASUREMENT C-05977, C-09333,
C-10392, D-06671, F-09764, F-11570,
G-05185, G-05470, G-05737,'G-05945,
G-06172, G-06176, G-06680, G-07234,
G-07319, G-07330, G-07337, G-08079,
G-08092, G-08167, G-08328, G-08387,
G-08746, G-09056, G-09396, G-09397,
G-09406, G-09524, G-10361, G-11241,
K-05940, K-06677, K-07576
BIOPSY G-08328, G-18128
BIRDS G-08092, G-33868, H-27872,
H-34881
BISMUTH C-06045
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS A-06351
BLOOD CELLS F-09764, G-08746,
G-09056, G-09397, G-11556, G-12653,
G-13035, G-18036, G-27085, G-32218,
G-33504, G-34789
BLOOD CHEMISTRY A-31313, C-05977,
C-10392, C-31171, G-06172, G-07234,
G-08079, G-08746, G-09056, G-09396,
G-09397, G-09524, G-10361, G-13035,
G-18247, G-31624, G-32218, G-34621,
H-33046, K-07576
BLOOD VESSELS F-11570, G-07234
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
F-09764, F-11570, G-05185, G-05945,
G-06172, G-06176, G-06617, G-06680,
G-07234, G-07319, G-07330, G-07337,
G-08092. G-08167, G-08328, G-08746,
G-09056, G-09396, G-09397, G-09406,
G-09524, G-10361, G-11241, G-11556,
G-12653, G-13446, K-07576
BODY FLUIDS G-06680, G-07330,
G-10361, G-11556, G-13035, G-34621,
G-34789
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
B-06884, F-09764, G-05185, G-05737,
G-05945, G-06172, G-06617, G-06680,
G-07234, G-07319, G-07330, G-07337,
G-08079, G-08092, G-08167, G-08328,
G-08746, G-09396, G-09397, G-09406,
G-09524, G-10361, G-11241, G-11556,
G-12653, K-05940, K-06677, K-07576
BOILERS D-32912, L-23610
BORON COMPOUNDS A-06351, C-09369
BREATHING C-09333, G-12653, G-13625,
G-34621, G-34682
BREATHING APPARATUS D-06671
BREATHING EXERCISES K-05940
BROMIDES C-32718, F-06648, G-34621
BROMINATED HYDROCARBONS
F-06648
BROMINE D-20790, H-25826
BROMINE COMPOUNDS C-32718,
C-33042, C-33277, C-33278, F-06648,
F-09764, G-28846, G-34621, H-25826
BRONCHI G-09406
BRONCHITIS G-07423, G-08387, G-13625,
G-30308, L-25288, L-29230
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION G-07423
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA F-09764,
G-08387
BUILDINGS A-06909, A-08489, B-06884,
C-27389, K-06677
BUTADIENES F-06648
BUTANES C-09369, G-11241
BUTYNES F-09764, G-11241
BUTYRALDEHYDES F-09764, G-11241
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-31548,
A-34827, B-29328, B-29450, B-32461
BYSSINOSIS G-27085
CADMIUM C-06045, F-06648, G-06680,
G-07319, G-08079, G-08328, G-11241,
G-13446, K-06677, K-07576
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-29787,
C-09333, C-28126, C-28505, C-29343,
C-30635, C-32476, C-33338, C-34432,
C-34641, D-04986, D-26557, D-27188,
F-09764, F-13197, G-06680, G-08079,
G-11241, G-17470, G-30308, G-31224,
G-31280, G-31705, G-32608, K-06677,
K-07576, L-23116, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-29230
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS C-05977,
D-04986, E-26697, F-22567, G-06680
CALIBRATION METHODS C-09587,
C-30635, C-33886, C-34432, C-34641,
D-07649, G-09056
CALIFORNIA D-12065
CANADA A-06351, A-31548, B-30117,
G-05737, G-08746, G-21113
CANCER F-09764, G-07423, G-08328,
G-13625, G-26740, L-25288
CARBON BLACK B-31390, F-09764,
G-06680
CARBON DIOXIDE C-09369, C-09751,
C-32534, D-04986, D-32912, E-23744,
E-23809, E-28465, G-08079, G-11241
CARBON DISULFIDE F-06648, G-08079,
K-05940, K-28466
CARBON MONOXIDE A-23561, C-09369,
C-09751, C-32534, D-04986, D-32912,
F-09764, G-07423, G-08079, G-11241,
G-I3154, G-13625, G-27085, G-27801,
G-31705, G-34621, G-34682, H-20158,
H-21691, H-24773, H-25826, K-05940,
K-28466, K-34100, L-23116, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-25288
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE F-06648,
G-11241
CARBONYLS C-09369, F-09764
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN G-11241,
G-13154, L-25288
CARCINOGENS C-34939, G-26740
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES F-11570,
G-13625, K-07576
CASCADE SAMPLERS C-23771
CATALYSIS B-06837, B-29450, C-33277
CATALYSTS B-29450
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY C-33277
CATTLE G-32936, H-33046
CELL METABOLISM G-31224, G-34789
CELLS A-29643, F-09764, G-06617,
G-08746, G-09056, G-09397, G-11556,
G-12653, G-13035, G-18036, G-27085,
G-31224, G-32218, G-32936, G-33504,
G-34789
CEMENTS A-34424, G-06680, K-06677,
K-34100
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS B-29328,
B-32461, C-23771
CERAMICS G-08079
CERIUM COMPOUNDS D-20790
CESIUM COMPOUNDS C-09333, D-20790
CHARCOAL B-06837, C-05977, C-34808,
G-08079, H-24773
CHEMICAL BONDS F-32072, G-32936,
G-34789
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-06351,
A-17624, C-05977, C-10392, D-12065,
D-20790
CHEMICAL METHODS A-34754,
C-05977, C-07284, C-09333, C-10392,
C-26275, C-30199, C-30635, C-32476,
C-32534, F-13348, F-32072, G-28030,
G-31624
CHEMICAL PROCESSING A-12422,
A-14286, A-3154«, A-34424, A-34827,
B-29450, B-30117, B-32461, B-34795,
C-23771, D-31371, G-05185, G-OS737,
G-10361, G-27317, G-33868, K-05940,
K-34100, L-24214
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-23561,
B-06837, B-29328, B-29450, C-28354,
C-29652, C-31862, E-26697, F-10866,
F-15266, F-32072, G-08746, G-09056,
G-11241, G-11556, G-18247, G-31629,
K-34100
CHEMISTS G-08079
CHICAGO D-20790
CHILDREN A-06909, A-31313, D-32912,
G-18128
CHLORIDES B-32461, C-09333, C-09369,
C-09587, C-09751, D-04986, D-06671,
F-06648, G-06617, G-08167, G-11241,
G-29255, G-32218, H-23696, H-28849,
K-06677
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
C-09751, C-29480, C-34388, C-34432,
C-34939, E-23809, F-06648, F-09764,
G-06680, G-08079, G-11241, G-13154,
G-31543, G-31705, H-20158, H-27872,
K-06677
CHLORINE A-06351, B-06883, B-30117,
B-31390, B-34795, C-09369, C-26275,
C-28126, C-28450, D-20790, D-31371,
D-32912, F-09764, F-15266, G-11241,
H-17710, H-21691, H-23696, K-05940,
K-28466
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS B-32461,
C-09333, C-09369, C-09587, C-09751,
C-28126, C-31171, C-32476, C-33277,
D-04986, D-06671, F-06648, F-09764,
G-06617, G-06680, G-08167, G-11241,
G-28846, G-29255, G-31543, G-32218,
H-20158, H-23696, H-28849, K-05940,
K-06677
CHLOROFORM C-09751, F-06648,
F-09764, G-11241
CHLOROSIS H-21691
CHROMATES C-09333, G-32608, K-06677
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-30292, C-09333,
C-09751, C-26275, C-28126, C-28505,
C-30510, C-30635, C-32476, C-32534,
C-33886, D-31371, F-32072, G-08079
CHROMIUM G-06680, G-08079, G-11241,
K-06677
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
53
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
A-33004. C-09333. D-20790, D-27188,
F-09764, G-06680, G-08079, G-11241,
G-32608, K-06677, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
CHROMOSOMES A-29643
CHRONIC B-28918, C-15451, F-11570,
G-05945, G-06176, G-07330, G-07337,
G-07423, G-08167, G-09524, G-10361,
G-30308, G-32608, G-34756, K-05940,
L-29230
CINCINNATI D-04986
CINDERS A-33004
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM F-11570,
F-13197, G-05945, G-07234, G-18036,
H-33046
CLAY K-06677
CLOUDS E-23744
COAL A-06351, A-29643, A-30017,
A-30457, A-33004, D-26557, D-27188,
D-29490, E-23809, F-09764, G-08387,
H-17710, K-06677
COAL CHARACTERISTICS A-06351,
A-29643, A-30457
COAL TARS H-25826
COBALT COMPOUNDS D-20790,
D-27188, F-09764
COKE A-14286
COLLECTORS A-31548, B-29328,
B-32461, C-05977, C-23771
COLLOIDS G-31629
COLORIMETRY A-21751, C-05977,
C-07284, C-08134, C-09333, C-09587,
C-20944, C-28450, C-28583, C-29480,
C-32476, C-33278, C-34388, C-34815,
C-34939, D-32912, G-06239, G-06617
COMBUSTION A-23561, F-09764
COMBUSTION GASES A-29787, A-30017,
B-29328, B-32461, C-29770, D-29490,
D-32912, G-08079, G-11241, H-17710,
H-33046
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-14286,
A-23561, A-29787, A-30017, A-33004,
B-29328, B-32461, C-29770, D-27188,
D-29490, D-32912, G-08079, G-11241,
H-17710, H-33046, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
COMMERCIAL AREAS D-04986, D-27188
COMMON COLD G-07423, G-08387,
G-13625
COMPUTER PROGRAMS C-09751,
C-34641
CONDENSATION B-06883, C-32718
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
E-23744, H-25826
CONNECTICUT A-31313
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-34424,
G-06680, G-13625, H-25826, K-06677,
K-34100
CONTACT PROCESSING B-32461,
K-34100
CONTINUOUS MONITORING A-21751,
C-29343, C-32534, D-12065, G-32546,
G-32608
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-21751,
A-31548, B-06883, B-06884, B-28918,
B-29328, B-30117, B-32461, C-05977,
C-07772, C-23771, C-32718, C-34432,
D-31112, G-06680, G-07319, G-08079,
G-08387, K-06677
CONTROL METHODS A-06909, A-29643,
A-31548, A-34827, B-06837, B-06883,
B-06884, B-28918, B-29328, B-29450,
B-30117, B-31390, B-32461, B-34795,
C-05977, C-09587, C-29770, C-30199,
C-30635, C-31862, D-29545, D-32912,
E-26697. F-22567, G-06680, G-07319,
G-07337, G-08079, G-08328, G-08387,
G-09056, G-18247, G-34756, H-24773,
K-34100
CONTROL PROGRAMS B-34795,
D-31371, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-25288, M-23145
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES C-05191,
C-09751, G-11241, H-24773
COOLING A-23561. B-34795, G-31624
COPPER A-29787, G-08328, G-11241,
G-13446
COPPER COMPOUNDS A-06351,
A-29787, C-06045, C-28126, C-28505,
C-30635, D-04986, D-27188, F-13197,
G-11241, G-31224, G-31705, K-06677
CORROSION D-26557
COSTS A-33058, B-34795, H-27872,
K-34664
COTTON K-06677
COTTONS K-06677
COUGH F-09764
CRITERIA A-34827, C-30635, G-11241,
K-34100
CROP SPRAYING G-27801
CROPS A-29787, C-33042, E-23744,
H-17710, H-20158, H-21691, K-06677
CYANATES G-05737
CYANIDES A-29787, C-09369, C-32534,
G-06680, G-11241, H-17710, H-25826,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
CYCLIC ALKANES C-09751
CZECHOSLOVAKIA G-31629, H-25927
D
DATA ANALYSIS D-29545
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS C-09751,
C-33042, C-34641, D-29545, L-12423
DECOMPOSITION B-29328, C-28354,
F-10866, F-32072, G-09056
DENSITY A-30457, C-29480, C-32534,
G-31624
DEPOSITION A-34424, G-08328, G-09406
DESIGN CRITERIA B-34795, C-11626,
C-31862, C-34641, F-14712, L-12423
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS B-29450
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
C-09751, H-27872
DIAGNOSIS B-28918, C-33042, F-11570,
G-05945, G-08079, G-08328, G-13154,
G-17470, G-18128, G-28846, G-30308,
G-;32608, G-34621, H-25826, H-33046,
LT29230
DIESEL ENGINES F-09764
DIFFUSION C-26275, D-30511, L-25288
DIFFUSION MODELS D-30511, L-25288
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM G-05945, G-07330,
G-08092, G-08746, G-09397, G-18036,
G-29255, G-29276, G-33504
DIOLEFINS F-06648
DIPHENYLS F-09764, K-05940
DISPERSION A-23561, A-34424, A-34827,
C-26275, C-33042, D-30511, D-32912.
E-26697, F-09764, G-32936, K-34664,
L-25288
DISPERSIONS F-09764, G-31629
DIURNAL A-27081, D-31371, G-093%,
G-09397, G-09524, G-10361, K-28466,
K-34664
DOGS F-09764, F-11570, F-13197,
G-06617, G-08746
DONORA D-04986, G-07423
DRUGS C-34388, G-07330, G-08746,
G-11556, G-27085, G-29255
DUST FALL C-29343, D-26557
DUSTS A-29787, B-06883, B-29328,
B-32461, C-05977, C-07772, C-09587,
C-23771, C-25431, C-29343, C-32534,
C-32718, C-34815, D-04986, D-12065,
D-26557, D-29545, D-32912, F-09764,
G-06680, G-07319, G-08079, G-08328,
G-08387, G-11241, G-28030, K-06677,
K-28466, M-23145
DYE MANUFACTURING G-26740
ECONOMIC LOSSES H-17710, L-25288
EDUCATION D-31112, E-28465
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-33004, A-34827, B-29450, D-29490,
D-32912, F-09764, K-34100, L-23610,
L-24214
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
C-10392
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-34795,
F-32072
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE F-32072
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
A-34754, C-05977, C-10392, C-26275,
C-32534, F-13348, G-28030
ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY ANALYZERS
C-32534
ELECTROLYSIS A-08489
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY C-26275
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
B-29328, B-32461, C-05977, G-08079
EMISSION STANDARDS B-30117,
K-34100, K-34664, L-25288, M-23145
EMPHYSEMA F-09764, G-07423, G-08387,
G-13625, G-30308, L-29230
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES D-32912
ENGINE EXHAUSTS C-09369, D-26557,
D-27188, D-32912, E-26697
ENGINEERS G-08079
ENZYMES C-34388, G-09396, G-09397,
G-11241, G-11556, G-21113, G-31224,
G-33504
EPIDEMIOLOGY G-23012
EPITHELIUM G-07234
ESTERS C-09333, C-09751, G-11241
ETHERS C-09751, F-06648, G-11241
ETHYL ALCOHOL C-09751, F-06648,
F-09764, G-11241
ETHYLENE C-34939, F-06648, F-09764,
H-17710, H-20158, H-21691. H-23696,
H-24773, H-25826
EUROPE A-06351, A-06909, A-08489,
A-14286, A-17624, A-30292, A-34754,
B-06883, B-06884, B-29328, B-31390,
B-32461, C-07284, C-07567, C-07772,
C-08134, C-10392, C-11626, C-20944,
C-28338, C-28354, C-28450, C-28583,
C-30199, C-30510, C-33277, C-34939,
D-06671, D-07649, D-29545, F-06648,
F-10866, F-11570, F-15266,F-22567,
G-05I85. G-05945, G-06239, G-07234,
G-07330, G-07337, G-07423, G-08167,
G-08328, G-08387, G-09396. G-09397,
G-09406, G-09524, G-10361, G-13035,
G-13625, G-27085, G-29255, G-29276,
G-31543, G-31624, G-31629, G-32218,
G-33868, G-34621, G-34682, G-34789,
H-19770, H-22952, H-23436, H-24773,
H-25826. H-25927. H-29147, H-33046,
H-34881, K-05940, K-06677, K-07576,
K-21133, K-28466
-------
54
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
EVAPORATORS F-09764
EXCRETIONS C-15451, G-06172, G-06176,
G-06680, G-07234, G-07319, G-07330,
G-09396, G-09397, G-13154, G-29276,
H-33046
EXHAUST SYSTEMS B-06883, B-06884,
B-28918, G-07319
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT C-10392,
C-11626, C-34641, F-14712, G-09056
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS C-34388,
C-34815, D-07649, F-11570, G-07234,
G-09056, K-05940
EXPLOSIONS G-27317
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS G-07234,
G-08092, G-08167, G-12653
EXPOSURE METHODS F-11570, G-05945,
G-06680, G-07234, G-08092, G-18036,
G-32546, G-34682, H-28849
EYE IRRITATION F-09764, G-07330,
G-07423, L-25288
EYES G-07330
FALLOUT C-09333
FARMS G-31543
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS L-23116,
L-29230
FEED LOTS A-34827
FEMALES G-07234, G-08328
FERTILIZING E-23744, E-26697, G-32936,
H-34881
FIELD TESTS C-33278
FILTER FABRICS C-07772, C-32718,
G-06680, G-08079, K-06677
FILTERS B-06883, B-30117, C-05977,
C-07772, C-23771, C-32718, D-31112,
G-06680, G-08079, K-06677
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
C-09751
FLOW RATES C-09587, C-29480, C-29770,
C-31862, G-08167
FLOWERS H-17710, H-21691, H-22952,
H-28849
FLOWMETERS G-08079, G-08092
FLUID FLOW C-09587, C-29480, C-29770,
C-31862, G-08167
FLUORESCENCE C-32718, C-34388,
C-34939, G-07337
FLUORIDES A-23561, B-32461, C-09333,
C-32476, D-04986, F-06648, F-09764,
G-06680, G-08079, G-11241, G-32608,
H-20158
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-12422, C-09751, F-06648, F-09764,
L-12423
FLUORINE A-06351, C-09369, C-11626,
G-06680
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-23561,
B-32461, C-09333, C-09369, C-32476,
C-32534, D-04986, D-31371, F-06648,
F-09764, G-06680, G-08079, G-11241,
G-32608, H-20158, K-06677, K-28466
FOG H-25826
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
G-32936
FOODS A-30292, A-31313, A-34754,
C-15451, C-30510, D-30511, G-26740,
G-31543, G-31705, G-32936, G-33868,
H-33046
FORMALDEHYDES A-23561, C-09333,
C-09369, C-32476, D-31371, F-09764,
G-08079, G-11241, K-05940
FORMIC ACID F-06648, G-11241
FRANCE C-10392, D-07649, F-15266,
G-07337, H-19770, H-22952
FREEZING G-31624
FRUITS G-32936, H-21691
FUEL GASES F-09764, H-24773
FUEL OIL PREPARATION B-29450
FUEL OILS B-29450, C-09333, C-32718,
C-34939, D-26557, D-27188, E-23809,
E-28465, F-09764, L-23608
FUELS A-06351, A-14286, A-29643,
A-30017, A-30457, A-33004, A-34424,
A-34827, B-29450, C-09333, C-30635,
C-32718, C-34939, D-26557, D-27188,
D-29490, E-23744, E-23809, E-28465,
F-09764, G-08387, G-11241, H-17710,
H-24773, H-34881, K-06677, L-23608
FUMES C-05977, C-07772, C-09333,
F-09764, G-07234, G-07319, G-07330,
G-08079, G-11241
FUNGI F-09764, G-31543
FURNACES B-06883, B-32461, F-09764
GAMMA RADIATION G-05470
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY C-09333,
C-09751, C-28126, C-28505, C-30510,
C-30635, C-32534, D-31371, G-08079
GAS SAMPLING C-09333, C-09587,
C-26275, C-27389, C-32476, C-32718,
D-31112, D-32912, G-06239, G-08079
GASES A-33641, B-06837, B-06883,
F-09764, G-08079, G-28846, G-34621,
H-20158, H-23696, K-05940
GASOLINES C-30635, F-09764, G-11241
GENETICS G-26740, G-32936
GERMANY A-34754, C-28338, C-28354,
F-11570, G-29276, G-32218, G-34621,
H-24773, H-25826
GLADIOLI H-17710
GLANDS G-05945, G-13446, G-29276,
K-07576
GLASS FABRICS C-07772, C-32718,
G-06680, G-08079, K-06677
GOVERNMENTS C-28505, F-09764,
L-23116, L-25288, L-29230
GRAPHITE G-06680
GREAT BRITAIN C-07772, D-29545,
F-22567, G-07330, G-07423, G-08328,
G-31543
GUINEA PIGS F-09764, G-09406,
G-12653, G-34682
H
HALOGEN GASES A-06351, B-06883,
B-30117, B-31390, B-34795, C-05191,
C-09369, C-11626, C-26275, C-28126,
C-28450, D-20790, D-31371, D-32912,
F-09764, F-15266, G-06680, G-11241,
G-28846, H-17710, H-21691, H-23696,
H-25826, K-05940, K-28466
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
A-12422, C-09751, C-29480, C-34388,
C-34432, C-34939, E-23809, F-06648,
F-09764, G-06680, G-08079, G-11241,
G-13154, G-31543, G-31705, H-20158,
H-27872, K-06677, L-12423
HAMSTERS F-09764
HARBORS C-30635, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
HAWAH A-33641
HEADACHE F-09764
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT A-31313,
F-09764, G-05185, G-05737, G-06176,
G-07234, G-07330, G-07337, G-07423,
G-11241, G-31280, G-31543, G-31705,
G-32936, G-33868, K-06677
HEALTH STATISTICS G-07337, G-13625,
G-27085
HEART F-11570, F-13197, G-05945,
G-18036, H-33046
HEAT TRANSFER A-23561, B-29328,
B-32461, B-34795, G-09056, G-31624
HEMATOLOGY A-31313, C-05977,
C-10392, C-29652, C-31171, C-33338,
F-09764, G-06172, G-07234, G-08079,
G-08746, G-09056, G-09396, G-09397,
G-09524, G-10361, G-11241, G-13035,
G-13154, G-18247, G-23012, G-30308,
G-31624, G-32218, G-34621, H-33046,
K-07576, L-25288
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS F-09764,
G-32218
HEPTANES C-09751, F-06648, G-11241
HEPTENES F-09764
HERBICIDES A-31548, H-27872
HEXANES C-09751, F-06648, G-11241
HEXENES F-09764
HIGHWAYS D-31371
HORMONES G-11241, G-13446
HUMANS A-06909, A-21751, A-31313,
A-34827, B-06883, C-09751, C-31171,
D-26557, D-32912, F-09764, F-l 1570,
G-05185, G-05470, G-07234, G-07319,
G-07330, G-07337, G-07423, G-08079,
G-08328, G-08387, G-08746, G-09396,
G-11241, G-11556, G-18128, G-23012,
G-26740, G-27801, G-29255, G-29276,
G-30308, G-31543, G-31624, G-31705,
G-32608, G-32936, G-33868, G-34621,
G-34756, G-34789, K-21133, K-34664,
L-29230
HUMIDITY B-06837, G-34682
HYDROCARBONS A-23561, A-30457,
B-29450, C-05191, C-09333, C-09369,
C-09751, C-32534, C-34388, C-34939,
D-31112, F-06648, F-09764, G-05737,
G-06680, G-08079, G-08746, G-11241,
G-27317, G-28846, H-17710, H-20158,
H-21691, H-23696, H-24773, H-25826,
K-05940, K-06677, K-34100, L-23116,
L-25288
HYDROCHLORIC ACID C-09587,
C-28126, D-31371, H-17710, H-21691,
H-25826, K-05940
HYDROCYANIC ACID C-32476, H-23696,
H-25826
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-23561,
C-28126, C-32476, G-06680, G-11241,
H-17710, H-20158
HYDROGEN B-30117, B-34795, G-11241
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-12422, A-23561,
A-29787, C-09369, C-26275, C-28126,
C-28450, C-32476, C-32534, C-34939,
D-31371, G-11241, H-17710, H-20158,
H-21691, H-23696, K-28466, L-12423
HYDROLYSIS G-11241
HYDROXIDES F-06648, G-32218,
H-25826, K-06677
HYPOXIA G-18128
I
ICE A-34424
ILLINOIS A-30457, D-20790
IMMUNOLOGY K-07576
IMPINGERS C-09587, C-33278, C-34815,
G-08079
INCINERATION D-29490, F-09764,
K-34100
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-29787, C-07284,
C-07567, D-04986, D-27I88, D-31371,
D-32912, G-08387, G-27085, H-23436,
K-06677, K-07576, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
55
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-08489, A-12422, A-14286, A-17624,
A-21751, A-2356I, A-27081, A-29643,
A-29787, A-30292, A-31313, A-31548,
A-33004, A-33058, A-34424, A-34827,
B-06883, B-28918, B-29328, B-29450,
B-30117, B-32461, B-34795, C-07284,
C-09751, C-23771, C-28583, D-07649,
D-29490, D-29545, D-31371, D-32912,
F-09764, G-05185, G-05737, G-07319,
G-07330, G-07337, G-07423, G-08387,
G-08746, G-10361, G-26740, G-27317,
G-28030, G-31280, G-32936, G-33504,
G-33868, G-34756, H-23436, H-27872,
H-29147, H-33046, H-34881, K-05940,
K-07576, K-21133, K-34100, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214
INFANTS G-18128
INFECTIOUS DISEASES G-26740
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY C-05191,
C-06045, C-09751, G-08079
INGESTION E-26697, G-29276, G-34756,
H-27872
INHIBITION G-09396, G-09397, G-13035,
G-21113, G-31224, H-22952
INORGANIC ACIDS A-23561, B-29328,
B-29450, B-32461, C-09369, C-09587,
C-23771, C-28126, C-30199, C-32476,
C-34432, D-31371, F-09764, G-06680,
G-11241, H-17710, H-20158, H-21691,
H-25826, K-05940, K-28466, K-34100
INSTRUMENTATION A-30017, C-I0392,
C-26275, D-12065
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
F-09764
INTESTINES G-33504
IODIMETRIC METHODS C-09333,
C-32476
IODINE C-11626, H-25826
IODINE COMPOUNDS C-05191, C-05977,
C-09333, C-09587, C-28214, G-06617,
G-13446, H-25826
IONIZATION C-07284
IONS C-06045, C-07284, C-30635, C-3I171,
C-32534, C-33277, E-26697, F-09764,
F-22567, F-32072, G-11556, G-13446,
G-31224, G-31624, G-32936
IRON B-29450, G-06680, G-11241,
G-13446, H-23436, L-23608, L-24214
IRON COMPOUNDS A-30457, A-33004,
B-29450, B-32461, C-06045, C-28126,
C-28505, C-32718, D-04986, D-20790,
D-31371, F-09764, G-06680, G-11241
IRON OXIDES B-29450, C-06045, G-06680
IRRADIATION CHAMBERS C-29770
ISOPENTANES F-06648
ISOTOPES C-09333, C-28338, C-29770,
C-32534, C-33042, C-34641, F-10866,
F-15266, F-32072, G-05470, G-06172,
G-08746, G-18036, G-34789
ITALY G-34682
JAPAN A-29787, B-29450, C-15451,
C-19506, C-28126, C-28505, C-29343,
C-29480, C-29770, C-30635, C-32476,
C-32534, C-32718, D-26557, D-27188,
D-31371, D-32912, G-05470, G-07423,
G-13154, G-17470, G-19190, G-23012,
G-30308, G-32546, G-33868, H-27872,
L-23116, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-29230, M-23145
JET AIRCRAFT E-23744, E-28465
K
KETONES A-23561, C-09333, C-09369,
C-09751, C-34939, F-06648, F-09764,
G-06680, G-11241, G-27317, K-05940
KIDNEYS G-05945, G-06680, G-07234,
G-07319, G-07330, G-08092, G-08746,
G-11556, G-12653, G-18036, G-29276,
G-33504, H-33046, K-07576
KRAFT PULPING A-12422, A-31548
LABORATORY ANIMALS F-09764,
F-11570, F-13197, G-05945, G--06617,
G-07234, G-08167, G-08746, G-09396,
G-09397, G-09406, G-09524, G-10361,
G-11556, G-12653, G-13446, G-18036,
G-21113, G-31629, G-32546, G-34682,
H-23696, H-33046, K-05940, K-21133
LABORATORY FACILITIES C-09333
LAKES A-34754, D-30511, E-26697,
E-28465
LASERS C-26275
LEAD C-05977, C-06045, F-06648,
F-11570, G-06680, G-07423, G-08079,
G-11241, K-06677, K-07576
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-06351, A-23561,
A-29787, A-31313, B-31390, C-05977,
C-09333, C-11626, C-25431, C-26275,
C-28126, C-28450, C-30635, C-32476,
C-32534, C-32718, C-33042, C-33338,
D-04986, D-07649, D-27188, D-32912,
F-06648, F-11570, G-06680, G-08079,
G-11241, G-13154, G-13625, G-17470,
G-27085, G-27801, G-31280, G-32218,
G-32608, G-34789, H-19770, K-06677,
K-07576, K-28466, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-25288
LEAVES D-32912, H-19770, H-20158,
H-21691, H-22952, H-23696
LEGAL ASPECTS A-29787, C-28505,
D-32912, L-23116, L-29230, M-23145
LEGISLATION D-32912, L-29230
LEUKOCYTES F-09764, G-27085
LIGHT RADIATION A-23561, B-29450,
C-05191, E-23809, F-09764
LIMESTONE G-06680
LIPIDS F-11570, G-09396, G-34789
LIQUIDS C-09751, C-29652, C-33277,
C-34641, F-06648, G-11241, G-18036,
H-19770
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
F-15266
LIVER G-05945, G-08092, G-09397,
G-18036, G-29276, G-33504
LOCAL' GOVERNMENTS L-23116
LONDON G-07423
LOWER ATMOSPHERE D-12065
LUBRICANTS B-29450
LUNG CANCER G-07423, G-08328,
G-13625, L-25288
LUNGS G-05945, G-06680, G-08092,
G-08328, G-08746, G-09406, G-12653,
G-13035, G-18036, G-29276, G-31224,
G-32546
LYMPHOCYTES F-09764
M
MAGNESIUM F-06648, G-11241
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS C-06045,
D-04986, F-13197, G-06680, G-11241,
G-32608, H-25927
MALES G-07234, G-08328, G-08387
MANGANESE G-06680, G-07423,
G-08079, G-08328, G-11241, K-05940,
K-06677
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-06351,
B-06883, C-06045, C-28126, C-28505,
C-30199, C-32718, D-04986, D-20790,
D-27188, F-13197, G-06680, G-08079,
G-11241, G-13625, G-17470, G-32608,
K-05940, K-06677, K-28466
MARYLAND D-04986
MASS SPECTROMETRY C-26275,
C-34641
MATERIALS DETERIORATION D-26557
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES F-22567,
G-08092
MATHEMATICAL MODELING G-08092
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-08489,
A-29643, C-34815, G-05945, G-06680,
G-07337, K-05940, K-06677, K-21133,
K-28466, K-34664, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
MBTH METHOD C-32476
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-21751,
C-07284, C-07567, C-07772, C-09333,
C-10392, C-15451, C-19506, C-25431,
C-26275, C-28126, C-28214, C-28338,
C-28450, C-28583, C-29343, C-29652,
C-31862, C-32534, C-34432, C-34641,
D-07649, D-12065, D-31112, D-31371,
D-32912, G-05945, G-06239, G-06617,
G-08079, G-09056, G-13035, G-26740,
G-32546, G-32608, K-05940
MEDICAL PERSONNEL C-15451,
G-08079
MEETINGS E-23809
MEMBRANE FILTERS C-07772, C-32476,
G-08079
MEMBRANES F-13197, G-08746, G-32218
MERCAPTANS A-12422, C-34939,
D-31371, G-11241, H-25826, L-12423
MERCURY A-06909, A-08489, B-06837,
B-06883, B-06884, C-05191, C-05977,
C-06045, C-07284, C-07567, C-08134,
C-09587, C-10392, C-15451, D-06671,
D-12065, F-06648, F-10866, F-11570,
F-14712, F-32072, G-05185, G-05470,
G-05737, G-05945, G-06172, G-06239,
G-06680, G-07319, G-07330, G-07337,
G-07423, G-08079, G-08092, G-08167,
G-08328, G-08387, G-08746, G-09056,
G-09396, G-09397, G-09406, G-09524,
G-10361, G-11241, G-11556, G-13446,
H-23696, K-05940, K-06677, K-07576,
K-21133
MERCURY COMPOUNDS A-06351,
A-08489, A-12422, A-14286, A-17624,
A-21751, A-23561, A-27081, A-29643,
A-29787, A-30017, A-30292, A-30457,
A-31313, A-31548, A-33004, A-33058,
A-33641, A-34424, A-34754, A-34827,
B-28918, B-29328, B-29450, B-30117,
B-31390, B-32461, B-34795, C-05977.
C-06045, C-07284, C-07567, C-07772,
C-08134, C-09333, C-09369, C-09587,
C-09751, C-10392, C-11626, C-19506,
C-20944, C-23771, C-25431, C-26275,
C-27389, C-28126, C-28214, C-28338,
C-28354, C-28450, C-28505, C-28583,
C-29343, C-29652, C-29770, C-30199,
C-30510, C-30635, C-31171, C-31862,
C-32476, C-32534, C-32718, C-33042,
C-33277, C-33278, C-33338, C-33886,
C-34388, C-34432, C-34641, C-34S08,
C-34815, C-34939, D-04986, D-06671,
-------
56
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
D-07649, D-20790, D-26557, D-27188,
D-29490, D-29545, D-30511, D-31112,
D-31371, D-32912, E-23744, E-23809,
E-26697, E-28465, F-06648, F-09764,
F-10866, F-11570, F-13197,F-13348,
F-15266, F-22567, F-32072, G-05185,
G-05470, G-05737, G-05945, G-06172,
G-06176, G-06239, G-06617, G-06680,
G-07234, G-07319, G-08079, G-08092,
G-08167, G-08387, G-08746, G-09056,
G-09396, G-09397, G-09406, G-09524,
G-10361, G-11241, G-11556, G-12653,
G-13035, G-13154, G-13625, G-17470,
G-18036, G-18128, G-18247, G-19190,
G-21113, G-23012, G-26740, G-27085,
G-27317, G-27387, G-27801, G-28013,
G-28030, G-28846, G-29255, G-29276,
G-30308, G-31224, G-31280, G-31543,
G-31624, G-31629, G-31705, G-32218,
G-32546, G-32608, G-32936, G-33504,
G-33868, G-34621, G-34682, G-34756,
G-34789, H-17710, H-19770, H-20158,
H-21691, H-229S2, H-23436, H-24773,
H-25826, H-25927, H-27872, H-28849,
H-29147, H-33046, H-34881, K-05940,
K-06677, K-07576, K-28466, K-34100,
K-34664, L-12423, L-23116, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-25288, L-29230,
M-23145
METABOLISM A-29643, A-31313,
G-06172, G-06680, G-08746, G-09406,
G-09524, G-13154, G-21113, G-27801,
G-31629, G-31705, G-33504, K-07576
METAL COMPOUNDS A-06351, A-08489,
A-12422, A-14286, A-17624, A-21751,
A-23561, A-27081, A-29643, A-29787,
A-30017, A-30292, A-30457, A-31313,
A-31548, A-33004, A-33058, A-33641,
A-34424, A-34754, A-34827, B-06883,
B-28918, B-29328, B-29450, B-30117,
B-31390, B-32461, B-34795, C-05977,
C-06045, C-07284, C-07567, C-07772,
C-08134, C-09333, C-09369, C-09587,
C-09751, C-10392, C-11626, C-19506,
C-20944, C-23771, C-25431, C-26275,
C-27389, C-28126, C-282I4, C-28338,
C-28354, C-28450, C-28505, C-28583,
C-29343, C-29652, C-29770, C-30199,
C-30510, C-30635, C-31171, C-31862,
C-32476, C-32534, C-32718, C-33042,
C-33277, C-33278, C-33338, C-33886,
C-34388, C-34432, C-34641, C-34808,
C-34815, C-34939, D-04986, D-06671,
D-07649, D-20790, D-26557, D-27188,
D-29490, D-29545, D-30511, D-31112,
D-31371, D-32912, E-23744, E-23809,
E-26697, E-28465, F-06648, F-09764,
F-10866, F-11570, F-13197, F-13348,
F-15266, F-22567, F-32072,G-05185,
G-05470, G-05737, G-05945, G-06172,
G-06176, G-06239, G-06617, G-06680,
G-07234, G-07319, G-08079, G-08092,
G-08167, G-08328, G-08387, G-08746,
G-09056, G-09396, G-09397, G-09406,
G-09524, G-10361, G-11241, G-11556,
G-12653, G-13035, G-13154, G-13625,
G-17470, G-18036, G-18128, G-18247,
G-19190, G-21113, G-23012, G-26740,
G-27085, G-27317, G-27387, G-27801,
G-28013, G-28030, G-28846, G-29255,
G-29276, G-30308, G-31224, G-31280,
G-31543, G-31624, G-31629, G-31705,
G-32218, G-32546, G-32608, G-32936,
G-33504, G-33868, G-34621, G-34682,
G-34756, G-34789, H-17710, H-19770,
H-20158, H-21691, H-22952, H-23436,
H-24773, H-25826, H-25927, H-27872,
H-28849, H-29147, H-33046, H-34881,
K-05940, K-06677, K-07576, K-28466,
K-34100, K-34664, L-12423, L-23116,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-25288,
L-29230, M-23145
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-21751, G-08387, G-10361
METAL POISONING A-21751, A-29643,
A-31313, B-28918, C-15451, C-33338,
F-11570, G-05185, G-05470, G-05737,
G-05945, G-06172, G-06176, G-07234,
G-07319, G-07330, G-07337, G-08167,
G-08746, G-09396, G-09397, G-09406,
G-09524, G-11556, G-13625, G-17470,
G-18128, G-19190, G-21113, G-23012,
G-27085, G-29276, G-31280, G-31543,
G-31705, G-32218, G-32546, G-32608,
G-32936, G-33868, G-34756, K-21133,
M-23145
METALS A-06909, A-08489, A-29787,
B-06837, B-06883, B-06884, B-29328,
B-29450, C-05191, C-05977, C-06045,
C-07284, C-07567, C-08134, C-09587,
C-10392, C-15451, D-06671, D-12065,
F-06648, F-09764, F-10866, F-11570,
F-14712, F-32072, G-05185, G-05470,
G-05737, G-05945, G-06172, G-06239,
G-06680, G-07234, G-07319, G-07330,
G-07337, G-07423, G-08079, G-08092,
G-08167, G-08328, G-08387, G-08746,
G-09056, G-09396, G-09397, G-09406,
G-09524, G-10361, G-11241, G-11556,
G-13446, H-23436, H-23696, K-05940,
K-06677, K-07576, K-21133, L-23608,
L-24214
METEOROLOGY A-23561, A-27081,
A-29787, A-30292, A-34424, A-34754,
B-06837, C-09369, C-33042, D-06671,
D-12065, D-31371, D-32912, E-23744,
E-23809, E-26697, G-34682, H-25826,
H-28849, K-34664, L-25288
METHANES C-09751, F-06648, G-11241
MEUSE VALLEY G-07423
MICE F-09764, G-08167, G-10361,
G-11556, G-13446, G-31629
MICROMETEOROLOGY A-23561,
E-23809, L-25288
MICROORGANISMS A-29643, B-29450,
C-34388, F-09764, G-11241, G-31543
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE E-23744,
E-23809
MILK G-32936, H-33046
MINERAL PROCESSING A-21751,
A-27081, A-33058, A-34424, B-06883,
C-28583, G-05737, G-08387, G-10361,
G-33504, H-29147, H-33046, K-34100
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-23561, A-34754,
C-06045, G-05737, G-06680, G-07423,
G-13625, G-27085, K-06677, K-34100,
K-34664
MINING A-21751, A-27081, C-28583,
G-05737, G-08387, G-33504, H-29147,
H-33046
MISTS C-09333, C-09587, C-23771,
F-09764, G-07234
MOBILE C-25431
MOLYBDENUM F-09764, G-06680,
G-11241, K-06677
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
G-06680, G-11241, G-32608, K-06677
MONITORING A-21751, C-15451,
C-25431, C-26275, C-29343, C-32534,
D-07649, D-12065, G-32546, G-32608
MONTHLY K-34664
MORBIDITY G-08387
MORTALITY A-31313, G-08167, G-19190,
G-31705
MOTTLING H-21691
MOUTH G-07330
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
F-09764
MUTATIONS A-29643, G-26740
N
NAPHTHALENES F-06648
NATURAL GAS F-09764
NECROSIS F-09764, H-21691
NERVOUS SYSTEM A-31313, G-05185,
G-05945, G-07337, G-08092, G-08167,
G-08746, G-09397, G-09406, G-11241,
G-11556, G-17470, G-18036, G-29255,
G-31543, H-33046, K-21133
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
A-30457, A-33004, A-34424, C-11626,
C-29770, C-30510, C-31171, C-33042,
D-20790, F-32072, G-05470, G-08328,
G-09056, G-31624, H-33046, H-34881
NEW YORK CITY G-07423
NEW YORK STATE G-07423
NICKEL F-09764, G-08079, G-11241,
G-13446, K-06677
NICKEL COMPOUNDS A-06351,
A-12422, C-09369, D-27188, F-13197,
G-06680, G-08079, G-11241, G-31280,
K-06677, L-12423
NITRATES A-23561, C-09369, C-23771,
F-09764, G-27317, G-32218
NITRIC ACID C-23771, C-34432, G-06680,
K-34100
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-23561, C-09369,
C-29480, C-32534, F-09764, G-11241
NITRITES G-06617
NITROGEN G-11241
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (N02) A-23561,
C-09333, C-09369, C-28126, C-29480,
C-32534, D-32912, F-09764, G-06680,
G-11241, G-31705, K-34100
NITROGEN OXIDES A-23561, C-09333,
C-09369, C-28126, C-29480, C-32476,
C-32534, D-04986, D-26557, D-31371,
D-32912, F-06648, F-09764, G-06680,
G-08079, G-11241, G-27317, G-27801,
G-31705, H-17710, K-28466, K-34100,
L-23116, L-25288
NITROGEN TRIOXIDE (NO3) C-32534
NITROUS ACID F-09764
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) G-11241
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-23561, A-31548, A-34827, B-30117,
B-34795, C-29343, C-30635, C-33042,
D-26557, D-31371, E-23744, E-23809,
E-26697, E-28465, F-09764, G-23012,
G-27801, G-28030, G-31705, G-32936,
H-29147, H-33046, H-34881, L-23116,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
NON-URBAN AREAS D-04986, F-09764,
G-31543
o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-08489,
A-31313, B-28918, C-15451, C-27389,
C-28583, C-34815, D-06671, D-31112,
G-05470, G-05737, G-06176, G-06680,
G-07319, G-07330, G-07337, G-08079,
G-08387, G-08746, G-10361, G-13154,
G-23012, G-27085, G-27317, G-28846,
G-32608, G-33504, G-34621, G-34682,
G-34756, K-06677, K-07576, K-21133
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
57
OCEANS A-27081, A-30292, C-33042,
E-23744, E-28465
OCTANES F-06648
ODORIMETRY D-31371, K-05940
ODORS D-31371, G-11241, K-05940,
L-23608, L-23610
OHIO D-04986
OLEFINS C-09751, C-34939, F-06648,
F-09764, G-11241, H-17710, H-20158,
H-21691, H-23696, H-24773, H-25826
OPEN BURNING F-09764
OPERATING VARIABLES B-34795
ORGANIC ACIDS C-32476, D-31371,
F-06648, F-09764, G-06617, G-08079,
G-11241, H-23696, H-25826, K-06677
ORGANIC DISEASES G-05945
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
B-06837, C-32534, C-34939, F-06648,
F-09764, G-05737, G-06239, G-11241,
G-26740, G-27317, K-06677
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
C-34939, H-27872, K-06677, K-07576,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
A-12422, A-29643, C-34939, D-31371,
F-13348, G-06239, G-06617, G-09524,
G-11241, G-32936, H-25826, K-06677.
L-12423
ORGANOMETALLICS A-31548, A-34827,
B-31390, C-07772, C-30510, C-33278,
D-06671, D-26557, D-30511, G-23012,
G-30308, G-31543, K-06677, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-29230
ORSAT ANALYSIS G-08079
OUTPATIENT VISITS G-05185
OXIDANTS C-26275, C-32476, C-32534,
D-26557, F-09764, K-34100, L-23116,
L-25288
OXIDATION E-26697, G-08746, G-11241,
G-11556, G-18247
OXIDES A-06351, A-12422, A-23561,
A-29787, B-06883, B-29450, C-05191,
C-06045, C-09333, C-09369, C-09751,
C-28126, C-28450, C-29343, C-29480,
C-32476, C-32534, D-04986, D-26557,
D-31371, D-32912, E-23744, E-23809,
E-28465, F-06648, F-09764, G-06680,
G-07423, G-08079, G-11241, G-13154,
G-13625, G-27085, G-27317, G-27801,
G-28846, G-31705, G-34621, G-34682,
H-17710, H-19770, H-20158, H-21691,
H-23696, H-24773, H-25826, H-25927,
K-05940, K-06677, K-28466, K-34100,
L-12423, L-23116, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-25288, M-23145
OXYGEN B-31390, C-28354, F-09764,
G-11241, H-24773
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION D-31371,
G-31224
OZONE A-23561, B-31390, C-09333,
C-09369, C-28126, C-32476, C-34388,
F-09764, G-06680, G-11241
PACKED TOWERS B-29328, B-32461
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-31313,
G-33504
PAINTS A-31313, C-09751
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY A-30292,
C-33886, F-32072
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-12422,
A-31548, B-29450
PARTICLE COUNTERS C-26275
PARTICLE SIZE A-23561, A-33641,
C-23771, C-26275, C-29343
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-23561,
A-33641, C-23771, C-26275, C-29343
PARTICULATE SAMPLING C-08134,
C-09333, C-23771, D-20790, G-06239,
G-08079
PARTICULATES A-23561, A-29787,
A-30292, A-33641, B-06883, B-06884,
B-29328, B-32461, C-05977, C-07772,
C-08134, C-09333, C-09587, C-23771,
C-25431, C-26275, C-29343, C-32534,
C-32718, C-33042, C-34815, D-04986,
D-12065, D-20790, D-26557, D-29545,
D-30511, D-31112, D-31371, D-32912,
E-23744, E-23809, E-28465, F-09764,
G-06680, G-07234, G-07319, G-07330,
G-08079, G-08328, G-08387, G-09396,
G-11241, G-28030, G-31705, H-17710,
H-25826, K-05940, K-06677, K-28466,
K-34100, L-23116, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-25288, M-23145
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
F-11570, G-05945, G-07234, G-08092,
K-07576
PENNSYLVANIA D-04986, G-07423
PENTANES C-09751, F-06648
PERMITS L-25288
PEROXIDES C-09369
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE A-23561,
F-09764
PEROXYACYL NITRATES A-23561,
F-09764
PERSONNEL C-15451, G-08079
PESTICIDES A-23561, A-30292, D-06671,
E-23744, E-23809, E-28465, G-05737,
G-07423, G-08167, G-11556, G-26740,
G-27801, G-31543, G-31705. H-17710,
H-27872
PETROLEUM REFINING D-31371
PETUNIAS H-22952
PH C-09333, C-27389
PHENOLS C-34388, F-06648, K-28466
PHENYL COMPOUNDS C-32534,
C-34939, F-09764, G-08746, K-05940
PHENYLS C-32534, C-34939
PHOSPHATES C-23771, G-06680,
G-08167, G-32218
PHOSPHINE C-09369, G-06680
PHOSPHORESCENCE C-34939
PHOSPHORIC ACID C-23771
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-06351.
C-09369, C-23771, F-06648, G-06680,
G-08167, G-32218, K-28466
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
A-23561, F-15266, K-34100
PHOTOELECTRIC PHENOMENA
C-25431
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS C-25431,
G-28013
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS C-09333,
C-15451, C-19506, C-26275, C-28126,
C-28583, C-29652, C-31862, C-32534,
C-34641, G-09056, G-13035, K-05940
PHOTOSYNTHESIS G-27801, H-21691
PHTHALIC ACID F-06648
PHYSICAL STATES A-08489, A-17624,
A-33641, A-34424, B-06837, B-06883,
B-06884, B-31390, C-05977, C-07284,
C-07567, C-07772, C-09333, C-09751,
C-10392, C-15451, C-20944, C-28214,
C-28583, C-29652, C-31862, C-33277,
C-33886, C-34641, C-34815, D-12065,
D-29490, D-29545, D-30511, F-06648,
F-09764, F-14712, G-05470, G-05945,
G-07234, G-08079, G-08092, G-08167,
G-08746, G-09056, G-09396, G-09397,
G-09524, G-11241, G-18036, G-18128,
G-18247, G-21113, G-28846, G-31629,
G-34621, H-19770, H-20158, H-22952,
H-23696, H-25826, H-28849, K-05940,
K-07576, K-21133
PHYTOTOXICANTS A-31548, H-23696,
H-27872
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-31313,
B-34795, D-29490, D-31371, L-12423,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-25288,
M-23145
PLANT DAMAGE D-26557, F-09764,
G-27801, H-17710, H-19770, H-20158,
H-21691, H-22952, H-23696, H-25826,
H-25927, H-28849, L-25288
PLANT GROWTH G-27801, H-21691,
H-24773
PLANT INDICATORS H-23436, H-25927
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-29787, A-34754,
A-34827, C-33042, D-32912, E-23744,
F-09764, G-29255, G-32936, H-17710,
H-19770, H-20158, H-21691, H-22952,
H-23436, H-23696, H-24773, H-28849,
H-29147, K-06677
PLASTICS C-09587, C-09751, G-11241,
K-06677
PNEUMOCONIOSIS G-08387, G-13625,
G-27085, G-32608
PNEUMONIA G-18128
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS C-05977,
C-32534, F-13348
POLLENS F-09764
POLYMERIZATION B-29450
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS C-34939,
F-06648
PORTABLE C-23771, C-30199
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS C-30199,
D-04986, F-06648
POULTRY F-09764, G-32936, H-33046
POWER SOURCES F-09764
PRECIPITATION A-34424, A-34754,
C-09369, C-33042, E-26697
PRESSURE C-09751, F-09764, F-22567
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) A-27081
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-29787, A-34424,
A-34827, B-29328, B-29450, B-32461,
C-28583, G-10361, H-23436, L-23610,
L-24214
PRIMATES F-09764, G-18036
PRINTING G-26740
PROCESS MODIFICATION B-30117
PROPIONALDEHYDES G-11241
PROTEINS F-11570, F-13348, G-09524,
G-32218, G-32936, G-34789, K-07576
PUBLIC AFFAIRS L-29230
PUBLIC INFORMATION L-29230
PULMONARY FUNCTION F-09764,
G-18128, G-30308
PULMONARY RESISTANCE F-09764
PYRENES C-34939
QUARTZ G-06680, K-06677
QUINOLINES F-06648
QUOJONES C-34939, F-06648
R
RABBITS F-09764, G-07234, G-08746,
G-09396, G-09397, G-09524, G-10361,
G-18036, H-33046
RADIATION COUNTERS G-09056
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
C-25431, C-28338, G-09056
-------
58
MERCURY AND AIR POLLUTION
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION C-09333,
C-11626, C-28338, C-29770, C-32534,
C-33042, F-10866, F-32072, G-05470,
G-08746, G-09056, G-09406, G-12653,
G-13446, G-26740, G-27801, H-27872
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS C-28338,
C-29770, F-10866, F-32072, G-08746,
G-09406, G-12653, G-13446
RADIOGRAPHY C-32718, G-09406,
G-18036, G-30308
RADON C-09369
RAIN A-34754, C-33042, E-26697
RATS F-09764, G-05945, G-11556,
G-18036, G-21113, G-32546, K-21133
REACTION KINETICS C-09587, C-29480,
F-32072, G-11241
REACTION MECHANISMS A-29643,
E-26697, F-13348, F-22567, G-07319,
G-08328, G-18247, G-31629, G-32936
RECORDING METHODS C-10392,
C-25431, F-11570, G-28013
REDUCTION C-29652, C-31862, G-08746,
G-11241, G-11556, G-31629
REFRACTORIES G-08079
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS C-28505,
F-09764
REGULATIONS A-29787, C-28505,
L-29230
RENDERING A-31548
REPRODUCTION G-31705, G-33868
RESEARCH INSTITUTES B-34795,
E-28465
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES C-33042,
C-34815, G-07337
RESEARCH PROGRAMS C-29343,
E-23809, E-28465, H-25927
RESIDENTIAL AREAS B-06883, B-06884,
D-04986, D-27188, D-31371
RESIDUAL OILS B-29450, C-32718
RESPIRATION H-23696, H-24773
RESPIRATORY DISEASES F-09764,
G-05737, G-07423, G-08387, G-13625,
G-18128, G-27085, G-30308, G-32608,
L-25288, L-29230
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS A-34424,
C-09333, D-31371, F-09764, G-08328,
G-09406, G-12653, G-13035, G-13625,
G-18128, G-30308, G-31224, G-34621,
G-34682
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM G-05945,
G-06680, G-08092, G-08167, G-08328,
G-08746, G-09406, G-12653, G-13035,
G-18036, G-29276, G-31224, G-32546
RETENTION F-09764, G-09406, G-13035,
G-29276, G-31629, G-32546, G-34621,
H-27872, H-29147
RIVERS C-33042, E-28465, G-23012,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
RUBBER MANUFACTURING G-05737
SAFETY EQUIPMENT D-06671, G-34756
SALTZMAN METHOD C-29480, C-32476
SAMPLERS C-07772, C-08134, C-09587,
C-23771, C-26275, C-28450, C-32476,
C-33278, C-34815, D-20790, D-29545,
G-08079
SAMPLING METHODS A-33641, C-05977,
C-07567, C-07772, C-08134, C-09333,
C-09587, C-23771, C-26275, C-27389,
C-28126, C-28214, C-28450, C-32476,
C-32534, C-32718, C-33278, C-34641,
C-34815, D-04986, D-20790, D-29545,
D-31112, D-32912, G-06239, G-08079,
G-28030
SAMPLING PROBES C-34641
SAN FRANCISCO D-12065
SCRUBBERS A-21751, B-06883, B-29328,
B-32461, C-34432
SEASONAL A-27081, D-04986, D-12065,
D-31371
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS A-33004,
B-29328, B-32461, C-28354, C-33886,
G-06680, G-08079, G-31629, G-32608,
H-25826
SETTLING CHAMBERS A-31548
SETTLING PARTICLES A-29787,
B-06883, B-29328, B-32461, C-05977,
C-07772, C-09587, C-23771, C-25431,
C-29343, C-32534, C-32718, C-34815,
D-04986, D-12065, D-26557, D-29545,
D-32912, F-09764, G-06680, G-07319,
G-08079, G-08328, G-08387, G-11241,
G-28030, K-06677, K-28466, M-23145
SEWAGE B-30117, C-30635
SILICATES C-06045, G-06680
SILICON COMPOUNDS C-06045,
F-06648, F-09764, G-06680
SILICON DIOXIDE C-09333, K-06677
SILICOSIS G-08387, G-27085, G-32608
SILVER COMPOUNDS A-06351, C-33042,
D-04986, D-20790, F-22567, G-11241
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
F-09764
SKIN G-07234, G-11241, G-18036, G-23012
SKIN CANCER F-09764
SLUDGE C-30635
SMOG A-30292, D-12065, F-09764,
G-31705, H-17710
SMOKEMETERS C-26275, C-32534
SMOKES A-29787, F-09764, G-11241,
H-25826
SMOKING F-09764, G-13625
SNOW C-33042
SOAP MANUFACTURING C-09751
SOCIAL ATTITUDES E-28465, G-19190
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS A-33058,
A-34827, K-34664, M-23145
SODIUM CHLORIDE A-08489, F-06648
SODIUM COMPOUNDS A-08489,
A-33004, B-30117, C-09333, D-04986,
D-20790, F-06648, F-22567, G-06617,
G-06680, G-11241, G-31629
SODIUM HYDROXIDE B-30117, F-06648,
G-06680
SODIUM SULFITE G-31629
SOILS A-29787, A-33058, A-34754,
D-30511, D-31371, E-26697, H-28849
SOLAR RADIATION A-23561, E-23809
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-31548,
B-30117, B-34795, F-09764
SOLIDS A-34424
SOLVENTS C-09333, G-08079, G-17470,
G-27085, G-34621
SOOT D-26557, K-28466
SOOT FALL D-26557
S02 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) B-06883
SPACECRAFT ATMOSPHERES C-05191,
C-09751, G-11241
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES F-09764
SPECTROMETRY A-06351, C-05191,
C-06045, C-09751, C-25431, C-26275,
C-29480, C-30510, C-30635, C-32476,
C-32534, C-32718, C-33042, C-34388,
C-34432, C-34641, D-07649, D-20790,
D-29490, D-31112, G-05470, G-08079
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY A-33058,
A-33641, C-05191, C-05977, C-06045,
C-07567, C-09333, C-09751, C-10392,
C-19506, C-27389, C-28126, C-28505,
C-30510, C-31862, C-33277, C-33338,
C-34388, C-34808, C-34939, D-07649,
D-32912, F-15266, G-06239, G-09056,
G-27387, G-28013
SPORES F-09764
SPOT TESTS C-05977, C-07772
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) K-34664
STACK GASES A-29787, B-32461,
D-29490, D-32912, H-33046
STANDARDS A-08489, A-29643, A-34827,
B-30117, C-34815, D-30511, G-05945,
G-06680, G-07337, G-11241, G-31280,
K-05940, K-06677, K-21133, K-28466,
K-34100, K-34664, L-23116, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-25288, M-23145
STATISTICAL ANALYSES A-14286,
G-07234, G-07423, G-08746
STEAM PLANTS A-33004, B-29450,
D-29490, K-34100
STEEL G-06680, H-23436, L-23608,
L-24214
STILBENE F-09764
STIPPLING H-21691
STOMACH G-05945
STREETS D-04986, H-23436
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
C-09333, F-13197, G-31224
SUBLIMATION F-32072
SULFATES B-29328, B-29450, C-09369,
D-04986, G-32218
SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS A-29643,
F-13348, G-06617, G-09524, G-32936
SULFIDES A-12422, A-23561, A-29787,
A-30457, A-34424, B-29328, B-30117,
C-06045, C-09369, C-26275, C-28126,
C-28450, C-32476, C-32534, C-34939,
D-12065, D-31371, E-26697, F-06648,
G-08079, G-11241, G-28846, H-17710,
H-20158, H-21691, H-23696, K-05940,
K-28466, L-12423
SULFITES B-29450
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-12422,
A-23561, A-29787, A-30457, A-34424,
B-06837, B-29328, B-29450, B-30117,
C-06045, C-09369, C-26275, C-28126,
C-28450, C-32476, C-32534, C-32718,
C-34939, D-04986, D-12065, D-31371,
E-26697, F-06648, F-22567, G-06680,
G-08079, G-11241, G-28846, G-32218,
H-17710, H-19770, H-20158, H-21691,
H-22952, H-23696, K-05940, K-28466,
L-12423
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-12422, A-23561,
A-29787, B-29450, C-05191, C-09333,
C-09369, C-28126, C-28450, C-29343,
C-32476, D-04986, D-31371, D-32912,
E-23809, F-09764, G-06680, G-07423,
G-11241, G-13625, G-31705, H-17710,
H-20158, H-23696, H-25927, K-28466,
K-34100, L-12423, L-23610, L-24214,
L-25288, M-23145
SULFUR OXIDES A-12422, A-23561,
A-29787, B-29450, C-05191, C-09333,
C-09369, C-28126, C-28450, C-29343,
C-32476, D-04986, D-26557, D-31371,
D-32912, E-23809, F-09764, G-06680,
G-07423, G-11241, G-13625, G-27801,
G-31705, H-17710, H-20158, H-23696,
H-25927, K-28466, K-34100, L-12423,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-25288,
M-23145
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL B-06883,
B-29450, D-32912
SULFUR TRIOXIDE C-09369, D-32912,
F-09764, G-06680
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
59
SULFURIC ACID B-29328, B-29450,
B-32461, C-09369, C-23771, C-30199,
F-09764, 0-11241, H-25826, K-28466,
K-34100
SURFACE COATINGS A-31313, C-09751
SURFACE PROPERTIES B-31390,
G-06617
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-23561,
A-29787, A-30292, C-05977, C-07772,
C-09333, C-09587, C-23771, D-04986,
D-12065, D-31371, F-09764, G-07234,
G-07319, G-07330, G-08079, G-11241,
G-31705, H-17710, H-25826, L-23116,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
SWEDEN C-11626, C-30199, C-30510,
G-09406, G-31624, G-33868, H-23436,
H-34881
SYNERGISM G-10361, G-11241, G-27801,
G-31280, G-31705
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-08489
TAR H-25826
TEFLON C-09587, C-09751
TEMPERATURE A-08489, B-32461,
B-34795, C-29480, C-30635, C-33886,
F-06648, F-09764, F-32072, G-10361,
G-31624
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-27081, D-06671, D-12065, E-23744,
E-23809, E-26697, H-28849
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS A-17624
TENSILE STRENGTH F-06648
TESTING FACILITIES C-09333, C-29770,
G-07234, G-08092, G-08167, G-12653
TETRAETHYL LEAD B-31390, C-05977,
D-07649, G-08079
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-08489,
G-28030
TEXTILES A-08489, A-30292, G-33504,
K-06677
THERMAL RADIATION B-32461
THERMOMETERS A-17624
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
G-08079
THRESHOLDS B-34795, D-31112,
G-06239, G-06680, G-08079, G-2I113,
G-34756, H-21691, K-05940
TIN F-06648
TIN COMPOUNDS A-06351, B-31390,
C-29652, D-04986, D-27188, F-09764,
G-17470, G-31280
TIP BURN H-21691
TIRES G-05737
TISSUES C-31171, C-33042, C-33338,
G-08328, G-08746, G-09406, G-12653,
G-29276, G-32546, G-34621
TITANIUM G-06680, K-06677
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
B-29450, D-04986, D-27188, F-09764,
G-06680
TOBACCO C-33042, K-06677
TOKYO D-32912, L-23610
TOLUENES C-09333, C-09751, F-09764,
G-OS737, G-08079, G-11241, G-27317
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
A-23561, D-31371, E-23809
TOXIC TOLERANCES A-34827, G-06680,
G-07234, G-07319, G-08092, G-08746,
G-11241, G-28846, G-32608, G-33504,
H-21691, H-25826, H-33046, K-06677
TOXICITY A-12422, A-29643, A-34827,
B-06884, C-33042, E-23744, E-28465,
F-32072, G-05185, G-05737, G-05945,
G-06172, G-06239, G-06617, G-07234,
G-07319, G-07330, G-07337, G-08167,
G-08746, G-11241, G-11556, G-13154,
G-18128, G-21113, G-23012, G-27085,
G-27317, G-27801, G-29255, G-29276,
G-31224, G-31280, G-31543, G-31705,
G-32218, G-32608, G-34682, G-34789,
H-23696, H-27872, K-05940, K-07576,
K-21133, K-34664
TRACE ANALYSIS A-33004, A-33058,
A-34754, C-05977, C-07567, C-28338,
C-28354, C-28450, C-29770, C-31171,
C-32534, C-33042, C-33338, C-34388,
D-07649, G-08328
TRANSMISSOMETERS C-32534
TRANSPORT A-23561, A-34424, E-26697,
G-32936
TRANSPORTATION A-23561, A-31313,
C-05191, D-04986, D-26557, D-27188,
D-32912, E-23744, E-28465, F-09764,
G-11241, K-34100, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-25288
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) C-32476,
C-32718, D-31112, G-08079
TREATMENT AND AIDS B-28918,
C-15451, C-32718, C-33042, C-34388,
F-11570, G-05945, G-07330, G-08079,
G-08328, G-08746, G-09406, G-11556,
G-13154, G-17470, G-18036, G-18128,
G-27085, G-28846, G-29255, G-30308,
G-32608, G-34621, H-25826, H-33046,
K-05940, L-29230
TREES D-32912, H-17710, H-21691
TUBERCULOSIS G-08387
TUMORS G-08328
TURBIDIMETRY C-28450, C-32534
u
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION F-09764
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
C-05191, C-32534, D-31112, G-08079
UNITED STATES A-06351
URANIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
C-09333, F-15266, G-06680, G-08079,
G-32608, K-06677
URBAN AREAS A-29787, A-30292,
B-06883, B-06884, C-07284, C-07567,
D-04986, D-20790, D-26557, D-27188,
D-31371, D-32912, F-09764, G-08387,
G-13625, G-27085, H-23436, K-06677,
K-07576, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
URINALYSIS A-31313, B-28918, C-05977,
C-09333, C-10392, C-29652, C-31171,
C-31862, C-33338, C-34641, G-06172,
G-06176, G-06680, G-07234, G-07319,
G-07330, G-07337, G-08079, G-08746,
G-09396, G-09397, G-13154, G-23012,
G-27387, G-28013, G-28030, G-30308,
G-33868, G-34621
USSR A-06909, A-08489, A-14286,
A-17624, B-06883, B-06884, B-31390,
C-07284, C-07567, C-08134, C-20944,
C-28450, C-34939, D-06671, F-06648,
F-10866, G-05185, G-05945, G-08167,
G-08387, G-09524, G-10361, G-29255,
K-05940, K-06677, K-07576, K-21133,
K-28466
V
VANADIUM F-09764, G-06680, G-08079
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS A-06351,
A-12422, D-04986, D-20790, D-27188,
G-06680, G-08079, G-32608, K-06677,
L-12423
VAPOR PRESSURE C-07284, E-26697,
F-06648, F-32072, G-07330, H-23696,
H-28849
VAPORS A-08489, A-17624, B-06883,
B-06884, B-31390, C-05977, C-07284,
C-07567, C-07772, C-09333, C-10392,
C-15451, C-20944, C-28214, C-28583,
C-31862, C-33886, C-34815, D-12065,
D-29490, D-29545, D-30511, F-14712,
G-05470, G-05945, G-07234, G-08079,
G-08092, G-08167, G-08746, G-09056,
G-09396, G-09397, G-09524, G-18036,
G-18128, G-18247, G-21113, G-28846,
H-22952, H-25826, H-28849, K-05940,
K-07576, K-21133
VEGETABLES A-34754, G-32936,
H-21691, H-24773
VEHICLES A-23561, A-31313, D-26557,
D-27188, D-32912, F-09764, G-11241,
K-34100, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-25288
VENTILATION B-06883, B-06884,
B-28918, D-29545, G-07319, G-07337,
G-08079, G-34756
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-29328
VIRUSES C-34388, G-11241
VISIBILITY D-26557
VOLATILITY B-06884, C-07284, C-30635,
E-26697, G-08746, G-31624
VOLCANOES A-33641
W
WATER C-09751, C-29652, C-33277,
C-34641, F-06648, G-11241, H-19770
WATER POLLUTION A-31548, A-34827,
C-29343, C-30635, C-33042, D-26557,
D-31371, E-23744, E-23809, E-26697,
E-28465, G-23012, G-28030, G-31705,
H-29147, H-33046, H-34881, L-23116,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
WEATHER MODIFICATION E-23744,
E-23809
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD C-32476
WEST VIRGINIA D-04986
WHEAT H-17710, H-20158
WINDS A-29787, A-30292, D-06671,
D-12065, D-31371, K-34664
WOOD K-06677
X
X-RAYS C-32534, G-05470, G-26740
XYLENES C-09751, F-09764, G-11241
YOKOHAMA D-32912, G-07423
ZINC A-29787, B-29328, C-06045, F-06648,
F-09764, G-06680, G-08328, G-13446,
K-06677
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-06351, A-29787,
B-32461, C-09333, C-28126, C-28354,
C-28505, C-30635, C-32476, C-32718,
D-04986, D-20790, D-27188, F-13197.
G-06680, G-11241, G-31224, G-32218,
K-06677
ZIRCONIUM G-13446, K-06677
U. B. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. IB72 746763/4117
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