3
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
VOLUME 3
Information Services Division
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Administration
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
March 1973.
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The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the Information
Services Division of the Office of Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
the results of scientific and engineering studies and information of general interest in the field
of air pollution. Information reported in the series includes coverage of intramural activities
and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction with state and local agencies, research
institutes, and industrial organizations. Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to
Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations as sup-
plies permit from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or from the Superintendent of
Documents.
Publication Number AP-120
11
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This volume was compiled by the Translation Services Section, Information Services
Division, in conjunction with the staff of the Air Pollution Technical Information Center
(APTIC), who prepared the abstracts and the subject and author indexes presented in this
document. Johnny E. Knight of APTIC is accorded special thanks for his role in the produc-
tion of this publication.
111
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION vii
A. EMISSION SOURCES 1
B. CONTROL METHODS 11
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS 50
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS 79
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION 90
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 109
G. EFFECTS HUMAN HEALTH 118
H. EFFECTS PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK 165
I. EFFECTS - MATERIALS 196
J. EFFECTS ECONOMIC 199
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA 201
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 203
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS 209
N. GENERAL 211
AUTHOR INDEX 213
SUBJECT INDEX 221
ADDITIONAL TRANSLATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION TOPICS AVAILABLE
THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 247
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS-
VOLUME 3
INTRODUCTION
This volume of Air Pollution Translations: A Bibliography with Abstracts is the third in
a continuing series of compilations presenting abstracts and indexes of translations of technical
air pollution literature. Although some entries indicate otherwise, all documents abstracted
and indexed in this volume have been translated and are available in English.
Approximately 95 percent of the documents were translated for the Translation Services
Section, Environmental Protection Agency, by extra-governmental contractors. Of the
remainder, approximately 3 percent were obtained by screening published translation docu-
ments and 2 percent by screening the output of other translation services within and without the
Federal government. Documents are translated or obtained by the Translation Services Section
only at the request of EPA scientists.
The entries are grouped into subject categories and arranged in numerical order using
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) accession number. Subject and author
indexes refer to the abstract by category letter and APTIC accession number. For example,
the number B-21324 refers to Section B, Control Methods, and to accession 21324 within it.
The asterisks in the author index denote the first author.
Copies of all documents abstracted herein are available from the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711.
Readers outside the U.S. Government may obtain copies from the National Translation Center,
The John Crear Library, 35 West 33rd Street, Chicago, 111. 60616.
Included in this bibliography is a listing of monograph and journal translations prepared
for the Environmental Protection Agency under the P. L. 480 program* and through research
grants. These publications can be obtained from the National Technical information Service
(NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22151.
*P. L. 480 of 1954 authorizes agreements for the sale abroad of surplus U.S. agricultural com-
modities for foreign currencies. Although they cannot be used outside the country involved,
these currencies may be used "to collect, collate, translate, abstract, and disseminate
scientific and technological information. . , . ".
Vll
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
01535
S. Hulanicki, B. Glowiak
(INVESTIGATION OF THE SELF-IGNITION OF DUSTS IN
THE FLOUR MILLING INDUSTRY.) Badanla nad Samuzapal-
noscia Pylow Wystepujacych w Przemysle Zbozowym. Ochrona
Pracy (Warsaw), 21(S):18-21, May 1966.
Methods for determining physical properties of dusts such as
the self-ignition point and the activation energy of self-ignition
are discussed. Results of investigations on the self-ignition of
corn dusts by the Swietoslawski-Roga method and methods
developed by the authors are presented.
06240
Y. Suzuki, K. Nishiyama, M. Oe, and F. Kametani
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
(PART I. ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES.) ((Tohoku J. Exp.
Med. (Tokyo))) 11 (2), 120-6 (Aug. 1964). (Presented at the 37th
Annual Meeting, Japan Society of Industrial Medicine, Kurume,
Apr. 7, 1964.)
Exhaust gases of a Japanese kraft pulp mill were analyzed.
The reported results were as follows: In the stack gases were
contained: 0.259 g/cc of sodium sulfate, 750 ppm of hydrogen
sulfide, 196 ppm of sulfur dioxide and organic compounds of
sulfur. The organic sulfur compounds were as follows in order
of amount: methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, isopropyl mer-
captan, dimethyl disulfide, propyl mercaptan or ethyl methyl
sulfide, diethyl sulfide and ethyl mercaptan. The amount of
dimethyl sulfide was 8.7 ppm. Organic sulfur compounds in
the gases in the upper part of the Jansson screen were of the
same composition as those in the stack gases, but the arrange-
ment of the constituents in order of amount are somewhat dif-
ferent. All of these gaseous sulfur compounds smell offensive
and characterize the exhaust gases from a kraft pulp mill.
(Author conclusion)
08524
Kapkaer, E. A., L. V. Trofimova, N. A. Evikeeva, and A. K.
Monkevich
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF SOME PETROCHEMICAL IN-
DISTRIES. ((Gigienicheskaya otsenka nekotorykh neftek-
himiches- kykh proizvodstv.)) Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i
Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow), 10(ll):22-28, Nov. 1966. 10 refs.
Deficiencies in planning and actual operation of petrochemical
plants are responsible for the discharge of acetylene,
polyethylene, phenol, acetone, methylstyrene, isoprene, divi-
nyl and other toxic complexes which are products of decom-
position, oxidation, and hydrolysis. Desorption of toxic sub-
stances from construction materials (concrete brick) plays an
important part. The authors recommend methods for improv-
ing working conditions in petrochemical production facilities.
(Authors summary, modified)
08816
Rose, Gerhard
WILL TRASH REMOVAL BE A MARKETING FACTOR FOR
THE GLASS CONTAINER INDUSTRY AND PRODUCERS OF
OTHER PACKAGING MATERIAL? ((Wird die Abfall-
beseitigung zu einem Mwktfaktor fur die Verpackungsglas- In-
dustrie tind die Hersteller anderer Verpackungsmittel? Text in
German. Glastech. Ber., 40(H):438-438, Nov. 1967.
While the removal of discarded glass containers presents a
pro- blem, it is not insurmountable, particularly if refuse
crushing plants and techniques are developed which will refuse
the silicon from waste glass. The substitution of plastic
packaging materials for glass has the disadvantage that during
incineration of poly- vinyl-chloride-containing material, corro-
sive gases are evolved, which cause severe damage to the
boiler units of the incinerator plant. Furthermore, the emission
of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids from these plastics
causes dangerous air pollution tt> such an extent, that in the
United States the incineration of plastic waste is forbidden in
the vicinity of large cities.
09541
Sprung, S., and H. M. V. Seebach
FLUORINE BALANCE AND FLUORINE EMISSION FROM
CEMENT KILNS. ((Flu- orhaushalt und Fluoremission von
Zementofen.)) Text in German. Zement-Kalk-Gips
(Wiesbaden), 21(1):18, Jan. 1968. 20 refs
In the burning of Portland cement clinker, fluorine is partly
driven out of the raw materials and fuel. To determine
whether gaseous fluorine is emitted along with the other kiln
gases, complete fluorine determinations were performed for 11
cement kilns of varying design. No gaseous fluorides could be
detected in the cleaned gas from these kirns; the significance
of electrofilters in the removal of solid fluorides is discussed.
In conclusion, cement kilns cannot emit gaseous fluorides
because, in the presence of an excess of CaO, they produce
CaF2. The negligible level of fluorides in the dust from the
cleaned gas (0.009-1.420 mg. F/Nm to 3rd power) is thus not
dependent upon the magnitude of the fluorine balance, but
upon the efficiency of the electrostatic precipitators. The
amount of fluorine combined in the clinker ranges from 88-98
percent of the total fluorine intake, and this percentage in-
creases with a decrease in dust load of the emitted gas.
Fluorine appears as CaF2 in clinker and kiln dust and, as
such, is harmless since CaF2 is relatively insoluble in water.
09935
Borowicz, Andrzej, Barbara Blazejewska, Roman Plackowski,
and Sabina Tyczka
STUDIES OF AEROSOL CONTENT IN THE ADX IN THE
GRADUATION HOUSE ZONE IN CIECHOCINEK. ((Badania
nad zawartoscia aerosulu w powietrzu w strefie okolotez-
niowej w Ciechocinku.)) Text in Polish. Otolaryngol. Polska
(Warsaw), 21(6):775-779, 1967.
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
A peculiarity of the Ciechocinek climate is the presence of an
atmospheric saline aerosol which might be used in inhalation
therapy. This aerosol originates from the saline graduation
house (aerosol forming structure) which operates from spring
into the late fall and is distributed by the wind. Tests made in
1966 established the correlation between the extent of the
aerosol zone, measured as concentration of sodium ions, and
the weather. Atmospheric iodine levels were also measured, as
well as temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind velocity,
and other meterological conditions. Results were tabulated.
NaCl level, taken as an exponent of saline aerosol level, was
0.03-10.066 mg. NaCl cu m. At higher temperatures, aerosol
particles were concentrated due to intense water evaporation.
Atmospheric iodine levels were 0-43.4 gamma/cu m. Compara-
tively high iodine levels were observed at low wind velocities.
Anemometric measurements for the past 30 years indicate that
western winds prevail in Ciechocinek. Consequently, the
planned inhalation therapy zone should be established east of
the saline graduation house.
11739
Ritchings, F. A.
RAW ENERGY SOURCES FOR ELECTRIC GENERATION.
IEEE (Inst. Elec. Electron, Engrs) Spectrum, S(8):34-45, Aug.
1968.
Air pollution is one of several factors taken into consideration
in this forecast of the electrical energy picture in the USA
through 198S. Other factors include economics, fuel availabili-
ty, relative plant size, and transportation costs. It is predicted
that the consumption of all forms of raw energy for electric
power generation will increase substantially during the next IS
years, probably at 3 times the rate of total energy consumption
(3.1-4.5%/yr.)- By 1985, nuclear energy will provide more than
40% of the electric power produced in the USA, and probably
more than 70% of that produced in New England. Of the 4
major sources of energy currently exploited for electric power
generation: coal, gas, water, and oil (nuclear energy accounted
for only 0.4% of the total output in 1965), coal is the only one
for which the resources are almost unlimited (900 yr. at
present rate of consumption). However, under the Air Quality
Act of 1968, coal • or oil-fired generating units 'will either
have to burn the higher-cost, low-sulfur fuels or provide some
means of reducing the SO2 content of stack gases ' ' the
simpler SO2 removal systems, without provision for sulfur
product recovery, may require an investment of $7 to $8 per
kilowatt and result in an owning and operating cost equivalent
to a fuel cost of 3 to 4 cents/MBtu. This will further accelerate
the trend to nuclear energy sources in the traditionally coal
and oil-burning areas.'
11915
W. Schneider, and E. Schoeffmann
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF FLUORINE-CONTAINING
EMISSIONS. ((Vergleichende Untersuchungen uber Fluorhal-
tige Immissionen.)) Text in German. Stadtehygiene, 19(6):114-
115, June 1968.
Three methods determining the presence of fluorine com-
pounds as phytotoxic air pollutants are under consideration:
(1) air analysis, (2) precipitate analysis, and (3) plant studies.
In the past, proof of damage was accepted if fluorine concen-
trations in the leaves of damaged plants were higher than
those in plants in unpolluted areas. Recently air measurements
were made at 7 stations in a recreation area containing large
forests and several water surfaces, at the same time as dust
studies of precipitates from washed and unwashed birch,
popular, and plantain leaves. The differences found in the
fluorine values (0.5-1.0 microgram F/N cu m in the air and 25.8
mg F/sq.m. in the percipitate) may be partially attributed to
the filtration effect of forests (particularly with aerosols)
which results in reduced emissions (the authors' belief). An in-
creased concentration of fluorine in plants is neither proof of
increased fluorine in the air nor the cause of plant damage.
Leaves from plants both with and without damage showed an
increased fluorine content with little difference between
values. The most common fluorine compound, calcium
fluoride, does not cause plant damage and occurs only as a
dust which is trapped by dense forests. Because of this, the
point of collection is important when measuring for fluorides.
Fluoride emissions in industrial concentrations are difficult to
determine because of small fluoride emissions coming from
many directions.
11934
Rasch, R.
FURNACE SYSTEMS FOR REFUSE INCINERATION.
(Ofensysteme fuer die Muellverbrennung). Brennstoff-
Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):376-382, Aug. 1964. 11 refs. (Presented at
the 3rd Muelltechnischen Colloquium of the TH Stuttgart,
Feb. 21, 1964.) Translated from German. Iron and Steel Inst.,
London (England), British Iron and Steel Industry Translation
Service, 25p., May 1966.
Various furnace systems for refuse incineration are described
and classified in terms of size and type of combustion grating.
Grating systems considered are the fixed-grate, the movable
grate without agitation, and the agitated grate. Grateless
systems are also reviewed; these include the Riepel-Scherer-
Ridl Process with slagging, the flame chamber process with
slagging, and the Stauff Process with combustion in suspen-
sion. It is recommended that special quality liners be provided
for combustion chambers because of excessive wear caused
by refuse burning as compared with coal. A limit of 100,000
kcal/cu m is set for the fire chamber load. The use of hot
waste gases to pre-dry refuse and to reduce combustion
chamber temperature is mentioned. Waste gas temperature
must be reduced to 350 C to assure proper induced draft and
to protect gas purification equipment. Heat recovery in the
form of steam has limited economic importance. Ash removal
and post-sintering of refuse ash to produce construction
material are also discussed briefly.
11971
Ferber, Michael
TRASH INCINERATION AND AGGLOMERATING PLANT
IN BERLIN. (Muellverbrennungs- und -sinteranlage in Berlin).
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):409, Aug. 1964. Translated
from German. Ip.
An incineration plant for city trash and some industrial' refuse,
scheduled for completion in Berlin-Ruhleben in 1968, is
described. The refuse, together with heating slag, fly ash from
power plants, and sludge from a neighboring clarification plant
are processed in an agglomerating belt installation into'admix-
tures for concrete. Excess heat will be used for steam at 24
excess atm, 430 C for municipal heating purposes. When
completed, a daily maximum of 2000 tons can be processed
with a daily agglomerate production of about 1000 tons. This
will correspond roughly to half the total trash output of the en-
tire West Berlin metropolitan area. A population of 2.2 million,
with an annual trash load of about 3.3 million cu m (about
870,000 tons), is projected after 1972.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
12975
Yamada, Go
CORROSION ATTACK OF BOILERS BURNING HEAVY-
OIL. (Juyu boiler no fushoku shogai). Text in Japanese. Netsu
Kanri (Heat Engineering, Tokyo), 21(3):2-9, March 1969. 5
refs.
Sulfur trioxide is a major cause of corrosion in boilers burning
heavy oil. Sulfur compounds in heavy oil are oxidized to SO2
and SOS during combustion. Sulfur trioxi.de combines with
water vapor to form sulfuric acid, which corrodes surfaces at
temperatures below the acid dewpoint of flue gas. Maximum
corrosion occurs at 30-40 C lower than acid dewpoint.
Meanwhile, on high temperature surfaces, alkali metal
sulfates, formed from inorganic compounds, sulfur oxides, and
oxides of vanadium accumulate, impede thermal condition,
and cause corrosion. Sulfur trioxide is considered to be
formed by (1) the reaction between SO2 and O2 in the vapor
phase, (2) the oxidation of SO2 in flame, and (3) the contact
oxidation of SO2 on metallic surfaces. Calculating the conver-
sion rate of SO2 to SO3 at equilibrium in (1), the greater the
O2 and the lower the temperature, the larger the rate becomes.
However, equilibrium does not occur in boilers, so the actual
conversion rate is 1 to 4%. In (2), the greater the amount of
sulfur included in the oil and the hotter the flame, the greater
the amount of SO3 formed. These findings suggest that com-
bustion with low excess O2 can reduce corrosion. Low-tem-
perature corrosion can additionally be controlled by additives,
such as ammonia, magnesium and calcium compounds; high
temperature corrosion by carbonates, hydroxides, an© oxides
of alkaline earth ntetals.
13112
Beck, Horst
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS AT INCINERATORS WITH
CAPACITIES UP TO 5 TONS/HR. (Probleme der Luftreinhal-
tcng bei Abfallverbrennungsanlagen mil Durchsatzleistungen bis
zu 5 t/h). Text in German. Energie Tech., 21(6):207-210, June
1969.
With the increasing use of incinerators for waste disposal,
regulations concerning the emission have become stringent.
Ver. Deut. Ing. standard 2301 (Feb. 1967) calls for a reduction
of stack emission of particulate matter to 200 mg/cu m for
moist flue gas (with a CO2 content of 7%) from incinerators
with a capacity of less than 1.5 t/hr. Incinerators with a higher
capacity are to be equipped with the most recent dust collec-
tors. Efficient flue gas cleaning depends very much on the
selection of a suitable cleaning facility. Many factors such as
grate construction, size of the combustion chamber, capacity,
Composition of the waste material, heating value, excess air,
and dust concentration of the dirty gas ought to be considered.
If wet dust collectors are used, waste water purification facili-
ties must be available. Cyclones and multiclones can be used
presently only with incinerators whose flue gases carry low
dust concentrations. The advantage of such dust collectors is
their small size. Electrostatic precipitators are gaining increas-
ing importance, particularly when operated in connection with
a multiclone. But the newest and most suitable dust collectors
for the present composition of flue gases are probably bag fil-
ters. Europe's most modern incinerator, erected in Berlin and
inaugurated in 1968 (capacity of the plant is 750 kg/hr), has
been equipped with such a facility after satisfactory results
had been gained with a bag filter in Switzerland. Depending on
the need, such filters can be equipped with silicon-treated
glass fiber bags of tubular shape or with synthetic fiber bags.
Periodically, the tubes are shaken to dislodge the dust and
cause it to fall into the collecting hopper. Such filters separate
dusts which are in the submicron range.
13246
Gavrilov, A. A.
WETTING AGENT 'DB' FOR HYDRAULIC REMOVAL OF
DUST. (Smachivater 'DB' dlya gidroobesylivaniya). Text in
Russian. Metallurg, no. 12:11-12, 1968.
Addition of 0.01-0.1% 'DB' wetting agent (polyoxyethylene
ester of ditertiary butylphenol) gives water a surface tension
of 28- 31 erg/sq cm, and used in hydraulic dust removal from
the coke supply for blast furnaces, yields a 70-90% reduction
in dust with 0.3-1% moistening. The mixture was tested on
standard equipment at a consumption rate of 0.5-0.6 cu m/hr
or 3 liters of water per ton of coke with 0.08% of wetting
agent; 0.3% moistening. Current tests are being made with a
7.5 liter/ton consumption rate and a 0.006 liter/ton wetting
agent.
13622
Zurich, R. Tanner
OPERATING RESULTS OF THE INCINERATOR OF THE
CITY OF LAUSANNE. (Betriebsergebnisse der Muellver-
brennungsanlage der Stadt Lausanne.) Translated from Ger-
man. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft (Duesseldorf), 20(9):430-432,
01968.
The performance of the Von Roll incinerator in Switzerland is
discussed based on data compiled for the years 1959 to 1967.
Emphasis is placed on investment and operating costs, design
(flue gases are cleared using electrostatic precipitators),
operating results, and personnel. It is concluded that although
the main task of an incinerator is the hygienic disposal of
waste, such a plant should operate with enough safety margin
to avoid long interruptions. The Lausanne plant owes its suc-
cess exclusively to the standby units and to its design, which
makes monitoring during operation easy for the personnel.
14596
Arkhipova, O. G.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE NEW ANTIKNOCK
COMPOUND MANGANESE CYCLOPENTADIENYLTRICAR-
BONYL ON THE ORGANISM. English translation of: Gigiena
Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow), No. 4:T51-T54, 1963. 5
refs.
It has been suggested that manganese cyclopentadienyltricar-
bonyl (MCT) be used as an antiknock compound in internal
combustion engines to replace tetraethyl lead. Investigations
which give a general description of the changes that occur in
the organs and systems of organisms following the administra-
tion of MCT are reported. The compound was administered by
inhalation to rabbits and white rats. Results showed that the
MCT is a toxic substance of polytropic action; MCT vapor
disturbs the function of the nervous system and kidneys, and
reduces the osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes. It affects
the normal source of the oxidation process and the processes
of oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen inhalation has favorable
effect in acute MCT intoxication.
14701
Bretschneider, B.
MAIN SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL GASEOUS EMISSIONS.
(Hlavni zdroje prumyslovych plynnych exhalaci). Text in
Czech. Ochrana Ovzdusi, no. 2:26-30, 1969. 29 refs.
Sulfur dioxide is the most harmful gaseous emission in
Czechoslovakia. The primary source of sulfur dioxide emis-
sion, which reached approximately 25 million tons in 1966, are
power engineering, e.g., powerhouses, boiler houses, heat
plants, etc., surface mining of sub-bituminous coal in Northern
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Bohemia, and domestic fireplaces. The latter are particularly
important sources of pollution in residential and urban areas.
Powerhouses of the Central Board of Power Engineering emit
as much sulfur dioxide as the powerhouses and boiler houses
of industrial plants. Their emissions contaminate the lower at-
mosphere of whole areas. Air quality in the CSSR, especially
in Northern Bohemia and around industrial complexes, can be
raised by controlling the diffusion of sulfur dioxide and com-
bustion products in the lower atmosphere. Less important
sources of gaseous emissions are metallurgical engineering
plants, which produce both sulfur dioxide and monosulfide,
and chemical works whose emissions, though low, can be ex-
tremely harmful. Emissions from powerhouses of industrial
plants are of local importance.
15637
Muhlrad, M. Wolf
CEMENT PLANTS AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
PROBLEMS OF DUST REMOVAL. (Les cimenteries et la
pollution atmospherique. Les problemes de depoussierage).
Text in French. Equipement Mecan., 48(87):91-95, 1969.
Cement plants have the most formidable dust removal
problems among industrial dust and smoke emission sources.
The centrifugal, the wet, the electrostatic, and the screen fil-
tering, methods of dust separation are described in detail; dust
sources and the dust collecting equipment used in the in-
dividual successive stages of cement production are con-
sidered. Quarrying limestone in open air gives rise to moderate
quantities of dust, which are sometimes sprayed with water.
Pounding and crushing limestone calls for the use of multitu-
bular centrifuges followed, if need be, by screen filters. Wet
crushing produces no dust, while dry or semi-dry erasing
requires high-capacity, fine-mesh, movable screen filters. Elec-
trostatic filters are occasionally used instead. Homogenizing
requires limited dust removal. Drying and crashing of coal
pose difficult dust removal problems due to the danger of
coal-dust explosions. Smoke from roasting kilns is the primary
source of dust. Particle size distributions and concentrations of
dusts from six kinds of roasting kilns are given in a Table.
Most modern kilns are provided with electrostatic filters.
Clinker cooling uses dust centrifuges. Clinker crashing some-
times uses electrostatic filters but, more commonly, bag filters
with movable screens. Automatic cement bagging machines
usually have movable screen filters made of nylon. At present,
no satisfactory solution of the problem of dust removal in ce-
ment plants exists, so that the establishment of new cement
plants should still be based on considerations of dispersal of
dust emissions in the atmosphere.
16254
EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS OF THE WASTE COMPOSI-
TION ON DESIGN PARAMETERS OF INCINERATORS.
(Die Auswirkungen von Schwankungen der Muellbeschaffen-
heit auf einige Konstruktionspararaeter von Muellverbrennung-
sanlagen). Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 20(9):428- 429, 1968. 1
ref. Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 6p., Sept. 25, 1969.
(Presented at Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1967.)
A computer program was developed to find the limits within
which the waste composition may change and to find the ef-
fects of the changes on the various parameters. The program
is executed with the following values: upper heating value
from 2225-4450 kcal/kg, carbon from 24-405%, hydrogen from
3.5-7.5%, oxygen from 20-30%, water from 11-30%, incom-
bustible material from 11-22.5%, and carbon/hydrogen ratio
from 10.8-24. It was shown that the heating value increases
with increasing content of free hydrogen. If the waste com-
position and heating value, air surplus, and heat loss are given,
the combustion products at a capacity of 900 kg/h can be
found with the computer program. The specific heats and
enthalpies can be found and a heat equation can be established
to determine the equilibrium gas temperature. The computer
program also helps to find the amount of water required for
cooling flue gases to 540, 400, 260, 120 C, or to saturation. It
also determines the mass and volume flow at every important
point in the circulation. All calculations include a certain as-
sumed percentage of incombustible material. An air surplus
from 40-300% and a heat loss from 2-60% of the entire
released heat are included in the input data. With this pro-
gram, 2310 various cases can be computed and 70,000 in-
dividual data for 21 different waste compositions can be ob-
tained. By feeding the results of analysis of the waste com-
position and its presumable variation over a certain period into
the computer, all parameters essential for the sizing of the in-
dividual parts of the incinerator within a certain determined
range can be found.
16494
Akamatsu, Isao, Hiroshi Kamishima, and Yutaka Kimura
DEODORIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS IN KRAFT PULPING.
(PART I). ON THE FORMATION OF MALODOROUS COM-
PONENTS IN KRAFT PULPING. (Kurafuto- parupu seizo
kotei haishutsu gasu no mushuka (1 ho): Jokai-chu ni okeru
akushu-seibun no seisei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kami-pa
Gikyoshi (J. Japan Tech. Assoc. Pulp Paper Ind.), 22(8): 406-
410, Aug. 1968. 3 refs.
The formation of malodorous substances, methy mercaptan
(MMA) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS), in the process of kraft
pulping was studied in two types of Japanese pulp woods:
softwoods (red pine, cedar and Japanese cypress) and hard-
woods (beech, poplar, cherry and pasania oak). Alkaline
(Na2O) and sodium sulfide (NaS) were added to a 400 g dried
pulpwood block in an electric autoclave and boiled for 5-1/2
hours at 185 C. Then 5 cc of exhaust gas (raw blow gas) was
sent into the cyclone-separator (a cylinder with the diameter of
3 cm and the length of 18 cm) and analyzed for malodorous
substances (MMA and DMS) by the use of Yanagimoto GCG-
5DH type gas chromatograph. Larger amounts of MMA and
DMS, especially MMA, were produced by pulping hardwoods
than by pulping softwoods. In pulping the same wood type,
the amount of malodorous substances was increased with the
increase of cooking hour and temperature, and the concentra-
tion of NaS. The white lauan produced the same malodorous
substances in quality and quantity as obtained in the pulping
of Japanese hardwoods. When the pulping was performed by a
batch system, the concentration of DMS was decreased to
trace with the depression of pressure in the autoclave.
17344
Knop, Wilhelm
INDUSTRIAL DUSTS AND WASTE GASES. (Industri-
estaeube und-abgase). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(l):20-23, Jan. 1970. ; /
The major sources of dangerous and annoying industrial dusts
or gaseous pollutants are enumerated. In mines, coking plants,
and gas works, dusts develop at the sorting, crushing, and
mixing processes. The extent of dust development depends on
the water content, the grain size, and the strength of the
material. Waste gas and vapor develops behind driers, trans-
portation facilities, and in the quenching of coke. The chemi-
cal industry produces the dangerous halogen gases, of which
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
chlorine and bromine are the most harmful. The maximum al-
lowable longttenn emission concentration for chlorine is 0.1 cu
cm/cu m air; the short-term value is three times daily 0.5 cu
cm/cu m air. Hydrogen chloride develops at the manufacture
of dyes. The maximum allowable emission concentration for
fluorine is O.S cu cm/cu m air. Flourine compounds (in gaseous
form or dust) develop in aluminum production, fertilizer manu-
facture, and at the polishing stations for quartz and glass. With
sulfuric acid production in a Glaus furnace or in the manufac-
ture of dyes SO2 and SO3 develop. The maximum allowable
concentration for these pollutants is 0.2 cu cm/cu m air.
Hydrogen sulfide has been limited to 0.1 cu cm/cu m air. It
develops in refineries in dye and viscose manufacture. A par-
ticularly noxious gas is carbon monoxide which develops in
phosphorus and carbide plants. Quarries, cement factories, the
ceramic industry, mixers for asphalting highways, iron ore sin-
tering plants, blast furnaces, and foundries all are large con-
tributors of dust and gaseous emissions.
17471
Knop, Wilhelm
INDUSTIRAL DUSTS AND WASTE GASES. (Industri-
estauebe und-abgase). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(2):63-66, Feb. 1970. 22 refs.
The most dangerous and annoying pollutants emitted by vari-
ous industries are enumerated. Steel mills emit primarily iron
oxides and fluorine compounds. Half of the original fluorine
input is emitted; the other half goes into the slag. The iron
oxide emissions, primarily the small particles below 5 micron,
form the brown smoke. The non-ferrous metal fabricating and
finishing plants emit metal oxides (cadmium oxide). When in-
haled, the latter may be extremely harmful. The TLV
(threshold limit value) is 0.1 mg/cu m air. In aluminum produc-
tion, dust-laden waste gases develop, despite the wet process.
The aluminum oxide dust content in the rotary furnace is 300-
400 g/standard cu m. In electrolytic reduction of aluminum ox-
ide, cryolite also dissociates. As a consequence, hydrogen
fluoride and dusts of fluorine compounds are found in the
waste gas. The TLV for fluorides is 2.5 mg/cu m; for hydrogen
fluoride, 2 mg/cu m. In lead plants 3 to 3.5 cu m waste gases
per kg sinter develop in the sintering and roasting station.
They contain 1.5 to 5% by volume SO2 and up to 15 g/cu m
dust. The dust contains lead, zinc, sulfur, and small amounts
of other elements. Considerable amounts of metal vapors
develop. In the fly dust of the shaft furnaces, cadmium oxide
or sulfate, arsenic, zinc, and thallium compounds may be
found. In copper smelting plants, the waste gases contain fly
dust and SO2. In zinc refining, fly dust (0.1 g/standard cu m)
and SO2 are emitted to the waste gas. In ferro-alloy produc-
tion, dusts of various kinds are carried along in the waste
gases. The waste gas quantity of a 10 MW furnace amounts to
70,000-250,000 cu m/h; the dust content, to 0.25-2.5 g/cu m.
17665
Alov, A. A. and M. N. Mogil'ner
COMPARISON OF HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOME GRADES OF ELECTRODES. (Stravenie gigienichesikh
kharakteristik nekotorykh marok electodov). Gigiena Truda i
Prof. Zabolevaniya, vol. 8:47-49, Feb. 1964. 2 refs. Translated
from Russian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 6p., Sept. 17, 1969.
A new low-manganese ferroalloy electrode for use in welding
low-carbon steel at high welding speeds is compared with
other high-duty electrodes with respect to the amount of
aerosol generated and the manganese content of the aerosol.
As determined by comparative tests, the amount of aerosol
given off by the respective electrodes is approximately the
same, but the manganese content increases as the proportion
of the manganese-containing components in the coating in-
creases. Contamination of air by toxic manganese compounds
was significantly reduced by the new electrode whose diame-
ter is 4 mm. The electrode has the same productive capacity as
those 7 mm in diameter.
18267
Rohmeder, E., and A. von Schoenborn
INVESTIGATIONS OF PHENOTYPICALLY RELATIVELY
FLUORINE-RESISTENT FOREST TREES. (Untersuchungen
an phaenotypisch relativ fluorresistenten Waldbaeumen.)
Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, Contract No. CPA
22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 21p., 1968. 10 refs.
A total of 36 spruce trees, which had shown resistance to
fluorine-containing pollutants for as long as 40 years, have
been investigated for five years to determine (1) whether this
resistance was due to genetic factors, better nourishment,
more favorable water supply, etc., (2) what gas concentrations
can be withstood by forest trees, and (3) if the selected
spruces can withstand higher concentrations than other
spruces of the same age and some deciduous trees which are
known to be more resistant. The results indicate that (1)
genetics is a very important factor and (2) forest damage from
industrial pollutants can be reduced or eliminated if foresters
would cultivate pollution resistant trees in industrial areas.
18268
Rosenberger, G., and H.-D. Gruender
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE EFFECTS OF FLUORINE IM-
MISSIONS ON CATTLE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF A
HYDROFLUORIC ACID PLANT. (Untersuchunge ueber
Fluorimmissionwirkungen bei Rindern im Bereich einer Flus-
saeure-Fabrik.) Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 29p., 1968. 10
refs.
During the period of 3.5 years, twelve cows were kept under
controlled conditions on a farm located in the emission area of
a hydrofluoric acid plant. At the beginning of the test program
the age of the cattle ranged from 3/4 to 9 years. The investiga-
tions covered the computation of the fluorine intake through
the forage, the water and the air as well as the excretion by
urine and incorporation in the bones. The state of health and
the productivity of the cattle was constantly observed. The
fluorine content of the farm-produced forage varied largely de-
pending on the situation of the forage land with respect to the
industrial plant. The monthly average of fluorine intake of the
cattle varied between 1.0 and 9.5 mg F per kg body weight All
cattle showed symptoms typical for chronic fluorine poisoning,
i.e. changes in teeth and bones as well as disturbances in
locomotion. No influence of the fluorine intake could be de-
tected on the fertility or on the milk productivity if this was
less than 20 liters per day. Calves of cows with chronic fluoro-
sis were not injured but do have an increased fluorine content
of their bones.
19027
I (eysson, N. and T. Waldenstroem
PRESENT STATE OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE ON
RED SMOKE. (Etat actuel des connaissances theoriques sur
les fumees rousses). Text in French. Centre Doc. Siderurg.,
Circ. Inform. Tech., 25(12):2663-2673, 1968. 16 refs.
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Red dust emission of the Thomas steel plants were studied
from the standpoint of chemical analysis, granulometry, and
quantity of dust emitted. The sources of dust were analyzed
by evaporation alone and by a combination of evaporation and
oxidation. The most satisfying theory thus far developed is
that of Turkdogen, Grieveson and Darken, who propose the
following improvements: when using air, lower the tempera-
ture at the point of impact; when pure oxygen is used, in-
crease the oxygen at the point of impact, so as to cause the
rapid formation of an iron oxide inhibiting layer.
19434
Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, North Rhine-
Westphalia, Germany
KEEPING THE AIR PURE IN NORTH RHINE-
WESTPHALIA. (Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrhein West-
falen). Congr. Reinhaltung der Luft, Duesseldorf, West Ger-
many, 1969. (Oct. 13-17.) Translated from German. Belov and
Associates, Denver, Colo., 133p., Feb. 11,1970.
The centers of industrial concentration in North Rhine-
Westphalia are also those of population concentration. The
close juxtaposition of these concentrations of emittants of air
pollutant material and the densely situated population causes
extreme problems. The directed measures of the last ten years
against the unbearable dust load and the harmful sulfur diox-
ide emissions have led to considerable improvements. Mea-
surements show an extraordinary reduction of dust and SO2 in
the air since 1963. While infringements on the dust limit values
were found on 22% of the measurement surface at the
beginning of the measurement period with 5% of the measur-
ing surface violating the SO2 limit value, in the year 1968
violations were 5% for dust and 1% for SO2. These successes
were predominantly due to severe licensing practices for new
industrial plants and improvement programs for existing indus-
tries that do the most to determine emission concentrations:
steel converters, ore sintering plants, coking furnaces, foun-
dries, and steam power plants. The experiences of the last few
years have shown that the problems of air pollution are sub-
ject to change and have a continuous connection with the
developments in technology and production in industry. An in-
crease of around 25% to 5 million tons SO2 emissions per year
is projected from 1967 to 1975. From 1975 on, the production
of electric power, which will then account for 40% of the SO2
emissions, will be considerably influenced by atomic energy;
S02 emissions will first stop their increase and then start to
decline. Fluorine, hydrocarbons, chlorine, and numerous odor
substances will become the focus of attention. The dust
problem will no longer be a question of loads due to coarse
dust, but dangers to health due to fine dusts. Precipitation
measurements will be extended to include concentration mea-
surements. In the coming 10 years, the State will also take an
increasingly critical look at emissions from automobiles and
domestic heating units. The goal of the State Government is
the development of a control system on a regional basis. Data
banks will be set up to provide regional data on individual in-
dustrial emission sources, as .a tool to the development of con-
trol programs. This program has already begun in the area of
metropolitan Cologne and will soon be extended to the
Duisburg/Oberhausen/Mulheim a.d. Ruhr, Essen/Bottrop, Gel-
senkirchen/Wanne/Eicket/Bochum, Castrop/Rauxel, and Dort-
mund regions.
19444
Juentget, H. and K. H. Van Heek
PROGRESSES MADE IN THE RESEARCH OF PYROLYSIS
OF BITUMINOUS COAL. (Fortschritte der Forschung auf
dem Gebiet der Steinkohlenpyrolyse). Brennstoff-Chem. (Es-
sen), 50(6):172-178, June 1969. 63 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 28p., May 12,
1970. (Presented at the DGMK Annual Meeting, Salzburg,
Germany, Oct. 7-9, 1968.)
Research is reported which deals with new work in the field of
coal decomposition at high temperatures (up to 10,000 K), the
state of the knowledge pertaining to reaction kinetics of the
gas formation during thermal decomposition of coal, and the
correlation between bituminous coal analysis and combustion.
Through the development of high-energy plasma burners and
lasers, experimenters can now perform the thermal decomposi-
tion of coal using extremely high temperatures and cor-
respondingly high heating rates. Additionally, differentiating
physical instruments for the determination of the products of
pyrolysis, new methods for the evaluation of measured data
by the use of computers, and new techniques for the heating
of coal samples facilitate exact studies of the reaction kinetics
of the gas formation during pyrolysis. Discussion is presented
pertaining to the thermodynamics of coal at high temperatures,
the kinetics of coal pyrolysis, and the correlation of pyrolysis
with other reactions occurring during the combustion of in-
dividual coal particles.
19899
Sawaya, Tsugio
SURVEY ON THE PUBLIC NUISANCE BY OFFENSIVE
ODOR. (Akushu kogai gairon). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 8(2):34-46,
June 1970.12 refs.
Offensive odor as a public nuisance can be classified accord-
ing to its composition in the following industrial sources:
hydrocarbons and mercaptan from petroleum refining; organic
sulfur compounds such as mercaptan from paper and pulp fac-
tories; and amine and fatty acids from fish meal and rendering
factories and stockyards. Odors of each category are ex-
plained. While it is well established that olfactory reception is
caused by a stimulus given to nerves by gaseous substances or
air-borne particulates, the mechanism of the stimulus is not
yet known. Odors of industrial waste water are classified into
the following, that is, aromatic, free chlorine, disagreeable,
earthy, fishy, grassy, moldy, musty, peaty, sweet, free
hydrogen sulfide, and vegetable. Weber-Fechner's law,
fatique, personal differences, and interference of odors are
described. Definitions of threshold and odor concentration are
provided. Measuring methods of odor include dilution by air,
equilibrium with salt water, and a method used by processing
factories to monitor the total amount of odor substances.
Physical or chemical methods are available for odor abate-
ment. Scrubbers, condensation by cooling, adsorption by ac-
tive carbon, and dilution by air are in the physical category,
while chemical methods include processing by acid, alkali,
chlorine, or ozone, ion exchange, masking, recombustion, and
catalytic combustion.
20384
i
Pflaum, W., Th. Kempf, and D. Luedemann
THE OUTBOARD MOTOR AND WATER POLLUTION. (Der
Aussenbordmotorbetrieb und die Gewaesserverschmutzung).
Motortech. Z. (Stuttgart), 29(3):85-90, March 1968. 8 refs.
Translated from German. 25p., Sept. 23, 1969.
Braking tests, as well as tank and pond experiments, were
conducted on mixture-lubricated, two-stroke outboard motors
to determine exhaust gas substances which condense in or are
absorbed by water. The most disturbing components of the ex-
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
haust gas are the heavy hydrocarbons. Their effects and those
of other components on underwater plants and animals were
studied by chemical and biological tests and by taste checks of
fish. The motor tests were performed with new motors or mo-
tors past the break-in period. They had nominal powers of 6,
18, and 40 HP and were operated with fuel-to-oil mixtures of
1125, 1/50, and 1/100. After 350 hours, as a consequence of
wear and tear, medium power class motors consumed 10-25%
more fuel and emitted more toxic substances. The average
data double at idle or full load operations. Any improvement
of the motors which leads to a lower fuel and oil consumption
would reduce the emission of pollutants to water. Results
show that the permissible fuel-to-water ratio should be
changed from 1/100,000 to 1/200,000.
20564
Reh, L.
INCINERATION AND THERMAL CRACKING OF LIQUID
AND PASTEOUS REFUSE. (Verbrennung und thermische
Spaltung fluessiger und schlammfoermiger Industrie-Abfalle).
Chem. Ing. Tech. 39(4):165-171, 1967. 22 refs. (Presented at the
128th Dechema Meeting, Frankfurt/Main, April 1, 1968.)
Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa. Science Info. Services, 23p.
The following are the decisive factors in selecting the method,
the furnace system, and the reaction conditions for incinera-
tion or thermal cracking of industrial sludges: combustibility,
volatility, and toxicity of the individual components; the water
content; the mineral substances; and corrosive compounds.
The most common types of furnaces (such as combustion
chambers, story of fluidized bed furnaces) are surveyed, and
their design, mode of operation, and field of application are
discussed. Most incinerator plants use both combustion and
thermal cracking. The legal requirements of total residueless
combustion of all toxic organic components demand com-
bustion temperatures of at least 800 C in the actual com-
bustion zone of the furnaces. With many residues, this tem-
perature cannot be reached without auxiliary fuel. A rotary
burner, spray burner, an atomizing nozzle, a story furnace,
and a fluidized bed furnace are illustrated. The fluidized bed
incineration with a turbulent layer of inert material may be
also used for thermal cracking of waste sulfuric acid from in-
organic or organochemical plants. The waste acid concentrated
to an acid contents of 45% (including solid substances, mostly
sulfates) is pumped into the turbulent layer of sand, heated by
an auxiliary burner, and cracked to water vapor, O2, and SO2.
The sulfates are converted to oxide, and organic substances
are incinerated. The spent hydrochloric acid and iron chloride
containing pickling baths are thermally cracked.
20884
Mayaudon, Enrique Marquez
PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION BY INDUSTRY IN SEVERAL BORDER CITIES OF
NORTHERN MEXICO. (Encuesta preliminar sobre con-
taminacion industrial del aire y agua en algunas ciudades fron-
terizas del norte de Mexico). Preprint, lip., June 1967. Trans-
lated from Spanish. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 13p., Sept. 17, 1969.
The following nine cities were briefly surveyed in May 1967:
Matamoros, Reynosa, and Nuevo Laredo in the state of
Tamaulipas; Piedras Negras in Coahuila; Ciudad Juarez in
Chihuaha; Nogales in Sonora; and Mexicali, Tecate, and
Tijuana in Baja California. The survey was based on the con-
sumption of raw material and output from various emission
sources. Air pollution was found to stem mainly from natural
sources (pollen, dust, bacteria); emissions from internal com-
bustion engines were the second largest source. Industry in
these areas is in beginning stages, with small plants (fewer
than 100 workers) predominating; present plants which may
eventually contribute to more serious air pollution problems
include petroleum installations, a steel smelting plant, metal-
lurgical, insecticide plants, a brewery, and factories which
manufacture construction materials. Brief results of the survey
are given for each city.
21887
Franzky,U.
THE USE OF OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR REDUCTION
OF ODOROUS EMISSIONS. (Ueber den Einsatz von Oxida-
tionsverfahren zur Verminderung geruchsintensiver Emis-
sionen). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no.
149:291-302, 1970. 29 refs.
Thermal waste gas treatment is by far the most efficient
method, but also the one with the highest operating costs, for
the reduction of odorous emissions from animal rendering,
coffee roasting, pyrolysis of beech wood, and foundries. The
waste gas is pressed into a combustion chamber where guide
vanes impart a rotary movement to the gas. The oil or gas
burner is tangentially attached to the cylindrical chamber wall.
Waste gases from a coffee roasting plant could be cleaned
from 575 mg C/cu Nm to 170 mg C/cu Nm when temperatures
in the chamber did not exceed 485 C. Better results are ob-
tained at temperatures between 680 and 800 C, while concen-
trations of more than 10 g/cu Nm in the uncleaned gas could
be reduced to less than 100 mg C/cu Nm at 740 C. Catalytic
oxidation has found wide-spread use in the past few years, in
which it generally suffices to heat the waste gases to just 350
or 400 C. Thus, costs for energy can be saved. Catalysts with
palladium or platinum as active ingredients are used. Efficien-
cies of 90 to 95% are achieved with this method, but a higher
maintenance service is required. Deodorization of the air in a
poultry farm and pig sty by addition of ozone was unsuccess-
ful. Better results were obtained in a mink farm by soaking a
bed of sand with potassium permanganate solution 100g/12
liter water, 1 liter solution per 1 sq m sand). Mink feces falling
onto this soaked bed were deodorized to a large extent. No
final results are available as experiments with this method are
still in progress.
22077
Hulanicki, Slawomir and Bohdan Glowiak
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE SPONTANEOUS COM-
BUSTION OF DUSTS ENCOUNTERED IN THE GRAIN
MILLING INDUSTRY. (Badania nad samozapalnoscia pylow
wystepujacych w przemysle zbozowym). Ochrana Pracy,
21(5):18-21, May 1966. 11 refs. Translated from Polish.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, lip., Oct. 24, 1969.
A study was conducted on the spontaneous combustion of
flour dusts or dusts created in the course of its production.
The spontaneous-combustion temperature of flour dusts and
flours were determined by the Swietoslawski and Roga method
and by the Hulanicki and Glowiak method. The device used to
determine the self-ignition temperature of the dusts is
described. Induction times were determined for all dusts at
temperatures of 300 C, 320 C, 340 C, and 360 C, and their
logarithms were plotted as straight lines. The dusts can be
separated into two classes with respect to the ease with which
they spontaneously bum: dusts from rye, wheat, and barley
flours and dusts that are separated in the grinding operation,
with a maximum safe temperature of 128 C; and dusts from
-------
8
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
the grain cleaning process, which are difficult to ignite, with a
maximum safe temperature of 220 C. The spontaneous com-
bustion temperatures of all the dusts which were studied by
the Swietoslawski-Roga method vary within the range of 250-
275 C. This range is hazardous for all operations that involve
grain and flour dusts. The curves of temperatures of self-igni-
tion vs induction times make it possible to determine self-igni-
tion temperatures for any arbitrary induction time or to state
how long it will take dust at a given temperature to reach the
self-ignition point. (Author conclusions modified)
22579
Wozniczek, Henryk
AIR POLLUTION BY MOTOR CAR EXHAUST GASES.
(Zatrucie powietrza przez spaliny samochodowe). Ochrona
Pracy, 21(5):14-17, May 1966. 16 refs. Translated from Polish.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 12p., Dec. 16, 1969.
Components from motor vehicle combustion gases are
discussed in terms of concentrations emitted and the symp-
toms which they produce. Narcotic properties of saturated
hydrocarbons increase with an increasing number of carbon
atoms in the molecule, while all hydrocarbons mixed with air
in suitable proportions form explosive mixtures. Hydrocarbon
vapors above C5 do not require high concentrations, and a
concentration of 1 ing/liter is sometimes sufficient to cause
dangerous effects in the human organism in a period of a few
minutes. Ethylene, propylene, butylene, hexylene, and hep-
tylene induce almost the same disease symptoms as hydrocar-
bons of the paraffin series. A permissible concentration limit
of 0.1 mg/liter is recommended for these unsaturated
hydrocarbons of the ethylene series. Diolefins act on mucous
membranes in the gaseous or vapor state. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons of the acetylene series oxidize more readily than
hydrocarbons of the paraffin and olefin series, and are able to
very easily attract atoms, atom groups, and particles from
other compounds to their molecules. Fatty acids and their an-
hydrides act destructively on tissues, while formaldehyde is al-
ready able to lead to chronic intoxication at a concentration of
0.02-0.07 mg/liter. Aldehydes induce diseases of the respiratory
tract, liver and kidney diseases, and diseases of the eyes and
skin. Pure ketones produce diseases of the respiratory tract,
the eye protective system, and diabetes and anemia. The
human organism can tolerate a maximum of 0.01% CO by
volume on continuous action for 8 hours daily. Intoxication
causes loss of consciousness, convulsions, breathlessness, and
asphyxiation. Swelling of the lungs occurs in severe cases of
intoxication from nitrogen oxides, while sulfur dioxide acts
similarly as a powerful irritant, especially on the mucous mem-
branes. Gasoline vapors induce diseases of the respiratory
system, nervous system, and the protective system of the
eyes. Toxicity of gasoline vapors increases with increasing CO
content in the mixture, and mental disturbances are among the
chief symptoms of acute tetraethyl lead intoxication.
23022
Solntsev, S. S.
COMPUTATIONAL METHOD OF DETERMINING
FLUORINE BALANCE DURING ALUMINUM ELECTROLY-
SIS. (Raschetnyy metod opredeleniya balansa ftora pri elek-
trolize alyuminiya). Text in Russian. Tesvetn. Metal., 40(2):59-
62, 1967. 8 refs.
The following quasiempirical formulas for fluorine loss during
electrolytic production of aluminum are presented: 1) loss with
exhaust gases as a function of cryolite content of the elec-
trolyte and electrolyte temperature; 2) loss with fettlings as a
function of service interval; 3) loss in the form of CF4 as a
function of the number of anode effects, duration of anode ef-
fect, and % yield in terms of current; 4) mechanical loss as a
function of the fluoride content of the raw material; and 5)
loss with the coal ash. Fluorine loss through exhaust gases is
reported for three installations and ranges from 18.97 to 25.63
kg/t. It is estimated that cooling the process by 5 degrees C
will reduce fluorine consumption by 0.2 kg/t, while increasing
the cryolite ratio by 0.1 will affect approximately a 3 kg/t
savings.
23210
Surovikin, V. F. and L. S. Kazakov
STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF CARBON
BLACK PARTICLES DURING DECOMPOSITION OF
HYDROCARBONS. Gaz. Prom., 12(8):40-46, 1967. 14 refs.
Translated from Russian. Foreign Technology Div. Wright-Pat-
terson AFB, Ohio, Translation Div. 14p., Jan. 8, 1970. CFSTI,
DDC: AD 702847
The process of formation of carbon black particles during
decomposition of hydrocarbons in an industrial reactor can be
described by the Semenov equation for branched chain
processes with quadratic breaks in the chain. The specific sur-
face of the carbon black can be determined by theoretical cal-
culations according to the technological parameters of its
manufacture. The heating up and evaporation of hydrocarbon
raw material, and also the formation and growth of carbon
black particles, occupy (2-3) times 10(minus superscript 3)s in
an industrial reactor with gases moving at a speed on the order
of 300-400 m/s in the zone in which they are mixed with
hydrocarbons. Atomization of the hydrocarbon raw material
by high-temperature gases from the complete combustion of
the fuel at a high relative rate of motion ensures that the raw
material will be heated at a high rate. In this process, the mag-
nitude of the specific surface of the carbon black depends on
temperature and hydrocarbon concentration in the reaction
gas. The temperature of the gases in the reaction chamber of
an industrial reactor is not consistent along its length. Due to
exothermic reactions, the temperature rises rapidly in the ini-
tial zone. It achieves the maximum at the moment of total con-
sumption of oxygen, then is reduced by exothermic reactions.
23580
Reinhard, H.
FLUORINE DAMAGE IN THE LOWER FRICK VALLEY.
(Die Fluorschaden im unteren Frichtal). Schweiz. Arch. Tier-
heilk., 101(l):l-4, 1959. (Presented at the Swiss Veterinary
Society, General Convention, Brunnen, 1959.) Translated from
German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 5p., July 10,
1970.
Even though the only aluminum produced in Germany today is
manufactured by an electrolytic method, fluorine emissions
are still 500 kg per day. In the area of one plant, the quantity
of fluorine sedimented per acre in 1956 amounted to approxi-
mately 7 kg at 300 m from the plant, decreased rapidly to 0.9
kg at 700 m, and then decreased slowly with increasing
distance. Severe clinica phenomena have been observed on
vegetation at quite distant locations and can be attributed only
to airborne fluorine. Moreover, feed plants (hay and grass)
have been damaged, even when their fluorine levels were
below those considered toxic by most authors.
24096
Doorgeest, T.
PAINT AND AIR POLLUTION. (Verf en luchtverontreinig
ing). Text in Dutch. T. N. O. Nieuws, vol. 25:37-42, 1970.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
Dutch paint manufacturers are well aware of the fact that ap-
plication of the products of the paint industry does contribute
to air pollution. This awareness has resulted in a joint in-
vestigation by paint manufacturers and TNO into the contribu-
tion of paint producers and paint users to air pollution in the
Netherlands. From information received mainly from members
and co-members of the Vereniging Voor Verf-Research (Dutch
Society for Paint Research) it was calculated that paint produ-
cers and paint users are together responsible for approximately
0.1% of the harmfulness of air pollution in the Netherlands.
Moreover the conclusion was drawn that the percentage men-
tioned will decrease slowly in the coming years. (Author ab-
stract modified)
25056
Ishii, Kazuo, Matsuoki Okuda, Mutsuo Koizumi, Tadahiro
Machiyama, Katsuya Nagata, and Noboru Sugimoto
HIGH PERFORMANCE INCINERATION OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE. PART II. INCINERATOR WITH SLAG-TAP FUR-
NACE. (Konoritsu no gesui odei shokyaku sochi ni kansuru
kenkyu. ni. Yukaishiki odei shokyaku sochi). Text in Japanese.
Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo), 49(521):674-
682, Sept. 20, 1970. 7 refs.
A new type of incinerator with a slag-tap furnace for de-
watered sludge consists of an atomizing feeder of sludge, a
heat exchanger, an air preheater and a cyclone dust collector.
The air-jet type sludge atomizer, referred to in Part I of the ar-
ticle, and a heavy fuel oil burner are placed at the top of the
furnace. Refractory materials which are packed in the furnace
are suspended by five water-cooled tubes with refractory coat-
ing and are heated by firing fuel oil. Dewatered sludge is fed
in particulate form and burned immediately when it gets in
contact with the high temperature, high speed combustion gas
of the fuel oil. Ash in the sludge is melted into slag and flows
down into a slag pit through the bank of refractory materials.
The incinerator system has the following merits: dustless flue
gas is emitted from the furnace, because the ash in sludge is
melted into slag at the bank of refractory materials; flue gas is
odorless because of high temperature combustion; and the in-
cineration plant can be compact in size and still possesses high
performance. This type of incinerator is used more effectively
for dewatered raw sludge than for dehydrated sludge, just as
in the case of the AST method, since dewatered sludge con-
tains more water and is more convenient for transportation
and dispersion. Further, since dewatered raw sludge has not
gone through digestion, it contains more organic matter and
emits higher heat. The system is applicable to not only sewage
sludge, but also for burning sludge in factory effluents which
hardly contains any flammable matter, or the sludge which is
especially high in water content. The system is only a small
test incinerator, with only 100 kg/h capacity. After more ex-
perience is gained in taking out melted ash and in testing dura-
bility of the incinerator, more problems will be solved.
28494
Gorodinskiy, S. M., E. I. Semenenko, G. A. Gaziyev, Ye. I.
Kosterina, O. N. Shevkun, and T. G. Ivanova
SANITARY AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF SOME
POLYMERS. Space Biol. Med. (English translation from Rus-
sian of: Kosmich. Biol. Med.), 4(4):17-26, 1970. 4 refs. NTIS:
JPRS 51641
To ascertain their suitability for use in pressurized manned
chambers, various polymers were placed in an enclosed pres-
surized chamber and toxic compounds in their gas emanations
were measured. The studies were conducted at temperatures
up to 200 deg at reduced oxygen pressure (0.2-0.4 atm), and at
atmospheric pressure. More than 25 materials were tested, in-
cluding those based on polyvinyl chloride, caprolactaum,
polycarbonate, polyurethanes, natural and synthetic fibers,
rubbers, sealings, glass plastics, and plexiglass. The most toxic
of these materials were glass plastics and sealings; the least
toxic were rubbers and caprolite. The hygienic properties of
polymers can be improved by vacuum processing, addition of
stabilizers, heating, and washing with water. (Author abstract
modified)
28781
Yoshikawa, H., Y. Takabayashi, H. Osaka, T. Hasegawa, and
S. Hirao
INVESTIGATION OF SMOKE IN GLASS FURNACES.
(Garasu yoyuro no baijin chosa). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):183, 1970.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Smoke from fusion furnaces of glassware manufacturing
plants was investigated with respect to dusts, sulfur oxides, air
ratio, and penetration rate. The concentration range for dusts
was 0.13-0.21 g/N cu m. For a factory manufacturing glass
parts for optical instruments, the average was 0.46 g/N cu m.
For a thermos manufacturing factory, the average was 0.66
g/N cu m. Since the process involves very high temperatures
for the production of hard glass, the amount of dust decreases
very rapidly after the operation has begun. Ways of preventing
pollution include recombustion of waste gas at a high tempera-
ture, maintaining the viscocity of the fuel by adding low-
viscocity fuel such as kerosene, and avoiding drastic cooling
of the furnace.
31616
Kalyuzhnyi, D. N., L. M. Volova, and E. S. Turetskaya
AN INVESTIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR WHEN COKE
IS QUENCHED WITH PHENOL SOLUTIONS FROM COKE-
CONVERTING PLANTS. (Issledovaniye atmosfernogo voz-
dukha pri tushenii koksa fenol nymi vodami koksok-
himicheskikh zavodov). Gigiena i Sanit., 13(5):11-15, 1948.
Translated from Russian. Scientific Translation Service, Inc.,
Santa Barbara, Calif., 9p.
The use of sewage by coke-conversion plants for coke
quenching, insofar as it can be judged from the concentration
of phenols and hydrogen sulfide in the air, encounters no ob-
jection from the sanitary and hygienic point of view as long as
the sewage undergoes a preliminary purification process ex-
tracting oils and resins from it.
31882
Blokker, P. C.
AIR POLLUTION BY THE OIL INDUSTRY. (Luchtbezoedel-
ing door de olie-industrie). Text in Flemish. Meded. Vlaam.
Chem. Ver., 32(6):203-212, Nov./Dec. 1970. 14 refs.
The main potential sources of air pollution from the petroleum
industry, excluding the petrochemical industry, are given. The
emissions are compared with those from power stations,
domestic fuel, and motor traffic. Emissions of nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulates from the
petroleum industry are low in comparison with those arising
from other sources. The industry s most important pollutants
are sulfur dioxide and odorous gases. Dispersion from high
stacks is often an effective means of solving local pollution by
sulfur dioxide. For odor abatement, prevention is the best
method; examples are given. The problem of abatement cost
and norms are briefly discussed. Where health is not impaired,
the aim should be a low cost/benefit ratio. The industry is not
-------
10
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
averse to reasonable norms provided that the level and main-
tenace are similar in different countries. (Author abstract
modified)
34101
Yanagihara, Shigeru
TWO-CYCLE GASOLINE ENGINE EXHAUST GASES. (2-
Saikura gasorin kikan no haiki gasu). Sangyo Kogai (Ind.
Public Nuisance), 4(11):683-690, 1966. Translated from
Japanese. Translation Consultants, Ltd., Arlington, Va., 20p.
At the present time, two-cycle gasoline engines are clearly less
advantageous than four-cycle engines principally because their
exhaust gases contain large quantities of emitted hydrocar-
bons. In some ways, however, two-cycle engines are mechani-
cally superior. The construction and characteristics of two-
cycle engines are discussed, as well as exhaust gas composi-
tion, afterburners, and fuel injection. As a general rule, it is
possible to sustain a flame reaction throughout all operating
limits including lean air-fuel ratios, if the temperature of the
reactants is kepy high by utilizing a heat exchanger.
36533
Shcherbina, E. I., T. A. Efimova, A. E. Tenenbaum, L. I.
Mikhalskaya, and V. A. Astakhov
POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATIONS OF THE GROUP
COMPOSITION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN
STRAIGHT-RUN GASOLINE FRACTIONS. J. Appl. Chem.
(USSR) (English translation from Russian of: Zh. Prikl. Khun.),
44(7):1606-1«10, July 1971. 8 refs.
A potentiometer with a silver sulfide indicator electrode and a
silver chloride reference electrode was used to determine ele-
mental sulfur, mercaptan sulfur, disulfide sulfur, and sulfide
sulfur in straight-run gasoline fractions. Test results are
presented in tables and graps that demonstrate the suitability
of the method for sulfur determinations over a wide concen-
tration range. As determined by series of parallel analyses, ac-
curacy of the method is high.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
00562
E. Hunigen and W. Prietsch
THE ELIMINATION OF NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES FROM IN-
TERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. Probleme und Losung-
swege der Schadstoffbeseitigung bei Verbrennungsmotoren.
Technik (Berlin), 21(6):377-383, June 1966.
Control of air pollution from internal combustion engine is
reviewed. A table is given of maximum permissible concentra-
tions of various components of exhaust gases for both Germa-
nics, the USSR, and USA. The review emphasizes methods of
measurement of various pollutants.
01759
K. Kitawaki
HYDRODESULFURIZATION OF HEAVY OIL. Nenryo
Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo) 45, (471) 495-500, July
1966.
Catalytic hydrodesulfurization of atmospheric/reduced pres-
sure distillation residue of crudes is described. Test results of
this process as determined in the USA by Gulf Research are
cited to show its economic feasibility. The author points out
that little work is being done in this field in Japan, and his
references are to western literature.
02024
W. Kohler
(METHODS FOR THE ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
CAUSED BY CEMENT PLANTS.) Verfahren Zur Vermin-
derung Der Durch Die Zementindustrien Verursachten Luft-
verunreinigungen. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., Lon-
don, 1966. Paper Iv/12). pp. 114-6.
With the increasing cement consumption the production plants
of the cement industries are on the whole fully employed. To
some extent they were enlarged by new plants in order to
satisfy the demand for cement. According to temperature, con-
tents and components of dust, the quantities of air or gases
escaping from the production plants are dedusted by various
dust extraction plants, e.g. centrifugal dust-extractors, fabric
filters, gravel-bed filters, electric dust extractors, so that a
vast reduction of the dust emissions will be reached. To
produce one ton of cement some 2.8 tons of raw materials,
gypsum, clinker, and coal of rough or fine quality must be
crushed to powder. During the various stages of production
the fine crushed material always mixes with cold air or hot
gases, and this necessitates a further separation. The removal
of the fairly considerable dust contents of raw gases and the
observance of the required limits of emissions not only are
diccicult technical task butr also cause considerable 'financial
costs by capital expenditure for new plants, their management
and maintenance. (Author abstract)
02032
K. Schwarz
(DUST EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED BOILERS IN THE
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY.) Die Staubemissionen
Kohlegefeuerte Dampfkesselgrossanlagen in Der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland. Proc. (Part 1) Intern. Clean Air Cong.. London,
1966. (Paper V/S). pp. 136-41.
In the l-eucr.il Republic of Germany, rigorous scales were
evolved for the supervision of emissions from industrial plants
by the Federal Regulations issued in 1959 in the interests of
clean air, and by the technical regulations of 1964, which set
limits for these ('Technical Directions for Clean Air, TAL').
This applies in particular for the requirements which were
placed on the emission of dust from large coal-fired boilers
particularly when the fuel has a high ash content. Results of
numerous experiments on large, electric dust removers for
bituminous coal and brown coal-fired boilers - carried out by
the Technical Supervisor Groups in Essen and the Rheinland,
show the developments over the past few years towards ever
higher separating achievements. Effects of various factors, in
particular the properties of the fuel and the combustion condi-
tions , were visible on dust properties and separating results.
The limits reached today in this sector are indicated. (Author
abstract)
02130
R. Eberaneberhorst
(ENGINE COMBUSTION AND ITS EXHAUST GAS
PRODUCTS AS A PROBLEM OF HIGH INCIDENCE). Die
Motorische Verbrennung und ihre Abgasprodukte als Haufig-
keitsproblem. ATZ (Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift) (Stutt-
gart) 68(8):263-268, Aug. 1966.
The increasing incidence of gasoline engines necessitates
reducing the air pollutants from exhaust gas by 40% within the
next 10 years. The influence of engine operation on the emis-
sion of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides is
described, e.g., in high gear, while changing gears and speeds
(7-mode California test), and in neutral. Limiting values for
emissions dependent on motor size and normal usage are sug-
gested. Methods to reduce exhaust gas pollutants included fuel
injection systems to replace carburetors and controlled turbu-
lence techniques.
02931
D. Korol
SEPARATION OF PYRITES FROM COALS. (Wydzielanie
pirytu z wegli.) Prace Glownego Inst. Gornictwa (119)1-12,
1952. CFSTI: 60-21277
The objects of this investigation were to study the possibility
of separating by means of mechanical processing at least part
of the sulfur contained in Polish coals; to earmark those collie-
ries which possess S in such quantitities as to make feasible an
industrial separation of pyrite from coal; to establish the
technological approach. Only pyrite coal is considered herein.
The use of the sulfur obtained from pyrites by the ^fiemical in-
dustries is considered most desirable. Products totalling 69
from 26 collieries were examined as follows: (1) by jigging; (2)
by enrichment of products on concentrating tables (considered
the most appropriate approach); (3) enrichment by flotation,
mostly applicable to slurries. It was established that, by treat-
ment on concentrating tables, pyrite concentrates of S content
-------
12
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
above 40% can be obtained from the product of certain collie-
ries; in other collieries, the concentrates separated contained
from 35 to 40% S, or lower. Priority should be reserved for
the construction of small preparation plants, equipped with ta-
bles, attached to collieries which yield, without additional
processing, rich pyrite concentrates.
03045
H. Mori
HANSHIN WET TYPE DUST COLLECTORS. Clean Air Heat
Management (Tokyo) 15, (5) 5-11, May 1966
There are three models of Hanshin Wet Type Dust Collectors
for collecting different kinds of dust and they all operate on
the same principles. Contaminated exhaust gas is forced into a
water tank equipped with turbulance control plates through
nozzles at a high speed. The gas is cleaned while in contact
with the water. The HJ model is for collecting fine particles
from such materials as sand, cement, activated carbon and
brick. The typical collection efficiency for various particle size
distributions is approximately 99%. The HIS model is designed
for use with oil and coal burners. The mechanics of this model
are the same for the HJ models, but the HIS model requires
the addition of a sludge tank. The concentration of soot in the
exhaust gas is reduced by a factor of two. Appropriate sizes of
HJS models for different boiler sizes are tabulated. HJG
models are designed for the treatment of gaseous contamina-
tion in exhaust gas. They have the same structure as HJ and
HJS models except that a de-mister is added at the top of the
tank. The absorption efficiencies for H2S, C12, SO2 and NO2
are tabulated. The efficiency of 98.5% is obtained for H2S by
addition of NaOH to the tank water.
04798
H. J. Ochs
PURIFICATION OF AIR IN ROLLING MILLS. Umluf-
treinigung in Walz-Betrieben. Metall. 19, (4) 348-51, Apr. 1965.
Ger.
The utility of electrostatic precipitation in the working
premises of a rolling mill is discussed in connection with
cleaning of oily fogs and emulsion fogs generated by rolling
processes. From an economic point of view the considerable
costs for the installation of an electrostatic precipitator can be
amortized in a relatively short time. Its simple maintenance,
safety of operation and effectiveness should be considered.
05448
E. Junker
ELECTROSTATIC FILTERS FOR EXHAUST GAS CLEAN-
ING AT PRESSURE DIE CASTING MACHINES. Electrofilter
zur Abluftreinigung an Druckgiessmaschinen. Giesserei 54(6)
152-4, Mar. 16, 1967. Ger.
Substances used for sizing and lubricating in pressure die cast-
ing such as mineral oils and aluminum powder cause con-
siderable air pollution hazards to the operators. Therefore, ef-
fective exhaust hoods capable of removing dust and mist must
be employed. Because suspended particles of fats and oils
have a tendency to condense in the exhaust pipes creating a
fire hazard, the dust removal plant must be close to the hoods.
While tests using dry and wet prefiltering brought no satisfac-
tory results, electrostatic filters of the two-zone type (13 and
6.5 kv) were successfully employed. Once a week the alu-
minum plates charged with dirt are cleaned in hot water (con-
taining a 7.5% detergent solution) agitated by jets in about 4
min. Complete interchangeability of the parts to be cleaned
greatly facilitates servicing a number of die casting machines.
05464
K. Wagener
(POSSIBILITIES FOR EXHAUST AIR CLEANING IN PRES-
SURE DIE CASTING FOUNDARIES.) Moglichkeiten zur
Abluftreiningung in Druckgjessereien. Giesserei 54, (6) 150-2,
Mar. 16, 1967. Ger.
Substances used for siting and lubricating in pressure die cast-
ing , such as mineral oils and aluminum powder cause con-
siderable air pollution hazards to the operating crew. There-
fore, effective exhaust hoods with subsequent dust and mist
removal must be employed. Because suspended particles of
fats and oils have a tendency to condense in the exhaust pipes
creating a fire hazard, the dust removal plant must be close to
the hoods. Where this is not possible, pre-filtering by wire
nettings built into the hoods proved advantageous. Forty-five
per cent of the pollutants, mostly the coarser materials like
aluminum, dust, and fats are retained by the netting while sub-
stances such as oil and soot reach an electrostatic filter. Ex-
tensive test on the system, performed in southwest Germany,
indicated a 98% efficiency. Venturi-washers could also be used
instead of electrostatic filters but wet-washers (wet cyclones)
proved insufficient.
06116
J. Coutaller and C. Richard
IMPROVEMENT OF ELECTROSTATIC DUST REMOVAL
BY SO3 INJECTION. Amelioration du Depoussierage Elec-
trostatique par Injection de SO3. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris) 9, (33)
9-15, Mar. 1967. Fr.
The problems involved in the use of SO3 to improve the effi-
ciency of electrostatic precipitators for the removal of fly ash
from the combustion gases of large power plants is discussed
in reference to large-scale field tests at Criel and Blenod in
France. The health and the problem of welding containers that
have contained SO3 are discussed. It was found that when 17
ppm of SO3 was injected into the gas stream before the elec-
trostatic precipitator, the results with two units were equal to
that obtained with three electrostatic precipitators. The test
which showed the best results with a yield of 98.5% with 250
MW on the precipitator used 47 kg of SO3 per hour or more
than a ton a day. The improvement was equivalent to a gain in
yield of 4.5%. However, there are difficulties in protecting
people and the cost of installation is high. It is premature at
this point to generalize as to whether the use of SO3 is
economical as a substitute for an electrostatic unit in a group
of units. If further tests verify the present work, the use of
SO3 could be considered a valuable, but difficult method of
improving the efficiencies of electrostatic precipitators.
06280
Folke Hedlund, Gustav Ekberg, Sten Erik Mortstedt
DIESEL EXHAUST GASES. INVESTIGATION WITH
PROPOSALS FOR ACTION. (Communications Dept.,
Stockholm, Sweden, Guidance Group Concerning Develop-
ment Work in the Field of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas, Sept.
1967. Translated from Swedish. Joint Publications, Research
Service R-8943-D, 74p., Dec. 12, 1967. 27 refs. .'
Diesel exhaust emissions and methods of controlling these
emissions in Sweden are reviewed. The diesel engine differs
from the gasoline engine in several respects, which have a
decisive influence on the pollution it emits. It uses a fuel that
is less volatile than gasoline. It normally works with a higher
excess of air (leaner mixture) and the devices for feed and ig-
nition of the fuel are quite different. Due to the discharge by
individual vehicles of dense smoke and by the discharge of
foul-smelling substances they have been pointed out by the
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
13
public as qualified air polluters. Poor maintenance of the en-
gine or intentionally wrong pump adjustments can result in the
giving off of such dense smoke that this can constitute a
hazard for overtaking vehicles due to impaired or obscured
visibility. Diesel engines can give off various types of smoke.
One type is the heavy load smoke, which arises through load
on a hot engine. Exhaust gases from diesel vehicles, especially
under certain driving conditions, contain substances that are
irritating to eyes, nose and throat. These include: oxides of
nitrogen, hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The smoke from a diesel
engine can be limited by various measures, undertaken on the
engine or the fuel pump, the fuel, and finally on the exhaust
gases. Regular maintenance of the engine is necessary to keep
the smoke values at the lowest possible level. Current and
proposed regulation of diesel exhaust emissions are discussed.
06783
G. Funke and H. Fischer
(RESULTS OF DUST MEASUREMENTS ON CEMENT
KILNS.) Ergebnisse von Staubmessungen an Zementofen. Ze-
ment-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden) 20, (4) 146-51, Apr. 1967. Ger.
In 1966, the Research Institute of the Cement Industry in Ger-
many performed 270 measurements at dust collection installa-
tions in 37 cement plants. The results, pertaining for the most
part to electrofilter installations, are summarized in 6 tables.
The individual measurement conditions are reported. The mea-
sured values provide a survey of the present position of dust
collection technique for cement kilns. The limiting values at
present specified for the dust content of the cleaned gas are
indeed usually conformed to if the dust collection plant is cor-
rectly designed, but at the present stage of technical develop-
ment troubles still often occurr which impair the collection ef-
ficiency. Conditioning of kiln exit gases by water spraying,
especially in the case of rotary kilns with suspension pre-
heaters in direct operation, continues to present difficulties.
The prevention of the infiltration of 'false' air and constantly
applied proper maintenance contribute much to ensuring that
the dust collectors maintain the required collection efficiency
under continuous working conditions.
07362
Feist, H. J.
ELIMINATING ODORS BY CATALYTIC COMBUSTION.
((Die Geruchsbeseitigung durch katalytische Verbrennung.))
Text in German. Stadtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 16(3):55-61,
Mar. 1965. 11 refs.
With the rapid growth of the chemical industry, air pollution
by odors has also increased. Catalytic oxidation and reduction
offer possibilities for an economic solution of the problem.
The principles of catalytic reactions are described. In a table
the properties of four catalysts are compared with each other.
These catalysts are: platinum on metal, platinum-palladium on
ceramics, copper-chromium on aluminum oxide, and platinum
on ceramics. The effectiveness of a catalyst depends on the
gas mixture, the temperature, the type of catalyst, and the
ratio: volume of gas/hour/volume of catalyst. The heat
generated by the catalytic process is usually used to preheat
the gas before it enters the catalyst. If the concentration of
combustible substances is sufficient, steam may be produced
in addition. An example is quoted where 47,000 cu. m. gas per
hour with a latent heat of 400 kcal/cu. m. produce 31 tons of
steam per hour. The equipment pays for itself in 2 1/4 years.
For gases of low heat content, catalytic combustion under in-
creased pressure is advantageous. Most economical is a gas
turbine which compresses the gas and, after it has passed the
catalytic chamber, uses the hot cleaned gas. The use of a gas
turbine is recommended for gas volumes of more than 100,000
cu. m./hr, if measures for air pollution control become neces-
sary.
07530
H. O. Hettche, H. Schwarz, W. Luhr
WASTE GAS CLEANING IN THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN-
DUSTRY PART I. (Abgasreinigung in der Industrie
Tierischer Produkte - Teil I.) Text in German. Stadtehygiene
(Uelzen/Hamburg), 15(5):103-104, May 1964.
Complaints by the neighborhood of a fish processing plant
about annoying odors led to a series of experiments to deter-
mine an economical way for cleaning the plant's waste gas.
Drying of fish meal can be done in three ways: 1) the
azeotropic method with perchloroethylene which is rather ex-
pensive; 2) steam drying; and 3) fire drying. The waste gas
from steam drying is rich in amines, and from fire drying rich
in sulfur dioxide. Both carry large amounts of reducing sub-
stances. Spraying the gas in two steps brought satisfying
results. In the first stage the waste gas is sprayed with a base
and in the second stage with diluted sulfuric acid. In this stage
agglomeration of aerosols from the drying fish meal occurred
which were to a large degree responsible for the bad odors.
This two-stage washing method, together with the 1:1000 dilut-
ing effect of a high chimney were sufficient to eliminate the
obnoxious odors from the fish meal plant.
07531
H. O. Hettche, H. Schwarz, W. Lunr
WASTE GAS CLEANING IN THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN-
DUSTRY - PART II. (Abgasreinigung in der Industrie
tierischer Produkte - Teil II.) Text in German. Stadtehygiene
(Uelzen/Hamburg), 15(7): 155-158, July 1964.
Waste gas from the production of fish meal contains up to
about 200 mg/cu m of ammonia, 15 mg/cu m of substances
containing sulfur (H2S and mercaptans), 5 to 10 mg/cu m of
carbonylic compounds, and sulfurous and organic acids up to
100 mg/cu m. There are also substances which are reduce by
potassium permanganate, of the amount of 1000 to 1500 mg/cu
m. Such waste gas could be successfully deodorized by a
three- stage scrubber. In the first stage the waste gas is cooled
below 30 degrees C by spraying it with water in a jet spray
tower. The second tower used 2% NaOH and sodium bleach,
and the third tower sprayed 0.5% H2SO4. Cooling below 30
degrees was necessary to reduce the concentration of organic
(mostly oily) compounds. Results of other experiments in this
series are also reported in the form of th*ee tables.
08129
V. G. Matsak, A. S. Slutsker
PROCEDURE FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY
OF DUST-ABATEMENT EXHAUST SYSTEMS. In. A. A.
Letavet and Ye. V. Khukhrina (eds.) Methods of Studying In-
dustrial Dust and the Incidence of Pneumoconioses. (Melody
izucheniya proizvodstvennoy pyli i zabolevayemosti
pnevokokoniozami.) Leningrad, Meditsina Publishing House,
1965, 123p. Translated from Russian. Clearinghouse for
Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Washington, D.
C., Joint Publications Research Service, TT 66-30952, p. 66-96,
March 11, 1966. 6 refs.
One of the most important tasks of control of the efficiency of
ventilation devices is the obtaining of reliable and accurate
results of determination of dust concentration in the air flow,
moving through the air duct. Up to the present time the direct
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14
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
method of dust concentration determination is the most
frequently used method and consists in aspirating and filtering
of a portion of the flow through some kind of analytical filter.
This method provides for the measurement of the volume rate
(flow rate) of the aspirated air, the length of sample taking,
and the amount of the settled-out dust. With these values the
dust concentration, expressed in grams (of milligrams) in one
cubic meter of air is calculated. Indirect methods, based on
the measurement of the indexes of the physical properties of
the dust flow, so far are not widely used. In the determination
of dust content of the ventilation flow, the samples are taken
by means of a dust-drawing tube, introduced into the air duct.
An important condition for obtaining correct results here is the
observance of equal rates of movement of air in the aspirating
opening of the dust-intake tube and in the investigated air flow
(the rule of isokinetic condtions of sample taking). Thus, prior
to taking samples for the dust content in the air ducts the rates
of the air movement in them is measured. The problems con-
cerning the technology of measuring the air flow rates are suf-
ficiently expounded in special reference and instruction litera-
ture, and are stated here very briefly. Investigations of the
dust content in ventilation system air ducts, estimate of the ef-
ficiency of dust collecting devices, and various mathematical
considerations are discussed.
08467
Vogel, H. E.
THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SWISS ASSOCIATION
FOR FLOOD PROTECTION AND AIR HYGIENE (VGL).
((Die Jahrestagung der Schweizerischen Vereiningung fur
Gewasserschutz und Lufthygiene (VGL).)) Text in German.
Wasser Abwasser (Munich), 108(38):1088-1089, Sept. 1967.
A report is given in which the 'Purity of the air in the vicinity
of the Shell refinery at Cressier' is reviewed. There are four
plants in the vicinity of Cressier which may pollute the air: a
cement factory, a refinery, a thermal paper mill, and a plant
for the drying of potato flakes. In the refinery, several steps
are taken to ensure air purification: the use of floating covers
to prevent vaporization of volatile compounds from drying
pans, siphoning off and burning of noxious vapors, prepara-
tion of odorless sulfur from H2S and mercaptans, and the use
of refinery gas to limit sulfur dioxide emissions. In contrast to
water pollution, the area of air pollution may entail psycholog-
ical problems such as fears of sickness from breathing noxiuos
odors, of impaired breathing, or even smothering.
08594
Gamer, Carl H. and Martinus Hus
ECONOMICS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND
HYDROTREATING. (Wirtschaf- liche Herstellung von Was-
serstoff und Hydrotreating.)) Text in German. Erdoel Kohle
(Hamburg), 20(7):482 484, July 1967. 17 refs. (Presented at the
Annual Meeting, German Assoc. for Mineral Oil Science and
Coal Chemistry and the Austrian Society for Petroleum
Sciences.Munich.Oct. 138 1966)
The increased upgrading of oil refinery processes—requiring
additional sources of hydrogen-is advocated for Germany.
Despite added costs, such steps should result in financial gains
of over 60 percent; moreover, the probable future limitations
of sulfur content in fuels by means of governmental air pollu-
tion control regulation also suggests increased use of such
hydrogen refining processes. Other technical advantages of the
use of hydrogen production facilities are cited. The conditions
and costs of hydrogen production for three different processes
(steam methan pyrolysis, steam naphtha pyrolysis, partial ox-
idation) are tabulated. In the future it may be desirable, as an
air pollution abatement measure, to combine thermal power pl-
nats with refineries so as to convert the heating oil to heating
gas through partial oxidation = should this actually become an
accepted practice, considerable added savings in hydrogen
production—hence in upgraded refinery processes—will be real-
ized.
08811
Morishima, Naomasa and Yoshida Tetsuo
DUST COLLECTION ON ATOMIZED DROPLETS-CALCU-
LATION OF COLLECTION EFFICIENCY WITH CON-
SIDERATION QF DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION. Text in
Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku, 31(11):! 114-1119, Nov. 1967. 6
refs.
The efficiency of the dust collection mechanism in wet collec-
tors, which remove dust from the atmosphere by water
droplets, has heretofore been obtained from the mean diame-
ter of the water droplets and the dust. However, since the par-
ticle size of droplets and dust varies widely, consideration of
particle size distribution becomes necessary. A mathematical
analysis was made to determine the influence of particle size
distribution of water droplets on the impaction or diffusion
collection efficiency, assuming the use of a Venturi scrubber
dust collection mechanism. The results are: 1) as the range of
particle size distribution widens, the impaction efficiency
decreases, while it remains constant when derived from the
volume mean diameter; 2) in diffusional collection, as the
droplet diameter diminishes, the washing factor becomes
larger and, when the range of the particle size distribution
widens and the number of droplets of small diameter in-
creases, efficiency improves; 3) the volumetric coefficient for
gas absorption shows a similar tendency as the washing factor
for diffusiona! collection; 4) as the relative velocity between
droplets and gas stream increases, the effective gas film
becomes thinner and the diffusional collection efficiency in-
creases.
09950
Okuma, R., and H. Shimazu
AIR-POLLUTION PREVENTION IN CEMENT WORKS. Test
in Japanese Netsu Kami (Heat Engineering) (Tokyo), 19(4):18-
26, April 1967.
Air pollution devices for Japanese kilns and dryers are
reviewed. Electric dust collecting devices for cement kilns are
said to be over 98.5% efficient. Six different types of rotary
kiln (used mainly in Japan) and different types of dryers are il-
lustrated. The main dust collecting devices are electrostatic
collector (for kiln and dryer): multiclone (for cooler, ventila-
tor, or dryer); starclone (for rapid dryer); cyclone (for coal
dryer); wet system (for dryer); Venturi scrubber (for dryer);
and bag filter (for crusher, conveyor, or wrapper). Some larger
factories in Japan are restricted by law as to SO3 and SO2
content in the exhaust gas (22% of SO2 and SO3 per 1 gram of
soot). The analysis of exhaust gas from a cement factory is
given; particle size distribution of cement dust and a chemical
analysis of collected dust are also given. Exhaust gas frftn ce-
ment factories generally does not exceed the legal limit for
SO2 and SO3. Studies have shown that cement dust is not
harmful to animals or plants, but efforts to minimize dust fall
are continuing.
09956
Shiba, Tadao
THE CURRENT STATUS OF HEAVY-OIL DESULFURIZA-
TION TECHNOLOGY. Text in Japanese. Sekiyu Gakkai Shi
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
15
((Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute)) (Tokyo), 10(7):416-
420, July 1967. 12 refs.
Desulfurization of crude oil and heavy petroleum residues is
reviewed. Numerous types of sulfur compounds contained in
the residue of heavy petroleum distillation and their reactions
are discussed in terms of the hydrogen consumption for desul-
furization of the residue. Representative catalysts proposed for
desulfurization by hydrogenation are tabulated. Vanadium will
reduce the activation rate of catalysts. Selection of the most
effective catalysts for a given oil or residue depends on the
desulfurization process employed. Six commercial desulfuriza-
tion processes are illustrated and explained.
10564
Muschelknautz, E. and K. Brunner
EXPERIMENTS WITH CYCLONES. ((Untersuchungen an
Zyklonen.)) Text in German. Chem. Ingr. Tech. 39(9/10):531-
538,1967. 16 refs.
Measurements conducted on a series of commercial cyclones
confirm, in principle, the method of calculation proposed by
W. Barth. The new curves for the degree of fractional separa-
tions vary considerably according to the construction of the
separator, whereas it was formerly customary to use a single
curve. Measurements at high loads have made possible an ex-
tension of the theory, by means of which the performance of
normal cynes may now be calculated with good accuracy
for all possible loadings. The operating parameters of the
cyclones are explored mathematically and graphed.
10568
Schiele, G.
ELECTRIC CLEANING OF WASTE GASES FROM CARBON
ELECTRODE BAKING FURNACES. ((Elektrische Reinigung
der Abgase aus Elektrodenbrennofen.)) Text in German. Alu-
minium 43(3):171-174, March 1967.
Waste gases from carbon electrode baking furnaces contain
extremely fine tar vapors with a range of boiling temperatures.
These vapors can be precipitated most effectively by means of
electrofilters. The gases in many cases must be cooled before
tar vapor removal, due to the differences in boiling tempera-
tures; if this step were not taken, the amount of tar vapor
reaching the atmosphere would still be too high despite the fil-
ter's efficiency. The industrial application of the electrostatic
precipitation gas cleaning process is described and illustrated.
11740
Schaefer, Manfred
NEW REFINERY IN THE SAAR. ((Die Saarland-Raffinerie.))
Text in German. Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg), 21(6):331-334, June
1968.
Prevention of water and air pollution is one of the subjects
discussed briefly in a detailed description of the new refinery
erected in 1967 near Saarbrucken, German. The refinert is a
top-distillation plant with a capacity of 2 million tons per year,
producing straight-run gasoline, light and heavy fuel oils,
diesel oil, and refinery gas. In order to protect the neighbor-
hood, the smoke from the tubular still (which has a capacity of
30 million kcal./hr.) is voided through a 90-meter stack, the
height being calculated on the basis of the use of fuel oil with
a sulfur content of 2.5%; in actual practice, the fuel oil used
contains less sulfur, and gas from the stabilizing column is
also used as fuel for the furnace. Escape of hydrocarbons is
prevented by connecting the safety valves of the still to the
discharge or torch system of the furnace. The more volatile
products are stored in tanks with floating roofs. The waste
water is also treated to remove volatile compounds, which are
burned in the furnace, and is then led to a closed API separat-
ing tank.
11854
Goldschmidt, Klaus
EXPERIMENTS IN THE USE OF WHITE LIME HYDRATE
AND DOLOMITE LIME TO DESULFURIZE FLUE GASES
FROM OIL-AND PULVERIZED COAL-FIRED FURNACES.
(Versuche zur Entschwefelung von Rauchgasen mil Weisskalk-
hydrat und Dolomitkalkhydrat bei Oel-und Kohlenstaub-
Feuerung). Fortschrittber. VDI(Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Z., Ser. 6(21),
133p., Aug. 1968. 47 refs. Translated from German. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
138p.
The suitability of white lime hydrate and dolomite lime
hydrate to desulfurize flue gases was tested by mixing the ad-
ditives with pulverized coal by injecting them into the com-
bustion chamber above the burner of a furnace heated with
pulverized coal and oil. The experiments confirmed theoretical
predictions that, due to the short residence time of flue gases
and additives in a furnace, complete desulfurization is not
feasible. Direct mixing of coal and additive caused formation
of eutectic melts during combustion, leading to heavy caking
of the furnace. Only small amounts of sulfur dioxide were
bound by additive surfaces. A higher desulfurization rate was
achieved by injecting the additive into the zone of the furnace
where temperatures of about 1000 C prevailed. White lime
hydrate was more satisfactory than dolomite lime hydrate,
since the additive contains fewer impurities and the decom-
position pressures of calcium sulfate are lower at constant
temperature than those of magnesium sulfate. The best desul-
furization results were obtained with oil-firing. Here, the addi-
tive depositions on the rear heating surfaces continue to bind
S02 and are the major factors in the totally achieved desul-
furization rate. Despite this, only 50% of the S02 was bound.
11910
CLEAN AIR. (Chistii vozduh.) Text in Russian. NTO-SSSR.,
10(12):17-18, 1968.
In 1967 power plants in the Soviet Union emitted about 7 mil-
lion tons of SO2. SO2 removal from combustion gases is car-
ried out in four ways: 1) Dispersion by means of high chim-
neys; this approach is being studied in the Central Ther-
motechnological Institute, Main Geophysical Observatory, and
in the Erisman Institute of Communal Hygiene. A formula for
calculating the waste in relation to location, topography, and
climatic conditions has been established; this approach was
recognized as promising only for power plants with capacities
up to 2400 megawatts. 2) Preliminary sulfur removal from
fuels has been little studied. 3) Gasification process of
Christianovich in VNIINP and Giprogazoochistka has been
patented. 4) Processes for SO2 removal in solid fuel com-
bustion were presented by V. Lazarev and N. Pitelina. The
most promising, according to economic indexes, are the cyclic
magnesite and ammonia-autoclave methods, which give 95-
95%, and 92% removal rates, respectively. The advantages of
the former are that it uses the cheap magnesite and does not
require cooling and dust- removal; the advantages of the latter
are the formation of high- purity sulfur and the fertilizer, am-
monium sulfate. The disadvantages of the cyclic magnesite
method are difficulties in working with the suspension, high
fuel consumption, and burning of magnesium sulfite crystals.
The disadvantages of the ammonia- autoclave method are the
high ammonia consumption and the necessity for preliminary
dust-removal. The SO2 formed in the petroleum refining is
-------
16
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
revoved by the Klaus method or the method of wet catalyzer
to sulfuric acid. There are more than 20 methods for industrial
H2S removal from gases. Most methods have the aim of
technological exploitation of the removal H2S and are not
suitable for sanitary purification. For the latter purpose the
best are the oxidation methods which use adsorption of H2S
to alkaline solutions (soda or ammonia) and oxidation to ele-
mental S by a catalyzer. The oldest, iron-soda method, has
many disadvantages (long duration, detrimental effect on the
equipment, poor gas purification) and is to be replaced in
U.S.S.R. plants manufacturing synthetic fibers, by an alkali-
hydroquinone method. Its advantages are: absence of suspen-
sion, simpler procedure of exploitation, and yield of high-puri-
ty sulfur. The method of dry oxidation with activated coal by
which H2S is oxidized to elemental S has the advantage that
the coal functioning as catalyzer and adsorber can remove
H2S, CS2, and other impurities. Hydrocarbons and their
products, which are important air pollutants from the petrole-
um industry, can be
11931
Krasovitskii, Yu. V. and V. A. Zhuzhikov
SEPARATION OF DUST FROM STREAM BY FILTRATION
AT CONSTANT VELOCITY. (Nekotorye zakonomernosti
protsessa razdeleniya pylegazovogo potoka fil'trovaniem pri
postoyannoi skorosti). Khim. Prom. (Moscow), no. 2:49-52,
1963. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by Elmar K. Wilip, Ar-
gonne National Lab., 111., 8p., Feb. 1968.
Since conventional methods of purifying gases from finely
dispersed dust cannot be applied at temperatures above 600 C,
the use of laminar filters has been suggested. These filters
consist of granules of fire-resistant materials. As indicated by
preliminary experiments, separation of dust from a gas stream
by such a filter corresponds to filtration with a gradual
plugging of the pores of the filtration partition during the pu-
rification of liquids where the concentration of solid particles
is low. The process was studied only for cases where the pres-
sure difference on both sides of the partition remained con-
stant during filtration. Separation of dust from a gas stream by
a laminar filter is carried out at constant flow velocity. In the
present study, an equation was derived to describe filtration
with a gradual plugging of the pores of the filtering partition at
a constant flow velocity. Separation of particles below 1.5
micron from smelter dust corresponds to such filtration. An
expression was also obtained for expressing the correlation
between filter efficiency and its hydraulic resistance.
11952
Soejima, Undo and Koichi Yoshida
COUNTERMEASURES TO AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 1(1):13-17,
1966. Translated from Japanese. 24p.
Measures to stem automobile exhaust gas emissions enacted in
Japan, the U. S., and in Europe are discussed. Japan had
about 8 million automobiles at the end of May 1966. Since
1965, the Ministry of Transportation has enforced measures to
stem emissions by automobiles. All new models of cars must
undergo a standarized test to determine whether the maximum
allowable emission concentrations are exceeded. The following
driving conditions are simulated on a dynamometer: idling;
cruising at speeds from 10 km/hr to 70 km/hr in intervals of 10
km/hr; acceleration from 0 speed wherein the rate of accelera-
tion is 0.1 g and the final speed is reached in five steps
beginning at 30 km/hr; and deceleration by engine braking,
wherein the rate is 0.06 g. The measures taken to stem exhaust
gas emissions consist of engine modifications such as improve-
ment of the air-fuel ratio, the air intake, the ignition time, the
combustion chamber, and the valve timing; remodelling the
muffler into a direct flame afterburner or a catalytic converter;
and addition of chemicals to the fuel. A method is under con-
sideration by which oxygen is mixed with the gasoline so that
incombustible matter is oxidized in the combustion chamber.
Presently studies are under way primarily in the U. S. to inject
air into the exhausts. Studies in Europe concentrate on the
elimination of carbon monoxide emissions and on diesel
smoke. Japan also focuses its attention on elimination or at
least reduction of the carbon monoxide fraction in automobile
exhaust.
12966
Matsumoto, Keishin and Yasuhiro Takemura
INTRODUCTION TO THE TECHNICS OF HYDRODESUL-
FURIZATION OF HEAVY OIL. (Juyu no datsuryu gizutsu).
Text in Japanese. Nenryo Kyokai shi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan),
48(3):160-170, 1969. 24 refs.
Processes employed in the hydrodesulfurization of heavy oil
are discussed. Both direct and indirect methods, and a com-
bination of the two are reviewed. The indirect method is
recommended as the best. Kinetics and equilibria of the
processes are discussed. Equilibrium constants for 40 S com-
plexes are tabulated and an equation for whole reaction rate is
given. The diffusion process is shown to be effective through
kinetic and equilibrium considerations. The relationship
between catalyst structure and activity is described. Cobalt-
Mo, Ni-Mo, and Ni-Mo-Co systems with A1203 as a 'builder'
are explained. Various hydrodesulfurization processes used by
industry and the characteristics of the raw materials used are
tabulated.
13026
Minoura, J.
ON THE NOVEL METHOD OF COPPER REFINING WITH
THE AIM OF PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY
MINERALS. (Kogai-boshi o mokuteki toshita atarashii do-
seiren-ho ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat En-
gineering, Tokyo), 21(5):12-16, May 1969.
A novel copper refining method, using "The Auto-blast fur-
nace' developed in Finland, is becoming predominant in Japan.
It has three notable advantages: 0) easy re-absorption of SO2
by means of compressed flue gas; (2) low cost, because of less
investment for the facilities and equipment for pollution
prevention; and (3) production of more by-product H2SO4.
The refining process can be briefly summarized as follows: (1)
preliminary process, in which the minerals are dried; (2) melt-
ing and refining; and (3) handling of flue gas. A significant
aspect of this method is that controlling the temperature and
pressure within the furnace and cyclone enables almost perfect
re- absorption of SO2 emitted and production of a considera-
ble amount of H2SO4.
13094
Koutnik, Josef and Pavel Novotny •
FLUID-BED COMBUSTION OF COAL FOR DE-SULPHURI2
ING THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS. (Fluidni spalovani uh
z hlediska odsireni spalin). Text in Czech. • Energetik
(Prague), 19(6):222-228, 1969. 10 refs.
Trapping sulfur dioxide during solid fuel combustion in fu
nace hearths of heat plants poses one of the most topical ei
gineering .and economic problems in Czechoslovak power ei
gineering. At the present time, considerable attention is bein
devoted abroad to a new combustion technique, .fluid-be
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
17
combustion, mainly because it makes possible the trapping of
sulfur dioxide by employment of the additive process. Infor-
mation on the first international conference on fluid-bed com-
bustion, which was largely concerned with desulfurization, is
presented. The conference was held on Nov. 18 to 22, 1968
and was organized by NAPCA. The results reported at the
conference promise an effective and simple method for limit-
ing sulfur emission. (Author abstract modified)
13127
Svajgl, Oldrich
HYDROGENATION CRACKING OF DIESEL OIL FROM
ROMASHKINO PETROLEUM. (Hydrogenacni stepeni mo-
torove nalty z romaskinske ropy). Text in Czech. Chem. Pru-
mysl, 19(3):103-106, 1969. 11 refs.
Experiments are described on the hydrogenation cracking of
sulfur-containing Diesel oil having SO ppm of chemically bound
nitrogen. The hydrogenation cracking succeeded at a pressure
of 300 atm with a common wolfram catalyst preceded by a
hydrogenation refining catalyst. The resulting gasoline and
Diesel oil have low sulfur contents and are of better quality
than the primary products. The harmful effect of ammonia,
which originates from the nitrogen-containing substances, can
be eliminated by elevating the temperature. It has been
verified that sulfur in Diesel oil activates the cracking catalyst.
(Author summary modified)
13206
Bulicka, Milan, Jaroslav Podmolik, and Josef Hajek
ECONOMY OF ABSORPTION UNIT INSERTED FOR
LOWERING OF EXHALATIONS FROM SULPHURIC ACID
PRODUCTION PLANT. (Ekonomie vyroby kyseliny sirove s
vlozenou absorpci). Text in Czech. Chem. Prumysl (Prague),
19(3):140-142, 1969. 5 refs.
When the daily production of sulfuric acid ranged to 100 t/day,
with 95 to 97% conversion and with an average absorption of
99%, even with relatively low chimney heights, the immediate
vicinity of factory was free from emissions. When production
exceeded 300 t/day, higher chimneys did not sufficiently
reduce the local concentrations. In most plants using the
heterogeneous oxidation manufacturing method, SO2 emis-
sions are 0.2 to 0.4%, SO3 emissions are 0.02 to 0.1%, and
H2SO4 emissions are 0.075%. For the work in Prerov, which
produces 100,000 t/year, a two- stage exothermic process of
catalytic oxidation of SO2 was adopted. Output is higher than
103,000 t/year, and 10 kg of sulfur are recovered for 1 t of the
manufactured sulfuric acid. The process uses a closed circuit
of cooling water which requires 20% more water than with
traditional methods, and 3.5 kWh/t more sulfuric acid,, and
which produces 10 kg less of steam per ton of sulfuric acid.
The cost of the absorption equipment is offset by the value of
the sulfur recovered. The greatest advantage of the unit is its
reduction of harmful emissions.
13334
Ruus, Av Lennart
INVESTIGATION OF ODOR ELIMINATION BY AB MOR-
RUMS BRUK, MORRUM. (Undersokning av lukteliminering-
sanlaggning vid AB Morrums Bruk, Morrum). Text in
Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 66(15):554-557, Aug.
15rt 1963.1 ref.
An oxidation tower system for reducing odorous compounds
formed during alkaline pulping was developed by the British
Columbia Research Council and installed at AB Morrums
Bruk, Morrum, Sweden, where its efficiency was investigated.
The system involves the pumping of black liquor through the
oxidation tower in the same direction as a gas mixture contain-
ing air, uncondensed gases from the turpentine recovery, and
gases from the digester blow. After leaving the oxidation
tower, the mixture is washed with chlorine and dilute sodium
hydroxide in a scrubber before being vented into the at-
mosphere. Gas chromatographic determination of the amount
of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl monosulfide, and dimethyl
disulfide in the gas mixture before and after it had passed
through the tower and scrubber reveals that the system
removes more than 99% of the methylsulfides and more than
97% of the mercaptans. The greater part of these compounds
is taken up by the black liquor in the oxidation tower; the rest
is oxidized in the scrubber. The concentration of the odorous
compounds in the outlet from the scrubber is very low and
their smell can be characterized as 'faint'. About 90% of the
sodium sulfide in the black liquor is oxidized in the oxidation
tower. (Author abstract modified)
13630
Lowicki, Norbert
THE NEW WASTE GAS DESULFURIZATION METHOD OF
THE GRILLO WERKE AG. (Das neue Abgas-
Entschwefelungverfahren der Grillo-Werke AG.) Text in Ger-
man. Erzbergbau Metallhuettenwesen, 21(12):567-571, Dec.
1968.
There are three methods for desulfurizing waste gases; first by
oxidation of SO2 to SO3 on vanadium catalysts, secondly by
adsorption of gaseous sulfur compounds on activated coal or
coke, and thirdly by absorption, i.e., chemical binding of acid
components in the waste gas by alkaline substances. Detailed
discussion of the latter method shows that in all cases where
this principle has been put into practical use, costs ran tremen-
dously high, primarily because of the complicated regeneration
and recovery operations for the absorbent and the sulfur
bound by it. The Grille Werke AG, in developing its absorp-
tion method, tried to make it as economical as possible, and
although the present method is not the definitive solution, it
does provide some advantages over other methods. The Grille
method is based on the principle of formation of oxide com-
pounds between an alkaline and an amphoteric heavy metal
component. Thus, the two components mutually prevent each
other from being inactivated by the temperatures necessary for
thermal regeneration. In this way, both sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide can be bound. Manganese and magnesium are
used as elements for the formation of oxide compounds. Ex-
periments in a large-scale plant showed that between 80 and
95% of the SO2 of a waste gas could be removed. In-
terestingly, the degree of loading of the absorbent suspension
played a secondary role. The absorbent which is tapped off in
dry state contained between 17 and 21% sulfur, which justifies
recovery operations. Any sulfuric acid factory in the vicinity
can be used for this purpose. A detailed description of the ex-
periments is given, as well as an example of practical applica-
tion of the Grillo absorption method.
13697
Obering, E. Albrecht
SLUDGE INCINERATION IN THE FLUEDIZED BED FUR-
NACE. (Schlammverbrennung im Wirbelschichtofen). Text in
German. Chem. Ing. Tech., 41(10):615-619, 1969. 2 refs.
Sewage sludge disposal becomes an ever greater problem sinci
dump sites are becoming scarce and awareness of the dange
of uncontrolled dumping is spreading. Disposal by incineratio
decreases the volume and leaves sterile ash and inert odorle;
gases. Sludge incineration must be preceded by mechanic
-------
18
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
dehydration to avoid emission of volatile organic sludge com-
ponents with the waste gas and to permit autonomous com-
bustion. To achieve the latter goal, the combustion tempera-
ture must be high, the excess air in the reaction chamber low,
the incineration complete, and the temperatures of the waste
gases and vapors low. However, the waste gas temperature
may not drop below 750 C if odors are to be avoided and if
the residues ought to be sterile. To solve the problem, the
fluidized bed furnace must be used. The sludge falls into a bed
of turbulent sand particles where it is dried, degassed, and ig-
nited. The temperature of the waste gas at the combustion
chamber outlet is 800 to 900 C. It is cooled in an air preheater
and the heat is returned to the combustion chamber. In the
subsequent dust collector, the mineral sludge components are
separated as dust either by a wet or dry process and tapped
off to an ash pit. The turbulent sand particles are slowly
eroded and carried off with the ash. They are replaced by
larger ash particles and by sand brought in by the sewage
sludge. The furnace has no movable parts aside from the
charging facility and the ventilators so that wear and tear are
low. The city of Lausanne has operated such a fluidized bed
furnace since 196S. The furnace burns 2600 kg of dehydrated
sludge per hour (max. water content 60%). Part of the waste
gas is used to heat the combustion air and the rest goes to a
boiler. The waste gases are cleaned in cyclone separators and
electrostatic precipitators.
13731
Matsuno, Kazutaka and Koichi linoya
ESTIMATION OF COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF A
DIELECTRIC FIBROUS FILTER. (Yuden seniso fuiruta no
hoshu koritsu no suitei). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku
(Chem. Eng.), 33(7):684-689, July 1969. 10 refs.
Inertia, scattering, and interference are three mechanisms af-
fecting the collection of particles in a fibrous filter. Inertia is
the dominant factor when both linear speed and diameter of
particles are large; scattering is dominant when both linear
speed and diameter of particles are small; and interference,
which minimizes collection efficiency, is dominant when it oc-
curs between inertia and scattering. By the use of a dielectric
fibrous filter, collection efficiency is remarkably unproved and
interference is reduced. The dielectric fibrous filter retains
both bipolar cylinders and bipolar particles within the same
electric field; polluted air passes vertically through this filter.
The volume fraction of fibers is less than 0.02, and there is a
constant relation between the coefficient of interference and
the volume fraction. Both collection efficiency of a single fiber
in a dielectric fibrous filter and total collection efficiency can
be calculated, and thus the collection efficiency can be con-
trolled by changing factors in the equation. High collection ef-
ficiency is achieved with only a small loss of air pressure in-
side the filter.
13732
Nakagawa, Shikazo
ECONOMICAL STATUS FOR RECOVERING SO2 FROM
STACK GASES. (Haien datsuryu no keizaisei). Text in
Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku (Chem. Eng.), 20(8):57-64, Aug.
1969. 13 refs.
Both direct and indirect desulfurization of crude petroleum
require expensive equipment, and neither method removes
more than 15% of the total sulfur from the petroleum. Desul-
furization of stack gases is more economical, and studies on it
have multiplied in recent years. Desulfurization techniques in-
vestigated by the Tennessee Valley Authority since 1952 in-
clude activated carbon adsorption, catalytic oxidation, the
manganese dioxide process, alkaline absorption with ammonia,
alkalized aluminum, and limestone. The results of TVA's stu-
dies of desulfurization with limestone show that 50 to 60%
removal of sulfur dioxide from crude petroleum is obtained by
injecting stack gases with dried limestone and that adsorptive
potency is related to the roughness of the limestone. This dry
process does not need expensive equipment and has other
practical advantages. The wet process using limewater
removes more than 85% of sulfur dioxide, but has two disad-
vantages namely, the drop of exhaust gas temperature at the
chimney exit and lime deposits on the interior surfaces of
equipment. The latter problem can be solved by placing a tur-
bulent floor inside the equipment. To meet the shortage of sul-
fur and sulfuric compounds, several techniques utilizing SO2
as a source of sulfur have been devised which use ammonium
or potassium phosphate to good advantage.
13734
Nishino, Kazuyoshi and Katsumi Yamamoto
CONSTRUCTIONAL ALLOY IN A DESULFURIZATION
PLANT. (Datsuryu sochi no kinzoku zairyo). Text in
Japanese. Sekiyu Gakkai Shi (J. Japan Petroleum Institute,
Tokyo), 12(6):450-456, June 1969.
About 90% of the petroleum used in Japan has a high average
sulfuric compound concentration of 2.7%. Desulfurization
removes sulfur, H2S, and SO2. This paper concerns
hydrogenized desulfurization which requires excellent materi-
als and techniques appropriate to high temperature, high pres-
sure, and high concentration of sulfuric compounds. The direct
desulfurization of the crude petroleum at normal pressure has
a high desulfurization ratio, although the temperature, pres-
sure, and concentration of hydrogen and H2S are significantly
high. Thick stainless steel is not only expensive but also very
sensitive to corrosion by sulfuration. The severity of corrosion
of alloy steel and stainless steel caused by H2S with hydrogen
in the dry procedure is significantly increased with the in-
crease of H2S concentration and temperature, and is markedly
decreased with the increasing amount of Cr within the alloy.
In the wet procedure, however, the corrosion caused by H2S
and hydrogen is much more severe than hi the dry procedure.
In order to avoid corrosive cracking, the use of adequate al-
loys, including double-layered steel, and/or procedures to
remove sulfuric compounds during the time of cooling the
equipment are being explored with increasing success. The
vessel walls supported by multiple cold layers and internal
fire-proof lining resist high temperature, high pressure, and
high concentration of H2S. The conducting tubes which con-
nect one vessel to another also need high tolerance against the
pressure and corrosive effect of H2S, especially at the con-
necting portion. A fireproof cast iron alloy, HP, and an im-
proved type HF, which includes 5 to 15% of delta-fernte, are
cheap and corrosion- resistant. Aluminum-containing steel is
excellent as an alloy coverage because it is very stable in the
presence of high temperature, high pressure, and high concen-
tration of sulfuric compounds.
13817 i /
Pechkovskiy, V. V., A. N. Ketov, T. G. MaTtseva, and V. G.
Pridatchenkov
THERMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE REACTION OF SUL-
FUR DIOXIDE WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE IN AN OX-
IDIZING ATMOSPHERE. (Termograficheskoy issledovaniye
vzaimodeystviya semistogo angidrida s karbonatom kal 'tsiya
v okislitel 'noy atmosere). Text in Russian. Izv. Vysshikh
Uchebn Zavedenii, Khim. i Khim. Teckhnol.. 6(4):991-996,
1963. 11 refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
The possible usefulness of calcium carbonate as an absorber
of SQ2, and SOS is supported by data from a thermographic
analysis of the system CaCO3(CaO) - SO2(SO3) - air. Sulfur
dioxide in an oxidizing atmosphere reacts energetically with
calcium oxide produced by decomposition of calcium car-
bonate and limestone, calcium sulfate being formed through a
sulfitation step. Calcium sulfite is the basic product at 300-500
C, calcium sulfate at higher temperatures (up to 1000 C). Cal-
cium sulfate may also be formed through oxidation of SO2 to
SO3 and reaction of the latter with oxygen and calcium car-
bonate. These chemical mechanisms are of importance in the
lime method of removing SO2 from posver station flue gases.
Data both from the literature and from new §xperimental work
were used in the study.
13898
Chertkov, B. A.
OXIDATION OF CALCIUM SULFITE IN THE EXTRACTION
OF SO2 FROM GASES. (Okisleniye sul 'fita kal 'tsiya v prot-
sesse izvlecheniya SO2 iz gazov). Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl.
Khim., vol. 33:1708-1714, 1960. 7 refs.
The rate of oxidation of calcium sulfite formed in the extrac-
tion of SO2 from exhaust gases was found to average 9.4 g/sq
m-hr with an average oxygen absorption coefficient of 72 g/sq
m-hr-atm for the test absorber. The degree of oxidation was
found to result from the simultaneous effect of a number of
factors influencing mass transfer in the liquid phase (e.g.,
reflux density, temperature, and composition of reflux solu-
tion). It was found that addition of 0.002-0.004% P-
aminophenol to the circulating solution has a long-term retard-
ing effect on calcium sulfite oxidation and results in a three to
five-fold decrease in sulfate formation.
13924
Francois, R. C., M. Plantier, M. Bailleul, and G. Guyot
AIR POLLUTION IN THE LACQ COMPLEX. (La pollution
atmospherique dans le complexe de Lacq). Text in French.
Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), ll(42):71-73, April-June 1969.
A history of the progressive industrialization of the Lacq re-
gion is presented. Most of the .pollution in this region is caused
by the SO2 given off by the Societe Nationale des Petroles
d'Aquitaine (S. N. P. A.). It was found that natural gas treat-
ment does not totally eliminate SO2. The S. N. P. A. and the
Lurgi-Waerme Company from Frankfurt have developed a
new process called 'Sulfreen' which reduces the amount of
sulfur compounds emitted into the atmosphere. The first unit
will treat 130,000 cu nm/hr of gas. The principle of the process
is as follows: One of the two reactors is in contact with the
gases coming from the two primary converters of the sulfur
plant at 125-130 C. Its catalyst becomes increasingly burdened
with sulfur while the second reactor is being regenerated by a
closed-circuit flow of gas which has been heated in a furnace.
The deposited sulfur is vaporized by the hot gas and con-
densed in the condenser where the gas is cooled. A ventilator
completes the circuit.
14226
Kamino, Yasumi, Shigenori Onizuka, Kenji Yasuda, Masaaki
Miyaji, and Yoshihide Kawamura
REMOVAL OF SO2 GAS IN EXHAUST «AS BY STEAM-
GENERATED ACTIVATED CHARCOAL PROCESS (HI)
DESORPTION OF SO2 GAS BY STEAM. Translated from
Japanese. Hitachi Shipbuilding Co. (Japan), p. 1422, (1968).
Since the absorption capacity of activated charcoal drops
gradually as it absorbs a greater volume of sulfur dioxide gas,
the charcoal must be regenerated by desorbing the S02 from
it. For this purpose the Reinluft process uses high temperature
inert gases and, in large projects, rinsing. This paper describes
an attempt to obtain the same results by using superheated
steam at about 300 degrees C. The interrelation is shown
between the condition of absorption and the weight or com-
position of the absorbed gas.
14289
Hohmann, Hans and Horst Huckauf
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SYSTEM CACO3-SO2-H2O(D) IN
CONNECTION WITH PROBLEMS OF DUST AND SO2
EMISSION FROM CEMENT KILNS. (Untersuchungen zum
System CaCO3-SO2-H2O(d) in Verbindung mit Problemen der
Staub- und SO2-Emission von Zementbrennaefen). Text in
German. Silikat Tech., 20(5): 148-155, 1969. 23 refs.
The four alkali earth carbonates (CaCO3, travertine,
limestone, and ddomite) were studied with respect to their ad-
sorption of sulfur dioxide and water vapor using gas chro-
matography. It was found that CaCO3 dried at 180 C at first
adsorbs considerable quantities of SO2 from a SO2- and CO2-
containing gas. The SO2 adsorption isotherms found by the
frontal gas chromatographic process of G. Schay all belonged
to type I of Brunauer's classification. Water vapor adsorption
of all four carbonates was determined at 20, 40, 60, and 80 C.
The water vapor adsorption isotherms were found to belong to
type II of Brunauer's classification. Studies by the gas chro-
matographic pulsed flow method showed that SO2 adsorption
by the system CaCO3-SO2-H2O at temperatures ranging from
0 to 100 C occurs at relative water vapor partial pressures of
almost 1.0. Chemical conversion of SO2 to calcium sulfite oc-
curs at partial pressures down to zero. This leads to the con-
clusion that formation of the adsorbed water vapor into a
three dimensional fluid at the absorbent surface is a more
thorough process than all known theories concerning water
vapor adsorption on solids have anticipated. A critical relative
water vapor partial pressure for calcium sulfate formation was
found at 0.50, above which higher chemical activity occurs.
Calcium sulfite (at oxidation) or calcium sulfate solidifies cal-
cium carbonate dust and changes its surface properties. Cloth
filters and electrostatic precipitators are thus hampered in their
function. Five known types of waste gas of desuftiirfzation are
discussed.
14703
Storch, O.
THE EXISTING EXPERIENCES WITH DRY AND WET
SEPARATORS IN METALLURGICAL WORKS. (Dosavadni
zkusenosti se suchymi a mokrymi aeromechanickymi odlu-
covaci v hutich). Text in Czech. Ochrana Ovzdusi, no. 4:60-63,
1969, 4 refs.
Aeromechanical and wet separators are considered in terms of
their dust collecting efficiencies for metallurgical and
technological processes involving the use of oxygen. Previous
dry aeromechanical separators had relatively low efficiency
and did not meet hygienic requirements. Wet separators
reached acceptable levels of separation, but their tendency to
become clogged with sediment limited their usefulness. A new
aeromechanical separator processes dust in agglomerations at
an efficiency level of 95%; the diameter of this apparatus is
630 mm. A new venturi-type separator of rectangular cross
sections separates micron and submicron particles from the
brown smoke produced in metallurgical processes. Extremely
good results were obtained when this scrubber was used to
treat combustion products from open and double hearth fur-
naces in pilot plant operations.
-------
20
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
14940
Tada, Mitsuru
INDUSTRIAL WASTE INCINERATION BY FLUIDIZING
SYSTEM. (Sangyo haikibutsu no ryudoshokyakuho). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(7):529-533,
July 1969.
Fluidizing systems, which are widely applied to petroleum and
mineral combustion, are highly efficient. The outstanding
merits of this system are a capacity of 500 kg/cu m-hr in-
cineration; the ability to incinerate low-calorie wastes (1000/k-
cal/kg, water 70%) without catalysts; perfect combustion with
kiln heat around 750 C; no stack smoke or odor problems;
simplicity of structure, with no vibrations inside the kiln and
constant and stable internal heat; availability of electric power,
produced though the process in large-scale (400 t/day) kilns of
this system; convenient operation requiring no heavy or inten-
sive labor; and economical maintenance. The system has a
wide range of applications, including waste incineration in the
chemical, food processing, and petroleum industries, and ex-
crement and sludge treatment. For example, the liquid wastes
from paper manufacturing plants that used to be discharged
into rivers, bays, or seas and caused problems for agriculture,
fishing, and shipping may now be incinerated, removing all the
organic matter contained in pulp wastes, and chemical com-
pounds such as Na2SO4 or Na2CO3 may be recovered and
reused in kraft pulp production. Adaptation of this system to
watery wastes in the food and chemical industries has the ad-
vantages of deodorizing wastes and recovering ash for use as
fertilizer. The system can be adapted to petroleum and
petrochemical wastes and to high-temperature wastes.
15300
Toos, Istvanne
NEUTRALIZATION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE RELEASED
FROM OIL REFINERY PROCESSES. (Asvanyolajiparban
keletkezo kenhidrogengaz semlegesitese). Text in Hungarian.
Munkavedelem, 14(4-6):l-4, 1968. 18 refs.
According to Hungarian industrial health standards, the max-
imum permissible hydrogen sulfide concentration in workshops
is 10 mg/cu m. Catalytic reforming and fuel oil desulfurization
processes in the Petrochemical Works of Komarom produced
(after ethaholamine extraction) a flow of 220-650 kg/hr; 98% of
the gas was pure H2S, and only 2% was H2O or light
hydrocarbons. To remove H2S, economic studies suggested
the use of absorption methods giving Na2S as the end product.
The process first involves obtaining 72% concentrated NaOH-
H2O solution from a 45% starting solution in a vacuum still, at
80-90 C. Then the gas mixture containing H2S will be reacted
with the NaOH solution; the Na2S crystals produced are
distilled in one or two steps depending on their water content.
The remaining gas is transferred from the reactor vessel to
cadmium acetate washers where the unreacted H2S is ab-
sorbed. The NaOH concentration will control the reagent con-
tent of the developing Na2S; the NaOH concentration may be
controlled by temperature and pressure regulation. No further
cleaning of the Na2S is necessary.
15759
Frauenfelder, A.
WHAT HAS BEEN DONE BY THE SWISS CEMENT INDUS-
TRY TO ELIMINATE THE DUST PROBLEM IN THEIR DIF-
FERENT WORKS. (Was hat die schweizerisc Zementindustrie
fuer die Entstaubung ihrer Werke getan). Text in German. Ze-
ment-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden), 58(11):501-504, Nov. 1969. 3
refs.
There are only 18 cement works in Switzerland with relatively
small capacities and only one kiln producing more than 1000
tons per day. Since 1950, this industry made great strides in air
pollution control. The Swiss Association of Cement, Lime,
and Gypsum Producers established their own rules for dust
emissions in 1963 which were binding for members. Clean
gases from new installations should not have more than 75-100
mg dust/cu m. Older plants have until 1973 to reduce their
emissions to 100-150 mg dust/cu m. A federal law states that
only plants which meet these requirements obtain approval
from the Authorities of the Canton. In all cement works meet-
ing the emission standards, adequate dust collection devices
are in operation. The sources of dust in the cement works,
adequate dust collection equipment, and costs were discussed.
Equipment includes bag filters for dry dust and gases at low
temperatures, electrical precipitators for the cleaning of waste
gases from kilns, and raw material dryers. Installation difficul-
ties from corrosion and methods for the correction of the
problem were described. Multicyclones and gravel bed filters
also have special applications in the dedusting of clinker
coolers. It was concluded that many Swiss cement works are
clean and by 1973, all cement works will meet emission stan-
dards. (Author summary modified)
15839
Yanagisawa, S. and H. Isomura
MANUFACTURE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE GAS. (Aryusan gasu
no seizo-ho). Text in Japanese. (Hodogaya Chem. Ind. Co.,
Tokyo) Japanese Pat. Sho 34-2960. 2p., April 24, 1959. (Appl.
Feb 15, 1957 claims not given).
The waste acidic substances derived from the purification
system of crude petroleum refineries includes a great many
sulfur compounds and can be utilized to manufacture sulfur
dioxide gas by the following two procedures. First, the waste
substance is added to a calcium sulfite (CaSO3) solution caus-
ing formation of SO2 gas as well as H2S, mercaptans, and or-
ganic sulfur compounds. The CaSO3 used in this procedure is
obtained at low cost by the absorption of SO2 waste gas from
other refineries by alkaline calcium compounds also derived
from other industries. The plaster produced by the first
procedure is utilized for the manufacture of cement or nickel
mat. Secondly, a mixed gas including several kinds of volatile
sulfur compounds is heated within the hearth at 600 C to form
SO2 gas. This is a convenient and economical means of
producing SO2 from the waste substances of the petroleum
refinery.
15952
Error, James Victor, George Wesson Ostberg, and John Lilis
Disney
A METHOD FOR DESULFURIZATION OF CRUDE OILS
WITH A WIDE RANGE OF BOILING POINT BY
HYDROGENATION. (Koffutteuhani genyu o suiten datsuryu
sum hoho). Text in Japanese. (Esso Standard Eastern, Inc.,
New York) Japanese Pat. Sho44-13374. 7p, June 16, 1969.1 ref.
(Appl. May 4, 1962).
The invention relates to the desulfurization of the broad cut
portion of crude oil by hydrogenation. The broad cut portion
contains naphtha, kerosine, etc. as single cuts. The crude oil is
heated until all the broad cut pan evaporates and is distilled
by flash evaporation under the pressure of 30 psi. The vapor is
condensed and cooled to a temperature lower than 200 F.
After removal of the uncondensed gas, the liquid is heated at
100 to 1000 psi and then at pressures high enough for all con-
tents to evaporate. Hydrogen gas is added, and the broad cut
portion desuifurized in the presence of a catalyst such as
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
21
cobalt molybdate at 500 to 800 F and at 400 to 500 psi. The
hydrogen sulfide generated is washed away by an amine solu-
tion such as dimethylamine or diethylamine. A narrow boiling
point oil is obtained by the fractional distillation at about 60
psi. Application of this method to crude oil containing 1.9%
sulfur decreased the sulfur content of kerosine to 0.0004%,
and that of light straight naphtha to 0.0002%.
15957
Mel'nik, M. N.
MEASURES FOR SANITATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN
THE UKRAINE. (Meropriyatiya po ozdorovleniyu atmosfer-
nogo vozdukha na Ukraine). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation
Measures Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of
Cities. (Ozdorovleniye vozdushnogo i vodnogo basseynov
gorodov). Government Committee on Civil Building and
Architecture (ed.), Lecture series no. 2, Kiev, Budivel'nik,
1968, p. 17-18.
Control measures instituted at cement plants in Dneprodzerz-
hinsk and Krivorozhsk have given significant reduction in
quantities of dust emitted into the atmosphere. The ore en-
richment combine at Krivorozhsk was provided with dust con-
trol equipment which resulted in a substantial recovery of iron.
Effective gas purification measures at the Kramatorsk Metal-
lurgy Plant and at the Zaporozhstal Martensite Furnace No. 2
are also reported. Failures at pollution control have occurred
at some locations, especially in the Donbass, because the ac-
tual efficiency of control equipment has been significantly
below the design values, or else already existing pollution
sources were not adequately accounted for.
16325
Gottwald, Miroslav and Karel Obroucka
MODEL RESEARCH OF FLAME AND WASTE GAS
AERODYNAMICS IN OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES.
(Modelovy vyzkum aerodynamiky plamene a spalin martinske
pece). Text in Czech. Hutnicke Listy (Prague), 24(12):843-849,
Dec. 1969. 8 refs.
An isothermal model was applied to the study of the flame and
waste gas aerodynamics in the open-hearth furnace. The flow
was studied by measuring the selected sections with the help
of a pneumatic probe provided with three holes. The tests
revealed that the furnace was operated with the atomizing air
volume adjusted wrongly, which resulted in the insufficient
momentum of the oil burner. Corrections were suggested and
were checked in the model tests. Theywere then put into
operation. As a result, the heat time was cut and the furnace
output was increased. (Author abstract modified)
16350
Maksimov, V. F., O. I. Sokolova, Z. P. Modzelevskaya, and
N. M. Isayeva
PURIFICATION OF THE WASTE GASES OF SULFATE-
CELLULOSE PRODUCTION ON FOAM TYPE UNITS. Bu-
mazhn. Prom. (Moscow), 34(5):14-16, May 1959. 2 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 8p.
Experiments were conducted on the decontamination of ex-
haust gases in sulfate-cellulose production by the foam
method, based on the interaction of a gas and liquid in a layer
of moveable foam formed as a result of their counterflow. It
involves the purification of gases from the plant furnace, con-
centrator, and boiler units. When the gas flow rate of the foam
device was varied from 0.4 to 3.2 m/sec, the purification of
furnace gases was constant and amounted 92-95% (based on
total sulfur). After purification, 10-40 mg/cu Mm hydrogen sul-
fide, 8-46 mg/cu Nm methyl mercaptans, and 3-120 mg/cu Mm
sulfur dioxide were present in furnace flue gases. Decon-
tamination of the boiler gases removed 92% of the hydrogen
sulfide, 90.7% of the methyl mercaptans, and 86.0% of the sul-
fur dioxide. When the simultaneous decontamination of ex-
haust gases from furnace, concentrator, and boiler sections
was studied, using caustic soda as a wetting liquid, 92.3% of
the hydrogen sulfide, 84.7% of the methyl mercaptans, 86.6%
of the dimethyl disulfide, 72.8% of the dimethyl sulfide, and
89.9% of the sulfur dioxide were trapped. When black lye was
used as the wetting agent in an oxidation tower, no odor of
sulfur-laden gases was detectable.
16419
Pozin, M. Ye., Y. P. Mukhlenov, and L. S. Vasilesku
OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN IRON SULFATE
SOLUTION. (Ob Okislenii sernistogo angidrida v rastvore
sul'fatov zheleza). Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl. Khim.,
28(7):681-686, 1955. 7 refs.
The oxidation of SO2 in the presence of iron ion was studied
experimentally. The following optimum conditions were
established for simultaneous processing of waste gases and
pickling solutions: 1) during oxidation of FeSO4 to Fe2(SO4)3
- temperature from 60-80 C, incoming SO2:O2 ratio of 1:5, an
initial concentration of ferrous sulfate up to 18% does not af-
fect the course of the reaction; 2) during sulfuric acid forma-
tion - temperature from 80-90 C, SO2:O2 ratio equal to 1:4,
optimum iron ion concentration, 10-30 g/liter. An acid forma-
tion rate of about 1000 kg of sulfuric acid monohydrate from a
cubic meter of reaction volume was achieved in the laboratory
under optimum conditions. These experiments demonstrate the
advisability of examining the reaction of SO2 exhaust gas with
spent pickling solutions under plant conditions for the purpose
of recovering the pickling solutions or for producing dilute sul-
furic acid and crystalline ferric sulfate.
16510
Padovani, C.
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM LARGE HEATING
PLANTS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. PART II. (Emis-
sione di ossido di zolfo delle grandi centrali termiche: problem i
e soluzioni. Parte II). Text in Italian. Riv. Combust.,
22(7/8):389-396, July-Aug. 1969. 65 refs. Part I. Ibid, no. 5,
1968.
The following fuel oil desulfurizing plants are under construc-
tion or in the planning stage: H-oil unit of 24,000 barrels/day
at Shinoiba, Kuwait; an Isomax plant, 35,000 b/d at Mina Ab-
dullah, Kuwait; and an Isomax plant, 40,000 b/d in Chiba,
Japan. The economic problem of providing low-sulfur fuel oil
in Europe differs from that of the United States in that there
is a greater demand for gasoline and medium-to-light distillates
and a higher demand for heating oils, a condition to be even-
tually offset by increasing demands for light petroleum
products in petrochemistry, increased use of motor vehicles,
and greater availability of natural gas. Future projects call for
preliminary gasification under pressure, which can lead to the
formation of hydrogen sulfide gas. Hydrogen sulfide liberated
from the gasified fuel is more easily captured than SO2 in the
exhaust gases, and lends itself more readily to the manufac-
ture of elemental sulfur to be sold as a by-product. Gasifica-
tion provides a fuel gas that can be highly varied in composi-
tion, with almost no additional expenditure of power. By mak-
ing use of the chemical and physical enthalpies of these gases,
the yield of the modern heating plant can be raised by 5-15%,
plus compensations from the sale of by-products.
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22
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
16537
Fujiwara, Masahiro
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN ALUMINIUM WORKS
UNDER ALKALI AND WORKS REGULATION ACTS IN EN-
GLAND AND WALES. (Eikoku no arukariho ni motozuku
aruminyumu kojo niyoru taikiosen boshi gyosei). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(3):13-15,
March 15, 1967.
Air-pollution control in England is based on the Alkali and
Works Regulation Acts and the Clean Air Act. The country is
divided into seven Alkali Inspectors' Districts administered by
25 inspectors who maintain close contact with local health and
smoke inspectors. The annual reports compiled by the inspec-
tors form the basis of the Manual Reports submitted to the
Ministry of Housing and Local Government. These reports
contain the air pollution plans and policies currently in prac-
tice. The contents of the Manual Report of 1960, 1964, and
1965 are summarized. Though England does not have a prima-
ry aluminum refining industry, it has aluminum manufacturing
industries which mainly treat aluminum scraps. Air pollution
problems due to aluminum manufacturing, and countermea-
sures, are discussed in the 1960 Manual Report. A number of
plants found venturi scrubbers unsatisfactory for reducing
smoke emissions. Better results were obtained by rinsing the
aluminum scrap and discharging smoke from taller stacks. The
1964 Manual Report shows that the problem of an oily smoke
was partly solved by afterburners and that of fumes solved by
employing hearth furnaces (flat type) which do not require
flux. The reports emphasize the cooperation between legal
authorities and industry. This approach to practical control
measures has implications for countries which are trying to
control air pollution by legal means alone.
16549
Kageyama, Hisashi
PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF AUTO
EXHAUST CONTROL. (Jidosha haishutsu gasu taisaku no
genjo to doko). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollu-
tion Control), 4(7):405-409, July 15, 1968. 3 refs.
In Japan, some progress in controlling auto engine exhausts
has been realized as the result of control measures introduced
in 1966. For example, despite increasing traffic, there has been
a decrease in the CO detected at intersections due to improve-
ments in the road system and the traffic environment. Im-
provement of the traffic environment and efforts to find alter-
native control methods are discussed. Alternatives involve
such practical steps as restrictions on traffic, improvement of
automobile structure and functions, and city planning. Another
approach has not yet been adopted by any other country. Con-
ventional tests on auto exhaust gas are directed toward mea-
suring gas emissions from prototype engines. It is obvious,
however, that the problem of exhaust gas becomes more seri-
ous as the number of automobiles increases. Therefore, revi-
sion of the present auto inspection standard is underway.
Owners of automobiles are required to have their cars in-
spected periodically at six month intervals. With the new in-
spection standard, 30% decrease in total CO gas emission is
expected in comparison with that obtained by the regular test.
16630
Muschelknautz, Edgar
STUDIES OF CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS. (Untersuchun-
gen an Fliehkraftabscheidern). VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no.
115: 124-128, 1967. 7 refs. Translated from German. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
17p., Sept. 23, 1969.
Cyclones are used for separating solid particles from gases,
although smaller and less expensive facilities would to the
same job. The annular slot separator is illustrated and its
operating principle is described. Water canal experiments were
performed for the design of the annular slot separator; stream
lines and particle paths are illustrated. Experiments with a
small model separator (.diameter 125 mm) at which the slot
width of the conical rings could be changed, were performed
and results as function of the collection efficiencies for certain
particle sizes are tabulated. With an annular slot separator
made of spring wire, which has a mean slot width of 1 mm, a
total collection efficiency of 95% was obtained with the same
dust. Very narrow slots around or below 1 mm are permissible
only with dusts which have no tendency to adhere. The deflec-
tion separator is illustrated. The air is deflected at the end of
the tube conveyor by 180 deg with the aid of secondary air.
By the centrifugal movement of about 30,000 ml sec imparted
on the air, all particles are thrown out, despite the very short
residence time (only several ms). Particle size collection effi-
ciency of a deflection separator with air injection into the
boundary flow is tabulated.
16937
Miczek, Gerhard
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATIONS WITH CYCLONE
SEPARATORS. (Vergleichende Untersuchungen an
Zyklonentstaubern). Staub (Duesseldorf), 20(9): 39-43, Jan.
1960. 3 refs. Translated from German. 16p.
The total collection efficiencies were determined with the
same dust but at various pressure losses, for the four cyclones
Van Tongeren, Korsa, the cyclone with counter-current flow
and vanes, and the cyclone with the helical plate covering.
Measurements were performed under the following conditions:
the specific throughputs were constant, the maximum diame-
ters of the whirling chambers were the same as the conical
parts of the chambers, the total lengths of the cyclones were
equal,- and the settling chamber and the cyclone outlet into
that chamber remained unchanged. Under those conditions,
the collection efficiency was practically the same for all
cyclones. A comparison of designs also showed that the in-
vestment costs are practically the same. The existing minor
differences diminish still further when the costs for a series of
collectors are considered, since all structural features including
the dust feeder, the settling chamber, and the removal system
can be constructed alike. Only the cyclone with the helical
plates will be less expensive. The Van Tongeren cyclone
requires slightly more space. As far as wear and tear is con-
cerned, the small cyclones with tangential inlets are not par-
ticularly advantageous. The cyclone with vanes and counter-
current flow offers a better resistance in this respect. The
economy of cyclone separators, particularly with in-series
designs, depends first and foremost on the specific throughput
and the selected pressure loss and hardly on the design of the
individual cyclone. (Author conclusions modified)
17022
Lohs,'Wolf gang
MANUFACTURE OF AEROSOLS AND SEPARATION OF
ULTRAFINE DUSTS IN SPRAY WASHERS. Staub (English
translation from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft),
29(2):43-48, Feb. 1969.
Fine and unltrafine dusts for scrubbing • tower experiments
were generated by compressed-air atomization of a 5 wt%
sodium sulfate solution with subsequent drying. The solution
was led to an injector needle of an atomizer nozzle and passed
through a swirl body with axial flow to a turbulence chamber
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
23
tapering conically toward the nozzle mouth. The translational
and rotational energy of the air was increased by the chamber
shape. Maximum energy for atomizing a droplet was obtained
by metering it through the atomization zone entrance through
which air from the turbulence chamber excaped. When the
separation of hydrophilic sodium sulfate and hydrophobic par-
ticles was tested in a spraying tower, fine particles were found
to follow the flow line around the water droplet and to remain
in the carrier gas. Only 10-50% separation efficiency was ob-
tained with hydrophilic dust particles below 0.5 micron. Values
for the separation of hydrophobic dusts were even lower. The
separation of 0.3-0.5 micron particles was improved up to 60%
by the condensation of vapors at the particles (nuclei conden-
sation). The separation of the hydrophobic dusts was improved
20% by pretreatment with wetting agents.
17067
Ariyoshi, Tsuyoshi
DISPOSAL OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND SULFUR
RECOVERY IN PETROLEUM REFINERY. (Sekiyu seisei
kojyo ni okeru ryuka suiso no jogai to ion kaishu no jissai rei).
Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (I. Pollution Control),
2(7):467-472, Aug. 15, 1966.
Most of the crude oil imported by Japan is from the Middle
East and contains 1.5 to 3% sulfur. As an example, purifica-
tion of a crude oil yielded the following results: volatile oil,
0.05% sulfur; kerosine, 0.15%; light oil, 0.45%; number 1 A
heavy oil, 0.3%; B heavy oil, 2.1%; number 1 C heavy oil,
0.95%; and number 4 C heavy oil, 3.0%. Sulfur compounds
contained in crude oil are mercaptans, aliphatic sulfurs, bisul-
fur compounds, thiophene, and so on. Hydrogen sulfide is not
an important component, but sulfur compounds change to
hydrogen sulfide by decomposition or hydrogenation in the
course of purification. Hydrogen sulfide is removed by absorp-
tion by alkanolamines such as monoethnolamine,
diethanolamine, triethanolamine, methyl triethanolamine, and
diisopropanolamine. Hydrogen sulfide absorbed by an amine is
stripped by hot steam. Sulfur is obtained by partial combustion
of the hydrogen sulfide. One-third of the hydrogen sulfide is
burned and converted to sulfur dioxide which reacts with the
remaining two-thirds to generate sulfur.
17113
Schackmann, Heinrich
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF NON-
FERROUS METAL- CONTAINING ROASTED SULFUR ORE.
(Neuere Entwicklung bei der Aufarbeitung NE-Metallhaltiger
Schwefelkiesabbraende). Z. Erzbergbau Metallhuettenwesen,
20(11):499-511, Nov. 1967. 35 refs. (Presented at the General
Meeting of the Association of German Metal and Mining In-
dustries, Salzburg, June 2, 1967.) Translated from German.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 38p., June 11, 1969.
Four examples from the roasting process with chlorine demon-
strate how the treatment on nonferrous ores has been changed
to meet the demands of the metal industries. The percolating
leach, the roasting process, the sulfur dioxide percolation, and
the reduction of the Fe concentration in the waste water are
discussed. The concentrations of elements remaining after
roasting with chlorine are listed and discussed. The new
method of volatilization with chlorine, applied to non-ferrous
residues poor in metal, is described. In addition, the results
achieved by an experimental plant with a capacity of 100
tons/day is discussed. Numerous charts on statistics, flow
charts of various systems, and illustrations are given.
17186
Niizu, Yasushi, Akira Yoshikawa, and Sadao Kubota
A STUDY OF THE FILTRATION OF SUBMICRON DUSTS.
4TH REPORT: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF FILTRA-
TION EFFICIENCY. (Sabumikuron jinai no roka nikansuru
kenkyu. Dai 4 po Rokakoritsu no rironteki kaiseki). Text in
Japanese. Kukichowa Eisei Kogaku (J. Japan Soc. Heating Air
Conditioning Sanitary Engrs.), 43(9): 797-805, Sept. 25, 1969.
19 refs.
A theoretical analysis of the dust catching efficiency of a sin-
gle fiber was performed and good agreement with experimen-
tal measurements was obtained. Using the assumptions that
the dust particle is spherical; the filter fiber, cylindrical; the
fiber surface, clean; that the particle adheres to the fiber sur-
face; and that the electrostatic force is negligible, together
with gravity and chemical reaction, an approximate solution of
Oseen's equation of fluid motion was calculated by a large-
scale computer. Effects of inertia and diffusion were taken
into consideration when calculating the efficiency. The experi-
ment was performed on a packed layer of filters, and the
result was modified for a single fiber. The quantitative agree-
ment between the theoretical and experimental calculations
suggests that the dust collecting efficiency of the packed filter
in practical use can be estimated with little error from the
theoretical calculation of the diffusion and inertia. The ten-
dency of the experimental value to exceed the theoretical one
is attributed to the neglect of electrostatic effects and so forth.
A study of those effects is currently in progress.
17262
Yanagihara, Shigeru
AIR POLLUTION AND FUTURE AUTOMOBILE ENGINES.
(Kogai mondai to shorai no gendoki). Text in Japanese.
Jidosha Gijutsu (Automobile Eng.), 23(11):! 174-1183, 1969. 7
refs.
The prospects for reducing emissions from internal com-
bustion engines or developing alternative engine systems are
reviewed. Internal combustion engines, which include Otto,
Diesel, and Bray ton cycles, are divided into reciprocal and ro-
tary types. The engines have 2 or 4 cycles or in the case of
hybrid engine, a mixed cycle. Theoretically, the exhaust gas
composition can be less than 25 ppm hydrocarbons, 0.25% car-
bon monoxide and 100 ppm nitric oxide. In practice, however,
the minimum reduction attainable is twice as much, with con-
trol devices costing from $50 to $300. Replacement of the
gasoline engine with other types of internal combustion engine
is not realistic, and improvements in the control of exhaust gas
are aimed at the present-day gasoline engine. Gas turbines
emit fewer pollutants than other prime movers, but their use,
especially for vehicles less than 200 hp, is rather limited.
Steam engines and Stirling cycles are remote alternatives; they
will not replace gasoline engines in the near future. For the
electric car, an alternating-current motor is promising. Ad-
vantages and disadvantages, of lead-acid, Na-S, and L1-C12
cells are discussed, together with a fuel cell of H2-O2,
hydrocarbons, methanol, ammonia, or hydrazine. An energy-
to-weight ratio of fuels is another important factor is consider-
ing future automobiles. Gasoline or kerosene have the best
value. Hydrogen has a value of 1/2 the ratio of propane, even
when used as a magnesium hybrid. In conclusion, improved
exhaust-gas cleaning techniques are required for the internal
combustion engine.
-------
24
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
17289
Matsumoto, Hiroyasu
REMOVAL OF SULFUR DIOXIDE FROM FLUE GAS
THROUGH TURBULENT CONTACT ABSORBER. (Tahbyu-
rento abuzohba ni yoru haien no datsuryuh). Text in Japanese.
Netsu Kanri (Heat Management: Energy and Pollution Con-
trol), 22(l):22-29, Jan. 30, 1970.
The problems of sulfur dioxide pollution were solved by direct
desulfurization of heavy oil and exhaust gases, and diffusion
from tall chimneys. Absorption in an absorption column was
described. The packed column and spray column which are
usually used have many faults. Spray nozzles become clogged
and their cleaning requires too much time. The apparatus
becomes large for treating large quantities of gas and requires
frequent maintenance. The inclination of flaw lowers the effi-
ciency. A turbulent contact absorber solves the above
problems. It has two grids at the upper and lower parts of the
absorption column and light plastic balls are packed among
them. Gas is blown from the lower nozzles and the absorbent
is sprayed from the upper nozzles. The plastic balls move
violently by the impaction force of the gas and liquid. The
plastic balls are- covered with new absorbent enabb'ng them to
absorb gas. The column does not become clogged because of
the cleansing effect of the moving balls. The absorbent is
usually an alkali solution or sea water. The desulfurization rate
of this method is higher than 90% for 90,000 N cu m of ex-
haust gas per hour.
17402
Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
THE POINT OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
TION RESULT OF AN ELECTRIC PRECIPITATOR IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRY SMOKE ABATEMENT (V) - AIR
POLLUTION IN CERAMIC INDUSTRY. (Gyoshubetsu ni
miru denkishujinsochi no setsubikeikaku to untenkoka (V) -
Yogyohin seisan ni tomonau haigasu no jogai). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(3):165-174,
March 15, 1967. 28 refs.
Dust generated in the manufacturing of cement is high in elec-
tric resistivity and has an erosive property. A rotary dryer
generates high amounts of dust whose apparent resistivity va-
ries considerably with the treatment of the raw material. A ro-
tary kiln generates dust the apparent resistivity of which is
high. By considering such variabilities, an effective dust col-
lecting system can be designed. Dust generated by a packer is
a part of the final product and has to be precipitated and col-
lected by a special dust collector. An electric precipitator is
usually controlled by reading the voltage of the transformer
and the amperage of the discharge-amperemeter. For the most
effective operation of the precipitator, a precipitative voltme-
ter has to be used. The spark-count controlling method can be
adopted for the dust of low resistivity. Plumes or smut result
when precipitating efficiency is not satisfactorily high. In the
carbonic industry, the production of electrodes for metal refin-
ing and other purposes and the production of carbon black
have to be considered first with respect to air-pollution
prevention. Dust generated in the manufacturing of electrodes
is low in electric resistivity, has little cohesive power, and
contains some higher- boiling hydrocarbon; thus, a stabilizer is
necessary. Dust generated in the manufacturing of carbon
black can not be precipitated by an electric precipitator
because of its special properties, but it can be precipitated by
a special unit system of dust collectors. In other parts of the
ceramic industry, it is easy to precipitate dust by an electric
precipitator, but most of the factories are small in scale so
special methods of treatment are necessary.
17463
Hoeke, Bert and Horst Arnim Wittbold
WASH SOLUTION FOR PURIFYING FLUORINE-CONTAIN-
ING WASTE GASES IN ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY.
(Waschloesung zur Reinigung fluorhaltiger Abgase in der Alu-
miniumindustrie). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(l):24-29, Jan. 1970. 7 refs.
The separation of fluorine compounds and dust from waste
gases of aluminum plants was studied in the laboratory. A
suitable scrubbing liquid was determined for the waste gas; the
developing compounds had to be soluble to avoid crystalliza-
tion in the dust collectors and on pipes. Four test series were
carried out with a rotating wet collector. The fluorine com-
pounds could be removed to a large extent with an alkaline
scrubbing liquid. A slight dependence of the degree of efficien-
cy on the pH value of the scrubbing liquid was observed. At
pH 8 to 12, the gaseous fluorine compounds could be removed
to a residual concentration of less than 0.5 rag/standard cu m.
The salt content of the circulating scrubbing liquid increased in
the course of the experiments to a maximum of 64 g salt/liter
water. The fluoride content of the scrubbing water reached 7 g
F/l. Maintenance of a pH of more than 10.5 and a salt content
of less than 70 g/1 helped to prevent any incrustations. This
necessitated periodic replenishment of the spent scrubbing
liquid by fresh water. The spent liquid was treated with alu-
minum salts to precipitate the fluoride in the form of kryolith.
The dry precipitant contained between 48 and 51% F which
could be reused. The sludge collecting in the circulating
scrubbing liquid had a settling time of 2 hours. Flocculants did
not reduce this settling time. The water content of the sludge
was 98%.
17539
Umeda, Hiroyuki
POINTS AT ISSUE IN THE DESULFURIZATION OF HEAVY
OILS. (Juyu teiioka no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Nenryo
Oyobi Nensyo (Fuel and Combustion), 36(12):1179-1188, Dec.
1, 1969. 8 refs.
Because the desulfurization of heavy oil is an important aspect
of air-pollution abatement, plants for the hydrodesulfurization
of distillate oils (naphtha, kerosene, light oil) are often con-
sidered indispensible. In the United States, the hydro- decom-
position method is finding rapid acceptance. The demand for
high-quality gasoline promoted the development of the high-
pressure, steel forming, and the partial-oxidation method for
the production of high-purity hydrogen. These techniques are
applied in both indirect and direct desulfurization processes,
many of which have been introduced in Japan. Flow charts are
presented to illustrate direct and indirect processes as used
alone or in combination. Desulfurization by reduced pressure
distillation is a typical indirect desulfurization method. A
straight asphalt is obtained at the bottom of the reduced pres-
sure flash tower; its sulfur content is high. If this asphalt can
be sold at a profitable price, it will be a large gain to the desul-
furization of heavy oil in the oil factory. Also included are a
direct residual-oil desulfurization method and an indirect
method which uses desulfurization equipment on reduced pres-
sure residual oil. It is concluded that the general trend is
toward the direct desulfurization, although an optimum com-
bination of the direct and indirect methods should be con-
sidered.
19234
Iwata, Yoshiaki
PRODUCTION PRINCIPLE OF PERFECTLY CLEAN AIR
AND A COUNTERMEASURE FOR THE PREVENTION pF
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
25
PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Kanzen seijo kuki no seizorinen to
kogai bojo no issaku). Text in Japanese. Kuki Chowa Eisei
Kogaku (I. Japan Soc. Heating, Air Conditioning and Sanitary
Engrs.), 44(5):365-370, May 25, 1970.
A new method of cleaning air by adsorption with artificial rain
is presented. The basic idea is to remove ultra-fine particulates
of less than 0.3 micron from air by forming a mist. The par-
ticulate becomes the nucleus of a water droplet, seen in rain
or snow. Outside air is mixed with room air and led to the pri-
mary air-cleaning chamber, where most of the pollutants are
removed by humidification. After heating, the air is humidified
in the secondary air-cleaning chamber which is equipped with
a heat exchanger. When the humid air near the saturation
point is cooled, a temperature decrease does not occur in
water vapor because of its large latent heat. Solids such as
dust, however, are quickly cooled because of their low latent
heat, and absorb the heat of the supercooled vapor. Thus the
dust is covered with water, the water droplet grows in size as
cooled, and falls downward. The small size of the initially
formed water droplets, and the low temperature and humidity
of the ambient atmosphere are the main features of this
system, enabling the removal of ultra-fine particulates and
gaseous pollutants. This method was contemplated in 1967, a
patent application made in 1968, and brought into operation
for a large electronic factory in the summer of 1969.
19403
VDE (Verein Deutscher Eisenhuettenleute), Duesseldorf,
Germany
DUST EMISSION CONTROL, STEEL WORKS (BROWN
SMOKE) OXYGEN-BLOWN STEEL PROCESSES, CON-
VERTER. (Staubauswurfbegrenzung Stahlwerksbetrieb
(Brauner Rauch) Sauerstoffaufblasverfahren, Konverter). VDI
(Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2112, June 1966, 36 refs.
Translated from German by H. Schneider, Isreal Program for
Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 12p. CFSTI: TT 68-50469/6
The advantages of using oxygen for steel production have led
to the development of a number of new metallurgical
processes, one of the most important being the oxygen con-
verter process wherein oxygen is blown on a metal bath that is
charged into the converter from a blast furnace or cupola.
Dust in converter gases is generally known as 'brown smoke';
it consists mainly of vaporized iron oxides and manganese ox-
ides, as well as vaporized slag components. Measures to be
applied during the blowing period in the converter and
designed to reduce the emissions of brown smoke by modifica-
tion of charge compositions or converter operation are un-
feasible with one exception. To keep dust emissions within
desirable limits, converter waste gases must be cleaned. Three
collectors discussed are filters, electrostatic precipitators, and
wet scrubbers. The operating factors influencing the separation
efficiencies of these methods are noted. To be suitable for the
process, the collectors should have an efficiency of 98%. It is
further recommended that each converter be provided with its
own waste gas stack from which gases are led by a cooling
unit to the collector. Oxygen-blown converter plants should
also be equipped with stack flares to insure the ignition of CO-
containing waste gases.
19407
Perotin, J. P. and B. Werderer
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION IN WORKSHOPS AND
LABORATORIES. VOLUME II. COLLECTIVE PROTEC-
TION TECHNIQUES. Commissariat a 1'Energie Atomique,
Saclay (France), Groupe Chimie et Effluents, Rept. SPR/67-
558, 1967. 78 refs. Translated from French by E. M. Gillis,
Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell (England),
Information Branch, 92p., 1968. CFSTI: PB 185821-T
Studies and experiments are reported relative to the general
properties of radioactive contaminants and the characteristics
of atmospheric contamination. The control of atmospheric
contamination was approached from the point of view of lo-
calizing contamination and conducting it through controlled
channels to a point where it can either be collected or diluted
sufficiently prior to its releases to the atmosphere to eliminate
any possibility of external contamination. The physical and
chemical contamination of surfaces is also discussed, along
with measures for their prevention.
19523
Brandt, H.
DUST REMOVAL FROM BITUMINOUS MACADAM MIX
REFINING PLANTS. (Die Entstaubung der Aufbereitungsan-
lagen fuer bituminoeses Mischgut des Strassenbaues). Text in
German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 149:418-426, 1970. 10
refs.
About 50 million tons of bituminous macadam mix is produced
annually in West Germany, in 1800-2000 stationary and mobile
plants, releasing more than 1 million tons of dust which need
to be processed by separators. The mineral constituents, grain
size 0-35 mm, are continually dried and heated in a stream of
flue gases from a rotary kiln. The finer particles become
suspended in this stream of gas and must be removed from it
so as to conform to legal regulations. A federal regulation of
September 1964 sets the maximum acceptable emission level at
150-750 mg/cu Mm, varied according to the quantity of flue
gas. The limit for dust of less than 10 microns is 150-300 mg.
A regulation of the Province of North Rhine-Westphalia of
October 1967 sets limits according to 5 categories of gas dust
content. The dust content of the flue gas depends on the
granulometric fineness of the raw material and on the rate at
which the gas flows through the kiln. Measurements show that
unwashed material produces 150 g/cu Nm, a mixture of
washed and unwashed material yields 70 g, and washed
material, 40 g. Kilns can be protected against improper
packing or overloading, and the supply of gas fed to the kiln
can be limited to the amount actually necessary for efficient
operation, which will discourage personnel from using im-
proper procedures. Measurements made in 1968 at 13 plants
indicate that the type of mineral used has a negligible in-
fluence on the amount of dust produced. The present state of
technology has no solution for the problem of flue gases con-
taining more than 150 g/cu Nm, which necessitates controlling
production procedures in such a way as to keep below this
limit. Scrubbers are usually adequate for purification of the
emissions, with bag filters or electrostatic filters for especially
large plants.
19581
Kamino, Yasumi, Shigenori Onizawa, Kenji Yasuda, Masaaki
Miyaji, Yoshihide Kawamura, and Akira Inoue
REMOVAL OF SO2 IN EXHAUST GAS BY THE STEAM-
GENERATED ACTIVATED CHARCOAL PROCESS (I). RE-
PEATED ABSORPTION-DESORPTION EXPERIMENT AND
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE PLANT. Hitachi Ship-
building Co. (Japan), p. 1420, 1969 (?). Translated from
Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 2p., Oct. 30,1969.
In bench-scale tests of the steam-generated activated charcoal
process, the removal rate of sulfur dioxide was observed with
and without air treatment. The air treatment, which comes
-------
26
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
between the desorption and absorption states, consists of
passing air containing water at 100-200 C through the absorp-
tion-desorption tower for one hr, followed by dry air for 30
min. The treatment enabled the charcoal to absorb 90% of the
sulfur dioxide even after repeated use. The apparatus and
operating conditions required for application of the activated
charcoal process to a 250,000 kWH power plant are noted.
19616
Ludwig, Gerhard
ENERGY IN THE CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM
PROCESSING INDUSTRY. MORE RECENT RESULTS IN
THE FIELD OF COAL TREATMENT. (Energie in der
chemischen und erdoelverarbeitenden Industrie. Neuere Ergeb-
nisse auf dem Gebiet der Kohlenveredlung). Text in German.
Brennstoff-Chem. (Essen), 50(l):Tl-4, Jan. 1969.
A review of three papers presented at the meeting of the Hard
Coal Mining Association in Essen between Oct. 29 and 30,
1968 is given. The first paper dealt with mining and coke
production; the second, with methods for reducing the sulfur
content in coal; and the third, with specific details of coking
plants (type of coke ovens, etc.). In the past few years, the
average sulfur content in the coal mined in the Ruhr Valley
amounted to 1.12%. The fraction of organically bound sulfur
amounted to 40%, and 60% of the total sulfur content is bound
to iron. There are wet and dry coal desulfurization methods.
Of the various wet methods, floatation was best suited for
removal of the pyrite grains with less than 0.5 mm diameter.
The wet-operating vibrating screen was best suited for pyrite
between 0.06 and 3 mm and the settling tank for material
above 1 mm. The dry methods are not as efficient as the wet
methods, but they are used in West Germany because 40% of
the hard coal ready for use is dry. With a magnetic separator
with a field strength of 18,000 gauss, the sulfur content in the
grain size class of 1 to 0.1 mm could be reduced from 2.8 to
1.6%. This was accompanied by a carbon loss of 14.9%. With
laundering, the sulfur content could be reduced, in favorable
cases, to 33.7% and in unfavorable cases to 76.2% of the intial
content.
19746
Langhoff, Josef and Werner Peters
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND EXPERIMENTS TO REDUCE
THE SULPHUR CONTENT IN COKE. (Moglichkeiten und
Versuche zur Verminderung des Schwefelgehaltes im Koks. I.).
Brennstoff-Chem. (Essen), 50(5): 149-154, 1969. 11 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 27p.,
April 3, 1970.
Sulfur occurs in coal in organically and inorganically bound
forms. The inorganically bound sulfur appears as pyrite and
markasite. About 65% of the coal-sulfur is organically bound.
There are several possibilities for lowering the sulfur content
in coke, including electrostatic and magnetic separation; treat-
ment with gaseous, fluid, and molten reagents; decomposition
by bacteria; introduction of solids or reducing or oxidizing
gases during the coking process; and thermal decomposition of
the coke. Another solution is the removal of the coal-sulfur by
reduction or hydration with hydrogen during pyrolysis. By
providing an excess of H2 at the moment of decomposition or
rearrangement of the sulfur compounds, the formation of
hydrogen sulfide and its simultaneous removal with the
volatile components is assisted. This method is particularly
well suited for the coking of fine coal in a rotating bed. Each
grain of coal or coke is surrounded by the reaction gas, the ef-
fective surface presented to the gas is much higher. The possi-
bility of H2S recombining with the solid particles to organi-
cally or inorganically bonded sulfur is limited by the rising ef-
fect of the carrier gas. Sulfur removal is better with an in-
creasing length of stay and gas speed and with a reducing coke
grain size. A temperature of about 800 C is optimal.
19852
Kamino, Yasumi, Shigenori Onizuka, Kenji Yasuda, Masaaki
Miyaji, and Yoshihiko Kawamura
REMOVAL OF SO2 GAS IN EXHAUST GAS BY STEAM-
GENERATED ACTIVATED CHARCOAL PROCESS (IT). AB-
SORPTION OF SO2 GAS IN EXHAUST GAS BY AC-
TIVATED CHARCOAL. Translated from Japanese. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
3p., Oct. 30, 1969.
In a comparative study of the absorptive efficiences of four
kinds of activated charcoal (AC-Q, AC-G1, AC-Sh, and AC-C)
for sulfur dioxide, the saturation value of absorption was
determined by thermal balance measurements. In addition, the
effects of gas velocity and SO2 concentration and water con-
tent on absorption were evaluated. The results show that AC-
Q is superior to the other activated charcoals and that the
removal rate of SO2 is a function of time of absorption and
volume of treated gas.
19859
Hirose, K., I. Yano, and S. Mikami
STUDY ON REFINING SULFUR BY FLUDDIZING METHOD.
(REPORT NO. 1). SO2 GAS REDUCTION IN A FLUIDIZED
BED. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi (J. Chem. Soc. Japan), 63(6) :906-
911, 1960. 15 refs. Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
20p., Nov. 5, 1969.
As part of a study of the refining of sulfur from pyrite ores by
fluidization, reduction of sulfur dioxide gas by coke in a
fluidized bed was investigated. The effects of reaction tem-
perature, gas composition, gas flow rate, and the volume of
coke on the reduction reaction were examined. Above 1000 C,
a 100% reduction of sulfur dioxide was obtained by prolonging
the period of gas-coke contact. However, hydrogen sulfide,
carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide were formed as the
result of simultaneous side reactions. These side reactions
were minimized by reducing the reaction temperature and ex-
tending the contact time still further, but sulfur yields were
not satisfactory. Complete conversion of sulfur dioxide to sul-
fur appears to require its reaction with hydrogen sulfide or
carbonyl sulfide. Experiments were also performed in a fixed
bed. The fixed bed data and the fluidized bed data were com-
pared and mathematically analyzed to determine the quantity
of sulfur dioxide reduced by the coke and the quantity
reduced by the carbon monoxide formed from the carbon
dioxide generated by the coke. The effect of flow conditions
on reduction rate coefficients is discussed.
19860
Tamura, Zensuke, Yukio Hishinuma, and Teruo Hisamura
DESULFURIZATION PROCESS OF FLUE GAS BY ACTIVE
CARBONS. (Kassaitanho hai gasu datsuryu). Hitachi Hyoron,
49(ll):53-57, Nov. 1967. 3 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa. Science Info
Services, 22p., Nov. 4, 1969.
In a Japanese process for desulfurizing flue gas, sulfur dioxide
is adsorbed by activated carbon which is regenerated by wash-
ing and drying. A standard operating cycle including adsorp-
tion, washing, and drying is 60 hrs. A 90% desulfurization rate
was obtained when the process was operated for about 2300
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
27
hrs (60 cycles) in a test plant. No weakening in the adsorptive
capacity of the carbon was observed and dilute concentrations
of 20% sulfuric acid were obtained continually from the wash-
ing water. The method is to be tested again in a large-scale
pilot plant. Advantages claimed include excellent flue-gas dif-
fusion, since the exothermic adsorption reaction maintains
stack temperatures in excess of 100 C, reclamation of sulfuric
acid and sulfates from the wash water, conservation by re-use
of washwater, and adaptability to existing boiler structures
without boiler modification. Several other dry methods of
desulfurization are also described.
19959
Hirose, R. and K. Uno
DESULFURIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS BY ACTIVATED
MANGANESE OXIDE. Karyoku Hatsuden (Thermoelectric
Power Generation), 18(4): 355-360, April 1967. Translated from
Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 17p., Dec. 3, 1969.
A method for removing sulfur dioxide from power plant emis-
sions by activated manganese oxide is described. The method
involves adding powdered activated manganese oxide to the
exhaust gas flow, then oxidizing the gas in a slurry containing
ammonia. The manganese oxide can be regenerated, and am-
monium sulfate is recovered as a by-product. The advantages
of this system include a high SO2 absorption rate; recycling of
the manganese oxide; low pressure drop; desirable operating
characteristics, and recovery of ammonium sulfate.
19972
Central Electric Experimental Station (Japan), SO2
Specializing (Limited) Dept
EXPERIMENTAL REPORT ON THE ELIMINATION OF
SULFUROUS ACID GAS BY INJECTION OF LIMESTONE
AT Mffi POWER STATION. (TEST RESULTS OF
LIMESTONE INJECTION AT MIE POWER STATION). Oct.
25, 1967. Translated from Japanese. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 57p., May 15,1970.
The results of a series of tests to determine the ability of
limestone powder to remove sulfur dioxide from power plant
effluent are discussed. Various conditions, such as making the
injection particles as small as possible, using limestone with
1% or more iron content, scattering the powder evenly in the
boiler, and placing injection points on the chimney where the
temperature is between 1000-1200 C, greatly enhanced the rate
of removal. With a ratio of limestone to crude oil of 15% by
weight, the removal efficiency is 50-60%. Dust accumulation
on the interior walls of the boiler, and especially on the reheat
tube, is great. Further work is required to eliminate this
problem. (Author abstract modified)
20090
Sato, Takeo
LOW SULFUR CRUDE OIL. (Teiio genyu). Text in Japanese.
Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo), 49(515): 116-
122, March 1970.
To meet new restrictions on the allowable sulfur content of
fuel, Japanese oil companies are increasing their imports of
low-sulfur crude and heavy oil and installing more plants for
the hydrodesulfurization of heavy oil. According to govern-
ment projections, the hydrosesulfurization facilities will be
required to have a capacity of 650,000 BSD by 1973. The
present capacity is 65,000 BSD. The current capacity of in-
direct desulfurization plants is 220,000 BSD. The ratio of low-
sulfur crude oils to the total volume of crude oils must in-
crease from 12% in 1968 to about 20% by 1973. Low-sulfur
crude oils, which account for more than 40% of worldwide
crude oil output, are effectively and cheaply desulfurized.
Judging from their present distribution status, however, it ap-
pears unlikely that Japan can substantially increase its imports.
It will instead have to rely on the costly desulfurization of
heavy oil.
20108
Kotera, Yoshihide
HYDRODESULFURIZATION OF FUEL OIL. (Juyu no
chokusetsu datsuryu ryudosho hoshiki). Text in Japanese.
Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo), 49)516):197-
205, April 1970. 9 refs.
The hydrodesulfurization of fuel oil is examined, and the
minor component in fuel oil is tabulated. Engineering problems
associated with the 'H-Oil' desulfurization process, performed
in a fluidized bed, are described in detail. Hydrodesulfuriza-
tion studies carried out by the Chemical Industrial Research
Institute in Tokyo are discussed with respect to both engineer-
ing problems and the choice of catalysts. Date is presented for
a 'moving bed' type of process that is expected to be useful in
commercial plants. The catalyst employed in this process is
Co-Mo-A1203, the properties and methods of preparation of
which are reviewed.
20223
Lemke, Kurt
PROCEDURE AND MECHANISM TO REDUCE THE PYRTTE
CONTENT OF COALS FOR THE PURPOSE OF REDUCING
THE SULFUR OXIDE CONTENT OF EXHAUST GASES.
(Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herabsetzung des Pyritgehaltes
von Kohle zwecks Verringerung des Schwefeloxydgehaltes von
Rauchgasen). (Bergwerksverband G. m. b. H., Essen, W. Ger-
many) W. German Pat. 1,247,981. 3p., Aug. 24, 1967. 5 refs.
(Appl. Dec. 12, 1964, 6 claims). Translated from German.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs. Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 7p., Aug. 10, 1969.
A process is described for the economic removal of pyrite
from the finest fractions of coal or pyrite-enriched coal dust.
It is based on the disintegration of coal into a light and essen-
tially pyrite-free component and a heavy pyrite-enriched com-
ponent, followed by the dry separation of the latter component
according to its density. In the separation process, thin layers
of coal dust are uniformly distributed across the entire width
of a vibrator-sluice and guided over it. The sluice comprises a
series of vibrating troughs which become successively more
narrow and deep. In the course of its path overthe troughs,
the coal-pyrite mixture spreads out into particles having the
same size but varying in weight according to their densities.
The pyrite components are collected in end plates attached to
the troughs; coal dust is passing over the plates. The collected
pyrite is removed by an optically controlled throughput device
which operates discontinuously, while the desulfurized coal
components are again combined with the light components.
The collected dust is used for coal-dust firing. The process has
applications both for the treatment of coking dust and the
desulfurization of fuel dust for coal firing.
20299
Tajiri, Kei
SCOPE OF FUEL OIL DESULFURIZATION FOR JAPANESE
REFINERS. (Juyu datsuryu no genjo to shorai). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo),
49(515): 123-130, March 1970.
-------
28
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
In response to requirements limiting the sulfur content of fuel
to 1.7 wt percent, Japanese refineries built topped crude desul-
furizers or vacuum gas oil desulfurizers. The refineries are
now endeavoring to determine the optimum operating condi-
tions of these desulfurizers to satisfy the more severe sulfur-
level requirement which is expected to be set at less than 1.5
percent in the near future. It is noted that no type of desul-
furizer can be economically operated at the current price level
of fuel oil. Moreover, reducing the sulfur level of fuel oil to
less than 1 wt percent will not solve the air pollution problem
in densely populated areas where the number of factories
burning oil is expected to double. New processes for produc-
ing more gaseous fuel must be explored.
20374
Chertkov, B. A.
MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR SO2 ABSORPTION
FROM GASES USING LIME SUSPENSIONS. (Koeffitsiyenty
massoperedachi pri pogloshchenii SO2 iz gazpv izvestkovymi
suspenziyami). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom. (Moscow),
no.7:67-70, 1962. 8 refs.
Data from pilot testing of a packed absorber designed for ex-
tracting sulfur dioxide from low-concentration gases using lime
suspensions are correlated. With an irrigation solution of pH
greater than 6, the resistance of the liquid phase becomes
negligible while the total coefficient of mass transfer may be
equated to the partial coefficient in the gaseous phase. The
coefficients of mass transfer vary proportionally to the first-
order change in linear gas flow rate. The dependence of the
mass-transfer coefficient on pH of the irrigation suspension
over the range 5.3-6.3 and on solid particle content over the
range 20-32 wt % is plotted.
20381
Juengten, H.
TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF THE REPORT BY THE
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION,
BALTIMORE OF SEPTEMBER 16, 1968; BASIC STUDIES
ON SULFUR CONTROL BY MEANS OF COAL GASIFICA-
TION. (Gutachten zum bericht der Scientific Research Instru-
ments Corporation, Baltimore vom 16 September 1968: Basic
Studies on Sulfur Control by Means of Coal Gasification).
Preprint, Bergbau - Forschung G. m. b. H., Essen-Kray, Ger-
many, 4p., March 31, 1969. Translated from German. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
9p., Sept. 19, 1969.
The technique and results of an experimental coal gasification
process are evaluated. Several modified equations are recom-
mended for computing back reactions: these suggest that a
limitation to a differential reactor or to a solid bed, in which
the concentration of the reacting gas remains constant over the
entire bed length, is useful. In interpreting measured results of
the gasification process, the following reactions are considered
significant: FeS2 + H2 in equilibrium with Fe + H2S at 600-
800 deg and the reaction of heterocyclically bound organic sul-
fur at 600 deg and higher. Further analysis is suggested to
determine whether the chemical reaction or the diffusion de-
cides the speed of the above reactions. It is also proposed that
CaO dolomitic lime and manganese oxide be considered as ac-
ceptors for the process, with reference made to U. S. patents
covering these acceptors.
20931
Earth, Walter
FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CLEANING
CAPACITY OF WATER DROPLETS. (Grundlegend Unter-
suchungen ueber die Reinigungsleistung von Wassertropfen).
Staub (Duesseldorf), vol. 19:175-180, MAY 1959. 12 refs.
Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 21p.
With wet cleaning, the dust-laden gas is mixed with water by
some method. In many cases, the water is atomized and in-
jected into a gas flow. These processes are of a hydrodynamic
nature, and can be theoretically examined. For a fundamental
analysis of the processes, an analytical approach is needed.
The cleaning capacity (in the form of the dimensionless
parameter as a function of the droplet size, at a gas velocity of
20 ml sec, and for various particle sizes of the dust carried
along) is graphically shown. The data indicate that there are
certain droplet sizes with which an optimum cleaning capacity
can be achieved. With very large and very small droplets, the
cleaning capacity becomes zero. The optimum droplet size
shifts to increasingly larger diameters with increasing particle
size of the dust. The influence of the gas velocity and the
droplet size on the cleaning capacity for a certain size of dust
particles is illustrated. The collection efficiency increases con-
siderably with increasing gas velocity for both large and small
droplets. The improvement in percent cleaning capacity
achieved through increasing the gas velocity is much higher
for fine dusts than for coarse dust particles. Some practical
conclusions for the construction of wet cleaning systems are
given.
21031
Brocke, W.
THE MAIN SOURCES FOR SO2-EMISSIONS. (Schwerpunkte
der SO2-Emissionen). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.)
Ber, no. 149:98-109, 1970. 26 refs.
Analysis of the emission sources for sulfur dioxide has shown
that emissions will continue to increase over West Germany
and in particular the Ruhr Valley until the year 2000. SO2 is
estimated to increase from about 3.65 million tons in 1969 to
4.5 million tons in 1980. Traffic and sulfuric acid plants will
decrease their emissions, as well as domestic heaters, but
power iron ore sintering plants will be major S02 emission
sources. To control these emissions, the sulfur content in
heavy fuel oil and to a lesser extent in hard coal must be
reduced. In industrial centers only low-sulfur or sulfur-free
fuels should be used. In hard coal-fired and sintering plants
the wasted gases ought to be desulfurized. Selection of an
adequate process should not only reduce the SO2 emissions
but also fluoride compounds, the oxides of nitrogen and poly-
cyclic aromatics.
21119
Remmers, Karl and Rolf Bingel
THE IMPORTANCE OF GAS DISTRIBUTION IN ELECTRO-
STATIC PRECIPITATORS. (Die Bedeutung der Gasverteilung
im Elektrofilter) Staub (Duesseldorf), vol. 19.-422U24, 1959. 5
refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, lip.
It is important to distribute the gas flow from the feed lines as
uniformly as possible over the cross section of the electro-
static precipitator with either horizontal or vertical flow ar-
rangement. To avoid collection efficiency losses with new
plants, it is advisable to conduct experiments with three-
dimensional models. In such models, the velocity distribution
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
29
over the precipitator cross section can be measured eaily with
a flowmeter. The collection efficiency as a function of the
flow velocity for a three-stage electrostatic precipitator is
shown. Velocity profiles in the precipitator model with gas dis-
tribution vanes and without installed gas distribution plates are
illustrated. Computation of the collection efficiency loss at
varying gas velocities in the invididual precipitator stages is
tabulated. For » filter with straight gas feed, the separation
loss is represented as a function of the number of gas distribu-
tor plates.
21324
Kato, Yujiro
PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON FILTER TYPE
DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM AT VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
(VI). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS IN THE METALWORK-
ING INDUSTRY. (Gyoshubetsu ni miru rokashiki shujin sochi
no keikaku to unten jisshi rei (VI). Kinzoku kogyo ni okeru
baggu firuta). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(10):663-668, Oct. 15, 1968.
The operational conditions of bag filters used for emission
control in the metalworking industry are illustrated by exam-
ples. In the zinc refining industry, bag filters are used at vari-
ous points. The baghouse for the independent electric power
plant which is provided to allow the exhausted material to cool
down is one example. Another is the baghouse for controlling
emissions from a smelting furnace exhaust. The applications of
bag filters to the aluminum industry is illustrated by the
baghouse used to control emissions from an alumina coveying
process. In a powdered lead manufacturing plant, a complete
dust collector has to be provided since the lead dust is ex-
tremely toxic and cannot be allowed to escape into the at-
mosphere. Complete hooding is also necessary. In the nonfer-
rous metal working industry, emissions are commonly worth
recovering. High efficient dust collectors are adequate for this
purpose. In the iron and steel industry, the collected material
from the exhaust is generally of little value, but dust collectors
are necessary for air pollution control. Their use is typified by
baghouses equipped for controlling emissions from electric-arc
steelmaking furnaces and from electric furnaces for ferro-alloy
manufacture. In the metal processing industry, bag filters are
also used for controlling emissions from various processes. An
example is the baghouse equipped for controlling emissions
from the finishing process of iron casting.
21643
Ohtsuka, Tadao, Osamu Shimoda, Teruo Yatabe, Kuinio
Sugino, and Kenji Tanaka ;
INJECTION TEST OF AMMONIA GAS AND DOLOMITE
POWDER INTO OIL-FIRED BOILER. Nippon Kokan Giho
(Tokyo), vol. 5:17-24, 1962. 7 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 26p., April 16,1970.
Tests were conducted to develop a means of counteracting the
accumulation of NH4HS04, a combustion by-product with a
low melting point, in the air-heater of oil-fired boilers. The
compoun is formed when ammonia gas is injected into the
combustion gas to neutralize sulfuric acid produced by the
combustion of sulfur- bearing fuels. The ammonia injection
temperature zone is an important factor in this method. Ac-
cordingly, ammonia injection was applied to a boiler in a ther-
mal power plant for one month, using an injection rate of
0.6/0.07 wt % of fuel oil fired, and an injection temperature
zone of -180 C in the flue gas. A satisfactory reduction of
NH4HSO4 accumulation was obtained under these operating
conditions. Experiments were also conducted on the effective-
ness of dolomite powder injection in reducing corrosion
caused by sulfuric acid in the combustion gas; using an air-
cooled corrosion probe, reduction of corrosion was observed
to begin at an injection level of 0.3 wt % of fuel ooil fired. In-
jection of fly ash also showed some potential as a low-cost
method of reducing corrosion. (Author summary modified)
21647
NIPPON KOKKAN KK-KOKO MODEL. BROCHURE
DESCRIBING AMMONIA SCRUBBING PILOT PLANT.
Translated from Japanese. Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 4p., April 22, 1970.
A pilot installation is described which simultaneously controls
a very high percentage of emissions of dust particles and 90 to
95% of sulfurous acid gas. The apparatus embodies a wet-
type, atmospheric vapor exchange method, in which liquid is
poured through an anti-corrosive synthetic net and spreads out
to form a film, through which the gases pass with a special
contact mechanism. With very little pressure loss, nearly in-
soluble gases are effectively absorbed. Gas that has been in-
ducted into the tower cannot leave without contacting the
treated solution, and since it makes contact repeatedly, the gas
absorption rate is greatly improved. Because pressure losses
are small, the cost of running the gas conduction blower is
reduced. Flexibility, ease of operation, and maintenance are
improved, and recovery of valuable particulates from the ga:
stream is facilitated. Applications include use in boilers, higl
temperature furnaces, control of sulfurous gas from oil-burn
ing fuel systems, odor counteraction, and gas recovery an<
heat exchange in the chemical and oil industries.
21886
Brocke, W.
SOOT SEPARATION AT OIL FIRED FURNACES. (Rus
sabscheidung bei Oelfeuerungen). Text in German. VDI (Ver.
Deut. Ingr.) Ben, no. 149:279-285, 1970. 19 refs.
Fuel oil consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany in-
creased from 17.9 million tons in 1965 to 21.4 million tons in
1968, with the power plants alone accounting for about 25% of
this amount. A heavy fuel oil-fired boiler emits between 0.23
to 8 kg dust/ton of oil. During normal operation the dust con-
tains 90 to 95% of combustible matter, during soot blowing 75
to 93%. Dust concentrations between 15 and 400 mg/cu Nm
could be measured in the waste gas during normal operation,
and between 1000 and 10,000 mg/cu Nm during soot blowing.
The gas contained 12% by weight sulfuric acid. Of the dust
particles, 80% had diameters of less than 20 microns, with 20
to 30% having diameters less than 5 microns. Dust emission
measurements taken at four oil-fired boilers (16 to 20 tons/h)
revealed that centrifugal separators reduced the emissions
from between 46 to 55 mg/cu Nm to between 24 and 40 mg/cu
Nm during normal operation, and from 1050 to 1870 mg/cu
Nm to between 104 and 174 mg/cu Nm during soot blowing.
Better results can be achieved with electrostatic precipitators.
but they are considerably more expensive.
21893
Lowicki, Norbert, Gemot Hanig, and Klaus Husmann
THE - WASTE GAS - SULFUR - PROCESS. REPORT ON
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL
OF SULFUR FROM FLUE GASES. Grillo-Werke A. G.,
Duisburg-Hamborn (West Germany), Oct. 1969. Translated
from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 68p.,
March 30, 1970.
The difficulty of the removal of sulfur from waste gases varies
according to the origin of the waste gas. Waste gases of steam
-------
30
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
boiler plants precipitate rather uniformly with respect to quan-
tity temperature, and composition. On the other hand, sinter
waste gases contain additional metal oxide smoke which can
complicate the process of sulfur removal. Thus, the process
selected should have no sensitivity to disturbing gas com-
ponents and should have versatility with respect to the absorp-
tion of any of the sulfur compounds coming under considera-
tion. A desulfurization process was developed which is an ab-
sorption process with thermal regeneration of the charge ab-
sorbent. The process principle selected is based on the reac-
tion of oxide compounds between a basic and an amphoteric
heavy metal component. The presence of a compound Mg6M-
nO8 has been proven using X-ray structure investigation; the
presence of a compound MgSMnOS is also probable. In this
combustion, the basic component is used as the actual absor-
bent and the heavy metal component as the oxygen donor.
This has the effect of increasing the total activity of the mix-
ture. For the same reason, the absorption of hydrogen sulfide
from waste gas is also made possible. In the thermal regenera-
tion of the charge mass, both components protect each other
reciprocally against daactivation. Economic aspects were a pri-
mary consideration in the selection of the desired components
for the absorption mass. This eliminated elements like Cr, V,
Mo, and Zn. Though Ca and Mg were practical, Fe and Mn
were selected because of the rapid formation and stability of
the oxide compounds between them as well as the inactivity
during absorption. All chemical and process-technological pre-
dictions made on the basis of laboratory experiments were
confirm. For oil-fired steam boiler plants, flue gas desulfuriza-
tion plants ready for practical use can be set up and operated.
Capital outlays and operational costs are given for an oil-fired
300 MW power plant, in addition to total annual operational
costs. A particular advantage of this process is that the charge
mass can be regenerated by various desulfurization systems at
a central location.
22061
Akamatsu, K.
OZONE OXIDATION OF DIMETHYL SULFIDE AND
DEODORIZING OF KP BLOW-GAS. (Jimechiru sarufaido no
ozonsanka to KP burogasu no mushuka ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kami-pa Gikyoshi (J. Japan. Tech. Assoc. Pulp
Paper Ind.), 22(4):200-204, April, 1968. 7 refs.
The main cause of obnoxious odor from kraft pulping (KP) is
in the sulfur compounds that arise in the process. Sulfur com-
pounds in reduced form are odoriferous whereas those in ox-
idized form are either odorless or just irritants. Tables are
presented on the amount of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) that can
be retrieved from KP black liquor at various temperatures and
with different amounts of Na2S added. Different quantities of
organosulfur compounds released in KP of different types of
trees are listed for various pulping conditions. In general, the
broad-leaved trees yield more odorant substances than do the
coniferous trees. The data were obtained by a process similar
to the theoretical method, and the quantity of organosulfur
compounds from real KP process is probably much smaller.
The gaseous sulfur loss balance sheet for two factories in the
South (U. S.) show that most of the sulfur released is in the
H2S emitted from the recovery furnace, followed by sulfur
dioxide gas and DMS. A brief description of a process for
deodorizing DMS by ozone oxidation is given. However, un-
less inexpensive methods are found for the production of
ozone, the method is still far from application.
22074
Ishihara, Yoshimi, Chuhel Asakawa, and Hisashi Fukuzawa
REMOVAL OF SO2 IN COMBUSTION GAS BY INJECTING
POWDERS OF LIMESTONE, CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, AND
DOLOMITE. Electric Power Industry, Tokyo (Japan), Central
Lab., Ip. 1 ref. Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 3p.,
Nov. 11, 1969.
As determined by laboratory experiments, sulfur dioxide
evolved in a small combustion furnace is removed at an equal
rate by limestone, calcium hydroxide, and dolomite powders.
The reactivity of SO2 with limestone is improved by adding
ochre to the powder or using a lime containing more than one
percent iron. In the case of calcium hydroxide, a higher SO2
removal rate is obtained by injecting the compound in slurry
rather than powdered form.
22291
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Hiroshima (Japan),
Hiroshima Experiment Station
GAS ABSORPTION CAPACITY OF VENTURI SCRUBBER.
(Ventsuri skurraba ni yoro gusu kyushu). Mitsubishi Heavy In-
dustry, Ltd., Tech. Rev., 3(3): 1-7, 1966. 11 refs. Translated
from Japanese. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 26p.,
May 23, 1970.
The effect of a venturi scrubber on the gaseous effluent of a
power plant is described. Special characteristics of the
scrubber, and the nature of flow of the scrubbing liquid are
discussed. The scrubbing liquid consists in part of limestone,
manganese oxide, and water. Previous experiments on the
capacity of the venturi scrubber as a gas absorbent are limited
by small scale installations. The experiment described is con-
ducted on a scaled-up version of a fuel-oil boiler. The effect of
operating variables on each factor of gas absorbing capacity is
analyzed. Graphic illustrations of changes in one parameter in
terms of another one are included.
22400
Vedernikov, V. G. and V. F. Maksimov
SOME PROBLEMS IN THE DEODORIZATION OF GAS
DISCHARGES IN THE SULFATE-CELLULOSE INDUSTRY.
(Nekotorye voprosy dezodoratsii gazovykh vybrosov sul'fat-
no-tsellyuloznogo proizvodstva). Tr. Tsellyul. Bum. Prom., vol.
13:148-154, 1964. 10 refs. Translated from Russian. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
13?)., Nov. 11, 1969.
The use of uncondensed exhaust gases as a deodorizing agent
in the sulfate-cellulose industry is discussed. Mercaptan and
hydrogen sulfide trapping methods are described. A sulfane
production system which employs condensation, scrubbing,
absorption, and a methanol bath is considered. Experiments
with black liquor oxidation are conducted in an attempt to
solve deodorizing problems. The industrial method of obtain-
ing dimethylsulfoxide from the toxic sulfur-containing
discharge dimethylsulfide is discussed. Gases uncondensed by
water discharged by the digestion works must be combined
and directed into an absorption chamber. On evaporation of
black alkalies, H2S and methyl mercaptan are isolated as a
consequence of the hydrolysis of sodium sulfide and sodium
mercaptide contained in the black alkali. Deodorization in the
soda section with an electrofilter and a scrubber is feasible,
but requires corrosion resistant conduit.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
31
22497
Aliev, A. G.
URGENT QUESTIONS CONCERNING VERDANT
PLANTINGS IN THE CITY OF BAKU. In: American Institute
of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Ef-
fects and Symptoms of Air Pollutes on Vegetation; Resistance
and Susceptibility of Different Plant Species in Various
Habitats, In Relation to Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts and
as Biological Indicators. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), vol. 2, Silver
Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology 1969, p. 76-
78. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR Ural Filial Komis. po Okhrane
Prirody. Rastitel'nost i promyshlennye zagrazneniya. Okhrana
Prirody na Urale. V (Sverdlovsk), 1966, p. 177-179.) As a
result of many years of selection and utilization of drought- re-
sistant woody and herbaceous plants, the city of Baku in the
USSR has been transformed into one of the most verdant ci-
ties. Air pollution by noxious gases, smoke, and dust must be
combated. In the spring and summer, the leaves and shoots of
plants turn gray because of dust and soot. Ash particles accu-
mulate in leaf stomata, interfering with the normal plant trans-
piration. The air under the trees is dusty and breathing is dif-
ficult. In these conditions, the usefulness of green plantings to
man is greatly reduced. The flowers of shrubs and herbaceous
plants must be washed off by sprinkling. This removes the
soot and dust, moistens the air and soil, thereby providing
favorable conditions for normal plant development, while en-
riching the air with water vapor and oxygen. Suggestions are
given for improving the green plantings of hospitals and
sanatariums in the Baku area.
22560
Aurielle, R.
THE ELECTRICAL DE-DUSTING EXPERIMENTAL IN-
STALLATION OF THE CHATOU TEST AND RESEARCH
CENTER. (L'installation experimentale de depoussierage elec-
trique du centre de recherches et d'essais de Chatou). Bull.
Centre Rech. Essais, Chatou (France), no. 18:63-72, 1966. 10
refs. Translated from French. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 15p., Oct. 29, 1969.
A prototype electrostatic precipitator for thermal power-sta-
tion smoke has two electric fields in a series, each constituting
an electro-filter with collecting and emitting electrodes. The
collecting electrodes are plates connected to the positive pole;
the emitting electrodes are wires connected to the negative
pole. The d-c potential difference between the plates and wires
ionizes the air around the wires by corona effect. During their
passage between the electrodes, dust particles are electrically
charged by the ions or by molecular diffusion according to
their size. The charged particles are attracted by the oppositely
charged collecting surfaces on which they come to rest. The
electrodes are hammered or vibrated to free them of deposited
dust, which falls by gravity into receiving hoppers. The effi-
ciency of the filter, defined as the ratio of the weight of cap-
tured dust to the weight of dust entering the device, depends
on the electrode hammering and on the erosion of the
deposited dust layer. To determine efficiency, soot deposits
are weighed and, to find the mass of unretained soot, the con-
centration is measured at a point upstream of the electro-filter.
Preliminary tests of the filters are in progress at a special ex-
perimental center.
22620
Podgorow, N. W.
PLANTINGS AS DUST FILTERS. (Die staubfilternde Rolle
von Anpflanzungen). Les. Khoz., vol. 20:39-40, 1967. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 7p.,
June 1, 1970.
The needles of pine trees and the leaves of birch and aspen
trees were studied to determine their effectiveness as dust fil-
ters. Leaves of identical appearance retain dust differently de-
pending on their specific location. Leaves from inside the
crown were covered with more dust than the leaves from the
periphery of the crown. The ability of pine needles to act as
dust filters is also a function of their age. Three-year old nee-
dles located inside the crown detain more dust than needles
from the outside after one year. The morphological structure
of the leaves also influences their dust-retaining ability. The
pores of pine needles form depressions resulting in an uneven
surface which retains dust. Birch and aspen leaves, however,
are sufficiently mobile so that the wind can remove the
deposited dust. Plantings growing in the vicinity of the city of
Leningrad retain 80.1% of the precipitation/surface of ground
dust. From this quantity, up to 40.2% can be attributed to pine
needles. The investigations thus showed that the pine is a good
retainer of dust, and should be included in the plantings of
parks and wooded areas near an industrial center.
22671
Pradei, Y.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE DUST-REMOVING DEVICES OF
THE PORCHEVILLE POWER STATION RESULTS OB-
TAINED. (Perfectionnements apportes aux depoussiereurs de
la centrale de Porcheville resultats obtenus). Rev. Gen. Ther-
mique (Paris), March 1963, 16p. Translated from French.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 34p., Nov. 3, 1969.
The Porcheville Power Station consists of four 125 MW units,
each equipped with a combined mechanical and electrostatic
dust-removing device. These units were placed in operation
between March 1956 and April 1957. The original dust-remov-
ing devices proved to be insufficient, the efficiencies falling to
less than 70% under maximum load conditions. A series of
modifications were undertaken to improve the efficiency of
the devices. These included increasing the time during which
the gases remain in the electrostatic precipitator, changing the
location of the mechanical collector, cleaning and adjusting the
electrodes, improving the soot flow and air-tightness of the
chambers, and modifying the electric supply. These changes
resulted in a 20 point increase in efficiency; this corresponds
to an approximate 5 to 1 reduction in the amount of dust
discharged into the atmosphere. The present objective is to
maintain the dust-removing devices in good operating condi-
tion by keeping the electrodes clean, accomplishing an op-
timum adjustment of the rectifier voltage, limiting the number
of emitting electrode breakages, and obtaining a perfect ad-
justment of all mechanical parts of the devices. After the
completion of the work in progress, efficiencies of 96% for
maximum boiler load and 98% for normal production condi-
tions will be possible. Of particular interest was the benefit ob-
tained by relocating the multicyclones downstream from the
electrostatic precipitators. Prior to the relocation the precipita-
tors received only small particles which formed a tightly cling-
ing coating on the electrodes which resisted cleaning agitation.
When the relocation of the multicyclones permitted the
precipitator to receive larger particles, these interrupted the
surface of the coating on the electrodes sufficiently to greatly
improve cleaning efficiencies.
-------
32
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
22957
Sano, Hiroshi and Yoshie Nakamoto
ABSORPTION OF SO2 GAS. (Aryusan gasu no kyusyu).
Osaka Engineering Station (Japan), lp., 1969 (?). Translated
from Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia,
Pa., Science Info. Services, 2p., Oct. 1969.
Various sulfur dioxide-absorbing solvents were examined in
terms of water solubility and oxidation losses. The types of
solvents tested were DMSO, DMF, dioxan, cellosolve,
puidine, phenol-ether, and hydrocarbons. Good SO2-absorbent
solvents do not mix well with water and are either neutral or
acidic. Phenol-ether such as anisol are good absorbents.
22961
Novotny, Pavel
FLUID-BED COMBUSTION OF SOLID AND LIQUID FUELS
AND WASTES. (Fluidni spalovani tuhych a kapaplnych paliv
a odpadu). Inst. Fuel Research, no. 14, 59p., 1969. 42 refs.
Translated from Czech. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.,
57p., Jan. 30, 1970.
Fluid-bed combustion generally describes the oxidation reac-
tion that takes place in the fluid layer. The fuels used can be
solid, liquid, gaseous, or any combination of these. Some basic
observations concerning fluid-bed technology are made. The
basic types of fluid-beds are described. The theory of opera-
tion of the fluid-bed involves turbulent fluid flow and mass
exchange. Mathematical relationships of fluid-bed phenomenon
are determined. Fluid-bed combustion has the potential ability
to effectively bind oxides of sulfur to alkaline additives by a
drying method. It can also utilize a greater size range of coal
fuel, and it reduces the ash content in the effluent. Designs of
various fluid-bed reactors are given. Research into the com-
bustion properties of various fuels is discussed.
23002
Morikawa, Takaaki and Isao Fujita
CLOSED SYSTEM ODOR REMOVAL PLANT FOR ANIMAL
FIBERS, RUBBISH AND FATS. (Senkuzu, niber, jushi nado
no mippeihoshiki ni yoru kanze dasshu no puranto). Text in
Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan),
l(l):61-65, April 20, 1970.
Manufacturers of cooking oil and livestock feed have been the
biggest producers of odor in the community. A disposal plant
was established to improve the waste quality and to solve the
odor problem at the the same time. Raw animal fat of high
quality and with 75% oil content is attractive from the stand-
point of oil and fat processing. Other animal rubbish and fibers
consist of as much as 50% water and gelatine and are rather
hard to be utilized for oil and fat processing and also for
livestock feed. The main efforts were directed to eliminate the
drawbacks of the conventiona type of open kilns. The local
overheating of the kiln due to the oilburner it uses scorches
the materials and results in poor-qualit oil and fat byproducts.
The merit of the currently devised plant can be characterized
as its closed system. The kiln designed to collect odor bearing
vapor and to send it to a pressure reducer where the emission
gas is mixed with water for dilution effect. Th material can be
treated to a better quality under reduced pressure along with
less temperature variation according to the kind of raw materi-
als being processed. Odor contained in the vapor can be
reduced. The flowchart of this closed system plant and related
data are presented.
23079
Sorokin, Yu. L., L. N. Demidova, and U. P. Kuz'min
PRINCIPLES OF DROP SEPARATION FROM VAPOR OR
GAS STREAMS. (O nekotorykh zakonomernostyakh separat-
sii kapel' iz potoka para ili gaza). Text in Russian. Khim. i
Neft. Mashinostr., no. 8:20-22, Aug. 1968. 19 refs.
Some separator designs for removing liquid drops from vapor
or gas streams are compound, and the most promising of these
as measured b allowable velocities and residual vapor moisture
is determined. Separation devices are, in effect, packings
which are inserted into the top section of apparatus in the
form of a horizontal layer 80 to 200 m high. Systems tested in-
clude air-water, air-kerosene, air-water-sodium oxide solution,
and steam-water. Vertical and inclined baffle separators can be
considered to be the most promising and can be recommended
for wide application since they operate at very high inlet
velocities and provide the same or somewhat lower residual
moisture as horizontal baffle separators, Raschig ring
packings, and standard meshes. (Author abstract modified)
23136
Vorobev, D. D., A. P. Sergeev, V. G. Balanov, R. I.
Davidzon, V. L. Vodolazhchenko, V. P. Mikhno, and L. N.
Tyutyunnik
DUST ARRESTOR PERFORMANCE AND DUST HANDLING
IN COKE DRY-COOLING PLANT. Coke Chem. (USSR) (En-
glish translation from Russian of: Koks i Khun.), no. 1:20-21,
1970.
At a coke dry-cooling plant in the Soviet Union, dust is
removed from circulating gas to a dust-settling hopper before
the gas stream enters the waste heat boiler and again in
cyclones before it enters the exhaust fan. By fitting the hopper
with high-strength chamotte baffles, the average dust content
of the gas entering the cyclones was reduced to 3-4 g/cu m
compared to 4-6 g/cu m when the baffles were supported by
welded steel girders faced with guniting material. Erosion of
the cyclones was checked by lining internal surfaces of all
conical sections with cast stone slabs. Coke breeze and dust
from the hoppers and cyclones is discharged through a sludge
pipeline to a settling tank on a quenching tower. Blockage of
the pipe was reduced by increasing its angle of inclination and
the addition of more wash down nozzles along its length.
23249
Chertkov, B. A.
CONVERSION OF AMMONIUM SULFITE-BISULFITE
SOLUTIONS TO AMMONIUM SULFATE AND ELEMENTA-
RY SULFUR. (Pererabotka rastvorov sul'fit- bisul'fita am-
moniya na sul'fat ammoniya i elementarnuyu seru). Koks i
Khim., no. 1:48-53, 1956. 9 refs. Translated from Russian.
Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 9p. CF-
STI: TT69-55059
There is wide interest in utilizing ammonium sulfite-bisulfite
solutions to produce ammonium sulfate fertilizer since the
solution can be converted to sulfate without expenditure of
sulfuric acid. Furthermore, sulfur-containing waste' gases pro-
vide an unlimited source of ammonium sulfite-bisulfite. In the
'catasulf process,' hydrogen sulfide from coke oven gas is
catalytically oxidized to sulfur dioxide, which is then absorbed
•together with ammonia to form the sulfite-bisulfite mixture.
The latter is processed in an autoclave at high temperature to
ammonium sulfate and elementary sulfur. Disadvantages of the
process are that the decomposition of the sulfite-bisulfite mix-
ture in the autoclave has to be performed at high pressure and
that the autoclave must be made of heat resistant materials. As
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
33
determined by a kinetic study of the process, decomposition
of the ammonium sulfite-bisulfite solutions to ammonium
sulfate and elemental sulfur can be performed within a techni-
cally acceptable time (1.5 hr) in an open apparatus under nor-
mal pressure. For this purpose, the solution must be
vigorously mixed in the first stage of the process with a large
excess of sulfur, and at the same time heated to 100-105 deg to
accelerate the formation of intermediate ammonium
thiosulfate. After the required thiosulfate concentration is
reached, the solution must be acidified (with H2S04 or SO2) to
convert the residual sulfite to bisulfite and to accomplish
complete decomposition of the solution. Pilot-plant tests of the
technique could result in the early application of more effi-
cient methods of purifying sulfur-containing gases, including
techniques for the simultaneous utilization of NH3 and H2S
from coke oven gas.
23251
SOVIET SCIENTISTS DISCUSS AIR POLLUTION. NTO-
SSSR, no. 12: 16-18, 1968. In: Commentary in Soviet Periodi-
cals on Environmental Pollution. Translated from Russian.
Joint Publications Research Service, Washington, D.C., p. 30-
36, April 1970. CFSTI: PB 190788
A discussion of air pollution in the Soviet Union is presented.
Automobile emissions are not as serious a problem in Russia
as they are in the United States, particularly California. Stack
gases are being filtered to remove the particulates. Sulfur diox-
ide can be removed by desulfurization of fuel, by utilizing high
chimneys, by replacing sulfur-containing fuel with natural gas,
and by reacting the sulfur with other chemicals to capture it.
Two methods of capturing the sulfur are the cyclical magnesite
and the ammonium autoclave methods. A description of these
methods is given, including their shortcomings. Filtering
petroleum at the refinery and treating the resulting hydrogen
sulfide by the Klaus method would be an expedient way to
handle the problem. Catalytic oxidation methods for treating
hydrogen sulfide are described. Hydrocarbons are generally
controlled by either absorption or adsorption. Filtering of
waste gases and ventilation of large quantities of air are ex-
pensive processes. If they can be avoided by improving other
operations, considerable economic savings will be realized.
23262
Ito, Akio, Tadao Shirasawa, Tomio Ohyanagi, and Yukio
Tamori
PACKED COAL BED AS A DUST COLLECTOR (II). Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):98-1001 1967.
Translated from Japanese. 8p.
Dust collection using packed coal was studied for treatment of
the exhaust of coal-fired furnaces and incinerators. The coal
from which smoke was collected was fed into a combustion
chamber, so that no dust trapping device was needed and
operation could be achieved with only a single collector.
Generally, in the case of filtration, collection efficiency is un-
proved due to the deposition of smoke on the filter. However,
the flow rate of gases is reduced due to thickening of the
smoke layer, provided that the power of the suction or blower
is maintained constant. Consequently, it is uncertain whether
the rise of collection efficiency was due to formation of the
dust layer or to the reduction of flow rate. In this experiment,
the equipment was improved so that both effects could be
separately evaluated. An experimental equation of pressure
loss and collection efficiency was derived for a nearly uniform
size of coal layer which was produced by sieving. An experi-
ment was also conducted on packed beds of spherical active
carbon and glass spheres in order to elucidate the feature of
the coal bed in comparison with the above two standard beds.
In this type of collector, the amount of coal employed for dust
collection and that consumed for the combustion was
balanced; this requirement imposed restrictions on the
thickness of packed bed, flow rate of exhaust gas, area of
beds, and interval for replacement of coal. For a given coal
consumption, the gas flow rate was roughly determined, and
the area of the bed was derived from the optimum face
velocity. Beds of 7 and 14 cm thickness were tested. On deter-
mining the optimum thickness of the beds, the interval of time
for the replacement of coal was derived. This procedure pro-
vided the standard for practical design of a coal bed. The
smoke-laden gas of fixed volume was drawn through circular
filters up- and downstream of the smoke collector, and the
amount of smoke was determined by measurement of light
reflectivity of the filter surface on which the smoke was
deposited.
23263
Okita, Toshiichi and Masahiko Enomoto
REMOVAL OF SO2 BY FILTER IMPREGNATED WITH AL-
KALI. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
2(1):98-100, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 8p.
The superiority of filters impregnated with chemicals for col-
lecting and analyzing atmospheric trace gases has led to ex-
perimentation of the above principle in the removal of gases.
The removal of sulfur dioxide from air was tested using
Philedon and Bonden filters impregnated with alkali. PI5/500
Philedon and No. 291 Bonden filters were soaked in 20% aque-
ous solutions of alkalis such as NaOH, KOH, and Na2CO3,
with 10% of glycerine added, and dried at 80 C. The filter was
fitted to a wind tunnel and its collection efficiency was mea-
sured for an SO2 concentration on the order of 10 ppm. The
face velocity through the filter ranged from 46 to 96 cm/sec;
pressure drop across the filter was 1 mm of H2O. Collection
efficiency by the Bonden filter was 60 - 70%. Efficiency by
the Philedon filter was initially almost 100% but the efficiency
gradually dropped with prolonged operation of the filter. The
rate of reduction of efficiency was largest with the filter im-
pregnated with Na2CO3. With the filters impregnated with
NaOH and KOH, nearly equal reductions of efficiency were
observed. Although the experimental values were scattered for
individual filters, the collection efficiency was still 80% even
after 10 ml of SO2 was collected on 1 sq cm of the filter,
which corresponded to the collection of 0.1 ppm of SO2 for
about 500 hours with a face velocity of 50 cm/sec. No varia-
tion of efficiency with humidity was observed for the experi-
mental range of 60 to 82%.
23264
Adachi, Noriyoshi, Makoto Kimura, and Seiko Hashimoto
ELECTRIC FILTRATION OF SO2. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):98-100, 1967. Translated from
Japanese. 8p.
To develop equipment for the removal of sulfur dioxide in flue
gas, a wet-type electric precipitator was constructed and a
basic study of electric filtration of SO2 was performed. Liquid
was dropped along the inside wall of a glass cylinder of 35 mm
inner diameter. The corona electrode was placed at the center
of the cylinder and voltage was applied between the corona
electrode and the liquid surface. A known concentration of
SO2 gas was introduced from the bottom of the cylinder,
passed through the corona discharge, and was taken out from
the top of the cylinder. Sampling of SO2 was in accordance
with Japan Industrial Standard JIS-KO103-1963; titration was
employed for the analysis of SO2. As SO2 is an electronega-
-------
34
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
live gas on which electrons are easily attached, its collection
efficiency was increased at a corona starting voltage of 5 kV
and the efficiency was constant with voltages larger than a
certain value. The collection efficiency was always higher with
a negative corona electrode voltage than with a positive one.
With positive voltage above a certain level, collection was not
achieved steadily. A flow rate of about 100 ml/min. was most
adequate. Gas collection efficiency was greater than 95% with
an applied voltage of 9 kV and SO2 concentration below
0.45%. In the preceding results, water was employed as the
collection medium. Further experiments were conducted using
a 5% aqueous solution of Na2CO3 and a 10% aqueous solution
of sulfuric acid. The collection efficiency was reduced with
the increase of SO2 concentration; this tendency was more
pronounced with the sulfuric acid solution. With a voltage of 7
kV, the efficiency with the Na2CO3 solution was almost
100%, whereas with the sulfuric acid solution it was only 35%.
23303
Kiyoura, Raisaku, Haruo Kuranuma, and Yoshisuke Uenishi
RECOVERY OF AMMONIUM SULPHATE FROM SULPHUR
DIOXIDE IN HOT FLUE GASES. (X). EFFECT OF DUST ON
THE CATALYST ACTIVITY. (Ryuan nado o fukusei suru
Endohaigasu no jyogaiho. (X). Syokubaiso ni hirai suru dasuto
no syokubai kassei ni ataeru eikyo ni tsuite). Tokyo Inst. of
Tech. (Japan), p. 1425, 1969 (?). Translated from Japanese.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 2p., Oct. 28, 1969.
In a desulfurization system designed to recover ammonium
sulfate, the possibility of dust passing through the collector
system and poisoning the catalyst was investigated. An amount
of dust equal to 3, 6, and 12% of the total weight of the
catalyst (roughly the amount thought to have collected in a
period of 3 to 12 months) was sprinkled on the catalyst and
flue gas was passed over the catalyst at a stack velocity of
3000 and 6000 1/min at a temperature of 350- 450 C. No signifi-
cant affect on the catalyst was observed.
23307
Kiyoura, Raisaku, Hiroshi Kubota, Haruo Kuronuma,
Yoshisuke Uenishi, and Masayoshi Ueki
RECOVERY OF AMMONIUM SULPHATE FROM SULPHUR
DIOXIDE IN HOT FLUE GASES (VIII). KINETIC EQUA-
TION FOR THE OXIDATION OF DILUTE SO2 GAS. (Ryuan
nado o fukudei suru Endohaigasu no jyogaiho (VIII). Kihadu
SO2 gasu sanka no hanno sokudoshiki ni tsuite). Tokyo Inst.
of Tech. (Japan), p. 396, 1968 (?). Translated from Japanese.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 2p., Oct 27, 1969.
Oxidation of mixtures of sulfur dioxide (0.1 to approximately
0.4%) and oxygen (1 to approximately 4%) was studied with a
V205-K2S04 catalyst, and a kinetic expression was determined
for the oxidation. The experimental values are in good agree-
ment with the values calculated form the expression, which as-
sumes that the rate-determining step is the surface reaction
2S02 yields SO2 + SO and that SO2 is adsorbed on the sur-
face.
23368
Yamamoto, Kyoko and Michiharu Seki
ADSORPTION OF SO2 BY CARBON ADSORBENT (H).
CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF SO2 ON THE SURFACE OF
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL. (Tansokei kyuchakuz no SO2
kyuchaku (dia 2-ho). Kasseitan hyomen ni okeru SO2 no ses-
syoku sanka hanno). Hitachi Manufacturing Co. (Japan), Cen-
tral Inst., p. 1419, 1968 (?). Translated from Japanese. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
2p., Oct. 27,1969.
Measurements of the state of adsorption of sulfur dioxide on
activated charcoal demonstrated the partial existence of physi-
cal adsorption when SO2 was adsorbed at 100 C with water
and oxygen. Most of the adsorbed SO2 was extracted (above
180 C) as SO4(-2) with water, the remainder with H202. Since
the same results were obtained with charcoal samples that ad-
sorbed H2S04 directly, SO2 appears to exist as SO3 or H2S04
on the surface of charcoal. Sulfur dioxide with 02 and H20 had
a greater tendency to be adsorbed as H2S04 than did SO2 with
02 alone or H20 alone, and the speed of the reaction was
faster. The implication of this finding for adsorption of SO2 in
exhaust gas is noted.
23575
Sieth, J.
REPORT ABOUT MEASUREMENTS OF WASTE GAS AT
THE GRILLO DE- SULFURIZATION INSTALLATION AT
UNION RHEINISCHE BRAUNKOHLEN- KRAFTSTOFF AG.
FIRM IN WESSELING. Bericht uber Abggasmessungen an
der Grillo-Entschwefelungsanlage bei der Firma Union
Rheinische Braunkohlen-Kraftstoff AG. in Wesseling). Lan-
desanstalt fuer Imissions-und Bodennutzunsschutz des Landes
Nordhein-Westfalen, 46p., 1970. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 31p., Sept. 9, 1970.
Research involving a stack gas cleaning operation for particu-
lates, fluorine, and desulfurization is described. Sulfur trioxide
and sulfur dioxide quantitites remaining hi the treated gas are
measured. Treatment consists of dry alkaline additives, fol-
lowed by cyclones and scrubbers. Stack samples are taken at
four points; the methods and equipment are described. Ac-
cording to fluorine measurements, the optimum fluorine reduc-
tion is achieved in the desulfurization installation. No amounts
of sulfur trioxide are detectable in the treated gas when the
proper amount of desulfurizer is used.
23690
Atsukawa, Masumi, Korechiko Nishimoto, and Kazhurio
Matsumoto
REMOVAL OF SO2 FROM WASTE GASES. Mitsubishi Juko,
2(2):83-92, 1965. Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
43p., Nov. 12, 1969.
Economic and engineering problems to be resolved before ap-
plication of wet methods of removing SO2 from waste gases
are reviewed. Selection of a removal process is shown to be
influenced by the limit of absorption, the velocity of the reac-
tion, and the price of the absorbent. For instance, it is difficult
to use organic solvents or basic aluminate sulfate on gases
containing less than one percent SO2. The price of,the absor-
bent comes into question because of the large losses when the
SO2 content of a gas is low. Organic solvents and ammonia,
for example, are easily lost because of their high vapor pres-
sures. Another factor to be considered is the demand for and
prices of compounds recovered from SO2 gases. Consumption
in 1963 of recovered ammonium sulfate, sulfur, sulfuric acid,
gypsum, sodium sulfate, and sodium sulfite are summarized in
tabular form, as are the amounts of SO2 emitted by power
plants, sulfuric acid plants, and nonferrous metal refineries.
Variations in Japanese consumption of the by-products are il-
lustrated graphically. The characteristics and pilot-plant data
of four wet absorption methods are also presented. The
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
35
methods are an ammonium process applicable to high-tempera-
ture gases from sulfuric acid manufacture, a manganese ox-
yhydroxide process with recovery of ammonium sulfate,
limestone processes with or without recovery of gypsum, and
a red mud method. In the latter the mud discharged when alu-
mina is extracted from bauxite is the absorbent. It is feared
that the methods are not applicable to power plants because of
the following obstacles: generation of white smoke, decrease
in the diffusability of the smoke, and corrosion inside chim-
neys. It is hoped these disadvantages can be overcome by a
dry method now under testing. In this method, a solid absor-
bent is contacted with a gas at 100-140 C and the absorbent
regenerated.
23873
Tanaka, Kusuyata, Tsuyoshio Yamada, Atsumi Sakabe, So
Kawaii, Kunio Miyajima, and Shinzo Hirasawa
ABSORPTION OF SULFUR COMPOUND IN EXHAUST GAS
BY LIMESTONE. (Source Not Given), p. 397, 1969 (?). Trans-
lated from Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 3p., Nov. 18,1969.
Experiments were conducted in an electric furnace to deter-
mine optimum temperatures for the absorption of sulfur diox-
ide by calcinated limestone. The absorption rate was highest
when the limestone was calcinated at 1100 C and sulfur diox-
ide absorbed at 900 C. At the latter temperature, the amount
of SO2 absorbed per lOOg absorbent is 24.68g.
23983
Kamino, Yasumi, Masaaki Miyaji, Shigenori Onituka, Kenji
Yasuda, and Yoshide Kawamura
STEAM DESORPTION APPLIED TO ACTIVE CARBON
PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
FROM FLUE GASES. Hitachi Zosen Gihp, Hitachi Zosen,
Tech. Rev., 29(3), Aug. 1968. 6 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 23p., Sept. 18, 197
Present methods of dry desulfurization using activated carbon
are expensive because of the loss caused by the oxidation of
the absorbing agent, and they are dangerous because of the
possibility of an explosion. Experiments involving a variation
of the dry method are described. Using high grade activated
carbon instead of semi-coke not only increases the absorption
potential, but also requires much less equipment. The use of
super-heated steam as a desorbing agent lengthens the life of
the carbon and also prevents the possibility of an explosion.
The method economically removes sulfur dioxide gas at high
concentrations. Bench-scale plants using this method have
been successfully operated, but further research is necessary
before full-scale operations can begin. A flow chart of the test
plant adopting all of the described characteristics is given.
24239
Shidara, Masao
MEASURES TAKEN BY IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY TO
PREVENT AIR POLLUTION AND SO FORTH. (Tekko
gyokai no sangyo kogai boshi taisaku). Tex in Japanese. San-
gyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 6(10):578-586, Oct. 25, 1970.
The Iron and Steel Industry Association has established the
Industrial Hazards Countermeasure Committee, which has
four special subcommittees: Air Pollution Prevention, Factory
Effluent, Industrial Wastes, and Factory Safety (which han-
dles high pressure gas, and so forth.) A joint study is being
made by more than 10 manufacturers of desulfurization equip-
ment on the desulfurization of smoke issuing from pulverized
iron ore process stacks. Joint research by iron and steel
makers is being conducted using desulfurizing equipment with
a capacity of 150,000 cu ft/hr, with a 3 million dollar research
fund. Measures taken by another steel mill include establish-
ment of a pollution prevention committee, watching of smoke,
dust collection review circle, liaison council with related or-
ganizations, and smoke control staffs. Various equipment used
by the iron and steel industry for blast furnace, sintering fur-
nace, LD converter, open hearth, and electric furnace control,
such as bag filters, coolers, cyclones, centering chambers,
dust chambers, electric dust collectors, multi-cyclones venturi
scrubbers, stabilizers, washers, wet filters, and scrubbers are
described. Chemical compositions of dust collected from these
furnaces are tabulated. Measures for the prevention of sul-
furous acid gas taken by the newly operating KM Steel Mill
are described, followed by those taken by the newest KKK
Steel Mill (first firing in August, 1970). They include not only
prevention of air pollution, but also prevention of noise,
prevention of pollution of sea water, and construction of a
green belt. Investment on anti- air-pollution spent by SY Steel
Mill up to 1968 was $33 million, with a monthly operating cost
of $133,000. The rate of investment on prevention of industrial
hazards, invested by 137 mills in iron and steel industry (as 01
Oct. 1969, MITI), increased from 3.22% in 1965 to 4.44% in
1969.
24609
Fried-Krupp, Essen (West Germany), Zentralinstitut fuer
Forschung und Entwicklung
METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF PYRITE FROM
COAL. (Verfahren zur abscheidung von Pyrit aus Kohle).
Rept. 41/69, 19p., 1969. 7 refs Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 23p., Feb. 23, 1970.
Investigations of untreated coal which were conducted in dif-
ferent countries indicate that the pyrite percentage of the total
sulfur content of coal is so high that mechanical separation
could result in a significant reduction of the sulfur content
Separation is technically possible and economically feasible as
pyrite occurs at an average of 80-90% hi a particle size larger
than 20 micron. Wet methods (gravity and centrifugal separa-
tion, gravity turbidity methods, and flotation) should have
preference because of their operational and throughput effi-
ciency. In connection with the trend towards the hydro-
mechanical production of coal, direct burning of mud in power
stations is discussed. The use of atomic heat is being contem-
plated to reduce the cost of drying. The selection of installa-
tions for sulfur removal is discussed according to the particle
size region of interest. If the sulfur content of the initial coal
can be reduced by at least 30-40%, and if the operational costs
of the sulfur removal amounts to approximately 5 to 35 cents
per ton product, then it is profitable to provide mechanical
pyrite separation methods. (Author conslusions modified)
24730
Bernatzky, A.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTIVE PLANTINGS
AGAINST AIR POLLUTANTS. (Die Bedeutung von Schutzp-
flanzungen gegen Luftverunreinigungen). Air Pollution. Proc.
First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals,
Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 383-395. Translated from
German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 16p., Sept. 9,
1970.
As indicated by a review of the literature, forest belts do not
solve the problem of air pollution but, when properly planned,
will facilitate the reduction of air pollutants. Though generally
ineffective in the case of sulfur dioxide, pollution-resistant
-------
36
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
species reduce atmospheric concentrations of dust and of solid
and gaseous radioactive substances. In addition, they reduce
noise, prevent binding of SO2, and increase the relative hu-
midity of air. Solid particles can be filtered from the at-
mosphere by planting open stands of trees or shrubs. Dense
stands are needed for gaseous pollutants. In protective
plantings, the longitudinal axes have to run across the prevail-
ing wind direction. In areas without wind, e.g., towns, hot air
ascends and relatively cold air pours in from all sides, leading
to the accumulation of polluted air in the center that has to be
filtered by concentric plantings. The closer the forest strips to
the source of smoke, the greater their effectiveness. (Author
summary modified)
24735
Sano, Hiroshi, Yoshimune Yo, and Yoshie Nakamoto
ABSORPTION OF SO2 GAS BY VARIOUS SOLVENTS.
(Aryusangasu no yobaikyushu). Osaka Engineeering Labs.
(Japan), p. 658, 1969 (?). Translated from Japanese. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
2p., Oct. 21, 1969.
For the purpose of recovering dilute sulfur dioxide gas, the
solubility of SO2 to various organic or mixed solvents was stu-
died. Sulfur dioxide gas was led through 50 ml of solvent at 1
atm and 30 C. When the solvent was saturated with the ab-
sorbed gas, it was diluted by 10 liters of alkaline water. Dis-
solved SO2 from a certain quantity of solution was measured
by iodine titration. Among pure solvents, the SO2 solubility in-
creased in the following order: saturated hydrocarbon, water,
aromatic hydrocarbon, alcohol ester, ether, ring ether, fonna-
mide, DMF, and DMSO. In the case of mixed solvents, on the
other hand, the solubility can be classified into a convex solu-
bility curve, linear solubility curve, and concav solubility
curve. When two polar solvents of non-hydrogen bond are
mixed with each other, the solubility shifts toward that of
higher solubility. As a result, the solubility curve becomes
convex, and sometimes a maximum value shows up. The solu-
bility becomes linear when two solvents with little interaction
are mixed together. When a good solvent is mixed with a poor
solvent with a hydrogen bond, such as water, the dissolving
power is drastically reduced and the solubility shifts towards
that of the poor solvent.
24813
Yanagihara, Shigeru
EMISSION AND PERFORMANCE OF GASOLINE ENGINE.
(Gasorin kikan no seino to haiki joka gijutsu). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo),
49(521):646-655, Sept. 20, 1970. 14 refs.
Most automobile emissions are products of a high temperature
and high pressure combustion chamber. The formation of car-
bon monoxide and nitric oxide are explained by equilibrium in
the combustion reaction; the quench zone in the combustion
chamber yiel unburned hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons can be oxidized in the expansion stroke or ex-
haust systems. Reduction of nitric oxide and particulate emis-
sion is a serious problem for exhaust control techniques.
Although an exhaust thermal reactor and catalytic converter
have been developed, non-leaded fuel is necessary for their ef-
fective operation. A low emission vehicle should appear by
1975, but the power plant of the family car still may be the
gasoline engine. In the near future, fuel will be subject to
more severe restrictions to reduce the pollutants in exhaust
gas; as an immediate target, at the risk of reducing some of
gasoline's performance, it would be made in such a way that
emission of pollutants would be about 10% of the former level.
In 5 or 10 years, automobiles should hardly be a problem as^
sources of environmental pollution.
25033
Rueb, Friedmund
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUSTRIAL PAINT-
SPRAYING PLANTS. (Luftreinhaltung in industriellen
Lackierbetrieben). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(9):347-353, Sept. 1970.
The construction and operation of paint spray booths and
cabins with dry separators, of water-rinsed booths, of en-
closed spraying and drying booths, the drawing off and recla-
mation of organic solvents, thermal combustion of polluted
air, and its catalytic combustion are described. In dry separa-
tion, paint mists are drawn off by ventilators through labyrinth
filters; wet separation where the walls of the spray booths are
constantly being rinsed with water or where the mist has to
pass through a screen of water produces exhaust air of higher
purity and minimizes the danger of fires. Enclosed spray
booths use principally for spray painting automobiles are so
constructed that the operator is supplied fresh air. Paint and
solvent separation is the same as in open booths. The recovery
of solvents is accomplished by absorption with activated car-
bon whence the solvent is expelled by steam. When the emis-
sion of solvents into the atmosphere exceeds 10 kg/hr, then
the German law stipulates the mandatory use of a thermal or
catalytic combustion installation. The presence in the at-
mosphere of catalytic poisons like lead or phosphoric acid
esters makes catalytic combustion inapplicable. Combustion
takes place at 650-800 C. The advantage of catalytic com-
bustion is that it operates with higher concentrations and lower
temperatures.
25306
Koncar-Djurdjevic, Slobodan K., Dejan M. Bajic, and Bojan
D. Djordjevic
OPTIMAL CONDITIONS OF SEPARATION OF MATERIALS
CAUSED BY ELECTRIGATION PARTICLES DURING THE
FLUD3IZATION. Doc. Chem. Yugoslavica, vol. 28:501-512,
1963. 3 refs. Translated from Yugoslavian. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 10p., June 15, 1970.
The factors which influence the separation of materials as a
consequence of electrocharging particles during fluidizing
processes are investigated. The optimum yield and purity of
separated products can only be attained when all influencing
factor are correctly determined. Besides the general factors of
humidity, temperature, and shape and material of the fluidiz-
ing column, the significance of electrode shape, height of the
submerged electrode, relative ratio of components, weight of
the mixture, air flow, particle size distribution, and fluidization
time is analyzed. Experiments are carried out on two-com-
ponent systems involving calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide,
potassium nitrate, sodium chloride, and barium sulfate. The
results of the system involving CaC03 and Si02 are given,
since it is representative of the others. CaC03 with a purity of
96-98% is separated on the electrode. By varying the influenc-
ing factors, the optimum conditions for each can be
established.
25427
Scaiola, Gianni
ESTIMATION OF THE INVESTMENTS AND EXPENDI-
TURES NECESSARY FOR THE ELIMINATION OF POLLU-
TION. (Stima degli investimenti e dei costi necessari per
1'eliminazione delTinquinamento). Text in Italian. In: L/Interr
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
37
vento Pubblico Contro 1'Inquinamento: Rapporto di Sintesi, p.
107-136, June 1970. 9 refs.
The investment, maintenance, and operating costs involved in
the elimination of the more important forms of air and water
pollution are estimated with reference to automotive emissions
(hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides), indus-
trial emissions (paniculate pollution, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons, and fluorine compounds), electric
power plants, domestic heating (with a table of central heating
plants and corresponding population figures for eleven Italian
cities), liquid effluents from industrial and private sources, and
the marine transport of petroleum and petroleum products. For
each category, the procedure is described by which the esti-
mates are made.
26003
Harada, G., S. Yamamoto, K. Osumi, H. Shimizu, and H. Omi
TREATMENT OF DUST GENERATED AT IRON MILL.
(Seitetsusho ni hasseisuru dasuto shoriho). Text in Japanese.
(Japan Magnetic Ore Screening Co.) Japan. Pat. Sho 43-29863.
3p., Dec. 21, 1968. (Appl. Feb. 1965, claims not given).
A method is described for recovering oxidized iron by adding
cement or plated lime to the fine wet iron dust participates
from the sedimentation tank, thus making it easier to handle.
Even afte the dust from the sedimentation tank is dehydrated
with a filter, it still contains 30% water which prohibits its
reuse. However, the dust mixed with cement or lime dries and
solidifies naturally, permitting reuse for sintering. Because of
the capillary action of the small air spaces between the dust
particles as well as the water adhering to their surface,
mechanical methods are ineffective Evaporation by heat is too
expensive. Dust from sticky ores and from the stacks of the
sintering mill can also be treated by this method, thus conserv-
ing useful resources.
26084
Juntgen, H. and K. H. van Heek
COURSES OF REACTION UNDER NON-ISOTHERMIC CON-
DITIONS. (Reaktionsablaufe unter nicht-isothennen Bedin-
gungen). Preprint, Bergbau-Forschung G.m.b.H., Essen-Kray
(West Germany), Steinkohlenbergbauverein, p. 601-699, 1970.
19S refs. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 127p., March 16, 1970.
A review of the literature and preliminary experimental results
are presented for the kinetics of chemical reactions and physi-
cal process under conditions of chronological and spatial
changes in temperature. Based on fundamental equations
which describe the course of such reactions, the methods used
to determine the order of reaction, the activation energy, and
the frequency factor are discussed, and experimental methods
in current use for determination of kinetic parameters are eval-
uated. Various investigations and results on the release of
water from salts and hydroxides, the calcination of carbonates
and oxalates, reactions of metallic oxides and carbonates with
sulfur dioxide, and reactions on carbon surfaces are surveyed,
and the application of the non-isothermal method to the ther-
mal decomposition of carboxylic acids and polymeric plastics
as well as to the pyrolysis of natural substances (particularly
bituminous coal) is explained. Chemical reactions in a liquid
phase, the desorption of gases from solids, annealing
processes disturbed crystal lattices, and the emission of exo-
electrons from metallic surfaces are also discussed. (Author
abstract modified)
26138
Kosmider, Stanislaw and K. Ludyga
DISTURBANCE OF ACID-BASE AND ENZYME EQUILIBRI-
UM IN EXPERIMENTAL INTOXICATION WITH SO2 AND
PROTECTIVE ACTION OF AMMONIA. (Enzymatische und
Saeure-Basen-Gleichgewichtsstoerungen nach experimenteller
SO2-Vergiftung sowie Schutzwirkung von Ammoniakdaemp-
fen). Text in German. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed., 26(4): 316-334,
1970. 14 refs.
In connection with a new method for neutralizing sulfur diox-
ide in combustion gases by means of ammonia, the changes in-
duced by SO2 in guinea pigs were examined and compared
with the effect of the products of the reaction of SO2 with
ammonia. The first group of twenty guinea pigs were exposed
to SO2 at a concentration of 2 g/cu Nm in a special toxicologi-
cal chamber; the second group of twenty were similarly ex-
posed to the products resulting from the reaction of SO2 with
ammonia. The third group of twenty animals were exposed to
SO2 at a concentration of SO mg/ cu Nm for eight hours a day
for four months, and the fourth group of twenty to the reac-
tion products of SO2 plus NH3 for a period of four months.
The blood of all the animals was examined for the level of
hemoglobin number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, the
colored indicator, and a percentage composition of leukocytes.
Disturbances of acid-base equilibrium were investigated, as
well as the pH of blood taken fro left ventricle, the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide and the tola pressure of CO2 in the
plasma. Also determined was the total protein level as the ac-
tivity of aldolase, lactic acid dehydrogenas and asparagine and
alanine aminotransferase. Urine contents of sugar, protein and
morphotic components were determined for pH. Samples of
liver and brain were taken after the animals had been sacri-
ficed, and the activity of their enzymes was determined as wel
as those of the blood. The toxic activity of SO2 is multiple and
leads to the impairment of the function of several organs.
Toxic action of SO2 is due to the disturbances of the acid-base
equilibrium brought about by the inhalation of acid products
and by the disturbances of ventilation resulting from changes
in the respiratory system. The decreased activity of aldolase
and lactic- acid dehydrogenase in the blood and tissues in
cases of SO2 intoxication may interfere with the carbohydrate
metabolism, thus accounting for hyperglycemia and
disturbances of glycogen synthesis in the tissues. Animals ex-
posed to the reaction products of SO2 with ammonia had a
statistically lower mortality rate. The chemica reaction of SO2
with ammonia reduces the disturbances of the acid- base
equilibrium observed in SO2 intoxication and eliminates the
enzymatic disturbances in the blood and tissues noted in SO2
intoxication. (Author abstract modified)
26317
Gelperin, N. I., V. M. Tarasov, and A. Yu. Valdberg
REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FROM GASEOUS
MIXTURES WITH THE AID OF FLUIDIZED BED SCRUB-
BERS WITH SPHERICAL PACKING. (Ochistka gazov ot
ftoristogo vodoroda v scrubberakh s psevdoozhizhennoy
sharovoy nasadkoy). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom. (Moscow),
no. 10:62-64, 1970. 4 refs.
A fluidized-bed scrubber designed to remove hydrogen
fluoride from exhaust gases generated during electrolytic
production of aluminum is described. A 40-50 g/1 sodium car-
bonate solution was used at an irrigation density of 2.2-31 cu
m/sq m/hr, a linear gas flow rate of 2.2-5.6 m/sec, and an ini-
tial HF concentrations of 15-150 mg/cu m. The static column
packing height was variable from 35 to 175 mm. Operating
characteristics in terms of the unit transfer number, defined as
-------
38
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
the logarithm of the ratio of HF concentrations before and
after scrubbing, are presented.
26521
Maehara, Hirohumi and Takayoshi Adachi
STUDY ON THE IONIC WIND IN THE CORONA
DISCHARGING FIELD FOR THE ELECTRICAL
PRECIPITATOR. (1ST REPORT). (Denkishujinki no
koronahoden denkai ni okern ionfu ni tsnite no kenkyu. Dai-1-
po). Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi Daigakn Kogakubu Kenkyu
Hokoku (Mem. Fac. Eng. Yamaguchl Univ.), 20(3):385-392,
March 1970.13 refs.
An experiment was conducted to observe the influence of the
ionic wind on the collecting force in the corona discharging
field of an electric precipitator. The first step was to in-
vestigate the nature of the ionic wind in the corona discharging
field in the atmosphere. Only negative corona was used, since
electric precipitators only involve negative corona. One-pin, 7-
pin, or a cylinder electrode was used as the discharging elec-
trode, and a wire net or a plate was used as the collecting
electrode. The distribution of ionic wind velocity and that of
corona current density were compared and the relationship
between ionic wind velocity and the applied voltage was ob-
served. Within the discharging field (3-6 kV/cm) of an ordina-
ry electric precipitator there is no saturation of ionic wind
velocity, althoug there were some fluctuations. Although ionic
winds could possibly lower the efficiency of a precipitator, de-
pending on the type of precipitators or dust to be collected, it
might be very effective.
26S93
Eisner, Joachim H.
ELECTRIC FILTERS FOR DUST EXTRACTION ON ACID
REGENERATION PLANTS. (Elektrofilter zur Entstaubung
von Saeureregenerations-Anlagen). Text in German. Wasser
LuftBetrieb, 14(12):508-511, 1970.
Used-up acid from steel pickling baths is regenerated by
dispersing it in high turbulence reactors where the free acid
and water are vaporized and the iron chloride is converted to
Fe203 and gaseous hydrochloric acid at 440 C in the presence
of oxygen and steam. The extremely fine iron oxide is
separated by a specially designed electrofilter which in con-
tinuous operation separates 99 to 99.8% Fe203. All parts of the
dry filter are, in spite of the high HC1 content of the gas,
made of steel which is accomplished by insulation of the filter
and by heating and rinsing of all insulators with preheated air.
Gas temperature must never reach or fall short of the dew
point of the acid which, depending on the plant, lies between
110 and ISO C. The discharge electrodes constructed in the
form of so-called Bicorona flat steel electrodes account for the
high degree of iron oxide separation. The electrofilter
processes crude gas with a 20 to 30 g/N cu m dust content to a
residual dust content of 100 mg/cu m.
26670
Kaupert, Andrew W., George E. Cheklich, and Floyd Lux
MODIFIED I-C ENGINE REACHES PROPOSED 1980 EMIS-
SION GOALS. Automotive Eng., 79(2):20-23, Feb. 1971.
The stratified charge Ford Combustion Process engine almost
meets 1975 federal emission standards in an M-151 vehicle
and, by adding a commercially available catalytic converter, it
reaches 1980 goals. Stratified charge basically utilizes fuel effi-
ciently and thus produces .considerably less exhaust pollution
than a carbureted engine without controls. Very little fuel
reaches the walls of the cylinder, leading to reduced quenching
and less production of unbumed hydrocarbons. Lean overall
mixtures minimize formation of carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides. The correct amount of air for minimum emissions from
this engine is an almost constant air/fuel ratio of 17-18/1. Mid-
air quenching and temperature control are discussed. Basics of
the Ford Combustion Process are described, including timing
for both spark and ignition. The Texaco Combustion process is
also described, as well as turbocharging.
28117
Zin'kovskii, M.
THE STRUGGLE AGAINST DUST AT THE FERROUS
METALLURGY ENTERPRISES. Metallurgist USSR (English
translation from Russian of: Metallurg.), no 2:75-76, Feb. 1969.
For many technological operations in ferrous metallurgy, no
technical solutions have yet been found for preventing the
release of dust. An immediate task is the development of a
mathematical description of the aerodynamical processes of
propagation of dust from point and linear sources for different
air currents. The adopted systems of dust elimination, aspira-
tion, and ventilation and the apparatus used require thorough
mathematical investigations. The time has also come for the
development of a single organization framework for the dust
ventilation services for metallurgical enterprises, and the or-
ganization of planned training of cadres for them by a system
of technical training at the works.
28146
Yanagi, Fusao
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATION ASH OR
THE LIKE. (Gesuidodei tono shokyakubai no shorihoho).
Text in Japanese. (Ishigaki Machineries Co., Ltd. (Japan))
Japan. Pat. Sho 45-39317. Dec. 10, 1970. (Appl. Aug. 15, 1966,
claims not given).
An effective disposal method for the ash produced from in-
cineration of sewage or industrial waste sludge is described. In
the dewatering or dehydration of sludge or the like by means
of a vacuum filter, coagulants such as iron chloride or iron
sulfide and slaked lime are generally added to the sludge to
cause flocculent masses to form. Thereafter the sludge is fil-
tered to remove the solids and incinerate them. However, ash
is produced in large quantities as a result of the incineration,
while bad odors and poisonous gases are also generated when
heavy oils or the like are utilized as auxiliary fuel. In the
present method, sludge treated with coagulants and filtered for
dehydration is incinerated at 800 C or higher. By means of a
cyclone, the ash is separated into that chiefly composed of
calcium oxide and that composed of ferric oxide. The CaO is
recovered and used as coagulant to induce flocculant masses
to form in the sludge to be filtered; the Fe203 ash is mixed
with water and used as a reaction agent for hydrochloric acid
and sulfurous acid gas generated from the incinerator, thus
forming iron chloride. The solution is then separated into solid
and supernatant. Only the acid supernatant containing iron is
recovered and utilized as a coagulant for the raw sludge.
28392
Bauer, Hans-Dieter and Hans-Guido Klinkner
THE EFFICIENCY OF SURFACE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN
WET DUST SUPPRESSION AT A COAL BAGGER. (Die
Wirksamkeit oberflaecbenaktiver Stoffe bei der naaaen Stanb-
bekaempfung an Walzenschraemladera). Text in German.
Glueckauf (Essen), 107(S):161-1«9, March 4, 1971. 13 refa.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
39
Experiments were carried out on a coal bagger with wet dust
suppression. The efficiency of dust suppression with and
without a wetting agent in the water was tested. The wetting
agent Lessageene Z 100 was added in quantities of about
0.08%. Dust supression was clearly improved by use of the
wetting agent and a spraying speed of 100 1/min. Far more dust
was suppressed under these conditions than by double spray-
ing the amount of water, i.e., 200 1/min without the wetting
agent. This applied to the entire range of grain sizes of dust
particles, fine as well as coarse.
28499
Sprung, Siegbert
THE BEHAVIOR OF SULPHUR DURING THE FIRING
PROCESS OF CEMENT CLINKER. (Das Verhalten des
Schwefels beim Brannen von Zementklinker). Tonind. Ztg.,
89(5-6):124-130, 1965. 19 refs. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 24p., Dec. 18, 1970.
The sulfur dioxide concentration in flue gas from cement fur-
naces is considerably lower than could be expected according
to the sulfur concentration of the raw materials and the fuel
used in the firing process. In laboratory experiments, the reac-
tion of calcite and SO2 was tested; in industrial experiments,
the alkali- sulfur balance for various furnaces was established.
In a temperature range of 400-500 C, calcite reacts with SO2
and leads to the formation of calcium sulfate. The conversion
rate can be increased by an increase in temperature, enlarge-
ment of the specific surface area of the introduced powder,
and by the presence of water vapors during the gas phase. At
first, a phase contact surface reaction occurs; after enclosure
of the calcite- kernal by CaS04, diffusion reactions become a
deciding factor of speed. The SO2-emission and the alkali and
sulfur utilization of two Lepol furnaces, three gas suspension-
heat exchanger furnaces and one shaft furnace using coal or
oil as fuel were determined. It was shown that 79-98% of the
sulfur output in the clinker occurred as sulfate. A nearly linear
relationship between the alkali-sulfur trioxide ratio in the fur-
nace gas phase and the SO2-emission was found. This SO2-
emission can be reduced in the furnace gas phase by an in-
creased amount of alkali. By gas suspension-heat exchanger
furnaces, the SO2-emission can be reduced to below 160 mg/N
cu m by the addition of a mill drying plant which is powered
by the flue gases. (Author summary modified)
28502
Prime Minister, Delegation for Scientific and Technical,
Research
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MEANS OF DIMINISHING
POLLUTION, INHALED OR ASSIMILATED FROM THE EN-
VIRONMENT--AND OF DIMINISHING ACOUSTICAL IN-
TERFERENCE. (Moyens scientifiques et techniques de
diminuer la pollution des milieux inhales ou ingeres et des
'nuisances' acoustiques). In: Pollution and Acoustical Inter-
ference of Industrial and Urban Origin. (Les pollution et
'nuisances' d'origine industrielle et urbaine). Vol. I, Paris,
France, June 1966, Chapt. 3, p. 47-59. Translated from French.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 49p., Oct. 13, 1970.
Aspects of natural and technological control methods for air,
water, and noise pollution are discussed, with suggested topics
of research given for each. Plants have an ability to function
as air purifiers, within the limits of their toleration to various
individual pollutants. The effects of such pollutants as
ethylene, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and fluorides on
plants are described. The purifying action of water plants and
bacterial beds has application to water purification in treat-
ment facilities as well as in natural fresh water bodies. Purifi-
cation processes within the bed of a lake are also considered.
Control methods for suspended particulates from industrial
and domestic sources including separators, filters, and electro-
static precipitators, are briefly noted, while the various design,
operational, and control device techniques now under study
for control of motor vehicle emissions, particularly storage
batteries for electric propulsion, design modifications and cata-
lytic afterburners, are considered at length. Also discussed are
pretreatment of industrially polluted waters, potential uses of
water treatment sludge, and means for preventing and/or ab-
sorbing noise in residential, business, and industrial areas.
28532
Sedach, V. S., G. S. Nosko, Ya. D. Semisalov, and N. A.
Polkovnichenko
INCREASING SCRUBBER THROUGHPUT BY MODERNIS-
ING THE NOZZLES. Coke Chem. (USSR) (English transla-
tion from Russian of: Koks i Khim.), no. 70:47-48, 1970. 3
refs.
The possibility of improving the design of the nozzles used in
benzole scrubbers was investigated in order to give better
atomization and increase the volume of liquid absorbent with
installing more nozzles. By adjusting the live sections of the
spray nozzles, it has been possible to increase the wash oil
throughput by 11%. The modernized nozzles distribute the
spray more uniformly over the top of the grid packing in the
scrubber, and their useful life is much longer. The extra power
consumed by the new nozzles is within the capacity of the
pumping equipment already provided. (Author conclusions
modified)
28599
Peters, Werner
THE POTENTIAL FUTURE OF COAL BY NEW PROCESSES
OF ENERGY CONVERSION. (Chancen fur die Kohle durch
neue Verfahren zur Energieumwandlung). Preprint, Stein-
kohlenbergbauverein (West Germany), 10p., 1968. Translated
from German by Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., lip.,
Dec. 3, 1970. (Presented at the Steinkohlenbergbauverein, Mem-
bers Convention, Essen, West Germany, Dec. 17, 1968.)
Three scientific innovations in coal processing are described
and evaluated: the whirling layer heating system; mag-
netohydrodynamic (MHD) energy conversion; and coal com-
bustion with process heat from a nuclear reactor. The efficien-
cy of the whirling layer heating system is brought about by the
complete combustion of fine coal (granulation 0-3 mm) kept in
suspension in warmed air. Desulfurization of the smoke gas
can be achieved by the addition of fine grain limestone to the
coal. This system can be expected to lower electricity produc-
tion costs by approximately 10-15%. A pilot plant will start
production in 1970. The MHD energy conversion system is ad-
vanced far beyond traditional techniques. It depends on the
ionization of hot smoke gas (above 2500 C) which is then
driven through an electromagnet. The loss of temperature and
pressure is converted into electric current. The MHD genera-
tor used as an aggregate to a conventional power plant will in-
crease total efficiency as much as 60%, thus reducing electrici-
ty production expenses by 12-25%. Coupled with a continuous
coking plant, the MHD generator would lead to coke produc-
tion with no by-products except the production of electric cur-
rent. A prototype MHD generator is in use in the U.S.S.R. The
functional realization of the whirling layer heating system and
the MHD generator can be expected in the mid-1970's, at the
earliest. The method of carburetion of coal with process heat
from nuclear reactors will be used for the economical produc-
tion of raw material for the chemical industry from coal,
-------
40
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
synthesis gas, or hydrogen. The advantage of this method is
that 30,40% of the coal which would otherwise be necessary
for the production of fine synthesis gas is replaced by less ex-
pensive reactor heat. Also there is no necessit for using ox-
ygen, as is required for traditional methods of coal carbure-
tion. Technical realization of this method is far off, but the
goal is reachable. Carburetion through nuclear heat can be ex-
pected by the 1980's.
28642
Ganieva, T. P., M. S. Belen'kii, and M. Yu. Sultanov
INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISM OF CARBON
MONOXIDE OXIDATION AND DEGRADATTVE
HYDROCARBON OXIDATION OF AN ALUMINUM-
COPPER- CHROMIUM OXIDE CATALYST BY A TWO-
STAGE CALORIMETRIC METHOD. Kinetics Catalysis
USSR (English translation from Russian of: Kinetika i Kataliz,
ll(5):992-994, Sept.-Oct. 1970. 4 refs.
The mechanism of oxidation of C2-C3 olefins, butane, and
carbon monoxide on an aluminum-copper-chromium oxide
catalyst was studied by a two-stage calorimetric method at
200-900 C. These temperatures correspond to those involved in
the detoxification of exhaust gases of gasoline engines. Carbon
monoxide and butane were oxidized on the catalyst surface at
both low and intermediate temperatures. Only at 600 C did a
gas-phase oxidation appear, and it proceeded independently of
the presence of the catalyst. Degradative oxidation of the
olefins took place on the catalyst surface at low temperatures,
but a heterogeneous-homogeneous reaction involving a sur-
face-volume mechanism occurred at intermediate tempera-
tures. At high temperatures, oxidation of the olefins proceeded
mainly in the gas phase.
28683
Ito, Kaname, Shoichi Miyoshi, and Tamotsu Yamada
REACTION OF SO2 GAS AND MANGANESE DIOXIDE.
Translated from Japanese, Franklin Institute Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Service) 2p., Oct. 30, 1969.
An improved method for the removal of sulfur dioxide, and
more detailed information about the reaction of SO2 with
synthetic activ manganese are presented. Five kinds of
synthetic MnO2 and one kind of natural MnO were used as
samples. The velocity of their reaction with SO2 was mea-
sured with a thermobalance, and the change in reaction time
measured from the increase in weight. The curves of the log of
the pressure of SO2 versus reaction time show that for the
chemically synthesized samples which have a larger surface
area, the reaction velocities with SO2 are fairly rapid. In fully
crystallized samples or natural samples, the reaction velocities
are comparatively slow.
28684
Nakai, J.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DESULFURIZATION PROCESS
BY INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF KANAGAWA
PREFECTURE. Ryusan To Kogyo (Sulfuric Acid and Industry),
p. 1-4, 1969. Translated from Japanese, Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 9p., April 30, 1970.
The multi-purpose gas absorber for sulfur dioxide is suggested
and evaluated as the only practical machine ready for installa-
tion for plume dehydration. Reasons for its choice and criti-
cisms were presented. A diagram of the apparatus is given and
the layout of the desulfurization installation is shown. Curves
for the solubility of sulfur dioxide are plotted. The manufac-
ture of a larger machine, with a capacity of 30,000 to 100,000
cu mm/h is being planned.
28686
Yoshida, Konen, Ino Kunisachi, and Shigeki Wakabayashi
REMOVAL OF SO2 IN EXHAUST GAS AND PRODUCTION
OF MIXED PRECIPITANT. Translated from Japanese,
Franklin Institute Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science
Info. Services, 4p., Oct. 30, 1969.
Inexpensive raw materials for use in the mixed precipitation
method of treating industrial waste water and at the same time
preventing air pollution were investigated. The exhaust gas
used was a mixture of sulfur dioxide, air, and nitrogen gas,
which was passed through a layer of vanadium catalyst to
produce sulfuric acid by a contact method. The SO2 was con-
verted to sulfur trioxide. A mixture of red sludge, open-hearth
furnace slag, and 5% kaolinite was made into a paste, ex-
truded from & large injection tube, and then dried. The same
process was used for a mixture of aluminum oxide, obtained
from the recovery of aluminum ground metal from scrap alu-
minium, and 20% kaolinite. The products were reacted with
the exhaust gas, and the soluble component thus obtained was
fade-tested using a direct orange dye. The results of the SO2
removal and of the fade tests are tabulated.
29273
(Inventor not given.)
PROCESS FOR THE SEPARATION OF SULFUR FROM GAS.
(Precede pour 1 elimination du soufre contenu dans le gaz).
Text in French. (Parsons (Ralph M.)Co., Nev.) French Pat.
Appl. 69-28844. 13p., Aug. 22, 1969. (8 claims).
The process described separates hydrogen sulfide and sulfur
dioxide from gas emanating from the Claus process, and
hydrogen sulfide from gas mixes obtained by partial oxidation
of coal, oil, or other carbonaceous material for the synthesis
of ammonia. The gas is at temperatures from ISO to 400 C
brought in contact with ferric oxide fixated on a base material
which contains from 10-40% iron trioxide. Ferric sulfide forms
which is subsequently oxidized by hot air to sulfur, ferric
oxide is recovered. The reactive mass forms a mobile bed
which is continuously being recycled between the contact and
the regeneration zone. In the contact zone at least part of the
SO2 reacts with the ferric sulfide, also yielding ferric oxide
and elementary sulfur. The desulfurized gas escapes into the
atmosphere. The vaporized sulfur contained in the gas issuing
from the regeneration zone is condensed and deposited in a
cooling chamber. The process can be so modified that it takes
place in a single converter.
29278
Alferova, L. A. and G. A. Titova
OXIDATION OF SODIUM SULFIDE AND MERCAPTIDE IN
BLACK LIQUOR. Bumazhn. Prom. (Moscow), 41(10):5-6,
Oct. 1966. Translated from Russian by Brenda Jacobsen,
Washington Univ., Seattle, Dept. of Civil Engineering, lip.
Oct. 31, 1970.
To determine optimum conditions for black liquor oxidation,
aqueous solutions of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and
their salts were oxidized by aeration at various flow rates and
temperatures and within a wide range of pH. For all solutions,
the rate of oxidation was determined mainly by temperature
and area of contact between the solution and oxidizing agent.
Both hydroxone and hydroxyl ions had a catalytic action on
the rate and mechanism of oxidation. To achieve a large con-
tact area, aeration should be carried out in an atomizing-type
apparatus. Temperature should be 80 to 100 C and pressure 4
to 5 kg/sq cm. Under these conditions, the rate of oxidation is
determined by the value of the pH and of the ionic salt of the
bkck liquor. The final pH must not be lower than 12.5, as at a
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
41
lower pH other oxidation products (thiosulfates, sulfites,
polythionates, etc.) predominate. The oxygen consumption
under optimum conditions is approximately equal to theoreti-
cal calculations. (Author abstract modified)
29387
Kato Jun, Hideo Ose, Mono Suzuki, and Kazuo Shimada
DIRECT DESULFURIZATION OF HEAVY OBL BY CIRCU-
LATION TYPE UPWARD FLOW REACTOR. (Junkan gata
uwamukiryu hannoki ni yoru juyu no chokusetsu datsuryu).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Society of Chemical En-
gineering, 5p., 1970. 2 refs. (Presented at Japan Society of
Chemical Engineering, General Symposium 9th, Nagoya,
Japan, Nov. 25-26, 1970, Paper B-3-4.)
Heavy oil direct desulfurization methods used industrially in
Japan include the RCD Isomax process, the Gulf-Residual
hydrodesulfurization process, and other fixed-bed types. While
the heavy oil fluidized-bed technique solves the problems in-
volving reaction heat control and catalyst life inherent in
fixed-bed methods, it increases the quantity of heavy oil recir-
culation in order to liquefy the catalyst. This results in a near-
perfect mixture flow, because the reaction efficiency is lower
compared with piston flow. If the old catalyst can be removed
from the bottom of a catalyst layer standing still in the upward
flow without stopping the operation, it will not be necessary to
liquefy the catalyst. And therefore the quantity of heavy oil
recirculation can be kept to a minimum, making the flow
similar to a piston flow and advantageous for higher reaction
efficiency. A moving-bed desulfurization (MDS) process is
described in which a stationary layer of spherical pellet
catalysts are partially replaced with fresh catalysts fed inter-
mittently while the old catalyst is removed at the bottom. The
process permits a higher reaction efficiency due to a lower
heavy oil recycle ratio and a small high temperature separator
and oil circulation pump due to reduced oil circulation. A
larger quantity of catalyst can be put in the reactor, and the
fresh catalyst installed from above moves downward as the
old catalyst is removed from the bottom so that the new
catalyst may be kept in at all times. Since the raw heavy oil
flows upward to contact the older catalyst in the bottom of the
catalyst, the deleterious substances to the catalyst are first fil-
tered by the older catalyst. A cooling device required for con-
trol of the reaction heat, as with the fixed bed type is the main
disadvantage.
29601
Shigeta, Yoshihiro '
ODOR TREATMENT AND ITS COST AT RENDERING FAC-
TORIES. (Kaseijo no akushu shoriho to sono hiyo). Text in
Japanese. PPM (Japan), 2(5):78-85, May 1971. 6 refs.
At rendering factories, the raw material should be placed in a
concrete pit, 2-3 m underground, with a V-shaped bottom. At
the bottom, a screw conveyor is installed through which the
raw materia is sent to the crusher. The pit can be equipped
with a lid. Although a stone separator and metal detector can
eliminate stone, gravel, and metal, such things as vinyl, cloth,
and rope have to be eliminated by hand. Dead animals, animal
bones, and large fish, ar put into the hasher before they are
put in a cooker. These machine save labor, and the processes
can be air tight. The continuous cooker is operated at 80-90 C
for 10-20 minutes for fish offal. Animal bones and feathers are
placed in a dry rendering plant. After cooking, a screw press
removes 30-35% of the water from the fish offal and the fish
cake is dried. The water is desludged. The animal bones and
feathers are dried to decrease their water content to 6-10%. If
an expeller is used for the fish offal to decrease the water con-
tent to 45-55%, the odor is decreased. The water removed
from the offal should be utilized as fish soluble, as it contains
3-6% protein. The odor can be treated by combustion, ac-
tivated coal, ozone, or oxidation catalyst methods, a neutral-
izer or masking method, or dilution. The cost of these methods
is calculated.
29639
Theodore, Louis and James Pardini
DESIGN OF AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR USING
MODELLING AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUES. Proc.
North Eastern Regional Antipollutio Conf., Kingston, R. I.,
1969. 7 refs. (July 22-25.)
Six mathematical models are developed for three different
flow regimes encountered in plate and tubular electrostatic
precipitators. The flows considered are plug, laminar, and tur-
bulent. In each case, the model is solved for the height of the
precipitator necessary to ensure 100% collection efficiency.
The calculated results from a digital simulation are compared
with those obtained using standard design techniques. The
results of the simulation can be used to evaluate the effects of
new and/or different precipitator geometries, aerosol proper-
ties, and electrostatic conditions. This work may serve as
guide to the proper design and selection of electrostatic
precipitators.
29802
Mironov, A. M., I. P. Mukhlenov, and V. M. Pomerantsev
REMOVAL OF CHLORINE FROM GASES. J. Appl. Chem.
USSR (English translation from Russian of: Zh. Prikl. Khim.),
43(ll):2556-2557, Nov. 1970. 5 refs.
The catalytic conversion of gaseous chlorine to hydrogen
chloride was studied using methane or propane as the reducing
gas and the following catalysts: powdered brick, alumina gel,
Fe2O3 on alumina gel, and Cr2O3 on alumina gel. The chlorine
concentration of the gas was maintained at about 1%. Almost
complete conversion of chlorine to hydrogen chloride was ob-
tained at about 250 deg when propane was used in the
presence of chromium oxide on alumina gel. The temperature
of the gas entering the reactor need not be above 150 deg. It
can be lowered substantially below this if the process is con-
ducted in a fluidized catalyst bed. The catalytic process thus
provides a radical solution to the problem of decontaminating
waste gases from chemical and metallurgical industries, espe-
cially gases from magnesium production.
29824
Norden, H.
MODERN OIL BURNING TECHNOLOGY AS DISPLAYED
ON THE INTHERM IN STUTTGART AND THE 6.ISH IN
FRANKFURT 1971. (Moderne Oelbrenneteechnik nach dem
Stand der Intherm in Stuttgart und der 6.ish in Frankfurt
1971). Text in German. Oel Gasfeuerung, 16(5):546-552, 1971.
The capacity of heavy fuel oil burners has been increased to 9
t/hr, which allows large plants to be equipped with fewer bur-
ners. Continuous regulation can maintain soot-free combustion
with the smallest air surplus. Because of increased air pollu-
tion concern, oil gasifiers, blue flame burners, combusters,
and semi-combusters are gaining importance. Also, the familiar
principle of water-in-oil emulsions for soot prevention has
gained great interest; this functions when the water droplets in
the fuel oil are smaller than the smallest atomized oil droplets.
With the aid of thermally decomposed water in the flame, the
air surplus can be reduced without soot formation, less sulfur
trioxide develops, and the danger of low-temperature corro-
-------
42
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
sion is reduced. Water-containing waste oils can be burned as
emulsions if they contain more than 50% combustibles. If this
is not the case, fuel oil or gas must be added. Burners which
take two or three different types of fuels have come increas-
ingly into use. Since natural gas is now preferred over the fuel
oils, the natural gas prices will rise.
30043
Garlet, Robert
ELIMINATION OF OXIDES CONTAINED IN CERTAIN
RESIDUAL INDUSTRIAL GASES. Preprint, National Indus-
trial Nitrogen Office (France), 1968 (?). Translated from
French. 7p.
The determination of nitrogen oxides is difficult in the course
of nitric acid synthesis by ammoniac oxidation. Recently a
process has been developed which destroys nitrogen oxides by
reducing them catalytically at about 400 C. However, this
requires large investments and a lot of equipment, and it is dif-
ficult to resolve this problem economically because of the
large quantities of water vapor in the residual gases. A new in-
vention washes the gases at ordinary temperature and pres-
sure, is more economical, and emits a nitrogen dioxide content
of less than the toxicity threshold (10 ppm). Ammonia solu-
tions can be used to purify gases with sulfurous and anhydride
by reacting to form ammonia sulfate. The molor
bisulfite/sulfite ratio of the washing solutions should not ex-
ceed 0.1 to 0.4. The gas flow can be 1300 to 1500 volumes of
gas per useful volume of washing. Treated gases are practi-
cally odorless and colorless; a mist of white vapor can be
eliminated by electrostatic precipitation. Then ammonia sulfate
can be crystalized and extracted.
30048
Feldmann, H. F., W. H. Simons, J. J. Gallagher, and D.
Bienstock
KINETICS OF RECOVERING SULFUR FROM THE SPENT
SEED IN AN MHD POWER PLANT. Am. Chem. Soc., Div.
Fuel Chem. Preprints, 13(2):13-26, 1969. 7 refs. (Presented at
the American Chemical Society Division of Fuel Chemistry,
Joint Symposium on Fuel and Analytical Chemistry, Min-
neapolis, Minn., April 13-18, 1969.)
Because of the high affinity that potassium or cesium seeding
materials have for sulfur and their easy regeneration, sulfur
can be profitably recovered from an open-cycle mag-
netohydrodynamic power plant. The sulfur with hydrogen (as
hydrogen sulfide) can be removed from the seed-slag mixture,
thus leaving a sulfur-free effluent gas. A slag-seed mixture was
simulated and reacted with hydrogen. Then the sulfur removal
rate was calculated from a formula. A kinetic model was for-
mulated from the experimental observations. The reaction rate
and maximum conversion level depended on temperature. The
model was applied to the regeneration of alkalized alumina;
similar techniques for regenerating alkalized alumina can be
used to remove sulfur from seed-slag mixtures. The economic
feasibility of sulfur removal from recycling seed-slag mixtures
was also discussed.
30091
Davydov, A. A., Yu. M. Shchekochikhin, and N. P. Keier
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE CATALYTIC
OXIDATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE TO CARBON DIOX-
IDE ON MANGANESE DIOXIDE. Kinetics Catalysis (USSR)
(English translation from Russian of: Kinetika i Kataliz),
11(5):1019-1023, Sept.-Oct. 1970. 7 refs.
The formation and transformation of surface compounds in
the oxidation of carbon monoxide on manganese dioxide have
been studied by infrared spectroscopy. The reaction was found
to take place with the participation of adsorbed oxygen and
gaseous CO; these form carbonate structures of different
types, which decompose with the formation of carbon dioxide.
The desorption temperature of the carbonate structures is
lower when the reaction is carried out under static conditions
than when the oxidation is carried out in the adsorbed layer.
(Author abstract)
30104
Goryachev, I. K.
FILTER FOR COLLECTING CARBON BLACK. Soviet
Rubber Technol. (English translation from Russian of:
Kauchuk i Rezina, 28(12): 46-47, Dec. 1969.
An experimental bag filter for collecting fine carbon black par-
ticles from a carbon black/gas mixture was developed with
two filter sections consisting of cells for purified and unpu-
rified gas. The cells were formed by sewing together panels of
fabric and stretching them on a special frame. In the upper
part of the filter, a purified gas collector contains air-distribut-
ing tubes with nozzles on the same axis as the cells for the pu-
rified gas. The air-distributing tubes are connected, through an
electromagnetic valve, to a receiver of compressed air. When
a certain hydraulic pressure is reached, the electromagnetic
valve is activated and bursts of compressed air pass into the
distribution tubes. The jet of air ejects the purified gas in the
collector into the cavity of the shell. When the fabric is
shaken, simultaneous back-flow occurs. During nine months of
operation, no clogging of the cells with carbon black was ob-
served. The average degree of contamination at the exit from
the filter was 0.01 g/cu m, and the optimum rate of filtration
was 1.0 m/min. The filter can be used to purify air'at tempera-
tures not exceeding 70 C.
30276
Lux, Herbert and Hardi Stange
RESULTS OF FIVE-YEAR EFFORTS FOR REDUCTION OF
FLUORINE EMISSIONS. (Ueber Ergebnisse fuenfjaehriger
Bemuehungen un die Verminderung von Fluoremissionen).
Text in German. Chem. Tech. (Berlin), 23(4/5):264-266
April/May 1971. 2 refs.
When various methods were investigated for the removal of
hydrogen fluoride from waste gases, such as packed columns
and absorption on activated charcoal or limestone, it was
found that absorption was not efficient. The use of packed
towers requires that the flow rate not exceed one m/sec. Each
packed tower must be operated with an alkaline solution; a
five to 10% sodium or potassium lye solution can be em-
ployed. While packed columns are easy to maintain, some
production processes have waste gases which carry dust that
may form insoluble products with the scrubbing fluid. Dust
collectors should precede the packed tower in such cases. It is
also advantageous to force the gases through the tower, to
avoid some of the problems which its moveable parts may
present.
30526
Tamori, Yukuo
CHECK POINTS FOR OPERATING DUST COLLECTORS.
(Shujin sosa no tameno kento jiko). Text in Japanese. Kogai
To Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(2): 105-109, March 1971 8
refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
43
The concentration of a dust is represented by weight (g/cu m)
in unit volume. If the dust is extremely dilute, particle count
(particle/cc) per unit volume is employed. The Air Pollution
Control Act sets standards for dust concentrations according
to source classification. Grain size distribution is represented
either by frequency or by integration. Microscopic, screening,
pipet, sedimentation, or light transparency methods are em-
ployed for the determination of particle size distribution. True
and volumetric specific gravity is defined. Adhesivity, electri-
cal resistance, angle of friction, particle configuration, surface
roughness, hygroscopic properties, corrosion resistance, tox-
icity and explosivity, and dynamic characteristics of particu-
lates are described. Free fall velocity in atmosphere is dia-
grammatically shown, together with the Cunningham cor-
rection. Normally the gas temperature is extremely high, being
200-600 C at the dust collector. With dust collectors utilizing
gravity, inertia, or centrifugal force, particle velocity
decreases at high temperatures because of the increase in
viscosity. Also, the pressure loss increases, resulting in lower
collector efficiency. The recently developed high-temperature
bag filter is usable up to 300 C. Estimation of the gas quantity
to be processed, water content, and the effects of sulfuric an-
hydride are also explained.
30606
Nietzold, Ingo
STATUS AND TENDENCIES OF AIR FILTRATION IN THE
G.D.R. (Stand und Tendenzen der Luftfiltration in der DDR).
Text in German. Chem. Tech. (Berlin), 23(4-5):238-243, April-
May, 1971. (Presented at the Colloquium Reinhaltung der Luft,
llth Woche der Kammer der Technik, VEB Chemiefaserkom-
binat Wilhelm Pieck Schwarza, Oct. 27, 1970.)
Third generation dust filters (1965-1975) for compact continu-
ous filtration, filter housings with removable filter panels for
500 to 20,000 cu m air/hr, classification of filters by their per-
formance, the systems concept of air filtration, the trends
discernible in filter development, electrofilters, and the filter
supply situation and their importation into East Germany are
reviewed. Third generation dust filters have a frame size of
710 by 460 mm, process 3000 cu m air/hr which corresponds to
a flow velocity of 2.55 m/sec. Filter assemblies come in 24
sizes with the largest having a capacity of 420 000 cu m air/hr.
The filtering material consists of a fleece of polyester and
polyamide fibers lined by malimo gauze tighly stretched over
rollers in several folds within the filter frame. Dust-laden filter
material, replaced by fresh fleece by winding a roller, is
descarded. Aerosol filters are currently being officially) tested
by means of radioactively marked aerosols. The AFI code is
not used in the G.D.R. A new system is proposed which classi-
fies filters by their separation power of silica dust, oil fog, and
radioactively marked aerosols and stipulates the test procedure
to be used in each case. The trend is away from reusable
towards disposable filters, even though the cost is higher.
Electrofilter production and use has declined because of their
frequent malfunctions, even though their usefulness in fine
dust removal is generally recognized. The importation of
foreign, even of superior filters is being discouraged.
31078
Franzky, U.
WHAT DO W' MEAN BY TECHNOLOGY FOR THE MAIN-
TENANCE OF CLEAN AIR? (Was versteht man unter Luf-
treinhaltetechnik). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, Son-
derheft PRO AQUA - PRO VITA, June 1971, p. 46-47, 14 refs.
The technology for maintenance of clean air comprises all
methods for removal of solid, liquid, or gaseous emissions.
Measures reducing emissions start with the selection of the
raw material and include modifications of the production
process, construction and dimensioning of waste-gas exhaust
systems, equipment for cleaning the waste gases, and all facili-
ties for discharging the clean waste gas. Monitoring and equip-
ment maintenance are also control measures. The operating
range of dust collectors covers dusts with grain sizes of 0.01
micron to dusts with sizes of more than 1000 micron. Dust
concentrations in waste gases can be easily reduced to 150
mg/cu m for nontoxic dusts and to less than 100 mg/cu m for
toxic dusts. Settling chambers are primarily used for prelimina-
ry collection of large-grained dust. The collection mechanism
of filters is to a large extent still unknown. It is assumed that
impaction of large particles occurs and that fine dust is
retained through diffusion and electrostatic forces. The collec-
tion efficiency of mechanical dust collectors can be improved
by enlarging the mass of the dust particles. This can be
achieved by binding the particles to a fluid. Electrostatic
precipitators are preferrably used for cleaning large waste gas
flows. Gas-cleaning methods are based on physical processes
or are connected with chemical reactions. The physical
methods include dilution, condensation, absorption, and ad-
sorption; the chemical methods, oxidation processes.
32099
Japan Environmental Sanitary Center, Tokyo
REPORT OF THE STUDIES OF THE PREVENTION OF OF-
FENSIVE ODORS (NO. 3). (Akushuboshi ni kansuru kenkyu
hokokusho. (Dai HI ho)). Text in Japanese. JESC-42-076. 82p.,
March 1968.
Environmental pollution problems in every Japanese prefec-
ture include offensive odors from fish meal plants, fish
manure mills, and factories for drying chicken droppings. The
condition of deodorizing equipment installed in such factories,
methods for measuring offensive odors, and future counter-
measures were surveyed. Eight models of deodorizing equip-
ment were tested. Construction and maintenance costs of
these models are tabulated along with data for currently in-
stalled equipment. Since deodorizing equipment associated
with a single method does not effectively eliminate odors,
deodorization by a combination of methods was postulated.
Gas chromatography was adopted as the main method for
measuring an offensive odor and as the method for collecting
samples. Sampling amines, mercaptans, and organic acids by
glass-bead tubes is also described, and results are reported for
actual measurements. Based on investigations of the sources
of offensive odors at 25 mills, the chief constituents of basic
offensive odors are ammonium and trimethylamine. Other low-
grade amines were scarcely observed. The usual rate of am-
monium and trimethylamine in emission sources is between 1
to 10 and 10 to 1 in fish meal plants and one to one in the fac-
tories for drying chicken droppings. In some cases, exhaust
concentrations exceeded 100 ppm. Six types of deodorizing
equipment were observed, but almost no factory had a
satisfactory blueprint for eliminating pollution. The economics
of proposed measures are discussed.
32798
Ishii, Tomio
AIR POLLUTION (ODOR) CONTROL FOR KRAFT PULP
MILL WITH OZONE. (Taiki osen (shuki) to kurafuto parupu
mini no ozon dasshu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 7(9):824-828, Sept. 1971. 6 refs.
A pilot odorimeter was tested in 1970 in England wherein the
upper part of the test tube had a heated cofl which lighted
mixed gas. The flame rapidly spread below and formed
-------
44
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
dispersed light. Sample gas was passed into the tube from the
lower opening and through the burner at the speed of 7 m/sec;
the light continuously scattered at the narrow point of the tube
and reached the upper part of the water jacket which en-
veloped the tube. The intensity of the light was photoamplified
and was sent to a penrecorder. At the test site, methylmercap-
tan was discharged for five minutes at a height of two meters
from the ground, 100 meters wind way from the measuring
point. The record showed a wave pattern with six or seven
large peaks, probably due to the breeze. But the test was
deemed successful. In the United States, the Kraft Pulp Mill s
deodorization process by ozone is an example of successful
treatment of industrial odor problems. In the process of chemi-
cal digestion of pulp, hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan
are emitted and create odor. According to a study, 1000 kg of
pulp creates 114.2 g H2S and 824.1 g of mercaptan at the Kraft
Pulp Mill. The main sources of emissions are the stacks of the
black liquor combustion furnace; discharge from the digester;
waste gas from the blowdown; and the non-condensable
materials from the evaporator and vacuum pumps. Oxidation
of the gas from the black liquor stack solved that particular
problem, but the main source of odor was the blowdown
which oxidation did not help. More recently, waste gases at
this mill are treated through condensers where ozone is added
to the gas at the entrance and exit, and has proved successful.
The duration of gas-ozone contact is also important, and a 2.2
sec exposure gave the best result.
32846
Kurosawa, Kenji
DESULFURIZATION OF STACK GAS BY MKK PROCESS.
(MKK ho ni yoru haien datsuryu). Text in Japanese. Netsu
Kanri (Heat Management: Energy and Pollution Control),
23(8):42-45, Aug. 1971.
In the MKK sulfur control process, an absorption liquid at a
pH of 12 is run countercurrent to the direction of flow of the
stack gases. The absorption device is a multi-stage jet scrubber
which utilizes sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfite as the
scrubbing solution. The absorption liquid is removed at a pH
of five and sent to a reaction tank where lime is added. NaOH
is produced and calcium sulfite settles out. After filtering, a
good gypsum product can be produced. This method is suita-
ble for 20-100 t/hr boilers.
33122
Honda, Akihiro
FUNDAMENTAL METHODS FOR ODOR CONTROL.
(Akushu boshi no kihonteki hobo). Text in Japanese. Yosui to
Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(9):1079-1090, Sept. 1971.
Of various basic methods of deodorization, those by (1)
decomposition or solution and concentration or absorption; (2)
chemical deodorants; (3) adsorption; (4) ion exchange; and (S)
oxidation are discussed in detail. The first method includes
water scrubbing apparatus of simple water washing; columns
packed with coke, Raschig rings, pipes, or ceramic balls; step
towers such as multi-perforation steps, mesh-steps, lattice-
steps, air-jet steps, umbrella-steps, and floating balls; and spe-
cial absorption towers such as waterfilm types and cyclone
scrubbers. Temperatures for concentration of various odor
producing elements are given. Chemical deodorants are
discussed according to various classifications such as powders,
liquids, and gases; organic and inorganic methods; methods
such as direct application, surface covering, aerosol contact,
flow-through; and mechanisms such as psychological (mask-
ing, neutralization), physical (solution, adsorption), and chemi-
cal (concentration, superimposition, oxidation, reduction, and
disinfection). Tables of deodorization effects by direct and in-
direct applications of inorganic deodorants and deodorization
mechanisms of organic deodorants are given. Tables for the
adsorption capacity of activated carbon for various odor
producing elements, room sizes that one pound of activated
carbon will deodorize for one year, and necessary amounts of
activated carbon per person per year for various classes of
facilities are included. A table is presented showing the effec-
tiveness of various ion exchange resins. Various methods of
oxidation, such as ozone, chlorine, combustion, and bacteria
are discussed.
33167
Mascarello, J. M. and J. Auclair
RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PLANT FOR WASTE
GAS DESULFURIZATION IN THE E.D.F.-POWER PLANT
ST. OUEN. (Ergebnisse der Versuchsanlage zur Ab-
gasentschwefelung im E.d.F.-Kraftwerk St. Ouen). Text in
German. Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbetr., 51(4):324-328, Aug. 1971.
(Presented at the Vereinigung der Grosskesselbetreiber
Fachtagung, Emissionen 1970, Wuppertal, West Germany,
April 3, 1970, Regensburg, April 17, 1970, and Travemuende,
April 30, 1970.)
A method is described of scrubbing power plant flue gases
with ammonia, thus separating out 93-97% of the sulfur diox-
ide and sulfur trioxide as ammonium sulfite, bisulfite, and
sulfate. These waste products are treated with lime for
recovery of the ammonia which can then be recirculated. The
sulfur-containing acid residues are converted into insoluble
calcium sulfate which can be disposed of without danger. If no
utilization of the chemical end products is foreseen, this is a
very economical method for the control of sulfur oxides. The
power plant St. Ouen has a pilot plant operating on this princi-
ple, which has been modified for recovery of the SO2 as a
liquid. Costs are cited.
33321
REFUSE CASO4 FROM FLUE GASES DESULFURIZATION
IN COAL POWER PLANTS. (Odpadni siran vapenaty z od-
sirovani spalin tepelnych elektraren). Text in Czech. Stavivo,
43(11):413, 1965. 1 ref.
A method of flue gas desulfurization from coal power plants
by ammonia is described, in which 90% of the sulfur dioxide is
absorbed. Ammonia is recovered by lime during the formation
of a dehydrate of calcium sulfate of high purity. The purity in-
creases if lime milk is used instead of lime. About 80% of the
ammonia is recovered. The process of ammonia regeneration
is cheap and simple.
33616
Sato, Mitsuo, Naoki Takayama, Satoru Kurita, and Takao
Kwan
DISTRIBUTION OF VANADIUM AND NICKEL DEPOSITS
INSIDE THE DESULFURIZATION CATALYSTS. (Banajiumu
oyobi nikkeru no datsuryu shokubai tainai eno chinseki bunpu).
Text in Japanese. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi (J. Chem. Soc. Japan),
92(10):834-838, Oct. 1971. 6 refe.
The poisoning of desulfurization catalysts was investigated.
Samples were taken from the middle of a two m long cobalt-
molybdenum-alumina catalyst employed for the hydrodesul-
furization of Kafuji oil in a fixed-layer reactor. X-ray analysis
revealed nickel deposits to be distributed uniformly throughout
the catalyst, while vanadium deposits were found in the vicini-
ty of the surface of the catalyst. No difference was observed
between those catalysts used for 50 hours and those used for
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
45
1000 hours. The rate of deposition was considered linearly pro-
portional to the concentration of the compounds, and the reac-
tion to be reversible. Once deposited, the compounds did not
escape from the surface, nor move around on the surface or
inside the catalyst. The deposition process is independent of
the hydrodesulfurization process. Based on these assumptions,
a theoretical model was derived of the deposition process. The
reactivity of vanadium with the catalyst was greater than that
of nickel, while the diffusion coefficient was lower for vanadi-
um than for nickel.
33890
Brodskiy, Yu. N., V. I. Lazarev, and V. A. Pinayev
DESULFURIZATION OF SMOKE GASES. (Obesserivaniye
dymovikh gasov). Preprint, EEC Work Group on Air Pollution
Problems (USSR), 1970. 17 refs. (Presented at the Seminar on
Desulfurization of Fuel and Flue Gas.) Translated from Rus-
sian. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 25p., March
1971.
When heat and electric power stations, designed to burn coal
containing about 2.5% combustible sulfur, began to be con-
structed in Moscow and other industrial centers in the 1930s,
research work was started on a broad scale toward the control
of sulfur dioxide emissions. Methods were tested in large ex-
perimental and industrial installations. Catalytic oxidation of
sulfur dioxide produces sulfur trioxide in an aqueous medium
in the presence of a manganese ore. An ammonia-autoclave
method is used to absorb SO2 by an aqueous solution of am-
monium sulfite-bisulfite with the subsequent decomposition of
spent solutions in an autoclave to ammonium sulfate and ele-
mentary sulfur. The limestone method is based on the sorption
of SO2 by suspensions of lime or active limestone, producing
a mixture of crystals of calcium sulfite and sulfate. The mag-
nesite method uses the absorption of SO2 by suspensions of
magnesium oxide, producing crystals of magnesium sulfite Mg-
S03.6H20, which are roasted by the hot smoke gases at 800-
900 C. Modifications of these methods were also tested, and
additional procedures and costs are indicated.
33971
Mashita, Takashi
WET-TYPE DUST COLLECTOR UTILIZING CONDENSA-
TION. (Gyoshuku o riyo shita shisshiki shujinki soriboru).
Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
7(10):573-574, Oct. 1971.
A new, wet-type dust collector consists of a casing, and many
venturi pipes arranged in parallel in the casing, and water jet
nozzles at the both ends of the pipe bundle. Dust-containing
gas flows into the casing and into the narrow part of the ven-
turi pipes where the speed and pressure drop. Vapor conden-
sation occurs and dust particles are covered by a thin liquid
film. The turbulent air current created at the narrow throat and
the difference in sizes and weight of the particles cause colli-
sion of dust particles and water drops, enlargine each particle.
As they leave the venturi pipes, they are sprayed by the water
jet and large dust particles drop down as sludge. Clean gas
goes through a vapor separation apparatus and is discharged.
This apparatus is particularly effective for collection of large
quantities of small particles (down to 0.04 micron). The con-
tact of the gas and jet liquid is great and uniform, and toxic
gases such as sulfur dioxide and fluoride can be absorbed easi-
ly. The decrease in flow speed or quantity has no effect on the
collection efficiency. The circulation of the jet water is easy,
and the maintenance of the spray nozzle is easy because of
the large opening. Wearing from friction is limited because of
the slow speed of the gas.
33995
Shigara, Masao
COLLECTION AND ELIMINATION OF DUSTS. (Shujin and
Jojin). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
7(10):554-565, Oct. 1971. 7 refs.
Definitions of stack gas, dusts, particulates, emission sources,
air quality standards, measuring methods of suspended par-
ticulates, effects of dusts on human health, emission stan-
dards, and various methods of dust collection are reviewed
with references to laws and statistics. Dust collection devices
include settling, momentum, centrifugal separation, scrubbing
(pool, pressure, and wet cyclones), sound wave (condensation
and particle growth), filter (surface and internal filtering), and
electrostatic precipitator methods. Various filtering materials
are reviewed with regards to temperature, acid resistance, al-
kali resistance, durability, hygroscopicity, and costs. Compara-
tive efficiency and costs of various types of collectors are as
follows: settling chambers are suitable for large particles of 50
to 1000 microns; the collection rates are 40 to 60% and the in-
stallation and operation costs are minimal. For medium size
particles of 5 to 100 microns, cyclones show 85 to 95% effi-
ciency and the cost is medium. For particles of sizes 0.1 to 100
micron, sound wave collectors yield a slightly better collection
rate (80-95%) than venturi scrubbers and the cost of operation
is also more advantageous. Bag filters collect 90 to 99% of
0.05 to 20 micron particles and both installation and operation
costs are medium; 0.05 to 20 micron particles may be collected
80 to 99% by an electrostatic precipitator, which is costly to
install, but the operational cost runs from minimum to medi-
um.
34314
lijima, Koichiro
HEAVY OIL HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYSTS AND
THEIR REACTIONS. (Juyu suisoka datsuryu-ho no shokubai
to hanno). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Society of Chemi-
cal Engineering, Tokyo, p. 9-18, 1971. 21 refs. (Presented at
the Dicussion on Desulfurization Techniques, 4th, Yokkaichi,
Japan, Oct. 20, 1971.)
Difficulties in desulfurization are mainly found in the direct
method, due to the difficulty of precipitation of vanadium and
nickel between and within the catalyst particles, and the
lowering of catalyst activity caused by asphaltene. Thy princi-
ples of desulfurization systems are explained with illustrations
and operating variables of various types of systems; catalysts
are reviewed. In the direct method of desulfurization, using a
stabilized bed of cobalt molybdenum alumina (CoMo/A1203),
the desulfurization rate drops drastically in the beginning; it
continues to drop up to 50 hours, then stabilizes. Higher desul-
furization rates are obtained with higher reaction pressures, or
using one mm diameter spherical catalyst particles rather than
two mm diameter particles, or thicker catalyst layers under a
given condition. The ratio of desulfurization in one kind of
heavy oil from the Middle East by the direct method showed
elimination of 64% of vanadium, 68% of sulfur, 46% of nickel,
and 49% asphaltene. The life and catalytic reaction of catalysts
depends on types of oil for which they are used; but in
general, efficiency can be improved by enlarging average pore
sizes, improving the pore diameter distribution in relation to
the macropore volumes, and increasing the surface area in
relation to the volume of a catalyst.
-------
46
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
34609
Sinyak, G. S., P. V. Lisovsky, G. I. Chizhikova, M. A.
Vitashkina, E. I. Karpova, B. G. Gusarov, and L. L.
Zablotsky
CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF GASEOUS PRODUCTS OF
PYROLYSIS OF HUMAN WASTES. (Kataliticheskoye
okisleniye nekotorykh gaeoobraenykh produktov piroliea otk-
hodov zbienedeyatel nosti Cheloveka). Text in Russian. Kosmich.
Biol. Med., 5(5):77-80, 1971. 5 refs.
The applicability of catalysts — hopcalite, copper-chromium,
copper-cobalt, platinum and palladium — to attain deep oxida-
tion of the vapor-gaseous phase formed during the thermal
treatment of human wastes was studied. Oxidizing properties
of the catalysts were studied on individual gases — methane,
hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. When catalysts with higher
activity were used to oxidize an actual gas mixture, the oxida-
tion reaction of the gas mixture was completed at 350 deg only
with the palladium catalyst. (Author abstract modified)
34683
Karl, Alfred
A WET GAS PURIFICATION PROCESS. (Verfahren zur nas-
sen Gasreinigung). Text in German. (Heinrich Koppers
G.m.B.H., Essen (West Germany)) Ger. Pat. 737,031. 2p., May
27, 1943. (Appl. March 30, 1940, 1 claim).
The process removes acid components like carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrocyanic acid, sulfur dioxide from waste
gases. The gases are absorbed with aqueous solutions of or-
ganic compounds and removed from the washing liquid
through distillation. The organic compounds in the washing
liquid are derivatives of gamma-piperidon which contain an
unchanged amino-and-keto-group like 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-
oxo-piperidine. In these compounds, the keto-group is in a
para position to the amino-group. These compounds absorb in-
organic acid compounds by forming loose bonds with them
which are easily broken by reduced pressure, by an increase in
temperature, or preferably by both simultaneously. Thus a
separation of the absorbed acids is achieved without decom-
position or condensation reactions of the gamma-piperidon in a
solution which is returned to the process. Distillation is per-
formed in a column at 60-80 C while scrubbing takes place at
20-30 C.
35015
Delannoy, Georges
ACTION OF THE FRENCH MINING INDUSTRY. (Action
des Charbonnages de France). Text in French. Pollut. AUnos.
(Paris), 23:22-26, Oct. 1971.
The French mining industry has participated in the fight
against pollution in the mines themselves, in the processing of
coal, and in its combustion. The necessary sampling and mea-
suring devices were developed by the Centre d Etudes et
Recherches des Charbonnages de France. In the mines, dust
formation is controlled by the infusion of water under pressure
into coal seams. During mining itself, water is sprinkled under
pressure on coal banks that are being mined. Modern continu-
ous methane monitoring equipment with alarm devices is also
used. A difficult problem was coke oven pollution control in-
volving dust and a tar aerosol. But the new oven charging
techniques used in the Lorraine basin almost completely
eliminated emissions. The French mining industry is charac-
terized by a shortage of anthracite which alone burns without
emitting coal tar. Therefore, smokeless coal is being produced
by distillation or by oxidation on a large scale. The anthracite
method alone yields 1,200,000 tons of smokeless coal a year.
Smokeless coal has thus replaced the traditional coal
briquettes which generated coal tar. Basic research currently
being pursued bears on the formation of nitrogen oxides in
furnaces, on the optimal physical and chemical conditions in
waste incineration, on solids-gas interaction in combustion
gases, and on the harmfulness of particulates and gases to
human lungs.
35026
Suzuki, Shigeaki
DIRECT DESULFURIZATION TECHNIQUE AND AP-
PARATUS. (Juyu datsuryu (chokusetsu datsuryu) gijutsu to
sono sochi). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Sozo (Environ. Crea-
tion), l(4):49-55, Nov. 1971. 4 refs.
The general principle of the direct desulfurization system,
material oil for desulfurization, the nature of metal, hydrocar-
bons, and other elements in the material oil which impair the
efficiency of desulfurization, various other operational
problems, types of reaction towers, wear and corrosion
problems, and economics are discussed. The elements which
cause problems of desulfurization are vanadium, nickel, and
close to 30 other metals of smaller amount. Ninety per cent of
these metal compounds are concentrated in the oil residue to
be desulfurized. These metals are extracted by catalysts which
cannot be recovered once used. Asphaltene, an aromatic
hydrocarbon and insoluble to propane and pentane, contains
much more sulfur, nitrogen, and metal compared to solubles
and presents a great problem. The amount of sulfur contained
in asphaltene is approximately twice as much as the amount in
raw oil. Asphaltene is not only difficult to desulfurize, but also
impairs the catalytic action of other elements once it is ad-
sorbed by the catalyst. According to the 1970 report of the
General Energy Investigation Committee, the average sulfur
content in the total fuel consumption in 1974 will be 0.95%,
and in 1978, 0.55%. The sulfur content in the oil desulfurized
by the indirect method presently under operation is 0.3 - 0.5%,
and that of the oil desulfurized by the direct method is approx-
imately 1.0%.
35060
PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE TREND OF RESIDUAL OIL
DESULFURIZATION. (Juyu datsuryu no genjo to kongo no
hoko). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Sozo (Environ. Creation),
l(4):43-48, Nov. 1971
By the end of 1970, 11 indirect desulfurization systems with a
total capacity of 256,000 bbl/d were operating, and they are
expected to increase to 15 systems, producing 39,500 bbl/d.
Japanese oil import consists of 41% Iranian oil containing 2.5
to 2.6% sulfur in the heavy oil form, which can be reduced to
1.5 to 1.6% by an indirect desulfurization process. This com-
pares with the Khafji oil, eight percent of the oil import,
which contains 4.1% sulfur in heavy oil which can be reduced
to 2.6% content. Three direct desulfurization systems presently
operate in Japan, treating 112,760 bbl/d oil,: and two more
systems will be added in the next two years, increasing the
capacity to 156,000 bbl/d. Of the stabilized bed operation and
fluidized catalyst bed processing, the latter is more complex in
mechanism, but the exchange of catalyst is possible without
stopping the operation of the entire system. Also, maintenance
of catalytic activity is easier, making a continuous operation
for an extended time possible. It also desulfurizes residual oil
with many metallic components which decreases the activity
of catalysts and of decompressed distillation residual oil. Since
this process is regarded most suitable for Japan which has to
depend on various types of raw oil, The Ministry of Interna-
tional Trade and Industry has spent approximately $3,600,OqO
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
47
since 1967 on research and development of fluidized bed direct
desulfurization technology. The goal is development of a
desulfurization technique with a 70% result at the cost of ap-
proximately $3/k 1. By the end of 1971, designing of actual
plant and collection of basic data necessary for the construc-
tion and operation are to be completed.
35166
Yanagihara, Shigeru
AIR POLLUTION AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES (1). (Taiki
osen to jidoshayo kikan (1). Kikai No Kenkyu (Science of
Machine), 22(8):1101-1106, 1970. 4 refs. Translated from
Japanese. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 26p.,
Aug. 1971.
The effects of automotive exhaust emissions on air pollution
are reviewed with respect to maximum allowable concentra-
tions, environmental emission standards, regulation of engine
exhausts, and various control methods. Automobiles emit car-
bon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, soot and lead
participates, aldehydes, and odors as combustion gas from ex-
haust pipes, crankcase blowby gas, and fuel tank or carburetor
vapors. Control methods included engine design modifications,
improvements of the air inlet and ignition systems, air-fuel
ratio, exhaust, air injection and fuel injection systems, and
prevention of evaporation loss.
35496
Aizawa, Kiyoshi and Hirohide lijima
FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION SYSTEM. (Ryudosho
shiki shokyaku sochi ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nenryo
Oyobi Nensyo (Fuel and Combustion), 38(11):43-50, Nov.
1971.
In a fluidized bed combustion incinerator, a layer of heated
and constantly moving particles such as sand acts as a com-
bustion medium, and makes complete burning possible at the
low temperature of 700 C. The solid waste comes in contact
with the heated sand and organic material is completely
decomposed and oxidized. The combustion gas goes through a
heat exchanger before emission from the stack. Soot is further
collected by either a multi-cyclone, a filter, or a wet-type dust
collector. The smoke is made completely odorless by the
complete combustion. Flow sheets and the design and opera-
tional specifications are presented.
35650
Viessman, Warren
CAUSE AND CONTROL OF ODOR IN AIR CONDITIONED
SPACES. Air Cond., Heat., Ventil., vol. 56:77-81, Sept. 1959.
Obnoxious odors in enclosed spaces include tobacco smoke
odors, chemical and product odors, odors introduced from the
outside atmosphere, and odors from air conditioning coils. To
keep odor perception and irritation at a minimum, air condi-
tioning spaces should be designed for about 50-55% relative
humidity. Temperature can generally be ignored since it has
slight effect on odor level at constant specific humidity. Ven-
tilation and charcoal adsorption are effectively and extensively
used in air conditioning for odor removal by engineers. In ven-
tilation, air containing objectionable gaseous odors, irritants,
particulates that obscure vision, and toxic matter are replaced
by clean fresh outside air. Ventilation requirements for human
occupancy are a function of space person and the activity. An
Activity Curve is given for determining the requirements for
various conditions. At air temperatures below 125 deg, odors,
vapors, and gases (except carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide)
are effectively removed by charcoal adsportion. Carbon
requirements can also be determined from the Activity Curve.
Exhaust gases between 125-500 deg can be destroyed by cata-
lytic combustion at 500 deg. For higher temperature gases,
direct combustion at 1200 deg is employed. Tests were made
on odor adsorption and release in an enclosed space. Methods
for measuring odor intensities were discussed.
36151
Nagiev, A. M. and E. Sh. AUaverdyan
NEW ABSORBENTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS
OF REMOVING SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM INDUSTRIAL
GASES. (Novye poglotiteli i klassifikatsiya sposobov ochistki
promyshlennykh gasov ot dvuokisi sery). Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb.
Zaved., Neft Gaz, no. 11-108-110, 1968. 12 rets. Translated from
Russian. National Lending Library for Science and Technology,
Yorkshire (England), 5p., 1968.
The ability of liquid petroleum products, including cracking
kerosene, sulfide alkylphenol, naptha, alky late, gas oil, and
lubricant distillates, to absorb sulfur dioxide was experimen-
tally confirmed. Determinations of combined sulfur and free
SO2 contents of the absorbents showed that the petroleum
products absorb SO2 as a result of chemical reaction between
SO2 and hydrocarbon compounds. The liquid distillates had a
greater absorbing capacity (96.1%) than the other petroleum
products. The new absorbents are included in a. classification
of methods of absorbing SO2 from waste gas.
36204
Yanagihara, Shigeru
AIR POLLUTION AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES (2). (Taiki
osen to jidoshayo kikan (2)). Kikai no Kenkyu (Science of
Machine), 22(9):29-32, 1970. 3 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 16p., Aug. 1971.
Measures for reducing exhaust emissions from internal com-
bustion engines are discussed with special reference to nitric
oxide. A substantial reduction in NO appears possible by com-
bining exhaust gas recycling with a high-temperature exhaust
reactor for the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monox-
ide. A two-stage catalytic muffler also promises to purify ex-
haust gas without adversely affecting engine performance. The
NO is reduced by a catalyst in the first stage, after which air
is admitted and the hydrocarbons and CO are oxidized. It will
be difficult to lower NO levels below one gram/mile in engines
other than gasoline engines. In Sterling engines, far-reaching
recycling is required, and even in steam engines combustion
gas temperature must be 1000 C or below. Electric engines are
exhaust-free but the lead used in present batteries may exceed
the amount in gasoline additives. If it is necessary to limit NO
to less than five grams of nitrogen dioxide/one kilogram of
fuel, the same standards should be applied to boilers and other
combustion devices.
36413
Hasenclever, D.
THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE INDICATOR SUBSTANCES
FOR SOLVING DUST PROBLEMS. (Die Verwendung von
radioaktiven Indikatorstoffen zur Loesung von Staubfragen.)
Staub (Duesseldorf), 16(44): 159-173, 1956. 6 refs. Translated
from German by William H. Everhardy, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Md., Translating Unit, 25p., July 30, 1958.
A method which makes it possible to tag and characterize very
fine particles of suspended matter by apposition of the atomic
secondary products of a radioactive gas was described. The
experimental procedure for radioactive filter testing were also
described and the results obtained were compared with those
-------
48
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
obtained in the testing of a mixture of quartz dust and air.
New formulas are given for the calculation of the radioactive
degree of removal; with these, the measurement of crude and
pure air in the experimental procedure can be avoided. Au-
toradiographs of different filter materials give information con-
cerning the structure and composition of the filters. Autoradio-
graphs of thermal-precipitator samples were taken from a mix-
ture of the thorium emanation. They show that the thermal
precipitator removes 100% of the radioactively tagged particles
of suspended matter, that the precipitation begins in front of
the heated filament, and by comparison with microscopic ex-
aminations in the bright and dark field, that the maximum
granule size of the particles must be less than 0.2 micron. The
konimeter is capable of holding back a considerable part of
this suspended matter. (Author summary modified)
36460
Witte, Erich
HOW FAR ADVANCED ARE NEW ENERGY SOURCES FOR
ELECTRICAL TRUCKS? Foerdern Heben, 19(5):29S-297, 1969.
7 refs. Translated from German, 7p.
The current status of accumulators and fuel cells for electric
vehicles is reviewed. Most accumulators under development
are unsuitable because they contain expensive materials whose
quantities are limited. Except for the heavy lead accumulator,
there remain only the air-zinc accumulator and the sodium sul-
fide accumulator. Several years of testing have resulted in no
practical application of the latter. Although their primary cells
have been manufactured for decades, two essential problems
exist with air-zinc accumulators: development of a suitable
electrode for air intake and the dissolution of the zinc elec-
trode during discharging. It is doubtful that the air-zinc accu-
mulator will replace the lead accumulator on electric trucks.
Work on mechanically rechargeable fuel cells is still in the ini-
tial stage.
36951
VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure {Commission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf (West Germany), Fachausschuss
Aufbereitungs und Mischanlagen fuer den Bituminoesen
Strassenbau
RESTRICTION OF EMISSION. PRETREATMENT AND MIX-
ING PLANTS FOR ROAD-SURFACING AGGREGATES
WITH BITUMINOUS BINDER. VDI (Ver. Deut Ingr.) Richt-
linien, no. 2283, July 1967. 16 refs. Translated from German.
Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 9p.,
June, 1970. NTIS: TT 68-50469/16
The surfacing of asphalt roads requires a mixture produced
from a mineral aggregate and a bituminous binder. The mineral
aggregate may be natural rock material (sand or gravel),
crushed rock (rock fines, grit, road metal), crushed blast fur-
nace slags, or rock dust (as filler). In order to obtain the
desired grain-size composition, the mineral aggregates are
mixed in a certain proportion, for which standards and codes
of practice exist. Plant operation includes batching of the input
aggregates, drying and heating, mixing, haulage and loading,
storage, preheating of rock dust, and treatment of binder.
Sources of dust formation are indicated, as well as the type of
dust formed and means of reducing dust concentrations.
Mechanical collectors, wet collectors, filters, and electrostatic
precipitators are evaluated for this application. The release and
prevention of gases, vapors, and odors are also discussed.
37115
Kholin, B. G., L. M. Chernyak, and S. A. Kolesnikov
TEST OF FAN ATOMIZER FOR ABSORPTION OF
FLUORINE-CONTAINING GASES IN THE PRODUCTION
OF SUPERPHOSPHATE. Sov. Chem. Ind. (English translation
from Russian of: Khim. Prom.), no. 4:286-287, April 1971. 13
refs.
Fine-dispersion atomization of the liquid is one of the most
powerful means of intensifying mass-transfer processes
between a liquid and gas. The intensity of the absorption
process with fine atomization can be increased by using rotat-
ing perforated cans, particularly with outflow openings of rela-
tively large diameter. This makes it possible to create a relia-
ble, highly productive, and economic design for a fan liquid
atomizer which then can be used to absorb fluorine-containing
gases in the production of superphosphate.
37252
Siewert, Robert M.
CHANGES IN VALVE TIMING CAN REDUCE EXHAUST
EMISSIONS. SAE (Soc. Automot. Engrs.) J., 79(6):40-44,
June 1971.
Advancing the intake valve opening or the exhaust valve clos-
ing time significantly reduced hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide
emissions from a modified V-8 engine under part-load, low-
speed test conditions. Advancing the intake valve opening to
45 deg btdc reduced hydrocarbon emissions by 25% and nitric
oxide emissions by 38%. Hydrocarbon emission decreased
25% when the exhaust valve closing was advanced to 22 deg
btdc. Delaying the closing to 65 deg btdc resulted in an 18%
decrease in hydrocarbons. Nitric oxide emissions decreased
45% at the maximum exhaust valve closing advance and 50%
at the full exhaust valve closing retard. The valve timing
changes appeared to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by in-
creasing internal recirculation. Increases in internal recircula-
tion may reduce hydrocarbon emissions by selective retention
of hydrocarbon-rich quench gases.
37324
Dobrayakov, G. G., M. Z. Serebryakov, and V. P. Rychkov
OPERATION OF A GAS-CLEANING SYSTEM ON A
CLOSED-TOP ELECTRIC FURNACE. Steel (USSR) (English
translation from Russian of: Stal), 1(5):401-402, May 1971.
A ferroalloy work was provided with closed-top electric fur-
naces for making 45% ferrosilicon, which were successfully
fitted with wet gas cleaners consisting of an inclined connect-
ing duct, a scrubber, an atomizing pipe, and a blower. The gas
to be cleaned arrives at the rate of 1700-2200 cu m/hr, the dust
loading on leaving the furnace is 10-55 g/cu m. With better
spraying of the inclined gas duct, the scrubber can be
eliminated. (Author abstract modified)
37448
Puhr-Westerheide, Hans
DEVELOPMENTS FOR MORE ECONOMIC POWER
PRODUCTION FROM COAL. (Entwicklungen fuer eine
wirtschaftlichere Energieerzeugung aus Kohle). Text in Ger-
man. Glueckauf (Essen), 108(2):73-75, Jan. 20, 1972.
Two new methods for power production based on coal are
discussed: the fluid-bed method, and the coal-pressure-gasifi-
cation method. Both methods have advantages over conven-
tional power plants as far as desulfurization of wast gases is
concerned. In conventional power plants, desulfurization of
flue gases prior to discharge into the atmosphere is feasible
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
49
only at great expense. Simpler solutions are available for the
two new methods. In the fluid-bed method, ground limestone
is added to the fluid bed. The sulfur is bound in the fluid bed
and the loaded additive is discharged with the ash. It is ex-
pected that a degree of desulfurization of up to 90% can be
achieved with this method. In coal-pressu e- gasification, the
hydrogen sulfide can be removed from the gas prior to com-
bustion. Laboratory experiments have shown that the hot-
potash-method is very suitable for this purpose. The pres-
surized gas is passed through a cooler-saturizer system.
Preliminary scrubbing of the gas is carried out in the cooler,
the actual desulfurization then takes place in the absorber con-
taining a potash solution. In the saturizer, the gas is heated
again countercurrently to ISO C. Elemental sulfur is produced
from the absorbed gas in a Claus furnace. A degree of desul-
furization of 90% is feasible. An experimental plant for desul-
furization of 3500 cu m/hr will be erected in the power plant
Kellermann. The waste gases from the combined desulfuriza-
tion/pressure gasification process are entirely dust free.
37544
Burkat, V. S., E. Ya. Tarat, V. A. Baevshii,.E. M. Voronin,
and M. T. Tsurenko
PURIFICATION OF ALUMINUM-INDUSTRY GASES IN A
HOLLOW HIGH-SPEED SCRUBBER. Soviet J. Non-Ferrous
Metals (English translation from Russian of: Tsvetn. Metal.),
10(9):61-63, Sept. 1969. 3 refs.
A pilot gas purifier consisting of an electric separator and a
hollow scrubber with spray nozzles was tested for its ability to
remove gaseous and solid fluoride compounds from exhaust
gases at an aluminum plant. The efficiency of gas purification
in the scrubber was determined at gas linear velocities of 3-7
m/sec, gas inlet temperatures of 40-50 C, and spraying densi-
ties of 20 and 30 cu m/sq m/hr. Spray density had a greater in-
fluence on the degree of hydrogen fluoride entrainment than a
change in gas velocity. The degree of purification remained
constant within the gas-velocity range tested, but increased
with an increase in spraying density. An equation is given that
predicts the performance of the hollow, high-speed scrubber
under various operating conditions.
37553
Rikhter, L. A., I. B. Zasedatelev, and F. P. Duzhikh
INCREASING THE RELIABILITY OF LARGE THERMAL
POWER STATION CHIMNEYS. Thermal Eng. (English trans-
lation from Russian of: Teploenergetika), 18(3):103-106, March
1971. 4 refs.
Corrosion problems associated with four types of single-flue
chimneys installed at large Soviet thermal power stations are
discussed. The chimney types are reinforced concrete with
ceramic linings (I); metal chimneys made of individual ther-
mally insulated sheet-steel cylinders (II); reinforced concrete
with metal flues for thermal insulation (III); and reinforced
concrete with ventilated clearance between the flue and the
lining (IV). The best results were obtained with type IV pro-
vided the ventilation was forced and a static pressure existed
in the clearance. Under these conditions, there is no gas flow
toward the supporting reinforced concrete shaft and thus no
corrosion of the later. However, the requirement of a
minimum of two fans with electrical drives and a reserve
power supply make type IV chimneys with forced ventilation
more expensive. As a solution, a new type of reinforced
concrete chimney is proposed, one that is pressurized in a
naturally ventilated clearance of variable width between the
reinforced concrete shaft and an acid-resistant lining. The new
design should increase the reliability of chimneys for high-
capacity thermal power plants.
37709
Brauer, H. and D. Mewes
LAWS GOVERNING THE FLOW AS WELL AS THE SUB-
STANCE AND HEAT TRANSFER IN MULTI-STAGE TURBU-
LENT SPRAY TOWERS. (Gesetzmaessigkeiten fuer
Stroemung sowie Stoff- und Waermeuebergang in mehrstu-
figen Rieselboden-Wirbelschichten). Text in German. Chem.
Ing. Tech., 44(5):357-360, March 1972. 9 refs.
Each stage of a multi-stage turbulent spray tower consists of a
perforated plate above which is the turbulent layer. The holes
in the perforated plate are so small that the fluid may pass
through but the solid particles may not. Fluid and particles
pass countercurrently through the tower. On each stage solids
and fluid are mixed intensely and separated again. For calcula-
tion of the multi-stage spray tower the pressure loss, the parti-
cle concentration on each stage, the average residence time,
the residence time distribution, and the particle throughput
must be known. The mathematical determination of each
parameter is discussed. Of all contributions to the total pres-
sure, only the pressure loss of the fluid at the transit through
the turbulent particle mass and the pressure loss across the
perforated plates is of significance. Analytical expressions for
the two quantities are given, as well as the other parameters
mentioned above. A Fortran program has been written for the
calculation of the fluid dynamic properties of multi-stage spray
towers together with detailed instructions for feeding the pro-
gram into a computer.
38190
Zimmermann, Lothar and Peter Fleischhauer
STABILIZATION OF THE SEPARATING CONDITIONS OF
ELECTRIC SEPARATORS BEHIND CEMENT MILLS BY
WATER SPRAY NOZZLE. (Stabilisierung der Abscheidever-
haeltnisse an Elektroabscheidern hinter Zementmuehlen durch
Wassereinduesung). Text in German. Silikat. Tech., 22(12):407-
409, Dec. 1971. 3 refs.
The installation of electric separators at high-output cement
mills is recommended as an economical approach to keeping
dust emissions within the limits permitted by law. A
prerequisite for stable and effective operation of filters is the
installation of a water spray nozzle in the third chamber of the
mill. The construction and operation of the nozzle and results
obtained with such a nozzle are illustrated by an example. The
results justify the recommendation.
-------
50
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
01534
H. Wozniczek
AIR POLLUTION BY MOTOR CAR EXHAUST GASES)
ZATRUCIE Powietrza Przez Spaling Samochodowe. Ochrona
Pracy (Warsaw), 21(5):14-17, May 1966.
Pollution of towns and cities by automotive emissions is
described. Chemical analyses of the various constituents of ex-
haust gases are given. Toxicity of these constituents is
discussed.
01541
P.I. Chalov M.A. Tsevelev
ON THE WASHOUT OF RADIOACTIVE AEROSOLS BY AT-
MOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION IN THE SUB-CLOUD
LAYER. Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 2(2):121-123, Feb. 1966.
Results of experiments concerned with washout of fission
fragments by atmospheric precipitation in the subcloud layer
of the troposphere are presented. Rain water was collected in
sampling tanks at three different elevations on a mountain
slope. The rainwater was evaporated and the beta-radioactivity
of the residue was measured. Fallout density increased as the
sampling point was lowered, indicating that fission fragments
are washed out by the precipitation. The amount of increased
radiation showed considerable variation.
05439
METHODS OF MEASURING AIR POLLUTION (PART 6).
Metodi di Misura dell' inquinamento Atmosferico (Sesta Parte.
Fumi Polveri (Milan) l(7):18-24, Jan. 1967. It.
Two methods for measuring minute quantities of fluorine in
the atmosphere are described. 1) Two methods are given for
measuring a sample with an impinger. In the photometric
method air is introduced in the appratus containing a normal-
ized solution of 0.1 N NaOH which absorbs the fluorine ions.
The ions are then separated in the vapor state and the amount
of fluorine determined photometrically. The sensitivity of this
method is 3 micrograms F/cu m of air when measured directly,
and 0.6 microgram F/cu m when preliminary concentration
measurements are made. The metric titration method, less sen-
sitive than the photometric (10 micrograms F/cu m, is used for
high fluorine concentrations. Equations are given for both
photometric and titration methods from which the concentra-
tion of fluorine can be calculated. 2) In micro-diffusion
methods, air is passed across a bottle containing gas and
pieces of plexiglass on which compounds containing fluorine
are absorbed in 0.1 N NaOH. Extraneous substances are
eliminated by micro-diffusion and the amount of fluorine is
determined photometrically.
06112
Tada, O.
MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS. Bunseki Kagaku
(Japan Analyst) (Tokyo) pp. 110R-7R. 1966. Jap.
Important papers published in Japan Analyst in 1964 and 1965
are summarized. The subject is limited to measurement
methods of air pollutants known to be toxic to health. Pollu-
tants from stacks and automobile exhausts are covered, in-
cluding many cyclic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
fluorine compounds, hydrogen sulfide, lead compounds, and
offensive odors. Various sampling methods are described,
especially using filtering with glass wool filters, electric dust
collectors, gas absorbers, and portable samplers containing sil-
ica gel. The pollutants can be measured by electroconductivity
methods, colorimetric measurement recorder, gas chromato-
graphic analysis, electron capturing detector, and hydrogen ion
detector. The papers summarized do not include those dealing
with industrial or occupational environment or mining.
07180
W. Breuer
METROLOGY AND AIR POLLUTION. Die Messtechnik bei
der Reinhaltung der Luft. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Z. (Duessel-
dorf) 107 (30), 1434-8 (Oct. 1965). Ger.
A survey of air pollution measurements is presented. In the
group of emission measurements, a block diagram for continu-
ous CO2 and SO2 measurements is given and some details of
sampling and filtering are discussed. A nomograph relates the
SO2 emission with the sulfur concentration of the fuel. These
measurements operate on the principle of infrared absorption.
Another block diagram shows examples of dust measurements.
Both the electrostatically operating 'Konitest' and a meter
based on light extinction are employed. An electrochemical
device determining chlorine is explained. Here the chlorine ox-
idizes iodide which in turn causes a depolarization current to
flow. As an example of concentration measurements, an elec-
trochemical device determining H2S in concentrations as low
as 1 ppb is given. The electric current arising as the result of
the formation of silver sulfide is of the order of 0.1 micron
amp which can be amplified and recorded. A short discussion
of practical aspects of sampling and statistical evaluations of
results, in particular, relations to wind directions, concludes
this paper.
07391
H. Miyazaki, K. Ui, H. Ando
INVESTIGATION OF TEXT METHODS OF S-OXIDES AND
N-OXIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Text in Japanese. J.
Japan Petrol. Inst. (Tokyo), 9(3):214-216, Mar. 1966.10 refs.
The methods investigated are the electrical conductivity
method, rosaniline method, and Saltzman method. Drawbacks
to the electrical conductivity method are that SO2 and SOS
cannot be measured separately and that H2S, mercaptans, and
other elements interfere with measurement. In addition, the
electrical conductivity of the absorbing liquid depends on the
temperature. The rosaniline method is used only for SO2. Con-
siderations in using this method consist of the speed of ab-
sorption of the air tested, the shape of the absorber, absorp-
tion efficiency, and maintenance of the absorption liquid.
Impingers and air washing bottles are also required. The ab-
sorption of test air depends on the celocity and on the shape
of the bottle; absorption efficiency of the absorption liquid
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
51
was good, indicating the need for only one absorption tube.
Data obtained by sue of both electrical conductivity and
rosaniline methods were in good agreement with each other.
As for the Saltzman method for N-oxides, the absorption effi-
ciency was found to depend on the speed of absorption and on
the type of absorption tube used. It is difficult to make a per-
fect collection of NO2 by the Saltzman method. The hourly
variation of NO2 concentration in Yokohama is graphed; it
reached a peak of 0.05 ppm between 9 and 10 A.M. which is
much less than the corresponding SO2 concentration.
07401
Suzuki, S.
POTENTIAL AUTOMATIC DETECTOR OF SMALL
AMOUNTS OF OXIDIZING GAS USING POTASSIUM
IODIDE AS A REACTION INDICATOR (I). Text in Japanese.
Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
2(3):19-29, 1965. 7 refs.
The detector described consists of two parts: the measuring
section and the recording part. The efficiency of the measuring
part was determined by a potentiometer which measured the
relation between the iodine concentration and electric potential
which are proportional. There was difficulty in obtaining good
repeatability values; the problem is discussed in some detail.
The efficiency of the automatic recording equipment was then
tested. A wiring diagram of the apparatus is included. The
relation between resistance change in the wire and deflection
of the recorder is graphed. As for operating procedure, the ef-
fects of potential stability, bubbling, and ultraviolet rays were
investigated. Graphs illustrate that initial potential stability in
potassium iodide is difficult to reach but once obtained, the
stability will remai^ constant during changes in potassium
iodide. Other effects noted were that bubbling affects the volt-
age and the effect of ultraviolet rays is great. The detector was
used for NO2, ozone, radioactive iodine, and other gases. The
process and methods of examination are described in detail.
07482
Kanno, S.
DETERMINATION OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS. Text
in Japanese. J. Jap. Petrol. Inst. (Tokyo), 7(2):92-96, Feb. 1964.
6 refs.
The determination of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in
smoke and in air are covered. SO2 in smoke is measured
colorimetrically or by detection tube. Two methods are
described: one for measuring pollutants after the combustion
of coal or heavy oil or for gases mixed with NO2 and the
other for mixtures of SO2 and SOS. Procedures are given for
making the test liquid (absorption liquid) and for exact mea-
surement for each method. The detection tube is illustrated
briefly. The absorption tube method is not sufficient for NO2
detection. A method of almost perfect collecting efficiency
which is used in the Kanagawa Prefecture Public Health
Laboratories is described. The absorber is composed of a mix-
ture of NaOH and butanol. For SO2 and SOS measurement,
the electric conductivity method and barium molybdate
method are illustrated. The rosanaline method is used as well
as an alkali filter paper method. The latter is superior to the
widely used PbO2 method in that reagent quality does not af-
fect the measured value and the collecting efficiency does not
depend on temperature and humidity.
07721
Uzima, M.
SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITY
OF SOOT & DUST, AND ITS RELATIONS OF ((SIC))
SMOKE CHART. Text in Japan- ese. Netsu Kanri (Heat En-
gineering) (Tokyo), 19(1):11-16, Jan 1967.
The East-North Power Station together with the Central Elec-
tric Power Institution studies a simpler method to standardize
dust and soot-measuring methods. They tried to find the point
which gives the average amount of soot and dust without mea-
suring the distribution of concentration. They also investigated
the possibility of measuring the amount of soot and dust in
grams/cubic meter using a soot and smoke meter of the
photoelectric type. In this experiment, the temperature dis-
tribution, velocity distribution, and soot and dust concentra-
tion at the cross-section of the smoke duct were measured.
Measurements were also made at the inlet and outlet of the
dust collection device. For measuring concentration, at the in-
let, the constant-velocity suction tube method was used, a dust
tube alone was used when heavy oil was the fuel, and at the
outlet, both tubes were used. When coal was used as fuel, the
size of the dust particles was 30 to 40 microns at the inlet and
5 to 7 microns at the outlet. It was found that the curves of
the velocity of the gas and of the soot and dust concentration
were almost the same indicating that the average amount of
soot and dust could be measured at the point where the
velocity of the gas was average. Measurement of the distribu-
tion of soot and dust is only required for determining dust col-
lecting efficiency.
08121
Vronskiy, A. I., and Latushkina, V. B.
METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREES OF
CONTAMINATION OF AIR WITH DUST USING AEROSOL
ANALYTICAL FILTERS (AAF). In: A. A. Letavet and Ye. V.
Khukhrina (eds.), Methods of Studying Industrial Dust and the
Incidence of Pneumoconioses. ((Metody izucheniya proiz-
vodstvennoy pyli i zabolevayemosti pnevmokoniozami.))
Leningrad, Meditsina Publishing House, 1965, 123p. Translated
from Russian. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and
Technical Information, Washington, D. C., Joint Publications
Research Service, TT 66-30952, p. 9-17, March 11, 1966. 3
refs.
A method for the determination of dust content in air by
weight is described. The method utilizes fabric filters and ena-
bles one to determine the dynamics of dust formation during
various industrial processes in short periods of time, and to
evaluate the effectiveness of dust-prevention measures. Long
experience in the use of AAF-W filters in the laborator, as
well as in mines and various industrial enterprises brought out
the following advantages over other filtering materials: 1) high
efficiency of dust retention in the linear filtration rates of up
to 100-150 cm/sec; 2) the flow of air passing through the filter
can be brought up to 100 liters/rain.; 3) the low aerodynamic
resistance makes it possible to increase the rate of sample tak-
ing, and in this way decrease the sampling time; 4) as a rule,
the filters are weighed without preliminary drying; 5) the low
weight of the filter (25-30 mg) makes it possible to determine
the minimum weight of dust of 1 mg; 6) reduction of the time
required for the entire analysis makes it possible to obtain
results of the determination of the dust content of air practi-
cally on the same day on which the samples were taken. In-ac-
tual practice AAF-W-10 and AAF-W-18 filters are used for
determining the dust content by weight. Here the code letter
W signifies weight and 10 the diameter of the working surface
of the filter in sq cm. The principle of determination of the
-------
52
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
amount of dust expressed in mg/cu meter, using FPP-1S cloth
filters consists of drawing a specific volume of dust-laden air
through the filters with subsequent determination of the gain
in weight and calculation of the dust concentration in units of
weight per unit of volume of air.
08122
I. A. Kovalevich
INVESTIGATION OF THE DUST CONTENT OF AIR BY
THE ULTRAMICROSCOPY METHOD. In: A. A. Letabet and
Ye. V. Kbukhrina (eds.), Methods of Studying Industrial Dust
and the Incidence of Pneumoconioses. ((Melody izucheniya
proizvodstvennoy pyli i zabolevayemosti pnevmokoniozami.))
Leningrad, Meditsina Publishing House, 1965, 123p. Translated
from Russian. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and
Technical Information, Washington, D. C., Joint Publications
Research Service, TT 66-30952, p. 18-22, March 11, 1966. 6
refs.
The ultramicroscopic method for the determination of the
number of dust particles contained in one unit of volume of air
is described. In ultramicroscopy the dust particles are seen
against a dark background in the form of luminous points. The
method makes it possible to determine dust particles of micro-
scopic and submicroscopic (to 0.04 micron) - ultramicroscopic
size. The investigation of the dust content of air by this
method can be performed either under industrial or laboratory
conditions. This method enables one to determine rapidly (in
5-10 minutes) the concentration of particles in a moving stream
of the investigated air, and in the investigation, the dispersed
phase is not separated from the dispersion medium, there is no
phase is not separated from the dispersion medium, there is no
conglomeration and, conversely, no breaking up of the dust
particles or changing of their number. The instruments used in
ultramicroscopy of aerosols are divided into two types: I) in-
struments with which the particle count is performed in iso-
lated volumes of an arrested air flow, and 2) instruments with
which the particle count is performed in a continuously mov-
ing air flow. The disadvantage of all these instruments lies in
the possibility of settling of particles on the walls of the
rubber tubes, and in the instruments of the first type also in
the chamber (cell), in which the particles are counted. The
main parts of the instruments are the cell, the light source, and
the microscope. The individual design features of the instru-
ments pertain to the arrangement of the lighting and optical
systems. The use of this apparatus for dust content determina-
tion by the counting method either under laboratory or indus-
trial conditions (in plants, shafts, or mines) proved that it
yields good results. A wider use of this method in the practice
of hygienic investigations is recommended.
08123
A. I. Vronskiy, A. S. Slutsker, Y. V. Khukhrina
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NEW METHODS OF
DETERMINATION OF THE DUST CONTENT OF AIR. In:
A. A. Letavet and Ye. V. Khukhrina (eds.). Methods of Study-
ing Industrial Dust and the Incidence of Pneumoconioses.
(Metody izucheniya proizvodstvennoy pyli i zabolevayemosti
pnevmokoniozami.) Leningrad, Meditsina Publishing House,
1965, 123p. Translated from Russian. Clearinghouse for
Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Washington, D.
C., Joint Publications Research Service TT 66-30952, p. 22-32,
March 11, 1966. 2 refs.
Comparative tests of gravimetric and counting apparatuses for
the determination of the dust content of air are discussed. The
procedure with the use of AAF-W-10 filters is recommended
instead of GOST-50, as the most progressive and reliable one;
the equipment for the gravimetric determination of the dust
content of air is recommended for adoption in research work.
The gravimetric method must be retained in the future as the
basic one, and at the same time work must be continued on its
further improvement, in particular, its automation. 3) Along
with the gravimetric method, in the practice of the work of in-
stitutes it is expedient to use in a parallel a counting method.
Among the counting apparatuses, the most reliable data are
given by VDK-4 apparatus, which however, must be further
improved. The field aerosol counter for the determination of
the concentration by count in the flow is recommended for use
in the practice of hygiene research. The use of instruments for
the determination of the concentration by count in arrested
flow is not recommended. It is necessary to continue the work
on the improvement of the counting methods for determining
the dust content in air, along the line of automation of the par-
ticle count of dust and determination of its size distribution.
08124
Y. Shimechek, V. V. Tkachev, A. M. Shevchenko
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TWO GRAVIMETRIC
METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF DUST CONCENTRA-
TION IN MINE AIR. In: A. A. Letavet and Ye. V. Khukhrina
(eds.), Methods of Studying Industrial Dust and the Incidence
of Pneumoconioses. (Metody izucheniya proizvodstvennoy
pyli i zabolevayemosti pnevmoko niozami.)) Leningrad, Medit-
sina Publishing House, 1965, 123p. Translated from Russian.
Clearinghouse For Federal Scientific and Technical Informa-
tion, Washington, D. C., Joint Publications Research Service,
TT 66-30952, p. 33-38, March 11, 1966.
A fabric filter method was compared with the Czechoslovaki-
an membrane filter method. Comparison was made under the
conditions of the mining industry during the hygienic evalua-
tion of drilling of rising blast holes in soft rock. All the opera-
tions were performed under the same conditions, at the same
work locations, and with practically unchanged ventilation.
The statistical processing of the results established that the
difference in the mean dust concentrations is not authentic,
i.e. both filters produced the same results. Both methods can
be assumed to be of equal value, which fact enables one to
compare the results of investigations performed in the USSR,
Czechoslovakia, and other countries which use these methods.
It must be noted that FPP fabric filters have certain ad-
vantages, because they have less resistance and, moreover
they do not require drying to constant weight owing to their
hydrophobic nature. At the same time one must note the
distinctive feature of the Czechoslovakian apparatus, which
has special deivies for assuring the constant rate of air-sample
taking. This apparatus can be successfully used with FPP
fabric filters.
08125
T. T. Lobova
STUDY OF THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF DUST
BY THE MICROSCOPY METHOD. In: A, A. Letavet and
Ye. V. Khukhrina (eds.), Methods of Studying Industrial Dust
and the Incidence of Pneumoconioses. (Metody izucheniya
proizvodstvennoy pyli i zabolevayemosti pnevmokoniozami.)
Leningrad, Meditsina Publishing House, 1965, 123p. Translated
from Russian. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and
Technical Information, Washington, D. C., Joint Publications
Research Service, TT 66-30952, p. 39-43, March 11,1966.
The degree of dispersion of dust, determined by the micro-
scopic observation of dust particles, is expressed hi per cent
of the number of dust particles of various sizes with respect to
the total number of the particles measured. The study of the
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
53
particle size distribution of dust is composed of the following
operations: preparing the mount, calibrating the micrometer,
measuring and counting the dust particles of specific fractions,
and calculation of the particle size distribution. The dust
specimen mounts are usually prepared directly at the produc-
tion site, at the sample-taking location, i. e. in the breathing
zone of the workers, as well as next to the dust producing
spot, near the ventilation devices, in the air ducts, at the ven-
tilation air exhausts, depending on the aims and tasks of the
investigation. The basic disadvantages of the method of study-
ing the particle size distribution by means of a micrsocope are
connected primarily with the possibility of not obtaining
satisfactory dust mounts, with not accurate calibration of the
sizes of eye-piece micrometers, and finally, with the sensitivi-
ty and the susceptibility to fatigue of the eye in microscopic
work, along with the exceptionally large amount of work in-
volved. The main, most important disadvantage of the method
in principle, is the feasibility to determine with its aid of the
particle size distribution only according to the number of parti-
cles, whereas for the hygienic estimate it is important to know
the mass of the dust of various particle size.
08126
Vronskiy, A. I.
APPARATUS FOR THE MICROSED1MENTATION ANALY-
SIS OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF DUST. In: A. A.
Letavet and Ye. V. Khukhrina (eds.), Methods of Studying In-
dustrial Dust and the Incidence of Pneumoconioses. ((Melody
izucheniya proizvodstvennoy pyli i zabolevayemosti pnev-
mokoniozami.)) Leningrad, Meditsina Publishing House, 1965,
123p, Translated from Russian. Clearinghouse for Federal
Scientific and Technical Information, Washington, D. C. Joint
Publications Research Service, TT 66-30952, p. 43-48, March
11, 1966. 5 refs.
An apparatus was developed in order to be able to use dilute
suspensions and take small specimens of dust. As a balance a
sensitive quartz spiral stretching 3 to 6 mm/mg was used.
Components of the apparatus are: thermostat, consisting of
stirrer, contact and control thermometer and electronic relay.
The thermostat container is made of plexiglass. The apparatus
was tested in the laboratory with a number of powdered
materials (quartz, coal dust, granite dust, etc.) In the analysis
of the sedimentation curves obtained the analytical calculation
method was used. The results of the determination were
satisfactory.
08127
Kireyev, V. I.
METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICON DIOX-
IDE IN DUST. In: A.A. Letavet and Ye. V. Khukhrina (eds.),
Methods of Studying Industrial Dust and the Incidence of
Pneumoconioses. (Metody izucheniya proizvodstvennoy pyli i
zabolevayemosti pnevmokoniozami.) Leningrad, Meditsina
Publishing House, 1965, 123p. Translated from Russian.
Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Informa-
tion, Washington, D. C., Joint Publications Research Service,
TT 66-30952, P. 52-60, March 11, 1966. 4 refs.
The method of determination of free silicon dioxide in the
presence of silicates is based on the fact that pyrophosphoric
acid dissolves the silicates and has practically no effect on
quartz. The quartz content in the undissolved dust is deter-
mined by the gravimetric method after treating it with
hydrofluoric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid, or by the
colorimetric method with the reduced silicomolybdate com-
plex. The senditivity of the method is 2 micrograms SiO2 in
the analyzed volume of the solution. Under the above condi-
tions phosphorus, arsenic, and iron do not inter- fere. Another
method is based on the selective destruction of free SiO2
through fusing it with a special 'composite' flux, extraction
from the cake of the alkaline metal silicate obtained, and
colorimetric determination of it according to its yellow sili-
comolybdate complex. Reagents, equipment and calculations
are included.
08128
Tyutin, P. I.
THE COUNTING-COLOR METHOD OF DETERMINATION
OF THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF DUST. In: A. A.
Letavet and Ye. V. Khukhrina (eds.) , Methods of Studying In-
dustrial Dust and the Incidence oi Pneumoconioses. ((Metody
izucheniya proizvodstvennoy pyli i zabolevayemosti pnev-
mokoniozami.)) Leningrad, Meditsina Publishing House, 1965,
123 p. Translated from Russian. Clearinghouse for Federal
Scientific and Technical Information, Washington, D. C., Joint
Publication Research Service, TT 66-30952, p. 60-66, March 11,
1966. 4 rets.
Etching minerals of various composition with acid forms on
their surface an amorphous corrosion film, which is stained
with methylene blue into different colors, depending on its
chemical composition. The method can be used not only for
determining various minerals, but also for the study of the
quantitative composition of rocks after they are ground to
powder. For this purpose the rock is crushed in a cast-iron
mortar and its powder is screened through 250 and 325 mesh
sieves. The analysis is performed on the plus 325 mesh frac-
tion, which was established experimentally as approximately
corresponding to the mean composition of the rock in-
vestigated. For the analysis 0.5-1.0 g of powder is taken and
placed in a porcelain dish and covered with 5 percent
hydrofluoric acid. During the five-minute etching the material
is stirred several times. After etching, the acid is decanted off
and the powder, without being rinsed with water, is covered
with a 0.025 percent solution of methylene blue basic). The
staining continues 5-7 minutes with constant stirring of the
suspension. Upon the elapsing of the above period the dye is
poured off, the powder is rinsed with water (1-2 times) and
dried in the same dish. The stained powder mount is then
prepared and viewed under the microscope with regular or
polarized light.
08465
Leithe, Wolfgang and Gunther Petschl
DETERMINATION OF AMMONIA IN AIR BY THE IN-
DOPHENOL REACTION. ((Bestimmung von Ammoniak hi
Luft uber die Indophenolreaktion.)) Text in German. Anal.
Chem. (Berlin), 230(5):344-347, Aug. 1967. 4 refs.
A procedure is proposed for the determination of low concen-
trations of ammonia in air by the indophenol reaction with
sodium phenolate and sodium hypochlorite. The limit of detec-
tion (1 micro g NH3 at 99% confidence limit) and the precision
(standard deviation plus or minus 2 to 4%) are equal to the
Nessler reaction. However, with the present procedure there is
no interference by moderate amounts of hydrogen sulfide;
therefore prior isolation of the ammonia by steam distillation
usually can be omitted. Hydrogen sulfide under 60 micro g
does not interfere with the determination of 5- 50 micro g of
ammonia. If larger amounts of hydrogen sulfide are present,
the acidic solution is boiled for five minutes until the odor of
hydrogen sulfide disappears. Nitrite and sulfite up to 1 mg do
not interfere. The presence of formaldehyde does interfere and
requires distillative purification of the ammonia solution.
-------
54
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
08487
Macku, Marcela
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AEROSOL PARTICLES.
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NO3 AND NH4.
((Chemicke analysy aerosolovych castic. Metoda stanoveni
NO3 a NH4.)) Text in Czech. Chem. Listy (Prague), 60(2):254-
257, 1966. 12 refs.
The analysis of aerosol particles of individual compounds is of
considerable interest for air pollution studies. Aqueous solu-
tions of ammonium nitrate were atomized in a chamber and
the aerosol was passed through a membrane ultrafilter at a
rate of 7 1 ./min. The filter was then placed in a solution of 4%
nitron in 10% acetic acid for 20 minutes. The spots which con-
stitute a reaction product of NO3 with nitron were counted
under a microscope. The NH4 particles were determined in a
similar manner but with Nessler reagent. The spots did not
fade after 6 months and the method was found to give
reproducible results. Particle size distribution may also be
determined.
08501
Heinz Engelhardt
AUTOMATIC ANALYZER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF
GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS. ((Automatische Analysatoren
fur die Messung gasformiger Luft- verunreinigungen)). Text in
German. Z. Instrumentenk. (Brunswick), 85(6):188-190, 1968.
The three principles used for measuring both the emission of
gaseous pollutants from a source and their 'immission' are: (1)
physical methods; (2) physical methods with the aid of chemi-
cal reactions; and (3) electrochemical methods. As a purely
physical measuring method the photometric principle is em-
ployed in the ultraviolet, visible or infrared wavelengths. The
disadvantage of this method is lack of sensitivity and it is
therefore employed mainly for emission measurements, which
are a thousand to ten thousand times larger than immission
measurements. The second method, which depends first on a
chemical color reaction with sub- sequent measurements with
a photometer, is more sensitive. It will measure pollutants
from 1 ppm down to 0.02 ppm. lonization detectors with or
without the aid of chemical reactions are also employed to a
limited extent. Several photometers and ionization detectors
are described and illustrated. The electrochemical methods are
the most sensitive and selective. Numerous methods are
available, but so far only the conductivity and galvanic
methods have been employed for immission measurements.
Several analyzers are described and illustrated. The preferred
automatic method of analysis with a range of the smallest
measurable con- centrations for the most important air con-
tamination gases is tabulated.
08953
Lindvall, Thomas
MEASUREMENT OF ODOROUS AIR POLLUTANTS.
(Bestamning av luktande luftfororeningar.) Text in Swedish.
Nord Hyg. Tidskr. (Copenhagen), 47(2):41-71, 1966. 91 refs.
Psychometric methods for the sujective determination of
odorous air pollutants are surveyed, with a discussion of the
physiological and psychological bases of smell. Since odors are
a a problem of emvironmental hygiene, they are studied at
present by the determination of an odor threshold in a series
of diluted air samples. Some of the problems involved in such
determination of an odor threshold in a series of diluted air
samples. Some of the problems involved in such determina-
tions are mentioned: individual variation, adaptation,
background variables, climate etc. Psychometric methods
used, such as stimulus presintation and indicator response, and
the pricciples of extrapolationg supralim- inal intensities, are
discussed, as well as the different types of olfactometers.
Odor thresholds found in the literature are rarely similar, due
to the inaccuracy of the physical and chemical analytic
methods used and to the varying statistical and sampling
techniques employed. Different odors may also interact so that
the threshold to the combined smells may not be merely addi-
tive. Annoyance from odors is best studied by epidemiological
methods where the exposure dose is known.
09223
Kohler, M.and H. J. Eichoff
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION IN AT-
MOSPHERIC DUST. ((OEINE Schnellmethode zur Bestim-
mung von mehrkemigen, aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen in
Luftstaub.)) Text in German Z. Anal. Chem. (Berlin),
232(6):401-409, Nov. 24, 1967 5 refs.
The dust is sampled onto a cellulose asbestos filter and is ex-
tracted with benzene in a Soxhlet apparatus. The polycyclic
hydrocarbons are then isolated from the extract, using 2-
dimensional thin-layer cnromatography on aluminum oxide-cel-
lulose acetate. The eluted spots are analyzed by fluorospec-
troscopy, usually at normal temperature in solution or, in spe-
cial cases, at lower temperatures in a solid state. About 70 per-
cent of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons originally con-
tained in the dust are detected, as determined by a test with
labelled 3,4-benzpyrene. The apparatus used is diagramed.
(Authors summary, modified)
09721
Hofmeister, H. K., H. Hummel, and R. Kohlaas
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF NO2 AND (NO + NO2)
CONCENTRATION IN CHEMICAL PLANTS. ((Kontinuier-
liche Bestimmung der Konzentra- tion von NO2 und (NO &
NO2) in chemischen Produktionsanla- German. Chem. Ingr.-
Tech. (Weinheim), (l/2):61-64, Jan. 1968. 4 refs.
An apparatus is described for the continuous determination of
NO2, or NO + NO2, in the gas stream of chemical production
facilities. A photometer suitable for plant operations is used
for the direct measurement of NO2 levels. NO is oxidized to
NO2 (using I2O3 at 110 deg. C.) and the concentration of total
NO2 is then determined. A dilution process was developed in
order to avoid the extraordinary difficulties involved in the
determination of degree- of-oxidation at high levels of nitrogen
oxides. The apparatus, which is described and illustrated by
graphs, diagrams, and one photograph, was tested in a nitric
acid absorption plant.
09728
Nietruch, F., and K. E. Prescher
ON THE PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SMALL
QUANTITIES OF NO2. ((Beitrag zur photometrischen Bestim-
mung kleiner Stickstoff- dioxid-Mengen.)) Text m German.
Anal. Chem. (Berlin), 234 (2):118-119,1968. 4 refs. j
When NO2 is introduced into an acetate solution of sulfanilic
acid and N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, a red
azo-dye is formed. This reaction is utilized for the photometric
determination of small quantities of NO2. The process can be
calibrated either by means of defined NO2-air mixtures, or by
the use of sodium nitrite solutions, which are easier to handle
but re- quire certain conversion factors. Since these factors
recently have been disputed, calibration with a N2O4-air mix-
ture, prepared by direct two-stage dilution, was investigated
and compared with the sodium nitrite method. It was found
that 0.95 moles of No2 correspond to one mole sodium nitrite.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
55
Details of the apparatus and results of more extensive experi-
ments are not shown.
10092
Mirowska, Ewa
METHODICAL STUDIES ON THE DETERMINATION OF
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Badania metodyczne nad oznaczaniem
niskich stezen tlenkow azotu w powietrzu atmosferycznym
Text in Polish. Med. Pracy (Lodz), 17(3):218- 222, 1966. 3 refs.
The Griess-Illosway method is most often used to determine
low concentrations of nitrogen oxides in the air and is known
to detect microgram NO2 in 16 ml. of solution. To determine
values within th range of the maximum permissible concentra-
tion (NDS) in working places set legally at 5 mg/cu m, a 0.2 1.
air sample must be taken. In case of low nitrogen oxide levels
in the atmospheric air, taking 1. air sample will permit detec-
tion of 0.1 mg/cu m, which is 50 times lower than NDS. There-
fore, this latter volume is more satisfactory for use in deter-
mining the presence of atmospheric nitrogen oxides. The
precondition for observations within the 0.1 cu m range is a
series of absorption tests of nitrogen oxides by a aqueous
solution of sodium hydroxide and another series involving t
reaction of nitrites with the Griess- Illosway reagent. Color
reaction is most efficient at pH 3. The error of the described
method is plus or minus 95 for a sample containing 1-10 micro-
grams nitrites.
10221
Goroshko, B. B., V. S. Eliseev and Y. Ya. Nazarenko
THE TECHNIQUE FOR OBSERVING ATMOSPHERIC AIR
POLLUTION BY MEANS OF A HELICOPTER. ((Ktekhnike
nablyudenii atmosfernolo zagryazneniya s pomoshchyu ver-
toleta.)) Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad),
No. 208:86-81, 1968. 6 refs.
. The use of helicopters for collecting air pollution samples in-
volves the difficulty that turbulence caused by the blades can
distort the results. A study of the flow configuration around a
helicopter showed that withdrawal of samples for air pollution
studies is optimum at a flight velocity of 50-80 km/hr. and with
the sampler placed 1 m in front of the fuselage. In this case,
sampling is not affected by the turbulence generated by the
blade rotation. An aspirator for air inlet velocities of 15-20
m/sec was designed for determining aerosol or gaseous con-
taminants. The aspirator is equipped with a rotary pump and
four sample inlets each equipped with a flow meter. The air
flow rates in the aspirator can be adjusted from 0 to 3 i/min.
The instrument was tested for measuring the parameters of a
smoke plume.
10315
A. German, J. Panouse-Perrin and A. M. Quero
COLORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF OZONE. (Dosage
colorimetrique de 1'ozone.) Text in French. Ann. Pharm.
Franc. (Paris), 25(2):115-120, Feb. 1967. 2 refs.
The reaction of O3 with a mixture of N-phenyl-2-
naphthylamine and o-dichloro-benzene is studied. Develop-
ment of the brown- orange color is not inhibited ,by the
presence of O2 or nitrogen oxides so that the intensity of the
color produced is proportional to the amount of O3 present. A
special apparatus for use with this reaction is described, con-
sisting primarily of a spherical cell, described previously,
which is used for bubbling. Comparative analyses with the
Guereau apparatus (iodometric analysis) indicate that this
photometric method is sensitive to levels which are below the
olfactory threshold (0.026 ml O3). At this low concentration,
the air with ozone must be bubbled through the reagents for 30
min.
10369
Bock, Rudolf and Klaus Schutz
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF
DINITROGEN OXIDE TRACES IN AIR. ((Gas-chromatogra-
phische Bestimmung von Distickstoffoxid-Spuren in Luft.))
Text in German. Z. Anal. Chem. (Munich), 237(5):321-330,
May 9, 1968. 26 refs.
Traces of dinitrogen oxide in the atmosphere are collected on
a molecular sieve (5 A) at normal temperature, desorbed at
reduced pressure at 250-300 Degrees C., and measured by gas
chromatography. Measurements range from 0.19-0.29 ppm
(372-560 microgram N20/cu m air). The standard deviation of
this method is plus or minus 4.3% (16 measurements). The ap-
paratus used is described.
11573
Lahmann, Erdwin
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTANTS. II. MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION. ((Die Untersuchung von
Luftverunreinigungen. German. Bundesgesundheitsblatt,
(11):161-167, May 26, 1967. 29 German. Bundesgesund-
heitsblatt, (11): 161-168, May 26, 1968. 29 refs.
The second part of a detailed review of techniques for measur-
ing the concentration of air pollutants deals with various
parameters of the sampling procedure which affect the results
of all analytical methods. These parameters include: the dura-
tion of the sampling period (or frequency of measurements),
duration of the study, season and time of day when the sam-
ples are taken, frequency of discontinuous sampling, air densi-
ty at the measuring sites, height of the sampling sites above
the earth, and distribution of the sampling sites. The effects of
some of these parameters on determinations of atmospheric
SO2 and CO are shown by way of illustration. Sampling pro-
grams used in the German Federal Republic, Great Britain,
and the USA (National Air Sampling Network and Continuous
Air Monitoring Program) are described briefly. Finally, some
of the problems arising in the evaluation of experimental air
pollution data are pointed out (such as the skewed rather than
Gaussian distribution of results).
11574
Lahmann, Erdwin
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTANTS. I. ANALYTICAL
METHODS. ((Die Untersuchung von Luftverunreinigungen. I.
Analysenmethoden.)) Text in German. Bundesgesundheitsblatt,
(10):145-150, May 12, 1967. 71 refs.
This detailed review of the apparatus and techniques used for
air pollution measurements deals with both sampling and
analytical methods. A distinction is made between empirical or
discontinuous and continuous methods of sampling and it is
pointed out that only the latter can yield readily interpretable
results. In connection with gas sampling techniques, the value
of an impinger for increasing the rate of dissolution of gaseous
pollutants is discussed. Methods are then described for the
quantitative determination of SO2, SOS, NO2, NO, CO, H2S,
HF, and NH3, and brief mention is made of the techniques of
gas chromatography and flame ionization detection for traces
of organic compounds. The two principal techniques for esti-
mating the total paniculate content of the air are dust-fall and
dust-concentration determinations. The latter which depends
-------
56
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
on photoelectric measurement of the particle density after fil-
tration is more difficult to perform, but more interesting from
the health point of view.
11631
Benarie, Michel and Bui-The-Chuong
UTILIZATION OF CERTAIN PLASTICS IN THE SAMPLING
AND STORAGE OF POLLUTED AIR. (Sur 1'utilisation de
certaines matieres plastique pour le prelevement et la conser-
vation des echantillons d'atmospheres polluees). Preprint, In-
stitut National de Recherche Chemique Appliquee, Vert-Le-
Petit (France), Nov. 6, 1968. 8 refs. Translated from French.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 9p.
Because the use of plastic bags for the sampling and storage
of polluted air often results in the loss of pollutants, various
plastic materials were compared with respect to their permea-
bility to sulfur dioxide. The results are presented in a table of
permeability, diffusion, and solubility constants. The physical
phenomenon of loss due to the diffusion and dissolution of the
gas is discussed. A Mylar spherical 100-liter bag SO micron
thick containing air with approximately 1 ppm SO2 loses 1.6%
of the SO2 over 24 hrs in an environment of 0 ppm SO2.
Materials with a lower permeability for SO2 are methyl
polymethacrylate, Lumiphane, Vinyril, and Nomex. In addi-
tion, permeability is diminished by the incorporation of a
metal into the film.
11819
Breuer, Wolfram
NEW METHODS OF CONTINUOUS TRACE GAS ANALY-
SIS. (Neue Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Spurenanalyse).
Preprint, 23p., 1968. 2 refs. (Presented at the Interkama Kon-
gre, 4th, Duesseldorf, Germany, 1968.) Translated from Ger-
man. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science
Info. Services, 23p.
Electrochemical trace gas measuring units for determining the
concentration of pollutants in the open air are described. The
units operate on the principle of a galvanic chain, indicating
concentration changes of ions in a solution caused by reaction
with a sampled trace gas. The sampling gas and the solution
are held by a solid electrolyte cast into a cylindrical silver tube
which serves an an anode. The cathode is embedded in the
inner surface of the electrolyte in the form of a silver helix.
Electrical connections for both electrodes run through a
polyethylene stopper at the bottom of the tube. The flow of
sample gas reaches the actual measuring zone, the inner sur-
face of the electrolyte, through a glass line and a polyethylene
stopper at the top of the tube. The measuring ranges of stan-
dard units extend from several ppb (dilution of 10 to the minus
9th power) to several ppm (dilution of 0.000001, depending on
the gas component. Concentration cells are now available for
analysis of hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen diox-
ide and nitric oxide, phosgene, hydrogen cyanide, chlorine,
oxygen, and ozone.
11861
Basargin, N. N. and N. A. Nikitina
RAPID TITRATION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF SULFATE ION IN PHOSPHORIC ACID WITH
NITCHROMAZO INDICATOR. (Ekspressnyi titrimetricheski
metod opredeleniia sul'fat-iona v fosfornoi kislote s indika-
torom nitkhromazo). Zavodsk. Lab. (Moscow), 32(5):517-519,
1966. 5 refs. Translated from Russian. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 6p.
A rapid volumetric method is described for the determination
of sulfate ions in phosphoric acid obtained by extraction. The
method is based on direct titration of sulfate ion by barium
salt at pH 1.7-2 in a 40-50% alcoholic solution, in the presence
of Nitchromazo indicator and phosphate ions. The determina-
tion time is 15 min. Because of its rapidity, dependability, and
accuracy, the method is recommended for serial analyses in
the control of phosphoric acid production by the extraction
process. It may also be used with some modifications in the
analysis of phosphoric fertilizers. Automatization of the
method is possible in the future. (Author summary modified)
11948
Kuznetsoff, V. I. and N. N. Basargin
METAL INDICATOR FOR BARIUM IN VOLUMETRIC
SULFATE DETERMINATION IN THE PRESENCE OF
PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. (Metalloindikator na barii
pri ob'ennon opredelenii sul'fatov v prisutstvii fosfatov i ar-
senatov). Zavodsk. Lab. (Moscow), 31(5):538-40, 1965. Trans-
late from Russian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia,
Pa., Science Info. Services, 8p.
A new indicator, Nitchromazo, is used for determining sulfate
ions by barium salt titration in the presence of two-fold
amounts of arsenate and thirty-fold amounts of phosphate.
During titration in a 50% alcohol-water solution, Nitchromazo
interacts with barium in an acid range (pH 2.0) producing a
contrasting reaction and a sharp color change from a violet to
blue. Nitchromazo is synthesized by conjugation of diazotized
4-nitroaniline- 2-sulfonic acid with chroraotropic acid in the
presence of Ca(OH)2. For determining sulfates in the range of
0.04 to 0.4 mg in the presence of arsenates (range 0.16 to 1.6
mg) or phosphates (range 0.2 to 2.0 mg), one drop of 0.2%
aqueous solution of Nitchromazo is added, together with 10 to
15 ml of alcohol or acetone to a 10 to 15 ml solution with an
acid strength of 0.01 M HC1 (pH 2.0). The solution is then
titrated with 0.005 -0.01 M BaC12 until the violet color of the
solution changes to blue. With small amounts of sulfate, the
titration should be stopped at an intermediate color of the in-
dicator. The molarity of barium is determined by a prior titra-
tion with sodium sulfate of sulfuric acid in the presence of an
appropriate indicator.
11967
Lantheaume, R.
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL ANALYSIS OF BLAST FURNACE
TOP GAS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Rev. Met. (Paris),
61(12):1061-1063, 1964. 3 re Translated from French. Henry
Brutcher, Technical Translations, Altadena, Calif., 8p.
An industrial chromatograph was developed for the analysis of
blast furnace top gas the components of which are hydrogen,
nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The instru-
ment is constructed in two parts. The first part consists of the
measuring head, placed in an anti-deflagrating container and
controlled thermostatically to 1/10 C. This unit is located as
near as possible to the sample point. It includes the cell,
cocks, and columns in the upper section, and the electro-
valves for controlling the cocks and the carrier gas supply
regulator for the lower part. The second section is the elec-
tronic unit (supply and programming). It includes the stabilized
supply for the measuring bridge, controls for temperature
regulation and auxiliary components, and the programmer and
sensitivity indicators. In the first unit, a column of silica gel is
connected in series with a column of 13x molecular sieves
The sample volume is introduced at the top of the column of
silica gel. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide are
separated in the sieve column. After eluting the CO2 the
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
57
system is switched to eliminate the sieve column from the cir-
cuit, and the CO2 is removed. About five minutes are required
for analysis of the gas mixture.
12321
Basargin, N. N. and K. F. Novikova
TITRATION MICROMETHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF SULFUR IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PHOSPHOROUS
AND ARSENIC UTILIZING THE NEW INDICATOR
NITCHROMAZO. (Titrimetricheskii mikrometod opredelieniia
sery v fosfor- i mysh'isksoderzhashchikh organicheskikh
soedineniiakh s novym indikatorom nitkhromazo). Zh. Analit.
Khim. (Moscow), 21 (4)=473-478, 1966. 14 refs. Translated from
Russian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 13p.
A rapid titrometric method for determining sulfur in the
presence of phosphate and arsenic ions utilizing the new bari-
um indicator Nitchromazo (2,7-bis-(4-nitrc-2-sulfobenzol-l-
azo)-l,8- dihydrooxynapthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid) is
described. The test compound is first decomposed by the
Schoeniger method and then titrated with barium salt in the
presence of the indicator. A sharp and sensitive reaction with
barium occurs at pH 1.7-2.0, eliminating phosphate inter-
ference completely and arsenate and chromate interference,
partially. Such determinations exhibit a standard deviation of
plus or minus 0.3. Analytical characteristics and synthesis of
Nitchromazo are also described. (Author summary modified)
13070
Himi, Yasuji and Fumio Muramatsu
SAMPLING METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF
NITROGEN OXIDES IN FLUE GAS. (Endo-halgasu chu no
chisso-sankabutsu bunseki-yo shiryo-gasu saisyu-ho no kento).
Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst, Tokyo),
18(6):710-716, 1969. 6 refs.
The concentrations of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas emitted
from oil-fired boilers were measured by using three kinds of
gas sampling apparatus, and the sampling method for their
determination in flue gas was examined. The values of
nitrogen oxides by the gas sampling apparatus prescribed in
JIS K 0104 agreed well with those by direct gas sampling
through capillary tube and by a bottle containing 22% sodium
chloride solution as the trapping liquid. The concentration of
nitrogen oxides was invariable at any sampling point in the
same section of flue. The bubbler containing 0.1 N sodium
hydroxide solution used for the determination of nitrogen
dioxide in flue gas had high absorbing efficiency for carbon
dioxide, and the volume of gas must be corrected for this in-
fluence by titration of carbonate ion in the absorbing solution
after sampling. (Author abstract modified.)
13989
Oblaender, K. and D. Kraeft
DETOXICATION OF AUTOMOTIVE' EXHAUST GASES -
MEASURING METHODS AND TEST CYCLES. (Ab-
gasreinigung an Kraftfahczeugen Messverfghren und Test-
zyklen). Text in- German. _ATZ (Automobiltechnische
Zeitschrift) (Stuttgart), 71(4):117-r24, 1969. 24 refs.
Detoxification of automotive exhaust gases raises not only
motor engineering problems but also measurement engineering
problems. The various methods for measurement of CO based
on heat conductivity, on heat evolution and an infrared ab-
sorption are discussed and compared. The disadvantages of
hydrocarbon measurements in the hexane range and. of the
flame ionization method are pointed out. Also-discussed are
the measurement of nitric oxide and the existing and planned
multi-stage test cycles. A brief discussion of the possibilities
of lowering the exhaust gas emission by motor modifications,
the effects of traffic, and the fuel composition is included.
14076
Breuer, Wolfram
NEW METHODS OF CONTINUOUS TRACE ANALYSIS.
(Neue Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Spurenanalyse). Text in
German. Arch. Tech. Messen, no. 396, p. 7-12, Jan. 1969. 2
refs.
A detailed description is given of two electrolytic continuous
recording devices for measurement of small traces of gases
present, for example, in atmospheric air. An earlier version
with a liquid electrolyte was based on Nernst's concept of a
concentration chain. The new version uses an organic sub-
stance as an electrolyte which has a high dielectric constant, a
low electric resistivity, a low vapor pressure, is but slightly
hygroscopic, and possesses a high melting point. This elec-
trolyte is solid and is part of a monolithic, small and rugged
unit. The accuracies of measurements made by these devices
vary between dilutions of 10 to the minus 9th power and
0.000001, depending on the kind of gas. At present, the follow-
ing gases can be determined with these accuracies: O2, O3,
C12, NO2, NO2 plus NO, H2S, HCN, and COC12.
14213
Haentzsch, Siegfried, Frank Nietruch and Karl-Ernst Prescher
CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE
IN THE AIR WITH AN AUTOANALYZER. (Kontinuierliche
Bestimmung von Stickstoffdioxid in Luft mil dem Au-
toanalyzer). Text in German. Mikrochim. Acta (Vienna), no.
3:550-556, 1969. 17 refs.
For continuous nitrogen dioxide measurement in air, a
Technicon autoanalyzer was used. A sample gas flow was
drawn in through a reaction zone where it was brought in con-
tact with a Saltzman solution. After reaction with the nitrogen
dioxide, the major part of the solution went to a colorimeter.
The transparency of this solution was measured and recorded.
The following reaction zones were used: a siphon, a vertical
reaction tube of about 60 cm length and 3.2 mm inner diame-
ter, the gas sample and reagent passed in parallel flow, as well
as in counter flow, through the tube, a helical tube, and a
micro frit for continuous flow of the Saltzman solution. For
calibration, a continuously produced mixture of NO2 and air
was used. In all types of reaction zones, reliable NO2 mea-
surements were obtained. The measured concentrations were
found to lie in the maximum allowable concentration range
(present long-term maximum allowable concentration equal 1
mg/cu m). With the 60 cm tube, it was found that neither the
flow velocity .nor the direction of -the gas sample had any in-
fluence on the measured value. An adjustment time of-2 min
was required- for NO2 concentrations between 0.32 and 3.2
mg/cu m. In the 20 m tube, adjustment took about 60 min at
concentrations between O.H and U10 mg NO2/CU m. For the
micro frit, a low-volume container must be used for the ad- •
justment period to remain short. The detection thresholds were
found to be 5 micrograms/cu m for the 20 m helical tube and
0.15 mg/cu m for the 60 cm tube. The only disadvantage of the
method is the complicated calibration process.
-------
58
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
14435
Holzhey, Joachim and Horst Demmrich
A RADIOMETRIC DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS CONTROL
OF FLUE DUST CONCENTRATION. (Ein radlometrisches
Geraet znr kontinuierlichen Kontrolle des Gtehtstaubanfalls).
Text in German. Nene Huette, 14(4): 198-201, April 1969. 2 rets.
A radiometric method based on radiation absorption which can
be used for determining the flue dust concentrations in fur-
naces is described. Gamma or X-rays are used for the mea-
surements. The equipment consists of a radiation transmitter
on one side of the flue duct and radiation detector on the
other side. Since the ducts are rather thick-walled, drillings of
8 and 25 mm in diameter are necessary; they are sealed by
windows. The measurements were conducted with a radiation
energy of 10 keV, and with an anode current of 1mA. The
results are graphically illustrated by a plot of the radiation ex-
tinction as a function of the dust concentration. Since the dust
composition was unfavorable with respect to the mass extinc-
tion coefficient, absorption of the X-rays was minor. Disre-
garding the fact that insufficient individual measurements were
taken, a dust measurement error of roughly plus or minus 5
g/cu m was obtained. These measurements were taken on an
experimental set-up, where air was drawn through a pipe to
which certain quantities of dust were added. To illustrate the
method in practical use, measurements were also taken in the
downward flue a furnace. Aside from dust deposition at the
radiation inlet window, no problems were encountered,
although a final conclusion must be witheld, since test mea-
surements are still being made.
14486
Uhi, K.
THE DETERMINATION OF ACIDIC GASES IN WORKING
ENVIRONMENTS BY ALKALI FILTER PAPER. (Alkali roshi
ho ni yoru sagyo kankyo chu sansei gas no sokutei). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):49,
April 1969.
The alkali filter paper method for determining acid gases in
working environments entails soaking filter paper in a 30%
potassium carbonate solution, drying the paper in air, and
putting it in a vinyl bolder having an exposure area of 64 sq
cm. Absorbed gases are extracted with distilled water and
determined qualitatively and quantitatively. The required expo-
sure time is determined by the type of acid being measured,
the production process, and the sensitivity of the determina-
tion method. Generally, 1 to 8 hrs are appropriate for acidic
gases like SO2, HC1, and NO2, and 8 to 24 hrs for acid mists
of sulfuric, phosphoric, and chromic acids. One hour is usually
required for SO2 measurements by the para-rosaniline for-
maline method; the CL-Ba method requires 8 to 24 hrs. When
the relationship between the amount of SO2 adsorbed on the
filter paper and the average gas concentration in the working
environment is plotted, a curve is obtained. Thus, on a per day
basis, the coefficient of conversion depends on the amount ad-
sorbed. However, the graph for an hour of exposure time is
linear, suggesting that shorter exposure times would be con-
venient for the calculation.
14710
Hajduk, J.
EMISSIONS AND OCCURRENCE OF NECROTIC SPOTS ON
THE PLANT LUZULA ALBIDA (HOFFM.) DC. (Imisie a
vyskyt nekrotickych skvrn na rastline Luzula albida (Hoffin.)
DC). Text in Czech. Ochrana Ovzdusi, no. 3:42-45, 1969. 5
refs.
Because of its increased surface area in comparison to the
portion of the earth's surface it occupies, vegetation creates
conditions for catching a great amount of emmisions. The ratio
between the amount of emissions trapped and earth surface is
a significant indicator of tree damage and secondary air pollu-
tion. Herbst found that entrapment of emission particles is
governed by space orientation of leaves on a plant, by shaggi-
ness, by the number of individual plants, and by the size of in-
dividual emission particles. Chvapil concluded that the ability
of lindens, birches, and acacias to entrap particles is related to
leaf smoothness and the space orientation of leaves. The
present investigation shows that the ability of Lazula albida
(Hoffm.) DC to catch emissions from rainfall is the result of
the shape of leaves and their orientation on the plant. Emis-
sions settle on the leaves of this plant, providing a mask for
necrotic markings caused by toxic soluble substances. As in-
dicated by microscopic analysis, these substances originate in
products of industrial emissions. The amount of sediment and
the size of necrotic spots is influenced by peculiarities of in-
dividual plants and plant ecology, as well as by emission con-
centration. A rough picture of pollution of the lower at-
mosphere can be gained from a study of this plant, which
predominates in European woods.
15171
Yamate, Noburu
MANUAL METHODS AND AUTOMATIC CONTINUOUS IN-
STRUMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF GASEOUS AIR
POLLUTANTS. (Gasujo taiki osenshitsu no sokutei to sono
sokuteikiki). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 5(10):785-796, Oct. 1969. 36 refs.
In order to prevent air pollution, measurement of pollutant
concentrations must be continuously performed. In this report,
both continuous monitoring and manual analyses of typical air
pollutants are reviewed. Numerous methods are tabulated and
most of them are explained, with particular attention to con-
tinuous methods and apparatus. Sulfides are measured
manually by colorimetric analysis with rosaniline or barium
molybdate, by the lead per oxide method, or by test paper
methods. Sulfides are also measured continuously by means of
solution conductance (Thomas autometer) or by optical ab-
sorption with rosaniline or with iodine-starch. Carbon monox-
ide is measured manually with palladium sulfate and ammoni-
um molybdate, by gas chromatography, or by the hopcalite
method. It is measured continuously by infrared or ultraviolet
absorption of reduced mercuric oxide. Nitrides are measured
manually by the Saltzman or the Jacobs method, or with
ortho-tolidine sulfate. Hydrogen sulfide is measured manually
by methylene blue and continuously by a colorimetric filtei
paper method. Hydrocarbons are measured manually by gas
chromatography and continuously by flame ionization detec-
tors. Formaldehyde is measured manually by colorimetric anal-
ysis with a chromotropic acid or with acetylacetone, or by the
MBTH method. Ozone is measured manually by' the
phenolphthalein or the potassium iodide method and continu-
ously by coulometric titration or by optical absorption with
potassium iodide. Fluorides are measured manually by
colorimetric analysis with thorium neothron(?) or lanthanum
alizarin complex and continuously by filter paper fluorescence.
Actual Tokyo data on changes in the concentrations of carbon
monoxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide are tabulated.
15342
Nucciotti, Francesco, Paolo Mandrioli, and Giovanni Sandri
IMPROVEMENTS IN SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND IN
THE METHODS FOR DETERMINING ACH) GASES IN THE
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
59
ATMOSPHERE. (Miglioramenti tecnici nel campionamento e
nella metodica per la determinazione di gas acidi nell'at-
mosfera). Text in Italian. Riv. Ing., no. 5:353-356, May 1969.
11 refs.
Deterioration of pine forests near industrial complexes on the
Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seacoasts of Italy led to systematic in-
vestigation of air pollution. Chief offenders were found to be
the sulfur and nitrogen oxides. To build a sampling network
meant developing a practical method, easily reproducible and
low hi cost. The method of Syozo-Fukui, using a filter soaked
in a concentrated K2CO3 solution, seemed best. Analysis of
the filter permits determination of SO3, the oxides of nitrogen,
and chlorides. Results were good when the relative humidity
was below 70%. The filter salt was highly deliquescent, and
above 70% humidity significant quantities of test substance
escaped. Therefore, a framework equipped with an in-
terchangeable condenser and sheltered by an acrylic plastic
casing, the whole being enclosed in a meteorological shelter
was provided to hold the filter. For transportation to the
laboratory, the filter was sealed hermetically in polyethylene.
The method of Fukui was used for nitrogen oxides, but for
SO3 that of Johnson-Nishita was preferred: reduction of all
sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide, measured colorimetri-
cally with methylene blue to a sensitivity of 0.2 ppm. A
Schleicher 589 filter was used immersed in K2CO3 solution
and dessicated hi a vacuum. At the laboratory, nitrogen ox-
ides, sulfur, H2S, and sulfides were determined spec-
trophotometrically. Agents used for determining nitrogen ox-
ides were sulfanilamide, naphthylethylenediamine, hydrochlo-
ric acid, and a standard solution of N02.
15346
linoya, Koichi, Shin-ichi Yuu, Kazutaka Makino, and
Kazuhiko Nakano
ON MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
BY CASCADE IMPACTOR; IN CASE OF SETTLING THE
CLEARANCE RATIO THREE FOR ROUND NOZZLE.
(Kasukeido-impakuta ni yoru ryudo sokutei jo no mondaiten;
enkei nozuru kankaku-hi 3 no baai). Text in Japanese. Kagaku
Kogaku (Chem. Eng.), 33(7):689-695, July 1969. 4 refs.
The weight of small particles can be measured by the use of a
cascade impactor within the smoke duct. The cascade impac-
tor used in this case had a series of six nozzles, the diameters
of which ranged successively from 0.526 to 0.112 cm, and the
distance between each nozzle and its collection plate was fixed
at three times the length of the nozzle diameter. A milliporc
filter was used after the smallest nozzle to collect the smallest
residual particles. The experimental particles were fly ash and
mica powder. Particles of all sizes were sent from the largest
to the smallest nozzle. At each stage, all particles larger than
the nozzle diameter and 50% of those having the exact size of
the nozzle could not pass through and were collected on the
plate; the smaller particles all passed through, and the process
was repeated at each nozzle until the millipore filter was
reached. It was found that a partial separation efficiency curve
obtained with an aerosol of a single kind of particles can be
adapted to aerosols containing many types of particles.
Separation efficiency was reduced by backscatiering; the
minimum weight of collected particles which causes backscat-
tering increased with particle size. The diameter of the aerosol
particles can be measured by using a cumulative separation ef-
ficiency curve.
15372
MAINTENANCE OF AIR PURITY AND DETERMINATIONS
OF IMMISSION BY THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY:
FLUORINE POLLUTION, ESPECIALLY HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE GAS, IN WASTE GASES CAUSES DAMAGE TO
VEGETATION. (Luftvard och immissionskontroll i aluminiu-
mindustrin: fluorforeningarna, sarskilt det gasfonniga fluor-
vatet, i avgaserna). Text in Swedish. Tek. Tidskr., 99(12):251-
253, May 27, 1969.
The Sundsvall aluminum plant, the only alumina-electrolysis
plant in Sweden, operates 300 cells currently producing 65,000
tons of Al per year, representing a fivefold increase of produc-
tion since 1962. To date the company has spent 20 million
kroner (about $4,000,000 in 1969) on air pollution control
equipment, but there is still some damage to vegetation from
hydrogen fluoride gas. Comfort of workers requires 20 to 30
changes of air per hour (12 million cu m/hr) in pot-line area,
which complicates air pollution control. Most recent of several
air-washing devices used in a 'spin bath' in which plastic balls
are sprayed with water from jets. Exhaust gases escape
through four 70-m concrete chimneys, 10-11 m in diameter and
lined internally with plastic. The equipment removes 90% of
water- soluble fluorides from exhaust. The company also
maintains 160 inspection stations in the area, which by means
of pollutant- sensitive plants record the immission of toxic
material, which is the basis of a map of Sundsvall region with
'isofluoride' lines to indicate pollution zones.
15521
Nietruch, Frank and Karl-Ernst Prescher
DILUTION SYSTEM FOR LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF
NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND DETERMINATION OF THE
SALTZMAN FACTOR. (Dosierung kleiner Stickstoffdioxid-
Mengen und Bestimmung des 'Saltzman-Faktors'). Text in
German. Z. Anal. Chem., vol. 244:294-302, 1969. 40 refs.
A dynamic flow system is described by which dinitrogen
tetroxide (N2O4) is diluted with air in two steps to obtain NO2
concentrations in the ppm range. Through thermostatization of
the first stage, the dissociation of the dinitrogen tetroxide
could be taken into account during calculation of the NO2 end
concentration. With the NO2/air mixture obtained by this
method, the Saltzman photometric analysis of N02, which is
based on the formation of an intensely colored azo dye was
tested. The results obtained with gaseous NO2 and with
equivalent amounts of aqueous nitrite solution are compared.
At a concentration of 1.5 micrograms NO2 per 25 ml absorbing
solution, the dye formation by 1 mole NO2 equals that of 1
mole of nitrite ('Saltzman-factor' 1.0). If the concentration is
10 micrograms/25 ml, the intensity of the color effect due to 1
mole of NO2 equals 0.86 moles of nitrite ('Saltzman-factor'
0.86). Only half the expected color intensity was found when a
NO2/air mixture was used that had been prepared by a dynam-
ic two-step dilution and oxidation of NO ('Saltzman-factor'
0.5).
15606
Tani, Tamio and Kimio Kato
RESULTS OF EVALUATION AND PERFORMANCE OF
MODEL 68-5 SO2 ANALYZER/RECORDER. (Aryusangasu
renzokujidosokutei kirokusochi (moderu 68-5 gata) no shiken
kekka ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollu-
tion Control), 5(12): 1027-1029, Dec. 15, 1969.
The results of tests performed on the Model 68-5 SO2
Analyzer/'Recorder (manufacturer not given) are reported. The
operation procedure is based on the Thomas.principle. Sample
air is led through a hydrogen peroxide solution which produces
sulfuric acid by the oxidation of sulfur. The sulfuric acid
produced is detected by the fluctuation of conductivity, using
-------
60
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
platinum electrodes. Model 68-5 records the density of sul-
furous gas through the amplifier. Its attributes include the fol-
lowing: relatively small size; light weight compared to the con-
ventional types; and prompt measurement in a short time (10
minutes average time required). The sample cell is made of
glass. The reagents used for the test were 1 1 water with 30%
hydrogen peroxide and 1 ml of 0.01 N sulfuric acid. A stan-
dard solution of sulfurous gas was used for calibration. The
test covered the determination of a standard graduation; ex-
amination of the fixed zero point; constant air flow test; ex-
amination of sensitivity calibration; rosaniline test; and a com-
parison of Model 68-5 with instruments made by other compa-
nies. Model 68-5 was observed to have stable electric systems
and a slight sample air fluctuation. Based on the trial test car-
ried out for five consecutive days. Model 68-5 was considered
to constitute a continuous measurement for a considerable
operation period.
15642
Terabe, Motoji
MEASUREMENTS OF DUST FALL AND SUSPENDED PAR-
TICULATE MATTER. (Baijin sokutei to sono sokuteikiki ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 5(10):777-784, Oct. 10, 1969. 5 refs.
A general classification of dusts in dust fall and suspended
particulate matter was presented with an emphasis on sampling
and measurement devices. Various types of instruments
described are practical and recently developed for dust mea-
surement. The widely used devices for dust fall measurement
are the deposit gauge and dust jar. For suspended particulate
matter measurement, the tape sampler, high-volume sampler,
and digital dust meter (automatic recording system) were
discussed. The Andersen Dust Sampler was described. The
results of a comparative study on the numerical values ob-
tained by several types of samplers, conducted in July, Sep-
tember to October of 1968, and January of 1969 indicated a
proportional relationship among the numerical values. Five
kinds of samplers were examined: high-volume sampler,
cyclone high-volume sampler, tape sampler, digital dust meter,
and digital dust meter proofer. Daily averages measured by
tape sampler had a close correlation with those of the high-
volume sampler. The proportional relationship of total average
was found to be 1 C(ohs)/1000 ft equals 100 microgram/cu m.
Results of the digital dust meter for respirable dust movement
were included.
15752
Hatterer, Andre and Michel Forissier
PSEUDOCHROMATOGRAPHIC MICROANALYSIS UTILIZ-
ING GAS-SOLID EQUILIBRIA. DETERMINATION OF NO2,
NOC1, CI2, HC1, CO2 AND H2O. (Microanalyse pseudochro-
matographique uu'lisant les equilibres gaz-solide. Dosage de
NO2, NOC1, C12, HC1, CO2, H2O). Text in French. Z. Anal.
Chem., vol. 247:266-271, Oct. 1969.12 refs.
Gas separation was carried out in two stages, condensation
and sublimation, in a small metal tube exposed to a tempera-
ture gradient from 77 to 300 K. A non-condensable gas such as
helium, hydrogen or nitrogen was used as a carrier. In the first
stage, the components of the mixture were selectively
solidified in the cooled tube under partial pressures below
those of the triple points. In the second stage, heating of the
tube with an inverted temperature gradient caused sublimation
and completes the separation. Catharometers or mass spec-
trometers were employed for the detection and determination
of the gases. Gases could be determined in the range of
0.000001 to 0.0001 mole/ml of gas. (Author abstract modified)
16056
Kemeny, Etal and E. C. Halliday
METHODS RECOMMENDED FOR THE MEASUREMENT
OF AIR POLLUTION IN SOUTH AFRICA. Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria South Africa, Na-
tional Physical Research Lab., CSIR-FIS 10, 12 p., 1964. 3
refs.
A standard method, suited to South African conditions, for
measuring atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations is
described. The method is based on the reaction between sulfur
dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. The principle of the hydrogen
peroxide method consists of drawing a measured volume of air
through a gas-washing bottle containing a dilute solution of
hydrogen peroxide. The resultant increase in acidity of the
solution is determined by titration using a pH meter, and the
sulfur dioxide concentration in the air is calculated from the
amount of titrant used. The method is not specific because it
also measures gaseous acidity; it is affected negatively by am-
monia and positively by acid or acid-forming compounds
present in the air. Normally the concentrations of these inter-
fering substances are much smaller than those of sulfur diox-
ide and can be ignored. The measurement of sulfur dioxide
can be combined with the measurement of smoke and
suspended matter primarily by drawing the air stream through
a filter paper. The apparatus used for sampling is inexpensive
and simple to use. Despite its nonspecificity, the hydrogen
peroxide method is the simplest and most suitable for measur-
ing sulfur dioxide and is recommended for the continuous
measurements.
16230
Breuer, Wolfram
THE INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY CONTINUOUS 1MMIS-
SION MEASUREMENTS. (Die Aussagekraft kontinuierlicher
Immissionsmessungen). Inst. Ind. Water Econ. Air Pollution
Forum, vol. 3, 12p., 1965. Translated from German. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
26p.
Effective measures against air pollution require an extensive
knowledge of the type, origin, distribution, and effect of air
pollution. Many complex interactions are uncovered by emis-
sion measurements and their evaluation. The potential of
modern measuring techniques are discussed and illustrated by
examples from the air monitoring program of the Far-
benfabriken Bayer AG, where more than 20 automatic emis-
sion measuring units for various gas components have been
erected. Characteristic parameters of emission concentrations
are obtained by plotting cumulative frequency curve over a
logarithmic abscissa. A 50% value of the cumulative frequency
curve indicates the most probable emission to be expected for
recovery periods after the occurrence of peak concentrations.
The peak concentrations are characterized by the 95% value of
the cumulative frequency. The numerous data supplied by au-
tomatic monitoring units is rapidly digested by this statistical
method. The data obtained permits a classification according
to certain criteria, such as the influence of wind velocity or
direction, weather conditions, the time of day or season etc.
Half-hour emission values are correlated with wind direction
data to provide information on the origin of emissions. Further
valuable information on emission sources is derived from
direct evaluations of simultaneous measurements of several
gas components. These parallel measurements help to distin-
guish emissions from combustion processes in the open air
from other emissions and provide information on the fuel used
in the particular instance.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
61
16298
Fiala, Ernst and Erast-Georg Zeschmann
ANNOYANCE CAUSED BY ODOROUS EXHAUST GASES.
(Laestigkeit von Abgasgenich). Text in German. VDI (Ver.
Deut. Ingr.) Z. (Duesseldorf), 109(24):1139-1141, 1967. 5 refs.
The intensity of odors caused by automobile exhaust gases
was evaluated by measuring the odor intensity of dilutions of
the exhaust gas with fresh air that exceeded the odor
threshold. The tests were performed with a water-cooled four-
cylinder, four- stroke Otto engine. The measurements were
based on the following considerations. At low traffic density
i.e., on well-ventilated streets, the exhaust gas odor is not
noticeable; the odor threshold is not reached. With increasing
traffic density, i.e., less ventilation, odor threshold is ex-
ceeded. The mass flows emitted under the latter condition
were indicative of the dilution which was the measure for the
odor intensity. The results showed the familiar independence
of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentrations from en-
gine operating state. Test personnel could smell the exhaust
gas independently of the operating state at 800- to 1000-fold
dilution. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentra-
tions at the moment the odor threshold was exceeded were
between I and 100 ppm and 0.6 to 8 ppm, respectively. Addi-
tion of air in the exhaust system reduced the concentrations,
but increased the odor intensity.
16335
Helbig, Herbert
USE OF AMPEROMETRY AND RELATED METHODS OF
ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN OPERATING MEA-
SURING TECHNIQUES. (Die Amperometrie und mil ihr ver-
wandte elektrochemische Analysenmethoden in der Betrieb-
smesstechnik). Text in German. Chem. Tech. (Berlin),
21(9):553-557, Sept. 1969. 53 refs.
After reviewing the theoretical principle of amperometry, the
determination of substances such as oxygen, chrotnate, nitric
oxide, and sulfur dioxide by this method is discussed. Two
metallic electrodes submerged in the solution to be analyzed
are used. It is important that the reaction at the electrode is so
rapid that only the substance transported from the solution to
the phase boundary determines the reaction speed. The elec-
tric current at the electrode is then directly proportional to the
concentration of the substance to be measured. For measuring
nitric oxide, amperometry has the disadvantage that at concen-
trations of more than 2%, the substance transport is so rapid
that the current density no longer depends on the concentra-
tion. In this case, it is better to use chronocoulometry. Poten-
tial is applied in jumps to the electrode instead of the stationa-
ry current and the current flowing within a certain time inter-
val after the jump is integrated. For measuring SO2 in waste
gases, waste gas enters a solution of 0.5 m sulfuric acid and
0.05 m potassium bromide at constant speed. Current enters
the solution via two platinum electrodes. Bromine develops at
the anode and is reduced by the SO2. The redox potential of
the solution is measured with a third platinum electrode and a
reference electrode. Minimum concentrations of 0.1 to 1 ppm
and maximum concentrations of 1 to 10 ppm can be measured.
16543
Terabe, Motoji
METHODS FOR MEASURING GASEOUS AIR POLLU-
TANTS. (Yudoku gasu no kenchi sokutei to sono kanren kiki
ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 2(7):453-459, Aug. 15, 1966. 5 refs.
Measurements of air pollutants are roughly classified as
chemical, physical, and biological. Chemical measurements are
subdivided into test-paper, colorimetric, test tube, titration,
gas volume, weight methods, etc. Physical methods are subdi-
vided into mechanical, electrical, and optical method. Biologi-
cal measurements make use of the human nose, small animals,
and plants. The measuring methods are also classified accord-
ing to time interval into integral, instantaneous, and continu-
ous measurements. The collection method for test samples is
divided into absorption tube, vacuum substitution, air substitu-
tion, liquid substitution, and automatic continuous gas sampler
method. The absorption tube method and gas sampler used by
National Air Sampling Network of the U. S. are discussed in
detail. Sulfur oxides are measured by the West and Gaeke
method, the lead dioxide method and recorded by the electric
conductivity method. Nitrogen oxides are measured by the
Saltzman method, the Yacobs method, and test tube methods,
and recorded by an automatic recorder. Hydrogen sulfide is
measured by the methylene blue method and recorded by an
automatic recorder. Carbon monoxide is measured by hop-
calite according to a test tube method, detected by Kitagawa
detector, and recorded by an automatic recorder. Ozone is
measured by iodimetry, phenolphthalein, ferrous thiocianate,
the gum crack method, and an ozone meter. The operation of
each instrument is reviewed.
16995
Draegerwerk, Heinr. and Bernh., Luebeck (West Germany)
METHOD TO PROVE OR DETERMINE PHOSPHOROUS
AND/OR SULFUR CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IN THE AIR
OR OTHER GASES BY FLAME PHOTOMETRY AND ITS
EQUIPMENT. (Verfahren zum Nachweis oder zur Bestim-
mung von phosphor und/oder schwefelhaltigen Verbinddungen
in Luft oder anderen Gasen mittels Flammenfaerbung und
Vorrichtung fuer deren Durchfuehrung). W. German Pat.
1,133,918. 4p., July 26, 1962. (Appl. Jan. 19, 1961, 10 claims).
Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Lab.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 7p., Sept. 18, 1969.
The presence of phosphorous- and sulfur-containing com-
pounds in air is determined by spectrophotometric measure-
ments of the coloration of hydrogen flames produced by the
injection of gas, which contains oxygen or is mixed with ox-
ygen, in a hydrogen stream. More hydrogen is provided than is
necessary for complete conversion of oxygen. The flame
coloration is measured in a dark zone at some distance from a
first flame where the intensity of the background glow of the
flame is negligible over the intensity of flame coloration.
Phosphorous compounds are determined in a zone of one to
two flame lengths distant from the first flame; sulfur com-
pounds, in a zone five to fifteen flame lengths distant. Equip-
ment required for measurements include quartz or glass capil-
lary tubes; a cylinder for enclosing the hydrogen flame, which
is preferably cooled by water; and the spectrophotometer for
measuring flame coloration in the spectral range around 520
micron for phosphorous-containing compounds and 380 micron
for sulfur-containing compounds.
17024
Fukushima, Tatsuhisa, Mineo Shibano, and Touichi Ohtani
SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF MASS OF
HYDROCARBONS AND NITRIC OXIDE IN AUTOMOTIVE
EXHAUST GAS. (Jidosha haiki gasu chu no tank suiso oyobi
chisso sankabutsu sbitsuryo bunseki). Text in Japanese.
Jidosha Gijutsu (Automobile Eng.), 23(4):291-295, 1969. 7 refs.
Hydrocarbons and nitric oxide in automotive exhaust gas con-
tribute to smog formation. Each hydrocarbon molecule type
-------
62
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
has a different smog formation potential. Mass spectrometric
analysis for hydrocarbons and nitric oxide was developed. A
continuous hydrocarbon and nitric oxide batch analysis was
also established. (Author abstract modified)
17279
Terabe, M.
PREPARATION OF STANDARD DILUTED GAS FOR
CALIBRATION BY TEFLON PERMEATION TUBES.
(Pamieision chubu ni yoni biryo hyojun-gasu no chosei-ho to
oyo). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 6(7): 18-21, 1969. 9 refs.
The phenomenon that a liquid gas (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, propane, butane) permeates through the tube wall
within a teflon tube at a constant rate was studied. The tube
had an internal diameter of 0.062 in., a wall thickness of 0.012
in., and an internal temperature of 20.1 plus or minus 0.1 C.
The permeation rate of 25 C was 0.58 micrograms/min/cm. By
the use of these permeation tubes, a dynamic calibration of
automatic SO2 or NO2 measuring instrument, an evaluation of
the characteristics of SO2 monitoring instrument, and an ad-
justment of automatic NOX measuring instruments can be per-
formed.
17341
Yanagisawa, Saburo
INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING GASEOUS POLLU-
TANTS IN AIR — ESPECIALLY AN AUTOMATIC CON-
TINUOUS RECORDER. (Taikichu gasujo osenbutsu no soku-
tei kiki — shutoshite jidorenzoku sokutei kirokukei nitsuite —
). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control),
2(9):572-579, Oct. 15, 1966. 3 refs.
Of the harmful elements released into air, dust particles are
removed fairly easily by common apparatus. The removal of
gases except sulfur dioxide or carbon monoxide, however, is
difficult, and little progress has been made. Gas analyzers
used in Japan for measuring gaseous pollutants in air include a
continuous measurement recorder for sulfur oxides and
nitrogen oxides, a continuous automatic recording analyzer for
carbon monoxide, and a filter tape harmful gas analyzer. After
collection and condensation, the pollutants are analyzed by
polarography, gas chromatography, infrared absorption, ul-
traviolet spectrometry, and mass spectrometry. The recent
trend is the use of continuous automatic analyzers because of
the high cost of labor. Operating principles and manufacturing
companies of the instruments were described in detail.
17368
Guiraud, G. and Y. Berlier
QUANTITATIVE AND ISOTOPIC DETERMINATION BY
MASS SPECTROMETRY OF GASEOUS COMPOUNDS
PRODUCED DURING DENITRIFICATION. (Determinatio
quantitative et isotopique, par spectrometrie de masse, des
compose gazeux produits dans la denitirification). Text in
French. Chim. Anal. (Paris), 52(l):53-56, Jan. 1970. 8 refs.
Theoretically 'denitrification' is defined as the reduction of
nitrates present in the soil to the state of molecular nitrogen.
However, in practice, its definition is broader in that it in-
cludes the reduction of the nitrates to the gaseous state, ex-
cept ammonia, by biological or chemical processes. Existing
methods of determining the products of denitrification are
discussed with respect to their shortcomings. A mass, spec-
trometric method of determining nitrogen and nitrous, oxide
emitted by the soil in the course of its denitrification is simpler
and more rapid than the previous ones. The incubator used in
the tests is hermetically sealed and contains a known amount
of soil in a pyrex jar which is in contact with an attachment
containing a concentrated solution of soda to absorb the CO2
released by the soil. The pyrex jar can be connected by turn-
ing a ground cock with a semi-capillary U-shaped tube im-
mersed in liquid nitrogen, in order to trap condensable gase
(residual CO2 and particularly N2O). This trap can be shut off
by cocks on both sides. In most cases, 20 g of soil saturated
with water was used to which 1% of glucose and 15 mg of
nitrogen in the form of KN03 enriched 30% by the 15N
isotope was added. The incubators were kept at 25 C in an
oven and their atmosphere was periodically analyzed by a
Varian Mat model GD 150 mass-spectromete The isotope con-
tent of the gaseous compounds with two N atoms can b mea-
sured in three different ways. The quantitative determination
of the amounts of N2O and N2 are described and discussed in
great detail and a typical example is given.
17436
Pleschka, K., W. Usinger, and C. Albers
THE DETERMINATION OF THE NITROUS OXIDE CON-
CENTRATION IN BLOOD AND LIQUOR WITH THE AID
OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. (Ueber die Bestimmung der
Stickoxydul-Konzentration in Blut und Liquor mit Hilfe der
Gaschromatographie). Text in German. Anaethesist, vol. 15-
16:166-168, 1966-67. 8 refs.
A method for determining the nitrous oxide concentrations in
small blood samples (0.1 to 0.5 ml) by gas chromatography is
described. The method combines the vacuum extraction by
van Slyke with the sample dispatcher, a four-way cock, by
Farhi et al. The reproduceability of the method is better than
0.5%. The method was used for estimating cerebral blood flow
and for determining the uptake of nitrous oxide by the
cerebro-spinal fluid. Five dogs were anesthetized and the N2O
concentration in the arterial blood as well as in the blood of
the sinus sagittalis was determined. For an average arterial
CO2 tension of 56 ton, the average cerebral blood flow was
46.8 ml/min/100 g and the oxygen consumption of the
cerebrum was 3.2 ml/min/100 g. The uptake of N2O by the
cerebro-spinal fluid was much slower than in the venous
blood.
17452
Lauer, O.
NEW CENTRIFUGAL LABORATORY WIND SUTER WITH
LARGE SEPARATION RANGE. (Neuer Fliehkraft-Labor-
windsichter mit weitem Trennbereich). Text in German. Chem
Ing. Tech., 41(8):491-496, April 1969. 2 refs.
A centrifugal wind sifter wind rotating zig-zag channels was
developed for grain size analyses. It can be used for grain
sizes from 1.5 to 8.0 micron and for materials with a density of
2.7. The unit has throughput of 0.5 to 3 kg/hr. The sifting
process comprises of dosing - dispersing and separating the
fine and coarse material from the carrier gas. The material
which is to be sifted is filled into a wide-necked bottle which
is tightly attached to the charging device. The latter consists of
a screw conveyer and an agitator. A blower injects about 55 to
60 standard cu m air/hr. The desired sifting range can be ad-
justed by varying the rpm of the sifting wheel and the air
quantity according to a calibration curve. The discriminating
effect of the wind sifter and the reproducibility are good. Even
material with a strong tendency to agglomerate can be
separated. ' '
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
63
17664
Sovyanovaky, V., M. Dressier, and J. Janak
CURRENT VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME TYPI-
CAL THERMO-IONIZATION DETECTOR SYSTEMS.
Preprint, Czechoslovak Acad. of Sciences, Brno, Inst. for In-
strumental and Analytical Chemistry, 30p., 1968 (?). 14 refs.
Translated from German. 32p.
Current voltage characteristics of metal types of thermo-
ionization detectors were measured and compared with the
characteristics of the solid glass detector. The influence of the
complete shielding on these characteristics was determined.
The mutual influence of the systems for a combined detector
was manifested in all cases by the changes in the size and the
character of the signal of the flame ionization detector. These
changes were caused by the polarity of the electrodes and the
construction, in some cases the material, of the detector. The
response signal of the thermo-ionization system of the com-
bined detectors was a function of the distance between the
two systems, and the latter was always lower at the same
degree of ionization effect than was the case for a simple
ionization detector. The fusion temperature of the salt of the
alkaline metal was the main factor influencing the current volt-
age characteristics off the simple ionization detector. A com-
parision of electrical heating of the fused-salt carrier of the al-
kaline metal with the heating by means of flames demon-
strated that the advantage of electrical heating does not lie in
the elevation of the response signal, but rather in the possibili-
ty of control of the basic ionization current, independently of
the flow of hydrogen. (Author abstract modified)
18226
INVESTIGATION AND APPRAISAL OF FLU-GAS DAMAGE.
(Untersuchung und Begutachtung von Rauchschaden. Part I.),
Translated from German. Hamburg Staatsinstitut fur Ange-
wandte Botanik Jahresbericht, 5(119-120), 1938. 3 refs.
Plants exposed to flue gas showed definite damage from
fluorine (F) and acids of sulfur and nitrogen. A crystalization
method utilizing the microscopic identification of silico-sodium
fluoride proved best for qualitative fluorine analysis of the 102
samples examined through 1936. As in previous studies, the
samples tested showed that F was taken in through the branch
bark and leaves of cherries and pears. For the first time, how-
ever, the fruit itself was damaged and F detected there. Black,
hard disks had formed around the flower and in the fruit ad-
jacent to the flower. Samples examined long after damage
took place showed no F present. Twenty-one samples were ex-
amined for acid damage. Large concentrations of nitrates were
detected in the specimens by means of the diphenylamine-sul-
furic acid reaction. Different plant species showed markedly
different sensitivities to flue gases.
18306
Sato, Junji
THE RESULT OF OBSERVATION ON PLUME RISE. (Hai
Gasu Joshoko No Jisoku Kekka.) Meteorological Research
Inst., Tokyo (Japan). Applied Meteorology Laboratory, 14p.,
1968. 5 refs. Translated from Japanese.
The plume rises from industrial chimneys 55, 90, 120, and 170
meters in height were examined and attempts made to fit the
empirical data to existing correlations for dispersion and effec-
tive stack height. These were used to describe the spreading
pattern of the high-temperature plume as it left the stack, an
important factor in determining the pollutant concentration on
the ground. Photographs of the tracer-colored plume were
taken at 40-second intervals. The axis of smoke flow was ob-
served from a helicopter. Additional observation points on the
ground gave sufficient data to calculate trigonometrically the
position of the trail. The plume temperature and rise velocity
at the stack exit, and the wind velocity, were also determined.
The Priestley equation for plume rise was used for the deter-
mination of the maximum rise height for heat-dependent,
neutral-layered conditions, and for a stable condition. It was
found that stacks taller than 100 meters contacted atmospheric
layer movements and had practically no unstable condition.
Empirical findings were compared with results calculated from
the Holland (Oak Ridge), Bosanquet, and Priestley equations.
The Holland correlation was satisfactory for large heat emis-
sions, and the Bosanquet equation gave inconsistently high
values. The Priestley equation was good for small heat emis-
sions. When empirically corrected for wind velocity, stack
height, and heat emission, the correlation gave the plume rise
in terms of experimentally determined factors for netrual layer
conditions.
19902
Benarie, M. and S. Panof
NOTES ON THE PREDICTION OF SOLID PARTICLES IN
SUSPENSION IN A TURBULENT GAS FLOW. (Notes sur le
prelevement des particules solides en suspension dans un gaz
en ecoulement turbulent). Text in French. Aerosol Sci.,
l(l):21-33, 1970. 11 refs.
Experiments were conducted on sampling polydisperse dust
particles up to four millimicrons in diameter. The particles
were blown down a vertical wind tunnel and sampled at three
different kinds of head at velocities that were equal to 0.5, 1.0,
and 2.0 times the wind velocity. The relationship between the
ratio of the apparent to true concentration and the ratio of
sampling to wind velocities was found to agree with a previ-
ously reported expression. Isokinetic sampling is essential to
obtain correct concentration values; the error is smaller when
the sampling velocity is too high than when it is too low. The
shape of the head was not important and changes in particle
size distribution due to anisokinetic sampling were not de-
tected.
19958
Hisatsune, Isamu C.
STUDY OF GAS PHASE CHEMICAL REACTIONS BY
INFRA-RED SCAN MONOCHROMATOR. Kagaku no Ryoiki
(J. Japan. Chem.), 23(2): 12-17, 1969. 10 refs. Translated from
Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 18p., May 14, 1969.
The operating principles and applications of the infra-red rapid
scan monochromator are described, particularly in its applica-
tion to the gas phase reaction of nitrogen oxide. A monochro-
mator of the type described can repeatedly record 3-150 spec-
tra per second. It performs most satisfactorily measuring reac-
tions of short half-life time, in the range from 1-60 seconds.
Two slightly different units are described; one is commercially
available, the other is an experimental device. A reaction cell
for mixing the reactants to be studied is described. Several
sample reactions are analyzed to serve as examples of the
abilities of the method.
19960
Kokhanovich, M. M. and V. G. Morachevskiy
THE POSSIBILITY OF INTERPRETING THE DATA OF A
SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS. Probl. Fiz. Atm., no. 5, 1967.
6 refs. Translated from Russian. Aztec School of Languages,
Inc., McLean, Va., Research Translation Div., p. 261-264,
1970. CFSTI: NASA TT F-587
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64
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The results of a parallel study of the size distribution of drops
of a modeled nebula are presented. The information is ob-
tained by a sedimentation analysis and by the microphoto-
graphic method in order to illustrate the advantages of the
former. The sedimentation method of analyzing the degree of
dispersion of a modeled nebula gives a completely clear and
precise representation of the size distribution of the drops in
it. It can be used to study natural and modeled clouds and
nebulae, and is less cumbersome than the microphotographic
method. (Author abstract modified)
20565
Schneider, W.
SIMPLE METHODS FOR SO2 AND SO3 DETERMINATION
IN FLUE GASES. (Einfache Methoden zur SO2- und SO3-
Bestimmung in Rauchgasen), (Energietechnik, 17 (12):543-546,
Dec. 1967. (Presented at the Sitzung des Arbeitsausschusses
"Verfeuerung fester und Fluessiger Brennstoffe', Dresden,
Sept. 28, 1966.) Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
15p., Aug. 5, 1969.
The isopropanol or absorption method of Corbett and Flint,
the condensation method of the Shell laboratories, and the
sodium chloride method are discussed. The equipment for the
Corbett-Flint method is illustrated. Only the condensation
method determines the SO3 content in flue gas accurately. The
NaCl method yields approximate values. The complex sam-
pling and analyzing apparatus for the Corbett-Flint method
have no relationship to the low accuracy achieved with this
method. Sulfate containing fly dust commonly found in soft
coal smoke interferes with the determinations. Sulfur dioxide
can be determined at either the condensation or the Nad
method simultaneously with the SO3 by absorption in H2O2
and subsequent acidimetric titration.
20595
Wyszynska, Halina, Konrad Kosinksi, Stefan Maziarka, Z.
Misiakiewicz, and Artur Strusinsky
METHODS FOR THE SANITARY INVESTIGATION OF AT-
MOSPHERIC Affi DEVELOPED BY THE SECTION OF
SANITATION LABORATORIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Metody sanitarnego badania powietrza
atmosferycznego opracowanie zespolu Pracowni Sanitarnej
Ochrony Powietrza Atmosferycznego). Wydawnictwa
Metodyczne Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny (Methodologic
Study Govt. Dept. Hyg.), no. 4(26); issue no. 10, 149p., 1968.
78 refs. Translated from Polish. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, Oct. 14, 1969.
Methods are presented for determing atmospheric pollutants,
with the exception of carbon monoxide and gasoline, the con-
centrations of which are defined by Polish law. IB addition,
methods are given for the determination of pollutants present
in the atmosphere in quantities sufficient to create sanitation
problems or to cause plant damage and corrosion to buildings-.
Some of the methods have been checked and tested extensive-
ly in the laboratory and in the field. Others have not yet been
widely tested but are included for their potential usefulness in
laboratory studies. The methods include the measurement of
dust collected by the deposition method with respect to tars,
sulfates, free silica, heavy metals, calcium, and fluorine. The
other methods are the aspiration and contact methods for sul-
fur dioxide; the method employing thorium nitrate and
eriochromecyanin R for sulfur trioxide-sulfuric acid; the para-
aminodimethylaniline method for hydrogen sulfide; metbylene
blue and diethylamine and copper methods for carbon disul-
fide; the Saltzman method for nitrogen oxides; titration wkh
thorium nitrate and colorimetric determination with
eriochromecyanin and zirconium oxychloride for fluorine; o-
tolidine for chlorine; titration for hydrogen chloride; buffered
potassium iodide and the Heigal method for ozone; the
Schryver method for formaldehyde; para-aminodimethylanfline
and diazo-p-nitroaniline for phenol; nitration for benzene and
chlorobenzene; and the indophenol method for aniline.
20886
Bosch, Robert
METHODS TO MEASURE AIR POLLUTANTS IN EXHAUST
GASES OF AUTOMOBILES WITH OTTO ENGINES. (Mess-
verfahren in Bezug auf die Verunreinigun der Luft durch die
Absase von Fahrzeugen mit Otto-Motoren). Doc. W/Trans/WP
29/252 of Jan. 16,1968.14p. Translated from German. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
24p., Sept 22, 1969.
A method is proposed for measuring the amount of carbon
monoxide and calculating the amount of hydrocarbons in ex-
haust gases from automobiles with Otto engines. In the
method, which simulates driving conditions in heavy city traf-
fic, the automobile is tested on a chassis dynamometer
equipped with a brake and a flywheel. Four test cycles lasting
a total of 13 rain are performed without interruption. Each
cycle consists of 15 operating stages (idle, acceleration, cruis-
ing speed, deceleration, etc.) in the course of which the ex-
haust gases are collected in one or more bags. At the end of
the sampling time, the gases are analyzed and their, volume is
measured. Formulas are presented for converting .the amount
of gas contained in each bag to standard temperature and stan-
dard pressure and for computing the amount of carbon monox-
ide and hydrocarbons in each bag.
20923
Mammarella, Luigi
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS DETECTION. (Inquinamenti dell-
'aria e lorp rilevamento). Rome, Italy, H Pensiero Scientific
Publishing House, June 1966. 214 refs. Translated from Italian.
Naval Intelligence Command Headquarters, Washington, D.
C., Translation Div., 226p., Sept. 4, 1968.
Data on air pollution indicating its sources, mechanics of dif-
fusion and behavior, and influence on public health and econo-
my were compiled. The most important sampling equipment or
materials were described. Air pollutants were classified as
aerosols, smoke, fumes, dust, fog, smog, gases, and odors.
Tests for airborne pollution included a Guecker's counter,
Mununa's aerosol analyzer, Ringelman charts, and a
smokescope. Aerosol collection methods discussed were sedi-
mentation containers, deposit gauges, filtration, centrifuging,
thermal precipitation, electrostatic precipitation, and impact
sampling. Sampling of gaseous or vapor phase pollution was
separated into quick and precision methods. Quick methods in-
cluded the peroxide weighing method and the hydrogen perox-
ide volumetric method. Precision methods included absorption,
adsorption, freezing, and withdrawal of gaseous samples in
vacuum, containers. Infrared and ionization chamber analyzers
were also discussed. Microbic air pollution was described.
Vitality, infectiousness, and virulence of the microorganisms,
variation in the number of organisms, sources, classifications
of the microbe support, behavior and measurement methods
were reviewed. The detection methods of airborne microbic
contaminants were settling, volumetric sampling, collector fua-
nels, multiple funnel collectors, electrostatic precipitation,
thermal precipitation, impaction, impingers, filtration, and
chromatic analysis of bacterial particles. Sources of radioac-
tivity reviewed were mineral processing, nuclear reactors, and
nuclear explosions. Radioactive ._ air pollution detection
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
65
methods included settling, filtration, electrostatic precipitation,
adsorption and absorption, gas detectors, and solid detectors.
20947
Lampadius, F.
AIR ANALYSES FOR DETERMINATION OF THE FTLTRA-
TION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE BY FOREST STANDS. (Rozbo-
ry vzdmchu k zjisteni filtrace SO2 lesnimi porosty). Scientific
and Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture
and Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emission
Forestry, Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. XTV-1 to
XIV-4. (Oct. 11-14.) Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
April 24, 1969.
The theory of filtration capacity, based on the capability of
forests to filter air and smoke damage by means of air analy-
sis, was investigated. The investigation was based on the
'pararosaniline' method using the measuring box (Messkoffer)
which is sensitive to the presence of sulfur dioxide in the air.
It permits evidence of short-term, very slight variations in sul-
fur dioxide concentrations by means of short-term sampling of
the duration of eight to 10 minutes. The methodology aims at
comparing the measurements for an unforested area in front of
the forest with results in the interior of the forest obtained at
various distances from the smoke emission source in the
direction of the wind. The meteorological factors such as
direction and velocity of winds, temperature, relative humidity
of air, visibility, and cloudiness were taken into consideration.
The results obtained show that the sulfur dioxide content in-
side the forest, and comparatively far from the smoke emis-
sion sources, fluctuate greatly. The distribution of these fluc-
tuations over a period of time arise both convectively and ad-
vectively; they are often periodic. Assuming a retarded
exchange in the above-ground layer of air, the air samples in-
side the forest showed from time to time higher concentrations
of sulfur dioxide in comparison to the free terrain. It is con-
cluded that the filtration capability, so far attributed to forests,
does not correspond to the actual state of affairs to the extent
so far assumed.
21533
Stratmann, Heinrich and Dieter Rosin
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AN EM-
PIRICAL CHARACTERISTIC MAGNITUDE FOR DESCRIP-
TION OF THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SO2 CON-
CENTRATIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Staub (Duessel-
dorf), 24(12):520-525, 1964. 12 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., lip., April 1, 1970.
An empirical characteristic calculated only from the individual
concentrations above the arithmetic mean is used to describe
the frequency distribution of sulfur dioxide concentrations.
This empirical characteristic, 'so', is identical to the standard
deviation, V, of individual values in the case of normal dis-
tribution; however, it deviates more markedly from V the
more asymmetric the distribution. A comparison between dis-
tributions found at 20 measuring places and those calculated
from V show a statistically valid agreement. The empirical
characteristic can therefore be employed to assess a breach of
emission limits. (Author summary modified)
21629
Buck, M.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A FILTER CARTRIDGE
FOR THE ELIMINATION OF DISTURBING INFLUENCES
AT THE MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. (Entwicklung und Pruefung einer Filter-
patrone zu Ausschaltung von Stoerenflussen bei der Messung
von Schwefeldioxid in der Atmosphaere). Schriftenreihe Lan-
desanstalt Immissions- und Bodennutzungsscbutz Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen (Essen), no. 6:28-30, 1966. 4 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.,
10p., April 15, 1970.
A filter cartridge based on the suction principle and consisting
of a layer of quartz wool prepared with a solution of Ag2SO4
and KHSO4 was developed to absorb hydrogen sulfide,
hydrogen chloride, and ammonia, the substances which inter-
fere most with air quality measurements of sulfur dioxide. The
cartridge absorbs the interfering compounds during sample in-
take almost completely at air throughputs of up to 180 liters an
hour without also absorbing the SO2, and is therefore suitable
for automatic SO2-measuring devices operating on low air
throughput as well as for manual methods. Experiments are re-
ported investigating in further detail the suction of H2S in the
filter cartridge and SO2 uptake by the cartridge. When conven-
tional sampling techniques are used for the Silikagel and TCM
methods of manual SO2 measurements, SO2 values are not
distorted by the filter. Instructions are given for its preparation
and installation in the sampling device.
21662
Bersis, D. S.
NEW METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF CHEMILU-
MINESCENCE AT SIMULTANEOUS FLUORESCENCE. (Bin
neue Methode zum Stadium der Chemilumineszenz bei
gleichzeitiger Fluoreszeng). Z. Physik. Chem. Neue Folge
(Frankfurt), vol. 22:328-335, 1959. 6 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 10p., April 14,
1970.
The apparatus and experimental procedure are described for
the simultaneous but separate determination of the chemilu-
minescence and fluorescence of reactions. With this method,
the samples under study are radiated with ultraviolet light im-
pulses from which only monochromatic radiation of wave
length 3650 A is filtered. The emissions produced by chemilu-
minescence, in the form of continual components, and by
fluorescence, in the form of superimposed alternating current
components, are registered separately and measured by a
photostream amplifier which does not receive any ultraviolet
light at all, since the excitation line of 3650 A is totally ab-
sorbed by additional filtering. The method was applied to ex-
periments on the chemiluminescence of thiocyanate B
produced by ozone. In contrast to results in the literature ob-
tained with conventional neutralizing agents, the effect of
ozone on thiocyante B in an amylacetate solution produces a
blue-green chemiluminescence by a blue-green fluorescence.
21761
Tomizawa, Toshi, Osamu Shimoda, Takayuki Mizuno, Taiji
Arai, Teruo Seki, Tyuhei Asakawa, and Ken-ichi Oda
AN ANALYTIC APPROACH TO THE EFFECTS OF AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS OF THE CONDUCTTVTTY OF
ABSORBING SOLUTION. Electric Central Inst. Foundation
(Japan), Engineering Dept., p. 1-18, Technical Experimental
Institute Kept. 69022, Aug. 1969. 6 refs. Translated from
Japanese. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 26p., April 6,
1970.
An atmospheric pollutant surveyor measures sulfur dioxide by
passing the collected atmosphere into a solution containing
0.006% H2O2 and (5 times 10 to the minus 5 power) normal
sulfur oxide to produce sulfuric acid. Since there are other
-------
66
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
components in the atmosphere which may be absorbed and af-
fect solution conductivity, the absorbing solution was analyzed
for the presence of the suspected ions and their effect on the
conductivity of the solution determined. Ions considered were
SO4(-), Cl(-), K(+), Na(+), Ca(++), NH4(+), Mg(++), and
NO3(-). Densities of each ion were obtained using ion
exchange analysis techniques. A 5% density fluctuation coeffi-
cient was observed as a result of the adsorption of these minor
constituents. The conductivity ratio of the original absorbing
solution was determined to be 24.4 micro-ohms/cm. A dif-
ference of 0.4 micro-ohms/cm was observed for the test solu-
tion.
22072
Osherovich, A. L. and A. K. Suslov
THE SELECTIVITY OF AEROSOL ATTENUATION IN
OZONOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS OVER ZAILIYSKIY ALA
TAU. Probl. Fiz. Atm., no. 5. 1967. 25 refs. Translated from
Russian. Aztec School of Languages, Inc., McLean, Va.,
Research Translation Div., p. 224-240, June 1970. CFSTI:
NASA TT F-587
A series of parallel electrophotometric observations of at-
mospheric ozone is described. The experiments are undertaken
in an attempt to evaluate different methods of observation of
aerosol extinction and in order to improve upon the techniques
wherever possible. Simultaneous observations at different al-
titudes are necessary for a further investigation of the aerosol
correction. A comparison of the data should be carried out
with narrow light filters and instruments of the same type,
since in the opposite case the Forbes effect greatly decreases
the accuracy.
22079
Just, Jan, Stefan Maziarka, and Halina Wysznska
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MEASUREMENT OF
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION BY THE ASPIRATIONAL
AND SEDIMENTATION METHODS. (Badania porownawaze
zapylenia powietrza atmosferycznego metoda aspiracyjna 1 sedy-
mentacijna). Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higi., 19(6): 641-
651, 1968. 11 refs. Translated from Polish. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 17p.,
Oct. 23, 1969.
Systematic measurements of dust pollution were conducted
simultaneously by the aspiration and sedimentation methods in
10 Polish cities during 1966 and 1967. The aspiration method is
based on the day-long aspiration of air through a glass fiber
filter; the concentration of dust is determined by the dif-
ference in weight of the filter before and after collection. In
the sedimentation method, glass jars are exposed for a month
and the dustfall is weighed after washing and drying. The dis-
tributions of the measurements indicated a rather close rela-
tionship between the two sets of measurements obtained by
each of the two methods. Equations are presented by means
of which measurements obtained by either method can be con-
verted to results which the other method would have yielded.
They can also be used to approximate the concentrations of
atmospheric dust in a city from available dustfall data. The
dust concentrations in the cities studied were highly correlated
(the correlation coefficient equalled 0.78), indicating that the
ratio of the amounts of relatively precipitable dusts to
suspended dusts in large cities is comparatively stable. Distinct
differences in the chemical composition of dusts, depending
on the degree of dispersion, were found. The steadily sedi-
menting dusts contain significantly smaller quantities of
benzene-extractable substances and lead compounds as do
suspended dusts.
22220
Bartovsky, T.
AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS IMPURITIES IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. (Samocinne amaluzatory plynnych
necistot v ovzdusi). Ochrana Ovzdusi, 1969:129-135, Sept.
Translated from Czech. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.,
23p.
Tables are presented which show a summary of the current
developments in automatic analyzing instruments used for con*-
centrations of pollutants in the atmosphere or in industrial
stack gases. The list of manufacturers is based on the principle
on which the function of the instrument is based. Instruments
based on absorption of infrared radiation can be used to mea*
sure carbon monoxide and dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia.
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrocarbons. For
determining very low concentrations of compounds in gas mix-
tures, a combination of photometric analysis and the reaction
of the gas and liquid is used. Instruments based on the elec-
trolytic conductivity change of liquids after reaction with glass
are also suitable for measuring low concentrations in gas mix-
tures. Depolarization and polarographic instruments use the
electrochemical reaction on the polarized electrode immersed
hi the liquid. In coulometric instruments, the compounds are
electrolytically oxidized with bromine or iodine. This method
is used to measure SO2, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,
thiophenes, thioethers, organic sulfides, and olefins. For mea-
suring high concentrations, the election of instruments for
each compound is broad and the selection of the most suitable
instrument depends on other conditions, especiall on the type
of other impurities.
22391
Sakai, Kaoru, Fumio Mizuniwa, and Yasuji Hayashi
MEASUREMENT AND BEHAVIOUR OF EXHAUST GAS IN
POWER PLANT. (Karyoku puranto haigasu no sokutei to
kyodo). Hitachi Hyoron, 49(11): 1138-1142, Nov. 1967. 19 refs.
Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 23p., Oct. 29, 1969.
In purifying exhaust gas in power plants, the development of
desulfurizers and electric precipitators is being stimulated, but
it requires a reliable method of analysis for gas ingredients.
Mechanisms for the evolution of sulfur dioxide and sulfur
trioxide are discussed. Volumetric methods for analysis of
total sulfur, SO2 and SO3 include the neutralization process,
the thorin process, and the arsenazo HI process. Also
discussed is the formation of nitrogen oxide and its measure-
ment. Attempts to increase the reliability of methods for test-
ing sulfur dioxide and trioxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen diox-
ide, and water are presented. The results of measurements in
actual plants carried out according to the methods described or
with a dew point indicator are summarized. Some observations
on operating variables within the power plants are included.
(Author abstract modified)
22626
Materna, Jan and Ludmila Ryskova
CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOCHEMICAL FUNDAMEN-
TALS OF HARTEL TURBIDITY TEST. (Prispevek k poznani
biochemickych zakladu Hartelova zakaloveho testu). Lesnict-
vi, 7(4):389-400, 1961. 15 refs. Translated from Czech. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services
22p., Nov. 4, 1969.
An extract from spruce needles was analyzed to characterize
in detail the substances causing turbidity of the extract. The
extract contained a number of mineral substances such as cal-
cium, magnesium, potassium, silicon, iron, phosphorus, and
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
67
sulfur. The organic substances present were tannides, car-
bohydrates, nitrates, pektins, polysaccharides, and substances
soluble in ether. During the extraction of needles injured by
smoke, the extract received all these substances in higher
amounts than when processing healthy needles. A correlation
was established between the amount of extracted sulfur and
ashes and light absorption by the extract. Increased extraction
of tannides from the smoke-damaged needles can be utilized
as a new qualitative test to determine the effect of smoke on
spruces. The turbidity itself is formed by a mixture of com-
pounds comprising ashes, ether extractable substances,
polysaccharides, proteins, traces of pektins, poly phenols, and
dyes. The Hartel turbidity test is a simple method for deter-
mining the effect of smoke on spruce and delineating the area
under attack. The test was analyzed in detail, its nature par-
tially elucidated, and another simple method worked out for
orientational determination of the effect of smoke on the as-
similation organs of spruce. This test is based on the different
degrees of extractability of tannides from healthy needles and
from needles exposed to sulfur dioxide. The test requires no
special laboratory equipment. (Author conclusions)
22982
Degtev, O. N. and G. M. Karagodin
THE ADVISABILITY OF USING CHROMATOGRAPHY TO
DETERMINE UNBURNT GASES. Thermal Eng. (English
translation from Russian of: Teploenergetika, 16(12):S3-57,
1967. 19 rets.
The loss due to unburnt gases is determined by analyzing flue
gases with a GKhP-3 or VTI-2 apparatus, or with chromato-
graphic or tit rime trie gas analyzers. The choice of method is
governed by the required accuracy of determination as well as
by the minimum loss reliably recorded. Errors in determination
result from errors in gas analysis, in calculating flue gas
volume, and in calculating the calorific value of the fuel. Ex-
pressions are derived for calculating the errors of determina-
tion for the different gas analyzers and for establishing with
adequate reliability the recorded minimum value of the con-
centration of components under determination. Allowable er-
rors of determination are also calculated for different types of
fuel. Based on a comparison of these values with the errors of
determination by the different methods, the preferred analyzer
for each type of fuel is determined. Use of a chromatograph is
recommended for anthracites and coals.
22998
Pfeifer, R. J., B. Y. Cho, and O. L. Utt
MERCURY SUBSTITUTION--NUCLEONIC DETECTION IN-
STRUMENT FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE MEASUREMENT. ISA
(Instr. Soc. Am.) Trans., 9(1):9-16, 19 1 ref. (Presented at the
Instrument Society of America, Analysis Instrument Division,
National Symposium 15th, May 6, 1969.)
In the future, stack gas monitors for sulfur dioxide may be
require to demonstrate compliance with federal regulations,
and such monitors may become integrally associated with con-
trol systems such as scrubbers. For application in power plants
and heat-generation facilities, a potential stack-gas monitor
must be reliable and easily maintainable, reasonably accurate
and free from errors due to contaminants, and of simple con-
struction. The Gas sampling procedure must be such that sul-
fur dioxide in the gas under test is not altered by sampling
conditions. A sulfur dioxide measuring instrument based on a
mercury substitution and nucleonic detection (MSND)
technique provides these four desirable features. The instru-
ment is characterized by a stoichiometric substitution of mer-
curv for sulfur dioxide in a reaction cell, transfer of the mer-
cury to a measurement cell, and measurement of the mercury
by low-energy X-radiation absorption. Construction of the in-
strument is simple and the disposable reaction cell is charged
with reagents for 10-day operation. Measurement accuracy is
excellent due to the stoichiometric substitution which is unaf-
fected by interfering substances. Since the mercury substitu-
tion occurs in an aqueous medium, the gas sample need not be
freed of water vapor and particulates. Total response time, as
determined by the sizes of reaction and measurement cells and
fluid flow rate, is approximatel 15 min.
23040
Dutkiewicz, Tadeusz, Jerzy Konczalik, and Maria Przechera
ASSESSMENT OF THE COLORIMETRIC METHODS OF
DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM IN AIR AND URINE BY
MEANS OF RADIOISOTOPE TECHNIQUES. Acta Pol.
Pharm. (English translation from Polish of Acta Pol. Pharm.),
26(2):168-176, 1969. 5 refs. CFSTI: TT 69-50004/2
An evaluation of the colorimetric methods of determining
chromium in air and urine based on the reaction of Cr(6+)
with diphenylcarbazide was carried out, using radioisotope
techniques as the comparative method. Recovery of chromium
from solid absorbers is not complete because of the reduction
of Cr(6+) to Cr(3+) and may be a source of errors in analysis.
It is recommended to do the washing-out with cold water and,
simultaneously, to carry out the calibration of the method
from the moment of introduction to the absorbers the known
quantities of chromium. Oxidation of chromium in urine sam-
ples occurs with the same yield, irrespective of the quantity of
chromium. The colorimetric method of chromium determina-
tion in urine is of the same order as aqueous solutions, and
therefore is suitable to the hygienic investigations for the
evaluation of exposure to chromium compounds under indus-
trial conditions. (Author absbract modified)
23069
Kudryavtsev, S. I. and N. I. Tonkopiy
METHODS OF EVALUATING THE BACTERIAL SEEDING
OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Lab. Delo, no. 3:164-168, 1968.
Translated from Russian by J. Sechovicz, Foreign Technology
Div., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Translation Div., 7p., Feb.
20, 1970. CFSTI, DDC: AD 704014
The possibilities of using bacteria-collecting equipment for
estimating the bacterial seeding of atmospheric air at various
air movement speed were examined and a device for precision
isokinetic aerosol sampling was developed. Results of studying
the effectiveness of the bacteria-intercept devices at various
air velocities in a wind tunnel are summarized in tabular form.
The majority of the devices were unsuited to isokinetic
sampling, since aerosol particles precipitated on the end-face
of the tunnels of the intake sections of the devices. This short-
coming is eliminated in a sampler having tubes with cham-
bered edges, a clamping device for filters, and whose capture
of aerosol particles is a function of the position of the inlet ap-
paratus in relation to the direction of wind movement in the
tunnel. Collection efficiencies of the sampler at various intake
positions for particles of different dispersities are tabulated.
23209
Ishchenko, G. N. and K. Khamrakulova
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE MEDIUM COMPOSITION IN
DETERMINING MICROBE CONTAMINATION OF AIR.
Med. Zh. Uzbekistana, no. 2:48, 1963. Translated from Rus-
sian. Foreign Technology Div. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,
Translation Div., 2p., Feb. 20, 1970. CFSTI, DDC: AD 704018
-------
68
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Results are presented of the number of microorganisms in 1 cu
m of air as determined, respectively, with the Krotov device
and by the the jar-cap method on different agar media. The
amount of growing colonies was several times greater in
seedings taken by the jar- cap method than with the Krotov
device. Colonies from the air seedings obtained by both
methods grew least of all on simple agar. When the jar cap
method and sugar agar were employed, the number of colonies
increased 1.5 to 6 times. The best results were obtained on
agar with rabbit blood.
23265
Sugano, Saburo, Shozo Fukui, Shoji Naito, and Mikihiro
Kaneko
REACTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES WITH AMMONIA AND
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):98-100, 1967. Translated from
Japanese. 8p.
The reaction between nitrogen oxides and ammonia and am-
monium hydroxide was studied. The validity of the equation
2NO2 plus 2NaOH yields NaNO2 plus NaNOS plus H2O was
confirmed by determining the NO2 and NO3 ions in solution.
It was also confirmed that NH4OH reacted with NO2 as ex-
pressed by 2NO2 plus 2NH4OH yields NH4NO2 plus
NH4NO3 plus H2O. However, gaseous NH3 reacted with
NO2 as shown by 2NO2 plus 2NH3 yields NH4NO3 plus N2
plus H2O. This reaction was rapid and exothermic and was
useful for the removal of NO2. Although NO did not directly
react with NaOH or NH3, its air oxidation in the presence of
NaOH or NH3 proceeded as follows: 2NO plus O plus
2NaOH yields 2NaNO2 plus H2O or 2NO plus O plus
2NH4OH yields NH4NO2 plus N2 plus 3H2O. In this case,
reactions with NaOH and NH4OH produced different mols of
NO2 ion. On oxidizing the mixture of NO2 and NO in the air
and collecting it in alkali, if a NaOH solution was employed, 1
mol of NO2 produced 1/2 mol of NO2 ion and 1 mol of NO
produced 1 mol of NO2 ion. Thus it was impossible to deter-
mine the total quantity of NO2 plus NO unless one of the two
gases was determined by using some other method. However,
on collecting in an NH4OH solution, 1 mol of either NO2 or
NO produced 1/2 mol of NO2 ion, so that twice the quantity
of NO2 ion was equal to the quantity of NO plus NO2. Based
on this experimental result, the NH4OH solution was adopted
as the collecting solution for NO2 plus NO in the standard
method of determining NO and NO2 in flue gas described in
Japan Industrial Standards.
23982
Baum, F. and W. Brocke
DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLE METHOD FOR MEASUR-
ING THE DUST, SOOT, AND TAR EMISSION FROM A
HOUSE FURNACE USING SOLD3 FUEL. (Entwicklung einer
einfachen Methode zur Messung der Staub-, RuB- und
Teeremissionen aus Hausbrandeinzeloefen fuer feste Brenn-
stoffe). Landesanstalt fuer Immissions- und Bodennut-
zungsschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen, 1-13,
1968. 12 refs. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 26p., Sept. 24, 1970.
In order to measure emissions from coal furnaces outside the
laboratory, a simple, easy to operate measurement method is
necessary. To fill this need, the National Institute has
developed a procedure derived from the filter paper method.
The sampling is done by an automatic measurement appartus.
In short time intervals, colored spots are put on filter paper
quasi-continuously Alterations in the spots characterize the
course of the burning and the amount of discharge. This in-
strument is an instrument customarily used to determine the
soot output of oil burners; it has been altered to suit the
present requirements. One provision for its use with coal fur-
naces was a shortening of the sampling period for each filter
spot by more than 90%. The filter spots obtained in experi-
ments with coal furnaces were, however, not only grey to
black colored, but also had tones of yellow to brown, as well
as mixtures. An evaluation of the filter spots by the com-
parison scale for oil burners was not possible. On these
grounds a two dimensional comparison scale was developed
which was built up from a soot comparison scale and a tar
comparison scale. It contains not only the pure colors, but
mixed colors obtained in measurements. The whole scale con-
sists of 120 by 20 mm comparison fields. Each comparison
field is ordered vertically and horizontally (letter and number).
Each comparison field corresponds with a count. All of the
filter spots are evaluated during a burning period using the
comparison scales by averaging the corresponding measure-
ment counts. The average emission values F (average concen-
tration in the exhaust gas during the smoke development
period) and E' (discharge related to the calories given off) can
be contained. Measurements on coal furnaces show that for
most practical cases the results correspond to the emission
count of house furnaces. This is shown through comparison
with other measurement methods. The experimental material
under consideration makes possible the determination of emis-
sion limits for house furnaces at this type. (Author summar
modified)
25574
linoya, Koichi and Akihiro Yamanaka
EXPERIMENTS ON ANISOKINETIC SAMPLING ERRORS
FOR SOLID-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOW. (Koeki nisoryu ni
okeru hitosoku sampuringu gosa no jikken). Text in Japanese.
Kagaku Kogaku (Chem. Eng.), 34(l):69-74, 1970. 9 refs.
The deviation in measurement of aprticle concentration due to
anisokinetic sampling is experimentally evaluated for solid-
liquid flow (water-glass beads two phases), where the necessa-
ry uniformly sized particles are easily available. The experi-
mental results are numerically presented and an empirical
equition is proposed in whic the ratio of sampling to main flow
concentrations depends on the ratio of sampling to main flow
velocities and an experimentally obtained gradient coefficient.
The results are also compared to previous experimental results
and other semi-theoretical formulae for the solid-gas two-
phase flow. It is evident that the anisokinetic sampling errors
for solid-liquid flow are nearly half those for solid-gas flow,
and that Watson's equation agrees fairly well with the results
of the present experiment. On the other hand, the anisokinetic
sampling errors depend on which definition of mean particle
diameter is used for the inertial parameter.
25921
Baum, Fritz, Werner Brock, and Hartmut Brell
THE MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS FROM SOLID FUEL
HEATING UNIT. (Die Mabtechnische Ergassung der Emis-
sionen aus Hausbrandofen fur feste Brennstoffe). Gesundh.
Ingr., no. 10:295-306, 1969. 17 refs Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 33p., Dec. 2, 1970.
The quantities and qualities of substances emanating from
home heating units depend upon the fuel used, the type of
heating unit, and the method in which it functions. Typical
emissions include soot, tar, carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, and
hydrogen sulfide. Measurements tend to be difficult due to the
variety of emissions involved, but several methods are
described and evaluated. Electrostatic precipitators, smoke
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
69
density gauges, filter papers, and gravimetric tedchniques are
included. A test situation is described with sampling by the
filter paper method, condensation trays for the gravimetric
determination of exhaust quantities, and silica gel tubes for
determination of carbon emissions. Results are discussed.
26127
Yuu, Shin-ichi and Koichi linoya
ON SEPARATION MECHANISM OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL
CASCADE IMPACTOR. (Nijigen kasukedo, inbakuta no bunri
kiko). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku (Chem. Eng.),
33(12):1265-1271, Dec. 1970. 9 refs.
The separation mechanism of the two-dimensional cascade im-
pactor wa studied with a combination model of potential free
stream and stagnation flow. Like the circular impactor, the
two-dimensional cascade impactor has a slit nozzle; the latter
collects more particles, however, although separating them at
a slower rate. In fluid flow, gas velocity distribution depends
on the free stream line at a point distant from the center of the
collection plate; in stagnation flow, it depends on a point near
the center. With the model used, the trajectory of boundary
particles gives the target collection efficiency and the effective
area of the collection plate. The same calculation for various
points of the nozzle leads to each point on the surface of the
collection plate. From differential calculation of the measured
points the distribution of collected particles is obtained. Calcu-
lated target collection efficiency, collection area, and distribu-
tion of collected particle are compared with experimental
results. In the experiments, two impactors were connected, the
first stage having the larger two- dimensional nozzle. Particles
collected at each stage were determined from microphoto-
graphs.
27131
Blyum, I. A. and D. P. Shcherbov
ESTIMATION OF THE SENSITIVITY OF FLUORIMETRIC
DETERMINATION. J. Anal. Chem. USSR (English Transla-
tion from Russian of: Zh. Anal. Khim.), 22(4):S84-S89, May
1967. 15 refs.
The sensitivity threshold of fluorimetric determinations is set
by two independent values—the 'instrumental' and 'analytical'
sensitivity thresholds. A method is suggested for computing
these values and assessing them experimentally. Based on the
application of the method to fluorimetric determination of
basic dyes, the sensitivity of a determination can be improved
by reducing the analytical threshold through improvement of
the stages involved in chemical preparation of reagents. Equa-
tions are given for choosing optimum conditions for any re-
agent or for making a comparison between reagents of the
same type. In general, the value of the analytical threshold is
approximately proportional to the ratio of the analytical
background and calibration factor. (Author abstract modified)
27517
Endo, Ryosaku, Tatsunori Oyake, and Tetsutaro Kohgo
STUDIES ON THE STANDARDIZATION FOR THE MEA-
SUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS. PART I. ON THE
DYNANIC CALIBRATION OF SO2 ANALYZER AN ITS IN-
TERFERING FACTORS WITH THE MEASUREMENT OF
SO2. (Taiko osenshitsu sokuteiho no hyojunka ni kansuru
kisoteki kenkyu. Dai 1 ho. Aryosan gasu jidosokutei sochi no
doteki kentei narablni sokutei bogai inshi ni kansuru kenkyu).
Text in Japanese. Hokkaido Ritsu Else! Kenkyushoho, no.
20:191-200, Jane 1970. 6 refs.
The electroconductivity analyzer for analysis of sulfur dioxide
was calibrated dynamically by standard low concentration of
sulfur dioxide to be generated from Teflon permeation tubes.
The wWest- Gaeke method too was calibrated by the same
method. The permeation tubes were placed in the calibration
apparatus, in which the temperature was controlled at 25 plus
or minus 0.1 C. Periodically the permeation tubes were rapidly
weighed with a semimicro balance. The weight loss of the
tubes per minute was almost constant. The average values of
the SO2 concentrations measured by the electroconductivity
analyzer were reduced by 1.9-3.4% from the average values
for the tube computed from the gravimetric data. Th average
values of the SO2 concentrations measured by the West-Gaeke
method were reduced by 1.3-4.0% from the gravimetric
calibration for the tube. When the humidity was less than 20%,
the adsorptions of the new glassfiber filters for SO2 (Gelman
A type) were larger than any other fiber papers. The new
glassfiber filters adsorbed 22.4% in 0.2 ppm of the SO2 con-
centrations, but by using continuously, the adsorption of glass-
fiber filters was reduced gradually. The filter papers (Toyou-
roshi No. 1) adsorbed about 10% and Whatman No. 4 about
2% in 0.2 ppm of the SO2 concentration. The adsorption of
new filter papers was almost the same as older filter papers.
Their adsorption rates were lower in the high concentration
than in the low concentration in the case of three kinds of fil-
ters. When the humidity was 60%, the adsorptions of the new
glassfiber filters, (Gelman A type) for SO2 were markedly
large. They adsorbed 60.4% in 0.1 ppm of the SO2 concentra-
tion, 44.6% in 0.2 ppm and 27.2% in 0.5 ppm. The new Toyou-
roshi No. 1 and Whatman No. 4 adsorbed about 10%. Their
adsorption rates were higher in high humidity than in low hu-
midity. The adsorption of Teflon pipes was lower than any
other kind of pipes. In low humidity, glass pipes adsorbed al-
most the same degree as Teflon pipes, but hi high humidity,
glass adsorbed 15-24% of the SO2 concentration. Teflon was
no influenced by humidity. The vinyl chloride pipes did not
adsorb, but increased the measurement values The interfering
substances with the measurement by the electroconductivity
analyzer were generated from the new vinyl chloride pipes.
The measurement values were higher than the real values, ac-
cording to a loss in quantity of absorbing solution by babbling.
In the case of low humidity, low adsorbing solution, and abun-
dant air flow, this error was increased.
27542
Kurabayashi, Toshio, Tetsuya Nakazawa, and Takao
Karasawa
ON MEASUREMENT OF SMOKE DENSITY BY THE PAPER
FILTERING SMOKE METER AND THE DETERMINATION
OF CARBON QUANTITY. (Roshishlki haiki nodokei niyoru
haiki nodo no sokuteiho to kabon no teiryo nitsuite) Text in
Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (Automobile Eng.), 24(4)^41-346
April 1970. 6 refs.
The process of smoke-particle deposition on filter paper was
theoretically analyzed. The theory of probability was applied
to calculate the white area when a certain amount of carbon
particles had been deposited on the filter. The relation
between the meter reading and the white area percentage was
obtained and was employed to derive a foimula giving the
amount of carbon from the meter reading. To check the validi-
ty of the theory, an experiment was conducted using a steady-
smoke generator and photoelectric color meter. Smoke was
produced by the incomplete burning of propane. A diagram of
the sampling apparatus is shown, as is a sample holder design.
Six kinds of filters were employed to catch the carbon parti-
cles. The thicker the filter, the more stable the light reflection.
The derived formula was valid. The carbon content of the
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70
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
combustion gas was quantitatively determined by the meter
reading if the carbon concentration on the filter was within a
certain range. Beyond this, the error increased rapidly. The ef-
fect of filter characteristics on the meter reading was incon-
siderable. The Bosch smoke meter was chosen as a typical,
commercially available meter of the filter paper type. It was
checked by the photoelectric color meter; correlation was
satisfactory.
28070
Vol'fson, V. Ya. and A. F. Sudak
CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF CARBON
DISULFIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND SULFUR DIOXIDE
MICROCONTAMINANTS IN AIR (EXCHANGE OF EX-
PERIENCE). Ind. Lab. (USSR) (English translation from Rus-
sian Zavodsk. Lab.), 36(9):1322-1323, Sept. 1970. 6 refs.
Trace concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, and
sulfu dioxide in air were quantitatively determined by chro-
matography wit a thermal conductivity detector silanized.
Chromosorb G, cooled in a hydrogen current and impregnated
with sebacic acid dinitrile, was used as a support. In the
column, the sorbent was previously treated with a mixture of
SO2 in air for 2-3 hr at 35 C. Separation was carried out at 35
C, with a hydrogen gas carrier flow rate of 80 ml/min, and a
bridge current of 180 mA. The sample was enriched by first.
freezing the components of the mixture (-183 deg) in a concen-
trator. The minimum detenninable amounts of substances by
this method are as follows: CO2, 0.0001; CS2, 0.0005; and
SO2, 3 times 10 cu cm.
28165
Kamiyama, Hiroaki
RELIABILITY OF THE METHODS FOR MEASURING SUL-
FUR DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Taiki chuno nisanka
iou sokuteiho ni kansuru shinraisei nitsuite). Text in Japanese.
Bunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst) (Tokyo), 19(11):1601, Nov.
1970.
The disagreement between sulfur dioxide values obtained with
an air pollution (AP) meter and the rosalinine method was stu-
died. A high-recision, large-scale standard gas generator and a
condenser-collector of polluted air were designed and built for
a microanalysis of pollutant components. The gas generator
prepared SO2 concentrations of 0.05-0.20 ppm with an accura-
cy of 95%, or within the plus or minus 0.02 ppm confidence
range. The sulfite standard rosalinine method gave an SO2
value 10% lower than the AP meter. Nitrogen oxides up to 0.2
ppm, carbon monoxide up to 40 ppm, and hydrochloric acid
up to 0.2 ppm did not affect the AP reading. No differences in
AP values due to location were observed in field tests, nor did
the effect of atmospheric salt depend on locality. The effect of
salt on AP meter readings was about 0.01 ppm. No other com-
ponents of air affected meter values except ammonia, which
lowered the value. It is concluded that the higher SO2 value
measured with the AP meter is due to the loss of the absor-
bent in the meter.
28291
Oura, Masahiro and Motoo Komagata
NON-DISPERSIVE INFRARED ANALYZER. (Hibunsankei
sekigaisen bunseki kei). Text in Japanese. Denshi Kagaku
(Electronic Sci.), 21(2):23-27, Feb. 1971. 5 refs.
The non-dispersive infrared analyzer was developed for indus-
trial applications but has recently been widely used in the
quantitative analysis of automobile exhaust fumes and indus-
trial waste gases. It utilizes measurement of the molecular
dipole moment to determine the amount of infrared energy ab-
sorbed by a gas sample. The use of such physical phenomena
provides rapid response, high selectivity, and simple main-
tenance. Applications of the NDER analyzer include the deter-
mination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in air; car-
bon monoxide, nigrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons in automo-
bile exhaust gases; and sulfur dioxide in stack gases. By com-
parison to the NDER, a dispersive-type infrared analyzer has a
complicated optical system and is not effective for long-term
analysis. Two basic forms of the NDIR are the negative filter
type and positive filter type. The former has a nonselectiv de-
tector while the latter is selective with respect to specific wave
lengths for specific sample gases. Brief discussion is provided
concerning the condenser microphone used as a detector for in
the positive filter NDIR. The noise elimination characteristics
of the two common amplifiers used are compared. Response
time of detectors are insignificant in contrast to the response
time of indicator devices. The linearity of output and the auto-
matic calibration circuitry are also discussed.
28296
Konosu, Hisao, Masato Sato, Ayu Nakajima, and Yoshihisa
Omori
TRIAL CONSTRUCTION OF A NON-DISPERSIVE TYPE
VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMETER AND ITS APPLI-
CATION TO GAS ANALYSES: (Hibunsangata shiku shigai
kodokei no shisaku to gasn bunseki eno oyo). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Inst. for Disaster Prevention (Japan), 2p., 1971.
(Presented at the Disaster Prevention, Chemistry Meeting, llth,
Japan, Jan. 22-23, 1971.)
Design and performance data are reported for a nondispersive
photometer which permits the continuous quantitative deter-
mination of a sample gas. The instrument measures the ab-
sorption intensit of the sample gas in the vacuum ultraviolet
range and compares it to that of the reference gas (nitrogen).
The photometer has an evacuated optical system. The ul-
traviolet light from the light source (a deuterium discharge
lamp) is cut off by the combination of a concave grating and
exit slit, so only vacuum ultraviolet light (165-20 nm) passes
through the gas cell. The transmitted light is made visible by a
thin fluorescent film and then detected by a photomultplier.
Performanc tests show that the photometer performs satisfac-
torily as a continuous analyzer and accurately determines in-
flammable components in volatile gases. Allowable concentra-
tions or explosion limits of many gases can be detected by this
device, which has applications for safety control or process
control in manufacturing.
28300
Kimura, Shigeyuki
DISPERSION TYPE INFRARED ANALYZER. (Bunsankei
sekigaisen bunsekikei). Text in Japanese. Denshi Kagaku
(Electronic Sci.), 21(2):15-22, Feb. 1971.
A dispersive type infrared analyzer is discussed with reference
to its photometric system, electronics for signal processing,
and the introduction of infrared absorption spectrum. The
signal processing system differs according to the time-scale of
observed or analyzed phenomena: the analysis stationary or
slowly proceeding phenomena is the subject of this paper.
There are two essential types of monochromatic devices, and
others are variations of them: monochrometer is an indepen-
dent device dividing an infrared ray into its energy or
wavelength, another is a detector with the ability to select
rays. The analyzer operates to divide the infrared ray from the
light source, by mirrors, into sample and reference ray bun-
dles. After their absorption in corresponding cells, these are
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
71
sent alternatively to the monochrometer and are detected. The
differenc in light intensity at a certain wavelength causes an
alternating current in the detector, the frequency of which is
determined by the revolutional speed of 2 perforated mirror
disk gating the absorbed rays. The alternating signals are em-
plified and rectified to be modulated for a servo-motor. The
motor is connected to an optical attenuator controlled to give
the same intensity as each ray. The change of optical attenua-
tion is recorded to give the absorption. A gas analyzer usually
has two light source and not mirrors. The gas generally ex-
pands with the absorption of an infrared ray, and the change
of the gas volume is measured as the change of capacitance.
The design of the pre-amplifier depends on the type of detec-
tor used. The pre-amplifier is essentially a noiseless amplifier
giving low impedance. The amplification of the main amplifier
is 40-80 dB, and the frequency band selected is that of the
chopper of absorbed ray for cutting off noise. Several
problems in the design of amplifiers and rectifiers are cited.
Two analyzers with different monochromatic devices are com-
pared in terms of signal processing.
28450
Polozhayev, N. G., V. V. Girina, and T. Ye. Laktionova
MICROMETHODS OP DETERMINING HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Mikrometody
opredeleniya vrednykh veshchestv v atmosfernom vozdukhe).
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 8:15-20, 1951.
Microanalytic nephelometric and colorimetric methods for
determining a number of air pollutants are described. Detec-
tion sensitivities are as follows: chlorine, 0.002 mg; hydrogen
sulfide 0.0002 mg; sulfur dioxide, 0.002 mg; lead, 0.001 mg;
and mercury, 0.00005 mg. Air microsamplers are also
described.
28585
Lyando, R. E. and B. I. Vasil'ev
CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD OF COMPLETELY AUTO-
MATIC ANALYSIS OF FLUE GASES. Thermal Eng. (English
translation from Russian of: Teploenergetika), 16(9):70-73,
Sept. 1969. 3 refs.
A chromatographic system is described that permits the auto-
matic analysis of the complete composition of flue gases. The
system uses one instrument for the analysis of combustible
components (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane) and
another for determining incombustible components (oxygen
and carbon dioxide). Complete separation of combustibles
takes place in one column filled with activated carbon. The
other instrument has one detector but several columns con-
nected in series, including two filled with molecular sieves. By
removing nitrogen from the system the molecular sieve
columns reduce the analysis of incombustible components to
4-4.5 min. Under optimum conditions, the sensitivity threshold
of this instrument with respect to oxygen is 0.75%. The other
instrument has a sensitivity of 0.008% for methane, 0.015% for
carbon monoxide, and 0.001% for hydrogen. Analysis requires
4.5 min. Both instruments performed satisfactorily when tested
under industrial conditions at a power station.
29269
Laffort, Paul
BIVALENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OLFACTORY
THRESHOLDS OF 50 PURE SUBSTANCES AND SOME OF
THEIR MOLECULAR PROPERTIES. (Relation blunivoque
entre ies seuils olfactifs de cinquante corps purs et certalnes de
leurs proprietes moleculaires). Text in French. Compt. Rend.
Soc. Biol. (Paris), 162(2):1704-1712, July-Dec. 1968. 12 refs.
A mathematical formula is derived from a study of 50 sub-
stances, mostly organic, which permits the calculation of the
olfactory threshold in man from certain physicochemical data.
The important parameters in the equation are the apolarity (A)
derived from the molecular volume, the hydrogen bond index
(H), and the volumetric polarizability of the octet. The group
of 50 substances examined includes aliphatic hydrocarbons,
common alcohols, some esters of ethyl alchol, common or-
ganic acids, ammonia, bromine, carbon disulfide, and
hydrogen sulfide.
29436
Kiyoura, Raisaku, Hiroshi Mizusawa, Kunio Imai, Haruo
Kuronuma, and Yoshisuke Uenishi
REVIEW OF DIRECT MEASUREMENT METHOD OF SUL-
FURIC ACID MIST IN ATMOSPHERE. (Taiki chu no ryusan
misuto no chokusetsu sokuteiho no kento). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo, lp., 1971. 1 ref.
(Presented at the Japan Chemical Society Annual Meeting,
24th, Tokyo, March 1971, Paper 3406.)
The establishment of a measurement method for sulfuric acid
mist, has been desired. So far, such methods as trapping sul-
furic acid mist with filtering paper, measurement of the electri-
cal conductivity of the liquid, or diffusing, have been re-
ported, but none a selective, accurate quantitative analysis, or
simple to handle. An attempt was made to trap the dust con-
taining sulfuric acid mist by dry impinger method. The method
adopted by Scaringelli et al. was reviewed, and the modified
method has been proposed. After dried nitrogen gas is let
through fuming sulfuric acid, and is contacted with the air,
with a certain steam pressure, the sulfuric acid mist is
generated. It is then let in the device connecting the dry imp-
inger and filter. The slide set under the nozzle of the impinger
impacts and traps sulfuric acid mist The untrapped mist is
trapped by the filtering paper later. The trapping effectiveness
of the impinger was checked, by changing the nozzle diameter,
di, of the impinger, distance between nozzle and slide, dis;
concentration of SO3, C; steam pressure, P; and velocity, V.
As a result, under the condition of di equals 0.25 cm, dis
equals 0.1 cm, C equals 3 ppm, P equals 1 Omm Hg, V equals
10 1/min, the effectiveness was about 90%. Therefore, this
method will do, as a simple trapping method. A glass fiber
slide was used but a check is being made on copper plates.
The dust trapped contains metal sulfates, etc. Scaringelli et eL
heated it in nitrogen gas, and evaporated only sulfuric acid
mist separating it from other dusts. Evaporated sulfur trioxide
was reduced by copper and measured as sulfur dioxide. How-
ever, no detailed report has been made as to the conditions of
manipulation, so that in this study, separation and reduction
temperatures of sulfuric acid mist were checked. The device
consists of a quarz tube, with 3 cm inner diameter, 1 m long,
and 35 cm long separation furnace and 30 cm reduction fur-
nace which can be heated independently of each other. The
sample enters the separation furnace, and sulfuric acid is
evaporated. Sulfur trioxide is generated and sent to the reduc-
tion furnace by nitrogen gas. Twenty mesh copper net, which
was hydroge reduced overnight at 900 C was used. A certain
quantity of 103N sulfuric acid was taken by micro-syringe and
was made the standard sample. Scaringelli et al. used the
separation furnace at 400 C, but in this study, quantitative
analysis could be made at 200 C. Although Scaringelli repored
that the separation furnace was at 500 C. in this study, at 700
C, no reduction occurred, and at 800 C nearly complete reduc-
tion occurred.
-------
72
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
29762
Konosu, Hisao
TRIAL CONSTRUCTION OF NON-DISPERSION TYPE VISI-
BLE LIGHT GAS ANALYZE AND DETERMINATION OF
NITROGEN DIOXIDE, CHLORINE, AND BROMINE.
(Hibunsangata kashigasu bunsekikei no shisaku to nisanka
chisso, enso, shuso no teiryo). Text in Japanese. Bunseki Kiki
(Analysis Instr.), 9(6):362-366, June 1971. 8 refs.
A trial non-dispersive type visible light gas analyzer for
process, quality, or safety control was built, and it was applied
to the continuous measurement of a two-component inorganic
gas mixture. The measurement principle was that the dif-
ference in relative absorption intensities between the sample
gas and the reference gas was continuously recorded in the
visible spectrum. Unlike conventional devices, the analyzer
had no filter equipped with relatively long light path gas cells
(SO cm) for high sensitivity. It was composed of a power
supply for the light source (tungstenO lamp), an optical system
(single light source, double beam, and single detector), a
power supply for the detector (photomultiplier) an amplifier
and a recorder; it used the deflection method. The per-
formance test showed that the span drift (plus or minus 2%/12
hr), the influences of ambient temperature (1% C), and the
source voltage (plus or minus 2.5%/90-l 10V) were somewhat
high. These were caused by the voltage drift of the power
supply for the light source which changes light source intensi-
ty. Several densities of two-component gas mixture samples
(determined by the condensation-gasification method) were
prepared using nitrogen as a balance gas (reference gas:
nitrogen). The impurities in nitrogen dioxide (nitrous oxide,
nitric oxide, and nitrogen tetroxide) hardly influenced the mea-
sured values. It took two or three minutes from the 0, 100 ad-
justment to the measurement. Beer s law held in low densities
(absorbance: 0-0.25), and for higher densities a regression
quadratic curve was estimated. The limit of detection was
0.005 vol%, and the measuring range was 0-1 vol% for
nitrogen dioxide. The influence of the interference gas was
hardly considered because few gases absorb visible light. This
method may be used to determine the analytical components
in a many-component gas mixture.
29801
Kovalenko, N. P.
METHODS OF DETERMINING SULFUR DIOXIDE
(REVIEW). Ind. Lab. (USSR) (English translation from Rus-
sian of: Zavodsk. Lab.), 36(11): 1680-1684, Nov. 1970. 84 refs.
lodometric, redox, photometric, and other methods of deter-
mining sulfur dioxide in air or waste gases, including smokes,
are briefly summarized. The accuracy, range, and speed of
analysis of many of the methods are noted. Also described are
available instruments for the automatic or continuous deter-
mination of SO2.
29953
Kemka, Rudolf
PARALLEL DETERMINATION OF NICKEL AND COBALT
IN URINE AND ATMOSPHERE. (Stanovenie nlklu a kobaltu
vedla seba v moci a v ovzdusi). Text in Czech. Pracovni Lekar.
(Prague), 23(3):80-85, 1971. 12 rets. (Presented at 11
Ceskoslovenskom kongrese pracovneho lekarstva s medzinarod-
nou ucastou v Usti nad Labem, June 4, 1969.)
A spectrophotometric method was used to determine the
amount of nickel and cobalt with 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcin
(PAR) in urine and in the atmosphere. This method is based on
the formation of chelates and cobalt with PAR, with the ab-
sorption maximum at 487 and 500 nm respectively. The nickel
chelate is somewhat weaker than the cobalt chelate, and in the
presence of fluorides and Na2EDTA, it decomposes within 10
min at 100 C, while the cobalt chelate does not change. Ten
unexposed persons were tested; a mean of 0.027 micron g
Ni/ml and 0.023 micron g Co/ml was found in urine. The ex-
posed workers (who were employed at a nickel smelting plant)
had maximum nickel values in urine of 0.240 micron g/ml and
maximum cobalt values of 0.383 micron g/ml. The maximum
mean values in the atmosphere were 0.349 micron g Ni/1 air in
nickel electrolysis and 0.477 micron g Co/1 air in cobalt
production.
30199
Larsson, Leif
PORTABLE APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING MERCURY
IN AIR. (Baebar apparat foer bestaemning av kvicksilver i
luft). Text in Swedish. Svensk. Papperstid (Stockholm),
74(8):241-244, April 1971.
A method for the determination of mercury in air with the aid
of a light, portable device is described. The method is based
on the absorption of mercury in an ampoule containing a carri-
er impregnated with potassium permanganate solution acidified
with sulfuric acid. The absorption of the mercury is quantita-
tive. In a subsequent step the mercury is extracted from the
ampoule and can then be determined by a suitable wet chemi-
cal method. This method has been used for measurements in a
chloralkali mill. (Author summary modified)
30634
Tanaka, Masao
ON MEASURING INSTRUMENTS FOR SULFUROUS ACID
GAS IN EXHAUST SMOKE. (Haien chu no aryusangasu soku-
tei kiki ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nenryo oyobi nensyo (Fuel
and Combustion), no. (2):25-31, Feb. 1971.
The basic mechanism of a non-dispersion infrared-type (N-
DIR) gas analyzer and the gas sampling system for the
analyzer are introduced. Any gas composed of different ele-
ments such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia,
water, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, or benzene,
shows its own specific pattern of infrared ray absorption in
the range of 2-15 micron. When a particular gas flows into the
beams of infrared rays, the intensity of infrared rays of
specific wavelength, having passed through the gas, changes
according to the density of the gas. The intensity of a specific
infrared ray is then detected by an infrared ray detector for
the measurement of the gas density. A positive-type NDIR
analyzer was used as an example to further describe the basic
construction and mechanism of the NDIR analyzer. The in-
frared ray beams from the light sources are interrupted inter-
mittently at an interval of 2-15 Hz by a rotary shutter, and go
through the measuring tank and comparison tank to reach the
detector. Nitrogen, or a similar gas, that does not absorb the
infrared ray is sealed in the comparison tank, while the gas
constitutent to be measured is sealed in the detector equipped
with a membrane condenser inside. The membrane partitions
the interior of the detector into two and intermits the lights
from the measuring tank and comparison tank simultaneously.
The energy difference between the two lights is thus detected,
since the light coming through the measuring tank has become
weak according to density of the gas. When sampling gas for
the analyzer, the gas should be pretreated before being fed
into the analyzer. The sampling process usually consists of
sampling, removal of dust, separation of condensate, removal
of interference substances, and pumping. Although some of
the SO2 is dissolved in the condensate water during the gas
sampling, the amount lost is theoretically negligible.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
73
30785
Yatsumaki, Maoomi
ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN AUTO EXHAUST
GAS. (Jidosha haiki gasuchu no chisso sankabutsu bunsekiho
to sono mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Society
of Analytical Chemistry, Tokyo, 5p., 1971. (Presented at the
Nitrogen oxides Conference, 3rd, Tokyo, Japan, Jan. 22,
1971.)
The nitrogen oxides concentration in automobile-exhaust gas
changes with engine driving conditons. The concentration
ranges from 10 to a few thousand ppm, and more than 95% of
it is nitric oxide; nitrogen dioxide is very rare. Infrared absorp-
tion analysis, ultraviolet absorption, mass spectrometric analy-
sis, and wet chemical analysis are used to determine nitrogen
oxides in automobile exhaust. The first three are used for con-
tinuous NO analysis. Its use with a nondispersion-type ul-
traviolet analyzer allows the continuous analysis of a system
containing both NO and NO2. The nondispersion-type ul-
traviolet analyzer can be applied to the system to convert NO
into NO2 both for continuous and sampling analysis. Mass
spectrochemical analysis is also utilized for continuous nitric
oxide analysis. Phenol-disulfonic acid and Saltzman methods
are employed in continuous wet chemical analyses. Also, an
interference filter eliminates the effects of interfering com-
ponents of coexistent substances in nondispersion infrared
analyses excluding that of water: the water must be eliminated
carefully with a desiccating agent. Drierite is widely used as
the drying agent; however, the reaction converting NO2 into
NO proceeds on the bed of the dryer. The regulation of ex-
haust has been changed from the concentration standard to the
mass standard, so the sampling method does not require the
swift response needed in the continuous process. However,
constant volume sampling requires accurate analysis since it is
applied to a diluted sample. The conversion of NO to NO2 in
the sampling bag interrupts the NO2 analysis. The develop-
ment of Chemiluminescence method is expected.
31004
Benarie, Michael M.
THE FALLING VELOCITY OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN
LOW DENSITY AIR. Staub (Duesseldorf), 22(3):118-123,
March 1962. 10 refs. Translated from the German. Sanzare As-
soc., Inc., Philadelphia, Pa., 21p.
Measurement of the falling velocity of dust particles in gases
is an important method of determining the size of the particles.
Since Stokes law corrected by Cunningham and Millikan is
utilized for this purpose, the validity of the law has been
checked out experimentally for the case of single particles,
determining mass, density, and falling time independently of
each other and any law of resistance. A method of radioactive
counting has been employed.
31005
Clarenburg, L. A. and L. H. Princen
AN IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR THE MEASUREMENT
OF GRAVIMETRIC AEROSOL CONCENTRATION. Staub
(Duesseldorf), 23(4):234-236, April 1963. 1 ref. Translated from
German, lip.
An optical method of measuring concentrations of aerosols is
described, in which the amount of background light is reduced
considerably compared to a previous apparatus. Modifications
which have been made to the lenses and dark field shutters are
indicated. A battery has been replaced by alternating current
to achieve as high a sensitivity as possible. Aerosol concentra-
tions to concentrations of three times 10 to the minus 12th
power g/liter can be measured accurately.
31047
Kast, W.
DISRUPTION OF SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS BY PARTI-
CLE FLOW IN THE SEDIMENTATION CHAMBER. (Die
Stroerung der Sedimentationsanalyse durch das Umstroemen
von Koerpern im Sedimentationsgefaess). Staub (Duesseldorf),
20(7):205-211, July 1, 1960. 10 refs. Translated from German.
Translation Consultants, Inc., Arlington, Va., 28p.
Aside from microphotographic determination, the particle size
distribution of dust for sizes less than 50 micron can be calcu-
lated from the falling velocity of individual particle fractions.
The particle mixture which is to be examined is suspended in a
suitable fluid and the progress of sedimentation with respect to
time is observed. Methods to minimize disruptions of sedimen-
tation and the resulting errors are discussed.
31049
Olaf, J.
ULTRAMICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF PARTICLE SIZE.
(Korngroessenanalyse unter Verwendung des Spaltul-
tramikroskops). Staub (Duesseldorf), 20(6): 180-183, June 1,
I960. 16 refs. Translated from German. Translation Con-
sultants, Inc., Arlington, Va. 15p.
When analyzing the particle size of mine dust, one is faced
with the task of determining a broad rang of particle sizes and
a mixture of materials, which differ greatly with respect to
their weights and optical properties. Problems connected with
photographic methods of analyzing particle size are discussed.
The minimum exposure time for small particles may cause
overexposure in the case of large particles. An apparatus is
described which consists of an ultramicroscope below which
there is a sedimentation chamber, a light source, and a photo-
graphic assembly.
31251
Herrmann, Guenter
ISOKINETIC AIR SAMPLING WITH CRITICAL ORIFICES.
Chem. Tech. (Berlin), 18(1):7-13, 1966. 12 refs. Translated
from German. Mundus Systems, McGregor and Werner,
Washington, D. C., 26p.
In obtaining air samples, constant and pre-calculated flow
velocities can be attained with orifices of appropriate dimen-
sions under certain conditions, in which cases the volume me-
ters or flowmeters can be dispensed with. After a thorough
mathematical description of the principles of the dynamics of
gases, the test results were applied to commercially available
injection needles, self-produced orifice plates made up of
metal foil, as well as glass orifices. Injection needles can also
be used without calibration, if a measurement error of five
percent is considered. From determinations of the cross-sec-
tion, the flow velocities in metal foil orifice plates can be pre-
dicted with a great deal of certainty, while glass orifices are
distinguished by the fact that, next to their chemical and
mechanical resistance capabilities, they come closest in flow
behavior to theory. How velocities from 0.15 to 1400/hr were
realized with the types of orifices studied. The scope of the
various possibilities for use permits a resolution of practically
every type of air sampling problem.
31367
Arito, H., R. Soda, and S. Koshi
APPLICATION OF LIGHT SCATTERING FOR DETER-
MINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SO2. (Kosanran o riyo shita
taiki-chu SO2 nodo no renzoku sokuteiho). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):45, 1970.
-------
74
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
A sulfur dioxide gas concentration measuring device was con-
structed using the SO2 characteristic of forming sulfuric acid
particles in reaction to vapor. The device constituted a larger
tube with an inner tube lined with platinum wires and wound
by a coil heater. The SO2 gas/air mixture was emitted from
one end of the larger tube and sent through the inner tube,
heated to 400 C. The SO2 changed into SO3 and came into
contact with a near-saturated vaporized air at the end of the
inner tube and formed sulfuric acid particles The particles
crossed a belt of light and were amplified by a photoelectric
particle amplifier placed at a 90 deg angle; the strength of the
scattered light was measured. The results depended on the
quantity of gas flow, air flow, the condition of platinum con-
tact, and the size of the device. Under the same conditions,
the accuracy of results was assured. The SO2 gas concentra-
tion and the strength of light scattering formed a linear rela-
tionship.
31614
Effenberger, Ernst
A SIMPLE INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING DUST AND ITS
CALIBRATION. Staub (Duesseldorf), vol. 52:715-728, 1957. 5
refs. Translated from German. Sanzare Assoc., Inc., Philadel-
phia, Pa., 20p.
A fully automatic dust measuring instrument is described
which operates by impaction and has photoelectric recording.
The air to be tested flows through the inlet pipe, into a rubber
tube, through the nozzle at increase speed, and strikes a
recording drum which has been covered with prepared paper.
The minute particles which are contained in the air become
strongly accelerated and penetrate the prepared surface where
they remain adhered. Due to the rotation of the drum and a
lateral motion of the nozzle, a strip of dust appears on the
paper and encircles the drum in a spiral shape. The intensity
of this strip of dust is a measure of the amount of solid impu-
rities in the air. Procedures for using this technique both in-
and out-of-doors are described. Calibration of the measuring
instrument is also discussed.
31615
Olaf, J.
METHODS FOR MEASURING DUST. (StaubmeBverfahren).
Staub (Duesseldorf), 19(6):221-252, June 1, 1959. 166 refs.
Translated from German. Sanzare Assoc., Inc., Philadelphia,
Pa., 17p.
Dust measuring processes are reviewed, with special reference
to the coal mining industry. Filters, centrifugal separation, im-
pact sampling, thermal separation, and electrical separation are
discussed. Optical (Tyndalloscop) mechanical, electrical, and
acoustical measurement procedures are described. The charac-
terization of the specific surface of dust may be accomplished
by determining the flow-through time of a certain quantity of
air through a layer of particles of defined thickness. Methods
also exist for the determination of the form factor, the devia-
tion from the spherical form. Light and electron microscopy
measurements are indicated, as well as techniques for sedi-
mentation analysis.
31626
Nagami, Yasuki
DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION IN
EXHAUST GASES OF CHIMNEYS. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan
Analyst) (Tokyo), 12(11): 1110-1117, 1963. 5 refs. Translated
from Japanese. Mundus Systems, McGregor, and Werner,
Inc., Washington, D. C., 28p.
Methods of measuring particle concentrations in stack gases
are discussed. The selection of sampling locations is men-
tioned. How velocity measurements by pitot tube are con-
sidered, depending upon the shape of the cross-section of the
chimney. Exhaust gas temperature is determined with a
chromel-alumel thermocouple, and static pressure is measured
by a slanting pipe manometer. Methods of determining the
moisture content of combustion exhaust gas are also cited.
Sampling methods for the determination of particle concentra-
tions are finally discussed, including the use of filter paper,
dust tubes, impingers, cyclones, and suction apparatus. The
Ringelmann method and photoelectric particle densitometers
are mentioned.
31924
Baba, Yoshio
MEASUREMENT/ANALYSIS OF ODOR AND TECHNIQUES
OF OFFENSIVE ODOR PREVENTION. (Shuki no sokutei bun-
seki oyobe akushu boshl gijutsu). Text in Japanese. Preprint,
Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan), 60p., 1971.
(Presented at the Public Nuisance Prevent. Tech. Seminar,
Japan, 1971.)
Odors can be measured by a human panel procedure or with
analytical apparatus; the former method is used primarily to
determine the intensity of an odor and/or kinds of odors, while
the latter method is more often used for the analysis of sub-
stances giving a particular smell. Odorants which exist in ex-
tremely small quantities can now be detected by gas chromato-
graphic analysis. However, it is still difficult to correlate the
detected odorants and the unpleasant odor they are believed to
cause. Various olfactory tests are cited. Deodorizing
techniques include combustion, scrubbing, adsorption, oxida-
tion, masking, neutralization, and a chemical deodorization
method. The preventive measures implemented at the source
of odor generation are cited for oil refineries, Kraft pulping,
petrochemical processes, chemical processes, painting and
printing industries, slaughterhouses, pig and poultry farming,
and diesel or jet engine exhaust. The analysis methods are
given for acrolein, formaldehydes, acetaldehyde, mercaptans,
benzenes, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide.
32100
Kamiyama, Horoaki, Toshi Tomizawa, and Teruo Yatabe
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SUL-
FUR OXIDE MEASUREMENT METHODS. (Taiki chu no iwo
sankabutsu sokuteiho ni kansuru sogoteki hyoka). Text in
Japanese. Karyoku Hatsuden (Thermoelectric Power Genera-
tion), 22(3):265-275, March 1971. 11 refs.
The AP Meter (an automatic conductivity analyzer/recorder) is
specified as the permanent monitoring device for atmospheric
sulfur oxides (sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide) under the En-
vironmental Standards. It does not always yield values agree-
ing with those obtained by other methods. To clarify thin
point, analyses were made of pollutants in the atmosphere,
pollutants in the absorbent solution of the AP Meter, and
problems involving proper use of the measuring instrument.
The mass spectrometric method, having no relationship with
the AP Meter and Rosaniline methods, was used to detect pol-
lutant gases in the atmosphere, to examine the reliability of
the other two methods, and to detect pollutants other than
SO2. The low temperature concentration method using
liquefied oxygen was used for the quantitative analysis of at-
mospheric SO2, whose density is usually very low. A chemical
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
75
analysis of the AP Meter s absorbent solution clarified its
component substances to determine if the atmospheric pollu-
tants could be transformed into electroconductive substances
when absorbed by the solution. An experimental device
prepared a large quantity of accurate standard gas and deter-
mined the bias and variation errors of the AP Meter and
Rosaniline methods. Following laboratory experiments, field
tests were conducted. Generally, the values indicated by the
AP Meter were higher than those indicated by the Rosaniline
method. This was not due to other pollutant gases, but to
evaporation loss of the absorbent solution. This trend was
greater when temperature, humidity, and SO2 density were
lower. Thus, the AP Meter tends to indicate values higher than
the actual value in winter, when temperature and humidity are
low. With corrections for these factors, the AP Meter values
differ by 10% or less from those obtained by the Rosaniline
method. No gaseous pollutant notably affected the AP Meter s
values. Nitrogen oxides of a few hundred ppb or less hardly
affected the AP Meter. When ammonia was present in the at-
mosphere, AP Meter values were on the negative side. Salt
caused an 0.01 ppm difference in the meter.
32441
TRANSPORTABLE INFRARED GAS ANALYZER ULTRA-
MAT A. (Tranportables Infrarot-Gasanalysegeraet Ultramat
A). Text in German. Motortech. Z. (Stuttgart), 32(8):298, Aug.
1971.
The gas analyzer Ultramat A, which operates on the two beam
alternating method, can be used for measuring carbon monox-
ide, carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur dioxide, and other
heteroantomic gases which have absorption bands in the near
infrared range. The analyzer and process are examined in
detail. The ambient temperature for the measurements ranges
between 0 and 45 C. Sampling speed is 2 I/rain.
32453
Becker, Herbert
TUNABLE LASER ANALYZES GAS. (Abstimmbarer Laser
analysiert Gas). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.)
Nachr. (Berlin), 25(31):7, Aug. 1971.
The spin-flip Raman laser, which can be used to measure con-
centrations of air pollutants, is examined. The process is
defined and the various steps and components of the laser are
delineated. The concentrations of the various components of a
waste gas sample are measured by the infrared absorption
method. The high sensitivity of the method enables the deter-
mination of concentrations of 0.1-10 ppm nitrogen oxides.
Measurement times at a sample volume of 1 cc is 4 sec.
32946
THE DETECTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS WITH TUNABLE
LASERS. (Der Nachweis von Luftfremdstoffen mit abstimm-
baren Lasern). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Z.
(Duesseldorf), 113(13):988-989, Sept. 1971. 4 refs.
Several lasers are now available which can be tuned to any
wavelength in the infrared region. Diode lasers are made of a
lead-tin-tellerium semiconductor and, depending upon the
amount of tin and lead present, the wavelength emitted can be
adjusted between 6.5 and 32 micron. With the exception of
nitric oxide and carbon monoxide whose absorption bands do
not fall within the appropriate wavelengths, such diode lasers
can be used for the determination of air pollutants. The elec-
trons in a spin-flip Raman laser, which is tunable between 2.5
and 16 micron, act as scattering centers. The nitric oxide con-
tent of an air sample in the range of 0.1 to 10 ppm was deter-
mined with a spin-flip Raman laser. Measuring time was four
seconds.
33307
Diem, Max and Guenther Jurksch
COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE DUST CON-
TENT OF THE AIR IN ACCORDANCE WITH PRECIPITA-
TION AND CONCENTRATION METHODS. Staub (Duessel-
dorf), 21(8):345-355, Aug. 1, 1961. 17 refs. Translated from
German. Mundus Systems, McGregor and Werner, Washing-
ton, D. C., 44p.
Methods for the measurement of dust hi the air were com-
pared. The Hibernia and Wabolu funnels were changed regu-
larly every 14 days. The adhesive foils were changed every
seven days. The Landesanstalt vessels were changed in the
first three measuring periods every 14 days, and every seven
days in the fourth measuring period. The two concentration
measuring apparatus were used at the beginning of the
eleventh measurement period. The filter of one was changed
every 14 days and the filter of the other every seven days.
Rainwater apparatus collected the insoluble and soluble dust
particles in the atmosphere. The quantity depends on the
material of the funnel or collecting vessel. The adhesive foil
picked up the insoluble components of the dust. The foil dis-
plays greater susceptibility to extreme weather phenomena
such as heavy rain, sleet, and hail. They are advantageously
used where they are set up in a confined area with a large
number of measuring points. Dust concentration counting
devices on a filter basis are dependent on the position of the
collection filter. The horizontal open position must be pro-
tected against rain. It also stores sediments from the wind in
addition to the dust samples.
33373
Naito, Keikichi
LIDAR FOR AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENT. (Taiki osen
kansoku-yo raida). Text in Japanese. Kisho Kenkyusho Nyusu
(Meteorol. Res. Inst. News), no. 4:4-5, April 1971.
Lidar can be utilized to detect inversion layers, mingled
layers, and the interface of sea and land breezes, volume dis-
tributions of suspended particulates, and dispersion patterns of
high stack smokes. At present, ruby crystals are used as ele-
ments causing oscillation. Ruby crystals are stable and durable
but have the disadvantage of yielding slow pulse repeats (once
in 5 sec). Faster pulse repeats and an energy output of a cer-
tain degree are desirable. One of more recently developed
laser oscillation elements is YAG, a crystal of yttrium, alu-
minum and garnet, which creates a 1.06 micron wave length
and a pulse repeat of approximately 1000 Hz. The wave length
1.06 micron presents a problem in photoelectric conversion,
which can be solved if the wave length can be changed to 0.53
micron by using certain crystals with nonlinear transmission of
light. This laser refraction is called SHG (Second Harmonics
Generation), and some of practical crystals with excellent
SHG are KDP and BNN. For the time being, the combination
of SHG and YAG seems to be the best solution for air pollu-
tion lidar.
36260
Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.
MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYZING METHODS FOR
AEROSOLS. 1955 (?). Translated from Russian (?), 62p.,
March 1957. NTIS, DDC: AD 682557
Bacteriological and mycological methods of analyzing aerosol
and aerogels are presented. During bacteriological analysis of
-------
76
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
an aerosol, determination of the general quantity of bacteria in
a unit of a volume of aerosol (general dispersion) seldom limits
the testing. Besides the general dispersion, the quantitative
characteristic of microflora is determined. Sedimentation
methods (spontaneous sedimentation, the Shafir and Krotova
methods) and filtration techniques (Mironov, Milyavski,
Dyakonova, and Shtrauss methods) are reviewed. Analysis of
the characteristics of the microflora of the air can take three
directions: determination of the sanitary-indicative microorgan-
isms, of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, (by
mycological analysis of the aerosols) and of the presence of
fungus microorganisms. The microbiological study of aerosols
is also discussed, and methods of studying the entrance of
aerosols into the human organism during breathing and of con-
ducting a biological experiment in the field of aerosols are also
reported. The application of dust chamber methods, dust mask
method, and the intratracheal introductions of suspensions of
dust particles are included. A method of obtaining artificial
smoke is also reported.
36826
Kolmeschate G. I. van and Vos R. H. de
MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT - TECHNIQUES OF
ANALYSIS. (Analysetechnieken voor kwik in bet milieu).
Text in Dutch. TNO Nieuws, 26(7):415-418, July 1971.
Methods of analysis of mercury are divided into two catego-
ries: those which determine the total mercury content and
those which specify the organic mercury compounds. A classi-
cal method of determining total mercury content is the spec-
trophotometric dithizon method. This is described with exam-
ples. The other methods are atomic absorption and neutron ac-
tivation analysis. For the organic mercury compounds, gas
chromatography is used. Research institutes are mentioned. As
a detection system, the electron capture detector is very suita-
ble for routine analysis. Neutron activation analysis is speedy,
accurate, and very adaptable to remote control on large scale
applications.
36838
Tsuji, Kusuo
STUDIES OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATES IN AIR (4).
(Taikichu no fuyu funjin ni kansuru kenkyu (daiyonpo)). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):81, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
A method to determine selenium in the air, which might have
increased due to mass production of semi-conductors as well
as dyes and alloys, was tested. Generally, selenium is deter-
mined by means of colorimetry. In this study, after treating
the sample with aqua regia or a mixture of hydrochloric acid
and potassium chlorate, chlorine is eliminated. Then, selenic
acid is converted to selenious acid by heating with hydrochlo-
ric acid and polarography is used to determine the selenium.
36859
Sato, Shizuo
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SO2 ON NO2 MEASURE-
MENTS. (NO2 sokutei-chi ni oyobosu SO2 no eikyo ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 6(1):66, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting
of 'Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29,
197J.)
The effect of sulfur dioxide on the determination of nitrogen
dioxide was examined. First, sulfur dioxide solutions of
••everal different concentrations were added to the nitrogen
dioxide solution, the rate of light absorption of which is 0.31S;
the light absorption rates were measured. The more concen-
trated the sulfur dioxide and the more time elapsed after the
mixing, the less was the rate of absorption. When nitrogen
dioxide gas and sulfur dioxide gas are mixed at the ratio of
from Itoltoltol0(lto2in average, for the air in a mea-
surement) by means of permeation tubes, no effect is seen for
ratios of 1 to 1 and 1 to 1.5 after 24 hr and for a ratio of 1 to
10 after 4 hr.
37107
Malakhina, A. Ya., M. I. Til kov, and Yu. K. Shaposhnikov
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF POLYNUCLEAR ARO-
MATIC HYDROCARBONS. (Bumazhnaya khromatografiya
poliyadernykh aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov). Hyg. Sanit.
(English translation from Russian of: Gigiena i Sanit), 36(1-
3):97-100, Jan.-March, 1971. 7 refs. NTJ.S: TT 71-50122
Acetone, benzene, or octane extracts of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) in dusts at three aluminum works were
separated by paper chromatography and analyzed by thin-layer
chromatography or fluorometric spectroscopy. The following
PAH were determined in dusts deposited in ventilation pipes
during the manufacture of electrolytic aluminum: 20-
methylcholanthrene, 3,4-benzypyrene, 1,2-benzpyrene, 1,2-
benzanthracene, 1,3,3,4-dibenzanthracene, 9,10-dimethyl-l,2-
bezanthracene, and anthracene. The compounds were quantita-
tively determined by cutting out chromatogram spots and elut-
ing them into a solution followed by fluorometric analysis. The
3,4-benzpyrene concentrations in 1-gram dust samples from
the three plants were 0.051, 0.039, and 0.042 mg, respectively.
The method is also applicable to investigations of PAH in
gaseous discharges and effluents.
37253
Bavika, L. I. and L. S. Shinkarenko
DETERMINATION OF SULFURIC ACID IN AIR BY A
VANADATE METHOD. (Opredeleniye sernoy kisloty v voz-
dukhe vanadatnym metodom). Text in Russian. Neftepererab.
Neftekhim., 9:40-41, 1971. 5 refs.
Sulfuric acid in air was determined by passing air (0.5-1 1/min)
through distilled water to which an 0.5% ammonium vanadate
solution was added. The vanadate solution reacted with H2S04
to form a yellow color whose intensity was a linear function of
H2S04 concentration and was stable for longer than 10 days.
The sensitivity was 0.005 mg H2S04 in 5.5 ml solution and the
average error was 9.3%.
37443
Fuzie, Kimika
THE LUNDGREN IMPACTOR FOR DETERMINATION OF
AEROSOL PARTICLES. (Lundgren inpakuta ni yoru
earozom no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):100, 1971. (Presented at the Na-
tional Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya
Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The determination of aerosols by a Lundgren impactor has
been used to obtain data on particle concentration as a func-
tion of particle size and components. This impactor, which has
been developed for the U. S. Public Health Service, is cylin-
drical with 4 steps of collecting drums. Teflon film of 0.3 mm
thick coated with silicon grease DC 200 is used for collection.
According to Lundgren, particle sizes of 50% cut point at 4
cfm flow velocity and 2 g/cu cm particle density, are 10, 3, 1
and 0.3 micron for 4 steps. The flow velocity can be changed
from 0.5 to 7 cfm; 24 hrs sampling at 5 cfm for 150 micro-
grams/cu m of air collects approximately 30 mg of particles.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
77
37446
Izawa, Y., T. Shioyama, Y. Hirakawa, H. Higuchi, and T.
Tanaka
DETECTION OF AIR POLLUTION BY LASER RADAR.
(Reza reda ni yoru taiki osen gasu no kenshutsu). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):104, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
A method to determine the distribution of sulfur dioxide, nitric
oxide, and carbon monoxide in the air by means of laser radar
utilizing resonance dispersion was developed in order to
replace the existing chemical method which requires a long
time for determination and does not allow remote measure-
ment. This laser radar utilizes pigment laser which allows
oscillation over whole wavelengths from violet to infrared by
using different kinds of pigments and selection of appropriate
wavelength through the use of prism and diffraction grating.
For sulfur dioxide, ethanol solution of rhodamine 6 G is used
to obtain laser beam with 100 kw of peak output and 100 n sec
of plus width. The signal receiver uses a multiplier correcting
signal strength, analysis of pulse amplitude by comparison of
electric potential, and time measurement by clock pulse to
determine the concentration and the location of the gas in-
stantly.
37477
Schaad, Rainer E.
CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CARCINOGENIC POLYCYCLIC
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. (Chromatographie (Kar-
zinogener) Polyzyklischer Aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe).
Text in German. Chromatogr. Rev., 13(1):61- 82, 1970. 114
refs.
Methods of extracting carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons from soot and airborne dust samples are briefly
described, and procedures for separation of the components in
the extract by column, paper, thin layer, and gas-liquid chro-
matography are reviewed.
37519
Kuper, Gerhard
LASER-LIDAR, WHAT CAN IT REALLY ACCOMPLISH?
(Laser-Lidar, was kann es wirklich)? Text in German. Umwelt
(Duesseldorl), 2(l):40-43, Feb./March 1972. 5 refs.
The most important task of the light detection and ranging
system (lidar) apart from meteorological measurements is the
analysis of air pollutants. It is used for spotting polluters. In
order to determine whether the returning signal has been
produced by soot, aerosols, or inversion layers and in order to
determine how much of a smoke plume is harmless water
vapor and how much is pollutant, two laser beams are emitted
shortly after each other. The frequency of one laser beam is
shifted by temperature regulation of the ruby to the absorption
band of hydrogen. Water vapor absorbs this laser beam more
than the other. The difference of the two signals is a measure
of the water vapor fraction. For qualitative and quantitative
analysis of the gaseous components, the Raman effect is used.
Since the quantum yield of the Raman laser is so low, the
measurement of concentrations which represent the tolerance
limit for man is not feasible. The simplest version of the laser-
lidar comprises a laser as transmitter and a receiver with a
photodiode or multiplier and a recording unit. For simple
distance measurements up to about 10 km a pulse power of 5
to 10 MW suffices. Maximum pulse powers of 100 MW at a
beam diameter of 10 mm are now achievable.
37608
Okubo, Y., K. Oikawa, and J. Kimura
ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC PARTICULATE MATTER NO.
3. MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE
MATTER AND ITS METAL CONTENTS. (Taikichu muki
seibun ni kansuru kenkyu. Daisanpo. Fiyu funjin sokuteiho
betsukinzoku seibun node ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):93, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution
Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
A short time collection method by a high volume air sampler
was compared with a long term collection method by low
volume sampler in order to find a better method to determine
metal content in air- borne dust and to establish pollution pat-
terns in an area. Samples were collected for 30 days; 24 hour
collection by low volume sampler and 10 day collection by
high volume sampler were performed. Filter papers on which
samples were taken, were ashed in low temperature and un-
derwent several acid treatments to produce sample solution,
which were analyzed by means of atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry for cadmium, lead, manganese, and copper.
Using the average values of 10 days for samples obtained by
the high volume samplers, the amount of dust collected was
higher in the samples by the high volume sampler. However,
the concentration percentage of metals to the amount of dust
was higher with the low volume sampler.
37689
Taguchi Keisuke and Nobuko Akashi
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES BY
ANDERSEN AIR SAMPLER. (Andasen sanpura ni yoru
taikichu fuyu funjin no syudo bunpu). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):83, 1971. 2
refs. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollu-
tion Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Size distribution of dust and heavy metals in the air was deter-
mined by means of an Andersen sampler. The sample was col-
lected at a velocity of 1 cfm for 3 to 7 days from March to
July, 1971, into separators with 8 steps. Size distribution of
dust was determined by weighing. Metals, expecially lead, cad-
mium, and copper were determined by atomic absorption spec-
troscopy after treating the sample with acid. Size distribution
of both dust and heavy metals showed a logarithmic normal
distribution. Respirable dust (less than 3.3 micron) ranged from
50 to 70%, and the heavy metals occupied approximately 70 to
80% of the respirable dust.
37690
Oikawa, K., H. Maruyama, T. Iwai, and A. Murase
STATE ANALYSIS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
MATTER. NO. 1: ANALYSIS BY X-RAY SPECTROMETRY.
(Taikichu fuyu ryushi busshitsu no jotai bunseki ni kansun.
kenkyu. Daiippo: X-sen kaisetsu no oyo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):85, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Crystalline phase of metals in air-borne dust were determined
by means of X-ray diffraction in order to consider the effect
of metals on the environment and the origin of the dust. Sam-
ples were collected at 3 points in Kawasaki City for 3 to 4
consecutive days, mainly in Feb. 1971 by means of high-
volume air samplers with glass fiber filters. Qualitative analy-
sis of elements was carried out by a fluorescent X-ray spec-
trometer, and the chrystalline phase was determined by an X-
ray diffractometer. Silicon dioxide alpha-quartz, sodium alu-
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78
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
minasilicate, and hydra ted calcium sulfate were abundant. In
addition, alphacferric oxide, ammonium chloride, ferrosofenic
oxide, and calcium carbonate were found.
37693
Yamashita, Eiji and Shunsaku Jikihara
RESEARCH ON MEASUREMENT OF THE P ARTICULATES,
REPORT H. (Taikichu fuyu funjin sokutei ni kansuru kenkyu
II). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
Pollution), 6(1):89, 1971. (Presented at the National Council
Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The FKS type low-volume air sampler as a collection device
for air-borne particulates was examined. The amount collected
by-this sampler was compared with that collected by a filter-
holder type-C to find a relationship between them. When
several of these samplers were used at the same time, varia-
tion in the total air flow rate was 1.7 to 2.6% and measured
value of dust varied from 2.6 to 5.4%. Using this sampler, total
dust and metals, such as iron, copper, manganese, and lead in
the dust were determined at several points in Amagasaki-city.
37728
Japan Public Health Assoc.
THE RESULTS OF COMPARABLE ESTIMATIONS OF THE
CONCENTRATION OF FLOATING PARTICULATE SUB-
STANCES IN THE AIR BY MEANS OF LIGHT SCATTER-
ING, TAPE Am SAMPLER, AND FILTER WEIGHT
METHODS. (Hikari sanran ryushi nodo ho, tepu ea sampura
ho, rosbi juryo nodo ho ni yoru taikichu fuyu ryushijo busshit-
su nodo no hikaku sokutei kekka). Text in Japanese, lip., 1970
(?).
Values estimated by means of the filter weight method
(selected as the standard estimation method for particulate
substances in the air), light scattering, and tape air sampler
methods were compared. The estimation was made continu-
ously in Tokyo, Osaka, Ichihara, and Kobe. From the data ob-
tained, the correlation between the particulate weight concen-
tration and the number of counts in light scattering methods,
and between particulate weight concentration, transmittance,
and reflectance of the filter tape air sampler was calculated.
Transmittance was expressed by Log I/Io, where lo stands for
incident light and I for transmittant light. Reflectance was cal-
culated from the (Xo - X)/(Xo - D) formula, where Xo stands
for the reflectance of the filter that does not collect particu-
lates and D stands for the reflectance of standard black filter.
From the above comparison, it was clear that the best was the
correlation between the number of counts by the light scatter-
ing method and particulate weight concentration, followed by
correlation between transmittance through a filter of a tape air
sampler and the particulate weight concentration, and the
worst was the correlation between the reflectance of the filter
of a tape air sampler and the particulate weight concentration.
-------
79
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
02066
W. Breuer, and K. Winkler.
SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION OF AIR POLLUTIONS
ASCERTAINED BY STATIONARY RECORDING OF GASE-
OUS COMPONENTS. Herkunft Und Ausbreitung Von Luft-
verunreinigungen, Ermittelt Durch Stationare Registrierung
Mehrerer Immissionskomponenten. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean
Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper VII/10). pp. 239-42.
Simultaneous, continuous and stationary measurement of the
concentration of gas components (CO, CO2, SO2, H2S, C12,
nitrous gases, hydrocarbons) combined with the recording of
meteorological factors (wind direction, speed of wind, at-
mospheric stability etc.) enable the identifying of the source of
air pollutions (motor vehicle exhaust, domestic heating, power
stations, chemical works). The examination of special air con-
ditions and statistical evaluation gives information on the
process of distribution. (Author abstract)
04115
M. Z. Gofman
SANITIZATION OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN CHEMI-
CAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS WHICH USE MER-
CURY AS A CATALYZER. Gigiena i Sanit. 28, (12) 73-6,
Dec. 1963. Russ. (Tr.) (Translated by B. S. Levine in U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
Vol. 12.) CFSTI: TT 66 61429
Mercury vapor was found in the air of production rooms of
the chemopharmaceutical industry producing synthetic drugs,
and of the chemical industry producing technical organic
synthetic substances. The presence of mercury vapor was not
limited to the air of work rooms in which metallic mercury or
its compounds have been used as catalyzers, but also in the air
of rooms assigned to the processing successive production
phases, as a carry-over by the reaction mass, or by the inter-
mediary half-products. In making sanitary evaluations of such
plants this fact should be taken into consideration; it should
also play an important part in making sanitary insepctions of
industrial production plants in which mercury and its com-
pounds are used as catalyzers. Mercury desorption from walls,
ceiling, surfaces of equipment, etc. should be regarded as a
significant factor in air contamination with mercury vapor in
processing rooms of such production industries. Coating all
surfaces, including those of equipment, with a mercury vapor
nonpermcable varnish or paint will markedly reduce the
amount of adsorbed and permeated mercury vapor, the con-
centrations of which will be still further reduced by the in-
troduction of demercurization of the working premises. In
plan- ning new, or reconstructing and renovating previously
existing industrial premises of the type under consideration,
the location of technological processes should be arranged so
as to reduce to a minimum air pollution with mercury vapor.
Manual operations should be automated. All production
processes which used mercuric compounds as catalyzers, and
all associated production states, must be evaluated from the
sanitary hygienic viewpoint as industries which employ mercu-
ry and which must comply with corresponding sanitary specifi-
cations. (Author conclusions)
05466
S. Horiguchi, T. Utsunomiya, A. Kasahara, S. Shinagawa, K.
lyoda, N. Tanaka, N. Tsuyama, H. Ikutomi, K. Miura
A SURVEY ON THE ACTUAL CONDITIONS OF FACTO-
RIES HANDLING MANGANESE COMPOUNDS. Japan J.
Ind. Health, (Tokyo) 8, (6) 19-28, June 1966. Jap.
A survey of the working environment in plants handling man-
ganese compounds was carried out in Osaka from December,
1963 to January, 1964. An analysis of the air in the plants
showed manganese concentrations of 2.3 to 17.1 mg/cu m
(median 8.4 mg/cu m) in the areas where maganese ore was
ground, 3.8 to 8.1 mg/ cu m (median 4.9 mg/cu m) where elec-
trodes were manufactured, 1.9 to 21.1 mg/cu m (median 4.3
mg/cu m) where dry cell batteries were manufactured. An ex-
amination of 134 workers revealed 4 showing clear signs of
disorders of the central nervous system indicating manganese
poisoning. Slight neurological symptoms were found in 11 of
47 workers grinding manganese ore, 4 of 32 workers manufac-
turing electrodes, and 7 of 55 workers manufacturing dry cell
batteries. No significant findings were seen in blood and urine
examinations. It was recommended that processes and equip-
ment in the plants be improved, periodic medical and environ-
mental examinations be strictly enforced, early detection of ill-
ness and adequate treatment be given, and a health education
program be initiated. (Athors' summary, modified)
06755
E. Effenberger
(DUST LEVEL MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE THE
DEGREE OF AIR POLLUTION.) Staubkonzentrationsmessun-
gen zur Ermirtlung des Verunreinigungsgrades der Luft durch
Korpuskulare Beimengungen. Beitr. Problem Luftreinhaltung
(Essen) (68) 35-56, Nov. 1965. Ger.
Various aspects of the problem of dust in the air, its origin, ef-
fects and measurement are reviewed. Among the natural
sources, forest fires and volcanic eruptions are mentioned.
More important are manmade dusts deriving mostly from all
kinds of combustion. The effects of dust on all forms of life
are not completely known. Some occupational diseases like sil-
icosis and other harmful effects of dust are described. The re-
tention of particles of various sizes in the lungs is discussed.
Results of large-scale health examinations in Prague are
quoted. A section is devoted to particle size distributions and a
typical example is quoted. Problems and methods of dust con-
centration measurements are discussed in detail. A large list of
measuring equipment is given, both from Europe and the
USA. In each case the principle of operation is noted and re-
marks pertaining to their practical use are added. Another sec-
tion deals with the problem of how dust concentrations are
correlated with dust fall measurements. Functional relation-
ships between the two quantities, obtained experimentally, are
plotted in several graphs and discussed in detail. Both concen-
tration measurements and dust fall measurements bear a cer-
tain amount of statistical uncertainty. This, however, is not
too objectionable since the effects of dust on humans can be
classified only in three to five degrees at best. The article is
concluded by 82 bibliographic references.
-------
80
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
07393
K. Nakayama
PRESENT STATUS OF Affi POLLUTION IN CITIES AND
TOWNS. Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan
Air Cleaning Assoc.) (Toky/). 3(3):4-10, 1965. 12 refs.
A review of well-known air pollution episodes is given citing
environmental conditions, damages, and causes for episodes in
Meuse (Belgium) in 1930, Donora, Pa. in 1948, London in
1952, Mexico in 1950, Yokohama (Japan) in 1946, and Los An-
geles at present. The present problems of air pollution in
Tokyo are dealt with including dust fall, SO2 concentration,
floating soot, dust, and hydrocarbons. The average value of
dust fall was 23.46 tons/sq km/30 days for 1959 to 1963; the
soluble elements of soot fall were measured at 6.47 tons/sq
km/30 days. The maximum was recorded in 1961; seasonal
measurements indicate a maximum in February and a
minimum in December. Yearly variations of the quantities of
coal and petroleum used between 1955 and 1964 indicate a
relation between dust fall and the amount of coal used, but no
relation between the latter and petroleum consumption. The
distribution of SO2 gas concentrations in 1964 as measured by
the lead peroxide method is shown on a map of Tokyo.
Hydrocarbon concentration of C2 to C8 compounds ranges
from 15 ppb to 1.5 ppm. In heavily trafficked areas the con-
centration of 3,4-benzopyrene is between 1.3 and 6.6 micro-
gram/ 100 cu m. The effects of automobile exhaust from the
gasoline engine are detected as high as 500 m. Also, water pol-
lution from the Samida river causes ammonia and hydrogen
sulfide to be discharged into the air.
07936
Hernandez-Gutierrez, F.
AIR POLLUTION BY CARBON MONOXIDE. ((La polucion
del aire por oxido de carbono.)) Text in Spanish. Anales Med.
Cir. (Barcelona), 52(l):58-77, Jan. 1966.
In addition to a comprehensive review on the physiological ef-
fects and significance of CO pollution, the entire field of air
pollution is reviewed. Data are given on the amounts of vari-
ous pollutants and their effects on health and the economy.
The amounts of pollutants discharged annually into the air in
the City of Barcelona are: 600,000 tons of water vapor,
850,000 tons of CO2, 80,000 tons of CO and 35,000 tons of
SO2. Snow which fell in 1962 and in 1965 indicated that the air
over Barcelona in 24 hours contained between 390 and 580
tons of dust, 6 tons of nitrogen oxides, and 19.5 tons of SO2
and SO3. The average and maximum values of carbon monox-
ide in various cities are presented and in London range from
an average of 1.8 ppm to a maximum during a smog of 200
ppm. In garages the concentration may be as high as 1.250
ppm and concentrations of 200 ppm are not uncommon. The
various methods for measuring CO are outlined and control is
discussed.
08120
Khukhrina, Ye. V.
EVALUATION OF THE MODERN METHODS OF DETER-
MINATION OF THE AMOUNT AND DISPERSITY OF DUST.
In: A. A. Letavet and Ye. V. Khukhrina (eds.), Methods of
Studying Industrial Dust and the Incidence of Pneu-
moconioses. ((Melody izucheniya proizvodstvennoy pyli i
zabolevayemosti pnevmokoniozam.)) Leningrad, Meditsina
Publishing House, 1965, 123p. Translated from Russian.
Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Informa-
tion, Washington, D. C., Joint Publications Research Service,
TT 66-30952, p. 5-9, March 11, 1966.
As an example of the relationship between the number of
cases of pneumoconiosis and the level of contamination of the
air with dust, a'study was conducted on the health of sand
blasters in the USSR during the years 1947-1950. Working con-
ditions at different plants varied sharply, depending on the
volume of work, the dimensions of the casting the arrange-
ment and state of the sandblasting chambers, and on the mea-
sures taken for individual protection. Only the composition of
the dust inhaled by the workers, which contained 85- 90 per-
cent quartz particles remained the same. Parallel investigations
enable us to affirm that the mass of the active dust establishes
the level of the index of the number of cases of morbidity.
The significance of the mass of the affecting dust was demon-
strated in a specially conducted experimental work. Two series
of experiments were set up with white rats into which quartz
dust of various dispersity was introduced intratracheally. Con-
sequently it was affirmed that the especially active and dan-
gerous quartz dust, with a particle size of less than .5 microns,
did not cause the development of silicosis because the mass of
the acting dust was insignificant. The experiements performed
indicate the predominant significance of the mass of the acting
dust, and especially the mass of the most finely divided dust.
Here it is interesting to note that quartz dust consisting of
several size fractions caused the development of a silicosis
similar to the silicoses caused by the action of dust of higher
fractions. Consequently it can be stated that in the multifrac-
tion dust the mass of fine particles was insignificant, since this
dust fraction did not affect the character of the development
of silicosis. Thus it is evident that the origination of silicosis is
caused by the mass of the acting dust as well as by its fine-
ness. At the present time, microscopic methods are still being
used for the evaluation of the degree of dispersion of dust, but
it must be borne in mind that the data obtained express the
degree of dispersion with respect to the number of particles of
various sizes, and not with respect to their mass.
08818
Spinazzola, A., L. Marraccini, G. Devoto, and S. Zedda
DISTRIBUTION OF SEVERAL VOLATILE TOXIC
PRODUCTS WHICH ARE INDICATORS OF AIR POLLU-
TION IN THE CITY OF CAGLIARL NOTE m. AMMONIA.
((Studio sul comportamento di alcuni prodotti tossici volatili
quale indice di inquinamento atmosferico nella citta di Cagliari.
Nota m. -L'ammonica.)) Text in Italian. Folia Med. (Naples),
49(9):641-648, Sept. 1966. 4 refs.
Monitoring stations were set up in 18 locations on streets,
street corners, and piazzas of Cagliari. Samples of the air were
taken from 8:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M. and the level of ammonia
measured, using Jacobs technique (passage of the air through a
solution of 0.02 N sulfuric acid at the rate of 60 l./hr.) fol-
lowed by the addition of Nessler reagent as modified by Folin,
and by a comparison of the resulting color with known stan-
dards. The average daily levels are graphed. Levels ranged
from 0.053 to 0.304 ppm. These levels are found to be similar
to those observed elsewhere in Italian cities. Generally higher
levels are noted in areas overlooking the port, a fact attributed
to the presence of wastes from ships and sewers.
09403
Dardanoni, L., A. Gullotti, and R. Spano
FURTHER STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN PALERMO IN
RELATION TO METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS. ((Ul-
teriori studi sull'inquinamento atmosferico a Palermo in rap-
porto alle condizioni meteorologiche.)) Text in Italian. Rlv.
Ital. Igiene (Pisa), 27(l-2):29-44, Jan. -April 1967. 11 refs.
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
81
Dustfall was determined using the English deposit gauge, SO2
levels determined using the lead peroxide methods, and
meteorological conditions noted during 1962-1964. Data are
tabulated. Results confirm conclusions made previously, that
air pollution is not heavy, with the exception of limited areas
with rather heavy Participate levels. Vertical atmospheric dif-
fusion in the Palermo area is good, while horizontal diffusion
is less efficient. The Palermo weather basin, being surrounded
by a semicircular mountainous ring, is equally polluted hi all
areas. Thus, industry should be prohibited within the basin,
and the number of central heating units should be increased.
10316
Yasuji Himi
ON THE ATMOSPHERIC DUST AND SMOKE IN INDUSTRI-
AL CITY. Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Japan. Air Cleaning
Assoc.) (Tokyo), 5(6):13-19,1968. 5 refs.
The author obtained and studied data on the particle size dis-
tribution, specific gravity, and chemical composition of the at-
mospheric dust in the Uokohama/Kawasaki industry area. Two
types of dust were encountered: one is 'fall' dust consisting of
larger particles (expressed in t/sq km/month) and another type
is 'suspended* dust consisting of small particles (expressed in
mg/cu m. The average quantity per month of fall dust in major
Japanese cities is tabulated. The specific gravity of insoluble
components, based on the author's collection (by deposit gage)
in the Kawasaki/Yokohama area, averages 2.2S to 2.64. The
specific gravity in an industrial area tends to be higher.
Seasonal changes are insignificant. The measurement of in-
soluble elements in the fall dust in Kawasaki showed a wide
range of particle size distribution with a median of 8.4 micron.
Other areas showed median diameters of 4.4-9.0 micron. Fall
dust in a non-industrial zone seemed to contain larger particles
than dust from an industrial zone. Fall dust from both re-
sidential and industrial sources contains larger particles;
removal or reduction thus seems possible. The chief chemical
components in the fall dust were SiO2, Fe2O3, aad SO4.
When rainfall is high, SO4 level is also high. Suspended dust
particles have an average radius of 0.07S micron, and are
mainly soot from incomplete combustion or metallic acid
fumes. Microscopic study revealed fine particles (mostly less
than 1 micron) of complex shape. This dust contains numerous
components, with SO4 prevailing. The degree of SO4 concen-
tration in the suspended dust is in direct proportion to the SO2
concentration in the atmosphere. This point deserves further
investigation.
10582
Spagnolini, D.
RESEARCH AND CONSIDERATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION
BY CARBON DIOXIDE IN SOME PUBLIC GARAGES IN
ROME. (Indagini e considerazioni sull'inquinamento da ossido
di carbonic in alcune autorimesse pubbliche di Roma.) Text in
Italian. Igiene Sanita Pubblica (Rome), 23 (11-12):539-551,
Nov.-Dec. 1967. 18 refs.
Measurements of air samples,-taken- twice in five public and
one private garage during the morning and evening rush hours
and during the day, yield of CO levels between 10.. and, 100
ppm. This level is tolerable for a prolonged, period .of work,
with no danger of chronic intoxication. '
11627
Lahmann, Erdwin, Juergen Westphal, Kurt Damaschke, and
Margot Luebke
CONTINUOUS OZONE MEASUREMENTS IN A HEAVILY
TRAVELLED STREET. (Kontinuierliche Ozon-Messungen in
einer verkehrsreichen Strasse). Text in German. Gesundh.
Ingr., 89(5): 144-147, 1968. 12 refs.
At two measuring stations in Berlin, continuous ozone mea-
surements were taken from the summer of 1966 to the summer
of 1967. The first measuring station was located in a busy
street in Berlin Steglitz. The air samples were taken at 20 m
and sometimes also at 2 m. The second station was in a quiet
area without traffic; the samples were taken at 10 m. The
results show that in the busy Schlosstrasse, maximum ozone
concentration was about 5 pphm. Of the total number of in-
dividual measurements, 8.6% exceeded 1 pphm and only 2%
exceeded 2 pphm. The maximum daily average was 3.2 pphm.
Higher ozone concentrations were measured in summer than
in winter. The average ozone concentrations in the traffic-free
area were much higher than those in the busy street. Com-
parison of the diurnal variations of ozone concentration at the
two stations clearly shows the influence of traffic. In the traf-
fic-free area, the ozone concentration rises from a maximum
between 5 and 6 a.m. to a maximum between 2 and 3 p.m. and
gradually subsides again. In the busy Schlosstrasse, the ozone
concentration drops to a minimum between 7 and 8 a.m. At
this time, which coincides with the morning rush hour, the
ozone concentration was just half as high as that in the traffic-
free area.
12210
Anechina, P., F. Berrocal, J. M. Romero, J. de la Serna, and
B. Sanchez F. Murias
Am POLLUTION IN MADRID IN 1967. (La contamination
atmosferica de Madrid el ano 1967). Rev. San. Hig. (Spain),
42(9-10):527- 546, Sept.-Oct. 1968. 9 refs. Translated from
Spanish. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 22p.
Air pollution in Madrid was studied in 1967. Samples were
taken from three different zones in the city; zones of heavy
urban traffic, zones of high industrial concentration, and re-
sidential and garden zones. The results showed a marked in-
crease in air pollution over previous years. The amount of sul-
fur dioxide found was 100% higher than in 1966; the number
of days with concentrations of SO2 over 200 microgram/1 also
increased. On certain days, SO2 concentrations of 0.6 micro-
gram/1 were exceeded. Smoke load was assessed during the
last months of 1967. Values were higher than 300 micro-
grams/I. Carbon monoxide average concentrations were 11
ppm, but exceeded 100 ppm at peak hours. The concentration
of nitrogen oxides remained unchanged, however, they were
higher in winter. The sedimentary dust average per year was
278 mg/sq m/day. This was described as remarkable and was
greater than the dust contamination in Paris during 1966.
(Author summary modified)
12323
Stratmann, H. and M. Buck
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN THE
STATE OF NORTH-RHINE- WESTPHALIA. (Schwefeldiox-
id-Immissionsmessungen im Lande Nordrhein-Westfalea).
Schriftenreihe Landesanstalt Immission- und Bodennut-
zungsschutz Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Essen), no. 3, 53p.,
1966. 10 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 22p.
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82
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
First-year operation of a sulfur dioxide concentration monitor-
ing network covering a 5000 sq km area is described and
findings are reported. Some 5000 measuring stations were in-
volved and were distributed at 1-km intervals in a rectangular
coordinate array with certain variations for practical reasons.
Twenty-six measurements were made at each station during
the year. Sampling sequences and data processing procedures
are explained. Results of this study are tabulated and maps
showing SO2 emission parameters are presented.
12604
Larsen, Ralph I., William W. Stalker, and Charles R. Claydon
THE RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
SOURCE STRENGTH AND CONCENTRATION IN NASH-
VILLE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
6p., 1961. 7 refs. (Presented at the Ah- Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 54th, New York, June 11-15, 1961,
Paper 61-8.)
In 1958-59, the Public Health Service and the School of
Medicine of Vanderbilt University conducted a study in Nash-
ville, Tennessee, to investigate possible relationships between
air pollution and health and to obtain information on a number
of the engineering and meteorologic phases of air pollution.
Sulfur dioxide was studied intensively, from a detailed emis-
sion inventory to ambient air measurements using several sam-
pling techniques. Seasonal Source strength and ambient levels
of SO2 reported in terms of sulfation, using lead peroxide can-
dles, are discussed as a function of radial distance from the
center of Nashville. A simple mathematical model is presented
to relate the emission pattern to the resulting sulfation pattern.
13422
Lahmann, Erdwin and Karl-Ernst Prescher
HYDROGEN SULFIDE DETERMINATION IN AIR WITH
AUTOMATIC SAMPLING. (Schwefelwasserstoff-Bestimmung
in Luft mit automatischer Probenahme.) Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 12(9):529- 531, Sept. 1968. 9 refs.
A simple procedure is described for H2S determination based
on photometric measurement of methylene blue formed in the
reaction of H2S with dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine in the
presence of Fe(III) chloride. Samples of atmospheric air are
passed through an alkaline cadmium hydroxide suspension
which blinds the H2S present as cadmium sulfide. Its useful-
ness for determination of the H2S content of contaminated air
can be enhanced by automatic sampling with the aid of a com-
mercially available control device with 12 standard impingers.
However, the following conditions must be met: (1) the cadmi-
um hydroxide suspension in the impingers must be freshly
prepared in order to maintain its absorption capacity for at
least 24 hrs; (2) the cadmium sulfide suspension formed upon
sampling must remain stable for at least 24 hrs; and (3) the
volume of the air sample must be measured with sufficient ac-
curacy. Tests designed to find out whether these requirements
can be met gave positive results. In addition, tests to deter-
mine the cross-sensitivity of the H2S determination to SO2
and NO2 showed that it is not perceptibly affected by the
presence of 1 ing/cum of SO2 or NO2 in the air sample. How-
ever, in the presence of these quantities of SO2 and NO2, the
cadmium sulfide content of the absorption suspensions was
lowered by about 20%. This effect could be leiminated by ad-
ding 5 ml of a 1.2% solution of ammonium amidosulfonate to
400 ml of the alkaline cadmium hydroxide suspension.
13953
Lindberg, Walter
AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY. HL CORRELATIONS
BETWEEN ADJ POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS AND
DEATH RATES IN OSLO. (Den alminnelige luftforurensning i
Norge. m. Korrelasjoner mellom luftforurensninger og
dodelighet i Oslo.) Translated from Norwegian. Oslo Univ.
(Norway), p. 78-102, 1968. 92 refs.
Extensive data are presented to show the correlation of air
pollution in Oslo, Denmark and death rates. The data include
causes of death, types of pollutants, SO2 concentration, and
meteorological factors. The results indicate a casual connec-
tion between mortality and air pollution. More investigations
are recommended.
14482
Rokushika, I., M. Aoyama, and Y. Murai
SEASONAL ADX POLLUTION IN HEIGHT AT A TALL
APARTMENT HOUSE. (Koso apart no kaiso betsu, kisetsu
betsu taiki osen jokyo). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku
Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):97, April 1969.
Average temperature, sulfur oxides, dust fall, ammonia, and
chloride ion were measured at the second, third (7.7 m), sixth
(15.6 m), ninth (23.6 m), twelfth (31.5 m), and fifteenth (40 m)
floors at a 15-story apartment building in Nagoya. Sulfur ox-
ides were determined by the lead peroxide method. For the
last three pollutants, samples were obtained by hanging white
cotton cloths under the eaves for 30 days. After exposure,
dust fall was determined by reflectance, and ammonia and
chloride ion were determined by analysis of the distilled water
used to wash the cloth. Average temperature tended to be
higher at the 15th floor in any season. Sulfur oxides were most
concentrated at the 2nd floor (0.64-0.73 mg/100 sq cm/day) and
were highest in winter and fall. Dust fall was greatest in winter
on the 9th floor level. Ammonia was highest in the summer,
1.57 mg/30 days/400 sq cm. Chloride ion was also most con-
centrated in summer (2.27 mg/30 days/400 sq m). Air pollutants
were generally more concentrated at the middle floors of the
apartment building.
14534
COMMISSION ON EARTH, WATER AND AIR, ROTTER-
DAM. Annual Report 1968. (Verslag over het jaar 1968). Text
hi Dutch. 72p.
This report deals with the soil, water, and air pollution
problems in the vicinity of Rotterdam. Thirty-three cases of
soil pollution reported in 1968 were mainly due to leakage in
underground tanks and pipes. The average chlorine content at
low tides at the measuring station of the Horingerdijk reser-
voir was 139 mg/1, 7 mg/1 lower than in 1967. The level of air
pollution during 1968 was more or less constant in comparison
with 1967. A study of the 1218 bronchitis complaints of male
civil servants indicated that bronchitis occurs with increasing
frequency in the age group above 40 and especially above 60.
A study of chronic bronchitis and asthma in elementary school
children in two sections of Rotterdam indicated that in Cross-
wijk, 5.5% of 455 children had chronic bronchitis and 2.2%
had asthma. In Hillegersberg, 1.0% of 480 children had chronic
bronchitis and 1.7% had asthma. Measurements of precipita-
tion, smoke, polycyclic hydrocarbons, CO, ozone, NO2, and
sulfur oxides are presented. The smoke meter results show a
usual smoke content of 100 micrograms/cu m or more during
long periods of mist which occur during the winter months. In
the first and fourth quarters, the polycyclic hydrocarbon
values were much smaller than those of 1964. Of 174 samples
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
83
of carbon monoxide, 18 were more than 30 ppm; in 1967, only
one sample was higher than 30 ppm. The highest lead content
was 1.5 micrograms/ cu m. Ozone content of the air was less
than 20 micrograms/cu m on cloudy days. Nitrogen oxide con-
centration ranged from 100- 150 microgranis/cu m. Ninety-one
days were recorded with SO2 content equal to or greater than
350 micrograms/cu m, and 89 days were recorded with smoke
content equal to or greater than 250 micrograms/cu m. The
declining tendency for smoke pollution was attributed to the
increasing use of natural gas.
16017
Kurtzweg, J. A. and D. W. Weig
DETERMINING AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS. Preprint, Association for
Computing Machinery, New York, N. Y., 22p., 1969. 18 refs.,
(Presented at the Association for Computing Machinery, Sym-
posium on The Applications of Computers to the Problems of
an Urban Society, New York, Oct. 24, 1969.)
Internal combustion vehicles are a source of five major air
pollutants: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides,
particulates, and sulfur oxides. Because vehicular pollution is
essentially a problem of urbanization, analysis of its source
must be carried out on a metropolitan or smaller scale. A
method is presented for estimating the quantity and spatial dis-
tribution of motor vehicle emissions in a metropolitan area
from established speed-emission relationships and transporta-
tion study data. On-the-road sampling of exhaust emissions
from a representative sample of automobiles indicates there is
a consistent relationship between average route speed and the
quantity of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons emitted.
Metropolitan transportation study agencies developed detailed
descriptions of future street and highway networks. The Seat-
tle, Washington, metropolitan area was selected for the initial
application of the vehicle emission estimation method because
of the transportation characteristics of the area and the nature
of the transportation study data available. Emissions are calcu-
lated for two 1985 street and highway networks, one based on
the land use pattern predicted if existing trends within the re-
gion continue, and one based on a pattern which will exist
only if certain development policies are implemented. The cal-
culated vehicular emissions and estimated emissions from non-
vehicular sources can be used with a meteorological diffusion
model to predict future air quality. (Author abstract modified)
16087
Leitbe, W. and A. Hofer
DETERMINATION AND OCCURRENCE OF SMALL CON-
CENTRATIONS OF N2O IN WASTE GASES, IN THE AIR
AND IN WATER. (Ueber die Bestimmung und das Vorkom-
men niedriger Konzentrationen von Distickstoffoxid in Ab-
gasen, in der Luft und in Waessern). Text in German. Allgem.
Prakt. Chem. (Vienna), 19(3):78-79, March 1968. 7 refs.
A new method for the analysis of low N2O concentrations is
briefly outlined. The method is a form of gas-liquids-chro-
matography (GLC) with separating columns made of
propylenecarbonate- glutaronitrile on Sterchamol. With the aid
of a hot wire detector, 50 ppm N2O in 10 ml gas samples can
still be determined with accuracy. Using this method, the for-
mation of N2O was studied at the combustion of NH3-air mix-
tures over platinum- rhodium and the N2O concentration in
the waste gases from nitric acid scrubbers was determined.
Concentrations of 400 to 900 ppm N2O were found in the
combustion gases, and of about 200 ppm in the waste gases
before it was blown into the air. To adjust the GLC method to
the determination of low N2O concentrations (e.g. 0.2 ppm), a
concentration method was devised in which a concentration
column filled with silica gel was activated at 160 C, making it
possible to determine the concentrations usually found in the
atmosphere. Analysis performed with this method in the vicini-
ty of Linz (Austria) showed concentrations of 0.23 plus or
minus 0.04 ppm. The N2O concentrations in various rivers and
in drinking water were also determined. The apparatus is illus-
trated and a step-by-step account of the procedure is given.
16345
Biersteker, K.
POLLUTED AIR. ORIGIN, MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND
COMBATING OF POLLUTED OUTSIDE AIR. (Verontreinigde
Lucht. Ontstaan, medische betekenis en bestrijding van veron-
trelnigde buitenlucht). Assen, Van Gorcum, 1966, 214p., 339
reb. Translated from Dutch. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 275p., July 29, 1969.
Factors affecting emissions are considered, together with
trends in emissions in the Netherlands and Rotterdam. The
qualitative and quantitative significance of air pollutants as
potential disease agents in Rotterdam is evaluated. The max-
imum sulfur dioxide concentration so far recorded in Rotter-
dam is 1600 micron cu m; the maximum smoke concentration,
500 micron/cu m. No epidemiological significance is attributed
to measured concentrations of fluorides, nitrogen, dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, or lead. Concern is shown for the role of benz-
pyrene and other carcinogens in the etiology of lung cancer.
Distinctions are made between acute, sub-acute, and chronic
air pollution. During acute air pollution, SO2 and smoke con-
centrations in Rotterdam show five- fold increases. Sub-acute
pollution occurs when wind speeds drop below 2 m/sec.
Chronic air pollution is present on all other days, especially in
winter. Though the effects of pollution can also be categorized
as chronic, acute, and sub-acute, the level of air pollution is
still too weak to cause illness. Methodologies employed in
determining the relationship between air pollution and human
mortality and morbidity are reviewed, and hypotheses
developed to describe the effects of pollution on illness and
death in Rotterdam. Refinements in analytical methods are
urged so that the factors influencing increased chronic non-
specific lung disease mortality and lung cancer mortality can
be identified. It is also suggested that emission standards be
supplemented by regulations malting it possible to restrict
emissions when meteorological data and monitoring station
readings point to certain dangers.
16401
Guderian, Robert and Heinrich Stratmann
OUTDOOR EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF SO2 ON
VEGETATION. HI. LIMITS OF SO2 EMISSIONS HARMFUL
TO FRUIT AND FOREST CULTURES, AS WELL AS TO
AGRICULTURAL AND CARDAN PLANTS. (Freilandver-
suche zur Ermittlung von Schwefeldioxidwirkungen auf die
Vegetation. III. Teil. Grenzwerte schaedlicher SO2 Immis-
sionen fuer Obst-und Forstkulturen sowie fuer landwirtschaft-
liche und gaertnerische Pflanzenarten). Text in German.
Forschungsber Landes Nordrhein- Westfalen, no. 1920, 114p.,
1968. 30 refs.
After extensive preliminary studies of the emissions and of the
atmospheric pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of an iron-
ore roasting plant, six sites with comparable climatic growth
conditions and staggered air pollution concentrations were
selected to test the injurious effects of SO2 on rye, wheat,
barley, rap, potatoes, alfalfa, clover, or tomatoes, etc. as well
as on oaks, beeches, spruces, pines, firs, and on cherry, apple
and plum trees. Five stations were within the range of the SO2
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84
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
emission source, while the sixth (control) station was outside
the area. All plants and trees were grown in wooden con-
tainers to assure the same soil conditions. The SO2 content
was measured continuously during 1959-61. Criteria for inju-
ries to forest trees were the number of shoots and the amount
of circumferential growth; criteria for fruit trees and field and
garden crops were fruit quality and the yield. The reactions
observed on all plants are presented in the form of tables and
graphs. A differentiation is made between actual injuries, inju-
ries probably caused by air pollution, and possible injuries.
The highest value at which no symptoms were observed and
the threshold value to visibly harmful SO2 were determined. It
was found that barley, summer wheat, summer rap, tomatoes
and beets could by grown at average SO2 concentration of
0.59 ppm (0.141 ppm during the measured period), but not fruit
trees, forest trees, alfalfa, clover, spinach or winter rye, etc.
Fruit trees began to grow at SO2 average concentrations of
0.26 ppm. Spinach was most sensitive to SO2.
16495
Mitrovic, Ljiljana, Lj. Simeonov, and H. Udzvarlic
AIR POLLUTION AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN
SARAJEVO. (Aerozagadenje i hronicni bronhitis u sarajevu).
Text in Croatian. Med. Arhiv., 22(l-2):31-43, 1968.14 refs.
The degree of air pollution and the prevalence of chronic
bronchitis in Sarajevo was determined. Measurements of sul-
fur dioxide and fumes at three locations showed that there was
a high degree of pollution in the center of the town. The peak
concentration was in January and the lowest was in July. The
prevalence of bronchitis was determined with questionnaires.
Two groups of the population were included, the first being in
the polluted part of town, and the second in the relatively
clean part of town. Each person lived for 5 years in the area.
The results for 663 males were tabulated according to the
place of residence, age, and smoking habits. The rate of
chronic bronchitis was 11-15% in the 25-34 age group, and 32%
in the 45-54 age group. Smokers suffered chronic bronchitis
more than non-smokers. There was no significant differences
between prevalence rates in polluted and non-polluted areas. It
was concluded that the prevalence rate is not an exact mea-
sure in determining the role of air pollution in causing chronic
bronchitis. A long term investigation was recommended.
(Author summary modified)
16664
Materna, J.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF SYSTEMATIC MEASURE-
MENTS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
IN THE ATMOSPHERE ABOVE THE KRUSNE HORY
AREA. (Prvni vysledky soustavneho mereni koncentraci
kyslicniku siriciteho v ovzdusi v oblasti Krusnych hor). Scien-
tific and Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agricul-
ture and Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions
Forestry, Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. III-l to III-
16. 6 refs. (Oct. 11-14.) Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
April 24, 1969.
The existence of fundamental differences and discrepancies in
the data on toxic concentrations of sulfur dioxide has led to a
program to investigate the relationships between concentration
and injury in a series of experiments with the effects of fumes
on older spruce seedlings and seedlings of other woody plants;
and of utilizing the data obtained from the established network
of stations for the automatic recording of sulfur dioxide in the
atmosphere of the forests in Krusne hory. The network is par-
tially linked to the extensive control system in the area below
Krusne hory, the Podkrusnohori, and in communities in
Krusne hory. The purpose of the measurements were as fol-
lows: establish the range of SO2 concentrations in this area;
compare the measurements with the degree of damage, espe-
cially in the old spruce stands; and measure the trends in SO2
concentrations in the area under influence of emissions. A net-
work of four analyzers furnished continuous measurement
data obtained at one-minute intervals, showing values of SO2
concentrations in the atmosphere expressed in mg/cu m air.
Results of two of them are presented for preliminary evalua-
tion. Results are summarized in tables and suggest the follow-
ing conclusions: (1) concentrations of sulfur dioxide causing
injury to forest plants in both localities are lower than the
limits of toxicity presumed so far; and (2) maintenance of
levels not exceeding the acceptable level did not protect the
spruce stands from injury.
16673
Stein, G.
REGIONAL DIAGNOSES OF SMOKE DAMAGE IN THE
FORESTS OF KRUSNE HORY, CONDUCTED BETWEEN
1964 AND 1966, AND THEIR RESULTS. (Metoda vel-
koprostorove diagnosy kourovych skod v lesich Krusnych hor,
uskutecnena v letech 1964-1966, a jeji vy-sledek). Scientific
and Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture
and Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions
Forestry, Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. VII-1 to
Vn-16. 15 refs. Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
17p., April 1969.
Investigations of smoke damage in the Annaberg, Marienberg,
Freiberg, Tharandt, and Pirna National Forests of
Czechoslovakia from 1964 to 1966 are described; spruce
covered 85% of the area surveyed. Analysis of tree rings by
borings showed a significant decrease in growth rates of
spruce stands in the last 10 years. Spruce fascicles were
shown to have the ability to store sulfur, but no relationship to
the degree of tree damage was established. Analysis of the
fluorine content in bark and of variations in acidity of the
humus layer were also carried out, the degree of acidity does
not appear to be correlated with the degree of injury. Trace
elements found in the humus were in concentrations too small
to be phytotoxic. A survey of existing and planned emission
sources was made, including nearby areas of Germany, and a
permanent network of 12 measurement stations for continuous
atmospheric samplings of sulfur dioxide and dust was
established along the border between Fichtelberg and Elbe; the
stations will also make relevant meteorological observations.
17712
Son'kin, L. R.
ANALYZING METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF
HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTION IN CITIES. (Analuz
meteorologicheskikh uslobiy opasnogo zagryazneniya vosduk-
ha v gorodakh). Text in Russian. Tr. GL Geofiz. Observ.
(Leningrad), no.234:60-68, 1968. 25 refs.
Data gathered from several cities are used to examine synoptic
situations related to strong and weak air pollution conditions.
Special attention is given to the repeatability of three types of
synoptic situations, designated as follows: 1) gradientless baric
field; 2) intermediate field; 3) cyclone, as recorded at three
fixed points in Magnitogorsk. Studies were based on sulfur
dioxide and dust measurements and may be used to predict the
distribution of impurities in city air under stagnation condi-
tions. The results presented have been and will continue to be
used to assure air purity in Soviet cities.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
85
19433
Bravo, H. and L. Corona T.
ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION AND ITS RELATION
WITH VEHICULAR FLOW IN MEXICO CITY. Universidad
Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico Cit Facultad de In-
genieria, 1969. 7 refs. Translated from Spanish. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 27p., March 12, 1970.
A study was conducted to determine the degree of contamina-
tion expected in the air over Mexico City during the period of
the 19th Olympic Games. Measurements were conducted
through November 1968 in order to establish immediate com-
parison with the Olympic period. Recognizing that vehicular
activity would be greatest in the areas adjacent to the games
and other tourist attractions, the study attempted to obtain a
correlation between the number of vehicles in circulation and
the degree of contaminant concentration. At the same time,
meteorological parameters that influence concentrations were
measured. A set of analyses made on air filter samples during
October and November 1968 is presented. Concentration of
carbon monoxide and methane in the air samples and the total
of suspended paniculate matter and lead in the filters was also
obtained. The concentrations of detected contaminants were
correlated with transit parameters (velocity, flow, and vehicle
concentration), taking into account the residual variables rela-
tive to meteorological phenomena. A regression equation to
compute ppm carbon monoxide as a function of temperature,
vehicle flow, and the amount of methane was derived. Con-
taminant concentrations indicated that a critical condition ex-
ists in Mexico City.
19445
Stratmann, H. and H. Ixfeld
SULFA-DIOXIDE IMMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN THE
REGION NORDHEIN-WESTFALEN FROM NOVEMBER 1,
1967 TO OCTOBER 31, 1968. (SIC). Schriftenreihe Landesan-
stalt Immissions-und Bodennutzungsschutz Landes Nordrhein-
Westfalen (Essen), no. 16: 1-7, 1969. 11 refs. Translated from
German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 13p., Feb.
1969.
In large areas of North Rhine Westphalia, especially along the
heavily industrialized areas of the Rhine and Ruhr Rivers,
measurements were performed to determine the distribution of
sulfur dioxide emissions. Measurements were made at 5280 lo-
cations in accordance with a statistical plan. Emission distribu-
tions for the entire supervised region are presented on maps.
Comparisons of current values and values obtained in; previous
years are presented for the Ruhr Valley and selected towns
and counties. The trend indicating a continuous decrease in
sulfur dioxide emissions for most cities and counties of the re-
gion which was observed during previous measurement
periods was not continued during the 1967-1968 period. While
23 cities and counties continued to decrease, 23 others showed
increases. All cities and counties in the western and southern
sections showed an increase of about 10%. The counties of
Kempen-Krefeld, Rees, and Dinslaken showed increases of
about 20%. The program of air quality monitoring will con-
tinue during 1969.
21103
Stratmann, H.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF
S02 ON VEGETATION. PART II: MEASUREMENT AND
EVALUATION OF SO2 GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRA-
TIONS. (Freilandversuche zur Ennittlung von Schwefeldiox-
ydwirkungen auf die Vegetation. Part II: Messung und Bewer-
tung der SO2-Immissionen). Forschungsber. Landes Nordr-
hein-Westfalen, no. 1184, 69p., 1963. 19 refs. Translated from
German. CEGB Information Services, London (England), 58p.
As part of a project to determine levels of sulfur dioxide safe
for plants, six stations were established in the vicinity of an
iron mine and stocked with agricultural and silvicultural plants.
Sulfur dioxide concentrations were measured continuously
with an electroconductivity analyzer. The calculations required
to identify constantly varying ground level concentrations in
terms of parameters defining mean concentration, concentra-
tion-time- intergral, variations in concentration, frequency of
recovery periods, and frequency of concentration peaks are
described. Because of their importance in relation to the onset
of pollution effects, five weighting factors were formed from
the individual parameters which characterized the pollution
conditions. These in turn were reduced to a single degree of
hazard comprising those parameters most important to charac-
terize pollution with respect to its effects on plant response.
The mathamatical/statistical analysis of the degrees of hazard
indicated that with this characterization, the pollution condi-
tions at the individual experimental stations could be dif-
ferentiated. Although the components of the hazard from SO2
can be characterized by means of the degree of hazard, it is
not yet possible to draw definite conclusions about the onset
of damage to the plant from the degree of hazard. The data
from the extensive statistical analyses of SO2 measurements at
the six stations are presented. (Author conclusions modified)
21126
Lux, H.
ESTIMATION OF THE PROPORTION OF TOTAL DAMAGE
CONTRIBUTED BY EACH OF SEVERAL SOURCES OF
STACK GASES WHICH SIMULTANEOUSLY AFFECT
FOREST VEGETATION. (Prispevek k vymezeni podilu skod
zdro ju kourovych plynu, soucasne pusobichich na lesni
vegetaci). Scientific and Technical Society, Prague (C-
zechoslovokia), Agriculture and Forestry Section, Proc. Conf.
Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne,
Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. IV-1 to IV-10. 9 refs. (Oct. 11-14.)
Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, April 24, 1969.
A method used in the evaluation of assessment for industrial
plants causing smoke damage to exhausts is reviewed and
described. When exhausts differ chemically, it is better to limit
the proportions by air analysis than from damage symptoms. A
local-terrain diagnosis is necessary. Conversely, the enumera-
tion of emissions is a procedure which offers favorable results
at comparatively little cost, particularly in the case of large
damaged areas and numerous emission sources. A large-scale
diagnosis was carried out in the Dubner Heide area affected
by factories in the vicinity of Bitterfield. The procedure is
described. Calculations using this method show an error of
plus five percent for a straight-line polygonal test pattern.
Emission maps of eight most important large-scale emission
sources in the Bitterfield area were used in order to calculate
their share of the damage in the zones of the forests at Ros-
sau, Dubner Heide, and Torgau. The results are tabulated. The
percentage shares are shown separately for each zone of
damage. The mean heights of stacks and sulfur dioxide values
show that factories with the highest rate of emissions usually
contribute the greatest share. Low stacks and presence of
forests always cause increased values, particularly in heavily
damaged zones.
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86
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
21219
Terabe, M. and M. Nagata
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MEASUREMENTS OF
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER USING THE FOUR
KINDS OF SAMPLERS. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 7(3):9-15, 1969. 12 refs. Translated
from Japanese. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 14 p.,
April 26, 1970.
The Cyclone-Hi-Volume Sampler, the High Volume Sampler,
the Tape Sampler, and Digital Indicator were used to measure
the suspended paniculate matter in the surface air over
Hawasaki City, Japan, between July 1968 and January 1969.
Factors measured were as follows: total dust, respirable dust
(less than 3.3 micron diameter), soiling index, and counts per
hour (cph) as measured on a digital analyzer. Correlations
were made among the results obtained. A high degree of rela-
tionship was observed among the results from the first three
systems, but the digital analyzer showed poor correlation. This
was attributed to the deposition of particles on the wall of the
sampling duct. The increase in dust density observed in the
winter readings is attributed to heating requirements superim-
posed upon the continuing industrial fuel burning require-
ments.
21239
Dikun, P. P. and 1.1. Nikberg
INVESTIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION WITH
3:4-BENZPYRENE IN THE VICINITY OF PITCH-COKE
OVENS OF OBSOLETE PATTERN. Probl. Oncol. (USSR)
(English Translation from Russian of: Vopr. Onkol.), 4(6): 32-
38, June 19S8. 6 refs.
The results of an analysis of three sets of samples taken from
the vicinity of an obsolete pitch-coke oven, at various times,
at various distances from the works, and at points lying at
various directions away from it are given. The first series were
of deposits of dusts; the second series were of sedimentation
samples; and the third series were of aspiration samples. The
analysis of all three samples showed that exceptionally large
amounts of carcinogenic hydrocarbons, in particular 3,4-benz-
pyrene, escaped into the surrounding area. Subsequently, on
special government instructions aimed at ensuring a healthy at-
mosphere, the coke ovens were equipped with special devices
to provide additional combustion of exhaust gases. Analysis
showed that after reconstruction of the coke ovens, at-
mospheric pollution in the vicinity of the pitch-coke works
sharply diminished.
22537
Saruta, Namio, Nobu Ishinishi, Yasushi Kodama, Eisaburo
Kokubu, and Yoko Shikatori.
AIR POLLUTION AND RELATED DISEASE OF INDUSTRI-
AL DISTRICTS IN NORTHERN KYUSHU. (Kita Kyushu ko-
gyochiiki no taikiosen to mitsuinshippei no chosa kenkyu).
Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan J. Public
Health), 16(14):913-920, Nov. 15, 1969.
The results of long-term measurements of atmospheric pollu-
tants derived largely from adjacent industrial sites in Northern
Kyushu are reported in the form of tables,and brief comments
on related diseases, which are typically prevalent in industrial
areas, although definite relationsip between those diseases and
the air pollution are not conclusively demonstrated because of
the lack of data on cigarette smoking. The northern parts of
Kyushu are grouped to five districts and the five districts are
also classifie by the regional differences; industrial, business,
and residential. Each of the average values obtained from the
measurements covering nine years shows the dust fall of 23.04
g/sq m /month at Yahata-ku, 21.19 g/sq in/month at Tobata-ku,
21.39 g/sq m/month at Wakamatsu-ku, 14.53 g/sq m/month at
Kokura-ku, and 14.43 g/sq m/month at Moji-ku; with sulfur
oxides by use of PbO2 method 0.619 mg/100 sq m/month at
Yahata-ku, 1.045 mg/100 sq m/month at Tobata-ku, 1.011
mg/100 sq m/month at Wakamatsu-ku, 0.714 mg/100 sq
m/month at Kokura-ku, and 0.637 mg/100 sq m /month at
Moji-ku. Analysis of dust fall with respect to the type of area
indicates a dust fall of 27.4 t/sq km/month in the industrial
area, 18.35 t/sq km/month in the business area and 13.56 t/sq
km/month in the residential area and with sulfur oxides of
1.060 mg/100 sq m/month, 0.745 mg/100 sq m/month, and 0.603
mg/100 sq m/month respectively. Analysis of the related dis-
eases indicates that prevalences of chronic bronchitis, respira-
tory system disease, and eye diseases are found highest in the
industrial area in accord with the level of atmospheric pollu-
tants with some exceptions of bronchial asthma, nasal catarrh
and lung cancer. In connection with lung cancer occurrences,
3.4-benzpyrene concentrations were also measured and tabu-
lated.
24575
Just, Jan and Jadwiga Kelus
BERYLLIUM IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF FIVE SELECTED
TOWNS IN POLAND. (Beryl w powietrzu atmosferycznym w
5 wybranych miastach w Polsce). Roczniki panstwowego
zakladu higi., 20(6):631-638, 1969. 36 refs. Translated from
Polish. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 12p., Sept. 16,
1970.
The natural sources of beryllium are described, and some of
the use to which it is being put are mentioned. Occuptional
hazards related to beryllium include berylliosis and respiratory
cancer. Maximum allowable concentration for beryllium is 1-2
micrograms/cu m/8 hrs. The ambient concentration of berylli-
um in 5 Polish cities is measured. Although the reported values
are higher than comparable cities of other countries, the levels
are still lower than the recommended maximums. Because of
the lack of data regarding atmospheric concentrations in the
surroundings of industrial coal-burning areas, intensive in-
vestigations are recommended. The sampling procedure used
to measure the beryllium concentrations is described.
25094
Jost, Dieter
LOCAL CLIMATE WITH A LOW AIR EXCHANGE RATE IN
THE AREA OF FRANKFURT/M. (Eine Austauscharme Wet-
terlage im Gebiet von Frankfurt/Main). Text in German.
Staub-Reinhaltung Luft, 30(7): 296-298, July 1970. 5 refs.
Low wind velocity and stable atmospheric stratification
prevailing in the area around Frankfurt/M. between December
2 and 10, 1962 caused elevated sulfur dioxide pollution Which
during 106 out of 216 hours exceeded 500 micrograms/cu m.
During the period from October 6 to 24, 1969 similar weather
conditions prevailed in the Frankfurt area, yet no noticeable
increase in SO2 pollution was established. A detailed analysis
of meteorological data taken during the 2 periods disclosed
that while during the 1962 smog a distinct temperature inver-
sion existed between Frankfurt and Kleiner Feldber'g no com-
parable situation existed during the 1969 low pollution period.
These observations indicate that stricter criteria must be
drawn for the assessment of weather conditions of low air
exchange rate.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
87
26174
Stratmann, H. and H. Ixfeld
AN ARTICLE DEALING WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE EMIS-
SIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VEGETATION.
(Schwefeldioxid-Immissionsmessungen im Lande Nordrhein-
Westfalen). Schriftenreihe Landesanstalt Immission und
Bodennutzungsschutz Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Essen),
no. 13, 1968. 9 refs. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., lip., Oct. 30, 1970.
In accordance with the Emission Protection Law of Northr-
hine- Westphalia, sulfur dioxide concentrations were deter-
mined at 5280 sites from November 1, 1966 to October 1967.
The measurements were evaluated with reference to variable
space with the aid of an electronic data processing system.
The calculated emission magnitudes for S026 unit surface
areas, each 1 sq Km in size, were tabulated and illustrated in a
topographic map. In addition, the freequency of occurrence of
certain loading levels was determined for individual city and
rural areas of the survey district. A comparison of the results
with those of two other measuring years indicates that the
loading has decreased in almost all districts. This report
describes special investigations conducted for the first time for
the purpose of determining changes of loading with respect to
time; they were conducted for the heavily industrialized Ruhr
area. This evaluation variable with respect to time indicates
which changes in sulfur dioxide loading in urban and rural
areas of the Ruhr occurred during the course of the third sur-
vey, and that the loading in all these districts has decreased.
The supervision of sulfur dioxide emissions will continue until
1968.
27831
Noushi, Hiroshi, Takahiro Seto, Kyoji Yamazaki, and S.
Izumigawa
ANALYSIS OF METALLIC COMPONENTS OF SUSPENDED
DUSTS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AND
THE RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS CONDUCTED IN
TOKYO. (Genshi kyukobunsekiho ni yoru fuyu jinaichu no
kinzokuseibunbunseki ni taisuni jakkan no kento to tonai ni
okeru sokuteikekka ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Tokyo-toritsu
Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku (Rept. Tokyo-to Lab. Med.
Sci.), no. 20: 115-118, 1968. 3 refs.
The concentrations of elements such as iron, manganese,
nickel, lead, zinc, copper, chromium, and cadmium were mea-
sured in Tokyo. The apparatus used included a Perkin Elmer
atomic absorption spectroscope and a Staplex hi-volume sam-
pler. The data obtained from the measurements are tabulated
and compared to the values obtained by the Ministry of Health
and Welfare at Japan Environmental Sanitation Center using
photo-emission spectroscopy. Considering the maximum al-
lowable concentration of heavy metal elements in the environ-
ment as one-hundredth that of the working environment, cal-
culations showed that lead was closest to the maximum al-
lowable concentration. This is probably due to automobile ex-
haust emissions.
27839
Sato, Akira, Masanao Takahashi, and Tetsuo Kudo
STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN IWATE PRE-
FECTURE. NO. 9. HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN SETTLING
DUSTS. PART II. (Iwate-ken no kogai ni kansuru kenkyu.
Dai-9-ho. Kokabaijinchu no jukinzokuganryo. 2). Text in
Japanese. Iwate-Ken Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rept.
Iwate Inst. Public Health), no. 12:71-99, 1968. 4 refs. PART I.
Ibid., no. 12:44-70, 1968.
Results concerning the heavy metal components of settling
dusts in the industrial districts of Iwate Prefecture are
described (Kamaishi, Kuni, and Higashiyama), especially tak-
ing into account Ofunato, cement-producing town. The results
obtained from the earlier investigations were re-examined, and
toxic heavy metals in settling dusts were determined more ex-
pediently by means of the recently acquired atomic absorption
spectroscope. Metallic components characterized the various
areas(industries); of all toxic metals under scrutiny, copper
and zinc were found in all areas. In Higashiyama, the amount
of calcium contained in the urine of the residents (average of
660 mg/1) was much larger than that of the factory workers
(530 mg/1). Further investigation of the toxic metals in settling
dust is considered to be necessary in order to reveal their rela-
tionship with the biochemical effects on human health.
28648
Fukushima, Tetsuji, Takeshi Ohno, Katsumi Saruta, and
Etsuo Yoneyama
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE
URBAN AHt. (Issanka tanso no shigaichi ni okeru bunpu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 5(1):224, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Carbon monoxide was sampled by means of a Mylar bag at a
busy traffic intersection (12,000 cars/day) in Yokohama. Sam-
pling was conducted at 36 locations within 100-m radius of the
intersection. Carbon monoxide was then analyzed by a non-
dispersive infrared analyzer. The maximum concentration was
found not at the corner of the intersection, but at a location
about 30 m away where traffic was most congested. The infil-
tration of pollution to the general area is such that in the up-
wind direction, the concentration is reduced to half within 30
m, whereas in the downwind direction, the distance is about
twice as much. Another set of samples taken at the central lo-
cation of Yokohama showed that when the carbon monoxide
at ground level is only a few ppm in concentration, there is
not much change in concentration up to about 14 m above
ground. However, when the concentration is over 10 ppm,
concentration is halved at the distance of about 10 m from the
ground.
30378
Hashimoto, Michio
ON POLLUTION FROM CADMIUM OF MIKKAICHI SMEL-
TERS, NIPPON MINING CO. (Nikko Mimmaichi seirensho
no kogai to ni tsuite). Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo
(Japan), Public Nuisance Section, May 29, 1970.
In May, 1968, itai itai disease came to be recognized by the
Ministry of Health and Welfare as originating in cadmium pol-
lution. OCadmium pollution of the Mikkaichi Smelter was ob-
served for the first time in September, 1969. After the in-
vestigation by the Ministry, the area around the Mikkaichi
Smelter was designated as requiring observation. The data of
the investigation, which lasted a month, showed that floating
dust was 160 microgram per 1 cu m, which is less than in
Osaka or Tokyo. Tokyo s was 200 microgram and Osaka s and
Kawasaki s was 250-280 microgram, sometimes reaching 400-
500 or even 1000. The average cadmium content in Kurobe
around the smelter, for a month, was 0.31 microgram, per 1 cu
m. The average for eight hours a day, or shorter periods, was
three to five times as much. The Ministry based its interim
standards on eight to 12 hours (0.9-2.9 microgram were stan-
dards), although guidance was given to comply with a lower
figure than the standard. A recheck will be made by the Minis-
try, using the equipment of the Ministry. Very high cadmium
-------
88
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
concentration was found in the soil. In 1968, a few traces up
to seven ppm, averaging three ppm was found in the soil. In
1969, an average of 14.9 ppm, from 4.4 ppm to 53 ppm was
found; S3 ppm was higher than that of Annaka. There is no
standard for cadmium in soil. It does not necessarily follow
that the highe the cadmium content in soil, the higher the cad-
mium content in rice. Cadmium in the soil does serve as an in-
dicator of the cadmium pollution of air. Before the smelter in-
troduced a Cottrell electric dust collector, in I960, pollution
must have been greater. If a man ate 380 g of rice, containing
1.31 ppm cadmium ever day, he would be taking 0.5 mg per
day from rice. In the area here, the people eat more than 0.3
mg. However, opinions vary as to how much is a dangerous
concentration. X-rays showed that one had a positive result
Sugar and protein in the urine were lower in the people in non-
polluted area. Of 24 people who had positive protein in the
urine, 15 people s urine was analyzed for cadmium content
Per litre, there were 3.7-13 microgram, averaging 8.4 micro-
gram, which is less than 30 microgram, thought to be the criti-
cal line by specialists. The residents in the Mikkaichi area can
rest assured that there will never be itai itai disease case
among them.
30708
Stratmann, D. and H. Ixfeld
SULFUR DIOXIDE IMMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN THE
STATE OF NORDRHEIN WESTFALEN. Preprint, State Inst.
for Emission in Nordrhein- Westfalen (West Germany), 15p.,
1970. 8 refs. Translated from German.
Since 1964, sulfur dioxide emission measurements have been
carried out in large sections of North Rhine-Westphalia, espe-
cially industrial centers in the Ruhr and along the Rhine, in ac-
cordance with the state s Emission Protection Statutes.
Because of the size of the area and the number of measuring
locations, the descriptive parameters of sulfur dioxide emis-
sions are ascertained by random measurements in conjunction
with spatial spot checking of unit surfaces one sq km in size.
The results are reproduced in cartographic overviews (not in-
cluded) and in tables (three of which are included). A clear in-
crease in SO2 emissions was observed during the current
(fifth) measuring year. This is in contrast to a constant
decrease observed in earlier years. The trend toward higher
emissions was confirmed by specialized comparative investiga-
tions of emission leve'« and their periodic fluctuations in the
Ruhr district.
33072
Just, Jan, Stefan Maziarka, and Malina Wyszynska
ESTIMATION AND EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENIC
MATERIAL IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER COL-
LECTED IN SOME CITIES OF POLAND. I. CONTENT OF
BENZO(A)PYRENE AND OTHER AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC
HYDROCARBONS IN THE PARTICULATE MATTER OF
AMBIENT AIR IN TEN POLISH TOWNS. (Badania skladu i
wlasciwosci rakotworczych substancji zawartych w pyle za-
wieszonym w powietrzu atmosfer,ycznym. Czesc I. Zawartosc
benzo/a/pirenu oraz innych weglowodorow wielopier-
scieniowych w pyle powietrza atmosferycznego 10 miast w
polsce). Text in Polish. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Hig.,
18(6):637-654, 1967. 20 refs.
The detree of dust pollution and the atmospheric level of poly-
cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons considered to be carcinogenic
(pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, and
benzo(ghi)perylene) were investigated in ten large Polish towns
situated in different climate regions. Air samples were col-
lected at the town center at a height of 8-10 m three times a
week, using a high-volume air sampler and filters of sintered
glass. The filters were weighed and dust concentrations in the
assayed air estimated. Extraction of the filters with benzene
followed. The extracts were separated by column chromatog-
raphy into appropriate fractions and spectrophotometrically
determined. The 24-hr mean concentrations of dust were high,
often exceeding the maximum allowable level of 200 micro-
gram/cu m. The content of tar substances in the dust varied up
to 20%, but was not correlated with dust levels. The content
of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in the air varied during
1966 in the following ranges: benzo(a)pyrene from 29-133
micrograms/1000 cu m, pyrene from 34-167 micrograms,
benzo(e)pyrene from 14-80 micrograms, and
benzo(ghi)perylene from 34-125 micrograms/1000 cu m. The
lowest dust concentrations occurred during July and August;
the highest concentrations, in winter.
36014
Suzuki, Yosbio
RELATION BETWEEN VISIBILITY AND AIR POLLUTION,
ESPECIALLY FLOATING DUST, AT TOKYO INTERNA-
TIONAL AIRPORT. (Tokyo kokusai kuko ni okeru shitei to
taiki osen). Text in Japanese. Kenkyo Jiho (J. Meteorol. Res.),
23(8):283-319,1971.12 refs.
The relation between visibility and suspended particulates was
investigated at the Tokyo International Airport for variation in
diurnal, annual, and year-to-year trends. The occurrence of
poor visibility (less than 800 m) has gradually been decreasing
from year to year. Dynamical statistics on poor visibility for a
five-year period are presented, including meso-scale weather
map analyses for several poor visibility occasions. On the
basis of aircraft observations of the slant visibility, a sche-
matic model for the mechanism of concentration and diffusion
of smoke emitted from factories is derived. (Author abstract
modified)
36412
Vlodavets, V. V.
MOLD FUNGI IN THE AIR OF MOSCOW. Priroda
(Moscow), no. 12:95-97, 1956. Translated from Russian. Fort
Detrick, Fredrick, Md., Technical Information Div., 4p., July
1, 1968. NTIS, DDC: AD 673310
During 1955, a quantitative and qualitative analysis was con-
ducted on the mold fungi in the air of Moscow. Samples were
taken twice weekly, between two and three p.m. A total of 96
samples were taken. The two methods used, for bacteriological
analyses were Krotov s slit sampler and Koch s dish method.
Each investigation consisted of seeding the air onto two dishes
containing beer wort agar, both by the slit sampler and the
sedimentation method. The air samples were taken at a height
of one meter 20 centimeters above ground level. The deter-
mination of the number of colonies of mold fungi and their
identifications was made after incubation of the Petri dishes
for five days at 22-24 C. Of the mold fungi found in the air,
those most frequently detected were Cladosporium, Penicilti-
um, Alternaria, and Aspergillus. The mold-fungi spore 'content
in the air is affected strongly by meteorological factors. The
study showed that in the various seasons of the year, there are
significant quantitative and qualitative flucuations in the con-
tent of mold-fungi spores in the air.
37306
Violet, P., G. Dumarchey, and F. Jourdan
AIR POLLUTION AND METEOROLOGY. (Pollution de 1 air
et meteorologie). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris),
13(51):201-207, July-Sept. 1971.
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
89
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and dust
measurements were taken in Lyon, France, on three days of
exceptional pollution in Nov. 1970. Simultaneous meteorologi-
cal observations revealed an important temperature inversion
whose effects on the concentration and dispersion of pollu-
tants are discussed. Although pollution level measurements
may succeed in giving the first warning of a pollution episode,
meteorological observations are necessary to describe the
evolution of the episode and to give a forecast of its occurring
at a certain time.
38481
Varkonyi, T. and M. Kertesz-Saringer
A SMOG SITUATION IN BUDAPEST ON JANUARY 22 AND
23 1970. (Eine smog-Situation in Budapest am 22 und 23.
January 1970). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Ihre. Grenz-
gebiete (Berlin), 17(12):887-888, Dec. 1971.
Each year the air pollution in Budapest rises to particularly
high concentrations three or four times during the months
from November to February. One such condition prevailed on
Jan. 22 to 23, 1970. The individual stages of the smog develop-
ment were studied by means of the measurement of the sulfur
dioxide concentration. Early in the morning of January 22, the
SO2 concentration rose to 3.30 mg/cu m which is 16 times as
high as the maximum allowable long-term concentration of
0.20 mg/cu m and five times as high as the maximum allowable
short-term concentration of 0.60 mg/cu m. This extremely high
concentration began to subside at 1 pm. The smog began to lift
on January 23 at 9 pm. The average SO2 concentrations were
measured again on January 25. Measurement of the nitrogen
dioxide concentration by the Saltzmann method yielded the
following data: on Jan. 22 at 10 am, 0.10 mgN02/cu m and at 8
pm 0.06 mg/cu m; Jan. 23 at 8.30 am, O.OS mg/cu m, at 10 am
0.06 mg/cu m, and at 12.30 pm, 0.03 mg/cu m. The maximum
concentration was measured on Jan. 22 at 5.30 am with 0.25
mgN02/cu m. The dust concentration rose likewise from 0.30
to 0.40 mg/cu m to 0.74 mg/cu m on Jan. 22 and to 0.84 mg/cu
m on Jan. 23. The sick calls rose parallel with the SO2 concen-
tration.
-------
90
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
02444
H. W. Georgii and S. Beilke
ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL- AND TRACE-GAS-WASHOUT
(FINAL SCIENTIFIC REPT.). Frankfurt Univ. (West Ger-
many). Institut fur Meteorologje und Geophysik. 58 pp., Mar.
1966. CFSTI.DDC AD 634907
The results of detailed investigations in the laboratory on
washout and rainout of SO2 by droplets of known size dis-
tribution and concentration are summarized. The results show
clearly the effect of drop size, intensity and of the chemical
composition (pH-value) of rain and fog on the scavenging effi-
ciency. The results of the experiments were used as basis of a
model calculation of the effect of washout and rainout by
natural precipitation at a given vertical distribution of SO2.
The circumstances under which the rainout and washout
mechanisms respectively become predominant for the chemi-
cal composition of rainwater at the ground are demonstrated.
(Author abstract modified)
05392
Slawson, P. R.
OBSERVATIONS ON PLUME RISE FROM A LARGE INDUS-
TRIAL STACK. Waterloo Univ., (Ontario), (Kept. No. NYO-
3685-7.) (May 1966). 86 pp.
Careful photographic observations were made on the rise of
smoke plumes from Lakeview Generating Station, Ontario and
the results were compared with several theoretical formulae.
Data relating to the stack variables were collected in some
detail. In a neutral atmosphere a linear rising portion of the
plume was found to occur beyond a specific transition point.
Within the limited accuracy of the photographic technique, the
observations confirmed the theoretical result that the height of
the plume axis above the source varies as the two-thirds
power of the distance downwind. Increased dilution tends to
oppose plume rise but the direct effect of instability in the at-
mosphere is to promote rise; under these opposing influences
it was found that in a dynamically unstable atmosphere the
plume is sometimes above or below a corresponding plume in
neutral conditions.
07179
G. Flemraing
COMPUTATIONAL CHARTING OF RELATIVE VALUES OF
SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE NIEDERLAUSITZ INDUSTRIAL
AREA. Rechnerische Kartierung von Schwefeldioxyd-Relativ-
werten im Industriegebiet Niederlausitz. Angew. Meteorol. (Ber-
lin) S(S):137-140 (1965). Ger.
A survey chart of the mean SO2 distribution over the Nieder-
lausitz industrial area was established. The investigation was
based upon the formula by Sutton as modified by Holland and
Maede-Pasquill. Not only existing sources but also industrial
emitters planned for this area were taken into account. Dif-
ferences of height of terrain were taken into account. The
computed chart is reproduced and some of its features are
discussed. The effect of deposition is much more favorable in
the Niederlausitz area with the smoke damages being less
pronounced than on the Dubener Heide which was previously
studied. Finally, smoke damage problems are discussed in
general. Attention is drawn to the fact that strips of woodland
can be quite effective in reducing damages to forests due to
sulfur dioxide. This is due to a maxing action.
09537
Vadot, L., P. Belle, and J. Barbelon
STUDY OF POLLUTION WHICH STARTS AS UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED EMIS- SIGNS. (QUALITATIVE AND EXPERI-
MENTAL ASPECTS OF THE PHENOMENA.) ((Etude de la
pollution a partir d'emissions unlfonnement repart- ies. (Aspect
qualitatif et experimental des phenomenes.).)) Text in French.
Pollu. Atmos.(Paris), 9(36):225-239, Oct.- Dec., 1967.
After discussion of several variable in the distribution of emis-
sions, an aqueous model is described where a vat of NaCl is
permitted to emit a known quality of NaCl with known densi-
ty into a stream of pure water of known velocity. This model
is considered to be analogous to the situation where smoke is
emitted in urban or industrial situations, and the density of the
salt solution is analogous to the thermal effect on plume
behavior. In the first series of experiments, the salt solutions
were emitted into water flowing at 0.95, 1.85, 4.25, or 5.95
cm./sec. and the results photographed. In a second series, a
narrower surface area for the distribution of the salt solution
was used. In a third series, the effect of a large source of ther-
mal emission upon a smaller, upstream source of pollution was
investigated. If the smaller source did not emit dense enough
solution, the diffusion trail of that source fell into the trail of
the larger, downstream source. The results are discussed and
compared with those seen in nature with reference to the ther-
mal effect of a large city and with reference to work done in
Hyde Park on SO2 diffusion by the wind. Results are graphed,
photographed, and drawn schematically.
10211
Berlyand, M. E., Onikul, R. I., and Ryabova, G. V.
THE THEORY OF ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION UNDER
CONDITIONS OF FOG. ((K teorii atmosfernoi diffuzii v
usloviyakh tumana.)) Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ.
(Leningrad), No. 207:3-13, 1968. 15 refs.
Relationships for atmospheric diffusion in various weather
situations are important for studying the possibilities of reduc-
ing air pollution from industrial emission sources. It had been
observed that the effect of air pollutants is more pronounced
in the presence of fog. The interaction between the fog and
the pollutants is complex and involves absorption of pollutants
in the water droplets, aerosol formation, chemical reactions,
etc. In the present study a mathematical analysis was made of
the propagation of gaseous air pollutants hi the presence of
fog over a river. The equation for turbulent diffusion was
solved and an expression was derived for the absorption of a
pollutant by the water droplets as a function of droplet diame-
ter, water concentration, and molecular diffusivity. The air
pollutant concentration profiles and transfer coefficients were
calculated in altitudes of 2-80 m. over a 700 m. wide river and
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
91
the adjoining shore area at 20-90% humidity and wind velocity
of 0.5 m./sec. The calculations were made under the assump-
tions that the turbulence over the river is equal or higher than
over the shore, and the river surface does or does not absorb
pollutants. Concentration profiles in presence of a temperature
inversion were also calculated for an emission source 100 m.
high and a wind velocity of 2 m./sec. It was shown that the
pollutant concentration decreased in all layers due to absorp-
tion by droplets in the fog. The fog was shown to accumulate
pollutants from higher levels. The results are applicable to
SO2. Oxidation of SO2 to sulfuric acid and the formation of
smog are discussed.
10217
Dunskii, V. F.
PRECIPITATION OF AEROSOL INTRODUCED INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE IN THE FORM OF A VERTICAL TURBU-
LENT JET. (Osedanie aerozolya, vvodimogo v atmosfery v
vide vertikal'noi turbulentnoi strui.) Text in Rus- sian Tr. Gl.
Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), No. 207:215-222, 1968. 8 refs
Usually only the productivity of the source is considered in
the theory of diffusion of aerosols from a point source. In the
presen study the precipitation of aerosol from a vertical jet is
analyzed means of semi- empirical theories of convective dif-
fusion and turbulent jets. The experimental data used in the
theory were obtained with different types of aerosol genera-
tors used in agriculture. The experiments were conducted for 6
to 20 hours by spraying transformer oil, solar oil and shale oil.
The generator wa truck-mounted and moved at a speed of 4-6
km./hr. perpendicularly t the wind direction. The Aerosol was
collected in cuvettes and on glass plates coated with zinc
stearate. The precipitation of individual droplet size fractions
was studied individually and as a poly- disperse mixture. The
proposed method for calculating the precipitation charac-
teristics of aerosol sprays was found to give results which
were in good agreement with experiments.
10219
Gil'denskiold, R. S., B. B. Goroshk/, G. A. Panfilova and B.
V. Rikhter
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF AIR
POLLUTION IN THE RE- GION OF THE MOLDAVA THER-
MAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT. (Rezul'taty eksperimen-
tal'nykh issledovanii zagryazneniya atmosfery v raioie moldav-
skoi ORES.) Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Lenin-
grad), No. 207:65-68, 1968. 7 refs.
A previously proposed method for calculating the dispersion
of fly ash and sulfur dioxide from smoke stacks of power
plants was verifi by measurements made in the vicinity of the
Moldava thermal power plant equipped with 180 m high, 6 m
diameter stacks. The SO2 concentrations were measured at
wind velocities from 2 to 6 ml sec a distances up to 9 km from
the emission sources. Also, meteorologic parameters at the
tune of the measurements were determined. The maximum
SO2 concentration calculated by a previously proposed formu
amounted to 0.26 mg/cu m and the dangerous wind velocity to
2.5 m sec. The calculated and experimental values were in
good agreement The height of the smoke plume above the
stack was measured and correlated with the wind velocity. A
previously proposed formula f calculating the smoke plume
height was modified to give more accurate results.
10220
Goroshko, B. B.
SOME PECULIARITIES OF THE PROPAGATION OF POL-
LUTANTS FROM HIGH SOUR CES, DEPENDENCE UPON
SYNOPTIC-METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS.(Nekotory
osobennosti rasprostraneniya vrednykh primesei ot bysokikh
istochnikov v zavisimosti ot sinoptiko-meteorologicheskikh fak-
torov Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), No.
207:69-7 6 refs.
Experimental data on SO2 concentrations obrained in the
vicinity of a large thermal electric power plant with 100 m high
stacks in t Shchekinsk region were processed to study relation-
ships between meteorological conditions and air pollution.
Graphs of SO2 ground concentrations up to 14 km from the
sources were plotted under cyclone, anti-cyclone and inter-
mediate conditions. SO2 ground concentrations at different
distances from the sources were plotted as a function of tem-
perature. Vertical SO2 concentration profiles versus tempera-
ture were also plotted at distances of 1, 2, 4 and 10 km from
the source. Horizontal SO2 concentrations profiles as a func-
tion of wind velocity were obtained. The SO2 concentration on
the ground was found to be at most only about 0.4 mg/cu m at
a wind velocity of 0-2 m/sec, while at velocities of 3-6 ml sec it
reached maximum of 1.8 mg/cu m at a distance of 4-8 km from
the source. Th situation is explained by the effect of the wind
on the direction o the smoke plume. Relationships between the
turbulent transfer coefficient on the ground and the ground
concentration were also studied. The ground concentration in-
creased with increasing transf coefficient. Low transfer coeffi-
cients in winter were always accompanied by low SO2 concen-
trations. It appears that variations the transfer coefficient can
be used for predicting air pollution.
10224
THE CONTENT OF SULFUR IN ATMOSPHERIC
PRECIPITATIONS. (0 soler- zhani sepy v atmosferiykh osad-
kakh.) Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad),
No. 207:87-91, 1968. 6 refs.
Sulfur in atmospheric precipitations occurs in form of SO3,
SO4 and Sions. However, in most analyses only the sulfates
are determined. I the present study SOS and SO4 ions were
determined i rain and snow collected during winter and
summer months. The SO3 content decreased within several
days of storage in zero which is explained by oxidation of SO3
to SO4 and the decomposition of SOS t SO2. The SO3 concen-
trations of fresh precipitations were generally much higher in
winter than in summe. This is explained by higher concentra-
tions of SO2 due to coal combustion and the higher solubility
of SO2 in water at lower temperatures.
10229
Selitskaya, V. I.
ANALYSIS OF AEROLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF AIR POL-
LUTION IN SOME REGIONS OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA.
((Analiz aerologicheskikh uslovii zagryazneniya atmosfery v
nekotorykh raionakh ETS.)) Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz.
Observ. (Leningrad), No. 207:188-201, 1968. 5 refs.
Comprehensive measurements of meteorological parameters
were made at altitudes up to 500 m. in the Moldava and
Cherepetskaya power plant regions. Mean temperature, hu-
midity and wind velocity profiles, pulsating velocity com-
ponents, and temperature gradients were determined. The
results indicate that the daily variations of all parameters are
substantial. Further studies should be conducted to obtain data
on nocturnal variations to permit evaluation of the intensity
and size of inversion layers.
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92
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
10233
Son'kin, L. R.
SOME RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC-CLJMATOLOGICAL ANAL-
YSIS OF AIR POLLUTION IN CITIES. ((Nekolorye rezul'taty
sinoptiko-klimatologicheskogo analiza zagryazneniya vozdukba v
gorodakh.)) Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Lenin-
grad), No. 207:56-64, 1968. 18 rets.
Air pollution data collected by the Main Geophysical Observa-
tory were analyzed to establish relationships between air pollu-
tion and the synoptic climatological situations in cities. Con-
centrations of dust and sulfur dioxide were plotted as a func-
tion of geographic location, season, month, synoptic situation
and pressure anomalies. The analysis showed that there is a
specific dependence between the synoptic situation (an-
ticyclone, cyclone) and air pollution. Stationary anticyclones,
which are usually accompanied by intensive air pollution, are
characterized by weak winds, the absence of transfer in the
lower layer (3-5 km.), and pressure inversions at 1-2 km. The
main cause of air pollution under these conditions is the
absence of removal of pollutants by horizontal transfer.
10235
Vorontsov, P. A.
A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE AIR FLOW AS A
FACTOR FOR THE TRANSFER OF AIR POLLUTANTS.
((Issledovanie struktury vozdushnogo potoka, kak faktora
perenosa produktov zagryazneniya atmosfery.)) Text in Rus-
sian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), No. 207:138-154,
1968. 12 refs.
A study was made of the aerological parameters in the vicinity
of six major Russian electric power plants. The pulsating
velocity components, the wind velocity, the temperature, the
humidity and pressure at altitudes up to 500 m. were deter-
mined by balloon probes and by aircraft. The frequency of
gardations were tabulated. The turbulence coefficient was cal-
culated and plotted as a function of altitude in the areas of the
power plants. The basic characteristics of the air flow were
also tabulated. The components of the turbulent energy were
then calculated. Convection contributed most in summer and
friction in winter. This was the first attempt to obtain turbu-
lent energy balances by processing of data from aerostatic pro-
bing.
10310
M. E. Berlyand
FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF ATMOSPHERIC DIFFU-
SION AND AIR POLLUTION. ((Oxnovnye problemy at-
mosfernoi diffusii i zagryazneniya vozdukha.)) Text in Rus-
sian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), 218:295-307, 1967. 60
refs.
A state-of-the-art study is presented on atmospheric diffusion
and air pollution. A total of 60 theoretical and experimental
studies carried out by the Main Geophysical Laboratory are
reviewed. The studies deal mostly with mathematical relation-
ships describing the dispersion of air pollutants under different
meteorological conditions. Some of the topics discussed in-
clude relationships for the turbulent transfer coefficient; equa-
tions describing turbulent diffusion of heavy pollutants; the ef-
fect of thermal stratification on turbulent transfer; dispersion
studies based on experiments with smoke screens for crop
protection; calculations of fog dispersion; and theoretical stu-
dies on the diffusion of carbon dioxide of pollutants emitted
from high sources. The Main Geophysical Laboratory, in
cooperation with the Leningrad Ship Building Institute, is stu-
dying the formulation of equations which describe the flow
structure; experiments are carried out with a model of a hill in
a wind tunnel. Comprehensive studies of air pollution from
high smoke stacks have been carried out in the vicinity of
power plants in Cherepetsk, Moldavia, and Shchekinsk.
Methods for calculating air pollution from power plants have
been developed and are used in the design of power plants.
Recently, comprehensive studies of air pollution in cities have
been conducted by a special department of the Laboratory.
10368
Berlyand, M. E.
METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CLEAN AIR PROTEC-
TION. ((Meterologicheskie problemy obespecheniia chistoty
atmosfery.)) Text in Russian. Meteorol. i Gidrol. (Moscow),
1967(11):50- 62, 1967. 11 refs.
Causes and control of air pollution in Russia are discussed, as
well as research in air pollution. Cement dust emitted in 1964
alone amounted to 1.5 million tons. Large heat and electric
power plants are presently installing ash collectors which are
95% effective, but even the small percentage emitted causes
significant pollution because of the sheer volume of burned
fuel. Desulfurization equipment is lacking. The effect of pollu-
tion depends on volume of emission, but more importantly on
distribution of the pollutant and meteorology. Ground level
temperature and wind velocity measurements are no longer
sufficient since so many emission sources are high above
ground (200-300 m.). Meteorological studies at the Main
Geophysical Observatory are dealing with the first several
hundred meters of air and include the development of mathe-
matical equations for atmospheric diffusion from tall emission
sources as well as formulas for initial escape velocity of pollu-
tants and for pollution concentration. When an air layer with a
weakened turbulence is directly superimposed over the emis-
sion source, the concentration of the pollutant more than dou-
bles, while if such a layer is 100-200 m. above the source, the
concentration is much less. Results of practical research con-
ducted near the three heat and electric power plants with the
tallest stacks in Russia during the period 1961 through 1965,
using ground-level and air-borne equipment, agreed with
theoretical data and led to the compilation of 'Provisional
methods of determining the dispersal in the air of emissions
from stacks of electric power plants' which is being applied in
planning new power plants. Regular pollution determinations
were started in 50 larger cities beginning in 1966, mostly using
automatic recording equipment. Results of research in several
large industrial cities of the Ukraine, Urals and Siberia have
shown that air pollution is greater in cities with unfavorable
meteorological conditions; in most cases, pollution is more
severe in summer than in winter.
11287
Fortak, H.
CALCULATED VALUES OF GROUND-LEVEL SO2 CON-
CENTRATIONS FROM EMISSION DATA. APPLICATION
OF THE RELATIONS TO THE URBAN AREA OF BREMEN.
Free Univ. of Berlin, Inst. for Theoretical Meteorology, 34p.,
Feb. 28, 1966.
An attempt is made to treat the problem of the determination
of the ground-level SO2 concentration of industrial agglomera-
tion areas with the aid of a model. The starting point of the
study is the consideration that the ground-level SO2 concentra-
tion may be determined from the frequency distributions of
the ground-level SO2 concentration the three parameters of
this frequency distribution — the mean, the mode and the
97.5% confidence limit on the side of high concentrations —
are used. The determination of the frequency distributions of
the ground-level concentrations of many points of the industri-
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
93
al agglomeration area, as a function of the frequency distribu-
tions of the meteorological parameters, is carried out mathe-
matically as follows: After drawing up a complete list of the
emitters, a list which takes into consideration, separately, all
individual emitters with an SO2 emission of more than 1 kg/hr,
and also includes the emission of domestic fuels in a suitable
manner, the super-imposed concentration field is calculated, as
a function of the established frequency distributions of
meteorological parameters, for each point of a grid, with the
aid of a model which is based, for the individual sources, on
GAUSS distributions of the concentrations. It was found that
in the case of Bremen the influence of the individual (industri-
al) emitters on the parameters of the ground-level concentra-
tion is secondary to the influence of domestic fuels. In every
case it became very clear that the ground-level SO2 concentra-
tion for a given period of time varies from point to point
within the area under consideration, and that a mean concen-
tration value, determined perhaps by measurement at a given
point, is not suitable for the characterization of the SO2
ground-level concentration either for this point or for other
points of the industrial agglomeration area.
11954
Senshu, Toshio
AN ANALYSIS OF THE SURFACE BOUNDARY LAYER IN A
REGION OF LAND AND SEA BREEZE. Taiki Osen Kenkyu
(J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution), l(l):46-54, 1966. Translated from
Japanese. 31 p.
A study of the dispersion conditions for waste gas in the
coastal region consisted of an analysis of the land and sea
breeze, and meteorological observations of the lower at-
mosphere (by means of a captive balloon) to determine the
characteristics of the boundary layer which forms in the region
of the land and sea breeze. The height of the boundary layer
that formed in the region of land and sea breeze showed a
distinct diurnal variation. At sunrise, the boundary layer was
300 m high. It had developed overnight by the land breeze.
Between 9 and 10 am during the switch from land breeze to
sea breeze, no boundary layer could be observed. The bounda-
ry layer began to build up again from a height of SO m to ISO
m when the sea breeze began to blow. The height of the boun-
dary layer was in close connection with the atmospheric sta-
bility near the ground surface. The maximum height of 300 m
was at neutral conditions; at stable or unstable atmospheric
conditions, the height was always less. The roughness of the
ground was large when the wind velocity was weak, while it
suddenly decreased when the wind velocity became strong. It
was about 20 cm at a wind speed of less than 1 ml sec and
below 5 cm at a speed of more than 2 m/sec. The frictional
velocity was one- tenth as large as the wind velocity at about 1
m above the ground.
11956
Ito, Shozo
TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUN-
DARY LAYER WITH STABLE THERMAL STRATIFICA-
TION. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), vol.
1:18-23, 1966. 6 refs. Translated from Japanese. 22p.
An attempt is made to develop a theory for predicting the
growth in the thickness of a cloud which is diffusing in a
leeward direction from a continuous point source. Neutral
stratification is contrasted with nocturnal thermal stratifica-
tion. With respect to leeward axial concentration and the
thickness of a cloud adjacent to the earth's surface, the theory
is compared with diffusion data obtained in experiments con-
ducted on a flat topography. (Author abstract modified)
12349
Monin, A. S.
ON THE TURBULENT EXCHANGE ABOVE OCEANS. (O
turbulentnom obmene nad okeanami). Doklady Akad. Nauk.
SSSR, 175(4):819-822, 1967. 3 refs. Translated from Russian.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 8p.
The humidity of air exerts a considerable influence on the tur-
bulent state of the lower layer of air above the ocean (as well
as above very wet land areas). It affects the magnitude of the
gravitational force in the first place; in the second place, at
high moisture contents, air strongly absorbs radiation of long
wave-lengths, so that the heat influx due to this process must
be taken into account. The turbulent entropy flux in humid air
is not proportional to the turbulent heat flux, as it is in dry air,
but includes a turbulent flux of moisture as well. The latter
has apparently been over looked up to now. Using analytical
expressions incorporating terms representing the effect of
moisture, as well as heat flux, energy, and momentum equa-
tions, expressions are derived characterizing the velocity, tem-
perature and humidity profiles of the lower layer of air above
the ocean; taking the statistical homogeneity of the undulating
ocean surface into account and restricting them to steady-state
conditions. Particular cases are considered in which the ex-
pressions for the dimensionless functions used to characterize
the above profiles assumes forms which agree with experimen-
tally determined profiles in these particular cases.
12792
Polster, G.
THE APPLICATION OF TURNER'S CLASSIFICATION OF
DIFFUSION CATEGORIES TO CENTRAL EUROPEAN CLI-
MATES. (Zur Anwendung der Turner'schen Klassifizierung
der Diffusionskategorien in der mitteleuropaeichen Klimare-
gion). Kernforschungsanlage, Juelich (West Germany), Zen-
tralabteilung Strahlenschutz Internal Rept. 9, 16p., 1969. 11
refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 19p., Aug. 26, 1969.
Turner's classification system for dispersion categories was
developed to deal with questions of air pollution. It is based
on hourly cloud observations conducted by weather bureaus
on the radiation intensity figured out indirectly from the an-
nual and diurnal variation of the sun elevation and on mea-
surements of the wind speed. The system is built around the
idea by Pasquill, according to which the atmospheric stability
near the earth's surface is primarily a function of solar or ter-
restrial radiation proportional to the degree of cloudiness and
the depth of the cloud layer. By including the amount of
clouds and the height of the cloud layer, radiation changes are
to some extent reflected by the system. The method can be
programmed and fed into a computer. This method is applied
to central European climates, and the results of the application
are discussed.
13030
Harada, Akira
A METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SO2 POLLUTION IN
SUMMER IN OSAKA. (Osaka ni okeru natsu no aryusan-gas
osen no kishyogaku- teki kaiseki rei). Text in Japanese.
Kishocho Kenkyu Jiho (J. Meteorol. Res.), 21(1):37-40, Jan.
1969. 3 refs.
The concentration of SO2 pollution in Osaka was measured on
July 15, 1966. Data were collected at 16 locations and
meteorologically analyzed. The highest concentration of SO2
pollution was observed between 9 am and 1 pm. The heavy
concentration during that period was caused by a build up
-------
94
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
from polluted sea wind followed by a similarly polluted land
wind. It was apparent, therefore, that heavy SO2 pollution can
be produced in summer despite the low stability of air pres-
sures.
14044
Reidat, R.
DAILY VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE AT ALTITUDES
OF UP TO 200 METERS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DIS-
TRIBUTIONS OF FLUE GASES ACCORDING TO MR TEM-
PERATURE RECORDS AT THE LOWER ELBE RIVER
NEAR STADE. (Ueber den taeglichen Gang der Lufttem-
peratur bis in 200 m Hoehe und sein Einfluss auf die Ver-
breitungen von Rauchgasen nach Registrierung der Lufttem-
peratur an der Unterelbe bei Stade). Text in German. Z.
Meteorol., 20(9-10):310-317, 1968. 3 refs.
At the smoke stack of the Schilling power plant near Stade,
Germany, air temperatures were recorded at ten altitudes
between 2 and 200 meters. These records provide a means for
studying temperature variation with altitude. On the basis of
records made during the summer, the build-up of the nocturnal
ground inversion can be studied. After sunrise, it disperses
from the ground upwards. The course of this dispersion and its
effect on the spreading of flue gases are followed. A few
hours before sunset, a stabilization sets in at the high altitude
and can first be observed when the good-weather cumulus
clouds begin to dissolve. The course of this stabilization at the
altitudes below 200 meters is estimated on the basis of changes
of the temperature gradient at the various altitudes. After sun-
down and at the start of the negative radiation balance, there
is again a build-up of the inversion from the ground upwards,
while at the high altitudes, a temperature decrease continues
for some time.
14825
Yeliseyev, V. S.
THE QUESTION OF HORIZONTAL SCATTERING OF IM-
PURITY IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Voprosy atmosfernoy dif-
fusii i zagryazneniya vozdukha). Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ.
(Leningrad), no. 172:74-78, 1965. 11 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian. Foreign Technology Div., Wright-Paterson AFB, Ohio,
Translation Div., p. 23-29, 1967. FTD-MT-24-186-67
The method of determination of the coefficient of horizontal
diffusion according to a visible outline of smoke from industri-
al smoke stacks is discussed. Studies of atmospheric con-
tamination in 1962-1963 in area of the Shchekino State Re-
gional Electric Power Station determined the parameters of
horizontal diffusion according to data of aircraft observations
of the smoke plume. A total of 20 flights was made to a
distance where the plume ended, a point where the concentra-
tion was considered equal to zero. It was found that the mean
dispersion as a function of time varied from 0.1 to 0.2 depend-
ing on weather conditions, but its absolute value remained
constant to a distance of 30-40 km from the source. The ob-
tained data was compared with characteristics of horizontal
diffusion by Sutton. The mean dispersion as a function of time
was recalculated to the parameters used in other studies and
foupd to be 0.1 to a distance of 25 km. (Aujjior abstract
modified)
16324
Podlaha, Miroslav
MODELLING OF ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION PROCESSES.
(K modelovani procesu atmosfericke difuze). Text in Czech.
Energetika (Prague), 19(12):489-492, 1969. 13 refs.
The conditions and assumption necessary for modeling at-
mospheric phenomena at a reduced scale in a wind tunnel
were described by the equation of atmospheric diffusion. Tests
showed that in modeling atmospheric phenomena, it was not
necessary to strictly adhere to the Reynold's criterion and that
it is the Lambda criterion which is decisive for this case. The
Lambda criterion is derived from the equation for atmospheric
diffusion which takes into account sources of contamination.
(Author abstract modified)
16629
Szepesi, Dezso
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE TURBULENT
DIFFUSION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS IN HUNGA-
RY. (Legszennyezo anyagok turbulens diffuziojanak
meteorologiai foltetelei magyarorszagon). Az Orszagos
Meteorologiai Intezet Hivatalos Kiadvanyai (Budapest) (Natl.
Meteorol. Inst. Offic. Publ.), vol. 32, 168p., 1967. 83 refs.
Translated from Hungarian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 207p., Sept. 1969.
A mathematical model is developed to incorporate the
meteorological factors influencing the dilution of atmospheric
pollutants from a point source, with a view towards optimizing
the location of such installations as electric power plants. The
model takes into account wind direction, wind speed, vertical
wind profile, and thermal stratification by use of the equation
of turbulent diffusion, with results calculated in average
number of hours per year during which a concentration of pol-
lution exceeds a given level. The computations are made by
computer, and solutions based on new industrial and
meteorological data can therefore be obtained rapidly. The
method is applicable to sites at which ground level and upper-
air wind observations have been made for at least a year or
which are located no more than 150 km from an existing
meteorological observatory in a broad lowland-type area. The
turbulent diffusion equations are also programmed for deter-
mining the necessary stack height and emission velocity of the
combustion gases of a power plant to achieve permissable
emission levels in the region surrounding the power plant. The
principal subject headings dealt with are meteorological, topo-
graphic, and industrial factors in air pollution; quantitative
analysis of meteorological data; early investigations of turbu-
lence and diffusion by Turner; and theory and application of
the turbulent diffusion method. Two-hour values of the stabili-
ty parameter for Budapest and 12 other cities for 1959-1963
have been calculated and are presented in a form ready for
computerization; the values were interpolated from four daily
radio sonde ascents on the basis of observed values of cloud
cover, temperature, and the hourly wind values with reference
to the isopletes of the average temperature gradients of the
lower 300 m of the atmosphere.
16680
Berlyand, M. Ye., Ye L. Genikhovich, V. K. Dem'yanovich,
and R. I. Onikul
INFLUENCE OF VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERA-
TURE AND SPEED ON WIND ON ATMOSPHERIC DIFFU-
SION OF RADIOACTIVE IMPURITIES. In: Radioaktivnyye
izotopy v atmosfere i ikh ispol'zovaniye v meteorologii.
Nauchnaya Konferentsiya po Yademoy Meteorologii, Ob-
ninsk, 1964. Translated from Russian. Foreign Technology
Div., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Translation Div. FTD-Mt-
24-368-67, p. 10-19. 9 refs. CFSTI, DDC: AD 682 226
Previous Soviet research on problems of atmospheric pollution
from continuously active point sources was based on models
of conditions for wind velocity and the coefficient of turbulent
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
95
exchange prevailing in the surface boundary layer of the at-
mosphere. The present paper discusses the inapplicability of
this model to many existing and planned point sources and to
problems of radioactive fallout. It presents a quantitative anal-
ysis of the effects of lapse rates, wind velocity, turbulent
exchange, and other factors of atmospheric diffusion. Included
is a mathematical model which reflects these factors as they
actually occur in the thick boundary layer.
16687
Onikul, R. I., G. A. Panfilov, B. V. Rikhter, and R. S.
Gil'denskiol'd
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
CHARACTERIZING THE DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHER-
IC POLLUTIONS NEAR THE THERMAL ELECTRIC
POWER STATIONS. (Rezul'taty analiza eksperimental'nykh
dannykh, kharakterizuyushchikh raspredeleniye atmosfernykh
zagryazneniy vblizi teplovykh elektrostantsiy). Tr. Gl. Geofiz.
Observ. (Moscow), no. 172:23-34, 1965. 13 refs. Translated
from Russian. Foreign Technology Div., Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio, Translation Div. FTD-MT-24-186-67
Meteorological and aerological data were collected on the dif-
fusion of sulfurous gas and ashes from stacks of thermal elec-
tric power stations from 1961 to 1963. A method for analyzing
the experimental data on surface concentrations at various
distances from the plants was described in detail and con-
trasted with conventional methods of finding average sulfur
dioxide concentrations. The method permits the determination
of maximum SO2 concentrations and calculations of dangerous
wind speeds. The results obtained by the method were in good
agreement with theoretical calculations. Maximum SO2 con-
centrations at all sampling points were related to the wind
speed, which depended on the initial flue gas exit speed from
stacks and the degree of their overheating. At low speeds, flue
gases rise to a great height. At higher speeds, the effective
height is small, but the gases are dispersed over a greater
distance. Rapid increases in surface concentrations follow ini-
tial increases in wind speed, but only very small changes in
surface concentrations occur thereafter.
17401
Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan, Public
Nuisance Section
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SIMULATION SYSTEM FOR AIR
POLLUTION FORECASTING. (Taikiosen yosoku no okeru
atarashii shisutemu no kaihatsu ni tsufte). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(1): 19-23, Jan. 15,
1970.
A new system for forecasting air pollution is planned by the
Ministry of Industry and International Trade. Its development
involves the systematization of the over-all air pollution ad-
ministration by conducting experimental field research, largely
dependent on a wind tunnel test, and the analysis of the ob-
tained empirical research findings by a simulation method. The
data will be stored in a data-bank to be available for computer
analysis whenever new factories or land reformation projects
are planned in a concerned area. The air pollution simulation
system will correlate all possible data on air pollution existing
in the areas of coastal plants with geographical features,
weather conditions, existing atmospheric inversion layers,
smoke dispersion factors, regional capability for plant con-
struction, layout of equipment, qualitative and quantitative in-
vestigations of fuel consumed, numbers of chimneys and their
height, amount of smoke discharged, variation of temperature
and wind speed, sulfur dioxide density, and so forth. All these
variable will be used as computer input. The experimental
findings obtained from the wind tunnel test are to be applied
to the simulation system, which is expected to cover the fac-
tors associated with complicated geographical influences or at-
mospheric inversions relatively indigeneous to coastal regions
in Japan. Two methods of simulation are considered applica-
ble; simulation of the spot data on weather analysis, statistical
treatment of collected records on air pollution, characteristics
of smoke dispersion, and correlation air pollution patterns; and
simulation by « wind tunnel test, the latter considered more
practical under present circumstantial provisions. The mathe-
matical model for the air pollution simulation system is
discussed.
17612
Berlyand, M. Ye. and R. I. Onikul
PHYSICAL BASES FOR CALCULATING THE SCATTERING
OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
(Fizicheskiye osnovy rascheta rasseivaniya v atmosfere pro-
myshlennykh vybrosov). Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Ob-
serv. (Leningrad), no. 234:3-27, 1968. 53 refs.
Theoretical work related to atmospheric dispersion of impuri-
ties from industrial sources is reviewed. Practical recommen-
dations are set forth with regard to the design of industrial en-
terprises so as to comply with standards for maximum allowa-
ble concentrations and establish so-called sanitary protection
zones. Verification of these methods at several regional elec-
tric power stations at Minsk, Tallin, Bobruysk, Alma-Atinsk,
Karagandinsk, and Daugavpilask and the Chelyabinsk Metal-
lurgical Plant is reported.
17678
Bezuglaya, E. Yu.
DETERMINATION OF AER POLLUTION POTENTIAL. (K
opredeleniyu potentsiala zagryazneniya vosdukha). Text in
Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), no.234:69-79,
1968. 19 refs.
Work in the U. S. on air pollution potential forecasting and
Soviet efforts along these same lines are reviewed. For
forecast purposes, the territory of the USSR is divided into
four regions: 1) a major portion of Eastern Siberia, where at-
mospheric stagnation is observed up to 25 days of the winter
months; 2) the western European sector and northern foothills
of the Urals, where moderate repeatability of atmospheric
stagnation is observed; 3) the northeastern European sector
and forest region of Western Siberia, where atmospheric stag-
nation is observed only in spring and winter; and 4) an area
comprising Kazakhstan, Povolzh'ya, the northern section of
Middle Asia, a large part of Western Siberia, and the shores of
marginal seas where stagnation almost never occurs (1-2 times
in 5 years).
17713
Gorlin, S. M. and I. M. Zrazhevskiy
WIND-TUNNEL STUDIES OF AIRFLOW OVER RELIEF
AND URBAN-STRUCTURE MODELS. (Izucheniye ob-
tekaniya modeley rel'efa i gorodskoy zastroyki v
aerodinamicheskoy trube). Text in Russian. Tr. GL Geofiz. Ob-
serv. (Leningrad), no.234:45-59, 1968. 19 refs.
Wind-tunnel studies of airflow over a model of an isolated hill
and over complex models simulating city structures are
described. The overall flow picture was not significantly al-
tered by Reynolds numbers in the range (5.1-31.5) times 10 to
the 5th power. Increasing the turbulence of the incident flow
resulted in a more uniform velocity distribution along the nor-
mal to the obstacle. Changes in incident flow turbulence had a
-------
96
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
greater effect on the flow field around complex obstacles. This
experimental technique is deemed valuable for solving actual
meteorological problems.
reole, and ozone exerts a substantial effect on the evolution of
color of the crepuscular sky at a height of 25 to 45 km.
(Author abstract modified)
17719
Chiaki, Toshio
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND SMOKE DIFFU-
SION. 44. ANALYSIS OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER
(II). Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):70-
77, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 2p.
In the turbulent boundary layer, the vertical distribution of the
•wind speed is represented by the logarithmic and linear type
law. The thickness of the boundary layer is 30 m to approxi-
mately 300 m, and is connected with the atmospheric stability.
It is thickest in the neutral atmosphere and thin in the stable
and unstable atmosphere. The turbulance intensity of the at-
mosphere in the boundary layer becomes larger as the layer
approaches the ground. The vertical distribution roughly corn-
forms to the logarithmic law. The value of the turbulence in-
tensity is affected by the atmospheric stability. The ratio of
the turbulence intensity for 1 minute to the average wind
speed exceeded 0.10 in the unstable atmosphere. The at-
mospheric diffusion coefficient, obtained from this ratio,
showed a tendency to be proportional to the square of the sur-
face wind speed.
17722
Inoue, Rikita, Satoshi Nakajima, and Yasushi Ogawa
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND SMOKE DIFFU-
SION. 47. ANALYSIS OF THE DOWN-DRAFT BY MEANS
OF WIND-TUNNEL EXPERIMENTS. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):70-77, 1967. Translated from
Japanese. 3p.
Turbulence intensity in the case of average wind speeds of 0.5,
1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s at several places leeward of the turbu-
lence lattice was measured. A miniature-type low velocity dif-
fusion wind-tunnel was used. The results were analyzed with
respect to mode of decay of the turbulence intensity, self- cor-
relation coefficient, and spectrum distribution. The mechanism
of the down-draft in a simple building model was also in-
vestigated on the basis of these data. The chief items that
were analyzed included the distribution of the average wind
speed on the lee of a building and photographic analysis of the
types of smoke.
18204
Smoktiy, 0.1.
LIGHT SCATTERING IN A SPHERICAL ATMOSPHERE
CONTAINING AEROSOLS. Atmos. Oceanic Phys. (English
translation), 5(1):23-31, Jan. 1969. 10 refs. Translated from
Russian by P. A. Keehn.
The basic boundary value problem for finding the mean inten-
sity of multiply scattered light in a spherical aerosol at-
mosphere is formulated. The numerical data obtained on the
brightness of the crepuscular aerosol atmosphere are analyzed
for a case when the orbit of a space vehicle is high enough,
and the observer is in the shadow zone at a great distance
from the terminator line. Results showed that for aerosol at-
mosphere models, the scattering indicatrices, theoretically
computed and determined on the basis of experimental data,
lead to almost identical results at heights exceeding 10 to 12
km. A pronounced difference in brightness was observed only
in the lower 6 km layer of the atmosphere. Calculations of the
results for absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric ozone
showed a decrease in the brightness of the crepuscular au-
19274
Tavartkiladze, K. A.
INCREASE IN ATMOSPHERIC DUSTINESS OVER THE
USSR. (Uvelicheniye zapylennosti nad territoriey SSSR). Text
in Russian. Meteorol. i. Gidrol., no. 5:42-52, 1970. 20 refs.
The problem of changing atmospheric concentration of aerosol
particles at a number of points in the USSR (Karadag, Tbilisi,
Yerevan, Baku, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, Irkutsk, and Yakutsk)
during recent decades is examined. Available data for integral
solar radiation and other characteristics of the atmosphere are
used to eliminate errors which frequently arise from use of the
Bouguer-Beer formula. A general trend toward increasing at-
mospheric dust content over the entire Soviet Union is
established.
19618
Pivovarova, Z. I.
DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSPARENCY COEFFICIENT OF
THE ATMOSPHERE (FOR INTEGRAL FLUX)
THROUGHOUT THE TERRITORY OF THE USSR. (Ras-
predeleniye koeffitsienta prozrachnosti atmosphery (dlya in-
tegral'nogo potoka) po territorii SSSR). Text in Russian. Tr.
Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Moscow), no. 213:105-121, 1968. 13 refs.
Surveys of atmospheric transparency coefficients throughout
the Soviet Union for the months of January, March, June, and
September are reported. A map showing the attenuation of
solar radiation due to aerosols, together with atmospheric tur-
bidity, is also presented for the month of June. The trans-
parency of the atmosphere varies considerably with longitude
at constant latitude, with variation in total direct solar radia-
tion reaching 7 kcal/sq cm at 60 degrees north, and 15-20
kcal/sq cal at 45 degrees north. Distribution of transparency
coefficients was found to be affected primarily by water vapor
content and also to a great extent by persistent aerosols.
19740
Imyanitov, I. M. and Ye. V. Chubarina
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRICAL FIELD OF
THE ATMOSPHERE AND NUCLEI OF CONDENSATION.
In: Electricity of the Free Atmosphere (Results of Measure-
ments During the IGY and MGC). (Elektrichestvo svobodnoy
atmosfery (rezul'taty uzmereniy vo vremya MGG i MGC).
Lenigrad, Gidrometeorologicheskoye Izdatlel'stvo 1965, Chapt
6, p. 74-82, 177-178, 180-182. 9 refs. Translated from Russian.
Foreign Technology Div., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Trans-
lation Div., 9p., Aug. 21, 1968. CFSTI, DDC: AD 685507
Data on electric field strength of the atmosphere and the con-
centration of condensation nuclei that were obtained in 25 air-
craft soundings were mathematically analyzed to determine the
relationship between electric field strength and nuclei concen-
tration up to 2.5 km. The presence of a close relationship (was
established. In those cases where exponential decreases of
field strength and concentration of nuclei were observed, coef-
ficients in the exponents of corresponding formulas are close
to one another in value. The connection between field strength
and concentration of nuclei is due to changes in the conduc-
tivity of air. This makes it possible to estimate average dimen-
sions of nuclei. Height distribution curves of electric field
strength and the concentration of condensation nuclei were
also plotted according to data obtained from 27 flights made in
midsummer. The curves are very similar to one another; both
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
97
electrical field strength and condensation nuclei show max-
imums at 500-700 m. The maximum vertical distribution of
both nuclei and electric strength are greatly influenced by in-
versions and the intercepting layers connected with them.
19758
Kabanov, M. V., et al
POLARIZATION OF LASER EMISSION SCATTERED BY
FOG AND SMOKE. Fiz. Atems. i Okeana (Moscow),
4(10):1116-1119, 1968. 10 refs. Translated from Russian.
Techtran Corp., 7p., Oct. 14, 1969. CFSTI, DDC: AD 695958
The results of experimental investigations of the degree of
polarization of scattered forward and reflected light are
discussed, including laser-emission in artifical fog and smoke.
Measurements were conducted in a 35 cu m artifical fog
chamber; a flow of linearly polarized emission from a gas teser
on He-Ne mixtures, wavelength 0.63 mkm, was directed into
the chamber with a given scattering medium. A method of
measurement was used that significantly decreased errors from
the temporary instability of the substances under investigation.
During dispersion of narrow laser beams, the theory of mo-
mentary scattering describes not only the dependence of scat-
tered light intensity on optical thickness, but also the polariz-
ing ability of scattered forward light.
19767
Mashkova, G. B.
WIND PROFILES WHEN CLOUDS ARE LOWER THAN 300
M. Tr. Inst. Prikl. Geofiz. (Leningrad), no. 10:3-17, 39-43,
1967. 3 refs. Translated from Russian by L. Heenan, Foreign
Technology Div., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Translation
Div., p. 23-29, Jan. 30, 1970.
Systematic wind measurements made in 1964 on a 300-m tower
at Obninsk were used in compiling wind profiles during
periods when the area was covered by low clouds. Observa-
tions lasting two days were made once every two weeks of air
temperatures and wind speeds and directions. There were 90
instances during which the ceiling was below 300 m. Wind
profiles drawn for these instances fell into three categories:
type 1 is characterized by a smooth increase in wind speed
with height; type 2 by the existence of a maximum speed at
some elevation; and the third type, by a complicated,
frequently S-shaped profile. These main types of profiles are
further subdivided. Type la has stable stratification with small
lapse rates both under and within the cloud deck an'd has large
wind speed gradients. Types Ib and Ic have larger lapse rates
and lower wind speed gradients than in type 1 a. On profiles of
the 2a and c types, the lapse rate is of the order of 0.5 deg per
100 m under the cloud deck, 0.6-0.7 deg per 100 m at the cloud
base and 0.4-0.5 deg per 100 m in the clouds. On type 2b
profiles in the lapse rate is 0.96 deg per 100 m under the ceil-
ing, decreasing to 0.5 deg per 100 m at the cloud base and in
the clouds. The vertical gradient of the wind speed changes
sign at the edge of the cloud base (2a), is somewhat below it
(2b) and above it (2c). Type 3 profiles are characterized by
sub-cloud lapse rates. (Author abstract)
19781
Petrova, G. M. and A. N. Miroshkina
MECHANISMS OF AEROSOL PARTICLE DISPERSION IN
THE FREE ATMOSPHERE. 1969 (?). 13 refs. Translated from
Russian. Techtran Corp., 42p., Sept. 25, 1969. CFSTI, DDC:
AD 695511
The dispersion in the free atmosphere of irregular-shaped par-
ticles 100-1000 micron in diameter from altitudes of 500-8000
meters and of spherical particles 30-100 micron in diameter
from altitudes of 500-1000 meters was investigated. Lu-
minescent sand and plastic particles were employed as indica-
tors. The determining factor in the dispersion of large particles
was gravitational settling. As particle size diminished during
dispersion, gravitational settling assumed less significance and
the influence of atmospheric turbulence increased. In the case
of the smallest particles, the effect of atmospheric turbulence
completely dominated gravitational settling. The intensity of
the turbulence is determined by the wind field and the degree
of thermal stability of the atmosphere. Strong winds and un-
stable stratification contribute to an increase in turbulent
dispersion. Empirical formulas are given which permit compu-
tation of the surface concentration of particles which have fal-
len from an instantaneous point source in a specific distribu-
tion according to descent velocity. An analysis of the disper-
sion factors in impurities of the coefficients of transverse and
vertical diffusion is given. (Author abstract modified)
19828
Yanagihara, Shigeru
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF AUTO EXHAUST.
(Jidosha haikigasu no kokagaku hanno). Text in Japanese.
Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
8(2): 10-17, June 1970. 5 refs.
Control is quite difficult of the automotive emissions of
nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons which contribute to the
production of photochemical smog, resulting in eye irritation
and plant damage. In connection with this problem, a brief
description of the effect of solar radiation in terms of wave
length, energy, and irradiation angle on the absorption
mechanisms of various substances is presented tabularly and
graphically. Possible chemical reactions due to the radiation
energy of fluorescent light as well as solor radiation are
described in terms of reaction formulae. A smog chamber was
used to investigate the photochemical effect, while radiation
source was a set of three hundred 100 W fluorescent lamps
with the intensity of 1000 micro-W per sq cm (3450-3550 A).
The chamber which was about 11 cu m, contained various
measurement devices, radiation and dilution sources, as well
as a chassis dynamometer to simulate different driving and
idling conditions in order to produce exhaust gases. The
general schematic diagram is given. Data are plotted for the ir-
radiation of nitric oxide plus ethylene, showing that the
smaller the initial concentration of NO, the larger the rate of
increase of NO2 and the faster the formation of oxidants. The
faster the reaction, the higher the HC/NO ratio will be. Data
are presented for actual exhaust gases under simulation condi-
tions, and also for the effects of different types of hydrocar-
bons. Definite relations were observed between the initial con-
centrations of NO and HC and the resulting concentration of
oxidants. Reported connections with many types of HC, such
as paraffin, olefins, and alkyl benzene, and the degree of ir-
ritation of the eyes are quantified in terms of a mathematical
formula. A list of reactivit of organic materials is included, ac-
cording to ozone or oxidants, peroxides, formaldehydes,
aerosols, eye irritation, plant damage, and average reactivity
index.
20155
Zilitinkevich, S. S., D. L. Laykhtman, and A. S. Monin
DYNAMICS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER OF THE AT-
MOSPHERE. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmosfery i Oke-
ana, 3(3):297-333, 1967. 142 refs. Translated from Russian. 66p.
-------
98
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Modern developments in research on a planetary boundary
layer are reviewed and fundamental theoretical models
analyzed. The similarity theory of the boundary layer is
discussed. Experimental results concerning vertical profiles of
wind components, temperature, turbulent exchange coeffi-
cients, dissipation rate of turbulent energy, and other parame-
ters are summarized. A priori models of the coefficients of
viscosity are developed. (Author abstract modified)
20351
Takamatsu, T., M. Naito, Y. Ikeda, and K. Kawata
CALCULATION OF PREDICTION FOR POLLUTANT CON-
CENTRATION. (Taiki osen nodo yosoku keisan moderu no
kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 4(1):1S, 1969. (Proceedings of the 10th Annual
Meeting of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
By electronic computer analysis of data on pollutant concen-
trations and meteorological conditions obtained by telemetry, a
differential equation and its various solutions was developed in
order to calculate and predict the pollution concentration by
time and location. The first-order differential equation is es-
sentially an adjustment type equation where the time rate of
change of concentration is specified within an atmospheric
volume (zone) V. The equation depends on the parameter of
vertical mixing, the concentration in question, the concentra-
tion of pollutants from the region outside V, the strength of
emission in the zone, the station number, and the rate of diffu-
sion of pollutants. Some of the parameters are determined
from meteorological data, and the others implicitly from a
combination of data. Based on the actual density of pollution
(sulfur component) at 20 and 110 meter altitudes on Osaka
Tower, it was suspected that in the immediate neighborhood
of the tower, the ground level pollution is always concentrated
in winter and that the effect of the localized surface emission
sources is large. The result of the calculation tended to con-
firm the suspicion.
20629
Takamatsu, T., M. Naito, Y. Ikeda, and K. Kawada
CONTROL FOR AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen seigyo ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 4(1):16, 1969. 2 refs. (Proceedings of the 10th
Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, 1969.)
By using a mathematical model that describes the atmospheric
pollution concentration in a metropolitan area, the concentra-
tion a few hours away can be predicted when there is a con-
tinuous influx of data from the monitoring stations; control
methods for pollution phenomena that contain too many un-
certain elements can be probabilistically determined. The
mathematical model is essentially a first-order differential
equation that is described by vector and matrix notations,
since the metropolitan area can be divided into N zones over a
discrete time period k. By employing stochastic methods and
optimality calculations, the desired results, the expected value
of the concentration S hours away and the optimal control
variable at zone i and time k, can be determined.
21122
Reidat, Rudolf
FINDINGS ON THE VARIATION OF UNSTABLE WEATHER
CONDITIONS IN THE LOWER PORTION OF THE AT-
MOSPHERE FROM TEMPERATURE RECORDINGS UP TO
A HEIGHT OF 200 METERS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN
SUPERVISING THE HAMBURG INDUSTRY. (Erkenntnisse
ueber den gang der Instabilitaet der unteren Atmosphaere aus
temperatureregisterierungen bisweihundert Mete Hoehe and
inhre Anwendung bei der Beratung der Hamberg Indstrie. Inst.
Gewerbliche Wasserwirtschaft Luftrein Halting Forum, vol.
6:41-58, 1967. 2 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
20p., Sept. 22, 1969.
The frequency and duration of stable air masses up to 500 m
was determined from data obtained during weather observa-
tion flights between 1933 and 1944 before the construction of a
large power plant near Stade. To determine how stack height
would affect mixing in the immediate vicinity of the plant,
temperature lapse rates were monitored up to 200 m. On a
yearly average, 167 days with surface inversions were
counted, one fourth of which reached a height of 200 m and
one fourth, a height of more than 350 m. Seven eighths of
these temperature inversions disappeared by afternoon. The
days on which no mixing occurred averaged about 44 a year.
Only one fourth of the stable weather conditions lasted longer
than four days. The longest stable conditions prevailed in
December. Analysis of the temperature lapse rates showed
that half of the hours between midnight and sunrise are
marked by temperature inversions which extend to 175 m. No
inversions were recorded between noon and 2 P.M. It is con-
cluded that high stacks reaching higher than surface haze emit
smoke in a coning plume until midnight, after which stabilizing
upper layers change the smoke plume to a fanning one. A spe-
cial weather service is suggested to guard against emissions
during stable conditions.
21646
Budyko, M. I.
RADIATION FACTORS OF CONTEMPORARY CLIMATE
CHANGES. Radiotsionnye faktory sovremennykh izmenenii
klimata). Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geogr., no. 5:36-42,
1968. 7 refs. Translated from Russian. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 12p., April 18, 1970.
Data are presented on the variations of air temperature for
zones from 17 to 19 deg north lat and of solar radiation
reaching the earth, over approximately the last 100 years, from
1880-1885. A rise in temperatures which began at the end of
the 19th century halted about 1940 and changed to a decrease,
with larger changes in the middle and especially the high
latitudes. The radiation curve shows two maxima, one at the
end of the last century and a second, more prolonged peak
during the 30's; a decrease began in the 1940's. These varia-
tions are related to changes in atmospheric transparency, as
when sharp decreases in solar radiation occur after explosive
volcanic eruptions fill the lower layers of the atmosphere with
volcanic dust; average earth temperatures may decrease
several tenths of a degree. With settling of the dust, radiation
and temperatures increase. The radiation decrease beginning in
the 1940's may be due in part to similar effects on atmospheric
transparency from industrial pollution and nuclear weapons
testing. If the present large quantities of atmospheric dust are
of volcanic origin, temperatures may be expected to rise; if no
new major eruptions occur; if a significant portion is from
human economic activity, the decrease in temperatures may be
of long duration. The need for worldwide data on volcanic
eruptions, dust, atmospheric regimes and solar radiation is
stressed.
22080
Minowa, Toshio
STRUCTURE OF GROUND INVERSION IN YOKOHAMA.
Kenkyu Jiho (J. Meteorol. Res.), 21(l):23-36, Jan. 1969. 8 refs.
Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst Research Labs.,
Philadelphia., Pa., Science Info. Services, 30p., Dec. 3, 1969.
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
99
The results of over 300 meteorological soundings of nocturnal
ground inversion layers ia urban areas are analyzed. The
soundings were conducted by the use of kite-balloons and ad-
balloons in cold weather. In the outer urban area, most of the
temperature inversion appeared directly upwards from the
ground surface. Isothermal layers were observed up to 150 ft
from the ground with the inversion elevated about this layer
only on windy nights. This is due to the turbulent mixing flow,
mechanically produced by windward hills or roughness in the
surface layer. In the central area of the city is a heat-island,
due to the artificial heat supply. The temperature profile here
is characterized regardless of wind by the elevated inversion
layer, with a base height which reaches higher than 200 ft.
(Author abstract modified)
22228
Parvis, Daniele
CONDENSATION NUCLEI IN THE AIR OF ARTIFICIALLY
HEATED ENVIRONMENTS. (I nuclei di condensazione nell-
'aria degli ambient artificialmente riscaldati). Ann. Sanita
Publica (Rome), vol. 13:1569-1581, Nov.-Dec. 1952. 20 refs.
Translated from Italian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 20p., Dec. 16, 1969.
An investigation was conducted to establish numerical values
of condensation nuclei in the air of artificially heated environ-
ments. The number of condensation nuclei was determined
with an Aitken counter, and an Owens jet dust counter was
used to determine the particle content of the air. Easic climatic
factors including temperature, humidity, air movement, and at-
mospheric pressure were measured. The outdoor air in the
center of Milan between 11 am and 1 pm from January to
March 1952 contained an average of 100,000 condensation
nuclei/cc. Inside the rooms investigated, the number of nuclei
was approximately 50% lower and fluctuated between 32,000
and 74,000/cc. The lowest levels of condensation nuclei were
found in air-conditioned and electrically heated rooms and
highest levels prevailed in environments heated by coal stoves
associated with dryness and irritation of the mucous mem-
brane of the upper airways. It is believed that data on nuclea-
tion represent useful parameters of air hygiene in different en-
vironments. Further studies on ionization and nucleation are
required to define the climatic factor which influence well-
being in confined rooms.
22315
Nomoto, S., Y. Takigawa, K. Enoshima, and M. Anzai
A STATISTICAL STUDY ON THE VISIBILITY FORECAST-
ING (PART 2)- PREPARATION AND VERIFICATION OF
THE MULTIPLE REGRESSION EQUATION FOR VISIBILI-
TY FORECASTING. Kishacho Kenkyu Jiho (J. Meteorol.
Res. (Tokyo)), 21(1):9-17, Jan. 1969. 4 refs. Translated from
Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 22p., Dec. 3, 1969.
Multiple regression equations for visibility forecasting were
constructed by using the HITAC 5020 computer. In these
equations, predictands are the averaged visibilities in the after-
noon and the minimum visibilities after sunset, and predictors
are 35 meteorological elements observed in the morning.
Verification confirms that the forecasted visibilities by the
multiple regression equations are close to the observed ones;
for instance, a correlation coefficient is 0.637. The relation of
multiple correlation coefficients to the number of predictors
through six multiple regression equations indicates that accura-
cy of the method increases up to 3 or 5, then increases slowly
with the number of predictors employed. A regression equa-
tion was prepared for each N (N equals 1,2, 20) of selected
predictors out of 35 predictors, then each accuracy of the the
methods by 5, 10 and 20 predictors was verified; the most ac-
curate method is the one by 10 predictors, then the 5 and 20
predictors follow. (Author abstract modified)
22403
Nomoto, S. and K. Enoshima
A STATISITICAL STUDY ON VISIBILITY FORECASTING
(PART I). Kenkyu Jiho (J. Meteorol. Res.), 20(12):1-16, Dec.
1963. 7 refs. Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 50p., Dec. 19,
1969.
A method for objective forecasting of visibility by means of
statistics and correlative analysis is described. Visibility pre-
dictors and correlative coefficients are calculated for minimum
visibility in the evening and averaged for days with or without
rainfall. Useful predictors with high correlation coefficients,
such as meso-scale pressure pattern, atmospheric stability, and
wind velocity in the lower atmosphere are selected. By com-
bining these, some forecasting diagrams are constructed. The
forecasting method by these diagrams is verified as useful;
minimum visibility in the morning and evening can, in general,
be predicted within an error of 1.5 miles. The method con-
siders industrial pollution in the form of volume and variation
of aerosols. Other parameters considered include cloud cover,
dust-fall, precipitation, temperature, pressure, humidity,
winds, and inversions. (Author abstract modified)
22417
Szepesi, Dezso
AIR POLLUTION'S RELATIONS TO METEOROLOGY. (A
levegoszennyezode's meteorologiai vonatkozasai). Text in
Hungarian. Energja Atomtech. (Budapest), 23(5):215-222, 1970.
9 refs.
Meteorological quantities of air pollution implicate altitude
wind, stability parameter, thickness of the mixing layer, and
the number of 'Degree-days of heating' (C room-temperature
multiplied by days/year of heating). These quantities are
available for the City of Budapest and used in the paper as ex-
amples. The above four quantities, the 'background load' of
pollutants and the emission charateristics of significant point-
sources of pollutants will define the actual pollution load at a
particular location, as a function of time. There are a few
physical characteristics of the load calculation that had not
been adequately defined, especially the roughness parameter
of the terrain. This latter depends on the vertical profile of the
area and the degree of coverage by buildings. Investigations
are underway (both in Hungary and abroad) to obtain mathe-
matical expressions for the roughness parameter. When the in-
vestigations are completed, air pollution forecasting for cities
will be possible, and even smog formation will be predictable
from meteorological data.
22921
Rozenberg, G. V.
POSSIBILITIES FOR DETERMINING EXPERIMENTALLY
THE SPECTRA OF TRUE ABSORPTION FOR CLOUDS AND
FOGS. IN: Investigation of Clouds, Precipitation, and Thun-
derstorm Electricity. (Issledovaniya oblakov, osadkov i
grozovogo elektrichestva). Moscow, Izd-vo Akademia Nauk
SSSR, 1961, p. 58-64. 22 refs. (Presented at the International
Symposium on Radiation, Oxford, July 1959.) Transited from
Russian by D. Grandjean, Foreign Technology Div., Wright-
Patterson AFB, Ohio, Translation Div., lip.. Feb. 23, 1968.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 682774
-------
100
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Radiational processes in clouds and fogs are considered in the
study of the volumetric factors of absorption and dispersion
and their spectral relationships. Everything discussed relates to
that region of the spectrum where self-radiation of the disper-
sive substance or gaseous phase does not play a part. Reliable
methods of experimentally determining the true spectra of ab-
sorption and dispersion in clouds and fogs are possible; they
are by no means trivial, and their development requires special
attention.
23039
Gandin L. S. and R. E. Soloveichik
ON THE PROPAGATION OF SMOKE FROM FACTORY
STACKS. (O rasprostranenii dyma iz fabrichnykh trub). Tr.
Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), no. 77:84-94, 1958. 14 refs.
Translated from Russian by Irene A. Donehoo, Weather Bu-
reau, Washington, D. C. Foreign Area Section, ISp., Jan. 1961.
A theoretical analysis of smoke propagation from factory
stacks is performed to establish the relationships among the
strength of the source (amount of smoke per unit time), rate of
fall of particles, concentration of admixture, and wind speed.
Both the wind speed and the horizontal exchange coefficient
are considered to increase with height in an approximation of
true atmospheric conditions. The effect of superheating of the
effluent particles is insignificant within the framework of the
analysis and is disregarded. Maximum concentration was inde-
pendent of either wind speed or the horizontal diffusion coef-
ficient; rather, it is wholely a function of time. In the discus-
sion of the effects of the particle, the aerosol is assumed to be
polydisperse, but the size of each particle is assumed to be
constant. An increase in the source strength increases the con-
centration only to a limit, following which additional increases
result in a decrease in concentration.
23304
Selezneva, E. S.
INVESTIGATIONS OF CONDENSATION NUCLEI AND THE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC
PRECIPITATION. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad no.
218:266-276, 1967. 16 refs. Translated from Russian. Israel Pro-
gram for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, lip., 1970. CF-
STI: TT-68-50493
A brief history of the investigation of atmospheric condensa-
tion nuclei is presented, and recommendations are made as to
the direction of future studies in this area. The material
covered is principally Russian in origin with some reference to
non- Russian work. Maps are included to show the distribution
of condensation nuclei over Russia and their sources are
identified. Comment is made on the role of precipitation in
stripping the lower atmosphere of soluble suspended particu-
lates.
25811
Lebedinskiy, A. B.
CONCERNING INDIRECT DETERMINATION OF THE RE-
PEATABILITY OF LARGE-SCALE NEAR-GROUND INVER-
SIONS IN CITIES OF SD3ERIA. (K voprosu o kosvennom
podschete povteryaemosti raoshchnykh prizemnykh inversiy v
gorodakh Siberi). Text in Russian. Tr. Nauchn. Issled. lust.
Aeroklimatologii, 54(4):55-60, 1968.11 refs.
Data on the repeatability of near-ground and 'hazardous' in-
versions as determined for a number of Siberian cities (Bar-
naul, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Kolpashevo, Nizhneudinsk,
Zhigalovo, Kurensk, and Erbogachen) are presented, together
with the computational basis used for making these detennina
tions. It is possible to make sufficiently accurate determina-
tions of average and maximum repeatability of 'hazardous' in-
versions for locations with similar physicogeograpnic condi-
tions using wind-vane data alone.
26845
Fukoka, Saburo
ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN WEATHER MAPS AND
HIGH LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATION IN TOKYO. (Kiatsu
haichi patan to Tokyo-to ni oker SO2 konodo osenbi no shut-
sugen keiko ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Tokyo-to Kogai Ken-
kyusho-ho, (Ann. Kept. Tokyo Metropol. Res. Inst. Environ.
Protection), Sect. 1:51-64, Jan. 1970. 1 ref.
The relationship between the atmospheric pressure arrange-
ments and high pollution concentrations was investigated by
means of a computer, based on the classification of pressure
patterns in and around Japan and the pollution conditions cor-
responding to each pattern. Detailed data are listed for the
frequency of occurrence of high concentrations of sulfur diox-
ide pollution (over 0.1 ppm/ day) for different atmospheric
pressure patterns in each of the fou seasons. The data range
from 1964 to 1967. The pressure patterns that bring high con-
centrations of sulfur dioxide to Tokyo are South High type
and mobile anticyclones, and the former especially cause high
concentrations during winter with high probability. The effec
of the cyclone and the front on sulfur dioxide concentration is
not as clear-cut. Forecasting based on the pressure patterns of
high sulfur dioxide concentrations seem to be still quite dif-
ficult in view of the result of the investigation. Further clas-
sifications of patterns and inclusion of more data in the future
are necessary.
26851
Nakano, Michio and Jiro Narikawa
FORECASTING HIGH-CONCENTRATION AER POLLUTION.
(Konodo taiki osen no yoho). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai
(Ind. Public Nuisance), 6(4):237-248, April 1970.
It is important to accomplish active early control of pollution
sources dependant on the meteorological condition rather than
to control the pollution source after a smog alert has been is-
sued and the concentration is already high. From such a view-
point, the possibility of early air pollution forecasting was in-
vestigated by creating a forecasting check sheet based on the
basic framework of atmospheric pressure distribution over
Japan and the central areas and the upper layer winds as well
as temperature measurements on top of Mt. Ikoma. The items
discussed are the air pollution in Osaka, the relationship
between pressure distribution and high concentration days in
Osaka, the relationship between upper winds, atmospheric sta-
bility and pollution concentration, the various ways in which
pollution can be forecast in Osaka, and the accuracy of predic-
tion.
26863
Beilke, S.
RESEARCH CONCERNING THE WASHOUT IN PRECIPITA-
TION OF ATMOSPHERIC ELEMENTS. Frankfurt Univ.,
West Germany, Inst. fur Meteorologie und Geophysik, Rept.
19, 77p., April 1970. 33 refs.
Laboratory experiments in a rain chamber of 1 cu m indicate
that the washout speed for sulfur dioxide is higher than for
nitrogen dioxide. The decrease of SO2 concentration by
washout at a certain initial concentration can be described by
a formula involving precipitation intensity, drop size distribu-
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
101
lion, pH value, and water temperature. The washout condi-
tions for NO2 are more complicated, but the decreases of
NO2 concentration by washout can be approximated by a for-
mula. Washout speeds at constant precipitation intensity for
both gases increase as drop size decreases. The washout
speeds also increase with rising pH of the rain water. Experi-
ments with Aitken cores result in considerably smaller
washout speeds than for SO2 or NO2. This results because the
particles are not of uniform size. An SO2 landing coefficient
for raindrops can be determined which forms the foundation
for the calculation of a sulfate quantity which a rain of given
intensity and drop size distribution contains. The sulfate con-
centration in rain water decreases with rising rain intensity as
a square function. The contribution of aerosols and ground
concentrations of SO2 to concentrations of sulfate in rain
water are discussed. (Author conclusions modified)
27745
Makhon'ko, K. P., A. S. Avramenko, and E. P. Makhon'ko
WASHOUT OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AND CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS FROM THE ATMOSPHERE. Academy of
Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR, Inst. of Physics and Mathe-
matics, Conf. Acad. Sci. Lithuanian SSR, Atmos. Scavenging
Radioisotopes Proc. Sess. Inst. Phys. Math., Palanga (USSR),
1966. (June 7-9.) 28 refs. Translated from Russian. Israel Pro-
gram for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, p. 174-184, 1970.
NTIS: TT 69-55099
An analysis is presented of published data collected in En-
gland fro 1957-1964 at relatively clean air sites on the concen-
tration of nine individual radioactive isotopes of global origin
and chemical compounds in precipitation water and in the air.
Isotope washout is characterized by the ratio of their concen-
trations in precipitation and in air at the cloud-layer altitude.
Relationship are found between the concentration of global-
origin isotopes and chemical compounds in precipitation on the
one hand and the precipitation total on the other. The slope of
these curves yields the washout rate of the corresponding sub-
stances. Differences are noted in the washout rates of in-
dividual isotopes: zirconium (95) is the most rapidly scavenged
from the atmosphere, strontium (90) is washed out better than
cesium (137) and strontium (89), while the washout rate of an-
timony (125) and other isotopes is much less. Sulfates are
washed out from the atmosphere somewhat less than chlorides
and carbonates. The washout times of isotopes and sulfates
from the atmosphere are approximately 24 hrs. Washout of in-
dustrial pollutants is better at their origin than far from it An
attempt is made to ascribe these relationships to features of
aerosol particle transport and their future aging in the at-
mosphere These factors affect the particle sizes, which deter-
mine their rate of removal by precipitation. (Author abstract
modified)
27823
Rastorguyeva, G. P.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THERMAL REGIME OF CI-
TIES. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of
USSR Air Pollution Literature Effects of Meteorological Con-
ditions and Relief on Air Pollution; Air Contaminants - Their
Concentration, Transport, and Dispersal. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.). Vol. 5, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1970, p. 10-17. 17 refs. (Also: Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ.
(Leningrad), no. 238:145-152, 1969.)
To study the combined influence of natural and urban land-
scape on the meteorological regime of the industrial city of
Donetsk, USSR, surface humidity and air temperature mea-
surements were taken at points representative of asphalt in the
city proper and bare soil and grass in suburban areas. The
peculiarity of this city is the fact that is is located on a dis-
sected terrain where the heights are exceeded to a maximum
of 100 m. The investigation showed that a heat island is
formed in the afternoon hours and, as in other cities,
manifests itself best during night hours in summer months.
The increased influence of the city on the thermal region is the
result of two factors promoting an increase in the air tempera-
ture of the city at night: an enhanced heat transfer in the cen-
tral part of the city and a relative increase in the air tempera-
ture in this most elevated part of the city.
28323
Rat'kov V. M.
DAILY OZONE VARIATIONS. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Phys.
Atmos. Oceans (English translation from Russian of: Izv.
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz Atmosfery i Okeana), 6(3):156-159,
March 1970. 22 refs.
A series of numerical experiments were performed to deter-
mine nocturnal and diurnal vertical ozone profiles in the meso-
sphere. The results suggest that classical photochemical theory
cannot explain the nocturnal increase in total ozone layer
thickness observed from the earth. According to the classical
theory, recombination of 'unimpaired* atmospheric oxygen
atoms at night may lead to the formation of additional ozone
at certain altitudes. Errors are assumed to have been made in
the numerical experiment.
28357
Byzova, N. L. and E. K. Garger
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIFFUSION PARAMETERS
WITH THE AID OF SMOKE PLUMES. Bull. Acad. Sci.
USSR, PHys. Atmos, Oceans (English translation from Rus-
sian of: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz Atmosfery i Okeana),
6(10):593-599, Oct. 1970. 18 refs.
Measurement results of the relative and adveraged lateral vari-
ances of smoke plumes at 100 m level over the earth's surface
are described. The validity of a Gaussian distribution of in-
stantaneous axis ordinates is examined, as is a stationary case
caused by mesoscale vorticity. The rate of dissipation of tur-
bulent energy is evaluated by two independent methods.
(Author abstract modified)
28609
Tamura, Kunio and Shinichi Nomoto
FORECASTING METHOD OF SO2 BY MULTIPLE REGRES-
SION EQUATIONS DEVELOPED BY SCREENING
PROCEDURE. (Jukaikishiki (senbetsuho) ni yoru SO2 no
yosoku). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 5(1):216, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Multivariate statistical analysis was performed on the relation-
ship between meteorological data, such as atmospheric pres-
sure patterns, wind speed, and atmospheric stability, and sul-
fur dioxide levels up to 10 hrs after the meteorological mea-
surements. By feeding a forecasting equation to an electronic
computer and giving it the meteorological data inputs, the con-
centration of SO2 several hours hence can be predicted. The
forecasting equation was constructed by means of screening
procedures, which assume that the factor to be predicted can
be expressed as a linear polynominal equation of the
meteorological factors, and that the coefficients for those fac-
tors can be calculated in order to maximize the multiple cor-
relation coefficient. For the multiple regression equations, ten
to 20 factors were optimal. Some of the factors taken into con-
-------
102
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
sideration were wind direction and speed, atmospheric pres-
sure and temperature, dew point differential, stability, conver-
sion, and relative vorticity. A total of 259 days were analyzed
betweeen October 1965-March 1966 and October 1966- March
1967.
28616
Nogami, Junji, Tsuguo Mizoguchi, Hideyuki Nomoto,
Yoshinori Ishikawa, and Akiko Miyao
AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL FORECASTING. (Taiki osen
potensharu yoho n tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu (J. Japan Soc. Air PoUution), 5(1):219, 1970. (Proceedings
of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth,
1970.)
When sulfur dioxide concentration continuity is made to cor-
respond to air pollution potential, the positions of migratory
anticyclones and extra-tropical cyclones that appear in western
Japan between late autumn and winter are of interest. A
method is described whereby air pollution potential can be
determined, with the aid of computer, from the forecasting
weather map published by the Meteorological Agency. Criteria
for a day of high potential pollution are as follows: Osaka is
within 6 mb from the center of the anticyclone; atmospheric
air pressure differential is within 6 mb in the region 30-40 N,
130-140 E; a cold front is closing in fro the Sanin area; a sta-
tionary front exists north of 30 N; and Osaka is between two
cyclones. Similar qualifications are given for days of low
potential and intermediate potential. A test run based on sets
of data obtained at 9 am of the day prior to the forecast
showed that for most cases, the accuracy was over 80%.
29178
Shiozawa, Kiyoshige, Alsushi Ootaki, and Shinichi Okamoto
ON THE ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTANTS BY CANONI-
CAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS-RELATION OF
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION. (Seijun sokan bunseki ni
yoru taiki osen busshitsu no kaiseki - kisho tono kankei). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1): 115, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Multiple regression analysis was performed on a matrix of
meteorological data and air pollution data for Tokyo. The air
pollution data covered concentrations of nitrogen dioxide,
nitric oxide, carbon monoxide sulfur dioxide, and suspended
particulates. Meteorological data were atmospheric pressure at
sea surface, temperature, vapor pressure, relative humidity,
wind speed and velocity, cloud amount, present temperature,
rainfall, and visibility. With respect to the relationship between
the winter pressure patterns and air pollutant concentration,
pollution becomes stationary and concentration increases when
the migratory anticyclone is in transit or when the trough of
atmospheric pressure is in transit. The pollution will be dis-
sipated when the pressure pattern is the typical winter-type
west-high and east-low and the pressure variation is the largest
between lat 30-40 n and long 135-145 E, or when the cyclone
passes by as it develops along the southern coast, or im-
mediately after the transit of a front.
29636
Saychuk, V. I. and O. G. Narskikh
FORMATION OF FOG ON THE NUCLEI OF HUMIDITY
CONDENSATION. (Obrazovaniye iskusstvennogo tumana na
yadrakh kondensatsii vlagi). Text in Russian. Kolloidn. Zh.,
2(9-10):801-806, 1936. 15 refs.
Laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the possibility
of mist formation on hygroscopic nuclei of humidity condensa-
tion. The stability of mist formed and the effect of humidity
on it were studied. The laboratory results were applied in the
open air. It was possible to form a mist on hygroscopic nuclei
of condensation at a relative humidity much lower than satu-
rated. The following gases proved to be active in humidity
condensation: sulfur trioxide, phosphorous pentoxide, nitrogen
dioxide, nitrous oxide, and hydrochloric acid. The stability of
mist formed is connected with the chemical nature of active
condensation nuclei. Gases with considerable affinity to water
form mist with large droplets. Stability of the mist depends on
the size of droplets and is highest for medium-size droplets.
The results showed that under certain conditions it is possible
to form a mist on hygroscopic nuclei of condensation.
30338
Flohn, Hermann
CAN WE PRODUCE OUR OWN CLIMATE? (Produrieren wir
unser eignes Klima)? Text in German. Meteorol. Rdsch.,
23(6):161-164, Nov. /Dec. 1970. 18 refs.
Numerical estimates of all large-scale artificial sources and
sinks of energy — loss caused by atmospheric pollution, gain
produced by fossil-fuel combustion — show that man-made ef-
fects on climate can no longer be considered negligible. There
has been a longer period of inadvertent climate modification
caused by the activities of an increasing world population,
mainly by destruction of vegetation in arid and semi-arid cli-
mates. One of the most urgent tasks of climatology is forecast-
ing the effect of environmental changes. The task can be ap-
proached with numerical simulation models. (Author abstract
modified)
30589
Benarie, M.
INVESTIGATION OF THE SYNOPTIC FORECASTING OF
POLLUTION BY A STRONG ACID IN THE ROUEN RE-
GION. (Essai de prevision synoptique de la pollution par 1
acidite forte dans la region Rouennaise). Text in French. Atmos.
Environ., 5(5):313-32«, May 1971. 18 refs.
Two synoptic criteria are defined for the prediction of high
sulfur dioxide concentrations in the Rouen region of France: a
period of 24 hours during which the mean wind velocity is less
than 3.0 m/sec, and a forecast of a similar situation for the
next day. At the present time, the proposed method, which
uses only information contained in the daily forecast of the
Meteorological Office, is the only practical method. The
mathematical diffusion models and the empirical diffusion for-
mulas need numerical weather data, which are not available
for the next day. Thus, they cannot be effectively used in a
particular forecast; they can only be verified in retrospect. The
proposed empirical method allows pollution forecasting in
calm periods. The mathematical diffusion models and empiri-
cal correlation formulas have singularities when the wina
velocity approaches zero, and, therefore, cannot be used for
calms. The r.m.s. error of the present method is less than that
of mathematical models, even when calculated for days of the
highest pollution in the winter. The principle of the proposed
forecasting method is valid for other towns and regions, but
the numerical data given only apply to the Rouen region,.
(Author abstract modified)
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
103
30691
Nakano, Michio and Jiro Narikawa
FORECASTING OF HEAVY SMOG IN OSAKA. (Konodo
taiki osen no yoho). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), S(l):106, 1970. (Proceedings of The
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo,
Japan, 1970.)
Smog warnings are issued in Osaka at present after heavy pol-
lution becomes apparent and nothing effective can be done
toward its solution. Studies were conducted as to the accuracy
of early forecasting as well as the characteristics of smog in
Osaka in order to permit anti-smog measures. According to the
past two-year records of forecasts made on the day before, ac-
curate results were obtained generally in fair weather when:
migratory high pressure covered the air and high pressure
stayed behind and the low pressure approached from the
Kyushu area. Predictions were often inaccurate when: the
protrusion of high pressure was weak; Osaka was in the
trough of pressures; or when the cold front was approaching.
Accurate results can be obtained by the forecast made on the
same day on all items except the last. The prevailing two types
of smog are: a heavy smog in the morning and evening, caused
by weak pressure inclination and by the land and sea breeze in
the Osaka Plane; and day-time or morning smog caused by
rain or gradient winds growing strong during the previous
night.
30692
Nakajima, Chotaro
METEOROLOGICAL STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION (BROAD-
SCALE FORECASTING). (Taiki osen no kishogakuteki ken-
kyu (koikiyoho). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):107, 1970. (Proceedings of The
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo,
Japan, 1970.)
Broad-scale, long-term weather and pollution forecasting is
necessary to effectively prevent pollution. An extremely early
prediction may not be possible, but a forewarning by at least
several days of weather susceptible to heavy smog is desira-
ble. The weather and smog patterns of each industrial area are
different; for instance, long waves of air circulation passing
near Japan seem to be closely connected with the pollution
and atmospheric stability of Kyoto during winter. A long-term
prediction is different from a short-term one in which a pollu-
tant is assumed to diffuse endlessly into the atmosphere. The
purpose of broad-scale forecasting must take in the possibili-
ties of the appearance of pollutants at the least expected geo-
graphic areas. A prediction covering about a month requires a
definition of types of dispersion according to the weather and
types and volumes of daily pollutants. In a study of at-
mospheric circulation, pollutants serve as tracers; further stu-
dies must be made concerning their roles in energy-balance
and absorption, reflection, and diffusion of various radiation
by pollutants.
30752
Zel manovich, I. L. and K. S. Shifrin
TABLES OF LIGHT SCATTERING. VOL. III. COEFFI-
CIENTS OF EXTINCTION, SCATTERING, AND RADIATION
PRESSURE. (Tablitsy po svetorasseyaniy Tom III. Koeffit-
siyenty oslableniya, rasseyaniya i luchevogo davleniya). Lenin-
grad, Hydrometeorological Press, 1968, p. 3-12. 22 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. Crerar (John), Chicago, 111., National
Translations Center, 20p., 1970 (?).
Tables containing four-figure values of the cross sections and
coefficients of extinction, scattering and radiation pressure for
spherical particles are presented. Calculations are based on
specific formulas of the theory of scattering for spheres of ar-
bitrary sizes. Section I pertains to transparent and absorbent
spheres within a wide range of values of the diffraction
parameter and the indices of refraction and absorption. The
second section contains data for pure water droplets
suspended in air and in third section contains data for an index
of refraction less than unity. Accuracy of the tables is
discussed and they are compared with tables given in other re-
ports. (Author abstract)
307%
Graaf, H. de
SMOG: A DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY TO
AN ALTITUDE OF MORE THAN 30 AND LESS THAN 100
METERS FOR PERIODS OF 24 HOURS AND LONGER AND
THE CORRESPONDING GROWTH OF SO2 AND SMOKE
CONCENTRATION IN URBAN COMPLEXES. (Crondmist:
Een beschouwing over stabiele luchtopbouw tot meer dan 30
en minder dan 100 meter gedurende perioden van 24 uur en
langer, en de daarij behorende aangroei van de SO2 en rook-
concentraties in stedelijke agglomeraties). Text in Dutch.
Chem. Weekblad, 67(23):10-12, June 4, 1971. 20 refs.
Data on smog conditions in London and Rotterdam are com-
pared, and the characteristics of this phenomenon are
discussed. During the London pollution disaster of December
5-9, 1952, when mortalities were about 4000 above the normal
death rate, the blanket of smog was only 75 m on the south
side of London and 120 m on the north side, with an altitude
of 45 m at Blackheath. The smokestacks of the power plant at
Battersea were above the smog layer, and the plume was
blown by an appreciable wind. The maximum diurnal smoke
concentration was 4500 micrograms, and the sulfur dioxide
concentration was 3600 micrograms per cubic meter. During
the same period in Rotterdam, the fog was also heavy, but
SO2 measurements were not made, although there were com-
plaints of unpleasant odors to the Soil, Water and Air Com-
mission. Studies of mortality rates, in which cardiovascular
symptoms were treated separately, gave negative results when
compared with the previous month. Studies were also made of
the three-day smog incident that began January 29, 1959. Stu-
dies revealed an extremly stable atmospheric condition, SO2
readings of 650 micrograms per cubic meter and 140 micro-
grams of sulfuric acid. The maximum smoke concentrations
for readings taken every hour were 500-550 micrograms.
Another weather condition of the same type occurred on
December 5, 1962 over Rotterdam. Sulfur dioxide measur-
ments in five cities varied between 1000 and 1500 micrograms,
while dust readings were between 400 and 450. Simultaneous
SO2 readings in London, Paris, and even Milan were about
5000 micrograms per cubic meter. In this case, a study of
medical statistics indicated some increased mortality during
the smog epidemic; this was a little more evident when only
the cardiovascular symptoms were considered. During the last
week of February 1970, unusual weather conditions occurred,
but no fog. High SO2 readings were obtained at Rotterdam,
Vlaardingen, and Maassluis, but not at Amsterdam or The
Hauge. This problem is discussed from the standpoint of fuels
used in domestic heating and to power automotive vehicles,
with a recommendation for greater use of natural gas and bot-
tled gas, the latter both for heating and for vehicles.
-------
104
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
31006
Foerchtgott, Jiri
MOVEMENT OF MINUTE PARTICLES OF SMALL IN-
SECTS ACROSS THE KRUSNE MOUNTAIN RANGE.
Meteorologicke Zpravy, vol. 4:14-16, 1950. Translated from
Czech. Mundus Systems, Me Gregor and Werner, Washington,
D. C., 7p.
Certain types of mechanical turbulence are better suited to the
dissemination of passive or semi-passive particles into the at-
mosphere. A thermal turbulence is characterized by only mild
winds and clear weather, whereas a mechanical turbulence is
characterized by strong wind over a broad vertical layer close
to the surface. The vertical and horizontal shpae and extent of
a mechanical turbulence are dictated by the location and shape
of the obstacles encountered in the path of the air flow. With
their southeasterly slopes, the Krusne mountains are ideally
situated for the formation of wave-type air flow activity, par-
ticularly with a good brisk northwest wind. The possibility of
greater deposits of particles and insects carried over from the
windward side is limited to areas of calm because the areas of
strong surface winds are more suitable as departure points
rather than landing points. The most endangered region where
particles would be likely to land is the valley of the river
Ohre, which is where a permanent and virulent concentration
of the potato blight has been observed.
31642
Walkenhorst, Wilhelm
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR STUDYING THE BEHAVIOR OF
AEROSOL PARTICLES IN FLOW AROUND OBSTACLES.
(Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Untersuchung des Verhaltens
von Staubteilchen beim Umstromen von Hindernissen.) Staub,
(Duesseldorf) 22(7):255-259, 1962. 8 refs. Translated from the
German. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood, Calif., 17p., March
1971.
A simple method is described with which the local distribution
of a dust suspension in a laminar air stream can be deter-
mined. After passing an obstacle or through a temperature or
diffusion field, the dust is collected on a membrane filter on
which an image of the obstacle around which flow occurs is
produced. An example of a thermal field is provided to show
that the new method is suitable for quantitative investigations.
(Author summary modified)
33927
Rondia, D.
CLIMATIC FACTORS AND AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN
CENTERS. (Facteurs climatiques et pollution de 1 air en
milieu urbain). Text in French. World Met. Org. Tech. Note
(Geneva), 108:238-247, 1970. 3 refs.
The direct and indirect influence of various climatic factors on
emissions are discussed on the basis of air quality measure-
ments made in biege, Belgium, and its suburbs in 1958-1959.
The average differences between the hot and cold seasons pro-
vide an objective assessment of the amount of pollution from
industrial and urban causes. For certain pollutants, such as
carcinogenic poly cyclic hydrocarbons, the differences are
highly pronounced. The daily concentrations of the pollutants
and their correlation with climatic conditions indicate the basic
importance of meteorologic and topographic factors in disper-
sion. These facts indicate important approaches to abatement
planning, and particularly to the development of forecasting
and emergency systems. Certain forms of pollution are directly
associated with population density. The wide dispersion area
of industrial effluents is defined and the role of green spaces
in the Liege area is assessed on a quantative basis.
33939
Fortak, Heinz G.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL
DISTRIBUTIONS OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION CONCEN-
TRATION. National Air Pollution Control Administration,
Research Triangle Park, N. C. and North Carolina Consortium
on Air Pollution, Proc, Symp. Multiple-Source Urban Diffu-
sion Models, Chapel Hill, N. C., 1969, p. 9.1-9.34, 14.8. 20
refs. (Oct. 27-30.) (APCO Pub. AP-86) NTIS: PB 198400
A multiple-source diffusion model for the simulation and pre-
diction of long-term (climatological) ground-level sulfur diox-
ide concentrations in urban areas is described. The computer
input consists of data from an emission source inventory
together with statistics on relevant diffusion parameters.
Because of the capacity of available computers, only a limited
number of the largest emission sources can be treated in-
dividually. Smaller industrial emission sources are treated as
residential sources. These are represented by a large number
of stacks of the same dimensions for which the mean area
emissions have been estimated. The meteorological input con-
sists of data on wind direction, wind speed, and stability. The
program also uses corresponding statistics for urban boundary
layer depths and values for parameters affecting absorption at
the earth s surface. The diffusion model used is basically
Gaussian. It is modified, however, such that turbulent diffu-
sion is restricted exclusively to the depth of the urban bounda-
ry layer. The rate of decay of sulfur dioxide is also taken into
account. The model calculates fields of steady-state ground-
level concentrations that correspond to a given spatial distribu-
tion of emission sources and to any possible combination of
relevant meteorological diffusion parameters. Knowledge of
frequency distributions of these meteorological diffusion
parameters permits the derivation of frequency distributions of
ground-level concentrations for any location within or outside
of the metropolitan area. The computerized experiments simu-
late frequency distributions of ground-level concentrations for
a great number of regularly arranged grid points (up to 2500
with a mesh size of 500 by 500 meters) and for a variety of
time periods (months, heating period, seasons of year). Experi-
ments to validate the model were conducted during the heating
period in 1967-68 at four continuous monitoring stations that
had been installed at special locations within the limits of the
metropolitan area of Bremen. (Author abstract)
34191
Itoo, K.
METEOROLOGY AND AIR POLLUTION, IN PARTICULAR
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INVERSION STRATA. (Taiki osen
to kisho, koto ni gyakutenso no igi). Text in Japanese. Naika,
21(5):820-822, May 1968.
The relationship between meteorological factors and air pollu-
tion is investigated. With periods of atmospheric stability, an
inversion stratum acts as a cover and retains the pollution un-
derneath, causing heavy smogs. Inversions in Japan occur dur-
ing the winter, in periods of rain fronts or migratory pressure,
and with wind velocity of less than 3 m. Stacks high enough to
break through the inversion strata would enable the emitted
pollutant to dilute before reaching the environmental at-
mosphere. The height of the inversion strata, however, cannot
be accurately measured and the pattern of diffusion in the un-
stable air above the strata is unknown. Weather and pollution
forecasting demand accurate data. Present smog warnings are
issued too late, do not enforce the elimination of pollutants,
and affect only the use of low-sulfur content fuels.
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
105
34751
Lyapina, O. A., Yu. N. Ogol, and N. N. Romanov
ATMOSPHERIC TURBIDITY AT THE FOOT-HILLS AND IN
THE MOUNTAINS OF THE WESTERN EXTENSION OF
TIEN SHAN ACCORDING TO HELICOPTER OBSERVA-
TIONS. (Atmosfernyye zamutneniya po nablyudeniyam s ver-
toletr v predgoryakh i gorakh zapadnykh otrogov tyan-shanya).
Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), no.
189:154-159, 1966. 8 refs.
The dusty haze above the river network of the western Tien
Shan at altitudes ranging between 100 and 1500 m and 1500
and 3000 m was explored by means of 17 helicopter expendi-
tions performed during the July and August months of 1964.
The haze distribution over the investigated region was graphi-
cally illustrated. The most intense turbidity was observed over
the city of Tashkent. This turbidity was referred to as the
aerosol lens because of its specific shape. The natural origin of
this haze appeared to be combined with the industrial aerosols
produced in the urban area of Tashkent. Local transfer of
haze due to mountain and valley air currents were seen. The
Northern and North-Western regions of the valley were less
dusty than those of the South or South-Western regions. Both
local and incoming haze stagnated within the lower 2-3 km al-
titude above the Fergana Valley due to the weakness of
summer winds.
35037
Dezso, Szepesi
THE ROLL OF METEOROLOGY IN THE PRESERVATION
OF THE CLEANLINESS OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (A
meteorologia szerepe a levegotisztasag vedclmeben). Text in
Hungarian. Idojaras (Budapest), vol. 74:513-530, 1970. 20 rets.
The most important role of meteorology in air pollution con-
trol work is the prediction of the frequency and amount of
ground level emissions. Inventories of emission sources and a
turbulent diffusion model are used on digital computers to pro-
vide three dimensional flow and temperature distributions and
their variations as a function of time. The model uses a year s
observed data. Input data includes the wind profile (based on
five years), the stability (based on eight years), and the
thickness of the mixing layer. A first approximation of the air
pollution model for Budapest was calculated in 1969-1970
using the theoretical and experimental values. Peak values of
two to twelve times the allowable norm were found in the
inner city of Budapest for sulfur oxides, chlorides, nitrogen
oxides, settling dust, and smoke. Predictions regarding the
planned expansion of the Danube Thermal Power Station were
presented; the influence of different stack geometries were ex-
plored. During the next few years, smog predictions will be
made for Budapest.
35357
Fett, Walter and Erdwin Lahmann
EXTRAORDINARY CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRA-
TIONS IN THE AIR OF MAJOR CITIES. (Aussergewoehn-
liche Kohlenmonoxid-Konzentrationen in Grosstadtluft). Text
in German. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, 13(5):59-62, 1970. 10 refs.
During a 10-month period of continuous air pollution in a
lightly-traveled street 3 km from the center of Berlin, the
median half-hour carbon monoxide level of 8 ppm rose sud-
denly on Dec. 9, 1969 to very high levels, characterized by
two peaks of 23 ppm. This high lasted for nine hours. The
simultaneous half-hour SO2 concentration was 1.03 mg/cu m
and the median three-hour dust fall was 0.47 mg/cu m. This
episode coincided with the advent of a cold arctic air mass
over Germany which spread over Berlin on December 9 and
brought all air movement to a standstill. This extreme
phenomenon indicates that under conditions of weather inver-
sion emission clouds can form, possibly with their own circu-
lation in which condensation processes and irradiation may
play a stabilizing role. Under such circumstances, the at-
mosphere itself can erect barriers leading to a local accumula-
tion of pollutants which otherwise are formed only by topo-
graphic interactions.
35420
Chirakadze, G. I.
THE CLIMATE OF TIBILISI AND OF ITS NEW BOUNDA-
RIES. (Klimat Tbilisi v novykh granitsakh. Text in Russian.
Tr. Zakavkaz. Nauch.-Issled. Gidrometeorol. Inst., 26(32):3-75,
1967. 23 refs.
A tentative analysis of the climatic conditions of the city of
Tbilisi and its surrounding areas is presented. Temperature,
humidity, wind, sunshine and fog are being considered among
the main meteorological factors affecting the air pollution of
the city. The inversion phenomena developing in the lower
section of the city, which is part of the Kura valley, lead to a
weakening of the exchange processes and preclude the effects
of turbulence on the ventilation of the city. Humidity affects
the microclimatic condition of the city in that the existence of
suspended dust particles (due to poor road conditions) in its
air constitute the condensation nuclei for the formation of fog.
Fogs are formed under conditons of 90% humidity, whereby a
considerable increase in industrial waste gas concentrations in
observed. Haze is considered to be the most specific fog for
Tbilisi and is therefore being used as an indirect parameter in
the assessment of the air pollution of the city. Rainfall and
ventilation are considered to be the meteorological factors
determining the removal of aerosols. Both, however, are com-
promised by long periods of lack of precipitation, ranging
between 30-60 days during the summer or winter season and
by the orographic features of the city. A program of intense
research in the fight of air pollution due to local factors such
as coal heating, industrial pollution, poor road conditions and
waste accumulations from building activities, is recommended.
It includes problems such as the sources of pollution, the
chemical composition of aerosols, the admissible standards of
pollution, the effect of aerosols on the biological and corrosive
processes and the role of pollution for further urbanistic
developments of the city.
35702
Bapseres, P. and J. Molenat
DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS AND THE MICROCLI-
MATE AT LACQ. (Dispersion des polluants et microclimat a
Lacq). Text in French. Ann. Mines (Paris), no. 11:21-30, Nov.
1970.
The natural gas discovered at Lacq in 1951 and exploited since
1956 is a mixture of hydrocarbons, CO2, and water vapor con-
taining 15% hydrogen sulfide. Waste gas emitted into the at-
mosphere from the desulfurization of this gas and by-product
recovery of sulfur contains 0.6% SO2, which under certain
meteorological conditions causes widespread damage to feed
crops, viticulture, and orchards surrounding Lacq. It was
found that not the prevailing SO2 pollution level but rather the
coincidence of several meteorological conditions characterized
the days on which damage occurred. By analyzing tempera-
ture, humidity, wind direction and velocity, precipitation, and
insolation and by correlating their levels with the damage to
vegetation on certain days, criteria were defined which are
helpful in forecasting weather conditions likely to cause
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106
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
damage to crops. When such conditions occur (fog, haze, in-
version), an advisory is issued by the Regional Meteorological
Center at Bordeaux to the station at Lagor which in turn ad-
vises the plant at Lacq. The plant then reduces operations
temporarily to minimize damage to crops.
35991
Shiozawa, Kiyoshige, Atsushi Ootaki, and Shin-chi Okamoto
A STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN AIR POLLU-
TANTS CONCENTRATION AND AIR PRESSURE DISTRIBU-
TIONS. (Taiki osen busshitsu nodo to kiatsu haichi no kan-
kei). Text in Japanese. Waseda Daigaku Rikogaku Kenkyusho
Hokoku Bull. Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ., no. 53:131-
138, 1971. 6 refs.
By a method of principal component analysis based on cor-
relations between five air pollutants (dust, sulfur dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide), an air pollu-
tion index was calculated and a relation was obtained between
air pollutant concentration and air pressure distributions. In
winter, air pollutant concentrations gradually increase when an
anticyclonic movement is followed by a cyclone passing over
Japan.
36062
Gedeonov, L. I. and O. A. Rys yev
USE OF COSMOGENIC RADIOISOTOPE MIGRATION PAT-
TERNS IN THE STUDY OF THE PROPAGATION OF
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
1967 (?). 16 refs. Translated from Russian in: USSR Reports on
Natural and Fallout Radioactivity, p. 263-287. Atomic Energy
Commission, New York, Health and Safety Lab. NTIS: AEC-
TR-7128
Concentrations of beryllium(7), phosphorus(32), and sulfur(35)
in surface air and in fallout were sampled by filter at a Lenin-
grad station for four years from 1963 to 1966. Radioisotope
concentrations varied with the season, reaching a maximum at
the end of May and a minimum in October of each year.
These patterns changed, however, with increasing precipitation
or intensified deposits of cosmogenic radioisotopes from the
stratosphere. S(35) fallout in 1963 included a sizable contribu-
tion from experimental explosions. Both S(35) and Be(7)
showed a high correlation with theoretical estimates of mean
annual fallout based on the rate of formation of cosmogenic
radioisotopes during periods of minimal solar activity. A sharp
deviation from the theoretical was observed for P(32). An
analytical formula was derived for the annual course of the
three cosmogenic radioisotopes in surface air and a curve was
obtained showing the boundary between the interval of
decrease and the interval of increase of concentration.
Matching of stratospheric replenishments of concentrations
against synoptic special features showed that altitude cyclones
are one of the fundamental causes for the penetration of sig-
nificant masses of stratospheric air.
36142
Aleksandrov, E. L., L. M. Levin, and Ju. S. Sedunov
ON THE GROWTH OF DROPLETS BY CONDENSATION ON
HYGROSCOPIC NUCLEI. Tr. Inst. Eksp. Meteorol., no. 6:16-
96, 1969. 9 refs. Translated from Russian by C. Long, National
Lending Library for Science and Technology (England), 7p.
Numerical calculations made so far do not give a detailed pic-
ture of the growth of small particles since they take no ac-
count of factors such as the structure of a nucleus and the
amount of soluble matter in it. Because these factors are im-
portant in the study of the condensation stage in the develop-
ment of cloud spectra, detailed calculations were made on the
basis of an equation describing the growth of droplets by con-
densation on hygroscopic nuclei. The results show that the
growth of droplets on hygroscopic nuclei is appreciable even
at humidities of 80-90% and that very small changes in relative
humidity can play a significant role in the subsequent growth
by condensation of nuclei from 0.5-one micron. Even when the
necessary conditions for cloud or fog formation are absent,
nuclei can increase their radii by a factor of two or three and
produce great changes in atmospheric optical properties. If hu-
midity departs by 0.01% from 100%, growth of 0.5-one micron
particles may either cease because the equilibrium radius is
reached or may continue indefinitely.
36176
Fuquay, J. J. and Ch. L. Simpson
USE OF METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR PRE-
DICTING DISPERSION FROM RELEASES NEAR GROUND
LEVEL. Commissariat a 1 Energie Atomique, Saclay (France),
Centre d Etudes Nucleaires, Pollut. Radioact. Milieux Gazeux,
Proc. Symp., Saclay, France, 1963, p. 115-122. 16 refs. (Nov.
12-16.)
Meterological measurements were conducted for predicting
dispersion from releases near ground level. The theoretical
basis for summarization of exposure data in terms of travel
time are reviewed. Results are presented for the decrease of
maximum exposure and horizontal plume growth as a function
of travel time. Prediction parameters are developed from
meteorological measurements of vertical temperature profiles
in the boundary layers and the wind speed and direction near
release height. The local Richardson Number and the product
of the wind speed and standard deviation of wind direction
correlate well with the experimental data. A method is
described for predicting exposures from protracted releases in
which multimodal, flattened, or skewed distributions are often
observed. (Author abstract modified)
36238
Mammarella, Luigi
ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY AND AEROSOL POLLUTION.
(PROPOSAL OF A SIMPLE METHOD FOR EVALUATING
THE CONDITIONS OF AIR STABILITY. Consiglio Nazionale
delle Richerche, Rome (Italy), Inst. di Fisica dell Atmosfera,
Rept. 36, 9p., Jan. 1971.
Atmospheric stability is essentially a function of temperature,
relative humidity, and air movements. Static thermal inver-
sions arise from a compression of the air masses at 600-1500
meters, while radiation inversions which can form at lower
levels are more important with regard to pollution. In order to
evaluate atmospheric stability, the entire day may be subdi-
vided into four quadrants: night hours, sunset or sunrise, four
hours after sunrise or sunset, and noon. The quadrants are as-
signed coefficients of zero, one, two, and three respectively.
Next, the factors deriving mainly from the hygrometic state of
the air are characterized by visibility and cloudiness, also with
coefficients ranging from zero to three. The hygrometric state
of the ground is defined as frozen (zero), wet (one), moist (t-
wo), and dry (three). The wind can be defined with velocities
less than or equal to two m/sec, one m/sec, eight ml sec, and
16 m/sec, with coefficients from zero to three, respectively.
By adding up the final coefficients, the atmospheric stability
conditions may be deduced: between zero and four, inversion;
four to eight, neutrality; and eight to twelve, conversion.
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
107
36307
Nomoto, H., Y. Kumazawa, T. Mizoguchi, Y. Ishikawa, and
S. Maki
AN ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTION AND METEOROLOGI-
CAL ELEMENTS IN OSAKA. (Osaka no taiki osen jokyo no
ichikosatsu). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):124, 1971. (Presented at the National
Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya,
Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
During the winter of 1970, high pollutant concentrations lasting
for three days occurred twice. The meteorological elements
during these periods were examined with respect to the pres-
sure pattern. The altitudes of 500 mb plane of the northern
hemisphere were analyzed in comparison with the weather
map on the ground surface. The variation in sulfur oxides con-
centration, wind direction and speed, and the amount of in-
solation during these three days are also shown by a diagram.
36428
Boeer, W.
THE APPLICATION OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA IN
TOWN PLANNING, IN RELATION TO PROBLEMS ON AIR
POLLUTION. (Die Anwendung meteorologischer Unterlagen
bei der Stadtplanung in Hinsicht auf Problem der Luftverun-
reinigung). Text in German. International Union of Air Pollu-
tion Prevention Associations, Intern. Clean Air Congr. Proc.,
London, England, 1966, p. 79-81. 3 refs. (Oct. 4-7, Paper
111/14.)
The application of meteorological data to the problem of air
pollution in towns is reviewed. Air resource management and
air pollution forecasting are examined with respect to statisti-
cal analyses of temperature inversions at ground level, struc-
ture of the wind field, and diffusion models.
36492
Ikeda, Y., M. Hiroaoka, and H. Todaka
AIR POLLUTION OF URBAN SCALE AND METEOROLOGI-
CAL FACTOR. (Toshi sukeru no taiki osen to kisho yoso ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 6(1):127, 1971. (Presented at the National Coun-
cil Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The high atmospheric pollutant concentration is often as-
sociated with the atmospheric stagnation causing the pollutant
accumulation. Based on meteorological data and sulfur oxides
concentration recorded in Osaka City, the relationship
between the atmospheric purification effect and meteorological
conditions was quantified by classifying atmospheric pressure
distribution patterns into eight types. The derivation of mathe-
matical equations for the purification effect as functions of
wind and time is discussed.
36494
Ootaki, Atushi, Kiyoshige Shiozawa, Shuichi Furuzono, and
Shinichi Okamoto
STUDIES ON THE PREDICTION OF AIR POLLUTANT
CONCENTRATION (II) - BASED ON METEOROLOGICAL
FACTORS. (Taiki osen busshitsu no yosoku ni kansuru (II) -
ichinichi go o nodo yosoku no kokoromi). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):125,
1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the National Council of Air Pollu-
tion Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The prediction of pollutant concentration is made based on the
amount of pollutant released into the atmosphere, meteorologi-
cal factors, and topographical factors. The prediction model
based on the meteorological factors is discussed. The necessa-
ry conditions for this model are that the change in pollutant
concentration is dependent on the concentration at a certain
prior time, and that corrections are made with changes in
meteorological factors. The statistical prediction formula
which satisfies these condition is used for the prediction. The
meteorological factors are relative humidity, wind direction,
wind speed, visibility, atmospheric pressure, and temperature.
36495
Nakajima, Chotaro and Hideo Tagawa
PREDICTION OF ADR POLLUTION POTENTIAL IN
KYOTO. (Kyoto bonchi no taiki osen yoho ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):126, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
According to the wind diagram of Kyoto basin indicating the
wind speed and direction at different times of the day, rela-
tively strong north-western wind is dominant in the afternoon
while milder morning wind is mostly southemly. To investigate
the effect of Osaka City on the air pollution in Kyoto, the
change in sulfur dioxide concentration with time at six loca-
tions between Osaka and Kyoto city was measured during the
period of Jan. 11 to 13, 1971. The SO2 concentration peak was
shifted from Osaka toward Kyoto as the time of the day
progressed. The geographical distribution map of SO2 concen-
tration measured at two hour intervals indicates that the SO2
concentration is the highest in Osaka in the morning, in
Yahata area in the afternoon, and in Kyoto city in the evening.
However, the mode of pollutant migration is not clarified.
36501
Okita, Toshiichi, Kikuo Oikawa, and Yasumasa Ihara
OXIDATION OF SO2 BY PARTICULATES COLLECTED ON
FILTERS. (Firuta ni hoshu shita biryushi ni yoru SO2 no san-
ka). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
Pollution), 6(1):247, 1971. (Presented at the National Council
Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The effect of particulate matter on the catalytic oxidation of
sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere was studied by oxidation ex-
periments. A glass fiber filter with particulate matter collected
using a high-volume air sampler at various stations in Japan
was immersed in distilled water, and a gas containing 10 ppm
of SO2 was passed through at the flow rate of 3.5 1/min for
one hour. A definite correlation was found between the
amount oxidized and the concentration of some particulate
matter; the correlation coefficient for sulfate equals 0.778;
vanadium, 0.747; manganese, 0.667. The correlation coeffi-
cients of cadmium, lead, zinc, iron, and copper were extreme-
ly small.
36954
Lujanas, V. and S. Salavejus
DETERMINATION OF VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF AIR
MASSES USING THE RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES.
(Opredeleniye vertikal nykh pevemeshcheniy vozdyshnykh mass
pri pomoshchi radioaktivnykh izotopov). Text in Russian. Acade-
my of Sciences, Lithuanian SSR, lost, of Physics and Mathe-
matics, Investigations of Atmospheric Self-Scavenging Processes
from Radioactive Isotopes, Proc. Conf., Palanga, Lithuania,
1966, p. 37-41. 2 refs. (July 7-9.)
Vertical air displacement was determined using the radioactive
tracers sodium(22) and beryllium(7). On several occasions in
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108
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
May 1965, the ratio of sodium(22)/beryllium(7) reached values
characteristic of stratospheric air. A special coincidence-spec-
trometer was used to determine sodium(22) concentrations,
while beryllium(T) was measured at the 478 kev gamma-line.
37024
Israel, H.
ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY. VOLUME I: FUNDAMEN-
TALS, CONDUCTIVITY, IONS. (Atmosphaerische Elek-
trizitaet). Probl. Kosm. Phys. (Germany), vol. 29, 1957. 841
refs. Translated from German by D. Ben Yaakov and Baruch
Benny. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem,
317p., 1970. NTIS: TT-67-51394-1
The physics of gaseous ions and submicroscopic suspensions
are reviewed from the standpoint of laboratory and field ex-
perience. Normal and other ionization processes and the mo-
bility, adsorption, diffusion, and recombination of ions are
discussed. Processes occurring in an ionized gas under the in-
fluence of an externally applied electric field are indicated.
Current-voltage characteristics and the electrode effect are
considered. The motion of ions is noted and the phenomenon
of nonselfsustaining discharge at reduced pressure is
discussed. Luminescent phenomena are described. Charge car-
riers, types of discharge, and ignition are discussed for self-
sustaining discharge. The conductivity of the atmosphere and
its origin, and electrostatic measuring devices and measuring
techniques for conductivity, ions, suspensions, and radioactivi-
ty are considered.
38609
Caspar, J. W.
THE IMPORTANCE OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAME-
TERS FOR QUESTIONS OF AIR POLLUTION. (Die Bedeu-
tung meteorologischer Parameter fuer Fragen der Luft-
verschmutzung). Text in German. Preprint, Deutscher Wetter-
dienst, Offenbach/Main (West Germany), 9p., March 1972.
(Presented at the Fachtagung Umwelrverschmutzung, Frank-
furt/Main, March 21-24, 1972.)
The dilution of emissions depends on the wind and on the tem-
perature layering. The pollution in the immediate vicinity of a
pollution source is higher during weaker winds. With stronger
winds the pollutants are carried to more distant areas, so that
lower concentrations are found in the immediate vicinity. With
high temperature lapse rates, e.g., 1 C per 100 m height, the
turbulence is high and the pollutants are carried to higher al-
titudes by intense vertical exchange. The lowest vertical pollu-
tant transport occurs during temperature inversions. An illus-
tration of plume behavior during various temperature lapse
rates and at inversion is given. The knowledge of meteorologi-
cal conditions for air exchange is important in two fields, for
the smog alert service and for the creation of master plans for
industrial centers and residential areas. In the Federal
Republic of Germany all meteorological parameters which are
important for evaluation of the degree of pollution on the
ground level are monitored by the Deutschen Wetterdienst.
Various states of the Federal Republic of Germany have a
smog alert service. North Rhine Westphalia has provided such
service ever since April 1964. It is important to know the ven-
tilation conditions prior to the creation of master plans. This
knowledge helps to prevent the erection of a new residential
section on the leeward side of an emission source.
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109
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
05440
R. Gelius and W. Franke
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
OF ALKYL-LEAD COMPOUNDS. NNZur Kenntnis der Ver-
brennungsprodukte von Alkylbleiverbindungen.)) Brennstoff-
Chem. Essen 47(9) 280-5, Sept. 1966. Ger.
Tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, and tetra-n-propyl lead were burned
in air in the presence of n-n-heptane, isooctane, or benzene.
The combustion products were collected on the surface of a
cooled glass tube, in a glass wool filter, and in an electrofilter.
In order to eliminate the formation of nitrites, the nitrogen in
the air could be replaced by argon. The combustion of the
alkyl lead compounds takes place as follows: the compounds
thermolyze when the combustible mixture approaches the hot
regions of the flame. The result is a smoke of fine PbO parti-
cles. The combustion residues are then almost identical to
those from the alkyl lead mixture. In the third zone, behind
the flame, PbCO3(52-86%), PbO(13-45%), Pb02 (as Pb304, etc.
0.1-3%), and Pb(N02)2 is formed. In internal combustion en-
gines the effectiveness of PbO as an antiknock agent lasts
about 1 millisecond. These experiments suggest that the sur-
faces of the PbO particles may convert to Pb(NO2)2, thereby
rendering the antiknock additive ineffective.
11554
Bricteux, J., W. Fasotte, and P. Ledent
A METHOD FOR SAMPLING AND DETERMINING HEAVY
HYDROCARBONS IN COMBUSTION FUMES. (Mise au
point d'une methode de prelevement et de dosage des
hydrocarbures lourds dans les fumees de combustion.) Text in
French. Ann. Mines Belg. n(3):309-331, March, 1968. 16 refs.
A method has been devised for sampling and measuring heavy
hydrocarbons in combustion smokes. The sampling technique
is based on the adsorption of the hydrocarbons on a short ad-
sorbent column placed within the chimney itself. The smokes
can be drawn up through the sampling tube in less than one
minute with the help of a rubber syringe. In order to measure
the hydrocarbons collected, the sampling tube is inserted in a
carrier gas circuit which also includes a flame ionization detec-
tor. The tube is brought up to a high temperature in a mobile
oven. The hydrocarbons are desorbed and carried by the carri-
er gas towards the dector; there is no separation of the
hydrocarbons and the response appears in the form of a single
peak on the recording paper. It is possible to desorb hydrocar-
bons having a boiling point above 500 degrees C without in-
ducing cracking phenomena. The output, which depends on
the boiling temperatures of the sampled hydrocarbons, is ex-
cellent and can be still further improved if, prior to the
sampling, the tube is refrigerated. A quantity of 10-6g
anthracene produces a peak allowing accurate quantitative
determination of the compound. The method also makes possi-
ble to perform a detailed analysis of the sample and determine
the individual concentrations of the various components. For
this purpose, a chromatographic column must be inserted into
the carrier gas, between the sampling tube and the detector.
Several examples of the determination of total and individual
concentrations in various synthetic gas mixtures, combusion
smokes, cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, are presented.
The possibility of applying the method to the measurement of
benzo(a)pyrene is being considered. Another method for as-
sessing the sample by methanol elution followed by a spec-
trophotometric examination is also described.
11933
Georgii, Hans-Walter
INVESTIGATION OF THE AIR EXCHANGE BETWEEN
ROOMS AND THE AIR OUTSIDE. (Untersuchung ueber den
Luftaustausch zwischen Wohnraeumen und Aussenluft). Arch.
Meteor., Geophys., Bioklimatol., Ser. B, vol. 5:191-214, 1954.
17 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 38p.
Self-ventilation of rooms as a function of outside wind condi-
tions was investigated with an attempt to distinguish ventila-
tion through pores from air exchange through cracks around
doors, windows, and in the floor. The affect of wind direction
and inside-outside temperature difference on the volumetric air
exchange were estimated. Decreases, with time, of experimen-
tally established levels of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
aerosols in the rooms were measured. Complete exchange of
the entire air volume of a standard room in one hour (ventila-
tion coefficient equal to 1.0) required a wind velocity of 6-7
m/sec, a value which rarely occurs in cities. An average ven-
tilation coefficient of 0.46 was obtained in carbon dioxide stu-
dies. Dependence of self-ventilation on wind direction could
not be established. It is concluded that wind velocity is deci-
sive in air for rooms on higher floors, but is negligible for
basement and ground-floor rooms where inside-outside tem-
perature is the determining factor. Naturally, these two factors
overlap at intermediate heights.
12341
Gruenewald, Gerhard, Olga Simonova, and Otto D.
Creutzfeldt
DIFFERENTIAL EEG-ALTERATIONS DURING VISUOMO-
TOR AND COGNITIVE TASKS. (Differentielle EEG-Veraen-
derungen bei visuomotorischen u kognitiven Taetigkeiten).
Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkrankh. (Berlin), vol. 212: 46-49, 1968.
34 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 34p., May 1,
1969.
An investigation is described of the variables which may
produce changes in brain-wave patterns on electroencephalo-
grams (EEC) during mental activity and periods of selective
attention in humans. The EEG's of the precentro-central (PC)
and occipito- temporal (OT) areas were recorded with
telemetry, and their changes during six standardised visuomo-
tor and two cognitive tasks were compared with the EEC dur-
ing rest with open eyes. Automatic EEC analysis on the prin-
ciple of zero-crossing and interval analysis was used. The
EEG changes during tasks differed significantly in the PC and
OT areas, and showed a dependence both on individual factors
(type of resting EEG with the eyes open) and on the charac-
teristics of the tasks. On the other hand, they were not corre-
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110
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
lated with the degree of attention or concentration involved in
the performance of each task. Detailed data analysis produced
evidence of a differentiation between EEC reactions to dif-
ferent tasks. The PC alpha-rate showed the least decrease dur-
ing cognitive tasks, while the OT alpha-rate showed the
highest tendency towards activation during maze drawing with
direct or mirror image control. The occipital beta-activation
was lowest during writing without visual control. (Author ab-
stract modified)
13178
Peter, S. and H. Woy
SULFUR PRODUCTION FROM HYDROGEN SULFIDE
WITH THE CLAUS PROCESS. (Gewinnung von Schwefel
aus Schwefelwasserstoff nach dem Claus-Verfahren). Text in
German. Chem. Ing. Tech., 41(1-2): 1-7, Jan. 17, 1969. 9 refs.
About 92 to 94% of sulfur is obtained from the H2S of natural
gas by the Claus process. The remaining 6 to 8% sulfur is
presently emitted with the waste gas as SO2. With the strin-
gent air pollution control laws which are now being introduced
in all industrial countries, it becomes necessary to increase the
sulfur output to 97%. Computation of the dissociation
equilibria in the sulfur vapor of the Claus process showed that
higher outputs can be achieved if the gas is cooled to about
220 C prior to entering the first Claus reactor. If the reaction
gas contains COS and CS2, these compounds must be
hydrolyzed in the first contact process. As a consequence, the
temperature in the feactor increases. With a hydrogen sulfide
content of 70% by volume, the theoretical sulfur output at the
first contact process would be 91%. To obtain an optimum
output, the second contact process must then take place at the
lowest possible temperature. The proper input temperature at
the second Claus reactor was found to be 187 C. Waste gas
from the second reactor is freed from the remaining elementa-
ry sulfur in a scrubber operated with liquid sulfur at 120 C and
goes to an afterburner, where the remaining H2S is converted
to SO2. It is theoretically and practically possible to increase
the sulfur output of the Claus contact process to 97% by the
use of a highly active alumina catalyst so that the SO2 concen-
tration in the waste gas is less than 0.5% by volume. By
further decreasing the operating temperature in the Claus reac-
tors, better results could be achieved, although this is not ad-
visable in the presence of CO2. Prerequisite to such a success-
ful operation is the exact adjustment of the stoichiometric
amount of primary air in the combustion chamber.
13614
Takeuchi, Nabuhiko
A STUDY OF THE ABSORPTION OF SO2 IN WATER BY
LIQUID JET. Translated from Japanese. (Source Unknown),
p. 41-45, July 4, 1968
The diffusion coefficient of SO2 has been measured at 30
degrees C by using a liquid jet out of a bell-shaped nozzle. Six
glass nozzles were used with pore sizes between 0.11 and 0.06
cm in diameter. The liquid jet was about 2 cm long- and was hi
contact with SO2 gas from 2.9 times 10 to the minui 3 to 1.7
times 10 to the minus 2 sec. The amount of absorbed SO2 was
determined by potentiometric titration with KMnO2 under
slightly alkaline conditions. The actual value agrees well with
those values calculated using Scheible's formula.
13617
Langemann, Horst
MASS AND MOMENTUM EQUATION OF ISOTHERMAL
NON-ISOBARIC GAS-LIQUID- PHASE-REACTORS. U.
(Massen-und Impulsbilanzgleichungen isothermer nichtisobarer
Gas-Fluessigphasen-Reaktorea. U.) Translated from German.
Brennstoff-Chem. (Essen), 49(10):312-315, Oct. 1968. 26 refs.
A model is described, which can be used to establish the mo-
mentum equation of a gas-liquid phase reactor with counter-
flow of the phases. The basis of the momentum equation is the
second law of motion by Newton, which in this case means:
The temporal change of momentum of a mass element is equal
to the vectorial sum of external forces acting upon it.
13618
Reh, L.
FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION. (Verbrennung in der Wir-
belschicht.) Translated from German. Chem. Ing. Tech.
40(11):509-515, 1968.12 refs.
The use of fluidized bed incineration is limited, among other
things, by the combustion temperature, the caloric value of the
fuel and the gas velocity in the turbulent layer. By adequately
controlling the combustion process a very narrow temperature
range can be maintained, which is demonstrated by various ex-
amples (roasting of sulfide ores at various types of cooling,
regeneration of pickling bath, incineration of oil and waste
sludge).
13619
Irzhanov, S. D. and Kh. Zh. Zhumatov
USE OF ORGAN CULTURES FOR STUDY OF RESPIRATO-
RY DISEASES. A PRELIMINARY REPORT. Translated from
Russian. Vop Virus, No. 2:246-250, 1968. 18 refs.
Significant advances in the diagnosis of respiratory viral dis-
eases have been made using cell and tissue cultures. This
paper discusses the materials and methods used, and gives the
results of two (2) experiments using the lungs of guinea pigs. It
is concluded that organ cultures of lungs of embryos of labora-
tory animals and of man may serve as one of the models
possible for experimental study of the histopathology of pul-
monary infections by acute respiratory virus diseases. This
likewise concerns the pathogeny of mixed viral-bacterial pneu-
monia. Organ cultures permit the revealing of character
changes in alveolar epithelia and in the walls of the
bronchioles in the first hours and days of contact with the
virus, with the architectonics of the lung tissue being
preserved.
13620
Stouff, M. L.
STOUFF'S SUSPENSION COMBUSTION HEARTHS. (Les
foyers a combustion en suspension Stouff.) Translated from
French. Institut Francais des OCombustibles et de 1'Energie
I.F.C.E. p. 341-351, (1968);
A suspension-combustion hearth is discussed which was
developed by M. O. Stouff and has been in operation for
several years. Emphasis is placed on principles! of design,
operational procedures, performance results, and recent spe-
cial applications (thin anthracite coal, and the drying of very
damp combustibles).
139315
Davtyan, O. K. and Ye. N. Ovchinnikova
CHEMISORPTION AND OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
ON SOLID CATALYSTS AT NORMAL TEMPERATURE. (O
khemisorbtsii i okislenii semistogo angidrida na tverdykh
katalizatorakh pri normal'noy temperature). Text in Russian.
Doklady Akad: Nauk SSSR, 104(6):857-860, 1955.
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
111
An attempt was made to explain the catalytic oxidation of sul-
fur dioxide on the basis of a theory proposed by O. K. Dav-
tyan. The following catalysts were studied: spongy platinum
applied to porous phosphorus through reduction from a solu-
tion of chloroplatinic acid, activated charcoal, vanadium pen-
toxide obtained by coagulation of a colloidal solution in the
form of a powder (without carrier), powdered graphite, pow-
dered chromium trioxide, and powdered ferric oxide (listed in
order of decreasing activity). In all cases, chemisorption was
found to proceed with sufficiently high rate at room tempera-
ture, the oxidation products being readily removed as sulfuric
acid by washing with water. Curves of total adsorption and
chemisorption rates as a function of time were plotted. It is
noted that the presence of water vapor on the catalyst surface
usually increases the maximum quantity of oxidized sulfur
dioxide.
14391
Kiselev, A. V.
NATURE OF HYDROCARBON ADSORPTION ON GRA-
PHITE, OXIDES, HYDROXIDES, AND CHEMICALLY
MODIFIED SURFACES. (Priroda adsorbtsii uglevodorodov na
gratite, okisyakh, gidrookisyakh i khimicheski modifitsirovan-
nykh poverkhnostyakb). Text in Russian. Gaz. Khromatogr., Tr.
Pervoi vses. Konf., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1959, p. 45-80.
61 rets.
Considerations necessary for a better theoretical and practical
understanding of chromatographic separation of hydrocarbons
are presented. Topics examined are: absorption energy of
hydrocarbons on graphitized carbon black and magnesium ox-
ide; absorption energy of hydrocarbons on hydroxides; adsorp-
tion isotherms for individual hydrocarbons on a uniform sur-
face; effect of chemical modification of absorbent surface on
the absorption of hydrocarbons; effect of geometrical modifi-
cation of absorbents-creation and alteration of surface—on the
absorption of hydrocarbons. It is recommended that further
work center on the following items: theory of adsorption
forces, calculation of adsorption energy, measurement of heat
of adsorption at different temperatures; statistical theory of
adsorption equilibria, measurement of heat capacity of adsorp-
tion systems; investigation of the state of surface chemical
compounds and adsorption complexes using infrared spectra
and other new methods; investigation of the geometric struc-
ture of adsorbents and structure modification; investigation of
the chemical structure of surfaces and their chemical modifica-
tion; investigation of adsorption equilibria for gas fixtures,
especially by the vacuum circulation method using new adsor-
bents.
14467
Haenel, Gottfried
OBSERVATIONS ON THE THEORY OF JET IMP ACTORS.
(Bemerkungen zur Theorie der Duesen-impaktoren). Text in
German. Atmos. Environ., 3(l):69-83, 1969. 15 refs.
The familiar theory of jet impactors is valid only for spherical
particles at low Reynolds numbers. Exact application of this
theory to non-spherical particles in jet impactors is not possi-
ble. Therefore, the impactor theory was modified and is now
based on the equation of motion of non-spherical particles at
conditions occurring in jet impactors. Aerodynamic drag coef-
ficients and form factors of a number of particle shapes are
discussed. These factors, together with their variation with
Reynold's and Mach's numbers, are contained in a special in-
ertia coefficient. It is shown how the collection efficiencies of
impactors are calculated from the solution of the equation of
motion of particles. It is possible now to explain the dif-
ferences between the impactor calibrations of Ranz and Wong
and of Stem et al. Calculations on the influence of particle
shape and density on the impaction process show that jet im-
pactors and other sampling instruments based upon the inertia
principle are not capable of measuring the size and the number
of atmospheric aerosol particles in absolute terms.
14693
Jonderko, Gerard and Zbigniew Szczurek
PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDD3S OF INNER ORGANS
IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED MANGANESE POISON-
ING. (Pathomorphologische Untersuchungen innerer Organe
bei experimenteller Manganvergjftung). Text in German. In-
tern. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. (Heidelberg),
23(2):106-116, 1967. 25 refs.
Fifteen male rabbits aged 6 to 12 months received daily in-
travenous doses of 3.5 mg manganese as 1% MnC12 in 0.15 M
NaCl solution for up to 32 days. Symptoms began to appear
after the first week. The animals became excited and aggres-
sive. This stage was followed by apathy and refusal to eat. At
the end of the intoxication period, tremors of the head and
legs were observed in two rabbits, two had equilibrium dif-
ficulties, one salivated, and three had died. All animals were
decapitated, including the five control animals. One hour after
death, tissue samples were taken from the liver, spleen, lung,
kidneys, large intestines, pancreas, adrenal glands, and the
scrotum. Pathomorphological changes were found in all or-
gans. They were filled with blood and hyaline thrombosis was
diagnosed. The largest changes were found in the liver
parenchyma. Various degrees of decay to necrosis were found,
accompanied by inflammation. The microscopic pictures
looked similar to acute liver cirrhosis. The kidney and the
large intestines were the least damaged organs. Degeneration
of the nephrons and inflammation of the mucous membrane
were seen. The toxicity of manganese to several organs can be
explained by its toxic effect on the central nervous system and
on the blood vessels.
16572
Sugiyana, Kozo and Takehito Takahashi
PRODUCTION OF CHLORIDE GAS BY OXIDIZING POTAS-
SIUM CHLORIDE AND SULFUR WITH PYRTTE. (Enka-kari-
umu, pairaito oyobi yuo no sanka ni yoru enso seisei hanno).
Text in Japanese. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi (J. Chem. Soc. Japan),
68(3):433-437, 1965. 9 refs.
In the production of chloride (C12) by oxidizing KC1 and S, the
addition of pyrite (FeS2) increased the reaction velocity by
maintaining a high temperature; it also increased the sulfur
source as FeS2 and produced Fe3(SO4)3 as a catalyzer to ox-
idize SO2. The pyrite included 42.4% Fe and 42.9% S. The
KCL and S were placed in a quartz cylinder, the internal
volume of which was 212 cu cm, and oxygen gas was sent into
this cylinder to oxidize materials, after which the materials
were heated by an electric hearth at 500 to 800 C. The higher
temperature showed larger reaction velocity (the reaction
velocity at 700 C was twice as much as that at 500 C). There
was little influence of the particle sizes of KC1 and FeS2 on
the production of C12. The reaction increased rapidly between
70 to 100 minutes after it began. The amount of sulfur to
produce C12 was maximum when the weight ratio between
pyrite and S was one to one, and it increased with the small
amount of material compound when the compound had a
definite weight ratio of KC1, S, and pyrite. Eventually the
production ratio of C12 from KC1 was 55 to 80% when the
weight ratio of pyrite to KC1 was 10 to 30%, the reaction tem-
perature was 600 to 700 C, and the reaction time was 2 to 3
-------
112
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
hours. This process produced K3Fe(SO4)3 and a mixture of
K3Fe(S04)3 and KC1, as determined by roentgenological anal-
ysis of rapidly frozen intermediate products.
16658
Takeuchi, Nobuhiko and Yoshiya Namba
ABSORPTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE, p. 241-250, 1964 (?) 16
refs. Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 15p., July 1969.
The measurement of the rate of sulfur dioxide absorption into
a laminar jet was performed to investigate the effect of chemi-
cal reaction between SO2 and OH(-) in liquid phase on the rate
of SO2 absorption from gas phase, and also the mechanism of
chemical reaction between SO2 and OH(-) in liquid phase.
Flow in the jet was shown to be uniform and parallel with the
axis, with absorption taking place according to the basic equa-
tion of diffusion. The effect of chemical reaction on the rate
of gas absorption was expressed by the following equation:
beta yields 1 plus 0.88q(1.2), where beta is the ratio of mass
transfer coefficient accompanied by chemical reaction to the
coefficient without it, and q, the ratio of the initial concentra-
tion of OH(-) to the saturated concentration of SO2 in solu-
tion. This formula greatly resembles the theoretical equation,
derived under the assumption of instantaneous irreversible
second-order reaction, except for a slight difference in the
power of q. It is therefore concluded that within the present
time range of contact time, SO2 is absorbed into NaOH aque-
ous solution with instantaneous irreversible second-order reac-
tion, and that the effect of the chemical reaction on the ab-
sorption velocity is expressed by the equation given above.
(Author summary modified)
17364
Wickert, K.
TESTS ON FORMATION OF FECL2 AND FECL3 BY REAC-
TIONS BETWEEN FE, FE304, FE203 AND HCL-CONTAIN-
ING GASES. (Versuche zur Bildung von FeC12 und FeC13 aus
Fe, Fe304, Fe203 und HCl-haltigen Gasen). Text in German.
Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbesitzer, 49(6):449-52, Dec. 1969. 5 refs.
The reaction of hydrogen chloride containing gases with pul-
verized Fe, Fe304, and Fe203 was studied with respect to tem-
perature. Moreover, the influence of water vapor and oxygen
in the HC1- containing gases on the faction with the above
mentioned substances was studied with respect to temperature.
For each experiment, 0.3 g of the pulverized substances were
heated in the presence of pure nitrogen. Each experiment
lasted 4 hours. The HC1- containing gas (100 cu cm/min) was
passed with a speed of 0.44 cm/sec through the reaction
chamber at a temperature of 22 C. The reaction products were
cooled to room temperature and the weight changes of the
substances were determined. The reaction of Fe203 with N2
containing 5% by volume HC1 forms FeC13. The fraction of
solid FeC13 decreases with increasing temperatures while the
volatile FeC13 increases with the temperature. Below 320 C,
volatile and solid FeC13 are formed. The reaction of Fe with
the gas forms FeC12. Above 670 C, no solid FeC12 is found.
Above 580 C, FeC12 is increasingly sublimated. The reaction
with Fe304 forms FeC12 and FeC13. The former develops
primarily at low temperatures. The maximum FeC12 formation
takes place between 200 and 250 C. The FeC13 is sublimated at
300 C. The reaction of Fe304 with N2 containing 10% H2O
and 5% HC1 forms solid FeC12 up to 550 C. No reaction takes
place between 550 and 700 C. Above 300 C, FeC13 and FeC12
form which are immediately converted to Fe203 through the
influence of water vapor. The reaction with Fe forms no
Fe203 only Fe304. Oxygen in the gas like the water vapor im-
pairs the HC1 reaction with Fe, Fe203, and Fe304. The
presence of water vapor in addition to HC1 form volatile and
non-volatile chlorides but to a much lesser extend than in the
presence of HC1 alone in the gas. Oxygen further reduces
chloride formation.
17588
Douzou, Pierre, Jean Capette, and Jean-Pierre Gout
STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF SINGULAR
OXYGEN BY CHEMILUMINESCENCE. C. R. Acad. Sci.,
Paris, Ser. C, vol. 266:993 996, April 1, 1968. 5 refs. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
6p.
A method permitting deliberate chemiluminescence from the
application of singular oxygen was studied and the intensity
was used for spectral analysis. The decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide by hypochlorite liberates molecules of singular ox-
ygen which are characterized by remarkable spectroscopic
properties and by chemiluminescent emission. The chemilu-
minescence indicates the involvement of oxygen during reac-
tions in which it appears accidentally. The technical aspect of
chemiluminescence was discussed. To influence the kinetics
and intensity of luminescence, the transition complex X-O2
was stabilized by cold. Hydrogen peroxide decomposition on
FMN (flavine mononucleotide) was carried out at 20 C. The
graph contained two curves which were obtained by tempera-
ture variations between 0-35 C. The emissions were induced
after some waiting time at 0 C amounting up to 25-30 minutes.
During this period, a progressive inhibition of FMN
fluorescence was recorded. After a second experiment in
which H2O2 and luminol were mixed, a lightning of chemilu-
minescence at 0 C and an emission which produced heating
and decomposition of the transition oxide was observed. Using
interference filters, two consecutive emissions containing
radiations centered at 6335 A and at 4350 A were observed.
An improvement of the sensitivity and specificity of the spec-
tral analysis is necessary for possible evaluation of the percent
of both radiations emitted in the two cases.
17594
Okaniwa, OKeiji and Jintaro Suzuki
FLUIDIZED COMBUSTION OF SOLID FUELS. (Funkyu
ryudo nensho). Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo),
vol. 38:429-437, 1959. 7 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 17p., May 16, 1969.
Various solid fuel combustion experiments were conducted on
commercial scale experimental combustion equipment for the
purpose of application of low grade fuels. Hokusyo coal and
other fuels were chosen for sample fuels. The development of
new combustion mechanisms by aerodynamical and ther-
modynamical principles of fluidized reactions were explored.
The. method is very useful as a combustion process for burn-
ing the high ash contents and the low generation of heat (about
2500 kcal/kg) of low grade coal. Even the hard coal and the
stone abandoned in coal selection can be used as the fuel.
Fairly crude coal can be used; thus, it is possible to adjust the
micro-coal machine to a small size and to decrease the installa-
tion, operation, arid maintenance costs. The micro particle
combustion section in the upper part of the combustion
chamber and the fluidized combustion in the lower part
proceeds concomitantly, makes the combustion stable, and
enables the control of change of loss of heat. With this
method, large amounts of micro particles produced at the coal
selection may be used without passing the micro coal machine.
Good results were obtained for several experiments. (Author
conclusions modified)
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
113
17619
Nakoryakov, V. Ye.
COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUEL DROPS IN A SOUND
FIELD. Inzh. Fiz. Zh. Akad. Nauk Belorussk. SSR, 12(5):650-
656, 1967. 8 refs. Translated from Russian. Foreign Technolo-
gy Div., Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio, Translation Div., 10p.,
March 11, 1968.
The combustion of a single drop of liquid fuel in a sound field
is analyzed theoretically. Because of the influence of chemical
reactions of combustion and of the transverse flow of
evaporating fuel vapors, the process is much more com-
plicated than that of 'pure' mass transfer between a medium
and a sphere. An approximate method for calculating com-
bustion rates is proposed. The method is valid, provided that
certain restrictions are imposed on the values of the dimen-
sionless complexes characterizing the process. The dimension-
less evaporation rate is shown to depend linearly on the am-
plitude of particle velocity of the medium and to be inversely
proportional to the square root from the frequency of oscilla-
tions. A formula is derived which relates combustion rates to
the sound oscillation parameters and to the intensity of the
transverse flow of evaporating vapors.
17921
Reppe, Walter, August Spaeth, and Hans Krzikalla
METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC SULFUR
COMPOUNDS. (Verfahren zur Herstellung von organischen
Schwefelverbindungen). Text in German. Farbenindustrie (I.
G.) A. G., Frankfurt, Germany, W. German Pat. 742, 741. 2p.,
Oct. 27, 1939. 1 ref. (1 claim).
For producing organic sulfur compounds by conversion of
hydrocarbons or halogen containing hydrocarbons with a
halogen and sulfur dioxide in the presence of catalysts, it is
advantageous to use those halides as catalysts which favor the
halogenation to carbon. The following halides can be used: the
chlorides of iron, copper, nickel, tin, titanium, zirconium,
bismuth, boron, antimony; phosphorus iodide; and the halogen
compounds as sulfur. Saturated paraffins such as cetan can be
used for hydrocarbons, those obtained at the catalytic
hydrogenation of the oxides of carbon at normal or increased
pressure, those which arise at the separation of water from ox-
ygen containing products of the catalytic hydrogenation of the
oxides of carbon and hydrogenated, or polymerized olefins.
The temperature of the process should not exceed 50 C.
18227
Diomaiuto-Bonnand, J., and D. Nicolas-Prat
PLANT MORPHOLOGY. (Morphologic Vegetale - Structure
et evolution des bourgeons neoformes in vitro, Bourgeons
neoformes sur hampe florale chez le Nicotiana sylvestris en
photoperiode inductive.) Translated from French. C R Acad.
Sci., Paris, Ser. D., p. 1482- 1484, November 13, 1967. 6 refs.
The evolution of neoformed buds in Nicotiana sylvestris was
studied in the inductive photoperiod, under conditions most
favorable for the initiation of floral buds of Nicotiana tabacum
'Wisconsin 38'. Grown in vitro in a nutritive Knop composi-
tion containing agar and glucose and illuminated from 9 to 16
hours per day, plant fragments were analyzed at regular inter-
vals using standard histological techniques. Fragments taken
from the plants formed buds from the resulting callus. The
morphological appearance of the buds was independent of glu-
cose concentration in the growth medium, length of lighting
periods, and place of sampling in inflorescence. Eight plates
show views of sectioned specimens. Although formed in eu-
period in composition rich in sugar, the buds were vegetative
and comparable to those formed in dysperiod in a composition
poor in sugar. Observations indicated that glucose does not
cause flowering in vitro but favors it when induced. The
evolution of neoformed buds is similar to the growth of apical
meristems of entire plants until the reproductive phase, when
the meristem stops functioning and becomes parenchymatous,
and leaves yellow and wither.
18228
Gourgaud, Monique
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. (Physiologic Vegetale - Action de la
8-azaguanine et de la guanine sur la croissance et la ramifica-
tion du protonema de Ceratodon purpureus.) Translated from
French. C R Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. D, p. 1381-1383, 1967. 9
refs.
A ceratodon purpureue protonema grown in darkness in a
composition containing glucose and 8-azaguanine (0.000032M.)
in vitro loses some of its power of branching, while its
lengthwise growth remains unchanged. Guanine added to the
inhibiting composition in a concentration of 0.0000066M.
restores normal branching. Since this phenomenon is not
found in the presence of 5-FUDR, the 8-azaguinine appears to
be an inhibitor of the synthesis of RNA. The 8-azaguinine has
the same effect on the oblique mitosis of the ceratodon
protonema as on the biodimensional growth of the prothallus
fem. This favors the hypothesis of an analogy between the
two phenomena.
18308
Koncar-Djurdjevich, S. K.
INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROCHARGING DURING
FLUID1ZATION AND EXPLANATION OF THE SHAPE OF
SEPARATED MATERIALS. Documenta Chemica Yu-
goslavica, 28:513-522, 1963. 6 refs. Translated from Yugoslavi-
an.
Solid particles in a fluidized bed receive an electrostatic
charge as a result of friction with other particles and the walls
of the bed. Both electric and hydrodynamic processes are in-
volved in charging the particles, and many factors, such as the
dielectric constant of the fluidized mass, have pronounced ef-
fects on the results. The polarity of the charged species in
mono-and multi- dielectric systems and the characteristics of
deposits of these species were studied. Moisture-free air was
used to fluidize dried particles in a bed fitted with D. C. elec-
trodes. The charge on the fluidized particles was determined
by observing the polarity of the electrode on which the parti-
cles collected (e.g. positive particles are attracted to the nega-
tive electrode). During the fluidization of one-component
systems, both positively and negatively charged particles were
found. In two-component systems, the species with the higher
dielectric constant was generally positively charged. This is in
agreement with Koehn's Law. Sand, a constituent of all three-
component systems examined, was always negatively charged,
the other two holding a positive charge. On rod-shaped elec-
trodes, particles would form a cluster at the lower, free end of
the rod when the electrode was grounded to the metallic bed-
supporting screen. When the electrode was insulated, two
clusters were formed. One, the component usually attracted to
that electrode, formed a band part way up the shaft. The other
component formed the usual cluster on the end of the rod.
Materials tested include KNO3, SiO3, NaCl, Mg CO3, Ca
CO3, BaSO4, Pb(NO3)2, and coal.
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114
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
19436
Angelillo, B.
MANGANESE IN DRINKING WATER. (D Mn neUe acque
destinate ad uso potabile). Igiene Mod. (Parma), vol. 54:3-34,
Jan.-Feb. 1961. 72 refs. Translated from Italian. Franklin Inst,
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
34p., Oct. 27, 1969.
Manganese in drinking water, it origin, the problems it causes,
and its removal are discussed. Though manganese represents
only 0.1% of the earth's crust, standing water (but not running
water) has a tendency to concentrate it; concentrations in ex-
cess of 20 ppm have been obtained in some reservoirs. While
manganese is essential to plants, it can do expensive damage
in paper mills, wood pulping, and the manufacture of rayon
and plastics. In the home, it can leave bard-to-remove stains
on laundry and reduce or stop the flow of water by precipitat-
ing on the walls of pipes. The development of removal
techniques is traced through the years and several of the more
successful techniques that have evolved are presented.
General categories of techniques discussed are mechanical, ion
exchange, chemical, and catalytic, with combinations thereof
representing the most common applications.
19890
Langemann, Horst
MASS- AND IMPULSE-BALANCE EQUATIONS OF
ISOTHERMAL NONISOBARIC GAS-LIQUID PHASE-REAC-
TORS. PART 1. (Massen- und Impulsbilanzgleichungen
isolhermer nichtisobarer Gas-Fluessigphase-Reaktoren I).
Brenstoff-Chem. (Essen), 49(8): 238-241, Aug. 1968. 8 refs.
Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 17p., Nov. 12, 1969.
Proceeding from a one-dimensional kinetic model of an
isothermal gas-liquid phase, counterflow reactor, the mass
balances of the reaction components for the gas phase and the
liquid phase, as well as continuity equations of both phases
and the reaction space, are formulated. In addition, impulse
balances of both phases and the reaction space are derived.
The impulse-balance equation for reactor space and the con-
tinuity equations for gas and liquid phases are used to obtain
differential equations for static pressure in a cross section of
the reactor and the relative volume share of the gas phase. By
deriving impulse-balances to the gravitational and compression
force, the equations for the static pressure are simplified to an
inhomogeneous, linear differential equation of the first order.
By integration, static pressure as depending on the lenght of
the reactor can be obtained. Moreover, the differential equa-
tions can be transformed into equations for determining the
mean relative volume shares of the gas and the fluid phases in
any given segment of the reactor. The relations set up for gas-
liquid phase reactors can be modified, in the case of constant
volume shares by introducing the mass density and the relative
volume share of the mixture of liquid and solid to apply to
gas-liquid phase reactors with a suspended solid content.
(Author summary modified)
19967
Scholl, G.
A METHOD FOR A SEMIAUTOMATIC WATER SUPPLY
FOR PLANT CULTURES IN EXPERIMENTAL VESSELS.
(Bin Verfahren zur halbautomatischen Wasserversorgung von
Pflanzenkulturen in Versuchsgefaben). Z. Pflanzenernaehrung,
124(2):126-129, 1969. 1 ref. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 5p., May 15, 1970.
A device to automatically water plants in pot-type containers
is described. Previous methods provided water on the basis of
weight, but they are not practical for widespread experimental
stations at external locations. The method described involves
the use of ceramic cylinders to be used as suction fixtures
operating in a negative pressure metering device. Pressure
develops because of evaporation between the soil and the
cylinder. At a proper hydrostatic connection between the
supply container and the ceramic cylinder, water replenish-
ment is automatic. Water has been supplied for as long as 14
trouble-free days by this method. (Author abstract modified)
21628
Scholz, F. O. and A. Berner
THE PREPARATION OF PARTICLES OF MAGNITUDE IN
SIZE OF 10(-5) BY PHOTO CHEMICAL PROCESSES.
Preprint, Vienna Univ., Austria, Physikalisches Inst., 14p.,
1969. Translated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 4p., April 3, 1970.
Experiments are reported on the decompositions of hydrogen
sulfite with ultraviolet radiation, to investigate photochemical
methods of aerosol formation. Such methods have the ad-
vantage of permitting a constant reaction and nucleus forma-
tion in the entire reaction vessel, and sensitive control of the
reaction through radiation dosage. The diluted and purified gas
is passed into a ring-shaped radiation pipe. After radiation, the
reaction mixture is thinned and transferred into an aerosol
centrifuge for measuring the size distribution of the aerosol.
This distribution depends upon the duration of radiation and
the concentration of the gas. Magnification of the product
from duration time and concentration results in a shift of the
distribution function toward larger particles. A changing, inter-
mittent radiation of the reaction mixture results in a
monodispersed size distribution.
21701
Haenel, Gottfried
THE SIZE OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL PARTICLES AS A
FUNCTION OF THE RELATIVE HUMD3ITY. (Die Groesse
atmosphaerischer Aerosolteilchen als Funktion der relativen
Luftfeuchtigkeit). Text in German. Beitr. Physik Atmosphere,
vol. 43:119-132, 1970. 21 refs.
A model for the equivalent radius of atmospheric aerosols as a
function of the relative humidity is developed. Equivalent
radius is the radius of the sphere with the same volume as the
particle. The model contains only parameters which can be
directly determined by measurements on atmospheric aerosols.
This makes the model applicable for the entire humidity range.
Preliminary results of measurements on atmospheric aerosols
at Mainz and on sea salts were used for calculations. Sim-
plified but generally applicable equations were obtained in the
range of less than 0.95 as well as for aerosols and sea salt par-
ticles with equivalent radii of larger than 0.4 micron in the dry
state. These simplified equations can be used for calculating
the refractive index and the light extinction of aerosol parti-
cles.
22219
Warburg, Otto and Walter Christian
CHEMICAL MECHANISM OF THE FLUORIDE-INHIBITION
OF FERMENTATION. (Chemischer Mechanismus der
Fluorid-Hemmung der Garung). Kurze Originalmitteilungen,
vol. 39:194, 1941. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo, 2p.
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
115
The chemical mechanism of inhibition of the ferment enolase
by fluoride was investigated. Fluoride inhibition of three com-
pounds was being determined: fluoride, magnesium salt, and
phosphate. When the magnesium concentration was constant
and the fluoride and phosphate varied, the equation phosphate
times fluoride times remainder of effect/inhibition of effect
equal constant was found. When the phosphate concentration
was constant and the fluoride and magnesium salt varied, the
equation magnesium salt times fluoride times remainder of ef-
fect/inhibition of effect equal constant was found. Since it is
difficult to determine such a small phosphate concentration,
the equation was not tested for large fluoride concentrations.
However, both equations were tested and found to be valid
for fluoride concentrations of 1/20,000 to 1/100. It was con-
cluded that the effective compound for fluoride inhibition is a
complex magnesium-fluoro-phosphate. This compound com-
bines in proportion to its concentration with the ferment
protein in a dissociating manner. The specific reversible inhibi-
tion is believed to be based on the displacement of the effec-
tive magnesium salt from the protein by the complex.
22319
Luther, H., G. Bergmann, H. D. Sngelmann, and J. Zajontz
EXPERIMENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF REAC-
TION KINETIC MAGNITUDE FOR THE ISOTHERMO
PYROLYSIS OF BITUMINOUS COAL. PART n. DEVELOP-
MENT OF AN ANALOG COMPUTER PROGRAM AND
COMPARISON OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER VARIOUS
CONDITIONS. (Verscuche zur Bestimmung reaktion-
skinetischer Grossen bei der isothermen Steinkohlen-Pyrolyse).
Chem. Ing. Tech., 41(3):743-790, July 1969. 7 refs. Translated
from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 22p., May
24, 1970.
An analog computer program was developed to determine
first-order reaction kinetics involved in the isotherm pyrolysis
of coal. The calculated constants of reaction speed can be as-
signed to reaction phases independent of the degree of car-
bonization. Activation energies of 48-66 kcal/mol and thrust
factors of 10 to the 13th power to 10 to the 17th power
reciprocal min were determined for methane, propane,
ethylene, and carbon monoxide generated by the pyrolysis of
bituminous coal. For ethane, these values lie between 50-90
kcal/mol and 10 to the 14th power to 10 to the 25th power
reciprocal min. In a second analog computer program, kinetic
reaction data obtained in the first program were used to
establish degasing curves to be expected for a given speed of
heating up under nonisothermal conditions. (Author introduc-
tion modified) '
22402
Mueller, Peter
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SULFURIC ACID ON THE
DEW POINT TEMPERATURE OF THE FLUE GAS. (Beitrag
zur Frage des Einfluesses der Schwefelsaeure auf die
Rauchgas-Taupunkttemperature). Chem. Ing. Tech., 31(5):345-
350, 1959. 30 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
20p., Oct. 21, 1969.
The dew points of flue gases with small sulfuric acid concen-
trations are determined with the aid of thermodynamic rela-
tionships. The theoretical values obtained are compared with
previous measured results. The dew point characteristics of a
mixture of H2SO4 and water vapor at lowest partial pressure
ratios are discussed. The presence of other gases in a flue gas
will have no effect on dewing as long as they do not react with
H2SO4. The dew point characteristics given are valid only in
those conditions were equilibrium conditions are reached. How
this agrees with reality is a question of condensation kinetics.
The dew point problem in the cylinders of internal combustion
engines has become more critical due to changes in fuel
characteristics and a demand for higher longevity of the en-
gines. Rapidly changing thermodynamic parameters within the
cylinder make the problem more complex.
22587
Luther, H., G. Bergmann, and T. N. Sreenivasan
EXPERIMENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF REAC-
TION KINETIC MAGNITUDE FOR THE ISOTHERMAL
PYROLYSIS OF BITUMINOUS COAL. (Versuche zur
Bestimmung reaktionskinetischer Grossen bei der isothermen
Steinkohlen-Pyrolysis). Chem. Fabrik, 40(7):317-364, April 10,
1968. 11 refs. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 26p., May 22, 1970.
Formation of methane, ethane and hydrogen were observed
volumetrically and by means of gas chromatography during
isothermal pyrolyses of bituminuous coal, vitrinite and exinite
in a vacuum between 400 and 500 C. The constants of speed
of reaction, activation energies (40 to 65 kcal/mol) and pertur-
bation factors of the individual reaction stages were calculated
from the values measured according to the method of the least
square deviations. The gas formation curves which were mea-
sured non-isothermally were analyzed with the kinetic values
found. A comparison with kinetic data found by various ex-
perimental methods showed essentially good agreement. While
the formation curves for the total amount of gas, methane and
hydrogen were quite similar to each other, the curve for the
formation of ethane deviated noticeably. Values for methane
and hydrogen which are approximately equal indicate that the
formation of these gases takes place according .to the same
reaction mechanism, but the mechanism for ethane formation
is yet to be investigated. The appendix describes the fitting of
a curve on data points by linear or non-linear regression and
iterative calculation by the method of steepest descent.
23638
Stuchtey, Karl
SPECTROANALYSIS OF THE RADIATION EMITTED DUR-
ING THE DECOMPOSITION OF OZONE. Z. Wiss Photor.,
Photophysik, Photochem., 19(7, 8):l-3 1920. 104 refs. Trans-
lated from German. 39p.
A spectrographic analysis of the luminescence observed during
the decomposition of ozone is described. By heating ozone to
about 400 C in a special furnace, a strong luminescence is in-
duced. The emission spectrum is in the visible and ultraviolet
regions, which coincides with known ozone data. Measure-
ments of an ozonized mixture of oxygen and nitrogen are also
studied. The mechanism of the observed luminescence is ex-
plained, and the concepts of processes occurring during ozone
formation in glow discharge are verified. The nature of ozone
luminescence is independent of the substances which are ox-
idized. Special spectrographic techniques and equipment are
developed for the purposes of this investigation.
24490
Gutschick, D., J. Scheve, and G. Rienaecker
ON THE ROLE OF THE BONDING STRENGTH IN
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS. (Zur Rolle der Bindungss-
tarke in der heterogenen Katalyse). Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem.,
369(3-6): 1969. 24 refs. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 13p., Oct. 2, 1970.
-------
116
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Chemisorption as the initial step in the activation of gas
molecule on solid interaction surfaces is the first step in the
catalytic process. The strength of the bonding between the
substratemolecule and the surface in chemisorption determines
whether a catalytic process or binding between the substrate
and solid body results. I oxidation reactions, it has been
known since 1955 that optimal binding strength of the oxygen
in oxides is the criteria for good catalytic activity. This op-
timum for the binding conditions of oxygen can be more close-
ly characterized through conductivity measurements. Measure-
ments are made for a series of reactions involving catalysts of
alkali earth chromates. The results of the experiments are
discussed in terms of activation energy, kinetics, and reaction
mechanisms. (Author abstract modified)
28260
Kabanov, M. V.
ATTENTUATION OF LIGHT SIGNAL IN A SCATTERING
MEDIUM. Sov. Phys. J. (English translation from Russian of:
Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. Fiz.), 9(5):11-13, Sept.-Oct. 1966. 7
refs.
A quantitative assessement of effects due to the interference
on waves scattered by an ensemble of particles is given. It is
shown that in the propagation of a collimated beam of light in
a. turbid medium, interference effects give rise to an addition
stretching of the scattering indicatrix for a single particle. The
interference 'tongue' obtained is concentrated in a very small
angle in the direction of the light beam incident on the particle
system. Over a wide range of experimental conditions, this
angle is of the order of a few minutes. (Author abstract)
28263
Filippov, A. P. and G. I. Krutova
INTERACTION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN WITH COM-
PONENTS OF THE EXTRACTION REAGENT-DILUENT
SYSTEM. Radiochemistry (USSR) (English translation from
Russian of: Radiokhimiya), 11(5):527-531 Sept.-Oct. 1969. 18
refs.
The interaction of nitrogen oxides with n-octane, sulfurated
kerosene, and carbon tetrachloride was investigated by in-
frared spectrometry. When an equimolar mixture of nitric
oxide and nitrogen dioxide was contacted with saturated
hydrocarbons, NO2 dissolved, then interacted with the
hydrocarbons to form nitroparaffins, nitric esters, and
probably nitrous acid. Dissolution of NO and NO2 without
chemical interaction was observed in carbon tetrachloride.
When nitrogen oxides were brought into contact with tributyl
phosphate and Di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid in the presence
of negligible amounts of water, molecular nitric acid and ap-
parently, nitrous acid were formed. These interacted with the
extraction agents, forming complexes. No destructive changes
in the extraction reagents occurred under the influence of the
nitrogen oxides. (Author conclusions modified)
28678
Suzuki, H.
ON THE DEHYDRATION REACTION OF PYROLOTITE BY
SULFUR DIOXIDE. Nippon Kogyo Butsurikagaku Kenkyu
(Tokyo) (Japan. Ind. Phys. Chem. Res.), no. 22:293-297, 1969
(?). Translated from Japanese, Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 8p., April 30, 1970.
A method of obtaining sulfur and iron by the desulfurization
reaction of pyrolotite FeS was studied. The sulfur was esti-
mated by the iodine method and iron by the standard potassi-
um permanganate method. The sample consisted of 83.2%
FeS. An electric furnace was used to heat a quartz reaction
tube to a preassigned temperature and air was exhausted from
the system by nitrogen. The sample was broken into small
pieces and inserted in the quartz reaction tube. The nitrogen
was switched to sulfur dioxide at a constant speed. After a
given amount of reaction time the SO2 is again switched to
nitrogen, the temperature of the electric furnace was lowered,
the sample removed, and the reaction rate was calculated by
estimating the leftover sulfur. Equations are given for the cal-
culation of the thermodynamic analysis of the reaction. To
find the best conditions for the reaction, a constant-size sam-
ple, 0.5 g, was used and the reaction time set for 1 hour. By
changing the temperature and the flow velocity of SO2, the
reaction time could be studied. When a temperature higher
than 900 C is used with the appropriate flow velocity of SO2
(40-60 cc) the reaction takes place almost perfectly in 90 to 120
minutes.
30042
Shandorov, G. S.
CALCULATION OF A JET AXIS IN A DRIFTING FLOW.
(Raschet osi strui v snosyashchem potoke). Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb.
Zaved. Aviat. Tekh., 9(2):100-104, 1966. 3 refs. Translated
from Russian. Holman (John F.) and Co., Inc. 6p., Dec. 1966.
NTIS: NASA TT F-10,638
Gas jet forms can be theoretrically determined. Various forces
deflect the jet including pressure. The pressure distribution
around the jet, the variation in the maximum dimensionless
rarefaction at the initial cross section, and the axes of the jets
can be determined.
30737
Hugel, Marie-France
A STUDY OF SOME COMPONENTS OF POLLEN. (Etude de
quelques constituants du pollen). Ann. de 1 Abeille, 5(2):97-
133, 1962. 65 refs. Translated from French. Dept. of Agricul-
ture, Beltsville, Md., Bee Culture Library, 27p., April 1964.
Research being conducted on the chemistry of pollen was
reviewed. The principal results obtained from the pine tree
pollen which causes sarcoidosis were reported. Various sam-
ples of pollen, collected by bees, such as mixed pollen, apple
pollen, and rockrose pollen were examined. The substances at-
tractive to the bees as well as substances that can be obtained
in the pure state were identified. The substance 24-methylene-
cholesterol was isolated from two pure pollens and one mixed
pollen. It was previously shown that insects cannot synthesize
sterols. Hence, the 24-methylene-cholesterol isolated from
bees could come either from the food or a transformation of a
phytosterol. Having isolated 24-methylene-cholesterol in a con-
siderable quantity from different pollens shows the purely
food origin of this sterol.
31039
Scholz, F. O. and A. Berner
THE PRODUCTION OF PARTICLES OF THE ORDER OF
MAGNITUDE 0.00001 CM BY PHOTO-CHEMICAL
PROCESSES. Preprint, Vienna Univ. (Austria), Physikalisches
Inst., 13p., 1969 (?). Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 13p., Dec. 15, 1970.
Relatively stable aerosols were produced by decomposing
hydrogen sulfide under ultraviolet radiation into hydrogen and
sulfur. The production involved passing a mixture of H2S and
nitrogen through a microsorban filter to an illumination pipe
where the gas mixture was exposed to the unfiltered light of a
200 mercury steam lamp located in the center of the pipe. The
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
117
reaction mixture was then thinned with filtered nitrogen and
conducted to an aerosol centrifuge with which the power dis-
tribution of the aerosol was measured. Particle size distribu-
tion was found to be influenced by the H2S concentration and
length of stay of the gas mixture in the illumination pipe and
even more so by intermittent illumination of the reaction mix-
ture. The latter produced monodisperse aerosols with a narrow
size distribution as the result of homogeneous condensation.
31415
Feifel, E.
DUST AS A CHARGE CARRIER; CONCEPTS OF DUST
TECHNOLOGY, IV. (Staub als Ladungstrager; Begriffe der
Staubtechnik IV). Radex Rundschau (Austria), no. 2:904-917,
1957. 9 refs. Translated from German. Leo Kanner Assoc.,
Redwood City, Calif., 32p., May 1971.
Finely distributed admixtures to a flow of gas, which bounce
against, glide along, or are torn away from the delimitation of
a flow, are electrically charged. Besides the static electric pro-
perties of the two bodies in contact, the contents of dust of
the gas principally determine the intensity of the charge of all
particles. The influence of the size of grain on the electric
capacity of dust is examined, and results are obtained from an
electrostatic measurement of the dust contents. Exhaustive
measurements were taken on various types of dust; results ob-
tained from quick ash are used as a sample for the method of
calculation and the accuracy of the measurement. The
chargeability of single particles, boundary charge and particle
number of a dust cloud, and measurement of charging are ex-
amined. Variations of the granulation unquestionably in-
fluenced the total charge. As long as they stayed within the
customary practical limits, the indications of the measuring
device also remained within the permissible limits of
tolerances for measuring dust.
36086
Undintseva, V. S. and G. I. Chufarov
KINETICS OF THE REACTION BETWEEN SO2 AND H2S.
Khim. Prom. (Moscow), 17(3):24-28, 1940. 5 refs. Translated
from Russian. Central Electricity Generating Board, London
(England), Information Service, 12p.
The kinetics of the reaction between sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide within the range 250-350 C, occurring in the
contact apparatus of sulfuric acid plants and the effect of
reaction vessel surface and type of wall surface on the reac-
tion rate were studied. The reaction proceeds exclusively on
the walls of the reaction vessel. Within the pressure and tem-
perature range studied, the reaction rate in a glass vessel is
directly proportional to the sum of the partial pressures of an
equivalent mixture of the reagent gases. The ratio of the quan-
tities of H2S and SO2, reacted in a unit of time and was equal
to the ratio of the surfaces of the vessels in vessels of dif-
ferent dimensions. The reaction was sensitive to the state of
the reaction vessel surface and the reaction rate varied widely
in response to changes in the state of the surface. The cover-
ing of the surface of the glass reaction vessel with metal films
of iron, copper, and aluminum and the exposure of films of
these materials to H2S and SO2 mixtures, showed that in all
cases the reaction is retarded by comparison with glass sur-
faces. However, with a film containing aluminum, the reaction
proceeds more rapidly than with all the other films and ap-
proximates the rate on a pure glass surface.
56320
Sutugin, A. G.
COAGULATION CONSTANTS OF AEROSOLS AT KNUD-
SEN NUMBERS OF THE ORDER OF 1.0. Colloid J. (USSR)
(English translation from Russian of: Kolloidn. Zh.), 29(6):633-
634, Nov.-Dec. 1967. 5 refs.
A flow method was used to determine the coagulation constant
of uncharged dioctyl sebacate aerosol with an average particle
radius of 100 A (Knudsen aerosol number approximately 2).
The average value of the constant was 13.4-10 to the minus
10th power cu cm/sec This result is in satisfactory agreement
with the Fuks equation for the coagulation constant in the in-
termediate range. The role of molecular forces in coagulation
of dioctyl sebacate aerosol with an average particle radius of
100 A is not large. (Author conclusions)
37582
Ustinov, V. I. and V. A. Grinenko
THE ISOTOPE EFFECT IN THE ELECTRON BOMBARD-
MENT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE MOLECULES. Russ. J. Phys.
Chem. (English translation from Russia of: Zh. Fiz. Khim.),
45(7):935-937, July 1971. 12 refs.
The fractionation of oxygen isotopes in the dissociation of sul-
fur dioxide by electron impact was studied with a mass spec-
trometer modified for precision isotope analysis. An isotope
separation factor of 1.046 was calculated from the ratios of
ionic current with M/e equal to 48, 50, 64, and 66 for SO2 with
natural isotope content SO2 enriched with 02(18). The experi-
mental separation value was in satisfactory agreement with
theoretical separation factors calculated by the Franck-Condon
and Bigeleisen methods. The separation data imply that, on
dissociation of SO2 by electron impact, the S-O bonds are not
distorted in the resulting transition complex. This is consistent
with the hypothesis that the energy of the bombarding electron
is not distributed among all the bonds and leads solely to the
dissociation of an individual bond.
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118
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
02539
(INHALED NOXIOUS POLLUTANTS.) Pollutants nodfs in-
hales. (Part of Chapter 1: Les pollutions et 'nuisances d'origine
industrielle et urbaine. Tome 1. Leur prevention et les
problemes scientifiques et techniques qu'elle pose en France.)
Premier Ministre, Delegation generate a la recherche scien-
tifiqne et technique. 13-7, June 1966.
This information on inhaled noxious pollutants, which is
presented in brief semi-outline form, deals with: chronic and
acute effects, influence of dusts on the lungs, influence of
non-carcinogenic pollutants, influence of bacteria and viruses,
and principal areas of concern in research. Pollutants must be
considered both for their independent effect and for that
which is conditioned by the state of health of the person such
as that of persons with cardiovascular impairment or chronic
bronchitis. Reactions from a number of pollutants, including
ozone, nitrous vapors, and carbon monoxide, are of great con-
cern. Research studies are being pursued with synthetic at-
mospheres in relation to synergistic actions; with studies of
the atmosphere in certain areas of Paris during a normal
period and during a period of smog; with lexicological studies
of certain chemical agents, particularly sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and various fluorine compounds, with a view of
fixing their limits of tolerance; with the carcinogenic potential
of chemical agents as pollutants; and with consideration of the
respiratory tree as influenced by inhaled chemical agents and
studies of respiratory insufficiencies. This information is given
in a section of Chapter 1 of this monograph.
03202
V. Del Vecchio.
THE PROBLEMS OF BASIC URBAN AIR POLLUTION. H
problems dell'inquinamento di fondo urbano dell'aria at-
mosferica. Fumi Polveri (Milan) 6, (6) 177-8, June 1966.
Basic urban air pollution refers to the discharge into the air of
exhaust gases from motor vehicles and from heating units,
which are prevalently inefficient. Both sources discharge
respirable dusts and gases, the latter including some aliphatic
and aromatic hydrocarbons which have proven carcinogenic in
experimental animals. The problem arising from the in-
complete combustion of motor fuels is aggravated by the
presence, in Italian cities, of narrow streets and relatively high
buildings which become repositories of emitted fumes and dust
from slow-moving vehicles. As much as 12 to 13% CO may be
present in gasoline-driven motor car exhaust. While gross mea-
surement of pollutants present in the urban air is of high in-
dicative value, public health aspects of the problem demand
that granulometric studies of the dust particles also be con-
ducted, since size is a factor in respirability. In addition,
photochemical studies involving the interaction between the
pollutants in the air and the sun's rays indicate that solar
radiation transforms the originally present contaminants into
biologically more receptive compounds, quite different from
their precursors. Thus peroxacetylnitrate(PAN) is produced
from NOx, and the new substance is a powerful irritant of the
mucus membranes. The dramatic episodes of mass illness
resulting from smog in various places in recent years were
caused by the phenomenon of thermal inversion which
prevented the dispersion of the irritants present in the air.
03214
REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION OF THE
EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST ON THE HUMAN
BODY. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air -J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc.,
Tokyo) 4(l):39-43, 1966.
The measurement of CO, soot, nitrogen oxides, SO2, SO3,
and hydrocarbons and their medical psychological effects on
the human body were investigated in September, 1965 in two
regions with contrasting amounts of daily traffic. A quiet re-
gion to be considered was the vicinity of Ohara-Machi
Setagagya-ku, Tokyo and the other was in the vicinity of Na-
tional Hygienic Laboratory at Yoga-cho Setagaya-ka, Tokyo.
The results are stated categorically for each air pollutant. To
determine environ- mental effects meteorological data were
supplied by Tokyo Dis- trict Central Meteorological Observa-
tory.
06866
O. G. Arkhipova, M. S. Tolgskaya, T. A. Kochetkova
TOXICITY WITHIN A FACTORY OF THE VAPOR OF NEW
ANTIKNOCK COMPOUND, MANGANESE CYCLOPEN-
TADIENYLTRICARBONYL. (K voprosu o toksichnosti parov
novogo antidetonatora tsiklopendadieniltrikarbonila margantsa
(v vozukhe priozvodstvennykh pomeshchenii). Hyg. Sanit. (Gi-
giena i Sanit.) 30 (4), 40-4 (Apr. 1965). Russ. (Tr.)
Manganese cyclopentadienyltricarbonyl (MTC) is toxigenic in
small concentrations and has pronounced cumulative proper-
ties. A single exposure to MCT vapors in 0.1 mg/1 concentra-
tions in the air is dangerous for life. In concentrations of 0.01
mg/1 in the air this substance may cause serious and lethal
poisoning in cases of multiple exposures. Concentrations at a
level of 0.001 mg/1 produce functional shifts in the nervous
system and initial morphological lesions in the respiratory
tract. The new antidetonator is endowed with a weak irrigating
effect at rhe site of contact; when dissolved in oil and benzene
it does not penetrate the skin. The solvent tetrahydrofuran,
which is used in the production of MCT in tetrahydrofuran
penetrates intact skin and causes intoxication.
07015
Collet, A., J. C. Martin, C. Normand-Reuet, and A. Policard
INFRASTRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE
DEVELOPMENT OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES AND
THEIR REACTIONS TO MINERAL DUSTS. ((Recherches in-
frastructurales sur 1'evolution des macrophages alveolaires et
leurs reactions aux poussiers minerales)). Proc. Intern. Symp.
Inhaled Particles Vapours, II, Cambridge, England, 1965. p.
155-163, 1967. Translated from French.
The electron microscopic examination of normal alveolar
macrophages, harvested by washing out the lungs, reveals
common features which are those of histiocytic cells, differing
from other pulmonary parietal lining cells, and features pecu-
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
119
liar to the species investigated (cat, rabbit, guinea pig, man),
concerning the lysosomic cytoplasmic inclusions. The in-
vestigation of a great number of cells shows the possible
evolution from a small non-phagocytic lymphocyte-shaped
cell, identical in all species, to the well-known large alveolar
macrophage. As a rule phagocytosis is related to lysosomic
structures and clears most of them away from the cytoplasm.
The particles are usually surrounded by a cytomembrane. Few
cytological alterations after phagocytosis are observed. The
presence of ingested particles causes iron to accumulate. AS
07173
D. Henschler, E. Hahn, and W. Assmann.
CONDITIONS FOR AN INCREASE IN TOLERANCE UPON
REPEATED INHALATION OF IRRITATING GASES WHICH
CAUSE PULMONARY EDEMA. ((Wirkungsbedingungen einer
Toleranzsteigerung bei wiederholter Einatmung von Lun-
genodem erzeugenden Reizgasen.)) Arch. Exptl. Pathol. Phar-
makol. Vol. 249:325-342 (Nov. 6, 1964). Ger.
Opinions are divergent concerning the effect of long-term in-
halation of low concentrations of gases and aerosols which can
cause pulmonary edema. This paper investigates the time rela-
tionships in the formation of increased tolerance to such
gases, its duration, the influence of time and concentration,
and the pathological-anatomical reaction of lung tissue to the
preliminary treatment. After the protective mechanism was
proved to be independent of the chemical structure of the irri-
tant, NO2 was chosed as representative of the gases causing
pulmonary edema. Most of the laboratory animals used were
inbred mice of the CFW and NMRI families (Zentral-institut
fur Versuchstierzucht, Hannover), which were brought into
the test weighing 18-22 gin. Increased tolerance to high con-
centrations of NO2 was obtained by exposing the specimens to
40 ppm NO2 for one 6-hr period. The protection reaction first
appears within 24 hr. Maximum protection occurs in 2-5 days
and is largely gone after 10 days. Repeated preliminary expo-
sure with the same concentrations at 4-day intervals does not
increase the amount or duration of protection.
07174
H. W. Schlipkoter and A. Brockhaus
TESTS ON THE EFFECT OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION
ON THE DEPOSITION AND ELIMINATION OF INHALED
DUSTS. ((Versuche uber den Einfluss gasformiger Luftverun-
reinigungen auf die Deposition und Elimination inhalierter
Staube.)) ZBL Bakt. 191(12):339-344 Dec. 1963. Ger.
To be injurious to men, suspended particles in the atmosphere
must be inhaled and deposited in the lungs. Only particles
smaller than 5 microns and especially smaller than 1 micron
can penetrate into deep sections of the lungs. Other important
factors are the type and dissolvability of the dust as well as
the volume and frequency of respiration. To determine the
deposition of dust in lungs, it is necessary to determine the
difference between the dust content of inhaled and exhaled
air. A test conducted to determine the effect of gases found in
large cities on the amount of dust deposited in lungs utilized a
mixture of 2 types of soot with air which was sprayed and
measured with a special apparatus. Spectrophotometric and
quantitative methods were used to determine the amount of
dust deposited in the lungs of test persons who respired at a
rate of 1% breaths per minute, temperature of 23 dog. C, and a
humidity of about 68%. Typical gases mixed with the test
suspension in the dust chamber were SO2 and CO2 or NO2 in
concentrations which correspond to the MAK values. An in-
crease in dust deposition in the lungs was observed only when
nitrogen gases were inhaled simultaneously. Further tests
showed that the elimination of deposited dust from the lungs is
hindered by SO2 and SO3.
07189
Ch. Gemez-Rieux, C. Voisin, J. Guillaume, F. Wattel, and C.
Aerts
INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF THE ALVEOLAR
MACROPHAGE IN RESPERATORY PHYSIOLOGICAL
PATHOLOGY. Recherches sur le role du Macrophage Al-
veolaire en Physiopathologie Respiratoire. Lille Med. (France)
12(2), 149-158 Feb. 1967.
The action of influenza virus and various mineral dusts on the
activity of alveolar macrophages extracted from guinea pigs is
described. The alveolar macrophages extracted from the lungs
of sacrificed guinea pigs were centrifuged and preserved until
ready for experimental use. The cell behavior was observed
with the electron microscope and by microcinematography.
The cellular activity is followed by the phagocytic and
metabolic activity. The cytotoxic effect of influenza virus on
the macrophages was followed by the oxygen consumption
and carbon dioxide evolved. With carbon dust there was no
change in cell vitality or metabolic activity. With silica dust
there was a cytotoxic effect, but with the addition of
polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide there was a protective action and
the microcinematographic pictures were normal.
07379
R. Kano
OZONE. Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air
Cleaning Assoc.) 2(l):54-59, 1964. 11 refs.
The methods of production, toxic nature, and methods of de-
tection of ozone are described. The Denshi Ozonizer No. 1 is
illustrated in whkh oxygen or air is passed between the dielec-
tric plates and a silent discharge by high voltage a.c. produces
ozone. The ozone concentration varies according to humidity
and temperature of the air, low temperature and humidity
being favorable for effective utilization of the ozone. Part of
the toxic character of ozone comes from the presence of
nitrogen oxide as an impurity. The maximum allowable con-
centration of each in its pure state is 20 ppm but when mixed,
1 ppm is the maximum. Uses of ozone for air cleaning, oxida-
tion of organic compounds, sterilization, water cleaning,
deodorization, etc. are covered. Ozone detection methods are
divided into chemical and physical methods. The physical
method is more convenient and fast. Usually the odor of
ozone permits its detection before much harm to the human
body can occur.
07541
P. Polu, P. Laurent, C. H. Guyotjeannin, D. Thin
AN OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE OF CHIMNEY SWEEPS
CLEANING OIL-FIRED FURNACES. (Pathologic profession-
nelle des fumistes effectuant le ramonage des chaufferies a
mazout.) Text in French. Arch. Maladies Profess. Med. Trav.
Seeurite Social (Paris), 26(4-5):435-446, April-May 1967. 8 refs.
The frequent and consistent symptoms experienced by chim-
ney sweeps cleaning oil-fired furnaces appear to present a new
specific syndrome. Most of the efforts of industrial hygienists
have been concentrated on the pollution in the air and not
much has been done on the chemistry of soots. Findings,
hypotheses as well as suggestions for control are presented. A
table is given which compares the symptoms of the workers
such as irritation of the eyes, the upper respiratory tract, the
mouth, and skin as well as serious deterioration of their
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120
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
clothing. The men also complained of loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting, lack of coordination of movements, amnesia, and
headache. In the same table in parallel columns are listed the
symptoms of exposure to vanadium, sulfur dioxide, and oxides
of nitrogen. Based on an examination of the soot involved it
was concluded that the vanadium was not involved in the
symptoms of the chimney sweeps and that the sulfur content
of the fuel was an important factor. It is recommended that
fuels low in sulfur be used, that the optimum combustion con-
ditions be maintained by keeping the temperature of the flame
down by a high excess of outside air. Electrostatic precipita-
tors can cut the emission of SO3 by 50%. The injection of
magnesia in the vicinity of the flame can meutralize the SOShe
use of industrial-type vacuum cleaners offers a method of fur-
nace cleaning without an occupational exposure.
07592
Horai, Z., M. Yokoi, I. Nakamura, M. Shibata, and T. Sano
PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE LUNG RESULTING
FROM AIR POLLUTION. J. Nara Med. Assoc., 18(l):l-5,
Jan. 1967. 3 refs.
Lung tissue has been examined from victims of fatal accidents
in Osaka, Japan to determine the location, amount, and chemi-
cal composition of black-dust deposits due to air pollution.
The nature of pulmonary lesions was also studied. Information
is given on the preparation of the specimens for microscopic
and chemical analysis. Tabulated data give comparative infor-
mation on (1) the amount of black dust deposits in people over
the age of 40, (2) the relationship between connective tissue
development and the amount of black dust deposits, (3) the
number of dust foci over 1 mm in size and the occurrence of
bullous emphysema, (4) the weight of dust and the percentage
of silica in the lungs of persons 46, 58, and 63 years old, and
(5) the weight of the various chemical elements in persons
over 58 yr. Large deposits of black dust were frequently ob-
served in persons over 60. Perivascular proliferation of con-
nective tissue increased with an increase of black dust
deposits. In macro-specimens, nodular foci per unit area in-
creased with increasing age. This suggests that intrapulmonary
black dust depsotion due to air pollution increases with age.
Further studies are recommended.
08305
Kagawa, Jun
THE USEFULNESS OF THE METHOD OF SINE WAVE
OSCILLATING PRESSURE FOR MEASURING TOTAL
RESPIRATORY FLOW RESISTANCE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS
AND GUINEA PIGS. Text in Japanese. Japan. J. Hyg.
(Tokyo), 21(6):424 436, Feb. 1967. 18 refs.
The validity and applicability of a sine wave oscillation
method for measuring total respiratory flow resistance in man
and guinea pigs were investigated. Diagrams giving exact mea-
surements of the body plethysmographs and the pressure im-
posing device used in the experiments are provided. The
frequency of the sine wave oscillation with which the activity
of the chest-lung system becomes zero, was found to be 7 ap-
proximately 9 c.p.s. in both man and guinea pig. Over 12 c.p.s.
the impedance of the system showed a steep rise. By analyz-
ing the flow and its imposed pressure curves, it was found that
the total respiratory flow resistance showed continuous change
according to the different stages of the flow curve. By the use
of an artificial mouthpiece resistor having three kinds of
known resistance in man, the frequencies 7 approximately 9
c.p.s. also showed the most pertinent reproducibility, and the
impendence was overestimated by frequencies below or above
this range. When this technique was applied to the short term
inhalation study of low concentration of SO2 (1.5-2.0 ppm) in
man, it revealed rapid response and individual difference of
the sensitivity of the total respiratory flow resistance after a
few seconds of the exposure. In long term exposure of guinea
pigs to 0.1 ppm of toluene diisocyanate vapor without any sur-
gical treatment, the animals showed a repeated day to day
response with different individual sensitivity, and when sodi-
um chloride aerosols were added the response of the total
respiratory flow resistance was affected in a meaningful pat-
tern. The results, which are illustrated in graphs and tables,
show this procedure to be a relevant and sensitive method to
evaluate the behavior of the respiratory air way in both man
and guinea pig in short or long term studies of environmental
toxic materials.
08461
D'nitskaya, A. V.
PROBLEMS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE AND HEALTH
MEASURES IN PLASMA SPRAY-COATING OF METALS.
((Voprosy gigieny truda i ozdorovitelnye meropriyatiya pri
plazmennom napylenii metallov.)) Text in Russian. Gigiena
Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow), 10(7):21-27, July 1966. 7
refs.
Plasma spray coating of metals is accompanied by health
hazards, such as high-frequency noise, the presence of
aerosols, nitrous oxide, and ozone, as well as the ionization of
air and ultraviolet radiation. The aerodynamic noise levels may
attain 128-130 db. A special polyclinical and physiological ex-
amination of workers showed disturbed vascular tone with a
tendency towards hypotension, slowed-down pulse and abnor-
mal cardiac rhythm, as well as an increased threshold of audi-
tory sensitivity by the end of the work day. Workers with a
service record of 2-5 years exhibited impaired hearing with
distorted perception of high-pitched tones. Recommendations
are made for reducing the health hazards of operators.
(Author's summary, modified)
08611
Bankl, H. and K. Jellinger
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DAMAGE AFTER FETAL
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. ((Zentralnervose Schaden
nach fetaler Kohlenoxyd- vergiftung.)) Text in German. Beitr.
Pathol. Anat. (Jena), Vol. 135, p. 350-376, 1967. ((83)) refs.
After a short review of the effects of carbon monoxide ihtox-
ica- tion on the fetus, including a table detailing autopsy
findings in nine cases, a report is given on a case of fetal CO
poisoning due to a gas accident suffered by a 23-year-old
mother in the 24th week of her pregnancy. She was uncon-
scious for 3102 hours. Six weeks later the child was born
spontaneously. It breathed spontaneously, but died 1 1/2 hours
later. Postmorten examination revealed severe damage, almost'
ubiquitous in distribution, to the gray matter, manifesting itself
in widespread necroses of the cerebral cortex, the nuclei of
the brainstem, the midbrain nuclei, the pontine peduncular and
the tegmental neclei. The extent of the necrotic 'involvement of
the cerebral white matter and the spinal cord is discussed. The
cerebellar cortex, as well as inferior olivary bodies were rela-
tively unaffected.
08801
Hogger, Dieter
EFFECTS OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST GASES ON
HUMANS, ANIMALS AND PLANTS. ((Auswirkungen der
Motorfahrzeugabgase auf Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.))
Text in German. Z. Praeventivmed., Vol. 11, p. 161-178,
March-April, 1966. 20 refs.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
121
The various toxic components in automobile exhaust gases are
reviewed. To determine the amount of carbon monoxide in-
haled by the population, the carbon monoxide hemoglobin
content of 331 policemen and 597 automobile drivers was
determined during a test for alcohol. The nonsmoking po-
licemen did not exceed the 5% limit, but 25% of smoking po-
licemen and 40% of the drivers did. The amount of lead in the
street, in windowsill dust, and in the street air was well as in
the blood of office workers, metal work- ers and garage wor-
kers was determined in Zurich between 1948-1963. While the
amount of lead in the dust of the street, air, and win- dow sills
increased significantly by 1955, the amount found in the blood
increased only slightly. Soot is considered deleterious as a car-
rier of other water soluble toxic substances into the lungs. The
hygienic limit of 0.5 cc./cu m for oxides of nitrogen is only sel-
dom exceeded. Sulfur dioxide emissions are negligible.
Hydrocarbons and polycyclic hydrocarbon emissions from
motor vehicles contribute only a few percent to the rise in
lung cancer. The paraffin and olefin hydrocarbons are nontox-
ic to humans, animals and plants, while ethylene is highly
toxic to plants. While in Europe oxidants do not contribute
significantly to air pollution, compounds such as ozone and
peroxyacylnitrite contribute to air pollution in tropic and sub-
tropic climates with a high concentration of motor vehicle traf-
fic, particularly under adverse meteorological conditions. The
psychological problems caused by air pollution are discussed
and it is concluded that the psychological effects cannot be
dismissed lightly.
08949
Grigor'ev, Z. E.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC LEAD POISONING.
(0 posledestviyakh Kdhronicheskoi svintsovoi intoksikatsii.)
Text in Russian. Vrachebnoe Delo, No. 11, p. 117-118, Nov.
1967.
Workers in various professions exposed to lead vapors or dust
in concentrations exceeding 0.01 mg/cubic meter were ex-
amined and working capability was evaluated on the basis of
clinical symptoms and general condition. In earlier stages of
poisoning, temporary transfer to working places without expo-
sure to lead is recommended. Where the symptoms do not dis-
appear, then permanent retirement must be recommended. The
average exposure time before retirenent due to chronic poison-
ing was 11.6 years for men and 12 years for women. Retire-
ment of women is less frequent than for men, which is at-
tributed to the less hazardous conditions for women.
09232
Rogala, H. and Malinowski, E.
A CASE OF NITROGEN OXIDE POISONING. ((Przypadek
zatrucia tlen- kami azotu.)) Text in Polish. Polish Tygod.
Lekar. Wiadomosci Lekar. 23(1):18-19, Jan. 1968. 9 refs.
NO2 poisoning in a 34-yr.-old engineer is described. He was
exposed for 30 min. to the yellow fumes generated in the fire
of an ammonium nitrate storage facility. After treatment for a
leg injury, he was returned home. Some 12 hrs. later he was
delivered unconscious to the hospital, where he developed
acute pulmonary edema. Symptoms and treatment are detailed.
Recovery was comp- lete and within one month. The need to
organize » lexicological information center is emphasized in
order to secure prompt treat- ment for similar cases. Rogala,
Henryk and Edward Malinowski
09535
Teisinger, J.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAD LEVEL IN BLOOD AND
IN URINE IN PERSONS NOT EXPOSED TO LEAD. ((Vztah
mezi hladinou olova v krvi a v moci u lidi olovu neex-
ponovanych.)) Text hi Czech. Casopsis Lekaru Ceskych
(Prague), 105(30):810-812, July 5, 1966. 5refs.
Lead levels are tabulated for 789 urine and blood samples ob-
tained from persons in 16 countries and major cities who had
not been occupationally or otherwise exposed to lead. Lead
levels in blood and urine ranged from 7-26microgram% in
blood and 22-46 microgram/1 in urine. Analysis of the data
showed that the lead concentration in the blood is directly pro-
portional to that in urine. An in- crease in the blood level of 1
microgram % is accompanied by an increase in the urine level
of 1.4 microgram/1. A plot of lead concentration in the blood
vs. that in the urine gives a straight line which intersects the
urine concentration ordinate at a value of about 12 micro-
gram/1. Since this is impossible it appears that the correlation
line must be curved in the lower concentra- tion range. The
proportionality between the lead concentration in the urine and
in the blood is considered as indirect evidence that lead at nor-
mal blood levels is excreted by glomerular filtra- tion only.
09725
Steiger, H., and A. Brockhaus
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE RELATIONSHD? BETWEEN ADX
POLLUTION AND THE DEATH RATE IN THE RUHR DIS-
TRICT. ((Untersuchungen ueber den Zusammenhang
zwischen Luftverunreinigung en und Mortalitat im Ruhr-
gebiet.)) Text in German. Naturwissenschaften (Berlin),
53(19):498. Oct. 1966. 5 refs.
The death rate in a dozen Ruhr towns and cities following the
temperature inversion of 3-7 December 1962 is studied in order
to establish a relationship between the death rate and the high
dust concentrations hi the air (2.4-5.0 mg./m.3). While the
death rate increased by 29% over the period 3-17 December
1962, the absence of regular concentration measurements
made any correlation imposs- ble.
09934
Boqusz, Waldemar, Brygida Koehler, Janina Rzepkowa and
Jerry Rzepka
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE GOP (UPPER SBLE-
SIAN INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT) ON THE UPPER RESPIRA-
TORY TRACT OF A SELECTED GROUP OF SCHOOL
CHILDREN. ((Wplyw zenieczyszczen powietrza atinosferycz-
nego GOP na gome drogi oddechowe wybrane grupy mlod-
ziezy szkolnej.)) Text in Polish. Otolaryngol. Polska (Warsaw),
21(6):801-803, 1967.
Air pollution in Poland causes economic losses estimated at 8
million zloty annually and, in addition, it exerts a noxious in-
fluence on human health. This condition is acute in Katowice
province, where 23 percent of the Polish labor force is em-
ployed on 3 percent of the land, and particularly affects the
GOP, an area of 2,000 sq. km with 2,800 people per sq. km.
Some 733 school children from the area of Chorzow, in the
center of the GOP, were studied over a 7-year period (1959-
1966). The most common respiratory illness was rhinitis (31
percent of Group A, from Corzow Stary, and 26 percent in
Group B, from Katowice-Ochojec). Tonsillitis was reported in
9.2 percent of Group A and 19 percent in Group B, and aller-
gic rhinitis in 58 percent and 8 percent respectively. It is
evident that air pollution has an effect on the incidence of or-
dinary and allergic rhinitis. The inverse relationship of tonsil-
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122
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
litis to air pollution leads to the supposition that some frac-
tions in the polluting emissions may stimulate the lymphatic
system. The highest pollution was reported from the area of a
nitrogen plant, with an average dust fall of 602.28 g/ sq ml
month and a daily average of SO2 concentration of 2.24
mg/100 sq cm PbO2. Chemical analysis of the dust revealed 74
percent inorganic, 25 percent organic and 0.5 percent tarry
substances. Data from low pollution points in the Katowice-
Ochojec suburban area showed an average dust fall of 23.03
g/sq m/month and a daily average SO2 concentration of 0.91
mg/100 sq cm PbO2.
10321
Kodama, Buichi, Setsvo Masuda, Mitsuru Nishikawa, Masato
Hyashi, lakezo Hattori and Makoto Ishida
THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION IN YOKKAICHI
CITY OF THE VENTILATORY FUNCTION OF SCHOOL
CHILDREN. Text in Japanese. Nippon Shonika Gakukai
Zasshi. (Acta Pediat. Japon.) (Tokyo), 70(12): 1299-13-7, 1966.
41 refs.
Ventilation function studies with school children were con-
ducted over a 15-month period in order to investigate the ef-
fect of air pollution due to petroleum industry installations
built since 1955 in Yokkaichi, Japan. Wright peak flow meter
measurements for children aged 6-12, and Vitalor MMF (peak
flow rate) measurements for children aged 10-12, were carried
out, using about 1,080 children from a polluted area and about
290 from a non-polluted area. In addition, FRC, FVC,
FEV0.5, and FEB1.0 were investigated. Chronic reduction of
ventilation function is noticed in school children aged 6-12
from the polluted area. The difference between polluted area
residents decreases with age. This is especially noticeable for
girls. Disturbance of ventilation function generally appears as
obstructive difficulties rather than restrictive difficulties
because of the apparent reduction in FRC, MMF50-75%,
FEV1.0 and FEV0.5, and also a slight reduction in FVC. The
differences between polluted and non-polluted areas were
found to be more noticeable in winter than in summer. Ven-
tilatory disturbances in polluted area school children may be
enhanced by low rainfalls, dry air, and low temperatures in the
winter. Judging from the wide range of scatter in the reduction
of ventilatory function, individual changes attributable to air
pollution appear to vary considerably. Inhalation of soot or
SO2 stimulates tracheal mucus, causing non -infectious inflam-
mation. Then viral or bacterial infection leads to spreading in-
flammation (asthmatic patients tend to suffer from this, in ad-
dition to the allergic inflammation). The patient will tend to
have swollen tracheal mucus, chronic edema or bronchial
spasms. A long-range follow-up study of these children is
recommended to cover the period from childhood through
adolescence to adulthood, in order to determine the extent to
which air pollution influences ventilatory capacity.
10349
Kamraj-Mazurkiewicz, Krystyna
EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING IN
PREGNANCY ON THE FETAL CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM BASED ON A CASE OBSERVATION. ((Wplyw
zatrucia tlenkiem wegla w okresie ciazy na osrodkowy uklad
norwowy plody na podstawie obserwowanego przypadku.)) Text
in Polosh. Ginekol. Polska (Warsaw), 38(3):291-294, 1967. 8
refs.
Little is known about the effect of transitory CO poisoning of
an expectant mother on the development of the unborn child.
A few reported German and Polish cases are discussed where
expectant mothers suffered CO poisoning with periods of un-
consciousness ranging from 30 min. to 5 hr. In the Polish case,
the mother was poisoned in the seventh month of pregnancy.
While the mothers did not show any neurological symptoms
after regaining consciousness, the carbon monoxide in each
case exerted a damaging and lasting effect upon the fetus or
neonate. Fetal effects included brain damage, retardation, idio-
cy, and severe and vast necrosis in the central nervous
system, leading to death within a few hours or days. The
severity of the damage appears to be related to the month of
pregnancy, with the fetus being particularly vulnerable shortly
before parturition. It is not resolved whether carbon monoxide
acts directly through the circulatory system on the fetal ner-
vous system or whether the mother's oxygen deficiency
brought about by carbon monoxide poisoning causes seconda-
ry damages to the fetal brain. A Caesarean delivery should be
effected in order to permit the child to exhale CO through the
lungs.
10396
R. V. Borisenkova, T. A. Kochetkova, A. V. Kozlova
THE PROBLEM OF THE INTERMITTENT ACTION OF
DUST. (K voprosu ob intermittiruyushchem deistvii pyli.)
Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya 12(2):6-
13, 1968. 5 refs.
Six groups of albino rats were exposed to ore dust containing
69.5% Si02, 14.7% Z1203. 5.46% iron oxides, etc. The groups
were exposed to different concentrations, ranging from 50 to
500 mg./cu m, and for different periods of time. The product
of exposure time and concentration was the same for all
groups so that groups exposed at a high concentration were
exposed for a shorter time and conversely. Determination of
pulmonary collagen lipids, and dust contents as well as micro-
scopic examination, showed that 6-12 months after the inhala-
tions the histochemical changes were similar in all groups. In
particular, the group exposed to a lower concentration for a
longer period of time exhibited more pronounced pneu-
moconiotic symptoms. The group exposed to higher concentra-
tions for a shorter period of time exhibited more pronounced
pneumoconiotic symptoms. The group exposed to higher con-
centrations for a shorter period of time exhibited more severe
changes in the upper respiratory tract.
10577
Biersteker, K.
POLLUTED AHl. CAUSES, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SIG-
NIFICANCE, AND PREVENTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POL-
LUTION, (verontreinigde lucht. Ontstaan, medische betekenis
en bestrijding van verontreinigde buitenlucht.) Text in Dutch.
Assen, The Netherlands, Van Gorcum & Co., (1966), 140p.
139 refs.
The effects of air pollution on man and the study of these ef-
fects are discussed under these chapter headings: General in-
formation on the air pollution problem; Qualitative and Quan-
titative significance of air pollutants as potential disease agents
in Rotterdam; Man as receptor of air pollutants; Methods used
in epidemiology to discover the relationship between air pollu-
tion and human mortality an morbidity; Personal study of the
effects of air pollution on mortality and morbidity in Rotter-
dam; Effects of acute air pollution; Effects of subacute air
pollution; search for a safe air pollution concentration; Air
pollution and chronic non-specific lung disease mortality; Air
pollution and lung cancer mortality; Discussion of findings in
connection with research done elsewhere; and Need for and
use of standards in air pollution control. Statistical information
and tables are appended. Chapters are summarized in Dutch
and in English.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
123
11552
Ambrosi, L., F. Vimeroati, and C. di Nunno
LARGE LYMPHOCYTES IN THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS
WITH CHRONIC LEAD POISONING. ((Sui grand! linfociti
del sangue del saturaini.)) Text in Italian. Med. Lavoro
59(2):125-135, Feb. 1968. 16 refs.
High percentages (19-59%) of large lymphocytes were found in
the peripheral blood of 20 patients with saturnism employed in
the manufacturing of storage batteries. These cells, stained by
the method of Unna-Pappenheim, showed intense cytoplasmic
basophilia. In the peripheral blood of 20 subjects not exposed
to lead, the percentage of large lymphocytes was within nor-
mal limits (2-19%). The results are discussed on the basis of
bibliographic data on the significance of the large lymphocytes
and of changes of Coombs' test in saturnism. The usefulness
of the determination of large lymphocytes in saturnism is
emphasized.
11568
Horn, K.
AN UP-TO-DATE REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF AIR POL-
LUTION ON THE POPULATION. ((Uber die Auswirkung der
Luftverunreinigung auf die Bevolkerung Eine neure Uber-
sicht-)) Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg., 14(6):410-413, June,
1968. 24 refs.
The effects of the increasing incidence of air pollution on
human health are discussed. Distinction is made among the im-
mediate (24-48 hr.), delayed (weeks to months), and chronic
effects (years) of exposure to air pollution. Four areas con-
sidered are: non-specific respiratory diseases; experimental
and epidemiological studies on chronic effects of air pollution;
studies on premorbid conditions resulting from air pollution;
and incidence of lung cancer. Air pollution is viewed as one of
many etiological factors influencing incidence of colds, in-
fluenza and other respiratory conditions, but it may be a
precipitating factor in the development of chronic conditions.
Statistical correlations between air pollution (oxides of
nitrogen, sulfur, and silicon) and urban incidence of chronic
bronchitis, keratoconjunctivitis, atonia and penumonia have
been reported. Rheumatic heart disease seems more related to
socioeconomic factors than to air pollution. Urban children ex-
posed to air pollution show microcytic anemia and retardation
of bone development. Correlation between urban air pollution
and lung cancer has been noted. A decrease in lung cancer
mortality was reported among British immigrants to USA,
Australia or South Africa even though their cigarette consump-
tion remained the same or increased.
1
11907
Ishizaki, Tatsushi, Sohei Makino, Terumasa Miyamoto, and
Taro Kodama
A FOLLOW UP STUDY OF THE DAILY INCIDENCE OF
RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AMONG A GROUP HAVING
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN CONNECTION WITH AIR POL-
LUTION OF TOKYO-YOKOHAMA AREA. Text in English.
Asian Med. J., 11(9):1-12, Sept. 1968. 12 refs.
Sixty-three persons (21-55 yrs.) with symptoms of sneezing,
running nose, coughing, phlegm, throat irritation, headache
and fever, and diagnosed to have chronic bronchitis as a result
of examination, spirometry and questioning, were selected
from 1000 male workers in a casting company in the Tokyo-
Yokohama area (a highly polluted, industrial area). The pa-
tients were observed from August 1963 through July 1964, dur-
ing which time their symptoms were correlated with dust fall,
sulfation rate, daily visability, wind speed, suspended parti-
cles, and sulfur dioxide. The significant positive relationships
found between sneezing and dust fall during the whole obser-
vation period, between sneezing and sulfur dioxide and phlegm
and sulfur dioxide during the first 8 months, and between
phlegm and suspended particulates suggest that patients with
chronic bronchitis are sensitive to irritants in the air. It ap-
pears from the negative relationship between headache and
mean velocity that an environmental factor might be involved.
11932
Courvoisier, P.
THE PENETRATION OF FLUCTUATIONS OF
METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS INTO BUILDINGS.
(Ueber das Eindringen von Schankungen der meteorologischen
Elemente in Gebaeude). Arch. Meteorol., Geophys., Biokli-
matol., Ser. B., 2(3):161-173, 1950. 7 refs. Translated from
German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 19p.
Meteoropathology is examined in an attempt to gain insight
into human pre-sensing of weather changes, even inside of
buildings. Atmospheric pressure, environmental elements, and
fluctuations and their attenuation inside of buildings are
treated in theoretical detail. Special attention is given to fluc-
tuation of ozone concentration inside of structures. The com-
plicating effect of time lag between inside and outside condi-
tions is stressed.
11935
Morelli, A. and P. Preziosi
ACID FHOSPHATASE IN THE BRAIN DURING SUBACUTE
INTOXICATION WITH TETRAETHYL LEAD. (La fosfatasi
acida encefalica in corso di intossicazione subacuta con piom-
bo tetraetile). Folia Med. (Naples), vol. 36:718-722, 1953. 3
refs. Translated from Italian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 5p.
Brain acid phosphatase was studied in four rabbits acutely or
subacutely intoxicated with tetraethyl lead. The acutely intox-
icated rabbits received the toxic substance intravenously in
gum arabic emulsion in doses of 60 or 90 mg Pbt/kg of body
weight. The subacutely intoxicated rabbits received 10 or 50
Pbt/kg of body weight in 95% alcohol subcutaneously on 10
successive days. No significant change in the distribution of
the enzyme in the various areas of the encephalon was ob-
served between control animals and rabbits acutely and sub-
acutely treated. Tetraethyl lead was found in the brain tissue
of all animals: 4.26 mg in animals treated with 60 mg/kg; 43.57
mg in animals treated with 90 mg/kg; and 0.43 and 0.15 mg in
animals treated with 10 and 50 mg/kg. The findings are con-
sidered significant, since many drugs exert an effect on brain
phosphatase activity.
11936
Kapalin, V.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS ON THE ORGANISM OF SCHOOL CHIL-
DREN. (Odraz vlivu nekterych zevnich podminek na organ-
ismu deti skolniho veku). Cesk. Hyg. (Prague), ll(8):468-472,
1966. 10 refs. Translated from Czech, by Franklin Inst
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 9p.
In the fall of 1965, three groups of Slovak children were ex-
amined for the effects of environmental conditions on body
height, structure, and hemoglobin levels. The first group had
spent the summer in a recreational area; the second lived in an
area highly polluted by arsenic emissions from a. power plant;
and the third group lived in a less polluted area and had spent
the summer at scout camps. Measurements in the spring of the
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124
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
year had indicated the maximum mean height of children from
the unpolluted area agreed with the overall Slovak average.
Though lower growth levels for the children from the polluted
area were not statistically significant, no child in the second
group was classified as very tall. Marked differences were
established in hemoglobin values and warning differences in
red blood cell values. In the fall, there was substantially nar-
rower scatter of the relative heights of children who had spent
the summer in the scout camps and recreational area. Ex-
tremes of body structure within each group had disappeared
and differences in hemoglobin levels were less marked, in-
dicating the leveling effect of proper diets and purer air. The
children from the polluted area continued to exhibit not only
decreased hemoglobin values but decreased red blood cell
counts.
11941
Kononova, V. A. and V. B. Aksenova
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION DISCHARGES FROM
SYNTHETIC ALCOHOL PLANT AND THEIR EFFECT ON
MORBIDITY, SANITARY AND LIVING CONDITIONS OF
THE POPULATION. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 9:3-7, 1961. 5 refs.
Translated from Russian. 7p.
Investigations were undertaken to determine the extent of the
area affected by the discharges from a synthetic alcohol plant
and the effect of these discharges on the morbidity rate and
sanitary and living conditions of the population. The area was
found to be polluted by hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, and
sulfuric gas in a radius up to 3 km and by unsaturated
hydrocarbons up to 500 meters. In a survey of the local popu-
lation, many complaints were associated with the wastes
emitted by the plant (headaches, dizziness, loss of appetite,
etc.). The complaints were most numerous close to the plant.
During a three-year period, the incidence of respiratory dis-
eases in children in the plant area exceeded the morbidity rate
of children in a control area. It is concluded that children's in-
stitutions and residential settlements should be located at least
3 km from the plant. (Author conclusions modified)
11947
Bencko,V.
ARSENIC IN HAIR OF PROFESSIONALLY NOT EXPOSED
POPULATION. (Arzen vo vlasoch neprofesioname ex-
ponovanej populacie). Cesk. Hyg. (Prague), ll(9):539-543,
1966. 14 refs. Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services; lOp.
Excessive air pollution by arsenic was observed in the area of
a thermal power plant. The hair of ten-year old boys living in
the vicinity of the plant was tested for arsenic content in a
study of the feasibility of using arsenic hair determinations as
indicators of nonprofessional exposure. As normal values of
arsenic content in children's hair were not available, the ob-
tained values were compared with the values of a control
group of ten-year old boys from a village where arsenic levels
fell within a normal range. In both areas, a comparatively
broad scatter span of arsenic values was observed. However,
the average value for the boys from the polluted zone was 3
1/2 times higher than that for the boys from the unpolluted
area. The increased content of arsenic in hair is attributed to
increased amounts of arsenic in vegetables and fruit as a result
of soil contamination and to direct hair contamination by flue
dust.
11953
Toyama, T., H. Kahyo, J. Kagawa, S. Yagura, S. Adachi, N.
Yamamoto, F. Iriyama, F. Kumagai, S. Osawa, K. Nakamura,
and T. Nakamura
STUDY ON THE PREVALENCE OF RESPIRATORY SYMP-
TOMS IN A RURAL AREA (KASfflMA, IBARAGI PREF.) OF
JAPAN. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
l(l):24-35, 1966. 14 refs. Translated from Japanese. 53p.
A survey on respiratory diseases (asthma, bronchitis, common
cold, cough) was conducted in Kashima, a rural area in Japan.
A revised questionnaire of the British Medical Research Coun-
cil was used for the survey which was conducted along with
simple pulmonary ventilatory function tests on 678 randomly
selected adults of both sexes 40 to 65 years of age. The at-
mospheric sulfur dioxide concentration, the aerosol concentra-
tion, wind direction, and wind velocity were simultaneously
measured. The SO2 concentration was below 0.01 ppm, the
weight density of the suspended particulates ranged from 500
micrograms/cu m (maximum) to 13 micrograms/cu m
(minimum); the average was 90 micrograms/cu m. The
response rate to the interview survey was high: 91.6% for
males; 95.5% for females; and 93.8% for the total. Prevalences
of respiratory symptoms were computed for each question;
relationships to sex, age, and the amount of smoking were
determined. The survey results were also compared to those
obtained in England, the U. S., and Canada. The prevalences
in males were higher than in females; those of older persons
were higher than of younger ones; and those of smokers,
higher than those of nonsmokers. International comparison
revealed that the prevalences in the Kashima area were con-
siderably lower than those in the agricultural areas of England,
the U. S., and Canada. The pulmonary function tests revealed
a slightly higher forced expiratory volume than that of mail-
truck drivers in London.
11955
Oshima, Hidehiko, Masayuki Imai, Noriko Fujita, Hisako
Fukuda, and Katsumi Yoshida
AIR POLLUTION AND MORBIDITY IN THE YOKKAICHI
AREA. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan. Soc. Air Pollution),
l(l):36-45, 1966. 18 refs. Translated from Japanese. 33p.
Between 1961 and 1962 and 1963 and 1964, the dust fall and
the atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations were measured
at 13 stations in the Yokkaichi area. The dust fall was deter-
mined by means of sedimentation; the SO2 concentration, by
the PbO2 method. Equivalence lines were drawn each year
from the annual averages. The monthly National Health In-
surance records were used to study the effect of these pollu-
tants on humans of all age groups. Calculation of the correla-
tion coefficients revealed a definite correlation between such
diseases as bronchitis, eye diseases, and laryngopharyngitis in
the infant age group as well as bronchial asthma in the age
group above 50. The correlation was particularly high between
laryngopharyngitis among infants from age 0-4 as well as
bronchial asthma among adults or more than 50 yearn of age.
The diseases were correlated with SO2 rather than with the
dust fall. Bronchial asthma increased from the middle of 1961
to the present in the polluted area, which coincides with an in-
crease of the SO2 concentration; no such pronounced increase
was observed in the non-polluted area.
11970
Langmann, R.
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS ON SELECTED
POPULATION GROUPS. (Die Wirkung von Luftverun-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
125
reinigungen auf ausgesuchte Bevoelkerungsgruppen). Oeffentl.
Gesundheitsdienst, 22(5):179, 184, 1960. Translated from Ger-
man. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science
Info. Services, 13p.
Various studies were undertaken to determine the transient ef-
fect of industrial dust on lung function. In one test, healthy
male subjects averaging 25 years of age were exposed for six
hours in a working area of a steel and iron foundry to 18 ppm
carbon monoxide and 0.08 ppm sulfur dioxide. No worker
demonstrated the onset of any acute loss of respiratory func-
tion. Only one difference was noted in MTV values as deter-
mined by the Fowler Test before the start and after the end of
the working day. The difference was not statistically signifi-
cant. Tests were also conducted with workers exposed to 0.24
ppm in the foundry pit. No detectable changes were recorded
with respect to vital capacity, maximum expiration value, and
respiratory minute volume. However, respiration rate in-
creased by 11.9% and depth of respiration declined by 9%,
suggesting that dust potentiates SO2 action. The effects of
chronic exposure to dust in a study concerned with measure-
ment of pulmonary function in a group of older persons need
to be taken into account. Subjective reactions to SO2 concen-
trations less than 1 ppm were noted in older emphysema pa-
tients when the weather was foggy and small amounts of
hydrogen sulf ide were present in the atmosphere.
12344
Kapalin, V.
OSSEOUS AGE - ITS EVALUATION AND THE NORMAL
DEVELOPMENT OF OSSEOUS MATURATION IN CZECH
CHILDREN OF PRE-SCHOOL AND SCHOOL AGES. (Kostni
vek jeho hodnoceni a normalni postup kostniho zrani u
ceskych deti predskolniho a skolniho veku). Cesk. Hyg.
(Prague), 12(5):233-245, 1967. 36 refs. Translated from Czech.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 20p.
Osseous age is defined as the period in human life during
which bones increase in size and become mature. A total of
2424 x-ray pictures of the left wrist and hand of Czech chil-
dren, ages 6-16, were evaluated by the method of Greulich and
Pyle. Whereas the growth of girls was comparable to those of
American girls, there was a delay of about one year in Czech
boys during early school years. A definite relationship was
demonstrated between level of growth and osseous age. Chil-
dren living in polluted areas experienced a retarded osseous
maturation as compared with those living in clean-air areas. A
new method was developed for evaluating osseous age, which
was used to compile statistics.
12490
Ichioka, M., H. Kita
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS (1). Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(l):59-69, 1967. 2 refs. Translated
from Japanese. 49p.
Twenty-one air pollution studies are summarized. Of the 21, 18
concern the effects of pollutants on human health, and in par-
ticular, their relationship to respiratory diseases and respirato-
ry functions; the remaining studies deal with economic losses
caused by pollution, corrosion of metals, and the adsorptive
capacity of indoor surfaces for gaseous substances. Subjects
covered include a method for estimating the absorptivity of
the airway mucuous membrane for gaseous sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide; in the incidence of chronic bronchitis in pol-
luted and unpolluted areas; effects of pollution on the pharynx
and larynx of school children; effects of automotive exhausts
on human health; the deposition of granular and gaseous sub-
stances in the respiratory tract; the effect of NO2 on pulmona-
ry CO diffusing capacity and airway resistance; effects of O3
on pulmonary volume; effects of NO2 on ventilatory functions
in healthy individuals; the relationship between chronic
respiratory diseases and air pollution; effects of SO2 on air-
way sensitization; an epidemiological investigation of a pollu-
tion episode involving a sulfuric acid plant; and the effect of
control measures on mortality figures for heart and respiratory
diseases.
12960
Einbrodt, H. J. and U. Amt
GRAIN-SIZE DUST DISTRIBUTION IN THE LUNGS OF IN-
HABITANTS IN POLLUTED AND UNPOLLUTED AREAS.
(Die Korngrossenverteilung in Lungenstauben von Bewohnern
aus Gebieten mit und ohne Luftverschmutzung). Text in Ger-
man. Arch. Hyg., 153(2):98-104, 1969. 28 refs.
Dust hi the lungs of ten diseased persons from non-industrial
areas and IS persons from industrial areas were analyzed. In
six cases dusts found in the lymph nodes were also available.
None of the persons had died of any lung disease or of any
disease due to dust inhalation. All dusts were separated from
the lungs and lymph nodes by the formamide method. Diame-
ters of the dust particles were determined with electron and
light microscopes. The frequency maxima of the particle
diameters, as well as the medians of the particle size plots,
were found to lie below 1 micron. An approximately
logarithmic normal distribution was found. The dust particle
size spectra of three samples (lung dust from industrial areas,
lung dust from residential areas, and lymph node dust from in-
dustrial areas) differed little from each other and agreed with
the corresponding spectrum of airborne dust in large industrial
cities. Electron microscopy further showed that only fine dust
particles accumulate in the lungs; large particles either do not
penetrate into the interstitial tissue, or if they do, they are
eliminated again. Direct particle size analysis showed that
quartz particles of more than 3.5 microns predominated.
13059
Chovin, P. and L. Truffert
DISTRIBUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CARBON
MONOXIDE AS AN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT. IM-
PORTANCE OF OTHER POLLUTANTS EMITTED IN AU-
TOMOBILE EXHAUST. (Distribution et signification de 1'oxyde
de carbone en tant que polluant abnospherique. Importance des
autres polluants emis par les gaz d'echappement des vehicules
automobiles). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), no. 39:
148-155, July-Sept. 1968. 66 refs.
The distribution of carbon monoxide is discussed, particularly
that arising from automobile exhaust gases, and an empirical
formula is given for calculating the carbon monoxide content
at any height, given a background concentration, the number
of vehicles per hour, and a constant which in turn is a func-
tion of the width of the road and the height of the exhaust.
The hemoglobin-CO reaction in the blood is reviewed, and stu-
dies made on police officers hi Paris are cited in which levels
of blood carbon monoxide were determined. In non-smokers,
there was a definite rise hi concentration. Levels fixed in
California for carbon monoxide hi ambient air are cited as 30
ppm for 8 hours or 120 ppm for 1 hour for serious exposure;
exposure of 240 ppm for 1 hour can cause acute illness, since
10% of the hemoglobin is bound as carboxyhemoglobin. Ef-
fects of carbon monoxide hi man other than combination with
hemoglobin are cited, i.e., effects on the blood-forming ap-
paratus, circulatory system, and the eye. Other pollutants aris-
-------
126
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
ing from automobile exhaust are mentioned, including lead,
oxides of nitrogen, compounds produced by photochemical
reactions with ozone, and aldehydes. In conclusion, the many
differences in allowable levels of carbon monoxide in Russia
and western countries are pointed out, and the differences in
carbon monoxide ingestion between smokers and non-smokers.
A common sense approach to setting standards for air quality
is advocated.
13065
Bernard, Claude and Yves-Michel Gargouil
PERMEABILITY OF THE EMBRYONIC MYOCARDIAL
MEMBRANE OF THE RAT; A STUDY OF ITS EVOLUTION
DURING EMBRYOGENESIS BY THE USE OF THE INHIBI-
TORS TETRODOTOXIN, MANGANESE, AND
TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM. (Les permeabilities de la mem-
brane myocardiqne embryonnaire de rat; etude de leurs evolu-
tions au conrs de 1'embryogenese a I'aide d'inhibitenrs:
tetrodotoxine, manganese, tetraethylammonium). Text in
French. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris), vol. 267 Ser. D:1626-
1629, Nov. 13, 1968. 17 refs.
Tetrodotoxin at a dose level of 0.00001 g/ml, decreased the ac-
tion potential in isolated embryonic rat hearts at 13, 16, and 21
days post-coitus, presumably by specifically inhibiting sodium
flow. Manganese, in doses of 4 mM/L, shortened the plateau
of the action potential, its effect being more noticeable at 13
days than at 16 or 21 days. Tetraethylammonium chknide, 20
mM/L also inhibited the action potential; in this case the age
of the embryos made no difference.
13625
Lindberg, Walter
AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY, n. PUBLIC HEALTH
ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION - A LITERATURE STUDY.
(Den Alminnelige Luftforurensning i Norge. Luftforurensning
sora Helseproblem, en Litteraturstudie.) Translated from
Norwegian. Oslo Univ. (Norway), p. 66-77, 1968.
This presentation discusses functional and anatomical changes
arising from diseases caused by air pollution. The discussion
includes air pollution episodes, pollutants known to cause
specific effects (arsenic compounds, mercury, beryllium com-
pounds, manganese compounds, and lead). Lead and carbon
monoxide are discussed in greater detail. Emphasis is also
placed on respiratory irritations caused by SO2, nonspecific
upper respiratory diseases, the effect of air pollution on the
occurrence of colds, smoking, chronic bronchitis emphysema,
bronchial asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease.
13868
Yokoyama, Eiji
VARIATIONS OF VENTILATORY DYNAMICS IN EXPERI-
MENTAL EXPOSURE TO SO2 AND NO2. (SO2 oyobi NO2
jikken-bakuro-ji no kanki- rikigajXi-chi no henka). Text in
Japanese. Arerugi Nippon Zasshi (Jap. J. Allergy), 16(10):56-
60, Oct. 1967. 17 refs.
Six healthy adults aged 20 to 36 were experimentally exposed
to SO2 gas, and five healthy adults aged 18 to 37 were ex-
posed to N02 gas. Pulmonary flow resistance, pulmonary
compliance, FRC, and respiratory rate were measured. Con-
centrations of SO2 during the experiment were 36 to 40 ppm;
those of NO2 were 6 to 17 ppm. Experimental exposure to
these two gases and similar analyses were made in
anesthetized dogs and guinea pigs. Flow resistances of the
lungs and thorax because of bronchoconstriction were com-
monly increased by both SO2 and NO2 in three experiments.
The following response to these gases, however, differed. In-
crease of pulmonary flow resistance to SO2 was inhibited by
the subcutaneous administration of 0.7 rng of atropine sulfate,
but no inhibition by atropine was observed with NO2. Respira-
tory rate was increased by NO2 and decreased by SO2 in an
experiment with guinea pigs. Variation in pulmonary com-
pliance was more marked with NO2 than with SO2. The SO2
was found to stimulate mainly the upper respiratory tract
(nose, throat, and upper trachea) because it is water-soluble
and because more than 95% of it is absorbed within the upper
respiratory tract. The NO2 was found to stimulate mainly the
peripheral portion of the lung because it does not dissolve
easily in water and thus is easily brought to the peripheral por-
tion of the respiratory tracts. Nitrogen dioxide was found to
have an oxidizing action and to damage the pulmonary mu-
cosae more markedly than the reductive action of SO2.
14480
Yoshida, R., K. Motomiya, M. Adachi, K. Ito, M. Kubo, H.
Kasuga, K. Hida, and J. Ooeda
STUDIES ON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AMONG PRIMARY
SCHOOL CHILDREN IN CITY 'B' IN SHIZUOKA PREFEC-
TURE. 1. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES. (Shizuoka-ken B-
shi shogakko jido no kikanshi zensoku ni kansuru kenkyu. 1.
Ekigaku teki kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku
Zassbi (Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):94, April 1969.
A survey was conducted of the absentee rate at six primary
schools (three in polluted areas and three in non-polluted
areas) from Sept. 1966 to March 1967. Both percentage of ab-
sentee days and number of children absent were higher at the
control schools, but the rate of respiratory tract disease among
absentee children was higher at the schools in polluted areas.
From April 1967 to March 1968, both percentages of absentee
days and uumber of children absent were higher at the schools
in polluted areas. The polluted area schools Sad & higher level
(1.19%) than the control schools (0.52%) of the children suffer-
ing from asthma. Furthermore, average frequency of absence
per child was higher at the former (3.13 times) than at the
latter (1.54' times). On close medical examination of children
with suspected asthma, the percentage of children diagnosed
as having bronchial asthma was 0.65% for control schools and
1.21% for the others. Furthermore, 50-80% of the suspected
cases of asthma determined by questionnaires can be diag-
nosed clinically as asthma.
14493
Chen, C., K. Okamoto, and T. Nakajima
THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE LUNG OF
MICE EXPOSED TO 0.7-0.8 PPM NO2 GAS FOR A MONTH.
(NO2 gas (0.7-0.8 ppm) ni renzoku ikkagetsukan bakuro shita
mausu hai no byori soshiki gaku teki kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):91,
April 1969.
To study the effect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide gas on
lungs and trachea, mice four weeks of age were placed in a
exposure chamber and continuously exposed for 30 days to 0.7
to 0.8 ppm concentrations of nitrogen dioxide gas, supplied by
heating liquid NO2. Air for dilution was passed through a
dehumidifier, filter, and activated carbon. Air velocity in the
chamber was 5 cm/sec, temperature 24 to 26 deg, relative hu-
midity 40 to 70%, and *he light transmission rate of dust was
less than 1%. The mice were given ample food and water. A
control group of mice was raised under similar conditions but
in the absence of NO2. No statistically significant difference
in growth rate was observed between groups. On the 15th day
of exposure to the gas, accelerated secretion of mucus,
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
127
degeneration, and desquamation were observed at the mucus
epithelium of the trachea. Lung congestion and increased
secretion of mucus in bronchial tubes was also noted. By the
30th day, advanced negative and degeneration of the mucus
epithelium was evident in both lungs and trachea. The results
show that catarrhal changes in lung and trachea occur follow-
ing exposure to less than 1% (sic; 1 ppm/) NO2 gas.
14553
Ichinosawa, A., H. Takahashi, Y. Tsunetoshi, and T. Shimizu
ETIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN JAPAN. (Honpo ni okem mansei
kikanshien no byoin-teki kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Nippon
Rinsho (Japan Clin.), 25(9):2054-2063, Sept. 1967. 34 refs.
The etiological influence of air pollution on the incidence of
chronic bronchitis is discussed. Six areas in Osaka and its
vicinity were classified into three severely, one moderately,
and two mildly polluted areas. Concentrations of SO2, NO2,
and ozone and amount of settling dust were measured. In-
cidence of chronic bronchitis in the severly polluted areas was
higher (twice as great in males and three times as great in
females) than that in the mildly polluted areas. Males were
more frequently and severly involved than females. Smoking
and SO2 concentration were the most important causes of this
disease in any district, and the correlation between the con-
centration of SO2 and occurrence of chronic bronchitis was
demonstrated mathematically. In younger age groups, certain
constitutional factors influence the occurrence of the disease,
while in older age groups, environmental factors are more in-
fluential. It was difficult to determine the minimal predisposing
conditions necessary to provoke chronic bronchitis, since
there were so many variations in physical conditions among
the subjects.
14682
Horn, K.
ON THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE POPULA-
TION. A NEW REVIEW. (Ueber die Auswirkung der Luft-
verunreinigung auf die Bevoelkerung. Eine neuere Uebersicht).
Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. (Berlin), 14(6):410-413, June
1968. 24 refs.
A review of the known effects of air pollution on human
health is presented. In polluted areas, the mortality rate from
diseases of the respiratory tract is nine times higher than in
rural areas. A linear relationship was found to exist between
the smoke content of the atmosphere and diseases of the
respiratory tract and the circulatory system. The disease rate
of female employees of radio stations in five U. S. cities also
showed a relationship between diseases of the respiratory tract
and air pollution. A connection between the physical condition
of school children and the content of free silicon dioxide in at-
mospheric dust was found in the USSR. Japanese studies also
confirm an increased occurrence of diseases of the respiratory
tract and the eyes in polluted areas. In an industrial area with
heavy smoke and dust pollution but low SO2 pollution, Czech
scientists found lower hemoglobin concentrations but con-
siderably higher alkaline phosphatase concentrations and a
high incidence of rickets in children. In a heavily SO2-polluted
area of northern Bohemia, children had considerably higher
numbers of erythrocytes but less hemocrit. According to other
Czech studies, the bone development of children living in
heavily polluted areas was retarded.
15233
Burema, L., K. Biersteker, and H. de Graaf
AIR POLLUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN ROTTERDAM.
RESULTS OF AN INVESTIGATION ON THE ACUTE EF-
FECTS OF AN EXCEPTIONAL AIR POLLUTION INCREASE
ON PUBLIC HEALTH. (Luchtverontreiniging en volksgezond-
heid in Rotterdam. Resultaten van een onderzoek naar de
acute affecten van bijzondere luchtverontreinigingstoename op
de volksgezondheid). Commission on Earth, Water and Air,
Rotterdam, 58p., 1964. 35 refs. Translated from Dutch.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 54p., Sept. 29, 1969.
An investigation was made of possible direct effects of three
air pollution peaks on human health in Rotterdam. For this
purpose, daily mortality and morbidity data were collected for
December 1952, January and February 1959, March 1961, and
December 1962. High air pollution concentrations compared
with average winter levels existed on January 29, 1959, March
8, 1962. Results show small increases in general mortality and
hospital admissions of persons over 50 years of age for car-
diovascular and respiratory diseases each time. The increases
in mortality were greatest among persons over 60 years of age
and in the diagnostic groups of tumors and cardiovascular dis-
eases. For 1962, a more detailed search was made for data that
might support the assumption of a casual relationship with air
pollution. It was found that a control population, exposed to
the same weather but less air pollution, showed a much less
marked effect on mortality and sick leave absenteeism. In
1952, Rotterdam was covered by dense fog from December 5-
9. Though London experienced a severe effect that time, there
was no clear effect in Rotterdam. No air pollution measure-
ments were made in 1952, but it is common knowledge that
the emission of pollutants, especially of SO2, was much lower
10 years ago. The findings seem to indicate that Rotterdam has
reached a level of industrialization and urbanization at which
air pollution effects on human health begin to manifest them-
selves during abnormal weather once or more every 3 years.
(Author summary modified)
15703T
Delwaide, P., C. Heusghem, and A. Noirfalise
CHRONIC LEAD POISONING: BIOCHEMICAL LESIONS
AND BIOCHEMICAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY. (Le saturn-
isme: Lesions biochimiques et semeiologie biologique.) Trans-
lated from French. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris), 26(7-9):987-1001,
1968. 44 refs.
This paper reviews what is known about lead metabolism, and
discusses biochemical toxicology, the biosynthesis of
porphyrins, iron metabolism, the effect of lead on mature
erythrocytes, and other metabolic disturbances. The complexi-
ty of lead metabolism precludes any diagnostic value of iso-
lated lead level determinations in blood or urine. To demon-
strate the state of impregnation of the organism with this tox-
in, the test of provoked urinary lead excretion should be per-
formed in the chronic stage. Furthermore, a battery of assays
including the levels of delta-ALA, PEG, CP and free PP in
erythrocytes are required to reveal the biochemical
disturbances at the target level where individual variations
may play a role.
16047
Chaneles, J.
ACTION OF IODINE ON CHRONIC FLUOROSIS. (Action de
1'iode sur la fluorose chronique). Compt. Rend., vol. 102:863,
1929. Translated from French. Public Health Service, Air Pol-
lution Technical Information Center, 2p., Sept. 15, 1969.
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128
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Four groups of five rats each were subjected to a diet of bread
and milk for 6 months. The rats in the first group were fed 50
rag/kg sodium fluoride per day; the second group, 2 mg sodi-
um iodide per animal; the third group, fluoride and iodide at
the same time; and the fourth group received neither of these
substances. The growth of rats receiving fluorine was better
than that of the control group for 3 months, then slackened,
and on the sixth month was less. The hair was less silky and
blood marks appeared at the nostrils and on the vagina. The
rats that were iodized and fluoridized had the same symptoms,
but more accentuated. Iodide given alone favored growth. The
teeth of fluoridized rats had uniform whiteness and marked
elongation of superior incisors. The enamel presented undu-
lated prisms and numerous Retzius brown streaks; superficial
pigmentation was completely lacking. In the group receiving
fluoride and iodide, the alterations were less marked; the teeth
were more compact. Bones and organs were also studied, but
noted modifications were not substantial.
16063
Abrosimova, N. M. and R. I. Tatarskaya
PROPERTIES OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE IN
VARIOUS FRACTIONS OF FISH EGGS. (O svoisvakh
adenozintrifosfatazy v razlichniykh fraktsiyakh yaits ryb).
Biokhimiya, vol. 28:486-496, May-June, 1963. 8 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 20p., Sept. 30,1969.
The enzyme activity of fish egg adenosine triphosphatase (AT-
Pase) and the relationship of the ATPase to the Ca(2+) ion
was studied. An EDTA concentration of 0.005 and higher
completely removes ATPase activity of extracts from infertile
sturgeon eggs. The effect of Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Ca(2+),
Ba(2+), and Sr(2+) was studied in the presence of 0.001 M
EDTA. All the cations demonstrated an activating effect. In
protein fractions obtained by the precipitation of extracts and
homogenates with (NH4)2SO4 and subsequent dialysis, AT-
Pase activity was found only in the presence of bivalent ca-
tions. The cations, from greatest to least, according to the
degree of activating effects, were arranged in the order
Mn(2+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+); Sr(2+), and Ba(2+) were inactive.
In spite of the presence of a quite active S'-nucleotidase in the
protein precipitates, ATPase activity could be singled out by
carrying experiments at acid pH values. In the pH zone equal
to 5.5 S'-nucleotidase was inactive. Subcellular fractions of 450
g, 20,000 g, and a supernatant were isolated by differential
centrifugation in sucrose. Addition of bivalent cations caused
the activation of ATPase; Mg(2+) ions activated more strongly
than Ca(2+) ions. Data indicated that the presence of Ca(2+)
ions which are required for fertilization cannot be related to
their activating effect on ATPase, since neither Mn(2+) nor
Mg (2+) can replace Ca(2+) in the process of fertilization. It
was established that pyrophosphatase of sturgeon eggs is ac-
tivated, by Mg(2+) but not Mn(2+). Thus, it was assumed that
orthophosphate is split off from ATP by the action of ATPase
and not pyrophosphate. The slight splitting of phosphate from
ADP, established earlier, demonstrated that the ATPase of
sturgeon eggs splits from ATP only one terminal phosphate.
(Author summary modified)
16136
Ishizaki, Tatsushi
SYMPOSIUM ON ASTHMA. EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION
UPON BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. (Shinpojyumu—Zensoku).
Text in Japanese. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi (Tokyo),
58(12):1287-1292, Dec. 10, 1969. 23 refs.
Presumable causes of asthmatic attacks are allergy response,
disease of the trachea, and a combination of physical and
mental factors. In actual fact, these factors are not insepara-
ble: each contributes to the resistance against inhaled an-
tibodies and each is highly sensitive to chemical mediators iso-
lated from cells under the influence of antibpdvcompounds.
For this reasons, bronchial asthma is characterizSTby a con"
stitutional predisposition to allergy response, i.e., an inclina-
tion to produce a resistance 'factor' against an antibody. The
present study centers on the relationship between the re-
sistance factor and the sensitivity to chemical mediators and
air pollution. Asthmatic attacks were found to be closely re-
lated to weather conditions: more were observed on rainy days
and during unseasonable weather than on fine days. The risk
of attacks increased when the temperature declined 3 C below
that of the previous day. Another finding was that SO2 inhala-
tion increased stimulation through the vagii. Asthmatic patients
were more sensitive to SO2 inhalation than healthy persons. In
some patients, bronchoconstriction was eased by atropine in-
jections. Today chronic bronchitis is generally used as a deter-
minant index to the effect of air pollution on asthmatic pa-
tients: air pollution is considered to influence asthma with
respect to an infection factor. It is not definitely known, how-
ever, whether air pollution results in bronchial asthma.
16177
Uno, A.
THE MORTALITY OF THE AGED IN AN AIR-POLLUTED
AREA IN JAPAN. (Taiki osen chiku ni okeru rojin shibo).
Text in Japanese. Nichidai Igaku Zasshi (Nichidai Med. J.),
27(5):584-612, May 1968. 81 refs.
The correlation between respiratory and cardiovascular dis-
eases and atmospheric conditions (temperature and humidity)
and smoking was investigated by examining the death rate
(1962-1964) from the diseases in longtime residents of
Kawasaki city, 60 years and older. The collection ratio of the
data was 74%. The mortality figures for persons who had lived
in polluted areas of the city longer than five years were 345
males (81.59%) and 281 females (77.55%); the figures for re-
sidents of the nonpolluted area were 210 males (70.48%) and
208 females (68.15%). The death rate was high in winter and
increased even more in summer when SO2 concentrations
were highest (in 1963, the maximum SO2 concentration in the
industrial district between July and September was 6.405 mg
SO2/day/100 sq cm PbO2). In the polluted area, there was an
increase in deaths from cardiovascular diseases, expecially
vascular damage to the central nervous system, and pulmonary
tuberculosis. Deaths attributed to respiratory diseases had
decreased. In the nonpolluted area, there was an increase in
deaths from neoplasm in the respiratory organs and from
bronchial asthma. Among smokers the incidence of death from
neoplasm in the respiratory organs, arteriosclerotic heart dis-
ease, and bronchial asthma was highest in the polluted areas.
The deaths are correlated with high humidity, low tempera-
ture, and reduced visibility.
16515
Hylyi, M. F., D. O. Melnychuk, and M. D. Klymenko
EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, MN(2+), MG(2+)
AND ZN(2+) ON THE INTENSITY OF THE RENEWAL OF
PROTEINS, GLYCOGEN AND LEPIDS IN THE LIVER AND
MUSCLES IN RABBITS. (Vplyv biocarbonatu natriiu,
Mn(2+), Mg(2+) i Zn(2+) na intensyvnist onovlenniia bilkiv,
hlikohenu ta lipidiv u pechintsi ta m'iazakh kroliv). Ukr. Biok-
him. Zh., 40(2): 167-172, 1968. 19 refs. Translated from Ukrani-
an. Franklin Inst Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science
Info. Services, 9p., Sept. 19, 1969.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
129
Studies of the influence of sodium bicarbonate and the
bivalent metal ions Mg(2+), Mn(2+), and Zn(2+) substances
favorable to CO2 fixation processes in animal tissue, on the
intensity of the renewal of proteins, glycogen, and lipids of the
liver and muscles of rabbits are reported. Male rabbits were
fed a diet of sodium bicarbonate and sulfuric acid salts of the
indicated metals for ten days. The diet caused no noticeable
changes in the interrelation of dry substance, lipids, glycogen,
and proteins in the liver and muscle tissues. Among changes in
the intensity of metabolic processes in substances was the
considerable removal of carbohydrates in liver and muscles;
this was manifested by the rapid inclusion of acetate-2-C 14 in
glycogen and its exclusion. There was a considerable activa-
tion of the inclusion of radioactive carbon the tissue proteins,
especially in muscle protein. It is concluded that the stimula-
tion of carboxylation processes visibly activates the renovation
of carbohydrates and the intensity of the incorporation of
radioactivity of protein. Lipid metabolism is influenced to a
lesser degree.
16555
Fukui, Syozo
EXAMPLES OF GAS INJURY BY HYDROFLUROIC ACID
AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE, AND REMOVAL OF THE
GASES FROM WASTE GAS. (Pukka suiso oyobi nisanka
chisso ni yoru kogai to sono jogai jisshirei). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku, (J. Pollution Control), 2(7):481-486, Aug. 15,
1966. 3 refs.
Among the methods of nitrogen-dioxide removal, washing by
water or alkaline solutions are only 50% effective. The author
investigated a method based on ammonia gas. For the sake of
comparison, an experiment using water alone was conducted.
Nitrogen dioxide concentration was about 200 to 300 ppm; gas
velocity, 0.6 1/min; and water volume, 20 ml. Removal effi-
ciency was only 30 to 40%. Next, washing by a caustic soda
solution was examined. The caustic soda concentration was
10% under identical experimental conditions. The rate of
removal was 40 to 50%. The rate of nitrogen dioxide removal
by ammonia was 85 to 95%. The drawback of this method,
however, is that it generates white smoke of ammonium nitrite
or nitrate. In the experiments conducted at a plant site, wash-
ing by water removed only 12 to 55% nitrogen dioxide while
ammonia removed 70 to 93%. Hydrofluoric acid is harmful to
silkworms. Mulberry leaves containing 1 mg of fluorine per
100 g of leaves completely killed silkworms. Elimination of
hydrofluoric acid was comparatively easy. Satisfactory results
were achieved by alkaline washing. The removal rate of this
method was higher than 99% and the acid concentration of tail
gas was lower than 1 ppm. The mortality rate of silkworms fed
untreated mulberry leaves was 3.0 percent; that of controls
was 2.0.
16598
Pekker, I. L.
EFFECT OF NITROUS OXIDE ON THE EXPERIMENTALLY
INDUCED SPASM OF THE CORONARY VESSELS OF THE
HEART. (Vliyaniye zakisi azota na eksperimental'no vyzvan
nyy spazm venechnykh sosudov serdtsa). Text in Russian.
Kardiologiya (Moscow), vol 6:74-78, July-Aug. 1966. 2 refs.
Anesthetization with nitrous oxide in cases of sthenocardia
and of myocardial infarction has found a wide application in
the practice of emergency medical treatments and in a series
of clinics. Observations made at the Leningrad station of
emergency medical treatment have shown that in many pa-
tients suffering from sthenocardia and from myocardial infar-
cion, after anesthetization with nitrous oxide, there appeared
on the electrocardiogram symptoms of an improvement of the
coronary blood circulation, along with the disappearance of
the pain. These observations suggest that nitrous oxide, in pos-
sessing analgesic properties, has the ability to expand the
spastic coronary arteries. The effect of nitrous oxide was stu-
died in a mixture with oxygen on the 'peripheral' and the 'cen-
tral' spasm of the coronary arteries. Tests were made on cats
anesthetized with urethane. Before the spasm of coronary ar-
teries induced by intravenous injection of pituitrine as well as
during its initiation, electrocardiograms were made as a control
experiment. After 5 to 6 hours, 5 minutes after inhalation of
nitrous oxide in a mixture with oxygen, pituitrine was again in-
troduced into the same cat in the same dosage. The new elec-
trocardiogram was compared with the control one. After
removal of the cerebellum, stimulations of various morphologi-
cal structures of the medulla oblongata were produced with a
unipolar electrode by square pulses lasting 5 to 10 sec with an
interval of 8 to 10 min. Electrocardiograms were made before,
during, and after cessation of the stimulation. After ap-
pearance on the electrocardiogram of symptoms of a spasm of
coronary arteries, which served as a control, the experiment
was repeated during inhalation of nitrous oxide (5 minutes
after beginning the inhalation). At the end of the experiments,
the position of the electrode was checked by means of elec-
trolytic destruction of the region of irritation with a sub-
sequent histological treatment of the sample. Nitrous oxide in
mixtures with oxygen, 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, and 2.5:1, prevented the
origination of the central spasm of coronary arteries, induced
by stimulation of various morphological structures of the
reticular formation of the brain. The effectiveness of nitrous
oxide depended on its concentration in the mixture, on the
type of disturbance of the rhythm of the cardiac activity, on
the concomitant coronary deficiency, and on the morphologi-
cal structure, subjected to stimulation. Nitrous oxide did not
prevent the origination of the 'peripheral' spasm of coronary
arteries, induced by the introduction of piluitrine.
16600
Sapegin, D. I.
EFFECTS OF CARDIAC GLYCOSDDES ON THE OXYGEN
INTAKE AND ITS TENSION IN CEREBRAL AND MUSCLE
TISSUES. (Vliyaniye serdechykh glikozidov na postupleniye
kisloroda i napryazheniye yego v mozgovoy i myshechnoy
tkanyakh). Text in Russian. Farmakol. i Toksikol. (Moscow),
30(3):308-312, May-June 1967. 19 refs.
The effects were studied of solutions of strophanthin (0.05%),
convallatoxin (0.03%), erysimine (0.03%), periplocin (0.025%)
and cymarine (0.05%), (introduced intravenously during 4 to 6
min in doses of 0.04 ml/kg) on the oxygen intake by the tissues
and its tension in the brain and the striated muscles of dogs
with hypoxia, induced by intraperitoneal introduction of 40 to
60 mg/kg of nembutal or by intoxication with nitrogen oxides.
Nembutal produces a deep narcosis with severe impairment of
breathing and cardiac activity; the nitrogen oxides produce
toxic emphysema. In the tests, the intake of oxygen by the
head tissues was calculated from the arterio-venous difference
of oxyhemoglobin and the volume rate of flow of the blood
stream in the outer jugular vein. The oxyhemoglobin concen-
trations in the carotid and the outer jugular vein were recorded
by oxyhemographs 036-M by the method of Kisin, while the
volume rate of flow of the blood stream in the outer jugular
vein was recorded by the pump-flowmeter of Kisin and Tsatu-
rov. The oxygen tensions in the cortex and the subcortex of
the temporal section of the brain, and in the muscles of the
tongue were determined polarographically using Epstein elec-
trodes. The depolarization current was recorded by the ox-
yhemograph. The external breathing was recorded by a pneu-
-------
130
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
mograph; the pressure in the carotid, by a mercury manome-
ter. Strophanthene, convallatoxin, erysimine, periplocin and
cymarine introduced, in the pressure of hypoxia, increase the
oxygen absorption by the tissues of the head and the oxygen
tension in the skeletal muscles. The oxygen tension in the
brain is increased to a lesser degree than in the muscles and
actually decreased by them. The most pronounced changes
were found to be caused by strophamthene and convallatoxin;
somewhat less obvious ones were observed by erysimine, and
quite insignificant ones, by periplocin. The effect of cymarine
was erratic.
17027
Yokoyama, Eiji
UPTAKE OF SO2 AND NO2 BY THE ISOLATED UPPER
AIRWAYS. Koshu Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokoku (Bulletin of the
Institute of Public Health), 17(4):302-306, 1968. 9 refs.
The penetration rates of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in
the respiratory system were studied by isolating the upper air-
ways of two dogs and three rabbits anesthetized with in-
travenous pentobarbital sodium. The airway of nose, pharynx,
larynx, and the uppermost trachea were isolated from the
remainder of the respiratory system by fitting a glass mask to
an animal's head. The mask was connected to a glass cannula
through which the gases were sucked in for 10-15 min. The
rate of uptake was found to be nearly constant during the
period of gas passing and 99.7% for 7-87 ppm SO2 and 4-41%
ppm, NO2. The differences in the rate of uptake may partly
explain the different responses in the ventflatory functions of
experimental animals exposed to SO2 and NO2. (Author ab-
stract modified)
17055
Yokoyama, Eiji
EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO THE MIXTURE OF SO2 AND
NO2 ON VENTILATORY FUNCTIONS OF GUINEA PIGS.
Koshu Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokoku (Bulletin of the Institute of
Public Health), 17(4):315-321, 1968. 13 refs.
Six quinea pigs, 280 g-440 g in body weight, were exposed to
mixtures containing 18 ppm sulfur dioxide-17 ppm nitrogen
dioxide and 37 ppm SO2-32 ppm NO2 and studied for the ef-
fects of exposure on their ventilatory function (flow resistance
of the lung plus thorax, tidal volume, and respiratory rate). No
significant changes were observed in either respiratory rate or
tidal volume. In general, the time course of respiratory rate
and tidal volume changes was midway between that caused by
exposure to the individual gases, which brought about statisti-
cally significant percent changes. The results are discussed in
terms of complicated interactions between flow resistance,
compliance, and lung air volume. It is hypothesized that SO2
and NO2 in combination exert their action independently at
different lung sites, with changes in flow resistance deter-
mined chiefly by the component SO2. Below a certain level, a
mixture may cause fewer overall changes than individual
gases. Beyond a certain level, a mixture may become lethal in
short intervals of exposure. As a result of exposure to 50 ppm
SO2-50 ppm NO2, all animals died from pulmonary
hemorrhage. None had died during exposure to 50 ppm SO2 or
NO2 alone. (Author abstract modified)
17056
Yokoyama, Eiji
COMPARISON OF THE VENTILATORY EFFECTS ON
GUINEA PIGS OF EXPOSURE TO SO2 AND NO2. Koshu
Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokoku (Bulletin of the Institute of Public
Health), 17(4):307-314, 1968. 26 refs.
Quantitative measurements of ventilatory function of guinea
pigs were made before, during, and after two-hr exposure to 6
to 90 ppm of sulfur dioxide and 6 to 57 ppm of nitrogen diox-
ide. A significant increase in the respiratory (lungs plus thorax)
flow resistance was caused by exposure to both gases; the rate
of increase was generally higher for SO2 than for NO2. How-
ever, the direction of respiratory rate response was quite dif-
ferent at concentrations above 6 ppm; it decreased following
SO2 exposure and increased following NO2 exposure. A
similar pattern was observed for tidal volume response. Five
of the 15 guinea pigs exposed to 57 ppm of NO2 died from
lung hemorrhage within 48 hrs after exposure. It is suggested
that the differences in the ventilatory effects of SO2 and NO2
are due to the gases reaching different areas of the lungs.
Within the range of concentrations studied, it appears that
NO2 penetrates deep into the lungs, causing a decrease in
compliance and a smaller increase in flow resistance. Sulfur
dioxide, being taken up by the mucosa of the airway before
reaching the peripheral portion of the lungs, could cause in-
creased flow resistance without a significant change in com-
pliance. (Author abstract modified)
17061
Yokoyama, Eiji
EFFECTS OF ACUTE CONTROLLED EXPOSURE TO NO2
ON MECHANICS OF BREATHING IN HEALTHY SUB-
JECTS. Koshu Eiseiin Kenkyu Hokoku (Bulletin of the In-
stitute of Public Health), 17(4):337-346, 1968. 34 refs.
The effect of short term exposure to 2.7, 6.2, 12.6, and 16.9
ppm concentrations of nitrogen dioxide on the mechanics of
breathing was studied in eight healthy males from 18 to 37
years of age. The subjects were seated in a volume-displace-
ment body plethysmograph and exposed to each concentration
for 10 min. Pulmonary flow resistance, pulmonary compliance,
and functional residual capacity was measured before, during,
and after each exposure period. No subject showed a signifi-
cant change in flow resistance after exposure to 2.7 ppm; the
average increase in flow resistance became significant only at
16.9 ppm. Recovery of the average flow resistance observed at
16.9 ppm was essentially complete 10 min after exposure
ended. Combined data on 16.9 and 12.6 ppm exposures showed
that the significant increase in flow resistance occurred within
5 min of the onset of exposure. No subject showed a signifi-
cant reduction in pulmonary compliance. Similarly, functional
residual capacity, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and pulse rate
were found to be unaffected by all concentrations. Atropine,
0.7 mg in dose, administered subcutaneously prior to exposure
did not inhibit the increase of flow resistance. No difference
was found between response to NO2 alone or in combination
with a submicronic NaCl aerosol. (Author abstract modified)
17079
Jonek, J., G. Jonderko, and A. Pacholek
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF KIDNEYS WITH CHRONIC
MANGANESE POISONING. (Histochemische Nierenunter-
suchungen nach chronischer Manganvergiftung). Intern. Arch,
Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. (Heidelberg), vol. 21:347-361,
1965. 23 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
22p., June 1969.
Histochemical studies were conducted on the activity and the
distribution of enzymes in the kidneys of rabbits with chronic
manganese poisoning. The test rabbits received 1 mg of man-
ganese per kg of body weight in a 1% solution of MnC12.H2O
in 0.15 M solution of NaCl every other day. This dose was in-
jected intravenously over a period of 68 days. The histochemi-
cal examinations yielded a decrease in the activity of respira-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
131
tory enzymes along with a simultaneous change in the
mitochondria. It was concluded that there are disorders of the
respiratory enzyme chain ^hophorylation. The observed reduc-
tion of. activity of the alkaline phosphatase along with an en-
zyme diffusion into the interior of the cytoplasm indicates
malfunctioning resorptions and degeneration processes in the
kidneys. Chronic manganese intoxication causes a general
reduction of the activity of the adenosinetriphosphatase in the
nephrons, which leads to a back resorption of sodium and
potassium into the kidneys. The acid phosphatase and the acid
desoxyribonuclease show a reaction increase with a simultane-
ous enlargement of the lysosomes leaving a diffuse reaction
product. This indicated a degeneration or a higher pinocytosis
caused by the toxic amounts of manganese. The unspecific
esterases show a reaction increase which pointed to disorders
of the fat metabolism. An unchanged activity of the leucine-
aminopeptidase indicated that the albumin metabolism is little
affected by the toxic manganese concentrations. Different
changes in the enxyme activity found in the individual rabbits
indicated that each animal reacts differently. (Author summary
modified)
17080
Jonek, I., G. Jonderko, and M. Krauze
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND
ACTIVITY OF THE 5-NUCLEOTIDASE,
ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE, ACID PHOSPHATASE,
ACID DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE, ALKALINE
PHOSPHATASE AND OF THE UNSPECIFIC ESTERASES IN
THE LIVER AFTER EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED MAN-
GANESE POISONING. (Histochemische Untersuchungen ueber
die Legalisation und Aktivitat der 5-Nukleotidase, Adenosin-
triphosphatase, sauren Phosphatase sauren Desoxyribonuclease,
alkalischen Phosphatase und der unspezffischeia Esterasen in der
Leber bei experimtf£lteller Manganvergiftung). Intern. Arch.
Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. (Heidelberg), vol. 21:241-245,
1965. 17efs. Translated from German. Franklin lost. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 20p., June 27,
1969. Histochemical studies were conducted on the activity and
distribution of enzymes in the 3ver of rabbits after poisoning
with manganese. Seven male rabbits more than 6 rconths old
and weighing between 2.5 and 30 kg, received 3.5 mg manganese
per kg of body weight daily hi a 1% solution as MnC12.4H2O in
0.15 M solution of NaCI for 32 days. Injections were given hi the
marginal vein in the ear. The studies showed that the activities
of adenosinetriphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased.
The 5-nucleotidase and the desoxyribonuclease showed an in-
dividual reduction of their activity. The acid phosphatase and
the unspecific esterases increased their activity. The activity in-
crease of acid phosphatase and the occurrence of coarse and dif-
fuse reaction products may indicate degeneration processes in
the cytoplasm. The enzymatic changes were linked with disor-
ders of the metabolism. (Author summary modified)
17081
Jonek, J. and G. Jonderko
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE BEHAVIOR OF LEU-
CINE-AMINOPEPTIDASE IN SfRIATED MUSCLES AND IN
THE LIVER AFTER ACUTE MANGANESE POISONING.
(Histochemische Untersuchungen ueber das Verhalten der Leu-
dn- Amino-Peptidase im quergestreiften Mnskel und in der
Leber nach akuter Manganvergiftung). Z. Mikroskop. Anat
Forsch., vol. 72:417-425, 1965. 16 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. Franklin Inst Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science
Info. Services, 16p., June 27,1969.
Histochemical studies of the properties of the leucine-amino-
peptidase in striated muscle fibers and in the liver of 7 rabbits
poisoned with manganese were performed. The rabbits
received 3.5 mg manganese per kg of body weight daily in a
1% solution as MnC12.4H20 in a 0.15 M solution of NaCI for
32 days. The solution was injected into the marginal vein of
the ear. The control group consisted of 6 rabbits. In rabbits in-
toxicated with manganese, an obvious increase of the leucine-
amino-peptidase activity was noted in the muscle fibers. In the
gland cells of the liver, a decrease in the activity of this en-
zyme was observed. In the periphery of the liver lobulae and
in the connective tissue, the enzyme reaction was higher than
in the control animals. It was difficult to interpret the results.
The increase in the intensity of the leucine-amino-peptidase
activity in the muscle tissue could be due to a direct effect of
the manganese ions on this enzyme since they are activators
of enzymes. It was hypothesized that manganese poisoning
causes the excretion of the leucine-amino-peptidase into the
plasma.
17311
Yokoyama, Eiji
COMPARISON OF THE VENTILATORY EFFECTS OF SO2
AND NO2 - EXPOSURE OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS. (SO2
oyobi N02 no kankino ni oyobosu eikyo no hikaku hito
shigansha ni okeru bakuro jikken). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health), 12(l):4-8, Jan. 20, 1970. 20 refs.
Respiratory mechanisms were studied in eight healthy male
volunteers during and following exposure to 36 ppm sulfur
dioxide or 15 ppm nitrogen dioxide. An esophagus balloon was
inserted through the nose of each subject who was seated in a
body plethysmograph. A Dubois pressure type plethysmograph
was employed for SO2 exposure, and a Mead variable volume
type 71- Krogh spirometer for N02 exposure. In both cases,
the mean value of the pulmonary flow resistance increased sig-
nificantly at the end of the exposure. No significant difference
was observed in other measures of respiratory mechanisms ex-
cept for one subject, no difference was seen between respon-
ses to SO2 and NO2. Additional groups of subjects were ex-
posed to SO2 and NO2 with or without pre-treatment with
atropine sulfate. The atropine markedly inhibited the increase
in the pulmonary flow resistance during exposure to SO2, but
not during exposure to NO2. The result suggests, as regards
the cause of airway narrowing, that reflex bronchoconstriction
plays a role in the exposure to S02, while other mechanisms
are also involved in the case of NO2.
17417
Safronov, V. A.
CLINICAL ASPECTS AND TREATMENT OF TOXIC PNEU-
MONIA CAUSED BY EFFECTS OF NITROGEN OXIDES.
(Klinika i lecheniye toksicheskikh pnevmoniy vyzyvayemykh
vozdeystviyem okislov azota). Text in Russian. Voenno-Med.
Zh. no. 2:28-34, Feb. 1967. 8 refs.
Symptoms of pneumonia brought on by nitrogen oxide poison-
ing are described in detail. Two case histories are reported.
Distinctions between toxic pneumonia and toxic bronchitis are
stressed. Both first-aid and long-term treatment to combat
poisoning, hypoxia, infection, and brochospasm are
discussed.
17590
Kireev, V. I.
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
PATHOGENICITY OF MINE DUST OF MIXEI> COMPOSI-
-------
132
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
TION. (Sravnitel' naia kharakteristika patogennosti rudnichnoi
pyli smeshannogo sostava). Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya, vol 10:14-20, April 1966. 12 refs. Translated
from Russian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 14p., July 18, 1969.
The pathological effects produced by 4 samples of mine dust
of mixed composition and 1 sample of crystalling quartz (the
control) were experimentally determined. The dust was in-
troduced intratracheally to 120 albino rats. The test results
showed that the development of silicosis depends not only
upon the silico content, but also on the other chemical com-
pounds which also compose the dust. A nodular form of silico-
sis, distinguished by the appearance of typical silicotic
nodules, developed with mine dust containing 24% free SiO2
and other chemical compounds. Pneumoconiosis of the sflico-
siderosis type developed with mine dust containing 12% free
SiO2, 17.7% Fe2O3, and other chemical compounds. Mine
dust comprising 1.6% free SiO2, 12.8% Fe2O3, and other
chemical compounds caused the development of diffuse pneu-
mosclerosis without typical silicotic nodules, but with the for-
mation of minute cellular-dust foci, of the siderotic type. In
mine dust containing large amounts of tungsten trioxide, but
no free SiO2, a weakly pronounced diffuse pneumosclerrosis
developed as well as the formation of cellular-dust foci
without any pronounced histiocytic reaction around them. All
of this was accompanied by a diffuse interstitial inflammatory
process and by purulent bronchitis. (Author summary
modified)
17683
Ternisien, M. Jean A.
POLLUTION AND 'NUISANCE' PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRI-
AL AND URBAN ORIGIN. THEIR PREVENTION IN THE
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES AND THE SCIENTIFIC, TECHNI-
CAL, LEGISLATIVE, AND REGULATORY PROBLEMS
WHICH THEY PRESENT TO INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS.
(Les pollution et 'nuisances' d'origine industrielle et urbaine.
Leur prevention dans les prindpaux pays et les problems scien-
titiques, techniques, legislates et reglementaires qu'elle pose aux
experts international!!), vol. 2, Paris, La Documentation, Fran-
caise, Dec. 1967, 259p. 115 refs. Translated from French.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 535p., May 20, 1969. The services in the foreign em-
bassies in Paris, intergovernment organizations, and interna-
tional associations that deal with these problems. The dangers
created by pollution and 'nuisance* problems which are urban
or industrial in origin are a direct function of the rapid growth
of the world population, and scientific and technical progress.
On the international level the technical and regulatory actions
which are to be introduced in common in a number of countries
must be defined. The work is in four chapters: (1) a contribution
to the study of pathologic effects produced in man and in bis
foodstuffs by inhaled and ingested pollutants and by acoustic
'nuisances'; (2) international standardization oi analysis and
measurement methods directed to characterizing inhaled and in-
gested polluted media and injurious acoustic media; (3) technical
prevention of pollution of inhaled and ingested mediums and of
acoustic nuisances; and (4) essential ordinances and trends as
drawn from the laws and statutes of the major countries and
prospects of an intergovernmental organization of the regula-
tions. A summary table of the principal intergovernmental or-
gans and international associations that are concerned with
prevention of pollution and 'nuisances' is appended. It is con-
cluded that epidemological research, international standardiza-
tion, improvement of prevention techniques, and establishment
of international conventions or charters are the main directions
of the effort which must be followed jointly by the most
developed countries within the framework of intergovernmental
organizations, with the help of specialized international associa-
tions. But, to be effective, the application of the recommenda-
tions and international standards rests with the decisions of the
governments which are sincerely aware of the increasing danger
that threatens them if appropriate measures are not taken.
19514
Fujino, T., K, Yoshida, K. Miyachi, M. Yoshii, H. Oshima,
and M. Imal
STUDY OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF RESPIRATORY
DISEASES FROM AIR POLLUTION. (Taildosen niyom kokyu-
Id shikkan no kanrihoshild ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Igaku Kenkynsho Gyosekishu (Report Inst.
Ind. Med.), no. 3:1-47, June 1, 1969.
The results of a 2-yr medical survey which was conducted to
study the relationship between air pollution and respiratory
disease in three polluted areas of Yokkaichi City are presented
in the form of tables and graphs. The data demonstrate the ef-
fect of air pollution on humans, especially with respect to
respiratory diseases. The contents are divided into two catego-
ries: one concerned with epidemiological aspects of the Yok-
kaichi type of air pollution, of which the major constituent is
sulfur dioxide, and one concerned with clinical hematological
studies. Significant findings are that the highest death rate
from respiratory disease occurred in the most heavily polluted
area of Yokkaichi and that the death rate has tended to in-
crease since the advent of a petrochemical plant. It is con-
cluded that most cases of chronic nonspecific bronchitis are
related to bronchus asthma, and that cases of lung emphysema
have developed from bronchus asthma rather than chronic
bronchitis.
19553
Sklensky, Bohuslav
INDIGENCE OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS IN THE ROSICE-
OSLAVANY COAL MINES (RUD) AND FACTORS LEADING
TO ITS QUICK DEVELOPMENT. Prakt. Lekar. (Prague),
19(3):97-102, 1967. 12 refs. Translated from Czech. National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Translating Unit, 10p.,
July 7,1969.
From the data concerning 243 miners of the Rosice-Oslavany
coal mines who had various forms of pneumoconiosis, the
average time for the development of rtg-reticulation was 17.1
years for the mining work. The average time for the total un-
derground work was 21.5 years. For all forms of pneu-
moconiosis, the average time in mining was 17.2 years, and the
average time of underground exposure was 22.6 years. After
5.5 years of mining, 5% of the rtg-reticulation developed. It
was estimated that 34 miners were endangered yearly by pneu-
moconiosis. It is recommended that miners be transferred to
less dusty work sites after 17 years of mining, although it
would be more proper to transfer the miners after only 5.5
years of the mining work. This requirement would meet great
resistance because of the shortage of qualified miners and also
in view of the fact that as a result of successful measures of
the dust control commission, the dust level in RUD has been
reduced more than 10 times since 1963. As long as the dust
level in mining exceeds the permissible concentration, how-
ever, it is the responsibility of all health authorities to enforce
a timely transfer of miners. The period of 5.5 years has
another significant practical importance since it can be used
for factual evaluation of the dust control measures. Several
secondary factors were statistically significant in the develop-
ment of pneumoconiosis among young miners, including over-
time work, unqualified management of the homes of young
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
133
miners, nutritional deficiencies, neglect of sports activities,
and past inflammatory lung diseases. (Author summary
modified)
19558
Dalquen, P., A. P. Dabbert, and I. Hinz
ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE
PLEURAMESOTHELIOMA. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON
119 CASES FROM THE HAMBURG AREA. Praxis Pneumol.,
23(8):548-558, Aug. 1969. 17 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colorado.
The epidemiology of 119 cases of pleuramesothelioma, a rare
malignant tumor, was studied in Hamburg with its asbestos
and wharf industry. An analysis of the case material revealed
an increased incidence of pleural mesothelioma in Bergedorf, a
district of Hamburg where an asbestos works was located. The
role of occupational, residential, and domiciliary exposure to
asbestos in the development of the tumor is discussed. The im-
portance of obtaining detailed records is stressed, since
asbestos exposure may occur in a great variety of occupations.
The average interval between the first exposure and develop-
ment of the tumor was 35.2 years. Exposure to asbestos was
definitely established in 17 cases and was likely 34 cases, but
in 64 cases evidence of exposure was lacking or tenuous.
(Author abstract modified)
19880
Balazova, G. and A. Rippel
A STUDY OF HEALTH CONDITIONS OF THE POPULA-
TION LIVING IN THE VICINITY OF AN ALUMINUM FAC-
TORY. (Studio sulle condizioni di salute della popolazione
abitante nelle vicinanze di una fabbrica di alluminio). Med.
Lavoro (Milan), 59(5):376-380, 1968. 4 refs. Translated from
Italian. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 6p., Ian. 27,
1970.
The health conditions of children living near an aluminum fac-
tory were studied. The ambient pollution from fluorine emitted
by the factory was very high. High fluorine values were found
in the agricultural products of the areas near the factory. In
the children examined, the absorption of fluorine by the
digestive and respiratory systems was approximately 2.15
mg/day. The children showed a marked increase in the fluorine
content in their teeth, hair, nails, and urine when compared
with children living in a non-polluted area. Clinical and labora-
tory studies revealed a moderate decrease in hemoglobin
values and an increase in the red blood cell count in children
exposed to a high absorption of fluorine. When some of the
children were transferred to a non-polluted zone, the urinary
excretion of fluorine decreased by 40% after one month. It
may, therefore, be assumed that the accumulation of fluorine
is reversible. (Author summary modified)
19939
Umezawa, T.
AIR POLLUTION AND BLOOD GAS. (Taiki osen to ketsueki
gasu). Text in Japanese. Naika, 21(5):836-840, May 1968.
Chemical substances as air pollutants are carbon fly ash, sul-
fur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, aldehydes, car-
bon hydrates, tar, radioactive gases, aerosols, etc. Gas poison-
ing cases reported in Japan during a 2-year period between
1956 and 1957 were as follows: CO, 126; NO2, 45; SO2, 45;
H2S, 12; CN, 11; and CS2, 7. SO2 and CO are the most im-
portant air pollutants observed within the exhaust gas of facto-
ries and automobiles, respectively. CO enters the human body
only through respiratory organs, and SO2 through both
respiratory and digestive organs. Discomfort occurs when the
CO concentration is 1000 to 1200 ppm (after 1 hour's inspira-
tion) or when CO toxicity ratio (ppm x hour) is more than 600.
Mortality may occur when CO concentration is 1500 to 2000
ppm (after 1 hour's inspiration) or when CO toxicity ratio is
more than 1500, or when carboxyhemoglobin concentration is
60 to 80%. CO concentration in the ambient air is not always
parallel to COHb concentration in the blood, and the latter is
influenced by age, sex, condition of health, smoking, or re-
sidence. Symptoms of CO toxicity were shown. Harmful ef-
fects of SO2 on human bodies are irritation, especially to mu-
cosal membranes, (eyes, respiratory tract, esophagus,
stomach, etc.), and acidosis due to the decrease of alkaline
reserve within the blood due to H2SO3, causing disturbances
of bone growth in children or myocardial degeneration in
adults.
19947
Mautner, Bedrich
BCG-INOCULATION AND BITUMINOUS COAL PNEU-
MOCONIOSIS. Intern. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg.
(Heidelberg), vol. 23:347-357, 1967. 11 refs. Translated from
German. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Trans-
lating Unit, 13p., July 17, 1969.
Two groups of miners from the Ostrava-Karwin bituminous
coal area in Czechoslovakia were observed to determine the
danger of developing pneumoconiosis. Variations in dust expo-
sure, according to different mines and types of underground
work, were noted. To avoid this source of error in estimating
the danger from dust exposure in the two groups, a dust expo-
sure coefficient was introduced, based on the health condi-
tions of each mine and each work area. Tuberculosis was
found in 2.7% of those inoculated with B. Calmette-Guerin
(BCG) in comparison with 4.6% in the non-inoculated group.
This confirms the fact that BCG inoculation provides protec-
tion from tuberculosis in bituminous coal miners. In com-
parison with 15.5% of inoculated persons, 35.9% of non-inocu-
lated persons developed bituminous coal pneumoconiosis. A
similar result was found when comparing the frequency of
pneumoconiosis in relation to the duration and degree of dust
exposure. Among coal diggers, in those inoculated with BCG,
pneumoconiosis was found in 31.3% of the cases; among the
non-inoculated, the figure was 58.5%. When the BCG-inocu-
lated group was subdivided according to time of inoculation,
the pneumoconiosis frequency among those inoculated during
dust exposure was 20.5%; in those inoculated before starting
underground work, the figure was 12.1%. (Author summary
modified)
20972
Starodubova, T. F.
MANGANESE BALANCE IN PUPILS OF A BOARDING
SCHOOL UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE PROCESS OF
LEARNING AND A SUMMER REST IN A PIONEER CAMP.
(Balans margentsa u uchashchikhsya shkoly-internata v
usloviyakh uchebnoga protesessa i letnepo otdykha v pioner-
skom lapere). Vopr. Pitaniya, vol. 27:36-40, July-Aug. 1968. 3
refs. Translated from Russian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 8p., Sept. 23, 1969.
Manganese balance was studied under conditions prevalent in
the steppe area of the Ukraine in five groups of adolescents
during the regular process of learning, during examinations,
and during summer vacation. Manganese in food rations and
excreta was titrated by the persulfate method. The manganese
-------
134
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
balance was found to be extremely variable, being influenced
by individual peculiarities of manganese exchange and sexual
differences. But the main factor determining manganese
balance was the type of activities pursued by the adolescents.
Under regular conditions of learning, the manganese balance
in both sexes was positive. During the period of examinations,
the level of manganese discharged from the body increased
sharply. However, it remained positive in girls who had
received high amounts of manganese in their food ration. With
boys who had received less manganese in their food, a nega-
tive balance was observed. The period of summer rest was
characterized by a high level of manganese discharge and a
relatively low retention level compared to the regular learning
process. It is concluded that adolescents should receive not
less than 0.17 to 0.20 mg per day. Based on the average weight
of adolescents, the diet of boarding schools in the Ukraine
should contain no less than 8.5 to 10.0 mg of manganese.
21087
Mosendz, S. A. and A. I. Silakova
EFFECT OF MANGANOUS CHLORIDE ON NITROGEN
METABOLISM. (Vliyaniye khloristogo margantsa na
azotistyy obmen). Vopr. Med. Khim., vol. 14:27-31, Jan.-Feb.
1968. 16 refs. Translated from Russian. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 10p., 1969.
The effect of manganous chloride on nitrogen metabolism in
rats weighing 200-220 grams was studied. A 10% solution of
manganous chloride was administered endotracheally in doses
of 20 mg manganese per rat. The animals were decapitated on
the 1st, 6th, and 30th day after poisoning. Members of the
control group were also killed at the same time. The tissue stu-
died was rapidly removed, frozen in liquid air, and carefully
pulverized. The frozen pulverized tissue was suspended and
stirred in 5% trichloroacetic acid. Proteins were separated by
centrifugation. Intoxication, brought about by single en-
dotracheal administration to rats of 10% manganous chloride
solution in doses corresponding to IS mg of manganese per rat
was accompanied by an increase in ammonia content in the
blood, brain, liver, and skeletal muscles on the 1st and espe-
cially on the 6th day after administration. On the 30th day, the
ammonia content in the blood was close to its content in nor-
mal animals; in the brain, liver, and skeletal muscles, it
remained at a high level. Together with the increase in am-
monia content in tissues, there was an intensification of
processes directed toward the elimination of its toxic action:
an increase in content of free glutamine and of protein amide
nitrogen. The most pronounced changes in ammonia metabol-
ism occurred in liver tissue and were somewhat less in brain
tissue.
21123
Szostak, W.
THE ROLE OF MAGNESIUM IN THE BODY. (Rola magnezu
w ustroju). Polski Tygod. Lekar. (Warsaw), 16(37):1421-1424,
1961. 31 refs. Translated from Polish. ISp.
Magnesium is one of the most important electrolytes in the
body, averaging in adults about 25 g (about 43 mg per kg body
weight). The tissues contain 98% of the entire amount, with
the remaining 2% in extracellular fluids. The daily Mg require-
ment of the human body is about 220 mg; a normal diet fully
covers this requirement. A relatively low amount of the Mg
taken in is absorbed, and this only in the small intestine.
About 65% of the Mg in blood plasma is totally ionized; this
portion penetrates the tissues rather easily compared with the
remaining protein-bound 35%. Urinary excretion is the major
route of Mg elimination. Mg appears to play a major role in in-
tracellular metabolism; the presence of Mg ions is indispensa-
ble for many enzymatic reactions. Some hormonal glands seem
to affect its metabolism, although the mechanisms and con-
trolling factors are not known. It does show a high affinity for
accumulation in heart muscle. In animals, injection of Mg af-
fects the nervous and neuro-muscular systems, resulting in
depression and reduced nervous response, and with large
doses, in coma. The change of Mg level in blood serum is a
significant finding in certain illnesses, for example chronic al-
coholism, liver cirrhosis, uremia, and diabetic acidosis.
Descriptions are given of two clinical syndromes of magnesi-
um metabolism: hypomagnesemia and hypennagnesemia. The
most convincing symptom of the former is increased irritabili-
ty of the neuro-muscular system, manifested by tetany attacks
in severe cases.
21125
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROUS GASES.
(Maximale Immissions- Konzentrationen MIK Nitrose Case).
VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinie, no. 2105, May 1960. 24 refs.
Translated from German. 9p., 1962.
The Permissible Emission Concentrations, (PEC values) set by
VDI are defined as those concentrations of pollutants in layers
of the open air close to the ground which may be considered
harmless, according to current knowledge, to man, animal, or
plant during exposure of a given frequency and duration.
These values are valid only within certain ranges, only when
the pollutant occurs by itself rather than in mixture with other
pollutants, and only for the open air outside of an emitting lo-
cation. Nitrous gases occur in nature from electric discharges
in the atmosphere; technologically, they are produced from
such principal sources as the manufacture and processing of
nitric acid and from internal combustion engines, explosives,
and celluloid. Nitrous gases, which are recognizable by their
brown color and characteristic odor, comprise the following
nitrogen oxides and their compounds: nitrogen monoxide
(NO); dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3); nitrogen dioxide (NO2); and
dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). The latter two are the primary
carriers of the toxic action of nitrous gases. The PEC half-
hour mean value set for continuous exposure to NO2 is 0.5
cm3/m3. The PEC for intermittent exposure (permissible ex-
cess above the PEC for continuous exposure) is 1.0 cu cm/cu
m half-hour mean value, three times daily. In the transition
from normal air into an atmosphere containing NO2, the olfac-
tory threshold lies at 0.1 cu cm/cu m (calculated as NO2) and
the odor becomes characteristic at 0.5 cu cm/cu m, although
within 5-6 min olfactory perception disappears even at 20 cu
cm/cu m. Minor symptoms of irritation such as dry and rough
throat may occur under prolonged inhalation of 1-2 cu cm/cu
m; with repeated exposure, these become less and finally dis-
appear even after inhaling 20 cu cm/cu m for 2 hrs. Toxic ef-
fects of nitrous gases on man and animals have not been dif-
ferentiated; in plants, it appears that even sensitive plants
sustain no damage from exposure to a mean concentration of 1
to 2 cu cm/cu m.
21336
Grosser, Peter-Juergen
THE IMPORTANCE OF EPEDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS
FOR COMMUNITY HYGIENE DEMONSTRATED AT THE
EXAMPLE OF THE HYGIENE OF Am POLLUTION. (Die
Bedentung epidemiologischer Methoden fuer die Kommnnalhy-
giene, dargestellt am Beispiel der Lufthygiene). Text in German.
Wiss. Z Humboldt-Univ. Berlin Math. Naturw. Relhe, 18(1):69-
74, 1969. 38 refs.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
135
The concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is generally
low (1 ppm and less). The pollutants are either solid, gaseous,
or liquid. They vary qualitatively and quantitatively with time
and space, so that long-term measurements are required to ob-
tain an ide of the extent of pollution. Because of this variabili-
ty, it is difficult to assess the actual danger to humans. The in-
creased mortality during the smog episode in London of 1952
became apparent only weeks after the catastrophe at a routine
evaluation. The normal death rate was exceeded by 4000.
Study of the life- expectancy of humans revealed that it is
sometimes 4 to 5 years les in heavily polluted industrial cen-
ters. For instance, in the industrial center of Most (Bohemia),
the life-expectancy for men is lower by 4 years than in other
Bohemian areas. Study of the mortality rate showed that a
close relationship exists between diseases of the respiratory
tract and air pollution in general, and smoke and sulfur dioxide
specifically. Significant correlations were found between
bronchitis and pneumonia and the concentration of smoke and
SO2. The German Democratic Republic plans to erect a mea-
surement grid for air quality measurements over the entire
Republic. In connection with the study of the health records of
various groups of the population, it will be feasible to deter-
mine the correlation between air pollution and the health of
the population.
21414
Miyachi, Kazuma and Hideo Kashiwagi
AIR POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE OF YAK-
KAICHI DISTRICT: THE TYPE OF YOKKAICHI ASTHMA.
(Yokkaichi chiiki ni okeru taikiosen to kokyuki shikkan:
iwayuru Yokkaichizensoku no byokei ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Igaku Kenkyusho Gyosekishu (Report Inst.
Ind. Med.), no. 3:69-80, June 1, 1969. 25 refs.
The relationship between the Yokkaichi type of asthma and
Yokkaichi air pollution, of which the major constituent is sul-
fur dioxide from petrochemical plants, are discussed, together
with characteristics of the pollution and its effects on respira-
tory organs. It has been widely accepted that lung emphysema
develops primarily from simple chronic bronchitis. This theory
is contradicted by a Yokkaichi study which grouped patients
with respiratory disease into those (group A) who had the dis-
ease before the construction of the petrochemical plants and
those (group B) who did not develop it until after the plants
were in operation. Group A had a higher incidence of lung
emphysema than group B, which tended more toward non
specific bronchial asthma. The findings are accounted to the
difference in the length of exposure to polluted environment
by sulfurous acid gas from the plants, namely, non specific
bronchial asthma in group A developed into lung emphysema
after more than eight years of exposure. The fact that more
bronchial asthma was found in group B underlines the high
probability of the group passing through the same process as
group A. This type of process is construed to be distinctively
representative of the effect of Yokkaichi air pollution. It is
concluded that chronic bronchitis is not predominantly respon-
sible for lung emphysema where Yokkachi type air pollution
exists.
21644
Rijnmond Public Agency (Netherlands), Task Group on
Standards for Air Pollution
PROVISIONAL REPORT OF THE MAXIMUM ADMISSD3LE
POLLUTION OF THE OUT- SIDE AIR WITH SO2 IN THE
AREA OF RIJNMOND. 1969 (?). Translated from Dutch.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 7p., April 15, 1970.
Recommendations are made for maximum emission concentra-
tions (MIC values) for sulfur dioxide in the area of Rijnmond
in The Netherlands. The proposed MIC value for a 24-hr
average is 500 micrograms/cu m; the annual average concen-
tration should be below 150 micrograms/cu m. These values
are based on epidemiological data from the international litera-
ture, and take into account acute, subacute, and chronic expo-
sure situations. The known effects of various concentrations
of SO2 on humans, animals, plants, and materials are briefly
noted; the subacute effect on humans during 1-3 day expo-
sures consists of exacerbation in the condition of persons al-
ready having some health impairment. SO2 may be primarily
an indicator pollutant, with harmful effects arising from the
presence of other substances, e.g., sulfuric acid. The proposed
MIC values will be revised as new data become available.
21669
Mitina, L. S.
THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF SMALL CONCENTRATIONS
OF NITROGEN OXIDE AND SULFUR DIOXIDE UPON AN
ORGANISM. Gigiena i Sanit., vol. 27:3-8, Oct. 1962. Trans-
lated from Russian by Irene B. Sharenbroch, California State
Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Air and Industrial Hygiene
Lab., 10p., Feb. 11, 1963.
A study of the combined effect of small concentrations of
nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide on an organism, and the
character of their combined action at these concentrations, is
discussed. The combined effects of NO2 and S02 were stu-
died by the chronic exposure of rabbits. Also, the effects of
the isolated actions of these gases at the same concentrations
were studied. During the exposure and recovery period, the
changes in the blood periphery and the state of phagocytic ac-
tivity were studied, and deformations of the proteinatious frac-
tions of blood serum were determined. At the completion of
an experiment, pathomorphological examinations of the
respiratory organs were made. A mixture of NO2 and SO2 did
not cause any weight reduction. Each isolated gas caused a
decrease in the hemoglobin content at the end of chronic ex-
posure, but this effect was not observed with exposure to a
mixture of the two. The action of NO2 lead to a decrease in
the number of erythrocytes, while a mixture of the gases and
the action of SO2 alone did not. The combined action of the
gases caused some decrease in the phagocytic activity of the
blood; the isolated action of NO2 and S02 produced a con-
siderable reduction of it. Modifications of the protein fractions
of blood were not observed upon inhalation of an NO2-SO2
mixture. A mixture of NO2 and SO2 at the Maximum Allowa-
ble Concentration levels for industrial installations adversely
affected the animal.
21785
Hitosugi, M.
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY ON THE EFFECTS OF
AIR POLLUTION IN TOKYO METROPOLITAN AREA.
(Tokyo-to taiki osen jintai eikyo ekigaku chosa ban). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
4(1):45, 1969. (Presented to the Japan Soc. Air Pollution, 10th
Annu. Meet., 1969.)
Chronic influences of air pollution on people were studied in
the Tokyo metropolitan area from 1966 to 1968, mainly in Oc-
tober. Examinees totaled 6718 and included 5096 males and
1628 females. Little difference was shown between then-
places of birth, living and employment The survey comprised
an interview using question-and-answer cards, pulmonary ven-
tilation tests, and a sputum examination. The metropolitan
area was divided into 3 areas according to the severity of air
pollution due to sulfur dioxide: the severely polluted area had
a 0.05 ppm SO2 concentration; moderately polluted area had a
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136
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
SO2 concentration of 0.03 to 0.04 ppm; and the slightly pol-
luted area had less than 0.02 ppm SO2. Morbidity with chronic
bronchitis was observed in 5.9% and 3.1% of male and female
examinees, respectively. Higher morbidity was noted in elderly
males or people from more significantly polluted areas. Severe
respiratory symptoms, persistent cough and phlegm with re-
peated exacerbations, or persistent cough and phlegm with
reduced pulmonary function were more frequently seen in
these groups.
22152
Coin, Louis
DETECTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION DUE TO DOMESTIC HEATING PLANTS IN
PARIS. (Detection et epidemiologie de la pollution at-
mospherique due au chauffage des locaux a Paris). Text in
French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), vol. 12:33-42, May 1970.
A review of the activities of the Laboratory for hygiene of the
City of Paris in the fields of air pollution and mortality
statistics since the year 1874 to the present time, is presented.
Early work related to pollution of city air by germs of various
diseases and its correlation with increased incidence of these
diseases. In 1900, the effect of travel in congested metro trains
on the propagation of tuberculosis was scrutinized. Systematic
air-pollution measurements in a network of air-sampling sta-
tions were begun in 1957 as a result of the notorious smog dis-
aster in London in 1952. On the basis of data collected in 1957
and 1958, it was estimated that about 52% of the air pollution
by sulfur dioxide in Paris was due to domestic heating plants
numbering about 20,000. Information is presented on graphic
representation of air pollution data by spots of different colors
and diameters located at the sampling-station sites, by iso-pol-
lution curves, by echinograms and by iso-exposure time,
required for certain toxic effects to become manifest. A time
sequence of an iso-exposure time graph is shown. The idea of
using the absenteeism of kindergarten-age children as an in-
dicator of the effect of air pollution on the health of a segment
of the population is mentioned. A very sensitive indicator of
the biological effects of air pollution is deformation of the cell
structure in a cytotoxic atmosphere, a technique originated (in
1964) and developed by the Laboratory of Hygiene of the City
of Paris.
22317
Petrilli, Fernando Luigi and Guiseppe Agnese
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN DIS-
EASES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND AIR POLLU-
TION. (Richerche sui rapporti tra mallattie dell 'apparato
respiratorio ed inquinamenti atmosferici). Giorn. Igiene Med.
Prevent. (Genoa), vol. 3:255-289, 1962. Translated from Italian.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 49p., Nov. 6, 1969.
Direct determinations were made in four zones in Genoa, Italy
different in air pollution by means of a questionnaire, to deter-
mine the frequency of respiratory diseases in subjects over 64
years of age. After considering the possible influence of age,
length of residence, heart conditions, living habits, and previ-
ous work activities, the percentage frequency indices of
coughing, expectoration, rhinitis, dyspnea, and recent and
remote respiratory diseases were calculated. The more impor-
tant comparisons were those relating to female subjects. A
correlation was found between the incidence of respiratory
symptoms and diseases and the extent of air pollution. Lower
indices were found for the data determined in the less polluted
residential area, especially the frequency of coughing, expec-
toration, dyspnea, rhinitis, and previous history of bronchitis.
A greater mean duration of symptoms and a more frequent
summer persistance were found in the more polluted zones.
Differences in the frequency of coughing and expectoration,
and rhinitis persisting in the summer were found between the
industrial and non-industrial zones. The quantity of suspended
dust and the sulfur dioxide concentration among the various
air pollution indices were well correlated with the data on the
frequency of respiratory diseases. Investigations conducted on
male groups confirmed the results relating to women, and
showed a greater frequency of the cough-expectoration com-
bination and recent respiratory disease among smokers.
(Author summary modified)
22426
Ordonez, Blanca Raquel
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION.
(Aspectos epidemiologico de la contaminacion atmosferica).
Text in Spanish. Gac. Med. Mex., 100(3):266-279, March 1970.
34 refs.
The tools of epidemiology are applied to the study of relation-
ships between pollution and health problems, with special at-
tention to Mexico City and the Distrito Federal. Illnesses
resulting from dramatic incidents of pollution where permissi-
ble limits are exceeded are relatively easy to study. More dif-
ficult to assess ar the alleged connections between such dis-
eases as chronic bronchitis emphysema, and primary cancer of
lungs and a long-term exposure to pollution at lower concen-
trations. The most serious pollution problem areas in Mexico,
outside the metropolitan area of Mexico City, are Guadalajara,
Monterrey, and Tepic. Since 1967 the Mexican Department of
Health has been setting up stations for continuous sampling in
the area around the capital (Valle de Mexico), where particu-
late matter, sulfur dioxide, and total sulfur content of the at-
mosphere can be determined. A study conducted by the Pan
American Bureau of Health (OSP) July 1967 June 1968
makes possible a comparison of pollution measurements in the
Mexico City area with those of other Latin American cities.
Dust measurements indicate that Mexico has the most serious
problems of any of the countries in the group studied (Argen-
tina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Peru). In the case of Chile (San-
tiago) and Argentina (Buenous Aires), the factors created by a
temperate climate (which introduces the problem of domestic
heating) makes comparison difficult. Average values for Mex-
ico City from October 1967 to June 1968 were 158.2 micro-
grams/cu m while from November 1968 to October 1969 the
amount had been reduced to 131.8 microgram Both of these
figures were higher than those obtained in London and in the
United States. Mexico City also has the highest sulfur dioxide
rate for Latin America. Measurements from October 1967 to
June 1968 showed an annual average of 95 micrograms/cu m
for Mexico City, and 133 micrograms from November 1968 to
October 1969, while during the same period the figure for New
York City was from 560 to 840 micrograms. Acute respiratory
illnesses decreased by 29.4% in urban areas outside the Dis- <
trito Federal between 1964 and 1968, and by 23.5% in rural
areas, while in the Distrito Federal there was an 18.7% in-
crease. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma showed
increased in all areas: 12.7% in urban Mexico 18.9% in rural
areas 34.8% in the Distrito Federal.
22953
Mautner, Bedrich
ORGANIZED TRANSFERS OF MINERS AS PRECAUTION
IN CONTROL OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS. Pracovni Lekar.
(Prague), 19(2):74-78, 1967. Translated from Czech, by J.
Chapin, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Trans-
lating Unit, 10p., July 10, 1969.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
137
Experiences in the organized replacement of miners to control
pneumoconiosis in the Ostrava-Karvina region are presented.
The mine workplaces are classified by law into four hazard
categories according to the hygienic conditions and results of
dust concentration measurements. The dust rate is estimated
gravimetrically by sampling on Soxhlet filters. To prevent ag-
gravation of pneumoconiosis, the organized replacement to
less hazardous areas is carried out when the disease is
revealed. This replacement is also effected in the case of
healthy miners, to prevent the development of the disease.
These cases concern workers younger than 21 years who have
exceeded the maximum exposur time and workers with X-rays
corresponding to group Z of the international classification of
pneumoconiosis. The maximum exposure time, after which the
miner should be transferred, is determined in each plant ac-
cording to the hazards of the mine and the pneumoconiosis
rate. It is expected that the preventive replacement of miners
will reduce the rate of new diseases and reduce aggravations
of existing pneumoconiosis cases. (Author summary modified)
22962
Rosmanith, J. and C. Losert
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TYPE OF WORKPLACE
AND OCCUPATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PNEU-
MOCONIOSIS IN COAL MINERS. Pracovni Lekar. (Prague),
19(4):159-163. 19 refs. Translated from Czech by J. Chapin,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Translating Unit,
10p., July 9, 1969.
The rate of pneumoconiosis development, in relation to the
type of work-place and occupation, was observed in 1132 coal
miners up to 6 to 10 years after the initial form of the disease
appeared. The rate of development was quickest in the miners
engaged in the actual mining of coal, slower among the cut-
ters, and slowest among those whose work alternated between
mining and cutting. To retard the development of pneu-
moconiosis, work in the mines must be stopped after a finding
of reticulation. If the miner stops working in the mines only
after a diagnosis of general nodulation, further developement
of the disease will not be prevented. The more advanced the
stage of pneumoconiosis at the time of transfer, the higher is
the frequency of the complicated form of the disease. No rela-
tionship was found between age and pneumoconiosis develop-
ment. The prevention of pneumoconiosis among miners
requires a transfer from the most hazardous occupations be-
fore the reticulation diagnosis is made. (Author conclusions
modified)
23101 '
Tokuda, Ryohei and Taku Hashimoto
CHRONIC DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN THE
AIR POLLUTED AREA OF KAWASAKI CITY. (Kawasaki shi
no taikiosen chiku ni oleru manseikokyuki shikkan chosa). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
4(1):46, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution
10th, Annual Meeting, 1969.)
Kawasaki has about 38 industrial establishments that produce
much sulfur dioxide emission, and most of them are situated
along the southeastern sea coast. This area was defined as a
high-pollution area, and the rest of the city was divided into
intermediate, light and non-polluted sectors. Out of the popula-
tion of about nine million, 300,000 live in the high-pollution
area. In a series of preliminary investigations a sample of 1000
citizens was questionnaired concerning respiratory duct and
lung afflictions as well as eye and .nose irritations. They were
also investigated for past histories of chronic bronchitis. Of
the high-pollution area residents 95% showed an affliction of
one sort or another. Similar investigations were conducted on
daily laborers, and the results were similar. In addition chest
X-rays were given to the elderly, and 10% of them from the
high-pollution area had an active case of TB which is five time
more than in the non-polluted area. Other preliminary tests led
to the conclusion that chronic respiratory diseases among the
high-pollution area residents are not negligible, and for these
patients, pulmonary function test, chest X-ray, EKG, blood
test, and British Medical Research Council questionnaire were
administered and the results are presently being analyzed.
23102
Nose, Yoshimasa, Kazuko Yoshizaki, Junichi Mise,
Yoshimitsu Nose, Takashi Sakurai, Takashi Nakanishi,
Shinkichi Nishimura, and Toshiaki Miyoshi
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND
RESPIRATORY DISEASES. PART H. STUDIES ON THE OB-
STRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES IN THREE CTTIES
OF UBE, TOKUYAMA AND ANAYO. (Taiki osen to kodyu-
kikei shikkan. Dainiho. Ube, Tokuyama, Nanyo santoshimin
no heisokusei haishikkan). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):47, 1969. (Proceedings
of the Japan Society of Air Pollution 10th, Annual Meeting,
1969.)
A table showing the percentage death rate due to
bronchitis/asthma, pneumonia and heart disease for the
periods 1960-61 and 1962-63 for three age brackets over 40 in-
dicates that the increase in sulfur dioxide in Ube since 1962
had been accompanied by an increase in death rate due to
bronchitis and asthma. A random sampling of 3000 patients of
the Internal Medicine Division of the Yamaguchi University
Medical School revealed that since 1962 the number of non-tu-
berculosis type respiratory disease cases has increased rapidly.
The percentage increases were 3.0% in 1960 and 4.1% in 1963.
The average annual concentrations of settling dust particles
and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere are tabulated over three
recen years for Tokuyama, Nanyo and Ube. In Tokuyama and
Nanyo, by using the British Medicine Research Council
method, questionnaire surveys were conducted, and sub-
sequently more precise physical examinations were performed.
Precise data are tabulated, and respiratory disease cases
requiring hospitalization are listed by sex, %VC, %MBC and
FEV 1.0/EVC.
23103
Oshima, Hidehiko, Masayuki Imai, Katsumi Yoshida, and
Masayoshi Kitabatake
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY IN
YOKKAICHI. (Yokkaichi shi ni okeru taiki osen no kenko ni
oyobosu eikyo ni tsuite.) Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu
Cf. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):48, 1969. (Proceedings of the
Japan Society of Air Pollution Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.
From 1961 to 1967, affliction and death rates for Yokkaichi
were studied in order to investigate pathologically their cor-
relation with air pollution. The annual affliction rate in the
area was calculated as the ratio of the number of medical
cases obtained from the detailed records of the National
Health Insurance Plan (NHIP) billings to the total number of
people enrolled in NHIP. At 10% significance level, correla-
tion was observed between cold - bronchitis and sulfur dioxide
gas, bronchial asthma and settling dusts as well as sulfur diox-
ide, and frontal eye disease a settling dusts. Affliction rates
were also compared for Yokkaichi and other control areas
over the seven year period, and major differences were found
for laryngitis, cold-bronchitis, and bronchial asthma as well as
frontal eye diseases. In the polluted area, the frequency of
bronchial asthma has markedly increased since 1961. Death
-------
138
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
rates were calculated as three-year averages ove the seven
years, and polluted areas in Yokkaichi and control areas in the
agricultural regions were compared. In general, death rates
were higher in the agricultural areas. Most of the causes were
the bloodvessel damage in the central nervous system, total
TB and pneumonia. In the polluted area, deaths due to
malignant neoplasms were significant. Obstructive repiratory
diseases are decreasing in the control area, but are rapidly in-
creasing in the polluted area.
23148
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Nobuko Tokojima
ON THE YEARLY ANALOGY OF AIR POLLUTION
BETWEEN UBE-ONODA REGION AND TOKUYAMA-
NANYO REGION. (Ube-Onoda chiku to Tokuyama-Nanyo
chiku taiki osen no tsuinen no ruijika ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Yamaguchi Idai Sangyu Igaku Kenkyusho Nenpo
(Ann. Report Res. Inst. Ind. Med., Yamaguchi Med. School),
no. 16:217-220, 1969. 5 refs.
Mining-industrial cities Ube and Onoda are known as the cites
of dust pollution, and Tokuyama and Nanyo of the
petrochemical industry are polluted by gaseous pollutants.
However, the recent trend in the soluble and non-soluble com-
ponents of the pollutants, the seasonal wind direction, the
decline in the use of coal in Ube and Onoda, and the general
tendency in the industry to use more and more petroleum,
have all contributed toward the increasing similarity in the na-
ture of pollution in the two groups of cities. In addition, the
similarity of the rates of chronic bronchitis affliction in the
two general areas indicate that it is related to the similarity of
the proportions of soluble components in the settling dusts,
especially the pH values, in Ube and Nanyo, and Tokuyama
and Onoda. This can be seen in the regression line of the
bronchitis affliction rate versus the pH of soluble components,
the data points being taken from all four cities and other major
bronchitis-prone cities as Yokkaichi and London.
23151
Nose, Yoshikatsu
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROPERTIES OF AIR POLLU-
TION AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND ASTHMA AS
WELL. (Taiki osen no seijo to mansei kikanshien narabini
kikanshizensoku to no kanrensei). Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi
Idai Sangyo Igaku Kankyusho Nenpo (Ann. Report Res Inst.
Ind. Med., Yamaguchi Med. School), no. 16:13-30, 1969. 74 refs.
The relationship between air pollution and respiratory diseases
in the industrial cities of Yamaguchi Prefecture was in-
vestigated. Th general nature of air pollution has been chang-
ing from settling dusts to gases from the combustion of fossil
fuels, and correspondingly, the relative predominance of as-
sociated diseases have changed from bronchitis to asthma. In
three cities, Ube, Onoda, and Mine (settling dusts), the
frequency of bronchitis was higher than in Tokuyama and
Nanyo (gaseous pollutants). The frequency of asthma was
more or less the same for both groups of cities, but in the
gaseous pollution cities, in the areas where both dusts and
gases are becoming more concentrated, the frequency of
asthma is increasing. The higher concentration of sulfur diox-
ide seems to be associated with the increase in the asthma af-
fliction rate. Also, there was a significant negative correlation
between the frequency of bronchitis and the soluble com-
ponents such as SOS and Cl in settling dusts as well as their
pH. Various data on air pollution such as are caused by set-
tling dusts and gases, and bronchitis and asthma are tabulated
and statistical analyses of data are presented.
23582
Bonsignore, D.
THE ERYTHROCYTE ALA-DEHYDRASE ACTTVITY AS A
DIAGNOSTIC TEST IN OCCUPATIONAL LEAD POISON-
ING. (L'attivita ala-deidratasica eritrocitaria quale test diag-
noltico ned saturnisma professionale). Med. Lavoro (Milan),
vol. 57:647-654, 1966. 13 refs. Translated from Italian. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 9p., July 16, 1970.
The effect of lead poisoning on amino-levulinic-dehydrase ac-
tivity was studied by colorimetrically determining the porpho-
bilinogen, which is formed by ALA-dehydrase activity,
present in the erythrocyctes of 50 subjects with chronic or
acute lead poisoning. In 19 patients, no enzyme activity could
be identified; in the others, it was distinctly lowered. The
results demonstrate that diagnosis of ALA-dehydrase acitivity
is a valid test of lead poisoning.
23606
Kimura, Kikuzi
ON THE PENETRATION RATE OF GASEOUS MATTER OF
INHALED GAS-AEROSOL MIXTURES IN SIMPLE
RESPIRATORY MODEL. (Ryujobutsu no kyozonga gasujo
osenbutsu no kidonai shinnyu ni oyobosu eikyo ni tsuiteno
mokeishiken). Text in Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (J. Sci. Labour,
Tokyo), 46(9):544-554, Sept 10, 1970. 18 refs.
The synergism of gas and aerosol was investigated by means
of a simple model of a respiratory tract consisting of a vinyl
tube with the inside moistened and a wet tube with the inside
moistened under a constant condition. The gases used were
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. For particulates, dusts in
ordinary outdoor air as well as black smoke resulting from the
combustion of benzene were used. The penetration rate of
SO2 increased with an increase in the flow rate of air through
the wet tube or a decrease in concentration. In both cases, the
addition of particulates further increased the sulfur dioxide
penetration rate. For nitrogen dioxide, the change in the con-
centration or the flow rate of air did not have any appreciable
effect on the penetration rate; the presence of paniculate
matter also did not have any influence on the penetration rate.
The aspiration of air through a glass fiber filter for a dustme-
ter showed that within an hour after aspiration, the sulfur
dioxide in air had the penetration rate of about 100%, but after
20 hours, the rate declined appreciably. Together with the
change in value observed due to change in humidity, the ob-
served phenomena indicate that sulfur dioxide gas was ab-
sorbed by the sulfuric acid mist to form small particles, which
were subsequently trapped by the glass fiber filter.
23876
Blumer, W.
DOES AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST CAUSE HEADACHES?
(Kopfschmerzen durch anto-abgase?). Z. Praeventivmed., vol.
14:303-304, Sept.-Oct 1969. 4 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 4p., Sept. 3, 1970.
Adult inhabitants of a residential area without through (traffic
were compared with all people living right next to the heavily
frequented main street of the same place. The cases concerned
include all patients complaining about constant headaches dur-
ing th past ten years, when no organic cause could be detected
by means of general practice. In the houses immediately ad-
jacent to the main street, percentage wise three times as many
patients with headaches lived there than in the outside area.
Observing these patients for many years, a short change of re-
sidence made the headache disappear. One hundred and
twelve patients received twice weekly for four to five weeks
an intravenous injection of a mixture of calcium-dinitrate-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
139
EDTA (20 mg per kilogram body weight), vitamin C (200 mg),
and vitamin Bl (200 mg). This small dosage immediately cured
71% of the patients, distinctly improved 19%, and was unsuc-
cessful with only 10%. In order to prove that this treatment
actually causes an increased secretion of lead, a lead analysis
of the urine was made for five patients. All cases showed an
increase of lead secretion with the exception of one female pa-
tient. The people living close to traffic inhale at least four
more kinds of exhaust gases (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon,
nitric oxides, tetraethyl lead), which cause headaches as an
early symptom themselves and which simultaneously reinforce
the toxicity of lead.
24023
Malorny, G.
INFLUENCE OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON EFFICIENCY.
Staub, 23(3):156-159, 1963. 3 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 5p., July 7, 1970.
Exhaustibility of the rat during a swimming experiment,
fatigue of mice during spontaneous physical labor, and muscu-
lar fatigue during electrical irritation of the chewing muscle of
the rat were examined during and after exposure to carbon
monoxide. Efficiency of the chewing muscles was distinctly
decreased by the effects of CO within a concentration region
of 0.025 to 0.125% vol. After the introduction of CO was
stopped, the decrease in efficiency was reversible for only low
concentrations, and then only partially, while permanent
damage remained at high concentrations. Higher carbon
monoxide concentrations were required to achieve a decrease
in efficiency of the motor system in the peripheral area than
for deteriorations of the central system. A 1-hr exposure of a
mixture of air and of 0.05% vol CO significantly decreased the
swimming efficiency of rats. Running distances were
decreased by 1/2 with 48 ppm CO and by 1/3 for 55 ppm.
24125
Povoleri, Franco
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA AND THE PRODUCTION OF FER-
ROMANGANESE. (Bronchopolmoniti e produzione di fer-
romanganese). Med. Lavoro (Milan), vol. 38:30-34, 1947.
Translated from Italian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 9p., Oct. 30, 1969.
Although the cause-effect relationship between ferroman-
ganese production and epidemics of pneumonia in Aosta is not
at all clear and convincing, no other cause can tbbbe cited to
exp n tttthese events, unless one would ascribe them to a par-
ticularly malignant form of epidemic. To some extent, this
malignancy could be due to the effect of manganese dioxide
fumes and dust inhaled by the population in connection with
an increased virulence of the pathogenic germs or, also likely,
a chemical form of respiratory tract inflammation and a sub-
sequently increasing development and virulence of the bac-
teria. Morbidity was similar during this period in the entire
population and there was no difference in distribution related
to age, sex or profession. It seemed that even the vegetation
suffered greatly in the area in which the concentration of
smoke was particularly dense. However, ferromanganese
production was distinctly most intensive during the summer
and autumn months while the highest mortality was always
noted during ae winter months when there was no production.
The gradual disappearance of the epidemic after 1940 may be
related either to a spontaneous decline in epidemic charac-
teristics or more likely to the effects of sulfonamide therapy
combined with a gradua habituation of the citizens to inhala-
tion of manganese dioxide-lade fumes.
24154
Yamamoto, Kimihiro
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE RAT RESPIRATO-
RY ORGAN EXPOSED TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE. (Aryusan-
gasu Kyunyu daikoku nezumi kokyuki no byori soshikigaku-
teki kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Nara Igaku Zasshi (J. Nara
Med. Assoc.), 21(3):267-281, Sept. 14, 1970. 20 refs.
Pathological changes were observed in the respiratory organs
of rats exposed to 50-100 ppm or 700-1000 ppm of sulfur diox-
ide for periods of one day to 25 weeks. Extensive pathological
observation were made in airways and alveoli by horizontal
longitudinal section of the total lungs with the trachae. In addi-
tion, histological typ of airway epithelium were classified. Air-
way epithelim of exposed rats exhibited disappearance of cilia,
erosion, increase of mucous cells, squamous cell metaplasia,
and hyperplasia. Also observed was elongation of epithelial
cells from terminal bronchiole to alveolar walls. Infiltration of
small round cells and proliferatio of collagen fiber were found
in peritracheae, peribronchi, and peribronchioles. There was
also perivascular infiltration and congestion in alveoli capilla-
ries, and infiltration of small round cells in alveolar walls and
alveoli. Abscesses progressed from bronchus were noted in the
lungs of rats exposed to 700-1000 ppm SO2. In general, there
were no marked differences between pathological changes fol-
lowing exposure to 50-100 ppm SO2 and those following expo-
sure to 700-1000 ppm.
24230
Nada-Ku Medical Assoc., Kobe (Japan), Higashinada-Ku
Medical Assoc., Kobe (Japan), and Kobe Municipal Office
(Japan), Bureau of Public Health
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF AIR POL-
LUTION IN THE EAST AREA OF KOBE CITY. (Kobe-shi
tobu ni okeru taiki osen ekigake chosa ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Ishikai Zasshi (J. Japan Med. Assoc.),
63(10):1339-1346, May 1970. 9 refs.
The difference in incidences of common cold, bronchitis,
bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema, lung cancer, and
pneumonia between polluted and nonpolluted areas in
Higashinada and Nada wards of Kobe were studied. Medical
practitioners in the district selected the patients to be studied
from their medical charts, and completed the questionnaires
on the epidemiological survey of air pollution in Higashinada
and Nada Wards. These two districts were divided into three
areas according to the degree of air pollution. Area-AI had a
sulfur dioxide concentration of more than 1.0 mg and an
average amount of settling dusts of more than 20 t/month. In
Area-All, the SO2 concentration was the same as in Area-AI;
the amount of settling dusts was 10-20 t. In area -B, SO2 was
less than 1.0 mg and the amount of sedimented dusts was
under 10 t/month. This district was assumed to be nonpolluted.
The returned questionnaires were 67,483 for the first survey
and 18,274 for the second survey. The sulfur dioxide concen-
tration of less than 1.0 mg is not likely to influence the mor-
bidity of respiratory diseases, but for women over 40 who live
in the same area for a long time, there might have a slight ef-
fect. The data show that even at this low level of sulfur diox-
ide gas, the combination with dusts does have an effect on
human health. Comparing the polluted and non-polluted areas,
the only symptoms that manifest any significant difference
were cold-related, and there was no significant difference in
the frequency of asthma in the two areas.
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140
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
24392
Novakova, Eliska
THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ON
ANIMAL COMMUNITIES AND THE USE OF ANIMALS AS
BIO-INDICATORS. (Influence des pollutions industrielles sur
les communautes animates et utilization des animaux comme
bioindicateurs). Air Pollution. Proc. First European Congr. In-
fluence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen, Nether-
lands, 1968, p. 41-48. 9 refs. Translated from French. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., lip., Sept. 15, 1970.
Analyses made on blood samples from hares shot during the
fall hunting season confirmed the possibility of using hares as
indicators of industrial air pollution and of the presence of cer-
tain pesticides. The distribution of harmful emissions can be
estimated by analyzing some elements of the erythrocytes
(hemoglobin, hematocrit, and eventually globular saturation).
In general, the blood values decrease with increased pollution,
except in a few cases of very high SO2 emissions. The pH of
the urine varies: in cement-producing areas, it is over 7.0; in
SO2 areas, it is below 7.0. A good practical criterion is the
multiplication coefficient calculated from the number of young
and full-grown hares killed. For hares in an area of mixed ash
and sulfur dioxide pollution, the multiplication coefficient was
30% lower than for controls. In contrast, the coefficient was
higher by 35% in an area rich in cement dust. The present in-
vestigations, which covered mainly the influence of gaseous
SO2 and hydrogen fluoride, point to a decrease in the number
of insects (without an actual decrease in the number of spe-
cies) with increasing pollution. The differences in the tax-
onomic groups are not pronounced: the decrease in number is
almost uniform in all categories. However, a slight increase
was noted in the Phytophaga in the most polluted zone and in
the Zoophaga in a less polluted zone.
24573
Ohm, H. J.
THE LOCALIZATION OF LEAD DEPOSITED IN HUMAN
TEETH. (Die Lokalisation des in meschliehen Zaehen ab-
gelagerten Belis). Deut. Zahnaerzrtl., 24(3):202-209, March
1969. 42 refs. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo. 16p., Sept. 8, 1970.
Healthy and decayed human teeth were fixed immediately
after extraction in alcohol containing hydrogen sulfide and
were then decalcified with hydrogen sulfide saturated with for-
mic acid. After subsequent deacidification and desalination,
the teeth were frozen in crystals and mounted on glass covers.
Physical development was carried out with a mixture of gum
arabic solution and silver nitrate. With this method deposits of
lead were demonstrated and their location determined. In tis-
sue sections, deposited lead sulfides appear as find brown to
black granules afte physical development. Lead appears to
have a preference for the small canals in the dentine, layers of
secondary dentine, and interglobular spaces as well as for ce-
ment. The distribution of th lead sulfide particles in the in-
dividual dentine regions also shows a direct dependence on
metabolism. Similarly, it is possible to recognize a change in
the distribution of lead sulfide granules in the region of decal-
cification due to caries.
24586
Wefring, K.
PNEUMONIA IN THE AREA OF THE SAUDA FACTORIES
OF RYFLYKE. Tidsskr. Norske Laegeforen., vol. 49:553-568,
602-612, 1929. Translated from Norwegian. 25p.
A description is provided of an investigation in a Norwegian
town wherein the residents were blaming a high incidence of
pneumonia accompanied by an abnormally high mortality rate
on the smoke from a local ferromanganese plant. It is con-
cluded that the function of the plant in the spread of the dis-
ease is to provide the point of contact for the contageous
transfer of a highly virulent strain of pneumococcus; no case
could be presented for causation by the smoke or any of its
constituents. The remedy suggested is innoculation of the in-
habitants and isolation of pneumonia patients.
24731
Nolte, D.
BODYPLETHYSMOGRAPHY. (Ganzkorperplithysmographie).
Beitr. Klin. Erforsch. Tuberk. Lungenkr., vol. 140:265-272,
1969. 16 refs. (Presented at the German Association for Tu-
berculosis and Pulmonary Diseases, 23rd Scholarly Conven-
tion, Baden-Baden, Germany Oct. 16-19, 1968.) Translated
from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 10p., July
27, 1970.
In the past, quantitative evaluation of an obstruction in the
respiratory passages depended on measuring parameters of
pulmonary function, the values of which reflect flow during
forced ventilation and are contingent to a great extent on the
assistance of the subject. Direct analysis of bronchial flow re-
sistance is no possible by means of a procedure, body
plethysmography, which measures synchronous respiratory
changes in volume of the lungs as a change in volume of the
whole body. Simultaneously, the process measures in-
trathoracic gas volume (IGV), which is significant in the diag-
nosis of emphysema. Measurements are made while the pa-
tient sits in a narrow, sealed chamber into which warm, moist
air is directed. Chamber pressure and intensity of respiratory
flow are recorded during a complete respiratory cycle, the
measurements yielding a closed pressure or 'hackle' curve that
describes the relationship between alveolar pressure and
chamber pressure. Resistance and IGV are read on a nomo-
gram. The method makes it possible to determine whether an
obstruction in respiratory passages is functional (and thereby
reversible) or morphologically fixed.
24935
Just, Jan, Stefan Maziarka, and Maria Deugasiewicz
THE DEATH RATE DUE TO LUNG CANCER IN PEOPLE
LIVING IN SELECTED TOWNS IN POLAND IN THE POL-
LUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (Umieralnosc na raka puc
mieszkancow wybranych miast polskich a zanieczyszcenia
powietrza atmosferycznego). Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu
Higi., 20(5):515-526, 1969. 25 refs. Translated from Polish.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 16p., July 29,1970.
A correlation between atmospheric pollution and the morbidity
and mortality from respiratory tract cancer in ten Polish towns
was investigated. The statistical analysis did not reveal any
correlation between the total amount of atmospheric dust and
the death rate from cancer of the lungs and the bronchi.' Some
correlation existed between the degree of pollution of the air
in the investigated cities by aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons
and the death rate from cancer of the lungs and the bronchi.
Among the tested towns, the highest level of these hydrocar-
bons was in the atmosphere in Zabrze, Katowice, and Gdansk;
in all these cities, the death rate from cancer ot the lungs and
the bronchi was the highest. Warsaw had the lowest level of
aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere among all
investigated towns. Simultaneously, Warsaw had also one of
the lowest death rates from cancer of the lungs and the
bronchi.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
141
25341
Dogan, S. and T. Beritic
INDUSTRIAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF OCCUPA-
TIONAL POISONING WITH MANGANESE. (Industrijsko-
higihenski i klinichi aspekti profesionalnog otrovanja man-
ganom). Arhiv Hig. Rada, vol. 4:139-212, 1953. 179 refs. Trans-
lated from Serbo-Croatian. Data Methods Corp., Denver,
Colo., 95p., Oct. 20, 1970.
Ten cases of manganese poisoning were observed from 1949 to
1953 among workers exposed to dust and smoke at a man-
ganese alloy plant. The length of exposure ranged from 18
months to 12 years. Clinical findings corresponded to symp-
toms of light parkinsonism. In the case of two workers, the in-
toxication was manifested by hemoparkinsonism. All victims
were subject to muscular cramps and uncontrollable laughter.
Blood analyses showed slight leukopenia in five patients.
Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopenol ('BAL') or pyrodoxine
was ineffective. The difficulties of diagnosing manganese
poisoning are stressed, the distribution of manganese ores
noted, and studies of the toxicology and pharmacology of
manganese reviewed. In addition, symptoms of manganese
poisoning are detailed and the effects of manganese on liver,
blood, and lungs reviewed. To prevent manganese poisoning,
attention should be given to characteristics of manganese ores,
i.e., the percentage of various manganese oxides, the extent to
which the ores disintegrate, and their content of hepatotoxic
materials. Good ventilation is essential, as are periodic ex-
aminations of workers.
26024
Yamaguchi, Seiya, Yo Ono, and Hisao Matsumoto
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE INHABITANTS IN
OMUTA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FINDINGS
OF LUNG FUNCTION AND CHEST X-RAY FILM. (Omuta
Shimin ni oyobosu taikiosen no eikyo. Toku ni hai kino, kyobu
ekkususen shoken ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Saigai Igaku (J.
Accidental Med.), ll(9):917-932, Aug. 1970. 16 refs.
As a pan of the second Omuta City epidemiological investiga-
tion of the influence of air pollution in August 1966, thoracic
x-ray examination was done on the 2626 residents who live in
the contaminated area and in the control non-contaminated
area. Examination of pulmonary function was done by Peak-
Flow-Meter and Vitalor on the 520 school boys and 527 school
girls (aged 8-12), and the 1104 mothers (aged 24-55) of the
school children, who lived in the present addresses for more
than five years. The monthly average of falling soot and dust
and sulfur trioxide concentration in all of the area were 26.5
t/sq km/month, and 0.76 mg/D/100 cu cm PbO2. thoracic x-
ray examination revealed tuberculous changes at a higher rate
of 7.5% in the contaminated area and 4.2% in the non-con-
taminated area. The average of the mothers' vital capacity was
higher in the control area; the ratio which did not reach 80% in
the percentage of the estimation was more or less higher in a
part of contaminated area. The average of PFR showed obvi-
ously a low figure in a part of the contaminated area. In the
comparison of PFR by height, it was at the lowest in a part of
the contaminated area and higher in the non-contaminated
area. The average figure of vital capcity in school children,
both of boys and girls, showed a tendency to be smaller in the
contaminated area. It did not always show the parallel relation
with air pollution. PFR in boys showed a higher figure in the
contaminated area, and the regression line of PFR against the
vital capcity showed a slight difference in the low vital capaci-
ty group; the higher the vital capacity, the lower was the PFR
in the contaminated area. The average of 0.5 second amount
figures by height and figures by height with MEFR in boys
were higher in the non-contaminated area. From the result of
this investigation, the mothers' PFR, school children's PFR,
0.5 second amount, and the expired air flow shown in MERF
were reduced in the contaminated area.
26025
Hiroshima Prefecture Health Measure Council (Japan), Expert
Committee No. 4
THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON RESPIRATORY
APPARATUS OF THE INHABITANTS OF BOTH OTAKE
AND KURE CITIES. (Otake, Kure ryoshi ni okeru taikiosen no
kokyukl ni oyobosu eikyo). Text in Japanese. Hiroshima Igaku
(J. Hiroshima Med. Assoc.), 23(10): 833-842, Oct. 1970. 9 refs.
An investigation area of (1) heavy pollution with an average
sulfur trioxide concentration of 0.60 - 0.9 mg/day/100 sq cm
PbO2, and an average falling soot and dust concentration of
5.81-39.48 t/sq/ km/month and a (2) control area of mild pollu-
tion with an average SO3 concentration of 0.38 0.59
mg/day/100 sq cm PbO2 and average falling soot and dust con-
centration of 7.79 t/sq km/month were selected for study in
November 1969. Interviews and questions using a BMRC
questionnaire and simple pulmonary function tests using
vitalor were made for the 290 inhabitants who were chosen at
random from the men or women more than forty years of age
and lived in the areas. There were 93.3% inhabitants who lived
at the present address for more than five years; 98.6% of them
answered the questionnaire. Cough, sputum, short breath, rest
because of respiratory disease, and bronchitis showed
generally a high rate; compound symptoms showed a low rate.
Men showed a higher rate in almost all items except short
breath than women, but no significant difference was found.
Although there was no significant difference between the
areas, both men and women in the investigation area showed a
higher rate than the control area in cough at day or night,
acute increase of cough and sputum, rest because of respirato-
ry disease, bronchitis, and respiratory asthma. The relation
between respiratory symptoms and smoking was studied only
in men. The smokers showed a higher rate than non-smokers
or former smokers in continued sputum and short breath of
more than grade three, and in compound symptoms except
cough; but there was no significant statistical difference and
no obvious difference between areas. In the simple pulmonary
function test, only 2.2% of subjects showed an abnormal
figure where less than 60% of the rate for one second was ab-
normal; no significant difference could be found between
areas. Although the influence of air pollution is obscure at
present, the result suggest that a slight influence begins to ap-
pear.
26051
Yoshida, Zengi, Yuichiro Yamashiro, Yoshinobu Maejima,
and Tetsuo Kubakawa
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHD? BETWEEN ADX POLLU-
TION AND INFANTILE ASTHMA ATTACKS. USING THE
SO2 CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR AS AN INDICATOR.
(Taikiosen to shonikikanshi zensoku hossa no kanren- taikichu
SO2 nodo o shihyo to shite). Text in Japanese. Shonika Rinsho
(Japan J. Pediat.), 23(8):983-990, Aug. 1970.18 refs.
In order to study the relationship between sulfur dioxide con-
centrations in the air and attacks of asthma, 107 cases of the
out-patients with asthma at the clinic of allergy in the depart-
ment of pediatrics of Juntendo Hospital were studied
throughout 1968. Sulfur dioxide concentrations were in-
vestigated according to the results of the measurements of air
pollution made by an auto recorder reported by the Bureau of
Capital City Development (published in March 1969). The
frequency of the attacks of asthma was studied on the basis of
-------
142
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
hospital cards and diaries recorded by the patient's family.
The relationship of SO2 concentrations and attacks of asthma
in the following four divided areas was summarized on a
monthly basis: (1) Koto-ward, (2) Edogawa-ward, (3) Chiyoda,
Chuo, Bunkyo, Daito, Shinjuku, Koto, Minato and Shinagawa
wards, and (4) Setagaya, Itabashi, and Edogawa wards. No
correlation was found. The results did not indicate that SO2
concentrations in the air were high when attacks were frequent
or that more attacks occurred on the days when SO2 concen-
trations were high. Thirty three cases of infants living in
Chiyoda, Chuo, Bunkyo, Daito, Shinjuku, Koto, Shinagawa,
and Minato wards where SO2 concentrations were thought to
be comparatively high were investigated on a day when a
warning against smog was announced or on the following day.
No tendency for attacks of asthma to occur more frequently
on those days were noticed.
26305
Imai, Masayuki, Hidehiko Oshima, Yoshikazu Takatsuka,
Masayoshi Kitabatake, and Katsumi Yoshida
PRESENT STATE OF AIR POLLUTION IN YOKKAICHI
AND VARIOUS MEDICAL PROBLEMS ABOUT IT. (Yok-
kaichi-shi ni okeru taiki osen no genkyo to igakuteki shomon-
dai). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku Kenkyusho Gyosekishu
(Report Inst. Ind. Med.), no. 3:48-55, June 1969. 16 refs.
Conditions of air pollution, epidemiological investigations, the
findings of medical examinations of the inhabitants and school
children and the state of the patients connected with air pollu-
tion in Yokkaichi city were reported. Falling dust has
decreased with every year or remains on the same level; how-
ever, a proportion of soluble components is much more than
that of other cities, and soluble components have been
acidified constantly with every year since 1961. Sulfur dioxide
increased rapidly from the end of 1961 to early 1962, and
remained on the same level afterwards; however, the trend of
increase has been observed since 1965. Nitrogen dioxide is
below about one tenth compared with SO2. Sulfuric acid is de-
tected from the air almost constantly. The incidence rates of
various diseases were observed by means of receipts of the
National Health Insurance for 4 years from 1961. The diseases
which were recognized to be very related to air pollution were
common cold, bronchitis, front ophthalmopathy, bronchial
asthma, and pharyngitis There was high correlation between
the diseases and SO2 rather than falling dust. Furthermore, a
high correlation was observed among infants and children in
pharyngitis, and among aged people in bronchial asthma. The
investigation by means of questionnaires was carried out on
the inhabitants of over 40 years of age in contaminated aisas
chosen with different pollution levels. The number of people
suffering from chronic bronchitis and asthma-like attacks in-
creased with the height of the degree of pollution with SO2 in
the area. Medical examinations in junior high schools in con-
taminated areas also showed the tendency to obstructive
disturbances. Half of the recognized patients by the Environ-
mental Pollution Relief Law were seen in Shiohama district, a
high contaminated area. The people wbo had moved to outside
the city or non-contaminated area showed clinical improve-
ment or healing at a high rate after moving out.
26306
Kanagawa Prefecture Board of Education (Japan)
ACTUAL REPORT OF INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION
ON THE BODIES. (Kogai (taiki osen) ga shintai ni oyobosu
eikyo no jittai chosa hokokusho) Text in Japanese. 40p.,
March 1969.
For investigating the influence of air pollution on the bodily
functions of elementary and middle school boys and girls in
Kanagaw Prefecture, medical examinations of oto-rhino-Iaryn-
gology and ophthalmology were made by specialists during
May and July, 1968. Selection criteria of contaminated degrees
were as follows: contaminated area (area I) was where the
yearly average of sulfur dioxide concentration was more than
2.0 mg SO2/day/100 sq cm PbO2 and falling soot and dust
amounts were more than lOOt/sq km/month; and non-con-
taminated area (area H) was where SO2 concentration was less
than 1.0 mg Sol/day/loo sq cm PbO2 and falling soot and dust
amounts were less than 6.0 t/sq km/month. Subjects were 3225
boys and girls in area I and 3102 in area II. Examinations of
oto- rhino-laryngology were made concerning earwax, otitis
media, auris externa, deafness, hypertrophic rhinitis, atrophic
rhinitis, other kinds of rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyp, deformi-
ty of the septum, nasal vestibule disease, nasal vestibule pollu-
tion, tonsillar hypertrophy, tonsillitis, adenoids, pharyngitis,
and tracheophony. The items which showed a higher rate in
area I and which were significantly different from area II were
earwax, sinusitis, nasal vestibule diseases, and nasal vestibule
pollution; each prevalence rate was 13.8%, 8.2%, 3.7% and
1.8% in area I, and 4.9%, 1.1% and 0.1% in area II. There was
a significant difference between area I and area II in the
prevalence rate of 4 items of oto-rhino- laryngology. From
previous reports or conditions of air pollution, it seemed that
school boys and girls in area I had a larger intake of contami-
nant in the upper respiratory tract compared with those of
area H; upper respiratory tract or whole respiratory apparatus
seemed to be affected in some degree by the air pollution. Ex-
aminations of ophthalmology were made concerning follicular
conjunctivitis, chronic conjunctivitis, eczematous blepharitis,
pseudotrachoma, tarsal cyst, acute conjunctivitis, hordeolum
and trachoma. Follicular conjunctivitis, eczomatous
blepharitis, and acute disease were more in area I; chronic
conjunctivitis, pseudotrachoma, and tarsal cyst were more in
area n, but there was no significant difference between area I
and II. The prevalence of diseases was the most in Kawasaki
area which belonged to area I, bu it seemed that the difference
of home environment generally caused ophthalmological dis-
eases.
26324
Garbe, E. and M. Brunei
CANCER AND AJH POLLUTION. SOME OBSERVATIONS
FROM THE STANDPOINT OF GEOGRAPHICAL PATHOLO-
GY. (Cancer et pollution atmospherique. Quelques aspects de
pathologic geographique). Text in French. Bull. Inserm,
25(2):201-212, 1970. 10 refs.
By means of a correlation coefficient, a study was made of
the relationship between cancer mortality and what are re-
garded as pollution indicators: the consumption of solid and
liquid fuels. It was concluded that, generally speaking, one
must consider 'urbanism' in its collective entirety, .rather than
singling out the consumption of fuels as a factor representing
air pollution. The localization problem for cancer -seems to
correlate better with an 'industrial and technological factor'
represented by the consumption of petroleum products. The
localizations involved are the lungs in men, leukemia in men
and women, the upper respiratory and digestive tracts in men,
and the uterus and uteral cervix in women. Attempts to
separate the 'pollution' factor from the industrial-technological
factor were unsuccessful. Results indicated that the starting
point in further study would be the distinction between urban
and rural environments and the exogenous factors that in-
fluence these.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
143
26S16
Nose, Yoshikatsu
AIR POLLUTION AND INFANTILE RESPIRATORY DIS-
EASES. (Taiki osen to shoni kokyuki shikkan). Text in
Japanese. Shonika Rinsho (Japan J. Pediat), 23(4):471-482
April 1970. 32 refs.
In 1969, 30,000 school-children in five cities in Yamaguchi Pre-
fecture were given questionnaires in order to clarify
epidemiologically the relationship between air pollution and in-
fantile respiratory disease. Common epidemiological
phenomena were observed between asthma, asthmatic
bronchitis, and bronchitis; it was not clear from the question-
naires alone whether the similarities were due to the defini-
tion, diagnosis, or classification of illnesses, or because the
three diseases are actually related. Various statistical analyses
are presented for such items as the correlation between sulfur
dioxide concentration and asthma, bronchitis, and asthmatic
bronchitis, past history of school children regarding the three
types of ailments, and the frequency distribution of past histo-
ry of the illnesses with age. In order to clarify the relationship
between the diseases and air pollution, more multi-factorial
studies have to be made with the emphasis on the environ-
ment, cause of illness, and the carrier, based on the correct
understanding and diagnosis of the respiratory symptoms.
26523
Ishizaki, T., Akimasa Miyamoto, Junzaburo Kabe, Shohei
Makino, Taro Kodama, Hirosuke Nakazawa, and Yukio
Matsumura
AIR POLLUTION AND ASTHMA. (Taiki osen to zensoku).
Text in Japanese. Nihon Kyobu Rinsho (Japan J. Chest Dis-
eases), 28(10): 703-709, Oct. 1969. 25 refs.
Asthma is an illness very hereditary in nature, and there are
many inducements to asthma. In the case of air pollution,
many studies have shown that it can be an inducement for
asthma, but the question of whether air pollution can be an ac-
tual cause is yet to be answered. Various characteristics of
bronchial asthma symptoms are described and past statistical
studies on the group examination of factory workers in
Kawasaki, for example, are explained. The study of medical
records over a period of three years shows that asthma tends
to be related to weather. For example, on days when the tem-
perature is lowered by more than 3 degrees, especially on
rainy days, asthma tends to occur more frequently. Also when
there are many suspended particles in the atmosphere, asthma
attacks are frequent. This is probably because sulfur dioxide is
easily absorbed by suspended particulates. Other items
described are the effects of SO2 gas on respiratory function,
the susceptibility of the respiratory tract, and the relationship
between asthma and chronic bronchitis.
26530
Joint Group for Air Pollution Research (Japan)
EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDY OF THE EF-
FECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM. (Taiki osen no kokyuki ni oyobosu jikken narabi ni
rinshoteki kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Kokuritsu Kekkaku
Ryoyojo Kyodo Kenkyu Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Joint Studies
Natl. Tuber. Sanatoria), vol. 5:97-104, 1968.
In order to study pathologically the effect of sulfur dioxide gas
o the human respiratory system and to shed some light on the
development mechanism of respiratory disorders, dogs were
studied and clinical experiments were conducted. At high con-
centrations (30-300 ppm) of SO2, the dogs all died within 3-30
days and bronchitis, blood congestion in the lungs, and lung
edema were observed. At low concentration (2-3 ppm),
thickening of alveoli walls with pneumatosis and interstitial
pneumonia were diagnosed, and there was no bronchitis. With
respect to smoke concentration at a Ringelmann chart level of
2-3, the dogs had a high degree of blood congestion of the
lungs and died within 2-5 days. Sulfur dioxide gas increased
the resistance of the human respiratory tract over time, but
the phenomenon was reversible. The degree of resistance in-
crease was larger for non-smokers. There was no definite cor-
relation between the infant bronchial asthma and infant tu-
berculosis and suspended particulates. The examination of the
Yokkaichi asthma patients showed that there was a marked
decrease in one-second rates and the appearance of pulmonary
P.
26558
Amagasaki Medical Assoc. (Japan)
PRESENT RATES OF AIR POLLUTION AND RESPDIATO-
RY DISEASES IN AMAGASAKI. THE 1ST REPORT. (IN-
VESTIGATION IN 1969). (Amagasaki-shi ni okeru taikiosen
to kokyuki shikkan no genkyo. Dai 1 po. (Showa 44 nendo
chosa)). Text in Japanese. 64p, 1970. 7 refs.
Investigations of the living environment and respiratory dis-
ease were carried out on 5284 patients who visited medical or-
ganizations in Amagasaki for a main complaint with respirato-
ry symptoms on August 27, 1969. Results showed an affirma-
tive opinion to the present states as 57.6% and a negative
opinion as 41.7%. According to a residential analysis between
highly polluted and lowly pollute districts, the negative opinion
was 73.0% in a highly polluted district and 19.2% in a lowly
polluted district among the over 40 age group. The rate of the
patients per 100,000 inhabitants over 40 years old was 1442.7
in a highly polluted district and 693.1 in a lowly polluted dis-
trict, and there was a marked difference betwee the two dis-
tricts. The inquiry by a round-postcard with questionnaires
was performed with respect to 1285 persons over 40 years old
who were the inhabitants of Kuise-Kajigashima and Tsukiji
districts where the concentrations of sulfur dioxide were high
(the former was 3.89 mg/day/100 sq cm; the latter, 4.80
mg/day/sq cm), in order to find a crude prevalence rate of
chronic bronchitis. The return rate of the questionnaire post-
cards was almost 100%, an the crude prevalence rate of symp-
toms was 9.0% at Kuise-Kajigashima district and 11.1% at
Tsukiji district. The prevalence of symptoms in males was
considerably higher than in female. However, no clear causal
relation could be found as to the frequencies by age and the
smoking habit. Oral test based on the BMRC standard
questionnaire was carried out on the patients who complained
of coughing and sputum in the questionnaires; the rate of
agreement between the results of the oral test and question-
naire was 95%. The corrected prevalence rates of symptoms
were obtained from crude prevalence by correcting the gap
between distributions of the patients by sex, age, and smoking
habit. These corrected prevalence rates were 9.1% at Kuise-
Kajigashima district and 11.0% at Tsukiji district. Physical ex-
amination, respiratory function test, roentgenographic ex-
amination, examination of sputum, and electrocardiography
were carried out in order to justify the above investigations.
26764
Shirai, Junzo
A CLINICAL STUDY ON CHRONIC NON-SPECIFIC LUNG
DISEASE IN YOKKAICHI AIR-POLLUTED AREA. CLINI-
CAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOKKAICHI ASTHMA. (Yok-
kaichi-shi ni okeru mansei hhokuisei kokyuki shikkan no
rinshoteki kenkyu. Iwayuru Yokkaichi Zensoku no rinshozo ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi (J.
Japan Assoc. Thoracic Surg.), 8(1):1-16, May 1970. 41 refs.
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144
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
A study was undertaken to analyze clinical characteristics of
so- called 'Yokkaichi asthma' and clarify the disease state of
chronic non-specific lung disease frequently observed in the
Yokkaichi area This area is a center of petroleum industry and
known to be highly air-polluted with sulfur dioxide and other
unknown irritating gases The study was based on 120 patients
who were referred for respiratory symptoms during the period
June 1967 to December 1968. These patients had been re-
sidents at the highly air-polluted area for more than 3 years
and had symptoms of chronic obstructive lung disease. One
hundred twenty patients consisted of 59 males and 61 females.
The age ranged from 16 to 83 years, but the majority of the
patients (95 out of 120) were older than 40 years old. Symp-
toms of chronic bronchitis were noted in 55.8% of the cases,
these of asthma attack in 70.8%. And symptoms of these two
disorders coexisted in 35.0% of the cases. The increased in-
cidence of these patients seemed to be closely related to the
elevation of air pollutants at the area. Seasonal exacerbations
of symptoms are also noted when the area is more air-pol-
luted. Thirty nine out of 120 patients had a previous history of
allergic disorders and 26 had allergic family history. Allergic
skin reaction (using house dust) were positive in 18 among 119
cases tested. These figures are lower than seen in patients with
bronchial asthma in other areas. Increased eosinophils in blood
and sputum were noted in 33 out of 104 and 25 out of 87,
respectively. Fifty eight out of 107 patients had sputum expec-
toration of more than 10 ml for 24 hours. Acetylcholine inhala-
tion test (using 1000 micrograms or less) was positive in 10 out
of 51 patients when judged by EFV1 only and in 31 out of 55
patients when judged by EFV1 and/or respiratory resistance.
In chest roentgenogram, inflammatory and emphysematous
changes were frequently noted. In pulmonary function tests,
many cases showed an obstructive pattern, an elevated
respiratory resistance and a poor response to bronchodilator.
Based on the above clinical observations and diagnostic stan-
dards of chronic nonspecific lung disease stated by the Amer-
ican Thoracic Society of 1962, 'Yokkaichi asthma' can be clas-
sified into 4 groups of known disease categories 1) 55 cases of
bronchial asthma; 2) 36 cases of chronic bronchitis, 3) 21 cases
of bronchial asthma with chronic bronchitis; 4) 8 other cases.
In younger age groups, bronchial asthma (group 1) was
predominant. In groups older than 40 years of age, bronchial
asthma (group 1), chronic bronchitis (group 2) and coexistence
of these (group 3) were observed in 38, 31 and 20 cases,
respectively.
26987
Yamanaka, Akira, Shigeki Saiki, Toyohiko Morita, and Hisao
Itaya
PATHOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGY OF CONTAMINATED
LUNGS - - FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATION. In: Histo-
pathological Study on Contamination of Human Lungs Caused
by Air Pollution. 1967. 25 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, p. 62-85.
The defensive structures of the lungs, including the airway
mucosa (ciliated epithelia and germinal cells), the tracheal and
bronchial lymphogonia, non-striated muscles and elastic fibers,
and lymph follicles, are reviewed in relation to the morphology
of various chronic lung diseases and possible associated ef-
fects with air pollution. The occurrence of dust inhalation dis-
eases depends on the composition, size, concentration, and
properties of the particles; the victim is affected according to
his sensitivity, the intensity and duration of inhalation, and ex-
istence of other respiratory problems. Particle size is an impor-
tant factor; large particles are likely to be held in the nasal
cavity and larynx, but smaller ones of up to 100 micron can
pass through the respiratory tract to the air vesicles. Particles
accompanied by sulfur dioxide or other toxic gases tend to set-
tle far more than when inhaled alone. Aspects of anthracosis,
or pulmonary deposition of carbon dust, as a morphological
disease caused by air pollution, are discussed, including
fibrotic changes, age factors, emphysematous changes, charac-
teristic distribution of deposits in the lung, and the course of
carbon dust through the air vesicles into tissue.
27653
Watanabe, Hiroshi and Fusa Kaneko
EXCESS DEATH THROUGH THE ADX POLLUTION IN
OSAKA CITY. PART H. (Taiki osen ni yoru shiboshasu zodai
ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 4(1):59, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
In the period 1962-1967, the daily variation of death rate in
Osaka Prefecture was investigated. 'Excess deaths' was
defined as the number of deaths when the three-day average
death rate was higher than the 15-day average plus one stan-
dard deviation. Data were studied to see if there were any ex-
cess deaths in the outlying agricultural area within the three-
day period in which there were excess deaths in Osaka (city).
When there were no such excess deaths, then the deaths in the
city were termed the metropolitan type. Other terminologies
were similarly developed for different types of deaths, in all
cases comparing the agricultural and metropolitan sectors.
Statistical analyses were performed to find the various correla-
tions between continuous three-day long pollutio due to sulfur
dioxide over 0.15 ppm or suspended dusts over 0.75 mg/cu m
and excess deaths in that period. Looking at the deaths by
various types of illnesses, deaths due to circulatory ailments
fluctuate similarly to the deaths due to illness in general. But
deaths due to respiratory diseases do not always follow the
pattern. Respiratory illness deaths other than TB and
neoplasms are not always covariant with total deaths, but they
frequently increase in periods when excess deaths are ob-
served in one or more of the three sectors of the Osaka
metropolitan area.
28164
Mizuno, Hiroshi
REPORT OF RESEARCH ON EFFECTS OF AIR POLLU-
TION ON THE HEALTH OF CITIZENS OF NAGOYA. (Taiki
osen ga Nagoya shimin no kenko ni oyobosu eikyo ni kansuru
chosa hokoku). Text in Japanese. Nagoya Univ. (Japan), Dept. of
Public Hygiene, 88p., 1969.
Although the degree of air pollution in Nagoya as a whole is
still low, the situation in the industrial area of the city is
deteriorating. This was demonstrated by the results of a sur-
vey of the health effects of waste gases from petroleum com-
bines and other sources. In the polluted area, there were in-
creased deaths due to respiratory diseases among men and
women over 70. The correlation between the male death rate
and sulfur dioxide concentrations was 0.60-0.70 for men over
50. Symptoms of respiratory infections were one and one-half
to two times more frequent than in nonpoliuted areas, and
there were more individuals who caught five or more colds a
year. Women 40-60 years old who had lived in the area for
more than five years showed reduced lung function. In addi-
tion, the polluted area had increasing infant mortality rates in
contrast to the reduction noted for other areas. Residents of
the industrial area complained mainly of odors and were able
to identify their exact sources. The residents appeared to rely
on the national and local governments for a solution, not
realizing that they themselves could initiate action.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
145
28205
Gaultier, M., P. Gervais, P.-M. de Traverse, P.-E. Fournier,
N.-L. Coquelet, A.-M. Loygue, and H. Housset
GENETIC VARIATIONS IN THE HEMOBLOGIN CAUSED
BY THE PROFESSIONAL ENVIRONMENT. Arch. Maladies,
Profess. Med. Trav., Security Sociale, 29(4-5):197-203, April-
May 1968. 19 refs. Translated from French. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 14p., Nov. 13, 1970.
Qualitative hemoglobinopathia and thalassemic syndromes
have become very frequent in the Paris region due to immigra-
tion of workers of Mediterranean or African origin, working
under conditions such as exposure to benzene, lead, or ioniz-
ing radiation The irregularities most frequently discovered are
hemoglobins S and C on the one hand, thalassemia on the
other hand. These red blood corpuscle irregularities sometimes
pose diagnostic problems because of the presence of red blood
corpuscles of basophilous granulations in lead poisoning and in
thalassemic syndromes. The existence of a hemolytic process
and aplasic attacks, in the course of different toxic
hemopathia and in hemoglobinopathia, has lead numerous
authors to eliminate the subjects carrying hemoglobin irregu-
larities from any work which could possibly involve the danger
of exposure to a hemotoxic substance. Comparative studies of
toxic environment and hemotological functions of subjects car-
rying red blood corpuscle irregularities would be desirable in
order to justify the professional classification of populations
where red blood corpuscles variations are numerous. (Author
summary modified)
28351
Shimizu, Tadahiko and Yoshizo Tsunetoshi
EQUATION OF THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC
BRONCHITIS—EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. (Man-
seikikanshien yushosharitsu no hoteishiki—taikiosen no elkyo no
okisa). Text in Japanese. Seijinbyo (Adult Dis.), 10(1):61-70,
Sept. 1969.
The prevalence of chronic bronchitis 13,100 persons 40 years
of age or more who lived in six districts in Osaka was theoreti-
cally examined. The equation of the prevalence was derived
from age, amount of cigarettes smoking, and degree of air pol-
lution. Values calculated from the equation were compared
with actual ones. The diagnosis of chronic bronchitis was
based on Fletcher's definition. The equation derived from
amount of smoking and age was y equals 0.0001 .3N(x minus
20) squared (I) where N is the amount of smoking per day; x,
the age; and y, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis(%). The
equation derived from sulfur trioxide content, as measured by
the PbO2 method, was y, equals 1.94 alpha plus 0.71 (II)
where alpha is SOS content; y the corrected prevalence. To
exclude the influence of smoking and age on the prevalence of
chronic bronchitis, these values were corrected to standard
values, and the prevalence calculated from them was
designated corrected prevalence. The equation of the
prevalence of chronic bronchitis, y equals 0.0001 .3.N(X-20)
squared plus 1.94 alpha minus 3.18, was calculated from equa-
tions I and II where for female nonsmokers N equals 4; for
male nonsmokers equals N equals 8; for 1-10 cigarettes ;day; N
equals 10; for 11-20 cigarettes/day, N equals 20; more than 21
cigarettes per day N equals 30. The difference between calcu-
lated and actual values was 0.2%. The minimum value of alpha
is discussed.
28364
Inokawa, Takao and Michiko Taga
RELATIONS BETWEEN METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
AND DEATH. REPORT IS. (Kisho joken to shibo tone kan-
kei. Dai 15 ho). Text in Japanese. Nippon JJca Daigaku Zasshi
(J. Nippon Med. School), 37(5):376-382, Oct. 1970. 20 refs.
The relationship between weather (fine, cloudy, rainy) and
death rates was examined by classifying 42,293 deaths accord-
ing to date of death, sex, age, and cause of death. The death
figures were for Tokyo residents who died between January 1,
1962 and December 31, 1962. In the examination, the death
rate of 100,000 population/day was sought and an average
daily death rate (i.e., a death rate index) according to weather
category was obtained. Death rates in terms of weather were
highest on fine days and loest on rainy days. Death rates in
terms of age were higher on fine days than on rainy days ex-
cept for the 35-45 yr group. Death rates were higher on cloudy
than on rainy days, excepting 5-20 yr and 35-45 yr groups, but
lower than on fine days. Death rates in terms of sex, judged
from weather were always higher among males especially
among young and old men. As to death rates in terms of
causes, 81.37% had higher rates on fine and cloudy days. The
death rate increased when fine weather continued to prevail
but decreased during extended periods of cloudy or rainy
weather. Deaths from bronchitis and bronchial asthma over
fine days of clear weather were more than twice as high as on
rainy days while deaths from influenza were seven times as
high. The analysis of the variations of temperature in terms of
weather indicated that the temperature range/day and the am-
plitude of temperature are greatest on fine days and that on
fine days, the temperature is lowest in the hours (1-6 am)
when the physiological faculty of man is lowest. These factors
explain the high rates on death fine days.
28493
Tikhonov, G. P., G. M. Gorban', and Yu. B. Bizin
COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE CON-
TINUOUS AND INTERMITTENT EFFECT OF CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF
ANIMAL ORGANS. Space Biol. Med. (English translation
from Russian of: Kosmich. Biol. Med.), 4(4):27-33, 1970. 3
refs. NTIS: JPRS 51641
The pattern and level of pathomorphological and histochemical
processes that developed in the liver of white male rats ex-
posed continuously (24 hr/day) and intermittently (six hr/day)
to 0.5 mg/1 carbon tetrachloride were proportional to total ex-
posure time. Structural and metabolic disturbances developed
in the liver three to four times sooner during a continuous ex-
posure than during an intermittent exposure of the same total
duration. (Author abstract modified)
28496
Fridlyand, I. G.
THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL POISONS ON THE IMMU-
NO-BIOLOGICAL STATE OF THE ORGANISM. Gigiena i
Sanit., 24(8):55-61, 1959. 28 refs. Translated from Russian, p.
149-157.
Immuno-biological reactivity of the organism is controlled by
general physiological principles, and the state of the nervous
system is a factor of considerable importance in general immu-
nogenesis and in specific immunity manifestation. It is possible
for the lowered immulogic reactivity of the organism resulting
from some industrial poisonings. It is known that an anti-infec-
tion immunity can be hereditary, and individually acquired
means of adaptation which resists the entrance into the organ
of microbes and viruses, their proliferation, and the deleteri-
ous effects of their products of elimination. Such means of
adaptation or barriers are presented by the skin and mucosa,
inflammation, phagocytosis, the reticulo-endothelial system.
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146
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
the lymphatic tissue barrier functions, humoral factors, and
the organism's cell reactivity. It is believed that each of the
barriers can be disturbed by the effects of given poisons.
Results of experiments and clinical observations found in
literature present evidence of the relation existing between the
effects of some industrial poisons and the fall in the bacter-
icidal potency of blood serum. It is emphasized that in the sum
total of the barriers' action as a phase of antibacterial immuni-
ty, they manifest a variety of mechanisms, one of which may
be synergistic. Of particular interest are antibodies which
change the microbes in the direction of involution, lowered
virulence, and susceptibility to phagocytosis. Under present
day conditions intoxication with low doses or low concentra-
tions of the toxic agent are encountered most frequently.
28541
Szoelloesi, Erzsebet, Ferenc Medve, and Endre Jeney
THE EFFECT OF LOW CARBON MONOXIDE CONCEN-
TRATIONS IN THE AIR ON HUMANS. PART H: PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION OF WORKERS IN CAR REPAIR AND CON-
STRUCTION WORKSHOPS. (Angaben zur Wirkung des
niedrigen Kohlenmonoxyd-Gehaltes in der Luft auf Menschen.
II. Teil: Untersuchung der Werktaetigen in Autoreparatur- und
Montagewerkstaetten). Text in German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed.
Arbeitsschutz, 21(3):69-74, March 1971. 25 refs.
The effect of carbon monoxide in ambient air was studied on
two groups of auto mechanics: smokers and nonsmokers. The
experimental conditions and methods were the same as
described in an earlier paper. The average age of the examined
workers was 28 years, 68.9% of whom were between 17 and
30 years. Blood pressure in the examined workers was 29%
higher than in a control group. The carboxyhemoglobin con-
tent in the blood of smokers was on the average 2.38% higher
after exposure to CO-containing air. Among nonsmokers, there
was a 1.26% increase. In 4.4% of the smokers and 6.4% of the
nonsmokers, the number of red blood corpuscles was below
3.5 million. Polycythemia was observed in 16.2% of the
smokers and 10.7% of the nonsmokers. Hyperchromia was
also very frequent.
28558
Fujita, Shinnosuke, Motoichi Tanaka, Shoji Kawame, Ichiro
Yoshioka, Takashi Furuya, Shogo Shibata, Tatsuo Kosoda,
Yokichi Fujiwara, Michiko Makita, Yoichi Ueda, and
Hisakichi Tokuda
STUDIES ON CHRONIC BRONCHITIS--EPIDEMIOLOGI-
CAL SURVEY (2ND REPORT). (Manseikikanshien no kenkyu-
ekigakuteki kenkyu (zokuho)). Text in Japanese. Teishin Igaku
(Med. J. Communication), 21(3):197-202, March 1969. 2 refs.
In 1967, an epidemiological survey on chronic bronchitis was
carried out among 7817 male post-office workers in Tokyo,
Tsurumu, and Kawasaki. The results were compared with
those of the previous study in 1962. A questionnaire was filled
by each employee; the responses were verified or amended by
a personal interview with a doctor or trained nurse. Where
necessary, an auscultation and percussion were performed. In
diagnosing chronic bronchitis, the standards of Fletcher and
Fujita (persistent cough and phlegm lasting more than one
month and occurring every year for mory than two years)
were applied. Of those surveyed, 20.6% and 5.8% had the
symptoms of phlegm and coughing, respectively. Chronic
bronchitis in accordance with Fujita's standard was recorded
for 8.2% of the subjects twice as high as the percentage in
1962. However, with respect to gasping, there was little dif-
ference between the two tests, symptoms of chronic bronchitis
in accordance with Fletcher's standard were exhibited by
about 60% of the subjects, which is in accord with Fujita's
standard. The rate of agreement between the two standards in-
creased with increasing age. The incidence of chronic
bronchitis was greater among employees working outside or
living in center-city and industrial areas. In each of the three
cities, levels of gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, and
nitrogen dioxide had increased since 1962. The observed in-
crease in the incidence of chronic bronchitis is considered to
be closely connected with the increased levels of pollution.
28559
Chiba Prefecture (Japan), Pollution Countermeasures Section
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AND
WATER POLLUTION ON MEN. (Taiki osen oyobi suishitsu
odaku no jintai ni ataeru eikyo chosa kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. 104p., 1969.
With the cooperation of Chiba University, the Chiba Prefec-
tural Government has been carrying on overall research on the
public hygiene aspect of pollution. The studies cover chronic
respiratory diseases and malignant lung tumors is citizens of
Ichihara City; the photochemical reaction of sulfur dioxide and
organic compounds; the photodecomposition reaction of
nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere; lesions in respiratory or-
gans caused by air pollutants; statistical studies of the relation-
ship between respiratory diseases and air pollution; basic stu-
dies on methods of eliminating small amounts of harmful
gases, actual air pollution levels in urban areas; medical sur-
vey of children three years old and less in Ichihara City; and
epidemiological and clinical studies of bronchial asthma of
children in Chiba Prefecture. Children in polluted areas tended
to have more frequent colds than those in control area, espe-
cially one-yr olds and three-yr olds. The difference was signifi-
cant. In the control area, children caught fewer colds as they
grew older. This was not true of pollution areas. Among pri-
mary school children in Ichihara City, 3.3% of the boys and
2.6% of the girls (total, 2.95%) had asthma. In Chiba City,
0.75% of the boys and 0.36% of the girls (total, 0.56%) had
asthma in 1964. In 1968 the figures were 1.56% for boys and
0.76% for girls, (total 1.17%).
28714
Toyama, Toshio and Shiro Adachi
DAILY DEATH AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT (IN TOKYO).
(Kankyo to toshi no shibogensho (Tokyo-to ni okeru). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 26(1): 158,
April 1971. (Presented at the Japanese Society for Hygiene,
Annual Meeting, 41st, Tokyo, Japan, April 3-4, 1971.)
Daily death figures from April 1966 to March 1969 were ob-
tained from 23 wards of Tokyo. Delta death-15dma (the dif-
ference between the daily deaths and the 15 days moving
average (15 dma), used to eliminate seasonal variables was cal-
culated. Then the correlation coefficient of delta death-15dma
vs temperature and the degree of air pollution (sulfur dioxide
concentration and floating dust) was investigated. Analysis of
the data revealed that the correlation between daily deaths and
the degree of air pollution was not high in general; no marked
monthly tendency was present in the correlation between 15
dma and the degree of air pollution. On the other hand, a sig-
nificant correlation was observed between daily deaths and
temperature; the highest correlation was observed in August
between ISdma and temperature. There was no significant dif-
fernce between the correlation of delta death -ISdma vs tem-
perature and the degree of air pollution for the same day, for
one day, two day, and three day lag.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
147
'28722
Tsunetoshi, Yoshizo
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EFFECT OF AIR POLLU-
TION. (Taikiosen to mansei kikanshien). Text in Japanese.
Osaka Daigaku Igaku Zasshi (Med. J. Osaka Univ. Japan. Ed.),
20(10-12):367-386, Dec. 1968. 61 refs.
Levels of air pollution in Osaka were investigated according to
the British Medical Research Council questionnaire. A total of
34,209 male and female inhabitants over forty years old and
living in nine areas of varying air pollution received question-
naires. Respiratory function tests by oral diagnosis, chext X-
ray tests, and vitalor were performed. Return rates of the
questionnaires were 80.8 92.5%. The incidence of chronic
bronchitis in both men and women increased with increasing
age and the amount of smoking (the incidence in those who
smoked more tha& 21 cigarettes daily was three or four times
as high as for nonsmokers of the same age). A higher rate was
shown in an area of high sulfur dioxide concentration. How-
ever, there was no correlation between rate of incidence and
amount of falling soot. Model expressions to estimate the in-
cidence of chronic bronchitis from age, the amount of smoking
and levels of air pollution, and also the incidence of obstruc-
tive disorders in those suffering from chronic bronchitis from
their age and the amount of smoking were obtained. Estimated
values and actually measured values for both incidences were
compared. The correlation coefficients were 0.98 and 0.97,
respectively. The incidence of obstructive disorders was stu-
died by dividing 2350 subjects who answered the questionnaire
into 3 groups: those with chronic bronchitis (group I), those
with injuries other than chronic bronchitis (group II), and
those who showed no subjective symptoms such as coughing
and sputum (group III). Rates decreased in the order of group
I, II, and III. In each group, the incidence became higher with
an increase in age and the amount of smoking. The results of
this investigation were compared with those for Yokkaichi.
Qualitative differences in air pollution ip both areas have a dif-
ferent influence on the incidence of chronic bronchitis.
28733
Tokyo Metropolitan Public Nuisance Research Inst. (Japan)
REPORT OF SURVEY ON EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
ON MEN - ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORTALI-
TY AND DISEASES WITH AIR POLLUTION -- 1966-1S68.
(Taiki osen jintai eikyo chosa hokokusho - Tokyo tokubunai ni
okeru shibo to shippei no taiki osentono kanren ni tsuite
Showa 41-43 nendo). Text in Japanese. 112p., March, 1970.
Tokyo is unique in that its population density is the greatest in
the world; that 25 years ago, when home-heating was not de-
pendent upon coal, there was no air pollution, and that air-pol-
lution is now on an unprecedent scale. Information was col-
lected from daily death records and a correlation with air pol-
lution indicators (sulfur dioxide and dust) was sought. The Air
pollution index in Tokyo equals 9.056 times SO2 concentration
(pphm) power 0.631 + 5 times dust concentration (mg/cu m).
Among people over 50 there are more deaths in winter than in
summer. This seasonal change in mortality rate suggests that
temperature is the biggest factor among environmental condi-
tions. Daily mortality rate had only low correlation with fac-
tors of air pollution (SO2, dust, air pollution index) and no
result suggesting a causal relationship was obtained. There is a
positive correlation between mortality rate and high tempera-
ture, but it could not be established how much air pollution
contributed to winter mortality rates. Further research is
necessary on direct cause of death, contributing cause of
death, the area where death occurred, and residence. In addi-
tion, representative measuring cites should be established
throughout Tokyo to determine the relation between SO2 and
dust and other pollutants and other meteorological factors.
28750
Watanabe, Hiroshi and Fusa Kaneko
EXCESS DEATH THROUGH THE AIR POLLUTION IN
OSAKA CITY. PART HI. (Taiki osendo ni yoru shiboshasu
zodai ni tsuite. Dai-3-po). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):127, 1970. (Proceedings
of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth,
1970.)
Based on data obtained from November 1962 to October 1967,
the relationship between air pollution and the variation in the
number of deaths in Osaka Prefecture was investigated. The
city of Osaka was designated as the polluted area and subur-
ban Sonoda as the control area. Deaths (not due to external
causes) increased when temperature decreased and degree of
pollution was high. The deaths also depended on the absolute
level as well as the change in the level of pollution. Deaths in-
creased not only when sulfur dioxide concentration was over
0.1 ppm, but also at lower concentrations when the change in
concentration was drastic. Similarly, deaths increased when
suspended dusts exceeded 0.5 mg/sq m or at lower concentra-
tion if change in concentration was rapid.
28752
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Yoshimitsu Nose
AHt POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES. PART IV.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROPERTIES OF AIR POLLU-
TION AND OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES IN
SEVERAL CITIES IN YAMAGUCHI PREFECTURE. (Taiki
osen to kokyuki shikkan. Dai-4-po. Yamaguchi shotoshj no taiki
osen no seijo to heisokusei haishikkan). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):130, 1970.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Residents over 40 years of age in the five cities of Ube,
Onoda, Mine, Tokuyama, and Nanyo of Yamaguchi Prefecture
were surveyed according to the BMRC method. In the primary
survey, for all cities except Mine, a positive correlation was
observed between sulfur dioxide concentration (mg/lOOsq cm
PbO2) and the frequency of one type or another of respiratory
illness, pulmonary function, and SO2 concentration. Similar
results were obtained for settling dusts and chronic bronchitis.
In addition a study of smokers and nonsmokers showed that
smoking is not unrelated to respiratory diseases. However, in
the secondary survey, there was a significant difference for
respiratory illness of one kind or another between smokers
and nonsraokers, but no significant difference for those having
^missionary damage. For polluted and nonpolluted areas, there
was a significant difference between the three types of in-
dividuals: those having one type or another of respiratory dif-
ficulty, those having pulmonary function damage, and those
having chronic bronchitis. It is concluded that the effects of
ah- pollution cannot be satisfactorily described by comparison
of polluted and nonpolluted districts alone; at individual dif-
ferences in smoking habits must be taken into account.
28753
Takahashi, H. and Toshiro Nakajima
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH IN TSU-
RUSAKI DISTRICT OF OITA CITY. (Oita-shi Tsurusaki
chiku ni okeru taiki osen no kenko ni oyobosu eikyo ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air-Pollu-
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148
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
tion), 5(1):131, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Residents of the Tsurusaki industrial complex area in Oita City
were studied for the relationship between health and air pollu-
tion caused by the complex since its establishment in 1964,
Based on National Health Insurance records for the residents,
statistics were compiled on the common cold, bronchitis,
bronchial asthma, pneumonia, laryngitis and pharyngitis, ton-
silitis, and emphysema. Tsurusaki industrial area (0.03 ppm
SO2, annual average) had a much higher incidence of respira-
tory illnesses than an unpolluted area 4 km away.
28765
Yoshida, Katsumi, M. Takatsuka, M. Kitabatake, H. Oshima,
and M. Imai
INHALATION EXPERIMENT OF SULFURIC ACID
AEROSOL TO GUINEA PIGS. (Morumotto ni yoru ryusan
misto kyunyu jikken). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), S(l):149, 1970. (Proceedings of the
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
The effects on guinea pigs of a long-term repetitive exposure
(46 times over 23 weeks) to sulfuric acid mist were in-
vestigated. Sulfur trioxide evolving from heated acid was
diluted by moist air and aerosols over 1 micron in size were
removed by an impactor with an impinger. The average con-
centration measured by an electroconductivity method was 8.5
mg SO3/cu m. Albumin was given to some of the animals.
Pneumatograms were recorded by means of a kymograph, and
changes in the number of acidocytes in 500 leukocytes of
blood samples was noted. The pneumatograms showed that for
some animals, dyspnea became more severe as the number of
exposures increased. For those given albumin, anaphylactic
dyspnea was observed. An increase in acidocytes was also ob-
served, although there were individual differences. Blood con-
gestion in lungs as a result of SO3 exposure was also noted.
28767
Nose, Yoshikatsu, Kyoko Nose, and Kazuko Yoshisaki
AIR POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES. PART V.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND
RESPIRATORY DISEASES AMONG 3-YEAR-OLD CHIL-
DREN AND PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN. (Taiki osen to
kakyuki shikkan. Dai-5-ho). Taiki osen to sansaiji narabi ni
jido no kokyukishikkan tono kankei). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):135, 1970.
(Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual
Meeting, llth, 1970.)
The correlation between respiratory diseaes, especially the
frequency of asthmatic attacks in infants (3-year-olds), chil-
dren (6-12 yrs), and adults (over 40) and air pollution in the ci-
ties of southern Yamaguchi was studied. In the past six years,
infant morbidity has increased in Nanyo. There was positive
correlation between the frequency of respiratory illnesses and
eczema and sulfur trioxide concentration. For Onoda, Ube,
Tokuyama, and Nanyo, the frequency of asthma and other
respiratory illnesses was high for children in first and second
grades and decreased with increase in grades. Bronchitis and
asthma were especially high in the urban areas. The frequency
of respiratory diseases of children in the 31 districts of the
four cities had a statistically significant correlation with air
pollution. For the adults, the frequency increased with increas-
ing age.
28768
Sugita, K., E. Hino, Masao Shishido, Katsumi Saruta, Mitsuo
Watabe, and N. Kukegawa
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Am POLLUTION AND SYMP-
TOMS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ON CHILD. (Yoji no
kokyukishojo to taiki osen tono kankei. Dai-l-po. Anketo ni
yoru kenkochosa). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):134, 1970. (Proceedings of the
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
For an epidemiological study of the effect of air pollution on
allergic symptoms and dysfunction in children, a preliminary
questionnaire concerning children was conducted. Question-
naires were circulated to the guardians of 41,854 kindergarten
pupils in Yokohama. The samples were divided into five areas
delimited according to the isoquants of sulfur trioxide concen-
tration. The actual response rate was 66.1%, although the
general response rate was 81.5%. There was no correlation
between SO3 concentration and susceptibility to cold, but
clear relationships were seen between SO3 concentration and
sore throat, eye irritation, asthma attacks in the past year, and
susceptibility to rashes and allergic reactions. Similar results
were obtained for SO3 and respiratory illnesses such as infan-
tile asthma. Data according to the degree of pollution, age, and
sex are tabulated for various items.
29235
Nakajima, Toshiro and Ichiro Hata
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION EF-
FECTS IN SAGANOSEKI TOWN. (Oita-ken Saganoseki-cho ni
okeru taiki osen no kenko ni oyobosu eikyo ni tsuiteno ekigaku-
teki kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1): 132, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Residents of the commercial-residential area of Saganoseki,
adjacent to a copper refinery with a 295-m stack, were inter-
viewed according to the BMRC method. The sample was 1257
residents, excluding highschool students and younger children;
the response rate was 82.9%. Items on the questionnaires per-
tained to protracted (about three months) annual coughs;
coughing and phlegm occurring since two or more years ago;
bronchial afflictions in the last three years and past and
present asthmatic attacks. The response rate for each item was
classified according to sex. The results show that many people
are suffering from the respiratory symptoms due to sulfur
dioxide gas, and that morbidity in the area in almost as high as
in Osaka or Kobe.
29249
Wokounova, D., K. Fried, and J. Sladek
THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF THE POLLUTED AIR
INFLUENCE ON HEALTH OF THE KLADNO AND
BUSTEHRAD INHABITANTS. THE 2ND COMMUNICATION.
(Vysledky sledovani vlivu znecisteneho ovzdusi nazdravi
obyvatel Kladna a Bustehradu Sdelni II). Text in Czech. Cesk.
Hyg. (Prague), 15(6):196-202, 1970. 15 refs.
All ten year old children who lived in the areas of Kladno,
Bustehrad, and Zlonice in Bohemia since their birth were
medically examined and their past history of illnesses
recorded. The results were grouped according to the environ-
mental conditions under which these children lived. Three
categories were established; group I, areas with a dust fall of
over 500 tons per sq km per year and an average sulfur diox-
ide concentration around 0.5 mg/cu m, group II with a dustfall
of 150-500 t/sq km/ year and an SO2 concentration of up to
0.15 mg/cu m, and group III with a dustfall up to 150 t/sq
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
149
km/year and an SO2 concentration of up to 0.05 mg/cu m. It
was shown that children living in very polluted areas have re-
tarded growth and a greater morbidity rate for respiratory dis-
eases exist. The reduction in ultraviolet radiance from dusti-
ness and smoke in the air can cause a change in the form of
symmetry of the thorax and faulty comportment of the body.
Appreciable differences were found with children from groups
I and II, compared with group III, with regard to erythrocytes
count, hemoglobin values, color index, number of leucocytes,
lymphocytes, and eosinophiles. There was no difference in
serum protein level in all groups, and the rate of infectious
diseases was practically the same in all three groups. Suppres-
sion of dustiness by using water curtains when dumping slag,
the need for greening of older slag dumps, the general projects
of dedusting and desulfurization of air, and increased electrifi-
cation of interplant transportation are needed.
29255
Karimova, L. K.
THE CLINICAL ASPECTS OF GRANOSAN POISONING.
Inst. of Hygiene of Labor and Industrial Diseases, Leningrad
(USSR), 9p. Translated from Russian.
Several cases of poisoning due to the accidental use in food of
grain treated with ethylmercurychloride were diagnosed among
families of collective farm workers. The clinical picture
presented by the disease was similar to that found in diethyl-
mercurophosphate poisoning: patients exhibited gastroin-
testinal disorders, marked adynamia, general exhaustion, and
functional disturbances of the central nervous system. The
presence of the disease was confirmed by the continuous
excretion of mercury in urine. A gradual improvement in the
condition of the patients was noted following intravenous in-
jection of glucose with vitamins Bl and C and subucaneous in-
troduction of unithiol, a new synthetic preparation recom-
mended as an antidote in cases of arsenic and mercury poison-
ing.
29256
Saita, G., L. Moreo, and G. Levizzani
THE BEHAVIOR OF DELTA-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID AND
OF PROPHOBILINOGEN AFTER GLYCINE LOAD IN
SATURNISM. Med. Lavoro (Milan), S8(331):364-369, 1967.
Translated from Italian.
Because other tests are not always conclusive indicators of
minor lead intoxication, a study was made of the behavior of
delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and prophobinogen (PBG) in
saturnism, before and after glycine load. Prior to glycine load,
two of the 10 cases studied had ALA serum values above the
maximum normal limit and nine had ALA urine values above
maximal normal limits. After glycine load, a noteworthy in-
crease of the serum and ALA values was observed in all
cases. No changes in PBG were found. In 10 normal subjects,
no pathological ALA and PBG increases occurred in either
urine or serum. It is concluded that glycine load not only
makes an already existing metabolic change increasingly
evident, but also permits the documentation of the changes in
those cases of saturnism for which preliminary analyses failed
to demonstrate any ALA changes.
29284
Stupfel, M.
EXPERIMENTAL BRONCHITIS PRODUCED BY VARIOUS
AIR POLLUTANTS. (Bronchites experimentales par drivers
polluants atmospheriques). Text in French. Bull. Physio-
Pathol. Respir. (Nancy), vol. 5:485-504, 1969. 70 refs.
A study conducted in England with workers over 45 years of
age showed that absenteeism and mortality due to bronchitis
occurred at a higher rate with increased sulfur dioxide pollu-
tion. These studies also indicated a relationship between mor-
tality from bronchitis and the dust content in the air. Another
study conducted with English postal employees working out-
doors, revealed an increased incidence of bronchitis during
periods of fog and cold weather. Other aggravating circum-
stances in connection with bronchitis include tobacco smoking,
and exposure in industrial plants to toxic gases and chemical
irritations, such as chlorine, ammonia, and sulfurous an-
hydride. T determine the ill effects of air pollution on the
respiratory system, tests were made with animals in whom ex-
perimental bronchopneumopathies were induced under con-
trolled conditons. Two identical chambers were used into
which an equal number of a species of animals of the same
age sex and weight were placed for a period of time. The in-
side temperature and humidity in the chambers were kept at
equal values. In one chamber a normal atmosphere is main-
tained whereas pollutants are introduced into the other cham-
bers. Both groups of animals are periodically examined. The
dusts and chronic effects of the exposure of various animals
to seven groups of pollutants were reported. The animals used
were rats, mice, dogs, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs. The
seven pollutant groups were sulfur dioxide, various nitrogen
oxides, ozone, dust, tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust
gases, and aerosols. A great variation of effects of the same
air pollutant on different species of animals studied was found.
29423
Kiyoura, Raisaku
PROBLEMS ON AIR POLLUTION IN JAPAN. (Wagakuni no
taiki osen no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (J.
Soc. Automot. Engrs. Japan), 25(3):209-213, March 1971.
When sulfuric acid gas emissions increased due to increased
consumption of petroleum fuels, the problem of suspended
dust was overlooked although it is emitted in great quantities
from the burning of such fuels. The dust is 0.1-10 microns in
diameter, and stays aloft in the atmosphere from a few hours
to a few years. When heavy oil is burned 48-95% of the dust is
less than 10 microns in size. About 62-80% of the dust from
automobile exhaust gas is less than 2.0 microns. The 0.1-1.0
micron particles are likely to be inhaled into the lungs and
retained there. The rate of deposition is reported to be about
53%. It is also reported that when dust is 200 micrograms/cu m
for the 24 hour average, there is a high incidence of respirato-
ry disease complaints the following two days. Even when sul-
furic acid gas is about 0.01 ppm, if the dust concentration is
also high, ther are many complaints from respiratory disease
patients. When smog continued for four days in December
1962 in Osaka, the dust concentration averaged more than
1000 microgram/cu m a day, and there was and an increase in
the mortality rate. The sulfuric acid gas during this period was
lower than the period before of after. When there is a high
concentration of unsoluble substances in the dust, the mortali-
ty rate from bronchitis increases. When measures are taken to
decrease the concentration, the mortality rate decreases mar-
kedly.
29453
Schaer, Meinrad
THE MAN AS BENEFICIARY AND THE PRAY OF TECHNI-
CAL DEVELOPMENT. (Der Mensch als Nutzniesser und
Opfer der technischen Entwicklung). Text in German. Staed-
tehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(4):77-81,1971.
-------
150
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
With the random selection of high and low air pollution areas,
a higher rate of chronic bronchitis is always found in highly
polluted areas. In non-polluted areas, the rate of chronic
bronchitis among male nonsmokers is 1% and among smoker
15%; in heavily polluted areas, it is 7% for non-smokers and
20% for smokers. As a study in Philadelphia shows, the mor-
bidity rate is correlated with the wind direction, wind speed,
smoke content, participate concentration, and components of
sulfur oxides. A negative correlation exists between air tem-
perature and morbidity. However, none of these factors alone
correlates with the morbidity. Sulfur dioxide affects the
bronchi only in extremely high concentrations. Workers can
inhale 5 ppm SO2 for eight hours per day without effect, while
1 ppm SO2 in the atmospheric air causes an increase of the
bronchitis rate. A clear relationship also exists between the
rate of lung cancer and the degree of air pollution. Carbon
monoxide which is known as a dangerous toxic is present in
the atmosphere in only small concentrations, even with heavy
air pollution caused by smoke and automobile exhausts.
Another disease which is strongly correlated with air pollution
is asthmatic bronchitis. Some cities are known because of their
high bronchial asthma morbidity, such as New Orleans asthma
and Yokohama disease. The frequency of asthmatic attacks
depends on the concentration of pollen and also on the content
of sulfur oxides in the air. It is not influenced by pressure,
temperature, or humidity of the air.
29571
Ardelan, I., M. Cucu, and E. Andronache
STUDIES OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DUSTS AND GASES
FOR THE PATHOLOGY OF INFECTIONS OF THE
RESPIRATORY TRACT. (Untersuchungen ueber di Bedeu-
tung von Staeuben und Gasen fuer die Infektionspathologie
des Atemtraktes). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Humboldt Univ.
Berlin Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):455-456, 1970.
Experiments were made to study the effect of dust and irritat-
ing gases on infections of the respiratory tract induced by ex-
perimentally introduced pneumococci and influenza viruses in
white male mice. Silica dust, carbon dust, and calcium car-
bonate dust respectively were introduced into the nostrils
together with the infectious agent. Only the infectious agents
were applied to a control group. The dust caused extended du-
ration of disease and an increased mortality rate. Of the three
types of dust applied, silica had the most damaging effect. In
another set of tests, mice were exposed for 7 hrs a day to 16
mg/cu m sulfur dioxide and 4 mg/cu m chlorine. After 21 days
the same infectious agents were applied. Control animals were
not exposed to the irritating gases. This influence of the gases
was less pronounced in pneumococcal infections than in viral
infections, where they produced an intensified occurrence of
protracted pneumonia, and increased mortality. The effect of
chlorine in this respect was stronger than that of SO2.
29575
Maziarka, S. and E. Mros.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION IN
POLISH TOWNS. (Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Luft-
verunreinigung und Morbiditaet sowie Mortalitaet der Bevoel-
kerung in polnischen Staedten). Text in German. Wiss. Z.
Humboldt Univ. Berlin Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):483-484,
1970.
Statistical data were compiled in three large cities in Poland to
study any relationship between the concentration of air pollu-
tants and the incidence of illness or death; meteorological fac-
tors were also compared. As a rule, highest concentrations
were observed to occur on calm days, whereas winds tend to
dissipate pollutants. The number of recorded patients during
favorable conditions of weather and purity of air were com-
pared with those who fell ill during more polluted conditions.
During the latter period the number of persons in Katowice
and Chozov who developed diseases of the respiratory tract
went up by 40%, and for cardiovascular diseases, by 13%. In
Krakow the increase was 90% for patients with respiratory
complaints, and 17% for patients with cardiac. A distinct rise
in number of deaths in Krakow was observed on days of in-
creased sulfur dioxide. When SO2 exceede a daily average of
0.2 mg/cu m, and the dust content at the same time was above
0.3 mg/cu m, the number of deaths rose by 32% during one
test period. When the SO2 concentration rose above 0.3 mg/cu
m, the mortality rate levelled off and no further increase was
observed.
29589
Symon, Karel and Blahoslav Petr
THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON PUBLIC
HEALTH. (Der Einfluss der Luftverunreinigung auf die
Gesundheit der Bevoelkerung). Text in German. Wiss. Z.
Humboldt Univ. Berlin Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):471-473,
1970.
Systematic and repeated examinations of groups of children
from northern Bohemia who live in approximately equal cli-
matic conditions and have comparable nutrition patterns,
revealed that polluted air has an unfavorable influence on the
growth and the development of children. Hemoglobin values
drop while the globulin values in the blood plasma rise; en-
larged tonsils were also observed. The findings are typical for
air pollution of a general type, characterized by significant
dust content and lack of ultraviolet radiation, but relatively
low concentration of sulfur dioxide. In one area, polluted with
arsenic, a greatly increased arsenic content was found in the
hair and nails of the children. Lack of ultraviolet radiation ap-
pears to be specifically responsible for retardation in growth
and development, for instance, in the maturing of the bone
structure. An examination of young non-smoking women living
in polluted areas revealed reduced vitality, faster rate of ex-
halation, pre-emphysematous condition, and in some cases
coughing with expectoration of mucus. Toxic substances ap-
parently either retard or stimulate normal metabolic processes;
a substance in low concentration can stimulate an enzymatic
system, but will inhibit it in higher concentrations.
29609
Bender, W., M. Goethert, G. Malorny, and P. Sebbesse
EFFECTS OF LOW CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRA-
TIONS IN MAN. (Wirkungsbild niedriger Kohlenoxid-Konzen-
trationen beim Menschen). Text in German. Arch. Toxikol.
(Berlin), 27(2): 142-158, 1971. 28 refs.
The uptake and psychological effects of carbon monoxide on
healthy volunteers during and after exposure were studied.
The subjects sat in a closed chamber continuously circulated
with a mixture of air and CO. After 8 hours of breathing 100
ppm CO, a concentration of 93 ppm was measured in expirato-
ry alveolar air, showing that diffusion equilibrium had not yet
been reached. The highest concentration of carbox-
yhemoglobin measured under these conditions was 11.6 per-
cent. It was calculated, by applying the law of mass action,
that only within a limited range of CO ncentrations is there an
approximate linear relationship between the CO concentration
in expired air and the COHb content of blood. Any conclu-
sions as to the COHb content of blood drawn from the known
CO concentration of expired air, assuming a linear correlation
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
151
between the two over a great range of concentrations, will be
in error, since the relationship is really an exponential one. It
was shown that exposure to 100 ppm CO for 2 1/2 hours
caused a significant decrease in visual perception, manual
dexterity, and ability to leam and perform certain intellectual
tasks. The measured CO concentration is alveolar air was 55
ppm and the COHb level was 7.2 percent. (Author abstract
modified)
29683
Fukuoka Prefectural Government (Japan)
THE RESEARCH FOR THE EFFECTS OF ABR POLLUTION
ON THE HUMAN BODY. (H) THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN ASTHMA-LIKE DISEASES OF THE SCHOOL
CHILDREN AND AIR POLLUTION IN KITAKYUSHU.
(Taikiosen no seitai n oyobosu chosa kenkyu. (II) Kitakyushu-
shi ni okeru gakudo no zensoku shikkan to taikiosen tono kan-
kei). Text in Japanese, p. 293-337, March 1968.
The effects of air pollution on school children in Kitakyushu
were investigated in November and December, 1967 using
questionnaires about childrens respiratory symptoms based on
the B.M.R.C. questionnaire. The rate of complaints about
asthma-like symptoms, the prevalent rate of asthma-like dis-
eases, and the clinical findings were obtained. Also, the prac-
ticability and reliability of the questionnaire were estimated.
The questionnaires included asthma-like symptoms, the length
of time lived in the district, and also economic and social ele-
ments. The 588 children of the Shiroyama elementary school
at Yahata-ku (a highly-polluted distric with a yearly average
dust fall for nine years of 65.6 t/sq km/day and a sulfur triox-
ide concentration of 1.043 mg/day/100 sq cm) and the 980 chil-
dren of the Kirigaoka elementary school at Kokura-ku (a non-
polluted district with a dust fall of 11.47 t/sq km/day, and a
SO3 concentration of 0.534 mg/day/100 sq cm) were chosen as
subjects for the investigation. The pulmonary function test and
the allergen intracutaneous reaction test were carried out on
the children who complained of asthma-like symptoms in the
questionnaires. The rates of complaints about asthma-like
symptoms were 12.93% among children at the polluted district
and 6.46% at the non-polluted district, and the corrected
prevalence was 10.20% among children of the pollution district
and 5.53% among children of the non-polluted district. The
children of the polluted district showed a rate about twice as
high as that of the non-polluted district in both investigations.
Thus, the questionnaire was effective for finding childrens
asthma-like diseases. The results of clinical examination
revealed that typica and slight symptoms or atypical ones were
frequent in asthma-like diseases of the polluted district and
that the tendency of eosino-penia to increase was hot as
frequent. Also, the positive rate of the allergen intracutaneous
reaction test was low in atypical asthma. These results showed
that air pollution was closely related to the rate of complaint
about asthma-like symptoms and the prevealence rate of
asthma-like disease in children.
29899
Dolgner, R., L. Pelech, H. W. Schlipkoeter, and P. Schmidt
THE STUDY OF THE POLLUTED AIR INFLUENCE ON
CHILDREN S HEALTH IN RUHRDISTRICT. (Studium vlivu
znecisteni ovzdusi na zdravotni sta deti v poruri). Text in
Czech. Cesk. Hyg. (Prague), 16(23): 62-70, 1971. 13 refs.
Two groups of children were examined from Gelsenkirchen,
an area with industrial pollution, and from Westerland/Sylt, a
control region with a clean atmosphere. In both sexes of the
exposed children, enlargement of cervical and submandibular
lymph glands and tonsils, lower body height, lower values of
hemoglobin, and depression of erythrocyte resistence was
found. The girls especially showed lower erythrocyte count
and belated bone maturation; and the boys showed lower HbE
values. The results proved that the group diagnostic method
can be used in other populations as well as in those for which
it was originally intended. The results are internationally com-
parable.
29925
Punabashi, Shigeru, Tatsuya Hayashi, Toshiya Nishimuta,
Yukitake Furuya, Toru Takayama, Masaru Mizoguctu,
Nobukiyo Sakurai, Keiji Kishimoto, Yoshiko Muramatsu,
Yoshio Takayama, Ryotaro Tochigi, Sekka Ryu, Shu
Terashima, Junichi Ito, Tsuyoshi Toba, Misako Murata, and
Masatsugu Kubo
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION AND BRONCHIAL
ASTHMA. REPORT 1. (Taikiosen to kikanshizensoku n.
tsuite. Dai 1 po). Text in Japanese. Nippon Shonika Gakukai
Zasshi (Acta Paediat. Japan, Tokyo), 75(2):90-91, Feb. 1971.
(Presented at the Japan Pediatric Society, Annual Meeting,
73rd, Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 22-23, 1970.)
The relationship between air pollution, especially sulfur diox-
ide and bronchial asthma was investigated on the basis of
health examinations of school children conducted since 1968 at
Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefecture. The city was divided into sec-
tions of high, medium, and low pollution according to graphs
of SO2 levels. The morbidity rate for bronchial asthma was
2.42% in sections of high pollution, 1.5% in sections of medi-
um pollution, and 0.88% in sections of low pollution. A similar
correlation was shown in detection rates of 5 diseases of the
upper respiratory tract. In the sections of high pollution graphs
of the monthly average of the frequencies of asthmatic attack
and levels of SO2 were almost parallel. The rates of recovery
of asthmatic children were low in the sections where there was
high pollution, and were in general in inverse proportion to the
levels of SO2.
30148
Steiger, Herbert and Arthur Brockhaus
STUDY CONCERNING THE MORTALITY IN NORTH
RHINE WESTPHALIA DURING THE INVERSION
WEATHER CONDITIONS OF 1962. (Untersuchungen zur Mor-
talitaet in Nordrhein-Westfalen waehrend der Inversionswetter-
lage Dezember 1962). Text in German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,
31(S):190-192, May 1971. 8 refs.
During the inversion weather conditions of December 1962,
which were accompanied by an increase in participate and sul-
fur dioxide concentrations, an increase of the mortality in the
Ruhr Valley occurred. It was assumed that the higher mortali-
ty rate was connected with the higher air pollution. For confir-
mation of this assumption, the mortality rate outside the Ruhr
Valley was studied for the same period of time, namely for
December 3 to 15, 1962. A significant, but a relatively lower
increase, was only found in the Duesseldorf and Cologne re-
gions. Further division according to districts did not give any
clear results. A division according to areas of different popula-
tion densities has shown an increase in the mortality rate in
the densely populated areas. The results indicate that the
higher death rate was due to the higher concentration of air
pollutants.
30167
Miyamoto, Terumasa
ATMOSPHERE - SULFUR DIOXIDE. (Taiki - aryusangasu).
Text in Japanese. Naika, 27(5):823-826, May 1971.
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152
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
This report is concerned with the effects of sulfur dioxide on
plants, animals, and humans. Sulfur dioxide enters plants
through the stomata of leaves, damages cellular tissue, and
turns leaves brown and ivory. Sulfur dioxide causes tissues to
die and ciliary movement in bronchial tubes to stop in humans
and animals. The long-term exposure of animals to 10 ppm
SO2 slows down ciliary movement. High concentrations are
very toxic, and SO2 effects the bronchi and lung more 24 hrs
after exposure than right after the exposure. There is insuffi-
cient data on the effect of long-term exposure to SO2. How-
ever, it is known that the vitamin C content in digestive or-
gans, the kidney, and the liver decreases and life expectancy
decreases as the concentration increases. One ppm of SO2 in-
creases the frequency of respiration and pulse; 10-20 ppm of
SO2 irritates the throat (pharynx); and 300-500 ppm of SO2
causes toxic symptoms even for a short-term exposure. Re-
gional epidemiologic studies have attempted to show quanta-.
lively that deterioration of lung function is due to air pollution.
However, no significant difference in lung function for re-
sidents of polluted and nonpolluted areas was found.
30183
Tajima, Yoshio, Kyoko Shinohara, Hideo Kinebuchi, and
Tom Yamauchi
THE INFLUENCES OF ATMOSPHERIC FLUORIC
FLUORIDE POLLUTION UPON THE SKELETAL DEVELOP-
MENT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN. (Fukkabutsu no yoru
taikiosen ga gakudo no kotsu seijuku ni oyobosu eikyo). Text
in Japanese. Fukushima Igaku Zasshi (Fukushima Med. I.),
18(5-6): 185-189, Dec. 1968. 16 refs.
In K city, Fukushima Prefecture, the skeletal development of
506 boys and girls in the 5th, 6th, 8th, and 9th grades was ex-
amined by x-rays of their right arms. A region within two km
from the aluminum refinery, polluted with fluoride (three to
five ppb fluoride and 100 to 230 kg/sq km/month fluorine per
atmospheric dust fall), and a town only slightly polluted by
fluoride located six km away from the refinery were studied.
The x-rays were classified according to the standard of the
skeletal development determined by Greulich and Pyle. Com-
parative studies on region, sex, and school year were also
done. Children in the polluted area were found a little behind
in the development of carpal bones in the 5th and 6th grade
and metacarpal and digital phalanx bones in the 6th grade.
Low levels of fluorine in the air promote the skeletal develop-
ment of 8 - 12 year old school children; however, in this stu-
dy, such a tendency was not found. Such a tendency was
found however, in the girls in the 8th and 9th grade in the ju-
nior high school in the polluted area. Thus, if fluorine had an
influence upon the skeletal development, the influence is
greater upon the smaller children, and varies according to the
individual child. There was only a slight difference between
the polluted area and non-polluted area. Therefore, pollution in
this area does not have a serious influence upon the skeletal
development of children.
30237
Nose, Yoshikatsu, Hiroo Uenol, and Masako Nakayama
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SYMPTOMS OF THE
PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE RESPIRATORY DIS-
EASES AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR
SULFUR OXIDES. (Heisokusei kokyuki kanja no shojo to
iosankabutsu no kankyokijun tono kankei). Text in Japanese.
Japan Industrial Medical Society, Japan Ind. Med. Soc. Meet.
44th, Tokyo, Japan, 1971, p. 154-155. (April 3-4.)
Since 1950, five cities in Yamaguchi prefecture (Ube, Onoda,
Mine, Tokuyama, and Shinnanyo) have applied the Ube
Method to control pollution sources based on mutual agree-
ment of the regional society in accordance with the scientific
data. In 1969, pollution was below 0.05 ppm/hr for 73.8% of
the total hours throughout the year at Ube, 82.5% at Onoda,
and 84.5% at Tokuyama. Although prefecture! government
authorities take a serious view of the ambient air quality stan-
dard for sulfur dioxide, they treat the effect of pollution due
to fine particles lightly. According to epidemiologic investiga-
tions in some cities of the prefecture, the effects of pollution
on the human body are apparent even when the sulfur oxide
levels are below the standard. This indicates that not only the
single effect of SO2 gas, but also the arithmetic or geometrical
effects of SO2 gas and fine particles should be considered,
and that the establishment of an air quality standard for fine
particles is an urgent problem.
30310
Takayama, Otohiko
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
(Taikiosen no kokyuki ni oyobosu eikyo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nichidai Igaku Zasshi (Nichidai Med. J.), 30(2):83-
88, Feb. 1971. 23 refs.
Histologjcal studies were made of the effects of air pollution
on the trachea, the lung, and the upper respiratory tract. An
epidemiologic study of the effect of air pollution on the upper
respiratory tract was also conducted. Either phagocytal inflam-
mation of the alveoli of the lung occurs, or the phagocytes ac-
cumulate in the pulmonary intestice, if particles remain in the
alveoli when dust is inhaled. Whenever dust remains in the al-
veoli and the bronchioli, it brings about proliferation of the
fiber. The extent to which contaminant particles remain in the
lung is affected by various factors. In the case of an aerial
contaminant, it varies according to the amount inhaled. Aller-
gic contamination causes typical asthma-like changes.
Pathological changes in the upper respiratory tract due to air
pollution were observed; the effect of dust increased accord-
ing to the order of the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, and
the lung. The effect of sulfur dioxide increased in the order of
the pharynx, the trachea, the larynx, and the lung. With
respect to objective findings observed macroscopically in the
epidemiological investigation, the incidence of paranasal
sinusitis, laryngitis, and pharyngitis were significantly higher in
a polluted district than in a nonpolluted district. Also observed
were the parts of the larynx and the pharynx where lesions
were apt to occur more often. Finally, the movement of gar-
gling water was observed by roentgeno-cinematography to
determine whether gargling water could make the surface of
the mucosa clean and which part of the pharyngeal cavity it
reached.
30353
Yosnida, Katsumi
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN BODY.
(Taikiosen no jintai eikyo). Text in Japanese. Kyoto Igakkai
Zasshi (J. Kyoto Med. Assoc.), 20(2):19-25, March 1971.
(Presented at the Kyoto Medical Association, Scientific Lec-
ture Meeting, Sept. 19, 1970.) i
A review of the health effects of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen diox-
ide, and carbon monoxide is presented. Sulfur dioxide is a a
representative contaminant in Japan today. As a result of long-
term exposure to SO2 at the present atmospheric concentra-
tion; an increase of inflammation, mainly bronchitis, has been
reported by epidemiological and experimental research. Inhibi-
tion of ciliar movement of the epithelium cells in the bronchial
wall is indicated as a reason for this increase. Also, the SO2
has a high degree of deposition and retention in the lungs.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
153
There are not many areas where nitrogen dioxide is the
overwhelming contamination factor, its epidemiological effects
are not clear. From long-term exposure experiments using
minute amounts of NO2, it was concluded that this pollutant
may cause obstructive lung disease in the same way SO2 does.
The influence of carbon monoxide is completely different
from that of SO2 and NO2. Carbon monoxide has a strong af-
finity for the hemoglobin in the blood. Once CO has combined
with hemoglobin, it is very difficult to release; it inhibits the
action of Hb, thereby causing cerebral disorders. Carbox-
yhemoglobin is also harmful to the patient with ischemic heart
disease. The environmental standard of CO should be made
taking these factors into consideration.
30396
Miyamoto, Terumasa
Am POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES.
(Taikiosen to kokyukishikkan). Text in Japanese. Sanfujinka
no Sekai (World Obstet. Gynecol.), 23(4):351-354, April 1971.
Historical examples of air pollution damage, various respirato-
ry diseases influenced by air pollution, and the relationships
between constitution and air pollution are described. Bronchial
asthma, chronic bronchitis, vesicular emphysema, pneu-
moconiosis, and lung cancer are increasing in Japan and
abroad. Among these diseases, bronchial asthma and chronic
bronchitis are easily influenced by air pollution; the rise and
fall of these symptoms are related to sulfur dioxide concentra-
tion and to dust fall. Chronic bronchitis has a connection with
smoking, like vesicular emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis.
The incidence of pneumoconiosis and lung cancer is higher in
those who have many ooportunities for inspiring dust than it is
in others. Allergies are also easily influenced by air pollution.
In animal experiments if an antigen is inspired after the in-
spiration of air pollutants, sensitization via the airways is easi-
ly established. Though it is noted that alpha 1 - antitrypsin in
the blood may take part in the crisis of vesicular emphyseam,
the relationship between its quantity and the basic factor easi-
ly influenced by air pollution has not been clarified.
30468
Grieco, B., R. Pennarola, and P. Lamanna
HYSTO-AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DISTRIBU-
TION OF RADIOACTIVE LEAD (PB210) IN VARIOUS OR-
GANS OF RATS. (Studio istoautoradiografico sulla distribu-
zione del piombo radioattivo (Pb210) in diversi organ! del rat-
to). Folia Med. (Naples), vol. 49:937-947, 1966. 8 refs. Trans-
lated from Italian, 12p.
The organs of rats injected with a radioactive lead isotope
were studied by hystoautoradiographic techniques to deter-
mine cellular localization of the lead. Organ sections prepared
on demonstration slides were spread with photographic fluid
using the stripping method. After 30-45 days in which the fluid
was exposed to the radiation emitted from the hystologic cross
sections, the slides were developed and colored, and later
washed. Results confirmed the findings of other investigators
that lead diffuses rapidly in several organs, principally, in
order of preference, in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen. In
the first few hours after injection the deposits of the
radioisotope are massive. Several of the hystoautoradiographs
of the liver suggest a deposition of the metal both inside and
outside the cell.
30654
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo (Japan) and Osaka
Prefectural Government (Japan)
INVESTIGATION ON THE INFLUENCE OF SMOKE AND
SOOT DUST AND OTHERS IN 1967. (Showa 42-nendo baien-
to eikyo chosa). Text in Japanese. 171p., 1968 (?).
The influence of atmospheric pollution on school children was
investigated. An elementary school in Osaka City was selected
to represent a polluted area and an elementary school in Ikeda
City was selected as the control school. A total of 528 children
of the fourth and sixth grades from both schools were the sub-
jects of the investigation. To have medical and otorhinolaryn-
gological examinations three times a year, and to examine the
relationship between the daily change of pollution and that of
respiratory functions, investigations were made for five suc-
cessive days. The amount of floating dust and sulfur dioxide in
the air was measured since the day before the examination
began. Three days prior to the examination, questionnaires
were distributed and absences were noted. The parents of the
children in the polluted area were mostly blue-collar workers,
and those of the children in the contrasting school were mostly
white-collar workers. A high rate of conjunctivitis and
trachoma was observed among the children in the polluted
area. No difference was found in absences. A high rate of sore
throats, headache, and coughs was observed among the chil-
dren in the polluted area. Concerning height and weight, the
children in the polluted area were inferior, but no difference
was found in growth rate. The examination of respiratory
function, by means of a Vitalor, indicated no significant dif-
ference between groups of the same height. The examination
of vital capacity showed no difference for one second; but
children in the polluted area had lower capacity for 0.75 and
0.5 sec. The children of the polluted area showed an obviously
lower rate of breathing capacity. The value of respiratory re-
sistance showed a noticeable difference between the same
grade children. The over-all five-day examination, however,
showed no distinctive difference between the two groups.
31008
Shustov, V. Ya. and S. I. Tsyganova (Saratov)
ACUTE (GRANOSAN) INTOXICATION CLINIC. Kazan.
Med. Zh., no. 2:78-79, 1970. Translated from Russian. Sanzare
Assoc., Inc., Philadelphia, Pa., 4p.
Seventy patients from 17 to 56 years of age were observed to
have food poisoning after having eaten sunflower seeds
treated with granosan, a toxic pesticide. Early symptoms in-
cluded weakness, pain in the oral cavity, a metallic after-taste
in the mouth, sleepiness, and headache; later symptoms in-
cluded deterioration of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, persistent
headache, considerable fatigue, deterioration of memory, and
weakness and pain in the extremities.
31009
Sroczynski, Jan and Boleslaw Piekarski
A PICTURE OF THE PROTEINS OF BLOOD SERUM OF
RABBITS DURING PROLONGED LEAD POISONING.
(Obraz bialek surowicy krwi krolokow w przewleklym zatruciu
olowiem). Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw., no. 17: 603-608, 1963. 9
refs. Translated from the Polish. Leo Kanner Assoc.,
Redwood City, Calif., 8p.
An investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of
prolonged lead acetate poisoning in rabbits on blood protein
levels. Blood serum fractions were evaluated by spec-
trophotometry. In a majority of the animals, the drop in the
total quantity of proteins was preceded by a. rise in quantity
-------
154
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
during the first months of poisoning. From sectional observa-
tions, all animals were seen to have morphological changes in
their liver cells. The degree of liver damage corresponded with
the hypoproteinemia.
31016
Takata, M., Yozo Matsushita, Yoshizo Tsunetoshi, Hiroyuki
Kitamura, Masamichi Kara, Daihachiro Koyama, Akio Horie,
and Kenichi Ashida
AIR POLLUTION AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN AKO
CITY. (Ako-shi ni okeru taiki osen to mansei kikanshien ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Hyogo-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu
hokoku (Rept. Environ. Sci. Inst. Hyogo Prefect), no. 1:25-35,
March 1970. 14 refs.
Ako residents over 40 years of age were surveyed concerning
coughing, phlegm, dyspnea, and smoking, according to the
BMRC method. Based on the results, those residents with sub-
jective symptoms were more closely examined. The morbidity
for chronic bronchitis (Fletcher s definition) increased with in-
creasing rate of smoking and increasing age. Comparison of
bronchitis morbidity for different areas, having sulfur dioxide
values of above or below 0.2 mg/day/100 sq cm by the lead
peroxide method, did not show any significant differences,
although morbidity was high in the area having the value
above the boundary value. Obstructive ailments were most
frequent among the chronic bronchitis groups, followed by
those suffering from other illnesses. For all cases, the frequen-
cy of obstructive ailments was related to smoking rate and in-
creased age. With an increase of over one mg/day/100 sq cm
of SO2 values, the morbidity for chronic bronchitis increases
in Ako.
31046
Rubino, G. F., G. C. Coscia, G. Perrelli, and A. Parigi
ACTION OF THE GLUTATHIONE, THE GLUTATHIONE
STABILITY TEST, AND THE ACTIVITY OF GLUCOSE-6-
PHOSPHATE-DEHYDROGENASE IN SATURNISM. (Corn-
portamento del glutatione, del test di stabilita del glutatione e
dell attivita glucosio-6-fosfato-deidrogenasica nel saturnismo).
Minerva Med., vol. 54:930-932, 1963. 21 refs. Translated from
Italian. 9p.
The erythrocytic content of glutathione, glutathione stability,
and glucose-6-dehydrogenase were evaluated in a group of
subjects with lead poisoning. The decreased activity which
was observed is interpreted in terms of the influence of lead
on the erythrocytic oxide-reductive system.
31120
Nilsson, J. Lars G. and Hans Selander
AIR POLLUTION - THE PROTECTIVE INFLUENCE OF
VITAMIN E. (Luftfororeningar — skyddande verkan av
vitamine E). Text in Swedish. Svensk Farm. Tidskr.,
75(10):477-482, May 26, 1971. 9 refs.
Human activities account for only 0.05% of the total pollution
in the atmosphere, but the concentration of these substances
around large population centers poses a serious problem. The
problems of photochemical smog, ozone, the nitrogen oxides,
and certain hydrocarbons are reviewed. Experiments with rats
deprived of Vitamin E in their diets indicates that these are
considerably more susceptible to lung damage from a high
concentration of ozone in the atmosphere than are control rats
fed with a diet rich in Vitamin E. The apparent protective
mechanism involved is the fact that nitrogen dioxide and
ozone tend to destroy the Vitamin A in the body, which is
vital to the normal functioning of lung tissues. The Vitamin E
protects Vitamin A from destruction by NO2 or O3. The
mechanism by which Vitamin E exerts its protective action
against the influences of NO2 and ozone was studied. Prelimi-
nary results indicate that the main product of the oxidation of
alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) is an open-ringed monomer with
benzoquinone structure. This tocopherylquinone is one of the
normal decomposition products of Vitamin E to be found in
the human body. Thus Vitamin E would seem to protect the
body from these strong oxidizing gases by reacting with them
to form harmless metabolites.
31507
Folesky, H.
OBSERVATIONS ON BERYLLIUM GRANULOMA. Beruf-
sdermatosen Aulendorf, 15(2):93-103, 1967. 31 refs. Translated
from German. Scientific Translation Service, Inc., Santa Bar-
bara, Calif., 14p., 1967.
The case of beryllium granuloma on the right ring finger of a
young man was reported. The granuloma results from a cut by
a glass fragment from a fluorescent lamp. Patch tests with
beryllium sulfate (2%) and with beryllium nitrate (0.38, 0.19,
0.019, and 0.0019%) were positive. Regression of the swelling
was at first observed with almost 2000 mg of prednisone. The
condition became worse immediately after medication was
stopped. The granuloma was removed surgically. Five years
later the patch test was still positive. The clinical and func-
tional results of the operation were very good. Repeated tests
on a patient with beryllium salt solutions in order to follow the
course of the disease may cause sensitzation. Excitation of the
granuloma over corticosteroid therapy was recommended.
(Author summary modified)
31613
Caujolle, P., N. P. Buu Hoi, Pnam Huu, M. Renson, and L.
Lacassagne
COMPARED TOXICTTY OF O-(METHYLSELENO) BENZO-
IC ACID AND OF O-(METHYLTELLURO) BENZOIC ACID.
(Toxicite comparee de 1 acide o-(methylseleno) benzoique et
de 1 acide o-(methyltelluro) benzoique). C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris,
vol. 268:2807-2810, June 9, 1969. 2 refs. Translated from
French. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 6p., May
1971.
The toxicity of sodium salts of o-(methylseleno) benzoic acid
and o-(methyltelluro) benzoic acid was studied by determining
death percentages amomg mice over 24 hr as a function of
various dosages of the sodium salts. Each dosage was studied
for 20 male and 20 female mice. O-(methylseleno) benzoic acid
was less toxic than o-(methyltelluro) benzoic acid, but quicker
to act At the 40% lethal (DL 40) dosage, death occurred one
hour after injection; at DL 70 and DL 100, it occurred in less
than 30 min. With the sodium salt of o-(methyltelluro) benzoic
acid, death occurred only 12-24 hr after injection. Males and
females showed no significant difference in susceptibility to
the two substances. The mice did not exhibit a toxic reaction
to the salts, and no specific cellular lesions 'due to toxicity
were observed.
31619
Kobylanska, Maria, Danuta Rajewska, and Urszula
Strzyzewska
CLINICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON
TEETH AND ORAL MUCOSA. (Badania kliniczne nad
wplywem zwiazkow kadmu na uzebienie i blone sluzowa jamy
ustnej). Czas. Stomatol., 21(8): 913-918, 1968. 4 refs. Trans-
lated from Polish. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif.,
9p., April 1971.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
155
A study was undertaken to determine whether and what kind
of influence cadmium compounds have on dentition, the
periodontium, oral mucosa, and bone structure of the man-
dibular shaft among workers involved in the production of al-
kaline storage batteries. The majority of those studied suffered
from oral dry ness, while a significant number experienced a
metallic taste. The dentition of the subjects was generally bad,
and a comparatively large number of teeth had been removed.
A yellow hyperchromatism of the teeth was observed in 41 of
the 80 subjects, with a distinct relationship between the inten-
sity of the hyperchromatism and exposure time. The condition
of the periodontium was also unsatisfactory, but the condition
of the oral mucosa did not deviate from the norm.
31620
Rosenkranz, A. and G. Weisennbacher
BORIC ACID POISONING IN THE NEWBORN. (Borsaeur-
evergiftung beim Neugeborenen). Wien. Klin. Wochschr., vol.
77:46-50, 1965. 12 refs. Translated from German. (Scientific
Translation Service), Santa Barbara, Calif., 16p.
With the aid of a case report, the fatal course of boric acid
poisoning is described in terms of its clinical and biochemical
picture. The extremely widespread pediatric application of
boric acid in solutions, salves, and powders, and the oral ad-
ministration of boric acid for the treatment of thrush, lead one
to expect significantly higher frequencies of boric acid poison-
ing than appear in the published literature. Bloody vomiting,
diarrhea, convulsions, coma, oliguria, and anuria characterize
boric acid poisoning, along with exanthema which is always in-
tensely red. Diagnostic methods to be used in cases of
suspected poisoning are mentioned.
31629
Eybl, V., J. Sykora, and F. Mertyl
THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM SELENITE, SODIUM TEL-
LURITE, AND SODIUM SULFITE ON THE RETENTION
AND DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN MICE. Arch. Tox-
ikol., vol. 25:296-305, 1969. 20 refs. Translated from German.
Mundus Systems, McGregor, and Werner, Washington, D. C.,
lip.
The retention and distribution of mercury were studied in ex-
periments with mice during a four week period following the
intravenous administration of mercuric chloride (Hg~230) and
the subcutaneous application of sodium selenite, sodium tellu-
rite, and sodium sulfite. Both sodium selenite and sodium tel-
lurite caused a long term retention of mecury in the organism
and altered the distribution of mercury in the organs. Sodium
sulfite did not influence mercury retention, and caused only
insignificant changes in the distribution of mercury. The effect
of these compounds depended upon the redox potentials. Sodi-
um selenite and sodium tellurite are reduced in the organism,
and form compounds of a colloidal nature with mercury which
are retained in the organism. (Author summary)
31639
Reploh, H., W. Klosterkotter, and P. Einck-Rosskamp
ON THE QUESTION OF THE TOXICITY OF THE
PRODUCTS OF SMOLDERING PLASTICS. Arch. Hyg. Bak-
teriol. (Munich), 150(5):393-405, Sept. 1966. 18 refs. Translated
from German. 20p.
The increasing use of plastics raises the question of whether
their thermal disintegration products, in case of a fire, would
produce poisonous or irritant effects. A test installation for the
smoldering of various plastics is described, which allowed
animal experiments of the toxicity of the smoldering products.
In wood smoldering, the predominate toxicological risk is from
carbon monoxide, as was shown by carboxyhemoglobin deter-
minations in rats. The toxic smoldering products of a polyester
material, which have a strong irritant effect on the lungs, must
still be chemically identified. (Author summary modified)
31665
Yoshizaki, Kazuko
TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH OF THE CITIZEN IN
PETROLEUM CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CITIES AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. PART 2. ECOLOGICAL
STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TREND OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT OF
INHABITANT TOKUYAMA CITY FROM A VIEWPOINT OF
MORTALITY BY MAJOR CAUSES. (Sekiyukagakuko-
gyotoshimin no hokendoko to kankyoosen. Dai 2 hen.
Shuyoshiinbestu shiboritsu kara mita Tokuyamasimin no
hokendoko to seikatsukankyo tono kankei ni tsuiteno
seitaigakuteki kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi Sangyo
Igaku Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Soc. Yamaguchi Ind. Health), no.
17:62-78, Dec. 1970. 19 refs.
Death records for 70,000 residents of Tokuyama City were
analyzed to determine death rates for two categories of dis-
eases: endogeneous, constitutional diseases (cerebral
hemorrhage, cancer, and heart disease) and ectogeneous, in-
fectious diseases (pneumonia and bronchitis). Further, the
death rate for each category was compared with national death
rates for the periods 1958-1969 and 1962-1965. The relationship
between death rates and quality of soil, water, and air was
considered. In Tokuyama City and throughout Japan, deaths
attributable to ectogeneous, infectious diseases are declining
while those due to endogenous, constitutional diseases are in-
creasing. The tendency is especially noticeable in Tokuyama
City. In all years, decrease in air pollution was associated with
decreased mortality from pneumonia and bronchitis in two
sensitive groups: infants and children up to four years of age
and adults over 40 years. With respect to their influence on
death rates, dust fall and sulfur dioxide are in direct propor-
tion to each other.
31900
Nose, Yoshikatsu, Yoshimitsu Nose, Kitsuko Nose, and
Kazuko Yoshizaki
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND THE IN-
CIDENCE OF ASTHMATIC PATIENTS. (Taikiosen to zen-
sokukanja hasseihlndo tono kankei). Text in Japanese. Minzokn
Eisei (Human Hyg.), 36(6):212-213, Nov. 1970. (Presented at the
Japan Society of Race Hygiene, Annual Meeting, 35th.)
The relationship between air pollution and chronic obstructive
respiratory disturbances was examined according to sex and
age in three-year olds (15,000), six to 11 year olds (27,000),
and adults over 40 (15,000) in five cities of Yamaguchi Prefec-
ture: Ube, Onoda, Mine, Tokuyama, and Nanyo. The mortali-
ty rate for bronchitis decreased sharply as dust pollution was
replaced by gas pollution. Less of a decrease was observed for
mortality from asthma. The mortality rate of asthma relative to
that of bronchitis is increasing yearly. A positive correlation
was observed between the air-pollution level (volume of dust
fall and sulfur dioxide concentration), medical histories and in-
cidence of obstructive respiratory diseases according to city,
district, age and sex, in subjects over 40.
32186
Friberg, Lars
THE MEDICAL BACKGROUND FOR THE RECOMMENDA-
TIONS. In: Recommendations Relating to Norms for Sulfur
-------
156
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Dioxide Content in Open Air. (Rekommendationer rorande
riktvarden for svaveldioxidhalt i utomhusluft). Swedish
Government Air Pollution Board, Stockholm, Communication
6601, 1965 (?). Translated from Swedish by Scientific Transla-
tion Service, Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif., p. 3-9, 1967.
Studies show a correlation between the occurrence of diseases
of the respiratory tract and the degree of air pollution. Pollu-
tants exert their effect on the respiratory passages either
directly on the mucous membrane or indirectly by way of vari-
ous nervous centers or various physiological functions such as
breathing frequency or breathing resistance. Damaging gaseous
pollutants are sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, oxidizing agents,
and aldehydes. The data on the effects of sulfur dioxide that
can serve as a basis for recommending a medical norm derive
from both experimental and epidemiological studies. Experi-
mental studies relate to such fundamental questions as the
mechanisms and relative toxicity of various substances.
Epidemiological studies show that in the London disaster of
19S2, a marked increase in mortality was observed after
several days of a daily average sulfur dioxide level content of
75 ppm with local 48-hour values as high as 134 ppm. A two-
hour SO2 value not to exceed 25 ppm and a 30-day value not
to exceed 5 ppm is recommended.
32704
Shiraki, Hirotsugu
THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF CARBON MONOXIDE
POISONING IN HUMANS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
THE CHANGES OF GLOBUS PALLIDUS. Shinkei Kenkyu
No Shinpo (Advan. Neurol. Sci.), no. 13:25-33, April 1969. 7
refs. Translated from Japanese. Scientific Translation Service,
Santa Barbara, Calif., 30p.
Autopsy findings are reported for carbon monoxide poisoning
due to imperfect combustion of household gas or charcoal.
The cases examined included nine of nonintermittent poison-
ing, four of incompletely intermittent poisoning, and five of
completely intermittent poisoning. Pathological changes involv-
ing demyelination of the cerebral white substance (substantia
alba) were common to all cases. In four of the nonintermittent
cases and three of the completely intermittent cases, there
were also obvious changes in the globus pallidus, one of the
important centers of the extrapyramidal motor system. Among
the completely intermittent cases, only one showed changes in
the globus pallidus. Changes in the cerebral cortex were entire-
ly absent in the incompletely intermittent cases, although they
were present in two nonintermittent cases and one incomplete-
ly intermittent case. While not as pronounced as those of the
substantia alba, changes in the globus pallidus are more close-
ly related to the essential processes of carbon monoxide
poisoning than changes in the cerebral cortex. This is because
the frequency of the incidence of changes in the globus pal-
lidus occupies a position midway between that of the changes
in the cerebral white substance and those in the cerebral cor-
tex.
32735
Mie Prefecture (Japan)
REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT BY
SMOKE AND SO ON. (Bien to eikyochosa hokokusho). Text
in Japanese. 107p., 1968 (?)•
Air pollution was investigated with respect to its effect on the
health of school children. Pollutants were tested for traces of
sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid ion and mist, nitric acid ion, vari-
ous metals (titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, nickel,
chromium, and lead), nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, al-
dehydes, aerosols, and particulates. Elementary school chil-
dren in two polluted areas and two non-polluted areas were
examined for respiratory function. Health investigation cards
were distributed prior to the examinations. Chest X-ray and
otorhinologjcal examinations were given annually. Based on
the medical histories, the rates of asthma and pneumonia in
the children in polluted school districts were 7.5 and 2.4 times
higher than those in nonpolluted districts. The rates for con-
junctivitis and trachoma were also high and differed signifi-
cantly for the polluted and nonpolluted districts. Complaints
about sickness, sputum, eye, ache, and pharyngeal ache were
3.7-6.7 times more frequent for the polluted districts; the rate
of absenteeism due to respiratory diseases was also higher.
The respiratory function of children in the polluted school dis-
tricts decreased 87% (56.3% was significant); respiratory tract
resistance increased 47% on the average and there was
blocking damage. The tendency increased annually. The rate
of specific inflammatory findings in the pharyngeal parts was
high for the polluted districts and also increased yearly. Data
on meteorology, environment, and other medical inquiries
made simultaneously are included.
32882
Shishido, Masao, Terumichi Sugita, Hideko Hino, Tokuji
Saito, and Masaki Kobayashi
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE HEALTH
DISTURBANCES OF CHILDREN. (Syoni no kenko syogai ni
oyobosu taikiosen no eikyo). Text in Japanese. Kanagawa-ken
Koshu Eisei Gakkai-shi (Bull. Kanagawa Prefect. Public
Health Assoc.), no. 17:32, March 1971. (Presented at the
Kanagawa Prefecture Public Health Association Annual Meet-
ing, 17th, Nov. 20, 1970.)
A survey was made of the health impairment of kindergarten
children in Yokohama City and correlated with the pollution in
the respective districts according to the following sulfur triox-
ide levels (in mg/day/100 cm PbO2): below 0.3, 0.3-0.5, 0.5-1.0,
1.0-1.5, and above 1.5. There was no correlation between the
SO3 level distribution and sensitivity to colds. Complaints of
eye trouble and sore throats increased with an increase in SO3
level. Males in thy 0.3-05 district and females in the 0.5-1.0 dis-
trict had greater frequencies of sore throats. Significant dif-
ferences in the frequencies of eye irritation were determined
in the 1.0-1.5 district. Asthma, eczema, and urticaria were also
discussed.
32914
Momose, Masato
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION: EFFECT
OF SO2 ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RESPHIATORY INFEC-
TION. (Taiki osen ni kansuru jikken teki kenkyu. Kokyuki kei
saikin kansen ni taisuru SO2 no eikyo). Text in Japanese.
Chiba Igakkai Zasshi (J. Chiba Med. Soc.), 47(2):145-154, July
1971. 30 refs.
Guinea pigs raised in a germ-free and conventional environ-
ment were used for experimental studies on the effects of air
pollution. Two groups were exposed to 40 ppm of sulfur diox-
ide and treated with infectious bacteria (staphylococcus au-
reus). The number of bacteria inhaled into the lungs as an
aerosol and eliminated were determined. The lung revealed a
slight or middle interstitial inflammation. The guinea pigs
developed symptoms of hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia. A
group of guinea pigs inhaled silica particles prior to treatment
with bacteria and exposure to SO2. The number of silica parti-
cles and their residue due to SO2 exposure increased in the
wall of the alveorus pulmonis. Germ free animals were ef-
fected more than conventional animals, indicating an adaptive
response.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
157
32953
Truhaut, R. and Nguyen Phu Lich
A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION IN THE ORGANISM
AND THE RATE OF ELIMINATION OF THREE BORON
DERIVATIVES IN VARIOUS FORMS OF EXPERIMENTAL
INTOXICATION IN ANIMALS. (Etude de la repartition dans
1 organisme et du rythme de defixation de trois derives du
bore au cours de diverses formes d intoxications experimen-
tales chez animal). Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris), 23(l-2):83-105,
1965. 20 refs. Translated from the French. Leo Kanner Assoc.,
Redwood City, Calif., 29p., May 1971.
Distribution in the organism and the rate of elimination of
boric acid, potassium borotartrate, and 5-methyl 5-n-propyl 2-
p-tolyl 1,3,2, dioxaborinane (MPTDB) were investigated. In
acute or subacute poisoning in the rat, boron is very diffusible
for all three compounds. While this diffusibility is also ob-
served in short and long-term poisoning, localization in certain
organs also occurs. Among the organs which retain the most
boron are the liver, the kidney, the brain, and the adrenals.
The localization in the kidney is of interest because of the im-
pairment of renal function that occurs in acute or subacute
poisoning by these compounds. Adrenal localization also is of
interest since boric acid tends to form complexes with
polyhydroxyl compounds which gives it the ability to inhibit
the oxidation of adrenalin. Boron was found to cross the
placental barrier, which explains the considerably diminished
vitality of the offspring from mothers subjected to repeated in-
gested doses of boric acid. While the elimination of MPTDB is
clearly much slower when administered in repeated doses, a
considerable portion of the boron for the three compounds is
rapidly eliminated in the urine.
33065
Takahashi, Hisao, Akio Ichinosawa, Tadahiko Shimizu,
Yoshizo Tsunetoshi, and Toru Yasuda
AIR POLLUTION AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. (Taiki osen
to mansei kikanshien). Text in Japanese. Nippon Kyobu
Rinsho (Japan J. Chest Diseases), 29(8):591-601, Aug. 1970. 12
refs.
A questionnaire survey based on the BMRC method was con-
ducted among residents of Osaka to determine the relationship
between air pollution and chronic bronchitis as defined by
Fletcher. For the survey, 829 persons over 40 years old were
chosen at random. The morbidity for chronic bronchitis for
each area, computed from the survey data, was corrected for
age-group differences and cigarette smoking. The corrected
morbidity for each area correlated with the concentration of
sulfur dioxide measured in the area. For those patients with
chronic bronchitis including asthma, the frequency of the daily
increase in severity of the illness was correlated with the con-
centration of sulfur dioxide for each day. The rate of increase
of severity increased rapidly over the maximum daily concen-
tration of 0.3 ppm. The chronic bronchitis patients were
further examined by the Vitalor method, and the frequency of
obstructive difficulties based on the one-second rate tended to
become higher with age and smoking.
33109
Osaka Municipal Office (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLU-
TION TO HUMAN BODIES. (PART 2). (Taiki osen jintai
eikyo chosa. (Sono 2)). Text in Japanese. 27p., March 1970.
The effect of air pollution in Osaka on human health was in-
vestigated with respect to rates of absence for school children,
mortality rate, and examinations of peak flow value and
forced vital capacity. Sulfur dioxide and dust concentrations
were determined. No correlation was determined between data
on absenteeism at schools in industrial, commercial, and re-
sidential districts and the degree of pollution in the districts.
The fluctuation of the number of absentees due to respiratory
diseases (cough, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma) corresponded
with that of total absentees, but was not correlated with sulfur
dioxide concentrations. The mortality rate, modified with
respect to age, was calculated and compared for each district.
Mortality decreased annually. A higher than average rV4te was
determined at a seaside industrial district and infant mortality
and deaths due to pneumonia and bronchitis were frequent.
33123
Nakamura, Ryuichi
AIR POLLUTION AND FEMALE - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
STUDY OF EFFECT ON MOTHERS AND THEnt NEWBORN
OF ATR POLLUTION IN YOKKAICHI CITY. (Taikiosen to
josel - Yokkaichl-shi no taiklosen ga boji ni oyobosn eikyo ni
kansuru eklgakuteki kento). Text In Japanese. Sanka To Fujinka
(Obstet. GynecoL), 38(8): 1029-1036, Aug. 1971.
Certain areas in Yokkaichi City were designated as polluted
areas with high concentrations of sulfur dioxide which in-
creased annually. Obstetric and gynecological studies were
made with respect to respiratory diseases (colds and
bronchitis) during pregnancy, nausea, late gestational toxico-
sis, determination of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, amount of
hemmorrhage at delivery, frequency of obstetrical operations,
rate of premature deliveries, placenta weight, and rate of still
births. The new born children were examined to determine
body weight, asphyxia, jaundice, abnormal body temperature,
mortality, and malformation. The results differentiated signifi-
cantly between cases from the polluted area and the non-pol-
luted area. Respiratory infections during pregnancy, serious
jaundice of the new born child, premature births, and still
births had a high and significant incidence hi the cases from
polluted areas. Of high incidence but not statistically signifi-
cant in the polluted area cases were anemia during pregnancy,
premature deliveries, pyrexia and asphyxia of the new born
child, malformations, and an increase in placenta weight.
33173
Committee of Mie Prefecture! Medical Insurance on Public
Nuisance (Japan)
A STUDY OF THE METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION OF
RESPIRATORY DISEASES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION.
(Taikiosen ni yoru kokyuseishikkan no kanrihoshiki ni kansuru
kenkyu). Text in Japanese. 61p., March 1968.
The effects of air pollution on human health were determined
epidemiologically in Yokkaichi City. Common cold, bronchial
asthma, pharyngitis, preocular diseases, and death due to ob-
structive respiratory diseases increased. The increase in occur-
rences of pharyngitis, characterized by paleness of the
pharynx posterior wall, lymphatic nodules, redness, swelling,
and fragmentary cut of the epidermal blood vessel, and
respiratory diseases with asthmatic attack was correlated to
sulfur dioxide concentration. Based on lexicological animal ex-
periments on exposure to SO2, congestion of the lung and
hypertrophy of the muscular layer supporting the bronchial
wall were determined along with abcess formation in the lungs
of dead animals. Clinical findings for patients with obstructive
respiratory diseases confirmed the overwhelming prevalence
of bronchial asthma symptoms greatly correlated with air pol-
lution. Based on statistical data of residence classified by
months, the incidence of obstructive respiratory diseases in
the Shiohama region was 5.89%, increasing to 10.38% in May.
The incidence was greater for women than men and for those
over 50 and under ten years old.
-------
158
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
33230
Schmidt, B.
THE EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON THE EOG.
(Einfluss des Zigarettenrauchens auf das EOG). Klin.
Monatsbl. Augenheilk., 156(4):523-531, 1970. 22 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Translation Consultants, Inc., Arlington,
Va., 14p.
The effect of cigarette smoking on the electroretinogram
(ERG) and the electro-oculogram (EOG) is discussed. A
cigarette with 1 g of tobacco usually contains 10 to 20 mg of
nicotine and 0.3 to 3% volume of carbon monoxide, among
other substances. In a cigarette with 1.5% nicotine, approxi-
mately 5 to 7.5 mg end up in the mouth. Approximately 60% is
resorbed by the organism in the case of leisurely smokers, and
up to 90% by persons who inhale deeply. The effects of
nicotine on the nervous system, the peripheric circulation, the
hormones which influence the blood pressure, intra-occular
circulation, metabolism in the retina, and CO saturation are
examined. Control experiments were performed on 18 non-
smokers and seven occasional smokers, all with perfect vision.
Two unfiltered cigarettes were smoked as quickly as possible
and inhaled. Tests were then made and pulse and respiration
rate were measured. The average EOG curves showed that
resting potential was 958 microvolts before smoking and 817
microvolts after two cigarettes. A rise in blood pressure was
noted in 86% of the occasional smokers; 72% showed no
change in pulse rate. Results of additional tests are included.
33291
Ogata, Masamichi
A POLYGRAPHIC STUDY OF SLEEP IN ACUTE CARBON
MONOXIDE POISONING. (Kyusei ichisanka tanso chu-
dokusho ni okeru suimin no porigurafuteki kenkyu). Seishin
Shinkeigaku Zasshi (Psychiat. Neurol. Japan), vol. 70:825-836,
1968. 38 refs. Translated from Japanese. Translation Con-
sultants, Inc., Arlington, Va., 32p.
A study of ten patients (five in the seriously ill group and five
in the medium group), who were among the acute carbon
monoxide poisoning casualties that resulted from a coal dust
explosion, was made approximately 11 months after the dis-
aster. Polygraphic records were made of their brain waves dur-
ing natural sleep throughout an entire night. A total of four
subjects, three in the serious group and one in the medium
group, experienced sleep disturbances. The ratio of light sleep
phase and the paradoxical sleep phase to the total sleep was
high compared to normal individuals; the ratio of medium and
deep sleep was low. The ratio of the deep sleep phase was
lower in the serious group than in the medium group, while the
paradoxical sleep phase ratio was higher. The sustained length
of the paradoxical sleep phase was longer than that in normal
adults; this tendency was more marked in the serious group.
The cycling of the paradoxical sleep phase overall was not
particularly anomalous. The amplitude of the rounded waves
and spindle waves was generally low, as was the frequency of
their appearance, which was more marked in the serious
group. The trend in pulse rate and body movements was
similar to that of normal adults. (Author summary modified)
33306
Komitowski, Dymitr
EXPERIMENTAL BERYLLIUM CONDUCTED BONE TU-
MORS AS A MODEL OF OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA.
(Doswiadczalne berylowe nowotwory kosci jako model
miesaka kosciotworczego). Chirurgia Narzadow Ruchu i Or-
topedia Polska), 33(2):237-242, 1968. 8 refs. Translated from
Polish. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 9p., March
1971.
One gram of beryllium oxide (a carcinogen) in the form of a
suspension in a physiological solution was given intravenously
to 20 rabbits. The animals were observed together for 18
months from the beginning of the infection. In rabbits that sur-
vived for more than 15 months, bone tumors were observed in
three cases. Histologically, all tumors were classified as sar-
coma osteogenes. The tumors were highly malignant of the
osteogenic sarcoma type, bringing metastases to the lungs.
Histologically, they are distinguished by their considerable
heterogeneity. A constant feature of all tumors obtained in a
pronounced tendency of their cells to become differentiated in
the direction of atypical osteoblasts. It appeared that the
degree of osteogenesis occurs in tandem with the degree of
malignancy. Independently of the marked inhibition of the ac-
tivity of basic phosphatase in parenchymatous organs, the
bone tumors observed indicated a high activity of basic
phosphatase. Tumors developed histogenetically are connected
with new connective tissue elements of the marrow which
have the capability of becoming differentiated into osteoblasts.
33345
costing, P. E.
THE REACTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT ON EX-
OGENOUS STIMULI, n. (De reactie van de ademhaling-
swegen op exogene prikkels II). Text in Dutch. Tijdschr Soc.
Geneesk., no. 49:463-469, 1971. 20 refs.
The reactions of the respiratory tract to exogenous stimuli
were examined. The response of the respiratory tract and
lungs to inhaled particles was mainly dependent on the area of
deposition and retention. The effect of the stimuli was deter-
mined greatly by particle size and number. Inhaled particles
and gases may interact; the effect of sulfur dioxide would be
largely determined by the presence of other aerosols. The
evoked response could be as nondirect as a sequela of resorp-
tion in the nasopharynx. Sequential exposure and smoking had
a deteriorating influence on adequate physiological reactions.
33372
Horiuchi, Kazuya and Shunichi Horiguchi
A TRIAL TO ASSUME ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF
LEAD IN THE HEALTHY JAPANESE POPULATION (RE-
PORT 1). (Ippan kenko nihonjin no enshushi suite! no kokoromi
(sono 1)). Text in Japanese. SangyoZggaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health),
13(S):64-6S, Sept. 1971. 10 refs.
Based on previously reported data, tables of human lead in-
take from food and drink and lead content in human urine are
presented; a graphic analysis of lead content in urine and lead
absorption through the digestive tract, all classified according
to various age groups is given. The amount of lead obtained by
subtracting lead content via digestive system from the total
lead content in urine may be assumed to be the amount which
has been inhaled from the air without causing deposition of
lead (lead surplus). Assuming that 50% of the lead quantity
from the inhaled air was absorbed, a reverse calculation can
be made in order to estimate the lead concentration in the air
that does not cause deposition in the human body. Assuming
the average air intake of the adult Japanese per day is 10 m3
and that of a child is 5 m3, cumulative air intake of each age
group was used to divide the lead surplus and multiplied by
two. According to this calculation, 1.5 to 4.4 micrograms/m3 is
the amount of lead concentration in the air that does not cause;
lead deposition in the human body of adult Japanese between
the ages of 40 and 50.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
159
33447
Makhinya, A. P.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND
PHENOL WHEN SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT ON THE
HUMAN AND ANIMAL ORGANISM UNDER EXPERIMEN-
TAL CONDITIONS. (Biologicheskoye deystviye sernistogo gaza i
fenola pri ikh sovmestnom prisutstvii na organizm cheloveka i
zhivotnykh v ek perimentals nykh usloviyakh). Text in Russian.
In: Vop. Gig. Atmos. Vozdukha Naselennykb Mest. 1968. A. P.
Shitskova (ed.), Moscow, Nauchno-Issledovatel skii Inst. Gi-
gieny, 1968, p. 57-61.
The minimum sulfur dioxide and phenol concentrations sensed
by olfactory organs when only one of them was present in the
atmosphere were .87 mg/cu m and .022 mg/cu m, respectfully
and .33 mg/cu m SO2 and .011 mg/cu m phenol when both
were present simultaneously. The minimum concentration ef-
fecting light sensitivity of an eye and electric activity of brain
was .44 and .011 mg/cu m SO2 and phenol, respectively. Com-
bined effects of SO2 and phenol are close to sum of their in-
dividual effects. Thus when both SO2 and phenol are present
in the atmosphere, their maximum instant concentration ex-
pressed as sum of fractions of maximum permissible concen-
trations of isolated substances, should be less than one. The
resorplive effect of low concentrations of SO2 in the presence
of phenol on white rats was studied by three months of con-
tinuous intoxication by inhalation. The atmosphere containing
l.Smg/cu m SO2 and .5 mg/cu phenol and .5 mg/cu m SO2 and
.05 mg/cu m phenol caused considerable pathomorphological
changes in white rats organism. Hence, when SO2 and phenol
are present simultaneously in the air, the maximum permissi-
ble average daily concentration of SO2 and phenol expressed
in fractions of the average daily maximum permissible concen-
trations of isolated substances is recommended to be less than
one.
33527
Lund, Charlotte
THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC LEAD POISONING ON
REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr., vol.
18:12-20, 1936. 16 refs. Translated from Swedish. Mundus
Systems, McGregor and Werner, Washington, D. C., lip.
The effect of chronic lead poisoning on reproductive capacity
was reviewed. Cases of infant mortalities and miscarriages
were presented. In one example, two cases of miscarriages in
the wives of house painters were reported. The women first
gave birth to healthy children before the husband became a
painter, and a second gave birth to healthy children when the
husband ceased being a painter. Both had signs of lead poison-
ing. A case was reported in 1896 where a woman married to a
painter gave birth to two healthy children in the first two years
of his being a painter; simultaneously with his showing signs
of lead poisoning, she started a series of 15 miscarriages. In
1901, a woman married to a painter had 22 pregnancies, six
ending with miscarriages, six with premature birth, and five
children died in infancy. She had no history of lead poisoning.
In 1906, the normal infant mortality rate in Lille was 8.2%, but
among children of painters, 22.9%. It was apparent that the
fathers working with lead may have a limited influence as
compared with the mothers doing so. Individual animals tests
performed in 1914 on rabbits and chickens showed that the
progeny of a lead-poisoned male and a normal female were in-
ferior to normal progeny. Of 13 married female lead workers
in a printing shop in 1896, having 56 pregnancies, there were
26 miscarriages, nine premature births, one stillbirth, 21 living
births at term, and 17 dead shortly after. Other studies show-
ing similar results are reported.
33868
Tejning, Stig
THE PROBLEM OF MERCURY IN SWEDEN. (Kvicksilver-
fragen i Sverige). Preprint, Swedish Dept. of Agriculture, 1965,
p. 80-91. Translated from Swedish. Scientific Translation Ser-
vice, Santa Barbara, Calif., 19p. (Presented at the Swedish De-
partment Agriculture, Conference on Mercury, 1965.)
The effects of metallic quicksilver, an inorganic mercury salt,
and the alkyl mercury compounds are compared. In 1953,
cases of a mysterious nervous disease began to appear among
the population of the city of Minamata, Japan. The suspicion
that it could be alkyl mercury poisoning was confirmed when
the patients were found to be excreting mercury in their urine
for the first five months after becoming ill. Further investiga-
tion revealed that a chemical plant which used mercury com-
pounds as catalysts had released waste products into the Mina-
mata Bay, and several types of fish subsequently were found
to have a high mercury content. Feeding experiments were
conducted with six month old white leghorn hens which were
given 12.5, 25, and 50% Panogen treated grain. In the groups
whose feed contained 25 and 50% Panogen, both food con-
sumption and egg production decreased. Alkyl mercury
poisoning in wild pheasants is also discussed.
33903
Lob, Marc
ON LEADED GASOLINE H. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON
THE LEVELS OF LEAD IN THE BLOOD, URINE, NA
DPORPHYRINURIA IN VARIOUS POPULATION GROUPS
OF LAUSANNE (OFFICE WORKERS, GARAGE WORKERS,
POLICEMEN)- (A propos de la benzine au plomb. II. Etude
comparative de la plombemie, de la plomburie et de la porphin-
urie chez divers groupes de la population lausannoise (employes
de bureau, garagistes, agents de police). Text in French. Z.
Praeventivmed., 10:172-179, May-June 1965. 20 refs.
The lead content in blood and the lead and porphyrin content
in urine of office workers (40 individuals), and of garage wor-
kers (50 individuals) was compared with respective levels in
identical worker groups ten years ago (1955/56). The median
lead content in the blood of the two population groups was 29
gamma % and 37 gamma %, respectively. In ten especially ex-
posed policemen, 38 gamma % lead was in the blood, however
this group was not tested 10 years ago. The levels in office
and garage workers exceeded respective levels found 10 years
ago by approximately 15 gamma %. Porphyrinuria was not
diagnosed in any of the tested individuals. Median lead urine
levels found were 24.5 gamma/1 in office workers, 37 gamma/1
in policemen, and 36 gamma/1 in garage workers. The maximal
permissible level for urine is 80 gamma/1, 50 to 80 gamma/100
cu cm for blood.
34148
Schlipkoeter, H. W.
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH.
REPORT ON THE PRESENT STATUS OF RESEARCH. (Wir-
kung von Luftverunreinigungen auf die menschliche Gesund-
heit. Bericht ueber den Gegenwaertigen Stand der Forschung).
Text in German. Ministerium fuer Arbeit, Gesundheit, und
Soziales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West
Germany), 20p., 1970. 18 refs.
Fine atmospheric suspended dust reduces ultraviolet radiation
and thus reduces its ability to destroy carcinogenic substances
and to stimulate synthesis of vitamin D in the human body.
Fine dust can itself contain carcinogenic 3,4-benzopyrene and
can adsorb chemical substances from the atmosphere and
transport them into the lungs. An accumulation of fine dust in
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160
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
the atmosphere can therefore lead to acute impairment of
health, as proven by increased mortality during smog episodes
(1952, 1962). Measurements have shown that fine particulates
increased in concentration in the Ruhr region the 1965-1969
period. A comparison of two groups of children, one living in
the polluted atmosphere of Gelsenkirchen and the other in the
unpolluted atmosphere of Westerland/Sylt, showed retarded
bone maturation, especially in the Gelsenkirchen girls.
Whether this is attributable to the tenfold concentration of
SO2 and H2SO4 in Gelsenkirchen or to the climate has not
been determined. In another study, persons exposed to low
concentrations of dichloromethane manifested a considerably
reduced ability to concentrate compared with a control group.
Some noxious substances like derivatives of ethyleneimines
cause genetic damage by increasing the spontaneous rate of
mutation, considerably exceeding such damage caused by
radiation. Such substances causes chromosomal damage at
concentrations far below their toxic threshold concentrations.
34190
Nose, Yoshikatsu
SUDDEN AIR POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES.
(Toppatsuteki taiki osen to kokyukikei kanja). Text in
Japanese. Naika, 21(5):851-849, May 1968. 19 refs.
The correlation between a sudden increase in sulfur dioxide
concentration due to an accident in a chemical factory in Ube
City and the increase in symptoms of discomfort, respiratory
diseases, and deaths was investigated. Concentrations of SO2
and dust particles, temperature, humidity, and wind direction
and velocity were determined and plotted for monthly varia-
tions. Epidemiologic studies determined a definite parallel
between the rise in SO2 concentration and dust and the in-
crease in number of patients. Most patients suffered from
quasi-influenza of the upper respiratory tract, which con-
stituted 95% of the cases of respiratory illnesses among ba-
bies. Cases of bronchitis decreased and bronchial asthma and
pneumonia increased among the aged. Death rates rose from
3% in June to 14.1% in July-August, with a marked increase
on the days following the rise in SO2 concentration. Daily ex-
aminations determined a definite reaction (higher temperatures
and pulse rates) of chronic respiratory and lung tuberculosis
patients to air pollution.
34443
Schlipkoeter, H. W., J. Bruch, A. Brockhaus, and G. G. Fodor
THE EFFECTS OF SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS POLLU-
TANTS ON THE LUNGS. (Die Lunge als Aufnahmeorgan
fuer feste, fluessige and gasfoermige Immissionen). Text in
German. Praxis Pneumol., 25(9):505-518, Sept. 1971. 19 refs.
Regulations stipulating maximal permissible concentrations of
solid, liquid, and gaseous pollutants must take into considera-
tion whether the pollutants are deposited in the lung, absorbed
into the blood stream or cause direct damage to the pulmonary
system. Animal experiments and electron microscopic ex-
amination of the submicroscopic structure of pulmonary tis-
sues are described designed to determine the parameters in-
fluencing pulmonary resorption. Epithelial-alveolar cells are of
crucial importance in these studies. In one experiment, the
pulmonary resorption of a fine oil aerosol, designed to simu-
late the behavior of particles soluble in benzene, was deter-
mined by determining silicon dioxide in the lung and the
mediastinal lymphatic nodes 16 hours, five days, and four
weeks following inhalation. Pulmonary resorption was a very
complex phenomenon which depends on the penetration power
of the particles, their deposition in alveoli their bronchial and
lymphatic elimination, particle solubility, and their cytotoxici-
ty. About 95-98% of the sulfur dioxide is retained by the al-
kaline mucus of the upper respiratory tract; it penetrates into
the lung only when adsorbed on the surface of dust particles
or when it is catalytically converted to a sulfate-ion aerosol.
Non-reactive gases and vapors penetrate the lung by diffusion
with the resorption degree proportional to the gas concentra-
tion and duration of exposure. Carbon monoxide is also men-
tioned.
34528
Kandus, J. and Z. Jurica
THE INFLUENCE OF SO2 ON THE INCIDENCE OF LOWER
RESPIRATORY WAYS DISEASES. (Vliv kyslicniku sirlciteho
na inddend chorob dolnich cest dychacich). Text in Czech.
Cesk. Hyg. (Prague), 16(4/5):135-140,1971. 34 refs.
The relationship between respiratory disease morbidity rate
and degree of sulfur dioxide pollution was studied in a sample
comprising 3547 men and women. The acute respiratory mor-
bidity rate was significantly higher not only on the days with
increased levels of SO2 concentration, but also during the two
days following the exposure. A relationship was not found
between morbidity rate and outdoor temperatures. High con-
centrations of SO2 were recorded during November and
December, which were in agreement with high morbidity rates.
(Author summary modified)
34644
Oshima, Hidehiko, Masavuki Imai, and Katsumi Yoshida
EXPERIMENT ON CHRONIC TOXICATION DUE TO IN-
HALATION OF SULFUROUS GAS. EXPERIMENT ON
GROWTH OF MOUSE IN THE CONTAMINATED AREA
AND CONTROLLED AREA. (Aryusangasu kyunyu ni yoru
manseichudokn jikken. Osenchiku taishochiku deno mausu no
seicho kansatsu jikken). Text in Japanese. In: A study of the ad-
ministration method of medical care for sufferers from public
nuisance in Yokkaichi City. Committee of Mie Prefectnral Medi-
cal Insurance on Public Nuisance (Japan), p. 57-59, March
1970.
Fifteen rats were reared since September, 1969 at the Isozu
district in Yokkaichi City where air pollution was most severe.
Ten rats reared at the University in Tsu were used as controls.
The rats were raised outside and were killed after six months,
one year, and a year and half. Average concentrations of pol-
lutants in Isozu were: 0.140 mg/day/100 sq cm nitrogen and
1.269 mg/day/100 sq cm. sulfur dioxide. According to histologi-
cal findings, lung congestion, neutrocytes around the
bronchus, infiltration of lymphocyte, and emphysemtous
changes were observed among the rats raised six months in
Isozu. Among the rats reared one year in Isozu, emphyse-
matous change on the lungs was obvious, and infiltration of in-
flammatory cells in the interstice was observed. Among the
rats reared a year and a half in Isozu, pulmonary emphysema
and cell infiltration of interstice were observed. Among the
rats reared one year and a half in Tsu, no significant: changes
were observed except for lung congestion, slight cell infiltra-
tion of the interstice and spleen congestion. In conclusion, six
month exposure between September and February caused
bronchitis and a year and a half exposure causes pulmonary
emphysema.
34945
Alekseyeva, O. G.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF PULMO-
NARY NUCLEOPROTEIN SENSITIZATTON OF THE INTEN-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
161
SHY OF THE CURTIS SKIN TEST IN BERYLLIOSIS. (Ek-
sperimental noye izucheniye vliyaniya sensibilizatsii
nukleoproteidami legkikh na vyrazhennost kozhnogo testa
Kurtisa pri berttlioze). Academy of medical Sciences, Moscow
(USSR), Inst. of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,
1967 (?). 3 refs. Translated from Russian. Leo Kanner Assoc
Redwood City, Calif., 9p., March 1971.
Sensitization of guinea pigs with nucleoproteins derived from
the lungs of rats with experimental berylliosis specifically in-
creases the intensity of the intradermal Curtis test with 2.5-3
micrograms of beryllium chloride, induced through allergy to
the complex of beryllium plus auto-protein. The greatest ac-
tivating effect is produced by a combination of delayed hyper-
sensitivity to both antigens. This suggests that the Curtis test
in berylliosis patients is related not only to the sensitization by
the beryllium plus protein complex, but also to the influence
of auto-allergic processes. (Author summary modified)
35134
Blundi, Edmundo
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS ACTION UPON THE RESPIRA-
TORY SYSTEM. (Poluicao atmosferica: acao sobre o
aparelho respiratorio). Text in Portuguese. Rev. Brasil. Med.,
28(6):247-251. June 1971.
The impact of air pollution upon the population and measures
to be taken in fighting air pollution are discussed. Industrial
emission sources, automotive vehicles, and open air burning of
refuse are the main contributing factors to air pollution in
Brasil. No scientific proof defining specific diseases induced
by air pollution had been found so far. However, air pollution
may worsen pre-existing conditions in patients with bronchitis,
asthma, emphysema or cardiopulmonary conditions which con-
stitute the major part of victims due to pollution. Graphs
representing the parallelism between smoke and sulfur dioxide
concentrations in the air and the exacerbation of pulmonary
disease in groups of patients held under control are
reproduced. A program of preventive measures including early
diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disease should be
developed. Complex teams including clinical physicians, lung
specialists, allergists, and specialists in nuclear medicine
should be established to prevent air pollution-induced
episodes. Technical measures should be taken to prevent in-
dustrial, automotive, and other burning emissions.
35153
li-izumi, Osamu and Yutaka Mori
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PARANASAL
SINUSES OF GERM-FREE GUINEA PIG EXPOSED TO SUL-
FUR DIOXIDE GAS (SO2). (Aryusan gasu (SO2) bakuro
mukin shiiku morumotto no hara fukubiku no byori
soshikigaku teki kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Nihon Jibi Inkoka
Gakkai Kaiho (Jap. J. Nephrol.), 74(9):1358-1362, Sept. 1971.
Germ free guinea pigs were used for an experiment to study
the effect of sulfur dioxide on the upper respiratory tract,
especially paranasal sinuses. Ten germ-free guinea pigs were
continuously exposed to 40 ppm of SO2 for two to 18 days
from 10 days after birth. Their pathology of paransal sinuses
was compared with that of 11 germ-free pigs reared under con-
ventional conditions. Mucous membranes of paranasal sinuses
of the guinea pigs not exposed to SO2 were in a static or silent
state, which proved that no reaction occurred against stimulus.
Since pus was seen in all the nasal sinuses of guinea pigs ex-
posed to SO2, and desquamation of epithelium was observed
in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, the mucous
membrane probably undergoes necrosis from higher concentra-
tions of SO2. Hyperemia and congestion of blood vessels and
neutrophils were observed which proved acute inflammation,
Hyperplasia of mucous membrane, increase of inmature cells,
and infiltration under mucous membrane were not seen. A
long-term experiment under low concentrations is necessary
for a more accurate air pollution study. Changes were found in
the respiratory tract; no difference was seen in the paranasal
sinuses of the two groups of guinea pigs. Although the mucous
membrane of human sinuses is anatomically different form
that of guinea pigs, SO2 would probably be toxic to human
bodies, judging from the fact that acute inflammation is
caused by SO2 and that patients with paranasal sinuses dis-
eases frequently come from contaminated districts.
35154
Funabashi, Shigeru, Tatsuya Hayashi, Toshiyuki Nishimuta,
Nobukiyo Sakurai, Masaru Mizoguchi, Keiji Kishimoto, Tom
Takayama, Yoshiko Muramatsu, Ryotaro Tochigi, Yoshio
Takayama, Katsumi Yamada, Akira Sato, Sekka Ryu, Shu
Terashima, Tsuyoshi Toba, Junichi Ito, Misako Murata,
Suzuko Uehara, Seiji Kubo, Masao Matsumura, Kozo Ito,
Motoaki Adachi, Ken Motomiya, and Ryo Yoshida
AIR POLLUTION AND INFANTILE BRONCHIAL ASTHMA.
REPORT 1. ON THE PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA IN A POL-
LUTED AREA. (Taikiosen to shoni kikanshizensoku. Sono 1:
osenchiku no zensoku hindo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Shonika Shinryo (J. Pediat. Pract.), 34(11): 1422-1428, Nov.
1971. 41 refs.
Health examinations were undertaken on infants and
schoolchildren in Fuji City, a highly polluted area in Shizuoka
prefecture. The correlation between die prevalence of infantile
asthma and air pollution is discussed. According to sulfur
dioxide levels, Fuji City was divided into a highly polluted
area (SO2 mean concentration in a year was 0.05-0.07 ppm), an
intermediate area (0.03 - 0.05 ppm), and » low pollution area
(below 0.03 ppm). Schoolchildren were selected elementary
schools in the three areas by a questionnaire or nurse-teacher,
and diagnosis of asthma was ascertained by detailed examina-
tions. Fujinomiya City, adjacent to Fuji City, was selected as
the control area. The prevalence value of asthma in schoolchil-
dren in 1968 was high in the highly polluted area; however, a
statistically significant difference was not recognized between
this area and the other two areas. The prevalence of asthma in
children in the highly polluted area in 1970 was about three
times that in the lowest polluted area, and its difference was
significant. The prevalence of asthma in the intennediarily pol-
luted area showed a medium value between the highes and
lower polluted areas. A significant difference was statistically
reocognized between the highly and intennediarily polluted
areas. The prevalence of asthma curve in the lowly polluted
area intended to become lower as the grade increased, while
the curve in the highly polluted area showed two peaks in the
third and fourth grades. The difference between low and high
values was remarkable. The prevalence of infantile asthma
was investigated on 325 infants in two highly polluted districts
in Fuji City. Its prevalence was five or ten times that in the
Ichihara district in Chiba prefecture. Thus, the prevalence of
asthma in each grade of children in Fuji City is highest in the
polluted area, and it has a tendency to keep pace with SO2
concentrations.
36259
Frontczak, Andrzej
THE EFFECT OF THE KIND OF RESPIRATION AND OF
THE AIR IRRITATING THE RESPIRATORY TRACT ON
THE VITAL CAPACITY OF THE LUNGS. (Zachowanfe sk
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162
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
pojemnosci zyciowej pine w zaleznosd od rodzajn oddychania
orz w srodowiskn powtetrza drzniaccgo drogi oddechowe).
Preprint, Third Clinic of Internal Diseases A. M., Lodz (Po-
land), p. 592-593, 1961. (Presented at the TIP, 21st Meeting,
Warsaw, Poland, Sept. 14-16, 1961. Translated from Polish.
Scientific Translation Service, Santa Barbara, Calif., (p.
Vital capacity of the lungs was determined by a Barnes
spirometer in a group of 88 healthy persons, 58 men and 22
women, between 18 and 30 years of age. Three methods were
employed: the vital capacity of the lungs was measured in the
classical way, with the open nose; with a closed nose; and
while the person investigated made the deepest inhalation
through his nose while having his mouth closed, and the
deepest exhalation through his mouth, having his nose closed.
The vital capacity of the lungs determined by Method n was,
on the average, smaller by 360 cu cm than the capacity deter-
mined by the classical procedure. In another part of the ex-
periment, fifty healthy men were exposed to an environment
which contained hydrogen sulfide before calculating vital
capacity. The observed reduction of the lung vital capacity in
an environment of air irritating the respiratory tract is real and
statistically significant.
36809
Nose, Yoshikatsu, Sekio Ueno, and Masako Nakayama
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND ITS EVALUATION OF
THE SEVERAL CITIES IN YAMAGUCHI PREFECTURE.
(Yamaguchiken shotoshi no taiki osen taisaku to sono hyoka).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 6(1):199, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meet-
ing of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29,
1971.)
The effect of air pollution on human health was evaluted from
the viewpoint of immunogenetics. Data obtained at several ci-
ties in Yamaguchi Prefecture during 1945-1969 were analyzed
in terms of the pollutant concentration and mortality rate. The
components of the deposited paniculate matter were classified
into two groups, soluble and insoluble substances, and
analyzed in relation to the mortality rate by bronchitis,
asthma, and heart diseases. The plotting? of the corrected
mortality rate versus the year and the amount of soluble or in-
soluble substances showed remarkable correlation. The mor-
tality rate was also analyzed in relation to the degree of at-
mospheric pollution (SO3 in deposited paniculate
matter/square root of the amount of precipitation). Using the
data obtained during 1960-1969.
36812
Council for the Living Environment (Japan), Div. of Public
Nuisance
DETERMINATION OF AIR POLLUTION BY PARTICIPATE
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR EFFECT ON MAN. (Fuyu-ryushijo
bnsshitsu ni yoru taiki osen no sokntei to hito eno eikyo). Text in
Japanese. 106p., June 1971.122 refs.
Environmental contamination by paniculate substances was
studied including the condition of air pollution by particulates,
their effects, and their measurement methods. The paniculate
substances studied were less than 10 micron in diameter. Prin-
cipal reports of studies on paniculate substances, the concen-
tration of paniculate substances, the effects of co-existing
substances, and environmental standards in foreign countries,
were studied based on the literature. The concentration of par-
ticulate substances should always be determined under the
conditions: the average value for 1 hr in 24 hr is below 100
micrograms/cu m; and the value for any 1 hr is below 200
micrograms/cu m. These conditions should be regularly
checked and amended according to the result. The effects of
sulfur dioxide are also discussed.
36923
Plotnikova, M. M.
BASIC INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
THE LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE ACROLEIN CONCENTRA-
TION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Con-
centrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov (ed.),
Book 4, Washington, D. C., U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 1960,
p. 59-72. 10 refs. (Translated by B. S. Levine.) NTIS: TT61-
11148
Threshold levels of acrolein perception were determined to
help in setting maximum allowable limits of concentration. The
threshold level of its odor perception was 0.8 mg/cu m for
most sensitive persons. The thresholds of acrolein reflex effect
on optical chronaxy was at 1.75 mg/cu m, on rhythm and am-
plitude of respiratory movement at 1.5 mg/cu m, and on eye
sensitivity to light at 0.6 mg/cu m. Based on these data, the
proposal for maximum allowable concentration in the ambient
air was set at 0.3 mg/cu m. The present level established for
working areas (two mg/cu m) caused irritation of the conjunc-
tive and nasal mucosa, lowered eye sensitivity to light, and
elicited changes in the rhythm and amplitude of respiratory
movements. Air quality measurements in the area around oil
drying plants determined concentrations of acrolein in excess
of the allowable limits even at 1000 m from the plant. (Author
conclusions modified)
36924
Takhirov, M. T.
BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF AL-
LOWABLE CHLORINE CONCENTRATION IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE OF INHABITED LOCALITIES. In: Limits of Al-
lowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. V. A.
Ryazanov (ed.), Book 4, Washington, D. C., U. S. Dept. of
Commerce, 1960, p. 31-49. 13 refs. (Translated by B. S.
Levine.) NTIS: TT61-11148
The atmosphere in the neighborhood of a chemical processing
plant and the city of Moscow was monitored for concentra-
tions of chlorine to help in determining maximum allowable
concentrations for inhabited areas. The air of the plant was
continuously polluted with chlorine and the air of the city con-
tained a continuous supply of free chlorine even at compara-
tively great distances from the source of discharge. Chlorine
was correlated with meteorological variables. The effect of
chlorine on human health was investigated. The threshold of
chlorine odor perception for sensitive persons was 0.5 mg/cu
m. The threshold of chlorine effect on reflex activity as deter-
mined by changes in eye sensitivity to light was identical.
Thresholds as determined by respiration and optical chronaxy
were 1.5 mg/cu m. The maximum allowable concentration
adopted by the USSR was 0.1 mg/cu m, a value considerably
below the established thresholds. (Author conclusions
modified)
36927
Bushtueva, K. A.
THRESHOLD REFLEX EFFECT OF SO2 AND SULFURIC
ACID AEROSOL SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN THE
AD2. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric
Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov (ed.), Book 4, Washington, D. C.,
U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 1960, p. 72-79. 6 refs. (Translated
by B. S. Levine.) NTIS: TT61-11148
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
163
The threshold reflex effect of simultaneous sulfur dioxide and
sulfuric acid aerosol exposure was investigated to recheck the
standard limits for the simultaneous presence of two or more
pollutants. The simultaneous inhalation of SO2 and H2SO4
aerosol in above-threshold concentrations elicited reflex
changes in eye sensitivity to light and in optical chronaxy
which approximately equaled the sum of changes resulting
from individual exposure to the pollutants. The simultaneous
effect in concentrations equal to the allowable concentrations
(0.05 and 0.03 mg/cu m) on the curves of adaptation to dark-
ness or in the optical chronaxy curve on man was nil. The
synergistic effect of simultaneous exposure was active only in
concentrations exceeding the maximum allowable limits.
(Author conclusions modified)
36928
Borisova, M. K.
MATERIALS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LIMITS OF
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF DICHLOROETHANE
IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Concentra-
tions of Atmospheric Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov (ed.), Book
4, Washington, D. C., U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 1960, p. 49-
59. 26 refs. (Translated by B. S. Levinei) NTIS: TT61-11148
The effect of dichloroethane on human health was investigated
with respect to threshold concentrations to determine values
for maximum allowable concentration limits. Dichloroethane
vapor threshold odor perception was 23.2 mg/cu m for most
persons and 17.5 mg/cu m for highly sensitive persons. The
threshold effect of the vapor concentration on the functional
state of the optic analyzer was 60 mg/cu m; concentrations of
6.0, 9.0, 12, 17.5, 23.2, 25, 30, and 50 mg/cu m lowered the
sensitivity of the optical analyzer to stimulation by light. Tests
of the threshold effect of dichloroethane on vascular reactions
and respiration (6.0 mg/cu m) determined the maximum al-
lowable concentration at 4.0 mg/cu m. (Author conclusions
modified)
37229
Kettner H. and A. Hampel
POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE
HUMAN ORGANISM. (Schadstoffe in der Luft und ihre Ein-
wirkungen auf den menschlichen Organismus). Text in Ger-
man. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(12):441, Dec. 1971.
Exposure of the human organism to lead concentrations of 1
microgram/cu m air causes, in the long run, an increased
discharge of coproporphyrin, i.e., in effect a disturbance of
the metabolism. A similar effect is achieved by a carbon
monoxide concentration of 2 mg/cu m. Concentrations of Pb
and CO of the above magnitude are found in the atmosphere
more than 50% of the time. The present methods of ventilation
of homes and offices are ineffective, so such concentrations
are also found indoors. The Institute of Climatology is
presently conducting measurements, which are at the moment
limited to sulfur dioxide, CO, Pb, aerosols, and aldehydes, for
determination of the pollutant concentrations in the air which
begin to affect the well being of man.
37337
Kaburagi, Sukekata, Gen-ichi Tokita, and Misa Matsumura
RELATION BETWEEN RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND AIR
POLLUTION IN FUJINOMIYA DISTRICT OF SHIZUOKA
PREFECTURE. (PART I). (Shizuoka-ken Fujlnomiya chlku ni
okeru kokyuki kei shikkan to taiki osen tone kankei ni tsuite no
chosa (Dai 1 po). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi
(Japan. J. Public Health), 18(10):423, 1971.
Patients which colds, acute bronchitis, asthma broncbiale,
bronchitis with asthmatic attacks, chronic bronchitis, pharyn-
gitis, and allergic rhinitis in Fujinomiya City and Shibakawa-
cho were examined during March 1969 and February 1970.
These two districts are contiguous to Fuji City where serious
air pollution is caused by many paper manufacturing factories.
During the investigation, monthly average concentration of
sulfur dioxide was 0.023 - 0.037. Morbidity of acute bronchitis
in these districts was lower than that of Fuji City, but
bronchitis with asthmatic attacks was the same as in a non-
polluted district of Fuji City. Though the effect of air pollution
of Fuji City was clearly observed in Fujinomiya City a cor-
relation between meteorological conditions, observed at the
same time, and occurrence of respiratory diseases was not
found.
37504
Oshima, Hidehiko, Masayuki Imai, and Fukiko Kawagishi
AIR POLLUTION AND MORTALITY IN YOKKAICHI DIS-
TRICT. (Yokkaichi chiiki ni okeru taiki osen to shiboritsu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J.
Public Health), 18(10):424, 1971.
Deaths in Yokkaichi District from 1961 to 1969 were classified
according to death certificates by year, area, cause, age, and
sex; comparison between polluted and non-polluted areas and
the correlation with air pollution were investigated. In the pol-
luted area compared to the non-polluted areas, the mortality
due to malignant neoplasm tended to be high; the mortality
due to damage on blood vessels of the central nervous system
tended to be low. In mortalities due to total heart diseases,
total tubercular diseases, and pneumonia, the difference
between both areas was not clear. While the mortality due to
bronchial asthma decreased year after year since about 1966 in
the non-polluted area, it tended to increase year after year in
the polluted area; on the average in 1967 and 1968, a signifi-
cant difference at 5% risk was evident. The correlation
between mortality due to obstructive respiratory diseases and
sulfur dioxide from 1967 to 1969 was significant at a risk of
5%.
37505
Tsunetoshi, Yoshizo, Tadahiko Shimizu, Ryuichiro, Suzuki,
Miyoko Ueda, Noriko Nakayama, Yasuyo Yamagata, Katsumi
Yoshida, Hidehiko Oshima, Masayuki Imai, Toru Yoshida,
Motoaki Adachi, Fumihiko Akai, and Katsuhiko Tsujioka
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION TO SCHOOL CHILDREN.
PART I. (Taiki osen no gakudo ni taisuru eikyo. (Dai 1 po)).
Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public
Health), 18(10):420,1971.
The effects of smoke and dust were investigated for five years
since 1965 with respect to school children in Chiba, Mie, and
Osaka (nine schools with a total number of children of 23,048)
and the data were examined. Respiratory function tests with
children of non-polluted schools (average value of sulfur diox-
ide) measured by the lead dioxide method from January 1964
through April 1968 was below 0.3 mg/day/100 sq cm) in each
prefecture were determined for forced vital capacity (Y) mea-
sured by Vitalor as indicated by the following formula where
body height is expressed as X and age as Z: Y equals (0.44 +
3.01Z)X - 345.22Z + 1379.88 in boys, and Y equals (0.44 +
3.01Z)X - 345.33Z + 1244.12 in girls. The difference between
the values obtained from the above calculation and actual
measurements was within the range of observational errors
both in boys and girls. It was found that 1, 0.75, and 03
second rates decreased with the increase of height in all grades
and both sexes. Mean values of SO2 measured M-
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164
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
method as an index of pollution were divided into four groups
such as 1.0, 0.5 - 0.9, 0.1 - 0.4 and below 0.1 mg/day/100 sq
cm. As a result of calculation in each group, the difference
between actual and expected values of forced vital capacity
became larger and the frequency of values below the expected
one increased with an increase of pollution level. The dif-
ference of mean values of timed vital capacity corrected for
height between polluted and non-polluted schools became
larger with an increase of pollution in the case of pollution
level over 0.1 mg/day/100 sq cm.
376200
Pel dman, Yu. G. and T. I. Bonashevaskaya
ON THE EFFECTS OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF FOR-
MALDEHYDE. (O deistvii malykh kontsentratsii formal
degida na organizm). Hyg. Sanit. (English translation from
Russian of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 36(5):174-180, May 1971. 15 refs.
NTIS: TT 71-50122/2
Human subjects were tested for the effects of brief exposure
to formaldehyde, and albino rats were tested for the effects of
long-term exposure. Reflex changes in the human organism
were evaluated by determining olfactory thresholds and the ef-
fects on cerebral biopotentials (with electroencephalograms).
In 7 of 15 subjects, the minimum detectable and subliminal
formaldehyde concentrations were 0.0073 and 0.054 mg/cu m,
respectively. The remaining subjects had higher thresholds. In
five of the subjects with the lower thresholds, 0.04 mg/cu m
formaldehyde had no effect on cerebral bioelectric activity.
However, 0.053 mg/cu m formaldehyde produced statistically
reliable changes in all five subjects. Inhalation of 1 mg/cu m
(the maximum permissible concentration in industrial air) and
3 mg/cu m formaldehyde by abino rats for three months
produced mild cytological and cytochemical alterations in the
liver and brain against a background of moderate hyperemia.
There was also a syndrome of intensified functional activity of
the thyroid gland and adrenals, which is the morphological
equivalent of the development of adaption processes in an or-
ganism exposed to adverse environmental factors. Exposure to
0.012 mg/cu m formaldehyde (the mean diurnal MFC for at-
mospheric air) produced no detectable changes in the animals.
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165
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
00408
M. Kehren
(INDUSTRIAL MEASURES FOR THE MAINTENACE OF
PURE AIR AND WATER.) Industrielle Massnahmen zur Rein-
haltung von Luft und Wasser. Textilveredlung (Basel) 1(5):219-
227, May 1966. Text in Ger.
The general problem of air and water pollution in chemical
plants in Germany is reviewed. The large-scale development
and construction of air and water pollution control devices at
the Hoechst AG Dyeworks, Frankfurt-am-Main, is described
in detail. (Author summary)
01557
M. J. Bossavy
CANKERS CAUSED BY FLUORINE). (LES NECROSES
DUES AU FLUOR.) Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), 8(30): 176-184, June
1966.
The shape, color and evolution of cankers caused by fluorine,
according to the stage of development reached by the leaf for
a certain number of leafy and resinous plants are described.
Cankers caused by fluorine may be confused with the effects
of cold, dryness or insect attacks, and very close observation
is needed to avoid such confusion. Pen drawings showing dif-
ferences between cankered parts and healthy parts are in-
cluded. (Author summary)
02041
L. de Cormis
(COMPARISON OF THE ACTIONS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
AND FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON SOME PLANTS.) Action
Comparee de 1' Anhydride Sulfureux et des Derive Fluores Sur
Quelques Vegetaux. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., Lon-
don, 1966. (Paper VI/5. pp. 173-3.
Sulphur dioxide and fluorine compounds are well-known pol-
luting agents. In many industrial areas in France they are the
cause of appreciable damage to the surrounding vegetation.
The appearance and the morphology of the burns vary accord-
ing to the polluting agent involved; moreover, the climatic con-
ditions have a preponderating influence on the extent of the
damage observed. The absorption rates of the two polluting
agents have been studied and there is an important difference
between the two gaseous pollutants. After having been ab-
sorbed, sulphur dioxide and the fluorine compounds behave
differently in the plant. This may be explained by the fact that
sulphur is a normal metabolite of the plant, whereas the
fluorine ion is irrelevant to it and does not therefore take part
in any normal metabolic process. It accumulates in certain
definite parts where it could cause necroses when a certain
level has been overstepped. (Author abstract)
02049
J. Bossavy
(THE ACTION OF GASEOUS FLUORINE COMPOUNDS ON
FOREST SPECIES.) Action des Fluorures Gazeux Sur les
Especes Forestieres. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., Lon-
don, 1966. (Paper VI/13). pp. 193-6.
Very close study of vegetation makes it possible to reduce a
pollution by examining only the canker or burning which this
examination shows occurs on the vegetation around the sta-
tion- herbaceous flowers, shrubs and trees. The time at which
such a programme should start must be judiciously decided.
The possibility of proceeding with sampling and analysis of
leaves or (pine) needles remains. It appears that in the USA
the tendency is to establish a single pollution by chemical anal-
ysis of the air which, incidentally, does not provide informa-
tion on the damage caused to plants and animals. In the
USSR, on the contrary, Dr. Izmerov takes examination of
vegetations as the basis for determining air quality. The author
thinks that this latest type of study requires sustained atten-
tion, and sense of observation, extensive knowledge of vegeta-
ble biology, and of the kinds of attack to which various
vegetable forms are liable. It makes it possible to place diagno-
sis of pollution-by fluorine (compounds) on firm basis. (Author
abstract)
02541
(SCIENTIFIC METHODS AND TECHNIQUES TO
DECREASE THE POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT,
THROUGH INHALATION OR INGESTION, AND OF
ACOUSTICAL 'NUISANCES.') Moyens scientifiques et
techniques de diminuer la pollution des milieux inhales ou in-
geres et des 'nuisances' acoustiques. (Chapter 3: Les pollutions
et 'nuisances' d'origine industrielle et urbaine. Tome 1. Leur
prevention et les problems scientifiques et techniques qn'elle
pose en France.) Premier Ministre, Delegation generate a la
recherche scientifique et technique. June 1966. pp. 47-59.
The functioning of chlorophyll in the course of photosynthesis
in leaves of plants serves as a method of air purification of
sufficient importance to consider its use in control. Vegeta-
tion, like men and animals, can sustain a considerable amount
of damage to the point where the threshold limit of absorption
of toxic substances is exceeded. The three gases causing the
most damage to vegetation are carbon monoxide, the sulfur
oxides, and those containing fluorine. Also to be considered
are acid 'smog', toxic 'smog', ozone, and nitrogen oxides.
Other industrial pollutants which have a toxic influence, but
less sever and localized, are dusts, hydrogen sulfides,
hydrochloric acid, etc. Ethylene and carbon monoxide cause
great damage to the growth hormones, particularly auxin. The
effects of SO2, SO3, and H2S04 are related to the quanity of
gas emitted, the degree of resistance of the species, their state
of development, and the various environmental conditions.
The sensitivity of vegetation to the action of sulfur gases va-
ries essentially as a function of the speed of absorption of the
gas by the leaves. Through experimentation it has been found
that the plant species which are most sensitive to SO2 are
chickweed, alfalfa, barley, oats, wheat, rhubarb, lettuce, en-
dive, spinich, cabbage, and tobacco. Apples, apricots,
peaches, grapes, com, and beans are less sensitive, whereas
the floral species such as gladiolus, rose, and lilac offer con-
siderable resistance. Aquatic vegetation is often used as puri-
fying means for polluted streams. Subsoils purify themselves
of pollutant materials in various ways, including uptake by
vegetation and dispersion in the soil with rain water, etc. In &
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166
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
section on means of decreasing the inhaled pollutants the fol-
lowing are mentioned: dust collectors, normal methods of
dispersion in the atmosphere, fumes from domestic fires, auto
exhaust fumes, fuel additives, improvement of combustion in
engines, recycling of crankcase gases, post-combustion ap-
pliances, and redesigning of motors. Also given in this section
(Chapter 3) is some similar information on ingested pollutants
and on problems of noise.
04368
H. Schnitt and E. Moser
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE FLUORINE
PROBLEM IN THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. Weitere Ent-
wicklungen zum Fluorproblem hi der Aluminium-Industrie. Z.
Erzbergbau Metallhuettenwesen 18, (3) 111-5, Mar. 196S. Ger.
This paper reports on the state of the arts concerning control
and scrubbing equipment for fluoride inside working premises
as well as directly from electrolytic furnaces. Far reaching
research has improved the already very effective methods and
installations. An optimal aerodynamic air ventilation is used
very effectively. Control of dust and gaseous components,
measurements of fluorine from the air inside of working
premises and from the exhaust are done separately. Measure-
ment and control is accomplished according to VDI-Richtlinien
(guides) No. 2093 and 2452. The success of reduction in
fluorine content with the installation of control equipment can
be measured by the reduction of the fluoride content in grass,
in the vicinity of the plant, which is used as cattle feed.
07360
Domros, M.
LICHENS AS INDICATORS OF AIR POLLUTION AND CITY
CLIMATE. ((Flechten als Indikator von Luftverunreinigung
and Stadt- klima.)) Text in German. Stadtehygiene (Uel-
zen/Hamburg), 18(2):33-39, Feb. 1967. ((42)) refs.
In the Ruhr valley, a study of the distribution of lichens was
performed with the aim of answering the question whether
lichens are useful indicator plants for air pollution. In urban
areas, 25,000 trees were surveyed and their coverage by
epiphytic lichens evaluated. Three zones were distinquished:
lichen deserts, coinciding with industrial areas, a zone of
struggle, and zones populated by lichens. It could not be safe-
ly established whether air pollution alone is influencing the
distribution of lichens-. Rather, a combination of air pollution
and city climate with its lower humidity and higher tempera-
tures is more likely responsible. Experiments are suggested to
determine detailed environmental factors influencing the
growth of lichens. Four maps and six tables illustrate climate,
air pollution, and lichen distribution in the Ruhr valley.
11415T
R. Zahn
EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON VEGETATION:
RESULTS OF GAS EXPOSURE EXPERIMENTS. (Wirkungen
von Schwefeldioxyd auf die Vegetation. Ergebnisse aus
Begasungsversuchen.) Translated from German. Staub, (En-
glish translation) 21(2):56-60, Feb. 1, 1961. 7 refs.
The resistance of different plants to exposure with sulfur diox-
ide in concentrations varying from 0.15 to 0.8 was studied.
Long range tolerance limits were determined in a range from
0.15 to 0.4 ppm for different plants. Also the effects of short
duration exposures, the importance of time intervals between
exposures, the effects of duration of exposure and concentra-
tion, and the combination of toxic and subtoxic concentrations
vere determined. For a given amount of gas an increase of
non-exposure period and an increase in impulse frequency of
gas exposure were found to prolong the threshold period after
which irritation occurs. Concentrations below the threshold
value were found to enhance the effect of concentration
peaks. In all cases a strict distinction had to be made between
continuous and intermittent exposure, the latter allowing recu-
perative pauses within certain ranges of concentration. The
plants were divided into the following groups according to
their resistance as well as their tolerance: 4) clover type cattle
feed, 2) cereals, and 3) rape, cabbage etc. Individual SO2 im- ,
missions cannot be treated by a simple additive process in the
determination of gas effects on plants. The manner of their
distribution over the dirunal period must be taken into ac-
count, along with biological and meteorological factors.
12489
Ishizuka, Yoshihisa, Shogo Ochiai, Yoshio Saiki, Nobuaki
Kadoya, Yoko Nishikawa, Takashi Yokoyama, Yoshihiro
Matsuoka, Harumi Koyasu, Osamu Undagawa, Hideo
Ishiwata, Toshio Ohno, and Michio Maeno
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS (2). Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution, 2(1):78-80, 1967. Translated from
Japanese. 12p.
Studies on the relationship between air pollution and the sulfur
content of tree leaves, the effect of sulfur dioxide on the ger-
mination of pear pollen grams, and the effects of pollutants on
trees are summarized. The sulfur content of tree leaves, as
determined by the barium sulfate gravimetric method, was
positively correlated with atmospheric sulfur oxide concentra-
tions measured by the lead dioxide method. The effects of sul-
fur dioxide on the germination of pollen grains were relatively
minor. Correlations were observed between the degree of air
pollution and the growth, sturdiness, and autumnal tints of
trees. In the case of ginko and platanus trees, there was an in-
timate correlation between sturdiness and leaf color and the
amounts of dust and S03 on the leaves. However, the damage
appeared to occur by a different mechanism in each species.
12534
lagovkin, A. F.
HYGD2NIC CONDITIONS IN THE OPEN-HOUSING SYSTEM
OF CATTLE RAISING. ((Gigienicheskie usloviya stoilovo-
lagernogo soderzhaniyz korov.)) Text in Russian. Nauchno-
proizvodstvennaya informatsiya, 7:109-111, 1954.
Open-housing raising of cattle was investigated at 7 farms. Ef-
fects of environmental conditions (temperature, moisture con-
tent and purity of air) on the physiological state and produc-
tivity of cattle raised under various conditions (tents, camp
sheds, winter barnyards) were studied. Evaluations were made
in terms of physiological indices: pulse frequency, breathing,
heat release and day and night milk yield. An investigation was
made of pulmonary gas exchange with the aid of respiratory
masks. The corresponding data, relating temperature, number
of respiration and heat release, are tabulated and an optimum
24-'our time schedule is proposed, based on 8-hour periods
between milking and presumed night pasturing. The average
annual milk yield of cattle under examination amounted to
4,000 to 5,000 liters under 40 to 50 per cent open-housing con-
ditions. Summer camps necessitate the erection of adequate
enclosures, because on cold or rainy days, or at night, the
keeping of cattle in the open air decreases their milk yield.
Winter barnyards may be also used, if necessary, on hot or
cold days to provide cattle with rest. The barnyards then have
to be constantly ventilated to prevent a detrimental rise in
temperature, and moisture and ammonia content of air.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
167
12535
Kiuger, Gerhard
AN INCIDENT OF DERMOPLAKIA PARALYTICA AL-
BICANS AFTER TREATMENT OF MANGE WITH GAS.
((Bin Fall von Dermoplkia paralytica albicans im Anschluss an
Raudebegasung.)) Text in German. Berlin Muenchn. Tieraerztl
Wochschr., 8:156-157, 1951.
Through the treatment of mange with gas the skin is some-
times injured. This is caused by a reaction of sulphur dioxide
with the moist skin (SO2 + H2O = H2SO3). In the spring of
1946 a fifteen year old mare was treated with SO2 against
mange. About eight weeks later an eczema developed which
was treated with some sort of cream. The eczema healed
within six weeks. Four months after the treatment with gas,
spots of white hair of the size of a coin were observed which
enlarged rapidly and after 30 months the entire area from the
knee upward was affected. About 32 months later the fanner
observed some difference in the movement of the right leg as
compared to the left, 36 months later frequent stumbling.
After another six months the horse fell when it wanted to turn
and it could not lie down any more but rested using the wall of
its stable as support. In the 46th month the farmer had to
slaughter his horse. Two X-rays and an illustration of the
spread of the disease are given.
13624
Stoeckl, W. and M. Weiser
COPPER MANGANESE ZINC AND MAGNESIUM CONTENT
IN ENDOCRINE ORGANS OF HORSES, CATTLE AND PIGS.
(Kupfer-, Mangan-, Zink-und Magnesiumgehalt in endorkrinen
Organen bcim Pferd, Rind und Schwein.) Translated from Ger-
man. Zbl. Veterinaermed, 15(2):477-479, July 1968.
In horses, cattle and pigs the content of copper, manganese,
zinc and magnesium was determined in the pituitary, adrenal,
thyroid, pancreas, ovary and thymus, and the mean values and
standard deviations were determined. Within the same animal
there were considerable variations of each element as between
the different endocrine glands and similar significant dif-
ferences from one animal to another. These results are not ex-
tensive enough to permit any conclusion on the relationship of
the examined elements to the endocrine function or their in-
fluence on the enzyme activity.
13838
Macuch, P., E. Hluchan, J. Mayer, and E. Able
AIR POLLUTION BY FLUORIDE COMPOUNDS NEAR AN
ALUMINUM FACTORY. Fluoride Quarterly, J. Intern. Soc.
Fluoride Res., 2(l):28-32, Jan. 1969.
From 1958 to 1965, contamination near an aluminum factory in
the vicinity of Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, averaged 0.14 mg
F/cu cm. This average represents a fivefold increase above the
maximum allowable concentration of 0.03 mg F/cu cm. The
gaseous fluorides HF and SiF4 constitute 39% of the fluid
values- in the air near the plant as compared to 61% solids,
namely CaF2, NaF, and Alf3. The proportion varies with the
distance from the factory: at an area 8 to 9 km from the facto-
ry, 15% solid and 85% gaseous F compounds were present in
the atmosphere. The relative increase in gaseous compounds is
apparently due to sedimentation of the solid F compounds
near the factory. Values of the yearly F fallout in the con-
taminated area were 44 to 7337 kg sq km. F values obtained
for soil in the area of the factory were 135 mg/100 g (1350).
This is 4 to 7 times higher than the usual F content of soil.
Grass near the factory contained F values as high as 133
mg/100 g dry substances. While running surface waters
showed only slightly increased F levels, standing surface
waters contained as much as 10.9 mg/1. Determination of F
fallout and of F content in plants and biological materials is
the best means of assessing long term effects of fluoride emis-
sions. Meteorological influences appear to be less significant in
evaluating F damage. The composition of soil, the presence of
F dust on plants, and the F content of flowing and ground
waters are of little use in determining F damage to human,
plant, and animal life.
14417
Boertitz, Siegfried and Michael Yogi
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CONTRD3UTIONS
TO SMOKE DAMAGE RESEARCH. 9. PHYSIOLOGICAL IN-
VESTIGATIONS OF RESISTANCE DIFFERENCES OF PINUS
SILVESTRIS. (Physiologische und biochemische Beitraege zur
Rauchschadenforschung. 9. Physiologische Untersuchungen
zur individuellen Rauchhaerte von Pinus silvestris). Text in
German. Arch. Forstw., 18(1):55-60,1969.
To separate the effects of prior exposure to sulfur dioxide and
of higher sensitivity to SO2 in evaluating results of SO2 expo-
sure tests, measurements of intensity of assimilation and trans-
piration and of smoke resistance of plants should be carried
out independently on specimens grown in smoke-free environ-
ments. Accordingly, twigs cut from 16 clones of 12-year old
pine tree grafts were subjected to shock-gassing by a previ-
ously described method and ranked according to their smoke
resistance. The most and the least resistant clones were
selected for subsequent tests in (1) SO2-free air and (2) air
containing 0.4, 1.5, or 3.0 ppm of SO2. In (1), May shoots cut
from either kind of clone were trimmed under water and kept
standing in water for two or three days, after which their gas
exchange was measured in the laboratory with coupled in-
frared absorption spectrographs. In (2), individual intact twigs
of either kind of clone were gassed with SO2-containing air in
situ, and their CO2 assimilation was measured by a previously
described method. In (1), the net assimilation intensity of
either kind of clone showed no significant differences, that of
less resistant clones tending to be higher while exhibiting
wider individual variations. In (2), the depression of net as-
similation due to shock-gassing sets in sooner in the less re-
sistant clones; also, at higher SO2 content, the depression is
more intense and the recovery is slower than in the more re-
sistant clones.
14433
Lampadius, Felix
THE BURKHARDTSWALD FOREST NEAR AUE AS A
CLASSICAL EXAMPLE OF SMOKE INJURY PROTECTION.
(Der Burkhardtswald bei Aue als klassisches Beispiel wald-
baulicher Rauchschadenabwehr). Text in German. Abhand.
Saechs. Akad. Wiss. Leipzig, Math.- Naturw. Kl., 20p., 1969.
44 refs.
A history of smoke injuries in the past 80 years in the Burk-
hardtswald forest near Aue, East Germany, is given, along
with an evaluation of the protective measures which have been
taken. The prevailing species in the Burkhardtswald is the
spruce, although the climatic conditions are not the best for its
growth. It is an area of moderate precipitation, almost not suf-
ficient for coniferous trees. The entire forest is subjected to
average SO2 emissions of 0.20 mg/cu m, mainly stemming
from combustion of coal. For the past 30 years, extensive ar-
senic emissions have also affected the area. Their contribution
to smoke injuries of trees has not yet been studied. Smoke in-
juries from SO2 on spruces and firs were observed in the
forest as early as 1860; older trees were particularly affected.
For the past several decades, dead or severly injured spruces
-------
168
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
and firs have been replaced by fast- growing Weymouth firs,
red oaks, and birches. Unfortunately, no plan was established,
so that in some areas, less valuable birch groves developed.
Cultivation of Pinus nigra in this area is still in the experimen-
tal stage. In the future, Japanese firs will also be planted. On
the average, it was found that beech trees are growing very
well in the area, and no smoke injuries have been observed on
them.
14489
Kobayashi, J., F. Morii, S. Muramoto, and S. Nakashima
EFFECTS OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION BY HEAVY
METALS (CD PB AND ZN) ON AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS CAUSED FROM A MINE REFINERY IN
GUMMA PREFECTURE. (Gamma-ken ka no bo kozan seiren
go no hai gas niyorn nosaku motsu nado no gukinzoku osen (Cd,
Pb, Zn) nl tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigakn Zassbl
(Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):67, April 1969.
Pollution of plants growing on a hill by cadmium, zinc, and
lead present in waste gases from a mine refinery was deter-
mined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of the
elements following their extraction from dried and ashed plant
samples. Plant distance from the refinery ranged from 400 to
2500 m, and plant content of metals varied with distance. Cad-
mium levels ranged from 17 to 3.3 ppm and zinc from 2590 to
360 ppm in mulberry leaves. The cadmium content of moss,
greens, and eggplant leaves collected at 700 m from the
refinery varied from 41 to 61 ppm and the zinc content from
2620 to 7010 ppm. Values were lower in corn, tomatoes,
pumpkins, and persimmons. Taro, carrots, Welsh onions and
burdochs showed medium values.
15158
Taniyama, Tetsuro and Hiroki Arikado
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF INJURIOUS EFFECTS
OF TOXIC GASES ON CROP PLANTS, m. ON THE
DEGREE OF INJURIES AND A KIND OF TYPICAL SYMP-
TOM OF INJURIES CAUSED BY H2SO3 SOLUTION SPRAY
TO RICE PLANTS. (Sakubutsu no gasu shogai ni kansuru
kenkyu. Dai 3 ho. Aryusansui no yomensanpu ni yoru suina no
shogai to shogai teido ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon
Sakumotsu Gakkai Kiji (Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan),
38(2):222-228, June 1969. 15 refs.
Two kinds of symptoms typical of injuries caused by sulfur
dioxide as H2SO3 were observed on the leaf blades and
sheaths of paddy rice; one was multiple brown spots and the
other was white lesions. These symptoms were observed at the
leaf tip, between the veins, and sometimes at the edges of the
blades and sheath. To prove that these symptoms were ac-
tually due to SO2, rice plants were sprayed with H2SO3 solu-
tion both during the day and at night. Only brown spots were
observed; decrease in chlorophyll was directly proportional to
the amount of acid sprayed, and the most severe damage was
inflicted on the leaves in the third and fourth position from the
top. Sulfur content was higher in leaves sprayed during the
day than in those sprayed at night.
15228
Materna, J., J. Jirgle, and J. Kucera
RESULTS OF THE MEASUREMENT OF SULPHUR DIOX-
IDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE WOODS OF ORE MOUN-
TAINS. (Vysledky mereni koncentraci kyslicniku siriciteho v
lesich Krusnych hor). Text in Czech. Ochrana Ovzdusi, 1(6):84-
92, 1969. 5 refs.
The concentration of sulfur dioxide was measured on different
days to compare the level of emissions with the state of the
woods and to observe the changes in concentration levels as a
result of new emission sources. Emissions considered were
SO2 levels above 0.01 mg/cu m. Measurements were taken
with polarographic - coulometric analyzers beginning in 1966 in
five regions which ranged from undamaged to heavily
damaged fir copses. Measurements were taken at 30 minute in-
tervals for one year. During measurement, the influence of
emissions from a new thermal plant was seen on undamaged
copses as the conditions grew worse. The results proved that
there is a relationship between the damage of the copse and
the emission level. It was verified that fir copses are damaged
by lower sulfur dioxide concentrations than expected. To ex-
press all the factors that are influential in damaging plants,
measurements based on an analysis of air samples abstracted
during a longer time period are necessary.
15538
Guderian, R.
REACTIONS OF PLANT COMMUNITIES IN THE FIELD
CULTIVATION OF FODDER TO SO2. (Reaktionen von
Pflanzengemeinschaften des Feldfutterbaues auf Schwefel-
dioxideinwirkungen). Text in German. Schriftenreihe Lan-
desanstalt Immissions-und Bodennutzungsschutz Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen (Essen), no. 4:80-100, 1967. 7 refs.
Sulfur dioxide exposure experiments were performed in small
plastic greenhouses where various types of fodder plants
(clover, grass, rye, etc.) were grown either in pots or in the
soil. Various SO2 concentrations and exposure times were
selected. In the first experiment, clover (Trifolium pratense)
and grass (Lolium multiflorum) were exposed for 9 hours to
SO2 concentrations of 1 mg, 2 mg, and 5 mg/cu m air. While 1
mg SO2 had no effect on the plants, 2 mg clearly retarded
growth of the clover. The grass showed a reduced growth rate
only at 5 mg, whereas the clover growth rate was already
down to 37% that of the control. This selective effect of SO2
could be confirmed by other experiments with Vicia villosa
Roth, Trifolium incarnatum L., and Lolium multiflorum. The
first two plants experienced extremely retarded growth, while
the last grew satisfactorily. The shift in the composition of
plant communities becomes more pronounced at higher SO2
concentrations. Resistance of the plants to air pollutants varies
with their developmental stage. Exposure to SO2 of Vicia vil-
losa Roth, and Avena saliva L., which were both in an early
developmental stage, showed that the latter was damaged
much more in the eight-leaf stage than in the 3-leaf stage. The
Vicia villosa growth rate was greatly reduced, while oats
produced more chlorophyll. A study of the yield of clover and
Lolium multiflorum grown together and separately showed
that the former had a lower yield in both cases, and the latter
had a higher growth rate in the mixed bed than when grown
alone.
16059
Rozybakiev, M. A. and M. M. Ababkov
EFFECT OF CO, CU AND MN ON THE CONTENT OF
TRACE AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN THE SALIVA OF
SHEEP. (Vliyanie Co, Cu i Mn na soderzhanie mikroi
makroelementov v slyune ovets). Tr. Inst. Fiziol. Akad. Nauk
Kaz. SSR, vol. 10:101-105, 1966. 10 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science
Info. Services, 10p., Sept. 25, 1969.
Trace elements are necessary for the normal course of biologi-
cal processes. Cobalt affects tissue metabolism, depressing ox-
idative processes, and non-specifically activating enzymatic
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
169
metabolism. Copper is a necessary constituent of all cells.
Manganese acts on the reproductive capacity of animals and is
required for growth. The physiological action of copper,
cobalt, and manganese on the content of trace elements and
more abundant elements in the secretion of the parotid glands
in sheep was investigated. The experiments were performed in
series. In the first series, the separate effect of each element
was studied. In the second series, complex supplementation
with Cu + Mn + Co was carried out. The elements found in
saliva were Na, K, Ca, Si, Mg, Al, P, Cu, Mn, and Ti. The
content of Na, K, and Si in the saliva in all series did not
change. Introduction of Co increased Ca and Cu content and
decreased P, and had no effect on Mn. After Co supplementa-
tion was stopped, the content of Ca, P, and Cu in the saliva
increased slightly. The addition of Cu increased Mg and Cu
content. After Cu feeding was stopped, Cu and P decreased
and dropped to the original level. The addition of manganese
to the diet has no effect. Combined feeding has no effect on
P, Ca, and Mn content of the saliva, but the amount of Cu in-
creased, even after supplementation stopped. Cobalt was not
found in the saliva in any of the cases.
16152
Garber, Kurt
A STUDY OF THE INTAKE OF TOXICANTS THROUGH
THE BARK OF TREES. (Ueber die Aufnahme von Schadstof-
fen durch die Rinde der Baeume). Text in German. Wiss. Z.
Tech. Univ. Dresden. ll(3):549-552,1962. 12 refs.
The retention of fluorine and its compounds in the bark of
trees is discussed. Analysis of the barks of willows, poplars
and alders stemming from the vicinity of a superphosphate
plant showed considerable amounts of fluorine; hardly any
traces were found in the wood. The quantitative analysis of
fluorine by perchloric acid distillation showed that a relation-
ship exists between the fluorine content in the bark and the
distance of the emission source. Gassing experiments with
hydrofluoric acid on three-year old barren trees and cut
branches in the winter showed that the fluorine content rose to
between 33 and 65 mg in 100 g dry substance, depending on
the exposure time; 1.71 to 4.28 mg fluorine was found in the
wood. In non-exposed trees, fluorine concentrations of 0.9 to
1.6 mg in the bark and 0.2 to 0.3 mg in the wood were found.
A further series of gassing experiments with trees during the
winter period showed that the fluorine content of the leaves
was twice or three times as high as that of non-exposed trees.
Maple leaves from trees whose bark was treated with a 2%
sodium fluoride solution also showed an increased fluorine
concentration. Trees in the vicinity of a tar and asphalt plant
stored higher concentrations of tar containing substances in
the bark and, to a less extent, in the wood. Barren trees in the
winter were exposed to ammonia. NH3 could be found in the
bark; it was not found in the wood.
16222
Guderian Robert, Hans Van Haul and Heinrich Stratmann
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PHVTOTOXIC HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS. (Experimentelle Unter-
suchnungen ueber pflanzenschaedigende Fluorwasserstoff-
Konzentrationen). Text in German. Forschungsber. Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, no. 2017:54p., 1969. 48 refs.
The resistance of important plant cultures to hydrogen fluoride
and the HF concentrations which cause plant injuries at long-
term exposure were determined. The test plants were exposed
to certain HF concentrations in small plastic greenhouses. Stu-
dies of the resistance of certain agricultural and forest plants
lead to the formation of various resistance groups which are
important for diagnosis as well as for the selection of plants
for cultivation in HF polluted areas. For diagnosing purposes,
the resistance groups were established with respect to leaf re-
sistance; the yield was used as a criteria for establishing re-
sistance groups in the planning of plant cultures. Tuberous
plants e.g., tulips, crocusses, narcissas, etc., are not suitable
for cultivation in HF polluted areas. Peas, beans and lupines
showed a higher yield reduction than oats, corn, and summer
rap. HF pollution might lead to drastic changes, such as reduc-
tion of less resistant plants which in turn enhances the growth
of resistant species. Concentrations of 1 to 2 microgram HF/cu
m caused severe injuries in tuberous plants after several days
of exposure. In grasses and various types of clovers, a
fluorine accumulation of 9 mg/100 g dry substance was found
at a 16 day exposure to an average concentration of as little as
0.85 microgram HF/cu m. Winter barley showed a yield reduc-
tion after 12 days of exposure to 3.3 microgram HF/cu m.
Oats, lupines, and peas showed a growth retardation at con-
centrations above 4 microgram HF/cu m. Spruces, Weymouth
pines, Japanese lark, and Nordmann hemlocks began to show
needle injuries after several days of exposure to concentra-
tions between 1.5 and 4 microgram HF/cu m. Older leaves
generally showed higher fluorine accumulations than young
ones.
16226
Materna, Jan
DETERMINATION AND PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION
DAMAGE TO FORESTS IN THE CZECH PART OF THE
ERZGEBIRGE. (Forstliche Massnahmen zur Erfassung und
Verhuetung von Waldrauchschaeden im tschechischen Teil des
Erzgebirges). Forst Holzwirtschaft, 15(13): July 1960. 7 refs.
Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 10p., Oct. 13, 1969.
Spruce trees in the forest areas of the Erzgebirge were found
to be extensively damaged by sulfur dioxide present in smoke
from open coal pits and coal processing plants. Trees located
in exposed areas such as ridges and plateau swamps were
especially sensitive. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations
of 14.90 mg/cu m were recorded. Soil investigations showed
acidification of the humus layer and of the top layer of the
mineral soil. Sulfur concentrations in the soil reached up to
384 mg SO3 per kg soil. Zinc, lead, and chromium were also
present in concentrations exceeding critical values. Counter-
measures indicate the efficiency of stone meal, primarily
basalt meal, in promoting tree resistance to sulfur dioxide and
of calcium and nitrogen fertilizers in improving the quality of
the humus soil layer. Since the silicic acid concentrations are
always high in the needles of injured spruces, it is thought that
this compound might be a useful indicator of plant damage.
16632
Efler, J.
EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON GROWING
SPRUCE STANDS IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT
TYPOLOGICAL UNITS. (VUv prumyslovych exhalatu na
dospivajici smrkovy porost se zretelem na rozdilne typologicke
jednotky). Scientific and Technical Society, Prague (C-
zechoslovakia), Agriculture and Forestry Section, Proc. Conf.
Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia,
1966, p. IX-1 to DC-24. (Oct. 11-14.) Translated from Czech.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, April 24, 1969.
The problem of smoke damage in a fellable spruce stand with
respect to various typological units is discussed. The investiga-
tion was carried out in the forest of Vysoky Sneznik which be-
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170
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
longs to the sandstone region of Bohemian Switzerland. In the
localities containing the individual types, basic rating data,
health conditions and quality of trees, their height pattern, and
size of crowns were studied. From each typologic unit, 40
borings were taken by means of a Pressler borer from 20 cen-
trally located trees. The tree ring analyses of these borings
were performed with the Eklund apparatus with a plotting
adapter. The soil condition of the individual types were in-
vestigated by six soil probes. The age of spruce stands in the
long-term research area, ascertained by borings, was 75 years.
Injuries to trees due to industrial exhalations, smoke injury,
tree mortality, distribution of thickness growth increments in
trees with various degrees of smoke injury, and comparison of
relative thickness growth increments in individual units were
graphed. It was established that smoke injury, mortality of the
trees and decrease in growth are much greater on exclusively
podzol and gley soils than on ochre soils and moderately pod-
zol soils. It is indicated that the smoke damage does not ap-
pear to be uniform in various localities. The investigation
raised the need for adapting forest management in smoke
damage areas to the particular features of the locality.
16633
Steinhubel
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF
NONTOXIC EMISSIONS ON WOODY PLANTS. (Prispevok k
studiu ucinkov netoxickych immisii na driviny). Scientific and
Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and
Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry,
Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. XIX-1 to XIX-34.
(Oct. 11-14.) Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, April 24,
1969.
The possibility of whether the decrease in the formation of dry
matter could also be caused by deterioration of the balance
between 'formation of dry matter and destruction' is reported.
A known photosynthesis has its optimum at temperatures
lower than those of dissimilation and thus, at super-optimum
temperatures, a decrease in the efficiency of photosynthesis
can arise. The gross dry matter formation for three various
temperatures was determined. Dry matter formation in dark-
ness was checked and the intensity of dissimilation was tested
by a manometric method. The gross dry matter growth incre-
ment in pure leaves rose with increasing temperatures much
more rapidly than that in contaminated leaves, which exhibited
decreased dry matter formation. The curve of the relative in-
crease of respiration at equal temperatures indicates that the
difference should be ascribed to dissimiiatien. Investigation of
the water supply showed that improvement of situation in
dusted leaves (increased release of water, reduced water con-
tent) can be expected only under intensive irradiation in
laboratory conditions. (Author abstract modified)
16634
Wentzel, K. F.
A PROPOSED DRAFT OF A CLASSIFICATION OF IMMIS-
SION DISEASES. (Navrh klasifikace imisnich onemocneni).
Scientific and Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia),
Agricultural and Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind.
Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p.
11-1 to 11-9. (Oct. 11-14.) Translated from Czech. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
April 24, 1969.
It is useful to adapt the existing and presently used -terminolo-
gy with respect to plant damage to the advanced knowledge of
the art while preserving proven concepts. Designations which
can be misunderstood or are unnecessary should be dropped.
This is true especially for the terms invisible injury and invisi-
ble damage. It was suggested that the concept of injury be
replaced with respect to physiologic effects, by disease,
because this designation can be understood only in the biologi-
cal, and not economic, sense. It was further suggested to
distinquish between acute and chronic diseases, and also
recognize a class of secondary disease, together with two
kinds of damage, direct and indirect. In order to differentiate
clearly among the concepts involved in the casual chain, fume-
damage terminology would thus, in respect to the proposed
classification, include 2 forms of effects, 3 grades of disease,
and 2 kinds of damage (7 terms in 3 successive influence
stages). (Author abstract modified)
16637
Ranft, H.
EVALUATION OF A PREVIOUS PLANTING EXPERIMENT
WITHIN THE RANGE OF THE ZINC SMELTER AT
FRED3ERG. (Vyhodnoceni starsiho pokusu s vysadbou v
dosahu zinkove hute u Freibergu). Scientific and Technical
Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and Forestry
Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emission Forestry, Janske
Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. XV-1 to XV-15. (Oct. 11-14.)
Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs..
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, April 24, 1969.
A planting experiment on 10 ha of 40 tree and shrub species
which was started i!93S in an area of emission attack from a
metallurgical plant at Freidberg in Saxony was evaluated. The
experiment was northwest of the plant at 400 m above sea
level on a flat plain which slopes eastward to the Mulda val-
ley. The basic stratum is gray gneiss; the soil is medium-to-
deep, quite loamy, and exhibits medium sorption and nutrient
values. The trees and shrubs were planted in small stands, also
in rows and mixed groups, or former agricultural land. The
prevailing winds were from southwest to northwest and the
growing stands were injured only slightly by the stack gases
from the metallurgical plant. After the beginning of the opera-
tion of a new zinc refinery which was located a few hundred
meters northwest, an increased attack was evidence by SO2,
SO3, and iron oxide dust containing waste material. The iron
oxide dust did not prove harmful. Short-term measurements
gave peak values of more than 1.2 mg SO2/cu m of air. Inju-
ries affecting the size of leaves and fascicles, their color, with
necrosis and inhibition of growth of foliage and fascicles was
observed. The extent of current damage was determined. Mea-
surements of height and circumference, together with borings,
confirmed the more or less large decrease in yields from vari-
ous representative varieties of woody plant found in the area.
Smoke damage on trees and shrubs, based on damage manifes-
tations and yield decrease, were graded and were listed.
16656
Kohout, R. and J. Materna
SORPTION AND PROPAGATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN
THE ASSIMILATION ORGANS OF SOME FOREST WOODY
PLANTS. (Sorpce a sireni kyslicniku siriciteho v asimilacnich
organech nekterych lesnich drevin). Scientific and Technical
Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and Forestry
Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske
Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. XVII-1 to XVII-6. (Oct. 11-
14.) Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, April 24, 1969.
The extent of localization of sulfur dioxide in the vegetation
organs of plants was investigated. Experiments showed that
sulfur dioxide is not absorbed in a uniform manner across the
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
171
surface of the individual tested leaved trees. Increased concen-
trations of SO2, as evidenced in autoradigrams, was observed
primarily on the tips of the leaves and along serrated borders,
or along the edge of the leaf, mostly in narrow, but sometimes
also broad, diffuse zones. The concentration of SO2 in the tips
and borders of the leaves increased within a range of 10-100%.
The autoradiograms indicated that penetration of radioactive
sulfur compounds into the leaf tissue occurred only with
Ulmus effusa and Fagus silvatica. It was also established that
sulfur dioxide sorption was highest with Betula verrucosa,
Fagus silvatica, and Carpinus betulus. Sulfur dioxide sorption
decreased somewhat with Ulmus effusa, Salix caprea, and
Robinia pseudacacia. Substantially reduced sorption was ob-
served in acer platancides, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer campestre,
and Populus nigra italica. No definite conclusions were drawn
about the sorption of sulfur dioxide by the leaves of trees and
the migration of sulfur compounds which arose from SO2
within the plant organism. However, it was directly proved
that the leaves of many woody plants are really capable of ac-
cumulating sulfur dioxide in their marginal portions, even dur-
ing a very short period, from an environment which contains
non-toxic concentrations of the gas.
16657
Enderlein, H., W. Kastner, and H. Heidrich
THE RESPONSE OF SEEDLINGS OF THE LARIX GENUS,
TESTED WITH RESPECT TO SMOKE RESISTANCE, IN
THE AREA OF EXTREME SMOKE INJURIES, PARTICU-
LARLY UNDER THE EFFECT OF SEVERE FROST, OR
LATE FROST. (Zak reaguji sazenice rodu Larix, zkousene na
odolnost proti kouri, v extremni oblasti kourovych skod,
zvlaste pod vlivem silneho mrazu, pripadne pozdniho mrazu).
Scientific and Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia),
Agricultural and Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind.
Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p.
XVI-1 to XVI-11. 6 refs. (Oct. 11-14.) Translated from Czech.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, April 24, 1969. The behavior of seedlings with
known resistance to sulfur dioxide was tested by experimental
plantings in natural emission areas. In previous experiments,
the greater or lesser resistance of larches to smoke was deter-
mined genetically. It seemed possible that the production of
larches of high smoke resistance, by means of controlled
cross-breeding, would be promising. The planting of 468 three-
year larches was carried out in an area of extreme smoke inju-
ry. The site of the planting was almost flat and the soil was
formed from podzoled loose brown soil. Considerable damage
was caused by winter frosts and also by severe late frosts. All
plants were exposed at the same time and for the same dura-
tion to a constant concentration of 0.73 ppm sulfur dioxide.
Resistance to smoke is conditioned genetically and is heredita-
ry. Results also showed that the highest rate of injury to
seedlings was evidenced in the class of plants with greatest
sensitivity to smoke, while frost injuries were definitely dis-
tributed over all of them. The hybrids originated by cross-
breeding in the presence of L. leptolepis grew more than pure
crossings of L. decidus. They were also less sensitive to
smoke. It was concluded that growth losses in the areas of
heavy emissions can be substantially reduced, both by improv-
ing the experimental varieties resistant to smoke and by large-
scale selection of the most resistant units.
17449
Spierings, F.
INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON CROP PLANTS IN
SOME INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN THE NETHERLANDS. (In-
vloed van luchtverontreiniging op land- e tuinbouwgewassen in
de nabijheid van enkele industriecentra in Nederland). Text in
Dutch. Inst. of Phytopathological Research, Wageningen
(Nederlands), Kept. 217, 58p., 1957 (?). 8 refs.
Prompted by serious damage to plant bulbs caused by air pol-
lution in an area northwest of Amsterdam, the Institute of
Phytopathological Research conducted a study in that area and
two other relatively large areas: west of Rotterdam and east of
Sluiskil (Zeeland, near the Belgian border). A field investiga-
tion was first made, using specially controlled flower beds of
gladiolus and alfalfa, which are particularly sensitive to
hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide, respectively, these two
industrial gases being considered the most dangerous to plant
growth. Distribution of the intensity of damage on the experi-
mental plots indicated the direction taken by the noxious
gases, their manner of propagation, and the extent of damage
caused. Damaged leaves were then analyzed chemically for
fluorine or sulfur content. Commercial crops were compared
with those experimentally grown, and crops from areas known
to be free of pollution were compared with those from the af-
fected areas. Plants were also 'fumigated' at the Wageningen
laboratory, under simulated practical conditions. Comparisons
were made of varieties of the two kinds of plants that were
known to be either sensitive or insensitive to the industrial
gases. The freesia plant, which suffered extensive damage in
Dutch greenhouses during autum 1956, was also tested in the
gas chambers. Two varieties of tulips were tested: Blue Parrot,
which is sensitive to gases, and Preludium, which is not. Other
plants tested were barley, broad beans, kidney beans, corn,
lettuce, buckwheat, sugar beets, tomatoes, loosestrife, and
knotgrass.
17622
Pollanschutz, J.
DIFFERENT GROWTH PATTERNS IN CONIFER TREES
UNDER THE SIMULTANEOUS ACTION OF SO2 AND MAG-
NESITE DUST. (Rosdilny prubeh prirustu u jehlicnatych a list-
natych drevin za soucasneho pusobeni imisi SO2 a mag-
nesitoveho prachu). Scientific and Technical Society, Prague (C-
zechoslovakia), Agriculture and Foresty Section, Proc. Conf. Ef-
fect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne, Czecholovakia,
1966, p. VUI-1 to Vni-8. (Oct. 11-14.) Translated from Czech.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, April 24, 1969.
Detailed observations were made from 1959 to 1964 of the in-
juries to conifers caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and
magnesite dust from a magnesite plant that began operations in
1959. The trees were examined for coloring of fascicles, reduc-
tion in the age of fascicles, and decay. Borings were obtained
of specimen trees; in characteristic areas, trees were cut for
analysis. The results of the investigations showed a chronic
development of injuries due to sulfur dioxide, accompanied by
annual declines in the growth increments of individual
conifers. In the area of intensive emission attacks, the reduced
growth had caused the decay of individual trees and groups of
trees. Magnesite dust appeared to have little effect on the
growth pattern of the trees, though it created shells on many
fascicles resembling concrete. The investigations are compared
to those of beech trees similarly exposed but which exhibited
increases in growth increments. It is hypothesized that the
growth was the result of the ability of magnesium sulfate to
act as a leaf fertilizer in trees relatively resistant to sulfur
dioxide.
-------
172
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
17822
Garber, K.
THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORINE CONTAINING EMISSIONS
ON PLANTS. (Die Beeinflussung der Pflanzenwelt durch
fluorhaltige Immissionen). Text in German. Angew. Botan.,
vol. 40:12-21, 1966. 18 refs. (Presented at the Botanikertagung,
Bonn, Sept. 10, 1965.)
Typical symptoms of plant damage by fluorides are mottling of
the leaves, bleaching of the leaf margin and tips, and necrosis
and rolling of the leaves. The symptoms alone are sometimes
not enough to make a correct diagnosis. It is necessary to
determine the F-content of the plant. Several methods are
available, such as distillation of the ashed substances with
perchloric acid or sulfuric acid and subsequent determination
of the F-content of the distillate by colorimetry or titrimetry.
The natural F-content of plants must be known. It usually lies
between O.OS and 2.5 mg per 100 g dry substance. A table list-
ing the natural F-concentrations of various types of plants is
given. Tree barks can be used for the analyses if leaf samples
are not available. A clear difference exists of F-concentration
between the bark facing the F-source and the bark facing the
opposite direction. To diagnose injuries, plants can be exposed
in the pots in the polluted area under equal conditions. In one
instance, the injuries were traced to sulfur dioxide rather than
F-containing emissions. This shows that a higher F-content in
the plant than is natural does not always mean that the visible
injuries are a consequence of the higher F-content. Soluble
NaF or KF dust on plants may reduce the chlorophyll content
of plants. The sensitivity of the plants to fluorides varies and
is influenced by the site, nutrition, and the climate.
18229
Gatin, C. L.
METHODS USED FOR THE PREVENTION OF WEAR AND
TEAR AND DUST ON HIGHWAYS AND THEIR EFFECT ON
VEGETATION. (Die gegen die Abnutzung und den Staub der
Strassen angewendeten Verfahren und ihre Wirkung auf die
Vegetation.) Translated from German. Zeitschrift fuer Pflan-
zenkrankheiten (Pflanzenpathologie) und Pflanzenschutz, p.
193-204, 1912. 19 refs.
The effects upon vegetation of tar and petroleum products
used to harden dirt road surfaces were studied. Previous
laboratory work had showed various tree leaves, grains,
vegetable crops, and flowers to be adversely affected by coal
tar and its components, ammonia and organic chemicals such
as pyridene. Either direct exposure to vapors in a bell jar or
sprinkling with empregnated dust gave brown or black
discolorations accompanied by attacks on cells, photoplasm,
or chlorophyll. To determine the effects of tar under actual
road conditions, several streets in the District of Seine,
France, were studied. Most trees lining tarred streets showed
harmful effects within a period of two years. Displaying a
stunted, crippled appearance and producing poorer young
shoots, they had a significantly higher death rate than did
specimens near non-tarred road surfaces. Leaves were smaller
and fell off earlier In addition, trees exposed to tar stored less
starch than others and showed abnormal or premature cork
proliferations on branches. Decorative plants and flowers ad-
jacent to paved streets all died or suffered severe damage. En-
suing laboratory studies on elm, walnut, sycamore, and maple
trees as well as rose and lilac bushes showed harmful action to
be due to the deposition of tar-empregnate dust on leaves and
shoots. Sunlight was found to increase the damage. The
deleterious effects formed in the French study were not re-
ported in England and Germany. Because of the long period
sometimes necessary for the effects to appear, this did not
preclude their existance in these countries. It was recom-
mended that precautionary measures used in the United States
be followed. There, harmful components of tar were removed
before application, and tar-macadam and bituminous earth sur-
faces were used.
18230
Bredemann, G., and H. Radeloff
PERTAINING TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF DAMAGE INDUCED
BY FLUORINE-FUMES. (Zur Diagnose von Fluor-
Rauchschaden.) Translated from German. Phytopathol. Z.,
5(2):195-206, (1932). 15 refs.
An analytical method of analysis to verify fluorine (F) damage
to plants is needed because F action shows neither unique nor
consistent symptoms. Fluorine compounds attack fruits or
enter plants through leaf stomates and decompose into
hydrofluoric acid, which then acts on the mesophyll or spongy
parenchyma. Several microchemical methods are used for F
determination, two of which are particularly suitable for
qualitative detection in plants. In the color method of Feigl
and Krumholz, F is indirectly identified by the analysis of a
process distillate for volatile silicon fluoride. Here, silicon is
identified by an analytical method imparting a blue color to the
solution. The second method crystallizes F as Na2 Si F6. Both
techniques are shown to be sensitive to small amounts of F,
0.005 mg and 0.05 mg per lOOg of dry leaves, respectively, but
the latter is simpler and more direct. Experiments with various
plants show that in nearly every case neither method gives
deceptive, false positive results from naturally present F. It
appears possible, however, to get negative results for F
presence from plants previously damaged by F in earlier
stages of development and from fruits damaged by extremely
small amounts of F. Experiments also show that plants ex-
posed to soils with unusually large amounts of apatite or
phosphate fertilizer containing fluorides do not pick up de-
tectable amounts of A and show no F damage. Seed germina-
tion is inhibited when the concentration of a soluble fluoride
(e.g. NaF) is between 0.1 and 0.5 percent. Conveniently, solu-
ble F components from soil can only be detected in the few
cases when toxic effects are present. Thus, the simpler
Na2SiF6 crystallization test is recommended for standard ex-
aminations, and the color test for cases where damage from a
minute quantity of F is suspected and a negative crystalliza-
tion test results.
18234
Kralovsky, F., J. Svacha, and J. Paukert
EQUIPMENT FOR THE STUDY OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN
HIGHER PLANTS. (Zarizeni ke studiu fotosyntezy vyssich.)
Translated from Czech. Ochrana Ovzdusi, p. 120-125, 1969. 6
refs.
Equipment has been designed for both the direct method of
analysis, which determines the new growth of dry material in
isolated sections of leaf tissue, and the indirect, gazometric,
method which determines changes in the concentration of car-
bon dioxide in the atmosphere surrounding the studied object.
The apparatus studies the degree to which the photosynthesis
of a plant is influenced by the effects of solid industrial emis-
sions by determining changes in the amount of CO2 taken up
by the plant. The equipment provides for measuring amounts
of CO2, conditioning air, determining CO2 concentration, and
carrying out photosynthesis in a controlled chamber. Carbon
dioxide concentrations are determined by standard titratior
Use has shown the apparatus to be reliable, precise, and fie"
ble.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
173
18264
Oelschlaeger, W., and W. Woehlbier
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
WITH PLANTS AND ANIMALS. (Bestimmung von Fluor in
pflanzlichen, tierischen und anorganischen Substanzen, sowie
in Waessern und Luft.) Translated from German. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 31p., 1968. 41
refs.
In the method for determining fluorine which like most others
is based on distillation according to Willard and Winter, all
error sources have been eliminated which may exist during
sampling, grinding, ashing, treatment of the ash, distillation,
and concentration of the distillate. Furthermore, almost F-free
calcium oxide has been prepared which must be added prior to
ashing to a number of samples of animal origin. For the deter-
mination of fluorine, distilling equipment was used which
operates automatically to a large extent, is easy to handle, and
was developed in cooperation with the aluminum plant Rhein-
felden. The apparatus for concentrating distillates with very
low fluorine contents works almost automatically. The method
was tested with various synthetic solutions as well as with a
number of internationally conducted ring analyses over several
years. Today the method together with the equipment is used
in many laboratories both in this country and abroad for the
determination of fluorine in organic, inorganic and other
materials.
18265
Garber, K., R. Guderian, and H. Stratmann
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FLUORINE INTAKE BY
PLANTS FROM THE SOIL. (Untersuchungen ueber die Auf-
nahme von Fluor aus dem Boden durch Pflanzen.) Translated
from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia,
Pa., Science Info. Services, Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Pro-
ject No. C 2439, 20p., 1968. 9 refs.
This paper deals with the fluorine intake from the soil, and in
particular, answers to the following questions are sought: 1.
How great is the fluorine concentration of various types of
plants grown in different soils? 2. What effect has a portioned
fluorine addition to the soil on the F-concentration of the
plant? 3. Are there fluctuations in the fluorine concentration of
the plant during its vegetation period? 4. Are there any con-
nections between the F-concentrations of various plant organ-
isms? All investigations were performed in vitro and are based
on the experiments on sulfur dioxide effects described by von
Guderian (1960). The sites of the investigations are Hamburg,
Biersdorf (Sieg) and Kettwig. With the majority of the experi-
ments, the experiments, the computed fluorine concentrations
were mixed with the soil prior to sowing. To determine the F-
concentration in the experimental soils as well as in the sample
plants the method by Oelschlager (1960) was used. The same
types of plants show different F-concentrations which
moreover do not correlate with the fluorine concentrations of
the soils. The fluorine concentration of plants thus is not sole-
ly a function of the absolute fluorine concentration of the soil.
18269
Trautwein, K., and Ch. Kopp
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE ON CATTLE UNDER EXPERI-
MENTAL AND PRACTICAL CONDITIONS. (Fluor-Wirkun-
gen beim Rind unter experimentellen und praktischen Bedin-
gungen.) Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, Contract No.
CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 31p., 1968. 16 refs.
In the period from 1961 to 1967 fluorosis was experimentally
induced in test cattle by feeding them primarily with locally
grown, fluorine-containing forage to which sodium fluoride or
cryolite had been added. The total fluorine intake by the NaF-
fed cows was 1.94 mg F/kg body weight per day, and by
cryolite-fed cows 2.48 mg F/kg body weight per day. The
fluorine intake thus exceeded the threshold value of about 1.75
mg F/kg body weight per day given in the pertinent literature.
Fluorine elimination with the feces was found to be about 0.5
g of F per animal per day with NaF-fed cows and 0.9 g of F
per animal per day with cryolite-fed cows. Along with the
urine, 0.45 mg of F per animal per day were discharged by
NaF-fed cows and 0.3 mg of F per animal per day by cryolite-
fed cows. The analysis of tail vertebrae biopsies yielded a
fluorine retention of 245 to 890 mg F/100 g ash over the period
from 1960 to 1966 for the NaF-fed cows, and of up to 655 mg
F/100 g ash for the cryolite-fed cows. The clinical symptoms
of fluorosis were slight to moderate yellowish, brownish spots
as well as hypoplasia of the incisors, furthermore, weak and
temporary functional disturbances of the motility were ob-
served with some cows. The severity of these clinical symp-
toms were found to be dependent on the degree of fluorine
emission. The general physical condition as well as the produc-
tivity of the test cows were in most cases satisfactory to ex-
cellent. Observations concerning spontaneous fluorosis in the
Rheinfelden (Baden) emission area during the past 15 years
show that the number and the severity of the disease in six
communities had reached a peak in 1958 from whereon a
steady decrease of the number of cases is found. This
downward trend was parallelled by a decrease of the average
fluorine content in the locally grown forage below the
tolerance limit.
18270
Woehlbier, W., W. Oelschlaeger, G. Gronbach, and H.
Giessler
THE RESORPTION OF FLUORINE BY OXEN FROM SOIL
AND FLY DUST OF AN ALUMINUM PLANT. (Die Resorp-
tion von Fluor durch Ochsen aus Erde und Flugstaub einer Al-
luminiumhuette.) Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439, 15p., 1968. 8
refs.
The resorption and retention of fluorine contained in three dif-
ferent substances such as NaF, fly dust from an aluminum
plant and soil intermingled with fly dust which probably un-
derwent a secondary fluorine reaction. All substances con-
tained a fluorine compound with a relatively high water solu-
bility. The fluorine retention was relatively high with soil, the
fluorine excretion in the urine low. The supplementary feeding
of the three fluorine-containing substances extending over 316
days brought various high levels of fluorine depositions which
agreed with the quantities resorbed.
18271
Cohrs, P., H. Knosel, and Kl. Witte
INVESTIGATIONS ABOUT THE INITIAL STAGES OF THE
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF ORGANS AND TISSUES
IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS WITH FLUORINE POISONING.
(Untersuchungen ueber die Anfangesstadien der
morphologischen Organ- und Gewebsveraenderungen bei
Fluorvergiftung der Haustiere.) Translated from German.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439,
10p., 1968. 11 refs.
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174
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Experiments are described in which sheep, pregnant sows, and
weaned piglets were given fluorine orally in the form of an
aqueous solution of sodium fluoride. Histological investiga-
tions were made and all organs, especially the endocrine
glands, were investigated using usual methods and procedures.
The fetuses of pigs and the suckling piglets showed no
pathological changes in their developing teeth, in their bones
and endocrine glands. Weaned piglets showed varied changes
in teeth and bones according to the dose and duration of the
application of NaF. Considerable weight reductions were ob-
served in the thymus and adrenal glands of the test animals.
No changes were observed in the pregnant sows. Sheep and
lambs showed the same changes in teeth and bone tissue as
were observed in the weaned piglets.
18272
Trautwein, K., R. Buchner, and Ch. Kopp
LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF
FLUORINE EFFECTS OF BEES. (Laboratoriums-und Feldun-
tersuchungen ueber Fluor-Wirkungen bei Bienen.) Translated
from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia,
Pa., Science Info. Services, Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Pro-
ject No. C 2439, 10p., 1968. 22 refs.
According to experiments, no damages occurred to bees
through dust and powdery substances containing fluorine. The
following toxicity of dissolved fluorine compounds was found:
a) Sodium fluoride; lethal dose equals 20 micrograms F per
bee per 24 hours; 50% lethal dose equals 11 micrograms F per
bee per 24 hours, b) Hydrofluoric acid lethal dose equals 10
micrograms F per bee per 24 hours; 50% lethal dose equals 5
micrograms F per bee per 24 hours. There are different sen-
sitivities between the strains of bees and there is a repellent
effect of hydrofluoric acid depending oA its concentration. In
57 samples of 100 normal bees each, average values between
0.63 to 4.81 micrograms F per bee were found. The bees came
from various regions with and without fluorine emissions. In
the Rheinfelden emission area, only normal values of 0.6 to 2.8
micrograms F per bee were found in bees which were said to
have died from fluorine emissions. Test colonies at a distance
of 300 m from the plant showed no disorders after three years.
In the Seelze emission region limiting values from 0.9 to 10.6
micrograms F per bee were found in bees which were said to
be injured by fluorine emissions. Of two test colonies placed
at a distance of 300 m from the plant, one died, the other
developed badly during the three years of observation. In the
examination of bees which are suspect of fluorine intoxication,
other important diseases and aggravating factors must be
recognized by differential diagnosis.
18310
Bortitz, Siegrried
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
TO THE RESEARCH OF FLUE-GAS DAMAGE. REPORT 11:
ANALYSES OF SOME CONTENTS OF SPRUCE NEEDLES
HAVING DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL FLUE-GAS HARDNESS
ORIGINATING FROM A DAMAGE ZONE. (Physiologische
nnd biochemische Beitrage zur Rauchschadenforschung. 11. Mit-
teilung: Analysen einiger Nadelinhaltsstoffe and Fichten un-
terschiedlicher individueller Rauchharte aus einem Schadgebiet.)
Arch. Fortswes., 18:123-131, 1969. Translated from German.
Spruce needles from a mountainous area were examined after
continual subjection to short periods of relatively high levels
of atmospheric sulfur dioxide contamination. The metabolism
of plants damaged to different degrees by flue gases was in-
vestigated to determine reasons for resistance based on inter-
nal structure. Paper chromatography was used for car-
bohydrate analysis and tannifi content determined by titration
with potassium permanganate. pH analyses were made using
methods previously developed for needle analysis. The first
sign of SO2 damage is a foster aging of the needles of less re-
sistant trees. Suprisingly, the level of active photosynthesis did
not decrease significantly in the damaged needles, but the
faster aging process and resulting net loss of needles reduced
the total tree activity and material storage. In contrast to nee-
dles of resistant trees, those of damaged spruces have a lower
water content, a higher sugar level, a lower acidic buffer
capacity, and a higher pH in their cell sap. This last finding is
unexpected in light of the acidic nature of flue gas. The degree
of these effects shows a dependence upon the time of year.
Comparisons with other studies shows an apparent influence
on the type of SO2 damage of the degree and length of expo-
sure to the pollutant flue gas.
19435
Franke, Wolfgang
ON THE RELATIONSHIPS OF ECTODESMATA TO THE
ASSIMILATION OF MATTER THROUGH LEAVES. RE-
PORT I. OBSERVATIONS ON PLANTAGO MAJOR L.
(Ueber Beziehungen der Ektodesmen zur Stoffaufnahme durch
Blatter. I Mitteilung. Beobachtungen an Plantago major L.)
Planta, vol. 55:390-423, 1960. 34 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 51p., Feb. 12, 1970.
The discovery of plasmodasmata in the outer walls of
epidermis cells of leaves raised the problem of the physiologi-
cal significance of the formations now known as ectodesmata.
Their localization in the outer walls suggests they could be
connections between the protoplasts and the epidermis cells or
the entire living plant and the outside world. They could serve
as stimulus transmitters or as a means of exchange of material
from the surface of the leaf into the cell or in the opposite
direction. A series of experiments was initiated to try to
establish the function of the ectodesmata. The first results of
those experiments are presented and discussed, including the
occurrence and distribution of ectodesmata in the leaves of
Plantago major, their physiological development in various
methods, and relationships to the function of transport paths.
Evidence is submitted establishing a probability that the
exchange of material between the surface of the leaf and the
interior of the tissue takes place through the ectodesmata of
the upper epidermis outer walls.
19460
Scheffer, Fritz, Eberhard Przemeck, and Werner Wilms
INVESTIGATIONS PERTAINING TO THE INFLUENCE OF
AIRBORNE DUST COMING FROM CEMENT FURNACES
ON SOIL AND PLANTS. (Untersuchungen uber de Einfluss
von Zementofen-Flugstaub auf Boden und Pflanze.) Staub
(Duesseldorf), 21(6):251-254, 1961. 8 refs. Translated from
German by Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.
The effects of cement furnace dusts on plants and soil were
investigated. Barley, German weidel grass, sugar beets, and
Hungarian red clover were used in the experiments. No
damage to the plants was observed over a two-year period.
The soil pH increased, and during the second year, when the
cement dust had a high potassium content, its lactate soluble
K20 content increased with increasing dust quantity. Barley
showed a small decrease in yield with increasing dust. For the
German weidel grass and Hungarian red clover, the increased
alkalinity caused by the dusting process had a favorable effect
on the mass yield. Sugar beets also showed an increased mass
yield, and the plant contents remained unchanged. The possi-
bility exists of an indirect influence on plant yield and the sub-
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
175
stances contained in the plants by the soil and by changes in
the soil reaction and nutrient. Under certain circumstances this
may lead to impairment of plant production. The dust sedi-
mented in the vicinity of cement factories appears to have no
immediate danger for plants as long as its influence can be
counteracted at the right time. The best counteraction can be
achieved by the application of physiologically acid fertiliza-
tion.
19461
Guderian, Robert
METHODS TO DETERMINE SO2 TOLERANCE LIMITS
FOR AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY CULTURES IN
THE OPEN COUNTRYSIDE EXPERIMENTS IN BIERSDORF
(SIEG). Zur Methodik der Ermittlung von SO2 Toleranz-
grenzen fur land- und fur stwirtschaftliche Kulturen im Frei-
landversuch Biersdorf (Sief).) Staub (Duesseldorf), 20(9):334-
337, 1960. 12 refs. Translated from German by Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo.
In the area surrounding an iron ore roasting plant, an experi-
ment was conducted in the open countryside to determine
tolerance limits for rating sulfur dioxide emissions and as-
sessing their effect on vegetation. Investigations were con-
ducted on the relationship between SO2 content of the air and
its damaging effects on agricultural and forestry cultures.
Macroscopic and microscopic observations were made to
determine acute and chronic damage. Growth and yield obser-
vations were also made. Kind and degree of damage were
determined; characteristic damage pictures, and the time span
between the SO2 effect and the appearance of the first
damage are listed. Sulfur dioxide emissions were measured
and continually registered by an ultragas-3-instrument. The
final values will be given after all the experimental results
have been obtained.
19540
Bosener, Rolf
OCCURRENCE OF BARK-BREEDING FOREST PESTS IN
FUME-DAMAGED PINE AND SPRUCE-STANDS. (Zum Vor-
kommen Rindenbrutender Schadinsekten in rauchgeschadigten
Kiefern- und Fichtenbestanden). Arch. Forstw., 18(9/10): 1021-
1026, 1969. 5 refs. Translated from the German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo.
Investigations were conducted to determine the extent to
which forest plantations, which have already been weakened
by industrial waste gases, were exposed to the additional
danger of forest pests. The principal emitters in the areas stu-
died were power stations using brown coal, generating large
amounts of sulfur dioxide. Determinations of the insects were
made at the fall cutting of the trees according to the feed zone
characteristics or to the development stages. The frequency of
appearance was determined by the number of tree trunks af-
flicted and by the breeding density of the afflicted trunks. The
most significant pest occurring in the pine was Pissodes har-
cyniae. This pest frequency appears in such a large breeding
density per tree truck that the trees die during larva-formation.
The frequent occurrence of Xyloterus lineatus is significant,
and it should be considered a technical pest. Hylurgops pal-
liatus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Ips typographus, and
Dryocoetes hectographus are considered secondary pests. It
was determined that the density of bark-breeders is higher in
highly-fume-damaged fringes than in areas with less fume
damage.
19554
Weigl, Josef and Hubert Ziegler
THE SPECIAL DISTRIBUTION OF 35S AND THE VARIETY
OF THE MARKED COMPOUNDS IN SPINACH LEAVES
AFTER CASING WITH 35SO2. (Die raumliche Verteilung
von S und art der markierten Verbindungen in Spinatblatterr
nach Begasung mit SO2). Planta, vol. 58: 435-447, 1962. 21
refs. Translated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 18p., Feb. 17, 1970.
Investigations were conducted on the special distribution of
S(35) in spinach leaves after exposure to 50 ppm SO2 (35). For
experimentation with radioactive gases, a device was con-
structed consisting of a Handschvhkammer and a gas chro-
matograph. This device permitted safe handling of the radioac-
tive gases. An electrophoretic method for separating sulfites,
sulfates, and sulfurous amino acids, and N-Ethylmaleinimide
compounds with amino acid containing sulfur is given. The
SO2 was detected by gas chromatography. The distribution of
S(35) in the spinach leaf after exposure to SO2(35) was studied
microautoradiographically. After seven hours of exposure, a 2-
to 5-fold enrichment of S(35) in the guard cells of the pore
openings was observed with respect to the remaining
epidermal cells. A portion of the S(35) also entered the vascu-
lar paths. The chemical distribution of S(35) was also studied.
The result was the rapid installation into cysteine, glutathione,
and unknown soluble and insoluble sulfur compounds. The ox-
idation of sulfite to sulfate also occurred. The results are
discussed with respect to the mechanism of the toxicity of
SO2. (Author summary modified)
19731
Czech, M. and W. Nothdurft
STUDIES OF THE INJURIES OF CROPS AND VEGETABLES
THROUGH CHLORINE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND SUL-
FUR DIOXIDE. (Untersuchungen ueber Schaedigungen land-
wirtschaftlicher und gaertnerischer Kulturpflanzen durch
Chlor-Nitrose-und Schwefeldioxydgase). Text in German.
Landwirtsch. Forsch., 4(l):l-36, 1952. 2 refs.
Various crops and vegetables were exposed to sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide, and chlorine in the laboratory and in the
field. The plants were afterwards exposed to varying degrees
of sunlight. Two series of field experiments were conducted:
one with dry plants, and one with plants which were sprinkled
with water. The plants were exposed to concentrations of 10
ccm, 100 ccm, and 1000 ccm/cu m space for one hour ten
times in a row. Winter rape (Brassica napus oleracea) began to
show injuries at gasification with 100 ccm/gas cu m. Nitrogen
dioxide was slightly less injurious to this plant than S02 and
C12. Winter rye wheat, barley and oat were highly sensitive to
the gases and showed injuries already at concentrations of 10
ccm. Sugar beet began to show injuries at concentrations of 30
ccm of the three gases. Sulfur dioxide and C12 attacked the
plant more heavily at day exposure and NO2 at night-time ex-
posure. For potatoes, the toxic dose was between 30 and 100
ccm with NO2 and 10 to 30 ccm with C12 and SO2. Alfalfa,
lettuce and beans, too, were less sensitive to NO2 than to the
other gases. Of the three species, beans were most resistant.
Exposure to sunlight increased the effect of the gases on the
plants. Sprinkling at the time of exposure was of disadvantage
to the plants.
19770
Dieman, et al.
ON THE ACTION OF MERCURY ON VEGETABLE LIFE.
(Sur 1'action due Mercure sur fa vie vegetate). Anal. Chem.,
-------
176
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
vol. 22:122-127, 1797. Translated from French. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 4p., June 2,1970.
Several experiments were conducted to determine the effects
of mercury and mercury oxide on plants. When mint and bean
plants were placed next to a bottle of mercury, the leaves and
stems were covered with black spots on the third day, and
then turned completely black. A mint plant and mercury were
placed under a bell-glass whose sides were coated with sulfur.
The plant remained intact, indicating that sulfur prevents the
harmful effects of mercury. No damage was observed when
the mercury was covered with water. The experiments also
showed that mercury is not harmful unless it is mixed with
water or soil, or is in contact with the roots of the plants. Mer-
cury oxide killed a mint plant when placed in contact with the
roots. Beans planted in soil mixed with mercury oxide became
feeble and disfigured; beans planted in a mixture of soil and
lead oxide continued to grow and were four times as strong as
those grown in soil and mercury oxide.
19771
Wehmer-Hannover, C.
ON THE CASE OF INTENSIVE DAMAGE TO A TREE
LINED AVENUE BY ESCAPING COAL GAS. (Uber einen
Fall intensiver Schadigung einer Allee durch ausstromendes
Leuchtgas). Pflanzenkrankheit, vol. 10:267-269, 1900. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.
The effects of a coal gas pipeline leak on a tree lined street
are discussed. The withering originated in the root system, fol-
lowed by the death of the bark along the base of the tree
trunks. A damage center was established, and the damage
decreased with increasing distance from the center. Five trees
which were totally destroyed stood next to or opposite each
other, so that the center must be between them. This damage
center coincided with the position of a gas pipe which crossed
the five trees. In spite of hibernation, a few weeks were suffi-
cient to destroy the root system of several trees. A sewer con-
struction project is assumed to be the cause of the sudden gas
leak. It is known that coal gas is a plant poison, but little is
known about the component in question. The damaging effect
during hibernation indicates that this is not the result of plant
food intake, but of a penetration of the root system.
19773
Schmidt, H.
OBSERVATION OF COAL GAS DAMAGE TO FRUIT
TREES. (Beobachtung uber Gasschaden an Obstbaumen).
Deut. Baumschule, vol. 3:10-12, 1951. Translated from the Ger-
man. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.
The effects of chlorine gases, resulting from coal combustion,
on vegetables and fruit trees are discussed. Damage to
spinach, lettuce, endives, rhubarb, onions, peas, and cau-
liflower was observed in all cases. This damage resulted in a
discoloration of the leaves until they were withered and
brown. The vegetable plants recuperated according to the
degree of damage especially when there was sufficient
moisture. String beans, red beans, cabbage, and brussel
sprouts were also heavily damaged during the fall of 19SO. It
was found that among the fruit trees the apple is the most sen-
sitive. The leaves began to shrink, showed a dull pale green
discoloration, and fell off within a short period of time. De-
pending on the degree of damage, loss of leaves was followed
by a loss of young fruits. Well growing pear species were less
damaged than the weaker growing species. Peaches and
apricots lost their leaves during the spring after a pale green
discoloration, and also lost some fruit. Among the berry-bear-
ing fruits, gooseberries lost leaves and fruit, currants showed
brown coloration of the leaves, and raspberries and blackber-
ries suffered no damage. These observations indicate that con-
siderable damage can be inflicted on cultured plants by indus-
trial waste gases.
19873
Garber, K.
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE. PERTAINING TO THE
FLUORINE CONTENT OF PLANTS (1). (Fluor-Wirkungen).
Federal Inst. of Applied Botany, Hamburg (West Germany),
RR-14, p. 42-48, 1967. 10 refs. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 8p., May 26, 1970. (Also:
Qualitas Plant. Mater. Vegetabiles, 15(l):29-36, 1967.)
Several years of research on the fluorine content of plants in
non-industrial regions have shown that the natural fluorine
content may vary between 0.2 and 2.0 mg/100 g dry matter.
The uptake of fluorine from the soil will continue independent
of the fluorine content of the soil. From these investigations, it
was concluded that fluorine contents higher than the natural
values indicate the influence of fluorine emissions. The
fluorine contents of various plants are presented in tabular
form.
19891
Sierpinski, Zbigniew
COMBATTING OF THE EXOTELEIA DODECELLA L. (Be-
kampfung der Kiefemknospenminiennotte.) Anz. Schaedling-
skunde, 41(7): 106-107, 1968. 5 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 6p., May 16, 1970.
The Exoteleia dodecella L. is one of the most widely spread
forest parasites in Poland. These insects occur in large quanti-
ties in young pine cultures on poor soils and within regions of
industrial atmospheric pollution. The caterpillars of Exoteleia
dodecella L. feed sucessively on 2-3 needles during the late
summer and fall and after hibernation in spring. Full grown
caterpillars insert themselves by feeding into the buds for their
subsequent pupation. Over areas where this insect occurs in
large masses, all buds are destroyed resulting in permanent
trunk deformations, growth inhibitions of the trees, and forma-
tion of dwarf shapes. Because of the damage to large areas of
pine forests, Exoceleia dodecella L. is being combatted by
contact poisons. It is recommended that this be done in the
spring when the caterpillars are leaving the needles and
beginning to invade the buds. Best results are obtained with
emulsion-type contact poisons, such as 2% Foschlor 30, 2%
Tritox 30, and 5% Azotox M 25. Good results are obtained by
using these compounds, which can penetrate the inhabited
needles and buds and which have a long period of toxicity,
and by using the proper equipment.
19949
Halbwachs, G.
INVESTIGATIONS ON DIRECTED ACTIVE FLOW AND
MATERIAL TRANSPORT IN THE LEAF. Flora/(Jena), vol.
153:358-372, 1963. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 34p., Feb. 20, 1970.
Damage by acidic gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric
acid, and hydrogen fluoride, is expressed in leaves as irregular
necrotic spots distributed across the entire leaf surface, or as
localized necrosis at the leaf edges and tips. The acidic gases
enter the interior of the leaf through the pore openings. Thus,
their opening condition is of importance for the extent and
speed of damage. Spot-shaped necroses appear in the direct
area of the entry locations as a result of tissue damage from
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
177
high concentrations. Edge and border damage occurs only at
low concentrations, which are different for the individual
acidic gases, depending on their toxicity. This localization of
damage requires transporting the gases toward the leaf edges
and tip, and an effective suction at these leaf pans. The ex-
istence of such a suction effect, which is significant with
respect to the problem of water and substance distribution in
the leaf, was made probably by experiments with cut
branches, allowing them to absorb dilute HC1 and sodium
hydroxide solutions and chromium fluorides. The results
showed that the preconditions for water and substance flow in
the leaf are created by leaf pressure and evaporation, but that
the finer distribution in the leaf is regulated by the leaf itself.
(Author summary modified)
20185
Kielstein, P.
INFLUENCE OF SOME TRACE ELEMENTS ON THE
CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND THE COURSE OF DERMATO-
MYCOSES IN CATTLE. (Ueber den Einfluss einiger
Spurenelemente auf die Dermatomykosen beim Rind und ihre
Erreger). Dermatol. Wochschr., vol. 151:750-755, July 10, 1965.
4 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst, Research
Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 10p., Sept. 16,
1969.
The role of immunobiological and contributory factors in the
development of bovine trichophytosis was investigated in a
two-part study. In the first part, black cattle hair from 124 nor-
mal and diseased black-spotted lowland cattle was analyzed
for iron, copper, manganese, and cobalt contents to determine
the effect of the trace elements on the course of trichophyto-
sis. Cattle with high iron levels in their hair tended to be af-
fected less frequently and to develop milder symptoms at a
later date than animals with low iron values. In vitro studies
were next conducted on the effects of iron and copper on the
growth of the fungus Trichophyton verrucosum, the most
frequent causative agent of bovine trichophytosis. Traces of
copper had no influence on oxygen consumption, but increas-
ing concentrations (16-40 meg/ml) significantly stimulated fun-
gal growth. Concentrations of 240 meg/ml and higher caused a
statistically significant inhibition in the growth of
Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Similar results were obtained in
the studies of the effects of iron on oxygen consumption of
the Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Although iron stimulated
oxygen consumption in the first 72-96 hours of the experiment,
oxygen consumption after 120 hours in media containing 50-
200 meg of iron/ml was equal to or lower than that of iron-free
controls. At levels above 300 meg, oxygen consumption was
distinctly lower than in iron-free fungal suspensions. It is con-
cluded that these elements are activators of fungal metabol-
ism, with their fungistatic effects dependent on concentration
and, in the case of iron, on time.
20551
Berge, H.
EMISSION DAMAGE IN FORESTRY. (Skody imisemi v
lesnim hospodarstvi). Scientific and Technical Society, Prague,
(Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and Forestry Section, Proc.
Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne,
Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. XXII-1 to XXII-16. 6 refs. (Oct. 11-
14.) Translated from Czech., Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, April 24, 1969.
The concepts of absolutely pollution-resistant and fully indus-
try-proof woody plants, which appear especially in forestry
textbooks and catalogs, are not true. Forestry is in a worse
situation with respect to combatting pollution in comparison
with agriculture. Continuous efforts are exerted to achieve the
highest standards of soil fermentation. However, optimum
nutrition is not always achieved. Examples of Pinus griffithi,
Pinus silvestris, Abies concolor, Picea emorika, all leaved
trees and confiers, Plantanus acerifolia, Picea oungens, and
Juniperus chinensis pfitzeriana show which combined
agrochemical and soil problems acquire primary importance in
the process of damage assessment. Frequently, conifers are
more resistant than leaved trees to emission damage, espe-
cially in conditions of intensified fertilizations along with stan-
dard liming or application of individual fertilizers in ac-
cordance with orographic data and imitation action. With con-
siderations such as type and origin of the plant, together with
the type of emission and the use of impact fertilization, emis-
sion damage is greatly reduced and sometimes even complete-
ly eliminated. This phenomenon was discussed, along with the
effects of nitric and phosphoric acid and lime fertilization. It
was shown why no general formulas exist for calculating emis-
sion damage possibilities and why rigid chemical and mathe-
matical determination systems must be described as un-
realistic. It was concluded that more trees and more forests in
the vicinity of industrial centers and housing estates are
needed. A mixed forest appears to be the most important
producer of oxygen and most efficient filter of waste gases,
smoke, and dusts. (Author abstract modified)
20981
Zelinka, Rudolf
SMOKE-CAUSED DAMAGE IN UPPER AUSTRIA, ESPE-
CIALLY IN THE LENZING AREA. (Kourove skody v Hor-
nim Rakousku zvlaste v okoli Lenzingu) Scientific and Techni-
cal Society Prague Czechoslovakia Agriculture and Forestry
Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske
Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. V-l to V-9. (Oct. 11-14.)
Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia Pa., Science Info. Services, April 24, 1969.
A brief historical review of smoke damage to forestry caused
by several large factories in Upper Austria and measures being
currently taken are given. Spruce, fir, and pine are particularly
sensitive to smoke. The area in which the forests are attacked
by smoke amounts to about 1,850 ha in Upper Austria. A com-
pensation chart was constructed according to the degree of
damage. The losses were assessed empirically in terms of the
growth increment from results of research conducted by ex-
perts from factories causing the smoke damage on a scientific
basis. As a result, the heavy attacks of sulfur dioxide were
reduced in 1965 to about one third of the value of previous
years. Deciduous trees were planted; attention was given to
the cultivation of spruces and white pines that will be com-
paratively resistant to exhaust gases from industrial plants.
The grafting technique was adopted; various mineral fertilizers
were used. The costs pertaining to the conversion of stands,
means of protection against gnawing by wildlife, maintaining
of the cultures, and measures against the bark-boring beetle
were fully covered by the factories.
20982
Spaleny, J.
EFFECT OF FLUE DUST FROM POWER STATIONS ON
GERMINATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF HIGHER
PLANTS. (Vliv elektrarenskych popilku na kliceni a fotosyn-
tezu vyssich rostlin.) Scientific and Technical Society, Prague
(Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and Forestry Section, Proc.
Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne,
Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. XXI-1 and XX1-12. (Oct. 11- 14.)
Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs..
Philadelphia, Pa. Science Info. Services. April 24,1969.
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178
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Experiments were conducted to test the inhibitory effects of
certain constituents of power plant dusts on the metabolism of
plants. Dust samples provided a total spectrum of the sizes of
dust particles. Feeding cabbage was used as the model plant
because of its comparatively intensive photosynthetic activity.
Germination was realized in Petri dishes located in a thermo-
stat at the temperature of 20 C and exposed to illumination of
700 lux. Illumination lasted for 8 hrs and occurred every 24
hrs. The water layer in the individual dishes was high enough
to cover the seeds without blocking sufficient air access. Acid
flue dust (pH 4.3) significantly inhibited both germination and
growth. Less acid flue dust (pH 5.3) had no influence, and
neutral flue dust (pH 6.4) exerted a positive effect Results
showed that dusting of the upper side of the leaf exerts more
influence on the inhibition of photosynthesis than dusting on
the lower side of the leaf. This is mostly due to the fact that
more flue dust will adhere to the upper side, and both the
choking of vents and the light screening from the flue dust
layer will be evidenced on the surface of the leaf. Results
showed that the soluble component of flue dust also inhibits
photosynthesis. Flue dust made wet by water mist is a less ac-
tive inhibitor of photosynthesis. In a microscopic comparison
of dry and wet flue dust, accumulation of dust particles occurs
which evidently leads to some dechoking of certain vents, and
the dust screen acting against the incident light will be partially
decomposed.
21062
Sobocky, E.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF ECONOMIC AND SYLVICUL-
TURAL MEASURES AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF
FLUORINE IN THE REGION OF ZIAR N.HRONOM.
(Predbez vysledky lesnickohospodarskych opatreni proti
pusobeni fluoru v oblasti Ziaru n.Hronom). Scientific and
Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and
Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry,
Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia, 1966, 10 refs. (Oct. 11-14.)
Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, p. XIII-1 to XIH-13.
April 24, 1969.
Results of research and sylvicultural and economic measures
taken to reduce the harmful effects of emissions in the area of
Ziar N.Hronom were summarized. The source of the emissions
was a metallurgical plant producing aluminum. The sylvicul-
tural measures were first directed toward the most severely at-
tacked zone I of the area, and on non-sylvan areas, which
were not used to grow trees, located within the reach of the
maximum smoke attack between the forest boundary and the
plant. In zone I, practically all degrees of injury were found,
starting with depigmentation and necrosis formation in as-
similation organs, up to the loss of foliage and decay of
conifers. From among four-year plants on unforested land,
which were subjected to various cultivation operations includ-
ing mineral fertilization, best results were obtained for black
alder, birch, red oak, pedunculate oak, and Austrian pine. Fer-
tilization with lime and ground Thomas slag proved efficient
only in the case of black alder. A much better result was pro-
vided by hoeing and mowing. Successful foresting depends not
only on exposure to the emitting source, but also on a lower
HF concentration. Terrian relief creates a natural barrier to
penetrating emissions. The beech stand, situated 2110 m east-
ward of the emitting source, reduced the detrimental effect of
HF in its above surface layer by approximately 30% in com-
parison to a free area in front of the stand boundary. A ten-
year pine culture, 1950 m south-southeast from the source,
reduced the harmful effect of HF by approximately 50% by
comparison to total clearing, and thus fulfilled the protective
function by being in front of the sheltered trees.
21081
Tollinger, V.
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF THE RATE OF INJURY
OF FOREST TREES WHICH ARE UNDER CONSTANT EX-
POSURE TO INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS. (Kriteria pro posou-
zeni miry poskozeni lesnich porostu chronicky poskozovanych
prumyslovymi exhalacemi). Scientific and Technical Society,
Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture and Forestry Section,
Proc. Conf. Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne,
Czechoslovakia, 1966, p. XX-1 to XX-14. 3 refs. (Oct. 11- 14.)
Translated from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 17p., April 1969.
A method is developed mathematically to express dynamic
long-term injury to whole groves as trees, as opposed to
present static methods of describing injuries to organs of in-
dividual trees. Injuries to groves by gaseous emissions can be
characterized, according to this method, by rate of injury,
derived from the relationship between performed (random)
processing of tree reserves and the processing prescription
(permissible processing). Results can eventually indicate the
percent of reduced growth increment, and, to some degree,
the future course of injury. The method was verified by appli-
cation to the forest farm Janov, located in Krusne hory. It was
found that random processing of spruce trees had greatly ex-
ceeded permissible processing; the structure of random
processing shows a continuing increase in the proportion of
processed dry woods. Injury to the grove has reached the
point where die existence of the entire forest in the region of
the Krusne hory ridge is threatened, and because of increasing
industrial emissions, is likely to increase. Results from this
method of determining the rate of injury of older trees corre-
lated with findings of investigators using other approaches.
(Author summary modified)
21098
Schonbeck
INVESTIGATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF LICHENS AS
INDICATORS OF Ant CONTAMINATION. (Pruzkum vhod-
nosti lisejniku jako indikatoru znecisteni vzduchu). Scientific
and Technical Society, Prague (Czechoslovakia), Agriculture
and Forestry Section, Proc. Conf. Effect Emissions Forestry,
Janske Lazne, Czechoslovakia 1966, 2p. Oct. 11-14.) Trans-
lated from Czechoslovakian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services. April 24, 1969.
The suitability of lichens as indicators of urban air pollution
was demonstrated by transplanting the lichen Parmelia
physodes to the trunks of the oak Quercus sessiliflora in 10 lo-
calities in the Ruhr. Different types of emissions of various
concentrations were observed to cause different degrees of
decay in the lichens. Similarly, lichens transplanted to a region
of iron roasting sheds found to decay after exposure to the
sulfur dioxide emitted by roasting operations.
22232
Bredemann, G. and H. Radeloff
ON THE DAMAGE TO PLANTS BY AMMONIA1 GASES AND
THEIR IDENTIFICATION. (Ueber Schadigung von Pflanzen
durch Ammoniak-gase und ihren Nachweis). Z. Pflanzen-
krankh. Pflanzenschultz, vol. 42:457-465, 1932. 21 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.,
16p., May 31, 1970.
Studies were conducted to compare the effects of exposure to
ammonia on potted trees, potted flowers, and full-grown to-
matoes kept in the light with the effects observed on the same
plants kept in the dark. Trees kept in the dark and exposed for
two hours to approximately 1:4000 NH3 always suffered more
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
179
severe damage than trees kept in darkness. However, the dif-
ference was not as pronounced as that recorded for sulfur
dioxide damage and was confined to a narrowly limited range
of concentrations. Darkness did not protect trees against in-
creased NH3 concentrations as it does against high SO2 con-
centrations. Among the six tree species tested, ash was the
most susceptible to NH3 damage and oak, maple, and sitca
spruce the least susceptible. Intermediate positions were occu-
pied by beech and rose trees. This classification of trees ac-
cording to their resistance coincides with the results of tests
for the effects of SO2. As confirmed by the tests with to-
matoes and flowers, NH3 damage is characterized by the
decomposition of chlorophyll and the precipitation of tannin
and is thus confined to green leaves. The crown leaves of
flowers and tomato blossoms were not damaged by exposure.
22619
Singer, Maximilian
ON THE EFFECT OF A LABORATORY ATMOSPHERE ON
THE GROWTH OF POTATO SPROUTS. (Uber den Einfluss
der Laboratoriumsluft auf das Wachst Kartoffelsprosse). Ber.
Duet. Botaia. Ges., vol. 21:175-180, 1903. 3 refs. Translated
from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 9p., June
2, 1970.
The growth of potato sprouts under the influence of a labora-
tory atmosphere in which coal gas was present was in-
vestigated. When a potato shoot approximately 7 cm high and
several smaller shoots which were grown in a greenhouse
under a bell jar, were placed in a laboratory room, the shoots
twisted from a vertical to a horizontal direction. If potatoes
were brought into the laboratory and covered with a layer of
water, they continued to grow in a vertical direction. It was
confirmed that the twisting of the shoots was no due to
heliotropism, humidity, or hydrotropism; the reason for the
twisting was the effect of the impure laboratory atmosphere
which contained coal gas. A coal gas concentration of 0.1% in-
duces twisting and thickening in the potato sprouts. If the con-
centration is reduced to 0.002%, no twisting of the main sprout
is produced.
22621
Materna, Jan and Rudolf Kohout
THE ABSORPTION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE BY SPRUCE
AND PINE TREES. (Naturwissenschaften (Berlin), 50(11):407,
1963. 1 ref. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 2p., Dec. 30, 1969.
During an investigation of the composition of spruce and pine
needles in stands damaged by smoke, the sulfur content of the
needles increased in the winter. Part of this accumulation can
be explained by the weight loss that occurs in winter and the
relative accumulation of the content material that this causes;
in heavily damaged trees the increase is so large that this ex-
plantaion is insufficient. Investigations were conducted to
determine if sulfur dioxide was assimilated by the needles dur-
ing winter. Marked sulfur dioxide, SO2(35), was used for this
purpose. In 15 to 25 year old, healthy, free-standing spruce
and pine trees, a well developed branch was wrapped in a
polyethylene bag. An ampule of SO2 was crushed in the bag
producing a concentration of 8-10 mg SO2/cu m of air. Needle
samples were taken after 24 hours and at regular intervals. The
results showed that the needles of the treated branch absorbed
almost the entire quantity of SO2. A small amount of the sul-
fur was transported to ungassed needles in other parts of the
crown, but it was intensively stored in needles of newly
formed shoots. Similar experiments showed that SO2 is also
absorbed at night.
22622
Noack, Kurt
INVESTIGATIONS OF SMOKE GAS DAMAGES TO
VEGETATION. (Untersuchunge uber die Rauchgasschaden
der Vegetation). Z. Angew. Chem. (Weinheim), vol. 42:123-
126, Jan. 3, 1929. 6 refs. Translated from German. Belov and
Associates, Denver, Colo., 12p., May 27, 1970.
Investigations were conducted to determine if nitrous gas,
hydrochloric acid, and ammonia cause plant damage similar to
that caused by sulfur dioxide, and to determine the participa-
tion of the iron contained in chloroplasts in this disease
process. The assimilation apparatus in the moss fontinalis was
primarily affected by nitrous gas and these effects cor-
responded to the effect of SO2; HC1 had a lesser effect, and
ammonia was not considered to be an assimilation poison.
Clover, tobacco, and spinach plants exposed to nitrous gas
became withered and bleached with inhibited assimilation after
exposure to light. Plant damage by SO2 and nitrous gas con-
sists of a fixation of iron followed by a photooxidative poison-
ing of the protoplasm by chlorophyll. Tests on com were con-
ducted to determine if the water soluble part of iron increases
after introducing assimilation poisons. Pre- treatment with
fuming nitric acid resulted in a water soluble iron content four
times higher than normal. The effect of smoke gases on plants
consists of a direct cancellation of the catalytic activity of the
iron in the chloroplasts. The photooxidative poisoning of the
protoplasm is considered to be a secondary effect.
22952
Boussingault, M.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY- ON THE DELETERIOUS ACTION
THAT THE VAPOR EMANATING FROM MERCURY EXER-
CISES ON PLANTS. (Sur 1'action deletere que la vapeur ema-
nant du mercure exerce sur les plantes). Compt. Rend., vol.
64:924-929, 1867. 2 refs. Translated from French. Belov and
Associates, Denver, Colo., 9p., March 12, 1970.
The effects of mercury vapor on plants were investigated.
When a mercury-filled capsule was placed on each side of a
petunia stem, the leaves turned black, withered, and were
hanging. Another petunia, enclosed under a dish-cover where
there was no mercury, retained all its vigor. Experiments were
also conducted on mint plants. On the inner surface of one
dish-cover sulfur was placed on the flower. In the other dish
cover there was no sulfur. In less than 52 hours, the mint
leaves in the dish containing only mercury had been complete-
ly destroyed. The leaves of the plant in the dish also contain-
ing sulfur were not affected. It was concluded that mercury
vapor has a damaging effect on vegetation, and that the
presence of sulfur counteracts this effect.
23041
Materna, Jan
THE INFLUENCE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON THE
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF NEEDLES FROM SPRUCES.
(Einfluss des Schwefeldioxyds auf die mineralische Zusam-
mensetzung der Fichtennadeln). Naturwissenschaften (Berlin),
48(23):723-724, 1961. 3 refs. Translated from German. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
3p., Oct. 22 1969.
The question of whether mineral substances other than sulfur,
silicic acid, and iron accumulate in the assimilating organs of
smoke injured plants, particularly cations such as calcium,
potassium, and magnesium is analyzed. Since analyses of in-
jured needles alone cannot provide definite results, gassing
tests with older spruces were performed. Two twigs were
packed into polyethylene bags; one was gassed with air and
-------
180
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
sulfur dioxide, the other with pure air. Not only did the
gassing increase the sulfur content, but also that of Ca and
Mg; it caused a considerable increase of water soluble mag-
nesium. A second gassing experiment was performed, which
yielded no difference in the concentrations of Ca and Mg, but
a markedly higher potassium content was found.
23188
Amirov, R. O. and A. R. Ismaylov
INDUSTRIAL WASTES OF THE CITIES OF BAKU AND
SUMGAIT AND THEIR EFFECT ON GREEN PLANTINGS.
In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air
Pollution Literature. Effects and Symptoms of Air Pollutes on
Vegetation; Resistance and Susceptibility of Different Plant
Species in Various Habitats, In Relation to Plant Utilization
for Shelter Belts and as Biological Indicators. M. Y. Nutton-
son (ed.), vol. 2, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of
Crop Ecology, 1969, p. 6-7. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR Ural.
Filial. Komis. po Okhrane Prirody. Rastitel' nost' i pro-
myshlennye zagryazneniya. Okhrana prirody na Urale. V
(Sverdlovsk), 1966, p. 37-38.) The industrial centers of the
Apsheron Peninsula discharge a great amount of wastes, par-
ticularly carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, fluorine com-
pounds, hydrocarbon vapors, chlorine, and hydrogen sulfide.
In most cases, these compounds adversely affect green plants
which function, at times, as protection against gas and smoke.
When the air is polluted by irritant gases dark brown burns ap-
pear on the leaves. Partly withered and some yellowed leaves
are also found. The toxic action of these pollutants also af-
fects the root system. Trees which exhibit gas resistance in-
clude elm, maple, pistachio, oleaster, almond, honeysuckle,
and others. The establishment and development of green trees
are important as a means of combatting air pollution and for
the sanitary well-being of the industrial areas. Several recom-
mendations for establishing green plantings in industrial areas
are included.
23260
Cormis, Louis de
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY-EMISSION OF SULFURATED
HYDROGEN BY PLANTS SUBJECTED TO AN AT-
MOSPHERE CONTAINING SULFUROUS HYDRIDE.
(Degagement d'hydrogen sulfure par des plantes soumises a
une atmosphere contenant de 1'anhydride sulfureaux). C. R.
Acad. Sci., Paris, 264(1 ):683-685, Feb. 12, 1968. 3 refs. Trans-
lated from French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 6p.,
March 5, 1970.
Tomato plants placed in a lighted chamber to which 2-5 ml of
sulfur dioxide were admitted emitted 145 microgram/cu m
hydrogen sulfide at the end of 15 min; 89 microgram/cu m at
the end of 30 min; 13 microgram/cu m at the end of 45 min;
and traces of H2S at the end of 60 min. The release appeared
to be conditioned by light, since plants treated in the dark
produced no emission. Though some of the H2S was traced to
the sulfur content of the plants, the greater portion originated
in the reduction of atmospheric SO2 by the plants.
23386
Cormis, L. de
ABSORPTION AND ACCUMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC
FLUORINE BY THE LEAVES OF CERTAIN HERBACEOUS
PLANTS. (Absorption et accumulation du fluor atmospherique
par les fenilles de certains vegetaux herbaces) Ann. Physiol.
Veg., 10(4):251-262, 1968. 16 refs. Translated from French.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 24p., June 18, 1970.
The effects of atmospheric fluorine compounds, such as are
emitted from aluminum industries, on various leafy plants are
investigated. Tomato, bean, and tobacco plants were grown
under controlled conditions and subjected to varying hydrogen
fluoride concentrations and different atmospheric conditons.
The rate of absorption of atmospheric fluorine is clearly pro-
portional to the concentration, time of exposure, and relative
humidity. The fluorine is accumulated near the edges of the
leaves and results in necroses in that area. The level of toxici-
ty varies from plant to plant. It can be attained from a heavy
concentration of short duration, or more probably from a
semi-permanent pollution of low concentration. The difference
between fluorine and sulfur dioxide absorption is explained.
23576
Bolay, A. and E. Bovay
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SENSITIVITY TO FLUORINATED
GASES OF SOME PLANT SPECIES OF VALAIS. (Observa-
tions sur la sensibilite aux gaz fluores de quelques especes
vegetales du Valais). Phytopathol. Z., vol. 53:290-298, 1965. 11
refs. Translated from French. Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 17p., June 18,1970.
Observations made over a period of 15 years on the relative
sensitivity of various plants to fluorine compounds are re-
ported. The three methods used in evaluating damage to plants
are: observation of typical necroses appearing on the foliage,
chemical analyses of the fluorine content of the plants, and
utilization of certain indicator species to detect fluorine. Ex-
aminations of tree leaves permit the establishment of sensitivi-
ty limits. No injury occurs below 25 ppm, variable reactions
occur from 25-105 ppm, depending on the climate and health
of the plants, and burns are almost always present from 105
ppm on. Plant species are separated into 4 classes based on
their sensitivity. The most sensitive plants can be used as in-
dicators of the presence of fluorine, both in terms of the
degree of contamination and the limits of the contaminated
zone.
23583
Scholl, G.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE RECOGNITION PROBLEM OF
PLANT DAMAGE INDUCED BY IMMISSIONS. (Bin Beitrag
zum Problem der Erkennung von immissionsbedingten Pfan-
zenschadigungen). Schriftenreihe Landesanstalt Immissions-
und Bodennutzungsschutz Lands Nordrhein- Westfalen (Es-
sen), 1969:73-79. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 15p., July 1, 1970.
Turnips, barley, and trees growing on farms bordering a fertil-
izer manufacturing plant and a refinery exhibited disturbed
growth, partial defoliation, and leaf discoloration. When sulfur
dioxide emissions in the area were determined to be of a mag-
nitude sufficient to cause plant damage, the question of emis-
sion effect on the fertility of soil was clarified in correspond-
ing soil investigations. Soil analyses revealed! a 30-50%
decrease in 'root soluble' nutrients, significantly lower pH
values, and a decreased base activity that correlated with an
abnormally high sulfate content in the soil as well as in spring
water and rivers. These results show that the acidifying action
of sulfur dioxide can have an adverse influence on the alkaline
balance of light soil.
23624
Hais, K. and I. Masek
EFFECTS OF SOME EXHALATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL
ANIMALS. (Ucinky nekterych exhalaci na hospodarska
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
181
zvirata). Ochrana ovzdusi, 1969:122-125, Aug. 1969. 15 refs.
Translated from Czech. Belov and Associates, Denver Colo
14p., June 16, 1970.
The effects of various pollutants on farm animals are
discussed. The emissions from such sources as power plants,
metal processing, cement works, chemical industries, fertiliz-
ing, and nuclear installations are described. The effects of the
various pollutants can vary, depending upon such factors as
concentration, climate, age of animals, health of animals, and
individual sensitivity. Inhalation of ashes, cinders, or other
light particulates causes irritation and inhibits important
digestive processes. Sulfur dioxide irritates mucous mem-
branes and disrupts metabolic processes. The symptoms of
acute and chronic arsenic poisoning are discussed. A con-
siderable degree of toxicity for cattle is noticed from power
plant ashes. Bees show a marked effect from exposure to ar-
senic compounds. Typical symptoms of fluorosis in cattle are
dental changes. Synergistic effects of pollutants are men-
tioned. The general air quality of Czechoslovakia is discussed,
and current legislation, including air quality standards, is
described. An estimation of economic damages due to air pol-
lution is given.
23625
Schonbach, H., H. G. Dassler, H. Enderlein, E. Bellmann, and
W. Kastner
ON THE DIFFERENT INFLUENCES OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
ON THE NEEDLES OF VARIOUS TWO YEAR OLD LARCH
HYBRIDS. 10. PUBLICATION OF THE STUDY COMMITTEE
FOR FLUE GAS RESEARCH IN FORESTRY, THARANDT.
(Ueber de unterschiedlichen Einfluss von Schwefeldioxid auf
die Nadeln verschiedener Zjahriger Larchenkreuzungen. 10.
Veroffentlichung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer forstliche
Rauchschadenforschung Tharandt). Study Committee for Flue
Gas Research in Forestry, Tharandt (West Germany), Pub. 10,
p. 312-316, 1964 (?). 12 refs. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 10p., July 6, 1970.
Research involving the development of sulfur dioxide-resistant
coniferous trees is described. The larch tree was selected for
breeding, since it looses its needles in the winter, similar to
deciduous trees, which are more resistant to SO2. Two year
old larches developed from directed cross-pollination, partly
from European larches and partly from the Japanese larch,
were exposed in a controlled atmosphere greenhouse for
periods of 10 to 50 hours to SO2 concentrations of 0.34 to 0.73
ppm. Damage evaluation was standardized by a needle-damage
scale of 1-10. On the average, all hybrid trees exhibited a
greater resistance to SO2 than the pure trees. Hybrids from
two different strains of Japanese larch had significantly dif-
ferent responses. The degree of resistance of the various
breeds is based mostly on genetics. This indicates that the
development of a resistant strain from direct cross- pollination
is a promising possibility.
23639
Bredemann, G. and H. Radeloff
FLUORINE ABSORPTION THROUGH THE BARK OF
SHOOTS AND ITS EFFECTS. Angew. Botan., vol. 19:172-
181, 1937. Translated from German. lOp.
The effects of fluorine absorption on the shoots of plants and
trees are investigated. The primary goal of the research is to
determine whether the fluorine compounds which penetrate
the bark of the shoots in an earlier season can affect the
spring growth of the plant and/or effectively disturb the
identification of fluorine fume damage on spring growth.
Shoots accumulate fluorine-containing waste gases more or
less in their barks, as much a result of exposure in winter as in
summer. They are also capable of, but seldom do, store up ac-
cumulations in the xylum in water soluble and insoluble forms.
The blossoming of branches and the further development of
new growth are not noticeably injured by the fluorine com-
pounds which are stored in the bark. All new outgrowths of
fluorine-containing branches remain free of fluorine in a fume-
free atmosphere. Proven fluorine content in spring growth is
regularly a proof of a new fluorine fume effect during or after
the blossoming.
23678
Pelz, Eberhart and Jan Materna
STUDD2S OF THE PROBLEM OF INDIVIDUAL SMOKE RE-
SISTANCE OF SPRUCES. (Beitraege zum Problem der in-
dividuellen Rauchhaerte von Fichte). Arch. Forstw., 13(2):177-
210, 1964. 17 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
51p., Oct. 16, 1969.
A study of damage to spruce trees due to air pollution is
presented. About 900 trees were studied and grouped into re-
sistance classes according to their phenotypical smoke re-
sistance. Relationships between age, quality of growth site,
degree of needle coverage, and weather conditions were deter-
mined. Trees in different classes exhibited different growth
patterns, due to different physiological activities of the trees.
Trees sensitive to damage had higher concentrations of sulfur
in their needles, due to a higher degree of sulfur dioxide in-
take. Intensive studies of the needles indicate differences
between sensitive and non-sensitive spruces in terms of water
circulation, glycides, amino acids, and potassium levels. These
results can be practically utilized in forestry by providing valu-
able help in cultivating forest trees which are smoke resistant.
23689
Materna, Jan
PARTIAL RESULTS OF RESEARCH IN THE SMOKE RE-
GION OF THE KRUSNE HORY MOUNTAIN RANGE. (Nek
tere vysledky vyzkuma v krusnohorske kourove oblasti).
Translated from Czech. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.,
19p., Jan. 20, 1970.
Following the rapid advance of damage by smoke emissions to
forest flora in the eastern section of the Krusne Hory moun-
tain range, sulfur dioxide measurements were taken in the
most affected areas. Where sulfur dioxide was present, the
average concentration was one mg per cu m of air. The in-
fluence of precipitation on this concentration is considerable,
as is that of fog and, to a lesser extent, wind direction. The
measured concentrations are high enough to cause a decrease
in production and damage to plant life. They correspond to
calculated and measured values of the sulfur content in the as-
similative organs of injured plants. Further research indicated
that fertilizers will increase the resistance of assimilative or-
gans of the plants and promote new growth, even in trees
highly sensitive to SO2. Related investigations pertained to the
possibility of using forest flora, especially spruce, to indicate
the action of smoke gases and their presence in the at-
mosphere and to the significance of forest flora for cleaning
air in industrial regions. Based on measurements of sulfur in
needles and the turbidity of water extracts of needles, it is
concluded that spruce trees are suitable for proving the in-
fluence, and its extent, of smoke emissions. Forest flora are
shown to have only a negligible role in air purification near
large enterprises. On the other hand, their ability to absorb
sulfur dioxide is great enough for them to have a prominent
-------
182
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
role in purification where sulfur dioxide levels do not exceed
0.2 mg per cu m of air.
23874
Kotte, W.
SMOKE DAMAGE TO STONE FRUIT. (Rauchschaden an
Steinobst-Fruchten). Nachrbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzdienst
(Berlin), no. 9:91-92, 1929. Translated from German. Belov and
Associates, Denver, Colo., 4p., Sept. 8, 1970.
Of the fruit trees in the neighborhood of a brickyard, the ap-
ples and cherries were undamaged, while in contrast the dam-
son plums, yellow plums, and yellow Victoria plums showed
damage on foliage and fruit Damage symptoms of the dam-
som plums were necrotic spots of tissue that appeared either
as sunken patches about fingernail size or, in cases of greater
extend, as an apical zone of retarded growth. The diseased tis-
sue was coffee brown in color, and beads of sap frequently
could be found around the border of the necrotic zone. Micro-
scopic examinations revealed that the epiderma cells were
filled with brown granular masses instead of dark blue
anthozyan. The pericarpal tissue, which in a healthy condition
exhibits vesicular, almost empty appearing cells with trans-
parent walls, was small-celled, with brown colored cell walls
covered with brown granular concretions. Limitation of the
damage to the end of the fruit is explained by the fact that
here the rain drops hold on longest and the gases dissolved in
the water have their strongest influence. The cause of the
smoke damage is attributed to hydrofluoric acid.
23950
Bovay, E.
EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND FLUORINE COM-
POUNDS ON VEGETATION. (Effets de 1'anhydride sulfureux
et des composes fluores sur la vegetation). Station Federate de
Recherches de Chimie Agricole, Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland,
Air Pollution Proceedings of the First European Congress, on
the Influence of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals,
Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 111-135. 81 refs. Translated
from French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 34p., Aug.
28, 1970.
The sources of sulfur dioxide and fluorine pollutants are
described and the damage caused to plants by these com-
pounds are related. Sulfur dioxide penetrates to the interior of
plants through the stoma; therefor every condition favoring
the opening of the stoma also increases the assimilation of
SO2. The caustic action of SO2 is due to its reducing action,
which can affect plant metabolism. Sensitivity to SO2 depends
on such factors as age, nutritive state, and individual
tolerances. Relationships between pollutant concentration and
time of exposure are a determining factor in threshold limita-
tions. A distinction between plant injury and damage is made.
Various attempts to observe and control atmospheric pollution
are described. Fluorine compounds are among the most toxic
of pollutants. Fluorine accumulation in soils and plants is
discussed. The effects of fluorine on various types of plants
are noted. Synergistic action can occur when certain elements
introduced by fertilizers react with fluorine compounds found
in the atmosphere. Most plants seem to have a fluorine
threshold beyond which photosynthetic processes can be in-
visibly damaged. Certain plants, due to their highly sensitive
nature, can act as indicators of atmospheric pollution. Recent
experiments involving the effects of fluorine on fruit trees are
described.
23986
Wentzel, K. F.
SENSITIVITY AND DIFFERENCES IN THE RESISTANCE
OF PLANTS TO AIR POLLUTION. (Empfindlichkeit und Re-
sistenzunter schiede der Pflanzen gegenuber Luftverun-
reinigung). In: Air Pollution on Plants and Animals. Wagenin-
gen, Netherlands, Center for Agricultural Publishing and
Documentation, 1969, 357-370. 27 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 17p., Sept. 28,
1970.
Until 1940, 2 ppm of sulfur dioxide in the air was supposed to
be the maximum acceptable concentration for long duration
pollution. Recent experiments in the field in various areas
have shown that the limit has to be reduced to 0.02 ppm and
for HF it must be considerably lower. It is better to charac-
terize air pollution by the frequency and duration of the times
a certain critical concentration is exceeded, rather than by
average concentration. The resistance of plants varies with the
type of emission, conditions -.if growth, phase of development,
and exposure. A distinction must be made between experimen-
tal resistance gauged by leaf sensitivity and resistance in the
field measured by yield and endurance. A generally valid
sequence of potential damage areas for plants cannot be made,
but a scheme for their classification into three groups is given.
In order of generally increasing sensitivity, plants can be
grouped in the following manner: agricultural crops, decidous
forests, gardens and fruit plants, fodder crops, and coniferous
forests. This investigation into the sensitivity of plants to air
pollution and the differences in their resistance to various
types of pollutants has revealed that this can be counted
among the most complicated problems of biology. Neverthe-
less, the illusion is widespread that this matter may be judged
casually and simply. Only by recognizing the severity of the
problem can progress be made. (Author summary modified)
24024
Radeloff, H.
INVESTIGATION AND APPRAISAL OF FLU-GAS DAMAGE.
(Untersuchung und Begutachtung von Rauchschaden). Ham-
burg Staatsinst. Angew. Botanik Jahresber., vol. 6:126-127,
1939. 1 ref. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 4p., June 12,1970.
Waste gases containing fluorine and sulfurous acid are re-
ported to damage plants and bees. Branches of fruit trees af-
flicted by fluorine had leaves which showed numerous spots,
intercostal discolored stripes, or also withered tips and
periphrasis. All which remained, in some cases, were the
blackish brown withered remains of the leaves. At a location
in central Germany, the bees of a migrating stand died without
any immediately apparent reason. However, they had their
hives in the vicinity of a plant working with fluorine, and the
mass dying started quite suddenly with the same day on which
the wind had changed in their direction. An investigation for
sulfurous acid in 36 plant samples resulted in various causes,
from manufacturing plant flue gases to gas remnants coming
from a habitation treated with sulfur.
24025
Koeck, G.
MILDEW ON OAK TREES AND FLUE-GAS DAMAGE.
(Eichenmehlau und Rauchgasschaden). Z. Pflanzenkrankh
Pflanzenschultz, vol. 45:1-2, 1935. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., lp., June 18, 1970.
The Oak mildew (Microsphaera alni var. quercina) could not
be observed at any location which had been exposed to a con-
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
183
siderable amount of flue gases containing sulfurous acid. This
was especially evident along the southwest slopes of the
Haeusel Mountains which are relatively heavily exposed to the
flue gases coming from a paper mill in Hinterburg. Absence of
oak mildew and similarly the absence of lichen in forests
which also contain oaks can be taken as an indicator for the
assumption that the region concerned is strongly exposed to
flue gases. If one considers the usual control of the genuine
mildew fungus by means of pulverized sulfa, which tranforms
under the influence of the atmosphere into sulfurous acid and
thus becomes fungicidal, the above observed phenomenon
becomes quite understandable.
24063
Bassus, Wilfried
ON THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON THE
POPULATION OF NEMATODA IN THE SOIL OF PINE
FORESTS. (Ueber Wirkungen von Industrieexhalaten auf den
Nematodenbesatz im Boden von Kiefernwaldern). Pedobiol.,
vol. 8:289-295, 1968. 7 refs. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., lip., July 2, 1970.
In one of the largest pine regions in the German Democratic
Republic damaged by industrial air pollution, the Duebemar
Heide, changes in the soil nematode population were studied.
By the action of sulfur dioxide, the density of the tree stands
decreased considerably and a rich ground vegetation
developed. Great amounts of dust containing high quantities of
lime have changed the pH value of the humus cover from 3.7
up to 7. The total population density of the nematodes showed
a significant reduction and an alteration of the species com-
position in the areas influenced by smoke. As a consequence
of a more intensive microbial activity and a higher pH value,
the percentage of semisaprophage, saprophage, and predatory
nematodes increased considerably. In the undamaged areas,
however, on the semiparasitic nematodes which feed on fungi
and roots showed a high population density. The extreme raw
humus conditions there seem to be very favorable for them.
(Author summary)
24064
Rohmeder, E. and A. von Schonborn
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT AND HEREDITY ON
THE RESISTANCE OF FOREST TREES TO THE AT-
MOSPHERIC IMPURITIES ORIGINATING FROM INDUS-
TRIAL WASTE GASES. A CONTRIBUTION FOR THE
BREEDING OF A RELATIVELY FLUE GAS RESISTANT
SPECIES OF SPRUCE TREES. Forstwiss Zentr., vol. 84:1-3,
1965. 9 refs. Translated from German. 20p.
Experiments to determine to what extent the resistance to flue
gas can be determined by environmental factors and heredity
are described. In addition, the limits of gas concentrations
within which young trees can survive and thrive are deter-
mined. The environmental factors studied include nutrition,
water supply, relative humidity, and others. Varying concen-
trations of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride are ad-
ministered under controlled conditions to determine resistance.
Damage increases with increasing humidity and light intensity.
An optimum supply of nutrients increases resistance. For SO2,
the first damage symptoms occurred after a ten day exposure
to 0.5 mg/cu m; at 2.0 mg/cu m all assimilation organs are
destroyed. For HF, the first damage symptoms occurred at
0.025 mg/cu m; total damage occurred at 0.25 mg/cu m. The
resistance of oak and poplar is much greater than spruce,
larch, or fir. Also, the grafts of the resistant strains are more
resistant, indicating heredity as a cause of resistance.
24084
Guderian, Robert
INVESTIGATION OF THE QUANTITATrVE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN SULFUR IN PLANTS AND THE SULFUR DIOX-
IDE IN THE AIR. PART 2. DIURNAL VARIATION IN SUL-
FUR NEAR UNAFFECTED AND GAS-ATTACKED PLANTS.
(Untersuchungen ueber quantitative Beziehungen zwischen
dem Schwefelgehalt von Pflanzen und dem Schwefeldiox-
idgegalt der Luft. Tefl 2. Tagcsgang im Schwefelgehalt bei un-
beeinflussten und begasten Pflanzen). Text in German. Z.
Pflanzenkrankh Pflanzenschultz, 77(6):289-308, June 1970. 61
refs. PART I. Ibid., 77(4-5), April-May 1970. PART m. Ibid.,
77(7), July 1970.
Fumigation of plants at different hours of the day reveals
distinct diurnal changes in sulfur accumulation which exhibits
a certain relation to intensity of photosynthesis, but does not
coincide with the degree of leaf sensitivity. Apparent
photosynthesis and sulfur accumulation reach their maxima in
the late morning hours while leaf injury is most intense in the
early morning hours. The decrease in leaf sensitivity during
the light period seems to be associated with, among others, the
formation of assimilates; further possible causes are discussed.
Sulfur is also accumulated during the night hours, which may
amount to about one-third of the highest daily values. Sulfur
content of unfumigated plants also shows a distinct diurnal
variation. These diurnal variations result from changes in dry
substance. Level of sulfur accumulation varies considerably
with the stage of plante growth. Degree of leaf injury on
plants of different age does not show a distinct dependence
upon the quantity of accumulated sulfur. Sulfur absorption by
leaves of the same age decreased with increasing plant age.
Fully developed leaves having the greatest photosynthetic gas
exchange also had the greatest sulfur accumulation. The rela-
tionships in the degree of injury of different aged leaves
change in respect to each other with level of concentration.
Under exposure conditions of low concentration but of suffi-
cient length to result in injury, older leaves are, in general, in-
jured before younger ones. With increasing concentration, ef-
fects shift over to the younger leaves until finally, at high con-
centrations, the degree of injury on just fully developed leaves
correlates with sulfur accumulation and apparent photosynthe-
sis. Conifers also show distinct, age dependent differences in
sulfur dioxide uptake and in the degree of injury. The youn-
gest needles absorb the most sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide ab-
sorption and also degree of injury increases with increasing
growth of the new shoot, while the preceding year's needles
show an inverse tendency. Dissimilar sulfur dioxide exposures
} may shift the natural relations in sulfur content. Long lived
crops show an increase SO2 content with leaf age while older
leaves on short lived plants often have a lower sulfur content
than younger ones. Strictly comparable samples have to be
taken when proving sulfur dioxide effects with the help of
chemical leaf analysis. (Author summary modified)
24086
Guderian, Robert
INVESTIGATION OF THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN SULFUR IN PLANTS AND THE SULFUR DIOX-
IDE IN THE AIR. PART 3. SULFUR INJURED AND UNIN-
JURED LEAVES. (Untersuchungen ueber quantitative Be-
ziehungen zwischen dem Schwefelgehalt von Pflanzen und
dem Schwefeldioxidgehalt der Luft. Teil 3. Schwefelgehalt
geschaedigter und ungeschaedigter Blatteile). Text in German.
Z. Pflanzenkrankh Pflanzenschultz, 77(7):387-399, July 1970.
50 refs. PART I. Ibid., 77(4-5), April-May 1970. PART EL
Ibid., 77(6), June 1970.
-------
184
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The sulfur content of necrotic portions of a leaf and those por-
tions that are still green is determined by the past history of
ambient sulfur dioxide concentrations. When an ambient level
which causes acute injury is followed by a longer period of no
sulfur dioxide or of only insignificant concentrations, then, the
sulfur content of those parts still functioning may decrease
below that of the necrotic portions. In practice, however, sul-
fur content of the green leaf portions is generally higher. Great
differences in the sulfur content of injured and uninjured parts
of the leaf probably result from sulfur dioxide effects and,
therefore, are a reason why a separate chemical analysis for
sulfur may be advantageous. If no separation is made, only
leaves having a small proportion of necrosis should be sam-
pled for (chemical) analysis because these reflect the level of
sulfur dioxide pollution better than do severely injured leaves.
In addition to the level of sulfur dioxide exposure, sulfur con-
tent of plants depends substantially on the duration of pollu-
tion-free periods. A single sample taken from vigorously grow-
ing, intermittently exposed plants is capable of reflecting only
a casual situation. The danger of misinterpretations can be
reduced by repeated sampling in the course of the vegetation
period. The present results of investigations in both field and
fumigation experiments concerning a quantitative relationship
between sulfur content in plants and sulfur dioxide content of
the air with attention to inner and exterior growth factors,
make possible an evaluation of the chemical analysis of the
leaf as proof of sulfur dioxide effects. The analysis, along with
attention to precisely described presuppositions, is a valuable
procedure for identifying sulfur dioxide pollution, also in areas
with concentrations causing acute injury. The causes for op-
posing concepts about the diagnostic value of the analysis of
plants could be clarified. (Author summary)
24395
Bolay, A., E. Bovay, C. Nuery, and R. Zuber
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FERTILIZATION AND THE
BURNING EFFECT OF FACTOR EMISSIONS CONTAINING
FLUORIDES. (Interaction entre la fumure et causticite des
immissions fluorees). Air Pollution Proc. First European
Congr., Influence of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals,
Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1968, p. 143-160. 13 refs.
Translate from French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.,
26p., Sept. 11,1970.
Studies made of the vineyards and apricot orchards in the cen-
tral part of the Valais district of Switzerland, an area exposed
to atmospheric pollution from aluminum foundries and fertil-
izer plants show that the causticity of emitted fluorides and
the fluorine content of the leaves depend closely on the kind
of mineral fertilizer used on the plants. Just how this interac-
tion works is still not known but three possible hypotheses are
possible to explain the interrelationship: presence of chlorides,
presence of boron and, finally, an unidentified substance, par-
ticular to certai phospho-potassium fertilizers. The effect of
the fluoride pollutio is made significantly worse by the almost
linear diffusion created by the winds of this alpine valley.
24434
Guderian, R.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SULFUR CONTENT IN
PLANTS AND SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTENT IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE. (Untersuchungen ueber quantitative Beziehun-
gen zwischen dem Schwefelgehalt von Pflanzen und dem
Schwefeldioxidgehalt der Luft). Text in German. Z. Pflanzen-
krankh. Pflanzenschultz, 77(4/5):200-220, April-May 1970. 80
refs.
Field experiments conducted with monocotyledons,
diocotyledons, and conifers in the vicinity of a sulfur dioxide
source and gasification experiments conducted in the laborato-
ry to determine the correlation between SO2 emission (concen-
tration and exposure time) and plant sulfur content disclosed
that while the absorption of SO2 at high concentrations was
relatively small, sulfur accumulation in plants increased with
decreasing SO2 concentration and with increasing exposure
time. The old assumption that sulfur content in plants was an
indication of only chronic SO2 emissions but not of acutely
damaging SO2 concentrations was disproved. Under practical
conditions, high concentrations do not occur by themselves
but always together with low concentrations. In uniform plant
material, sulfur accumulation determined by chemical plant
analysis is a reliable indicator of SO2 emission levels at which
deleterious effects on yield or quality are no longer discerni-
ble. In discontinuous exposure to SO2, sulfur accumulation
first increases with the number of exposures and their duration
and then levels off. Photosynthetic measurements disclosed
that the recovery during emission-free periods affected SO2
absorption.
24533
Buck, M.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION Ol^
PLANTS. (Untersuchuchungen ueber die Wirkung von Luft
verunreinigungen auf Pflanzen). Air Pollution Proc. First Eu-
ropean Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals
Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 53-73. 17 refs. Translated
from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 28p.,
Sept. 15, 1970.
The use of indicator plants for detecting air pollutants and
their range of distribution is gaining ground as a supplement to
physical and chemical analyses of air. Plant reactions con-
sidered to constitute proof of pollution include the amount of
pollutant accumulated and visible symptoms such as necrosis
or the presence of certain kinds of lichen. It also seems likely
that products produced by metabolic responses of a plant to
absorbed pollutants are useful indicators. Combining these in-
dicators with the specific sensitivity of individual plants or
species could lead to manifold possibilities. Trials in progress
involve the use of indicator chambers, which have an ad-
vantage over field indicators in that no damaging substances
are absorbed through soil. Using combinations of indicator
plants should permit identification of pollutants responsible for
damage, even when several pollutants are simultaneously
present, as in most industrial areas. A list is included of in-
dicator plants suitable for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride,
gaseous and stable inorganic fluoride compounds, and ozone.
24714
Connis, L. du
SOME ASPECTS OF SULPHUR ABSORPTION BY PLANTS
SUBJECTED TO AN ATMOSPHERE CONTAINING SO2.
(Quelques aspects de Pabsorption du soufre par les plants sou-
raises a une atmosphere contenant du SO2). Air Pollution
Proc. First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants
Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 75-78. Translated
from French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 5p., Sept.
3, 1970.
Tomato plants the roots of which were treated with radioac-
tive sulfur dioxide absorbed sulfur in quantities that decreased
rapidly to stabilize around the fourth day following fumigation.
When the same plants were cultivated on liquid matter,
radioactive sulfur was found in the roots and in the liquid
matter of the culture. This is indicative of elimination by the
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
185
roots. Immediately after treatment, 98% of the absorbed sulfur
was in the form of sulfates. At the end of 15 days, 92.5% was
in the form of sulfates, 2.5% in the form of sulfurated amino
acids, and 5% in the form of sulfurated proteins. These results
show that SO2 is metabolized by plants and excludes the
hypothesis of plant poisoning by cumulative SO2 action. To-
matoes and other plants growing in a SO2 atmosphere also
gave off hydrogen sulfide. The discharge came mainly from at-
mospheric SO2 but partly from sulfur in the plant. Unlike the
absorption of SO2, the release of H2S depended on light. The
absence of damages when pollution by S02 occurs in the dark
and the discharge of H2S only when plants are illuminated
open new possibilities for studying the metabolism of sulfur in
relation to atmospheric pollution by SO2.
24773
Richter, Oswald
PLANT GROWTH AND LABORATORY ATMOSPHERE. (P-
flanzenwachstum und laboratoriumsluft). Ber. Deut. Botan.
Ges., vol. 21:180-194, 1903. 35 refs. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 29p., June 10, 1970.
A series of experiments designed to determine the effect of
reduced oxygen or increased carbon monoxide on plant growth
is described. The results of the experiments indicate that gase-
ous impurities in the atmosphere may have significant effects
on the rate of plant growth. Another series of experiments is
conducted to determine the specific effects of coal gas, par-
ticularly acetylene and ethylene, on the growth of certain
vegetables. The results indicate that coal gas has an inhibiting
effect on the growth in length and that it promotes the growth
in thickness. A simple gas absorption system utilizing charcoal
decreases the influence of coal gas. The shortening and
thickening of affected plants is proportional to the amount of
coal gas and to the duration of exposure. The effects of
reduced oxygen partial pressure and plant respiration on plant
growth include nutations of 130-270 deg. Mercury vapor can
produce similar differences in growth as coal gas, however, it
kills the plants within a short time.
24787
Navara, J.
SOME DATA ON THE WATER BALANCE IN PLANTS IN
THE PRESENCE OF FLUOR IN THE SUBSTRATE. (Beitrag
sur Kenntnis der Wasserhaushalt der Pflanzen bei Anwesen-
heit des Fluors im Substrat). Air Pollution Proc. First Europe-
an Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wagenin-
gen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 91-97. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 7p., Oct. 28, 1970.
Studies were conducted of the water balance of the Senator
variety of Pisum sativum in the presence of fluor (in the form
of sodium fluoride) in the substrate. The effect of fluor was
seen in a withering of those portions of the plant above the
soil. The unfavorable hydration condition observed is the
result of changes in the amount of water assimilated and the
amount given off. The presence of fluor first stimulated and
then reduced the amount of water given off. No preliminary
increase was noted before the amount of water taken in was
reduced, and plants assimilated no water after 68 hrs in the
presence of 0.29 and 0.25 g/1 F. A balance between the amount
of water taken in and given off was reached only after approx-
imately 27 hrs at a level of approximately 40% of the original
transpiration and approximately 90% of the original water con-
tent of the plant.
24788
Kloke, A. and H. O. Len
POLLUTION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS WITH LEAD
FROM AUTO EXHAUST. (Verunreinigungen von Kulturp-
flanzen mil Blei aus Kraftfahrzeugabgasen). Air Pollution
Proc. First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants
Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968, p. 259-268. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.,
15p., Nov. 2, 1970.
Plant samples from areas adjacent to and remote from dense
traffic were analyzed for lead. The lead content of the green
parts of plants increased with increasing closeness to well-
travelled highways and streets. Even in the vicinity of
highways, no increase was noted in lead concentrations in
below-ground and inner portions of plants. The lead content of
feed plants growing along roads was far in excess of the sug-
gested tolerable concentration of 10 ppm. For the protection of
humans and cattle, cultivation of food and forage plants along
roadways should be abandoned or the use of tetraethyl lead in
fuel prohibited.
24848
Cormis, L. de
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE ABSORPTION
OF SULPHUR BY PLANTS WHEN SUBMITTED TO AN AT-
MOSPHERE OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE. (Contributio a 1'etude
de 1'absorption de soufre par les plantes soumises a une at-
mosphere contenant du dioxyde de soufre). APCA (Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc.) Abstr., 15(11):195-202, April 1970. 7 refs.
(Also: Ann Physiol. Vegetale, 10(2):99-112, 1968.) Translated
from French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 18p., Sept.
4, 1970.
Tomato plants grown in an atmosphere containing sulfur diox-
ide absorbed is in an amount proportional to that present in
the atmosphere. The absorption was rapid and accompanied by
a release of hydrogen sulfide. The absorbed SO2 'migrated* to
different parts of the plants; some of it apparently was
eliminated through the roots. This can be regarded as proof of
the noncumulative toxicity of atmospheric sulfur. Much of the
sulfur absorbed was metabolized by the plants in the form of
sulfates, amino acids, and sulfur proteins. The SO2 was of at-
mospheric origin, and both its absorption and the discharge of
H2S were related to the presence of light and thus to the
photosynthesis of the treated plant. (Author conclusions
modified)
24850
Coupe, M.
ON THE INTERCELLULAR NITRATE IN THE LEAVES
AND ROOTS OF BARLEY. (Sur la localisation intracellulaire
de la nitrate reductase dans les feuilles et les racines d'orge).
Physiol Veg., 5(3):271-291, 1967. 15 refs. Translated from
French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 30p., Sept. 3,
1970.
An estimate is made of the relative importance of the reduc-
tion of nitrate in the chloroplasts in the mitochondria and the
cytoplasm of barley leaves. Because of varying results with
different methods of preparation of the cell organites, two
techniques are used. The first involves immersion in an aque-
ous medium, from which it is possible to obtain n. fraction
which is rich in granules whose outer membranes are intact.
The second method, using lyophilised leaves with centrifuga-
tion according to density, yields chloroplasts which retain their
enzymes and other hydrosoluble factors, although various
liposoluble factors can be lost. In chloroplasts obtained by the
-------
186
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
first method, the activity of nitrate reductase is very weak.
The second method permits calculations that indicate these or-
ganites contain about 60% of the activity present in the leaf.
The nuclear and mitochondria! fractions and the roots contain
little nitrate reductase. Cytoplasm is always abundant in this
enzyme. The addition of molybdenum to the aqueous types
does not increase their activity. (Author summary modified)
24851
Domes, Wilhelm
ORIGINAL TREATISES CONCERNING THE USABILITY OF
THE SPECTROSCOPIC PHAOPHYTIN-TEST IN SMOKE-
DAMAGE DIAGNOSIS. Prussian Inst. for th Hygiene of
Water, Soil and Air, Berlin-Dahlem (Germany), Dept. of
Biology, p. 258-273, 1932. Translated from German. 18p.
Because of the unreliability of chemical methods for determin-
ing whether acid smoke gases have damaged chlorophyll-con-
taining plant tissues, numerous investigations were conducted
to determine the practicability of the spectroscopic pheophytin
test. Specific goals of the experiments were to test if
pheophytin can be created by experimental exposure to gas, if
pheophytin is created by damages in open spaces containing
no source other than acid smoke gas, and if leaf staining and
color changes can exist where damages have not been caused
by acid smoke gas. As determined by several hundred sam-
ples, the effect of acid smoke gases can, once the 'charac-
teristic' leaf stains occur, be identified as 'smoke damages' by
the spectroscopic pheophytin test. However, the method fails
when chlorophyll-carrying cells have been damaged by very
weak concentrations of sulfurous acid to the extent that full
bleaching of the chlorophyll coloring occurs. It is also impor-
tant to distinguish acid damage from symptoms of water
shortage, sunburn, so-called frost drying and from typical au-
tumn coloring.
24852
Cormis, L. De
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
AND OF THE DERIVATIVES OF FLUORINE ON A FEW
PLANTS. (Action Compare de 1'anhydride sulfureux et des
derives flucres sur quelques vegetaux). Proc. Intern. Clean Air
Cong., London, 1966 (Part I), 6(5):171-173. Translated from
French. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 9p., Sept. 9,
1970.
The frequent absence of a correlation between plant damage
and air pollution in the vicinity of a plant emitting 400 tons per
day sulfur dioxide and 150 kg per day fluorine led to studied
of the nature of the absorption of both pollutants in plants.
Both fluorine and sulfur dioxide are absorbed by leaves of to-
mato plants in proportion to the amount applied. However, ab-
sorbed sulfur migrates within the plants and is distributed as
the sulfur normally found in plants. Fluorine is accumulated
by the leaves, resulting in eventual necrosis beyond a certain
limit; these limits have to be separately defined for each spe-
cies of vegetation. Because sulfur is metabolized in part by the
plant, it cannot have a cumulative toxic effect when applied in
subtoxic quantities.
24933
Bossavy, J.
INFORMATION ON DAMAGE CAUSED BY AIR POLLU-
TION TO THE PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES. (Informations sur les dommages causes par la
pollution de Fair aux plantes et aux animaux dans les pays eu-
ropeens). Air Pollution Proc. 1st European Congr. on the In-
fluence of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals, Wageningen,
The Netherlands, 1968, p. 15-26. Translated from French.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., Sept. 3, 1970.
All specialists agree that sulfur dioxide and fluorine com-
pounds are particularly important plant toxins. Picea abies,
Abies alba, and Pinus sylvestris, by far the most important
trees cultivated in Central Europe, are highly susceptible to
these two pollutants. The damage caused by them reaches
alarming proportions, endangering the existence of forests in
many areas. The total area of damaged forests probably ap-
proaches 400,000 hectares. Damages to land under cultivation
are less spectacular because growing conditions can be artifi-
cially improved. Pollution effects are often limited to the yield
or partial loss of quality for one growing season. The influence
of fluorine on animal teeth and bones is well known: the ef-
fects can be partly averted by adding correct amounts of
phosphate and calcium to animal rations or by supplying feed
containing sufficient minerals. In general, research on the ef-
fect of pollutants on vegetation is directed toward the absorp-
tion of pollutants, their transport in leaf parenchyms, and their
effects on physiological processes. Creation of new species or
varieties of domestic plants capable of supporting high pollu-
tion levels seems possible. (Author abstract modified)
25307
Schoenbeck, Helfried
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION (SO2) ON TRANSPLANTED
LICHENS. (Einfluss von Luftverunreinigungen (SO2) auf
transplantierte Flechten). Text in German. Naturwissenschaf-
ten (Berlin), 55(9):451-452, Sept. 1968. 6 refs.
In order to cast light on the sensitivity of the epiphytic lichens
to urban influences, an experiment was conducted in a
forested area near the iron ore roasting plant at Biersdorf, in
the valley of the Sieg River. More specifically, it was a mea-
surement of the effect of sulfur dioxide on Parmelia physodes.
The lichens had been transplanted from their original place of
origin to similar ecological conditions, provided by the tree
host, Quercus robun/The SO2 content of the air was intermit-
tently monitored, and an average taken of the measured
values. At points where the average SO2 concentrations were
highest, the lichens died out completely in 29 days. Even at
points of low SO2 concentration, the surface of the thallus
was 40% damaged 68 days after the beginning of the experi-
ment. At that point, the plant was shut down, and lichens
transplanted after this date were not so affected. Experiments
in a controlled environment with simulated outdoor conditions
gave similar results with this species of lichen. This life form
would seem to be a good indicator for use in air analysis ex-
periments.
25330
Bredemann, G. and H. Radeloff
FLUE-GAS DAMAGE BY WASTE GASES CONTAINING
SULFUROUS ACn> AND ITS IDENTD7ICATION.
(Rauchschaden durch schwefligsaure Abgase und ihre Erken-
nung). Phyopathol. Z., 4(2):13, 180-194, 1933 (?). 33 refs.
Translated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver,
Colo., 28p., June 18, 1970.
Most methods for identifying plant damage due to sulfur diox-
ide in flue gases are not sufficiently specific for SO2. In con-
trast, identification of sulfite ions in leaves is unambiguous
proof of the presence of SO2-containing gases because sulfites
do not occur in normal leaves that are not exposed to SO2
vapors. Identificatio of the sulfites can be made by a number
of qualitative or quantitative methods, such as the blue colora-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
187
tion of starch in a solution of potassium iodate, attachment to
formaldehyde with titration of the OH ion thus formed, distil-
lation in iodine solution and titration with thiosulfate, and
distillation in iodine solution and precipitation as barium
sulfate. Good results were obtained with precipitation of bari-
um sulfate after a preceding oxidation with bromine vapors or
hydrogen peroxide. As determined by an investigation of nu-
merous plant samples, the amount of precipitation generally
parallels the degree of damage. Among plants growing near a
slag burning dump, those nearest the dump had strongly
discolored leaves. The SO2 which these plants had taken up
resulted in considerable precipitation with the formation of
crystals. With increasing distance from the dump, the
precipitation decreased and became predominantly amorphous.
25660
Pesek, F.
BIOCHEMICAL PHENOMENA IN THE SOIL IN EXHALA-
TION AREAS. (Biochemische Phenomane in Boden Exhala-
tionsgebiete.) Air Pollution Proc., First European Congr. In-
fluence Air Pollution Plants Animals Wageningen, 1968, p. 33-
39. 24 refs. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 7p., Nov. 3, 1970.
To study the problems connected with soil poisoning, it is
necessary to know the concentration of substances emitted
from the suspected industrial sources and the amount of expo-
sure time. Chemicals which were found in quantities between
0.01 and 1.9% in diseased soil in the region of Bohemia are
presented tabularly. Toxicity limits and physiological
thresholds are necessary to provide a prognosis and therapy in
emission areas. An equation is provided indicating the sterility
of the soil toward vegetation.
2S661
Rippel, A. and I. Janovicova
THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORINE EXHALATION ON THE
FLORA IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF AN ALUMINUM
PLANT. (Der Einfluss von Fluorexhalaten auf die Pflanzen-
welt in der Umgebung eines Aluminumwerkes. Air Pollution
Proc., First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants
Animals, Wageningen, 1968, p. 173- 178. Translated from Ger-
man. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 5p., Nov. 3, 1970.
Examinations of the forest vegetation and agricultural life in
the surroundings of an aluminum plant over a period of six
years revealed intoxication and injuries to the vegetation by
fluorine compounds. The degree of injury differed in correla-
tion with the distance from the plant and the prevailing wind
, direction. Further studies revealed that plums were a more
sensitive indicator to fluorine pollution than apples, pears,
cherries, and grapes. Among vegetables the most striking dif-
ferences were noted with leaf vegetables such as lettuce and
cabbage. Wheat showed higher fluorine contents than rye.
(Author summary modified)
25665
Balazova, G. and E. Hluchan
THE EFFECT OF FLUORINE EXHALATION ON ANIMALS
IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF AN ALUMINUM PLANT. (Der
Einfluss von Fluorexhalaten auf die Tiere in der Umgebung
einer Aluminiumfabrik). Air Pollution Proc., First European
Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen,
1968, p. 275-279. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 5p.. Nov. 3, 1970.
In the vicinity of an aluminum plant, the presence of fluor was
examined in the air as well as in the organs of house sparrows
and pigeons. The fluor in milk and eggs produced in the im-
mediate vicinity was simultaneously determined. To a various
extent and in the majority of samples, a significant increase of
fluor contents was observed. The first evidence of damaging
results was fluorosis in the cattle. (Author summary modified)
26175
Pollanschuetz, J.
OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VARI-
OUS KINDS OF TREES WITH RESPECT TO EMISSION OF
SO2, HF, AND MAGNESTTE DUST. (Beobachtungen ueber
die Empfindkichkeit vershiedener Baumarten gengenueber Im-
missionen von SO2, Hf and Magnesitstaub). Air Pollution
Proc. First European Congr. Influence Air Pollution Plants and
Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands 1968. p. 371-377. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates., Denver, Colo.,
10p., Oct. 13, 1970.
Investigations were conducted to determine the degree of
growth inhibition in various forest trees exposed to hydrogen
fluoride emissions alone or to simultaneous emissions either of
hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide or sulfur dioxide and
magnesite dust. Trees susceptible to SO2, and Mg are, in in-
creasing order of susceptibility, larch, pine, spruce, fir, and
beech. Trees susceptible to SO2 and HF are in increasing
order of susceptibility, aspen, ash, beech, maple, spruce, pine,
and larch. Susceptibility to HF increases in the order pine,
spruce, fir. Unlike spruce trees, pines show no noteworthy in-
dividual differences in resistance to air contaminants. Re-
sistance in spruce is affected by factors such as location and
water and nutrient supply. The need to develop resistant
strains of spruce is indicated by the importance of the tree for
the European forest economy.
26367
Stratmann, H., M. Buck, and B. Prinz
CRITERIA FOR THE LIMITING OF POLLUTION AND
THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. (Masstaebe fuer die Begrenzung der
Luftvemnreinigung und ihre Bedeutung). Text in German.
Landesanstalt fuer Lmmissins- und Bodennutzungsschutz des
Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen (West Germany), Rept.
12, p. 62-80, 1968. 35 refs.
The direct and indirect effects of pollution on humans,
animals, plants, and inanimate objects are identified and the
two ways of limiting pollution by lowering the emission or am-
bient concentation level are analyzed. Pollution manifests itself
differently on various object groups. The choice of criteria,
the relationship between ambient concentration and its effect,
the difference between damage and impairment (exemplified
on plants) and statistical procedures which should govern the
application of criteria of ambient concentration and of its ef-
fects are discussed. Ambient concentration limits can be set
only for a single clearly defined component (SO2, NO2 for ex-
ample), effects of combinations of pollutants can be measured
only on biological objects. Only a single ambient concentration
limit can be set for all object groups. The quantification of the
relationship between ambient concentration and action criteria
will of necessity be inexact. In the determination of ambient
concentration limits both human and freedom of enterprise
must be considered among other factors in order to arrive at
the right balance.
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188
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
26491
Hajduk, T.
CHANGES OF PLANT CULTURES ON AREAS IN REGION
OF THE INFLUENCE OF FLUORINE EMISSIONS. (Zmeny
fytocenoz natrvalych plochach voblast posobenia fluorovych
exhalatov). Text in Czech. Ochrana Ovsdusi, vol. 11-12:177-
181, 1969. 12refs.
The results of a study of qualitative and quantitative changes
of plant cultures in the area of fluorine emissions from an alu-
minum plant are presented. Emissions considered included
hydrogen fluoride, carbon tetrafluoride, and solid fluorides as
well as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and similar toxic
compounds. The circular experimental surface areas (r equals
2.5m) placed at 100-200 m intervals in 3 directions from the
emission source were regularly investigated. As criteria of
change sociability coverage, coefficient of relationship, and
domination were used. The number of plant species changed in
an irregular fashion with the distance from the emission source
and with length of exposure to emissions with the exception of
a route going through an even flat terrain. The coefficient of
relationship behaved in a similar manner. The total coverage
decreased towards the epicentrum and with the length of expo-
sure to emissions. An exception was trifolium rubens, which is
a species resistant to fluorine emissions. The frequency and
coverage of certain species of the Daucaceae and Asteraceae
family also increased. Qualitative changes of plant cultures on
varying terrain thus occur irregularly, while on even terrain
they bear a certain relation to the distance from the emission
source. The changes so far observed were of a quantitative
nature. Within a few years, extensive qualitative changes are
expected in the area with deposits higher than 500 kgf/square
km per year.
27388
Faller, N., K. Herwig, and H. Kuhn
ASSIMILATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE (S3502) FROM THE
AIR. I. INFLUENCE ON THE PLANT YIELD. (Die aufnahme
von Schwefeldioxyd (S3S02) aus der Luft. I. Einfluss auf den
Pflanzlichen ertrag). Plant Soil, vol. 33:177-191, 1970. 2 refs.
Translated from German. APTIC Tr. 1089.
Sunflower, corn, tobacco, and radish plants were exposed to
0-1.5 mg sulfur dioxide/cu m air for 9-20 days in special
vegetation chambers. Corn and sunflower reacted with 0.5 or
1.0 mg SO2/cu m air to give an optimal yield, and a rise in
yield was established for radish and tobacco up to 1.0 or 1.5
mg SO2/cu m air. Under the experimental conditions, the SO2
assimilated from the air represented the predominant source of
sulfur which, in general, makes possible normal plant growth.
The results demonstrate that the sulfur supply from the air is
of special importance for plants with insufficient nutrition in
contact with plant roots. (Author summary modified)
27827
Stefan, K.
THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION ON THE TOTAL
SULFUR CONTENT OF SPRUCE(FIR) NEEDLES. (Die Bein-
flussung des Gesamtschwefelgehaltes von Fichtennadeln durch
Dungung). Air Pollution Proc., First European Congr. Influence
Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen, Netherlands, 1968. 1
ref. Translated from German. Data Methods Corp., Denver,
:olo., 4p., Oct. 9, 1970.
\n experimental program designed to determine the effect of
fertilization on the sulfur content of spruce needles is
described. Needles taken from trees damaged by sulfur diox-
ide were analyzed to determine the characteristics of the sul-
fur content. The natural sulfur content of needles and its
variation were determined before the fertilization process was
begun. Fertilizers of two types, nitrogenous and sulfurous,
were applied to controlled groups of trees. The change in sul-
fur content of the needles as a result of the sulfurous fertilizer
was determined. The overall effect of the fertilization was a
decrease in sulfur content of all the treated trees. However,
the results were diverse and it is likely that they were in-
fluenced by location. The analytical method used to determine
the sulfur content of the needless is described.
27925
Halbwachs, G.
FOR THE CLARIFICATION OF TAR VAPOR DAMAGE TO
PLANTS. (Zur Aufklarung der Schadigungen von Pflanzen
durch Teerdampfe.) Air Pollution Proc. First European Congr.
Influence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen, Nether-
lands, 1969, p. 167-172. Translated from German. Data
Methods Corp., Denver, Colo., 6p., Oct. 12, 1970.
To answer the question which compounds of tar vapors
damage plants, and especially potatoes, several of the pure
components of tar were tested. Since only vapors evolving
between 100 and 300 C cause injuries, the experiments were
restricted to acenapthene, acridine, anthracene, carbazole,
chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, napthalene and
phenanthrene. Because evaporation of solvents results in small
crystals on the epidermis, these substances were mixed with
glycerine forming very small droplets on the surface of the
leaves. Injuries occurred only with acridine, anthracene and
fluoranthene, but solely when the plants were put in direct
sunlight after the fumigation. These three compounds have a
very similar chemical constitution in showing a condensed
three ring system in one plane. Other acene and anthracene
derivatives such as phenazine, xanthene, 2-methyl-anthracene,
9-methylanthracene and 9-10-dihydroanthracene, were also ex-
amined. During microscopic observation of the droplets, it was
found that droplet changes in regard to a fluorescent reaction
resulted under the influence of ultraviolet light. (Author sum-
mary)
28409
Navara, Jan
A CONTRIBUTION CONCERNING EFFECT OF FLUORINE
ON SEED GERMINATION IN RELATION TO THE NATU-
RAL CONTENT OF ASH AND SOME BIOGENIC ENDS.
(Prispevok k ucinku fluoru na knicenie semien vo vztahu k
prirodzenemu obsahu populovin a niektorych biogennych prv-
kov). Biologia, 19(8):589-596, 1964. 9 refs. Translated from
Russian. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., lip., Jan. 2,
1971.
The effects of low and high concentrations of fluorine on the
germination of seeds of peas, barley, white mustard, kohlrabi,
and carrots were studied in relationship to the mineral content
of the seeds. Fluorine was applied by soaking seeds for 20 hrs
in various concentrations of sodium fluoride. High concentra-
tions of fluorine inhibited germination of pea and barley seeds
and, to a lesser extent, mustard and kohlrabi seeds. Seeds of
poppies and carrots were relatively unaffected. For the most
part low concentrations of fluorine had a stimulating effect
that was apparent in speed of germination and overall ability
to germinate, as well as root growth and the growth of coleop-
tiles. Increasing the calcium content of seeds by the applica-
tion of Ca(NO3)2 decreased the inhibiting effects of fluorine
on the germination process. The levels of other mineral ele-
ments in seeds appeared to have no correlation with tolerance
to fluorine.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
189
28475
Bovay, Ernest
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. (Effets
de la pollution de 1'air sur les plantes). Text in French. In:
Probleme der Luftverunreinigung durch die Industrie. Switzer-
land, Vogt-Schild S. A., 1969, p. 1-19. 126 refs.
A review is presented of sources of SO2, methods of measur-
ing it in the atmosphere, maximal permissible SO2 levels, its
mode of action on plant tissues, contributory factors, sensitivi-
ty of species and plant organs and methods of evaluating
damage caused by SO2, including inspection, air analysis,
analysis of the affected tissues, microscopic examination, and
turbidimetric tests. Some of the same subjects are also
discussed for fluorine emissions. Damage from these and other
pollutants, including chlorine, hydrochloric acid, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, zinc oxide dust, dust from cement plants,
compounds of arsenic and molybdene, coal tar fumes, automo-
bile emissions, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and smog, to a
variety of plants is described.
28597
Taniyama, Tetsuro and Hiroki Arikado
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF TOXIC GAS INJURY
TO CROP PLANTS. H. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SULFUR DIOXIDE AND LIGHT IN INJURY TO BARLEY
AND RAPE. (Sakumotsu no gasu shogai ni kansuru kenkyu. I
Hikari no umu to natane oyobi hadaka-mugi no aryusan gasu
shogai tono kankei). Nippon Sakumotsu Gakkai Kiji (Proc.
Crop Sci. Soc. Japan), vol. 37:608-613, 1968. 7 refs. Translated
from Japanese. lOp.
The injurious effects of sulfur dioxide on crop plants was stu-
died under a light intensity of 20 k lux and in the dark. The
plants were exposed to 20 ppm SO2. The injury observed on
the leaves of both rape and barley, even under the dark condi-
tion, increased in degree as the exposure time was extended.
Rape, in the flowering stage, showed no significant difference
in susceptibility to the gas whether the plants were in the dark
or light; in the vegetative stage, the plant was more severely
injured in the dark than in the light. Barley, however, was
more severely injured in the light tha in the dark. The leaves
of both plants absorbed sulfur whether in the light or dark.
Particularly with rape, the sulfur content of thy leaves in-
creased linearly with longer treatment time, showing a higher
sulfur content in the light than in the dark. The degree of inju-
ry appearing on the leaves correlated positively with the sulfur
content of the leaves, but in rape the considerably high sulfur
content did not cause any visible injuries to the leaves.
(Author summary modified)
28600
Cormis, L. de
ABSORPTION OF FLUORINE SOLUTIONS AND MIGRA-
TION OF FLUORINE IN THE TOMATO. Ann. Physiol. Veg.,
10(3):155-169, 1968. 20 refs. Translated from French. 28p.
Studies were made to determine whether fluorine absorbed by
the leaves of tomato plants can be displaced toward the roots
and whether the fluorine contained in the soil can be absorbed
by the roots and then displaced toward the leaves. In the first
part of the study, fluorine was introduced to the aerial parts of
tomato plants, either by soaking the leaves or the leaf stalks
with a hydrofluoric acid solution of 4 g/1 of fluorine in two
tests, the first lasting 2 minutes, the second, 4 minutes. The
soaked leaves were rinsed twice in distilled water and their
fluorine contents were measured and proved to be, respective-
ly, 319 and 409 ppm, indicating that absorption of the fluorine
ion is rapid. In the second part of the experiment, tomato
plants were grown in various cultivation environments to
which fluorine solutions were added. Tabulated data for both
parts of the experiment revealed that fluorine moves normally
from the leaf stalk of absorption to the leaflets, the stems
serve essentially as a passage area, an appreciable quantity of
fluorine is still found in the stem at the time of collection,
there is practically no passage of fluorine to the roots, and
that if the cultivation environment contains a large quantity of
fluorine, the latter is not noticeably displaced toward the
leaves even if it is absorbed in small parts of the roots.
28680
Taniyama, Tetsuro and Hiroki Arikado
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF TOXIC GAS INJURY
TO CROP PLANTS. V. EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON
THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF RICE PLANTS. (Sakumotsu no
gasu shogai ni kansuru kenkyu. V. Shito no tansandoka-sayo
ni oyobosu aryusan gasu no eikyo). Nippon Sakumotsu Gakkai
Kiji (Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan), 38(4):592-602, 1969. 10 refs.
Translated from Japanese, 14p.
The injurious effects of sulfur dioxide on photosynthesis and
absorption of sulfur into leaves of rice plants were studied. It
is shown that both visible actual photosynthesis are depressed
by fumigation with sulfur dioxide. Visible photosynthesis was
completely inhibited one hour after the plant was exposed to
the gas, after being treated continuously at high concentrations
such as 20 and 40 ppm. At concentrations of 6, 10, and 40
ppm, the depression of visible photosynthesis caused by fu-
migating with sulfur dioxide for one hour, was restored to the
original state two hours after the gas was removed, but was
not restored after fumigations at concentrations of 30 and 70
ppm. When rice plants were fumigated with sulfur dioxide at
concentrations up to 20 ppm, the sulfur content in the leaves
increased significantly with only a slight increase as the con-
centrations became higher. The content of sulfur absorbed in
the leaves did increase, however, in proportion to the length
of the fumigation period. (Author summary modified)
29147
Byrne, A. R. and L. Kosta
STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND UPTAKE OF MER-
CURY IN THE AREA OF THE MERCURY MINE AT
IDRIJA, SLOVENIA (YUGOSLAVIA). Vestn. Sloven. Kern.
Drustva, 17(l/4):5-ll, 1970. 5 refs.
Results are presented of a preliminary investigation of the
mercury content of environmental samples, primarily of vari-
ous water, soil, and plant samples, in the neighborhood of the
mercury mine at Idrija, Yugoslavia. The measurement
technique was activation analysis using a volatilization method
for mercury separation. Results show a wide range from ap-
parently normal background (0.005-0.1 ppm) to very high levels
(10-100 ppm). The highest values are mainly due to aerial con-
tamination from the mine flue gases. More importantly, the
results show the ability of vegetation to accumulate mercury
during growth. (Author abstract)
29254
Bertitz, Siegfried and Michael Vogl
ON THE TRANSPIRATION OF CONIFER NEEDLES WITH
DIFFERING EXPOSURES TO SO2. (Zur Transpiration von
Koniferennadeln bei Untersohiedlieher SO2 Einwirkung).
Arch. Forstwes, vol. 11:663-? 1967. 3 refs. Translated from
German.
Gassing of conifer needles from smoke-damaged trees with
high sulfur dioxide concentrations (10-200 ppm) produced a
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190
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
decrease in assimilation and an increase in transpiration that
was followed by a subsequent decrease as cell destruction in
assimilation organs progressed. Gassing with low SO2 concen-
trations produced two completely different reactions. In one
case, a clear decrease in assimilation was observed following
exposure of needles to 1.7 ppm SO2, but further gassing with
a carbon dioxide balance was required to increase transpira-
tion. In another case, 0.85 ppm SO2 produced a simultaneous
lessening of assimilation and transpiration. In field measure-
ments, a decrease in transpiration was observed only where a
decline in assimilation was already apparent. These results are
compared with earlier, contradictory studies.
29671
Matsushima, Jiro
ON COMPOSITE HARM TO PLANTS BY SULFUROUS ACID
GAS AND OXD3ANT. (Shokubutsu ni taisuru aryusangasu to
okishidanto no fukugogai ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 7(5):218-224, May 1971.
The composite effects on plants of sulfur dioxide and ozone,
S02 and PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) SO2, and nitrogen diox-
ide, and NO2 and ozone were studied. Pinto bean plants were
exposed to SO2 or O3 only, to each gas alternately, and to a
mixture of the two. The degree of injury by the gas or gases
was indicated in percentage by area of the leaves damaged. In
cases where no geometric effect occurred the damage to the
plant by the individual gas had been great; damage from the
individual gas had been slight in those case where such an ef-
fect was observed. The geometric effect is produced when the
density of SO2 is rather low, generally 0.05-0.25 ppm. A mix-
ture of SO2 and O3 was applied to a tobacco plant; it affected
fully grown leaves as reported by Menser. In experiments on
the composite effects of SO2 and PAN on bean, tomato, and
pepper plants, PAN affected mainly young leaves while SO2
affected mature ones. These effects were arithmetic rather
than geometric. The SO2 and NO2 were also studied in the
same manner. When SO2 and NO2 were mixed, a geometric
effect was conspicuous in damage to vegetables, the symp-
toms of damage by either of the two appeared about the same,
younger leaves being affected less. When treated with the two
gases alternately, the damage was greater if the plants were
first treated with NO2; possible causes for this effect are
discussed. No sign$cant composite effect of NO2 and O3 was
observed.
30003
Keller, Theodor
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON VEGETATION.
(Auswirkungen der Luftverunreinigungen auf die Vegetation).
Text in German. Staedtehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(6):130-
136, 1971.16refs.
Generally two groups of air pollutants are distinguished when
considering vegetation effects. Inert dusts can be taken by
plants without injury; toxic gases, however, destroy them. Of
all forms of vegetation the forest has the highest dust filtering
capacity: one hectare of spruce forest binds about 32 tons of
dust; 1 hectare of beech forest, 68 tons when the dust is
washed off by rain, the filtering capacity is restored and the
dust is mixed with the soil. Of the gases, sulfur dioxide is the
most harmful. It is estimated that about 200,000 hectares of
forest have been damaged in the German Democratic Republic
by emission of SO2. The long-term maximum alfewable emis-
sion concentration for SO2 in Switzerland is 0.2 ppm, which
still seems to be too high. The SO2 which penetrates into the
cells attacks the chlorophyll and causes chlorosis. It has been
found that deciduous trees are much more resistant than
coniferous ones. Through adequate fertilization the resistance
of plants may be increased; through nitrogen fertilization
growth is stimulated and injuries can be healed faster. How-
ever, through the higher assimilation, more pollutants may
penetrate the plant organs. Further studies are needed to
determine which one of these processes prevails.
30469
Spaeth and Meyer
OBSERVATIONS OF THE EFFECT OF COAL GAS ON THE
VEGETATION OF TREES. (Beobachtungen uber den Ein-
fluss des Leuchtgases auf die Vegetation von Baumen). Land-
win., Ver. Sta., 1872(16):336-341. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 8p., May 12, 1970.
Investigations on the effects of coal gas on the growth of trees
are discussed. The trees were distributed over an area of 28.28
sq m; 1.545 and 0.772 cu K» of coal gas were introduced to the
soil daily. After four weeks of gas treatment, the buds of trees
which were certain to die had a seemingly healthy appearance.
However, a closer examination of the cross sections showed
the buds of the plane trees, silver poplar, American walnut,
tree of heaven, and acacia were completely dead. The buds of
the maple trees and the horse chestnuts were still alive but had
a brown discoloration on the inside. Only the buds of the lin-
den trees still seemed normal. However, they did not sprout in
the spring. A closer examination revealed that all roots, with
the exception of a few strong main roots, were dead. A large
quantity of coal gas, introduced to the roots while in a state of
hibernation was much less harmful than a much smaller
amount introduced during their growing period. Some species
(tree of heaven, locust, elm, and acacia) showed signs of
poisoning sooner, some (maple and linden) later.
30709
Taniyama, Tetsuro and Hiroki Arikado
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF TOXIC GAS INJURY
TO CROP PLANTS. 1. THE RELATIONSHIP OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION TO SHE EXTENT OF LEAF
INJURY IN SEVERAL CROPS. (Sakumotsu no gasu shogai ni
kansuru kenkyu. 1. Su-shu sakumotsu no aryusan gasu nodo to
yomen hakai teido tono kankei). Nippon Sakumotsu Gakkai
Kiji (Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan), vol. 37:366-371, 1968. 10
refs. Translated from Japanese, 12p.
Paddy rice, barley, tobacco, orchard grass, and alsike clover
were treated for two hrs/day for seven days with sulfur diox-
ide concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm. Treatment was
carried out in an exposure chamber at 25,C, 20 klux light in-
tensity, and under 76-90% humidity variation. The experiment
did not demonstrate any correlation between percentage of
leaf injury and increase SO2 concentration, nor established
whether the percentage of leaf injury is related to temperature
and light intensity. Injury rates at the Vegetative stage
decreased in the following order: alsike clover, orchard grass,
barley, tobacco; in the flowering stage, the order was tobacco,
barley, rice. Leaves which had just completed flowering were
found to have a high gas interchangeability. Therefore, the
process of SO2 injury centers around center active leaves and
upward and downward leaves in accordance with the absorp-
tion process of SO2 in terms of the gas interchangeability of
the leaves. With increases in SO2 concentrations or treatment
time, injury progresses from the cell, depending on differences
in osmotic pressure.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
191
31011
Fujiwara, Takashi
SULFUR ACCUMULATION FORM AND DEVELOPMENT
OF INJURYtSYMPTOM IN PLANTS WHICH ABSORBED
SULFUR DIOXIDE. Nippon Shokubutsu Byori Gakkaiho, vol.
36:127-131, 1970. Translated from Japanese, lip.
An investigation was undertaken to determine the relation
between sulfur accumulation in plants and the development of
symptoms of injury after buckwheat was exposed to low con-
centrations of SO2, symptoms of damage began to appear on
the first day after contact with concentrations in the 0.26 ppm
range, on the third day in the 0.13 ppm range, and on the 16th
day in the 0.065 ppm range. At the same time, the inorganic
sulfur content of the plants increased. Soluble organic sulfur
and protein sulfur, on the other hand, showed almost no dif-
ference from the amount in control plants. Absorption of sul-
fur from the soil and the atmosphere is discussed.
31266
Peseki F.
THE REDUCTION OF FRUIT QUALITY BY INDUSTRIAL
AEROSOLS. Rostlinna Vyroba, vol. 11:837-852, 1965. 2 refs.
Translated from Czech. 27p., 1966 (?).
A droplet analysis method for determining the intensity of in-
dustrial smoke products (soot, dust, and ash) on the surface of
fruit is described. The method involves removing the products
from a one sq cm section of fruit, placing the products in one
cc clean or distilled water, then transferring the resulting solu-
tion to glass slides for microscopic examination. The method
gives more precise and more reliable results than that in which
the epidermis of the fruit is placed under the microscope and
the fruit evaluated by weight. Based on observations in fruit-
growing regions of Czechoslovakia, smoke products damage
fruit in both the period of blossoming and the development of
fruit. Blossoms damaged by the products produce deformed
fruit with little resistance to disease. Moreover, the smoke
products combine with the wax on the surface of the fruit to
form an organo-mineral layer that is insoluble in water and
which, by interfering with the penetration of solor radiation,
affects the coloration of the fruit.
31628
Andreyev, M. N., A. A. Kudryavtsev, E. N. Stepanov, S. N.
Gerasimov, Y. E. Sazanov, and A. P. Kudryavtsev
TOXIC DYSTROPHY OF THE LIVER IN YOUNG PIGS.
Veterinariya (Moscow), vol. 45:78-79, Jan 1968. Translated
from Russian. Mundus Systems, McGregor, and Werner, Inc.,
Washington, D. C., 6p.
Experiments were undertaken to determine if toxic dystrophy
of the liver in young pigs was caused by a deficiency of seleni-
um in their feed. In the organs and tissues of sick young pigs,
the selenium content was four to six times less than in healthy
young pigs. Toxic dystrophy was experimentally induced in
young pigs by giving them a dystrophagenous diet and carbon
tetrachloride. One group of animals which was given a dys-
trophagenous diet and sodium selenite did not become dis-
eased.
31735
Tsals, 1.1.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF SELENIUM IN THE TISSUE AND
ORGANS OF HENS. Veterinariya (Moscow), vol. 46:58-61,
Aug. 1969. Translated from Russian. Mundus Systems, Mc-
Gregor, and Werner, Inc. Washington, D. C., 10p.
The amount of selenium in various tissues and organs of
chickens was dependent upon the quantity of selenium in their
feed. When 0.1 mg of sodium selenite/kg of feed was ad-
ministered to hens, their egg yield increased 9.3%. The content
of selenium in the liver, ovaries, heart muscle, complex
muscles, and blood cells, was also increased, while it was
decreased in the kidneys.
31833
Yonemaru, Chutaro
ON THE INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
UPON PLANTS. Noji Shikenjo Hokoku (Bull. Imp. Agr. Expt.
Sta.), no 47, March 1927. 28 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Mundus Systems, McGregor and Werner, Washington, D. C.,
135p.
The injurious effects on sulfur dioxide upon plants are rele-
vant to the direct rays of the sun; no injuries were observed
during the night or in a dark room. However, when a mixture
of sulfur dioxide and aldehyde was applied to plants, the same
injurious effects emerged in the dark room as under direct
sunlight. These effects are therefore not caused by the sulfur
dioxide alone. Aldehyde, produced by the dissolution of or-
ganic acid present hi the plants, and a-Oxysulfosaure, a com-
pound of sulfurous acid and formaldehyde produced by the
union of sulfur dioxide, were also involved. That the injurious
effects of sulfur dioxide were limited to instances involving
direct sunlight was attributable to the fact that the formation
of aldehyde is facilitated by direct sunlight. The sulfur dioxide
penetrates into the plant foliage through the stoma as well as
the drainage hole on the leaf margin. The stoma and drainage
hole smeared by vaseline showed no symptoms of injury. The
degree of effects of sulfur dioxide greatly differed due to dry
or damp air. When the air was damp, sulfur dioxide inhaling
the moisture was converted not only into a minute fog shape,
but also into relatively heavy sulfurous acid. Compared with
ordinary gas, its movement was slow and easily stopped by
plants or other blocks, thus providing ample time for penetra-
tion into the foliage. The effect of sulfur dioxide upon the
yield of crops varied according to the kind of crops; the densi-
ty of gas and weather conditions, with the contact by
5/1,000,000 and more capacity of sulfur dioxide, increased the
injuries. Greater injuries occurred before and after the blos-
som period. The contact of sulfur dioxide after the blossom
period influenced the new seed quality. Lists of plants tested,
injuries sustained, and lengths of testing times are also in-
cluded. Author summary modified)
32088
Ermarkov, V. V. and V. V. Koval skiy
THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SELENIUM:
SELENIUM ENDEMIC DISEASES. (Biologicheskoye
znacheniye selena: selenoviye endemii). Usp. Sovrem. BioL,
65(2):267-284, 1968. 163 refs. Translated from Russian. Leo
Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 4Op., May 1971.
Selenium influences cell growth and mitosis in organisms.
There is a functional antagonism between sulfur and selenium,
and under certain conditions selenium replaces sulfur in its or-
ganic compounds. The biochemical functions of selenium, on
the strength of its physiochemical characteristics and its small
amount in organisms, must lie in its role as catalyst. The effect
of additions of selenium to the rations of animals is discussed.
The interest and relationship of selenium with the processes of
phosphorylation are described. The parallelism in effect
between selenium and vitamin E is not clear with the excep-
tion of their common antioxidant behavior. The favorable
therapeutic effect of small amounts of selenium in white sac
-------
192
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
sickness, its inhibiting of cell growth and capacity to protect
biological systems from radiation are examined. (Author sum-
mary modified)
32183
Skye, Eric
EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON PLANTS AND
ANIMALS. In: Recommendations Relating to Norms for Sul-
fur Dioxide Content in Open Air. (Rekommendationer rorande
riktvarden for svaveldioxidhalt i utomhusluft). Swedish
Government Air Pollution Board, Stockholm, Communication
6601, 1965 (?). Translated from Swedish by Scientific Transla-
tion Service, Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif., p. 10-14, 1967.
The first plant organisms damaged by sulfur dioxide are the
lichens on tree trunks. Herbs, grasses, and woody plants often
show typical damage at concentrations as low as 30 ppm.
Coniferous trees are attacked at the tips of the needles,
damage then spreading toward the needle base. The parts at-
tacked turn red or whitish in color. Grasses and liliaceous
plants show brown spots at the tips of the leaves. Grass blades
become limp and are streaked with brown. When severely at-
tacked, trees, shrubs, and herbs show damage to the leaf sur-
face between the veins. The site attacked turns yellow, brown,
or red and the tissues dry rapidly. In animals, the respiratory
tract is usually affected. The reaction of insects such as bees
and butterflies is not known.
32334
Donaubauer, Edwin
SECONDARY DAMAGE IN REGIONS OF AUSTRIA EX-
POSED TO POLLUTION. DIFFICULTIES IN DIAGNOSIS
AND ASSESSMENT. (Sekundaerschaeden in Oester-
reichischen Rauschschadensgebieten. Schwierigkeiten der
Diagnose und Bewertung). Text in German. Polska Akademia
Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych Gomoslaskiego Okregu Pr-
zemyslowego, Mater. Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zaniec-
zyszczen Powietrza na Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p.
277-284. 10 refs. (Sept. 9-14.)
Secondary damage from pollution most frequently occurs
through sunburn on peripheral susceptible tree stands in
clearings of wooded areas. Such trees, damaged by the sun,
attract pests and die. This applies especially to pine stands. In
the pollution- exposed areas of Aichfeld near Judenburg and
Gailitz-Arnoldstein, needles of mature pine stands suddenly
turned brown in 1963 following the appearance of an addi-
tional pollutant (hydrofluoric acid) into the already sulfur diox-
ide-polluted atmosphere (first area) and intensification of SO2
emission (second area). A contributing factor was an ex-
ceedingly cold winter with temperatures 4 to 5 C below the
long-term average. Pollution- exposed stands are more
susceptible to infestation with the fungus Armillaria mellea
which causes great damage in Austria to pine, spruce, and
deciduous tree stands. Other pests which proliferate in pollu-
tion-damaged stands are Pissodes piceae, Cryphalus piceae,
Ips typographus, and Pissodes harcyniae. Generally it is not
easy to prove a causal relationship between emission and
secondary damge: detection of damage in a pollution-exposed
area is not sufficient proof. The task is easier where identical
or similar stands in unpolluted areas are available for com-
parison.
32336
Ilmurzynski, E.
ATTEMPT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF CERTAIN NORTH
AMERICAN TREE SPECIES TO FOREST PLANTATIONS IN
INDUSTRIAL REGIONS. Polska Akademia Nau Zaklad
Badan Naukowych Gomoslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego,
Mater. Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zanieczyszczen
Powietrza na Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p. 415-425.
(Sept. 9-14.)
Cultures (0.28 ha in size) of white pine, red oak, Douglas fir,
northern white cedar, and eastern hemlock of North American
origin were planted experimentally in many localities of Poland
including the Upper Silesian, Dabrowa, and Krakow industrial
basins to study the effect of various biotic and abiotic environ-
mental factors, including air pollution, pest infestation, and
fungus diseases. Results obtained over a four-year observation
period were encouraging with respect to the possibility of
using some American tree species to replace susceptible
domestic species which cannot withstand the effects of pollu-
tion in industrial areas. The relatively good health of white
pine stands surrounded by dying domestic Scots pine trees
was a case in point. Insect infestation was lower than in
domestic species and the rapid healing of wounds caused by
the Hylobius beetle demonstrated the superior regenerative
power of the white cedar. Results obtained previously with the
western red cedar and the western hemlock were also promis-
ing.
32342
Schnaider, Zbigniew and Zbigniew Sierpinski
FOREST CONSERVATION PROBLEMS IN THE UPPER
SILESIAN INDUSTRIAL REGION. (Probleme des
Forstschutzes im Oberschlesischen Industriebezirk). Text in Ger-
man. Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych Gor-
noslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego, Mater. Miedzynarodowej
Konf., Wplyw Zanieczyszczen Powietrza na Lasy, 6th, Kato-
wice, Poland, 1968, p. 45-62. 11 refs. (Sept. 9-14.)
33063
Chasseraud, J.
INFLUENCE OF THE URBAN ATMOSPHERE ON PLANTS
USED IN PARKS AND GARDENS: FORTHCOMING CON-
CLUSIONS AND TECHNIQUES. (Influences du milieu urbain
sur les vegetaux employes dans les espaces verts: conclusions
et techniques qui en decoulent). Proc. Intern. Congr. Horticul-
ture, voL 15, part 3:60-74, 1958. Translated from French.
Belov and Associates, DenverjCelb., 24p., May 30, 1970.
The conditions of plants in parks and gardens relative to the
atmosphere and to the soil are discussed. A tall building can
modify the life conditions of nearby trees, since a new
microclimate is established. In the urban atmosphere, conifers
appear to be the most sensitive to the presence of atmospheric
pollutants. These pollutants most often come from combustion
sources and internal combustion engines. The leaves of plants
are well suited to retain the fine elements of particles, particu-
larly tars and oils. By settling on the leaves, these substances
form a film which reduces the respiration and chlorophyll
function of the plant. Among the conifers, spruce and douglas
are the most sensitive to sulfur dioxide; 'among the broad
leaved trees, elm, birch, and catalpa are relatively sensitive.
The distribution of pollutants is influenced by topographic fac-
tors and meteorological conditions. The tendency toward stag-
nation, accompanied by the accumulation of pollutants, is
prevalent in shelter areas and in areas where the air is stable.
Temperature inversions cause an accumulation of noxious
products near the soil and are, therefore, detrimental to plant
life. It is recommended that resistant species of plants be
selected for the parks and gardens of urban areas. The soil
conditions which affect plant growth are also discussed in
detail.
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
193
33327
Taniyama, Tetsuro and Hiroki Arikado
STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF TOXIC GAS INJURY
TO CROP PLANTS. IV. THE EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOX-
IDE ON THE RESPIRATION OF RICE PLANTS. (Sakumotsu
no gasu shogai ni kansuru kenkyu. IV. Suite no kokyusayo ni
oyobosu aryusan gasu no eikyo). Nippon Sakumotsu Gakkai
Kiji (Proc. Crop Sci. Soc. Japan), 38(4):593-597, 1969. 2 refs.
Translated from Japanese, 14p.
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of con-
stant exposure to sulfur dioxide on respiration of rice plants,
respiration being a major factor in their dry matter production.
Rice seedlings were also studied for their ability to regain
respiration by first subjecting them to gas treatment for one
hour and then removing the gas from the air flow. Sulfur diox-
ide severely affected the respiration of rice seedlings, causing
a linear drop in respiration with increases in gas concentration.
A concentration of 60 ppm inhibited respiration after one hour
even before gas removal, with no subsequent recovery of
respiration. At one ppm, the respiration rate without exposure
remained almost normal but declined after gas removal,
without regaining the normal level after three hours. In experi-
ments on rice plants at the highest tillering state, gas concen-
trations of one, five, 10, and 15 ppm accelerated respiration,
while 40 and 60 ppm inhibited the respiration rate. The longer
the treatment, the narrower the range of gas concentrations in-
ducing respiration acceleration. When the respiration rate of
plants at the highest tillering state was computed cumulatively
for a four hour test period, it increased linearly with concen-
tration level to a maximum at five ppm. The curve dropped
after the maximum to the normal rate level at 29 ppm. Thus,
concentrations above 28 ppm produce adverse effects. (Author
summary modified)
34867
Bischoff, O. and Fr. Haun
POISONING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS THROUGH COPPER
AND ARSENIC CONTAINING FLY DUST. Deut. Tieraerztl.
Wochenschr., 17(28):442-447, July 15, 1939. 8 refs. Translated
from German. 19p.
Several weeks after reactivation of a copper smelter on the
border between the states of Hesse and Westphalia, cattle,
horses, chickens, and sheep in the area exhibited symptoms of
poisoning. Subsequently, many animals died or had to be
slaughtered. The poisoning was traced to the copper- and ar-
senic-containing fly dust emitted by the smelter and deposited
on plants and grasses in grazing pastures, particularly in the
presence of dew and fog. Early clinical symptoms of poisoning
included conjunctivitis, stomach and intestinal catarrh, secre-
tion of saliva, miscarriages, emphysematose foeti, retention of
afterbirths, and reduction or complete stoppage of milk
production. Autopsies of deceased or slaughtered animals
revealed considerable enlargement of the liver. Liver copper
concentrations were 80 mg/kg in cattle and horses and 75-250
rag/kg in sheep. Plant fly dust contained 2.5% copper and 23
mg arsenic trioxide (As203). Symptoms first appeared in
animals 0.5-1.5 km from the smelter, but animals grazing as far
away as 4.5-5 km were also affected. Of 2100 cattle in the four
communities closest to the smelter, 520 animals perished. Milk
production in the four communities was reduced by about
75%. Copper levels in animals and animal organs (liver, Kid-
ney, spleen, heart, blood) are tabulated.
36159
Nikolayevskiy, V. S.
PHYSIOLOGICAL-BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE
GAS RESISTANCE OF PLANTS. In: American Institute of
Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Re-
sistance of Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry
and to the Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nnttonson (ed.),
Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology,
1971, p. 1-27. 126 refs. Translated from Russian. (Also: Uch.
Zap., no. 222:5-33, 1969.)
Principal advances in research pertaining to the gas resistance
of plants are reviewed. The influence of toxic compounds on
the anatomical-morphological structure of leaves and the
physiological-biochemical characteristics of plants is con-
sidered. Also, the species of plants resistant to various com-
pounds in different physico-geographical zones have been
ascertained. Investigators have undertaken detailed studies of
the chemistry of injuries to plants by acid gases, as well as the
chemical mechanism of transformation of sulfur dioxide in
plants and its influence on the metabolism of carbon com-
pounds, with the aid of isotopic techniques. Considerable at-
tention has been given to the development of methods for stu-
dying gas resistance of plants. Of major importance for a suc-
cessful diagnosis and study of the gas resistance of plants is
the establishment of direct indicators characterizing the degree
of plant resistance. The effects of ammonia, mercury, acids,
fluorine, chlorine, and other pollutants on plants are described.
36161
Yatsenko, V. M. and V. S. Nikolayevskiy
EFFECTS OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON CERTAIN
PHYSIOLOGICAL-BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AND GAS RESISTANCE OF FORAGE GRASSES. In: Amer-
ican Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution
Literature. Gas Resistance of Plants with Special Reference to
Plant Biochemistry and to the Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M.
Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md., American In-
stitute of Crop Ecology, 1971, p. 34-49. 20 refs. Translated from
Russian. (Also: Uch. Zap., no. 222:69-84, 1969.)
The feasibility of regulating the gas resistance of plants by
means of mineral nutrition was established. Forage grasses ex-
posed to sulfur dioxide were more resistant when treated with
nitrogen and potassium. The positive effect of nitrogen is ap-
parently due to its important role in protein metabolism, and
that of potassium, to its role in the regulation of the permea-
bility and ionic behavior of the protoplasm. Oxidizability,
ascorbic acid, water-holding capacity, and oxidation-reduction
potential can be used to indicate species differences in the gas
resistance of forage grasses. Under the influence of fertilizers,
the change of these indicators does not always coincide with
the change in gas resistance. This makes it necessary to postu-
late that the indicators are connected only indirectly with the
mechanism of plant resistance. (Author conclusions modified)
36162
Nikolayevskiy, V. S. and A. G. Miroshnikova
EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF THE BIOCHEMOLU-
MINESCENCE METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING THE GAS RE-
SISTANCE OF PLANTS. In: American Institute of Crop Ecolo-
gy Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Resistance of
Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry and to the
Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 9,
Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1971.
p. 50-53. 3 refs. Translated from Russian. (Also: Material; Per-
voy Ukrainskoy KonferentsH, Kiev, 1968, p. 115-120.)
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194
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The development of a biochemiluminescence method opens up
new opportunities for the study of the interpretation of the
biochemical aspects of the oxidation processes in plants under
the influence of sulfur dioxide. A set of electronic instruments
with a high sensitivity photomultiplier were used to record
spontaneous and induced oxidation processes. Etiolated plants
of forage grasses were more resistant to sulfur dioxide than
green plants, requiring concentration 10 times higher than
those required for green plants to produce damage. Under the
influence of sulfur dioxide, the luminescence in etiolated
plants increases. The activity of the luminescence is more
pronounced in the resistant species, fescue, and less
pronounced in timothy grass. Concentrated sulfur dioxide
depresses the luminescence of both species. In etiolated plants
there is no relationship between the amount of substances ox-
idized and the vulnerability of plants to sulfur dioxide. (Author
conclusions modified)
36163
Nikolayevskiy, V. S. and A. T. Miroshnikova
GAS RESISTANCE AND CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF ETIOLATED AND GREEN PLANTS
OF FORAGE GRASSES. In: American Institute of Crop Ecolo-
gy Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Resistance of
Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry and to the
Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 9,
Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1971,
p. 54-68. 30 rcfs. Translated from Russian. (Also: Uch. Zap., no.
222:115-131, 1969.)
Etiolated and green plants of the meadow fescue and timothy
show statistically significant differences in their vulnerability
to sulfur dioxide at nearly all ages, thus making it possible to
use the biochemiluminescence method for studying the gas re-
sistance of plants. A direct relationship was observed in etio-
lated and green plants of both species between the amount of
oxidizable substances, ascorbic acid, and vulnerability to sul-
fur dioxide. The degree of influence of sulfur dioxide on the
ultrafaint luminescence of plants depends on their age, with
the greatest effect observed at the age of greatest physiologi-
cal activity. Sulfur dioxide causes a luminescence flash which
is greater in the meadow fescue than in the timothy. (Author
conclusions modified)
36164
Firger, V. V. and T. B. Karpova
EFFECT OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON THE METABOL-
ISM OF CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS AND ON GAS RE-
SISTANCE OF FORAGE PLANTS. In: American Institute of
Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Re-
sistance of Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry
and to the Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.),
Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology,
1971, p. 69-81. 14 rets. Translated from Russian. (Also: Uch.
Zap., no. 222:85-97, 1969.)
Following a 10-second and S-minute exposure to carbon-14
tagged sulfur dioxide, meadow fescue and timothy showed
practically no differences in metabolism of the main groups of
organic compounds. Under the influence of fertilizers, during
a S-minute exposure with C( 14)02, the polymerization rate of
carbohydrates was somewhat higher in the fescue than in the
timothy; the percentage of the labeled carbon was higher in
the starch and lower in sucrose. Changes in the chemistry of
photosynthesis may be attributed both to the indirect effect of
fertilizers, to species characteristics, and weather conditions.
In the meadow fescue, in the presence of increased solar
radiation, improvement in gas resistance under the influence
of fertilizers is associated with an increase in synthesis of su-
gars and a reduction in the synthesis of amino acids and or-
ganic acids; in the timothy, on the contrary, an increase in the
synthesis of the latter compounds is observed. (Author conclu-
sions modified)
36165
Nikolayevskiy, V. S., V. V. Firger, and G. A. Vaseva
METABOLISM OF CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS IN FORAGE
GRASSES AND THE EFFECT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON IT.
In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air
Pollution Literature. Gas Resistance of Plants with Special
Reference to Plant Biochemistry and to the Effects of Mineral
Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md.,
American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1971, p. 82-91. 18 refs.
Translated From Russian. (Also: Uch. Zap., no. 222:57-67,
1969.)
Forage grasses differing in gas resistance to sulfur dioxide also
differ in their content of oxidizable substances and ascorbic
acid. Meadow fescue, a resistant species is characterized by a
reduced content of oxidizable substances and ascorbic acid.
Under the influence of sulfur dioxide, an increase in the con-
tent of oxidizable substances is sometimes observed. The
meadow fescue as compared with timothy is characterized by
a reduced intensity of photosynthesis and a lower rate of ab-
sorption of sulfur dioxide. Under the influence of sulfur diox-
ide, definite changes in the metabolism of carbon in forage
plants are observed which are attributable to their gas re-
sistance. (Author conclusions modified)
36166
Nikolayevskiy, V. S. and V. V. Suslova
EFFECT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON PIGMENTS OF
FORAGE GRASS. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology
Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Resistance of
Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry and to the
Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 9,
Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1971,
p.92-106. 22 refs. Translated from Russian. (Also: Uch. Zap.,
no. 222:99-114, 1969.)
The forage grasses meadow fescue and timothy, which differ
in gas resistance to sulfur dioxide, are also markedly different
during the tillering stage from the standpoint of the nature of
the changes in their vulnerability in relation to gas concentra-
tion. The fescue is characterized by an almost directly propor-
tional dependence, and the timothy, by a logarithmic depen-
dence. During the ontogeny of the timothy, regular decrease of
gas resistance occurs, and a decrease of the sublethal and
lethal sulfur dioxide concentrations results from intensification
of the physiological-biochemical processes with the onset of
the productive stage. During ontogeny, timothy shows a
general increase in the concentration of the pigments without
any appreciable change in then* proportions. Under the in-
fluence of sulfur dioxide, certain differences in the destruction
of individual pigment systems are observed in the plant spe-
cies studied during their tillering stage. Low sulfur dioxide
concentrations apparently cause an intensification of the enzy-
matic oxidation of the pigments, while high sulfur dioxide con-
centrations, by inactivating the enzymes, cause a stabilization
of the content of the pigments. (Author conclusions modified)
36993
Haut, H. van and H. Stratmann
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE UPON VEGETATION. (Experimentelle Unter-
suchungen ueber die Wirkung von Schwefeldioxyd auf die
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK 195
Vegetation). Forschungsber. Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, no. nutritional factors. These effects are considered for agricul-
884:1-63, 1960. 33 refs. Translated from German. Leo Kanner tural plants, flowers, deciduous trees, and conifers. Results
Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 73p., Aug. 1971. from the environmental chamber studies cannot be applied
Plants were exposed to sulfur dioxide concentrations in test dir.ectly " fieW conditions but they provide infant
. ,, reference information for the determination of tolerance limits
chambers in order to determine the effects of the following in field experunents 5^4 ^m for the evaluation of an emission
parameters upon the causation of damage: concentration and level with regard to the danger to vegetation which it engen-
exposure time, stage of development, climatic factors, and ders.
-------
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
10094
Narasaki, Masaya
STAINING OF BUILDING CAUSED BY SUSPENDED DUST
(FOR THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE GRADIENT). Text
in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Japan Air Cleaning Assoc.) (Tokyo),
5(4):6-12 1967. 12 refs.
Dusty air is responsible for the unclean appearance buildings.
A finished surface of a building reacts to the air surrounding it
and creates a temperature gradient, thus explaining the so-
called 'pattern staining*. An imbalance in temperature gradient
causes the inner structure to show through with black outlines,
and is caused by 'thermal precipitation* which takes plac when
the surface is cooler than the dusty air. According to Epstein's
theory, if dusty air touches a heated surface, a vacuum (free
of dust) is created between the surface and the dusty air and
the dust is repelled. The heated surface remains clean shile
coole surfaces attract the dust suspended in the sir. An al-
sbaster ceiling panel, wooden beam panel, and a heater behind
the panel wer used to prove that the concentration of the
deposited dust particle is directly proportional to the tempera-
ture gradient. It is possib to predict the concentration of the
deposited dust particles if the following are known: 1) the air
velocity near the surface; 2) the temperature defference
between the surface and air flow; 3) the concentration of the
dust suspended in the air; and 4) the length exposure.
13369
Hukui, Saburo and Akihiro Yamamoto
STUDIES ON THE CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERI-
ALS BY POLLUTED AIR. (Osen kuki ni yoru kinzoku zairyo
no fushoku ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kanri
(Heat Engineering, Tokyo), 21(6):28-44, June 1969. 9 refs.
An outdoor test which exposed metallic materials to falling
dust, S02, and salt particles was performed on the roofs of
buildings in 13 places in Japan selected at random. Twenty-
nine kinds of metals, including iron, steel, stainless steel, alu-
minum, and zinc plating were used. Severity of corrosion de-
pended upon the severity of air pollution, and the corrosion
was related to the amount of SO2 in the ambient air and
S04(2-) and Cl(-) in the falling dust. Iron was the most cor-
roded metal, followed by steel, SUS 22, aluminum, and SUS
27. Zinc plating and metallic paints showed little tendency to
corrode (about 1/100 that of iron). Dirt stains in metallic paints
were mostly due to corrosion of iron particles. Experimental
corrosion of metallic materials was performed indoors using
SO2 gas, and periodic exposure to clean water, ultraviolet light
(using an arc light), and heat to compare the results with those
resulting from outdoor exposure. The results did not correlate
well, since corrosion in the ambient air was confounded by
other pollutant particles. Therefore, corrosion tests under ex-
perimental conditions should include pollutant particles found
in the ambient air.
16404
Barton, K. and S. Bartonova
MECHANISM OF THE CORROSION OF FE, ZN AND CU IN
A HUMID ATMOSPHERE CONTAINING HCL VAPORS.
(Mechanismus der Fe-, Zn- und Cu-Korrosion in feuchter HC1-
Daempfe enthaltender atmosphaere). Text in German. Collec-
tion Czech. Chem. Commu. (Prague), 32(7):2431-2438, 1967. 6
refs.
Steel containing a small amount of carbon, electrolytic zinc,
and electrolytic copper in the form of thin plates 30 by 80 mm
with a thickness between 0.8 to 1 mm were used to study the
corrosion mechanism at temperatures of 20, 30 and 40 C; a
relative humidity of 80%; and an HC1 content of 0.0007 to
0.002% (by volume). The stationary state characterized by con-
stant quantity and composition of the corrosion products and a
linear dependence of the corrosion on time was established.
After the stationary state had been reached, the corrosion
kinetics iron were goverend by HC1 formation during the rust
development. With the zinc sample, the corrosion speed
decreased after the stationary state had been reached. This
was due to a reaction of the hydroxide and the alkaline zinc
chloride with HC1, where soluble ZnC12 is formed. The speed
of this process is influenced by the transport of the gaseous
HC1 to the boundary atmosphere/corrosion product, as well as
by the adsorption and composition of the product. With the
copper sample, the decisive partial process of the corrosion
kinetics in the stationary state was the destruction of the CuCl
layer covering the Cu2O layer. The process is likewise deter-
mined by the transport of the gaseous HC1 to the boundary at-
mosphere/ corrosion product, by the HC1 adsorption, and the
composition of the product.
22078
Kobayasni, M., Tatsuro Mikarni, and Yasuhiro Senda
AIR POLLUTION AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR INTER-
NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT.
(Kokusai denkitsushinsetsubi no kukiosen to taisaku). Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
3(6):45-51, 1966. Translated from Japanese. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
20p., Dec. 3, 1969.
Palladium contactors for the international telecommunications
switchboard were stained at contact points, lowering the effi-
ciency of the mechanism and shortening its working life. The
analysis of the stains led to the suspicion that organic as well
as inorganic substances and dust particles in air contributed to
staining by chemical reaction due to sparks and frictions. The
investigation of the atmosphere showed that minute positively
charged dust particles pass through the electrostatic dust col-
lectors and are likely to adhere to the negative contact points.
Oleagenic floor wax emits gases that contain much turpentine
oil and the gases enter the switchboard room through the air
conditioning system. In addition, multipanel oil was also
suspected of causing some damage. Simulation in the specially
constructed dust chamber showed that the charged particles
and multipanel oil as well as inorganic gases cause no damage,
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I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
197
but cigarette smokes, large fibrinous dust particles and espe-
cially the gases from the oil wax are detrimental to the contac-
tors. The solution to the problem of the stained contactors was
10 alter the general method of cleaning the floor by changing
irom oil wax to water wax, and to take sufficient caution
while the building is being repainted.
24972
Strekalov, P. V. and G. K. Berukshtis
ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION OF ZINC- AND CADMIUM-
COATED STEEL AND THE COEFFICIENTS FOR RECAL-
CULATING THE RESULTS OF ACCELERATED CORRO-
SION TESTS INTO DATA FOR SERVICE CONDITIONS. In:
Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, Collection No. 2. N. D.
Tomashov and E. N. Mirolyubev (eds.), Izdatel'stvo 'Metallur-
giya,' 1965, p. 221-233. 2 refs. Translated from Russian, by Ch.
Nisenbaum, Israeli Program for Scientification Translations,
Jerusalem, 1966.
The rate of corrosion of zinc and cadmium deposits on steel
was studied in field tests in regions of the Soviet Union that
differ widely with regard to climate and contamination of air
by sulfurous gases and seawater aerosols and also in ac-
celerated corrosion testing chambers simulating, respectively,
heat and moisture, sulfurous gases, and sea mist. Corrosion
time curves obtained for the field tests show that the corrosion
of zinc can be accelerated 10 times and that of cadmium 15
times in the presence of sulfurous gases and chlorides. The
rate of corrosion of chromated deposits is equal to that of
nonchromated deposits. In all climatic regions the appearance
of zinc deposits changed more than that of cadmium deposits.
Corrosion time curves for the chamber tests show that zinc
deposits corrode two to three times more rapidly than cadmi-
um deposits and nonchromated zinc deposits twice as rapidly
as chromated deposits. The rate of corrosion was lowest in the
heat and moisture chamber and highest in the sulfurous gas
chamber. However, these chambers do not give scientifically-
based quantitative data on corrosion resistance of deposits
under natural conditions because the coefficients of accelera-
tion obtained in the same chamber are different for different
deposits. The sea mist an heat and moisture chambers, but not
the sulfurous gas chamber, can be used for characterizing of
corrosion damage in an industrial atmosphere. In the sulfurous
gas chamber, the concentration exceed that under service con-
ditions by about 2-4 orders of magnitude.
25937
Barton, K. and D. Cermakova
CURRENT PROBLEMS OF THE THEORY OF AT-
MOSPHERIC CORROSION. Prot. Metals (USSR) (English
translation from Russian of: Zashch. Metal., 3(2):112-116,
March-April 1967. 21 refs.
Research on the mechanism and kinetics of atmospheric corro-
sion is taking place along the following lines: 1) electrochemi-
cal studies of atmospheric corrosion processes; 2) investiga-
tions of the effects of atmospheric pollution; 3) investigations
of the influence of corrosion products; and 4) investigations of
the relation between prolonged exposure and the charac-
teristics of different climatic regions. Attention is drawn to
progress or lack of progress in each field and to specific
problems requiring further study. A complex investigation of
corrosion along all the lines indicated should permit the formu-
lation of a precise theory of corrosion. This in turn will
facilitate the development of scientifically-based engineering
methods of protection against atmospheric corrosion.
27739
Berukshtis, G. K. and B. G. Klark
ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION OF STEEL, ZINC, CADMI-
UM, COPPER, AND ALUMINUM IN DIFFERENT COASTAL
AND CONTINENTAL REGIONS. In: Corrosion of Metals and
Alloys, Collection No. 2, N. D. Tomashov and E. N. Mirolyu-
bov (eds.) 1963 (?). 9 refs. Translated from Russian by Ch.
Nisenbaum, Israel Program for Scientific Translations,
Jerusalem, p. 281-297, 1966. NTIS: TT67-51398
The influence of meteorological conditions, contamination of
the air, and the products of corrosion formed, on the rate of
atmospheric corrosion of metals in industrial, rural, and
coastal regions of the USSR is investigated. The climates in
the regions in which the tests were carried out differ greatly.
The mean annual temperature varies from 1.6 C in the
Northern coastal region to 15 C in Batumi. The mean annual
relative humidity varies considerably less (from 69% in
Moscow to 82% in Zvenigorod. The duration of wetting of the
metal by atmospheric precipitations varies from 1342 hr/year
in Moscow to 3161 hr/year in Batumi. The variation in the
number of hours of sunshine in these regions is about 2-fold,
in the velocity of the wind 5-fold, and in the contamination by
sulfur dioxide and salts of sea water 20 - 40-fold The results of
corrosion tests showed that depending on the variation in the
climatological conditions the rate of corrosion of steel and zinc
in the above regions varies 2 - 3-fold; of copper, 4-fold; of
cadmium, 5-fold; and of aluminum, 72-fold. The rate of corro-
sion of metals is lower in testing boxes than in the open at-
mosphere. For steel, the rate in the boxes is (25%) of that in
the open atmosphere, and for zinc, copper, and cadmium the
factor is 33.67%. The rates of corrosion of aluminum in the
open atmosphere and in the testing boxes are the same in all
climatological regions. It is possible to make scientifically-
based calculations on the rate of corrosion of metals in the
open atmosphere on the basis of the meteorological factors
and the contamination of the atmosphere, taking into account
the conditions of testing, the nature of the metal, and the
physicochemical properties of the products of corrosion. The
data obtained can be used by designers for determining the
necessary protective deposits which must be plated on instru-
ments and installations. The results of this investigation should
be used for the development of methods of accelerated corro-
sion tests, and for the determination of coefficients which
would convert the data of these tests into those applicable to
service conditions. (Author summary modified)
31007
Chang, Hun Koo and Jong Soo Cho
TECHNICAL LECTURE ON STRESS CORROSION OF
METALS. (REPORT 1). Kumsokhakhoeji (Korea), 6(l):41-43,
April 1, 1971. 5 refs. Translated from Korean. Scientific Trans-
lation Service, Santa Barbara, Calif., 12p., 1971.
Various corrosion phenomena are discussed, including the ap-
pearance of stress corrosion in different metals. Internal and
external stresses, environment, structure of the metals, and
temperature are important variables in stress corrosion. The
effect of different environments is considered for aluminum
alloys, copper alloys, gold alloys, led, magnesium alloys,
nickel, common steel, stainless steel, and titanium alloys.
31641
Kauczor, Egon
CRACKS RESULTING FROM CORROSION FATIGUE.
Prakt. Metallogr., 2(2):67-69, 1965. 4 refs. Translated from
German. Mundus Systems, McGregor, and Werner, Inc.,
Washington, D. C., 5p.
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198
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The difference between stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue
is briefly explained. The cracking of metallic materials under
the simultaneous action of certain corrosive agents and static
tensile strain is designated as stress corrosion. Stress corrosion
is frequently brought on by internal stresses within the raw
materials themselves. Corrosion fatigue is, on the other hand,
the decline of the endurance limit of stress causeS by the ac-
tion of a corrosive agent. Two typical examples of corrosion
fatigue are indicated. The durability of stainless steel in resist-
ing corrosion stress can be explained by its ability to form pas-
sive surface layers out of invisible oxide films, which in turn
prevent corrosive agents from attacking the metal and so pro-
tect it from corrosion.
31643
Andreev, Yu. V., V. A. Shuvalov, and V. V. Gerasimov
THE EFFECT OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION OF
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL ON CORROSIVE DETERI-
ORATION AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES. Fiz.-Khim.
Mekh. Mater., 6{2):107-109, 1970. 15 refs. Translated from
Russian. Mundus System, McGregor, and Werner, Inc.,
Washington, D. C., 7p.
An investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of
surface contamination of austenitic stainless steel on its corro-
sive deterioration in a vaporized environment at 100-110 C and
in an environment at room temperature. Various salts were
used to coat the specimen of sheet steel. The presence of
crystal hydrates as the products of corrosion causes condensa-
tion with a relative humidity much lower than 100%, and in-
dicates a transition from a purely chemical mechanism of cor-
rosion to an electrochemical mechanism. Cracks appear more
quickly when the steel is coated with iron and copper
chlorides than with sodium chlorides.
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199
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
01760
Y.Oka
STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECT OF PETROLEUM
REFINING INDUSTRY. Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc.
Japan, Tokyo) 45, (471) 490-4, July 1966.
The author outlines various oil refining equipment and
processes. That the oil industry is as prosperous as it is today
is due to the scale-up of equipment for meeting the rapid in-
crease in the demand of products, progress of process en-
gineering and further advances in catalysts. The oil industry
involves political problems; for example most of the naphtha
is imported from the Middle East, where the future supply is
insecure. Public nuisance is another big problem e.g., desul-
furization of heavy oil, removal of sulfur dioxide and water
pollution in the seaside industrial zones. (Author summary)
13952
Lindberg, Walter
AIR POLLUTION IN NORWAY. I. THE GENERAL AIR POL-
LUTION IN NORWEGIAN CITIES AND INDUSTRIAL
TOWNS. (Den alminnelige luftforurensning i Norge. I.
Generelt om luftforurensning i byer og tettbygde strok.) Trans-
lated from Norwegian. Oslo Univ. (Norway), p. 1-65, 1968. 12
refs
General information is presented on air pollution in Norway
with attention focused on (1) the sources and types of pollu-
tants: motor vehicles, heating plants, incinerators, (2) air pollu-
tion levels in the cities, including dustfall, SO2, and smoke
measurements in Oslo, Sweden, (3) special investigations (sul-
furic acid fog), the chemical composition of solid particulates
in smoke and suspended dust, polynuclear hydrocarbons and
particulates, trace elements, (4) pollutants in Norwegian cities
other than Oslo, (5) directions for medicohygienic evaluation
of pollution levels in cities and other densely populated dis-
tricts and industrial regions, and (6) an evaluation of the
economic consequences of air pollution.
17203
Oels, Heinriche
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN WEST GERMANY AND
THE ROLE OF INDUSTRY. (Luftforurensningsproblemer i
Vest-Tyskland industriens innsats). Text in Norwegian. Tek.
Ukeblad (Oslo), 116(45):1245-1247, Dec. 1969.
West Germany has been occupied in the last decade with
reducing emissions of dust and smoke. Effectiveness of dust
filters has increased threefold, and filtration is more economi-
cal. The dust content can now be reduced to 150 mg/cu m for
an emission rate of 100,000 cu m/hr. In 1950, the dust output
from the West German cement industry was 3.5% of the
clinker produced; in 1967, it was 0.15%. Dust output from the
manufacture of calcium carbide was reduced to 3 mg/cu m of
exhaust gases. Attention now centers on reducing sulfur diox-
ide emissions. An electric power plant in Essen absorbs it with
a new type of activated carbon, recovering the SO2 for the
manufacture of H2SO4, the cost per 1000 kWh being about 1
DM (25 cents), and this can be further reduced. Government
standards now limit the sulfur content of fuel oils to 1.8%.
About 20% of the total SO2 emission in West Germany comes
from sulfuric acid plants. A new 'double contact' process can
reduce SO2 emissions of such a plant from 17 to 3 kg per ton
of H2SO4 produced. Nitrogen oxides emitted from nitric acid
plants have been reduced by 50% with special absorption
equipment. New legislation sets a maximum average of 2
mg/cu m for fluorine emissions, or 5 mg for short intervals.
Readings as high as 2.7 mg have been recorded above the
Ruhr from January 1, 1966, to December 31, 1968. During that
period, industry in North Rhine-Westphalia invested
4,000,000,000 DM on air pollution problems related to existent
operations and about 275,000,000 DM on those related to new
ones. Exhaust purification for the 2-year period cost
3,000,000,000 DM, plus an additional 30,000,000 for research -
this in comparison with a gross national product of
300,000,000,000 DM per year. The total amount spent by in-
dustry is small compared with the damage caused, which
amounts to 50 DM per capita per year, or 3,000,000,000 for
the entire republic, not including losses due to sickness or
sanitation problems.
17658
Pelz, E.
ECONOMIC MEASURES AGAINST SMOKE DAMAGE IN
THE FORESTS OF THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC. (Hospodarska opatreni proti kourovym skodam v
lesnim hospodarstvi Nemecke demokraticke republicky). Proc.
Conf Effect Ind. Emissions Forestry, Janske Lazne,
Czechoslovakia, 1966, p.Xl-1 to Xl-25. 16 refs. Translated
from Czech. Franklin Inst. Research Labs, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, April 24, 1969.
While in 1955 the extent of smoke damage in the German
Democratic Republic forests was estimated at 8000 to 10,000
ha, the questionnaires circulated among the county councils in
1956/1957 revealed 10,000 to 15,000 ha. The estimate for 1961
had jumped to 85,000 ha. Now, the area of smoke damage is
200,000 ha and, according to the prognosis of industrial
development will soon increase by another 75,000 ha. Today,
smoke is attacking about 7% of the entire forest area and in
the very near future, this figure will increase to 10%. Forestry
enterprises are responsible for short-term planning within the
framework of the planned preventive measures and the par-
ticular smoke damage pattern. Both for long-term planning of
the development of economic areas, and for planning of
economic measures suitable for the individual forestry enter-
prise, a framework has to be found based on general
knowledge of the science of smoke damage which enables
separate localities to adjust their needs to particular demands
of the individual instances. Using Czechoslovak experience, a
four- degree scale based on the proportion of severely injured
trees in the stand, occurrence of decayed trees, structural for-
mation of the stand, and extent of previous calamities have
been constructed. It is concluded that the task of forest
management is the elaboration of prerequisites for the success-
ful fighting of smoke hazard.
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200
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
18266
Garber, K.
THE FLUORINE CONCENTRATION OF PLANTS. (Ueber
den Fluorgehalt von Pflanzen.) Translated from German.
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, Contract No. CPA 22-69-30, Project No. C 2439,
10p., 1968. 10 refs.
Data are presented which indicate (1) that the fluorine intake
by plants is independent of the fluorine concentration of the
soil, and (2) that the natural fluorine content of plants lies
between 0.2 and 2.0 (maximum 3.0) mg per lOOg dry substance.
Any higher concentrations can be traced to F containing im-
missions.
24309
Mammarella, Luigi
26432
RESULTS OF THE 1968 ESTIMATE. (I risultari della stima
per il 1968). In: Public Campaign Against Pollution: A Summa-
ry. (L'intervento pubblico contro 1'inquinamento: Rapporto di
sintesi). Text in Italian. Gianni Scaiola (ed.), Italy, June 1970.
p. 85-107, 9 refs.
The economic damage to the tourist trade in Italy is concerned
mainly with water pollution problems (damage sustained by
those who earn their income from bathing beaches, lake
resorts, and the recreational use of inland waters, such as fish-
ing). Figures are also given on the damage to drinking water
and water for industrial use, damage to ecology, real estate,
buildings, and automobiles. The extra cost of housecleaning
and of extra power needed for lighting (due to decrease in-
cidence of sunlight) are also estimated. The city of Genoa was
chosen for studies of this type of damage.
26443
COMPARISON OF COSTS AND BENEFITS: CONCLUSIONS
AND SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION. (II confron-
to tra costi e benefici: conclusion! ed indicazioni operative).
In: Public Campaign Against Pollution: A Summary. (L'inter-
vento pubblico contro rinquinamento: Rapporto di sintesi).
Text in Italian. Gianni Scaiola (ed.), Italy, June 1970. p. 137-
174. 27 refs.
A confrontation is made between the costs of a national pollu-
tion control program in Italy and the economic benefits that
would result. For the period 1970-1985, the cost of construc-
tion, maintaining and operating pollution control measures
would be about 7.85-9.00 trillion lire, while the direct benefits
caused by the elimination by these types of pollution can be
estimated at 8.0-12.0 trillion. All figures are based on the
monetary value of the lire as of 1968. The investment costs are
broken down into categories, which include industrial emis-
sions, automotive emissions, domestic heating, and various
sources of water pollutin. The figures given represent totals
for air and water pollution, considered in the same package.
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201
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
06778
(INDUSTRY AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN GREAT
BRITAIN.) Industrie et pollution atmospherique en Grande
Bretagne. Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherique, Paris, France. (1967.) 6 pp. Fr. (Rept.
No. CI 310.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.)
A summary of the basis of governmental action in Great
Britain in the struggle against industrial emissions is outlined.
The regulations imposed by the 'Alkali Act' are in most cases
based on 'the most practical means.' Standards are given for
chimney heights. Statutory limits are given for various materi-
als emitted such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, arsenic, antimony, cadmium, and
lead. The construction of tall buildings tends to reduce the
benefits obtained by tall chimneys. A better knowledge of the
effects of pollutants should be obtained so as not to burden in-
dustry with unnecessary expense in their control. It is urged
that international standards for emission be adopted.
16116
Koehler, W.
PRESENT POSITION IN COMBATING AIR POLLUTION
AND NUISANCE IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY. (Stand der
Emissionsbekaempfung in der Zementindustrie). Text in Ger-
man. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden), 58(11):493-500, Nov.
1969. 12 refs.
Prior to a discussion of present achievements in combating
pollution and noise in the cement industry, the composition of
emissions by this industry is reviewed. Apart from dust, waste
gases from cement kilns contain nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ox-
ygen, and water vapor. The sulfur dioxide concentration is low
because it is chemically bound as sulfate in the clinker and the
dust. No gaseous fluorine emissions have ever been deter-
mined; the carbon monoxide concentration is negligible. Dust
emissions sank from about 3.5% in 1950 to 1.5% in 1957, and
to 0.15% of the clinker production in 1967, although the
production increased from 11 million tons to 33 million tons.
In the vicinity of the Westphalian industrial center comprising
15 cement plants, an average dust fall of 0.75 g/sq m/day was
measured in 1950; now, the annual average is down to 0.42
g/sq m/day. The VDI (Association of German Engineers)
Guideline 2094 recommends a maximum allowable emission
concention of 150 mg dust/standard cu m. In 1950, only 15%
of the rotary kilns were equipped with electrostatic precipita-
tors; in 1967, more than 93% had precipitators. The VDI
Guideline 2058 provides for noise abatement in the cement in-
dustry. It recommends limitation of noise in primarily industri-
al centers to 70 dB and in residential areas with interspersed
cement factories, to 55 dB/day and 40 dB/night.
21840
Stratmann, Heinrich
THE APPLICATION OF AIR ANALYSIS TO THE EVALUA-
TION OF THE EFFECT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE UPON
VEGETATION. (Die Anwendung der Luftanalyse zur Beur-
teilung von Schwefeldioxyd-Einwirkungen auf die Vegetation).
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 21(2), 1961. 8 refs. Translated from
German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 14p., April 30,
1970.
'Maximum Emission Concentrations' (MEC-values) are laid
down to limit permissible emissions. They are derived from so-
called tolerance limits which are obtained from the relationship
between the emission and its harmful effect. In the case of the
effects of sulfur dioxide on vegetation, it has been shown how
the tolerance limits are obtained from the threshold-of-irrita-
tion function. They are not identical to the MEC-values which
can only be derived from them by means of an additional
definition. Above all, the permanently changing conditions of
emission are decisive for this additional difinition. This must
be taken into account if supervision of the MEC-values is to
be made possible by the aid of air analysis. (Author summary)
24907
Stratmann, H.
THE MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION AND THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION
OF AIR QUALITY. (Die Messung der Luftverunreinigungen
und die Aufstellung von Kriterien fuer Beurteilung der
Luftqualitat). Air Pollution Proc. First European Congr. In-
fluence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen, Nether-
lands, 1968, p. 287-301. Translated from German. Belov and
Associates, Denver, Colo., Oct. 8, 1970.
Air quality criteria are valuable with respect to suspected or
actual effects of air pollution. They are derived in turn from
criteria which describe, respectively, emission and effects
criteria. A model is presented for formulating a relationship
between suitable emission criteria and the corresponding ef-
fects criteria. The model, which represents the average condi-
tions of various groups of objects, can be used for estimating
possible damages and should serve as a basis for establishing
emission limits. Also discussed are measuring techniques and
their application to emission control.
25087
AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE PUBLIC NUISANCE
CONTROL MEASURES OF NIPPON CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRIES, LTD., TOKUYAMA WORKS. (Nippon kagaku kogyo
tokuyama kojo no kogai taisaku ni kansuru kakuyakusho). Text
in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 6(9):743-747,
Sept. 15, 1970.
The city of Tokuyama in Yamaguchi Prefecture reached an
agreement with Nippon Chemical Industries, Ltd. concerning
the emission of chromium compounds from its factory. Aside
from the various agreement terms on the pollution prevention,
monitoring, and control, the emission standard for the chromi-
um pollutants in air and water is recorded. The maximum al-
lowable concentrations (24-hour average) are 0.0015 mg/ N cu
m as chromium trioxide in the atmosphere and 2 ppm (as
valence six ion) in water. Some of the measures taken are:
relocation of the sodium dichromate kiln stacks, improvement
of the electric dust collectors, and indirect drying process. In
addition to the agreement the followin data are supplemented:
the environmental standards for chromium in various coun-
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202
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
tries, the method of calculating the emission standard, the ef-
fects of chromium on humans and plants, various water quali-
ty standards for chromium ions, effects of chromium on fish,
and the construction plan of the chemical company for pollu-
tion control facilities. Lastly, the hearings of the technical sub-
committee of the public nuisance committee of the city and
the answers given by the Nippon Chemical Industries are sum-
marized. The main issues were the height and the position of
th stacks, electric dust collectors, wet dust collectors, filter
type collectors, discharge waters, control measures of chromi-
um ion discharges, sulfur dioxide emission in the atmosphere,
and noise.
34866
Joursset, D.
TESTING IN COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN COAL AND
STEEL COMMUNITY. (Normalisation des epreuves fonction-
nelles respiratories dans les pays de la Communaute Eu-
ropeenne du Chabron et de L Acier). Poumon Coeur (Paris),
vol. 10:1145-1159, 1960. Translated from French. Translation
Consultants, Inc., Arlington, Va., 22p.
The European Coal and Steel Community has proposed that
its six member countries adopt standardized functional respira-
tory tests, spirographic terminology, and respiratory
physiopathological symbols. The recommendations are
presented along with the results of a statistical analysis of data
from spirographic examinations of 3000 subjects, 18-83, in the
six countries. Ventilation values for spirographic measure-
ments should be supplemented by listing ventilatory frequen-
cy, and respiratory equivalents are to be expressed in liters of
air ventilated per liter of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide
removed. The spirographic method, rather than the Douglas
pouch, is preferred for maximum ventilation measurements.
The tests are to be recorded for three different frequencies
greater than 30/min, the duration of each test running between
15-30 sees. The recommended symbols differ from those
proposed in the U. S., especially in that volumes, flows, and
concentrations are designated by the same symbols for both
gaseous and blood phases. The statistical analysis indicated the
need to consider the variation of ventilatory volumes with age.
Tables of standard values, as a function of age, vital capacity,
residual volume, and forced expiratory volume, were obtained
by a statistical filtering out based on constancy of variance
with age.
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203
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
00539
H. Stephany
TYPE AND EMISSION QUANTITIES OF INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMESTIC FLUE GASES AND VEHICLE EXHAUST
GASES. (Art und Emissionsmengen von Industrie-, Haus-
brand-und Kraftfahrzeug-Abgasen.) Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg)
19(6):457-461, June 1966.
Types of air pollution which occur in Germany are discussed.
The Clean Air Committee of the Association of German En-
gineers is described. The committee's program and published
regulations for the limitation of emissions are tabulated.
01S28
K. Guthmann
(NEW KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE IN THE PURIFI-
CATION OF AIR IN FOUNDRIES.) Neue Erkenntnisse und Er-
fahrungen bei der Reinhaltung der Luft in Huttenwerken. Radex
Rundschau (Austria), No: 3: 139-162, June 1966.
German laws, passed by the Federal Government, requiring
maintenance of clean air, are discussed. Maximum allowable
emission values for dusts, gases, and smokes are given. Pro-
grams established for research on the measurement of dust
and S02 and warning devices for smog are described. Other
research described is being conducted on the removal of
brown smoke in basic steelworks and oxygen-blowing steel-
works, recovery of converter gas, possibilities for utilizing ac-
cumulated dust, removal of fluorine from exhaust gases and
removal of odor from exhaust gases.
02059
J. P. Detrie.
STATISTICAL STUDIES OF THE EMISSIONS IN PARIS
AND THE DEPARTMENT DE LA SEINE. Etudes Statistiques
des Emissions Dans Paris et la Departement de la Seine. Proc.
(Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper VII/3).
pp. 219-23.
In order to control the air pollution caused by domestic fires
and commercial and industrial heating plants in Paris, restric-
tions on the use of fuels of high sulphur content and certain
emission limits were established in the Orders of August 1964.
In order to judge the effectiveness of these new experimental
regulations, it was necessary to estimate the amounts of the
emissions and the resulting air pollution using available
statistics and taking the meteorological data into account. The
results, which have been obtained from the yearly measure-
ments or estimates for five years and from the monthly and
daily measurements for three years are set forth in the form of
symmarized iagrams in this report. In spite of a noticeable
reduction in air pollution in 1965, it is not yet possible to de-
cide upon the effectiveness of the new regulations. However,
this investigation leads to formulating some hypotheses which,
if they are verified, may influence future legislation for the
control of air pollution in big towns. (Author abstract)
02301
LAW ON THE STRUGGLE AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC POL-
LUTION (28 DECEMBER 1964) Moniteur Beige (Translated as
JPRS No. R-S879-D). Jan. 14, 1965. 345 pp.
This legislation pertains to emissions from whatever source of
gaseous, liquid, or solid substances which may cause harm to
human health, animals and plants, or prove damaging to pro-
perty or sites. This legislation also enforces control over
devices or installations apt to create pollution, and reserves
the right to enforce use of such devices or installations which
prevent or control air pollution.
03230
H. Tada
LAWS REGULATING THE EMISSION OF SMOKE AND
DUST INTO THE AER. Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean
Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) 4, (1) 1-5, 1966
The threefold purpose and the content of the law are ex-
plained: (1) Regulation of the emission of smoke and dust into
the air (2) prevention of air pollution which menaces public
health and the establishment of a harmony between the preser-
vation of health environment and the development of indus-
tries, and (3) help settle problems arising from air pollution by
providing regulations governing the problem. The law defines
the area, facilities, and substances to be subjected to the stan-
dards of the law.
03243
H. Wiethaup
ON THE AIR POLLUTION LAW (JANUARY 6, 1966) IN
LOWER SAXONY. Zum Imschg Niedersachsen vom 6.1.
1966. Gesundheitsw. Desinkt. (Hamburg) May 1966. Text in
German.
Regulations established by the new air pollution laws in Lower
Saxony are described. Conditions which led to the legislation
are reviewed. It was emphasized that the new law applies only
to air pollution resulting from domestic heating and from in-
dustrial sources. Pollution from automotive exhaust gases are
not treated under these regulations because they would be the
subject of separate federal laws. The author would like to see
uniform national control of air pollution in Germany.
06754
(EXCERPTS FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1964 OF
THE STATE INSTITUTE FOR THE PRESERVATION OF
CLEAN AIR AND AGRICULTURAL LAND.) Aus dem
Jahresbericht 1964 der Landesanstalt fur Immissions- und
Bodennutzungsschutz. Reinhaltung der Luft im Land Nordr-
heim-Westfalen (3) 39-48, 1965. Ger.
A survey was made of the activities of an agency of the State
of North Rhine-Westfalia concerned with air pollution
problems. Air pollution control programs are described, in par-
ticular the first, second, and third program for measuring SO2
and dust concentrations. Instrumentation for measuring SO2,
F, H2S, NO2, and NH3 is mentioned. Some practical results
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204
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
of reducing the emission in various industrial plants are
presented, mostly of the metal and coal-using industries. Ex-
tensive experiments have been made to determine harmful ef-
fects of air pollutants on plants. A list of plants ordered ac-
cording to their susceptibility is given.
07216
DIGEST OF FRENCH LEGISLATION AGAINST AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION. Resume de la Legislation Fran-
caise Centre la Pollution Atmospherique. Centre Interprofes-
sionnel Technique d'Etudes de la Pollution Atmospherique,
Paris, France. (Rept. No. CI 320.) (1966). (Fr.) 9pp.
French legislation, which at first was only concerned with in-
dustrial emissions, has now been expanded to include such
sources of atmospheric pollution as: industry, heating, au-
tomobiles, and also conditions such as ionization, radiation,
and noise. Regulations regarding urban conditions are also
covered. The excerpts given indicate most of the laws have
originated since 1961. Three organization charts are provided
which indicate the different groups responsible for legislation,
control, advice and research. In general, the law of Aug. 2,
1961 establishes the authority to control pollution which might
affect public health and safety, or the condition of buildings or
monuments. The correction of the conditions is to be provided
for by decree or regulation which may be applied to the emis-
sion of pollutants, the construction of buildings, the equipment
on vehicles, and the use of fuels. The controls are assigned to
the appropriate departments, with penalties which provide for
imprisonment as well as substantial fines. Of various regula-
tions affecting the combustion of fuels, the edict of August 11,
1964, (which applied to Paris), fixed zones of special protec-
tion in which it was forbidden to use heavy fuel oils containing
over 2% sulfur, and decreed that the volatile material in solid
materials be limited to 15%. In the edicts affecting urban con-
ditions, the creation of open spaces and wooded areas was
provided for in planning.
09009
REPORT OF ACTIVITIES DURING THE PERIOD OF 1
JULY 1966 TO 30 JUNE 1967. Kommunikationsdepartemen-
tets Expertgrupp foer att Leda ett Utvecklingsarbete pa Bilav-
gasomradet 17p., 1967. 7 refs. Translated from Swedish. Joint
Publications Research Service Washington, D. C., R-8944-D,
17p., Dec. 14, 1967.
The activities of the Communications Ministry expert group in
Sweden are summarized. Some of the purposes of the
development work are to make more effective measures possi-
ble for reducing harmful substances in auto exhaust gases and
to supply the techni- cal foundation for formulating the regula-
tions necessary for this. The investigations and studies indlude
the following: (1) In- vestigation of driving methods; (2) Mea-
surement of CO in open air; (3) Testing of Swedish antipollu-
tion devices for autos; (4) Measurement of exhaust gas emis-
sion during cold and warm starting; (5) Study of crankcase
ventilation; (6) Study of diesel exhaust gases; (7) Testing of
equipment for a mobile laboratory; and (8) Development of a
method for analysis of organic lead compounds. Proposed ac-
tivities for the coming year are also outlined.
09234
Martinelli, Giorgio
THE CONTINUOUS CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION WITH
INDUSTRIAL ANALYSERS. ((II controllo continue dell in-
guinamento atmosferico con analizzatori industriali,)) Text in
Italian. Termotecnia (Milan), 21(10):558-565, Oct. 1967.
For protection against air pollution from increased vehicular
traffic, urbanization, and industry, Italy established a law on
air pollution control in August 1966. Some provisions of the
law are cited. A monitoring system for continuous measure-
ments of air samples involves wind direction, registration of
concentrations, determination of pollutants, and the emitter.
Better results could be obtained from a network of monitoring
stations at various cities, and a plan is proposed for their
establishment and operation, where continuous measurement
would also be made of air temperature and humidity, concen-
trations of SO2, H2S, NO2, CO2.CO, and hydrocarbons.
Photographs showing equipment and apparatus for the stations
are reporduced. A schematic diagram depicts the picoflux ap-
paratus for SO2 measurements; an electrical cell for measuring
H2S is also shown. The URAS infrared analyzer is used to
measure CO2. Analyses for CO, hydrocarbons and dust are
discussed, along with the equipment for air pollution monitor-
ing in Frankfurt, Germany.
11914
L. N. Samoilovich, and Yu. R. Redkin
AIR POLLUTION WITH 3,4-BENZPYRENE FROM
PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. ((Zagryaz-
nenie atmosfernogo vozduha 3,4-benzpirenom predpriyatiyanii
neftehimirkeskoi promishlennosti.)) Text in Russian. Gigena i
Sanitariya, 33(9):10-14, Sept. 1968. 7 refs.
The 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations of 193 air samples from 2
petroleum refineries, one chemical plant, and the city of Groz-
ny, collected for 3 years by an ERV-49 aspirator and adsorbed
on the organic FPA-15 tissue, were determined after extraction
with benzene and dilution with n-octane. The refineries had
0.1-40 mKg microgram/100 cu m (with values of 0.8-40
mKg/100 cu m in coke shops), the chemical plant (pyrolysis
shop) 0.9-9.1 mKg/100 cu m, and the city sections (distance 50-
2000 m from a contact coke plant) 0.08-0.40 mKg/100 cu m
maximal 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations. The emission was the
highest during full-capacity production, with 2-4-fold increase
in a contact coke plant of refinery No 2. By order of the city
sanitary physician refinery No2 was closed down temporarily.
The furnaces were supplied with gas-forming fuel and her-
metization was carried out. It was concluded that within a 2-
km radius from a petroleum refinery, there is considerable 3,4-
benzpyrene pollution. The most significant sources were the
coke and pyrolysis shops.
11951
Konno, Akira
AHt POLLUTION AND FUTURE CITY PLANNING. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 1(1):7-12, 1966.
Translated from Japanese. 28p.
Air pollution control measures are necessary at the source
which produces the pollutants, at the point where they are
emitted, at the stage of diffusion, and at the point where the
pollutants finally return to the ground. The control measures
for existing urban areas involve staking out industrial zones
where all residential facilities ought to be removed and creat-
ing so-called green belts or vacant lots. In the case of new
development areas, the air pollution situation must be studied
and it must be decided which enterprises are allowed into the
area and the location. Air pollution sources should not be
located in the main direction of the wind to the city. Large
structures or buildings should not be erected in the windward
and leeward directions of a source. The stack height of an air
pollution source should not be equal to the height of the sur-
rounding buildings. Two green belts should be created around
pollution sources. Trunk roads should run parallel to the main
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
direction of the wind. The area between the green belts should
be reserved for commercial purposes only. Continuous obser-
vations of the meteorological conditions in the area are
required. The knowledge of the dispersion conditions and the
possibility of temperature inversions must be improved. The
relationship between the general meteorological conditions and
the meteorological conditions in the vicinity of buildings must
be studied. The pluming of the waste gases, interference
phenomena in an area with many emissions, and the influence
of the design and shape of buildings on the degree of pollution
and on the distribution of concentration should be the object
of intense investigations.
12238
Adolf, Gustof and Eric Holmquist
GOVERNMENT PROPOSITION NO. 122 IN THE YEAR 1968.
HIS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT'S PROPOSITION TO THE
RIKSDAG CONCERNING THE LIMITATION OF THE SUL-
FUR CONTENT IN FUEL OIL: GIVEN AT STOCKHOLM
CASTLE APRIL 19, 1968. (Kungl. Maj:ts proposition nr 122
ar 1968. Rung Maj:ts proposition till riksdagen angaende
begransning av svavelhalten i eldningsolja; given Stockholms
slott den 19 April 1968). 15p., 1968. Translated from Swedish.
Franklin Inst. Research Lab., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services, 26p.
The burning of oil with sulfur content exceeding 2.5% by
weight should be prohibited in Sweden after June 30, 1969.
The government should be authorized to lower the permitted
sulfur content of a fuel oil even further when economic and
technical considerations are favorable. A graduation reduction
of permissible sulfur content from 2.5% to 1% is anticipated.
The responsibility for enforcing the suggested prohibition will
be entrusted to provincial governments, who will be permitted
to grant exceptions from the prohibition to plants having
satisfactory gas purification systems. Local authorities will be
granted the right to issue ordinances restricting the sulfur con-
tent of a fuel oil below 2.5. Fuel oil dealers will be required to
indicate the sulfu content of a fuel oil at the time of its sale.
Persons violating the injunction will be subject to a fine or im-
prisonment. Factors leading to the proposal are the increased
acidity of precipitation and surface water in Sweden.
13069
Padovani, Carlo
HOW EXTREME ARE THE RULES AND THE DEFENSES
AGAINST AIR POLLUTION/ (A che punto sono la normativa e
le difese contro I'inquinamento atmosferlco). Text in Italian.
Termotecnica (Milan), 23(5): 264-268, 1969.
The new Law no. 615 against air pollution divides Italy into
two parts according to factors such as density of population,
geographical concentration of industries, meteorological condi-
tions, etc. The Law provides for three types of defenses
against air pollution: the elimination or reduction of polluting
substances, the separation of polluting substances from
smokes and gases before they are vented into the surrounding
air, and the reduction of their hannfulness. Enforcement must
be directed first toward private heating systems. In this the
law follows the example of London, Pittsburgh, Saint Louis
and other large cities. Fuels used must burn easily and
completely, even in small systems. However, the law is not at
all clear in defining fuel quality. Furthermore, the same law
often contradicts other rules on fires, tax evasion, etc. Besides
the measures provided by Law 615, other actions must be un-
dertaken in Italy to improve air quality. It is imperative to con-
trol the population density of urban areas, to increase green
areas, to promote the use of electric heating systems, to
205
further research pertaining to better-grade fuels, and to train
special technicians for controlling air pollution.
13621
Institute of Sanitation Engineering, Sursan (Brazil), Pollution
Control Div.
LEGISLATION AND INSTRUCTIONS ON THE SMOKE
EMISSION OF DIESEL-OIL POWERED VEHICLES.
(Legislacao e instrucao sobre emissao de furnaca nos veiculos
movidos a oleo diesel.) Translated from Portuguese. 20p.,
OApril 1967. 2 refs.
This monograph discusses (1) the Ringelmann chart, (2) a
smokescope, which is proposed to compensate for some of the
disadvantages of the Ringelmann chart, (3) air pollution con-
trol regulations in Guanabara, Brazil, (4) the amounts of fines
for noncompliance to air pollution regulations, (5) a disciplina-
ry code for the restriction of emissions from motor vehicles,
(6) a new national code regulating motor vehicles, and (7) the
problem of placement of exhaust pipes on motor vehicles.
14708
Legner, M.
ABOUT THE ACTIVITY OF THE STATE TECHNICAL IN-
SPECTION OF AIR CONSERVATION. (Cinnost Statni
technicke inspekce ochrany ovzdusi). Text in Czech. Ochrana
Ovzdusi, no. 2:17-19, 1969.
Measures against air pollution, according to Act No. 35/1967,
are characterized by the imposition of penalties in cases of air
pollution, by increased administration power of regional air
control authorities, and by increased responsibility of the
Ministry of Forestry and Water Resources in the field of air
conservation. The State Technical Inspection of Air Conserva-
tion is under the direction of the Ministry. Its function is to
control sources of pollutants, measure emissions, provide ad-
visory services, impose methods for restricting the emission of
noxious substances, and to work closely with health authori-
ties. It has the right to initiate research and development pro-
grams. One of its major objectives is the systemized control of
emissions from such sources as power stations, heat plants, in-
dustrial boiler houses, fuels with a high ash content, chemical
plants, metallurgical processes, and concrete works. Through
the State Technical Inspection of Air Conservation, the Minis-
try of Forestry and Water Resources is collaborating with in-
dustries on new plant design and applying rigid technical tests
to existing plants. Inspection of control equipment is the
responsibility of district inspection committees, which have
the right to fine both plants and individuals responsible for
pollution. It is hoped that better coordination can be realized
between district authorities and the national committee. Such
coordination is needed to develop combustion tests for the ob-
jective control and determination of pollutants escaping from
boiler houses.
14798
Liedmeier, G. P.
PREVENTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN
PETROLEUM REFINERIES. (La prevention de la pollution
atmospherique dans les raffineries de petrole). Text in French.
Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), ll(Special):3-8, Feb. 1969.
A review of atmospheric pollution and problems in controlling
it in the refineries of Europe is presented. The author
discusses the founding of CONCAWE (Conservation of Clean
Air and Water- Western Europe), which is a group of ofl com-
panies and societies representing 80% of the refining capacity
in Western Europe. Its functions are to process information
-------
206
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
pertaining to pollution by refineries and the joint study of pol-
lution problems. It now has working groups in the following
areas: study of the height of chimneys and atmospheric disper-
sion; liquid effluents; petroleum pipelines; subterranean migra-
tion of petroleum; and noise abatement. The sources and ef-
fects of refinery pollution, particularly by sulfur oxides,
hydrocarbons, and malodorous gases are reviewed. Paniculate
matter and nitrogen oxides are considered of secondary im-
portance. A brief review of methods for combatting pollution
is also included.
17669
Burenin, N. S., B. B. Goroshko, and B. N. P'yantsev
FIELD STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN INDUSTRIAL CI-
TIES. (Ekspeditsionnoye izucheniye zagryazhehiya vozdush-
nogo basseyna promyshlennykh gorodov). Text in Russian. Tr.
Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), no. 234:100-108, 1968. 9 refs.
The organization of air pollution monitoring procedures is out-
lined in general. Preliminary analysis of data gathered
throughout an unidentified city is discussed and a sample or-
ganizational plan is given. Single episodal examination of pol-
lution conditions used to establish a continuous monitoring
plan is discussed. No specific locations are mentioned.
19408
METHODS OF MEASURING DUST CONTENT IN STACK
GAS. Japanese Industrial Standard JIS Z 8808, 34p., June
1963. 4 refs. Translated from Japanese. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 67p., Jan. 28, 1970.
A method for sampling and measuring the dust and moisture
content of industrial stack gases is established by Japanese
public law. Conditions are specified for location for obtaining
sample, method of sampling, and methods of analysis. A com-
prehensive discussion provides the history of the development
of the standard as well as details of application.
19723
Leden, J.
THE LEGAL ARRANGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF
THE PROTECTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA. (Pravni uprava a organizace ochrany
ovzdusi v CSSR). Ochrana Ovzdusi, vol. 1, Jan. 1969. Trans-
lated from Czech. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 22p.,
April 20, 1970.
The Czechoslovakian Law No. 35/1967 Sb. has made it possi-
ble to create a system of effective measures against air pollu-
tion. Fees for atmospheric pollution must be paid by any n»l-
lutor that releases large amounts of noxious materials into the
atmosphere, primarily ash and sulfur dioxide, in any degree
that exceeds the given standards. The protection of the at-
mosphere is centralized directly by the Ministry of Forestry
and Water Economy and the State Technical Inspection for
the Protection of the Atmosphere. Tasks have also been al-
located to the Hydrometeorological Institute. It is suggested
that the validity of the law be expanded to include such pollu-
tants as secondary dust, steam traction, exhaust gases from
combustion engines, radioactivity, and noxious fumes.
19920
Seidl, W.
Am CONSERVATION LITERATURE - HOW IT IS OB-
TAINED, EVALUATED, AND PUT TO USE. (Die Literatur
ueber Reinhaltung der Luft — ihre Erfassung, Auswertung und
Nutzbarmachung). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.)
Ber., no. 149:359-366, 1970.
As is true for scientific disciplines in general, there has been a
'literature explosion' on the subject of air pollution control.
The USA is far in the lead in the production of such literature,
followed by the USSR, West Germany, England, France, and
Italy. Other countries were contributing about 10% of the
literature, as of 1963. THe VDI (Society of German Engineers)
began an air pollution documentation service in 1957. The
storage unit now contains better than 40,000 titles and over
230,000 card entries, arranged on a 3-track system in terms of
type of pollution, emission source, and main subject. A
description is given, with illustrative examples, of the manner
in which material is stored and retrieved.
23608
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
OSAKA AREA. (Osaka chiiki ni kGkawaru kogaiboshikeikaku
sakntei no kihon hoshin. An). Text in Japanese. Yosui to Haisui
(J. Water Waste), 12(9):759-767, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program is presented which is to be effective
throughout Osaka Prefecture which has long been developing
as a large industrial area; the enormous economic activity has
added muah to the pollution problem. Air pollution is severe in
the central anfi Hanshin coastal industrial district, and water
pollution is significant in Yodo, Kanzaki, Neya and Yamato
Rivers. Water quality in Osaka Bay has deteriorated to the ex-
tent of ruining the fishing industry. The ground settling
problem in East-Osaka, and the noise from Osaka Interna-
tional Airport have invited many complaints. The pollution
levels are to be lowered to within the tabulated limits by 1980.
There are many necessary control measures, but the following
are especially emphasized in view of the national planning pri-
orities. They are the control measures against stationary air
pollution sources, purification of coastal waters and rivers and
streams, control of nuisances accompanying automobile traf-
fic, treatment measures for metropolitan and industrial wastes,
and the control of airport noises. In addition, surveillance and
measurement systems as well as cooperation with th neighbor-
ing prefectures are indispensible. Detailed tables are given on
the target maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
for cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorous, cadmium,
lead, chromium, arsenic, and mercury in general for water pol-
lution. Values for pH, BOD, SS, DO and coliform bacteria
counts are also given. The maximum allowable noise levels for
fiaytime, morning and evening are also listed.
23610
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
TOKYO AREA. (Tokyochiiki ni kakawaru kogaiboshikeikaku
sakutei no kihonhoshin. An). Text in Japanese. Yosui to Haisui
(J. Water Waste), 12(9):750-758, Sept 1, 1970.
A control program to be effective throughout the Tokyo
metropolitan area other than islands in the Pacific Ocean
under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan government is
presetted. The area is a megalopolis with 11.5 million people,
and the industrial and economic activities are increasingly ex-
acerbating the pollution problem. Air pollution from automo-
biles and factories is severe. It originates from the central and
Joto areas as well as from factories along the Arakawa River
and Sumida River. Water pollutio in Sumida, Naka, and Tama
Rivers is also intense. The pollution levels are to be lowered to
within the tabulated limits by 1980. The necessary control
measures are numerous, but the following are especially
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
207
emphasized in view of the national planning priorities. They
are the control measures against stationary air pollution
sources, purification of sea water in the coastal areas and
fresh water in rivers and streams, control of nuisances accom-
panying automobile traffic, control of ground settling (in some
areas as deep as four meters), and treatment measures for
metropolitan and industrial wastes. In addition, the establish-
ment of nuisance monitoring and measurement system is
necessary, and close cooperation with the neighboring prefec-
tures is indispensable. Detailed tables are given on the target
maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorus, cadmium, lead,
chromium, arsenic, mercury in general and pH, BOD, SS, DO,
and colifonn bacteria values for water pollution. The max-
imum allowable noise levels for daytime, morning and
nighttime are also listed.
24214
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
KANAGAWA AREA. (Kanagawa chiiki ni kakawaru kogal
boshikeikaku sakutei no kihon hoshin. An). Text in Japanese.
Yosui to Halsui (J. Water Waste), 12(9):768-776, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program to be effective in the area East of Sagami
River within Kanagawa Prefecture is presented. This area
serves as the mainstay of the Japanese economy, industries
such as electric power, steel, petroleum, chemicals and heavy
automobile traffic have contributed to the chronic pollution
problems. Air pollution in the Taishi and Tajima areas and
water pollution in Tama, Tsurumi, and Katabira Rivers as well
as Tokyo Bay are extremely severe. The pollutant levels are to
be lowered to within the tabulated limits by 1980. There are
many necessary control measures, but the following are espe-
cially emphasized in view of the national planning priorities.
They are the control measures against stationary air pollution
sources in Kawasaki, especially purification of coastal waters
and rivers and streams, control of nuisances accompanying au-
tomobile traffic, and treatment measures for metropolitan and
industrial wastes. In addition, surveillance and measurement
systems as well as cooperation with the neighboring prefec-
tures are indispensable. Detailed tables are given on the target
maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorus, cadmium, lead,
chromium, arsenic, mercury in general, and pH, BOD, SS, DO
and coliform bacteria values for water pollution. The max-
imum allowable noise levels for daytime, morning and evening
are also listed.
32193
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 387. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 1-2S.
A Law on the Protection of the Environment is presented, ap-
plicable to the discharge of water, solid material, or gas from
terrains, structures, or installation, into water courses, lakes,
or other water surface, and to the use of terrains, structures,
or installations in a manner which may bring about damage to
the environment through pollution of air, noise, concussion,
light, or other agencies, if the damage is not altogether ac-
cidental. Committee for Environmental Protection Permits may
authorize activities dangerous to the environment. The King
may prescribe that certain factories shall not be created. The
Permit Committee consists of a chairman and three other
members. For the purpose of affording protection against ac-
tivity dangerous to the environment, supervision shall be car-
ried out by the States nature protection office and by provin-
cial governments.
32194
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 388. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Wemer, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 26-43.
A proclamation regarding protection to the environment is
presented in which factories needing authorization to be set up
were listed. These include mines, sintering plants, metal
plants, cement factories, sugar factories, dairies, slaughter-
houses, breweries, tanneries, chemical factories, fertilizer fac-
tories, rubber factories, pharmaceutical factories, refineries,
atomic power installations, steam power plants, coal or gas
works, and waste treatment and disposal installations. The
procedure before the Permit Committee and State Health Care
Office is outlined.
32195
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 395. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Wemer, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 96-98.
An amendment to the Health Protection Statute of December
19, 1958 is presented stating that the health protection commit-
tee shall see that reasonable measures are adopted for com-
batting water, air, and noise pollution. Special provisions are
given prohibiting the installation of alteration of factories
without prior examination by the Permit Committee for Pro-
tection to the Environment, the state nature protection office,
or the provincial government.
32196
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 394. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 94-95.
An amendment to the nature protection law of December 11,
1964 is presented stating that provisions are to be found in the
Law on Protection of the Environment of May 29, 1969 re-
garding protection against pollution of water, pollution of air,
noise, and ther such disturbances.
32197
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 392. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Wemer, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 57-58.
An amendment of the proclamation of January 4, 1939 giving
directions in the field of civil administration regarding limita-
tions on the right to secure copies of public transactions is
presented. Article Two was amended to read as follows:
transactions having to do with the supervisory activity which
is carried out in accordance with the Law on Protection of the
Environment of May 29, 1969, and also corresponding super-
visory activity in accordance with older provisions.
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208
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
32198
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO 391. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 54-56.
An amendment to the provincial government instruction of
May 30, 1958 is presented stating that the provincial govern-
ment shall concern itself with social welfare, planning and
construction activity, nature protection including water and air
protection, highway activity, traffic, and fire protection. The
provincial government also has to deliver to the State s nature
protection office proposals for the computation of national
outlays for nature protection within the province.
32199
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO 390. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 51-53.
An amendment of the instruction of May 25, 1967 for the state
s nature protection office is presented. The office is a central
administrative authority for cases regarding the protection of
nature, including air and water protection. The members of
each of the nature protection and air protection councils are
the director general and a maximum of nine other members.
/
32200
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 248. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 106-111.
A proclamation regarding the real estate court is presented,
designating public lower courts as real estate courts and in-
dicating the judicial districts. A law-experienced member,
other than the chairman, on a real estate court, and the techni-
cal member ou a real estate court are appointed by the circuit
court under which the real estate court falls. For each circuit
within the judicial district of a real estate court, the circuit
court under which the real estate court falls shall determine
the number of jurymen who are provided. A separate register
shall be kept for cases handled by the real estate court.
32201
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO 246. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 99-104.
| A law regarding the Swedish real estate court is presented.
The real estate court exists in every province and takes up the
matters and cases indicated in a special statute. The court con-
sists of a chairman and four other members. The chairman is
selected from among the qualified judges in the public lower
court. The other members of the court shall include one
qualified judge from a lower court with technical training and
experience in the organization and appraisal of real estate.
32202
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 249. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 112-113.
An amendment of the proclamation of November 2, 1962 con-
cerning the judicial districts of the borough police courts is
presented, stating that the superior court for a matter or case
which is being pursued from a public lower court in possession
of a real estate court is the circuit court under which the lower
court falls.
32203
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 247. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 105.
A proclamation regarding the promulgation of the law of May
29, 1969 concerning the real estate court is given. It was stated
that the law of May 29, 1969 shall come into force on July 1,
1969.
32204
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 389. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Translated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus System, p. 44-50.
Instructions to the Permit Committee for Protection of the En-
vironment are presented. The Committee will have a chief en-
gineer and a secretary. Major questions of statute law, or-
ganization, proposals for budgetary presentations, and discipli-
nary punishments will be decided in plenary session. In plena-
ry session cases the Committee is qualified to decide when all
of its members are present. If any person present during the
final consideration of a case or presentation has a dissenting
opinion, it should be noted.
32205
Swedish Dept. of Justice, Stockholm
SWEDISH CODE OF STATUTES NO. 393. In: Legislation on
Protection of the Environment. June 24, 1969. Trnaslated from
Swedish by McGregor and Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C.,
Mundus Systems, p. 59-93.
Amendments to the water law are presented. Waste water is
defined as overflow water, water used for industrial cooling,
or drainage water. Waste run-off is regulated. Measures for
combatting water pollution are outlined. The responsibility of a
real estate owner is also established.
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209
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
11950
Hayashi, Yujiro
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL CONSUMPTION. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), l(l):5-6, 1966. Trans-
lated from Japanese. 6p.
The per capita income in Japan, which was 690 dollars in the
fiscal year 1965, will about triple over the next 20 years. This
does not mean, however, that the individual property will in-
crease as much, since a good deal of the individual income
will be spent for the maintenance of clean air and water. Some
day, a special tax called air tax will have to be raised from
each individual to pay for the enormous costs of anti air pollu-
tion measures. Such measures require re-orientation of the
common thinking from the private-property-oriented-society to
a society concerned about such matters and willing to con-
tribute to this cause a certain percentage of their income.
14491
Ohira, M., H. Maruya, and T. Nagira
A STUDY OF AWARENESS AND OPINION OF THE RE-
SIDENTS ABOUT PUBLIC NUISANCES IN MIZUSHIMA
(NEWLY DEVELOPED INDUSTRIAL AREA). (Mizushima
chiku jumin no kogai ni tsuite no ishiki jokyono chosa). Text
in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.),
24(1):99, April 1969.
Air pollution has been intensified in Mizushima, due to the in-
troduction of the steel and oil industries. A survey of subjec-
tive symptoms and opinion on air pollution was conducted
among 182 households in the area regarded as most polluted
(called area A) and 88 households in apartments owned by one
of companies regarded as a polluter in this area (area B). Com-
plaints such as eye irritation, frequent coughing and expectora-
tion, and malodorous air were heard more frequently at A than
at B. People from area A, who once welcomed the introduc-
tion of industry, are much more displeased with it than people
from area B, who belong to the industry. However, the former
are becoming reconciled to this pollution. They do not believe
that the local government or industry will control air pollution.
Furthermore, they have little confidence in the ability of a
civic association to eliminate public nuisances and would
rather move out of the area than oppose pollution. On the
other hand, people working in the offending industry pay little
attention to nuisances. It is concluded that the opposition of
residents to public nuisances should be supported by physi-
cians, scientists, and other actively concerned persons.
15760
Lindvall, Thomas
THE NUISANCE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. (Luft-
foeroreningars olaegenhetseffekter). Text in Swedish. Nord.
Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm), no. 3:99-115, March 1969. 11 refs.
Annoyance reactions from odorous and particulate air pollu-
tants were regarded as medico-hygienic problems in Sweden.
Legislation in Sweden permits intervention based solely upon
subjective annoyance reaction to some extent. Nuisances from
industrial plants are usually caused by odors and particulate
matter. Complaints were reported in 78% of urban and 27% of
rural communities. The medico-hygienic evaluation of nuisance
from air pollution includes studies of the dose-response rela-
tionship between the pollutant in the ambient air and the ex-
tent and strength of the annoyance reaction. The description
of the dose is often complicated by the fact that many odorous
substances are hard to detect while they still have odor. There-
fore, the concentration in the ambient air is often based upon
analysis at the source combined with meteorological spreading
calculations. From a statistical point of view, there is often a
satisfying correlation between predicted and actual concentra-
tions in the ambient air. The organoleptic principle of analysis
of odorous emission was used more frequently during the last
few years. Odor threshold determinations were successfully
used in testing odor abatement equipment and in dose descrip-
tion around pulp mills. The frequency is calculated by which a
certain concentration is exceeded at different distances from
the source. The description of the dose was satisfactorily
worked out by the use of standardized, sociological inquiries
with special attention to certain effects of interaction, such as
disquising of or differences in attitude. Response studies were
undertaken in Sweden around pulp mills and oil refineries.
(Author summary modified)
26429
A SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDY. (Sintesi dell'indagine). In:
Public Campaign Against Pollution: A Summary. (L'intervento
pubblico contro 1'inquinamento: Rapporto di sintesi). Text in
Italian. Gianni Scaiola (ed.), Ita}y,-3une 1970, p. 13-62, 17 refs.
This report provides a summary of cost estimates and
economic benefits connected with a project to eliminate the
principal forms of air and water pollution in Italy. This section
of the report deals with the theoretical presuppositions and
methods of study used for the project and a report on the
methods and results of economic studies made in Italy and el-
sewhere. The pollution problem has been studied by a variety
of approaches, which include biology, ecology, city planning,
and public sanitation, but economic analysis has been sadly
neglected. Such analysis is a prerequisite for a realistic strate-
gy in dealing with the problems. Some basic problems facing
the economist are the best possible allocation of our limited
natural resources and that of the possible distribution and
minimization of costs created by the pollution problems. There
needs to be a restatement, for one thing, of what natural
resources are considered to be in 'public domain'. Historically,
a first attempt of analysis of the economic implications of pol-
lution was that of the Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh, conducted
in 1913. Its main weaknesses were the inordinate attention
given to the computation of damages rather than of the costs
of prevention; The first study to consider pollution damage on
a national scale was the Beaver Commission Study of 1954, in
Great Britain. This report is examined in detail. In the United
States, an estimate given by the Harvard Business Review
projected the need to spend 275 billion dollars over the next 34
years in order to eliminate pollution. President Nixon, in his
1970 message to Congress, set the investment figures at 10 bfl-
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
lion dollars per annum for the next 5 years. In Italy, the 650 billion lire. A 1970 estimate of air pollution damages in
author Spirroni has estimated the annual cost of air and water Italy gives a total figure of about 350 billion lire per annum,
pollution control, from industrial sources only, at 1.5-2.0 tril- about 4/5 pf which is traceable to domestic heating and au-
lian lire. The portion to be used for air pollution amounts to tomotive traffic.
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211
N. GENERAL
04052
R. Paddad and I. J. Bloomfield
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA. Bol.
Ofic. Sank. Panam. 58, 241-9, Sept. 1964. Sp. (Tr.) (Presented
at the Inter-Regional Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality
and Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland Aua 6-
12, 1963.)
Latin America is an area which is experiencing a very rapid
population and industrial expansion. Although this growth is
very irregular, the cities which exceed a million inhabitants
and the industrial concentration in them is growing yearly.
This phenomenon has resulted in serious problems of air pollu-
tion in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile, Mexico City, Mex-
ico, which are in need of further investigation and control as
quickly as possible. There are potential problems in Buenos
Aires, Argentina, and in all those large metropolitan centres
which are growing and industrializing rapidly. The situation
created in Lima, Peru, because of the fishmeal industry,
seems to be fairly well controlled. The greatest necessity is to
train personnel capable of conducting studies in measuring air
quality and controlling the contamination of the air. There is
also a necessity to create a consciousness of the seriousness
of the problem among government authorities and the public in
general. It is hoped that the future development of the In-
stitute of Occupational Health and Air Pollution Research in
Santiago, Chile, will contribute effectively to achieve these ob-
jectives.
10260
Prince-Epstein, D.
STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE SOVIET
UNION. ((Recherches sur la pollution atmospherique en union
Sovietique.)) Text in French. Bull. Inst. Natl. Sante Rech.
Med. (Paris), 23(1): 63-82, Jan.-Feb. 1968. 57 refs.
In this W.H.O.-financed survey and visit to four institutes
each in Moscow and Leningrad, the state-of-the-art in Russian
air pollution control is reviewed. The principal centers for
research are the Institute of General and Urban Hygiene 'A.
N. Sysin', several medical institutes, sanitary and epidemiolog-
ical stations, and other centers such as the Institute for Indus-
trial Hygiene and Professional Diseases in Leningrad. Air pol-
lution control consists essentially of the following measures:
definition of air purity standards (much stricter than standards
in America), and the determination of minimal permissible
levels by means of very precise physiological tests, such as
the olfactory threshold test, encephalography, and dark adap-
tation. Chronic tests are conducted on animals in specially
designed exposure chambers, with special attention to effects
on the conditioned reflexes, muscular coordination,
cholinesterase activity, urinary coproporphyrins, as well as he-
matological, biological and other physiological data. A Russian
commission was created in 1949 to determine norms for air
pollutants. Principal laws promulgated by the Committee for
the Sanitary Protection of the Air are: construction of indus-
tries with some provision for removal or capture of toxic sub-
stances, prohibition of emissions of dusts an<* toxic gases into
the atmosphere, and a classification of industrial centers ac-
cording to their harmfulness to health, with corresponding
zones of protection between the plant and the inhabitants. The
analytical methods used in the determination of CO, SO2 and
H2SO4 aerosols, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and permissible
levels for both daily and one-time exposures. The general
results of 18 Russian studies on CO and nine studies on sulfur
oxides are tabulated, and references given for work on
nitrogen oxides, 3,4-benzopyrene, and ozone. The theoretical
basis for the combined effects of pollutants is discussed.
15096
Bassetti, P.
AIR, WATER, AND SOIL POLLUTION AFFECTING THE
CITY AND PROVINCE OF MILAN. (L'inquinamento dell-
'aria, dell'acqua e del suolo, nei riguardi di Milano e del suo
Territorio). Text in Italian. Ing. Sank., 16(2):88-101, Jan. - Feb.
1968. 7 refs.
Air pollution derives from three principle sources: oil refining
and petrochemistry (20%), home heating (60%), and motor
traffic (20%). In Milan and Turin, smog in the atmosphere has
reduced the lifetime of automobile finishes by 50%. Italy has
only recently confronted the air pollution problem, and few
Italians realize the high cost of its prevention. A company in
the city of Cornigliano has spent 1.5 billion dollars for equip-
ment to combat air pollution. Proper adjustment of home heat-
ing equipment would diminish smog by 40% and would give a
20-25% saving on fuel oil. The Italian law of July 13, 1966 di-
vides the entire nation into two control zones: (1) communities
in north central Italy with 70-300 thousand inhabitants or spe-
cial air pollution problems, and insular Italian communes with
populations ranging from 300,000 to one million; (2) communi-
ties of north central Italy of 300,000 or more and of southern
Italy with one million or more. Factories and plants are sub-
ject to regulation when their power output is more than 30,000
kcal/hr. No limitations are made on combustible liquids and
gases; petroleum distillates such as kerosene and gasoline with
10% or less sulfur; coke with 2% or less of volatile materials
and 1% or less sulfur; or coal with 13% or less volatile materi-
als and 2% or less sulfur. Wood and charcoal are prohibited.
Limitations are placed on combustible fluids with more than 5
Engler degrees of viscosity at 50 C and 3% or less sulfur con-
tent. Plants must conform to these regulations by December
31, 1969. More than 75% of this article is concerned exclusive-
ly with water pollution and the establishment of a 'Po Valley
Authority' to deal with water and soil pollution problems of
that geographical area.
18309
Spurny, K.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF ATMOSPHERIC EMIS-
SIONS AND IMISSIONS. (Fyzika a chemie atmosferickych
emisi a imisi.) Ochrana ovzdusi, p. '11-13, 1969. Translated
from Czechoslovakian.
Air pollution has been recognized as a problem since the time
of the ancient Greeks. Until recently, however, the chemistry
and physics of pollution have not been treated as a separate
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212
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
entity. Concern for the cleanliness of the atmosphere did not
become a worldwide health and economic problem until the
years following World War II. Emissions from coal-burning
power plants are and will for the next 30 years be
Czechoslovakia's chief source of atmospheric contamination.
Tunnel' research, work done in physics, chemistry, and biolo-
gy, should make it possible to survive periods of polluted at-
mosphere without health and economic crises. Both emissions
and imissions are serious, and must be controlled by legisla-
tures and industries according to the environmental situation.
Solid and liquid particles dispersed in the atmosphere are
termed dispersive and colloidally dispersive aerosols, accord-
ing to the size of the paniculate matter. Studies are being
made of aerosol classification, electrical and mechanical pro-
perties, particle coagulation, and naturally occuring aerosols.
This rapidly increasing study of air pollution is resulting in a
new technology.
21654
Cerovsky, J.
QUESTIONS OF THE POLLUTION OF THE NATURAL EN-
VIRONMENT AT THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL CON-
FERENCE ON THE BIOSPHERE. (Otazky znecistovani
prirodniho prostredi na mezivladni konferenci o biosfere).
Ochrana Ovzdusi, vol. 1, Jan. 1969. Translated from Czech.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 12p., April 20, 1970.
Among the main themes of the 1968 Intergovernmental Con-
ference on the Biosphere was the pollution of the living en-
vironment. Reports submitted to the conference noted the ob-
vious connection between water, air, and soil pollution and the
damaging effects of pollution on man and vegetation. Both air
and water pollution were the result of increased utilization of
fossil fuels, increased production of organic chemicals, ur-
banization, and the rapid rise in motor vehicles in the past
decade. Since the beginning of the sixties, the sulfur dioxide
and carbon monoxide content of air has been increasing, while
the pH of atmospheric precipitation has been decreasing. The
damaging effects of carbon monoxide on the central nervous
system and on blood circulation have been established, as has
the relationship between atmospheric pollution and chronic
bronchitis. Since industrial production in industrialized coun-
tries will roughly double within the next 20 years, preventive
measures are imperative to save the living environment.
Technology as it exists today must be intensively applied, and
research and development must be intensified. Also of ex-
treme importance is the cooperation of the medical and biolog-
ical sciences in the clarification of the mutual relations and
mechanisms of the action of noxious materials. International
organizations should decide which organic materials should be
the primary object of research and control. In addition,
methods of unified control should be studied as a means of
achieving world control of the atmosphere, soil, water, and or-
ganisms.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
213
ABABKOV M M H-16059
ABLE E H-13838
ABROSIMOVA N M *G-16063
ADACHI M G-14480, G-35154, G-37S05
ADACHI N 'B-23264
ADACHI S G-11953, G-28714
ADACHI T B-26S21
ADOLF G »L-12238
AERTS, C G-07189
AGNESE G G-22317
AIZAWA K 'B-35496
AKAI F G-3750S
AKAMATSU I 'A-16494
AKAMATSU K 'B-22061
AKASHI N C-37689
AKSENOVA V B G-11941
ALBERS C C-17436
ALEKSANDROV E L *E-36142
ALEKSEYEVA O G 'G-34945
ALFEROVA L A 'B-29278
ALIEV A G 'B-22497
ALLAVERDYAN E SH B-3615I
ALOV A A 'A-17665
AMBROSI, L 'G-11552
AMIROV R O 'H-23188
AMT U G-12960
ANDO, H C-07391
ANDREEV YU V '1-31643
ANDREYEV M N 'H-31628
ANDRONACHE E G-29571
ANECHINA P *D-12210
ANGELILLO B 'F-19436
ANZAI M E-22315
AOYAMA M D-14482
ARAI T C-21761
ARDELAN I 'G-29571
ARIKADO H H-I5158, H-28597, H-28680,
H-30709, H-33327
ARITO H 'C-31367
ARIYOSHI T 'B-17067
ARKHIPOVA O G 'A-I4596
ARKHIPOVA, O G 'G-06866
ASAKAWA C B-22074
ASAKAWA T C-21761
ASHIDA K G-31016
ASSMANN, W G-07173
ASTAKHOV V A A-36533
ATSUKAWA M 'B-23690
AUCLAIR J B-33167
AURIELLE R 'B-22560
AVRAMENKO A S E-2774J
B
BABA Y «C-31924
BAEVSKII V A B-37544
BAILLEUL M B-13924
BAJIC D M B-25306
BALANOV V G B-23136
BALAZOVA G 'G-19880, 'H-25665
BANKL, H 'G-08611
BAPSERES P 'E-35702
BARBELON, J E-09537
BARTH W 'B-20931
BARTON K '1-16404, '1-25937
BARTONOVA S 1-16404
BARTOVSKY T 'C-22220
BASARGIN N N 'C-11861, C-11948,
'C-12321
BASSETTI P 'N-15096
BASSUS W 'H-24063
BAUER H D 'B-28392
BAUM F 'C-23982, 'C-25921
BAVIKA L I 'C-37253
BECK H 'A-13112
BECKER H 'C-32453
BEILKE S 'E-26863
BEILKE, S E-02444
BELEN KII M S B-28642
BELLE, P E-09537
BELLMANN E H-23625
BENARIE M 'C-11631, 'C-19902,
'E-30589
BENARIE M M 'C-31004
BENCKO V 'G-11947
BENDER W 'G-29609
BERGE H 'H-20551
BERGMANN G F-22319, F-22587
BERITIC T G-25341
BERLIER Y C-17368
BERLYAND M Y 'E-16680, 'E-17612
BERLYAND, M E 'E-10211, 'E-10310,
'E-10368
BERNARD, C 'G-13065
BERNATZKY A 'B-24730
BERNER A F-21628, F-3I039
BERROCAL F D-12210
BERSIS D S 'C-21662
BERTITZ S 'H-29254
BERUKSHTIS G K 1-24972, '1-27739
BEZUGLAYA E Y »E-17678
BIENSTOCK D B-30048
BIERSTEKER K 'D-16345, G-15233
BIERSTEKER, K 'G-10577
BINGEL R B-21119
BISCHOFF 0 'H-34867
BIZIN YU B G-28493
BLAZEJEWSKA, B A-09935
BLOKKER P C 'A-31882
BLOOMFIELD, J S N-04052
BLUMER W 'G-23876
BLUNDI E 'G-35134
BLYUM I A 'C-27131
BOCK, R 'C-10369
BOEER W 'E-36428
BOERTITZ S 'H-14417
BOGUSZ, W 'G-09934
BOLAY A 'H-23576, 'H-24395
BONASHEVASKAYA T I G-37620
BONSIGNORE D 'G-23582
BORISENKOVA, R V 'G-10396
BOR1SOVA M K 'G-36928
BOROWICZ, A 'A-09935
BORTITZ S 'H-18310
BOSCH R 'C-20886
BOSENER R 'H-19540
BOSSAVY J 'H-24933
BOSSAVY, J 'H-02049
BOSSAVY, M J 'H-01557
BOUSSINGAULT M 'H-22952
BOVAY E H-23576, -H-23950, H-24395,
'H-28475
BRANDT H 'B-19523
BRAUER H 'B-37709
BRAVO H 'D-19433
BREDEMANN G 'H-18230, 'H-22232,
'H-23639, 'H-25330
BRELL H C-25921
BRETSCHNEIDER B 'A-14701
BREUER W 'C-11819, 'C-14076, 'C-16230
BREUER, W 'C-07180, 'D-02066
BRICTEUX, J 'F-11554
BROCHKHAUS A G-34443
BROCK W C-25921
BROCKE W 'B-21031, 'B-21886, C-23982
BROCKHAUS G-30148
BROCKHAUS, A G-07174, G-09725
BRODSKIY YU N 'B-33890
BRUCH J G-34443
BRUNET M G-26324
BRUNNER, K B-10564
BUCHNER R H-18272
BUCK M 'C-21629, D-12323, 'H-24533,
H-26367
BUDYKO M I 'E-21646
BULICKA M *B-13206
BUREMA L 'G-15233
BURENIN N S 'L-17669
BURKAT V S 'B-37544
BUSHTUEVA K A 'G-36927
BUU HOI N P G-31613
BYRNE A R 'H-29147
BYZOVA N L 'E-28357
CAPETTE J F-17588
CARSON, J E E-09449
CASPAR J W 'E-38609
CAUJOLLE F '0-31613
CERMAKOVA D 1-25937
CEROVSKY J 'N-21654
CHALOV, P I 'C-01541
CHANELES J 'G-16047
CHANG H K '1-31007
CHASSERAUD J 'H-33063
CHEKLICH G E B-26670
CHEN C 'G-14493
CHERNYAKLM B-37115
CHERTKOV B A 'B-13898, 'B-20374,
•B-23249
CHIAKIT 'E-17719
CHIRAKADZE G I 'E-35420
CHIZHIKOVA G I B-34609
CHO B Y C-22998
CHO J S 1-31007
CHOVIN, P 'G-13059
CHRISTIAN W F-22219
CHUBARINA Y V E-19740
CHUFAROV G I F-36086
CHUONG B T C-11631
CLARENBURG L A 'C-31005
CLAYDON C R D-12604
COHRS P 'H-18271
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214
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
COIN L »G-22152
COLLET, A 'G-07015
COQUELET N L G-28205
CORMIS L D H-23260, *H-23386,
•H-24714, «H-24848, *H-24852,
•H-28600
CORONA L T D-19433
COSCIA G C G-31046
COUPE M "H-24850
COURVOISIER P *G-11932
COUTALLER, J 'B-06116
CREUTZFELDT O D F-12341
CUCU M G-29571
CZECH M »H-19731
DABBERT A F G-19558
DALQUEN P 'G-19558
DAMASCHKE K D-11627
DARDANONI, L 'D-09403
DASSLER H G H-23625
DAVIDZON R I B-23136
DAVTYAN O K 'F-13936
DAVYDOV A A 'B-30091
DE CORMIS, L 'H-02041
DE GRAAF H G-15233
DE TRAVERSE P M G-28205
DEGTEV O N *C-22982
DEL VECCHIO, V »G-03202
DELANNOY G 'B-35015
DELWAIDE P -G-15703
DEM YANOVICH V K E-16680
DEM1DOVA L N B-23079
DEMMRICH H C-14435
DETRIE, J P *L-02059
DEUGASIEWICZ M G-24935
DEVOTO, G D-08818
DEZSO S 'E-35037
DI NUNNO, C G-I15S2
DIEM M 'C-33307
DIEMAN 'H-19770
DIKUN P P 'D-21239
DIOMAIUTO BONNAND J 'F-18227
DISNEY J L B-15952
DJORDJEVIC B D B-25306
DOBRYAKOV G G 'B-37324
DOGAN S 'G-25341
DOLGNER R 'G-29899
DOMROS, M *H-07360
DONAUBAUER E »H-32334
DOORGEEST T "A-24096
DORRIES W 'H-24851
DOUZOU P J 'F-17588
DRESSLER M C-17664
DUMARCHEY G D-37306
DUNSKII, V F "E-10217
DUTKIEWICZ T »C-23040
DUZHIKH F P B-375S3
EBERANEBERHORST, R 'B-02130
EFFENBERGER E 'C-31614
EFFENBERGER, E *D-0675S
EFIMOVA T A A-26533
EFLER J 'H-16632
EICHHOFF, H J C-09223
EINBRODT H J «G-12960
EINCK ROSSKAMP P G-31639
EISNER J H *B-26S93
EKBERG, G B-06280
ELISEEV, V S C-10221
ENDERLEIN H *H-16657, H-23625
ENDO R *C-27517
ENGELHARDT, H 'C-08501
ENGELMANN H D F-22319
ENOMOTO M B-23263
ENOSHIMA K E-22315, E-22403
ERMARKOV V V 'H-32088
ERROR J V 'B-15952
EVIKEEVA, N A A-08524
EYBL V 'G-31629
FALLER N 'H-27388
FASOTTE, W F-11554
FEIFEL E 'F-31415
FEIST, H J *B-07362
PEL OMAN YU G 'G-37620
FELDMANN H F 'B-30048
FERBER M »A-11971
FETT W *E-35357
FIALA E *C-16298
FILIPPOV A P *F-28263
FIRGER V V *H-36164, H-36I65
FISCHER, H B-06783
FLEISCHHAUER P B-38190
FLEMMING, G *E-07179
FLOHN H 'E-30338
FODOR G G G-34443
FOERCHTGOTT J *E-3I006
FOLESKY H «G-31507
FORISSIER M C-15752
FORTAK H G 'E-33939
FORTAK, H «E-1I287
FOURNIER P E G-28205
FRANCOIS R C *B-13924
FRANKE W *H-19435
FRANKE, W F-05440
FRANZKY U 'A-21887, 'B-31078
FRAUENFELDER A "B-15759
FRIBERG L "G-32186
FRIDLYAND I G 'G-28496
FRIED K G-29249
FRONTCZAK A 'G-36259
FUJINO T *G-19514
FUJITA I B-23002
FUJITA N G-1I955
FUJITA S *G-28558
FUJIWARA M 'B-16537
FUJIWARA T 'H-31011
FUJIWARA Y G-28558
FUKOKA S 'E-26845
FUKUDA H G-11955
FUKUI S C-23265, *G-16555
FUKUSHIMA T 'C-17024, *D-28648
FUKUZAWA H B-22074
FUNABASHI S *G-29925, *G-35154
FUNKE, G *B-06783
FUQUAY J J 'E-36176
FURUYA T G-28558
FURUYA Y G-29925
FURUZONO S E-36494
FUZIE K 'C-37443
GALLAGHER J J B-30048
GAMER, C H 'B-08594
GANDIN L S 'E-23039
GANIEVA T'F 'B-28642
GARBE E 'G-26324
GARBER K *H-16152, 'H-17822,
•H-18265, 'H-19873, M-I8266
GARGER E K E-28357
GARGOUIL, Y M G-13065
GARLET R 'B-30043
GATIN C L 'H-18229
GAULTIER M "G-28205
GAVRILOV A A *A-13246
GAZIYEV G A A-28494
GEDEONOV L I 'E-36062
GELIUS, R 'F-05440
GELPERIN N I »B-26317
GENIKHOVICH Y L E-16680
GEORGH H W »F-11933
GEORGH, H W *E-02444
GERASIMOV S N H-31628
GERASIMOV V V 1-31643
GERMAN, A 'C-10315
GERNEZ RIEUX, C *G-07189
GERVAIS P G-28205
GIESSLER H H-18270
GIL DENSKIOL D R S E-16687
GIL DENSKIOLD, R S *E-10219
GIRINA V V C-28450
GLOWIAK B A-22077
GLOWIAK, B A-01535
GOETHERT M G-29609
GOFMAN, M Z *D-04115
GOLDSCHMIDT K »B-U854
GORBAN G M G-28493
GORLIN S M 'E-17713
GORODINSKIY S M *A-28494
GOROSHKO B B L-17669
GOROSHKO, B B 'C-I0221, E-10219,
*E-10220
GORYACHEV I K 'B-30104
GOTTWALD M 'B-16325
GOURGAUD M 'F-18228
GOUT J P F-17588
GRAAF H D 'E-30796
GRIECO B *G-30468
GRIGOREV, Z E 'G-08949
GRINENKO V A F-37582
GRONBACH G H-18270
GROSSER P J «G-21336
GRUENDER H D A-18268
GRUENEWALD G *F-12341
GUDERIAN R D-16401, 'H-15538,
*H-16222, H-18265, 'H-19461,
•H-24084, 'H-24086, »H-24434
GUILLAUME, J G-07189
GUIRAUD G *C-17368
GULLOTTI, A D-09403
GUSAROV B G B-34609
GUTHMANN, K 'L-01528
GUTSCHICK D 'F-24490
GUYOT G B-13924
GUYOTJEANNIN, C G-07541
H
HADDAD, R *N-04052
HAENEL G »F-14467, »F-21701
HAENTZSCH S 'C-14213
HAHN, E G-07173
HAIS K *H-23624
HAJDUK J 'C-14710
HAJDUK T *H-26491
HAJEK J B-13206
HALBWACHS G 'H-19949, 'H-2792S
HALLIDAY E C C-16056
HAMPEL A G-37229
HANIG G B-21893
HARA M G-31016
HARADA G S 'B-26003
HARADA, A *E-13030
HASEGAWA T A-28781
HASENCLEVER D 'B-36413
HASHIMOTO K 'B-17402
HASHIMOTO M »D-30378
HASHIMOTO S B-23264
HASHIMOTO T G-23101
HATA I G-29235
HATTERER A 'C-15752
HATTORI, I G-10321
HAUN F H-34867
HAUT H V 'H-36993
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
215
HAYASHIT G-35154
HAYASHIY C-22391, »M-H950
HEDLUND, F 'B-06280
HEIDRICH H H-16657
HELBIG H 'C-16335
HENSCHLER, D 'G-07173
HERNANDEZ GUTIERREZ, F *D-07936
HERRMANN G *C-31251
HERWIG K H-27388
HETTCHE, H O 'B-07530, 'B-07531
HEUSGHEM C G-15703
HroA K G-14480
HIGUCHI H C-37446
HIMI, Y 'C-13070, *D-10316
HINO E G-28768
HINO H G-32882
HINZ I G-19558
HIRAKAWA Y C-37446
HIRAO S A-28781
HIRAOKA M E-36492
HIRASAWA S B-23873
HIROSE K 'B-19859
HIROSE R 'B-19959
HISAMURA T B-19860
HISATSUNE I C 'C-19958
HISHINUMA Y B-19860
HITOSUGI M 'G-21785
HLUCHAN E H-13838, H-25665
HOEKE B «B-17463
HOFER A D-16087
HOFMEISTER, H K 'C-09721
HOGGER, D *G-08801
HOHMANN H 'B-14289
HOLMQUIST E L-12238
HOLZHEY J *C-14435
HONDA A 'B-33I22
HORAI, Z 'G-07592
HORIE A G-31016
HORIGUCHI S G-33372
HORIGUCHI, S 'D-05466
HORIUCHI K 'G-33372
HORN K 'G-14682
HORN, K 'G-11568
HOUSSET H G-28205
HUCKAUF H B-14289
HUGEL M F 'F-30737
HUKUI S '1-13369
HULANICKI S 'A-22077
HULANICKI, S 'A-01535
HULYI M F 'G-16515
HUMMEL, H C-09721
HUNIGEN, E 'B-00562
HUS, M B-08S94
HUSMANN K B-21893
HUU P G-31613
HYASHI, M G-10321
I
IAOOVKIN, A F 'H-12534
ICHINOSAWA A 'G-14553, G-33065
ICHIOKA M 'G-12490
IHARA Y E-36501
II IZUMI O 'G-35153
IIJIMA H B-35496
IIJIMA K 'B-34314
IINOYA K B-13731, *C-15346, 'C-25574,
C-26127
IKEDA Y E-20351, E-20629. 'E-36492
IKUIOMI, H D-05466
IL NITSKAYA, A V 'G-08461
ILMURZYNSKI E *H-32336
IMAI K C-29436
IMAI M G-11955, G-19514, G-23103,
•G-26305, G-28765, G-34644, G-37504,
G-37505
IMYANITOV I M 'E-19740
INOKAWA T 'G-28364
INOUE A B-19581
INOUE R *E-17722
IRIYAMA F G-119S3
IRZHANOV S D 'F-13619
ISAYEVA N M B-16350
ISHCHENKO G N *C-23209
ISHIDA, M G-10321
ISHIHARA Y «B-22074
ISHII K »A-25056
ISHIIT *B-32798
ISHIKAWA Y E-28616, E-36307
ISHINISHI N D-22S37
ISHIWATA H H-12489
ISHIZAKI T 'G-16136, *G-26523
ISHIZAKI, T *G-11907
ISHIZUKA Y 'H-12489
ISMAYLOV A R H-23188
ISOMURA H B-15839
ISRAEL H 'E-37024
ITAYA H G-26987
ITO A *B-23262
ITO J G-29925, G-35154
ITO K 'B-28683. G-14480, G-35154
ITO S 'E-11956
ITOO K 'E-34191
IVANOVA T G A-28494
IWAIT C-37690
IWATA Y 'B-19234
IXFELD H D-19445, D-26174, D-30708
IYODA, K D-05466
IZAWA Y 'C-37446
IZUMIGAWA S D-27831
J
JANAK J C-17664
JANOVICOVA J H-25661
JELLINGER, K G-l'8611
JENEY E G-28541
JIKIHARA S C-3769?
JIRGLE J H-15228
JONDERKO G 'F-14693, G-17079,
G-17080, G-17081
JONEK J *G-17079, 'G-17080, *G-17081
JOOSTING P E 'G-33345
JOST D 'D-25094
JOURDAN F D-37306
JOURSSET D 'K-34866
JUENGTEN H 'B-20381
JUENTGET H 'A-19444
JUNKER, E 'B-05448
JUNTGEN H 'B-26084
JURICA Z G-34528
JURKSCH G C-33307
JUST J 'C-22079, 'D-24575, 'D-33072,
•G-24935
K
KABANOV M V 'E-19758. 'F-28260
KABE J G-26523
KABURAGI S 'G-37337
KADOYA N H-12489
KAGAWAJ G-11953
KAGAWA, J 'G-08305
KAGEYAMA H 'B-16549
KAHYO H G-11953
KALYUZHNYI D N 'A-31616
KAMETANI. F A-06240
KAMINO Y 'B-14226, 'B-19581,
•B-19852. 'B-23983
KAMISHIMA H A-16494
KAMIYAMA H 'C-28165, 'C-32100
KAMRAJ MAZURKIEWICZ, K -G-10349
KANDUS J 'G-34528
KANEKO F G-27653, G-28750
KANEKO M C-23265
KANNO, S 'C-07482
KANO, R 'G-07379
KAPALIN V *G-11936, 'G-12344
KAPKAEV, E A 'A-08524
KARAGODIN G M C-22982
KARASAWA T C-27542
KARIMOVA L K 'G-29255
KARL A 'B-34683
KARPOVA E I B-34609
KARPOVA T B H-36164
KASAHARA, A D-05466
KASHIWAGI H G-21414
KAST W *C-31047
KASTNER W H-16657, H-23625
KASUGA H G-14480
KATO J 'B-29387
KATO K C-15606
KATO Y «B-21324
KAUCZOR E '1-31641
KAUPERT A W 'B-26670
KAWADA K E-20629
KAWAGISHI F G-37504
RAW AH S B-23873
KAWAME S G-28558
KAWAMURA Y B-14226, B-19581,
B-19852, B-23983
RAW ATA K E-20351
KAZAKOV L S A-23210
KEHREN, M 'H-00408
KEIER N P B-30091
KELLER T 'H-30003
KELUS J D-24575
KEMENY E 'C-16056
KEMKA R 'C-29953
KEMPF T A-20384
KERTESZ SARINGER M D-38481
KETOV A N B-13817
KETTNER H *G-37229
KHAMRAKULOVA K C-23209
KHOLIN B G 'B-37115
KHUKHRINA, Y V C-08123, 'D-08120
KIELSTEIN P 'H-20185
KIMURA J C-37608
KIMURA K 'G-23606
KIMURA M B-23264
KIMURA S "C-28300
KIMURA Y A-16494
KINEBUCHI H G-30183
KIREEV V I 'G-17590
KIREYEV, V I 'C-08127
KISELEV A V 'F-14391
KISHIMOTO K G-29925, G-35154
KITA H G-12490
KITABATAKE M G-23103, G-26305,
G-28765
KITAMURA H G-31016
KITAWAKI. K 'B-01759
KIYOURA R 'B-23303, 'B-23307.
•C-29436, 'G-29423
KLARK G B 1-27739
KLINKNER H G B-28392
KLOKE A 'H-24788
KLOSTERKOTTER W G-31639
KLYMENKO M D G-16515
KNOP W 'A-17344, 'A-17471
KNOSEL H H-18271
KOBAYASHIJ 'H-14489
KOBAYASHI M G-32882, '1-22078
XOBYLANSKA M 'G-31619
I'.OCHETKOVA, T A G-06866, G-103%
KODAMA T G-26523
IODAMA Y D-22537
KODAMA, B 'G-10321
KOOAMA, T G-11907
KOICK G 'H-24025
KOEi'.LERW 'K-16116
KOEHLE7. B G-09934
-------
216
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
KOHGO T C-27517
KOHLER, M 'C-09223
KOHLER, W »B-02024
KOHLHAAS, R C-09721
KOHOUT R »H-166S6, H-22621
KOIZUMI M A-250S6
KOKHANOVICH M M *C-19960
KOKUBU E D-22537
KOLESNIKOV S A B-37115
KOLMESCHATE G J V "C-36826
KOMAGATA M C-28291
KOMITOWSKI D »G-33306
KONCAR DJURDJEVIC S K *B-25306
KONCAR DJURDJEVICH S K *F-18308
KONCZALIK J C-23040
KONNO A 'L-11951
KONONOVA V A 'G-11941
KONOSU H 'C-28296, *C-29762
KOPP C H-18269, H-18272
KOROL, D 'B-0293I
KOSHI S C-31367
KOSINKSI K C-20S95
KOSMIDER S "B-26138
KOSTA L H-29147
KOSTERINA YE I A-28494
KOSUDA T G-28558
KOTERA Y «B-20108
KOTTE W 'H-23874
KOUTNIK J «B-13094
KOVAL SKIY V V H-32088
KOVALENKO N P «C-29801
KOVALEVICH, I A 'C-08122
KOYAMA D G-31016
KOYASU H H-12489
KOZLOVA, A V G-10396
KRAEFT D C-13989
KRALOVSKY F 'H-18234
KRASOVITSKII Y V 'B-11931
KRAUZE M G-17080
KRUGER, G 'H-12535
KRUTOVA G I F-28263
KRZIKALLA H F-17921
KUBAKAWA T G-26051
KUBO M G-14480, G-29925
KUBO S G-35154
KUBOTA H B-23307
KUBOTA S B-17186
KUCERA J H-15228
KUDO T D-27839
KUDRYAVTSEV H-31628
KUDRYAVTSEV A A H-31628
KUDRYAVTSEV S I 'C-23069
KUHN H H-27388
KUKEGAWA N G-28768
KUMAGAI F G-11953
KUMAZAWA Y E-36307
KUNISACHI I B-28686
KUPER G 'C-37519
KURABAYASHIT 'C-27542
KURANUMA H B-23303
KURITA S B-33616
KURONUMA H B-23307, C-29436
KUROSAWA K »B-32846
KURTZWEG J A 'D-I6017
KUZ MIN U P B-23079
KUZNETSOFF V I 'C-11948
KWAN T B-33616
LACASSAGNE L G-31613
LAFFORT P "C-29269
LAHMANN E 'D-11627, 'D-13422,
E-35357
LAHMANN, E 'C-11573, 'C-I1574
LAKTIONOVA T YE C-28450
LAMANNA P G-30468
LAMPADIUS F *C-20947, "H-14433
LANGEMANN H *F-13617, «F-19890
LANGHOFF J *B-19746
LANGMANN R »G-11970
LANTHEAUME R 'C-11967
LARSEN R I "D-12604
LARSSON L »C-30199
LATUSHKINA, V B C-08121
LAUER O 'C-17452
LAURENT, P G-07541
LAVRINENKO, R F 'E-10224
LAYKHTMAN D L E-20155
LAZAREV V I B-33890
LEBEDINSKIY A B 'E-25811
LEDEN J 'L-19723
LEDENT, P F-115S4
LEGNER M 'L-14708
LEH H O H-24788
LEITHE W *D-16087
LEITHE, W "C-08465
LEMKE K 'B-20223
LEVIN L M E-36I42
LEVIZZANI G G-29256
LIEDMEIER G P "L-14798
LINDBERG W 'D-13953, »G-13625,
•J-13952
LINDVALL T «M-15760
LINDVALL, T 'C-08953
LISOVSKY P V B-34609
LOB M *G-33903
LOBOVA, T T 'C-08125
LOHS W *B-17022
LOSERT C G-22962
LOWICKI N "B-13630, »B-21893
LOYGUE A M G-28205
LUDWIG G 'B-19616
LUDYGA K B-26138
LUEBKE M D-11627
LUEDEMANN D A-20384
LUHR, W B-07530, B-07531
LUJANAS V 'E-36954
LUND C »G-33527
LUTHER H *F-22319, 'F-22587
LUX F B-26670
LUX H *B-30276. *D-21126
LYANDO R E 'C-28585
LYAPINA O A *E-34751
M
MACHIYAMA T A-25056
MACKU, M »C-08487
MACUCH P 'H-13838
MAEHARA H 'B-26521
MAEJIMA Y G-260S1
MAENO M H-12489
MAKHINYA A P 'G-33447
MAKHON KO E P E-27745
MAKHON KO K P «E-27745
MAKIS E-36307
MAKINO K C-15346
MAKING S G-26523
MAKINO, S G-11907
MAKITA M G-28S58
MAKSIMOV V F '8-16350, B-22400
MAL TSEVA T G 6*13817
MALAKHINA A YA *C=-37107
MALINOWSKI, E G-09232
MALORNY G *G-24023, G-29609
MAMMARELLA L »C-20923, *E-36238,
•J-24309
MANDRIOLI P C-15342
MARRACCINI, L D-08818
MARTIN, J C G-07015
MARTINELLI, G "L-09234
MARUYA H M-14491
MARUYAMA H C-37690
MASCARELLO J M *B-33167
MASEK J H-23624
MASHITA T *B-33971
MASHKOVA G B *E-19767
MASUDA, S G-10321
MATERNA J C-22626, »D-16664,
•H-15228, "H-16226, H-16656,
•H-22621, »H-23041, H-23678,
•H-23689
MATSAK, V G 'B-08129
MATSUMOTO H 'B-17289, G-26024
MATSUMOTO K *B-12966, B-23690
MATSUMURA M G-35154, G-37337
MATSUMURA Y G-26523
MATSUNO K *B-13731
MATSUOKA Y H-12489
MATSUSHIMA J 'H-29671
MATSUSHITA Y G-31016
MAUTNER B 'G-19947, *G-22953
MAYAUDON E M «A-20884
MAYER J H-13838
MAZIARKA S C-20595, C-22079,
D-33072, G-24935, *G-29575
MEDVE F G-28541
MEL NIK M N *B-15957
MELNYCHUK D O G-16515
MERTYL V G-31629
MEWES D B-37709
MEYER H-30469
MEYSSON N «A-19027
MICZEK G *B-16937
MIKAMI S B-19859
MIKAMI T 1-22078
MIKHALSKAYA L I A-36533
MIKHNO V P B-23136
MINOURA, J »B-13026
MINOWA T *E-22080
MIRONOV A M *B-29802
MIROSHKINA A N E-19781
MIROSHNIKOVA A G H-36162
MIROSHNIKOVA A T H-36163
MIROWSKA, E *C-10092
MISE J G-23102
MISIAKIEWICZ Z C-20595
MITINA L S 'G-21669
MITROVIC L *D-16495
MIURA, K D-05466
MIYACHI K G-19514, 'G-21414
MIYAJI M B-14226, B-19581, B-19852,
B-23983
MIYAJIMA K B-23873
MIYAMOTO A G-26523
MIYAMOTO T *G-30167, 'G-30396
MIYAMOTO, T G-11907
MIYAO A E-28616
MIYAZAKI, H 'C-07391
MIYOSHI S B-28683
MIYOSHI T G-23102
MIZOGUCHI M G-29925, G-35154
MIZOGUCHI T E-28616, E-36307
MIZUNIWA F C-22391
MIZUNO H 'G-28164
MIZUNO T C-21761
MIZUSAWA H C-29436
MODZELEVSKAYA Z P B-16350
MOGIL NER M N Ayi-17665
MOLENAT J ^-35702
MOMOSE M 'G-32914
MONIN A S *E-12349, E-20155
MONKEVICH, A K A-08524
MORACHEVSKIY V G C-19960
MORELLI A 'G-11935
MOREO L G-29256
MORI Y G-35153
MORI, H «B-03045
MORII F H-14489
MORIKAWA T «B-23002
MORISHIMA, N »B-08811
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
217
MORITA T G-26987
MORTSTEDT, S E B-06280
MOSENDZ S A *G-21087
MOSER, E H-04368
MOSES, H 'E-09449
MOTOMIYA K G-14480, G-35154
MROS E G-29575
MUELLER P *F-22402
MUHLRAD M W 'A-15637
MUKHLENOV I P B-29802
MUKHLENOV Y P B-16419
MURAI Y D-14482
MURAMATSU Y G-29925, G-35154
MURAMATSU, F C-13070
MURAMOTO S H-14489
MURASE A C-37690
MURATA M G-29925, G-35154
MURIAS B S F D-12210
MUSCHELKNAUTZ E »B-16630
MUSCHELKNAUTZ, E 'B-10564
N
NAGAMI Y *C-31626
NAGATA K A-25056
NAGATA M D-21219
NAGIEV A M 'B-36151
NAGIRA T M-14491
NAITO K *C-33373
NAITO M E-20351, E-20629
NAITO S C-23265
NAKAGAWA S «B-13732
NAKAIJ »B-28684
NAKAIIMA A C-28296
NAKAJIMA C 'E-30692, 'E-36495
NAKAJIMA S E-17722
NAKAJIMA T G-14493, G-28753,
*G-2923S
NAKAMOTO Y B-22957, B-24735
NAKAMURA K G-11953
NAKAMURA R *G-33123
NAKAMURA T G-11953
NAKAMURA, I G-07592
NAKANISHIT G-23102
NAKANO K C-15346
NAKANO M 'E-26851, »E-30691
NAKASHIMA S H-14489
NAKAYAMA M G-30237, G-36809
NAKAYAMA N G-37505
NAKAYAMA, K 'D-07393
NAKAZAWA H G-26523
NAKAZAWA T C-27542
NAKORYAKOV V Y "F-17619
NAMBA Y F-16658
NARASAKI, M »I-10094
NARIKAWA i E-26851, E-30691
NARSKIKH 0 G E-29636
NAVARA J «H-24787, *H-28409
NAZARENKO, Y Y C-10221
NICOLAS PRAT D F-18227
NIETRUCH F C-14213, «C-15521
NIETRUCH, F »C-09728
NIETZOLD I 'B-30606
NHZU Y 'B-17186
NIKBERG I 1 D-21239
NIKITINA N A C-11861
NIKOLAYEVSKIY V S H-36I59,
H-36161, 'H-36162, »H736163,
•H-36165, "H-36166
NILSSON J L G 'G-31120
NISHIKAWA Y H-12489
NISHIKAWA, M G-10321
NISHIMOTO K B-23690
NISH1MURA S G-23102
NISHIMUTA T G-29925, G-35154
NISHINO K 'B-13734
NISHIYAMA, K A-06240
NOACK K *H-22622
NOGAMIJ 'E-28616
NOIRFALISE A G-15703
NOLTE D *G-24731
NOMOTO H E-28616, 'E-36307
NOMOTO S 'E-22315, «E-22403, E-28609
NORDEN H 'B-29824
NORMAND REUET, C G-07015
NOSE K G-28767, G-31900
NOSE Y G-23102, *G-23102, «G-23148,
•G-23151, *G-26516, 'G-28752,
G-28752, *G-28767, «G-30237,
'G-31900, G-31900, "G-34190,
•G-36809
NOSKO G S B-28532
NOTHDURFT W H-19731
NOUSHI H *D-27831
NOVAKOVA E *G-24392
NOVIKOVA K F C-12321
NOVOTNY P B-13094, 'B-22961
NUCCIOTTI F *C-15342
NUERY C H-24395
o
OBERING E A «B-13697
OBLAENDER K *C-13989
OBROUCKA K B-16325
OCHIAI S H-12489
OCHS, H J 'B-04798
ODA, K C-21761
OE, M A-06240
DELS H 'J-I7203
OELSCHLAEGER W 'H-18264, H-18270
OGATA M *G-33291
OGAWA Y E-17722
OGOL Y N E-34751
OHIRA M 'M-14491
OHM H J *G-24573
OHNO T D-28648, H-12489
OHTANIT C-17024
OHTSUKA T 'B-21643
OHYANAGIT B-23262
OIKAWA K C-37608, 'C-37690, E-36501
OKA, Y 'J-01760
OKAMOTO K G-14493
OKAMOTO S E-29178, E-35991, E-36494
OKANIWA K *F-17594
OKITA T *B-23263, *E-36501
OKUBO Y 'C-37608
OKUDA M A-25056
OKUMA, R *B-09950
OLAF J 'C-31049, 'C-31615
OMI H B-26003
OMORI Y C-282%
ONIKUL R I E-16680, 'E-16687, E-17612
ONIKUL, R I E-10211
ONITUKA S B-23983
ONIZAWA S B-19581
ONIZUKA S B-14226, B-19852
ONO Y G-26024
OOEDA J G-14480
OOTAKI A E-29178, E-35991, 'E-36494
ORDONEZ B R 'G-22426
OSAKA H A-28781
OSAWA S G-11953
OSE H B-29387
OSHEROVICH A L 'C-22072
OSHIMA H G-l 1955, G-19514, *G-23103,
G-2630S, G-28765, 'G-34644,
•G-37504, G-37505
OSTBERG G W B-15952
OURA M 'C-28291
OVCHINNIKOVA Y N F-13936
OYAKE T C-27517
P YANTSEV B N L-17669
PACHOLEK A G-17079
PADOVANIC *B-16510
PADOVANI, C 'L-13069
PANFILOV G A E-16687
PANFILOVA, G A E-10219
PANOF S C-19902
PANOUSE PERRIN, J C-10315
PARDINIJ B-29639
PARIGIA G-31046
PARVIS D 'E-22228
PAUKERT J H-18234
PECHKOVSKIY V V *B-13817
PEKKER I L *G-16598
PELECH L G-29899
PELZ E 'H-23678, *J-17658
PENNAROLA R G-30468
PEROTTN J P 'B-19407
PERRELLI G G-31046
PESEK F *H-31266
PESEK G *H-25660
PETER S 'F-13178
PETERS W B-19746, 'B-28599
PETR B G-29589
PETRILLI F L 'G-22317
PETROVA G M *E-19781
PETSCHL, G C-08465
PFEIFER R J *C-22998
PFLAUM W *A-20384
PHU LICH N G-32953
PIEKARSKI B G-31009
PINAYEV V A B-33890
PIVOVAROVA Z I *E-19618
PLACKOWSKI, R A-09935
PLANTIER M B-13924
PLESCHKA K *C-17436
PLOTNIKOVA M M 'G-36923
PODGOROW N W *B-22620
PODLAHA M *E-16324
PODMOLIK J B-13206
POLI, P *G-07541
POLICARD, A G-07015
POLKOVNICHENKO N A B-28532
POLLANSCHUETZ J 'H-26175
POLLANSCHUTZ J *H-17622
POLOZHAYEV N G 'C-28450
POLSTER G 'E-12792
POMERANTSEV V M B-29802
POVOLERIF *G-24125
POZIN M Y »B-16419
PRADEL Y 'B-22671
PRESCHER K D-13422
PRESCHER K E C-14213, C-15521
PRESCHER, K E C-09728
PREZIOSIP G-H935
PRIDATCHENKOV V G B-13817
PRIETSCH, W B-00562
PRINCE EPSTEIN, D 'N-10260
PRINCEN L H C-31005
PRINZ B H-26367
PRZECHERA M C-23040
PRZEMECK E H-19460
PUHR WESTERHEIDE H 'B-37448
QUERO, A M C-10315
R
RADELOFF H C-18226, H-18230,
H-22232, H-23639, «H-24024, H-25330
RAJEWSKA D G-31619
RANFT H 'H-16637
-------
218
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
RASCH R 'A-1I934
RASTORGUYEVA G P »E-27823
RAT KOV V M »E-28323
REDKIN, Y R L-11914
REH L 'A-20564. *F-13618
REID AT R »E-14044, »E-21122
REINHARD H *A-23580
REMMERS K »B-21119
RENSON M G-31613
REPLOH H *G-31639
REPPE W »F-17921
RICHARD, C B-06116
RICHTER O 'H-24773
RIENAECKER G F-24490
RIKHTER B V E-16687
RIKHTER L A »B-37553
RIKHTER, B V E-10219
RIPPEL A G-19880, *H-25661
RITCHINGS, F A »A-1I739
ROGALA, H »G-09232
ROHMEDER E "A-18267, *H-24064
ROKUSHIKA I -D-14482
ROMANOV N N E-3475I
ROMERO J M D-12210
RONDIA D 'E-33927
ROSE, G 'A-08816
ROSENBERGER G 'A-18268
ROSENKRANZ A 'G-31620
ROSIN D C-21533
ROSMANITH J *G-22962
ROZENBERG G V 'E-22921
ROZYBAKIEV M A »H-16059
RUBINO G F 'G-31046
RUEB F 'B-25033
RUUS A L 'B-13334
RYABOVA, G V E-10211
RYCHKOV V P B-37324
RYS YEV O A E-36062
RYSKOVA L C-22626
RYU S G-29925, G-35154
RZEPKA, J G-09934
RZEPKOWA, J G-09934
SAFRONOV V A »G-17417
SAIKI S G-26987
SAIKI Y H-12489
SAITA G 'G-29256
SAITO T G-32882
SAKABE A B-23873
SAKAI K 'C-22391
SAKURAI N G-29925, G-35154
SAKURAI T G-23102
SALAVEJUS S E-36954
SAMOILOVICH, L N 'L-11914
SANDRI G C-15342
SANO H *B-22957, *B-24735
SANO, T G-07592
SAPEGIN D I 'G-16600
SARUTA K D-28648, G-28768
SARUTA N 'D-22537
SATO A *D-27839, G-35154
SATO J *C-18307
SATO M "B-33616, C-28296
SATO S *C-36859
SATO T *B-20090
SAWAYA T 'A-19899
SAYCHUK V I *E-29636
SAZANOV Y I H-31628
SCAIOLA G 'B-25427
SCHAAD R E 'C-37477
SCHACKMANN H 'B-17113
SCHAEFER, M *B-1I740
SCHAER M -G-29453
SCHEFFER F 'H-19460
SCHEVE J F-24490
SCHIELE, G »B-10568
SCHLIPKOETER H W G-29899,
•G-34148, »G-34443
SCHLIPKOTER, H W *G-07174
SCHMIDT B 'G-33230
SCHMIDT H *H-19773
SCHMIDT P G-29899
SCHMITT, H »H-04368
SCHNAIDER Z *H-32342
SCHNEIDER W «C-20565
SCHNEIDER, W 'A-11915
SCHOEFFMANN, E A-11915
SCHOENBECK H *H-25307
SCHOENBORN A A-18267
SCROLL G «F-19967, «H-23583
SCHOLZ F O •F-21628, *F-31039
SCHONBACH H *H-23625
SCHONBECK *H-21098
SCHONBORN A V H-24064
SCHUTZ, K C-10369
SCHWARZ, H B-07530, B-07531
SCHWARZ, K 'B-02032
SEBBESSE P G-29609
SEDACH V S 'B-28532
SEDUNOV JU S E-36142
SEEBACH, H M A-09541
SEIDL W 'L-19920
SEKI M B-23368
SEKIT C-21761
SELANDER H G-31120
SELEZNEVA E S »E-23304
SELITSKAYA, I «E-10229
SEMENENKO E I A-28494
SEMISALOV YA D B-28532
SENDA Y 1-22078
SENSHU T »E-11954
SEREBRYAKOV B-37324
SERGEEV A P B-23136
SERNA I D L D-12210
SETO T D-27831
SHANDOROV G S 'F-30042
SHAPOSHNIKOV YU K C-37107
SHCHEKOCHIKHIN YU M B-30091
SHCHERBINA E I 'A-36533
SHCHERBOV D P C-27131
SHEVCHENKO, A M C-08124
SHEVKUN O N A-28494
SHIBA, T *B-09956
SHIBANO M C-17024
SHIBATA S G-28558
SHIBATA, M G-07592
SHIDARA M 'B-24239
SHIFRIN K S E-30752
SHIGARA M *B-33995
SHIGETA Y «B-29601
SHIKATORIY D-22537
SHIMADA K B-29387
SHIMAZU, H B-09950
SHIMECHEK, Y »C-08124
SHIMIZU H B-26003
SHIMIZU T G-14553, «G-28351, G-33065,
G-37505
SHIMODA O B-21643, C-21761
SHINAGAWA, S D-05466
SHINKARENKO L S C-37253
SHINOHARA K G-30183
SHIOYAMA T C-37446
SHIOZAWA K 'E-29178, 'E-35991,
E-36494
SHIRAIJ *G-26764
SHIRAKI H «G-32704
SHIRASAWA T B-23262
SHISHIDO M G-28768, -G-32882
SHUSTOV V YA *G-31008
SHUVALOV V A 1-31643
SIERPINSKI Z "H-19891, H-32342
SIETH J 'B-23575
SIEWERT R M 'B-37252
SILAKOVA A I G-21087
SIMEONOV L D-16495
SIMONOVA O F-12341
SIMONS W H B-30048
SIMPSON C L E-36176
SINGER M »H-22619
SINYAK G S 'B-34609
SKLENSKY B »G-19553
SKYE E 'H-32183
SLADEK J G-29249
SLAWSON, P R 'E-05392
SLUTSKER, A S B-08129, C-08123
SMOKTTY O I *E-18204
SOBOCKY E "H-21062
SODA R C-31367
SOEJIMA U *B-11952
SOKOLOVA O I B-16350
SOLNTSEV S S »A-23022
SOLOVEICHBK R E E-23039
SON KIN L R 'D-17712
SON KIN, L R 'E-10233
SOROKIN YU L 'B-23079
SOVJANOVAKY V *C-17664
SPAETH *H-30469
SPAETH A F-17921
SPAGNOLINI, D *D-10582
SPALENY J »H-20982
SPANO, R D-09403
SPIERINGS F 'H-17449
SPINAZZOLA, A »D-08818
SPRUNG S 'B-28499
SPRUNG, S »A-09541
SPURNY K 'N-18309
SREENIVASAN T N F-22587
SROCZYNSKI J *G-31009
STALKER W W D-12604
STANCE H B-30276
STARODUBOVA T F *G-20972
STEFAN K »H-27827
STEIGER H *G-30148
STEIGER, H 'G-09725
STEIN G 'D-16673
STEINHUBEL 'H-16633
STEPANOV E N H-31628
STEPHANY, H "L-00539
STOECKL W «H-13624
STORCH O 'B-14703
STOUFF M L *F-13620
STRATMANN D «D-30708
STRATMANN H C-21533, 'D-12323,
D-16401, »D-19445, »D-21103,
•D-26174, H-16222, H-18265,
•H-26367, H-36993, 'K-21840,
•K-24907
STREKALOV P V '1-24972
STRUSINSKY A C-20595
STRZYZEWSKA U G-31619
STUCHTEY K »F-23638
STUPFEL M 'G-29284
SUDAK A F C-28070
SUGANO S 'C-23265
SUGIMOTO N A-25056
SUGINO K B-21643
SUGITA K *G-28768
SUGITA T G-32882
SUGIYAMA K 'F-16572
SULTANOV M YU B-28642
SUROVIKIN V F 'A-23210
SUSLOV A K C-22072
SUSLOVA V V H-36166
SUTUGIN A G *F-36320
SUZUKI H 'F-28678
SUZUKI 3 F-17594
SUZUKI M B-29387
SUZUKI R G-37505
SUZUKI S 'B-35026
SUZUKI Y *D-36014
SUZUKI, S »C-07401
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
219
SUZUKI, Y »A-06240
SVACHA J H-18234
SVAJGL 0 'B-13127
SYKORA J G-31629
SYMON K 'G-29589
SZCZUREK Z F-14693
SZEPESI D 'E-16629, 'E-22417
SZOELLOESI E «G-28541
SZOSTAK W *G-21123
TADA M 'B-14940
TADA, H *L-03230
TADA, O 'C-06112
TAGA M G-28364
TAGAWA H E-36495
TAGUCHI K 'C-37689
TAJ1MA Y *G-30183
TAJIRI K *B-20299
TAKABAYASHI Y A-28781
TAKAHASHI H G-14553, «G-28753,
•G-33065
TAKAHASHI M D-27839
TAKAHASHI T F-16572
TAKAMATSU T 'E-20351, 'E-20629
TAKATA M 'G-31016
TAKATSUKA M G-28765
TAKATSUKA Y G-26305
TAKAYAMA N B-33616
TAKAYAMA O 'G-30310
TAKAYAMA T G-29925, G-35154
TAKAYAMA Y G-29925, G-351S4
TAKEMURA Y B-12966
TAKEUCHI N 'F-13614, 'F-16658
TAKHIROV M T 'G-36924
TAKIGAWA Y E-22315
TAMORI Y B-23262, 'B-30526
TAMURA K 'E-28609
TAMURA Z 'B-19860
TANAKA K B-21643, »B-23873
TANAKA M 'C-30634, G-28558
TANAKA T C-37446
TANAKA, N D-05466
TANI T 'C-15606
TANIYAMA T 'H-15158, "H-28597,
•H-28680, 'H-30709, 'H-33327
TARASOV V M B-26317
TARAT E YA B-37544
TATARSKAYA R I G-16063
TAVARTKILADZE K A *E-19274
TEISINGER, i 'G-09535
TEJNING S 'G-33868
TENENBAUM A E A-36533
TERABE M *C-15642, *C-16543,
»C-17279, *D-21219
TERASHIMA S G-29925, G-35154
TERNISIEN M J A »G-17683
TETSUO, Y B-08811
THEODORE L 'B-29639
THIN, D G-07541
TIKHONOV G P *G-28493
TIL KOV M I C-37107
TITOVA G A B-29278
TKACHEV, V V C-08124
TOBA T G-29925, G-35154
TOCHIGI R G-29925, G-35154
TODAKA H E-36492
TOKITA G G-37337
TOKOJIMA N G-23148
TOKUDA H G-28558
TOKUDA R 'G-23IOI
TOLGSKAYA, M S G-06866
TOLLINGER V 'H-21081
TOMIZAWA T 'C-21761, C-32IOO
TONKOPIY N I C-23069
TOOS I 'B-15300
TOYAMA T »G-11953, *G-28714
TRAUTWEIN K *H-18269, *H-18272
TROFIMOVA, L V A-08524
TRUFFERT, L G-13059
TRUHAUT R *G-32953
TSALS I I 'H-31735
TSEVELEV, M A C-01541
TSUJI K 'C-36838
TSUJIOKA K G-37505
TSUNETOSHI Y G-14553, G-28351,
*G-28722, G-31016, G-33065, «G-37505
TSURENKO M T B-37S44
TSUYAMA, N D-05466
TSYGANOVA SARATOV S I G-31008
TURETSKAYA E S A-31616
TYCZKA, S A-09935
TYUTIN, P I *C-08128
TYUTYUNNIK L N B-23136
U
UDAGAWA O H-12489
UDZVARLIC H D-16495
UEDA M G-37505
UEDA Y G-28558
UEHARA S G-35154
UEKI M B-23307
UENISHI Y B-23303, B-23307, C-29436
UENO S G-36809
UENOL H G-30237
UHI K 'C-14486
UI, K C-07391
UMEDA H 'B-17539
UMEZAWA T *G-19939
UNDINTSEVA V S 'F-36086
UNO A »G-16177
UNO K B-19959
USINGER W C-17436
USTINOV V I 'F-37582
UTSUNOMIYA, T D-05466
UTT O L C-22998
UZIMA, M 'C-07721
VADOT. L 'E-09S37
VALDBERG A YU B-26317
VAN HAUT H H-16222
VAN HEEK K H A-19444, B-26084
VARKONYIT *D-38481
VASEVA G A H-36165
VASIL EV B I C-28585
VASILESKU L S B-16419
VEDERNIKOV V G 'B-22400
VIESSMAN W 'B-35650
VIMERCATI, F G-11552
VIOLET P *D-37306
VITASHKINA M A B-34609
VLODAVETS V V *D-36412
VODOLAZHCHENKO V L B-23136
VOGEL, H E 'B-08467
VOGL M H-14417, H-29254
VOISIN, C G-07189
VOL FSON V YA »C-28070
VOLOVA L M A-31616
VOROBEV D D "B-23136
VORONIN E M B-37544
VORONSTOV, P A *E-10235
VOS R H D C-36826
VRONSKIY, A I 'C-08121, 'C-08123,
•C-08126
W
WAGENER, K 'B-05464
WAKABAYASHI S B-28686
WALDENSTROEM T A-19027
WALKENHORST W *E-31642
WARBURG O 'F-22219
WATABE M G-28768
WATANABE H *G-27653, 'G-28750
WATTEL, F G-07189
WEFRING K 'G-24586
WEHMER HANNOVER C *H-19771
WEIG D W D-16017
WEIGL J 'H-19554
WEISENNBACHER G G-31620
WEISER M H-13624
WENTZEL K F "H-16634, *H-23986
WERDERER B B-19407
WESTPHAL J D-11627
WICKERT K 'F-17364
WIETHAUP, H »L-03243
WILMS W H-19460
WINKLER, K D-02066
WITTBOLD H A B-17463
WITTE E *B-36460
WITTE K H-18271
WOEHLBIER W H-18264, *H-18270
WOKOUNOVA D 'G-29249
WOY H F-13178
WOZNICZEK H *A-22579
WOZNICZEK, H 'C-01534
WYSZNSKA H C-22079
WYSZYNSKA H 'C-20595
WYSZYNSKA M D-33072
YAGURA S G-11953
YAHASHIT G-29925
YAMADA G *A-12975
YAMADA K G-35154
YAMADA T B-23873, B-28683
YAMAGATA Y G-37505
YAMAGUCHI S 'G-26024
YAMAMOTO A 1-13369
YAMAMOTO K B-13734, 'B-23368,
*G-24154
YAMAMOTO K O B-26003
YAMAMOTO N G-11953
YAMANAKA A C-25574, *G-26987
YAMASHIRO Y G-26051
YAMASHITA E *C-37693
YAMATE N 'C-15171
YAMAUCHIT G-30183
YAMAZAKIK D-27831
YANAGI F *B-28146
YANAGIHARAS A-34101,'B-17262,
•B-24813, 'B-35166, *B-36204,
*E-19828
YANAGISAWA S 'B-15839, *C-17341
YANO I B-19859
YASUDA K B-14226, B-19581, B-19852,
B-23983
YASUDA T G-33065
YATABE T B-21643, C-32100
YATSENKO V M 'H-36161
YATSUMAKIM 'C-30785
YELISEyEV V S 'E-14825
YO Y ' B-24735
YOKOI, M G-07592
YOKOYAMA E G-13868, 'G-17027,
•G-17055, »G-170S6, *G-17061,
•G-17311
YOKOYAMA T H-12489
YONEMARU C 'H-31833
YONEYAMA E D-28648
YOSHIDA K B-11952, -B-28686, G-U9S5,
G-19514, G-23103, G-2630S, 'G-28765,
•G-30353, G-34644, G-37505
YOSHIDA R 'G-14480, G-35154
-------
220
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
YOSHIDA T G-37505
YOSHIDA Z »G-26051
YOSHIIM G-19514
YOSHIKAWA A B-17186
YOSHIKAWA H »A-28781
YOSHIOKA I G-28558
YOSHIZAKI K G-23102. G-28767,
•G-31665, G-31900
YUU S C-15346, »C-26127
ZABLOTSKY L L B-34609
ZAHN, R »H-11415
ZAJONTZ J F-22319
ZASEDATELEV I B B-37553
ZEDDA, S D-08818
ZEL MANOVICH I L «E-30752
ZELINKA R •H-2098I
ZESCHMANN E G C-16298
ZHUMATOV KH ZH F-13619
ZHUZHIKOV V A B-l 1931
ZIEGLER H H-19554
ZILUINKEVICH S S *E-20155
ZIMMERMANN L 'B-38190
ZIN KOVSKD M "B-28117
ZRAZHEVSKIY I M E-17713
ZUBER R H-24395
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
221
ABATEMENT A-19434, A-31882, B-11910,
B-16537, B-22497, D-30378, E-20629,
G-17683, J-17658, K-16116, K-25087,
L-07216, L-11951, L-13621, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-32193, L-32195,
L-32196. L-32205, M-U950
ABSENTEEISM G-15233, G-29284,
G-30654, G-3273S. G-33109
ABSORPTION B-08811, B-14226, B-I7067,
B-17463, B-22400, B-23251, B-25033,
B-30276, B-31078, B-33122, B-33971,
B-33995, B-34683, B-37U5, C-06112,
C-17436, C-20923, C-21629, C-21761,
C-23040, C-29762, C-30199, E-10211,
E-22921, E-30752, F-11554, F-13614,
F-16658. F-24490, G-16555, G-16600,
G-17027, G-19880, G-23606, G-33372,
H-04368, H-16152, H-16656, H-19554,
H-19873. H-22621, H-23386, H-24434,
H-24S33. H-24714, H-24773, H-24788,
H-24848. H-24852, H-25330, H-28600,
H-28680, H-31011, H-31833, H-36165,
J-17203
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-03045,
B-13026, B-13206, B-13630, B-13817,
B-13898, B-17289, B-19581, B-19852,
B-20374, B-21647, B-21893, B-22291,
B-22957, B-23249, B-23690, B-23873,
B-23983, B-24735, B-28684, B-34683,
B-36151, B-37448, J-17203
ACENAPHTHALENES F-11554
ACETALDEHYDE B-00562, C-31924
ACETONE A-08524, C-37107
ACETYLENES A-08524, C-30634,
D-07936, H-24773
ACID SMUTS D-10316, G-07541, G-10577
ACIDS A-08816, A-12975, A-17471,
A-18268, A-20564, B-02931, B-06280,
B-07362, B-07531, B-13206, B-16419,
B-19860, B-21643, B-23264, B-26084,
B-26317, B-26593, B-28686, B-29802,
B-30043, B-30276, B-30526, B-32099,
B-33995, B-34683, B-37544, C-07482,
C-08501, C-09721, C-11574, C-11861,
C-14076, C-14486, C-15372, C-15752,
C-18226, C-20595, C-21629, C-29269,
C-29436, C-30199, C-30785, C-31367,
C-31924, C-37253, D-10316, E-10211,
E-30796, F-17364, F-22402, G-03214,
G-11941, G-16555, G-21125, G-24392.
G-2630S. G-28765, G-29423, G-31613,
G-31620. G-32735, G-32953, G-34148.
G-36927. H-0254I, H-15158, H-16152,
H-16222, H-17449, H-18230, H-18264,
H-19554, H-19949, H-22622, H-23386,
H-23874, H-23986, H-24024, H-24025,
H-24064. H-24533, H-26175, H-26491,
H-28475, H-28600, H-31833, H-32334,
H-36159, 1-16404, 1-27739, J-13952,
J-17203, K-06778, N-04052
ACROLEIN B-00562, C-31924, G-36923
ACUTE G-10349, G-10577, G-l 1568,
G-1I935, G-17061, G-17081, G-21644,
G-22426, G-29284, G-32953, G-33291,
G-34528, G-37337, G-37620, H-14417,
H-19461, H-23624, H-24086
ADAPTATION C-089S3, G-08461,
G-32914, G-37620
ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS F-13619,
G-l 1568
ADMINISTRATION A-19434, A-20884,
B-06280, B-11910, B-11952, B-16537,
B-16549. B-28117, B-33890, B-3501S,
B-35060, C-11573, C-16543, D-06755,
D-07393, D-12323, D-16673, D-30378,
D-30708, D-36412, D-38481, E-10310,
E-10368, G-02539, G-10577, G-17683,
G-19514, G-22152, G-28164, G-28722,
G-28752, G-28767, G-28768, G-29235,
G-30237, G-31900, G-32882, G-33065,
G-33109, G-35134, G-35154, G-37229,
1-25937, J-17658, J-26443. K-34866.
L-00539, L-01528, L-02059, L-02301,
L-06754, L-07216, L-09009, L-09234,
L-11914, L-12238, L-17669, L-19723.
L-19920, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-32193, L-32197, L-32198, L-32200,
L-32201, L-32204, M-26429, N-04052,
N-10260, N-15096
ADSORPTION B-11910, B-19234, B-19407,
B-23251, B-26084, B-29601, B-30091,
B-31078, B-33122, B-35650, C-20923,
C-22998, C-27517, C-31924, F-11554.
F-14391. 1-16404
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) B-13732,
B-14289, B-19860, B-23368, B-34314,
B-35026
ADULTS C-29953, D-067S5, D-14534,
F-12341, G-07592, G-08461. G-08949,
G-09232, G-10349, G-10577, G-l 1907.
G-11953, G-l 1955, G-12960, G-13868,
G-17061, G-22317, G-23101, G-23102,
G-23876. G-26025, G-26305, G-26530,
G-28351, G-28541, G-28722, G-28752,
G-28767, G-29235, G-29284, G-31619,
G-31665, G-31900, G-33065, G-33372,
G-33527, G-33903, G-34148, G-36259,
K-34866
ADVISORY SERVICES L-07216, L-14708,
L-19723, L-19920
AERODYNAMICS B-16325, F-17594,
F-30042, H-04368
AEROSOL GENERATORS B-17022,
C-36260, E-10217. F-31039
AEROSOLS A-09935. A-17665, B-07530.
B-07531, B-30606, B-35015, C-01541.
C-08121, C-08487, C-20923, C-22072,
C-23069, C-31005, C-36260, C-37443,
C-37519, D-02066. D-07936, E-02444,
E-10217, E-18204, E-19618, E-19781.
E-22403, E-26863, E-27745, E-35420,
F-11933, F-14467, F-21628, F-21701,
F-28260, F-31039, F-36320, G-07173,
G-08461, G-11953, G-23606, G-2876S,
G-29284, G-32735, G-32914, G-33345.
G-34443, G-36927, G-37229, H-31266,
J-24309, N-18309
AFRICA B-02931, C-16056
AFTERBURNERS A-21887, A-34101,
B-07362, B-11952, B-16537, B-24813,
B-26670, B-28502, B-36204, H-00408,
L-09009
AGE D-16495, G-07592, G-09232, G-10321,
G-10349, G-10577, G-11953. G-11955,
G-l 1970, G-12344, G-19553. G-21785.
G-22317, G-22953, G-22962. G-23101.
G-26024, G-26025, G-26516, G-26558,
G-26764, G-26987, G-28351, G-28364,
G-28541, G-28558, G-28559, G-28722,
G-28733, G-28752, G-28767, G-28768,
G-30183, G-31008. G-31016, G-31665,
G-31900, G-3306S, G-33109, G-33173.
G-33372, G-33868, G-34190, G-36259,
G-37504, G-37505, H-36163, K-34866
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
B-35650
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES D-07393,
D-13953, D-37306, D-38481. E-30796,
E-35357, E-35702, E-36307. E-38609,
G-09725, G-15233, G-21336, G-22426,
G-26051, G-30148, G-33868. G-35134
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
D-17712, D-37306, E-10220, E-10233,
E-17401, E-17678, E-20351, E-20629,
E-22315, E-22403, E-22417, E-25811,
E-26845, E-26851, E-28609, E-28616,
E-30338, E-30589, E-30691. E-30692,
E-33927, E-33939, E-34191, E-35037,
E-35420, E-35702, E-35991. E-36176.
E-36238, E-36428, E-36494, E-36495.
E-38609
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA A-11739,
E-35702, G-33903, G-36923, G-36924,
H-26367, K-24907
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-20884, C-11573,
C-16543. D-06755, D-07393. D-12323,
D-30378. D-30708. D-36412. D-38481.
E-10310, G-10577, G-19514, G-22152,
G-28164, G-28722, G-28752. G-28767,
G-28768, G-29235, G-31900, G-32882,
G-33065, G-33109, G-35154, G-37229,
L-09009, L-09234, L-17669. L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, N-04052
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-09541, A-16254, B-06280, B-099SO,
B-32099, C-01541, C-07180, C-07721,
C-08122, C-08124, C-08125, C-08501.
C-09223, C-11574, C-I5171. C-15642.
C-20595. C-20923, C-20947. C-21533,
C-22079, C-27542, C-28585, C-29269,
C-29953, C-31004, C-31047. C-31626.
C-37107, C-37608, C-37690. C-37693.
C-37728, D-02066, D-067S5. D-07393,
D-07936, D-08120, D-09403, D-10316.
D-11627, D-12210, D-12323, D-12604.
D-13953, D-14482, D-14534, D-16087,
D-16345, D-16495, D-16664, D-16673,
D-17712, D-19433, D-19445, D-21103.
D-21126, D-21219, D-21239. D-22537,
D-24575. D-26174. D-27831, D-27839,
D-28648. D-30378, D-30708, D-33072,
D-36014. D-36412, D-37306, D-38481
-------
222
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
E-16687, E-19618, E-22315, E-22403,
E-23304, E-26845, E-29178, E-30589,
E-30796, E-33927, E-33939, E-34751,
E-35357, E-35991, E-36062, E-36142,
E-36238, E-36307, E-36492, E-36494,
E-36495, F-30737, G-03214, G-07541,
G-09934, G-U907, G-11953, G-1195S,
G-22426, G-23102. G-23103, G-23151,
G-24230, G-24935, G-26024, G-26025,
G-260S1, G-26305, G-26306, G-26516,
G-26558, G-276S3, G-28351, G-28559,
G-28722, G-28752, G-28753, G-29683,
G-30183, G-30237, G-30396, G-30654,
G-31900. G-32735, G-32882, G-33109,
G-33173, G-34190, G-34443, G-34528,
G-35154, G-36809, G-36812, G-36923,
G-36924, G-37229, G-37337, G-37505,
H-12534, H-13838, H-15228, H-16059,
H-24434, H-25307, H-29147, H-31011,
J-13952. K-16116, L-00539, L-020S9,
L-09234, L-11914, L-13621
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-17344,
A-19434, A-22579, B-00562, B-02024,
B-02032, B-33995. B-35166, D-24575,
D-27831, D-30378, D-38481, G-08801,
G-10577, G-21125, G-21644, G-21669,
G-30237, G-32186, G-33447, G-33903,
G-34443, G-36812. G-36923, G-36924,
G-36927, G-36928, G-37620, H-23624,
H-23986, H-26367, J-13952, K-06778,
K-16116, L-00539, L-02059, L-19723,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, N-10260
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
E-10368, E-20629. E-36428, E-38609
AIR-FUEL RATIO A-34101, B-06280,
B-11952, B-26670
AIRCRAFT C-10221, C-31924, D-36014,
F-30042
AIRPORTS D-36014, L-23608
ALCOHOLS A-08524, A-31616, B-22400,
B-24735, B-36151, C-29269, C-30785,
D-07936, F-30737, G-11941, G-33447
ALDEHYDES A-22579, B-00562, B-06280,
B-35166, C-01534, C-06112, C-08465,
C-08953, C-15171, C-31924, D-07936,
G-13059, G-32735, G-36923, G-37229.
G-37620, H-31833
ALERTS E-35702, E-38609, G-26051
ALFALFA D-16401, H-02541, H-11415,
H-15538, H-17449, H-19731, H-19773
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS A-08524,
A-16494, B-00562, B-02130, B-07362,
B-08594, B-11740, B-24735, B-28502,
B-28642, B-29802, B-34609, B-35015,
B-36151, C-01534, C-08501, C-28585,
C-29269, C-30634, C-32441, C-37107,
D-07936, D-19433, E-19828, F-05440,
F-11554, F-17921, F-22319, F-22587,
F-28263, G-03202, G-08801, H-02541,
H-24773
ALKALINE ADDITIVES B-11854,
B-11910, B-13732, B-14289, B-17463,
B-19972, B-20374, B-21643, B-22074,
B-22961. B-23251, B-23263, B-23575,
B-28499, B-30276, B-32846, B-33167,
B-33321, B-37448, G-07541, G-16555
ALKALIZED ALUMINA (ADSORPTION) ,
B-11910, B-13732, B-30048
ALLERGIES G-02539, G-26764, G-28768,
G-29683, G-30396, G-32882, G-34945
ALTITUDE C-14710, D-02066. D-21103,
D-28648, E-10220, E-10229, E-10235,
E-10368, E-11287, E-11954, E-12349,
E-12792, E-14044, E-16629, E-16680,
E-16687, E-17719, E-19740, E-19767,
E-19781, E-20155, E-20351, E-21122,
E-21646, E-22080, E-22403, E-23304,
E-25811, E-27745, E-27823, E-28323,
E-28357, E-307%, E-33939, E-34751,
E-35037, E-35420, E-36062, E-36176,
E-36238, E-36307, E-36428, E-36954,
E-38609
ALUMINUM A-17471, A-23022, A-23580,
B-05448, B-05464, B-07362, B-10568,
B-13734, B-16537, B-17463, B-21324,
B-26317, B-37544, C-15372, C-37107,
F-36086, G-07592, G-19880, G-30183,
H-04368, H-13838, H-18269, H-18270,
H-21062, H-23386, 1-13369, 1-27739,
L-06754
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS B-29802,
B-34314, G-07592, H-18269, H-25661,
H-25665
ALUMINUM OXIDES A-17471, B-12966,
B-28686. B-33616, G-103%
ALVEOLI G-07015, G-07189, G-21669,
G-24731, G-29609, G-30310, G-32914,
G-34443
AMINES A-19899, B-07530, B-07531,
B-15952, B-17067, B-32099, F-18228
AMINO ACIDS G-29256, H-19554,
H-24848, H-32088, H-36164
AMMONIA B-06280, B-07531, B-11910,
B-21643, B-26138. B-30043, B-33122,
B-33167, B-33321, C-08465, C-08487,
C-11574, C-21629, C-21761, C-22220,
C-23265, C-29269, C-30634, C-31924,
C-32100, D-07393, D-07936, D-08818,
D-14482, G-29284, H-12534, H-16152,
H-22232, H-22622, H-28475, H-36159,
L-06754
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE C-37690
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS B-06280,
B-07531, B-11910, B-19959, B-21643,
B-23249, B-23303, B-23307, B-26138,
B-30043, B-32099, B-33122, B-33167,
B-33321, B-33890, C-08465, C-08487,
C-11574, C-21629, C-21761, C-22220,
C-23265, C-29269, C-30634, C-31924,
C-32100, C-37253, C-37690, D-07393,
D-07936, D-08818, D-14482, G-13065,
G-29284, H-12534, H-16152, H-22232,
H-22622, H-28475, H-36159, L-06754
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-09541,
A-16494, A-19027, A-31616, A-36533,
B-24735, B-28686, B-32099, C-01534,
C-05439, C-06112, C-07180, C-07391,
C-07401, C-07482, C-08127, C-08128,
C-08465, C-08487, C-08501, C-09223,
C-09728, C-10092, C-10315, C-10369,
C-11573, C-11574, C-11819, C-11861,
C-11948, C-11967, C-12321, C-14076,
C-14213, C-14486, C-15171, C-15342,
C-15521, C-15606, C-15752, C-16335,
C-16543, C-16995, C-17341, C-17436,
C-17664, C-18226. C-20565, C-20595,
C-20923, C-21662, C-21761, C-22220,
C-22391, C-22982, C-23040, C-25921,
C-27131, C-27517, C-28070, C-28165,
C-282%, C-28450. C-28585, C-29762,
C-29801, C-29953, C-30199, C-30634,
C-30785, C-31924, C-32100, C-32441,
C-36260, C-36826, C-36838, C-36859,
C-37107, C-37253, C-37477, C-37608,
C-37689, D-07936, D-08818, D-10316,
D-14482, D-16087, D-22537, D-33072,
E-19828, F-11554, F-13614, F-14391,
F-23638. F-28263, G-07174, G-07379,
G-23582, G-24573, G-31009, H-14489,
H-15228, H-17822, H-18230, H-18264,
H-18265, H-18269, H-20185, H-25330,
1-25937, L-09234, L-11914, N-10260
ANEMIA A-22579, G-11568, G-33123,
H-32088
ANIMALS A-145%, A-18268, B-26138,
C-01534, C-17436, D-08120, E-31006,
F-14693, G-02539, G-03214, G-06866,
G-07015, G-07173, G-07189, G-08305,
G-08801, G-10396, G-11935, G-13065,
G-13868, G-14493, G-16047, G-16063,
G-16515, G-16555. G-16598, G-16600,
G-17027. G-17055, G-17056, G-17079,
G-17080, G-17081, G-17590, G-21087,
G-21125, G-21669, G-24023, G-24154,
G-24392, G-26530, G-28493, G-28765,
G-29284, G-29571, G-30167, G-30396,
G-30468, G-31009, G-31120, G-31613,
G-31629, G-31639, G-32914, G-32953,
G-33173, G-33306, G-33447, G-33527,
G-33868, G-34443, G-34644, G-34945,
G-35153, G-37620, H-02541, H-12534,
H-12535, H-13624, H-16059, H-18264,
H-18269, H-18270, H-18271, H-18272,
H-20185, H-23624, H-24024, H-24063,
H-24933, H-25665, H-26367, H-31628,
H-31735, H-32088, H-32183, H-34867,
L-02301, N-10260
ANNUAL D-07393, D-30708, D-36014,
E-12792, E-33939, E-35420, E-36062,
G-21644, G-26306, G-28753, G-29683,
G-31665, G-32735, G-33109, G-37504,
H-13838
ANOXIA D-07936
ANTHRACENES C-37107, F-11554
ANTHRACOSIS G-26987
ANTIBODIES G-28496
ANTICYCLONES E-10220, E-10233,
E-26845, E-28616, E-29178, E-35991
ANTIDOTES G-23876, G-29255, G-31120
ANTIGENS G-19947, G-34945
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS E-27745,
F-17921, K-06778
APPLES D-16401, H-02541
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
L-07216, L-11951
AREA SURVEYS A-20884, C-11573,
D-06755, D-07393, D-12323, D-30378,
D-30708, D-36412, D-38481, E-10310,
G-19514, G-22152, G-28164, G-28722,
G-28752, G-28767, G-28768, G-29235,
G-31900, G-32882, G-33065, G-33109,
G-35154, G-37229, N-04052
AROMATIC FRACTIONS L-11914
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A-08524,
B-00562, B-24735, B-35026, C-01534,
C-06112, C-08953, C-09223, C-20595,
C-30634, C-31924, C-37107, D-07936,
F-05440, G-03202, G-08305, G-08801,
G-24935, G-28205, L-11914
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS C-11948,
C-12321, G-11936, G-11947, G-29589,
H-14433, H-23624, H-28475, H-34867,
K-06778, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
ASBESTOS C-08125, G-13625, G-19558
ASBESTOSIS G-13625, G-19558
ASHES B-02032, C-22626, H-31266,
L-00539
ASIA A-06240, A-12975, A-16494,
A-19899, A-25056, A-28781, A-34101,
B-01759, B-08811, B-09950, B-09956,
B-11952, B-12966, B-13026, B-13731,
B-13732, B-13734, B-14226, B-14940,
B-15839, B-16537, B-16549, B-17067,
B-17186, B-17262, B-17289, B-17402,
B-17539, B-19234, B-19581, B-19852,
B-19859, B-19860, B-19959, B-19972,
B-20090, B-20108, B-20299, B-21324,
B-21643, B-21647, B-22061, B-22074,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
223
B-22291, B-22957, B-23002. B-23262,
B-23263, B-23264, B-23303, B-2330?',
B-23368, B-23690, B-23873, B-23983,
B-24239, B-24735, B-24813, B-26003,
B-26521, B-28146, B-28683, B-28684,
B-28686, B-29387, B-2%01, B-30526
B-32099, B-32798, B-32846, B-33122,
B-33616, B-33971, B-33995, B-34314,
B-35026, B-35060, B-35496, B-36204,
C-06112, C-07391, C-07401, C-07482,
C-07721, C-13070, C-14486, C-1S171,
C-15346, C-15606, C-15642, C-17024,
C-17279, C-17341, C-18307, C-21761,
C-22391, C-23265, C-25574, C-26127,
C-27517, C-27542, C-28165, C-28291,
C-28296, C-28300, C-29436, C-29762,
C-30634, C-30785, C-31367, C-31626,
C-31924, C-32100, C-33373, C-36838,
C-368S9, C-37443, C-37446,C-37608,
C-37689, C-37690, C-37693, C-37728,
D-05466, D-07393, D-10316, D-14482,
D-21219, D-22537, D-27831, D-27839,
D-28648, D-30378, D-36014, E-11954,
E-119S6, E-13030, E-17401, E-17719.
E-17722, E-19828, E-20351, E-20629,
E-22080, E-22315, E-22403, E-26845,
E-268S1, E-28609, E-28616, E-29178,
E-30691, E-30692, E-34191, E-35991,
E-36307, E-36492, E-36494, E-3649S,
E-36501, F-13614, F-16572, F-16658,
F-17S94, F-28678, O-03214, G-07379,
G-07S92, G-08305, G-09535, G-10321,
G-11907, G-11953, G-11955, G-12490,
G-13868, G-14480, G-14493, G-14553,
G-16136, G-16177, G-16555, G-17027,
G-17055, G-17056, G-17061, G-17311,
G-19S14, G-19939, G-21414, G-21785,
G-23101, G-23102, G-23103, G-23148,
G-23151, G-23606, G-24154, G-24230,
G-26Q24, G-26025, G-26051, G-26305,
G-26306, G-26516, G-26523, G-26530,
G-26558, G-26764, G-26987, G-27653,
G-28164, G-28351, G-28364, G-28558,
G-28559, G-28714, G-28722, G-28733,
G-28750, G-28752, G-28753, G-28765,
G-28767, G-28768, G-2923S, G-29423,
G-29453, G-29683, G-29925, G-30167,
G-30183, G-30237, G-30310, G-303S3,
G-30396, G-30654, G-31016, G-31665,
G-31900, G-32704, G-32735, G-32882,
G-32914, G-33065, G-33109, G-33123,
G-33173, G-33291, G-33372, G-33868,
G-34190, G-34644, G-3S153, G-3S154,
G-36809, G-36812, G-37337, G-37504,
G-37SOS, H-12489, H-14489, H-15158,
H-28597, H-28680, H-29671, H-30709,
H-31011, H-31833, H-33327, 1-10094,
1-13369, 1-22078, 1-31007, J-01760,
K-2S087, L-03230, L-11951, L-19408,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, M-11950,
M-14491
ASPHALT B-19523, B-34314, B-36951,
E-27823, G-13625
ASPHYXIATION G-33123
XSPIRATORS 0-10221, 0-22079, L-ii9i4
ASTHMA D-14534, D-22537. G-09934,
G-11953, G-11955, G-13625, G-14480,
G-16136, G-19514, G-22426, G-23101,
G-23102, G-23103, G-23151, G-24230,
G-26025, G-26051, G-26305, G-26516,
G-26523, G-26530, G-26764, G-28364,
G-28559, G-28753, G-28767, G-28768,
G-29235, G-29453, G-29683, G-29925,
G-30396, G-31900, G-32735. G-32882,
G-33065, G-33109, G-33173, G-34190,
G-35134, G-35154, G-36809, G-37337,
G-37504
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-06240,
A-09935, B-19407, B-22620, B-24730,
B-26521, C-01541, C-07180, C-16230,
C-20947, C-23069, C-33307, D-02066,
D-09403, D-25094, D-28648, E-OS392,
E-09449,E-10211, E-10219, E-10220,
E-10229, E-10233, E-10235, E-11287,
E-11954, E-12792, E-13030, E-16629,
E-16680, E-16687, E-17713, E-17719,
E-17722, E-19767, E-19781, E-20155,
E-22403, E-22417, E-23039,E-25811,
E-26845, E-26851, E-28609, E-28616,
E-29178, E-30589, E-30691, E-30692,
E-31006, E-33939, E-34191, E-34751,
E-35037, E-35420, E-35991, E-36176,
E-36238, E-36307, E-36428, E-36494,
E-36495, E-36954, E-38609, F-11933.
G-10577, G-11907, G-11953, G-23148,
G-29453, G-29575. G-34190, H-07360,
H-25661, 1-27739, L-09234, L-11951
ATTACK RATES D-38481. G-23103,
G-29925
AUTOCLAVES B-11910
AUTOMATIC METHODS C-07401,
C-08501, C-11574, C-14076, C-14213,
C-15642, C-16543, C-17341, C-21629,
C-22220, C-28585, C-29801, C-31614,
D-06755, D-13422
AUTOMOBILES A-19434, A-31882,
B-00562, B-06280, B-11952, B-16549,
B-17262, C-01534, C-16298, D-07393,
D-10582, D-27831, G-03202, G-03214,
G-08801, G-11568, G-28541, G-35134,
H-02541, L-07216, L-09009, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-34101, B-02130, B-06280, B-11952,
B-16549, B-17262, B-24813, B-25427,
B-26670, B-28502, B-35166, B-36204,
B-37252, H-02541, L-09009
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-14596,
A-20384, A-20884, A-22579, A-34101,
B-00562, B-02130, B-06280, B-11952,
B-16549, B-17262, B-23251, B-24813,
B-26670, B-28642, B-35166, B-36204,
B-37252, C-01534, C-06112, C-13989,
C-16298, C-17024, C-20886, C-28291,
C-3078S, D-06755, D-07393, D-07936,
D-10582, D-13953, D-16017, D-19433,
D-22537, D-27831, D-28648, E-19828,
F-11554, F-22402, G-03214, G-08801,
G-11568, G-13059, G-23876, G-28541,
G-29284, G-29423, G-29453, G-33903,
H-24788, H-28475, J-13952, L-00539,
L-07216, L-09009, L-13621, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, N-15096
AUTOPSY G-07592, G-08611, G-32704
AZO DYE C-09728, C-299S3
B
BACTERIA A-20884, B-28502, C-23069,
G-02539, G-I9947, G-29571, G-32914
BAFFLES B-23079, B-23136
BAG FILTERS A-13112, A-15637,
B-09950, B-15759, B-21324, B-24239,
B-30104, B-33995
BALLOONS E-11954. E-22080
BARIUM COMPOUNDS B-25306,
C-11948, C-12321, G-16063
BARLEY D-16401.H-15538, H-16222,
H-17449, H-19460, H-19731, H-24850,
H-28597, H-30709
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES L-01528
BATTERY MANUFACTURING D-05466,
G-11552, G-31619
BELGIUM B-28392, D-07393, E-33927,
F-11554, G-08949, L-02301
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
C-09223, D-21239, G-34443, G-36809,
L-11914
BENZENES C-01534, C-20595, C-30634,
C-31924, C-37107, D-07936, F-05440,
G-28205
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE B-00562, C-01534,
C-09223, D-07393, D-21239, D-22537,
F-11554, G-10577, G-34148, L-11914,
N-04052, N-10260
BENZOIC ACID B-07362, G-31613
BENZOPYRENES B-00562, C-01534,
C-09223, C-37107, D-07393, D-21239,
D-22537, D-33072, F-11554, G-10577,
G-34148, J-13952, L-11914, N-04052,
N-10260
BERYLLIOSIS B-02024, B-03045.
C-01534, C-01541, D-02066, G-03214,
G-13625, G-34945, H-00408, L-00539,
L-02059
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS D-24575,
E-36062, E-36954, G-13625, G-31507,
G-34945
BERYLLIUM OXIDES G-33306
BESSEMER CONVERTERS A-19027,
L-01528
BETA PARTICLES C-01541
BIOCLMATOLOGY E-22228, G-H932,
G-23101, G-23102, G-26523, G-34528,
H-36164
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
MEASUREMENT A-01535,
A-09935, C-08953, D-04115, D-05466,
D-06755, D-07936, D-08120, G-02539,
G-03214, G-07015, G-07173, G-07189,
G-07541, G-07592, G-08461, G-08611,
G-08801, G-08949, G-09232, G-09535,
G-09725, G-10396, G-10577, G-11552,
G-11568, G-11907, N-04052
BIRDS G-33527, G-33868, H-25665,
H-32088
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS F-17921
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION B-13334,
B-22061, B-22400, B-29278, B-32798
BLAST FURNACES A-17344, B-13026,
B-16350, B-24239, C-11967, C-14435,
L-01S28
BLOOD CELLS A-14596, G-07015,
G-11552, G-11936, G-13059, G-15703,
G-19880, G-21669, G-23582, G-24392,
G-25341, G-28205, G-28541, G-28765,
G-29899, G-31046, G-33123, G-34644,
G-37620, H-31735, H-32088, H-34867
BLOOD CHEMISTRY D-07936, G-08801,
G-09535, G-13059, G-21123, G-21669,
G-29899, G-31009, G-33903
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS C-17436,
G-13059, G-19939, G-24392
BLOOD PRESSURE G-08461, G-28541,
G-33230
BLOOD VESSELS G-08461, G-35153
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
B-06280, D-05466, D-08120, G-02539,
G-06866, G-07173, G-07174, G-07189,
G-07541, G-07592, G-0830S, G-08461.
G-08611, G-09232, G-09535, G-09934,
G-10321, G-10349, G-10396, G-10577,
G-11552, G-11568, H-02541, H-12534,
H-12535
BODY FLUIDS G-09535
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
A-08524, C-01534, C-08953, D-06755,
G-02539, G-06866, G-07015, 0-07173,
G-07174, G-07189, G-07379, G-08305,
-------
224
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
G-08461, G-08611, G-08801, G-09232,
G-09535, G-10321, G-10349, G-10577,
G-H568, G-11907
BOILERS A-08816, A-11739, A-12975,
B-02032, B-03045, B-163SO, B-19972,
B-21893, B-22291, B-22671, B-32846.
B-36204, G-07541, K-06778, L-23610
BONES A-18268, G-11568, G-12344,
G-14682, G-29589, G-29899, G-30183.
G-31619, G-33306, H-18269, H-18270,
H-18271
BORON COMPOUNDS F-17921. G-32953,
H-24395
BREATHING C-36260. G-07173, G-07174,
G-09232, G-10321, G-11907, G-13625,
G-13868, G-15703, G-17061, G-28765,
G-30167, G-32186, G-32735
BREATHING APPARATUS G-07174,
G-36259
BRICKS A-08524, H-18264, H-23874
BROMINE A-17344, C-29269, C-29762
BRONCHI G-10396. G-13868, G-14493,
G-16136, G-21336, G-21669, G-23101,
G-23103, G-24731, G-26987. G-29453,
G-30167, G-30310, G-30353, G-33173,
G-34644
BRONCHIAL CANCER G-2493S
BRONCHITIS D-13953, D-14534, D-16495,
D-22537, G-02539, G-09934, G-10321,
G-11568, G-11907, G-11953, G-11955,
G-13625, G-14553, G-17417, G-19514,
G-19553, G-21336, G-21414, G-21785,
G-22317, G-22426, G-23101, G-23102,
G-23103, G-23148, G-23I51, G-24230,
G-26025, G-26305, G-26516, G-26523,
G-26530, G-26558. G-26764, G-28351,
G-28364, G-28558, G-28722, G-28752,
G-28753, G-28767, G-29235, G-29284,
G-29423, G-29453, G-30353, G-30396,
G-31016, G-31665, G-31900, G-33065,
G-33109, G-33123, G-33173, G-34190,
G-35134, G-36809, G-37337. J-13952,
N-04052, N-21654
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA G-11568,
G-24125, G-32914
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT F-31415
BUDGETS L-32198
BUILD-UP RATES H-24434, H-31011
BUILDINGS D-04115, D-07936, D-10582,
D-14482, E-22228, F-11933, G-11932,
G-37229, H-15538, H-16222, H-33063.
1-10094, J-24309, L-07216
BUSES B-00562, B-06280, C-01534,
G-08801
BUTADIENES A-08524
BUTANES B-28642
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-20564,
B-11910, B-13026, B-13630, B-13924,
B-14940, B-15300, B-15839, B-I5957,
B-16325, B-16510, B-17067, B-17463,
B-19860, B-19959, B-20223, B-21643,
B-21647, B-23002, B-23249, B-23251,
B-26003. B-30043, B-30048, B-32846,
B-33167, B-33890, B-37448, E-35702,
J-17203
CABBAGE H-02541, H-11415, H-20982
CADMIUM 1-24972, 1-27739
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-17471,
C-37608, C-37689, D-27831, D-30378,
G-31619, H-14489, K-06778, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-09541,
B-11854, B-13817, B-13898, B-14289,
B-20381, B-22074, B-23873, B-25306,
B-26003, B-28146, B-28499, B-33167,
B-33321, C-21761, C-22626, C-37690,
D-27839, G-07592, G-16063, G-29571,
H-23041, H-28409, H-32088
CALCIUM SULFATES B-13898, B-28499,
B-33167, B-33321, C-37690
CALIBRATION METHODS C-08125,
C-09728, C-11573, C-14213, C-17279.
C-23982, C-27517, C-31251, C-31614
CALIFORNIA D-07393, G-09535, G-10577
CAMERAS C-18307, E-05392
CANADA E-05392, G-02539
CANCER D-13953, D-16345, D-22537,
D-24575, G-08801, G-10577, G-11568,
G-13625, G-19558, G-22426, G-23103,
G-24230. G-24935, G-26324, G-26987,
G-28559, G-29453, G-303%, G-31665,
G-33306, G-37504, H-32088
CARBON BLACK A-23210, B-19860,
B-23368, B-23983, B-30104, B-33122,
B-35650, C-25921, C-27542, F-14391,
G-07015, G-07189, G-26987, G-29571,
H-36164, H-36165
CARBON DIOXIDE B-30091, B-34683,
B-35166, C-06112, C-07180, C-11%7,
C-15752. C-22220, C-25921, C-28070,
C-28585. C-32441, D-07936, D-37306,
F-11933, G-07189, G-16515, H-18234,
K-16116, K-34866, L-09234, N-04052
CARBON DISULFIDE B-11910, B-19859,
C-20595, C-28070, C-29269, G-02539,
G-19939
CARBON MONOXIDE A-17344, A-22579,
A-31882. B-00562, B-02130, B-06280,
B-07362, B-11952, B-16549, B-17262,
B-24813, B-25427, B-26670, B-28502,
B-28642, B-30091, B-34609, B-35166,
B-36204, C-01534, C-06112, C-08501,
C-11573, C-11574, C-11%7, C-13989,
C-15171, C-16298, C-16543, C-17341,
C-20886, C-22220, C-25921, C-28585,
C-30634, C-32441, C-32453, C-37446,
D-02066, D-07936, D-10582, D-12210,
D-14534, D-16017, D-16345, D-19433,
D-22537, D-28648, D-37306, E-10310,
E-29178, E-35357, E-35991, F-22319,
G-02539, G-03214, G-07174, G-08611,
G-08801, G-10349, G-10577, G-11970,
G-13059, G-13625, G-19939, G-23876,
G-24023, G-28541, G-29453, G-29609,
G-30353, G-31639, G-32704, G-33230,
G-33291, G-34443, G-37229, H-02541,
H-23188, H-24773, H-26491, J-13952,
K-16116, L-00539, L-09009, L-09234,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, N-04052,
N-21654
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE F-28263,
G-28493, H-31628
CARBONATES B-14289, B-22074,
B-23873, B-25306, B-26003, B-26084,
B-30091, B-30276, C-37690, E-27745,
F-05440, G-29571, H-17622
CARBONYLS B-07531, B-19859, C-14076,
G-06866
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN D-07936,
G-03214, G-08801, G-13059, G-19939,
G-28S41, G-29609, G-30353, G-31639
CARBURETION B-02130, B-11952,
H-02541
CARCINOGENS B-00562, C-37477,
D-21239, D-33072, E-02444, G-03214,
G-11568, G-33306, G-34148, L-00539
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES D-13953,
E-30796, G-02539, G-11568, G-13625,
G-14682, G-15233, G-16177, G-22317,
G-23102, G-29575, G-30353, G-31665,
G-35134, G-36809, G-37504, N-21654
CASCADE SAMPLERS C-15346, C-26127,
C-31614, C-31615, C-37689
CATALYSIS B-01759, B-07362, B-09956,
B-11910, B-12966, B-13127, B-20108,
B-23303, B-23307, B-25033, B-28642,
B-28686, B-29387, B-29802, B-30043,
B-33616, B-34314, B-34609, B-35026,
B-35060, D-04115, F-13936, F-17921,
F-24490, H-32088 ,
CATALYSTS B-07362, B-09956, B-11910,
B-12966, B-20108, B-25033, B-28642,
B-28686, B-29387, B-29802, B-33616,
B-34314, B-34609, B-35026, D-04115,
F-13936, F-17921, H-32088
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY B-07362,
B-09956, B-12966, B-23303, B-23307,
B-29802, B-30043, B-33616, B-34314,
B-35060, F-24490
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS B-07362,
B-24813, B-26670, B-28502, B-36204,
H-00408, L-09009
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-21887,
B-07362, B-11910, B-13206, B-13334,
B-13732, B-22061, B-22400, B-23249,
B-23251, B-23307, B-23368, B-25033,
B-26670, B-28642, B-29278, B-29601,
B-30091, B-32798, B-33890, B-34609,
B-35650, E-36501, F-13936, F-16572,
F-19436, H-32088
CATS G-07015, G-16598
CATTLE A-18268, H-12534, H-12535,
H-13624, H-18269, H-18270, H-18271,
H-20185, H-23624, H-25665, H-32088,
H-34867
CELL GROWTH G-11936, G-12344,
G-29249, G-29899, G-30183, G-33123,
G-33173, H-18234, H-32088
CELL METABOLISM G-07189, G-21123,
H-18310, H-19435, H-20185
CELLS A-14596, G-07015, G-07189,
G-11552, G-11936, G-13059, G-15703,
G-19880, G-21669, G-23582, G-241S4,
G-24392, G-25341, G-26987, G-28205,
G-28541, G-28765, G-29899, G-30167,
G-30353, G-30468, G-31009, G-31046,
G-33123, G-33306, G-34443, G-34644,
G-35153, G-37620, H-19435, H-24850,
H-30709, H-3173S, H-32088, H-34867
CEMENTS A-09541, A-15637, B-02024,
B-06783, B-08467, B-09950, B-14289,
B-15759, B-15957, B-17402, B-26003,
B-28499, B-38190, D-27839, E-10368,
G-23148, G-24392, H-19460, J-17203,
J-24309, K-16116
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-15637,
A-25056, B-06783, B-08129, B-09950,
B-10564, B-13697, B-15759, B-16630,
B-16937, B-21886, B-i2267li B-23136,
B-23575, B-24239, Bf24605f, B-28502,
B-30526, B-33995, B-35496, C-17452,
C-20923, C-31615, C-31626
CERAMICS B-07362, B-17402, B-37553,
F-19%7
CESIUM COMPOUNDS B-30048, E-27745
CHAMBER PROCESSING F-19890
CHARCOAL B-11910, B-14226, B-19581,
B-19852. B-30276, B-356SO, F-13936,
G-32704, H-24773
CHEMICAL BONDS B-34683, F-24490,
F-37582
-------
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-09541
A-16254, C-09223, C-H574, C-20595,
C-28585, C-29269, C-37107, D-10316,
D-14482, D-21239, D-27839, E-23304,
F-30737, G-09934, G-34443, G-36809
H-16059, L-11914
CHEMICAL METHODS A-09541,
A-19027, A-36S33, B-24735, C-01S34,
C-OS439, C-07180, C-07391, C-07401,
C-07482, C-08127, C-08465, C-08487,
C-08S01, C-10092, C-10315, C-11574,
C-11819, C-12321, C-14076. C-15171,
C-1S606, C-16335, C-16543, C-17341,
C-18226, C-20565, C-20595, C-21662,
C-29801, C-30199, C-30785, C-32441,
C-36838, D-07936, D-08818, D-10316,
D-14482, F-13614, F-28263, G-07379,
H-15228, H-18230, H-18264, H-18265,
H-18269, I-2S937, L-09234, N-10260
CHEMICAL PROCESSING A-06240,
A-08524, A-09935, A-14701, A-16494,
A-17344, A-18268, A-19899, A-31882,
B-01759, B-02931, B-07362, B-08467,
B-08S94, B-09956, B-11740, B-11910,
B-13206, B-13334, B-14940, B-1S300,
B-15839, B-17067, B-20299, B-22061,
B-23251, B-29278, B-29802, B-30043,
B-32798, C-09721, C-31924, D-02066,
D-04115, F-13178, F-19890, F-36086,
G-11941, G-19S14, G-21125, G-21414,
G-31665, G-33868, G-34190, G-36924,
H-00408, H-23583, H-23624, J-01760,
J-17203, J-24309, K-06778, K-25087,
L-11914, L-14798, L-24214, M-14491,
M-15760, N-04052, N-15096
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-08524,
A-12975, A-19027, A-19444, A-23210,
B-07362, B-08594, B-11910, B-13127,
B-13817, B-13898, B-16350, B-16419,
B-19746, B-19859, B-20381, B-22400,
B-22957, B-22961, B-23249, B-23983,
B-24813, B-26084, B-28499, B-28683,
B-29802, B-30043, B-30091, B-31078,
B-33122, B-34609, B-34683, C-08127,
C-08465, C-08501, C-08953, C-09721,
C-10092, C-19958, C-23265, C-29436,
C-30785, C-31924, D-07936, E-19828,
F-13936, F-16658, F-17364, F-17588,
F-17921, F-21628, F-22219, F-22319,
F-22587, F-23638, F-24490, F-31039,
F-37582, G-28S59, G-31046, G-31120,
G-31629, G-33345, H-12535, H-19554,
H-22622, H-23260, H-23950, H-24850,
H-31833, H-36162, H-36163, H-36164,
H-36165. H-36166, L-11914
CHILDREN D-06755, D-14534, G-09934,
G-10321, G-10577, G-11568, G-11936,
G-11947, G-I2344, G-14480, G-19880,
G-20972, G-22152, G-26024, G-26305,
G-26306, G-26516, G-28559, G-28767,
G-28768, G-29249, G-29589, G-29683,
G-29899, G-29925, G-30183, G-30654,
G-31665, G-31900. G-32735, G-32882,
G-33109, G-33372, G-34148, G-35154,
G-37505
CHLORIDES A-17344, C-1S342, D-14482,
E-27745, E-35037, F-16572, F-17364,
F-17921, F-28263, G-21087, 0-29255,
G-3494S, H-24395, 1-13369. 1-24972,
1-31643, N-04052
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-28494, C-11819, F-28263, G-28493,
G-34148, G-36928, H-31628
CHLORINE A-17344, A-19434, B-03045,
B-29802, C-07180, C-08501, C-11819,
C-14076, C-15752, C-284SO, C-29762,
SUBJECT INDEX
D-02066, F-16S72, G-36924, H-19731,
H-19773, H-23188, H-2847S, H-36159,
J-13952, K-06778
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-17344,
C-07180, C-14076, C-15342, C-20595,
C-21761, D-14482, E-27745, E-35037,
F-16572,F-17364, F-17921, F-28263,
G-21087, G-292S5, G-29284, G-29571,
G-34945, H-24395, H-36159, 1-13369,
1-24972, 1-31643, N-04052
CHLOROPLASTS H-19554, H-22622,
H-24850, H-24851
CHLOROSIS H-30003
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-16494, B-32099,
C-06112, C-08501, C-09223, C-10369,
C-11574, C-11967, C-15171, C-1S752,
C-17341, C-17436, C-17664, C-22220,
C-22982, C-25921, C-28070, C-28585,
C-31924, C-36826, C-37107. C-37477,
D-16087, D-33072, F-11554, F-14391,
L-09234, N-10260
CHROMIUM B-07362, G-07S92
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS B-34609,
C-23040, D-27831, G-07592, G-32735,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
CHROMIUM OXIDES B-29802, F-13936,
K-25087
CHRONIC D-07936, D-16495, G-08949,
G-10321, G-10396, G-10577, G-115S2,
G-11568, G-11907, G-16047, G-17079,
G-19553, G-21644, G-21669, G-22426,
G-23101, G-23148. G-26305, G-26S23,
G-26558, G-26764. G-28351, G-28558,
G-285S9, G-28722, G-28752, G-28765,
G-29284, G-29453, G-30396, G-31016,
G-31900, G-33065, G-33527, G-34190,
G-34644, G-37337, G-37620, H-18310,
H-19461, H-23624
CHRYSENES C-01534
CILIA G-24154, G-26987, G-30167,
G-30353
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM C-17436,
G-08461, G-11568, G-13059, G-13065,
G-16598, G-30353, G-34443, G-35153,
G-36928, H-31735, H-32088, H-34867
CITIZENS GROUPS G-33903, L-00539
CITY GOVERNMENTS K-25087, L-02059,
L-11914
CLAY C-08I28
CLOUDS E-11956, E-12792, E-19767,
E-22403, E-22921. E-23304. E-29178,
E-36142, E-36238
CLOVER D-16401, H-11415, H-15538,
H-16222, H-19460, H-22622, H-30709
COAL A-l 1739. A-19434, A-19444,
B-02032, B-02931, B-03045, B-118S4,
B-11910, B-17113, B-19616. B-20223,
B-22961, B-23262, B-24609. B-26084,
B-28392, B-28599, B-29273, B-33321,
B-33890, B-35015, B-36951, C-07482.
C-07721, C-08123, C-08126, C-22982.
C-23982, C-25921, C-31615, D-06755,
D-07393, F-13620, F-I7594, F-22319,
F-22S87, G-19553, G-19947, G-22953,
G-22962, G-23148, G-23151, G-26324,
H-16226. H-18264, H-19540, H-19771,
H-19773, H-22619, H-30469, L-11914
COAL CHARACTERISTICS A-19444,
B-19616, B-26084, F-22319, F-22587
COAL PREPARATION A-13246, B-02931,
B-11910, B-16510, B-17113, B-19616,
B-19746, B-20223, B-20381, B-24609,
B-28392, B-35015, B-37448
COAL RESOURCES A-11739, B-17113
COAL TARS B-35015, C-23982, C-25921,
H-18229. H-28475. H-33063
225
COBALT COMPOUNDS B-12966,
B-15952, B-33616, B-34314, B-34609,
C-29953, H-16059. H-20185
CODES E-10368, K-06778, L-13621,
N-10260
COFFEE-MAKING A-21887, B-07362,
N-04052
COKE A-13246, A-31616, B-11910,
B-19616, B-19746, B-19859. B-23136,
B-23249, B-28599, B-35015, C-25921,
D-21239, L-11914
COLLECTORS A-15637, A-25056,
B-03045, B-06783, B-08129, B-09950,
B-10564, B-13697, B-I4703, B-15759,
B-16630, B-16937, B-17402, B-19523,
B-21119, B-21324, B-21886, B-22560,
B-22671, B-23079, B-23136, B-23575,
B-24239, B-24609, B-28146, B-28502,
B-30276, B-30526, B-31078, B-33995,
B-35496, C-07721. C-17452, C-20923,
C-31615, C-31626, C-33307, D-30378,
F-18308, H-02541, K-25087
COLLOIDS G-31629
COLORIMETRY B-28686, C-06112,
C-07180, C-07391, C-07482, C-08127,
C-08465, C-08501, C-09728, C-10092,
C-10315, C-11574, C-11861, C-11948,
C-12321, C-14213, C-15171, C-15342,
C-15521, C-16543, C-20595, C-23040,
C-25921, C-27517, C-28450, C-29801,
C-30785, C-32100, C-36859, C-37253,
D-08818, D-22537, E-19828, G-23582,
H-17822, H-18230, H-18264, H-25330
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY C-28070,
C-28585, C-37477, D-33072
COMBUSTION A-19444. A-20564.
A-22077, A-23210, A-25056, B-06280,
B-07362, B-22961, B-29601. C-31924,
F-OS440, F-13618, F-13620, F-17594,
F-17619, G-31639, L-09009, L-11914
COMBUSTION AIR B-16325, B-29824.
G-07541, L-09009
COMBUSTION GASES A-08816, A-09541,
A-11739, A-14701, A-16254, A-17344,
A-19434, A-23022, B-02931, B-10568,
B-11740, B-11854, B-11910, B-11931,
B-13732, B-13924, B-15759, B-16325,
B-16350, B-16419, B-17289, B-17463,
B-19581, B-19852, B-19859, B-19860,
B-19959, B-19972, B-20931, B-21647,
B-21893, B-22061, B-22074, B-22291,
B-22400, B-22497, B-22957, B-23251,
B-23262, B-23264, B-23307, B-23368,
B-23575, B-23690, B-23873, B-23983,
B-24239, B-24730, B-26138, B-26317,
B-28146, B-28499. B-28599, B-28683,
B-28684, B-28686, B-29273. B-29802.
B-29824, B-30043, B-30048, B-30276,
B-31078, B-32846, B-33167, B-33321,
B-33890, B-33995, B-34609, B-34683,
B-35015. B-35496, B-3S650, B-36151,
B-36951. B-37324. B-37448, B-37544.
C-06112, C-07180, C-07482, C-08501.
C-11967, C-13070, C-14435, C-18226,
C-20565, C-22391, C-22982, C-22998,
C-23265, C-27542, C-28291,C-28585,
C-31626,C-32453, C-33373,D-07936,
D-09403. D-13953, D-21126, D-21239,
D-24575, D-36014, E-05392, E-09S37,
E-10219, E-10220, E-10368, E-U287,
E-11954. E-14044, E-16629, E-16687.
E-17722, F-11554, F-22402, G-07S41,
G-08801, G-16555, G-22152, G-23151,
G-26764, G-29235, G-37337. H-00408.
H-14489, H-18230. H-18310, H-19771.
H-23386. H-23625. H-23950, H-24024.
-------
226
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
H-24025, H-24064, H-24395, H-25330,
H-34867, J-13952, K-06778, L-01528,
L-02059, L-03243, L-14798, L-19408,
L-19723
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-08524,
A-08816, A-09541, A-11739, A-14701,
A-16254, A-17344, A-19434, A-23022,
B-02032, B-02931, B-06116, B-10S68.
B-11740, B-11854, B-11910, B-11931,
B-13732, B-13924. B-15759, B-1632S,
B-16350. B-16419, B-17289, B-17463,
B-19581, B-19852, B-19859, B-19860,
B-19959, B-19972, B-20931, B-21647,
B-21893. B-22061, B-22074, B-22291,
B-22400, B-22497, B-229S7. B-23251,
B-23262, B-23264, B-23307, B-23368,
B-23S75, B-23690, B-23873, B-23983,
B-24239, B-24730, B-26138, B-26317,
B-28146, B-28499, B-28599, B-28683,
B-28684, B-28686, B-29273, B-29802,
B-29824, B-30043, B-30048, B-30276,
B-31078, B-32846, B-33167, B-33321,
B-33890. B-33995, B-34609. B-34683,
B-35015, B-35496, B-35650, B-36151,
B-36951, B-37324, B-37448, B-37544,
C-06112, C-07180, C-07482, C-08501,
C-11967, C-13070, C-14435, C-18226,
C-20S6S. C-22391, C-22626, C-22982,
C-22998, C-23265, C-23982, C-27542,
C-28291, C-28585, C-31626, C-32453,
C-33373. D-07936, D-09403, D-139S3,
D-21126, D-21239, D-22537, D-24575,
D-36014, E-05392, E-09S37, E-10219,
E-10220, E-10368, E-11287, E-11954,
E-14044, E-16629, E-16687, E-17722,
F-05440, F-11554, F-22402, G-07541,
G-08801, G-11568, G-16S5S, G-22152,
G-23148, G-23151, G-26764, G-29235,
G-29423. G-37337, H-00408, H-14489,
H-18230. H-18310, H-19771, H-20982,
H-23386, H-2362S, H-23950, H-24024,
H-24025, H-24064, H-24395, H-25330,
H-31266, H-34867, J-13952, K-06778,
K-25087, L-00539, L-01528, L-02059,
L-03243, L-07216, L-11914, L-14798,
L-19408, L-19723, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
COMMERCIAL AREAS D-07393,
D-11627, D-12210, D-22537, G-29235,
G-33109
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT A-13246,
B-09950, B-10564, B-10568, B-16630,
F-17594, L-09234
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-H740, B-24239
COMMON COLD G-11568, G-l 1953,
G-11955, G-13625, G-23103, G-24230,
G-2630S, G-28559, G-28753, G-28768,
G-32882, G-33123, G-33173, G-37337
COMPLAINTS G-03214, G-28164, M-15760
COMPLIANCE G-13868, G-17061.
G-23102. G-36259
COMPRESSION B-07362
COMPUTER PROGRAMS A-16254,
B-37709, E-16629, E-17401, E-20351,
F-223I9
COMPUTERS C-16230, E-22315, E-26845,
E-28609, E-28616, E-35037
CONCRETE A-08524, A-11971, B-37553
CONDENSATION B-31078, B-3397I,
C-15752, C-25921, E-22228, 1-31643
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
D-09403, E-02444, E-10211, E-10310,
E-11956, E-12792, E-19618, E-19740,
E-19758, E-19767, E-22228, E-22403,
E-22921, E-23304, E-29178, E-29636,
E-30796, E-34751, E-35420, E-36142,
E-36238, G-29284, H-07360, H-34867,
1-31643
CONING E-21122
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-08524,
A-08816, A-09541, A-11971, A-15637,
B-02024, B-06783, B-08467, B-09950,
B-14289, B-15759, B-15957, B-17402,
B-19523, B-26003, B-28499, B-34314,
B-36460, B-36951, B-37553, B-38190,
D-27839, E-10368, E-27823, G-13625,
G-23148, G-24392, H-18264, H-19460,
H-23874, J-17203, J-24309, K-16116
CONTACT PROCESSING F-13178,
F-36086, L-11914
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING
PROGRAM (CAMP) C-11573
CONTINUOUS MONITORING B-30606,
B-32798, B-35015, C-06112, C-07180,
C-07391, C-08501, C-11574, C-11819,
C-14076, C-14213, C-15171, C-15606,
C-16230, C-16543, C-17341, C-27517,
C-28296, C-29762, C-29801, C-30785,
C-32100, C-33307, C-36826, D-11627,
D-16664, D-21103, E-20629, E-33939,
G-14493, G-26558, G-28493, G-30167,
G-30353, G-33447, H-00408, H-11415,
H-33327, L-17669
CONTROL AGENCIES A-19434, B-11910,
B-15759, L-00539, L-07216, L-09009,
L-l 1914, L-14708, L-32199
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-08816,
A-09541, A-13112, A-13622, A-15637,
A-21887, A-25056, A-28494, A-28781,
A-34101, B-02024, B-02032, B-03045,
B-04798, B-05448, B-05464, B-06116,
B-06280, B-06783, B-07362, B-07530,
B-07531, B-08129, B-08467, B-08811,
B-09950, B-10S64, B-10568, B-11740,
B-11910, B-11931, B-11952, B-13334,
B-13697, B-13731, B-14703, B-14940,
B-15759, B-16350, B-16537, B-16630,
B-16937, B-17022, B-17186, B-17289,
B-17402, B-17463, B-19403, B-19407,
B-19523, B-20374, B-20931, B-21119,
B-21324, B-21647, B-21886, B-22291,
B-22400, B-22560, B-22620, B-22671,
B-23079, B-23136, B-23251, B-23262,
B-23263, B-23264, B-23575, B-24239,
B-24609, B-24813, B-25033, B-25306,
B-25427, B-26317, B-26521, B-26593,
B-26670, B-28117, B-28146, B-28502,
B-28532, B-28684, B-2%39, B-30043,
B-30104, B-30276, B-30526, B-30606,
B-31078, B-32099, B-32846, B-33122,
B-33167, B-33971, B-33995, B-34683,
B-35015, B-35496, B-35650, B-36204,
B-36413, B-36951, B-37115, B-37324,
B-37448, B-37544, B-37709, B-38190,
C-06112, C-07721, C-08I21, C-08123,
C-08124, C-08125, C-09223, C-10369,
C-15342, C-15372, C-17452, C-20923,
C-20947, C-21629, C-22391, C-25921,
C-27517, C-27542, C-30785, C-31615,
C-31626, C-31924, C-33307, C-37690,
C-37693, D-06755, D-08120, D-30378,
E-10368, F-05440, F-18308, F-19436,
F-31039, F-36086, G-23606, G-31507,
H-00408, H-02541, H-04368, H-18264,
1-22078, J-17203, K-06778, K-16116,
K-25087, L-09009, L-I362I, N-I0260
CONTROL METHODS A-11739, A-12975,
A-13246, A-14596, A-19899, A-20564,
A-21887, A-25056, A-28781. A-31616,
A-31882, A-34101, B-01759i B-02130,
B-02931, B-03045, B-05448, B-06280,
B-06783, B-07362, B-07530, B-07531,
B-08129, B-08467, B-08594, B-08811,
B-09956, B-11740, B-11854, B-11910,
B-11952, B-12966, B-13026, B-13094,
B-13127, B-13206, B-13334, B-13630,
B-13732, B-13734, B-13817, B-13898,
B-13924, B-14226, B-14289, B-14940,
B-15300, B-15839, B-15952, B-15957,
B-16325, B-16510, B-16549, B-16630,
B-17067, B-17113, B-17262, B-17289,
B-17463, B-17539, B-19234, B-19407,
B-19581, B-19616, B-19746, B-19852,
B-19859, B-19860, B-19959, B-19972,
B-20090, B-20108, B-20223, B-20299,
B-20374, B-20381, B-21031, B-21643,
B-21647, B-21893, B-22061, B-22074,
B-22291, B-22400, B-22671, B-22957,
B-22961, B-23002, B-23249, B-23251,
B-23263, B-23264, B-23303, B-23307,
B-23368, B-23575, B-23690, B-23873,
B-23983, B-24239, B-24609, B-24735,
B-24813, B-25033, B-25427, B-26003,
B-26084. B-26138, B-26670, B-28117,
B-28392, B-28499, B-28502, B-28599,
B-28642, B-28683, B-28684, B-28686,
B-29273, B-29278, B-29387, B-29601,
B-29802, B-29824, B-30043, B-30048,
B-30091, B-30276, B-31078, B-32099,
B-32798, B-32846, B-33122, B-33167,
B-33321. B-33616, B-33890, B-33971,
B-33995, B-34314, B-34609, B-34683,
B-35015, B-35026, B-35060, B-35166,
B-35496, B-35650, B-36151, B-36204,
B-36413, B-37115, B-37252, B-37448,
B-37553, C-06112, C-08126, C-08127,
C-15372, C-17436, C-19960, C-20923,
C-21629, C-21761, C-22079, C-22391.
C-22998, C-23040, C-27517, C-29762,
C-30I99, C-3I047, C-31049, C-31615,
C-31924, D-07936, D-08120, D-36412,
E-10211, E-22921, E-30752, E-35702,
E-36501, F-05440, F-11554, F-11933,
F-13178, F-13614, F-13936, F-14391,
F-16572, F-16658, F-19436, F-24490,
G-06866, G-07541, G-08461, G-16555,
G-16600, G-17027, G-19880, G-23606,
G-33372, G-37229, H-02541. H-04368,
H-16152, H-16656, H-19554, H-19873,
H-22621, H-23386, H-24434, H-24533,
H-24714, H-24773, H-24788, H-24848,
H-24852, H-25330, H-28600, H-28680,
H-31011, H-31833, H-32088, H-36165,
1-16404, J-01760, J-17203, L-02059,
L-09009, L-11914, L-14708
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-19434,
B-11952, E-10368, G-30237, G-35134,
L-00539, L-02059, L-02301, L-06754,
L-19723, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
M-26429, N-15096
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES A-28494,
B-35650, H-22619, H-24773
CONVECTION E-10235
CONVECTION (ATMOSPHERIC)
B-19407, E-10235
COOLING A-23022, B-07531, B-10568,
B-19234, B-29273, B-37443, C-28070
COPPER A-17471, B-07362, B-13026,
F-36086, G-07592, G-29235, H-13624,
1-16404, 1-27739, I-3I007
COPPER ALLOYS 1-31007
COPPER COMPOUNDS B-34609, C-37608,
C-37689, C-37693, D-27831, D-27839,
F-17921, G-07592, H-16059, H-20185,
H-34867, 1-31643
CORN H-16222, H-17449, H-18230,
H-22622, H-27388
CORONA B-22560, B-23264, B-26521
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
227
CORROSION A-08816, A-12975, B-13734,
B-15759, B-21643. B-29824, B-30526.
B-35026, B-37553, 1-13369.1-16404,
1-22078, 1-24972, 1-25937, 1-27739,
1-31007, 1-31641, 1-31643, J-13952
COSTS A-11739, A-13622, A-31882,
B-04798, B-08594, B-11910, B-15759,
B-16937, B-20299, B-21893, B-24239,
B-24609, B-25427, B-29601, B-30048,
B-32099, B-33167, B-33890, B-33995,
B-35026, B-35060, H-20981, J-13952,
J-17203, J-26443, M-26429
COTTON C-08125
COTTONS C-08125
COUGH G-l 1907, G-l 1953, G-l 1955,
G-22317, G-26025, G-29235, G-30654,
G-31016, G-33109, M-14491
CRACKING 1-31641, 1-31643
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS L-09009
CRITERIA A-11739, B-19403, B-30606,
B-35015, E-35702. G-33903, G-36923,
G-36924, H-26367, K-24907
CROPS A-23580, C-08125, D-1640!,
D-30378, E-35702, F-18227, H-02541,
H-04368, H-11415, H-14489, H-15158,
H-15538, H-16222, H-17449, H-17822.
H-18229, H-18230. H-18264, H-18269,
H-19460, H-19731, H-19773, H-22622,
H-23386, H-23986, H-24850, H-27388,
H-28409, H-28597, H-28680, H-29671,
H-30709, H-31011, H-32183, H-33327.
H-36161, H-36162, H-36163, H-36164,
H-36165, H-36166, J-18266
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE B-26084
CUMULATIVE METHODS C-10315,
C-11574, C-16543, D-06755, D-09403,
D-12604, D-14482, D-22537, G-09934,
G-11907, G-11955, G-31016, G-32882,
G-37505
CUPOLAS A-17344, L-01528
CYANIDES C-11819. G-19939, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214
CYCLONES (ATMOSPHERIC) E-10220,
E-10233, E-28616, E-29178, E-35991
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-14701, B-02032,
B-13094, B-13127, B-13206, B-14703,
B-16325, B-16937, B-22961, B-33321,
C-08487, C-14710, C-17664, C-22220,
C-22626, C-29953, D-06755, D-16664,
D-16673, E-16324, E-31006, G-09535,
G-11936, G-11947, G-12344, G-19553,
G-19880, G-19947, G-22953, G-22962.
G-24392, G-29249, G-29589, G-29899.
G-31629, G-34528, H-02049. H-13838,
H-15228, H-16226, H-I6632, H-16633.
H-18234, H-20982, H-21062, H-21081,
H-21098, H-22619, H-22621, H-23041,
H-23624, H-23678, H-23689, H-24787,
H-25660, H-25661, H-25665, H-26491,
H-28409, H-31266, 1-16404, 1-25937,
L-02059, L-14708, L-19723, N-18309,
N-21654
D
DATA ANALYSIS C-11573, D-12323,
E-10219, E-10220, E-10233, E-33939,
E-3S037, G-11907, H-17822
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-16254,
B-37709, C-11573. D-12323, E-10219.
E-10220, E-10233. E-16629, E-17401,
E-20351, E-33939, E-35037, F-22319.
G-11907, H-17822, L-19920
DECISIONS L-11914
DECOMPOSITION A-08S24, A-23210,
B-23249, B-26084, B-30091, B-33122,
B-34683, F-17588, F-21628, F-23638,
F-31039. H-31833
DENSITY B-30526, B-37544, C-11574,
C-21761, C-29762. C-30634, C-31004,
C-31005, C-31626. C-32100, C-37443,
D-10316, E-09537. F-31415, G-29453,
H-31833
DEPOSITION B-33616, C-27542, G-07173.
G-07174, G-07592, G-11907, G-12960,
G-23606, G-26987, G-30310, G-30353,
G-30468, G-33372, G-34443, H-34867
DESIGN CRITERIA A-11934, A-13622,
A-16254, A-20564, A-25056, A-34101,
B-03045, B-13026, B-16630, B-16937,
B-17289. B-17402, B-20299, B-21119,
B-22560, B-22671. B-22%1, B-23079,
B-23690, B-23983, B-25033, B-26670.
B-28146, B-28532, B-29639. B-33971,
B-354%, B-3711S, B-37553. C-11819,
C-11967, C-14213, C-15606, C-17368,
C-17452, C-23069. C-26127, C-31005,
E-09449, F-13620, H-04368
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
A-11739, A-13246, B-01759, B-02931.
B-08594, B-09956, B-11910, B-12966,
B-13127. B-13734, B-15952, B-16510,
B-17113. B-17539, B-1%16, B-19746,
B-20090, B-20108, B-20223, B-20299,
B-20381, B-21031, B-23251, B-24609,
B-28392. B-28S99, B-29387, B-33616,
B-34314, B-35015, B-35026, B-35060,
B-37448. E-35702, J-01760
DIAGNOSIS F-12341, G-07541. G-07592,
G-08611, G-11552, G-14480, G-23101,
G-23102, G-23582, G-24731, G-25341,
G-28558. G-28722, G-29256, G-29683,
G-29899, G-31008, G-31046, G-31507,
G-31620, G-32704, G-33065, G-33123,
G-34945, G-35134, G-35154, G-37620,
K-34866
DIESEL ENGINES A-34101, B-06280,
B-11952, C-31924, G-08801, L-09009,
L-13621, N-04052
DIFFRACTION C-37690, E-30752
DIFFUSION B-08811, B-19407, B-33616,
C-05439, C-11631, D-09403, D-36014,
E-07179. E-09537, E-10211, E-10217,
E-10219. E-10220, E-10233, E-10310,
E-10368. E-11287, E-11954. E-11956,
E-12792, E-14825, E-16324, E-16629,
E-16680, E-16687. E-17719, E-17722,
E-20351. E-23039, E-28357. E-30589.
E-30692, E-33939, E-34191, E-34751,
E-35037, E-36428, E-36492, E-36495.
E-38609, F-13614, F-16658, G-34443
DIFFUSION MODELS D-36014, E-09537,
E-10368. E-11287, E-12792, E-16324,
E-16629.E-16680, E-30589, E-33939,
E-35037, E-36428, E-36492
DIGESTERS B-32798
DIGESTION H-18270
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A-22579. F-14693,
G-07541, G-16515, G-17080. G-17081,
G-19880, G-25341. G-26324, G-28493.
G-29255, G-30167, G-30468, G-31009,
G-31619. G-32953, G-33372, H-23624,
H-31628, H-31735, H-32088, H-34867
DIGITAL METHODS C-15642, D-21219
DIOLEFINS A-08524, D-07936
DISCOLORATION 1-22078
DISPERSION A-09935. B-08811. B-11910,
B-19407. B-20374, B-33616. C-05439,
C-11631. C-18307, C-33373. C-36260,
D-09403. D-12604, D-28648, D-36014,
D-37306, E-05392. E-07179, E-09449,
E-09537. E-10211, E-10217, E-10219.
E-10220, E-10233, E-10310, E-10368,
E-11287, E-11954, E-11956, E-12792,
E-14044, E-14825, E-16324, E-16629,
E-16680, E-16687, E-17612, E-17719,
E-17722. E-19274, E-19781. E-20351,
E-21122, E-22417, E-22921, E-23039.
E-27745, E-28357, E-29178, E-30589,
E-30692, E-31006, E-31642. E-33927,
E-33939, E-34191. E-34751, E-35037,
E-36176. E-36428, E-36492. E-36495,
E-36954, E-38609, F-13614, F-166S8,
F-30042, G-30468, G-34443, H-02541,
H-19949, L-11951, L-14798
DISPERSIONS B-29824, C-08126,
D-08120, E-19740, F-31415, G-31629
DISSOCIATION A-08524, F-22219,
F-37582
DISTILLATE OILS B-36151, F-28263,
G-07541
DIURNAL C-11573, C-37608, D-02066,
D-11627, D-36014, D-38481. E-10229,
E-11954, E-12792, E-21122, E-28323.
E-28616, E-30589, E-30691, E-30796,
E-36238, G-21644, G-2602S, G-26306,
G-28364, G-28714, G-28733, G-29683,
G-30148. G-30468. G-30654. G-31016,
G-31613, G-33065, G-33447, G-37505,
H-11415, H-24084. H-30469, H-30709
DOGS C-17436, G-13868, G-16600,
G-17027, G-26530, G-29284
DOMESTIC HEATING A-14701. A-19434,
B-25427, C-23982, C-25921, D-02066,
D-09403, E-22228, E-30796, G-03202.
G-22152, G-32704. H-14433. J-13952.
L-02059, L-03243, L-07216, N-04052,
N-15096
DROPLETS B-08811, B-19234. B-20931,
B-23079, B-29824, B-33971, C-19960,
E-02444, E-10211, E-30752. E-36142
DRUGS G-07189. G-23876, G-24125,
G-25341. G-29255, G-31120, G-31620
DRYING B-07530. B-07531, B-26003.
B-28146, C-30785. F-28678
DUMPS H-25330
DUST FALL B-09950, C-07721. C-11574,
C-15642, C-22079. C-31004. C-31047,
D-06755, D-07393, D-09403, D-10316,
D-14482, D-21219, D-21239, D-22S37.
D-27839, E-22403, E-30796, E-35357,
G-09934, G-11907, G-11955, G-23102,
G-23I03, G-26024, G-26025, G-26305,
G-26306. G-28752, G-2%83, G-30183,
G-30396, G-31900, H-13838, J-13952,
K-16116
DUSTS A-01535, A-11915, A-13112.
A-13246, A-13622, A-15637, A-17344,
A-17471, A-19027, A-19434, A-20884,
A-22077, A-25056, A-28781, B-02024,
B-02032, B-03045, B-05448, B-05464,
B-06116, B-06783. B-08129, B-08811,
B-099SO, B-11910, B-U931, B-13697,
B-14289, B-14703, B-15759, B-15957,
B-17022, B-17186, B-17402, B-17463.
B-19403, B-19523. B-19972, B-20223,
B-20931, B-21647, B-21886, B-22497,
B-22560, B-22620, B-22671, B-23136,
B-23262, B-23303, B-23575, B-24239.
B-24730, B-26003, B-26521, B-26593,
B-28117, B-28392, B-30276, B-30526,
B-30606, B-31078, B-33971. B-33995,
B-35015, B-36413. B-36951, B-37324,
B-37448. B-38190, C-07721, C-08121,
C-08122, C-08123, C-08124,C-08125,
C-08126, C-08127, C-08128. C-09223,
C-14435, C-19902, C-20595, C-20923.
C-22079, C-23982. C-31047, C-31049.
-------
228
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
C-31614, C-31615, C-33307, C-36260,
C-37107, C-37477, C-37608, C-37689,
C-37690, C-37693, D-05466, D-06755,
D-07393, D-07936, D-08120, D-09403,
D-10316, D-12210, D-14482, D-16673,
D-17712, D-21219, D-21239, D-30378,
D-33072, D-37306, E-10233, E-19274,
E-21646, E-2774S, E-31642, E-34751,
E-35037, E-35420, E-35991, F-18308,
F-31415, G-02539, G-03202, G-03214.
G-07015, G-07189, G-07541, G-07592,
G-08801, G-09725, G-10396, G-11907,
G-11947, G-11970, G-12960, G-14553,
G-14682, G-17590, G-19553, G-19558,
G-19947, G-22317, G-22953, G-22%2,
G-23102, G-23103, G-23148, G-23151,
G-23606, G-24125, G-24230, G-24935,
G-28714, G-28733, G-29249, G-29284,
G-29423, G-29571, G-29575, G-29589,
G-30183, G-30310, G-306S4, G-3166S,
G-31900. G-33109, G-34148, G-34190,
G-34443, H-00408, H-02541, H-04368,
H-16633, H-17622, H-18229, H-19460,
H-20982, H-24063, H-30003, H-31266,
H-32342, H-34867, 1-10094. 1-13369,
1-22078, J-13952, J-17203, K-06778,
K-16116, L-01528, L-03230, L-06754,
L-09234, L-19408. L-19723, N-04052
DYE MANUFACTURING A-17344
DYNAMOMETERS B-119S2, C-20886.
E-19828
ECONOMIC LOSSES D-07936, E-35702,
H-18269, H-20981, H-23624, J-13952,
J-17203, J-17658, J-24309, J-26432,
J-26443, M-26429
EDUCATION B-28117, L-19920
ELECTRIC CHARGE B-22560, B-2S306,
C-08953, E-19740, F-18308. F-31415,
G-07379
ELECTRIC FURNACES B-10568,
B-24239, B-37324, F-28678
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-11739, A-14701, A-19434, A-31882,
B-06116, B-11910, B-13817, B-16510,
B-19581, B-19972, B-21324, B-21643,
B-21886, B-21893, B-22291, B-22560.
B-22671, B-24609, B-25427, B-28599,
B-30048, B-33167, B-33321, B-33890,
B-37448, B-37553, C-07721, C-22391,
C-31924, D-02066, E-10219, E-10220,
E-10229, E-10235, E-10368, E-I4825,
E-16629, E-16687, E-17612, E-21122,
E-30796, E-35037. G-11936, G-11947,
H-19540, H-20982, H-23624, J-17203,
K-06778, L-23610, L-24214, N-04052
ELECTRIC PROPULSION B-17262,
B-28502, B-36204. B-36460
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
C-07180, E-37024, G-08305, L-09234
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-22560,
B-22671, B-23264, B-25306, B-26521,
B-30526, C-07401, C-08953, C-17664,
C-29762, C-32441, E-19740, E-37024,
F-18308, F-24490, F-31415, G-07379,
G-08305
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE B-30526,
C-32441
ELECTRICITY (ATMOSPHERIC)
E-19740, E-37024, F-18308
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
A-36533. C-07180, C-07391, C-07401,
C-07482, C-08S01, C-11819, C-14076,
C-15606. C-16335, C-16543, C-17341,
C-21662, C-29801, C-32441, C-36838,
F-13614, H-15228, 1-25937
ELECTROCONDUCTWrrY ANALYZERS
B-32798, C-06112, C-07180, C-07391,
C-08501, C-11819, C-27517, C-32100,
C-36826, D-21103
ELECTROLYSIS A-23022, B-26317
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY C-31615,
G-07189, G-34443
ELECTROSTATIC COUNTERS D-08120,
F-31415
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-09541, A-13622, A-15637, B-02024,
B-02032, B-04798, B-05448, B-05464,
B-06116, B-06783, B-09950, B-10568,
B-13697, B-15759, B-17402, B-19403,
B-19523. B-21119, B-21886, B-22400,
B-22560, B-22671, B-23264, B-24239,
B-25306, B-26521, B-26593, B-28502,
B-29639, B-30043, B-30606, B-31078,
B-33995. B-37544, B-38190, C-06112,
C-08123, C-20923, C-22391, C-25921,
D-30378, F-05440, F-18308, 1-22078,
K-06778, K-16116, K-25087
EMISSION INVENTORIES C-08501,
D-07393, D-12604, D-21126, E-33939
EMISSION STANDARDS A-19434,
B-00562, B-09950, B-15759, B-19523,
B-26670, B-33995, B-35166, B-36204,
B-36951, E-10368, G-08801, H-26367,
K-06778, K-16116, K-21840, K-24907,
K-25087, L-00539, L-03230, L-13069
EMPHYSEMA G-13625, G-19514,
G-19553, G-21414, G-22426, G-24230,
G-24731, G-26987, G-28753, G-30396,
G-34644, G-35134
EMULSIONS B-29824
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
A-19434, K-06778, L-01528, L-02301,
L-07216, L-11914, L-12238, L-13621,
L-14708, L-32193
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
A-34101, B-02130, B-06280, B-11952,
B-28502, B-35166, H-02541
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-14596, A-20384,
B-00562, B-02130, B-06280, B-11952,
B-16549, B-17262, B-26670, B-28642,
B-36204, B-37252, C-01534, C-16298,
C-20886, C-28291, C-30785, D-06755,
D-07936, D-10582, D-27831, F-11554,
F-22402, G-03214, G-08801, G-13059,
G-28541, G-29423, G-29453, H-24788,
J-13952, L-09009, L-13621
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES B-06280,
C-20886, C-30785, L-09009
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
A-34101, B-02130, B-06280, B-11952,
B-26670, B-35166, B-37252, H-02541
ENGINEERS L-09009
ENZYMES B-26138, F-22219, G-07015,
G-11935, G-16063, G-I7079, G-17080,
G-17081, G-23582, G-303%, G-31046,
G-33306, H-13624, H-24850, H-36166
EPIDEMIOLOGY C-08953, D-16345,
D-16495, E-307%, G-02539, G-10577,
G-11568, G-11953, G-14480, G-14553,
G-14682, G-15233, G-17683, G-19514,
G-19558, G-21336, G-21414, G-21644,
G-21785, G-22152, G-22317, G-22426,
G-23101, G-23102, G-23103, G-23148,
G-24125, G-24230, G-24586, G-25341,
G-26024, G-26025, G-26305, G-26306.
G-26324, G-26516, G-26523, G-26764,
G-28558, G-28559, G-28722, G-287S2,
G-28753, G-28767, G-28768, G-29235,
G-29423, G-29683, G-30167, G-30237,
G-30310, G-30353, G-30654, G-31620,
G-32186, G-32735, G-32882, G-33123,
G-33173, G-34190, G-35134, G-36812,
G-37505
EPITHELIUM G-26987
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA B-19403,
B-30606
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS C-32100,
E-10368
ERYTHEMA G-07541, G-14493
ESOPHAGUS G-26324
ESTERS B-24735, C-08953, C-29269,
G-31639
ETHERS B-24735
ETHYLENE B-28502, C-30634. D-07936,
E-19828, F-22319, G-08801, H-02541,
H-24773
EUROPE A-01535, A-08524, A-08816,
A-09541, A-09935, A-11915, A-11934,
A-11971, A-13112, A-13246, A-13622,
A-14596, A-14701, A-15637, A-17344,
A-17471, A-17665, A-18267, A-19027,
A-19434, A-19444, A-20384, A-20564,
A-21887, A-22077, A-22579, A-23022,
A-23210, A-23580, A-240%, A-28494,
A-31616, A-31882, A-36533, B-00562,
B-01759, B-02024, B-02032, B-03045,
B-04798, B-05448, B-05464, B-06116,
B-06280, B-06783, B-07362, B-07530,
B-07531, B-08129, B-08467, B-08594,
B-10564, B-10568, B-11740, B-11854,
B-11910, B-11931, B-13094, B-13127,
B-13206, B-13334, B-13630, B-13697,
B-13817, B-13898, B-13924, B-14289,
B-14703, B-15300, B-15759, B-15957,
B-16325, B-16350, B-16419, B-16510,
B-16537, B-16630, B-16937, B-17022,
B-17113, B-17463, B-19403, B-19407,
B-19523, B-19616, B-19746, B-20223,
B-20374, B-20381, B-20931, B-21031,
B-21119, B-21886, B-21893, B-22400,
B-22497, B-22560, B-22620, B-22671,
B-22%1, B-23079, B-23136, B-23249,
B-23251, B-23575, B-24609, B-24730,
B-25033, B-25306, B-25427, B-26084,
B-26138, B-26317, B-26593, B-28117,
B-28392, B-28499, B-28502, B-28532,
B-28599, B-28642, B-29273, B-29278,
B-29802, B-29824, B-30043, B-30091,
B-30104, B-30276, B-30606, B-31078,
B-33167, B-33321, B-33890, B-34609,
B-34683, B-35015, B-36151, B-36413,
B-36460, B-36951, B-37115, B-37324,
B-37448, B-37544, B-37553, B-37709,
B-38190, C-01534, C-01541, C-07180,
C-08121, C-08122, C-08123, C-08124,
C-08125, C-08126, C-08127, C-08128,
C-08465, C-08487, C-08501, C-08953,
C-09223, C-09721, C-09728, C-10092,
C-10221, C-10315, C-10369, C-11573,
C-11574, C-11631, C-11819, C-11861,
C-11948, C-11967, C-12321, C-13989,
C-14076, C-14213, C-I4435, C-14710,
C-15342, C-15372, C-15521, C-15752,
C-16230, C-16298, C-16335, C-16995.
C-17368, C-17436, C-17452, C-17664,
C-18226, C-19902, C-19960, C-20565,
C-20595, C-20886, C-20923, C-20947,
C-21533, C-21629, C-21662, C-22072,
C-22079, C-22220, C-22626, C-22982,
C-23040, C-23069, C-23209, C-23982,
C-25921, C-27131, C-28070, C-28450,i
C-28585, C-29269, C-29801, C-29953,
C-30199, C-31004, C-31005, C-31047,,
C-31049, C-31251, C-31614, C-31615j
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
229
32441,
36260,
37477,
•06755,
•08818,
• 12210,
16087,
•16664,
•21103,
25094,
37306,
10211,
10224,
10310.
12792,
16629,
17678,
19740,
20155,
22417,
25811,
28323,
30589,
31642,
35037,
36062,
36954,
11554,
13936,
17364,
18227,
19890,
22219,
23638,
30042,
36086,
-03202,
07189,
-08801,
•09725,
-10577,
-11935,
•11970,
-14682,
16515,
-17080,
17683,
19947,
-21125,
22152,
23582,
24392,
24935,
-28493,
29255,
29571,
29899,
-31009,
-31613,
31639,
33306,
33868,
34528,
36924,
37620,
-02541,
-13838,
-15538,
-16226,
-16637,
-17822,
-18270,
-19460,
-19731,
-19873,
-20551,
C-32453,
C-36826,
C-37519,
D-07393,
D-09403,
D-12323,
D-16345,
D-16673,
D-21126,
D-26174,
D-38481,
E-10217,
E-10229,
E-10368,
E-14044,
E-16680,
E-17713,
E-19758,
E-21122,
E-22921,
E-26863,
E-28357,
E-30752,
E-33927,
E-35357,
E-36142,
E-37024,
F-11933,
F-14391,
F-17588,
F-18228,
F-19967,
F-22319,
F-24490,
F-30737,
F-36320,
G-06866,
G-07541,
G-08949,
G-09934,
G-11552,
G-11936,
G-12344,
G-15233,
G-16598,
G-17081,
G-19553,
G-20972,
G-21336,
G-22317,
G-23876,
G-24573,
G-25341,
G-28496,
G-29256,
G-29575,
G-30148,
G-31046,
G-31619,
G-32186,
G-33345,
G-33903,
G-34945,
G-36927,
H-00408,
H-04368,
H-14417,
H-16059,
H-16632,
H-16656,
H-18229,
H-18272,
H-19461,
H-19770,
H-19891,
H-20981,
C-32946,
C-37107,
D-02066,
D-07936,
D-10582,
D-13953,
D-16401,
D-17712,
D-21239,
D-33072,
E-07179,
E-10219,
E-10233,
E-11287,
E-14825,
E-16687,
E-19274,
E-19767,
E-21646,
E-23039,
E-27745,
E-29636,
E-30796,
E-33939,
E-35420,
E-36238,
E-38609,
F-12341,
F-14467,
F-17619,
F-18308,
F-21628,
F-22402,
F-28260,
F-31039,
F-37582,
G-07015,
G-08461
G-09232
G-10349,
G-11568
G-11941,
G-12960
G-16047
G-16600
G-17417
G-19558,
G-21087
G-21644
G-22953
G-24023
G-24586
G-26324
G-28541
G-29284,
G-29589
G-30468,
G-31120,
G-31620
G-32953,
G-33447,
G-34148,
G-36259,
G-36928,
H-02041
H-07360
H-14433
H-16152
H-16633
H-16657
H-18234,
H-18310
H-19540
H-19771
H-19949
H-20982
C-33307,
C-37253,
D-04115,
D-08120,
D-11627,
D-14534,
D-16495,
D-19445,
D-24575,
D-36412,
E-09S37,
E-10220,
E-10235,
E-12349,
E-16324,
E-17612,
E-19618,
E-19781,
E-22228,
E-23304,
E-27823,
E-30338,
E-31006,
E-34751,
E-35702,
E-36428,
F-05440,
F-13178,
F-14693,
F-17921,
F-19436,
F-21701,
F-22587,
F-28263,
F-31415,
G-02539,
, G-07173,
G-08611,
G-09535,
G-10396,
G-11932,
G-11947,
G-13625,
G-16063,
G-17079,
G-17590,
G-19880,
G-21I23,
G-21669,
G-22962,
G-24125,
G-24731,
G-28205,
G-29249,
G-294S3,
G-29609,
G-31008,
G-31507,
G-31629,
G-33230,
G-33527,
G-34443,
G-36923,
G-37229,
, H-02049,
I, H-12534,
i, H-15228,
:, H-16222,
i, H-16634,
', H-17449,
., H-18265,
i, H-19435,
i, H-19S54,
., H-19773,
H-20185,
, H-21062,
H-21081, H-21098, H-22232, H-22619,
H-22621, H-22622, H-22952, H-23041,
H-23188, H-23260, H-23386, H-23576,
H-23583, H-23624, H-23625, H-23639,
H-23678, H-23689, H-23874, H-23950,
H-23986, H-24024, H-24025, H-24063,
H-24064, H-24084, H-24086, H-24395,
H-24434, H-24533, H-24714, H-24773,
H-24787, H-24788, H-24848, H-24850,
H-24851, H-24933, H-25307, H-25330,
H-25660, H-25661, H-25665, H-26175,
H-26367, H-26491, H-27388, H-27827,
H-27925, H-28409, H-28475, H-28600,
H-29147, H-29254, H-30003, H-30469,
H-31266, H-31628, H-31735, H-32088,
H-32183, H-32334, H-33063, H-34867.
H-36159, H-36161, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166, H-36993,
1-16404, 1-24972, 1-25937, 1-27739,
1-31641, 1-31643, J-13952, J-17203,
J-17658, J-18266, J-24309, J-26432,
J-26443, K-06778, K-16116, K-21840,
K-24907, L-00539, L-01528, L-02059,
L-02301, L-03243, L-06754, L-07216,
L-09009, L-09234. L-11914, L-12238,
L-13069, L-14708, L-14798, L-17669,
L-19723, L-19920, L-32193, L-32194,
L-32195, L-32196, L-32197, L-32198,
L-32199, L-32200, L-32201, L-32202,
L-32203, L-32204, L-32205, M-15760,
M-26429, N-10260, N-15096, N-18309,
N-216S4
EVAPORATORS A-09935, B-32798
EXCESS AIR B-29824, G-07541
EXCRETIONS D-05466, G-33903, G-37229
EXHAUST SYSTEMS B-02032, B-05448,
B-05464, B-23136, B-23262, B-25033,
B-28117, B-31078, B-37324, H-04368.
L-13621
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT B-07362,
B-22560, C-08126, C-08501, C-10221,
C-10315, C-29762, E-09537, F-18308,
F-19967, H-18234
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A-18268,
B-02032, C-08124, C-08125, C-08465,
C-08953. C-10092, C-11573, C-18307,
C-22072, E-31642, F-11554, F-18308,
F-36320, G-07189, G-08305, G-10396,
H-18234, H-18269, H-18270, H-18271,
H-36162
EXPLOSIONS A-01535, C-01541
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS G-02539,
G-07174, G-14493, H-23260, H-24434,
H-30709, H-36993, 1-24972
EXPOSURE METHODS B-06116, B-26138,
D-14482. D-16401, G-07174, G-10396,
G-24023, G-32914, G-33345, G-33447,
G-34443, G-34644, G-35153, G-362S9,
G-37620, H-11415, H-15538, H-16152,
H-27925, H-33327, H-36161, H-36993,
1-13369
EYE IRRITATION B-06280, D-22537,
E-19828, G-07541, G-11568, G-14682,
G-19939, G-23101, G-23103, G-28768,
G-30654, G-32735, G-32882, M-14491
EYES A-22579, B-06280, G-07541,
G-11568, G-13059, G-23101, G-26306,
G-33230, G-33447, G-36923, G-36924,
G-36927, G-36928
FALLOUT C-01S41, E-16680, E-36062
FANNING E-21122
FANS (BLOWERS) B-02032, B-23136,
B-23262, B-37324
FEASIBILITY STUDIES B-13732,
H-32336, H-36161
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS B-06280,
J-26443, L-01528, L-07216, M-26429
FEES L-19723
FEMALES D-13953, G-07592, G-08949,
G-10321, G-10349, G-10577, G-11953,
G-26024, G-26025, G-26306, G-26558,
G-26764, G-28351, G-28364, G-28559,
G-28722, G-28768, G-29235, G-29899,
G-30183, G-31613, G-31900, G-32882,
G-33123, G-33173, G-34528, G-36259,
G-37504, G-37505
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-17344, A-19899, B-29273, B-32099,
B-37115, C-18226, G-21125, H-18230,
H-23583, H-24395, J-24309
FERTILIZING H-20551, H-21062,
H-23624, H-27827, H-36161, H-36164
FIELD TESTS A-18268, B-06116, C-20947,
C-28585, C-32100, D-14482, D-16401,
D-21126, D-21219, D-21239, G-08801,
G-11907, H-16632, H-18272, H-24434
FILTER FABRICS A-08816, A-28494,
A-28781, B-02024, B-08129, B-30606,
B-33995, C-08121, C-08124, C-08125,
C-27517, C-37690, D-08120, F-05440,
F-36086, G-23606, G-31507, H-18264
FILTERS A-08816, A-13112, A-15637,
A-28494, A-28781, B-02024, B-05464,
B-06783, B-08129, B-09950, B-11910,
B-11931, B-13731, B-15759, B-17186,
B-19403, B-19407, B-19523, B-21324.
B-22620, B-23251, B-23262, B-23263,
B-24239, B-25033, B-28146, B-28502,
B-30104, B-30606, B-31078, B-32846,
B-33995, B-35496, B-36413, B-38190,
C-06112, C-08121, C-08123, C-08124,
C-08125, C-09223, C-10369, C-15342,
C-20923, C-20947, C-21629, C-25921,
C-27517, C-27542, C-30785, C-31615,
C-31626, C-33307, C-37690, C-37693,
D-06755, D-08120, F-05440, F-18308,
F-19436, F-31039, F-36086, G-23606,
G-31507, H-04368, H-18264, J-17203,
K-25087
FIRING METHODS A-20564, A-34101,
B-16325, B-21643, B-29824, B-35015,
B-35496, G-07541, L-09009, L-11914
FLAME AFTERBURNERS A-34101,
B-11952, B-24813, B-36204, L-09009
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
C-06112, C-08501, C-11574, C-17664,
C-22220, C-25921, F-11554
FLARES B-11740
FLAX C-08125
FLOUR PROCESSING A-01535, A-22077
FLOW RATES A-28781, B-07362,
B-08129, B-11931, B-16325, B-19407,
B-19746, B-19859, B-20374, B-20931,
B-21119, B-23262, B-23264, B-23303,
B-25306, B-26521, B-30043, B-30104,
B-30276, B-30526, B-30606, B-33971,
B-37324, B-37544, B-37709,C-08122,
C-08487, C-23069, C-25574, C-26127,
C-28070, C-31004, C-31047, C-31251,
C-31367, C-31615, C-31626, C-37443,
C-37689, C-37693, D-19433, E-09449,
E-09537, E-23039, F-17619, F-19890
FLOWERS H-02049, H-02541, H-16222,
H-17449, H-17822, H-18272, H-22232,
H-22952, H-23986, H-30709, H-36993.
L-06754
FLOWMETERS B-08129, B-21119,
C-10221, C-31251
-------
230
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
FLUID FLOW A-28781, B-07362, B-08129,
B-11931, B-16325, B-19407, B-19746,
B-19859, B-20374, B-20931, B-21119,
B-22961, B-23262, B-23264, B-23303,
B-2S306, B-26521, B-30043, B-30104,
B-30276, B-30526, B-30606, B-33971,
B-3S496, B-37324, B-37544, B-37709,
C-08122, C-08487, C-10221, C-23069,
C-25574, C-26127, C-28070, C-31004,
C-31047, C-31251, C-31367, C-31615,
C-31626, C-37443, C-37689, C-37693,
D-19433, E-09449, E-09537, E-23039,
E-31642, F-13617, F-17619, F-19890,
F-30042
FLUORESCENCE C-09223, C-21662,
C-27131, C-37107, C-37690, E-19828.
F-17588, F-23638, H-36162, H-36163
FLUORIDES A-09541. A-11915, A-17471,
A-23022, B-17463, B-28502, B-30276,
B-33971, B-37544, C-08501, C-15171,
C-27131, D-16345, F-22219, G-16047.
G-30183, H-02041, H-02049, H-04368,
H-13838, H-17822, H-18230, H-23950,
H-24395, H-24787, H-26491
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-23022
FLUORINE A-17344, A-18267, A-18268,
A-19434, B-17463, B-25427, C-05439,
C-08501, G-19880. H-01557, H-02S41,
H-04368, H-16152, H-18264, H-18265,
H-18272, H-19873, H-21062, H-36159,
J-18266, L-01528, L-06754
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-09541,
A-11915, A-17471, A-1826*, A-23022,
A-23580, B-17463, B-23575, B-25427,
B-28502, B-30276, B-33971, B-37115,
B-37544, C-05439, C-06112, C-08501,
C-15171, C-18226, C-20595, C-27131,
D-16345, D-16673, F-22219, G-02539,
G-16047, G-30183, H-01557, H-02041,
H-02049, H-04368, H-13838, H-16152,
H-17822, H-18230, H-18264, H-18265,
H-18269, H-18270, H-18271, H-18272,
H-23188, H-23386, H-23576, H-23624,
H-23639, H-23950, H-24024, H-24395.
H-24533, H-24787, H-24852, H-24933,
H-25661, H-25665, H-26491, H-28409,
H-28475, H-28600, H-36159, J-18266
FLUOROSIS A-18268, G-16047, G-30183,
H-18269, H-18270, H-18271, H-18272,
H-23624, H-25665
FLY ASH A-11934, A-11971, B-06116,
B-21643, B-22497, B-22961, B-28146,
C-15346, E-10219, E-16687, F-31415,
G-24392, H-18270, H-23624, H-34867,
L-19723
FOG E-02444, E-10211, E-10310, E-19758,
E-22921, E-29636, E-30796, E-35420,
E-36142, G-29284, H-34867
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-01535, A-21887, A-22077, B-07362,
B-07S30, B-07531, B-08467, B-14940,
B-23002, B-32099, C-31924, N-04052
FOODS G-15703, G-31008, G-33868,
H-18264, H-18271. H-31628, H-31735,
H-34867
FORESTS A-11915, B-24730, C-20947,
D-16664, D-16673, D-21126, E-07179.
H-14433, H-15228, H-16632, H-18310,
H-20551, H-20981, H-21062, H-21081,
H-23689, H-24063, H-24933, H-30003,
H-32334, H-32336, H-32342, J-17658
FORMALDEHYDES B-00562, C-08465,
C-15171, C-31924. G-37620, H-31833
FRACTIONATION F-11554, F-37582
FRANCE A-15637, B-06116. B-13924,
B-19407, B-22560, B-22671, B-28502,
B-29273, B-30043. B-33167, B-35015,
C-103I5, C-11631, C-11967, C-15752,
C-17368, C-19902, C-29269, C-31064,
D-37306, E-09537, E-30589, E-35702,
F-17588, F-18227, F-18228, F-30737,
G-07015, G-07189, G-07541, G-16047,
G-17683, G-22152, G-26324. G-28205.
G-29284, G-31613, G-329S3, H-02541,
H-18229, H-19770, H-22952, H-23260.
H-23386, H-24714, H-24848, H-24850,
H-28600, H-33063, L-07216, N-10260
FREEZING C-28070
FROTH FLOATATION B-02931, B-1%16
FRUITS C-18226, D-16401, H-02541,
H-14489, H-18230, H-19773, H-23874,
H-23950, H-23986, H-31266, J-18266
FUEL ADDITIVES A-12975, A-14596,
A-34101. B-06280, B-11952. B-24813,
F-05440, G-06866, H-02541
FUEL CELLS B-36460
FUEL CHARGING A-34101, L-11914
FUEL GASES A-11739, B-08594, B-11910,
B-20299, B-23249, B-23251, B-29802,
B-29824, C-22982, E-30796. E-35702,
G-08611, G-32704, H-226I9. H-24773,
H-30469, L-11914
FUEL OIL PREPARATION B-01759,
B-08594, B-09956, B-12966, B-13127.
B-15952, B-17539, B-20090, B-20108,
B-33616, B-34314, B-35026, B-35060
FUEL OILS A-11739, A-20384, A-25056,
B-01759. B-03045, B-06280, B-08594,
B-09956. B-11740, B-11854, B-11910.
B-13732. B-15952, B-17067, B-17539,
B-19972, B-20090, B-20108, B-20299,
B-21886, B-21893, B-22291, B-23251,
B-25427, B-29273, B-29387, B-29824.
B-33616, B-34314, B-35026, B-35060,
B-36151. C-07482, C-07721, C-22982,
D-07393, F-17619, F-28263, G-07541,
G-23148, G-23151, G-26324. L-07216,
L-12238, L-23608
FUEL STANDARDS B-06280, B-35026
FUELS A-11739, A-13246, A-19434.
A-19444, A-20384, A-23210, A-25056,
A-28781, A-31616, A-31882, A-36533,
B-01759, B-02032, B-02931, B-03045,
B-06280, B-08594, B-09956, B-11740,
B-11854, B-11910, B-13732. B-15952,
B-17067, B-17113, B-17262, B-17539,
B-19616, B-19746, B-19859, B-19972,
B-20090. B-20108, B-20223, B-20299,
B-21031, B-21886, B-21893, B-22291,
B-22961, B-23136, B-23249, B-23251,
B-23262, B-24609, B-24813, B-25427,
B-26084, B-28392, B-28599. B-29273,
B-29387, B-29802, B-29824, B-33321,
B-33616, B-33890, B-34314, B-35015,
B-35026, B-35060, B-36151, B-36951,
C-06112, C-07482, C-07721, C-08123,
C-08126, C-22982, C-23982, C-25921,
C-31615, D-06755, D-07393, D-13953,
D-21239, E-11287, E-30338, E-30796,
E-35702. F-05440, F-13620, F-17594.
F-17619, F-22319, F-22587, F-28263,
G-06866, G-07541, G-08611, G-19553,
G-19947, G-22953, G-22962, G-23148,
G-23151, G-26324, G-29423, G-32704,
H-16226, H-18264, H-19540, H-19771,
H-19773, H-22619, H-24773, H-30469,
L-03243, L-07216, L-09009, L-11914,
L-12238, L-13069, L-23608, N-04052,
N-21654
FUMES B-16537, C-01S34, C-20923,
D-07393, D-07936, D-16495, E-07179,
G-07379, G-24125, H-18229, H-18230,
H-18234, H-18310, H-19540, H-19949.
K-06778, L-01528, L-19723
FUNGI D-36412, H-07360, H-20185,
H-21098, H-24025, H-32334
FURNACES A-11934, A-12975, A-17344,
A-19027, A-20564, A-25056, A-28781,
B-03045, B-10568, B-11740, B-11854,
B-13026, B-14703, B-16325, B-16350,
B-17113, B-19403, B-21643, B-23002,
B-23262, B-24239, B-28499, B-29824,
B-35015, B-35060, B-37324, C-11967.
C-14435, C-23982, C-29436, D-21239.
F-13620, F-28678, H-19460, L-01528,
L-07216, L-11914
GAMMA RADIATION C-14435, E-36954
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY A-16494,
B-32099, C-06112, C-08501, C-10369,
C-11574, C-11967, C-15752, C-17341,
C-17436, C-17664, C-22220, C-25921,
C-31924, C-36826, C-37477, F-11554
GAS SAMPLING A-09541, C-06112,
C-08501, C-10092, C-10221, C-11574,
C-11631, C-13070, C-15342, C-16543,
C-17341, C-20565, C-22391, C-23265,
C-282%, C-29436, C-30634, C-31251,
F-11554, G-22152. L-19408
GAS TURBINES B-07362, B-17262,
F-30042
GASES A-08816, A-23210, A-28494,
B-03045, B-07531, B-14226, B-23079,
B-31078, B-35650, B-37544, C-07401,
C-08501, C-08953, C-11819, C-14076,
C-15342, C-15752, C-19958. C-28296,
C-29762, C-32441, D-07936, E-27745,
F-13614, F-13617, F-13618, F-16658,
F-19890, F-22319, F-22402, F-31415,
G-14493, G-21125, G-29S71, G-33345,
G-34443, H-13838, H-18264, H-31833.
1-24972
GASIFICATION (SYNTHESIS) B-11910,
B-16510, B-20381, B-37448
GASOLINES A-36533, B-17262, B-24813,
B-36151, F-05440, G-06866, L-09009,
N-04052
GENETICS A-18267, G-33123. G-34148,
H-16657, H-23625
GERMANY A-08816, A-09541, A-11915,
A-11934, A-11971, A-13112, A-17344,
A-17471, A-18267, A-19434, A-19444,
A-20384, A-20564, A-21887, B-00562,
B-02024, B-02032, B-04798, B-05448,
B-05464, B-06783, B-07362, B-07530,
B-07531, B-08594, B-10564, B-10568,
B-11740, B-11854, B-13630, B-13697,
B-14289, B-16630, B-17022. B-17113,
B-17463, B-19403, B-19523, B-19616,
B-19746, B-20223, B-20381, B-20931,
B-21031, B-21119, B-21886, B-21893,
B-23575, B-24609, B-24730, B-25033,
B-26084, B-26593, B-28499, B-28599,
B-29824, B-30276, B-30606, B-31078,
B-34683, B-36413, B-36460, B-36951,
B-37448, B-37709, B-38190, C-07180,
C-08501, C-09223, C-09721, C-09728,
C-10369, C-11573, C-11574, C-11819,
C-13989, C-14076, C-14213, C-14435,
C-15521, C-16230, C-16298, C-16335,
C-1699S, C-17436, C-17452, C-18226,
C-20565, C-20886, C-20947, C-21533,
C-21629, C-23982, C-25921, C-31005,
C-31047, C-31049, C-31251, C-31614,
C-31615, C-32441, C-32453, C-32946,
-------
C-33307. C-37519, D-02066, D-06755,
D-11627, D-12323, D-16401, D-19445,
D-21103, D-21126, D-25094, D-26174,
E-07179, E-11287, E-12792, E-14044,
E-21122, E-26863. E-30338, E-31642,
E-33939, E-3S357, E-36428, E-37024,
E-38609, F-05440, F-11933, F-12341,
F-13178, F-14467, F-17364, F-17921,
F-19890, F-19%7, F-21701, F-22219,
F-22319, F-22402, F-22587, F-23638,
F-24490, G-07173, G-08611, G-09725,
G-10349, G-10577, G-11S68. G-11970,
G-12960, G-14682, G-19558, G-19947,
G-21125, G-21336. G-23876, G-24023,
G-24573, G-24731, G-29609, G-29899,
G-30148, G-31507, G-31639. G-33230,
G-34148, G-34443, G-37229, H-00408
H-04368, H-07360, H-14417, H-14433,
H-15538, H-161S2, H-16222, H-16634.
H-16637, H-166S6, H-16657, H-17822,
H-18229, H-18265, H-18270, H-18272,
H-18310, H-19435, H-19460, H-19461,
H-19540, H-19554. H-19731, 11-19771,
H-19773, H-19873, H-20185, H-20551,
H-22232, H-22622, H-23583, H-23625,
H-23639, H-23678, H-23874, H-23986,
H-24024, H-24063, H-24064, H-24084,
H-24086, H-24434, H-24S33, H-24773,
H-24788, H-24851, H-25307. H-25330,
H-26367, H-27388, H-27827, H-29254,
H-30003, H-30469, H-34867, H-36993,
1-31641, J-17203, J-17658. J-18266,
K-16116, K-21840, K-24907, L-00539,
L-01528, L-03243, L-06754, L-09234,
L-19920
GLADIOLI H-02541, H-16222, H-17449,
H-17822
GLANDS F-14693, G-09934, G-29899,
G-32953, G-37620, H-13624, H-18271,
H-32088
GLASS FABRICS A-08816, A-28494,
A-28781, C-27517, C-37690, F-05440,
F-36086, G-23606, G-31507, H-18264
GOVERNMENTS A-19434, B-06280,
G-17683, J-26443. K-06778, K-25087,
L-01528, L-02059, L-07216, L-11914,
L-12238, L-32198, M-26429
GRASSES D-16401, H-04368, H-11415,
H-1S538, H-16222, H-17449, H-17822,
H-18264, H-18269, H-19460, H-30709,
H-32183, H-36161, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36164, H-36165. H-36166
GRAVITY SETTLING B-24609, C-08126,
C-08127, D-08120, F-19436
GREAT BRITAIN B-06280, B-16537,
C-11573, D-07936, E-09537, E-30796,
G-0972S. G-10577, K-06778, M-26429
GREENHOUSES H-15538, H-16222
GROUND LEVEL D-02066, D-21103,
D-28648, E-10220, E-10229, E-10235.
E-10368, E-11287. E-16629, E-16687,
E-19781, E-20351, E-22080, E-258I1,
E-27823, E-33939, E-35037, E-35420,
E-36062, E-36176, E-36428
GUINEA PIGS B-26138, G-06866,
G-0701S, G-07189, G-08305, G-13868,
G-1705S, G-17056, G-28765, G-29284,
G-32914, G-34945, G-35153
H
HALOGEN GASES A-17344, A-18267,
A-18268, A-19434, B-03045, B-17463,
B-25427, B-29802, C-05439, C-07180,
C-08501, C-11819, C-14076, C-15752,
SUBJECT INDEX
C-28450,C-29269,C-29762,D-02066,
F-16572, G-19880. G-36924, H-01557,
H-02541, H-04368, H-16152. H-18264,
H-18265, H-18272, H-19731, H-19773,
H-19873, H-21062, H-23188, H-28475,
H-36159, J-13952, J-18266, K-06778,
L-01528, L-06754
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
A-23022, A-28494, C-11819, F-28263,
G-28493, G-34148, G-36928, H-31628
HAMSTERS G-29284
HARBORS D-08818. D-09403, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214
HAZE E-34751, E-35420, 1-31643
HEADACHE G-l 1907, 0-17417, G-23876,
G-30654, G-31008
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT G-03214,
G-07541, G-08461, G-08949, G-l 1907,
G-15233, G-21644, G-24023, G-26306,
G-29609, G-30167, G-30353, G-31008,
G-31620, G-32882, G-32953, G-33123,
G-33447, G-33868, G-34148, H-23624,
H-25665, H-31628, J-24309, L-07216
HEALTH STATISTICS D-22537. G-03214.
G-11568, G-11955, G-12344, G-12490,
G-13625, G-22152, G-26305, G-26324,
G-26523. G-26764, G-28559, G-28714,
G-28733, G-28750, G-28753, G-33173,
G-34148, G-36809, G-37504
HEART G-08461, G-11568, G-13065.
G-16598, G-30353. H-31735, H-32088,
H-34867
HEAT TRANSFER A-23022, A-34101,
B-07362, B-07531, B-10568, B-19234,
B-29273, B-354%, B-37448. B-37709,
C-28070, E-10235, F-13618
HEIGHT FINDING B-19407
HEMATOLOGY B-26138, C-17436,
D-05466, D-07936, G-03214, G-08801,
G-09535, G-11568, G-l 1936, G-13059,
G-19514, G-19880, G-19939, G-21123,
G-21669, G-23101, G-24392, G-28205,
G-28541, G-29249, G-29256, G-29589,
G-29609, G-29899, G-30353, G-31009,
G-31639, G-33123, G-33903, H-32088
HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
SAMPLERS C-11574, C-23982,
D-06755
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS
D-07936, G-21669. G-28205, G-29589,
G-33123, H-32088
HEPTANES F-05440
HERBS H-32183
HEXANES B-00562, B-02130, B-08594
HI-VOL SAMPLERS C-15642, C-37608.
C-37690, D-06755, D-08818, D-21219,
D-33072, E-36501
HIGHWAYS D-16017. H-24788
HOGS H-13624. H-18271, H-31628
HORMONES G-32953, G-33230, H-02541
HOURLY C-07391, D-30378, E-36495,
G-28364, H-30709, H-33327
HUMANS B-33995, C-01534, C-08953,
C-29269, C-29953, D-05466, D-06755,
D-13953, D-14534, D-1634S, D-16495,
D-22537. D-27839, D-30378, E-307%,
F-12341, G-02539, G-03214, G-07015,
G-07174, G-07541, G-07S92, G-08305,
G-08461. G-08611, G-08801. G-08949,
G-09232, G-0953S, G-09725, G-09934,
G-10321, G-10349, G-10S77, G-l 1552,
G-11568, G-11907, G-11932, G-11936,
G-l 1941. G-l 1947, G-l 1953, G-11955.
G-11970, G-12344, G-12960, G-13868,
G-14480, G-14553, G-14682, G-16136,
G-16177, G-I7061, G-17080, G-17311,
231
G-17417, G-19553, G-19880, G-20972,
G-21123, G-21125. G-21336, G-21785,
G-22152, G-22317, G-22953, G-22%2,
G-23101, G-23102, G-23103, G-23I48,
G-23151, G-23582, G-23876, G-24573,
G-24586, G-24731. G-24935, G-26024,
G-26025, G-26051. G-26305, G-26306,
G-26516, G-26523, G-26530, G-265S8,
G-26764, G-26987, G-27653, G-28205,
G-28351, G-28364, G-28541, G-28558,
G-28559, G-28714, G-28722, G-28733,
G-28750, G-28752. G-28753, G-28767,
G-28768, G-29235, G-29249, G-29255,
G-29284, G-29423, G-29453, G-29575,
G-29589, G-29609. G-29683, G-29899,
G-29925, G-30148. G-30167, G-30183,
G-30237, G-30310, G-30353, G-30396,
G-30654, G-31008, G-31016, G-31046,
G-31507, G-31613, G-31619, G-31620,
G-31665, G-31900, G-32186, G-32704,
G-32735, G-32882, G-33065, G-33109,
G-33123, G-33173, G-33230, G-33291,
G-33372, G-33447, G-33527, G-33868,
G-33903, G-34148, G-34190, G-34528,
G-35134, G-35153, G-35154, G-36259,
G-36809, G-36812, G-36923, G-36924,
G-36927, G-36928, G-37337, G-37504,
G-37505, G-37620, H-26367, H-36163,
K-25087, K-34866, L-02301, N-21654
HUMIDITY A-09935, B-19234, B-23263.
B-24730, B-25306, B-356SO, C-27517,
C-31«26, C-32100, E-10211, E-10229,
E-10235, E-12349, E-22228. E-22403,
E-27823, E-28609, E-29178, E-29636,
E-35420, E-36142, E-36238, E-36494,
F-21701, F-22402, G-07379, G-23606,
G-29453. G-34190, H-07360, H-23386.
H-24064, H-30709, H-31833, H-34867,
1-16404, 1-27739,1-31643, L-09234
HYDRIDES B-30043
HYDROCARBONS A-08524. A-14596,
A-16494, A-19434, A-19899, A-20384,
A-22579, A-23210, A-34101, B-00562,
B-02130, B-06280, B-07362, B-08594,
B-10568, B-11740, B-11910, B-11952,
B-17262, B-22957, B-23251, B-24735,
B-24813, B-25427, B-26670, B-28502,
B-28642, B-29802, B-34609, B-34683,
B-35015, B-35026, B-35166, B-3615I,
B-36204, B-37252, C-01534, C-06112,
C-08501, C-08953, C-09223, C-11574,
C-13989, C-15171, C-16298, C-17024,
C-20595, C-20886, C-22220, C-28585,
C-29269, C-30634, C-31924, C-32441,
C-37107, C-37477, D-02066, D-07393,
D-07936, D-13953, D-14534, D-16017,
D-16345, D-19433, D-21239, D-22537,
D-33072, E-19828, E-33927, F-05440,
F-115S4, F-14391. F-17921, F-22319,
F-22587, F-28263, G-03202, G-03214,
G-08305, G-08801, G-10577, G-l 1941,
G-23876, G-24935, G-28205, G-31120.
G-34148, H-02541, H-24773, H-27925,
J-139S2, J-24309, L-09009, L-09234,
L-11914, L-14798, N-04052, N-10260
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-08816,
A-20564, B-26593, B-29802, C-08S01,
C-14486, C-15752, C-21629, C-31924,
F-17364, H-02541, H-19949, H-22622,
H-28475, 1-16404, K-06778
HYDROCYANIC ACID B-34683, C-14076
HYDRODESULFURIZATION B-017S9.
B-08594, B-09956. B-12966. B-13127,
B-17539, B-20090, B-20108, B-33616,
B-34314, B-35026. B-35060
-------
232
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-08816,
A-17471, A-18268, B-26317, B-30276,
B-37544, C-08501, C-11574, C-15372,
G-16555, G-24392, H-16152, H-16222,
H-17449, H-18230, H-19949, H-23386,
H-23874, H-23986, H-24064, H-24533,
H-26175, H-26491, H-28600, H-32334,
K-06778, N-04052
HYDROGEN B-08S94, B-15952, B-19746,
B-30048, B-34609, B-37544, C-11967,
C-15752, C-2858S, F-17588, F-22587
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-06240, A-17344,
A-31616, B-03045, B-07531, B-08467,
B-11910, B-13630, B-13734, B-15300,
B-15839, B-15952, B-16350, B-17067,
B-19746, B-19859, B-21893, B-22061,
B-22400, B-23249, B-23251. B-29273,
B-29278, B-30048, B-32798, B-33122,
B-34683, B-37448, C-06112, C-07180,
C-07391, C-08465, C-08501, C-11574,
C-11819, C-14076, C-15171, C-15342,
C-16543, C-20595, C-21629, C-22220,
C-25921, C-28450, C-29269, C-31924,
D-02066, D-07393, D-13422, F-13178,
F-21628, F-31039, F-36086, G-11941,
G-19939, G-32735, G-36259, H-02541,
H-23188, H-23260, H-24714, H-24848,
H-28475, J-13952, K-06778, L-06754,
L-09234, N-04052
HYDROGENATION B-19746, H-12535
HYDROLYSIS A-08524, B-22400
HYDROSPHERE E-10211
HYDROXIDES B-23263. B-26084,
C-23265, F-14391
HYGROMETERS L-09234
HYGROSCOPICITY B-30526, B-33995,
E-36142
HYPERSENSITIVITY G-11907, G-34945
HYPOXIA G-16600, G-17417
I
IMMUNOLOGY G-07173, G-19947,
G-28496, G-34945, H-20185
IMPINGERS C-05439, C-07391, C-11574,
C-29436, C-31626, C-37443, C-37728,
D-06755, D-13422, E-10217, F-14467
INCINERATION A-08816, A-11934,
A-11971, A-13112, A-13622, A-16254,
A-20564, A-25056, B-08467, B-11740,
B-13697, B-14940, B-23262, B-28146,
B-34609, B-35015, B-35496, F-13618,
F-13620, G-29423, J-13952, N-04052
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-11915, B-11910,
D-07393, D-09403, D-10316, D-12210,
D-12323, D-19445, D-22537, D-27839,
D-30378, D-30708, E-11287, E-25811,
G-07592, G-09725, G-10321, G-11907,
G-11936, G-11941, G-12344, G-12960,
G-14682, G-16177, G-19880, G-2I336,
G-22317, G-23101, G-23103, G-23151,
G-26558, G-26764, G-28164, G-28558,
G-28753, G-29899, G-30183, G-33109,
G-34148, G-35134, G-37337, H-07360,
H-17449, H-18269, H-23188, H-25307,
H-32336, H-32342. J-13952, K-16116,
K-25087, L-11914, L-17669, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, M-14491
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-01535, A-06240, A-08524, A-08816,
A-09541, A-09935, A-11739, A-11934,
A-11971, A-13112, A-13622, A-14701,
A-15637, A-16254, A-16494, A-17344,
A-17471, A-17665, A-I8267, A-18268,
A-19434, A-19899, A-20564, A-20884,
A-21887, A-22077, A-23022, A-23580,
A-240%, A-25056, A-28781, A-31882,
B-01759, B-02024, B-02032, B-02931,
B-04798, B-05448, B-05464, B-06116,
B-06783, B-07362, B-07530, B-07531.
B-08467, B-08594, B-09950, B-09956,
B-10568, B-11740, B-11910, B-13026,
B-13206, B-13334, B-13697, B-13732,
B-13817, B-14289, B-14703, B-14940,
B-15300, B-15759, B-15839, B-15957,
B-16350, B-165IO, B-16537, B-17067,
B-17402, B-17463, B-19403, B-19523,
B-19581, B-19616, B-19746, B-19972,
B-20299, B-21031, B-21324, B-21643,
B-21886, B-21893, B-22061, B-22291,
B-22400, B-22560, B-22671, B-23002,
B-23251, B-23262, B-24239, B-24609,
B-25427, B-26003, B-26317, B-26593,
B-28117, B-28146, B-28499, B-28599,
B-29273, B-29278, B-29601, B-29802,
B-30043, B-30048, B-32099, B-32798,
B-32846, B-33167, B-33321, B-33890,
B-34609, B-35015, B-354%, B-36951,
B-37115, B-37324, B-37448, B-37544,
B-37553, B-38190, C-07180, C-07721,
C-08124, C-08501, C-09721, C-15372,
C-18226, C-22391, C-29953, C-31049,
C-31615, C-31924, C-37107, D-02066,
D-04115, D-05466, D-09403, D-13953,
D-16401, D-21103, D-21126, D-24575,
D-27839, D-30378, D-36014, E-05392,
E-07179, E-10219, E-10220, E-10229,
E-10235, E-10368, E-11287, E-14825,
E-16629, E-16687, E-17612, E-21122,
E-30796, E-35037, F-13178, F-13618,
F-13620, F-19890, F-36086, G-08461,
G-08949, G-09232, G-10321, G-10396,
G-11552, G-11568, G-11907, G-11936,
G-11941, G-11947, G-11970, G-17590,
G-17683, G-19514, G-19553, G-19880,
G-19947, G-21125, G-21414, G-22317,
G-22953, G-22%2, G-23148, G-24125,
G-24392, G-24586, G-25341, G-26764,
G-29235, G-29423, G-30183, G-31619,
G-31665, G-33527, G-33868, G-33903,
G-34190, G-35134, G-36923, G-36924,
G-37337, H-00408, H-02541, H-04368,
H-13838, H-14489, H-16637, H-17622,
H-18229, H-18230, H-18269, H-18270,
H-18272, H-19461, H-19540, H-20982,
H-21062, H-23386, H-23583, H-23624,
H-23874, H-23950, H-24025, H-24395,
H-25307, H-25660, H-25661, H-25665,
H-26491, H-29147, H-34867, J-01760,
J-13952, J-17203, J-24309, K-06778,
K-16116, K-25087, L-00539, L-01528,
L-02059, L-03230, L-03243, L-06754,
L-07216, L-11914, L-14798, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, M-14491, M-15760,
N-04052, N-15096
INERTIAL SEPARATION B-16630,
B-33995
INFANTS G-08611, G-10349, G-11955,
G-26051, G-26305, G-26530, G-28767,
G-31620, G-31665, G-33109, G-33123,
G-33527, G-34190, G-35154
INFECTIOUS DISEASES G-11568,
G-29571, G-31665, G-32914
INFLUENZA F-13619, G-07189, G-11568,
G-28364, G-34190
INFRARED RADIATION C-08501,
C-19958, C-32441, C-32453, C-32946
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY B-30091,
C-07180, C-28291, C-28300, C-30634,
C-30785, C-32453
INGESTION A-18268, G-07015, G-11947,
G-15703, G-32914, G-33230, G-33372,
H-13838, H-18269, H-18270, H-34867
INHALATION THERAPY A-09935
INHIBITION F-18228, F-22219, G-13065,
G-32953, H-20982, H-22952, H-26175,
H-36166
INORGANIC ACIDS A-08816, A-12975,
A-17471, A-18268, A-20564, B-02931,
B-07531, B-13206, B-16419, B-19860,
B-21643, B-23264, B-26317, B-26593,
B-28686, B-29802, B-30043, B-30276,
B-30526, B-37544, C-07482, C-08501,
C-09721, C-11574, C-11861, C-14486,
C-15372, C-15752, C-18226, C-20595,
C-21629, C-29436, C-30199, C-31367,
C-31924, C-37253, E-10211, E-30796,
F-17364, F-22402, G-03214, G-11941,
G-16555, G-21125, G-24392, G-26305,
G-28765, G-29423, G-31620, G-32735,
G-32953, G-34148, G-36927, H-02541,
H-15158, H-16152, H-16222, H-17449,
H-18230, H-18264, H-19554, H-19949,
H-22622, H-23386, H-23874, H-23986,
H-24024, H-24025, H-24064, H-24533,
H-26175, H-26491, H-28475, H-28600,
H-32334,1-16404, 1-27739, J-13952,
J-17203, K-06778, N-04052
INSPECTION B-06280, B-16549, C-15372,
L-14708
INSTRUMENTATION B-08129, C-07401,
C-08122, C-08123, C-08125, C-08953,
C-10315, C-10369, C-17341, C-22220,
C-28291, C-28300, C-31005, C-36826,
E-09537
INTERMITTENT MONITORING C-11573,
C-11574, C-22998
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-20884, A-22579, A-34101, B-00562,
B-02130, B-06280, B-11952, B-17262,
B-24813, B-26670, B-36204, C-20886,
C-31924, D-07393, D-16017, F-22402,
G-08801, G-21125, H-33063, L-07216,
L-09009, L-13621, N-04052
INTERNATIONAL A-31882, B-06280,
E-27745, G-17683, K-34866, L-09009
INTESTINES F-14693
INVERSION C-33373, C-37519, D-25094,
D-37306, E-09449, E-10211, E-10229,
E-10368, E-11287, E-14044, E-19740,
E-21122, E-22080, E-22403, E-25811,
E-34191, E-35357, E-35420, E-36238,
E-36428, E-38609, G-09725, G-30148,
H-33063
IODIDES A-09935, C-07180. G-16047
IODIMETRIC METHODS B-24735,
C-07180, C-10315, C-16543, C-20595
IODINE COMPOUNDS A-09935, C-07180,
C-07401, G-16047
IONIZATION B-28599, C-08501, E-37024,
G-08461
IONS B-22560, B-26521, B-33122, C-05439,
C-07180, C-08487, Cr11861, C-23265,
E-10224, E-37024, G-08461, G-16063,
G-16515, G-32735, H-02041, H-19554,
H-25330, 1-22078, K-25087
IRON A-17471, A-17665, B-13734,
B-19403, B-21324, B-24239, B-26003,
B-26593, B-37324, B-37553, C-37690,
D-16401, D-21103, D-27839, F-36086,
G-07592, G-10396, G-11970, G-15703,
G-24586, 1-13369,1-16404,1-24972,
1-27739, 1-31007, 1-31641, 1-31643,
L-23608, L-24214
IRON COMPOUNDS B-11910, B-16419,
B-19616, B-19972, B-20223, B-24609,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
233
B-29273, C-22626, C-37693, D-10316,
D-27831. P-16572, F-17364, F-17921,
F-28678, G-07S92, G-10396, G-24125,
G-32735, H-19461, H-20185, H-22622
1-31643
IRON OXIDES A-17471, A-19027,
B-26593, B-28146, B-29273, D-10316,
F-13936, F-17364, G-10396, G-17S90
H-16637, 1-31641
IRRADIATION CHAMBERS E-19828
ISOTOPES C-17368, C-23040, E-16680
E-27745, E-36062, E-36954, F-37582,
G-30468, H-19554, H-22621, H-36164
H-36165
ITALY B-16510, B-25427, C-15342,
C-20923, D-08818, D-09403, D-10582,
E-22228, E-36238, F-19436, G-11S52,
G-11935, G-22317, G-23582, G-24125,
G-29256, G-30468, G-31046, J-24309,
J-26432, J-26443, L-09234, L-13069,
M-26429, N-15096
JAPAN A-06240, A-12975, A-16494,
A-19899, A-25056, A-28781, A-34101,
B-01759, B-08811, B-09950, B-09956,
B-11952, B-12966, B-13026, B-13731,
B-13732, B-13734, B-14226, B-14940,
B-15839, B-16537, B-16549, B-17067,
B-17186, B-17262, B-17289, B-17402,
B-17539, B-19234, B-19581, B-19852,
B-19859, B-19860, B-19959, B-19972,
B-20090, B-20108, B-20299, B-21324,
B-21643, B-21647, B-22061, B-22074,
B-22291, B-22957, B-23002, B-23262,
B-23263, B-23264, B-23303, B-23307,
B-23368, B-23690, B-23873, B-23983,
B-24239, B-2473S, B-24813, B-26003,
B-26521, B-28146, B-28683, B-28684,
B-28686, B-29387, B-29601, B-30526,
B-32099, B-32798, B-32846, B-33122,
B-33616, B-33971, B-33995, B-34314,
B-3S026, B-35060, B-35496, B-36204,
C-06112, C-07391, C-07401, C-07482,
C-07721, C-13070, C-14486, C-15171,
C-15346, C-15606, C-15642, C-17024,
C-17279, C-1734I, C-18307, C-21761,
C-22391, C-23265, C-25574, C-26127,
C-27517, C-27542, C-28165, C-28291,
C-28296, C-28300, C-29436, C-29762,
C-30634, C-30785, C-31367, C-31626,
C-31924, C-32100, C-33373, C-36838,
C-36859, C-37443, C-37446, C-37608,
C-37689, C-37690, C-37693, C-37728,
D-05466, D-07393, D-10316, D-14482,
D-21219, D-22537, D-27831, D-27839,
D-28648, D-30378, D-36014, E-11954,
E-11956, E-13030, E-17401, E-17719,
E-17722, E-19828, E-20351, E-20629,
E-22080, E-22315, E-22403, E-26845,
E-268J1, E-28609, E-28616, E-29178,
E-30691, E-30692, E-34191, E-35991,
E-36307, E-36492, E-36494, E-36495,
E-36S01, F-13614, F-16572, F-16658,
F-17594, F-28678, G-03214, G-07379,
G-07592, G-08305, G-09535, G-10321,
G-11907, G-11953, G-11955, G-12490,
G-13868, G-14480, G-14493, G-14553,
G-16136, G-16177, G-16S55, G-17027,
G-17055, G-17056, G-17061, G-17311,
G-19514, G-19939, G-21414, G-21785,
G-23101, G-23102, G-23103, G-23148,
G-23151, G-23606, G-24154, G-24230,
G-26024, G-26025, G-26051, 0-26305,
G-26306, G-26516, G-26523, G-26530,
G-26558, G-26764, G-26987, G-27653,
G-28164, G-28351, G-28364, G-28558,
G-28559, G-28714, G-28722, G-28733,
G-28750, G-28752, G-28753, G-28765,
G-28767, G-28768, G-29235, G-29423,
G-29453, G-29683, G-29925, G-30167,
G-30183, G-30237, G-30310, G-30353,
G-30396, G-30654, G-31016, G-31665,
G-31900, G-32704, G-3273S, G-32882,
G-32914, G-33065, G-33109, G-33123,
G-33173, G-33291, G-33372, G-33868,
G-34190, G-34644, G-35153, G-35154,
G-36809, G-36812, G-37337, G-37504,
G-37505, H-12489, H-14489. H-15158,
H-28597, H-28680, H-29671, H-30709,
H-31011, H-31833, H-33327, 1-10094.
1-13369.1-22078, J-01760, K-25087,
L-03230, L-11951, L-19408, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, M-11950, M-14491
JET AIRCRAFT C-31924, F-30042
K
KEROSENE A-28781, B-17262, B-36151
KETONES A-08524, A-22579, C-37107
KIDNEYS A-14596, F-14693, G-09535.
G-I7079, G-30167, G-30468, G-32953,
G-37620, H-31735, H-32088, H-34867
KILNS A-09541, A-15637, A-17344,
B-06783, B-09950, B-14289, B-15759,
B-19523. B-23002, B-32846, B-33321.
K-16116, K-25087
KONIMETERS B-36413, C-07180,
C-08125, D-06755
KRAFT PULPING A-06240, A-16494,
A-19899, B-08467, B-14940, B-22061,
B-29278, B-32798
LABORATORY ANIMALS A-14596,
B-26138, C-01534, C-17436, D-08120,
F-14693, G-02539, G-03214, G-06866,
G-07015, G-07173, G-07189, G-08305,
G-10396, G-11935, G-13065, G-13868,
G-14493, G-16047, G-16515, G-16598.
G-16600, G-17027, G-17055, G-17056,
G-17079, G-17080, G-17081, G-17590,
G-21087, G-21669, G-24023, G-24154,
G-24392, G-26530, G-28493, G-28765,
G-29284, G-29571, G-30396, G-30468,
G-31009, G-31120, G-31613, G-31629,
G-31639, G-32914, G-32953, G-33173,
G-33306, G-33447, G-33527, G-34443,
G-34644, G-34945, G-35153, G-37620,
H-02541, H-32088, L-02301, N-10260
LACHRYMATION G-07541
LAKES B-28502
LAPSE CONDITION E-05392, E-19767,
E-21122, E-38609
LARYNGITIS D-22537, G-l 1955, G-23101.
G-23103, G-28753
LARYNX G-17027, G-23103, G-26324,
G-26987
LASERS C-32453, C-32946, C-33373,
C-37446, C-37519, E-19758
LAUNDERING (COAL) B-19616, B-24609,
B-28392
LEAD B-21324, G-07592, G-08949,
G-09535, G-11552, G-15703, G-28205,
1-31007
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-22579, B-00562,
B-24813, B-25033, B-35166. B-36204,
C-06112. C-08501, C-28450, C-37608.
C-37689, C-37693, D-16345, D-19433,
D-27831, F-05440, G-07592, G-08801,
G-08949, G-10577, G-11552, G-11935,
G-13059, G-13625, G-23582, G-23876,
G-24573, G-29256, G-30468, G-31009,
G-31046, G-32735, G-33372, G-33527,
G-33903, G-37229, H-14489, H-19770,
H-24788, K-06778, L-09009, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, N-04052
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLE C-11574,
C-16543, D-09403, D-12604, D-14482,
D-22537, G-09934, G-11907, G-11955,
G-31016, G-32882, G-37505
LEAVES A-11915, B-22497, B-22620.
G-30167, H-01557, H-02541, H-15158,
H-16222, H-16633, H-16656, H-17449,
H-18229, H-18230, H-18234, H-18264,
H-19435, H-19554, H-19770, H-19891,
H-19949, H-22621, H-22952, H-23188,
H-23386, H-23576, H-23678, H-23950,
H-23986, H-24084, H-24086, H-24395,
H-24850, H-27827, H-28597, H-28600,
H-28680, H-29671, H-30003, H-30469,
H-30709, H-32334, H-33063, H-36159,
J-18266
LEGAL ASPECTS A-11739, A-13112,
A-19434, B-02032, B-06280, B-15759,
B-16537, B-24730, B-30S26. B-33995,
B-35166, B-36951, D-30708, E-10368,
E-36428, E-38609, G-10577, G-17683,
G-22953, G-34443, H-20981, H-21062,
H-23624, H-26367, J-17658, K-06778,
K-16116, L-01528, L-02059, L-02301,
L-03230, L-03243, L-07216, L-09234,
L-11914, L-11951, L-12238, L-13069,
L-13621, L-14708, L-19408, L-19723,
L-32193, L-32194, L-32195, L-321%,
L-32197, L-32198, L-32199, L-32200,
L-32201, L-32202, L-32203, L-32204,
L-32205, N-04052, N-10260, N-15096
LEGISLATION A-11739, B-15759,
B-16537, B-30526, B-33995, D-30708,
G-10577, G-17683, G-22953, H-23624,
K-06778, L-02301, L-03230. L-07216,
L-09234, L-12238, L-13069, L-13621,
L-14708, L-19408, L-19723, L-32193,
L-32194, L-32195, L-32196, L-32197,
L-32198, L-32199, L-32200, L-32201,
L-32202, L-32203, L-32204, L-32205,
N-10260
LETTUCE H-02541, H-17449, H-19731
LEUKEMIA G-26324, H-32088
LEUKOCYTES G-21669, G-28765
LIFE SPAN G-30167
LIGHT RADIATION C-07401, C-08501,
C-19958, C-21662, C-29762, C-32441,
C-32453, C-32946, E-12792, E-18204,
E-19274, E-19618, E-19828, E-21646,
E-22921, E-30752, E-35420. E-36062,
E-36307, F-18227, F-21628, F-23638,
F-31039, G-08461, G-29589, G-34148,
G-36928, H-19731, H-22622, H-23260,
H-24064, H-27925, H-28597, H-30709,1
H-31833, H-36162, H-36164
LIGHT SCATTERING C-3100S, C-31367.
C-37728, E-19758, E-30752, F-28260
LIME A-15637, A-17344, B-32846, B-333ll
LIMESTONE B-11854, B-13732, B-14289,
B-19972, B-20374, B-22074, B-30276,
B-32846, B-33890, B-37448
LINE SOURCES E-10217, E-10310
LJJPIDS G-10396, G-16515
LIQUIDS B-08811, B-14289, B-23264,
B-26003, B-31078, B-33971. B-361S1,
B-38190, C-22391, C-23040, C-23265,
-------
234
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
C-25574, C-30634, E-09537, E-30752,
F-13614, F-13617, F-13618, F-16658,
F-17619, F-19436, F-19890, F-19%7,
G-34443, H-19770, J-26432
LITIGATION L-32200, L-32201, L-32202,
L-32203
LIVER F-14693, G-16515, G-17080.
G-17081, G-2S341, G-28493, G-30167,
G-30468, G-31009, G-32953, H-31628,
H-31735, H-32088, H-34867
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS L-12238
LONDON D-07936, E-30796, G-09725,
G-10577
LOS ANGELES D-07393
LOUISIANA G-29453
LOWER ATMOSPHERE C-14710,
D-28648, E-10229, E-10235, E-10368,
E-11954, E-12349, E-12792, E-16629,
E-17719, E-19740, E-19767, E-19781,
E-20351, E-21122, E-21646, E-22403,
E-23304, E-27745, E-28357, E-307%,
E-34751
LUNG CANCER D-16345, D-22537,
D-24575, G-08801, G-10577, G-11568,
G-13625, G-22426, G-24230, G-24935,
G-26324, G-26987, G-28S59, G-29453,
G-30396
LUNG CLEARANCE G-07174, G-07189,
G-11907, G-30353, G-31016, G-34644
LUNGS D-08120, F-13619, F-14693,
G-02539, G-07015, G-07173, G-07174,
G-07189, G-07541, G-07592, G-08305,
G-09232, G-10396, G-10577, G-11568.
G-12960, G-13868, G-14493, G-17055,
G-19558, G-21336, G-21669, G-22953,
G-22962, G-23101, G-24731, G-25341,
G-26987, G-28765, G-29609, G-30167,
G-30310, G-30353, G-30468, G-31120,
G-31639, G-32914, G-33173, G-33306,
G-33345, G-34443, G-34644, G-34945,
J-13952
LYMPHOCYTES G-07015, G-115S2,
G-34644
M
MAGNESIUM G-07592, H-13624
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS B-11854.
B-13630, B-29802, B-33890, C-21761,
C-22626, F-14391, F-22219, G-07592,
G-16063, G-16515, G-21123, H-17622,
H-23041, H-26175, H-32088
MAGNETIC SEPARATION B-19616,
B-19746
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
A-11739, B-28599, B-30048
MAINTENANCE B-05448, B-06280,
B-06783, B-22671, B-30276, B-31078,
B-33971, B-33995
MALES D-13953, D-14534, D-16495,
G-07592, G-08949, G-09232, G-10321,
G-10577, G-11953, G-11970, G-17061,
G-17080, G-17311, G-19553, G-22953,
G-22962, G-26024, G-26025, G-26306,
G-26558, G-26764, G-28351, G-28364,
G-28558, G-28559, G-28722, G-28768,
G-29235, G-29453, G-29899, G-30183,
G-31507, G-31613, G-31900, G-32882,
G-33173, G-33291, G-34528, G-36259,
G-37S04, G-37505
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL L-06754,
L-09009
MANGANESE G-07592, G-20972,
G-24586, H-13624, 1-31007
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-17665,
B-13630, B-20381, B-28683, B-30091,
B-33890, B-34609, C-30199, C-37608,
C-37693, D-05466, D-27831, E-27745,
E-36501, F-14693, F-19436, G-06866,
G-07592, G-13065, G-13625, G-16063,
G-16515, G-17079, G-17080, G-17081,
G-21087, G-24125, G-25341, G-32735,
H-16059, H-20185
MANGANESE DIOXIDE (JAPANESE)
B-11910, B-13732, B-19959, B-33890
MANUAL C-21629
MAPPING D-12323, E-07179, E-17678,
H-07360
MASS SPECTROMETRY C-15752,
C-17024, C-17368, C-30785, C-32100,
F-37582
MASS TRANSPORTATION L-09009
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-08816,
A-12975, B-13734, B-15759, B-21643,
B-23136, B-29824, B-30526, B-35026,
B-37553, D-06755, F-19436, F-36086,
1-10094, 1-13369, 1-16404, 1-22078,
1-24972, 1-25937, 1-27739, 1-31007,
1-31641, 1-31643, J-13952, J-24309,
L-07216
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-23022,
A-23210, B-08811, B-10564, B-11931,
B-13731, B-17186, B-28117, B-29639,
B-33616, B-36413. B-37709, C-11573,
C-22079, C-22982, C-25574, C-26127,
C-29269, C-31004, C-31251, D-16017,
D-19433, D-21103, E-05392, E-07179,
E-09449, E-10211, E-10217, E-10219,
E-10310, E-10368, E-11287, E-16629,
E-16687, E-17401, E-17612, E-17713,
E-17719, E-18204, E-19274, E-19740,
E-19758, E-19781, E-19828, E-20155,
E-20351, E-20629, E-22315, E-22417,
E-23039, E-25811, E-28323, E-28357,
E-30338, E-30752, E-33939, E-35037,
E-35991, E-36062, E-36142, E-36176,
E-36494, E-37024, F-13617, F-14467,
F-19890, F-21701, F-28260, F-30042,
F-31415, G-28351, G-33372, H-21081,
K-24907, L-020S9
MATHEMATICAL MODELING B-10564,
B-29639, B-33616, B-36413, D-16017,
E-05392, E-07179, E-09449, E-10219,
E-10310, E-11287, E-16629, E-17401,
E-18204, E-20155, E-20351, E-20629,
E-22417, E-28323, E-30338, E-30752,
E-35037, E-36062, E-36494, F-13617,
F-19890, F-21701
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-17344,
A-22579, B-00562, B-02024, B-02032,
B-33995, B-35166, D-24575, D-27831,
D-38481, G-08801, G-21125, G-21644,
G-21669, G-32186, G-33447, G-33903,
G-34443, G-36923, G-36924, G-36927,
G-36928, G-37620, H-23624, H-23986,
H-26367, J-13952, K-06778, K-16116,
L-02059, L-19723, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, N-10260
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-09541,
A-11915, A-19027, A-19899, B-00562,
B-02024, B-06280, B-06783, B-08129,
B-23575, B-30606, B-32099, B-32798,
B-33995, B-35015, B-35650, B-36413,
C-01541, C-05439, C-06112, C-07180,
C-07391, C-07401, C-07721, C-08122,
C-08123, C-08124, C-08125, C-08126,
C-08127, C-08128, C-085oi, C-08953,
C-09721, C-09728, C-10092, C-10315,
C-10369, C-11573, C-11574, C-11819,
C-13989, C-14076, C-14213, C-14435,
C-15171, C-15606, C-15642, C-16056,
C-16230, C-16543, C-16995, C-17279,
C-17341, C-17452, C-18307, C-19958,
C-20565, C-20886, C-20923, C-21629,
C-22072, C-22079, C-22220, C-22391,
C-22626, C-22998, C-23040, C-23982,
C-25921, C-27517, C-27542, C-28165,
C-28296, C-28450, C-28585, C-29269,
C-29762, C-29801, C-30785, C-31004,
C-31005, C-31049, C-31367, C-31614,
C-31615, C-31626, C-31924, C-32100,
C-32946, C-33307, C-36826, C-37446,
C-37519, C-37728, D-06755, D-07936,
D-08120, D-09403, D-11627. D-12604,
D-13422, D-14482, D-16664, D-21103,
D-21219, D-22537, E-20629, E-33939,
E-34751, F-31415, G-07379, G-09934,
G-11907, G-11955, G-14493, G-17683,
G-22152, G-26558, G-28493, G-30167,
G-30353, G-31016, G-32882, G-33447,
G-36259, G-36812, G-36928, G-37505,
G-37620, H-00408, H-11415, H-18264,
H-33327, H-36162, H-36163, L-09234,
L-13621, L-17669, L-19408, N-10260
MEDICAL FACILITIES G-07541
MEDICAL PERSONNEL G-35134
MEETINGS B-13094, N-21654
MEMBRANE FILTERS C-08124, C-08487,
C-10369, C-11574, C-27517, C-37728,
D-06755, E-31642, G-07174
MEMBRANES G-07015, G-09934,
G-13065, G-31619, G-32186, G-35153,
H-23624
MERCAPTANS A-16494, A-19899,
A-36S33, B-07531, B-08467, B-15839,
B-16350, B-22400, B-29278, B-32099,
B-32798, C-07391, C-31924
MERCURY COMPOUNDS C-22998,
C-28450, C-30199, C-36826, G-13625,
G-29255, G-31629, G-33868, H-19770,
H-22952, H-24773, H-29147, H-36159,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
METABOLISM B-26138, F-18228,
G-15703, G-16515, G-17079, G-17080,
G-17081, G-21087, G-21123, G-28493,
G-29249, G-29589, G-31120, G-31629,
G-32953, G-37229, H-14417, H-18310,
H-19554, H-20982, H-22622, H-23624,
H-23950, H-24533, H-24714, H-24848,
H-24852, H-27388, H-36159, H-36161,
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166
METAL COMPOUNDS A-06240, A-09541,
A-09935, A-17471, A-17665, A-22579,
B-00562, B-03045, B-07531, B-11854,
B-11910, B-12966, B-13630, B-13817,
B-13898, B-14289, B-15300, B-15952,
B-16419, B-17113, B-19616, B-19972,
B-20223, B-20381, B-22074, B-23263.
B-23264, B-23307, B-23873, B-24609,
B-24813, B-25033, B-25306, B-26003,
B-26084, B-28146, B-28499, B-28683,
B-28686, B-29273, B-29802, B-30048,
B-30091, B-30276, B-32846, B-33167,
B-33321, B-33616, B-33890, B-34314,
B-34609, B-35026, B-35166, B-36204,
C-06112, C-07180, C-08S01, C-09728,
C-10092, C-11948, C-12321, C-21761,
C-22626, C-22998, C-23040, C-23265,
C-28450, C-29953, C-30199, C-36826,
C-37253, C-37608, C-37689, C-37690,
C-37693, D-04115, D-05466, D-10316,
D-16345, D-19433, D-24S75, D-27831,
D-27839, D-30378, E-27745, E-36062,
E-36501, E-36954, F-05440, F-13936,
F-14391, F-14693. F-l
-------
F-17921, F-19436, F-22219, F-28678,
G-06866, G-07541, G-07592, G-08801,
G-08949, G-10396, G-10577, G-11552
G-11935, G-13059, G-13065, G-13625,
G-16063, G-1651S, G-17079, G-17080,
G-17081, G-21087, G-21123, 0-23582^
G-23876, G-24125, G-24573, G-2S341,
G-29255, G-29256, G-29571, G-30468,
G-31009, G-31046, G-31507, G-31613,
G-31619, G-31629, G-32735, G-32953,
G-33372, G-33527, G-33868, G-33903,
G-34945, G-37229, H-14489, H-16059,
H-16637, H-17622, H-18269, H-18271,
H-19460, H-19461, H-19770, H-20185,
H-22622, H-22952, H-23041, H-24395,
H-24773, H-24787, H-24788, H-2S661,
H-25665, H-26175, H-28409, H-28475,
H-29147, H-31735, H-32088, H-34867,
H-36159, H-36161, 1-31643, J-13952,
K-06778, L-09009, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, N-04052
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-17344, A-17471, B-04798, B-05448,
B-05464, B-21324, B-26593, G-08949,
G-11907, G-11970, G-29235, G-30183,
H-04368, H-18270, H-18272, L-01528,
L-06754
METAL POISONING D-05466, F-14693,
G-07541, G-08949, G-115S2, G-11935,
G-13625, G-15703, G-17079, G-17080,
G-17081, G-21087, G-23582, G-25341.
G-28205, G-29256, G-31009, G-31046,
G-329S3, G-33527, G-33868, H-23624,
H-34867
METALS A-17471, A-17665, A-23022,
A-23580, B-05448, B-05464, B-07362,
B-09956, B-10568, B-13026, B-13734,
B-16537, B-17463, B-19403, B-21324,
B-24239, B-26003, B-26317, B-26593,
B-34609, B-37324, B-37544, B-37553,
C-15372, C-37107, C-37690, D-04115,
D-16401, D-21103, D-27839, F-13936,
F-36086, G-07592, G-08949, G-09535,
G-10396, G-11552, G-11970, G-15703,
G-19880, G-20972, G-24586, G-28205,
G-29235, G-30183, H-04368, H-13624,
H-13838, H-18269, H-18270, H-21062,
H-23386, 1-13369, 1-16404, 1-22078,
1-24972, 1-27739, 1-31007, 1-31641,
1-31643, L-06754, L-23608, L-24214
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
E-10368, E-11954, E-22080, E-36176,
L-09234
METEOROLOGY A-06240, A-09935,
B-19234, B-19407, B-22620. B-23263,
B-24730, B-25306, B-26S21, B-35650,
C-01541, C-07180, C-10221, C-14710,
C-16230, C-20947, C-23069, C-27517,
C-29762, C-31626, C-32100, C-33307,
D-02066, D-07936, D-09403, D-14482,
D-14534, D-19433, D-25094, D-28648,
D-36014, D-36412, D-37306. E-02444,
E-05392, E-09449, E-10211, E-10219,
E-10220, E-10224, E-10229, E-10233,
E-10235, E-10310, E-10368, E-11287.
E-11954, E-11956, E-12349, E-12792,
E-13030, E-16629, E-16680, E-16687,
E-17713, E-17719, E-17722, E-19618,
E-19740, E-19758, E-19767, E-19781.
E-20155, E-20351, E-21122, E-21646,
E-22080, E-22228, E-22403, E-22417,
E-22921, E-23039, E-23304, E-25811.
E-26845, E-26851, E-26863, E-27745,
E-27823, E-28609, E-28616, E-29178.
E-29636, E-30338, E-30S89, E-30691.
E-30692, E-30796, E-31006, E-33927,
SUBJECT INDEX
E-33939, E-34191, E-34751, E-35037,
E-35420, E-35702, E-35991, E-36062,
E-36142, E-36176, E-36238, E-36307,
E-36428, E-36492, E-36494, E-36495,
E-36954, E-38609, F-11933, F-21701,
F-22402, G-03214, G-07379, G-09725,
G-10577, G-11907, G-11953, G-16136,
G-23148, G-23606, G-26523, G-28364,
G-28714, G-28733, G-28750, G-29284,
G-29453, G-29575, G-32735, G-34190,
G-34528, G-36924, G-37337, H-07360,
H-16657, H-23386, H-24064, H-25661,
H-30709, H-31833, H-33063, H-34867.
H-36993,1-10094, 1-16404, I-2S937,
1-27739, 1-31007,1-31643, L-02059,
L-09234, L-11951, L-12238, N-04052,
N-21654
METHANES A-16494, B-34609, B-35015,
C-28585, C-30634, C-32441, D-19433,
F-22319, F-22587
MEUSE VALLEY D-07393
MICE G-07173, G-14493, G-24023,
G-29284, G-31613, G-31629
MICROMETEOROLOGY E-17713,
E-19767, E-21646, E-35420, E-35702.
H-07360, H-36993. 1-25937
MICROORGANISMS A-20884, B-28502,
C-20923, C-23069, C-23209, C-36260,
D-36412, F-13619, G-02539, G-07189,
G-10321, G-19947, G-24586, G-28496,
G-29571, G-32914, H-07360, H-20185,
H-21098, H-24025, H-32334
MICROSCOPY C-08122, C-08123, C-08125,
C-08126, C-08128, C-08487, C-18226,
C-31049, D-08120, H-19461, H-31266
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE E-19740,
E-34751, E-36062, E-36954
MILK H-18264, H-34867
MINERAL PROCESSING A-09541,
A-14701, A-15637, A-17344, A-19434,
A-28781, B-02024, B-08467, B-09950,
B-14940, B-15759, B-15957, B-17402,
B-19616, B-28499, B-35015, B-36951,
B-38190, C-08124, C-29953, C-31049,
C-31615, D-05466, D-21103, D-27839,
E-10368, G-10396, G-17S90, G-19553,
G-19947, G-22953, G-22962, G-23148,
G-24392, G-25341, H-14489. H-23624,
H-23874, H-29147, J-17203, J-24309,
K-16116
MINERAL PRODUCTS B-11854, B-13732,
B-14289, B-19523, B-19972, B-20374,
B-22074, B-30276, B-32846, B-33890,
B-36413, B-36951, B-37448, C-08123,
C-08125, C-08126, C-08127, C-08128,
C-21629, C-37690, D-08120, G-07015,
G-07189, G-07S92. G-10396, G-13625,
G-19558, H-18264, H-23041, H-36161
MINING A-14701, A-17344, B-19616,
B-35015, C-08124, C-31049, C-31615,
D-21103, G-10396, 0-17590, G-19553.
G-19947, G-22953, G-22962,'G-23148,
G-25341, H-29147 ,
MISSOURI E-02444
MISTS B-03045, B-04798, B-05448,
B-OS464, B-19234, B-30606, C-14486,
C-29436, E-07179, E-29636, G-08461,
G-28765, G-32735
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS B-12966,
B-33616, B-34314, H-28475
MONITORING A-09541, B-06783, _
B-30606, B-32798, B-35015, C-06112.
C-07180, C-07391, C-08501, C-10092,
C-11573, C-I1574, C-11819, C-14076,
C-14213, C-1S171, C-15606. C-16230.
C-16543, C-1727», C-17341, C-22998,
235
C-27517, C-282%, C-29762. C-29801,
C-30785, C-32100, C-33307, C-36826,
C-37519, D-11627, D-16664, D-21103,
E-20629, E-33939, G-14493, G-26558,
G-28493, G-30167, G-30353, G-33447,
H-00408, H-11415, H-33327, L-09234,
L-17669
MONTHLY D-30378, E-10233, E-33939,
E-36062, G-26024, G-26025, G-26051,
G-26306, G-28714, G-30148, G-33173,
G-34190, G-37337
MORBIDITY D-13953, D-16345, D-22537,
G-02539, G-07541, G-10577, G-11941,
G-11955, G-15233, G-19947, G-21336,
G-21785, G-22317, G-23102, G-23103,
G-23148, G-23151, G-24125, G-24935,
G-26051, G-26305, G-26558, G-28351,
G-28722, G-28767, G-29235. G-29249,
G-29453, G-29575, G-29683, G-29925,
G-30396, G-31016, G-33065, G-33173,
G-34528. G-35134, G-35154, G-37337,
H-23624
MORTALITY B-26138, D-13953, D-16345,
E-30796, G-09725, G-10577, G-11568,
G-12490, G-15233, G-16177, G-19514,
G-21336, G-22152, G-23102, G-23103,
G-24J86, G-24935, G-26324, G-27653,
G-28164, G-28364, G-28714, G-28733,
G-28750, G-29284, G-29423, G-29571,
G-29575, G-30148, G-31613, G-31665,
G-31900, G-32186, G-33109, G-33123,
G-33173, G-33527, G-34148, G-34190,
G-36809, G-37504, H-23624, H-34867,
N-04052
MOTTLING H-15158, H-17822, H-18229,
H-18230, H-23188
MOUNTAINS C-01541, D-09403, E-10310,
E-26851, E-31006, E-34751, H-15228,
H-18310, H-23689
MOUTH G-26324, G-31619
N
NAPHTHALENES F-11554
NAPHTHENES B-07362
NASHVILLE D-12604
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK
(NASN) C-11573, C-16543, D-06755
NATURAL GAS A-11739, B-23251,
B-29802, B-29824, E-35702
NAUSEA G-07541, G-31008, G-31620,
G-33123
NECROSIS C-14710, H-01557, H-02041,
H-02049, H-17822, H-19949, H-23386,
H-23576, H-23874, H-24086, H-24852
NERVOUS SYSTEM A-14596, A-22579,
C-29269,D-05466, F-12341,G-06866,
G-08611, G-10349, G-11935, G-21123,
G-23103, G-24023, G-25341, G-28496,
G-29255, G-30353, G-32186, G-32704,
G-32953, G-33230, G-33291, G-33345,
G-33447, G-36923, G-36924, G-36927.
G-36928, G-37620, H-1253S, H-32088
NEUTRAL CONDITION C-18307.
E-11954, E-17719 ,
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
C-36826
NEW ORLEANS G-2945J
NICKEL G-07592, 1-31007
NICKEL COMPOUNDS B-12966, B-33616.
B-34314, B-35026, C-29953, D-27831.
F-17921, G-07592, G-32735
NICOTINES G-33230
NITRATES B-2S306, C-08487, C-10092,
C-22626. C-23265, F-05440, G-03202.
G-08801, H-24850. H-28475, H-29671
-------
236
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
NITRIC ACID B-30043, C-09721, C-18226,
G-21125, G-32735, H-22622, J-17203,
K-06778
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) B-06280, B-17262,
B-24813, B-36204, B-37252. C-01534,
C-09721, C-11573, C-11574, C-11819,
C-14076, C-15521, C-16335, C-17024,
C-19958, C-22391, C-23265, C-30785,
C-32453, C-32946, C-37446, E-29178,
E-35991, F-28263, G-07379, G-08801,
G-23876, G-28S58, G-32735, H-00408,
L-00539
NITRITES C-08465, C-09728, C-23265
NITROGEN C-11967. C-17368, C-23265,
C-29762, F-17364, F-23638, G-21087,
H-36161, K-16116
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) B-03045,
B-06280, B-30043, C-01534, C-07391,
C-07401, C-07482, C-08501, C-09721,
C-09728, C-11573, C-11574, C-11819,
C-14076, C-14213, C-14486, C-15521,
C-15752, C-17279, C-22391, C-23265,
C-29762. C-30785, C-36859, D-02066,
D-13422, D-16345, D-38481, E-26863,
E-29178, E-35991, F-28263, G-03202,
G-07173, G-07174, G-07541, G-08801,
G-09232. G-I0577. G-12490. G-13868,
G-14493, G-14553, G-16555, G-17027,
G-17055, G-17056, G-17061, G-17311,
G-19939, G-21669, G-23606, G-26305,
G-28558, G-30353, G-31120, G-32735,
G-34644, H-19731, H-26367, H-2%71,
J-13952, K-06778, L-06754. L-09234
NITROGEN OXIDES A-22579, A-31882,
B-00562, B-02130, B-03045, B-06280,
B-17262, B-24813. B-25427, B-26670,
B-30043, B-35015, B-36204, B-37252,
C-01534, C-06112, C-07391, C-07401,
C-07482. C-08501. C-09721. C-09728.
C-10092, C-1031S. C-10369, C-11573,
C-11574, C-11819, C-13070, C-13989,
C-14076, C-14213, C-14486, C-15171,
C-15342, C-15521. C-15752. C-16335,
C-16543, C-17024, C-17279, C-17341,
C-17368, C-17436, C-19958, C-21761,
C-22220. C-22391. C-23265. C-29762,
C-30785, C-32100, C-32453. C-32946,
C-36859, C-37446, D-02066, D-07936,
D-12210, D-13422, D-14534, D-16017,
D-16087, D-16345, D-38481, E-19828,
E-26863. E-29178. E-35037, E-35991.
F-28263, G-02539, G-03202, G-03214,
G-07173, G-07174, G-07379, G-07541,
G-08461, G-08801, G-09232, G-10577,
G-11568. G-12490, G-13059, G-13868,
G-14493, G-14553, G-16555, G-16598,
G-16600, G-17027, G-17055, G-17056,
G-17061, G-17311, G-17417, G-19939,
G-21125. G-21669. G-23606, G-23876,
G-26305, G-28558, G-28559. G-29284,
0-30353, G-31120, G-32735, G-34644,
H-00408, H-02541, H-19731, H-26367,
H-29671, J-13952, J-17203, J-24309,
K-06778, L-00539. L-06754, L-09234,
N-04052, N-10260
NITROUS ACID C-07482, C-18226,
H-22622
NITROUS ANHYDRIDE (N2O3) G-07541
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) C-10369,
C-17368, C-17436, D-16087. G-02539,
G-08461, G-16598
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-08816, A-11934, A-11971, A-13622,
A-147C1, A-19434, A-20384, A-20564,
A-25056, A-31616. B-00562. B-02130.
B-13697. B-14940, B-25427, B-28146,
B-28502, B-34609, B-35496, C-01534,
C-08501, C-23982, C-25921, D-02066,
D-07393, D-08818, D-09403, D-13953,
E-22228, E-307%, F-13620, G-03202,
G-08611, G-11568, G-22152, G-22317,
G-32704, G-35134, H-02541, H-14433,
H-20551, H-21062, H-23624, H-25330,
H-27827, H-29147, H-36161, H-36164,
1-22078, J-13952, J-26432, J-26443,
K-25087, L-00539, L-02059, L-03243,
L-07216, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-32205, N-04052, N-15096, N-21654
NON-URBAN AREAS A-11915, D-13953,
D-26174, E-27823, G-10577, G-11936,
G-11953, G-12960, G-14480, G-19880,
G-22426, G-23103, G-24230. G-27653,
G-28752, G-28753, G-29899, G-30167,
G-30183, G-30654, G-34148, G-37504,
G-37505, J-26432, M-15760
NOSTRILS B-06280, E-22228, G-09934.
G-10396, G-23101, G-26306, G-26987,
G-33345, G-36923
NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS C-01541
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS A-11739,
A-19434, B-28599, H-23624
NUCLEATION B-19234, D-06755,
E-19740, E-22228, E-23304, E-29636,
E-36142
OATS H-02541, H-11415, H-15538,
H-16222, H-19731
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-01535,
B-35015, D-04115, D-05466, D-06755,
D-08120, D-24575, G-07541, G-08461,
G-08801, G-08949, G-10577, G-11552,
G-11907, G-11970, G-19553, G-19558,
G-19947, G-22953, G-22%2. G-23582,
G-25341, G-28205, G-28541, G-31619,
G-33527, G-33903, G-36923
OCEANS E-12349
OCTANES C-37107, F-05440, F-28263
ODOR COUNTERACTION A-I9899,
A-21887, A-25056, A-31882, B-07362,
B-07530. B-07531, B-08467, B-13334,
B-14940, B-21647, B-22061, B-22400,
B-23002, B-29278, B-29601, B-32099,
B-32798, B-33122, B-35496, B-35650,
C-31924
ODORIMETRY A-19899, B-32099,
B-32798, B-35650, C-08953, C-29269,
C-31924, G-33447, G-36928, G-37620
ODORS A-06240, A-16494, A-31882,
B-06280, B-07362, B-07530, B-07531,
B-08467, B-11740, B-13697, B-22061,
B-22400, B-23002, B-28146, B-29601,
B-32099, B-32798, B-33122, B-35166,
B-35496, B-35650, B-36951, C-06112,
C-08953, C-16298, C-20923, C-29269,
C-31924, D-13422, E-307%, G-07379,
G-21125, G-28164, G-33447, G-36923,
G-36924, G-36928, G-37620, L-01528,
L-14798, L-19723, L-23608, L-23610,
M-14491, M-15760, N-04052
OIL BURNERS A-12975, B-03045,
B-11740, B-21643, B-23002, B-29824
OIL RESOURCES A-11739
OLEFINS A-08524, B-28502, B-28642,
C-01534, C-30634, D-07936, E-19828,
F-22319, G-08801, H-02541, H-24773
OPEN BURNING G-35134, H-25330
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES B-14703,
B-16325, B-24239, F-13620, L-01528
OPERATING CRITERIA B-35015
OPERATING VARIABLES A-16254,
A-20384, A-20564, A-34101, B-19403,
B-19581, B-19616, B-19852, B-19859,
B-20299, B-21324. B-21643. B-21893.
B-22074, B-22291, B-25033, B-25306,
B-26317, B-26670, B-29278, B-29824,
B-30526, B-30606, B-33890, B-34314,
B-37544, B-37709, C-11948, C-22391,
C-25574, C-25921, C-32100, C-32946,
C-33373
OPINION SURVEYS G-03214, G-26558,
M-14491
ORCHARDS H-24024
ORGANIC ACIDS B-07362, B-07531,
B-26084, B-32099, B-34683, C-14076,
C-29269, C-30785, G-31613, H-31833
ORGANIC DISEASES F-14693
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
A-19899, A-28494, B-07530, B-07531,
B-15952, B-17067, B-32099, F-18228.
G-33230, G-34148
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
A-06240, A-16494, A-19899, A-36533,
B-07531, B-08467, B-15839, B-16350,
B-19616, B-19746, B-22061, B-22400,
B-29278, B-32099, B-32798, C-07391.
C-12321, C-31924, F-17921, H-24434
ORGANIC WASTES B-34609, B-35496
ORGANOMETALLICS C-36826, G-32953,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
OWENS JET DUST COUNTERS D-06755,
D-08120
OXIDANTS A-06240, C-07401. C-08501.
E-19828, G-07379, G-08801, G-10577
OXIDATION A-08524, A-12975, A-19027,
B-07362, B-08594, B-11910, B-13898,
B-16350, B-16419, B-22957, B-22961,
B-23983, B-31078, B-33122, C-09721,
C-23265, C-31924, D-07936, F-13936,
F-23638, F-24490, G-31046, G-31120,
H-36162, H-36163, H-36165, H-36166
OXIDES A-06240, A-11739, A-12975,
A-14701, A-17344, A-17471, A-19027,
A-19434, A-20564, A-22579, A-28781,
A-31882, B-00562, B-02130, B-03045,
B-06116, B-06280, B-07362, B-07530,
B-08467, B-08594, B-09950, B-l 1740,
B-11910, B-11952, B-12966, B-13206,
B-13817, B-14226, B-14289, B-15839,
B-16350, B-16419, B-16549, B-17262,
B-20381, B-2103I, B-22061, B-23307,
B-23575, B-24813, B-25306, B-25427.
B-26003, B-26084, B-26138, B-26593,
B-26670, B-28146, B-28499, B-28502,
B-28642, B-28683, B-28686, B-29273,
B-29802, B-29824, B-30043, B-30091,
B-33616, B-33890, B-33971, B-34314,
B-34609, B-34683, B-35015, B-35166,
B-36204, B-37252. C-01534, C-06112,
C-07180, C-07391, C-07401, C-07482,
C-08127, C-08501, C-09721, C-09728,
C-10092, C-10315, C-!10369i C-11573,
C-11574, C-11631, C-11819, C-11967,
C-13070, C-13989, C-14076, C-14213.
C-14486, C-15171, C-15342, C-15521,
C-15606, C-15752, C-16056, C-16298,
C-16335, C-16543, C-17024, C-17279,
C-17341, C-17368, C-17436, C-19958,
C-20565, C-20595, C-20886, C-20947,
C-21533, C-21629, C-21761, C-22220,
C-22391, C-22998, C-23265, C-25921,
C-27517. C-28070, C-28165, C-28450,
C-28585, C-29436, C-29762, C-29801,
C-30634, C-30785, C-31367, C-32100,
-------
C-32441,
C-37446,
D-07393,
D-10582,
D-13422,
D-16017,
D-16495,
D-19433,
D-22537,
D-30708,
E-07179.
E-10233,
E-16629,
E-26863,
E-30589,
E-35037,
E-36307,
F-OS440,
F-14391,
F-17921,
F-36086,
G-03214,
G-07379,
G-08611,
G-10349,
G-11907,
G-12490,
G-14493,
G-16177,
G-16600,
G-17061,
G-19514,
G-21414,
G-22152,
G-23102,
G-23606,
G-24154.
G-26025,
G-26516,
G-26764,
G-28351,
G-28714.
G-28752,
G-29235,
G-29571,
G-29925,
G-30310,
G-31016,
G-31900,
G-32882,
0-33123.
G-33306,
G-34190,
G-35134,
G-36812,
G-37504,
H-02541,
H-14417.
H-15538,
H-16657,
H-18310,
H-19770,
H-22232,
H-23260,
H-23625,
H-23986,
H-24086,
H-24773,
H-25307,
H-26491,
H-28597,
H-30003,
H-32183,
H-33327,
H-36163,
H-36993.
C-32453,
C-37690,
D-07936,
D-12210,
D-13953,
D-16087,
D-16664,
D-19445,
D-25094,
D-37306,
E-10211,
E-10310,
E-16687,
E-28609,
E-30796,
E-35357,
E-36492,
F-11933,
F-16658,
F-22319,
F-37582,
G-07173,
G-07541,
G-08801,
G-10396,
G-11953,
G-13059,
G-14553,
G-16515,
G-17027,
G-17311,
G-19939,
G-21644,
G-22317,
G-23103,
G-23876,
G-24230,
G-26051,
G-26523,
G-26987,
G-28541,
G-28722,
G-28753,
G-29249,
G-29575,
G-30148,
G-303S3,
G-31120.
G-32186,
G-32914,
G-33173,
G-33345,
G-34443,
G-35153,
G-36927,
G-37505,
H-11415,
H-14433,
H-16226,
H-17449,
H-19461,
H-19949.
H-22621,
H-23386,
H-23678,
H-24063,
H-24434,
H-24848,
H-25330,
H-27388,
H-28680,
H-30709,
H-32334,
H-3C159,
H-36164
1-13369,
C-32946, C-36859,
D-02066, D-05466,
D-09403, D-10316,
D-12323, D-12604,
D-14482, D-14534,
D-1634S, D-16401,
D-16673, D-17712.
D-2U03, D-21126,
D-26174, D-28648,
D-38481, E-02444,
E-10219, E-10220,
E-11287, E-13030,
E-19828, E-26845,
E-28616, E-29178,
E-33927, E-33939,
E-35702, E-35991,
E-36495, E-36501,
F-13614, F-13936,
F-17364, F-17588,
F-28263, F-28678,
G-02539, G-03202.
G-07174, G-07189,
G-08305, G-C8461,
G-09232, G-09934,
G-10577, G-11568,
G-11955, G-11970,
G-13625, G-13868,
G-14682, G-16136,
G-16555, G-16598,
G-17055. G-17056,
G-17417, G-17590,
G-21125, G-21336,
G-21669, G-21785,
G-22426, G-23101,
G-23148, G-23151,
G-24023, 0-24125,
G-24392, G-26024,
G-26305, G-26306,
G-26530, G-26558,
G-27653, G-28164,
G-28558, G-28559,
G-28733, G-28750,
G-28767, G-28768,
G-29284, G-29453,
G-29609, G-29683,
G-30167, G-30237,
G-30396, G-30654,
G-31639, 0-31665,
G-32704, G-32735,
G-33065, G-33109,
G-33230. G-33291.
G-33447, 0-34148,
G-34528, G-34644,
G-35154, G-36809,
G-37229, G-37337,
H-00408, H-02041,
H-12489, H-12535,
H-15158, H-15228.
H-16637, H-16656,
H-17622, H-18234,
H-19554, H-19731,
H-20981, H-21098,
H-23041, H-23188.
H-23583, H-23624,
H-23689, H-239JO,
H-24064. H-24084,
H-24533, H-24714,
H-24852, H-24933.
H-26175, H-26367,
H-27827, H-28475.
H-29254, H-29671,
H-31011, H-31833,
H-32342, H-33063,
H-36161, H-36162,
H-3616S, H-36166,
1-27739, 1-31641,
SUBJECT INDEX
J-01760, J-13952, J-17203, J-24309,
K-06778, K-16116, K-21840, K-24907,
K-25087, K-34866, L-00539, L-01528,
L-02059, L-06754, L-09009, L-09234,
L-12238, L-14798, L-19723, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, N-04052, N-10260
N-21654
OXYGEN B-22497. B-26S93, B-29278,
C-10315, C-14076, C-28585, E-28323,
F-17588, F-23638, F-37582, G-07189,
G-16600, H-24773, K-16116
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION G-07189,
H-20185, K-34866
OZONE B-22061, B-29601, B-32798,
C-06112, C-07401, C-08501, C-10315,
C-14076, C-15171, C-16543, C-20595,
C-21662, C-22072, D-07936, D-11627,
D-14534, E-18204. E-19828, E-28323,
F-23638, G-02539. G-07379, G-08461,
G-08801, G-11932, G-14553, G-29284,
G-31120, H-02541, H-24533, H-28475,
H-29671. N-10260
OZONESONDES L-09234
PACKED TOWERS B-17289, B-20374,
B-23079. B-26317, B-30276, B-33995
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-240%.
B-07362, C-31924, G-33527
PAINT REMOVERS B-07362
PAINTS A-24096, B-25033, G-33527,
J-24309
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY C-37107,
C-37477
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-19899,
B-08467, B-13334, B-16350, B-22400,
G-37337. H-24025. M-15760
PARIS C-10315, G-22152, L-07216
PARTICLE COUNTERS A-19027,
B-02024, B-36413, C-07180, C-08122,
C-08123, C-08125, C-20923, C-33307,
D-06755, D-08120, D-21219, F-31415
PARTICLE GROWTH B-07530, B-28146,
B-30526, B-31078, B-33971, B-33995,
E-27745, E-36142, F-36320
PARTICLE SHAPE B-02024, B-30526,
C-31615. D-06755, D-10316, E-19781,
E-30752, F-14467, F-18308, G-07174
PARTICLE SIZE A-15637, B-02024,
B-08811, B-10564, B-16630, B-17022,
B-17186, B-19234, B-19616, B-19972,
B-20931, B-21886, B-23262, B-24609,
B-25306. B-28392, B-30526. B-31078,
B-33971, B-34314, B-36413, C-07721,
C-08123, C-08125, C-08126, C-15346,
C-17452, C-19902, C-19960, C-25574,
C-31004, C-31047, C-31049, C-37443,
C-37689, D-06755. D-08120, D-10316,
E-10211, E-10217, E-19781, E-23039,
E-26863, E-27745. E-30752, E-36142.
F-17594. F-21628. F-21701, F-31415.
F-36320, G-07174, G-12960, G-26987,
G-29423, G-33345, G-36812
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-1S637,
B-02024. B-08811. B-10564. B-16630,
B-17022, B-17186, B-19234, B-19616,
B-19972, B-20931, B-21886, B-23262,
B-24609, B-25306, B-28392, B-30526,
B-31078, B-33971, B-34314, B-36413,
C-07721, C-08123, C-08125, C-08126,
C-15346, C-17452, C-19902, C-19960,
C-25574. C-31004. C-31047, C-31049,
C-31615, C-37443, C-37689, D-06755,
D-08120, D-10316, E-10211, E-10217,
237
E-19781, E-23039, E-26863, E-27745,
E-30752, E-36142, F-14467, F-17594,
F-18308, F-21628, F-21701, F-31415,
F-36320, G-07174, G-12960, G-26987,
G-29423, G-33345, G-36812, J-13952
PARTICULATE SAMPLING B-08129,
C-06112, C-07721, C-08121, C-08123,
C-08124, C-08125, C-08487, C-09223,
C-10221, C-11574, C-19902, C-19960,
C-31615, C-37728, D-06755, D-09403,
D-21219, F-18308, G-07J74, G-22953
PARTICULATES A-01535, A-09935,
A-11915, A-11934, A-11971, A-13112,
A-13246, A-13622, A-15637, A-17344,
A-17471, A-17665, A-19027, A-19434,
A-20884, A-22077, A-25056, A-28781,
A-31882, B-01759, B-02024, B-02032,
B-03045, B-04798, B-05448, B-05464.
B-06116, B-06280, B-06783, B-07530,
B-07531, B-08129, B-08811, B-09950,
B-11910, B-11931, B-11952. B-13697,
B-14289, B-14703. B-15759, B-15957,
B-16537, B-17022, B-17186, B-17402,
B-17463, B-19234, B-19403, B-19523,
B-19972, B-20223, B-20931, B-21643,
B-21647, B-21886, B-22497, B-22560,
B-22620, B-22671, B-22961. B-23079,
B-23136, B-23251, B-23262. B-23303,
B-23575, B-24239, B-24730, B-24813,
B-25033, B-25306, B-25427, B-26003,
B-26521, B-26593, B-28117, B-28146,
B-28392, B-28502, B-29824, B-30276,
B-30526, B-30606, B-31078, B-33971,
B-33995, B-35015, B-35166, B-35496,
B-35650, B-36413, B-36951, B-37324,
B-37448, B-37709, B-38190, C-01534,
C-01541, C-06112, C-07180. C-07482,
C-07721, C-08121, C-08122, C-08123,
C-08124, C-08125, C-08126, C-08127,
C-08128, C-08487, C-09223, C-H573,
C-11574, C-14435, C-14486, C-15346,
C-1S642, C-19902, C-19960, C-20595,
C-20923, C-22072, C-22079, C-22626,
C-22069, C-23982, C-25921, C-27542,
C-29436, C-31004, C-31005. C-31047,
C-31049, C-31614, C-31615, C-31626,
C-33307, C-33373, C-36260, C-36838,
C-37107, C-37443, C-37477, C-37519,
C-37608, C-37689, C-37690, C-37693,
C-37728. D-02066, D-05466, D-06755,
D-07393, D-07936, D-08120, D-09403,
D-10316, D-12210, D-13953, D-14482,
D-14534, D-16345, D-16495, D-16673,
D-17712, D-19433, D-21126, D-21219,
D-21239, D-22537, D-25094, D-30378,
D-33072, D-36014, D-37306, D-38481,
E-02444, E-05392, E-07179, E-09537,
E-10211, E-10217, E-10219, E-10233,
E-14825, E-16687, E-17722, E-18204,
E-19274, E-19618, E-19758, E-19781,
E-21646, E-22403, E-22417, E-23039,
E-23304, E-26863, E-27745, E-28357,
E-29178, E-29636, E-30691, E-30692,
E-30752, E-30796, E-31006, E-31642,
E-33927, E-34191, E-34751, E-35037,
E-35420, E-35991, E-36142, E-36501,
E-38609, F-05440, F-11554, F-11933,
F-14467,F-18308, F-21628,F-21701,
F-28260, F-30737, F-31039, F-31415,
F-36320, G-02539, G-03202, G-03214,
G-07015, G-07173, G-07174, G-07189,
G-07379, G-07541, G-07592, G-08461.
G-08801, G-09725, G-10321, G-10396,
G-10577, G-11568, G-11907, G-11947,
G-11953. G-11970. G-12960. G-14553,
O-\*fX>.. G-17590. G-19553, G-l«»V»
-------
238
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
G-19947, G-21336, G-22317, G-22426,
G-22953, G-22%2, G-23102, G-23103,
G-23148, G-23151, G-23606, G-24125,
G-24230, G-24392, G-24586, G-2493S,
G-26051, G-26523, G-28714, G-28733,
G-287SO, G-28765, G-29249, G-29284,
G-29423, G-294S3, G-29571, G-29575,
G-29589, G-30148, G-30183, G-30237,
G-30310, G-30654, G-31120, G-3166S,
G-31900, G-32735, G-32914, G-33109,
G-33345, G-34148, G-34190, G-34443,
G-35134, G-36809, G-36812, G-36927,
G-37229, H-00408, H-02541, H-04368,
H-16226, H-16632, H-16633, H-16637,
H-16657, H-17622, H-18229, H-18230,
H-18234, H-18270, H-18310, H-19460,
H-19S40, H-19949, H-20981, H-20982,
H-22622. H-23041, H-23624, H-23678,
H-23689, H-23874, H-24063, H-24851,
H-28475, H-30003, H-31266, H-32342,
H-33063, H-34867, 1-10094, 1-13369,
1-22078, 1-27739, J-13952, J-17203,
J-17658, J-24309, K-06778, K-16116,
L-01528, L-03230, L-06754, L-09009,
L-09234, L-19408, L-19723, L-23608.
L-23610, L-24214, M-15760, N-04052,
N-18309
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
F-14693, G-07189, G-07592, G-103%,
G-17590, G-24154, G-26530, G-26987,
G-28493, G-28765, G-30310, G-30468,
G-33447, G-34644, G-35153
PENNSYLVANIA G-29453
PERMEABILITY C-11631, C-17279,
H-19949, H-36161
PERMITS L-32193, L-32194, L-32195,
L-32204
PEROXIDES F-17588, G-08801
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE G-03202,
H-28475, H-29671
PEROXYACYL NITRATES G-03202.
G-08801, H-28475, H-29671
PERSONNEL A-13622, G-28541, G-28558,
G-29683, G-30183, G-35134, G-35154,
G-37505, L-06754, L-09009
PESTICIDES G-24392, G-31008, H-12535,
H-19891
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
B-11910, B-23251, B-29273, B-37448,
F-13178
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION B-25427
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-08524,
A-19899, A-20564, B-01759, B-08594,
G-10321, G-23148, G-26764, G-36923
PETROLEUM REFINING A-08524.
A-31882, B-01759, B-08467, B-08594,
B-09956, B-I1740, B-11910, B-14940,
B-15300, B-15839, B-17067, B-20299,
B-23251, C-31924, G-19514, G-21414,
G-31665. H-23583^ J-01760, J-24309,
L-11914, L-14798, M-14491, <(U15760,
N-04052, N-15096
PETUNIAS Hr22952 . , '
PH B-17463, B-22957, B-Mlft, BT29278,
B-32846, C-10092,D-16673, E-02444,
E-26863. G-23148,' G-23151, G.-24392, •
H-19460, H-20982, H-23583, H-24063,
L-I2238, N-216S4 '. |.
PHENOLS A-08524, A-31616, B-/6151,
C-30785, D-07936, G-33447 ''
PHEhlYL COMPOUNDS A-08524, C-01534
PHENYLS' ,A-08524
PHILADELPHIA G-29453 - . vv,
PHOSPHATES B-37115, C-11948/F-22219
PHOSPHORIC ACID C-H86i, C-144S6
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS B-25033,
B-37115, C-11948, C-12321. C-16995,
E-36062, F-22219, F-28263, H-32088
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
E-19828, F-21628, F-31039, G-28559,
G-31120, H-22622, H-31833
PHOTOELECTRIC PHENOMENA
C-31367, F-37582
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS C-19960,
C-31049, E-17722, G-07189, G-30468
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS C-05439,
C-07180, C-07721, C-08501, C-09721,
C-09728, C-10315, C-16995, C-22072,
C-22220, C-29801, C-31005, C-31049,
C-31367, C-31615, C-31626, C-37519,
C-37728, D-13422, D-14482, H-18264,
H-36162, H-36163
PHOTOOXEDATION H-22622
PHOTOSYNTHESIS H-02541, H-16633,
H-18234, H-18310, H-19435, H-20982.
H-22622. H-23950, H-24084, H-24434,
H-24848. H-28680. H-33063. H-36161.
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166
PHTHALIC ACID B-07362
PHYSICAL STATES A-08816, A-23210,
A-28494, B-03045, B-07362, B-07531,
B-08467, B-08594, B-08811. B-14226,
B-14289, B-23002, B-23079, B-23264,
B-23983, B-26003, B-26593, B-29824,
B-30043, B-31078. B-33971, B-34609.
B-35650, B-36151, B-36951. B-37544,
B-38190, C-07401, C-08126f C-08501.
C-08953, C-11819, C-14076. C-15342,
C-15752, C-19958, C-22391, C-23040,
C-23265, C-25574, C-28296; C-29762,
C-30634. C-31367, C-31626, C-32441,
D-07936, D-08120, E-09537, E-19740,
E-27745, E-30752, F-11933; F-13614,
F-13617, F-13618, F-16658, F-17619,
F-19436, F-19890, F-19967, F-22319,
F-22402, F-31415, G-08949; G-14493,
G-21125, G-29571, G-31629, G-33345,
G-34443, G-36928, H-13838, H-18264,
H-19770, H-22952, H-27925, H-31833,
1-16404, 1-24972, J-26432 ..
PHYTOTOXICANTS A-11915, H-02041,
H-02049, H-19540
PILOT PLANTS A-25056, B-14703,
•B-19860, B-20374, B-21647, B-28599,
B-33167, B-33890, B-37544
PINTO BEANS H-19731, H-23386,
H-2%71
PLANNING AND ZONING B-24730,
E-36428, E-38609, H-20981, H-21062,
J-17658, L-07216, L-11951, N-10260
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-19434,
A-20884, B-11952, B-16549, C-11573,
C-16543, D-06755, D-07393, D-12323,
D-30378, D-30708, D-36412, D-38481,
£-(0310, E-10368, G-10577. G-19514,
G-22152, G-28164, G-28722, G-28752,
G-28767, G-28768, G-29235, G-30237,
G-31900, G-32882. G-33065, G-33109,
G-35i34, G-35154, G-372^9, L-00539,
L-02059, L-02301, L-06754, L-09|009,
L-09234, L-11914, L-17669,. L-19723,
L-23608, L-23610, L-242I4, M-26429,
N-04052, N-10260,' N-15096 ! ,
PLANT DAMAGE A-ia915, A-18267;,
A-23S80, B-22497, B-28502, C-14710,
C-15372, C-18226, C-22626,/D-067S5,
D-07936. D-16664, D-16673, D-21126,
E-07179, E-30338, E-31006, E-35702,
G-30167, H-00408, H-01557,-H^02041,
H-02049, H^11415.'JI-12489; H-14417,
^-'14433, H-14489, H-15158. H-215228,
H-15538, H-16222, H-16226, H-16632,
H-16634, H-16637, H-16657, H-17449,
H-17622, H-17822, H-18229, H-18230,
H-18234, H-18265. H-18310, H-19540,
H-19731, H-19770, H-19771, H-19773,
H-19891, H-19949, H-20551, H-20981,
H-21062, H-21081, H-22232, H-22621,
H-22622, H-22952, H-23041, H-23188,
H-23386, H-23576, H-23583, H-23625,
H-23639. H-23678, H-23689, H-23874,
H-23950, H-23986, H-24024, H-24064,
H-24084, H-24086, H-24395, H-24533,
H-24787, H-24851, H-24852, H-24933,
H-25307, H-25330, H-25661, H-26367,
H-26491, H-27827, H-27925, H-28475,
H-28597, H-29254, H-29671, H-30003,
H-30469, H-30709, H-31011, H-31266,
H-31833, H-32183, H-32334, H-32336,
H-32342, H-33063, H-36159, H-36161,
H-36162, H-36163, H-36993, J-17658,
J-24309, L-02301, L-06754
PLANT GROWTH A-18267, D-16401,
D-16673, F-18227, F-18228, H-02541,
H-12489, H-15538, H-16222. H-16632.
H-16633. H-16637, H-17622, H-18230,
H-18234, H-18265, H-18310, H-19435,
H-19460, H-19891, H-20982, H-21081,
H-22619, H-22622, H-23188, H-23583,
H-23639, H-23678, H-23950, H-24084,
H-24434, H-24773, H-24848, H-25660,
H-26175, H-27388, H-28409, H-28680,
H-30003, H-30469, H-31266, H-33063,
H-33327, H-36161, H-36164, H-36165,
H-36166, H-36993
PLANT INDICATORS A-11915, C-14710,
C-15372, D-16401, H-07360, H-15538,
H-19461, H-21098, H-23576, H-23689,
H-23950, H-23986, H-24025, H-24086,
H-24434, H-24533, H-25307, H-25661,
H-31266
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-11915, A-18267,
A-23580, B-22061, B-22497, B-22620,
B-24730, C-08125, C-14710, C-18226,
C-22626, D-16401, D-16664, D-16673,
D-21103, D-30378, E-07179, E-35702,
F-18227, F-18228, F-19967, F-30737,
G-08801, G-16555, G-21125, G-29255,
G-30167, H-00408, H-01557, H-02041,
H-02049, H-02541, H-04368, H-07360,
H-11415, H-12489, H-13838, H-14417,
H-14433, H-14489, H-15158, H-15228,
H-15538, H-16152, H-16222, H-16226,
H-16632, H-16633, H-16637, H-16656,
H-16657, H-17449, H-17622, H-17822,
H-18229, H-18230, H-18234, H-18264,
H-18265, H-18269, H-18272, H-18310,
H-19435, H-19460, H-19540, H-19554,
H-19731, H-19770, H-19771, H-19773,
H-19873, H-19891, H-19949, H-20551,
H-20981, H-20982, H-21062, H-21081,
H-22232, H-22619, H-22621, H-22622,
H-22952, H-23041, H-23188, H-23260,
H-2338,6, H-23576, H-23625, H-23639,
H-23678, H-23689, H-23874, H-23950,
H-239$6, H-24024, H-24025, H-24064,
H-2408/t,'H-24086, H-24395, H-24434,
H-24714, H-24773, H-24788, H-24848,
H-2485X H-24852, H-25307, H-26175,
H-26367, H-26491, H-27388, H-27827,
H-27925, H-28409, H-28597, H-28600,
H-28680/ H-29147, H-29254, H-29671,
H-30003, H-30469, H-30709, H-31011,
H-3li66, H-31833, H-32088, H-32183,
H-32334, H-32336, H-32342, H-33063,-
H-333i7,V H-34867, H-36159, H-36161,
•H-36162, H-36,163, H-36164, H-36165,
-------
H-36166, H-36993, M3952, J-18266,
J-24309, K-21840, K-25087. L-02301
L-067S4
PLASTICS A-08816, A-28494, B-26084
C-U631, C-17279, C-27517. G-31639
PLATINUM B-07362, B-34609, F-13936
PLETHYSMOGRAPHY G-08305 G-24731
PLUME BEHAVIOR B-19407, C-18307.
E-05392, E-09449, E-09537, E-10219
E-10220, E-10310, E-11287. E-14825,
E-16687, E-21122, E-23039, E-28357,
E-36176, E-38609, F-30042
PNEUMOCONIOSIS D-06755, D-08120.
G-09232, G-10396. G-13625. G-17590,
G-19553, G-19558, G-19947. G-229S3,
G-22962, G-26987, G-30396
PNEUMONIA D-13953, G-11568, G-17417,
G-21336, G-23102, G-23103. G-24230,
G-24586, G-26530, G-287S3. G-29S71,
G-31665, G-32735, G-33109, G-34190,
G-37504
POINT SOURCES E-09537, E-10211,
E-10217, E-10219, E-10220. E-10310,
E-10368, E-11956, E-16629, E-16680,
E-22417
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS C-17341,
C-36838, H-15228
POLLENS A-20884, D-06755, F-30737,
G-29453
POLYMERIZATION H-36164
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS B-OOS62,
B-06280, B-10568, C-01534, C-06112,
C-09223, C-37107, C-37477, D-07393.
D-13953, D-14534, D-21239, D-22537,
D-33072, F-11554, G-08801, G-10577,
G-24935, G-34148, H-27925. J-13952,
L-11914, N-04052, N-10260
PORTABLE C-14076, C-15606, C-30199,
C-32441
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS B-07531,
B-23263, B-23307, B-25306, B-30048.
B-30276, C-21761, C-22626, C-30199,
F-16572, H-19460, H-23041, H-32088,
H-36161
POTATOES D-16401, H-19731, H-22619,
H-27925
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS A-36533,
C-07180, C-07401, C-16335, C-32441,
F-13614
POULTRY G-13065, H-31735, H-34867
POWER CYCLES K-06778
POWER SOURCES A-20384, A-20884,
A-22579, A-34101, B-00562, B-02130,
B-06280, B-07362, B-11952, B-17262,
B-24813, B-26670, B-28502, B-36204,
B-36460, C-20886, C-31924, D-07393,
D-16017, F-22402, F-30042, G-08801,
G-21125, H-33063, L-07216. L-09009,
L-13621, N-04052
PRECIPITATION A-09935, C-01541,
C-14710, C-33307, D-07936, D-09403,
D-14534, E-02444, E-10224, E-22403,
E-23304, E-26863, E-27745, E-29178,
E-30691, E-34191, E-35420, E-36062,
G-16136, G-26523, G-28364, H-16657,
1-27739, L-12238, N-21654
PRESSURE A-28494, B-08129, B-23002,
B-23249, B-29278, B-30526, B-33971,
B-34683, B-37553, B-37709, C-31626,
E-30752, F-19890, F-19%7, F-224«2,
F-22587, F-30042, F-36086, G-08305,
G-11932
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) A-09935,
E-10233, E-I0235, E-22228, E-22403,
E-26845, E-26851. E-28609, E-28616,
E-29178, E-30691, E-34191, E-35991,
E-36307, E-36492, E-36494, G-29453
SUBJECT INDEX
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-14701, A-17471,
A-17665, A-19434, A-21887, A-23022,
A-23580, B-10568, B-13026, B-14703,
B-1S957, B-16537, B-17463, B-19403,
B-19746, B-21324, B-24239, B-26003,
B-26317, B-28117, B-29802, B-37324,
B-37544, C-15372, C-29953, C-37107,
D-16401, D-27839, D-30378, G-10396,
G-19880, G-2412S, G-24586, G-25341,
H-04368, H-13838, H-16637, H-17622,
H-18269, H-19461, H-21062, H-23386,
H-23624, H-2439S, H-25307, H-25661,
H-25665, H-26491, H-34867. K-06778,
L-06754, L-23610, L-24214, M-14491
PRINTING G-33527
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-20564,
A-28781, A-34101, B-07530, B-16325,
B-19746, B-21643, B-22671, B-29824,
B-31078, B-35015, B-35496, G-07541,
L-09009, L-11914
FROPANES F-22319
PROPOSALS B-06280, B-28U7. K-34866,
L-09009, L-12238
PROTEINS B-26138, F-18228, F-22219,
G-10396, G-16515, G-29256, G-31009,
G-34945, H-19554, H-24848, H-32088,
H-36161, H-36164
PUBLIC AFFAIRS G-03214, G-26558,
G-28164, G-33903, L-00539, L-02301,
L-32197, M-14491, M-15760
PUBLIC INFORMATION L-02301
PULMONARY EDEMA G-07173, G-09232,
G-26530
PULMONARY FUNCTION G-08305,
G-10321, G-11907, G-11953, G-13868,
G-17061, G-21785, G-23101, G-24731,
G-26024, G-26025, G-26530, G-26764,
G-28752, G-29609, G-29683, G-30654,
G-32735, G-33065, G-33109, G-36259,
G-37505, K-34866
PULMONARY RESISTANCE G-08305.
G-13868, G-17061, G-24731, G-26530,
G-26764, G-32735
PULSE RATE G-08461, G-30167. G-33230,
G-33291, G-34190
PULVERIZED FUELS B-22961
PYRENES B-00562, C-01534, C-09223,
C-37107, D-07393. D-21239, D-22537,
D-33072. F-11554, G-10577, G-34148,
J-13952, L-11914, N-04052. N-10260
PYROLYSIS A-19444, B-08594, B-19746,
B-26084, B-34609, F-22319, F-22587,
L-11914
QUARTZ B-36413, C-08123, C-08126,
C-08127, C-08128. C-21629, C-37690.
D-08120, G-07015, G-07189, G-07592,
G-10396, H-18264
QUENCHING A-31616
QUESTIONNAIRES G-03214, G-09934,
G-10577, G-11953, G-22317. G-23101,
G-f3102, G-26516, G-28722, G-28768,
G-29683, G-33065
R
RABBITS A-14596, F-14693, G-06866,
G-07015. G-11935. G-16515. G-17027,
G-17079. G-17080, G-17081. G-21669,
G-24392, G-31009, G-33306, G-33527,
H-32088
RADIATION COUNTERS B-36413,
C-01541. C-31004
239
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
B-36413, C-01541, C-20923, C-23040,
C-31004
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION B-19407,
B-24730, B-30606, B-33616, B-36413,
C-01541, C-09223, C-14435, C-17368.
C-20923, C-22998, C-37690, E-16680,
E-27745, E-36062, E-36954, E-37024,
G-02539, G-23101, G-28205, G-30468,
H-19554, H-22621, L-19723
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS B-30606,
B-36413, C-09223, C-17368, E-36954,
H-19554, H-22621
RADIOGRAPHY G-07541, G-12344,
G-26024, G-30183, G-30468, G-32735
RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH D-30378
RADIOSONDES L-09234
RAIN C-01541, C-14710, C-33307,
D-09403. E-02444. E-10224, E-26863,
E-29178, E-30691, E-34191, E-35420,
G-16136, G-26523, G-28364
RATS A-14596, D-08120, G-06866.
G-10396, G-16047. G-17590, G-21087,
G-24023, G-24154, G-28493, G-29284,
G-29571, G-30468, G-31120, G-31639,
G-32953, G-33447. G-34644, G-34945,
G-37620. H-32088
REACTION KINETICS A-12975, A-19444,
B-12966, B-13898, B-19581, B-19852,
B-20381, B-22074, B-23249, B-23307.
B-23368, B-24735. B-26084, B-28499,
B-30048, B-33616. B-34314,B-34609,
E-19828, F-17588, F-22319, F-22402,
F-22587, F-24490, F-36086, 1-16404
REACTION MECHANISMS B-12966,
B-28642, B-30091, B-33122, C-08953,
C-19958, C-22391, F-16572, F-16658,
F-17364, F-22219. F-22587, F-24490,
F-28263, F-36086, G-17055, G-17056,
G-31046, G-31120, G-31629. H-22622,
1-31007, 1-31641, 1-31643
REACTORS (NUCLEAR) B-28599,
H-23624
RECOMBINATION B-19746
RECORDING METHODS C-15642,
C-19960, C-31049. C-31614, D-21219,
E-17722, G-07189, G-30468
RECREATION AREAS A-11915, G-11936,
G-34148, J-26432
REDUCTION A-08524, B-07362, B-19746,
B-19859, B-29802, B-33122, C-08465,
C-29436, G-31046, G-31629, H-19554,
H-23260, H-23950, H-24850
REFRACTIVE INDEX E-30752, F-21701
REFRACTORIES A-25056
REGULATIONS A-13112, A-19434,
B-02032, B-06280, B-16537, B-35166,
B-36951, G-10577, G-17683, G-34443,
H-26367, K-06778, K-16116, L-01528,
L-02059, L-03230. L-03243, L-07216,
L-13621, L-19723. N-04052, N-15096
REINLUFT PROCESS (ADSORPTION)
B-14226
RENDERING A-19899, A-21887, B-23002,
B-29601
REPRODUCTION G-32953, G-33123,
G-33527, G-33868, H-18269, H-31735,
H-34867, H-36166
RESEARCH INSTITUTES B-11910,
B-35015, C-36826, E-10368, L-06754,
L-07216, N-10260
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES B-19234,
C-11573, D-16345, G-07189, H-02049.
H-18234
RESEARCH PROGRAMS B-11910,
B-33890. B-35015, B-35060, D-16673,
-------
240
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
G-02S39, G-17683, 1-25937, J-26443,
L-01528, L-06754, L-09009, L-19920,
M-26429
RESIDENTIAL AREAS D-07393, D-09403,
D-10316, D-11627, D-12210, D-22537,
E-3S357, E-38609, G-16177, G-22317,
G-23101, G-23876, G-26558, G-28750,
G-29235, G-33109, K-16116
RESIDUAL OILS B-01759, B-09956,
B-29824, B-33616, B-34314, B-35060,
G-07541
RESPIRATION G-36924, G-36928,
H-18234, H-24773, H-29254, H-30709,
H-33063, H-33327
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-22579.
D-06755, D-08120, D-13953, D-14534,
D-1634S, D-16495, D-22S37, E-30796,
F-13619, G-02539, G-07173, G-07189,
G-07541, G-09232, G-09934, G-10321,
G-10396, G-10577, G-11568, G-11907,
G-11941, G-11953, G-11955, G-12490,
G-13625, G-14480, G-14553, G-14682,
G-16136, G-16177, G-17417, G-17590,
G-19514, G-19553, G-19558, G-19947,
G-21336, G-21414, G-21644, G-21785,
G-22317, G-22426, G-22953, G-22962,
G-23101, G-23102, G-23103, G-23148,
G-23151, G-24125, G-24230, G-24586,
G-24731, G-26025, G-26051, G-26305,
G-26516, G-26523, G-26530, G-26558,
G-26764, G-26987, G-27653, G-28164,
G-28351, G-28364, G-28558, G-28559,
G-28722, G-28752, G-28753, G-28767,
G-28768, G-29235, G-29249, G-29284,
G-29423, G-29453, G-29571, G-29575,
G-29683, G-29925, G-30237, G-30310,
G-30353, G-30396, G-30654, G-31016,
G-31120, G-31665, G-31900, G-32186,
G-32735, G-32882, G-32914, G-33065,
G-33109, G-33123, G-33173, G-34190,
G-34528, G-34644, G-35134, G-35154,
G-36259, G-36809, G-37337, G-37504,
H-32183, J-13952, L-02059, M-14491,
N-04052, N-21654
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS B-26138,
B-33616, C-27542, C-36260, G-07173,
G-07174, G-07189, G-07592, G-08305,
G-09232, G-10321, G-11568, G-11907,
G-11953, G-11970, G-12490, G-12960,
G-13625, G-13868, G-15703, G-17055,
G-170S6, G-17061, G-17311, G-21785,
G-23101, G-23102, G-23606, G-24731,
G-26024, G-26025, G-26523, G-26530,
G-26764, G-26987, G-28722, G-28752,
G-28765, G-29589, G-29609, G-2%83,
G-30167, G-30310, G-30353, G-30468,
G-30654, G-31016, G-32186, G-32735,
G-33065, G-33109, G-33230, G-33345,
G-33372, G-34443, G-34644, G-34945,
G-36259, G-36923, G-36924, G-36928,
G-37505, H-20185, H-34867, K-34866
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM B-06280,
D-08120, D-22537, E-22228, F-13619,
F-14693, G-02539, G-06866, G-07015,
G-07173, G-07174, G-07189, G-07541,
G-07592, G-08305, G-09232, G-09934,
G-10321, G-10396, G-10577, G-11568,
G-12960, G-13868, G-14493, G-16136,
G-17027, G-17055, G-19558, G-19880,
G-19939, G-21336, G-21669, G-21785,
G-22953, G-22962, G-23101, G-23103,
G-23606, G-24154, G-24731, G-25341,
G-26306, G-26324, G-26S30, G-26987,
G-28765, G-29453, G-29609, G-30167,
G-30310, G-30353, G-30468, G-31120,
G-31639, G-32914, G-33173, G-33306,
G-33345, G-34443, G-34644, G-34945,
G-35134, G-35153, G-36923, H-12534,
J-13952
RETENTION B-19407, D-06755, G-07174,
G-09535, G-12960, G-19880, G-20972,
G-26987, G-30310, G-30353, G-31629,
G-32914, G-32953, G-33345, G-34443,
H-14489, H-16152, H-23041, H-29147
RINGELMANN CHART C-07721,
C-20923, C-31626, L-13621
RIVERS E-10211, E-10310, E-34751,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
RUBBER A-28494
SAFETY EQUIPMENT L-13621
SALARIES M-11950
SALTZMAN METHOD C-07391, C-09728,
C-14213, C-15521, C-16543, C-30785
SAMPLERS C-05439, C-07391, C-08121,
C-08124, C-08487, C-09223, C-10221,
C-10369, C-11574, C-15346, C-15642,
C-20923, C-22079, C-23069, C-23982,
C-25921, C-26127, C-27517, C-28450,
C-29436, C-30785, C-31614, C-31615,
C-31626, C-33307, C-37443, C-37608,
C-37689, C-37690, C-37693, C-37728,
D-06755, D-08818, D-13422, D-21219,
D-33072, D-36412, E-10217, E-31642,
E-36501, F-14467, F-18308, G-07174,
L-11914
SAMPLING METHODS A-09541, B-08129,
B-23575, B-32099, B-35015, C-05439,
C-06112, C-07180, C-07391, C-07721,
C-08121, C-08123, C-08124, C-08125,
C-08487, C-08501, C-09223, C-10092,
C-10221, C-10369, C-11573, C-11574,
C-11631, C-11967, C-13070, C-15342,
C-15346, C-15642, C-16543, C-17341,
C-19902, C-19960, C-20565, C-20923,
C-20947, C-21629, C-22079, C-22391,
C-23069, C-23209, C-23265, C-23982,
C-25574, C-25921, C-26127, C-27517,
C-28296, C-28450, C-29436, C-30634,
C-30785, C-31251, C-31614, C-31615,
C-31626, C-33307, C-37443, C-37608,
C-37689, C-37690, C-37693, C-37728,
D-06755, D-08818, D-09403, D-12323,
D-13422, D-16087, D-21219, D-33072,
D-36412, E-10217, E-31642, E-36501,
F-05440, F-11554, F-14467, F-18308,
G-07174, G-22152, G-22953, H-18264,
H-25665, L-11914, L-19408
SAMPLING PROBES B-08129
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC) C-22072,
E-10310, E-14825, E-16687, E-17612,
E-18204, E-19618, E-30752, E-36142,
L-11914
SCREEN FILTERS A-15637, B-05464
SCRUBBERS B-03045, B-OS464, B-07530,
B-07531, B-08811, B-09950, B-13334,
B-14703, B-16350, B-16537, B-17022,
B-17289, B-17463, B-19403, B-19523,
B-20374, B-20931, B-21647, B-22291,
B-22400, B-23079, B-23575, B-24239,
B-26317, B-28532, B-30043, B-30276,
B-32846, B-33122, B-33167, B-33971,
B-33995, B-34683, B-35015, B-354%,
B-37115, B-37324, B-37448, B-37544,
B-37709, B-38190, C-15372, C-31924, ,
H-04368
SEA BREEZE D-09403, E-11954, E-13030
SEA SALTS F-21701, 1-27739
SEALING COMPOUNDS A-28494
SEASONAL C-11573, C-32100, D-07393,
D-11627, D-12604, D-13953, D-14482,
D-36412, D-38481, E-10220, E-10224,
E-10233, E-10235, E-10368, E-12792,
E-17678, E-20351, E-26845, E-28616,
E-29178, E-30589, E-30692, E-33927,
E-33939, E-34191, E-34751, E-35420,
E-35991, E-36062, E-36307, G-10321,
G-16177, G-22426, G-26764, G-28714,
G-28733, G-34528, G-34644, H-22621,
H-23639, H-33063
SECONDARY AIR L-09009
SEDIMENTATION B-16630, B-24609,
B-26003, B-33995, B-36413, C-08126,
C-08127, C-19960, C-20923, C-22079,
C-31047, C-31049, C-31615, D-08120,
D-36412, F-19436
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS C-36838,
G-31629, H-31628, H-31735, H-32088
SETTLING CHAMBERS B-23136,
B-30526, B-31078, B-33995
SETTLING PARTICLES A-01535,
A-11915, A-13112, A-13246, A-13622,
A-15637, A-17344, A-17471, A-19027,
A-19434, A-20884, A-22077, A-25056,
A-28781, B-02024, B-02032, B-03045,
B-04798, B-05448, B-05464, B-06116,
B-06280, B-06783, B-08129, B-08811,
B-09950, B-11910, B-11931, B-13697,
B-14289. B-14703, B-15759, B-15957,
B-17022. B-17186, B-17402, B-17463,
B-19403, B-19523, B-19972, B-20223,
B-20931, B-21647, B-21886, B-22497,
B-22560, B-22620, B-22671, B-23136,
B-23262, B-23303, B-23575, B-24239,
B-24730, B-25033, B-26003, B-26521,
B-26593, B-28117, B-28392, B-29824,
B-30276, B-30526, B-30606, B-31078,
B-33971, B-33995, B-35015, B-35166,
B-35496, B-36413, B-36951, B-37324,
B-37448, B-38190, C-07721, C-08121,
C-08122, C-08123, C-08124, C-08125,
C-08126, C-08127, C-08128, C-09223,
C-14435, C-19902, C-20595, C-20923,
C-22079, C-23982, C-25921, C-31047,
C-31049, C-31614, C-31615, C-33307,
C-36260, C-37107, C-37477, C-37519,
C-37608, C-37689, C-37690, C-37693,
D-05466, D-06755, D-07393, D-07936,
D-08120, D-09403, D-10316, D-12210,
D-14482, D-16673, D-17712, D-21219,
D-21239, D-30378, D-33072, D-37306,
E-10217, E-10233, E-19274, E-21646,
E-27745, E-31642, E-34751, E-35037,
E-35420, E-35991, F-18308, F-21701,
F-31415, G-02539, G-03202, G-03214,
G-07015, G-07174, G-07189, G-07541,
G-07592, G-08461, G-08801, G-09725,
G-10321, G-103%, G-11907, G-11947,
G-11970, G-12960, G-14553, G-14682,
G-17590, G-19S53, G-19558, G-19947,
G-22317, G-22953, G-22962, G-23102,
G-23103, G-23148, G-23151, G-23606,
G-24125, G-24230, iG-24935, G-28714,
G-28733, G-29249, G-29284, G-29423,
G-29571, G-29575,'G-29589, G-30183,
G-30310, G-30654, G-31665, G-31900,
G-33109, G-34148, G-34190, G-34443,
G-36809, H-00408, H-02541, H-04368,
H-16633, H-17622, H-18229, H-19460,
H-20982, H-24063, H-30003, H-31266,
H-32342, H-34867, 1-10094,1-13369,
1-22078, 1-27739, J-139S2, 1^17203,
K-06778, K-16116, L-01528, L-03230,
L-06754, L-09234, L-19408, L-19723,
N-04052
-------
SEWAGE A-11971, A-20564, A-25056,
A-31616,B-13697, B-14940,B-25427,
B-28146. B-28502, B-34609, D-08818*
SEWAGE TREATMENT A-31616,
B-13697, B-14940, B-28502
SEWERS D-08818
SHEEP H-16059, H-18271, H-32088,
H-34867
SHIPS B-25427, D-08818
SILICATES C-37690, D-10316, G-103%
SILICON COMPOUNDS B-30606,
C-37690, D-10316, G-07592, G-103%
G-29571, H-18230
SILICON DIOXIDE B-2S306, C-08127,
C-37690, D-10316, E-10211, G-07189,
G-103%, G-11568, G-14682, G-17590,
G-32914, G-34443
SILICOS1S D-0675S, D-08120, G-17590,
G-19947
SILVER COMPOUNDS C-07180
SIMULATION B-2%39, C-20886, E-09S37,
E-17401, E-17713, E-17722. E-19828,
E-30338, E-33939, G-07174, G-23606,
G-34443, H-19460, 1-22078
SINTERING A-17344, A-17471, A-19434,
B-21893, B-24239. B-26003, K-06778
SINUSES D-22537, E-22228, G-26306,
G-3S153
SKIN G-06866, G-07541, G-19880,
G-26987, G-31507, G-32882. H-12535
SKIN TESTS G-34945
SLAUGHTERHOUSES A-21887, C-31924
SLUDGE A-11971, A-20564, A-25056,
B-13697, B-14940, B-28146, B-28502
SMOG C-20923, D-067S5, D-07936.
D-25094, D-38481, E-22417, E-30691,
E-30692, E-307%, E-34191, E-35037,
E-35420, E-38609, G-03202, G-08801,
G-11568, G-26051. G-29423, G-31120.
G-34148, H-02541. H-28475, L-01528
SMOG INDEX E-30796
SMOKE SHADE B-06280, C-07721,
C-20923, C-27542, C-31626, J-13952,
L-13621
SMOKEMETERS B-06280, C-07180,
C-07721, C-20923, C-25921, C-27542,
C-31626, C-37728, L-13621
SMOKES A-15637, A-20884, A-28781,
B-06280, B-11952, B-14703, B-16537,
B-22497, B-22560, B-22671. B-23262.
B-24239, B-35496, C-07482, C-20923,
C-22626, C-23982, C-27542, C-36260,
C-37519, D-10316, D-12210. D-13953,
D-14534, D-16345, D-16673, D-21126,
D-36014, E-05392, E-07179, E-14825,
E-17722, E-19758, E-23039, E-28357.
E-30796, E-35037, F-05440. F-11S54,
G-11568, G-14682. G-21336, G-24586,
G-294S3, G-30654, G-32735, G-35134,
H-16226, H-16632, H-16637, H-16657,
H-20981. H-22622. H-23041. H-23678,
H-23689. H-23874, H-24851, H-31266,
1-22078, J-139S2, J-17203, J-17658,
L-01528, L-03230. L-09009
SMOKING D-139S3, D-16495, G-08801,
G-10577, G-11568. G-11953. G-I3625,
G-14553, G-22317, G-26025, G-26530,
G-26558, G-28351.. G-28541, G-28,722,
G-28752, G-29284, G-29453, G-303%,
G-31016, G-33065., G-33230, G-33345,
1-22078
SNOW D-07936, E-10224
SOCIAL ATTITUDES M-11950, M-14491
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS: B-32099,
G-17683, G-2%83, H-26367. J-26432,
J-26443, M-11950, M-26429, N-18309
SUBJECT INDEX
SODIUM CARBONATE B-23263, B-23264,
B-30276, G-16515
SODIUM CHLORIDE A-09935, B-25306
1-31643
SODIUM COMPOUNDS A-09935,
B-03045, B-15300, B-23263. B-23264,
B-25306, B-26084, B-30276, B-32846,
C-09728, C-10092, C-21761, C-2326S,
C-37690. E-36954, G-07592. G-16515,
G-31613, G-31629, H-18269, H-18271,
H-24787, H-31735, 1-31643
SODIUM HYDROXIDE B-03045, B-15300,
B-23263. B-32846, C-10092. C-23265
SODIUM SULFTTE B-32846. G-31629
SOILING D-06755, 1-10094
SOILING INDEX D-21219
SOILS C-17368. D-30378, E-36238,
H-19460, H-19873, H-23S83. H-23950,
H-24063, H-24787, H-24933, H-25660,
H-30469, H-31011, H-33063
SOLAR RADIATION E-12792, E-19274,
E-1%18, E-19828, E-21646, E-35420,
E-36062, E-36307, H-19731, H-27925,
H-31833, H-36162, H-36164
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-08816,
A-11934, A-11971, A-13622, B-34609,
B-354%, F-13620, H-25330, N-040S2
SOLIDS B-31078, B-37544. C-25574,
F-13618, G-08949, G-34443, H-13838
SOLVENT REFINING (LOW ASH)
B-19746
SOLVENTS B-07362, B-229S7, B-24735,
B-25033, 1-22078, N-04052
SOOT B-03045, B-05464, B-06280,
B-09950, B-11910, B-22497, B-22671.
B-29824, B-35166, B-354%, C-07721,
C-25921, C-37477, C-37S19. D-07393.
D-10316, E-35420, G-03214, G-07174,
G-07541. G-08801. G-10321, G-306S4,
H-31266, N-04052
SOOT FALL C-07721, D-06755, D-07393,
E-307%, G-03214, G-26024, G-26025,
G-26306, G-28722. J-13952
SOURCE SAMPLING B-23S75, C-07721,
C-11%7, C-31626, D-16087, G-22953,
L-19408
S02 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-11739, A-12975,
B-03045, B-11854, B-11910, B-13026.
B-13094. B-13206, B-13630, B-13732,
B-13817, B-13898, B-13924, B-14226,
B-14289, B-17289, B-17463, B-19S81,
B-19852. B-19859, B-19860, B-19959,
B-19972, B-20374, B-21031, B-21643,
B-11647, B-21893, B-22074. B-22291,
B-22957. B-22%1, B-23249, B-23251,
B-23263, B-23264, B-23303, B-23307,
B-23368, B-23575, B-23690, B-23873,
B-23983, B-24735, B-26138, B-28499,
B-28683, B-28684. B-28686, B-29273.
B-30048, B-30276, B-32846, B-33167,
B-33321, B-33890, B-34314, B-34683.
B-35026, B-36151, B-37448, C-22391,
F-13178, G-07541, G-1655S, J-01760,
J-17203
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES B-02130,
G-08801, L-09009
SPARK TIMING B-11952. B-26670
SPECTROMETRY B-30091. C-07180,
C-157S2, C-17024, C-17341, C-17368,
C-19958, C-28291. C-28300, C-30634,
C-30785,C-32100, C-32453, C-36826,
C-37107, E-36954, F-17588, F-37S82. t
G-08461, H-24851
SPECTROPH,OTOMETRY A-31616,
C-07180, C-08501, C-09223, C-09728, ;
241
C-11574, C-1517I, C-15342, C-16995,
C-20595, C-27131, C-282%, C-29762,
C-29953,C-36826, C-37608,C-37689,
D-33072, F-11554, F-23638, G-07174,
G-31009, H-14489, L-09234, L-11914
SPINACH D-16401, H-02541, H-19554,
H-19731, H-22622
SPORES D-36412
SPOT TESTS C-08487, C-14486
SPRAY TOWERS B-07530, B-07531,
B-17022, B-17289, B-20931, B-28532,
B-37544, B-37709, B-38190, C-15372
SPRAYS B-04798. B-20931. B-25033,
G-08461
ST LOUIS E-02444
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) C-15752.
C-18307, C-33373, C-37519, D-09403,
D-17712, D-25094, D-37306, E-05392,
E-09449, E-10211, E-10229, E-10233,
E-10235, E-10368, E-11287, E-11954.
E-11956, E-12792, E-14044, E-16629,
E-17678, E-17719, E-19740. E-19767,
E-19781. E-21122, E-22080, E-22403,
E-22417, E-25811, E-26851, E-28609,
E-30589, E-30692, E-307%, E-33939,
E-34191, E-34751, E-35037, E-35357,
E-35420, E-36176, E-36238, E-36428,
E-36492, E-38609, G-09725, G-30148,
H-33063, 1-10094
STACK GASES A-09S41, A-11739,
A-17344, A-19434, A-23022, B-10568,
B-11740, B-11931, B-13732, B-15759,
B-16350, B-16419, B-17289, B-17463,
B-19852, B-19860, B-19959, B-19972,
B-20931. B-21893, B-22061, B-22291,
B-22400, B-23251, B-23264, B-23307,
B-23368. B-23S75, B-23690, B-23873,
B-23983, B-24239, B-24730,B-26317,
B-28499, B-28684, B-29802, B-30276,
B-31078, B-32846, B-33167, B-33321,
B-33890, B-33995, B-34683. B-354%,
B-35650, B-36151. B-37324. B-37448,
B-37544. C-06112, C-08S01, C-13070.
C-14435, C-18226, C-22391, C-22998,
C-23265, C-28291, C-28S85, C-31626,
C-32453, C-33373, D-07936, D-21126,
D-24575, E-05392, E-10219, E-10220,
E-10368. E-11287, E-11954, E-14044,
E-16629, E-16687, E-17722, F-11554,
F-22402, G-07541, G-16555, G-22152,
G-23151, G-26764, G-2923S, G-37337,
H-00408, H-18230, H-18310, H-23386,
H-23625, H-23950, H-24024, H-24025,
H-24064, H-24395, H-2S330, H-34867,
K-06778, L-01528, L-14798, L-19408
STACK SAMPLING B-23575, C-07721,
C-31626, D-16087. L-19408
STACKS A-06240, A-31882, B-11740.
B-11910, B-19407, B-23251, B-37553.
C-06112, C-18226, C-18307, C-31626,
E-05392, E-09449, E-10219, E-10220.
E-10368, E-11287, E-17722,E-21122,
E-23039, E-307%, E-33939, E-34191,
E-35037, G-29235, K-06778, K-25087
STAGNATION D-09403, D-17712,
D-25094. E-10233. E-17678, E-307%,
E-34751, E-3S3S7, E-3S420, E-36492,
H-33063
STANDARDS A-17344, A-19434, A-22579,
B-00562, B-02024. B-02032, B-06280,
B-09950. B-15759, B.19523, B-26670,
B-30526, B-33995, B-35026. B-3S166,
B-36204, B-36951. C-32100, D-24575.
D-27831, D-30378, D-38481,. E-103W,
E-10368, G-08801, G-10577,.G-21125,
G-21644. G-21669, G-30237 G-32186.
-------
242
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
G-33447, G-33903, G-34443, G-36812,
G-36923, G-36924, G-36927, G-36928,
G-37620, H-23624, H-23986, H-26367,
J-13952, K-06778, K-16116, K-21840,
K-24907, K-25087, K-34866, L-00539,
L-02059, L-03230, L-13069, L-19408,
L-19723, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
N-10260
STATE GOVERNMENTS A-19434,
L-32198
STATISTICAL ANALYSES B-21031,
B-33995, C-11573, C-16230, C-21533,
D-13953, D-21103, D-30708. E-09449,
E-10368, E-11287, E-21646, E-22315,
E-22403, E-27745, E-28609, E-29178,
E-33939, E-35037, E-36428. G-1I907,
G-15233, G-16177, G-22317, G-22962,
G-23151, G-24935, G-26324, G-26S16,
G-27653, G-28364, G-28714, G-28733,
G-28750, G-28753, G-28767, G-29575,
G-3166S, G-33065, G-33123. G-33173,
G-34S28, G-35154. G-36259. H-36163,
K-34866
STEAM B-07362, B-08594, B-14226,
B-23983, B-26593, B-30043
STEAM ENGINES B-17262, B-36204
STEAM PLANTS A-11739, B-06116,
B-19972, B-21643, B-21886, B-21893,
B-22291, B-22671. B-33890, C-07721.
C-22391, E-10219, E-10220, E-10229,
E-10235, E-10368, K-06778
STEEL A-17471, A-17665, B-13734.
B-19403, B-21324, B-24239, B-26593,
B-37553, D-27839. G-H970, 1-13369,
1-24972, 1-27739, 1-31007, 1-31641,
1-31643, L-23608, L-24214
STOMACH G-07541
STONE B-19523
STORAGE BATTERIES B-28502, B-36204,
B-36460
STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINES
B-26670
STREETS B-36951, D-08818, D-11627,
D-16017, D-19433, D-28648, E-35357,
G-23876, H-18229
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS E-27745,
G-16063
STUDENTS G-29683, G-30183, G-35154,
G-37505
STYRENES A-08524
SUBLIMATION C-15752
SUBWAYS D-10582, H-24788
SULFATES A-06240, B-09950, B-16350,
B-16419, B-19860, B-19959, B-20223,
B-23249, B-23303, B-23307, B-25306,
B-30043, B-33167, C-11861, C-11948,
C-12321. D-10316, E-02444, E-10224,
E-26863, E-27745, E-36501, G-34443,
H-02541, H-19554, H-24714, H-24848,
H-32088, 1-13369
SULFIDES A-06240. A-16494, A-17344,
A-31616, A-36533, B-03045, B-07531.
B-08467, B-11910, B-13630, B-13734,
B-15300, B-15839, B-15952. B-16350,
B-17067, B-19746, B-19859, B-21893,
B-22061, B-22400. B-23249, B-23251,
B-24609, B-29273, B-29278, B-30048,
B-32798, B-33122, B-34683. B-36151,
B-37448. C-06112, C-07180. C-07391,
C-08465, C-08501, C-11574, C-11819,
C-14076, C-15171, C-15342, C-16543,
C-20595, C-21629, C-22220, C-25921,
C-28070. C-28450, C-29269, C-31924,
D-02066, D-07393, D-13422, F-13178,
F-16572, F-21628, F-28678, F-31039,
F-36086, G-02539, G-11941, G-19939,
G-32735, G-36259, H-02541, H-23188,
H-23260, H-24714, H-24848, H-28475,
J-13952, K-06778, L-06754, L-09234,
N-04052
SULFTTES B-07531, B-33167, B-33890,
E-10224, H-195S4, H-25330
SULFONIC ACID C-30785
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-06240,
A-16494, A-17344, A-31616, A-36533,
B-02931, B-03045. B-07531, B-08467,
B-09950, B-11740, B-11910, B-13630,
B-13734, B-15300, B-15839, B-15952,
B-16350, B-16419. B-17067, B-19616,
B-19746, B-19859, B-19860. B-199S9,
B-20223, B-21893, B-22061, B-22400,
B-23249, B-23251, B-23303, B-23307,
B-24609, B-25306, B-28499, B-29273,
B-29278, B-30043, B-30048, B-32798,
B-33122. B-33167, B-33890, B-34683,
B-35060. B-36151, B-37448, C-06112,
C-07180. C-07391. C-08465, C-08501,
C-11574, C-11819. C-11861, C-11948.
C-12321, C-14076, C-15171, C-15342,
C-16543, C-16995, C-20595, C-21629,
C-22220, C-22626. C-25921, C-28070.
C-28450, C-29269, C-31924, D-02066,
D-07393, D-10316, D-13422, E-02444,
E-10224, E-26863. E-27745, E-36062.
E-36501, F-13178, F-16572. F-21628.
F-28678. F-31039, F-36086, G-02539,
G-07541. G-I1907, G-11941, G-19939,
G-32735, G-34443. G-36259, H-02541,
H-12489, H-19554, H-19770, H-22952,
H-23188, H-23260. H-24714, H-24848,
H-25330, H-28475, H-32088, 1-13369,
1-24972, J-13952, K-06778, L-06754,
L-072I6, L-09234, L-12238, N-04052
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-06240, A-11739,
A-12975, A-14701, A-17344, A-17471,
A-19434, A-20564, A-22579, A-31882,
B-00562, B-03045, B-06280, B-07530,
B-08467, B-08594, B-09950, B-11740,
B-11910, B-13206, B-13817, B-14226,
B-14289, B-15839, B-16350, B-16419,
B-21031, B-22061, B-25427, B-26084.
B-26138. B-28499, B-28502, B-29273,
B-33971, B-34314, C-07180, C-07482,
C-08501, C-11573, C-11574, C-11631,
C-14486, C-15606, C-16056, C-16335,
C-17279, C-20565, C-20595, C-20947,
C-21533, C-21629, C-21761, C-22220,
C-22391, C-22998, C-27517, C-28070,
C-28165, C-28450, C-29436, C-29801,
C-30634, C-31367, C-32100, C-32441,
C-36859, C-37446, D-02066, D-07393,
D-07936, D-09403, D-10316, D-12210,
D-I2323, D-12604, D-13422, D-13953,
D-16345, D-16401, D-16495, D-16664,
D-16673, D-17712, D-19445, D-21103.
D-21126, D-25094. D-26174, D-30708,
D-37306, D-38481. E-02444, E-07179,
E-10211, E-10219, E-10220, E-10233,
E-11287, E-13030, E-16629, E-16687,
E-26845, E-26863, E-28609, E-28616.
E-29178, E-30589, E-30796, E-33927,
E-33939, E-35357, E-35702, E-35991,
E-36495, E-36501, F-13614, F-13936,
F-I6658, F-17921, F-28678, F-36086,
F-37582, G-03214, G-07541, G-08305,
G-08801, G-09934, G-10577, G-11568,
G-11907, G-11953, G-11955, G-11970,
G-12490, G-13625, G-13868, G-145S3,
G-14682, G-16136, G-16177, G-17027,
G-17055, G-17056, G-17311, G-19514,
G-19939, G-21336, G-21414, G-21644,
G-21669, G-21785, G-22152, G-22317.
G-22426, G-23101, G-23102, G-23103,
G-23148, G-23151, G-23606, G-24154,
G-24230, G-24392, G-26051, G-26305,
G-26306, G-26516, G-26523, G-26530,
G-26558, G-26764, G-26987, G-27653,
G-28164, G-28558, G-28559, G-28714,
G-28722, G-28733, G-28750, G-28752,
G-28753, G-29235, G-29249, G-29284,
G-29453. G-29571. G-29575, G-29925,
G-30148, G-30167, G-30237, G-30310,
G-30353, G-30396, G-30654, G-31016,
G-31665, G-31900, G-32186, G-32735,
G-32914, G-33065, G-33109, G-33123,
G-33173, G-33345, G-33447, G-34148,
G-34190, G-34443, G-34528, G-34644,
G-35134. G-35153, G-35154, G-36812,
G-36927, G-37229, G-37337, G-37504,
G-37505, H-00408, H-02041, H-11415,
H-12489, H-12535, H-14417, H-14433,
H-15158, H-15228, H-15538, H-16226,
H-16637, H-16656, H-16657, H-17449,
H-17622. H-18310, H-19461, H-19554,
H-19731, H-19949, H-20981, H-21098,
H-22232, H-22621, H-23041, H-23188,
H-23260, H-23386, H-23583, H-23624,
H-23625, H-23678, H-23689, H-23950,
H-23986, H-24063, H-24064, H-24084,
H-24086. H-24434, H-24533. H-24714,
H-24848. H-24852, H-24933, H-25307,
H-25330, H-26175, H-26367, H-26491,
H-27388, H-27827, H-28475, H-28597,
H-28680, H-29254, H-2%71, H-30003,
H-30709, H-31011, H-31833, H-32183,
H-32334, H-32342, H-33063, H-33327,
H-36159, H-36161, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166, H-36993,
1-13369. 1-27739. J-01760, J-13952,
K-06778, K-16116, K-21840, K-24907,
K-25087, L-01528, L-02059, L-06754,
L-09234, L-12238, L-19723, L-23610,
L-24214, N-04052, N-21654
SULFUR OXIDES A-06240, A-11739,
A-12975, A-14701, A-17344, A-17471,
A-19434, A-20564, A-22579, A-28781,
A-31882, B-00562, B-03045. B-06116,
B-06280, B-07530, B-08467, B-08594,
B-09950, B-11740, B-11910, B-13206,
B-13817, B-14226, B-14289, B-15839,
B-16350, B-16419, B-21031, B-22061,
B-23575, B-25427, B-26084, B-26138,
B-28499. B-28502. B-29273, B-29824,
B-33890, B-33971, B-34314, C-01534,
C-06112, C-07180, C-07391, C-07482,
C-08501, C-11573, C-11574, C-11631,
C-14486, C-15171, C-15342, C-15606,
C-16056, C-16335, C-16543, C-17279,
C-17341, C-20565, C-20595, C-20947,
C-21533, C-21629, C-21761, C-22220,
C-22391, C-22998, C-25921, C-27517,
C-28070, C-28165, C-28450, C-29436,
C-29801. C-30634, C-31367, C-32100,
C-32441, C-36859, C-37446, D-02066,
D-07393, D-07936, D-09403, D-10316,
D-12210, D-12323, D-12604, D-13422,
D-13953, D-14482, D-I4534, D-16017,
D-16345, D-16401, D-16495, D-16664,
D-16673, D-17712, D-19445, D-21103,
D-21126. D-22537, D-25094, D-26174,
D-30708, D-37306, D-38481, E-02444,
E-07179, E-10211, E-10219, E-10220,
E-10233, E-11287, E-13030, E-16629,
E-16687, E-26845, E-26863, E-28609,
E-28616, E-29178, E-30589, E-30796,
E-33927, E-33939, E-35037, E-35357,
E-35702, E-35991, E-36307, E-36492,
E-36495, E-36501, F-13614, F-13936,
-------
P-16658, F-17921, F-28678, F-36086,
F-37582, O-03214. G-07174, G-07541,
G-08305, G-08801, G-09934, G-10S77,
G-11568, G-11907, G-11953, G-119S5',
G-11970, G-12490, G-13625, G-13868
G-14553, 0-14682, G-16136, G-16177
G-17027, G-17055, G-17056, G-17311,
G-19S14, G-19939, G-21336, G-21414,
G-21644, G-21669, G-21785, G-22152
G-22317, G-22426, G-23101, G-23102,
G-23103, G-23148, G-23151, G-23606,
G-24154, G-24230, G-24392, G-26024,
G-26025, G-26051, G-26305, G-26306,
G-26S16, G-26523, G-26530, G-26558,
G-26764, G-26987, G-276S3, G-28164,
G-28351, G-28558, G-28559, G-28714,
G-28722, G-28733, G-28750, G-28752,
G-28753, G-28767. G-28768, G-29235,
G-29249, G-29284, G-29453, G-29571.
G-29575, G-29683, G-29925, G-30148.
G-30167, G-30237, G-30310, G-30353,
G-30396, G-30654. G-31016, G-31665,
G-31900. G-32186. G-32735, G-32882.
G-32914, G-3306S, G-33109, G-33123,
G-33173. G-33345, G-33447, G-34148,
G-34190, G-34443. G-34528, G-34644.
G-35134, G-35153, G-35154, G-36809,
G-36812, G-36927, G-37229, G-37337,
G-37504, G-3750S, H-00408, H-02041,
H-11415, H-12489, H-12535, H-14417,
H-14433, H-15158, H-15228, H-15538,
H-16226, H-16637, H-16656, H-16657,
H-17449, H-17622, H-18310, H-19461,
H-19554, H-19731, H-19949, H-20981.
H-21098, H-22232, H-22621, H-23041,
H-23188, H-23260, H-23386, H-23583,
H-23624, H-23625, H-23678, H-23689.
H-23950, H-23986, H-24063, H-24064,
H-24084, H-24086, H-24434, H-24533,
H-24714, H-24848, H-24852, H-24933,
H-25307, H-25330, H-26175, H-26367,
H-26491, H-27388, H-27827, H-28475,
H-28597, H-28680, H-29254, H-29671,
H-30003, H-30709, H-31011, H-3I833,
H-32183, H-32334, H-32342, H-33063,
H-33327, H-36159, H-36161, H-36162,
H-36163, H-36164, H-36165, H-36166,
H-36993, 1-13369, 1-27739, J-01760,
J-139S2, J-24309, K-06778, K-16116,
K-21840, K-24907, K-25087, L-01528,
L-02059, L-06754, L-09234, L-12238,
L-14798, L-19723, L-23608, L-23610.
L-24214, N-04052, N-10260, N-21654
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-11739,
A-12975, A-13246. B-017S9, B-02931,
B-03045, B-08S94, B-09956, B-11740,
B-11854, B-11910, B-12966, B-13026,
B-13094, B-13127, B-13206, B-13630,
B-13732, B-13734, B-13817, B-13898,
B-13924, B-14226, B-14289, B-15952,
B-16510, B-I7I13, B-17289, B-17463,
B-17539, B-19581, B-19616, B-19746,
B-19852, B-19859, B-19860, B-19959,
B-19972, B-20090, B-20108, B-20223,
B-20299, B-20374, B-20381, B-21031,
B-21643, B-21647, B-21893, B-22074,
B-22291, B-22957, B-22961, B-23249,
B-23251, B-23263, B-23264, B-23303,
B-23307, B-23368, B-23575, B-23690,
B-23873, B-23983, B-24239, B-24609.
B-24735, B-26138, B-28392, B-28499,
B-28S99. B-28683, B-28684, B-28686,
B-29273, B-29387, B-30048, B-30276,
B-32846, B-33167, B-33321, B-33616,
B-33890. B-34314, B-34683, B-350I5,
B-35026, B-3S060, B-36151, B-37448,
SUBJECT INDEX
C-22391, E-35702, F-13178, G-07541,
G-165S5, J-01760, J-17203
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-12975, A-17344,
B-00562, B-06116, B-09950, B-13817,
B-23575, B-28499, B-29824, B-33890,
C-07391, C-07482, C-11574, C-20565,
C-20595,C-22391, C-29436, C-32100,
D-07936, G-03214, G-07541, G-11907,
G-26024, G-26025, G-28351, G-28767,
G-28768, G-29683, G-30237, G-32882,
G-36809, H-16226, H-16637, K-06778
SULFURIC ACID A-12975, A-20564,
B-02931, B-07531, B-13206, B-16419,
B-19860, B-21643, B-23264, B-28686,
B-30526, C-14486, C-18226, C-20595,
C-29436, C-30199, C-31367, C-37253,
E-10211, E-30796, F-22402, G-03214,
G-11941. G-21125, G-26305. G-28765.
G-29423, G-32735, G-34148, G-36927,
H-02541, H-18264, H-19554, 1-27739,
J-13952,J-17203, K-06778
SUPERCOOLING B-19234
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
G-08461, G-33527, H-18229
SURFACE COATINGS A-17665. A-24096.
B-25033, F-36086, G-33527, 1-22078.
1-24972, 1-31643, J-24309
SURFACE PROPERTIES B-26084,
B-28642, B-30091, B-30526, B-33616,
B-34314, C-14710, C-31615, F-14391,
F-36086.1-31641,1-31643
SURFACTANTS A-13246, B-17022,
B-28392
SURGERY G-07015, G-31507
SURVEY METHODS C-11573, D-06755,
G-22152
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-11934,
A-11971, A-15637. A-20884, A-28781,
B-01759, B-03045, B-04798, B-05448,
B-05464, B-06116, B-06280, B-08811,
B-11952, B-14703, B-16537, B-19234,
B-20931, B-21643, B-22497, B-22560,
B-22671, B-22961. B-23079, B-23262,
B-24239, B-28146, B-28502, B-29824,
B-30606, B-33971. B-354%, C-01534,
C-07482, C-14486, C-15346, C-15642,
C-19902. C-19960, C-20923, C-22626,
C-23982. C-27542, C-29436, C-31004,
C-33373. C-36260, C-36838, C-37519,
D-02066, D-0675S, D-07393, D-07936,
D-09403, D-10316, D-12210, D-13953,
D-14534, D-16345, D-16495, D-16673,
D-21126, D-21219, D-25094, D-36014,
D-38481, E-02444, E-05392, E-07179,
E-10211, E-10219. E-14825, E-16687,
E-17722, E-19758, E-22417, E-23039,
E-23304, E-28357, E-29178, E-29636,
E-30691, E-30692, E-30752, E-30796,
E-31642, E-34191, E-35037, E-35420,
E-36142. E-38609. F-05440, F-11554,
F-30737, F-31415, G-03202, G-07379,
G-08461, G-08801, G-11568, G-11907,
G-U953. G-I4682, G-21336, G-24125,
G-24392, G-24586, G-26051, G-26523,
G-28750, G-28765, G-29423, G-29453,
G-30654, G-31120, G-32735, G-34148,
G-35134, H-02541, H-16226, H-16632,
H-16637. H-16657, H-18229, H-18230,
H-18234, H-18270, H-18310, H-19540,
H-19949, H-20981, H-22622, H-23041,
H-23624, H-23678, H-23689, H-23874,
H-24851. H-28475, H-31266, H-33063,
H-34867, 1-22078, J-139S2, J-17203,
J-17658, K-06778, L-01528, L-03230,
L-09009, L-19723, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214. N-04052
243
SWEDEN B-01759, B-03045, B-06280.
B-13334, C-01541, C-08953. C-15372,
C-30199, G-02S39, G-31120, G-32186,
G-33527, G-33868, H-02041, H-32183,
J-13952, L-09009. L-12238, L-32193,
L-32194, L-32195, L-321%, L-32197,
L-32198, L-32199, L-32200, L-32201,
L-32202, L-32203, L-32204. L-32205,
M-15760
SWEET PEAS H-16222
SYNERGISM G-02539, G-11568, G-23606,
G-30237. G-32186, G-33345, G-33447,
G-36812. G-36927. H-23624, H-23950
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-28494, B-11910,
C-08125
TAR H-18229, H-27925
TAXATION M-11950
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES G-17683,
L-19920
TEFLON C-17279, C-27517
TEMPERATURE A-20564, A-22077,
A-23210. A-28494, A-28781, B-06280,
B-07362, B-08129, B-10568, B-11931,
B-13697, B-19746, B-19859, B-19972,
B-21643, B-23002, B-23249. B-23303,
B-23873, B-25033, B-25306. B-26084,
B-26593, B-26670, B-28146, B-28499,
B-28642, B-29278, B-29802, B-30043,
B-30048, B-30091, B-30104, B-30526,
B-33122, B-33995, B-34609, B-34683,
B-354%, B-35650, B-36204, B-37544,
C-07391, C-07721, C-09223, C-15752,
C-28070, C-31626, C-32441. F-11554,
F-13618, F-17364, F-17588, F-22402,
F-22587, F-36086, G-33123, H-16633,
H-30709, 1-10094
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-09935, B-19234. C-29762. C-32100,
D-02066, D-14482, D-37306, E-05392,
E-10220, E-10229, E-10235, E-12349,
E-16680, E-20155, E-21122, E-21646,
E-22080, E-22228, E-22403, E-26851,
E-26863, E-27823, E-29178, E-35420,
E-36238, E-36494, F-11933, G-07379,
G-16136, G-26523, G-28364, G-28714,
G-28733, G-28750, G-29453, G-34190,
G-34528, H-07360, 1-10094, 1-27739,
1-31007, 1-31643, L-09234
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT C-15752,
E-10229, E-10235, E-14044, E-16629,
E-19767, E-19781. E-22080, E-35037,
E-35420, E-36176, E-38609, 1-10094
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS C-17664, C-31626
TENNESSEE D-12604
TEST ENGINES B-37252
TESTING FACILITIES A-18268, B-10564,
B-37252, E-16324, E-17713, E-17722,
E-19828, G-02539, G-07174, G-14493,
G-31639, H-23260, H-24434, H-24533,
H-30709, H-36993, 1-24972, L-09009
TETRAETHYL LEAD A-22579. B-00562.
C-08501, F-05440, G-08801, G-11935,
G-13059, G-23876, L-09009
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING B-11910
TEXTILES A-28494, B-11910, C-08125,
C-21629, J-24309
THERMAL RADIATION E-31642,
G-31639
THERMOCOUPLES C-31626
THERMODYNAMICS A-16254, A-19444,
B-13817. B-26084, F-13618, F-14391.
-------
244
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-17594, F-22402, F-24490, F-28678,
1-10094
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
C-09223, C-37107, C-37477
THRESHOLDS A-19899, B-30043,
C-08953, C-27131. C-29269, G-08461,
G-21644, G-36923, G-36924, G-36927,
G-36928, G-37620, H-02541, H-19949,
H-23576, H-23950, H-24064, H-2S660,
K-21840, M-1S760
TIMED FUEL INJECTION A-34101,
B-06280, B-26670
TIN COMPOUNDS F-17921
TIP BURN H-02049. H-17822, H-23188,
H-23625, H-32183, H-33063
TISSUE CULTURES F-13619, G-07015
TISSUES G-07173, G-07592, G-10396,
G-11935, G-16515, G-16600. G-17081.
G-26987, G-30167, G-33173, G-34644,
G-35153, G-37620, H-31628, H-31735,
H-32088
TITANIUM G-07592, 1-31007
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS F-17921.
G-07592, G-32735
TOBACCO F-18227, H-02541, H-22622,
H-23386, H-29671, H-30709
TOKYO C-15171, C-37608, D-07393,
D-27831, D-36014, E-26845, E-29178,
G-03214, G-11907, G-21785, G-26051,
G-28364, G-28714, G-28733, L-23610
TOLUENES B-00562, G-08305
TOMATOES D-16401, H-17449, H-22232,
H-23260, H-23386, H-24714, H-24848.
H-24852, H-28600, H-29671
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
B-11910, C-20947, D-21126, E-07179,
E-10310, E-11954, E-12349. E-16629,
E-17678. E-17713, E-22080, E-22417,
E-27823, E-31006, E-33927, E-34751,
E-35420, E-36494, H-33063
TOXIC TOLERANCES C-01534, G-02539,
G-07173, G-08801, G-26523, G-32914,
G-33447, G-37229, H-02541, H-11415,
H-19461, H-19731, H-23188. H-23576,
H-23625, H-23678, H-23986. H-24064,
H-24852, H-26175, H-28680. H-32336,
H-32342, H-33063, H-36159, H-36161,
H-36162, H-36163, H-36164, H-36165,
H-36166, H-36993, K-21840
TOXICITY A-08524, A-14596, A-22579,
A-28494. B-26138. B-30526, B-31078,
D-16345. F-14693, G-06866, G-07015,
G-07379, G-08611, G-08801. G-09232,
G-10349, G-15703, G-17417, G-19939,
G-21087, G-21125, G-21669, G-24154.
G-25341, G-26530, G-26987, G-28493,
G-284%, G-28541, G-28765, G-29255,
G-29453, G-30167, G-31008, G-31613,
G-31639, G-33123, G-33173, G-33291,
G-33447, G-34443, G-34644. G-35153.
G-36812. G-36923. G-36924. G-36927,
G-36928, G-37229, G-37620, H-19949,
H-23386, H-23576, H-23624, H-23950,
H-25660, H-31628, H-32088, H-36159.
H-36993
TRACE ANALYSIS C-11819, C-14076,
C-28070, C-28450, D-16087, G-24573,
H-14489, H-20185
TRACHEA E-22228, G-10396, G-14493,
G-17027, G-26306, G-26324, G-26987,
G-30167, G-303JO
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS B-28117,
L-14798
TRAINS G-08801
TRANSMISSOMETERS B706280. C-07180,
C-31626
TRANSPORT A-09935, B-20374, E-10211,
E-10217, E-10219, E-10233, E-23039,
E-27745, E-34751, E-38609, H-19949
TRANSPORTATION A-19434, A-20384,
A-20884, A-22579, A-31882, A-34101,
B-00562, B-02130, B-06280, B-07362,
B-11952, B-16549, B-17262, B-24813,
B-25427, B-26670, B-28502, B-36204,
B-36460, C-01534, C-06112, C-10221,
C-16298, C-20886, C-31924, D-02066,
D-07393, D-08818, D-10582, D-11627,
D-16017, D-19433, D-27831, D-28648,
D-36014, E-30796, F-22402, F-30042.
G-03202, G-03214, G-06866, G-08801,
G-11568, G-21125, G-28541, G-35134,
H-02541, H-33063, J-13952, L-00539,
L-07216, L-09009, L-13621, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, N-04052, N-21654
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) C-10221,
C-29436
TREATMENT AND AIDS A-09935,
F-12341, G-07015, G-07189, G-07541,
G-07592, G-08611. G-09232, G-11552,
G-12344, G-14480, G-23101, G-23102,
G-23582, G-23876, G-24125, G-24731.
G-25341, G-26024, G-28558, G-28722,
G-29255, G-29256, G-29683, G-29899,
G-30183, G-30468, G-31008, G-31046,
G-31120, G-31507, G-31620, G-32704,
G-32735, G-33065, G-33123, G-34945,
G-35134, G-35154, G-37620, H-31628,
K-34866
TREES A-11915, A-18267, B-22061,
B-22497, B-22620, B-24730, C-14710,
C-22626, D-16401, D-16664, D-16673,
E-07179, F-30737, H-01557, H-02049,
H-07360, H-12489, H-14417, H-14433,
H-15228, H-16152, H-16222, H-16226,
H-16632. H-16637, H-16656, H-16657,
H-17622, H-17822, H-18229, H-18310,
H-19540, H-19771, H-19773, H-19891,
H-20551, H-20981, H-2I062, H-21081,
H-22232, H-22621, H-23041, H-23188,
H-23576, H-23625, H-23639, H-23678,
H-23689, H-23950, H-23986, H-24024,
H-24025, H-24064, H-24084, H-24434,
H-26175, H-26491, H-27827, H-29254,
H-30003, H-30469, H-32183, H-32334,
H-32336, H-32342, H-33063, H-36993,
L-06754
TRUCKS B-00562, B-06280, B-36460,
C-01534, G-08801
TUBERCULOSIS D-22537, G-19947,
G-23101, G-23103, G-26530, G-34190,
G-37504
TUMORS G-02539, G-15233, G-19558,
G-23103, G-33306
TUNNELS D-10582
TURBIDIMETRY C-22626, C-28450,
C-29801, C-31615, D-06755, E-34751
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-10221, C-20947, E-05392, E-10211,
E-10220, E-10235, E-10310, E-10368,
E-11956, E-12349, E-16629, E-17713,
E-17719, E-17722, E-19781, E-20155,
E-22080, E-28357, E-31006, E-33939,
E-35420, E-36062
TVA B-13732, D-09403
TYNDALLOMETER C-3.1615, D-06755
u
ULTRASONICS G-08461
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION C-07401,
C-08501, C-21662, F-21628, F-23638,
F-31039, G-29589, G-34148, H-2792?
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
C-30785, G-08461
UNITED STATES A-11739, B-00562,
B-06280, B-13732, C-11573, C-13989,
G-10577
UPPER ATMOSPHERE E-28323
URBAN AREAS A-11915, B-11910,
B-22497, B-28502, B-33890, C-22079,
C-37608, C-37690, C-37693, C-37728,
D-07393, D-07936, D-08818, D-09403,
D-10316, D-11627, D-12210, D-12323,
D-12604, D-13953, D-14482, D-16495,
D-17712, D-19433, D-19445, D-22537,
D-24575, D-25094, D-26174, D-27831,
D-27839, D-28648, D-30378, D-30708,
D-36014, D-36412, D-38481, E-09537,
E-10233, E-10368, E-11287, E-17713,
E-20351, E-22080, E-22417, E-25811,
E-26845, E-26851, E-27823, E-28616,
E-29178, E-30691, E-30692, E-30796,
E-33927, E-33939, E-35037, E-35357,
E-35420, E-36307, E-36428, E-36492,
E-36495, E-38609, G-03202, G-07592,
G-09725, G-09934, G-10321, G-10577,
G-11568, G-11907, G-11936, G-11941,
G-11955, G-12344, G-12960, G-13625,
G-14480, G-14553, G-14682, G-16177,
G-19514, G-19880, G-21336, G-21414,
G-22317, G-22426, G-23101, G-23102,
G-23103, G-23151, G-23876, G-24230,
G-24935, G-26024, G-26025, G-26051,
G-26305, G-26324, G-26516, G-26558,
G-26764, G-27653, G-28164, G-28351,
G-28364, G-28558, G-28559, G-28714,
G-28722, G-28733, G-28750, G-28752,
G-28753, G-28767, G-28768, G-29235,
G-29575. G-29683, G-29899, G-29925,
G-30148, G-30167, G-30183, G-30310,
G-30654, G-31016, G-31120, G-31665,
G-31900, G-32735, G-32882, G-33065,
G-33109, G-33123, G-33173, G-34148,
G-34190, G-34644, G-35134, G-35154,
G-36809, G-36924, G-37337, G-37504,
G-37505. H-07360, H-17449, H-18269,
H-23188, H-25307, H-32336, H-32342,
H-33063, J-13952, K-16116, K-25087,
L-02059, L-07216, L-09234, L-11914,
L-11951, L-17669, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, M-14491, M-15760, N-15096
URINALYSIS A-18268, B-26138, C-23040,
C-29953, D-27839, D-30378, G-09535,
G-19880, G-23876, G-24392, G-29256,
G-32953, G-33372, G-33868, G-33903,
H-00408, H-01557, H-02041, H-02049,
H-02541, H-18264, H-18269, H-18270,
L-0230I
USSR A-08524, A-13246, A-14596,
A-17665, A-23022, A-23210, A-28494,
A-31616, A-36533, B-00562, B-08129,
B-11910, B-11931, B-13817, B-13898,
B-15957, B-16350, B-16419, B-20374,
B-22400, B-22497, B-22620, B-23079,
B-23136, B-23249, B-23251, B-26317,
B-28117, B-28532. B-28642, B-29278,
B-29802, B-30091, B-30104, B-33890,
B-34609, B-36151, B-37115, B-37324,
B-37544, B-37553, C-08121, C-08122,
C-08123, C-08124, C-08125, C-08126,
C-08127, O-08128, C-10221, C-11861,
C-11948, C-12321, C-19960, C-22072,
C-22982, C-23069, C-23209, C-27131,
C-28070, C-28450,C-28585, C-29801,
C-36260, C-37107, C-37253, D-04115,
D-08120, D-17712, D-21239, D-36412,
E-10211, E-10217, E-10219, E-10220,
E-10224. E-10229, E-10233, E-10235,
E-10310. E-10368, E-12349. E-14825,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
245
E-16680. E-16687, E-17612, E-17678,
E-17713, E-19274, E-19618, E-19740,
E-19758, E-19767, E-19781, E-2015S,
E-2I646, E-22921, E-23039, E-23304,
E-25811, E-27745, E-27823, E-28323,
E-28357, E-29636, E-30752, E-34751,
E-35420, E-36062, E-36142, E-36954,
F-13936, F-14391, F-17619, F-28260,
F-28263, F-30042, F-36086, F-36320,
F-37582, G-06866, G-08461, G-08949,
G-10396, G-10577, G-11941, G-16063,
G-16515. G-16598, G-16600, G-17417.
G-17590, G-20972, G-21087, G-21669,
G-28493, G-28496, G-29255, G-31008,
G-33447, G-34945, G-36923, G-36924,
G-36927, G-36928, G-37620. H-12534,
H-16059, H-23188, H-31628, H-31735,
H-32088, H-36159, H-36161, H-36162,
H-36163, H-36164, H-36165, H-36166,
1-24972. 1-27739, 1-31643, L-11914,
L-17669, N-10260
VALLEYS E-31006, E-34751, E-35420,
G-09725, H-24395
VANADIUM B-09956, G-07592
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS B-23307,
B-28686, B-33616, B-34314, B-35026,
C-37253, E-36501, F-13936, G-07541,
G-07592, G-32735, J-13952
VAPOR PRESSURE B-10568, E-29178
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS B-07362,
B-08467, B-11740. B-21647, B-25033,
B-33971
VAPORS B-07362, B-08467, B-08594,
B-14226, B-23002, B-23079, B-23983,
B-26593, B-30043, B-33971, B-34609,
B-35650, B-36951. C-31367, C-31626,
D-07936, F-11933, F-22402, G-08949,
G-36928, H-22952, H-27925, 1-16404
VEGETABLES D-16401, H-02541,
H-11415, H-14489, H-17449, H-18230,
H-18264, H-19554, H-19731, H-19773,
H-20982, H-22232, H-22619, H-22622,
H-23260, H-23386, H-24714, H-24773,
H-24848, H-24852, H-27925, H-28600,
H-29671, J-18266, L-06754
VEHICLES A-19434, A-20884, A-22579,
A-31882, B-00562, B-06280, B-11952.
B-16549, B-17262, B-25427, B-36460,
C-01534, C-06112, C-16298, D-02066,
D-07393. D-10582, D-11627, D-19433,
D-27831, D-28648. E-30796, G-03202,
G-03214, G-06866, G-08801, G-11568,
G-28541, G-35134, H-02541, J-13952,
L-00539, L-07216, L-09009. L-13621,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214. N-04052,
N-21654
VENTILATION B-08129, B-23251,
B-25033. B-28117. B-35650, B-37553.
C-15372. F-11933, G-37229
VENTILATION (PULMONARY) G-07174,
G-10321, G-11953, G-13868, G-17055,
G-170S6, G-17311, G-23102. K-34866
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-05464,
B-08811, B-09950, B-14703, B-16537,
B-22291, B-24239, B-33971, B-33995
VIRUSES F-13619, G-02539, G-07189,
G-24586, G-28496, G-29571
VISIBILITY D-36014, E-1%18, E-22315,
E-22403, E-29178, E-34751, E-36142.
E-36238. E-36494, G-07541. G-11907
VISIBLE RADIATION C-08501, C-29762.
F-23638, H-24064
VOLATILITY B-08467, L-07216
VOLCANOES E-21646
VOLTAGE B-22671, B-23264, B-26521,
C-07401, C-17664, C-29762, G-07379
w
WASHINGTON (STATE) D-16017
WASHOUT C-01541, E-02444, E-10224,
E-26863, E-27745, E-35420
WATER B-08811, B-14289, B-23264,
B-26003, B-33971. B-38190, C-22391,
C-23040, C-23265, C-30634, E-30752,
F-13614, F-19436, F-19967, H-19770.
J-26432
WATER POLLUTION A-20384, B-28502,
D-07393. H-29147, J-26432, J-26443,
K-25087, L-23608, L-23610. L-24214.
L-32205, N-150%, N-21654
WEATHER FORECASTING E-22403,
E-25811, E-30338, E-30589, E-34191
WEATHER MAPS D-36014, E-26845,
E-28616, E-36307
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD C-11574,
C-16543, C-27517
WET CYCLONES B-05464, B-09950,
B-17463, B-20931, B-24239. B-33995,
H-04368
WETTING A-15637, B-20931, B-28392
WHEAT D-16401, H-02541, H-11415,
H-19731
WIND ROSE C-07180
WINDS A-06240, A-09935, B-22620,
B-24730, B-26521, C-07180, C-16230,
C-23069, C-33307, D-02066. D-09403.
D-25094. D-28648, E-05392. E-09449.
E-10211, E-10219, E-10220, E-10229,
E-10233, E-10235, E-11287, E-11954,
E-12792, E-13030, E-16680, E-16687.
E-17719. E-17722. E-19767, E-19781.
E-20155, E-22403, E-22417, E-23039.
E-25811, E-26851, E-28609, E-29178,
E-30589, E-30691. E-31006, E-33939,
E-34191. E-34751. E-35037. E-35420.
E-36176, E-36238, E-36307, E-36428,
E-36494, E-36495, E-38609, F-11933,
G-10577, G-11907, G-11953, G-23148,
G-29453, G-29575. G-34190. H-25661.
1-27739, L-09234, L-11951
WOOD A-16494, G-31639
WOOLS C-21629
X-RAYS B-33616, C-14435, C-22998,
C-37690, G-23101
XYLENES B-00562
YOKOHAMA C-07391, D-07393, D-10316,
D-28648, E-22080, G-11907, G-28768,
G-29453. G-32882
ZINC A-17471, B-2U24, G-07592.
H-13624, 1-13369.1-16404, 1-24972,
1-27739
ZINC COMPOUNDS D-27831. D-27839,
G-07592, G-1651S. H-14489, H-16637.
H-28475
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ADDITIONAL TRANSLATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION TOPICS
AVAILABLE THROUGH
THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
FROM THE RUSSIAN
Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. U.S. S. R. Levine, B. S.
(trans, and ed. ). 5 volumes.
Volume NTIS Number
I, 1952 TT 59-21173
II, 1955 TT 59-21174
III, 1957 TT 59-21175
IV, I960 TT 61-11148
V, 1962 TT 62-11605
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. U. S. S. R. Levine, B. S.
(trans, and ed. ). 18 volumes. 1960-1968.
Volume NTIS Number Volume NTIS Number
I TT 60-21049 X TT 64-11767
U TT 60-21188 XI TT 65-61965
III TT 60-21475 XII TT 66-61429
IV TT 60-21913 XIII TT 66-62191
V TT 61-11149 XIV TT 67-60046
VI TT 61-21982 XV PB 179-140
VII TT 62-11103 XVI PB 179-141
VIII TT 63-11570 XVII PB 180-522 T
IX TT 64-11574 XVIII PB 180-523 T
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases and Limits of Allowable Concen-
trations of Atmospheric Pollutants, U.S.S.R. An Index. 1966. TT 66-62162.
Survey of U.S.S.R. Air Pollution Literature. American Institute of Crop Ecology, Nuttonson,
M. Y. (ed. ). 21 volumes.
Volume
I Atmospheric and Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution. December 1969.
PB 198-061.
II Effects and Symptoms of Different Plant Species in Various Habitats, in Relation to
Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts and as Biological Indicators. December 1969.
PB 198-062,
III The Susceptibility or Resistance to Gas and Smoke of Various Arboreal Species
Grown under Diverse Environmental Conditions in a. Number of Industrial Regions
of the Soviet Union. December 1969. PB 198-063.
IV Meteorological and Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution; Propagation and Dispersal
of Air Pollutants in a Number of Areas in the Soviet Union. January 1970.
PB 198-064.
V Effects of Meteorological Conditions and Relief on Air Pollution: Air Contaminants
Their Concentration, Transport, and Dispersal. January 1970. PB 198-410.
VI Air Pollution in Relation to Certain Atmospheric and Meteorological Conditions
and Some of the Methods Employed in the Survey and Analysis of Air Pollutants.
January 1971. PB 198-527.
247
-------
VII Measurements of Dispersal and Concentration, Identification, and Sanitary Evalua-
tions of Various Air Pollutants, with Special Reference to the Environs of Electric
Power Plants and Ferrous Metallurgical Plants. January 1971. PB 200-996.
VIII A Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public Health
Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. July 1971. PB 201-459.
IX Gas Resistance of Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry and to the
Effects of Mineral Nutrition. January 1971. PB 203-504.
X The Toxic Components of Automobile Exhaust Gases: Their Composition under
Different Operating Conditions and Methods of Reducing Their Emissions. January
1971. PB 204-362.
XI A Second Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. January 1972. PB 209-478.
XII Technical Papers from the Leningrad International Symposium on the Meteorologi-
cal Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution. Parti. January 1972. PB 210-381.
XIII Technical Papers from the Leningrad International Symposium on the Meteorologi-
cal Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution. Part 2. April 1972. PB 210-653.
XIV Technical Papers from the Leningrad International Symposium on the Meteorologi-
cal Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution. Part3. May 1972. PB 209-945.
XV A Third Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. 1972. PB 211-074.
XVI Some Basic Properties of Ash and Industrial Dust in Relation to the Problem of
Purification of Stack Gases. 1972. PB 211-466.
XVII A Fourth Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and Health
Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. 1972.
XVIII Purification of Gases through High Temperature Removal of Sulfur Compounds.
1972. PB 212-736.
XDC Environmental Pollution with Special Reference to Air Pollutants and to Some of
Their Biological Effects. January 1973. PB 214-264.
XX Catalytic Purification of Exhaust Gases. February 1973.
XXI Atmospheric Pollutants in Relation to Meteorological Conditions: A Procedure for
Calculating the Atmospheric Dispersal of Pollutants and the Feasibility of their
Study by Means of Satellites. February 1973.
Uzhov, V. N. Sanitary Protection of Atmospheric Air. Purification of Industrial Discharge
Gases from Suspended Substances. Levine, B. S. (trans, and ed. ). Medgiz, U. S. S. R.
1955. 152 translated pages. TT 59-21092.
FROM THE GERMAN
VDI-Richtlinien (Association of German Engineers-Standards). Diisseldorf, Germany. 38
monographs:
VDI
Number
2066 Performance Measurements at Dust Collectors. May 1966.
2090 Sources of Air Pollution Substances. December 1961.
2091 Restricting Dust Emissions from Forced-Draft Boiler Installations, Capacity 10
ton/hr and Over, Hard-Coal Fired with Mechanical Grates. November 1.961.
2092 Restricting Dust Emission from Forced-Draft Boiler Installations, Capacity 30
ton/hr and Over, Hard-Coal Dust Fired with Dry Ash Removal. November 1961.
248
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2093
Restricting Dust Emission from Forced-Draft Boiler Installations, Capacity 30-60
ton/hr and over, Hard-Coal Dust Fired with Liquid Ash Removal. November 1961.
2094/Z Restriction of Emission Portland Cement Works. February 1967.
2095
(Rev)
2098
2099
2101/2
2102/2
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2115
2262
2264
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2290
2291
2292
2293
2301
Emission Control, Blast Furnace Operation, Ore Sintering Plants (Induced-Draft
Pan and Moving-Grate Installations). February 1963.
Restricting Dust Emission from Natural-Draft Steam Generators, Capacity 25 ton/hr
and less, Lignite-Fired with Stationary or Mechanical Grates. July 1958.
Restricting Dust Emission in Blast Furnace Operation. February 1959.
Restriction of Emission Copper-Ore Mills. September 1966.
Restriction of Emission Copper-Scrap Smelting Plants and Copper Refineries.
October 1966.
The Restriction of Chlorine Gas Emission. January 1961.
Definitions of (German) Terms, Air Pollution Control. September 1966.
Permissible Concentrations of Nitrous Gases. May I960.
Permissible Emission Concentrations of Chlorine. September I960.
Permissible Emission Concentrations of Hydrogen Sulfide. April I960.
Permissible Emission Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide. November 1961.
Restricting Emissions of Hydrogen Sulfide and other Sulfur-Containing Compounds,
Except Sulfur Dioxide, from Gas Generators in Coke, Gas, and Coal-Constituent
Processing Plants. May I960.
Restricting Emission of Sulfur Dioxide from Coke Ovens and Gas Plants. August
1960.
Dust Emission Control in Calcium Carbide Production. December 1965.
Dust Emission Control, Steel Works (Brown Smoke) Oxygen-Blown Steel Processes,
Converter. June 1966.
Restricting Emission of Dust from Manually Operated Central-Heating Boilers,
Capacity 600, 000 kcal/hr and less, Fired with Solid Fuels. June 1961.
Dust Control at the Working Place. May 1966.
Operation and Servicing of Dust Collection Plants. May 1966.
Restricting the Emission of Fumes from Diesel Engine Vapors. November 1961.
Control of CO-Emission in Vehicles Powered by Otto Engines. May 1967.
Restriction of Emission Pretreatment and Mixing Plants for Road-Surfacing Aggre-
gates with Bituminous Binder. July 1967.
Restricting Emission of Dust and Sulfur Dioxide in Zinc Smelters. September 1961.
Restricting Dust and Sulfur-Dioxide Emission from Lead Smelters. September
1961.
Restricting Emission from Gas Generators in Coke and Gas Plants. June 1962.
Restriction of Sulfur Dioxide Emission from Cracking Plants for City-Gas Produc-
tion Coking Plants and Gasworks. December 1966.
Restriction of Dust Emission in Anthracite Briquette Factories. October 1961.
Restricting Emission of Dust in Anthracite Processing Installations. October 1961.
Restriction of Emission from Waste Incineration in Plants with Throughput of up to
1500 kg/hr. February 1967.
249
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2302 Restricting Emission of Dust, Tar Mist, and Gas when Charging Coke Ovens.
June 1962.
2303 Restriction of Dust Emission in Coke Quenching Coking Plants and Gasworks.
November 1966.
COVER-TO-COVER TRANSLATIONS OF JOURNALS
Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation). Ministry of Health of the U. S. S. R. Monthly 1964.
•Quarterly 1965 through 1971.
Staub-Reinhaltung der Luft. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure. Dusseldorf, Germany. Monthly
1965 through 1972.
Ochrona Powietrza (Air Conservation). Metallurgical Engineers and Technicians Association.
Katowice, Poland. Bimonthly translations beginning with Volume 3, 1969. Copies for 1969 and
1970 are available.
U.S. Government Printing Office: 1973—7
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