I
Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
A Bibliography with Abstracts
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina
March 1973
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The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the Infor-
mation Services Division of the Office of Administration for the Office of Air Quality Plan-
ning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, to report the results of scientific
and engineering studies, and information of general interest in the field of air pollution.
Information reported in this series includes coverage of intramural activities and of cooper-
ative studies conducted in conjunction with state and local agencies, research institutes,
and industrial organizations. Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to Federal
employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies
permit - from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or from the Superintendent of
Documents.
Publication Number AP-121
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 25
C. Measurement Methods 84
D. Air Quality Measurements • . . 100
E. Atmospheric Interaction 106
F. Basic Science and Technology 108
G. Effects - Human Health 121
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock 126
I. Effects - Materials 128
J. Effects - Economic 129
K. Standards and Criteria 133
L. Legal and Administrative 134
M. Social Aspects ' 139
N. General 142
AUTHOR INDEX 143
SUBJECT INDEX 149
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY -
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards prepared, selected, and compiled the abstracts on the pulp and
paper industry in this bibliography. The abstracts (approximately 700) are arranged within
the 14 categories listed in the Contents. The abstracted documents are thought to be rep-
resentative of the available literature; however, no claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
The subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and accession
number. The author index lists all authors individually; primary authorship is indicated
by an asterisk. In general, higher accession numbers have been assigned to more recent
documents.
Current information on the pulp and paper industry and many other air pollution-related
subjects may be found in APTIC1 s monthly abstract bulletin. *
All of the documents abstracted by APTIC are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers out-
side the Environmental Protection Agency may seek the documents directly from publishers,
authors, or libraries.
* Air Pollution Abstracts, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402. Includes more than 6300 abstracts, subject and author indexes
in each issue, and two separate cumulative indexes. Subscription price: $27.00 per year;
$6.75 additional for foreign mailing.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
01644
I. B. Douglass and L. Price
A STUDY OF METHYL MERCAPTAN AND DIMETHYL
SULFIDE FORMATION IN KRAFT PULPING. Tappi 49, (8)
335-42, Aug. 1966. (Presented at the Slst Annual Meeting,
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York City, Feb. 20-24, 1966.)
The formation of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide in
kraft pulping has been studied with regard to the influence of
wood type, temperature of cooking, sulfidity, and length of
cooking. Digestions were carried out on a semimicro scale us-
ing, 1.0 g of wood and 4.0 ml of cooking liquor in a 7.5-ml
stainless steel digester. Four types of wood, spruce, loblolly
pine, red maple, and paper birch, were digested at 150, 160,
170, and 180C for 1,2,3, and 4 hr at 14.7,22.2 and 30.5% sul-
fidities. After completing each cook, the content of the
digester was acidified to liberate methyl mercaptan and the
amounts of organosulfur compounds formed were then deter-
mined by gas-liquid chromatography. Under comparable condi-
tions, hardwoods produce more methyl mercaptan and
dimethyl sulfide than softwoods. Cooks carried out at lower
temperatures and for shorter times produce more mercaptan
than sulfide but those carried out at higher temperatures and
for longer periods, especially at high sulfidity, produce much
more dimethyl sulfide than mercaptan. Curves prepared from
the data clearly demonstrate that methyl mercaptan is the pri-
mary product and is consumed in the formation of dimethyl
sulfide. Extrapolation of results obtained on this semimicro
scale agree well with results reported from mill and pilot plant
studies. (Author abstract)
01885
W. T. McKean, Jr., B. F. Hrutfiord, and K. V. Sarkanen
KINETIC ANALYSIS OF ODOR FORMATION IN THE
KRAFT PULPING PROCESS I. Paper Trade J. 149, (35) 41-2,
Aug. 30, 1965 and Tappi 48, (12) 699-704, Dec. 1965.
(Presented at the National Meeting, American Inst. of Chemi-
cal Engineers, San Francisco, Calif., May 1965.)
The kinetics of the consecutive formation of methyl mercaptan
and dimethyl sulfide at constant liquor composition were
determined at several temperatures using a novel gas analysis
based on vapor phase sampling. Comparison of kraft pulping
of softwood and hardwood species shows that more organic
sulfur compounds are produced from the latter group. In soft-
wood pulping, a general enhancement in the reactivity of the
lignin methoxyls occurs during the alkaline delignification
process which results in accelerated odor formation during the
last phase of pulping. The activation energies of these reac-
tions suggest a substantial reduction in total formation of or-
ganic sulfur compounds may be accomplished by raising the
reaction temperature and shortening the time of the kraft
cook. The significance of the results to actual kraft pulping
process is discussed. (Author abstract)
02274
F. E. Murray and H. B. Rayner
EMISSION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE FROM KRAFT
BLACK LIQUOR DURING DIRECT-CONTACT EVAPORA-
TION. Tappi 48, (10) 588-93, Oct. 1965. (Presented at the
Symposium on Water and Air Quality Control in the Pulp In-
dustry, 56th National Meeting, American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers, San Francisco, Calif., May 16-19, 1965.)
The emission of hydrogen sulfide during direct-contact
evaporation of black liquor has been studied over a wide range
of sodium sulfide concentrations and pH levels in the liquor
and at various concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the flue-
gas stream entering the evaporator. Studies were conducted
using a pilot-scale evaporator installed at an operating pulp
mill, and the results were substantiated by observations on
several full-scale operating evaporators. It was found that a
direct-contact evaporator may emit hydrogen sulfide or may
absorb hydrogen sulfide from the flue gases, depending upon
conditions in the liquor and in the incoming gas stream. Emis-
sion of hydrogen sulfide is favored by high concentrations of
sodium sulfide and low pH levels in the liquor, and by low
concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the flue gases entering
the evaporator. Absorption of hydrogen sulfide into the black
liquor occurs under conditions of high pH and low sodium sul-
fide concentrations in the liquor when the concentration of
hydrogen sulfide in the inlet flue gas is relatively high. Absorp-
tion of hydrogen sulfide from the incoming flue gases was ob-
served in all cases regardless of pH when the sodium sulfide
concentration in the black liquor was reduced to zero by ox-
idation. Operating evaporators normally emit hydrogen sulfide,
but the amount emitted varies greatly depending upon design
and operating conditions. (Author abstract)
04345
D. D. Wangerin
WASTE-HEAT BOILERS - PRINCIPLES AND APPLICA-
TIONS. Proc. Am. Power Conf. (Presented at the 26lh Annual
Meeting, American Power Conference, Chicago, III., Apr. 14-
16, 1964.) 26, 682-91, Apr. 1964.
The special problems which the waste-heat boiler designer en-
counters are reviewed. Some of the more recent improvements
in the utilization of waste by-products for steam generation are
illustrated. The types of waste-heat boilers available are
discussed. The discussion is limited to the utilization of the
principal waste products available in three major industries -
pulp and paper, steel, and petroleum. All of the waste fuels
considered have characteristics that require special equipment-
design considerations. Waste fuels are extremely poor when
compared with the usual prime fuels. Many byproduct fuel or
waste gases contain sufficient heat energy to make it economi-
cally feasible to generate steam for power and process use.
Each waste fuel has a different characteristic, requiring a
boiler of special design. But, all have very low heating values
when compared with the usual prime fuels. In many cases,
multiple-fuel-fired boilers can be designed to dispose of the
waste product while minimizing the burning of the prime fuels.
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PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
So, with cost of prime fuels steadily rising over the years,
waste products are more and more harnessed to provide part
of industry's steam demands.
04879
I. B. Douglass, and L. Price
SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. II. SOME
REACTIONS IN THE RECOVERY FURNACE. Preprint.
(Presented before the Odor Abatement Session, 52nd Annual
Meeting, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Indus-
try, New York City, Feb. 22, 1967.)
In the recovery furnace concentrated black liquor loses its
remaining water and the residual solids then undergo pyrolysis.
One may assume that the black liquor solids consist of lignin-
and carbohydrate- derived organics and various inorganic sul-
fur-containing substances such as sodium sulfate, sodium
sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide or elemental sulfur.
One series of experiments was carried out in which soda lignin
was heated at 600 degree C with each of the inorganic sub-
stances listed and a second series in which each was heated
with glucose. Sodium sulfate and sodium sulfite produced
negligible amounts of hydrogen sulfide. With the other sub-
stances, however, both soda lignin and glucose converted 30-
75% of the inorganic sulfur to hydrogen sulfide. These results
clearly indicate the air pollution problem which will develop if
the recovery furnace is operated in such a manner that
complete combustion of the hydrogen sulfide does not occur.
(Author abstract)
04893
Douglas, I. B.
THE CHEMISTRY OF POLLUTANT FORMATION IN
KRAFT PULPING. In: Proceedings of the International Con-
ference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: U. S. Public Health Service, National Council
for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. Deland,
Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 41-71. 14 refs.
The emission of malodorous compounds from the digester
arises from a stripping of hydrogen sulfide and from the reac-
tion of sulfide or hydrosulfide ions with the methoxyl groups
present in lignin. Methyl mercaptan is the primary product of
the reaction but it reacts, as the mercaptide ion, in a more
rapid secondary reaction to produce dimethyl sulfide. Hard-
woods produce more malodorous compounds than soft woods.
High temperatures, high sulfidity and long reaction time all
favor the production of the sulfur compounds. There may be
some production of malodorous compounds during the process
of evaporation but it is not yet clear whether this is primarily a
stripping action or whether there is additional formation of
methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. The biggest sources of
odorous compounds are the direct evaporator and the recovery
furnace. Black liquor oxidation will largely eliminate the
problem of the direct evaporator. The recovery furnace, how-
ever, presents a more serious problem since it is often over-
loaded and when this occurs large quantities of hydrogen sul-
fide, methylated sulfur compounds and sulfur compounds with
two- and three-carbon groups will be emitted. (Author's ab-
stract)
06240
Y. Suzuki, K. Nishiyama, M. Oe, and F. Kametani
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
(PART I. ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES.) ((Tohoku J. Exp.
Med. (Tokyo))) 11 (2), 120-6 (Aug. 1964). (Presented at the 37th
Annual Meeting, Japan Society of Industrial Medicine, Kurume,
Apr. 7, 1964.)
Exhaust gases of a Japanese kraft pulp mill were analyzed.
The reported results were as follows: In the stack gases were
contained: 0.259 g/cc of sodium sulfate, 750 ppm of hydrogen
sulfide, 196 ppm of sulfur dioxide and organic compounds of
sulfur. The organic sulfur compounds were as follows in order
of amount: methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, isopropyl mer-
captan, dimethyl disulfidc, propyl mercaptan or ethyl methyl
sulfide, diethyl sulfide and ethyl mercaptan. The amount of
dimethyl sulfide was 8.7 ppm. Organic sulfur compounds in
the gases in the upper part of the Jansson screen were of the
same composition as those in the stack gases, but the arrange-
ment of the constituents in order of amount are somewhat dif-
ferent. All of these gaseous sulfur compounds smell offensive
and characterize the exhaust gases from a kraft pulp mill.
(Author conclusion)
06981
06981 D. L. Brink, J. F. Thomas, K. H. Jones
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. III. A RATIONALE FOR CON-
TROLLING ODORS. Preprint. 1967.
In processing concentrated kraft black liquor the recovery fur-
nace has been designed to carry out several unit operations
and processes simultaneously but without specific control on
the individual functions. A program of research is being con-
ducted to isolate and study these functions independently in
the laboratory. Conceptual designs are presented which are
being studied with the objective of providing information that
could result in improvements in recovery furnace operation.
Such improvements could include greater control in operation
- particularly in combustion phases, improved startup and
shutdown procedures, elimination of the hazard associated
with smelt explosions, and minimizing emissions of
malodorous products. The basis for the conceptual design has
been provided through an investigation with particular empha-
sis on pyrolysis of black liquor solids-one of the critical fur-
nace functions. Pyrolysis, studied previously by a batch
technique and currently by a continuous steady state opera-
tion, has been shown to produce large volumes of highly com-
bustible gases containing high percentages of the total sulfur in
black liquor solids. The volatile sulfur compounds comprise a
malodorous array with a composition that is highly tempera-
ture dependent. (Authors' abstract)
08359
Feuerstein, D. L., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. I. PYROLYSIS AND COM-
BUSTION ASPECTS. TAPPI, 50(6):258-262, June 1967. 7 refs.
(Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y.,
Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
The production of malodors is an undesirable side effect that
has always been associated with the kraft pulping process.
Such malodors may originate at six major points in the overall
digestion and combined recovery (inorganic chemical and heat)
and organic waste elimination processes. Based on information
in the literature, these points may be listed in order of
decreasing contribution to atmospheric pollution: the recovery
furnace is the major source, followed by evaporators, digester,
lime kiln, oxidation tower, and dissolving tank. In the present
study it was assumed that the recovery furnace operation
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
covers a wide spectrum, such as distillation and sublimation,
pyrolysis, autoioxidation, stoichiometric combustion, and
quenching. It was found possible to carry single charges of
spent reaction liquors sequentially through the various steps in
the laboratory under controlled conditions as well as to quan-
titatively collect and analyze all products. The contributions
from individual, simultaneously occurring processes within a
furnace are thus being considered for the first time from the
standpoint of air pollution. Several unique control possibilities
have been indicated as a result of this work. Results of the
work relating to combustion techniques and sample collection
are contained in this paper. Analytical methods and a discus-
sion of the results obtained are presented in the second paper
of this series. (Authors' abstract)
08363
Jarvela, Oiva and Hannu Makkonen
INFLUENCE OF COOKING CONDITIONS IN TWO-STAGE
POLYSULFIDE PULPING II. COOKING VARIABLES. TAP-
PI, 50(3):148-150, March 1968. 19 refs.
The optimization of the two-stage polysulfide cooking of
pinewood was investigated. The cooking conditions were
varied to give optimum results for pulping yield and papermak-
ing properties of the pulp. The main part of the investigation
was carried out according to a statistical program and, in addi-
tion, miscellaneous test cooks were made. The results indicate
that on cooking with pure chemicals, the pulping yield incra
pure chemicals, the pulping yield increases as the impregnation
time is shortened. In a study of the recirculation process with
a makeup black liquor, when pure chemicals were added, cer-
tain optima were found for the pulping yield and for the pro-
perties of the pulp. Addition of carbonate to the impregnation
liquor or vapor phase polysulfide digestion showed no essen-
tial differences from normal polysulfide digestion, nor did dry
impregnation, simulating penetration on a chip conveyor and
immersion penetration. However, after prolonged impregna-
tion, lower yield and inferior tearing strength were observed.
Finally, a proposed mechanism for two-stage pulping is
described. (Authors' abstract, modified)
08367
G. H. Tomlinson, II
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN PULPING. TAPPI,
49(9):377-382, Sept. 1966. 19 refs.
No entirely new pulping processes have supplanted the
original mechanical, alkaline and acid processes developed in
the last century, but important technical changes have and are
occurring. In each of these processes new generation pulp
and/or processing techniques are developing. In mechanical
pulping chip groundwood is finding special advantages in rela-
tion to pulp qualities; a modification involving a mild chemical
pretreatment of the chips allows use of the dense hardwoods
for such pulps. The efficient modern alkaline pulp mill has
evolved as a result of development of improved recovery
methods. Such techniques as counlercurrent or vapor-phase
cooking, the use of higher sulfidity liquor, and the addition of
polysulfide can lead to further major change. The conventional
calcium base sulfite process has lost considerable ground, at
least in part, because of the lack of a chemical recovery
process. Development of methods of recovery of magnesia
and soda base liquors together with the greater versatility of
the soluble base in relation to the cooking process has resulted
in the conversion of old mills and the construction of new
ones. New generation pulps-Magnefite and multistage Mag-
netite, Slora, Sivola and sodium bisulfite pulps-allow greater
strength and/or greater variety of qualities than were possible
with the calcium base. Expected future development of by-
products and development of specialized qualities in the pulps
are expected to lead to further changes in pulp technology.
(Author's abstract, modified)
08368
Wenzl, Hermann F. J. and O. V. Ingruber
EFFECT OF THE VARIOUS COOKING CHEMICALS IN
KRAFT PULPING. Paper Trade J., p. 33-38, Aug. 1, 1966. 59
refs.
Literature reporting the behavior of various chemicals utilized
in the kraft pulping process is reviewed. These include sodium
hydroxide, sodium sulfide, sodium polysulfide, and sodium
borohydride. The following areas are discussed: role of alkali;
rapid alkaline pulping; sulphur component; inorganic reactions
of liquor components; cooking with polysulphides; and reduc-
ing additives. The bibliography consists of 59 references.
08631
Can.
CHEAPER C1O2 PROMISED BY NEW ROUTES.
Chem. Process., 51(3):64-66, March 1967.
Prospects for a bleached kraft mill operating on a closed
chemical system have been enhanced by the latest R-2 process
development, which incorporates a new reactor set-up to per-
mit low-cost recovery of by-product sodium sulfate. The cost
of chlorine dioxide relative to chlorine is the major considera-
tion in deciding whether CIO2 will be widely applied in the
chlorinalion(lst) stage of a bleaching sequence. Of the possible
approaches to chlorine dioxide generation at the pulp-mill, two
major on-site routes are the main contenders: the electrolytic
route and the chlorate reduction route. It was discovered that
the chloride ion effectively reduces chlorate ion to chlorine
dioxide. Thus, it became possible to feed a C1O2 generator
with sodium chlorate, sodium chloride, and sulfuric acid rather
than the chlorate, sulfur dioxide, and the sulfuric acid. The
switch also meant that R-2 plants could be lower in capital
costs for a given C1O2/CI2 tonnage. Since its first full-scale
use in I960, the R-2 process has been installed at 26 (out of
80-odd) pulpmills in North America, many of them in southern
USA. These R-2 plants account for about 40 percent of C102
generated for pulp bleaching. As these southern US R-2 plants
became fully depreciated, the chemical cost of C102 was as
low as 10 cents/lb in some cases (that is, to 3.8 cents/lb of
equivalent chlorine).
09011
Wenzl, Herman F. J., and O. V. Ingruber
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR
EVAPORATION. Paper Trade J., Vol. 150, p. 51-56, Nov. 28,
0966. 16 refs.
The properties of black liquor are discussed in relationship to
the multiple effect, thermal compression and Bergstrom-
Trobeck evaporation processes. The problem of scaling during
evaporation and the removal of such scales is also discussed.
09202
Gladding, James N.
RECOVERY BOILER CONTROL. TAPPI, 49(5):112A-115A,
May 1966. (Presented at the 20th Engineering Conference of
the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 12-16, 1965.)
The development of chemical recovery and the evolution of
the equipment and the application of instrumentation from its
early beginning (1880) up to the present day in the pulping in-
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PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
dustry are described. In the last 30 years developments in both
the boiler and instrument industries have permitted the evolu-
tion of the recovery system from all that was entirely oriented
to the chemical process through manufacture of steam as a
byproduct to the present time when both steam generation and
recovery of chemicals can be done efficiently. At the present
time multiple units are being controlled in a central control
room with the instrumentation, as far as combustion control is
concerned, approximating that of modern power boilers. The
efficiencies of the liquor systems have been increased by the
development of instrumentations which will more precisely
control the density of the liquors entering and leaving the
boiler plant. Accidents in recent years have pointed up the
necessity for additional safety controls on the auxiliary fuel
systems, fire control systems on the liquor evaporation, and
for established systems for emergency shutdown of the
boilers. (Author's abstract, modified)
09415
Murray, F. E.and H. B. Rayner
THE EMISSION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE FROM KRAFT
RECOVERY FURNACES. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Garden-
vale), 69(5):71-74, March 1, 1968. 5 refs. (Presented at the 3rd
Paper Industry Air and Stream Improvement Conference,
Van- couver, B. C, Oct. 23-26, 1967.)
In a study extending over several months at a kraft pulp mill,
the emission of hydrogen sulphide from a recovery furnace
was measured many times. Simultaneous measurements of
flue-gas oxygen content, rate of black liquor solids flow, and
total, primary and secondary air flow to the furnace were
recorded. The amount of H2S in the flue gases emerging from
the economizer section of the boiler was found to vary from
zero to about 700 microgram/l. It varied with the rate of solids
flow to the furnace, with the total and secondary air flow rate
and appeared to be independent of the primary air flow rate.
09686
R. L. Duprey
COMPILATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION FAC-
TORS. Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Publication No. 999-AP-42,
67p., 1968. 126 refs.
Detailed emission factors are given for the following processes
and industries: fuel combustion, refuse incineration, chemi-
cals, food and agriculture, metallurgical refining, minerals,
petroleum, pulp and paper solvent evaporation and gasoline
marketing, and transportation (vehicle emissions).
10524
Stuart, H. H., and R. E. Bailey
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A LIME KILN AND
SCRUBBER INSTALLATION. TAPPI, 48(5):104A-I08A, May
1965. 1 ref.
A new 12 by 350 ft lime sludge kiln was designed to produce
335 ipd of 90% available CaO product a t fuel economy of
8,120,000 Btu/ton. The major problems encountered during the
startup of the kiln have been corrected, and the kiln is
presently producing lime with a fuel economy of 8,112,000 Btu
per ton of product at 85% of the design capacity. The fuel
economy is better than the design rating and can be improved
by increasing the solids of the sludge feed from 55 to 65%.
The lime presently produced by the kiln contains 86% availa-
ble CaO, which is much lower than desirable. Steps to be
taken to further improve the kiln operations and lime quality
are: (I) the installation of a 11.5 for 11 1/2 X 14 ft precoat
vacuum filter to deliver sludge to the kiln at 65% solids or
better; (2) renovation of the green liquor clarifier and dregs
washers, which is expected to reduce the impurities in the
systems from 20-25% to 10-12%; (3) more storage capacity for
the white and green liquor so minor interruptions in the
recausticizing area will not affect kiln production and lime
quality. The kiln is equipped with a Chemico type S-F Venturi
scrubber for the removal of dust entrained in the exist stack
gases. Test results show that the scrubber is removing 96-97%
of the entrained dust at a pressure drop of 7-11 in. of water
across the Venturi. No problems that would cause loss of kiln
production have been encountered since the scrubber was
started up in October 1963. (Authors' abstract, modified)
11144
Douglass, Irwin B.and Lawrence Price
SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. II. REAC-
TIONS FORMING HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN THE
RECOVERY FURNACE. TAPPI, 51(10):465-467. Oct. 1968. 9
refs.
In the recovery furnace concentrated black liquor loses its
remaining water and the residual solids then indergo pyrolysis.
On may assume that the balck liquor solids consist of lignin-
and car- bohydrate-derived organics and various inorganic sul-
fur containing substances such as sodium sulfate, sodium
sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide, or elemental sulfur.
In two series of experiments, each of the inorganic substances
listed was heated at 600 deg. C, first with soda lignin and then
with glucose. In the experiments using sodium sulfate and
sodium sulfite, negligible amounts of hydrogen sulfide were
formed. In the experiments with elemental sulfur, sodium sul-
fide, and sodium thiosulfate, however, heating with soda lignin
or glucose caused 30-75% of the inorganic sulfur to be con-
verted to hydrogen sulfide. These results clearly indicate that
in a recovery furnace large volumes of hydrogen sulfide are
formed which, if the furnace is not operated properly may
escape to the atmosphere and be a major cause of air pollu-
tion. (Authors' abstract)
12422
Lutz, G. A., S. B. Gross, J. B. Boatman, P. J. Moore, R. L.
Darby, W. H. Veazie, and F. A. Butrico
DESIGN OF AN OVERVIEW SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING
THE PUBLIC-HEALTH HAZARDS OF CHEMICALS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT. VOLUME I. TEST-CASE STUDIES. (FINAL
REPORT). Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, Colum-
bus Labs., Contract PH-86-66-165, 146p., July 1967. 203 refs.
Potential environmental health hazards due to the utilization of
mercury, nickel, vanadium, fluorocarbons, and the chemicals
used by the pulp and paper industry were reviewed. Pertinent
information was identified and selected by examining ap-
propriate subject indexes of journals, abstracts, and current
periodicals. The combined activities of collection and evalua-
tion were directed specifically toward the following interpreta-
tions: current status of environmental contamination by each
of the five contaminants, current status of environment-related
medical knowledge of the effects of the contaminant,
technological changes likely to lead to the entrance of new
contaminants of the selected types, demographic-related
changes that would affect the degree of population exposure
to the contaminants, and deficiencies in the available informa-
tion. The studies revealed potentially hazardous situations.
Mercury showed a substantial increase in the amount used in
the electrolytic production of chlorine. There also exists a lack
of fundamental information on national levels of mercury in
air, water, and food. The vanadium study showed a signifi-
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
cantly increased usage of volatile compounds in industrial ap-
plications. The nickel study raised the question of possible
chronic effects of small quantities of nickel in food from the
use of large quantities of nickel equipment in food processing.
A need was demonstrated for the establishment of the en-
vironmental fate of fluorocarbons used in aerosols and
refrigerants. A review of information on chemical processes
employed by the pulp and paper industry demonstrated the
need for surveillance of the atmospheric pollutants resulting
from increased use of kraft pulping operations. Economics in-
formation and the toxicity of the five contaminants were
discussed in detail.
12507
Murray, F. E.
AIR POLLUTION FROM BIVALENT SULFUR COMPOUNDS
IN THE PULP INDUSTRY. Preprint, Engineering Inst. of
Canada, I6p., 1968. 10 refs. (Presented at the Banff Pollution
Conference, Banff, Alberta, Can., March 1968.)
In the kraft process of producing chemical cellulose from
wood chips, the chips are cooked in a solution containing sodi-
um hydroxide and sodium sulfide in about a four-to-one pro-
portion. This method produces much greater air pollution, in
the form of highly malodorous compounds, than the alterna-
tive sulfite processes. The three primary sources of odor
production in a kraft pulp mill are the digestion process, the
direct-contact evaporator, and the recovery furnance. In the
digestion process, control must be effected on the noncon-
densible gases from the digester and blow tank, from the mul-
tiple-effect evaporators, and on the foul condensates that are
formed in contact with these gases. The emission of hydrogen
sulfide from black liquor during direct contact evaporation can
be very substantially reduced by oxidation of the sulfide. The
problem of the recovery furnance is one of good operation and
combustion control within the furnace design capacity. Present
laboratory studies are expected to lead to continuing improve-
ment in the control of odorous emission from kraft pulping
operations.
12621
Benjamin, M , I. B. Douglass, G. A. Hansen, W. D. Major, A.
J. Navarre, and H. J. Yarger
A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF COMMERCIAL WOOD
PULPING AND BLEACHING PROCESSES. TI-9 Pulp and
Paper Committee. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 19(3):155-
61, Mar. 1969.
The purpose of Informative Report No. 1, prepared by the TI-
9 Pulp and Paper Committee of the air Pollution Control As-
sociation, is to present a general description of the commonly
used processes for preparing and bleaching wood pulp. Further
reports of a more specific nature will be published as these
become available. (Author's Abstract)
13192
Kolt, Gary L.
PROCESS COMPUTER CONTROL OF A BLEACH PLANT.
Tappi, 50(7):41A- 42A, July 1967.
A bleaching process is described which is controlled by seven
closed supervisory loops. The system uses 14 instrument in-
puts, manual entries, and appropriate programs and hardware.
Data collection, personnel orientation, and project main-
tenance are also important to the computer control project.
This method has produced a stable bleaching process, which is
thought to be superior to conventional control. (Author ab-
stract modified)
13199
Aldrich, Lyman C.
KRAFT COOKING LIQUOR PREPARED FROM LIQUID
SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE AND CAUSTIC SODA. Southern
Pulp Paper Mfr., 30(6):74-75, 78-80, June 10, 1967.
Liquid sodium hydrosulfide and liquid caustic soda are the ac-
tive chemicals in a synthetic while cooking liquor that can be
used to fill the system for the initial start-up of new kraft pulp
mills. The two chemicals react to form sodium sulfide which,
together with caustic soda, separates lignin from wood fibers.
The synthetic liquor can be prepared from 45% sodium
hydrosulfide and 50% caustic soda, using the normal kraft mill
recovery equipment. Because the large volumes of synthetic
cooking liquor for start-up are prepared only once, no more
than minimal extra equipment is needed. Because both sodium
hydrosulfide and caustic soda produce severe burns, personnel
involved in the unloading and mixing operations should use
shields and protective rubber equipment. Since there is less
generation of H2S at high pH values, the sodium hydrosulfide
should be mixed with dilute caustic soda as soon as possible.
Synthetic cooking liquor will have the same concentration of
H2S as is found in a kraft mill operating with regular cooking
liquor. Therefore, standard kraft mill ventilation and safety
precautions are sufficient.
13237
Monsalud, Manuel R., Pablo M. Nicolas, and Felix G. Tadena,
Jr.
BLEACHED SULFATE PULPS FROM WHITE LAUAN (PEN-
TACME CONTORTA (VID.) MERR. AND ROLFE). Tappi,
48(7):430-432, July 1965. 2 refs.
Different bleaching processes were used and the effect of each
on the bleached pulp yield and the pulp strength properties
and brightness were determined. A three-stage bleach using a
combined chlorine-chlorite in the first stage followed by
caustic extraction in the second stage and sodium chlorite in
the third stage produced a very good yield of high-quality
bleached sulfate pulp of medium brightness. Another three-
stage bleach of C-E-H sequence and two four-stage bleaches
of C-E-C-H and C-E H-P sequences also produced good yields
of high-quality medium-brightness paper pulps that were com-
parable to or better than the commercial bleached pulps used
as references. (Author abstract modified)
13238
Annergren, Goran, Ake Backlund, Johan Richter, and Sven
Rydholm
CONTINUOUS PREHYDROLYSIS-KRAFT COOKING. Tap-
pi, 48(7):52A-56A, July 1965. (Presented at the 50th Annual
Meeting, Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York, Feb. 21-25, 1965).
Continuous prehydrolysis-kraft cooking was tried on a
semicommercial scale in Kamyr digesters of different designs.
Extensive trials with a two-body upflow-downflow digester
and a conventional downflow digester indicated that the two
cooking stages could be effectively separated in both systems
and that a pulp of satisfactory quality could be produced.
Deposition of pitch on strainers and heat exchangers with
liquor phase prehydrolysis, however, caused operational
problems and limited the time of trouble-free operation. A suc-
cessful operation was finally achieved in a downflow digester
where an inclined external top separator replaced the conven-
tional one. This allowed operation of the prehydrolysis stage in
vapor phase, which eliminated the pitch problem and also gave
other advantages. The kraft cook is carried out in liquor
phase, the liquor level forming the point of transition between
-------
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
the prehydrolysis and the kraft cooking stages. The kraft cook
is preferably performed countercurrently and is followed by
Hi-Heat washing. The system was tested in continuous opera-
tion for one month and found to be reliable, simple, and to
give a good and uniform pulp quality, i.e., with little
screenings, high alpha- cellulose content, and small variations
in degree of polymerization and purity. (Author abstract
modified)
13280
Smelt-Water Research Group
EXPLOSIONS IN KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACES.
Southern Pulp Paper Mfr., 29(11):40-41, 44, 46, 48, Nov. 10,
1966.
The Smelt-Water Research Group was founded by 59 kraft
pulping manufacturers to study the damaging explosions which
occur in the kraft chemical recovery furnaces. Kraft recovery
furnaces contain molten chemicals (smelt) which explode when
contacted with water. A report of the findings and recommen-
dations of the Smelt-Water Research Group is presented. A
major result of the study was the identification of the physical
nature of the smelt-water explosions and the effects of some
of the factors influencing their occurrence and intensity.
Water, or water solutions of any of the chemicals commonly
present in the recovery furnace systems (other than black
liquor at concentrations of 55 to 70% total solids or higher),
can cause destructive explosions if permitted to contact mol-
ten smelt. Smelt-water explosions were shown in the laborato-
ry to be noncombustible in nature. They were extremely rapid,
with pressure peaks of about one millisecond duration,
producing shock waves which frequently shattered graphite
crucibles. High-speed motion pictures demonstrated that ex-
plosions originated at a point beneath the smelt surface and
occurred very rapidly upon injection of water. All these facts
are consistent with a hypothesis of encapsulation of sub-
merged water by smelt to produce an initial explosion. As yet,
however, the encapsulation mechanism has not been conclu-
sively demonstrated and direct proof may be very difficult.
Recommendations include not adding any water except black
liquor, installing monitoring systems, and the use of air lances
to aid combustion. The need for automatic shutdown installa-
tions is stressed.
13281
Kotzerke, Donald F.
HOW SCOTT PAPER INCREASES SULFITE PULP YIELD
BY COOKING REJECTS. Am. Paper Ind., 48(8):39-40, 42,
Aug. 1966.
Experiments were performed to determine which common
cooking media would be best suited to economically utilize
knotter rejects in sulfite pulp production. Sulfurous acid, acid
sulfite, and bisulfite cooking media were rejected due to high
bleach demand and high percent screening. The kraft process
proved successful, but the soda medium was found to be equal
in product quality and better economically. The knotter rejects
required very little soda addition and additional sulfur was not
required. The caustic cooking of upgraded rejects produced
pulp of high quality, low percent screening, strength of ap-
proximately 80% of normal sulfite pulp, bleach demand in the
4 to 8% chlorine number range with easy bleaching charac-
teristics and low shrinkage during bleaching.
13282
Fennel], F. L. and N. J. Stalter
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FOR
BLEACHING KRAFT PULP. Southern Pulp Paper Mfr.,
30(9):92, 94, Sept. 10, 1967.
Du Pont is one of the nine U.S. kraft mills bleaching with
peroxide to stabilize pulp brightness after heat aging. In the
six-stage process used, the peroxide stage is preceded by one
chlorine dioxide stage in the sequence chlorination-extraction-
hypochlorite-chlorine dioxide-peroxide (CEHDP). A competi-
tive method is the six-stage chlorination-extraction-
hypochlorite- chlorine dioxide-extraction-chlorine dioxide
(CEHDED) process. Comparative tests show that the EDP
sequence increases pulp air-dry brightness from 88 to 91 and
oven-dry brightness from 88 to 90. With the DED, process the
brightness is 90 air-dry and 87.5 oven-dry. The 1967 cost for 90
oven-dry brightness with peroxide is $1.50 a ton above the
peroxide bleaching costs for 88 oven-dry pulp. This advantage
of two points in oven-dry brightness for the CEHDP process
over the CEHDED sequence is the main reason for a peroxide
process.
13325
Olsson, Jan-Erik and Olof Samuelson
INORGANIC REACTIONS DURING POLYSULFIDE COOK-
ING. Svensk Papperstid., 69(20):703-710, Oct. 1966. 14 refs.
From the changes in concentration of polysulfide, thiosulfate,
and sulfide during the polysulfide cooking of pine, it can be
concluded that about 60% of the polysulfide sulfur is decom-
posed by disproportionation. This reaction is predominant dur-
ing an early stage of the cooking. The rest of the polysulfide
sulfur is mainly consumed in reactions with the organic materi-
al, primarily oxidations in which the polysulfide is reduced to
sulfide. During the cooking, the sulfide concentration passes
through a maximum. Its increase is explained by its formation
in these two reactions and its decrease toward the end of
cooking by the formation of organic sulfur compounds. The
thiosulfate concentration increases rapidly during an early
cooking stage, and, after passing through a maximum, the con-
centration decreases slightly. The decrease is explained by the
decomposition of thiosulfale into polysulfide under conditions
used in sulfate cooking. (Author abstract modified)
13380
Jansson, Lennart B.
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS IN KAMYR CONTINUOUS
KRAFT COOKING SYSTEMS. Tappi, 46(5):296-301, May
1963. (Presented at the 16th Alkaline Pulping Conference,
Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Savannah, Ga.,
Nov. 1-2, 1962).
A description is given of the digester system from chip feed to
discharge of stock. The various development stages of the
cooking system are discussed in chronological order, starting
with the hot blow process and followed by the cold blow and
diffusion-extraction processes. Also, the high heat diffusion
washing is described. Some operational data for diffusion- ex-
traction and high heat diffusion washing are presented.
(Author abstract modified)
13386
Dahm, H. P. and V. Loras
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF PULP CHLORINATION. Tap-
pi, 46(1):40-41, Jan. 1963. 20 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
A new ferrous-ferric oxidation-reduction system will give far
better control of continuous pulp chlorination than the redox
oxidation potential system. In contrast to the redox method, it
is completely reversible and has a reproducible standard
potential. Determination of chlorine is rapid and accurate and
independent of the hydrolysis of the chlorine or the presence
of chloride ions. In this method, the chlorine-containing sam-
ple is mixed in constant proportions with a standard solution
of iron salts in which 80% of the iron ions are present in the
ferrous state and 20% in the ferric state. The change of the
ferrous/ ferric ratio is then measured as a concentration cell
potential directly proportional to the amount of chlorine
present.
13395
Beaujean, John and V. B. Bodenheimer
COLD CAUSTIC PULP FROM SINGLE STATE REFINING.
Pulp Paper Mag. Can., 63(3):T 168-200, 1962.
In order to minimize the costs of making cold caustic pulp, an
atmospheric soak with single stage refining and refiner
bleaching was tried. A cold caustic plant was built in order to
achieve higher utilization of mixed hardwoods. The process
steps are shown on a flowsheet. Since the biochemical oxygen
demand is approximate 200 Ibs/ton from a cold caustic plant,
the excess liquor from the live bottom bin drainer conveyor
was saved. Quality of product ranged from good to poor. In
single stage refining about three-quarters of stock is refined to
an excellent pulp; approximately one-quarter is predominately
small shives. There was no problem setting a 60 brightness,
economically. Freenesses were maintained at 350 to 400
Canadian Standard and refiner horsepower was approximately
30 hp days/ton. The cost of the plant was within the budgeted
amount and actual maintenance costs were small.
13399
Gierer, Josef and Bernard Lenz
REACTION OF LIGNIN DURING SULPHATE COOKING.
PART 6. FORMATION OF 1,2-GLYCOL GROUPS IN
MILLED WOOD LIGNIN ON TREATMENT WITH 2N SODI-
UM HYDROXIDE AT 170 C. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm),
68(9):334-338, May 15, 1965. 16 refs.
The reliability of a proposed splitting mechanism for alkaline
clevage of arylether bonds was experimentally proved by
demon strating the presence of 1,2-glycol groups in alkali lig-
nins and by estimating the frequency of these groups. Milled
wood lignin (MWL) from Picea abies was treated with 2N
sodium hydroxide at 170 C for 3 hrs. Two samples of the
resulting alkali lignin, one of which had been subsequently
methylated with diazomethane were oxidized with periodate.
The consumptions of periodate, compared with those of
treated and untreated diazomethane-methylate milled wood lig-
nin indicated that 1,2-glycol groups (0.13 per methoxyl,
originally present) are formed during the alkaline treatment.
The presence of 1,2-glycol groups in alkali lignin was also sup-
ported by showing that carbonyl groups are formed on
periodate oxidation of borohydride-reduced, diazomethane-
methylated, alkali-treated milled wood lignin (IR spectrum and
estimation by the hydroAylamine method). The results are con-
sisted with the view that beta-arylelher linkages in non-phenol-
ic lignin units containing a free hydroxyl group at a neighbor-
ing carbon atom of the side-chain are split via the correspond-
ing epoxy inter mediates into 1,2-glycol structures. (Authors'
abstract modified)
13439
Shera, Brian L. and Joseph B. Heitman
RELATIONSHIP OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL
TO FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE IN PULP CHLORINA-
TION. A PRACTICAL APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF
PULP CHLORINATION. Tappi, 48(2):89-94, Feb. 1965. 6 refs.
(Presented at the Third International Pulp Bleaching Con-
ference, Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Seattle,
Wash., Aug. 17-20, 1964.)
Oxidation-reduction potential corp measurements and the free
available chlorine determinations are of considerable use in the
study of the chlorination phase. An appendix describes the
analytical procedure for available free chlorine determination.
Carbon tetrachloride was used to selectively dissolve and
separate free available chlorine from the pulp chlorination
liquor. Rapid decline in the ORP indicates that free available
chlorine no longer exists and the carbon tetrachloride extrac-
tion method is used for confirmation. Pulp chlorinations at
various chlorine dosages, temperatures, and retention times
were analyzed. Higher chlorine dosages and/or higher tempera-
tures alone or in combination accelerate the degradation of
cellulose fibers over the same retention period. Reduced reten-
tion periods to compensate for increased temperatures at teach
level of chlorine dosage will permit equivalent fiber delignifi-
cation and minimize further degradation of the cellulose.
(Author abstract modified)
13440
Aurell, Ronnie
INCREASING KRAFT PULP YIELD BY REDEPOSITION OF
HEMICELLULOSES. Tappi, 48(2):80-84, Feb. 1965. 10 refs.
(Presented at the Alkaline Pulping Conference, Atlanta, Ga.,
Oct. 28-30, 1964.)
During a kraft cook about 25% by weight of wood car-
bohydrates is lost. In a birch kraft cook the concentration of
dissolved hemicelluloses in the cooking liquor reaches a max-
imum. Part of these hemicelluloses is subsequently regained by
redeposition on the wood fibers; the major portion, however,
is degraded in the cooking liquor and lost. By drawing off the
cooking liquor at a time when the concentration of dissolved
hemicellulose is high, completing the cook in the vapor phase
(or by injecting alkali), and then returning the drawnoff liquor
to the delignified chips to create suitable conditions for
redeposition, it was possible to increase the total pulp yield.
The redeposition is favored by a moderate lowering of the pH.
By the use of liquor transfer a yield about 1% higher than the
normal was obtained for birch cooks with an effective alkali
charge of 17.5%. At higher charges the effect was more
pronounced, a 1.5-2% higher yield being obtained with 22.5%
effective alkali. For pine the same method gave no significant
increase in the pulp yield, probably because there is a smaller
amount of dissolved hemicelluloses in the cooking liquor.
(Author's abstract modified)
13443
Rapson, W. H., M. Wayman, and C. B. Anderson
PAPER BLEACHING-A NEW PROCESS. Tappi, 48(2):65-72,
Feb. 1965. 6 refs.
Procedures were developed for increasing brightness in paper
by bleaching with peracetic acid, peroxide, and sodium or zinc
hydrosulfite. A two-stage bleach in which peracetic acid was
followed by zinc hydrosulfite was most effective. Bleaching
time was extremely short, 1 or 2 min with the peroxide, and 5-
30 sec with the other bleaching agents. A variety of papers
were bleached by these processes. The brightness of commer-
-------
8
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
cial sulfite- groundwood papers such as newsprint, rotonews,
and directory was raised about 10 to 11 units by 1% of
peracetic acid on paper, 8 to 11 units by 1% of zinc
hydrosulfite on paper, and 12 to IS units by the two-stage
process using 1% of each of these chemicals. The bleached
papers had brightness of 72 to 76. Peroxide bleaching of these
papers was less effective, the brightness being improved by 4
to 8 units. The towsidedness of newsprint was markedly
reduced. However, the opacity became much lower, falling
from 0.954 to 0.900, a level too low to be acceptable for
newsprint. Laboratory papers containing refiner groundwood,
high yield sulfite or unbleached kraft were also studied, and
improvements in brightness were obtained. Laboratory
newsprint papers using unbleached kraft were bleached to ac-
ceptable newsprint brightness. The conditions employed in
these bleaches are such that they should be adaptable for on-
machine operation. (Author abstract modified)
13444
Aurell, Ronnie and Nils Harder
SULFATE COOKING WITH THE ADDITION OF REDUCING
AGENTS. PART ID. THE EFFECT OF ADDED SODIUM
BOROHYDRIDE. Tappi, 46(4):209-215, April 1963. 36 refs.
The addition of sodium borohydride in pine kraft cooking
resulted in a substantially increased yield. The consequences
of the borohydride treatment are discussed. When the sulfate
cook is preceded by prehydrolysis of the pinewood, the car-
bohydrates are extensively degraded and dissolved in the al-
kaline stage. The addition of sodium borohydride will diminish
the degradation considerably. The importance of the alkali
concentration to the yield in kraft pulping of birchwood is ex-
amined. The addition of sodium borohydride without lowering
the charge of alkali will result in only a small gain. On lower-
ing the charge of alkali correspondingly, the effect of the addi-
tion is considerable. Potassium borohydride had the same ef-
fect as sodium borohydride. The reduction with amineboranes
was studied. Their effect was less than that of the
borohydride. The effect of the borohydride was not changed
by the addition of black liquor. The addition of a wetting
agent, in order to improve the penetration and thereby the ef-
ficiency of the borohydride, gave no improvement. Little ad-
vantage was gained upon addition of EDTA in order to im-
prove the stability of the borohydride. Sodium metaborate or
tetraborate (borax), added to the cooking liquor, gave no gain.
The same result was obtained on the addition of barium or cal-
cium salts. Upon the pretreatment of pine chips with an al-
kaline solution of sodium borohydride, an increase in yield of
12-13 kg pulp per kg sodium borohydride resulted from the
subsequent kraft cook. This is approximately twice as much as
if the addition was made directly to the cooking liquor. Dif-
ferent conditions for the pretreatment were studied. The op-
timum conditions were 80 C, 1% NaBH4 calculate on the
wood, a liquor:wood ratio of 5, and 30 min treatment time. An
applied pressure further improved the result. The use of
borohydride in technical kraft cooking is, however, not
economical! practical. (Author abstract modified)
13492
Ricca, Peter Mauro
A STUDY IN THE OXIDATION OF KRAFT BLACK
LIQUOR. Thesis (Ph.D.), Florida Univ., Gainesville, Univ.
Microfilms, Inc., 1968, 140p. 47 refs.
The oxidation of kraft black liquor with pure oxygen and a
mixture of oxygen plus ozone at the temperature range 60 to
90 C was investigated to determine the feasibility of mill scale
oxidation using pure oxygen, the fate of sulfur compounds
during oxidation, and the possibility of limiting pulp odors
with ozone. Physical and chemical parameters examined in-
cluded temperature, oxidizing agent, oxygen partial pressure,
and method of contact. The predominant inorganic reactions
that occurred were the oxidation of sodium hydrosulfide to
sodium polysulfide and sodium thio sulfate. The thiosulfate
reaction was slightly reversible; the polysulfide was not. The
mole ratio of polysulfide to thiosulfate formed by complete
oxidation of the hydrosulfide was relatively independent of
temperature. Oxidation below 60 C precipitated small quanti-
ties of amorphous sulfur droplets from the liquor which, upon
aging, crystallized to rhombic sulfur. The optimum oxidation
temperature was found to be between 60 and 75 C. Pure ox-
ygen fixed the inorganic sulfides in the black liquor but had lit-
tle effect on the odorous black-liquor constituents. Exhaust
gases were effectively deodorized with 100 to ISO ppm at 25 C
of ozone, and it is concluded that the non-condensable gases
from evaporates and digesters can be similarly deodorized.
13594
Russell, Norman A.
THE INITIAL PHASE OF THE AQUEOUS CHLORINATION
OF KRAFT PULP MEALS. TAPPI, 49(9):418-422, Sept. 1966.
20 refs. (Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting, Technical As-
soc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y., Feb.
20-24, 1966.)
A tubular flow reactor was designed to investigate the rapid,
initial phase of aqueous chlorination of kraft pulp. A substan-
tial portion of the total chlorine consumption and lignin
removal occurs in this reaction stage. The pulps used in the
study were ground in a Wiley mill to promote intimate mixing
in the reactor. Duplicate chlorination experiments demon-
strated the utility of the reactor system in obtaining reliable
data for reaction durations of less than 43 sec. Delignification
in the initial phase of chlorination was quite sensitive to the
presence of molecular chlorine. Changes in pH or available
chlorine concentration which increased the concentration of
molecular chlorine promoted delignification and yielded higher
levels of organically bound chlorine in the pulp meals. A
definite relationship between delignification and the extent of
bound chlorine was observed for all reaction conditions. Ox-
idative consumption of chlorine contributed to lignin removal
to an extent dependent upon the temperature and concentra-
tion of molecular chlorine. A maximum of about 1 g of
chlorine was consumed per gram of lignin removed. Cellulose
degradation, as indicated by pulp viscosity, was slight except
at low reaction ph where acid attack also contributed to the
overall viscosity loss. Many of the observations made during
the short reaction periods used in this study were similar to
results of previous studies of pulp chlorinations which
proceeded from several minutes to several hours. (Author ab-
stract modified)
13605
Meller, Alexander and Erik L. Ritman
RETENTION OF POLYSACCHARTOES IN KRAFT PULPING.
II. THE EFFECT OF BOROHYDRIDE ADDITION TO
KRAFT LIQUOR ON PULP YDZLD, CHEMICAL CHARAC-
TERISTICS AND PAPERMAKING PROPERTIES OF PINUS
RADIATA PULPS. TAPPI, 47(l):55-64, Jan. 1964. 22 Rets.
The yield and chemical characteristics of kraft and
borohydride- kraft pulps are compared. The addition of sodi-
um borohydride to kraft liquors is found to increase the yield
5-6% by rendering polysaccharides resistant to the endwise
type of alkaline degradation and by maintaining higher alkalini-
ty throughout the cooking. Analytical data reveal that
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
borohydride-kraft pulps have much lower pentosan content,
lower permanganate number, much higher hexosan content,
slightly lower alpha-cellulose content, and considerably lower
alpha-pentosan content than the kraft pulps prepared under
identical cooking conditions. Borohydride-kraft pulps beat
faster to a given freeness than kraft pulps, but, at the same
weight and bulk, the strength properties of the handsheets
prepared from the former are inferior. If tearing strength and
breaking length of the sheets are corrected for yield dif-
ferences, the strength differences tend to disappear, particu-
larly with well-beaten pulps. Calculations based on rate data
show that the decomposition of sodium borohydride added to
the kraft liquor is practically complete when the temperature
of 130 to 140 C is reached in pulping Pinus radiata wood under
conditions used in the investigation. (Authors' abstract
modified)
13606
Kleinert, T. N. and L. M. Marraccini
VAPOR-PHASE KRAFT COOKING OF BLACK SPRUCE -
DELIGNIFICATION AND PULP STRENGTH PROPERTIES.
(Part III of a series of ALKALINE PULPING STUDIES.) TAP-
PI, 48(4):214,223, April 1965. 32 rets.
The conditions under which short cycle kraft cooking (20 min
or les of commercial spruce chips will produce bleachable
grades of pulp were studied. The influence of such variables
as concentratio of the impregnation liquor (effective alkali
charge), temperature and time of pressure impregnation, and
temperature and duration of the steam cooking of the im-
pregnated chips on pulp properties was considered. Provided
the alkali charge was sufficient, increasing the impregnation
temperature to 150 C reduced rejects and pulp lignin content,
and also improved brightness. However, at ISO C, viscosity
and strength properties tended to decrease. Above ISO C, and
adverse effect on delignification was noted. Cooking to the
same degree of delignification was studied between 180 and
190 C by shortening time according to the H-factor relation-
ship and using three liquor concentrations (42.0, S2.S, and 63.3
g/liter) in chip impregnation. With the exception of folding en-
durance, temperature increase did not markedly affect pulp
strength properties, but concentrations higher than SO g/L
lowered most strength properties. This effect is related to un-
consumed effective alkali. When cooking to low rejects at
screened yields of 45 to 53%, yield had no influence on pulp
strength properties. At a screened yield of about 47% or less,
and a pulp lignin content less than 6%, beating time at each
freeness level investigated was constant. In contrast, at higher
yields beating time increased with increasing yield and lignin
content. Time of steam prehydrolysis at 170, and 185 C varied
between 10 and 20 min, and vapor-phase cooking at 182.5 and
185 C between IS and 20 min. Pulps low in lignin and pen-
tosan, with good strength properties, were obtained. (Authors'
abstract modified)
13608
Kleinert, T. N. and L. M. Marraccini
DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICALS IN COMMERCIAL WOOD
CHIPS. I. ALKALINE PULPING STUDIES. TAPPI, 48(3): 165-
170, March 1965. 31 refs.
Various factors which influence penetration and distribution of
kraft cooking chemicals in commercial sprucewood chips in
the impregnation stage have been investigated. Hydrostatic
pressure, temperature of the liquor, and liquor-to-wood ratio,
together with diffusion phenomena, were major factors in the
penetration of alkali into wood and its distribution throughout
the wood tissue. These processes take place in an early stage
of the treatment. The findings show that uniformity of alkali
distribution has a bearing on residual lignin and pulp rejects.
In general, under constant conditions of penetration, the
amount of alkali taken up by the wood appears to be nearly
proportional to the liquor concentration. The alkali is present
in and on the wood in three distinct formss: (1) the alkali
sorbed on the wood constituents, (2) the alkali dissolved in the
liquid phase filling the capillarie and interstices of the wood,
and (3) the alkali present in the liquid phase adherent to the
chip surface. Surfactants interfere with alkali uptake and the
subsequent cooking of softwoods. It is suggested that they are
sorbed on wood constituents, occupying locations where the
alkali should react during delignification. (Authors' abstract
modified)
14134
Nishiyama, Keitaro, Mitsuyosi Nagayasu, and Takeo Azuma
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
PART 4. COMPARISON OF INFLUENCES OF ODOR ON
THE INHABITANTS OF TWO DIFFERENT AREAS. (KP
seishi kojo haigasu no kogai boshi ni kansuru kenkyu dai 4 ho
sogyoreki ga kotonaru ni kojo shuhen jumin no shuki ni taisu-
ru ishiki hikaku). Text in Japanese. Shikoku Igaku Zasshi
(Shikoku Acta Medica), 24(0:53-57, Feb. 1968. 2 refs.
The influences of bad odor on inhabitants were studied com-
paratively in areas adjacent to mills designated the K and N
mills. Contrary to belief that interest in bad odor would be
more active in an area around a newly-founded factory (K)
than around an older one (N), no significant differences were
noticed in the complaints of the inhabitants of the two areas.
However, in the N area, complaints of respiratory disorders
were fewer than in the K area. The influence of the time of
day, weather, and wind velocity on the degree of bad odor
were similar in both areas. A larger number of people in the N
area suffered from the odor throughout the year than those in
the K area. Sectional differences of the effect were less in the
N area than in the K area. This was probably due to the un-
stableness of the wind direction in the N area. (Author ab-
stract modified)
14580
Schoening, M. A. and R. H. Wright
INTENSITY OF THE ODOR RELEASE AT VARIOUS
POINTS IN THE KRAFT PULPING PROCESS. TAPPI,
35(12):564-569, Dec. 1952. 6 refs.
The concentration of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptans
in various plant effluents were surveyed in a study of the
problem of odor reduction in kraft processing. Speicies of
wood cooked were western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and red
cedar; each was cooked separately and the concentration of
malodorous gas measured at the following points: digester re-
lief and gas-off, blow gases, evaporator effluents, furnace
gases, stack gases, green liquor tank vapors, and sewer outfall.
Results indicated that a higher concentration of mercaptan, on
occasion 100,000 micrograms per liter, is given off in the non-
condensable gas from a fir cook than from a hemlock cook, a
fact that may be due to the turpentine formed from fir. Blow
tank vapors were clearly the major source of odor since no at-
tempt was made to condense the stream in the digester
discharge. The use of raw sulfur produced a two to threefold
increase in the mercaptan concentration in noncondensable
gases. Though the total volume of condensable and uncon-
densable gases released from the blow tank could not be mea-
sured, rough calculatio suggest that the loss of sulfur may
have exceeded 20 Ib per cook. Stack gases carried about one
-------
10
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
third as much odorous material as the noncondensable blow
gases and at a much lower concentration. Neither furnace
gases nor evaporator effluents constituted a high intensity
source of odor.
15517
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Air
Pollution Control Administration
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR SULFUR OXIDE AIR POL-
LUTANTS. NAPCA Publ. AP-52, 122p., Jan. 1969. 274 refs.
About 75% of sulfur oxide emissions in 1966 resulted from the
combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels, with coal combustion ac-
counting for the largest part. The economic and technical
aspects of various techniques for controlling these emissions
are examined in detail; they are categorized as (1) change-over
to fuels with lower sulfur content or to another energy source,
such as hydroelectric or nuclear power; (2) desulfurization of
coal or residual fuel oil; (3) removal of sulfur oxides from flue
gas by various processes, including limestone-dolomite injec-
tion and alkalized alumina sorption; and (4) increase in com-
bustion efficiency. Of the industrial sources of SO2 emissions,
nonferrous primary smelting of sulfide-containing metallic ores
such as copper, zinc, and lead is the largest emitter. About
half of the primary smelters in the U. S. now use sulfuric acid
recovery to reduce emissions and at the same time offset
smelter operating costs. Smelters, oil refineries, pulp and
paper mills, steel plants, sulfuric acid plants, waste disposal
processes, and a number of other industrial sources are con-
sidered in terms of present technology for reducing emissions.
The costs of dispersion of sulfur oxides by tall stacks are
briefly discussed as an approach toward reducing the frequen-
cy of high concentrations at ground level in some areas, and
an extensive bibliography on gas dispersion is included. An ap-
pendix on chemical coal processing describes the current state
of development of such methods as gasification and liquefac-
tion for reducing the sulfur content of high-sulfur coal.
16494
Akamalsu, Isao, Hiroshi Kamishima, and Yutaka Kimura
DEODORIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS IN KRAFT PULPING.
(PART I). ON THE FORMATION OF MALODOROUS COM-
PONENTS IN KRAFT PULPING. (Kurafuto- parupu seizo
kotei haishutsu gasu no mushuka (1 ho): Jokai-chu ni okeru
akushu-seibun no seisei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kami-pa
Gikyoshi (J. Japan Tech. Assoc. Pulp Paper Ind.), 22(8): 406-
410, Aug. 1968. 3 refs.
The formation of malodorous substances, methy mercaptan
(MMA) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS), in the process of kraft
pulping was studied in two types of Japanese pulp woods:
softwoods (red pine, cedar and Japanese cypress) and hard-
woods (beech, poplar, cherry and pasania oak). Alkaline
(Na2O) and sodium sulfide (NaS) were added to a 400 g dried
pulpwood block in an electric autoclave and boiled for 5-1/2
hours at 185 C. Then 5 cc of exhaust gas (raw blow gas) was
sent into the cyclone-separator (a cylinder with the diameter of
3 cm and the length of 18 cm) and analyzed for malodorous
substances (MMA and DMS) by the use of Yanagimoto GCG-
5DH type gas chromatograph. Larger amounts of MMA and
DMS, especially MMA, were produced by pulping hardwoods
than by pulping softwoods. In pulping the same wood type,
the amount of malodorous substances was increased with the
increase of cooking hour and temperature, and the concentra-
tion of NaS. The white lauan produced the same malodorous
substances in quality and quantity as obtained in the pulping
of Japanese hardwoods. When the pulping was performed by a
batch system, the concentration of DMS was decreased to
trace with the depression of pressure in the autoclave.
17198
Endo, Ryosaka
RESEARCH ON THE SOURCE OF ODOR DEVELOPMENT
AND THE RESIDENTIAL REACTION IN HOKKAIDO.
(Hokkaido ni okeru akushu no hasseigen to jumin hanno). Text
in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4):209-
220, April 15, 1968. 23 refs.
The results of an empirical field survey of odor sources are
presented. Residents of Hokkaido were sent olfactory test
questionnaires and asked to identify the source of an odor, its
degree, and its variation with time and season. The residents
lived in an area of fish processing plants, oil and fat works,
excrement-disposal facilities, paper mills, crematories, in-
cineration plants, refuse dumping sites, and fox-breeding ken-
nels. The returns, which amounted to 1,023,348 identifications
of an odor source, were centered on fish- processing plants.
This means that they are the major source of an odor problem
affecting an estimated 218,300 persons. Next in order of im-
portance were paper factories, incineration plants, agricultural
processing plants, and animal breeding buildings. Of the fish-
processing plants, the most offensive and noxious odor was
produced by fertilizer made from fish flesh, fish oil, and other
fish refuse. The major odors were generated in gas emissions
from boiling and drying operations. Following the olfaction
survey, the quantitative odor measurements and chemical anal-
ysis of odor components were undertaken in fishery fertilizer-
processing plants. Volatile organic acid was observed to occu-
py the greatest proportion of offensive odors of fish fertilizers
followed by ammonia, amines, mercaptans, and sulfurous acid.
17243
KUSUMOTI, MASAYASU
SOME PROBLEMS IN REFUSE DISPOSAL. (Haibutsu
shobun no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Yosui to Haisui (J.
Water Waste), 11(8):619-621, Aug. 1, 1969.
Disposal of refuse, solid or liquid, does not imply complete
solution of the refuse problem, although some refuse is partly
reduced to energy by incineration and partly dispersed to the
atmosphere in an aerosol state. Human productive activities
are closely linked to the metobolic processes by which nature
provides raw materials and other substances for comsumption,
and as long as men remain within the metabolic cycle the
balance between nature and productive activities is main-
tained. In highly industrialized societies, this equilibrium is
lost. For example, in the process of pulp manufacturing,
nearly 4 tons of refuse is processed per 1 ton pulp, while in
the second process of paper production, 13% of refuse is
produced per total amount of pulp. What is finally collected as
paper is about 40%; the remaining 60% is refuse. The concept
of refuse disposal as a transitional process in which refuse is
conveyed to the cycle of metabolism and then returned to na-
ture may not be a reliable one. It appears more promising to
dump refuse in the ocean or to utilize it for land reclamation
by composting or fertilization even though these solutions in-
volve problems of large scale collection and transportation.
Studies bearing on technical aspects of composting and land
reclamation are sufficiently developed to suggest that com-
posting is the most practical countermeasure for refuse
disposal.
17603
Miner, Sydney
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF HYDROGEN
SULFIDE. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton Systems, Inc.,
Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Contract PH
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
11
22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-37, 91p., Oct. 1969. 148 refs.
CFSTI: PB 188068
The literature on effects, sources, abatement, economics, and
methods of analysis of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide is
reviewed, with an appendix of tabular material from selected
references. Hydrogen sulfide gas is very toxic to humans and
at concentrations over 1,000,000 micrograms/cu m, quickly
causes death by paralysis of the respiratory tract. At lower
concentrations, it has an obnoxious odor and causes conjunc-
tivitis with reddening and lachrymal secretion, respiratory tract
irritation, pulmonary edema, damage to heart muscle, psychic
changes, disturbed equilibrium, nerve paralysis, spasms, un-
consciousness, and circulatory collapse. It also tarnishes silver
and copper and combines with heavy metals in paints to
discolor or darken the paint surface. The primary natural
sources of H2S is biological decay of protein material in stag-
nant water. Among the many industrial sources are kraft paper
mills, oil refineries, natural gas plants, and chemical plants, as
well as sewage and sewage disposal plants. Average concentra-
tions of H2S in urban atmospheres range from 1-92 micro-
grams/cu m. Emissions can be controlled by black liquor ox-
idation systems, scrubbers, and incineration devices.
Hydrogen sulfide corrosion of silver has required substitution
of gold contacts in electrical appliances at an estimated in-
creased cost of $14.8 million during 1963. Abatement of air
pollution from the pulp and paper industry, in which H2S is a
major factor, has cost approximately $10 million per year and
is predicted to increase. Major expenditures have been made
by refineries and natural gas plants to remove H2S from sour
gases and to recover sulfur as a valuable byproduct. Analytical
techniques based on the methylene blue and molybdenum blue
methods are available for laboratory analysis of H2S. The spot
method, based on tiles or paper impregnated with lead acetate,
is also widely used. (Author abstrac modified)
17633
Kikuchi, Itaru, Shinsaku Sato, Hiroshi Funaki, and Hikaru
Sone
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 12. AIR POLLUTANTS GENERATED
AT KP PLANTS. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 2(l):48-59, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 2p.
Measuring operations were conducted at several kraft pulping
plants to determine the source of pollutants, especially the of-
fensive odors. Measurements were made of the exhaust gases
from the heavy oil boilers, the recovery boiler, and the turpen-
tine condenser. The JIS method was used to measure sulfur
oxides, and the MB method for hydrogen sulfide. With respect
to offensive odors, efforts were concentrated on the measure-
ment of volatile organic sulfur compounds, such as methyl-
mercaptan and methylsulfide; for this purpose, gas chromatog-
raphy was used. The results showed that the sulfur oxides
were within the prefectural limit for public hazards. It was
confirmed, however, that an excessive amount of fine dust is
generated from the recovery boilers and bark boilers. Also,
H2S amounting to 60 ppm was detected from the recovery
boilers. Substantial amounts of melhylmercaptan and methyl-
sulfide were detected from the turpentine condensers and from
the recovery boilers. These compounds were identified and
quantitatively determined. Some peaks not yet identified were
also obtained in the gas chromatograms.
18164
Snyder, Joe W.
MEASURING BLEACHING TOWER RETENTION TIMES.
Tappi, 49(12): 105A-106A, Dec. 1966.
Fluorescent dye-treated pulp nodules added to pulp entering
the bleaching towers were used to determine the flow and re-
tention pattern in kraft mill chlorination, caustic extraction,
hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide cells. This was accom-
plished by observation made through a manhole in the top of
the chlorination tower. All luminous particles were counted
during one minute intervals, and the time and date of the test,
pulp flow rate, and consistency were recorded. A graph of re-
tention time in minutes plotted against percentage of luminous
particles was prepared. The shape of the frequency curve, as
well as its position with respect to theoretical retention time,
provided evidence of the flow pattern.
18182
Clement, J. L., J. H. Coulter, and S. Suda
B AND W KRAFT RECOVERY UNIT PERFORMANCE CAL-
CULATIONS. Tappi, 46(2): 153A-160A, Feb. 1963.
Calculations used commercially to determine a material and
heat balance for a kraft recovery unit are described. The appli-
cation of recovery-unit design in the calculation procedure
which is based on elemental liquor analysis, permits accurate
prediction of unit performance. A material and heat balance
can be calculated from elemental analysis for all pulp-mill
recovery systems. The procedure described is particularly
valuable in calculating the expected thermal performance of
recovery units processing sodium- base liquors differing in
properties from kraft liquor. An example is a unit burning
neutral sulfite semichemical liquor to produce a high-sulfidity
smell with low reduction relative to kraft. The procedure is ap-
plicable to the design of recovery units processing magnesium,
calcium, and ammonium-base liquors. This has been done suc-
cessfully in predicting the performance of magnesium-base
recovery units by analyzing the calorimeter bomb products of
liquor combustion to permit calculating a heat-of-reaction cor-
rection.
18188
Lewis, E. C., and R. G. Tallent
CHEMICAL RECOVERY UNIT. (Combustion Engineering,
Inc., Windsor, Conn.) U. S. Pat. 3,304,918. 5p., Feb. 21, 1967.
3 refs. (Appl. Dec. 29, 1965, 2 claims.)
A new chemical recovery unit for employment in the kraft
pulping process is described. The unit consists of an upright
furnace into which black residual liquor is introduced for burn-
ing and smelting. The furnace has an inner surface lined with
tubes designed to generate steam of at least 900 psi. The inner
surface also has primary air induction ports spaced above the
furnace bottom for directing air inward toward the combusti-
bles on the bottom of the furnace. Smooth metal lubes are
welded to the steam generating tubes for the purpose of secur-
ing a layer of molten chemicals. During the operation of the
chemical recovery unit, molten chemicals are collected at the
bottom of the furnace and are periodically withdrawn through
a suitable spout.
18189
Gauvin, W. H., and J. J. O. Gravel
CHEMICAL RECOVERY FROM SULFITE SPENT LIQUORS
BY THE ATOMIZED SUSPENSION TECHNIQUE. Tappi,
43(8):678-683. Aug. 1960. 9 refs.
The pyrolysis of neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) spent
liquors under reducing conditions yields a solid product con-
sisting essentially of sodium carbonate with small amounts
(usually less than the originally present in the liquor) of sodi-
um sulfate. Preliminary studies have indicated that sodium car-
-------
12
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
bonate can be recovered with yields of 90% and better. Com-
bustible gases are produced of good calorific value from which
the sulfur can be recovered as SO2. In this report the en-
gineering aspects of this technique are presented. A corrosion
study has shown that austenitic stainless steels are strongly at-
tacked by fused sodium carbonate, and experimental data is
presented both above and below the fusion temperature (765
C) and for a wide range of residence times. Reactor pressures
of up to 60 psi are used for feed concentrations of 55%, and
the results indicate that adequate sodium carbonate conver-
sions can be obtained at wall temperatures below the fusion
point. (Author's abstract modified)
19899
Sawaya, Tsugio
SURVEY ON THE PUBLIC NUISANCE BY OFFENSIVE
ODOR. (Akushu kogai gairon). Text in Japanese. Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 8(2):34-46,
June 1970. 12refs.
Offensive odor as a public nuisance can be classified accord-
ing to its composition in the following industrial sources:
hydrocarbons and mercaptan from petroleum refining; organic
sulfur compounds such as mercaptan from paper and pulp fac-
tories; and amine and fatty acids from fish meal and rendering
factories and stockyards. Odors of each category are ex-
plained. While it is well established that olfactory reception is
caused by a stimulus given to nerves by gaseous substances or
air-borne participates, the mechanism of the stimulus is not
yet known. Odors of industrial waste water are classified into
the following, that is, aromatic, free chlorine, disagreeable,
earthy, fishy, grassy, moldy, musty, peaty, sweet, free
hydrogen sulfide, and vegetable. Weber-Fechner's law,
fatique, personal differences, and interference of odors are
described. Definitions of threshold and odor concentration are
provided. Measuring methods of odor include dilution by air,
equilibrium with salt water, and a method used by processing
factories to monitor the total amount of odor substances.
Physical or chemical methods are available for odor abate-
ment. Scrubbers, condensation by cooling, adsorption by ac-
tive carbon, and dilution by air are in the physical category,
while chemical methods include processing by acid, alkali,
chlorine, or ozone, ion exchange, masking, recombustion, and
catalytic combustion.
20553
Sullivan, Ralph J.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF ODOROUS
COMPOUNDS. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton Systems,
Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Con-
tract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTP 66-42, 244p., Oct. 1969.
443 refs. CFSTI: PB 188089
Odors may cause mental and physiological effects in humans,
such as nausea, headache, loss of sleep, loss of appetite, im-
paired breathing, and in some cases allergic reactions. Commu-
nity and personal pride and status may be adversely affected.
No information on the effect of odorous air pollutants on the
health or behavior of domestic, commercial, or experimental
animals was found in the literature. The petroleum industry,
petrochemical plant complexes, chemical industry, pulp and
paper mills, coke ovens, coal, iron-steel industry and foun-
dries, food processing, meat industry (including livestock
slaughtering, inedible rendering of animal matter, fish
processing, tanneries, etc), combustion processes (including
diesel engines), and sewage are listed as sources of odors. The
literature contains no quantitative data on the odor concentra-
tion in ambient air. Surveys have been made, but they show
only the detective disagreeable odors and not their intensity.
Abatement methods fall into several categories: combustion,
absorption, adsorption, odor masking, odor removal, chemical
control, biological control, and containment. Combustion is
generally accepted as the best way to deodorize malodorous
gases. Oxidation at 1,200 F or above usually gives satisfactory
results. Economically, odor pollution depresses property
values. The human nose is the only reliable detector, and
several laboratory and field methods (organoleptic methods,
such as the vapor dilution technique and the syringe dilution
techinque) and instrumental methods (such as gas chromatog-
raphy) have been deveolped to quantify human observations.
21385
Hendrickson, E. R., J. E. Roberson, and J. B. Koogler
CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS IN THE WOOD
PULPING INDUSTRY. (VOLUME 1). (FINAL REPORT). En-
vironmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla. and Sirrine (J.
E.) Co., Greenville, S. C., NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-18,
193p., March 15, 1970. 35 refs. CFSTI: PB 190351
A study was conducted to make a comprehensive and syste-
matic evaluation of the technical and economical problems in-
volved in the control of airborne emissions, especially panicu-
late and gaseous sulfur compounds from the chemical wood
pulping industry. The economic position and present geo-
graphic distribution of the chemical wood pulping industry are
discussed. The major variations in the kraft, sulfite, and
semichemical pulping processes are described. Kraft gaseous
emissions include hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methyl
mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide. They are emitted by the
recovery furnace, the lime kiln, evaporators, stock washers,
smelt dissolving tank, and other sources. Paniculate emissions
from the kraft process come mainly from the recovery fur-
nace, the lime kiln, and the smelt dissolving tank. Emissions
from the sulfite and semichemical processes are also discribed,
along with a review of emissions standards.
21728
Hendrickson, E. R., J. E. Roberson, and J. B. Koogler
CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS IN THE WOOD
PULPING INDUSTRY. VOLUME 2. (FINAL REPORT). En-
vironmental Engineering. Inc., Gainesville, Fla., and Sirrine (J.
E.) Co., Greensville, S. C., Contract CPA 22-69-18, 266p.,
March 15, 1970. 45 refs. CFSTI: PB 190352
Chapters 5 through 8 are contained in this second of three
volumes of a study of control of wood pulping emissions.
Chapter 5 reviews methods currently in use for paniculate and
gaseous control. Evaluation of each method includes a cost
and effectiveness study, as well as discussion of engineering
factors unique to specific applications. New methods, which
have had limited or no application within the U. S. but which
may show promise for future use, are described in Chapter 6.
Order of magnitude costs are developed for comparison pur-
poses. In Chapter 7, overall control technology is critically
discussed, with the relative merits and specific limitations of
the most effective and economical methods summarized. An
example of selected kraft process configurations to meet
selected emission limitations is analyzed. Evaluation parame-
ters are applicable emission sources, efficiency, flexibility,
economics, reliability, and adaptability. Chapter 8 discussed
processes for flue gas desulfurization and possible recycling of
the sulfur in the pulping process. It is concluded that none of
the processes reviewed are feasible for application in the
foreseeable future.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
13
22148
Kikuchi, T., H. Funaki, S. Sato, and K. Saito
ODOROUS SOURCES IN KRAFT PULP MILLS. (KP kohjoh
chu no akooshu hasseigen ni tsooite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 149, 1969.
(Proceedings of The Japan Society of Air Pollution Annual
Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
In a pulp mill in Miyagi Prefecture which manufactures
bleached kraft pulp at 430 ton per day, malodorous sub-
stances, mainly volatile organic compounds, are analyzed
qualitatively and quantitatively by means of gas chromatog-
raphy after collecting and concentrating samples by acetone at
a temperature of -78 C at several points in the process. At a
recovery furnace of the recovery process, methyl mercaptan
(1.22 to 4.04 ppm), dimethyl sulfide (0.84 to 1.80 ppm) and
hydrogen sulfide (236 to 346 ppm) are detected. In the
digestion process, dimethyl sulfide (263 to 280 ppm) in the ex-
haust exit of a blow tank and methyl mercaptan (11,560 to
14,125 ppm) and dimethyl sulfide (9880 to 14,100 ppm) in ex-
haust exit of the 'tarpentin' tank are found. From this analy-
sis, the gases from the latter process seem to pollute the air
around the mill.
24398
Claiborne, J. T., Jr.
NO RECONVERSION PROBLEMS FOR SULPHUR. Mining
Congr. J., 32(2):67- 69, Feb. 1946.
In order to meet war needs, the country's sulfuric acid
production capacity jumped more than 2,000,000 short tons to
a total of 10,500,000 short tons, 100% acid. However, undue
expansion of the industry was avoided by a well organized
system of salvage and reuse of the acid first employed in ex-
plosives plants. Outstanding among peactime sulfur consumers
was the fertilizer industry. The insecticide and fungicide indus-
tries also played a part with the fertilizer industry in building
up American food stocks. One of the big sulfur consumers,
the pulp and paper industry annually took more than 10% of
the total sulfur production, while an interesting new use for
sulfur in the paper industry appeared to lie in the new bisulfite
process for counteracting stream pollution. In the rubbe indus-
try, sulfur continues to play a variety of roles, whether in the
vulcanization of both the natural and synthetic products, or as
sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is one of the requisite ingredient for
the production of high octane gasoline, while the steel industr
continues to be an important user of sulfuric acid for pickling
purposes. Announcements from the chemical industry for 1946
stressed research in many hither-to untouched fields, pointing
out markets for war developed plastics, synthetic fibers, and
other chemical raw materials.
24903
Wright, R. H.
IS IT POSSIBLE TO BUILD AND OPERATE A COMPLETE-
LY ODORLESS KRAFT MILL? Can. Pulp Paper Ind. (Van-
couver), 10(9):21-22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, Sept. 1957.
It is possbile to build a completely odorless kraft mill if
management is willing to pay the price. The initial down pay-
ment would pay for odor control equipment; the direct install-
ment payments are the costs of maintaining all the odor con-
trol equipment at top efficiency; indirect installment charges
occur whenever it is necessary to limit production to prevent
odor emission. Most kraft odors are due to organic sulfur com-
pounds such as methyl mercaptan and its oxidation products.
The kraft operation also emits paniculate matter, mostly com-
pounds of sodium. The sources of emissions are discussed,
and control measures are described. Dusts are usually
removed by a combination of scrubbers, bag filters, or electro-
static precipitators. The process of black liquor oxidation is
discussed. When it is properly oxidized, the release of odors
from black liquor is greatly curtailed. Research in the areas of
contaminant identification and quantification is necessary in
order to get a better understanding of effective design charac-
teristics.
25205
Martin-Lof, Rutger
HOW THE SWEDISH PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY COM-
BATS AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, 42p., 1970. (Presented at
the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C.,
Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-28G.)
The sulfite pulp industry is responsible for more than half of
the air pollution from the pulp industry in spite of the fact that
the sulfite pulp production only amounts to about 29% of the
total chemical pulp production. This is due to the fact that in
the calcium sulfite process, at present the dominating sulfite
process in Sweden, no method for chemical recovery is availa-
ble. The production of sulfate pulp, sulfite pulp on a so called
soluble base, and semichcmical pulp is expected to increase
and to be concentrated to a few large units, while the produc-
tion of calcium sulfite pulp, is expected to cease in the long
run. Dust emission emanates from soda recovery boilers, lime
kilns, lye furnaces, and bark furnaces. Electrostatic filters are
used at all Swedish sulfate mills for purification of the flue
gases from the recovery boilers and at more than half of the
mills there are scrubbers for washing of the gases as well. Flue
gases from lime kilns are usually cleaned in a venturi gas
scrubber. Dust separation from lye and bark furnaces are
usually performed in cyclone type mechanical equipment. The
emission of acidic gases consists of sulfur dioxide and some
sulfur trioxide, and emanates mainly from the lye furnace for
burning of the sulfite waste liquors and from the recovery
boilers in the sulfate mills. As distinguished from the calcium-
based sulfite process, the other pulping processes involve
chemical recovery processes and the emissions are due to in-
evitable losses in the recovery processes. The emission of
odorous substances on a large scale occurs in connection with
the sulfate process only. In order to collect the odorous gases
a pipeline can be set up through the sulfate mill. As a con-
sequence of The Environmental Preservation Act, which came
into force in Sweden on July 1, 1969, the nature conservation
authorities and the pulp and paper industry have in close col-
laboration carried out a very comprehensive investigation com-
prising the charting of existing emissions and an examination
of the technical and economic possibilities of lowering these
emissions. On the basis of these investigations, The National
(Swedish) Environment Protection Board has issued recom-
mendations for restriction of emissions at air polluting
establishments. The investments in water and air preservation
measures are expected to amount to about 10% of the total in-
vestments in the pulp industry. (Author abstract)
25683
Statens Naturvardsverk, Solna (Sweden)
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE WOOD PRODUCTS
INDUSTRY. (Skogsindustrins luftvardsproblem). Text in
Swedish. Solna (Sweden), Statens Naturvardsverk, 1969, 246p.
The role of air pollution is discussed with reference to the
variou mechanical, chemical, and semichemical processes in-
volved in the making of wood pulp and wood pulp products
-------
14
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
such as paper and cellulose. Most attention is given to the
sutfate and sulfite chemical processes, with production charts
on which are indicated the points at which emissions are most
critical. The major pollutants given off by these processes are
discussed, with special emphasis on paniculate matter, SO2,
and chlorine compounds. A final chapter deals with acceptable
emission levels and levels of pollution in the vicinity of pulp
plants. Swedish standards for emission and pollution levels are
compared with those of other countries, and figures are given
for the pollution levels in the immediate vicinity of Swedish
pulp mills. A series of appendices give data on such subjects
as the costs of installation for certain types of dust separators,
the elimination of H2S and other unpleasant odors, and the
economic consequences of a transition from a calcium to a
magnesium base in plants using a sulfite process. The limits
set on atmospheric SO2 content in Sweden are a monthly
average of 0.05 ppm, a 24-hour average of O.I, and a maximum
(in any 30-minute period) of 0.25 ppm. The Public Health In-
stitute in Stockholm has set limits for the following organic
sulfur compounds: H2S, .00069 mg per cubic meter; methyl
mercaptan .0041 mg; and dimethyl monosulfide, .002 mg.
26255
Osterli, Victor P.
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY
AND THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES: COM-
BUSTION. In: Project Clean Air. California Univ., Berkeley,
Task Force 5, Vol. 1, Section 4, 19p., Sept. 1, 1970. 51 refs.
To suddenly eliminate agricultural, forest land, and wood
residue burning because it is a socially undesirable practice re-
lated to air pollution will necessitate development of satisfac-
tory, economical, and practical alternatives. In some instances,
burning has also destroyed disease, insect, and weed pests.
The average daily contribution of air pollutants from agricul-
tural burning throughout California is less than 56 tons of
hydrocarbons per day, but the concentration of the pollution
at certain times of the year, in certain localities, and during
periods of poor ventilation presents a problem. Agriculture in
som county air pollution control districts permits burning only
when the inversion base and the maximum mixing height are
at prescribed levels and specified wind velocities occur.
Problems of controlled burning must be considered in the light
of the benefits of open areas created within brush fields by the
range improvement program. This involves the use of fire for
the removal of 'less desirable' woody vegetation followed by
reseeding with forage species to provide more feed of better
quality for cattle. Alternative methods of disposal are espe-
cially needed for the burning of residual waste from sawmills
and wood processing mills. The incorporation of residues into
the soil by farm operations should b encouraged, while
shredding followed by discing is useful for the disposal of
logging wastes. Herbicides have to a large extent replaced
open burning along ditchbanks. roadsides, and around farm
headquarter. In the instance of wood residuals, they are find-
ing increased utilization by their conversion to chips to be
used to wood pulping and particle board manufacturing. Pest
problems, economic factors, and the search for alternatives
are discussed. Short-term and long-term research needs are
mentioned, as well as research in forest waste management.
26441
Oglesby, Sabert, Jr. and Grady B. Nichols
A MANUAL OF ELECTROSTATIC PREC1P1TATOR
TECHNOLOGY. PART II -- APPLICATION AREAS.
Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala., NAPCA Contract
CPA 22-69-73, 875p., Aug. 25. 1970. 118 refs. NTIS: PB 196381
The application of electrostatic precipitators is reviewed for
the electric utility industry, the pulp and paper industry, the
iron and steel industry, the rock products industry, the chemi-
cal industry, in cleaning municipal incinerator dusts, for the
petroleum industry, and in the nonferrous metals industry.
Particular emphasis is placed on the dust and gaseous emis-
sions of the processes discussed. This is followed by a tabula-
tion of input and design parameters for precipitators operating
on various types of dust control problems and an analysis of
critical design parameters and test results. Cost data are also
presented. The electrolytic reduction of aluminum, the produc-
tion of copper, primary lead, and zinc reduction are discussed
in the area of the nonferrous metals industry. In the petroleum
industry, catalytic cracking and detarring are indicated as ap-
plication areas. Refuse properties are discussed, as well as
types of incinerators. Sulfuric acid production, the production
of elemental phosphorus, phosphoric acid, and carbon black,
warrant the use of precipitators in the chemical industry. In
the rock products industry, the manufacture of Portland ce-
ment and the gypsum industry present problems. Coke ovens,
sinter plants, blast furnaces, open hearth furnaces, basic ox-
ygen converters, electric arc furnaces, scarfing machines, and
iron cupolas are areas of application in the iron and steel in-
dustry. In the pulp and paper industry, precipitators are in-
dicated for the recovery of boiler paniculate emissions and
sulfate process flue gases. Fly ash precipitators are needed in
the electric utility industry.
26594
Adam, Robert
WATER AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE UNITED
STATES. (Wasser- und Luftverunreinigung in den USA). Text
in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(12):499-500, 1970.
The extent of the air and water pollution problem in the
U.S.A. is demonstrated on statistical data pertaining to agricul-
tural waste, mining industry waste, sewage volume, emissions
from automobile exhausts, power plants and other industrial
sources, abandoned cars and solid waste, and sums con-
tributed by the Federal Government to the states to deal with
these problems in 1969 and 1970. Water pollution stems from
communal sewage, from industrial effluents, and from agricul-
ture; the latter is the biggest polluter as a result of the effect
of fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides. About 60% of the air
pollution stems from internal combustion engines, the balance
from industrial and domestic heating sources. The stimpula-
tions of the Clean Air Act of 1967 and their implications for
the automobile industry, the metal working industry, the paper
industry, sawmills, power plants, the coal mining industry, the
housing industry, and solid waste removal are discussed.
26979
Agardy, Franklin J.
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ENGINEERING.
Preprint, 28p., 1970 1 ref. (Presented at the Hawaii Air Pollu-
tion Seminar, Kahala, Oct. 30-31, 1970.)
Air pollution control features of a pulp and paper mill to be
located in a sparsely populated area of a western state are
presented. A systematic investigation of the proposed mill in-
cluded the following tasks: review of all plant processing
operations and identification of significant sources of air pollu-
tion; consideration of local meteorology; review of pertinent
existing and potential future air pollution regulatory require-
ments delineation of appropriate methods for elimination,
reduction, or masking of air pollution problems with con-
sideration for process modifications as well as pollution con-
trol devices; establishment of a priority list of items calling for
action at the plant; selection of alternate air pollution control
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
15
systems and estimation of efficiency and total cost information
for each system; and development of an efficient monitoring
scheme. The proposed pulp and paper mill will have a design
capacity of approximately 360 tons per day and use a labor
force in excess of 700 men. Plant statistics are summarized, as
well as the major operations included in the kraft type of
process. Emissions from several different units are enu-
merated. During the preliminary design of the mill, it was
recognized that the state in which the proposed mill was to be
located did not have very effective air pollution regulations.
Therefore, it was decided to design air pollution systems based
on the Oregon standards, which were considered to be the
most severe as regards pulp and paper mills. Standards are
reviewed, and the pollution control techniques are discussed.
27293
Winthrop, S. 0.
AN OVERVIEW ON AIR POLLUTION. Chem. in Can.,
23(2):21-25, Feb. 1971.
In 1966, the five air pollutants accounting for 98% of all emis-
sions in the U. S. were carbon monoxide (52%), sulfur oxides
(18%), hydrocarbons (12%), participates (10%), and nitrogen
oxides (6%). By far the greatest source of the pollutants is the
combustion of fossil fuels. Other important sources are indus-
trial activities such as iron and steel manufacturing, metal
smelting, oil refining, pulp and paper, chemical, and
petrochemical operations. The adverse health effects as-
sociated with air pollutants are noted, as are their effects on
vegetation and their possible effects on climate and global
ecology. The ultimate control of air pollution will require the
application of science and a greatly increased research and
development effort by governments, universities, and indus-
tries.
27433
Blosser, Russell O., Andre L. Caron, and Leon Duncan
AN INVENTORY OF MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES OF
REDUCED SULFUR EMISSIONS FROM THE KRAFT PULP-
ING PROCESS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 13p., 1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo.,
June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-75.)
Details are given of a special field study now in progress to
determine the composition, magnitude, and factors affecting
the discharge level of miscellaneous source emissions for a
sample representing about 20% of the U. S. kraft industry.
These miscellaneous sources include the lime kiln, brown
stock washer ventilation system exhausts, brown stock seal
tank and vacuum system exhaust vents, black liquor oxidation
system exhaust vents, and smelt tank vents. The study is using
two specially-designed mobile laboratories equipped with total
sulfur analyzers and chromatographs. Process variables that
may have some effect on miscellaneous source emissions and
which are included in this investigation are residual sulfur con-
tent of process materials and combustion conditions in lime
kilns.
27501
Vandergrift. A. Eugene, Larry J. Shannon, Eugene E. Sallee,
Paul G. Gorman, and William R. Park
PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p.,
1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970,
Paper 70-148.)
The identity, characterization, and quantity of the national
paniculate air pollution problem from stationary sources were
determined. Paniculate emissions from stationary sources
were obtained from data on emission factors, grain loadings,
and materia balances. The principal method used for establish-
ing the tonnage emitted by an industry utilized uncontrolled
emission factors. Total tonnage emitted was calculated from
an emission factor for the uncontrolled source, the total ton-
nage processed per year by the industry, the efficiency of con-
trol equipment used, and the percentage of production capaci-
ty equipped with control devices. Paniculate emission totaled
approximately 21 times 10 to the 6th power tons per year.
Major stationary sources included electric power generation
plants, the forest products industry, agriculture and related
operations, the crushed stone industry, the cement industry,
and the iron and steel industry. Estimates of the total quantity
of paniculate pollutants were made up to the year 2000 by tak-
ing into account changes in production capacity, improvements
in control devices, and legislative or regulatory action to en-
force installation of control equipment. Forecasts indicated
that paniculate emissions can be reduced from 21 times 10 to
the 6th power tons per year to 13 times 10 to the 6th power
tons per year by 1980 through the installation of currently
available control devices on all sources. (Author abstract
modified)
27942
Hammar, C. G. B. and H. C. I. Arne
THE SODA FURNACE AS A SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION.
Preprint, Canadian Pulp and Paper Assoc., Technical Section,
and Chemical Inst. of Canada, p. 59-60, 1970. (Presented at the
Canadian Wood Chemistry Symposium, 3rd, Vancouver, B.
C., June 24-26, 1970.)
The principles of a computer method to obtain complete
material balances from a relatively closed chemical recovery
system in a Swedish kraft pulp mill are briefly outlined. The
closed system is necessary because of recent stringent air pol-
lution regulations. In computing soda furnace sulfur losses
from such balances, data from a standard sulfate mill and a
sodium bisulfite mill are summarized in a linear equation
showing the yield of sulfur in the soda smelt as a function of
the sulfur to sodium ratio in the feed to the furnace. With
equations and data available for each process stage, material
balances are made by a trial-and-error method, assuming a
preliminary value for the sulfidity of the white liquor and cor-
recting it until the sum of sulfur losses equals the sulfur in the
feed. As a demonstration, calculations are given for several
modifications of a standard 100,000-ton sulfate mill. To control
furnace sulfur losses, studies based on pyrolysis reaction in-
dicate that the highest sulfur retention is obtained if the black
liquor is heated slowly in the furnace. Efficient process con-
trol can be achieved only by considering the furnace as part of
the total sulfate process.
28095
Roberson, James E., E. R. Hendrickson, and W. Gene Tucker
THE NAPCA STUDY OF THE CONTROL OF ATMOSPHER-
IC EMISSIONS IN THE WOOD PULPING INDUSTRY. TAP-
PI, 54(2):239-244, Feb. 1971. (Presented a the Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry Engineerin Con-
ference, Denver, Colo., Oct. 25-29, 1970.)
An 18-month system analysis study of the wood pulping indus-
try was undertaken to identify technical and economic
problems related to the control of industry emissions and to
assess the economic impact of air quality standards on the in-
dustry. The study involved the preparation of 17 flow dia-
-------
16
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
grams for the three pulping processes (kraft, sulfite, and
NSSC), engineering evaluations for a range of mill sizes for
various control methods, and the development of a mathemati-
cal model to project investment and operating costs in the
kraft pulping industry through 1980. The results are presented
in tables of emissions and control costs for a hypothetical ex-
isting 500 tons/day mill and the same mill controlled to
Oregon-Washington Standards. Based on the latest available
data, current installatio and operating costs are also given for
the industry. Total installed cost is approximately $166,000,000
for the kraft industry and approximately $900,000 for the
sulfite industry. Net annual costs for the kraft industry is
about $24,000,000, while in the case of sulfite a slight net
return is indicated. The increased expenditures reported are
not expected to diminish the projected pulp and paper produc-
tion of more than double 1968 figures by 1985.
28885
Douglass, Irwin B. and Lawrence Price
SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. II. REAC-
TIONS FORMING HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN THE
RECOVERY FURNACE. TAPPI, 5l(10):465-467, Oct. 1968. 9
refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Annual Meeting, 52nd, New York, Feb. 19-23,
1967.)
The production of hydrogen sulfidc during pyrolysis in the
kraft pulping process was studied in the laboratory by heating
inorganic substances assumed to be present in the black liquor
at 600 C, first with soda lignin and then with glucose. In ex-
periments using sodium sulfate and sodium sulfite, negligible
amounts of hydrogen sulfide were formed. In experiments
with elemental sulfur, sodium sulfide, and sodium thiosulfate,
however, heating with soda lignin or glucose caused 30-75% of
the inorganic sulfur to be converted to hydrogen sulfide. These
result clearly indicate that targe volumes of hydrogen sulfide
are formed in a recovery furnace. If conditions for combustion
are optimum in the furnace, this hydrogen sulfide will quickly
burn to sulfur dioxide and water. The former will react with
the alkali in the incoming black liquor and be retained. If the
furnace is not operated properly, the hydrogen sulfide can
escape to the atmosphere to become a major cause of air pol-
lution. (Author abstract modified)
28898
Wakefield, John W. and Earle P. Bisher
AW POLLUTION CONTROL AND ITS EFFECTS ON
OTHER ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES. Eng. Progr. Univ.
Florida Bull. Ser., 1
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
17
are anticipated to be more costly and complicated. The new
project will seek to develop manufacturing techniques with a
lower pollution output, as well as to investigate more efficient
ways of separating, and neutralizing the pollutants. It will en-
courage an exchange of information with the USA, Canada,
Finland, and Norway. Eight study groups have been formed,
each dealing with a different phase of the general problem.
30701
Weiner, Jack and Lillian Roth
AIR POLLUTION IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
Inst. Paper Chem., Bibliog. Ser., no. 237:1-224, 1969. 769 refs.
A bibliography on air pollution is given limited to problems of
the pulp and paper industry. A subject and author index are
also included. The bibliography includes control methods,
measurement methods, analytical methods, odor counterac-
tion, air quality studies, specific pollutants, and so on.
31327
Witt, J. M. and K. R. Cannon
AIR QUALITY IN OREGON. In: Environmental Quality in
Oregon 1971. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Environmental
Health Sciences Center; Oregon State Government, National
Resources, NSF Grant GT-14, p. 3-7, 1971.
The major air pollution problem in Oregon is particulars from
smoke. Primary emission from combustion, principally in
forest and agricultural residue disposal will probably decrease
on the next decade, but other sources which are a function of
population will increase. Western Oregon has the highest
potential, on a meteorological basis, for an air pollution
problem of any area in the continental United States. Low
wind movement and frequent inversions are principal factors
in restricted natural ventilation. The nature of the persistent
haze and increasing visibility loss in western Oregon needs to
be studied. The relative contribution of fine particulars from
combustion sources, as compared to noncombustion sources
including secondary pollutants produced in the atmosphere,
should be determined. The major sources of pollution are
production of lumber and manufactured wood products, pulp
mills, field burning, slash burning, metal processing and use,
and motor vehicles. Responsibility for air pollution control in
Oregon is divided between three regional agencies and one
state agency. Air quality standards were adopted to cover
smoke discharge, paniculate fallout, and suspended paniculate
matter. Specific emission standards were adopted for Kraft
pulp mills, rendering plants, hot mix asphalt paving plants,
wigwam waste burners, and open burning dumps.
31548
Bolker, Henry I.
OUT OF THE WOODS. Tech. Rev., 73(6):22-29, April 1971.
Except for the recycled paper which yields a product for only
limited and uses, and the small amount of rags converted into
special fine papers, most of the pulp and paper industry s raw
material comes from trees. Both the mechanical and chemical
methods for rendering wood into pulp are described. The kraft
process and the acid-sulfite process are cited. Rendering wood
into pulp, and then bleaching and processing the pulp into a
suitable base for paper, cause the most serious waste problems
in the papermaking process. One of the greatest errors of the
paper industry was to use organo-mercury slimicdes in its mills
to stop the growth of slimy molds on paper machines. The
problems with fibers are also mentioned, but every new mill is
now being equipped with facilities to remove solid and other
wastes before water is returned to the land. Older mills are
also acquiring suitable facilities-mainly in the form of large
settling tanks where the water can be clarified and secondary
aeration systems. Waste materials in true solution constitute a
different problem. After separation of the pulp fibers, the
spent liquor from a sulfite cook contains lignosulfonic acid,
degraded carbohydrate polymers, and free sugars, as well as
some residual bisulfite.
32165
Gerstle, Richard W. and Timothy W. Devitt
CHLORINE AND HYDROGEN CHLORIDE EMISSIONS AND
THEIR CONTROL. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p., 1971. 12 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City,
N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-25.)
Chlorine and hydrogen chloride are emitted to the atmosphere
by production processes and by various chemical and metallur-
gical processes. Hydrogen chloride is also emitted by many
combustion processes using coal or fuel oil. The major uses
for both chlorine and HC1 are in the organic chlorination in-
dustry, which consumes almost 7.5 million tons of the chlorine
and 0.9 million tons of the HC1. Economical operation of these
processes requires the recovery and reuse of both chlorine and
HC1 whenever possible. Chlorine is emitted mainly from its
manufacturing and associated handling and liquefaction
processes, and in pulp bleaching. Hydrogen chloride is emitted
mainly from coal and refuse combustion processes and, to a
much smaller extent, from its manufacture and use. Control
techniques for chlorine and HC1 are well established for
chemical processes and use various types of scrubbers with
water or caustic as the absorbing solution. Counter-current
packed towers are most commonly used to reduce emissions.
The disposal of waste liquor from these scrubbers is a problem
when in-plant uses cannot be found. Hydrogen chloride emis-
sions from combustion processes are largely uncontrolled.
(Author abstract modified)
32475
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
REPORT OF SURVEY OF THE SPECIFIED POISONOUS
SUBSTANCES AND THE PREVENTION OF OFFENSIVE
ODOR. REPORT 4. (Tokutei yugaibusshitsu narabini akushu
boshi ni kansuru chosa kenkyu hokokusho (Dai 4 po)). Text in
Japanese. 67p., Aug. 1969. 14 refs.
The kraft pulp and petrochemical industries were examined as
sources of offensive odors and the actual cotdition of the of-
fensive odor was analyzed. The present state of odorous emis-
sions from these industries, problems, and countermeasures
are discussed. The offensive odors produced in the digester
process of a kraft pulp industry in Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefec-
ture were measured by a sense organ method, obtained by
modifying the odorless chamber. The odors were analyzed by
the salt-balanced method, the glass beads tube (selective ad-
sorption of offensive odors), and the low temperature adsorp-
tion method (concentration of the odor by liquid oxygen). The
volumes of dime thy 1-disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan,
and dimethyl sulfide in the odor were great. Odors analyzed
from the recovery boiler in the kraft pulp factories in Miyagi
Prefecture contained 1-4 ppm methyl mercaptan, 20-300 ppm
hydrogen sulfide, and approximately 1 ppm dimethyl sulfide.
The volume of gas emitted at that lime was 290,000 cu m.
About 1% of methyl mercaplan and dimethyl sulfide was de-
tected from the turpentine tank. Odors from petro-chemical
factories in Yamaguchi Prefecture were measured by gas chro-
maiography. The odors were composed of vinyl chloride, 1,3-
butadiene, propylene oxide, acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, and
ethylene dichloride.
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18
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
32483
Commoner, Barry, Michael Corr, and Paul J. Stamler
THE CAUSES OF POLLUTION. Environment, 13(3):2-19,
April 1971. 24 refs.
Growth in population, per capita consumption, and environ-
mental impact per unit of production are examined as possible
factors contributing to the problem of air pollution. United
States data for the years 1946-1948 are examined. The change
in pollution level for that time increased the range from 200 to
1000%. Population growth, however, was only 43%. The Gross
National Product (GNP) increased about 126% and the GNP
per capita increased about 59%. The general production
classes that increased sharply in per capita consumption in-
cluded synthetic organic chemicals and the products made
from them; wood pulp and paper products; total production of
energy; total horsepowei of prime movers, especially petrole-
um driven vehicles; cement; aluminum; mercury used for
chlorine production; and petroleum and its products. The in-
crease was in the range of 100 to 1000%, which concurred
with changes in the pollution level. The possible contributions
of these activities to air pollution are examined and the use of
mercury in the chemical process industries is chosen as an in-
formative example.
32879
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
ON THE FIELD EXPERIENCE OF ODOR POLLUTION SUR-
VEY METHOD IN KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY. (Kurafuto
parupu kogyo ni okeru akushu chosa no genjoteki keiken ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),
13(9):1128-1135, Sept. 1971. 12 refs.
The digesting process, dehydration and scrubbing, black liquor
oxidation, evaporation, and recovery boiler operations in Kraft
Pulp mills are explained with a flowsheet. The Kraft Pulp Mill
in Fuji City was investigated by the olfactory method and the
injection method (odor concentration times exhaust quantity)
on Dec. 6, 1970. Compared with other odor emission rates of a
fishmeal plant complex in Yamaguchi Prefecture, (ten to the
6th power - ten to the 7th power), a fishmeal plant complex in
Tokyo (ten to the 7th power - ten to the 9th power), a phar-
maceutical plant complex in Tokyo (ten to the Sth power - ten
to the 9th power), and a fishmeal plant complex in Yamanashi
Prefecture (ten to the Sth power - ten to the 9th power), all the
high emission sources being usually contained in one area, the
Fuji KP Mill had three locations with more than ten to the 9th
power odor emission rate. The ten locations where odor emis-
sion rates were taken all had rates between ten to the 7th
power - ten to the 9th power. The three locations with high
counts were 2K washer, IK turpentine cooler, and the
recovery boiler. A large portion of the emission comes from
the stack exhaust gas in the recovery process, and the next
largest from the digestion process; the emissions from these
two sources amount to two-thirds of the total quantity. The
breakdown of the sulfur compounds produced by the Kraft
Pulp Mill is: CH3SH, 500 kg/500 ton pulp; (CH3)2S 1500 kg;
and (CH3)2S2, 50 kg, a total of 2050 kg.
33804
Boyle, G. M.
THE EXPLOSION HAZARDS OF ESPARTO AND CREPE OR
TISSUE DUSTS. Paper Technol., 12(2):153-164, April 1971. 12
refs.
The processing of esparto grass as a paper making raw materi-
al in developing countries is discussed and, to help in as-
sessing the very dangers from dust explosions, reference is
made to an explosion experienced in a Scottish mill during the
last decade. Tissue or creped paper dusts have been shown to
initiate an explosion which will chain react with considerable
violence. When the results of these tests are related to the ac-
tual conditions viewed at some modern tissue mills, the secon-
dary dust explosion potentials appear very real and under cer-
tain conditions could be near catastrophic. (Author summary
modified)
33983
Wilson, Donald F. and Bjorn F. Hrutfiord
SEKOR IV. FORMATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COM-
POUNDS IN THE KRAFT PULPING PROCESS. Tappi,
54(7): 1094-1098, July 1971. 36 refs. (Presented at the Technical
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting,
56th, New York, Feb. 22-25, 1971.)
The formation of steam volatile organic compounds in the
kraft pulping process other than the recovery furnace is
reviewed. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of hydrocar-
bons, sulfur compounds, alcohols, and terpenes are deter-
mined. The route to the formation of methyl ketones was
established as air oxidation of extractives followed by
hydroperoxide decomposition to unsaturated ketones which
undergo a reversed aldol condensation in the kraft digester.
Fermentation was proposed to account for the formation of all
the alcohols except methanol. Guaiacol and related phenolic
compounds were determined of importance in overall kraft
mill odor. (Author summary modified)
35066
Cox, L. A. and H. E. Worster
AN ASSESSMENT OF SOME SULFUR-FREE CHEMICAL
PULPING PROCESSES. Tappi, 54(11):1890-1892, Nov. 1971.
34 refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, New York, Feb. 22-25, .1971.)
Non-sulfur pulping methods to reduce emissions from the
pulping process are reviewed. Nitric acid pulping delivers
rapid delignification at low temperatures and atmospheric pres-
sure, relatively high pulp yield, and useful by-products, but
the chemicals are more costly, pulp strength is inferior to that
of kraft pulps, and the pulp is darker in color. Single-stage al-
kali-oxygen pulping methods yield pulps of higher quantities
and brightness values but require large chemical applications.
Pulp yields in pulping with chlorine dioxide are high, but the
high hemicellulose content of these pulps, high electrical costs,
and corrosion problems may make the process uneconomical.
The process would also emit chlorine dioxide which is very
toxic and may be explosive in certain ratios with the air.
(Author abstract modified)
35113
Niklasson, Rune
AIR CLEANING - NO UTOPIA ANY LONGER. REPORT ON
THIS YEAR S ELMIA EXHIBITION. (Luitrening - ej langre
nagon utopi rapport (ran arets Elmia-utstallning). Text In
Swedish. Kern. Tidskr., 83(9):46-50, 1971.
The Elmia exhibition attracted 200 exhibiters from ten coun-
tries in early September in Jonkoping. A number of industries
in Sweden which envision large investments for the next cou-
ple of years for environmental protection and air pollution
control are discussed. Investigations carried out in Sweden
show that sulfur dioxide emissions are of large and still in-
creasing volume, and nitrogen oxides are of next importance.
Large volumes of dust are also put into the atmosphere. Out-
lines are given of the projects concerning environmental pro-
tection provided by the cellulose industry. Great emphasis is
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
19
laid upon charting of the emission sources. Half of the total
S02 emission in the cellulose industry is created by the sulfite
industry, mainly due to the pulp production on a calcium ba-
sis. There are two different solutions to this problem:
switching to a magnesium basis, or flue gas cleaning. An ex-
perimental flue gas cleaning equipment was tested in continu-
ous operation. The chemical and food industries are men-
tioned. A new generation of pollution measuring instruments
for detecting low concentrations without surveillance is
described. These instruments apply chemiluminescent sub-
stances, flame-photometric detectors, and gas chromatographs.
A brief account is given of the problems and possibilities in-
volved in dust measurements.
35443
Shannon, L. J. and P. G. Gorman
PARTICIPATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME II
• FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS. Midwest Research Inst., En-
vironmental Sciences Sectio Air Pollution Control Office Con-
tract CPA-22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-C, 335p., Aug. 1, 1971.
139 refs. NTIS: PB 203521
The emission of fine particulates (0.01-2 micron) from industri-
al emission sources was statistically investigated with respect
to data acquisition, particle size distribution, fractional effi-
ciency of control methods, defined sources, emission projec-
tions, paniculate sampling, and effects on human health,
animals, and atmospheric modifications. Industrial emission
sources included stationary combustion of coal, fuel, oil, and
natural gas (power plants), crushed stone processes, iron and
steel plants, (furnaces), kraft pulp mills, cement plants and
kilns, asphalt plants, ferroalloys processing, lime plants, car-
bon black, coal preparation plants, petroleum units, municipal
incinerators, fertilizer and grain processes, dryers, iron foun-
dries, cupolas, and acids. Mobile emission sources included
motor vehicles, aircraft, railroads, and water transport. Effi-
ciency curves for electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters,
scrubbers, cyclones, and multiclones were derived. Sampling
devices included impactors, thermal precipitators, electrostatic
precipitators, particle-size distribution analyzers, microparticle
classifiers, counters, differential sedimentation techniques, and
microscopic measurements. Atmosphere modifications due to
particulates emissions were determined as weather pattern
modifications, light scattering, decreased visibility, association
with smoke plumes, and change in air composition. Projections
of paniculate emissions to the year 2000 are given.
35574
Vandegrift, A. E. and L. J. Shannon
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME II
. HANDBOOK OF EMISSION PROPERTIES. Midwest
Research Inst., Envrlonmental Sciences Section, Air Pollution
Control Office Contract CPA-22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-C,
607p., May 1, 1971. 288 refs. NTIS: PB 203522
Paniculate air pollution with respect to defined stationary
emission sources, chemical and physical characteristics of the
particulates and the carrier gas, and current control practices
was investigated. Determining factors in the study of effluent
characteristic included particle size distribution, toxicity, cor-
rosivity, soiling potential, and optical properties; particle and
carrier gas properties included panicle distribution and shape,
density, electrical resistivity, volumetric flow rate, gas tem-
perature, and humidity. Cyclones, wet scrubbers, electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, and afterburners were investigated
for efficiency, application, cost, and advantages. The major
sources of paniculate emissions examined were stationary
combustion processes (coal fuel oil, and gas), including elec-
tric power generation, industrial power plants, and domestic
heating; crushed stone, sand, and gravel industries; agricul-
tural operations, e.g., field burning, grain elevators, alfalfa
mills, and cotton gins; iron and steel industry; cement manu-
facture; forest product industry; lime manufacture; primary
nonferrous metallurgy; clay products; fertilizer manufacture;
asphalt plants, ferroalloy manufacture; iron foundries; secon-
dary nonferrous metals industry; coal preparation plants; car-
bon black; petroleum refining; acid manufacture; and incinera-
tion. Cost relationships were derived for the control methods
and corresponding sources, derived for the control methods
and corresponding sources.
35581
Weiner, Jack and Lillian Roth
AIR POLLUTION IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
Inst. Paper Chem. Bibliog. Ser., no. 237, 67p., 1970. 208 refs.
A bibliography of 208 references and abstracts on air pollution
in the pulp and paper industry is presented. Control methods,
measurement and analysis techniques, air quality criteria,
deodorization, basic chemical reactions, operating procedures,
exonomic factors, emission toxicity, meteorological factors,
effects on human health and vegetation, defined sources
within the industry, control legislation, and technological im-
provements are examined.
36049
Mezieres, F. A.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE SWEDISH PAPER INDUS-
TRY IN MATTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
(Quelques realisations fe 1 Industrie papetiere suedoise en
metiere de protection de I environment). Text in French.
Papeterie, 92(12):! 199-1200, 1202, 1205-1208, 1211, Dec. 1970.
The Swedish pulp, paper, and fiber sheet industry produces
90% of all biochemical waste, half of it derived from the
manufacture of bisulfite pulp. It used to discharge 600,000 tons
of lignin into the rivers/year and 200,000 tons of sulfur dioxide
into the air, equivalent to 20% of such emissions in the whole
of Sweden. An important pollutant from the paper industry is
mercury which is employed for producing chlorine and caustic
soda, using electrolytic mercury cells. Improved arrangements
have made it possible to drastically reduce the amounts of
mercury in the effluents. The latest status is that, in view of
the new Swedish antipollution regulations, techniques have
been developed which completely eliminate the use of mercu-
ry. Other important developments are taking place with regard
to residual liquors which used to be a major source of river
pollution. The new installations employ a soluble base of soda
or magnesium, and evaporate the residual liquor, thus largely
avoiding the discharge into rivers and causing instead, as the
lesser evil, increased pollution of air. Several other newly
developed processes are discussed for treatment of the
residual liquors obtained in the processes of boiling and
bleaching. The reuse of waste fibers apparently represents one
of the more difficult problems.
36348
Chilcote, David O.
STRAW UTILIZATION RESEARCH. In: Research Relating
to Agricultural Field Burning. A Progress Report. Oregon State
Univ., Corvallis, Agricultural Experiment Station and Oregon
State Univ., Corvallis, Air Resources Center, p. 9-11, Feb.
1971.7 refs.
Research to determine the technological and economical feasi-
bility of straw as raw material for industrial uses and animal
-------
20
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
feed is reviewed. Problems in developing markets for straw
products involve supply, densificalion, handling, and storage.
Possible uses for straw include pulp and paper manufacture,
animal feed rations, structural uses (fiberboard), manufacture,
animal feed rations, structural uses (fiberboard), microbial
protein production, and fuel uses.
36377
Taga, Tahakide
CONTINENTAL REPORT: ASIA. International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, Intern. Clean Air Congr.,
Proc. London, England, 1966, p. 22-24. (Oct. 4-7 Paper II/4.)
The problem of air pollution in Formosa, the Korean
Republic, the Philippines, Thailand, India, and Japan is
reviewed with respect to pollutants, emission sources, control
agencies, air quality measurements, and legislation. Cities with
the greatest pollution problem are listed. Standards were
established for dust fall from fuel combustion and incinera-
tors, oxidants, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, and sulfides
from commerical and industrial activities (Formosa); smoke,
fumes, and dusts (including cyanides, fluorides, phosphorus
compounds (Korea); soot, dust particles, sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride,
nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide,
and ammonia (Japan). The major sources of pollution in Asia
include automobiles, power plants, unpaved roads, lumber
mills, chemical processing, cement factories, domestic ovens,
and pulping.
36392
Hendrickson, E. R. and C. I. Harding
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS ASSOCIATION WITH KRAFT
PULPING. International Union of Air Pollution Prevention
Associations, Intern. Clean Air Congr., Proc., London, En-
gland, 1966, p. 95-97. 15 refs. (Oct. 4-7, Paper IV/6.)
Kraft pulping as an emission source is reviewed with respect
to processes involved, defined sources, pollutants, and control
methods. The main potential air contaminants from the pulping
process are particulars (sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate,
carbon, and calcium oxide) and odorous gases, including sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
and dimethyl disulfide. The pollutants contribute to corrosion
of materials and may be harmful to vegetation.
36480
Mezieres, F. A.
SCANDINAVIAN PAPER-MAKING INDUSTRY AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. (L industrie papetiere nor-
dique et la protection de I environnement.) Text in French.
Papeterie, 93(10:1051-1055, Nov. 1971. 1 ref.
Data showing the increase in the production of the paper-mak-
ing industries of the Scandinavian countries (Finland, Sweden,
Norway) are presented for the period 1953-1969. The paper-
making industries in the above countries cooperate in their ef-
forts to control pollution. A number of institutions responsible
for handling air pollution problems in these countries are
referred to with their respective tasks (research and develop-
ment) specified. Measures taken to control malodorous gases
from sulfate pulp factories are reviewed. To solve the problem
involved in bisulfite lyes economically, lime has to be replaced
by soluble bases such as soda or magnesia. Various processes
and systems are described. Biological purification methods for
paper-mills are relatively new in the Scandinavian countries.
Experiments and practical uses of biological purification are
referred to. Scandinavian paper industry helps other industries
in solving their pollution problems, chiefly through providing
them with adequate materials, and maintains intense coopera-
tion with communities. This is exemplified by a system used
by Union Co., Norway which burns its own waste bark
together with domestic refuse.
38327
Klimovich, J. and J. L. McAndie
THE REVOLUTION IN THE AMERICAN PAPER INDUSTRY
IN THE MATTER OF POLLUTION. (La revolution de 1 in-
dustrie papetiere americaine en matiere de pollution). Text in
French. Patetiere, 93(10:1061-1066, Nov. 1971.
Since 1970, the pulp and paper industries have greatly in-
creased their investments in anti-pollution measures, to
comply with the latest regulations. For 1972, an estimated ex-
penditure of around $180 million is predicted. This would be
equivalent to an investment cost of about $3/ton of manufac-
tured product. The cost of operating the purification equip-
ment amounts to $l-2/ton produced. The major source of pol-
lution in the past was the discharge of effluents into rivers.
With the new methods, the effluents are first brought into set-
tling reservoirs which are mostly of a circular shape. The set-
tled sludge is removed by an internal mechanical wiping
device, transported by pumping to a filter assembly, and
moved into a sludge press. The squeezed-out sludge is then
disposed of by incineration or dumping. The remaining liquid
part of the effluent is subjected to a second stage treatment,
which starts in a mixing tank where nitrogen and phosphorus
are added as nutrients, and lime for pH adjustment. From
there the liquid is transferred into a series of aerated basins
where it is left for a period of several days; all biological ac-
tivity is brought to an end, and the bacterial flora is consumed
by the dissolved additives. The pulp manufacturing process in-
volves several sources of air pollution, such as waste gases
from the washer and the blow tank, non-condensable gas from
the evaporator, and flue gases from the regeneration boiler.
Some of the waste gases generated in these processes are ac-
cumulated and transferred to the lime kiln for joint com-
bustion. The regeneration boiler represents the biggest source
of air pollution, particularly due to the last stage of evapora-
tion of the residual liquor by direct contact with the fumes,
which causes a strong emission of sulfur. Modified technolo-
gies are applied in new installations, designed to suppress the
fume and odor formation of the aforementioned last stage.
38542
Winthrop, S. O.
AIR POLLUTION IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. Occu-
pational Health Rev. (Ottawa), 22(l/2):26-35, 1971. (Presented
at the Symposium on Solutions for Pollution in the Urban En-
vironment, Montreal, Quebec, Nov. 30, 1970.)
The problem of air pollution in the urban environment, with
regard to sources, effects on the total ecological system, and
possible control methods, is reviewed. Air pollution is one of
the most difficult and sensitive problems today and is intimate-
ly related with meteorology, weather, and atmospheric chemis-
try. The greatest source of air pollutants is the combustion of
fossil fuels. Other important sources include iron and steel
manufacturing, metal smelting, oil refining, pulp and paper
manufacturing, and chemical and petrochemical operations.
The major pollutants include suspended particulars, sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and
oxidants. There are two main categories of air pollution effects
on human health: discomfort and annoyance and actual physi-
cal injury. Air pollution is a contributing factor (o the rising in-
cidence of chronic respiratory diseases including lung cancer,
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
21
emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. Visibility deterioration,
materials damage, and destruction to vegetation are also
prevalent. Research into the epidemiology of pollution-effected
diseases and toward the development of new control technolo-
gy is a clear necessity. Costs of air pollution damage are high.
38615
Barnea, Matei and Pascu Ursu
PROCESSES AND SOURCES OF AIR CONTAMINATION.
(Procese si surse de impurificare aerului). Text in Rumanian.
In: Protectia atmosferei impotriva impurificarii cu pulberi si
gaze. Bucharest, Romania, Editura Tehnica, 1969, Chapt. 1-6,
p. 10-128. 86 rets.
Seventy-four main air pollutant sources located in 40 popu-
lated areas were identified in Romania according to an inquiry
carried out in 1966. These sources include mineral fertilizer
manufacturing plants, inorganic and organic chemical
processing plants, rubber and synthetic fiber manufacturing,
metallurgical processing, paper manufacturing, and thermal
power plants. Basic factors affecting air pollution and selfpu-
rification processes are discussed in terms of source,
meteorological conditions, and topographic interactions. Emis-
sion and dispersion of solid and gaseous air pollutants is
analyzed in relation to the height of stacks and to meteorolo-
gy. Included are alignment charts developed according to
Stuemke for the design of stacks.
39460
PARTICIPATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME I -
MASS EMISSIONS. Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City,
Mo., Air Pollution Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104,
MR1 Proj. 3326-C, 372p., May 1, 1971. 198 refs.
A program to assess paniculate air pollution from stationary
sources in the continental United States and to advance the
capability of control equipment for particulates was con-
ducted. All significant sources of paniculate pollutants are
identified, and the most important sources are evaluated. Fu-
ture problem paniculate emission sources, determined by pro-
jecting production trends, control efficiency, and control
equipment application trends, were identified. Research and
development plans were formulated to fill in the knowledge
gaps pinpointed during the study. From the list of significant
sources, a ranking of the most important sources by total ton-
nage emitted was developed by calculating total emissions
using emission factor techniques and other calculation
methods. Important sources by tonnage are fuel combustion in
stationary sources; crushed stone, sand, and gravel; operations
related to agriculture; iron and steel manufacturing; cement
plants; forest products; lime; clay products; primary nonfer-
rous metals; fertilizer manufacturing; asphalt; ferroalloys; iron
foundries; secondary nonferrous metals; coal preparation
plants; carbon black; petroleum refining; and acid manufactur-
ing. Sources and air pollutants were ranked by objectionable
properties. In order they were: carcinogens, beryllium and
mercury, toxic metals, mercaptans, isocyanates, asbestos and
silicates, very toxic metals, fluorides, alkyl amines, hydrogen
sulfide, calcium oxide, mineral acids (hydrochloric, nitric, sul-
furic, and phosphoric acids), suifates, nitrates, sulfur oxides,
organic sulfides, pyridines, nitrogen oxides, chlorine, soot,
smoke, carbon black, less toxic metals, fly ash, inert particu-
lates, oxidants such as ozone, olefins, aldehydes, phenols,
aniline, anomalies, chlorocarbons, mixed organics, ammonia,
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
39461
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME II
- FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS. Air Pollution Control Office
Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-C, 335p., Aug. 1,
1971. 87 refs.
A program was conducted to quantify fine particle emissions
(0.01 to 2 micron) from paniculate pollution sources. The pri-
mary objective was to use the best data currently available on
particle size distributions of particulates from uncontrolled and
controlled sources, fractional efficiency curves for specific
control devices, and the degree of application of control equip-
ment on specific sources to estimate the mass and number of
fine particles emitted from paniculate pollution sources.
Secondary objectives were the assessment of the applicability
of standard sampling and particle sizing methods to the fine
panicle regime, and the current understanding of the adverse
effects of fine paniculate pollutants on human health. Major
sources were stationary combustion (coal, fuel oil, natural gas,
and liquified petroleum gas used in industries and electric utili-
ties); crushed stone; iron and steel manufacturing (sintering,
open hearth furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, electric arc
furnances); kraft pulp mills; cement plants and rotary kilns;
hot-mix asphalt plants; ferroalloys; lime plants; secondary
nonferrous metallurgy; carbon black; coal preparation plants;
petroleum refining; incinerators; fertilizer manufacturing; iron
foundries and cupolas; and sulfuric and phosphoric acid manu-
facturing. Efficiency of control equipment including electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters, wet scrubbers, and cyclones
is also discussed. Projections of paniculate emissions to the
year 2000 and modifications of the atmosphere by paniculate
pollution are mentioned.
39462
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME
III - HANDBOOK OF EMISSION PROPERTIES. Air Pollu-
tion Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-
C, 626p., May 1, 1971. 302 refs.
Details of the methodology employed to obtain data concern-
ing the kind and number of stationary paniculate sources, the
chemical and physical characteristics of both the particulates
and carrier gas emitted by specific sources, and the status of
current control practices, are presented. Emission factors and
rates, chemical and physical properties of effluents, and con-
trol practices and equipment are given for stationary com-
bustion processes (power generation and furnaces); mineral
processing; agricultural operations (field burning, grain eleva-
tors, cotton gins); iron and steel manufacturing; cement manu-
facturing; forest products industry (sawmills, pulp industry);
primary nonferrous metallurgy (copper, lead, zinc, and alu-
minum smelting and refining); clay products; fertilizer manu-
facturing; asphalt; ferroalloy manufacturing; iron foundries;
secondary nonferrous metals industry; coal preparation; car-
bon black manufacturing; petroleum refining; acid manufac-
ture (sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid); and incineration. The
control equipment includes cyclones, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters, mist eliminators, and after-
burners. Effluents include dusts, particulates, fly ash, sulfur
oxides, hydrocarbons, and other noxious gases. Costs for con-
trol equipment purchase and operation are given. This hand-
book constitutes a reference source for available information
on the distinguishing features of the various paniculate pollu-
tion sources and should be of value to air pollution regulatory
agencies, control equipment manufacturers, and industrial con-
cerns.
-------
22
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
39922
Bergstrom, Hilding and K. G. Trobeck
SULFUR LOSSES IN THE PRODUCTION OF SULFATE
CELLULOSE. (Svavelforluster vid sulfatcellulosaframslallnin-
gen). Text in Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm),
48(3):49-54, Feb. 15, 1945.
Sulfur losses occurring in different stages of sulfate cellulose
production were determined with particular emphasis on non-
condensable gaseous compounds. Non-condensed gases from
cookers and diffusors contained 11.3 mg/l of hydrogen sulfide,
405 mg/l methyl mercaptan, and 5.3 mg/l dimethyl sulfide.
Laboratory tests revealed H2S concentrations of 6.7-13.9 mg/l
due to the presence of air. Waste gases from the evaporation
of the black liquor contained 76.4 mg H2S and 3.5 mg CH3SH
per liter, and a production rate of 7.8 tons of sulfate cellulose
per hour accounted for losses of 4.69 kg H2S and 0.22 kg
CH3SH. The gaseous sulfur compounds from the black liquor
combustion (1.30 mg H2S, 2.65 mg CH3SH, and 0.32 mg
(CH3)2S per liter) totaled a sulfur loss of 3.19 mg/l. Different
procedures used for the determination of the gaseous sulfur
compounds in various stages of production are described.
40063
Tsuchiya, Gordon and Lennart N. Johanson
PREDICTION OF GENERATION AND RELEASE OF
ODOROUS GASES FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. Tappi,
55(5):777-783, May 1972. 24 refs. (Presented at the Technical
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting,
New York, N. Y., Feb. 16-19, 1970.)
Industrial measurement of the concentration and quantity of
odorous gases released in kraft mill operation is often difficult,
costly, and of uncertain reliability. To supplement such mea-
surements, a study has been made of the expected release of
volatile constituents from a typical kraft mill utilizing a con-
tinuous digester. Constituents considered include hydrogen sul-
fide, methyl mercaptan (methane thiol), methyl sulfide,
dimethyl disulfide, alpha-pinene, and alpha-terpineol. Con-
sideration was given to the amount of terpenes occurring in
the wood, the kinetics of generation of methyl mercaptan and
methyl sulfide, the vapor-liquid equilibrium of each compound
in the presence of water, the influence of pH on the volatility
of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, and the influence
of oxidation system efficiency. Results are in qualitative agree-
ment with most mill measurements available. The terpenes and
methyl sulfide are released early in the recovery cycle. The
release of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan is greatly
dependent upon oxidation efficiency and upon pH. Under un-
favorable circumstances, appreciable quantities of these con-
stituents may appear in the evaporator condensates and vapors
from direct-contact evaporators. (Author abstract)
40159
Brandt, A. D. and D. M. Anderson
MEASURES AGAINST AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY IN-
DUSTRIAL SOURCES. (De strijd tegen de luchtvervuiling af-
komstig van industriele bronnen). Text in Dutch. Polytech.
Tijdschr., Ed. Procestechniek (The Hague), 27(7):231-237,
1972. 26 refs. (Presented at the Environmental Control
Seminar, Rotterdam, Netherlands. May 25-26, 1971).
A general survey is given of air pollution from industrial
sources in the United States, with special regard to paniculate,
gaseous, and fluorine pollution. The contribution of industry to
air pollution was 14% with 30 million tons in 1968. Paniculate
pollutants are most important, followed by sulfur dioxide,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and gaseous and paniculate
fluorine compounds. To effectively control air pollution, im-
proved source localization techniques are required. General
principles and uses of pollution control equipment such as
cyclones, tissue filters, scurbbers, and electrostatic filters are
reviewed. Contributions of several industries to paniculate and
gaseous pollution in 1967 are reviewed. Quarrying, gravel, and
sand processing was the major source of paniculate emissions
with 4.6 million tons, followed by grain mills with 2.952 million
tons. Compared to other industries, a high proportion of the
emission sources is localized in the iron and steel industry,
(1.490 million tons). Cokeries are a major source of HC emis-
sions. The respective contributions by the paper and asphalt
industries were 633,000 and 522,000 tons. The joint share of
the cement and lime industries is 744,000 tons, followed by
foundries with 217,000 tons. Brick manufacturing was respon-
sible for the bulk of fluorine emissions. The chief sources of
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions
were primary nonferrous smelting (2,940,000 tons from the
copper industry alone), petroleum refining (6.2 million tons),
and petroleum products processing (1.1 million tons), respec-
tively.
40345
LaGrone, F. Scott and Clinton E. Burklin
FINAL REPORT FOR STATEWIDE EMISSIONS INVENTO-
RY FOR THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. Radian Corp., Austin.
Tex., Office of Air Programs APTD-0794, 77p., Sept. 8, 1971.
14 refs. NTIS: PB 204949
Area and point source emissions of sulfur compounds (sulfur
dioxide and sulfur trioxide), particulates, carbon monoxide,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and hydrocarbons and their
derivatives were calculated within an emission inventory for
Louisiana. Procedures involved in gathering data on emissions
and fuel consumption, determination of the grid systems, sur-
vey methodology, data analysis, and actual calculations of
emissions are reviewed. The point sources included chemical
processing, coal cleaning, detergent and soap manufacturing,
ink manufacturing, paint and varnish production, fertilizer
plants, synthetic fiber and rubber production, food and feed
operations, rendering, primary and secondary metallurgical
processes, mineral processing, petroleum refining, pulp and
paper manufacture, dry cleaning, surface coating operations,
gasoline marketing, steam-electric power plants, incinerators,
and open burning dumps. Area source emissions were calcu-
lated from combustion and consumption data on coal, fuel oil,
natural gas, residual oil, and distillate oil with vessels, rail-
roads, diesel motor vehicles, gasoline motor vehicles, airport
operations, solid waste disposal, and process losses as major
area sources. Sample inventory forms, data tabulations, and
area maps are included.
40524
Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION METHODS OF ODOR
POLLUTANTS AT SOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT. (1).
(Hasseigen ya kankyo ni okeru akushu osenshitsu no sokutei
ya hyoka no shohoho, sonoichi). Text in Japanese. Akushu no
Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan), l(5):20-25, Aug. 1971.
This is a brief report on the Third Symposium on Environmen-
tal Health, sponsored by the Kaolinska Association and held
in Stockholm from June 1 to 5, 1970. The symposium mem-
bers, an ntroductory statement concerning the world-wide
problems of bad odor pollution, and some points and trends
are discussed. Most reports were on the measurement of odor
pollutants and various methods of evaluation, based on special
studies of pulp mill exhausts and automobile exhaust. How-
ever, these are by no means the only or major emission
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
23
sources of bad odor. Kraft pulp mills were in particular the
center of discussion. Determination of bad odor emission stan-
dards seems to be the most important problem at present. This
is to be derived from the standpoint of concentration, expo-
sure time, meteorological mutual reactions, and all other overt
and hidden factors. The odor emission standard is scheduled
to be announced in the United States in 1972, and according to
these standards, odor control programs and enforcement plans
are to be applied starting in 1973. Oregon and Washington
have special regulations concerning emission of odor pollu-
tants from pulp mills. In these states, the total sulfur emission
from the recovery boiler of Kraft Pulp mills are expected to
be reduced to 2 Ibs/ton of pulp; by July 1975, this will further
be reduced to 0.5 Ib/ton.
41168
Kikuchi, K., S. Sata, H. Funaki, H. Sone, and K. Sailo
BAD ODOR EMISSION SOURCES IN KP PLANTS. (KP
kojochu no akushu hasseigen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 149, 1969.
(Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meet-
ing, 10th, 1969.)
Exhaust gas was sampled at several process emission sources
in a kraft pulp mill. The gas was captured and condensed by
acetone of -78 deg, and its volatile organic compounds were
measured by gas chromalography. Methyl mercaptan and
dimethyl sulfide were detected in the flue gas of the recovery
boiler, and in the blow lank exhaust and turpentine tank ex-
haust in the distillation process. The organic sulfide concentra-
tion of the recovery boiler was only several ppm, but tthe
blow tank concentration of dimethyl sulfide was close to 300
ppm and gas from the turpentine tank had considerably greater
concentrations of CH3SH and CH3SCH, on the order of
14,000 ppm. These seemed to be the main source of bad odor.
Since the odor thresholds of these substances are very low,
the emission gases from the blow tank and turpentine lank can
be considered major sources of public nuisance.
41467
Miles, F. W.
URBAN NUCLEAR ENERGY CENTER STUDY: ESTIMATES
OF PROCESS STEAM CONSUMPTION BY MANUFACTUR-
ING INDUSTRIES IN THE UNITED STATES. Oak Ridge Na-
tional Lab., Tenn., Chemical Technology Div. and Oak Ridge
National Lab., Tenn., Reactor Div., Dept of Housing and
Urban Development Contract W-7405-eng-26, IAA-H-3-69,
Kept. ORNL- HUD-2, UC-38, 19p., Jan. 1970. 15 refs. NTIS:
ORNL-HUD-2
The rate of consumption of process steam by manufacturing
industries in the United States for the year 1980 was estimated
as part of a program for evaluating the usefulness of urban
nuclear energy centers. Perazichlype assumplions were made
with respect to Ihe use of steam by the food, paper, chemi-
cals, petroleum, rubber, and textile industries. Sleam con-
sumption in 1962 was estimated by several methods for
selected industries from fuel consumption data and the values
were projected to 1980. The estimates of steam consumption
for 1980 varied from 67.6 times 10 to the 14th power to 95.4
times 10 to the 14th power Btu depending on the methods and
assumptions employed. This estimated consumption of steam
by manufacturing industries is approximately equal to the 92
times 10 to the 14th power Btu of electrical energy estimated
to be required in 1980. This indicated that a significant amount
of thermal energy from an urban nuclear energy center would
be consumed by manufacturing industries if the area served by
the center had a fraction of the country s steam-using indus-
tries equal to its fraction of the country s population.
41564
Nadeau, Jean-Paul
POLLUTION, PRODUCTIVITY, AND BENEFIT IN THE
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY OF QUEBEC. (Pollution,
productivite et rentabilite de 1 industri des pates et papicrs du
Quebec). Text in French. Papeterie, 94(5):376, 379, 380, 1972.
5 refs.
The impact of water and air pollution control on the produc-
tivity and benefit of the pulp and paper industry of Quebec is
outlined. The rate of growth of the pulp and paper industry is
below the average of the manufacturing industry as a whole,
which, along with problems created by pollution control mea-
sures, calls for both expansion and structural changes in the
paper industry. The capital costs of waste water treatment in
the total pulp and paper industry of Canada are estimated to
be $350 million, while the corresponding expenditure for air
pollution control at a sulfate (kraft) paper plant with 500 t/day
capacity lies at $2 million. The additional production costs due
to air and water pollution control lie at 3% ($3 per ton) and
about 4%, respectively. The additional costs as expressed in
the percentage of the average sale price are estimated to be
3.5% for sulfate and mechanic pulp and 10% for bisulfite pulp.
A 3% rise in the sale is expected to result in a decline of 3.5%
in the total volume of sales. Adequate adjustments to pollution
control in the pulp and paper industry are an urgent need. The
pollution caused by old pulp and paper manufacturing plants is
required to be reduced by 70%.
42266
Washington State Dept. of Health, Seattle, Office of Air
Quality Control
AIR POLLUTION FROM THE KRAFT PULPING INDUS-
TRY: REPORT TO THE WASHINGTON AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL BOARD PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR KRAFT PULP MILLS IN
WASHINGTON. 21p., May 1969. 10 refs.
From a survey of the chemical pulping industry in the state of
Washington, basic information was assembled relating to
economic factors, process technology, associated air-pollution
control equipment, and emissions of air contaminants.
Background economic data include daily production, replace-
ment costs, air-pollution control equipment costs, total em-
ployees, and population within a 10-mile radius of the 20
plants. The largest source of potential paniculate emissions,
including sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, calcium oxide,
sodium oxide, carbon, and fly ash, is the recovery furnace.
Other sources of paniculate emissions include the lime kilms,
smelt tanks, and hog fuel boilers. The recovery furnace also
account for half of the total potential sulfur emissions. Other
sources of sulfur oxide and total reduced sulfur compounds in-
clude power boilers, lime kilns, knotlers, brown stock pulp
washers, multi-effect evaporators, digesters, blow tanks, smelt
tanks, blow heat accumulators, black liquor storage tanks and
oxidation systems, tall oil recovery operations, and handling of
condensate liquids. Water vapor is also emitted from many
mill operations. Proposed standards and effects of those stan-
dards al several plants for TRS emissions from recovery fur-
naces, paniculate emissions from recovery furnaces, lime
kilns, and smelt tanks, and noncondensible emissions from
multi-effect evaporators and digesters are described. Special
studies are to be undertaken to evaluate sulfur oxide emis-
sions, water vapor emissions, and TRS emissions from sources
other than the recovery furnace. Electrostatic precipitators and
scrubbers will be employed in order to meet the proposed
standards.
-------
24
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
43274
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
WOOD PROCESSING. In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emis-
sion Factors. GAP Pub-AP-42, p. 10-1 to 10-5, Feb. 1972. 10
refs. NT1S: PB 209559
Wood pulping operations for the manufacture of pulp, paper-
board, and fiber board are discussed. The kraft process of
wood pulping and pulp board production processes are
described. Major emissions are participates, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Control methods used
are electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, and venturri scrub-
bers.
43289
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
NATIONAL STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
SOURCES: PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Environmental
Protection Agency, Div. of Abatement Contract CPA-70-142,
Task Order 2, 98p., March 15, 1971. 44 refs.
The important atmospheric emissions from the pulp and paper
industry result from the chemical production of pulp. The
kraft process is used to produce 75% of the domestic tonnage
of paper pulp. Valid information on emissions is sparse due to
the slow development of analytical hardware. The kraft
process is notorious for its air pollution control difficulties.
Emissions of the reduced sulfur gases, hydrogen sulfide,
methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide
occur during nearly every phase of the kraft process. Digesters
and multi-effect evaporators are the largest sources. It is esti-
mated that the most up to date mill equipped with the control
systems available would pay $1.25/air dried ton of pulp and
conform to very strict emission requirements. Standards for
new mills are set for each of the procedures in the kraft
process. No standards can be set for other processes because
of the scarcity of data. The conversion cost for older mills is
thought to be prohibitive.
43626
Andersson, Kjell
METHODS FOR REDUCING TOTAL SULPHUR EMISSION
TO ATMOSPHERE FROM A SULPHATE MILL. Int. Air Pol-
lut. Control Noise Abatement Exhib. Conf. (Proc.), Jonkoping,
Sweden, 1971, p. 2:41-2:52. (Sept. 1-6.)
Sulfur emission from sulfate mills and methods to reduce sul-
fur emissions are discussed. Emissions from sulfate mills in-
clude hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
dimethyl disulfide, and sulfur dioxide. Four cases of sulfate
mill production procedures are presented. To reduce sulfur
compound emissions, the following procedures are recom-
mended: installation of a deodorizing system, reducing alkali
losses, absorption with sodium hydroxide in a scrubber, and
recycling of sulfur dioxide.
-------
25
B. CONTROL METHODS
00025
P. A. Kenline and J. M. Hales
AIR POLLUTION AND THE KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY
(AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY). Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (999-AP-4) Nov. 1963,
126 pp.
Since the first kraft mill came into existence in 1891, the
potential odor problem has been well recognized. Accordingly,
a great deal of literature has been published describing practi-
cal and theoretical work in the field of kraft mill odor control.
Some progress has been made, but even today most kraft mills
are faced with serious problems of atmospheric pollution. The
following work provides an annotated bibliography of articles
concerning measurement and control of kraft mill air-borne
pollution currently available in the literature. It is the author's
intention that this should provide a retrospective view of what
has been accomplished and should form a sound basis for
further work in the field. In addition to 154 abstracts, this
bibliography contains a description of the iraft pulping
process, a survey of mill emissions, and a consideration of
control measures. (Author)
00379
G. A. Jansen and D. F. Adams
ABSORPTION AND CHLORINE OXIDATION OF SULFUR
COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH KRAFT MILL EF-
FLUENT GASES. Preprint. 1966.
Absorption of methyl mercaptan and H2S into aqueous solu-
tions of Cl, NaOH, and Cl plus NaOH has been studied using
a 2 in diameter absorption column packed with 1/4 in. Intalox
saddles. Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemi-
cal reactions occurring in aqueous Cl and OH media. Poten-
tiometric methods were used to follow the reactions of mer-
caplan and sulfide in aqueous chlorine solutions. Mercaptan
apparently was converted by aqueous Cl absorption media to
dimethyl disulfide and stripped off in the effluent gas. The
percentage conversion increased with increasing pH. The ab-
sorption of H2S in aqueous Cl (pH 2 to 13) was highly pH de-
pendent. The absorption rate increased slowly as the pH of the
feed solution increased to pH 11. Sulfate was the resulting ox-
idation product. At pH 11, the rate of absorption dropped
slightly, then rose sharply at pH 12. Elemental S became the
major product at pH 12 and above and fouling of the packed
column occurred. The effect of pH on formation of sulfale
and/or elemental S in chlorine-sulfide reactions was explained
by Choppin and Faulkenberry (1937). The absorption of sulfide
in aqueous NaOH increased until the feed hydroxide to sulfide
ratio was 1. At higher ratios, the absorption rate remained con-
stant. Apparently, sodium bisulfide was the absorption
product. The results of these studies indicate that aqueous Cl
solutions at pH above 12 can be effectively used for removal
of H2S in absorption equipment designed to handle S in
suspension. The absorption of methyl mercaptan in aqueous Cl
solution appeared to be impractical since dimethyl disulfide
was apparently the only product formed and was stripped
from the tower by the gas stream. Hydroxide solution was ef-
fective for absorption of both methyl mercaptan and H2S
when hydroxide to sulfide or mercaptan feed ratios were
greater than 1 or 1.8 respectively. (Author)
00390
Murray, F. E.
THE CONTROL OF KRAFT MILL ODORS. Occup. Health
Rev., 17(2):23-25, 1965.
The Control of Kraft Mill Odors: The kraft or sulfate process
for making wood pulp is outlined and the points at which the
release of odor occurs are described. The control procedures
used to reduce kraft mill odor at various mills are discussed
along with the results achieved. The limitations of chemical
analytical methods and the concept of odor threshold are con-
sidered briefly. (Author s abstract)
00552
F.H. Cady
A KRAFT MILL WASTE CHLORINE GAS RECOVERY
SCRUBBER. Preprint. (Presented at the Second Annual Meet-
ing, Pacific Northwest International Section, Air Pollution
Control Association, Portland, Oreg., Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
Although most of the normal air contaminants around Weyer-
haeuser's Kraft Pulp Mill at Everett, Washington had been
removed, obnoxious waste chlorine gases occasionally
produced poor working conditions. A caustic gas-recovery
scrubber with appropriate ductwork was installed. This
scrubber, while removing the waste gases from the at-
mosphere, pays for itself by the resulting formation of
hypochlorite bleach liquor. (Author's abstract)
00951
S. F. Galeano and C. I. Harding
SO2 REMOVAL AND RECOVERY FROM PULP MILL
POWER PLANTS. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-
25, 1966, Paper No. 66-97.)
The special circumstances unique to pulp mills - on-site power
production and a demand for sulfur compounds in the cooking
liquor - suggest the possibility that wet scrubbing for SO2
removal from boiler flue gas might be economically feasible.
Since the neutral sulfite-semi-chemical process (NSSC) is
widely used and possibly could utilize the recovered sulfite
with no further processing, it was selected as our starting
point. One of the main advantages of the NSSC process is the
fact that a high pulp yield is obtained because much of the he-
micellulose lost in conventional chemical pulping is not cooked
out of the pulp. Another important feature is that the produc-
tion of a high-yield pulp can be extended to non-wood fibrous
materials such as sugar cane bagasse and cereal straws. This
opens the door to further expansion of this process if the
chemical make-up costs are eliminated. The work reported in
this paper is limited to the production of NSSC cooking liquor
from recovered SO2 in a NSSC mill or a composite mill utiliz-
ing this process as part of its total operation.
-------
26
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
01223
M. Benjamin
AN EXAMPLE OF PLANNING FOR POLLUTION CONTROL
IN KRAFT PULPING. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (3)
128-30, Mar. 1966. (See attached letter from }. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 16, (11) 639, Nov. 1966.)
This paper will not contribute any new technology. It will,
however, indicate how an established plant, in a large urban
area, has planned and taken action to solve a pollution
problem. Planning in this situation is used in a broad sense. It
includes education and training of personnel, changes in
process, capital expenditure and new installations, constant at-
tention to maintenance and control, utilization of research and
development from all sources, and relations with the public
and regulatory agencies. (Author abstract)
01436
G. A. Jensen, D. F. Adams, and H. Stern
ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND METHYL
MERCAPTAN FROM DILUTE GAS MISTURES . J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 16(5):248-253, May 1966.
The absorption of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by
aqueous solutions of chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and chlorine
plus sodium hydroxide was studied using a two-inch diameter
absorption column packed with 1/4 inch Intalox saddles. Ab-
sorption rates were noticeably affected by chemical reactions
occurring in the aqueous chlorine and hydroxide media. These
solutions were studied as a means of controlling sulfur-con-
taining gas emissions from kraft paper mills. The absorption
studies indicated that aqueous chlorine solutions at a pH
above 12 were effective absorbents for hydrogen sulfide
removal in absorption equipment designed to tolerate sulfur in
suspension. The absorption of methyl mercaptan in aqueous
chlorine solutions appeared to be impractical since dimethyl
disulfide was apparently the only product formed and was
stripped from the tower by the gas stream. Sodium hydroxide
solution was an effective absorbent for both methyl mercaptan
and hydrogen sulfide when hydroxide to sulfide or mercaptan
feed ratios were greater than 1 or 1.8, respectively. The mer-
captan absorption coefficient was approximately twice that for
sulfide absorption. (Author abstract)
01505
C. I. Harding and J. E. Landry
FUTURE TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE
KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY. TAPPI 49(8):61A-7A, Aug.
1966. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, National Council for
Stream Improvement, New York City, Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
Measured gaseous and paniculate emission figures are
presented with recent advances in emission control technology
as bases for proposing the types and extent of emission con-
trol lo be utilized by the pulp industry during the next 5 yrs. A
major detrimental effect is the corrosive nature of the panicu-
late and gaseous emissions from kraft pulping. Sources of sul-
fur compounds are 2 large krafl mills and 2 large oil-fired elec-
iric generating stations. Sampling can be done by simple tests
to give total monthly exposure. Three determinations are dust-
fall, lead peroxide candles for sulfation rates, and corrosion
rale measurements. Subjective tests for odors and odor inten-
sity can be accomplished through odor panels or odor recor-
ders at various distances from the mill. A simple wet
technique for measuring the concentrations of S02, hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, organic sulfides, and organic disulfides in
mill vents was developed and has been utilized in Southern
mills.
01549
S. Lindberg
HOW UDDEHOLM DESTROYS AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TANTS AT THE SKOGHALL WORKS. Svensk Papperstid.
(Stockholm), 69(15):484-487, Aug. 15, 1966.
Measures taken at the Skoghall sulfate mill in order to
eliminate malodorous air and water polutants are described.
The malodorous gases are destroyed by combustion. Gaseous
mixtures not containing oxygen are burned in a recovery
boilder. The gases, however, which are mixed with air on
cleection, are eliminated in a specially designed furnace in-
stalled as a preliminary oven to a conventional boiler. The
worst water pollutants are cooking and evaporation conden-
sates. Before being released into the recipient, the cooking
condensate is freed from malodorous components by blowing
with steam through a column. The evaporation condensate,
whose impurity mainly consists of hydrogen sulfide, is
scrubbed in a satisfactory manner by mixture with blackwater
from the chlorinalion stage of the bleaching plant. The total
sulfide content in the waste water has been reduced from 6
Ibs. to I Ib. H2S per ton pulp. These measures have given the
desired results, and the plant now functions in a safe manner.
The capital outlay has been moderate and the process costs
are very low. (Author summary)
01563
R. C. Gumerman and D. A. Carlson
METHYL MERCAPTAN REMOVAL BY SOIL FILTRATION.
Preprint. (Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Pacific
Northwest International Section, Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, NOV. 2-4,
1965.)
The use of soil bacteria as a method for removing odor from
gaseous mixtures appears highly feasible. In this study, effi-
ciencies approaching 100% removal were obtained after a six-
week acclimation period, using only three and one-half feet of
soil. Apparently this is not the limit toward applicability of this
method, since at the end of the six-week study period, the
bacterial population was still increasing, indicating further
potential still to be displayed. Although this idea could be ap-
plicable in itself in large installations such as kraft pulp mills,
it may be more economically promising if it could be used in
conjunction with a spray irrigation network used for the
removal of excess BOD in the waste liquor. In essence, this
would provide double benefit from the land. This idea assumes
that the spent liquor is not toxic to the odor reducing
microbes, and conversely that the odor is not toxic to the
waste utilizing microbes. As an additional benefit, the alkaline
waste liquor would keep the soil pH from consistently
dropping as was shown to occur in this research. Although this
idea is only a hypothesis, it is felt that due consideration
should be given to it, as it performs the dual role of odor and
BOD removal, which would be of economic advantage to any
kraft mill utilizing it. (Author conclusions)
01672
U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Div. of Air
Pollution
REPORT ON INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE
SHOREHAM, VERMONT - TICONDEROGA, NEW YORK,
AREA. Preprint, ((43))p., 1965. 14 refs.
A summary is presented of the activities undertaken by the
Abatement Branch, Division of Air Pollution, Public Health
Service, DHEW, subsequent to a request by the Vermont
government alleging that air pollution emanating from an Inter-
national Paper Company pulp plant in Ticonderoga, New
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
27
York, endangers the health and welfare of persons in nearby
Vermont. The activities of the Abatement Branch were
threefold: (1) inspection of the pulp mill operated by the Inter-
national Paper Company in Ticonderoga, New York, (2)
review of available topographical and meteorological informa-
tion, and (3) calculations of emissions, transport and diffusion
of odorous materials from the mill site.
01789
C.I. Harding E.R. Hendrickson
FOAM FRACTIONATION OF BLACK LIQUOR FROM
SULFATE PULPING. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
(Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Houston, Texas, June 20-21, 1964.) 14, (12), 491-
9, Dec. 1964.
The principal deterrent of general acceptance of weak black
liquor oxidation by mills pulping southern pine is the extensive
foam produced during the oxidation of the liquor. The foam
results from relatively high concentrations of fatty and rosin
acid soaps remaining in the black liquor after roughly 75% of
these compounds have been removed by skimming as marketa-
ble by-products recovery while the black liquor is being ox-
idized. This paper will report the results of foam fractionation
studies on such black liquors conducted in this laboratory.
(Author abstract)
01900
E. R. Hendrickson and C. I. Harding.
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION AS A METHOD FOR REDUC-
ING AIR POLLUTION FROM SULFATE PULPING. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (12) 487-90, Dec. 1964. (Presented
at the 57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Houston, Tex., June 20-21, 1964.)
This paper will discuss the sources of odorous air pollutants
from sulfate pulping operations. One of the major sources is
the recovery furnace. Odors from this source can be reduced
considerably by oxidation of the black liquor prior to evapora-
tion and burning. The procedure has been used with considera-
ble success in the northwestern and northeastern parts of the
United States. Unfortunately, the majority of sulfate pulp
production occurs in areas where southern pine is the basic
raw material. For several reasons the black liquor resulting
from southern pine operations presents problems when the
usual oxidation procedures are used. Although not as effective
as normal balck liquor oxidation strong black liquor can be ox-
idized without loo much difficulty. Various procedures of ox-
idation of black liquor will be discussed. Results of stack sam-
pling in U.S. pulp mills with and without the oxidation unit in
operation will be reported. (Author abstract)
02018
E.R. Hendrickson C.I. Harding
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
•KRAFT' PULPING. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong.,
London, 1966. (Paper IV/6). pp. 95-7.
The Air Pollution Research Laboratory of the University of
Florida has been investigating air pollution problems of the
kraft pulping industry since the early 1950's. The problems of
this industry involve emission of a variety of particulates plus
odorous and non-odorous gases. The problems are com-
pounded by the complicated nature of the organic reactions in-
volved. The industry, however, has made great strides in
reducing its air pollution potential. This paper describes the
process by which kraft pulp is produced, the sources of pollu-
tants, and the methods presently known for alleviating the air
pollution problems. New approaches also are discussed which
might prove beneficial in improving air quality in the vicinity
of pulp and paper mills. (Author abstract)
02279
J.E. Landry D.H. Longwell
ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Tappi 48, (6) 66A-70A, June 1965.
(Presented at the Annual Meeting, National Council for
Stream Improvement, New York City, Feb. 23, 1965.)
Black liquor oxidation, electrostatic precipitation, secondary
scrubbing, lime kiln scrubbers, digester relief and vent gas
disposal are covered.
02955
A. B. Walker
ENHANCED SCRUBBING OF BLACK LIQUOR BOILER
FUME BY ELECTROSTATIC PRE-AGGLOMERATION: A
PILOT PLANT STUDY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13,
(12) 622-7, Dec. 1963. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13,
1963.)
From the data and analyses presented, the following conclu-
sions appear justified: The performance of the flooded-disc
scrubber is similar to that of the Venturi scrubber on the basis
of power input. The performance of the flooded-disc or Ventu-
ri scrubber can be predicted on the basis of power input
without regard for the geometry of the particular system; the
selection of which system is thus dependent upon the most
economical configuration from the standpoint of the cost of
the various types of power available (i.e., steam, gas pressure,
etc.). Electrostatic pre-agglomeration materially affects the
performance of inertial impaction scrubbers. The theory that
the dominant mechanism of agglomeration in the electrostatic
precipitalor is collection and resuspension appears to be sup-
ported by the data. Electrostatic agglomerators can be
designed on the basis of existing precipitalor theory provided
the conditions for formation of stable agglomerates are met.
The conditions for the formation of stable agglomerates are
met in the case of the black liquor recovery boiler.
03807L
THE CHLORINE OXIDATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN
DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION. National Council for Stream
Improvement, Inc., New York City. (Atmospheric Pollution
Technical Bulleting 18.) June 1963. 16 pp.
Oxidation of sulfide in aqueous solution requires between 2
and 3.4 moles of C12 per mole of sulfide, depending upon con-
ditions and the fraction of the sulfide oxidized. Oxidation of
all the sulfide present requires at least 2.35 moles of C12 per
mole of sulfide. Sulfate is a major product. Complete oxida-
tion of methyl mercaptan in neutral or acid solutions requires
between 2.4 and 3.3 moles of C12 per mole of mercaptan.
Under basic conditions, methyl mercuptan apparently reacts to
form an intermediate which, in turn, appears to oxidized by
C12 once all the mercaptan has reacted. Formation of the
suspected intermediate requires some 1.5 moles of CI2 per
mole of mercaptan, but a total of about 2.6 moles of C12 per
mole of mercaptan must be added before the first trace of ex-
cess C12 can be detected. All attempts to identify the products
of these reactions failed-probably because the concentrations
involved were below the sensitivity limits of the tests used.
Oxidation of dimethyl sulfide required 1.8 moles C12 per mole
of sulfur. Oxidation of dimethyl disulfide required 5.2 moles of
C12 per mole of disulfide-equivalent to 2.6 moles of C12 per
-------
28
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
mole of sulfur. All of the C12 oxidations were rapid enough to
be complete before iodine was added. This means that the ox-
idations of inorganic sulfides and mercaptans required less
than one minute and oxidation of the organic sulfides took less
than five minutes.
03946
W. Lenz A. Tirado
MEXICAN KRAFT MILL USES OBSERVERS TO CHECK
ITS ODOR CONTROL PROGRAM. Paper Trade J. 150, (34)
64, 68, Aug. 1966.
A method is described whereby a Mexican kraft pulp mill is
able to evaluate the effectiveness of its odor control program.
Persons residing within a given distance of the mill are asked
to provide information regarding odors at their homes on a
standard form. This information is coordinated with
meteorological data and plant activities. Under the assumption
that either the blow or the gas relief are the main cause of
trouble, a 'relative index' is compiled by dividing the total
weekly complaints by the total number of blows for the week.
This is used as a measure of odor level and is recorded graphi-
cally to illustrate the improvement or decline of conditions.
03975
N. S. Lea E. A. Christoferson
SAVE MONEY BY STOPPING AIR POLLUTION. Chem.
Eng. Prog. 61, (11) 89-93, Nov. 1965.
Control methods and equipment used in a bisulfite mill to
reduce air pollution from the centing of sulfur dioxide-based
blowpit gases are described. The system used was a modified
Rosenblad system from Sweden. A detailed description of the
system, equipment, economics and efficiencies is presented;
schematics of the operating control system are included.
04045
A. A. Tirado, M. V. Guevara, and J. S. Banduni
OXIDATION OF BLACK LIQUOR BY AIR UNDER PRES-
SURE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12, (1) 34-8, Jan. 1962.
(Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
It was decided to investigate the oxidation of black liquor by
means of air under pressure. A samll reactor was used which
consisted of a six-inch pipe about 28 inches long, provided
with a diffuser at the bottom. Compressed air was admitted
through that diffuser. Liquor and air, at variable quantities,
were fed through the bottom, and the products of the reaction
escaped through a pressure relief valve on the top of the reac-
tor. The pressure relief valve was adjusted, so that a predeter-
mined pressure was maintained in the reactor, while the tem-
perature of the liquor was varied in order to see the effect of
temperature. Liquors at the inlet and outlet of the reactor were
titrated only by the Borlew and Pascoe method analysis
(potentiometric), as it was known that such method practically
determines both mercaptans and sulfieds. The oxidation of
black liquor by air at 25 to 75 psig shows definite gains spe-
cially regarding the conversion of mercaptans, which are dif-
ficult to oxidize in conventional processes as used so far.
Liquors at 50 psig and 65 C were well oxidized, provided that
air was supplied at a rate of about 2.3 times the theoretical air
requirement. This quantity of air is about one-third of the air
usually added in conventional procedures at atmospheric pres-
sure. Due to the increased pressure, the total power require-
ment including pumps, compressed air, etc., in the process
being studied, was estimated to be approximately twice of the
power consumption in a conventional Trobeck system. How-
ever, it is thought that the higher efficiencies obtained in the
system under pressure should justify such increased power
consumption. The oxidation of black liquors in kraft pulp mills
is desirable because of three principal reasons: (a) elimination
of malodors, (b) prevention of corrosion, and (c) reduction of
sulfur losses. Nevertheless, the oxidized solids are to be
burned in a boiler and their heat value should be preserved as
much as possible. Thus, the oxidation of organic compounds,
including mercaptans, should be limited, so that only those
desirable effects are attained. It is believed that the reaction
with air at a pressure of 50 psig or so is still mild enough as to
perform this limited oxidation.
04773
D. F. Adams
A SURVEY OF EUROPEAN KRAFT MILL ODOR REDUC-
TION SYSTEMS. TAPPI, 48 TAPPI 48, (5) 83V4A-7A, May
2965. (Presented at the Air Pollution Symposium, 148th Na-
tional Meeting, American Chemical Society, Chicago, HI.,
Aug. 30-Sept. 4, 1964.)
During the spring and summer of 1964, a study was made of
selected kraft pulp mill installations in Norway, Sweden, Fin-
land, France, Italy, and Austria. Information was obtained by
personal interview with technical personnel in the mills and
research workers in institutes and universities. Equipment in
eighteen mills was observed and the unique features of these
processes reported. The principal methods contributing to odor
reduction included incineration, alkaline absorption, heat
recovery, black liquor oxidation, and chlorine treatment.
(Author abstract modified)
04781
T. T. Collins, Jr.
NEW SYSTEMS PROPOSED FOR KRAFT MILL ODOR
CONTROL AND HEAT RECOVERY. Paper Trade J. 149, (22)
34-5, May 31, 1965.
Venturi scrubbing and block liquor oxidation are briefly
reviewed. If oxidation is coupled with black liquor soap
skimming the combination becomes a profitable proposition
for increased soap yield. Using stack gas heat recovery ap-
paratus as a part of the odor control system for the first time
makes profitable a combination process for the reduction of
kraft pulp mill odors. Heat recovery from stack gases coupled
with black liquor oxidation and increased black liquor soap
skimmings can play a profitable role in the future odor control
requirements of the kraft pulp industry.00
04783
W. H. Buxton and M. W. Lapointe
CHEMICAL RECOVERY AND ODOR ABATEMENT ON A
KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACE. TAPPI 48, (5) I12A-3A,
May 1965. (Presented at the Pacific Section Meeting, Techni-
cal Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Longview,
Wash., Nov. 18, 1964.)
Air pollution at Western Kraft Corp. in Albany, Ore., has been
substantially reduced by establishing uniform recovery furnace
control and utilizing secondary stack gas chemical recovery.
Using wet gas scrubbers in conjunction with an alkaline
shower wash, sodium ion collection efficiencies as high as
50% have been reported Hydrogen sulfide recovery of 90%
was obtained during extensive testing. Chemical fallout in
general on mill property has been reduced 94%. (Author ab-
stract)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
04861
I. B. Douglass
SOME CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF KRAFT ODOR CONTROL.
Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 15, 1967.)
The kraft process, by which more than 60% of all wood pulp
made in the U. S. is manufactured creates an air pollution
problem by releasing methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and
hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere. Most of the problem is as-
sociated with the emission of gases from the digester, the
direct evaporator and the recovery furnace. In this paper the
chemistry involved in odor formation, in black liquor oxida-
tion, and in the destruction of malodorous compounds by
burning, chlorination and treatment with ozone will be
discussed. (Author abstract)
04882L
National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc., New York,
N. Y.
STATUS OF PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS AND FUTURE
RESEARCH NEEDS IN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CON-
TROL AT-TBuII-29, Up., June 1966.
The current status of research and technical programs con-
cerning the kraft mill industry is reviewed. The following top-
ics are included: (I) Analytical methods for source-gas sam-
pling and gas-flow measurement, (2) Black liquor oxidation, (3)
Absorption and oxidation of sulfur compounds, (4) Paniculate
emission control, (5) Meteorology and ambient-air- sampling
techniques, (6) Cooperative mill service activities, and (7)
Staff technical activities.
04887L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
ABSORPTION OF ODOROUS SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN
CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SOLUTIONS. (Atmospheric Pol-
lution Technical Bulletin No. 23.) Mar. 1965. 23 pp.
The data reported herein cover the complete study on the utili-
ty of NaOH and acidic and basic C12 solutions as absorbents
for odor producing sulfur compounds associated with kraft
pulp mills. Absorption of H2S and CH3SH into aqueous solu-
tion of CI2, NaOH, and C12 plus sodium NaOH was studied
using a 2' diameter absorption column packed with 1/4' Intalox
saddles. Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemi-
cal reactions occurring in aqueous CI2 and hydroxide media.
Potentiometric lilration methods were used to follow the reac-
tions of CI2 CH3SH, (CH3)2 S2, (CH3)2S in aqueous C12 solu-
tions. The final product of C12 oxidation of H2S in aqueous
solution is sulfate or collodial sulfur and sulfate. The sulfur-
sulfate production ratio requires between 1.5 and 4 moles of
CI2 per mole of sulfide oxidized depending upon pH. CH3SH
reacts with one mole of C12 forming (CH3)2S2 as a stable in-
termediate product. Continued C12 addition to aqueous acid
systems results in formation of a second intermediate,
probably dimethyl disulfoxide, and a final product sulfonyl
chloride. In basic soltuion only disulfide is formed by the C12-
mercaptan reaction. (CH3)2S forms sulfoxide upon reaction
with C12 and further reactions do not appear to occur. The
results of the absorption studies indicate that aqueous CI2
solutions at a pH above 12 are effective absorbents for H2S
removal in absorption equipment designed to handle sulfur in
suspension. The absorption of CH3SH in aqueous CI2 solution
appeared to be impractical since (CH3)S2 was apparently the
only product formed and was stripped from the tower by the
gas stream. Hydroxide solution was an effective absorbent for
both CH3SH and H2)s when hydroxide to sulfide or mercap-
tan feed ratios were greater than 1 or 1.8 respectively, and
mercaptan absorption rate was twice that for sulfide absorp-
tion. (Author summary)
04950
McKean, William T., Jr., Bjom F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen,
L. Price, and I. B. Douglas
EFFECT OF KRAFT PULPING CONDITIONS ON THE FOR-
MATION OF METHYL MERCAPTAN AND DIMETHYL
SULFIDE. Tappi, 50(8):400-405, Aug. 1968. 23 refs. (Presented
in part at the 50th Annual Meeting, Technical Assoc. of the
Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N.Y., Feb. 21-25, 1965.)
Review of the available data on the formation of methyl mer-
caplan and dimethyl sulfide in kraft pulping allows the estima-
tion of the kinetic characteristics of these reactions for soft-
wood species. The summative rate of methyl mercaptan plus
dimethyl sulfide formation is proportional to the initial
hydrosulfide concentration in accordance with an SN2
mechanism. The formation of dimethyl sulfide from methyl
mercaptan and lignin methoxyl groups appears to be subject to
some unusual catalytic effects. Larger amounts of methyl mer-
captan and dimethyl sulfide are produced from hardwoods
than from softwoods because of a rapid initial demethylation
of some labile methoxyl groups. In softwood cooks the forma-
tion of dimethyl sulfide can be reduced by short, high-tem-
perature cooks while the temperature effect on mercaptan for-
mation is rather insignificant. More effective reduction in odor
formation is possible by lowering the sulfidity and by keeping
black liquor recycle at a minimum. (Authors' abstract)
04951
Sarkanen, K. V.
EFFECT OF NEW PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ON AIR POL-
LUTION POTENTIAL. In: Proceedings of the International
Conference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: U. S. Public Health Service, National Council
for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. ((1966)),
p. 311-334. 19 refs.
An ideal pulping process would selectively remove the major
part of lignin (28% in conifers) and extractives of wood leav-
ing the major pan of polysaccharide components (69% in
conifers) in the pulp. In the long run, sulfide-free alkaline
pulping systems may well provide the ultimate solution for
kraft mill odor problems. Meanwhile, the odor emission
problems of existing kraft mills require more immediate atten-
tion. Several methods are already available for the efficient
control of odor emissions from digester systems. The chemical
recovery, including black liquor evaporation and combustion,
leaves, however, much to be desired in terms of efficient odor
containment. The carbonation transfer of hydrogen sulfide is
proposed as an alternative to black liquor oxidation. Another
approach is to stabilize the polysaccharide components to the
degree of sufficient survival under the longer reaction periods
necessary for delignification by NaOH alone.
04952
T. T. C. Shin, B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen, and L. N.
Johanson
HYDROGEN SULFIDE VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM IN
AQUEOUS SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
AND PH. Preprint. 1966.
The Kraft pulping process continues to increase in importance,
both as to number and capacity of mills. Concurrently,
requirements are becoming ever more stringent concerning
-------
30
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
emanation of odors. In this and a subsequent paper, data are
presented which are of fundamental importance to an un-
derstanding of situations in which hydrogen sulfide or methyl
mercaplan may be transferred between liquid and vapor
phases. Vapor-b'quid equilibrium relationships of hydrogen sul-
fide in buffered systems are presented as a function of tem-
perature and pH. Measurements were made by a potentiomet-
ric litration technique, at temperatures ranging from 80 to 185
C and using solutions buffered to pH values of 2, 5, 6, 7, 8,
10, 12 and 13 at 25 C. Concentrations ranged from 0.00097 to
0.0315 moles of hydrogen sulfide per liter of buffered solution.
If the degree of dissociation of hydrogen sulfide is taken into
consideration, it is then possible to express vapor pressure of
hydrogen sulfide in equation form, in terms of temperature,
concentration, and pH of the solution. New values of the first
dissociation constant up to 185 C are presented.
04953
T. T. C. Shih, B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen, and L. N.
Johanson
METHYL MERCAPTAN VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM IN
AQUEOUS SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
AND PH. Preprint. 1965.
The vapor-liquid equilibria of methyl mercaptan in buffer solu-
tions were studied as a function of temperature and pH. Mea-
surements were made at temperatures ranging from 80 to 185
C., using solutions buffered to pH values of 7, 8, 10, 12, 13
and 14 at 25 C., and containing from 0.00182 to 0.0451 moles
per liter of methyl mercaptan. These measurements also neces-
sitated preliminary kinetic studies of the rate of dispropor-
tionation of methyl mercaptan to hydrogen sulfide and
dimethyl sulfide in alkaline solutions. An activation energy of
22.4 Kcal/g-mole was found for the reaction in one normal
NaOH solution. Small corrections to the methyl mercaptan
concentration were required at high concentration levels, as a
result of this reaction. Vapor pressure-temperature relation-
ships for 0.01 N methyl mercaptan solution were formulated
with pH level as a parameter. Henry's Law was found to be
valid for any particular pH and temperature. Henry's Law
Constants, the dissociation constant and vaporization equilibri-
um constants as a function of temperature were calculated
from experimental data. The overall expression relating the
vapor pressure of methyl mercaptan to its concentration and
to hydrogen ion concentration is given for dilute aqueous solu-
tions. (Author abstract)
05001
R. O. Blosser, and H. B. H. Cooper
PARTICULATE MATTER REDUCTION TRENDS IN THE
KRAFT INDUSTRY. National Council for System Improve-
ment, Inc., New York City. (Atmospheric Pollution Technical
Bulletin No. 32.) Apr. 4, 1967. 26 pp.
A survey of secondary wet scrubbing practices showed that
relatively low pressure drop devices may produce a 50 percent
to 80 percent reduction in paniculate emission from precipita-
tor streams. The percent reduction is somewhat less where
these devices are employed behind Venturi recovery units.
Removal efficiency was observed to be independent of the
type of scrubber used behind precipitators at the inlet loadings
observed. Final effluent quality was related directly to
scrubber inlet grain loading. Effective scrubbing has been
shown to reduce paniculate fallout in the area adjacent to
mills. Scrubbing may reduce paniculate emissions to the at-
mosphere, but may also reduce the height of plume rise, hence
dispersion is reduced and an odor problem may be accentu-
ated. It is difficult to predict that any real benefit in either fal-
lout or total emission is obtained at the low loadings found be-
hind some of the new high efficiency precipitators. This sug-
gests that schemes which assure essentially continuous opera-
tion of these units in a good state of repair may be as ad-
vantageous as wet scrubbing.
05074
J. L. Clement
MAGNESIUM OXIDE RECOVERY SYSTEM (DESIGN AND
PERFORMANCE). TAPPI 49, (8) 127A-34A, Aug. 1966.
(Presented at the 20th Engineering Conference, Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Minneapolis, Minn.,
Sept. 12-16, 1965.)
Equipment arrangements are presented to meet the require-
ments of a magnesia base pulp mill for complete recovery of
heat and chemicals from spent sulfite liquor. Several designs
of recovery boilers including alternate arrangements and
designs of economizers and air heaters provide heat recovery
in an integrated system. Boiler design can incorporate auxiliary
fuel firing to assure steam production independent of liquor
availability. Recovered magnesium oxide is used to remove
98% + SO2 from combustion gases in a venturi absorption
system to prepare acid at a concentration required by the pulp
mill. The capacity of a recovery system is about twice as large
for a low yield dissolving-grade pulp as for a pulp to be used
in newsprint furnish.
05091
H. P. Willett
CUTTING AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS. Chem. Eng.
Progr. 63, (3) 80-3, Mar. 1967.
The purpose was to present a number of case histories where
the cost of air pollution control has been drastically reduced
by innovations in the basic process which caused the pollution
problem. Exhaust systems for electric furnaces; hoods for
basic oxygen furnaces; exhaust systems for gray-iron cupolas;
incinerators with waste heat recovery; chemical composting;
black liqour oxidation, blowers for sulfuric acid concentrators;
and automotive engine operation modification are cited as ex-
amples of some of the ways in which relatively inexpensive
changes in basic process are cutting the cost of air pollution
control.
05408
M. J. Matteson, L. N. Johanson, and J. L. McCarthy
SEKOR II: STEAM STRIPPING OF VOLATILE ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES FROM KRAFT PULP MILL EFFLUENT
STREAMS. TAPPI 50, (2) 86-91, Feb. 1967.
A pilot plant study has been carried out of the SEKOR
process, which consists, in its main application, of the follow-
ing elements: the continuous steam stripping with reflux of
kraft pulp mill effluents to remove volatile organic compounds
and the collection of the resultant bottoms and overhead
streams to avoid discharging effluent volatile organic com-
pounds into the air; the recovery of an overhead stream of
water-immiscible oils; the substantial removal of volatile com-
pounds from the condensate effluents, which reduces the
hazard of water pollution should the effluent be discharged
into water courses; and the recovery of a bottom stream of
condensate water now purified to such a degree that often it
may be reused in kraft pulp mill process operations. Experi-
ments demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,
dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide were removed to a
degree exceeding 95%. Operations were conducted satisfactori-
ly using steam stripping without reflux (SENKOR-A) or with
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
31
reflux (SEKOR-B). When the SEKOR-B process was used
under appropriate conditions, nearly all of the volatile organic
compounds were collected in the water-immiscible overhead
stream.
05409
B. F. Hrutfiord and J. L. McCarthy
SEKOR I: VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN KRAFT
PULP MILL EFFLUENT STREAMS. TAPPI 50, (2) 82-58
Feb. 1967.
As part of a program of development of a process for
stripping aqueous effluents for kraft pulp mill odor reduction
(SEKOR), a study has been made of the volatile organic com-
pounds that may be steam-distilled from kraft pulp mill ef-
fluent liquors. Some compounds have been isolated and
characterized by gas chromatography. The materials studied
include an oil isolated from blow gas condensate, an aqueous
blow gas condensate, and several crude sulfate turpentines.
Compounds identified include hydrogen sulfide, methyl mer-
captan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyldisulfide, methanol, ethanol,
acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene,
delta 3- carene, camphene, limonene, cineole, and alpha-ter-
pineol. A large number of additional compounds have been de-
tected. Turpentines from a number of sources have been
analyzed and compared. (Authors' abstract)
05808
F. E. Murray
REACTIONS OF SULFUROUS AIR POLLUTANTS. ((British
Columbia Research Council, Vancouver, Canada)). May 12,
1967. 88 pp.
The object of the work was to generate information on the
reactions of methyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide, methyl disul-
fide and the reaction between hydrogen sulfide and sulfur
dioxide - all in the gas phase. It was a further object of the
studies to devise methods, using the information gained, for
modifying these compounds by chemical reaction to alleviate
the odorous air pollution from kraft pulp mills. Reactions in
the gas phase were conducted between oxygen and methyl
mercaptan, methyl sulfide and methyl disulfide both with and
without catalysts. The reaction between hydrogen sulfide and
sulfur dioxide in the gas was the subject of a preliminary stu-
dy. The work done and the apparatus used is described in the
following publications which form an Appendix to this report:
(I) Gas Phase Oxidation of Methyl Mercaptan, A. C. Harkness
and F. E. Murray, Air and Water Pollution, Int. J. v. 10, pp
245-251 (1966); (2) Gas Phase Oxidation of Methyl Sulfide, A.
C. Harkness and F. E. Murray, Air and Water Pollution, Int.
J.; (3) Method of Analyzing the Effluent from a Microreactor,
L. T. Girard and A. C. Harkness; (4) Catalytic Oxidation of
Sulfurous Air Pollutants, A. C. Harkness, F. E. Murray and L.
T. Girard; and (5) Application is being prepared for patent
coverage on the catalytic oxidation of the organic sulfides.
From the results on catalytic oxidation, a large-scale experi-
mental reactor packed with iron shot was assembled and stu-
dies are continuing at a local pulp mill. It appears to be a very
promising approach to the oxidation of organic sulfur com-
pounds in the gas phase. One of the principal advantages
seems to be lhat no explosions or tendency to explosions have
occurred in the catalytic reactor.
05880
V. P. Owens
CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE RECOVERY UNITS IN
MEXICAN AND LATIN AMERICAN ALKALINE PULPING
MILLS. Combustion 38 (5), 38-44 (Nov. 1966). (Presented at
the Sixth Annual Meeting, Asocion Mexicana de Tecnicos de
las Industries de Celulosa y del Papel A. C., Mexico City,
Mex., May 24-28. 1966.)
Air pollution is a major problem in recovery unit operation
because the recovery unit produces the largest volume of
gases discharged to atmosphere. For many years electrostatic
precipitators have been installed after recovery units to
remove the chemical fume in the gases. The gas is heavily
laden with submicron size particles which is condensed sodium
vapor formed in the furnace. Several mills are working with
venturi-scrubber installations to improve collection efficien-
ceies in operation. Oxidation of black liquor is becoming a
'must' for mills that hope to reduce the odor nuisance to a
tolerable limit. In the future, efforts will be concentrated on
the analysis of sulfur compounds in the flue gases. Good kraft-
recovery-furnace operation demands a deficiency of nir
through the primary-air ports for good reduction performance.
Under these conditions hydrogen sulfide is formed in the
lower furnace. Sulfur oxides formed in combustion of a black
liquor will react with the sodium oxide to form salt cake and
prevent sulfur loss from the furnace in this form. Direct- con-
tact evaporators, either the cascade or the cyclonic type use
the flue gases for evaporation of the water in the liquor to in-
crease concentration from the approximately 50 per cent level
to 60-70 per cent dry solids. This is the prime source of odor
when black liquor is not oxidized before direct- contact
evaporation. Oxidation converts the sodium sulfite to a stable
form, usually sodium thiosulfate. Direct-contact evaporators
can be removed by designing multiple-effect evaporators for
60 per cent dry solids for feed directly to the furnace.
06106
R. H. Wright
NEW WORK IN KRAFT MILL ODOR CONTROL. (J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc.) 13 (3), 101-4, 136 (Mar. 1963).
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
Procedures for the control of odor in the kraft pulping process
are reviewed. The theory behind black liquor oxidation is that
when the hot liquor is brought in contact with air, the sodium
sulfide is oxidized to sodium thiosulfate and the methyl mer-
captan is converted to dimethyl disulfide, resulting in reduc-
tion of the more odiferous compounds. If the oxidation tower
is situated so that the black liquor passes through it before
going to the multiple-effect evaporator the odor released is
eliminated or very greatly reduced. Thus, in a mill using black
liquor oxidation, the most serious remaining sources of odor
are, in order of decreasing importance, the recovery furnace,
the direct contact evaporator, and the air exhausting from the
oxidation towers. With a properly designed and operated fur-
nace the flue gas should contain no significant amounts of
H2S or other reduced sulfur compounds. In principle, a suffi-
ciently complete prior oxidation of the black liquor will
prevent the furnace gases from picking up any malodors in the
direct contact evaporator, apart from substances like dimethyl
sulfide which are not acidic and not retained by alkali. One
may be forced to carry out the black liquor oxidation in two
stages, using a partial oxidation of the weak liquor and finish-
ing off the reaction after the liquor has been partially
evaporated. An alternative is to do away with the direct con-
tact evaporator entirely. The elimination of the direct contact
evaporators can confer an over-all operating benefit in the
form of heat economy, but at the cost of a substantial increase
in complexity. The balance of advantage from this has to be
worked out by each mill for itself. In the oxidation tower ex-
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32
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
haust gas process a two-stage process has been developed for
the absorption and oxidation of the malodorous substances in
the oxidation tower exhaust gas, using a gas-liquid reactor.
The gases are first exposed to chlorine solutions of low pH so
as to absorb and oxidize the sulfur compounds to innocuous
products. Then a solution cf pH about 8 is used to absorb any
residual chlorine or acid products of the oxidation. Kraft mill
odor control measures are still by no means complete or fully
effective. Black liquor oxidation is not a complete answer,
though it would be difficult to imagine an effective control
system that did not include it.
06343
Erdman, Andrew, Jr.
APPLICATION OF FLUIDIZED BED PROCESSING TO
SPENT SULFITE LIQUOR COMBUSTION. TAPPI, 50(6):
I10A-112A, June 1967. 3 refs. (Presented at the 20th Alkaline
Pulping Conference, Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper
Industry, Richmond, Va., Sept. 13-16, 1966.)
The combustion system of neutral sulfite semichemical
(NSSC) spent liquor comprises two parts. The first is the
evaporator section, where weak liquor at 14% solids is concen-
trated in two steps to 41% solids to form an autogenous feed
for the combustion reactor. The second part is the combustion
unit, which produces oxidized pellets of inorganic ash consist-
ing of sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate. The entire com-
bustion system is fully instrumented for minimum labor
requirements. The basic control points that are automated are;
liquor concentration from the multiple effect evaporator,
liquor concentration in the venturi evaporator-scrubber, com-
bustion bed temperature, combustion fluid bed level and cool-
ing fluid bed level. This spent liquor combustion system is not
limited to the disposal of NSSC spent liquor. Other pulping
waste liquors lend themselves to equally effective disposal.
However, operating conditions with respect to combustion
temperatures and minor flow sheet modifications change for
the various bases, as do the solid and gaseous products. The
differences in combustion between various bases are briefly
summarized.
06859
I. S. Shah
NEW FLUE-GAS SCRUBBING SYSTEM REDUCES AIR POL-
LUTION. Chem. Eng., 74(7):84-86, March 27, 1967.
A new two-stage scrubbing system is described which consists
of evaporator, scrubber, separator and cooling tower in which
99% cleaner and 500-600F cooler. Two oxidation systems are
utilized, one for weak black liquor and the other for strong
black liquor. The latter is installed immediately after the multi-
ple effect evaporator. Air oxidation of black liquor decreases
the loss of hydrogen sulfide because oxygen converts Na2S to
less volatile forms that minimize release of sulfur-bearing
gases.
07415
Blosser, R. 0., and H. B. H. Cooper, Jr.
TRENDS IN REDUCTION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN
KRAFT MILL STACK. Paper Trade J.. 151(11):46-51, Mar.
13, 1967. 6 refs.
A survey of secondary wet scrubbing practices showed that
relatively low pressure drop devices may produce a 50 per
cent 3 80 per cent reduction in paniculate emission from
precipitator streams. The per cent reduction is somewhat less
where these devices are employed behind Venturi recovery
units. Removal efficiency was observed to be independent of
the type of scrubber used behind precipitators at the inlet
loadings observed. Final effluent quality was related directly
to scrubber inlet grain loading. Effective scrubbing has been
shown to reduce paniculate fallout in the area adjacent to
mills. Scrubbing may reduce paniculate emissions to the at-
mosphere, but may also reduce the height of plume rise, hence
dispersion is reduced and an odor problem may be accentu-
ated. It is difficult to predict that any real benefit in either fal-
lout or total emission is obtained at the low loadings found be-
hind some of the new high efficiency precipitators. This sug-
gests that schemes which assure essentially continuous opera-
tions of these units in a good state of repair may be as ad-
vantageous as wet scrubbing. (Authors' summary)
07433
E. L. Smith
SULFITE PULPING AND POLLUTION CONTROL. Com-
bustion, 38(12): 42-44, June 1967.
Among the various schemes which have been proposed for
disposing of sulfite pulping waste liquors, the most straightfor-
ward and least expensive method available today consists of
burning the organic ponion of the liquor. An economic evalua-
tion of the combustion system of waste disposal is presented,
together with a study of capital investment costs for a typical
installation. The most logical approach to disposal of waste
sulfite liquor lies in burning it at maximum efficiency and with
maximum heat recovery. The disposal plant can be paid for
out of the savings in purchased fuel.
07434
E. Thomas, S. Broaddus, E. W. Ransdell
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT AT S. D. WARREN'S
KRAFT MILL IN WESTBROOK, ME. Tappi, 50(8):81A, Aug.
1968. (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York City,
Feb. 19-23, 1968.)
Sources of gas emission in a kraft mill were studied and cor-
rective equipment was installed. A system was developed in
which digester blow gases are passed through primary and
secondary deodorizing scrubbers, utilizing the chlorination
stage effluent. As backup, weak hypo bleach can be added to
the secondary unit. Noncondensable digester relief gases are
burned in the lime kiln. Oxidation control instruments have
been installed on the two recovery boilers to ensure complete
combustion. Number I recovery boiler stack has a Cottrell
precipitator, and a venturi scrubber is on no. 2. Both recovery
boilers have scrubbers on their smelt tank vents. Black liquor
is presently oxidized in a Trobeck-Lundberg- Tomlison oxida-
tion tower before passing to the evaporators. Chemical tests
are performed daily to determine the efficiency of black liquor
oxidation. Periodic surveys are conducted on all suspected
sources of air pollution ot determine the effectiveness of this
abatement program.
07769
Howard, W. C.
A NEW AND ECONOMIC SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS
OF STREAM AND AIR POLLUTION. Norsk Skogind. (Nor-
way), 21(4):133-139, April 1967. 2 refs. (Presented at (he
Papirindustriens Tekniske Forenings Meeting, Oslo, Norway,
Dec. 7, 1966.)
The disposal of polluting solids by means of the fluid-bed
reactor is discussed. The fluid-bed reactor is the most efficient
combustion system developed thus far. Material is introduced
in finely divided form, presenting relatively large surface area
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
33
for exposure to the reacting gases. Heat transfer is excellent
because of extreme panicle proximity. Liquids of low concen-
tration burn readily because of countercurrent evaporation
which takes place during the liquid particle's descent to the
fluid bed. The fluid bed reactor is relatively compact, occupy-
ing less area than other conventional processing units with
comparable capacity. Operations of chemical recovery
systems, the kraft overload relief system, and incineration
systems utilizing the fluid bed reactor as the primary
processing unit are described. In addition to accomplishing a
system for disposing of objectionable effluent materials from
plants, the fluid-bed is a practical tool for the reclamation of
chemicals where practical. Other applications include disposal
of pickling wastes from the metals industries, municipal
sewage sludge disposal, food processing plant discards and ef-
fluent waste materials from the chemical and petroleum
processing plants.
07974
Dehaas, G. G. and L. C. Amos
RECOVERY SYSTEMS FOR MIXED KRAFT AND SULFITE
LIQUORS. TAPPI, 50(3):75A-78A, March 1967. 6 refs.
Sulfite pulping processes can be incorporated into kraft
(sulfate process) mills without the need for separate expensive
recovery facilities by mixing sulfite spent liquor with the kraft
spent liquor. &rocess and equipment are described for
recovering sulfite cooking liquor from mixed liquors with
minor additions to the kraft recovery system. Green liquor is
contacted with C02 (lime kiln gas) to remove sulfur as H2S,
which is burned to SO2 or partially oxidized to elemental sul-
fur by an aqueous-phase catalyst. Sodium recovery, as sodium
carbonate obtained by removing all sulfide from green liquor,
requires efficient equipment. (Authors' abstract)
08360
Hansen, G. A.
ODOR AND FALLOUT CONTROL IN A KRAFT PULP
MILL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 12(9):409-4I4, Sept.
1962. 4 refs. (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of APCA,
Sheraton-Chicago Hotel, Chicago, III., May 20-24, 1962.)
A kraft mill air pollution problem exists in two phases: The
general odor-control systems currently being used in two
Weyerhaeuser kraft mills are described. The systems are prac-
tical from a cost standpoint and are reasonably effective.
These systems are based on collecting and destroying the
malodorous compounds by burning or by chlorine oxidation in
the case of digester blow and relief gases. In the recovery fur-
naces and evaporators, release of odors is prevented through
black liquor oxidation and by carrying excess oxygen in the
recovery furnace flue gas. Flyash at the Everett Kraft Mill has
been reduced effectively by combining lime kiln and recovery
furnace flue gases before passing them through a modified
Venluri scrubber. Paniculate matter discharged, as measured
by sodium concentration in the flue gas at the top of the stack,
has been reduced over 90%. This is confirmed by fallout sam-
ples taken in the vicinity of the mill itself. The installation of
the systems described has reduced complaints to the vanishing
point. ASM
08361
Hartler, Nils
RECENT EXPERIENCES IN POLYSULFIDE COOKING.
TAPPI, 50(3):156-160, March 1967. 18 refs. (Presented at the
20th Alkaline Pulping Conference of the Technical Association
of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Richmond, Va., Sept. 13-16,
1966.)
A changeover to polysulfide pulping in a kraft mill requires the
introduction of new techniques or modifications of those
presently existing. Preparation of the cooking liquor is
preferably done by dissolving sulfur in white liquor from the
recovery cycle. The dissolution process is considered from a
theoretical as well as a practical chemical engineering view-
point. The procedure of adding sulfur to the digester together
with the wood is compared that of separate dissolution. In
order to fully control the cook, a knowledge of two parame-
ters, effective alkali and excess sulfur content, is sufficient.
Some procedures for the determination of the latter are
described, and preference is given for the redox method.
Polysulfide does not affect the removal of lignin to any ap-
preciable extent. It is shown that, with no extra alkali added
fairly small amounts of carbohydrate polymers are dissolved in
the cooking liquor. The achieved stabilization caused by oxida-
tion is probably not as complete as in the case of reduced car-
bohydrates. The net effect on pulp yield is, however, very
much the same as in the case of borohydride cooking. This
build-up of sulfide is probably the cause of the higher odor
level. The differences between the quality of polysulfide and
kraft pulp are summarized, and the implications are that if the
papermaker places the main emphasis on beatability and stock
freeness, polysulfide cooking would be a very attractive alter-
native to conventional kraft cooking. If, however, tear factor
is an important strength consideration, polysulfide cooking
becomes less attractive. AA
08364
Landry, J. E.
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION PRACTICE AND DEVELOP-
MENT--A CRITICAL REVIEW. TAPPI, 46(12):766-772, Dec.
1963. 22 refs.
The progress in black liquor oxidation research, development,
and application is summarized, along with experimental data
from laboratory research and mill operations. In the kraft
recovery process, oxidation of the black liquor prior to
evaporation and burning leads to a considerable reduction in
sulfur loss to the atmosphere and improved chemical recovery.
For these reasons, research and development on oxidation
processes during the last five years have proceeded rapidly
and kraft mills in this country have been quick in applying the
results of these investigations, despite the fact that problems
still remain to be solved under some conditions of operation.
(Author's abstract, modified)
08365
Howard G. Maahs, Lennarl N. Johanson, Joseph L. McCarthy
SEKOR III: PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING DESIGN AND
COST ESTIMATES FOR STEAM STRIPPING KRAFT PULP
MILL EFFLUENTS. TAPPI, SO(6):270-27S, June 1967. 9 rets.
An illustrative, preliminary engineering design and cost esti-
mate has been carried out relative to the SEKOR-B (refluxed
column) process. As a basis for such calculations, experimen-
tal determinations have been made of vapor-liquid equilibrium
constants for the sulfur- containing components. CH3SH,
(CH3)2S, and (CH3)2S2 in dilute concentration in water at 1
atm total pressure, and, also, for the substances limonene,
alphapinene, and alpha-terpineol, which are major constituents
of the recovered volatile oil. It is shown that all substances are
of higher volatility than water and may be steam-stripped, and
that alpha-terpineol and dimethyl disulfide are the most dif-
ficult to strip from water. The optimum feed/steam ratio,
reflux rate, and number of stages required to strip H2S and
the above components from condensates of a 400 ton/day
kraft pulp mill were calculated. To reduce the concentration of
-------
34
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
(CH3)2S2 to 1% of its feed concentration, capital cost was
estimated to be $51,500 to treat 1,000,000 Ib/day of blow and
relief gas condensates. If amortized over a 5-year period, this
capital cost together with operating costs is estimated to result
in a total cost per ton of dry pulp of $0.25/ton for 5 years and
of $0.13/ton thereafter. If the sale of recovered crude SEKOR
oils at $0.04/lb is feasible, and if hot process water is valued at
$0.03/1000 gal, the above costs for treating blow and relief gas
condensates are estimated to approximately $0.07/ton pulp.
The cost and design bases used are described in some detail to
allow potential users to undertake similar calculations compati-
ble with local conditions, and, thus, to obtain alternate costs
per ton of pulp if so desired. AAM
08366
PROGRESS IN ALKALINE PULPING--196S. The Institute of
Paper Chemistry. Tappi, 49(6):108A-120A, June 1966. 264 refs.
Technical and topical literature reporting progress in alkaline
pulping, abstracted in the Abstract Buleetin of The Institute of
Paper Chemistry during the calendar year 1965, is reviewed.
Documents from fourteen countries are included. The bibliog-
raphy lists tw-hundred-sixty-four references.
09047
Murray, J. S.
SCRUBBING KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACE GASES. TAP-
PI, 43(11):899-903, Nov. 1960. 1 ref.
The Everett kraft mill experimented with various recovery fur-
nace flue gas pilot-plant scrubbers to determine if the fly ash
remaining after an electrical precipitator could be removed
successfully. Results indicated that a spray-nozzle, venturi-
throal scrubber would remove about 90% of the sodium salts
from the flue gas. A full-size, stainless steel scrubber was in-
stalled and tested. Results indicated that the plant scale unit
normally removes about 90% of the fly ash. (Author's ab-
stract, modified)
09048
Hawkins, Gerald
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION AT CHAMPION'S TEXAS
MILL HAS UNUSUAL TWIST. Paper Trade J., 146(10):38-39,
March 5, 1962.
The present oxidizer at Champion's Texas Division is unusual
in that it oxidizes heavy liquor (44 per cent solids) instead of
weak liquor. Air flow is introduced from a blower delivering
5,970 c.f.m., running 720 r.p.m. The air is discharged near the
top of the cone bottom by means of an air sparger which al-
lows the air to come into intimate contact with the downward
flowing liquor as the air travels upward, exhausting through a
cyclone separator. The cyclone allows any entrained liquor to
separate from the air and return to the oxidation tower. Reten-
tion time of the liquor in the oxidation tower is approximately
150 minutes. The stack losses of sulphur as H2S are greatly
reduced with the oxidizer running. The losses of sulphur as
S02, however, show a slight increase.
09356
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRY FOR POLLUTION
CONTROL. Air Eng., 10(2):20, Feb. 1968.
A fiber glass reinforced plastic (RP) gas scrubbing tower has
successfully replaced a 316 stainless steel structure that cor-
roded at a wood pulp mill near San Francisco. Chemical
vapors such as sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, sodium car-
bonate, sodium sulphite, sodium sulphide, sodium dioxide and
hydrogen peroxide were the corrosive influences that had to
be considered. The RP structure is self-supporting, and can re-
sist temperatures in the 300 deg. F. range.
09508
Harding, C. I.
SOURCE REDUCTION IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY. Proc.
Fifth Ann. Vanderbilt Unit. Sanitary and Water Resources En-
gineering Conf., p. 192-204, June 2-3, 1966. 6 refs.
It is possible at this time to drastically reduce the normal
odorous emissions from kraft mills. Few mills, if any, have ut-
lized all of the possible control steps, many of which are
discussed. Most new mills are being designed with reduction
of atmospheric emissions as a primary aim. Recent and current
research efforts are pointing the way to better control of mill
emissions by reducing the quantity of pollutants formed during
the pulping and recovery processes. (Author's summary,
modified)
09655
Major, William D.
VARIATIONS IN PULPING PRACTICES WHICH MAY EF-
FECT EMISSIONS. In: Proceedings of the International Con-
ference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: Public Health Service, National Council for
Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. DeLand,
Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 265-281. 8 refs.
Emissions from a kraft mill can be divided into two categories,
gaseous and paniculate. Malodorous emissions are subject to
far less control and precision of analysis than paniculate emis-
sions. The magnitude of loss is more sensitive to operating
variables, the chemistry is more complicated and the sources
are more numerous. This discussion is concerned with the ef-
fect of operating variables on gaseous sulfur losses. Evidence
is given which indicates that the wood species has a definite
effect on the odor produced during kraft pulping. Cooking
variables include: sulfidity of the white liquor, cooking time
and cooking temperature. More recent cooking variables are:
continuous vs. batch digestion, and the use of black liquor
dilution in the digester as a means of controlling the liquor -to-
wood ratio. Multiple-effect evaporators are the second largest
source of gaseous sulfur losses in the process. The high
vacuums set up by condensers result in the release of low
vapor pressure sulfur compounds. Operating variables in direct
contact evaporation are: black liquor pH, sodium sulfide con-
centration, and per cent CO2 in the flue gas. Dust losses from
the recovery furnace are controlled with either a venturi
scrubber or an electrostatic precipitalor. Operating variables
which influence the efficiencies of these two units are over-
loading, and the temperature of the flue gas. The key to the
effect of operating variables on emissions from a kraft pulp
mill is to recognize the degree to which the various steps in
the kraft process are interrelated, especially in the case of
gaseous sulfur losses.
09656
Lindberg, Siguard
REDUCTION OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTANTS AT THE
SKOGHALL MILLS. In: Proceedings of the International
Conference on Atmospher- ic Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: Pub- lie Health Service, National Council for
Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. DeLand,
Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 335-346.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
35
Over the years several measures have been taken to destroy or
to reduce air and water pollutants from the sulfate mill in
Skoghall, Sweden. To identify the emission points, the actual
departments at the sulfate mill are described. The primary
sources of odor at the mill, and measures taken to dispose of
them are shown in a table. A detailed discussion, with the aid
of illustrations, describes fully the measures taken to control
the odors at each point. It is concluded that the measures to
improve the factory surroundings with regard to malodorous
pollutants had the intended result, and at a reasonable cost.
09661
Lindberg, Sigvard
COMBUSTION OF MALODOROUS GASES FROM AL-
KALINE PULP COOKING. In: Proceedings of the Interna-
tional Conference on Atmospheric Emissions from Sulfate
Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hen-
drickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health Service, National
Council for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida.
DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 370-372.
This paper describes an invention to get rid of malodorous air
and water pollutants by combustion of gases from the cooking
in a continuous digester of alkaline pulp, especially sulfate
pulp. The aim of this invention is to destroy both air and water
pollutants in one single operation. The application to continu-
ous cooking is demonstrated with a flow diagram.
09733
Shah, I. S. and Louis Mason
NEW TWO-STAGE EVAPORATOR-SCRUBBER SYSTEM
FOR EFFICIENT RECOVERY OF HEAT, FUME, AND DUST
FROM RECOVERY BOILERS. TAPPI, 50(10):27A- Con-
ference of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper In-
dustry, Boston, Mass., Oct. 31-Nov. 3, 1966.)
In recent years, Federal, Slate, and local authoritities have
enacted laws and regulations to reduce the quantities of air
pol- lutants. This has created a necessity for the pulp and
paper in- dustry to improve overall collection and odor
removal efficiencies. Presently available equipment, because
of some inherent design problems is not able to meet these
new requirements. This has led to the development of a two-
stage evaporator-scrubber system, which offers almost all the
advantages and eliminates most of the dis- avantages of exist-
ing systems. Secondary scrubbing systems have been
developed to enable Ipulp mills to improve the overall dust
collection and odor removal efficiencies of their existing
systems. This paper describes in detail the history of develop-
ment and operating characteristics of the two-stage evapora-
tor-scrubber sys- tern and of the secondary scrubbing systems.
A new improved S-F type venturi scrubber, as applied suc-
cessfully in the pulp and paper industry, is also described.
(Authors' abstract)
09933
Arhippainen, Bengt, and E. Norman Westerberg
KRAFT ODOR CONTROL—ITS EFFECT ON MILL
OPERATING PARAMETERS AND COSTS. Pulp Paper Mag.
Can. (Gardenvale), 69(8):65-70, April 19, 1968. 9 refs.
Existing knowledge on kraft odor control is reviewed from a
Scandinavian point of view. The ways a kraft odor control
system may affect the mill environment and mill processing
are briefly discussed. Little is known about the effect of the
odor upon people, their psychology, and their attitudes.
Furthermore, the performance of the recovery unit and the
liquor oxidation system, if direct contact (DC) evaporation is
used, are critical to the manintenance of low odor levels most
of the time. The recovery boiler system with no DC evapora-
tor, commonly used in Scandinavia, is discussed in some
detail. Operating costs for this system are compared with
those for a system with a DC evaporator, both with and
without additional odor control equipment. For typical Finnish
cost conditions, the system without the DC evaporator is
slightly favored. Thus, with respect to odor control and cost-
ing, the recovery boiler system without DC evaporator may
prove to be very competitive in many North American loca-
tions.
10001
Shah, I. S.
NEW EVAPORATOR-SCRUBBER SYSTEMS IMPROVE
KRAFT RECOVERY PROCESS. Paper Trade J., 152(12):58-
64, March 18, 1968.
In the two-stage evaporator-scrubber system the two func-
tions, evaporation and scrubbing, are performed separately in
two stages: the first stage a low pressure drop evaporator and
the second stage a scrubber. The experimental work done at
two pulp mill sites established that the two-stage system pro-
vides potimum thermal and dust collection efficiencies as well
as flexibility and odor reducing capacity. The design variables
and operating data for the two-stage and single-stage systems
are presented.
10106
Wong, A.
EXPERIENCE AT ELK FALLS COMPANY LIMITED WITH
RECOVERY GAS SCRUB- BING. Pulp Paper Mag. Can.
(Gardenvale), 69(9):61-62, May 3, 1968.
The Elk Falls Division, pulp and paper mill of Crown Zeller-
bach Canada Limited, is located approximately four miles
north of Campbe River, B.C. This community of about 8,000
people is supported large by primary and secondary forest in-
dustries, but it is also the cent of a very active tourist indus-
try. As an integral part of the air pollution control program at
Elk Falls, a multiple-venturi gas scrubber was installed to
remove paniculate matter from recovery flue gases. This
scrubber is operated in conjunction with other du emission
control equipment: three cyclone evaporators and two electro-
static precipitators. Costs, to date, include about 41 million for
the recovery gas scrubber, about 4670,000 for installation of
the scrubber and auxiliary equipment, and 4170,000 for altera-
tion of existing facilities. Corrosion is an unsolved problem
and maintenance costs are not available. After two months'
operation, the steel and stainless steel sections were corroded
through. Test measures to deal with corrosion are described;
fiberglass venturi throats appear to resist corrosion and rein-
force bisphenolic resin and Heresite (phenolic resin) coatings
were found to resist corrosion for six months. The combined
system, in effect, removes about 995 of the dust emitted from
the recovery furnaces. The scrubber unit, being the first of its
kind in British Columbia, has been in operation since early
1965.
10268
Vegeby, A.
HOT WATER FROM RECOVERY BOILER STACK GAS: SF
SCRUBBER-MODO SYSTEMS. Pulp Paper Mag. Can.,
69(9):68-74, May 3, 1968.
The latent heat in the stack gas represents a heat loss which
cannot be economically recovered in the boiler. The heating
surfaces would be too expensive, and also the draught losses
would increase. The investment and operation costs are not
-------
36
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
compensated by the gain in heat. In plants where there is a de-
mand for hot water, flue gas scrubbers have been used to
recover the stack gas loss. Previously, heat exchangers have
been used to get clean hot water. The heat exchangers
represent a large part of the investment and have also caused
problem with scaling. A new design has been developed, the
SF Scrubber-MODO System, with which clean hot water is
produced in direct contact between the flue gas and the water.
This has been made possible by washing the flue gas clean
from soot and dust before entering the heat recovery stages. A
typical scrubber reduces flue gas sulfur content from 140
Ib./hr. after direct contact evaporation to 15 Ib./hr. after
passing through the washing section. The advantages of this
system are: higher temperature for the hot water, greater heat
recovery from the flue gases, and lower investment cost. The
system, introduced in 1965, in Scandinavia, has made recovery
of heat from flue gas more economic and attractive than it has
been before.
10277
Blosser, R. O. and H. B. H. Cooper, Jr.
TRENDS IN ATMOSPHERIC PARTICIPATE MATTER
REDUCTION IN THE KRAFT INDUSTRY. TAPPI,
51(5):73A-77A, May 1968. 6 refs.
A survey of secondary wet scrubbing practices showed that
relatively low-pressure-drop devices may produce a 50-80%
reduction in particulate emission from precipitator streams.
The per cent reduction is somewhat less when these devices
are employed downsteam of venturi recovery units. Removal
efficiency was observed to be independent of the type of
scrubber used at the particulate concentrations in gas streams
following precipitators. Final effluent quality was related
directly to scrubber inlet particulate concentration. Effective
scrubbing has been shown to reduce particulate fallout in the
area adjacent to mills. Scrubbing may reduce particulate emis-
sions to the atmosphere, but may also reduce the height of
plume rise, hence dispersion is reduced and an odor problem
may be accentuated. The principal benefits of secondary
scrubbing have been upgrading of effluent quality and the as-
surance of an effluent of reasonably uniform quality.
(Authors' summary)
10366
Alferova, L. A. and G. A. Titova
OXIDIZING SODIUM SULFIDE AND SODIUM MERCAP-
TIDE IN BLACK LIQUOR. ((Okisleniye sul'fida i merkaptida
natriya v chernom shcheloke.)) Text in Russian. Bumazhn.
Prom. (Moscow), 10:5-6, Oct. 1966.
This paper is directed toward sulfate cellulose production, in
which the regeneration of black liquor creates waste waters
and gases whose offensive odors are traceable to their contain-
ing hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan (MMC) and their
salts, odors which can be destroyed by oxidation. The
mechanics of the oxidation process are discussed in detail,
particularly with respect to oxidation rate. It is concluded that
the reactions are kinetic and their rate is a function of tem-
perature and the size of the free-reactant surface; that an acid-
base catalysis occurs (whose character is described), and that
in aqueous solutions of MMC a nucleophile reaction is
generated which leads to formation of methanol and hydrogen
sulfide; and that oxidation should be performed with an
evolved phase-contact surface, preferably in atomizers at 80-
100 Degrees C. and 4-6 (max. 10) kg./sq cm. The reduction
process is described.
10578
Banciu, I.
DETERMINATION OF SODIUM SALT LOSSES IN THE
RECOVERY BOILER OF A SULFATE PULP MILL. (Deter-
minarea pierderilor de saruri sodice in gazele evacuate la cosul
cazanului de regenerare intr-o fabrica de celuloza sulfat.) Text
in Romanian. Celuloza Hirtie (Bucharest), 15(7): 253-257, 1966.
5 refs.
In a sulfate pulp mill, alkaline salts are carried away in the
flue gases. An electrofilter is described which was installed to
prevent the dispersion of these salts into the atmosphere. Effi-
ciency of this filter was determined by a dry and a wet
method; the wet method proved simpler and more durable.
Equipment used in the wet method is described (sampler,
micromanometer, Pilot tube, rotameter, vacuum pump,
refrigerant, drier, and industrial thermometer). From tabulated
data collected following an analysis of gases and dusts before
and after passage through the electofilter, it is determined that
the sodium salt losses can be successfully limited by use of
this method.
10659
Blosser, Russell O. and HallB. H. Cooper, Jr.
SECONDARY SCRUBBING OF KRAFT RECOVERY STACK
GASES. PREPRINT, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, En-
gineering Experiment Station, lip., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at
the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68 -129).
A survey of secondary wet scrubbing practices showed that
relatively low-pressure-drop devices may produce a 50-80%
reduction in particulate emissions from stack gases which have
already passed through an electrostatic precipitator. The per
cent reduction is somewhat less when these devices are em-
ployed downstream of venturi recovery units. Final effluent
quality was related directly to scrubber inlet particulate con-
centration. Effective scrubbing has been shown to reduce par-
ticulate fallout in the area adjacent to pulp mills. Scrubbing
may reduce particulate emissions to the atmosphere, but may
also reduce the height of plume rise, hence dispersion is
reduced and an odor problem may be accentuated. The prin-
cipal benefits of secondary scrubbing have been upgrading of
effluent quality and the assurance of an effluent of reasonably
uniform quality.
10758
Kihlman, Erik, (ed.)
RECOVERY OF PULPING CHEMICALS EXPLORED IN
DEPTH AT HELSINKI. Apaper Trade J., !52(28):38-47, July
8, 1968.
The recovery of paper pulping chemicals by several processes
is explored in depth. Basic knowledge of the recovery process,
practical experience of the recovery process in industrial use,
and processes under development are included. Emphasis is
placed on sulfite pulping. Principles, designs, and experiences
with the following systems are presented: the Dorr-Oliver
FluoSolids liquor combustion process designed around a fluid
bed burner; the electrodialysis membrane (BALC) process;
direct carbonation of smelt (MRC) process; the Stora process
for chemical conversion of sodium - base liquors; and the
Sivola-Lurgi process for NSSC (neutral sulfite semi-chemical)
liquors. Detailed consideration is also given to the effects of
the recovery of bleach plant effluents on kraft recovery
processes, the absorption and desorption of gases during green
liquor carbonation, and a simple integrated liquor preparation
system.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
37
10765
Rice, James W., and Necmi Sanyer
SODIUM SULF1TE RECOVERY BY DIRECT OXIDATION
OF SMELT. TAPPI, 51(7):321-327, July 1968.
Smelts from an NSSC and a draft recovery furnace were
cooled, crushed, and contracted with humid air in a continu-
ous reactor to oxidize the sodium sulfide to sodium sulfite.
Under optimum temperature and humidity conditions and with
continuous size reductions by mechanical attrition, the reac-
tion was rapid and selective. The yield of sulfite was more
than 80% with mill smelts and more than 90% with synthetic
smelts; this justifies further development of this scheme as a
basis for neutral and alkaline sulfite chemical recovery. Direct
oxidation is particularly attractive for an NSSC operation in-
tegrated with the recovery system of a kraft mill. A partial
smelt oxidation suitable as a possible polysulfide recovery
scheme was also proposed. (Authors' abstract)
10994
Owens, V. P.
TRENDS IN ODOR ABATEMENT FROM KRAFT MILL
RECOVERY UNITS. Paper Trade J., 152(33):52-54, Aug. 12,
1968.
The chemical recovery process used in the alkaline pulping in-
dustry produces two types of pollutants - paniculate matter
and malodorous compounds. Wet scrubbing of the paniculate
matter emitted from the lime kiln stack and collection of par-
ticulate matter from the recovery unit stack by electrostatic
precipitators in better than 99% collection efficiency. The con-
trol of the malodorous compounds has been more difficult.
Recovery units designed without flue gas direct-contact
evaporation of black liquor are now available, and when
properly operated will efficiently complete combustion so that
the quantities of sulfur compounds delivered to the stack will
be below the minimum detectable limits at ground level. Mills
having recovery units with flue gas direct-contact evaporators
and efficient oxidation systems have reduced odors as much
as 98% as compared with the same unit burning nonoxidized
liquors.
11008
Shah, I. S.
AIR POLLUTION. PULP PLANT POLLUTION CONTROL.
Chem. Eng. Progr. 64(9):66-77. Sept. 1968.
In Kraft process, chemicals in the form of solids, mists,
odorous and nonodorous gases are being emitted to the at-
mosphere. The source of emission, the theoretical explanation
for the emissions, and the various processes and equipment
used to reduce the chemical and heat losses are discussed in
detail.
11009
Shah, I. S. and Wayne D. Stephenson
WEAK BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION SYSTEM: ITS
OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE. TAPPI. 5I(9):87A-94A,
Sept. 1968.
After a thorough analysis of the advantages of weak and
strong black liquor oxidation and after an evaluation of weak
black liquor oxidation in a pilot planl (capable of handling 100
gal/min of liquor equivalent to 50 tons/day of pulp produc-
tion), a full-scale weal black liquor oxidation system was in-
stalled. The system is designed to handle 400 gal/min of weak
black liquor at 16-17* solids concentration and 4.0-6.0 g/liter of
sodium sulfide content. The wood furnish is a mixture of pine
and hardwood, with pine content varying to a maximum of
60%. The commercial system has successfully operated since
startup and provides essentially 100% oxidation efficiency,
even with variations in liquor flow and sodium sulfide content
from 300 to 475 gal/min and 2.3 to 6.6 g/liter, respectively. The
total operating power, including fan, pump, and foam breakers
is less than 100 hp. The extensive and stable foam that is
formed during oxidation is efficiently handled and causes no
operating problems. As a result of the oxidation of weak black
liquor, the sulfidities of green and white liquors are raised
from 18.2 to 27.1% and 22.6 to 27.9%, respectively. The total
lime requirement is reduced by 0.085 Ib of lime per gal/min of
green liquor, a 15.4% reduction. The amount of hydrogen sul-
fide leaving the recovery furnace stack is reduced by 98.5%.
The biochemical oxygen demand of the multiple effect
evaporator condensate is reduced by 27% and the pH raised
from 6.5 to 9.0, thus making the 175 gal/min of the evaporator
condensate suirable for reuse in the pulp mill. Overall, a sig-
nificant reduction in odor and chemical loss is achieved, as a
direct result of the weak black liquor oxidation system.
(Authors' abstract)
11150
C. I. Harding and S. F. Caleano
USING WEAK BLACK LIQUOR FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE
REMOVAL AND RECOVERY. Tappi 51 (10), 48A-5IA (Oct.
1968).
Pulp mill air pollution problems are of three basic types: odor,
paniculate emissions, and sulfir dioxide emissions from power
boilers. Black liquor oxidation is the single step most effective
for odor reduction. Work has been completed on a pilot scale
on the development of a weak black liquor oxidation system
using southern kraft liquor with subsequent use of the liquor
for S02 scrubbing of power plant flue gases. The results of
this work show that weak black liquor from southern kraft
mills can be oxidized effectively by using kerosene for foam
control. The scrubbing of the flue gas with the weak liquor by
using a moderate head loss venturi scrubber (approximately 14
in. H2O) showed consistent SO2 removal efficiencies above
92%. Work by earlier investigators was confirmed, showing
that approximately 80% sulfide oxidation gave the most effec-
tive SO2 absorption without any measurable release of
hydrogen sulfide. Complete oxidation of sulfide enhanced the
formation of sulfates which inhibited SO2 removal during
scrubbing. The liquor can be recirculated for multiple passes
through the scrubber provided the pH is kept sufficiently high
to prevent lignin precipitation. The economics of the system
indicate that a net savings of about 30 cents/ton air-dried pulp
can be effected by installing the integrated oxidation and
scrubbing system without any dollar credit for reduction in
SO2 emissions.
11153
F. W. Hochmuth
ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CHEMICAL RECOVERY
UNITS. Paper Trade J. 152 (40), 53-5 (Sept. 30, 1968).
The problem of odor pollution as it relates to chemical
recovery units operating on waste black liquor from the kraft
process is discussed. Background information, such as furnace
operation, source of odor, and direct-contact evaporation is
given. Emphasis is placed on a new system, the air contact
evaporation system, which permits odor free operation of
kraft recovery units. Data to support the new system, such as
performance comparisons, cost comparisons, and test results
are presented. 152(40):53-55, Sept. 30. 1968. CONTROL
METHODS: By-product recovery, Air contact evaporation,
Odor counteraction, Chemical processes The problem of odor
-------
38
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
pollution as it relates to chemical recovery units operating on
waste black liquor from the kraft process is dis
11158
E. J. Malarkey and C. Rudosky
HIGH EFFICIENCY KRAFT MILL PRECIPITATORS. Paper
Trade J. 152 (40), 57-8 (Sept. 30, 1968).
A dry collection system for recovery boilers in kraft mills is
compared with a dry-wet system. Although high efficiency
electrostatic precipitators can minimize fall-out or snowing,
the dry-wet system can virtually guarantee that it will not oc-
cur. Comparative installation and operating costs are
presented.
11673
Jones, K. H., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
CONTROL OF MALODORS FROM KRAFT RECOVERY
OPERATIONS BY PYROLYSIS. Preprint. Public Health Ser-
vice, Arlington, Va., National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration, 20p., June 1968. 15 refs.
The pyrolysis and recombination steps of combustion in kraft
mill processes were isolated for study because they encompass
the reaction mechanisms responsible for producing malodorous
compounds. Steady-state pyrolysis of concentrated black
liquor was carried out over a temperature range of 480 to 1135
C to describe the process variables that would influence the
design of a pyrolysis unit to minimize emissions of malodorous
sulfur compounds from recovery operations. Several additional
preliminary experiments were conducted using soda pulping
liquor as a substrate with various inorganic sulfur salts added
as the sole sulfur source for the purpose of describing produc-
tion mechanisms for hydrogen sulfide as well as organic sulfur
compounds. Results indicate the importance of temperature
with respect to the relative production of malodorous sulfur
compounds during the pyrolysis and recombination steps of
kraft black liquor combustion. The requirement for definitive
temperature control makes isolation of pyrolysis into a unit
process attractive. The thermal efficiency of such a system
coupled with the elimination of two unit processes currently in
use further enhances such a design. The steady state data ob-
tained in this study have provided the design parameters for a
scale prototype system now under construction. The isolation
and quantitation of organic sulfur compounds other than those
most commonly reported suggest that they may be responsible
for environmental perception when viewed in the relative
framework represented by a simple odor model. The need for
improved sampling and analysis of draft recovery process
streams is indicated. (Author conclusions modified)
11726
Green, Bobby L.
BOILER FOR BARK-BURNING. Power Eng., 72(9):52-53,
Sept. 1968
Burning bark involves special problems: incomplete com-
bustion (and resultant gum-plugging in the system), dust and
residue buildup, and multi-fuel firing caused by fluctuations in
the supplies of bark. A paper mill has been burning bark in
one of its boilers for 6 years. The boiler has a rated evapora-
tion capacity of 300,000 Ib/hr. and is provided with rotary
regenerative air preheaters. The paper mill requires a continu-
ous firing schedule of 75% to full capacity. When the bark
supply is insufficient, natural gas is used. Equipment specifica-
tions include: horizontal-flow package regenerative air pre-
heater (Ljungstrom), traveling grate stoker, large tube fly-ash
collector, and hydraulic ash-disposal system. The boiler was
designed to bum 35% and 65% natural gas, but operating logs
show that the percentage of bark has been as high as 85%. A
schematic drawing shows the arrangement of the preheating
system. A cyclone dust collector, with large size tubes, is
located in the flue gas path ahead of the air preheater. The
cyclone removes bark char, fly ash, and other light material.
The operating temperature is about 700 deg F. Features of the
dust collection system are dust valves, a sand classifier, a
cinder reinjection system, and a wet ash sluice system.
Although no significant problems have been encountered in
the 6 years of operation, initially some minor buildup did
occur in the boiler superheater section when an unusually dif-
ficult combination of hardwood bark was burned. The problem
was solved by the installation of retractable soot glowers. It
has not been necessary to wash the preheater.
11949
Ginodman, G. M.
THE PURIFICATION OF GAS EMISSIONS IN THE
SULFATE PULP MILLS. (Oschistka gazovykh vybrosov v
sulfattseliuloznom proizvodstve). Bumazhn. Prom. (Moscow),
22(7):16-22, 1947. 10 refs. Translated from Russian. 21p.
Methods are reported for cleaning the exhaust gases from pulp
cooking in sulfate pulp mills; until recently, the extraordinary
explosiveness and flammability of these gases has delayed
progress in developing control processes. A detailed analysis
of emitted gases was carried out. Vapors of turpentine and
various methyl compounds are among the gases produced
from the pulp cooking process and drawn off; the majority of
the sulfur compounds are emitted into the atmosphere. Stack
gases also have high dust content, consisting principally of
sodium sulfate and carbonate salts, with most particles sized
less than 60 micron. In the cooking plant, the greatest fire and
explosion hazards are caused by turpentine blow-offs and in-
creasing condensation of turpentine vapors. An explosion pipe
was used to study the explosiveness of turpentine vapors and
for gases liberated from mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide. Ex-
periments showed that simple, save, and inexpensive com-
bustion of disagreeably odorous gases can be performed in
recovery furnaces under three conditions: stringent thermal
control of the blowoff under cooling of the exhaust gases to a
maximum of 30 C; subsequent dilution of the gases with air to
at least fifty times their volume at the time of the final blow-
off; and application of effective automated devices to prevent
access to the furnaces of gas-air mixtures exceeding 30 C. The
sulfur products of gas combustion are bound in the furnace
with alkali. These conditions also ensure the maximum yield of
commercial turpentine. A second method of gas cleaning
judged effective in removing odorous sulfur organic com-
pounds and H2S is treating the gases with alkaline solutions
containing active chlorine. Suspension of milk of lime (80 g/1
CaO) was used as the absorbing solution and calcium
hypochlorite as chlorinating reagent, producing oxidation of
sulfur and formation of higher acid anhydrides.
12076
PROGRESS IN ALKALINE PULPING-1967. THE INSTITUTE
OF PAPER CHEMISTRY. Tappi, 51(12):77A-92A, Dec. 1968.
This report continues the series of yearly reviews, begun in
1947. of the technical and topical literature reporting progress
in alkaline pulping. It reviews the literature abstracted in the
Abstract Bulletin of The Institute of Paper Chemistry during
the calendar year 1967 on mill modernization and expansion,
technology, theoretical pulping studies, pulping of papermak-
ing fibers, cooking liquors, by-products, stream and air pollu-
tion, bleaching, and corrosion. (Author's Abstract)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
39
12506
Jones, K. H., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR, V. STEADY STATE PYROLYSIS.
Preprint, 30p., 1968 (?). 12 refs.
The variables associated with the steady state pyrolysis of
unoxidized kraft black liquor as well as soda liquor combined
with various sulfur salts were determined. The temperature
range spanned 480 to 1135 C. Measurements included mass
balances of gross pyrolysis products, the qualitative and quan-
titative analysis of fixed gases, the qualitative and quantitative
analysis of sulfur, and the heat content of the gas and solid
phases. The results showed that pyrolysis has promise as a
unit process for the control of emission levels of malodorous
combustion products. The requirement for definitive tempera-
ture control in the pyrolysis step of combustion was clearly
demonstrated. The thermal efficiency of the pyrolysis process
with respect to potential heat recovery was quite acceptable.
The fact that the wet gas effluent was self sustaining with
respect to flame propagation eliminates the need for direct
evaporation which in turn would eliminate the need for black
liquor oxidation. Possible design schemes for the application
of pyrolysis were presented previously. The steady state data
provided design parameters which allow the construction of a
scale prototype system. The isolation and quantitation of or-
ganic sulfur compounds other than those most commonly re-
ported suggested that there is a definite need for unproved
sampling and analytical methods for the identification and
quantitation of the total array of malodorous compounds being
emitted to the environment of kraft mills.
12527
Morrison, J. L.
RECOVERY SCRUBBER FOR WASTE CHLORINE GAS.
Tappi, 51(I2):I24A-125A, Dec. 1968. (Presented at the 5th
Water and Air Conference of the Technical Association of the
Pulp and Paper Industry, Portland, Oregon, April 1-4, 1968.)
Equipment was installed in a kraft mill bleach plant to com-
bine and scrub waste gas discharges containing chlorine.
Scrubbing was done with a 4% caustic solution. The scrubber,
while improving atmospheric conditions, pays for itself by
recoverying 96% of the waste chlorine as hypochlorite bleach
liquor. (Author's abstract)
12658
J. L. Clement, J. S. Elliott
KRAFT RECOVERY BOILER DESIGN FOR ODOR CON-
TROL. Paper Trade J., 152(40):59-60, Sept. 30, 1968.
It is from the direct-contact evaporator, not the recovery fur-
nace, that malodorous gases are emitted. Black liquor recovery
furnaces can be operated with complete combustion of
malodorous compounds. A recovery boiler design that will
eliminate the direct-contact evaporator and is arranged to burn
unoxidized black liquor supplied directly from the multiple ef-
fect evaporator to the furnace is presented. This design incor-
porated Scandinavian boiler design experience interpreted in
terms of the North American kraft operations.
13072
Akamatsu, Isao and Hiroshi Kamishima
DEODORIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS IN KRAFT PULPING.
2. ON THE DEODORIZATION ACCORDING TO THE AD-
SORPTION AND ABSORPTION. (Kurafuto parupu seizo kotei
halsui gasu no mushuka (dal nifo). Kyuchaku oyobi kyushu ni
yoru akushu seibuo no jokyo ni kansuru kisoteki kenkyu). Text
in Japanese. Kami-pa Gikyoshi (J. Japan Tech. Assoc. Pulp
Paper Ind.), 23(6):25-30, June 1969. 16 refs.
Adsorption and absorption capacities for malodorous com-
ponents were estimated at 20 and 29 C. The adsorption capaci-
ty of activated carbon for methyl mercaptan was larger than
that for dimethyl sulfide. For the hydrogen sulfide, activated
carbon acted not only as an adsorbent but also as a catalyst,
so adsorption capacity of activated carbon for hydrogen sul-
fide was larger than that for the other sulfur compounds.
When a mixture of dimethyl sulfide and methyl mercaptan was
adsorbed on activated carbon, the total adsorption capacity of
activated carbon was a medium capacity between those for in-
dividual components. Because real kraft pulp blow gas is a
mixture of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and others, the
adsorption of activated carbon for one was the mixture ad-
sorption, and the adsorption capacity was 30 to 40%. The ab-
sorption capacity of polyvinyl chloride for dimethyl sulfide
was moderately large, but dimethyl sulfide in air was absorbed
only partially. The absorption reaction of ferric oxide for
hydrogen sulfide resulted in water as a reaction product, there-
fore exact measurement of absorption was difficult. (Author
abstract modified)
13331
Lee, G., N. J. Themelis, and W. H. Gauvin
CHEMICAL RECOVERY FROM SODIUM-BASE SPENT
SULPHITE LIQUORS BY THE ATOMIZED SUSPENSION
TECHNIQUE. Tappi, 41(6):312-317, June 1958. 18 refs.
(Presented at the Summer Meeting, Tech. Sect, of the Canadi-
an Pulp and Paper Assoc., Saranac Lake, N. Y., June 1957).
The treatment of preconcentrated acid sodium sulfite spent
liquors was studied in the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of
Canada's 8 in. atomized suspension reactor. Wall temperatures
of 650-800 C and residence times of 14 to 22 sec were used to
investigate the effects of the liquors on the nature and com-
position of the resulting products. Sodium salt was recovered
in the very form required for sulfiting, namely as sodium car-
bonate. Unlike other proposed procedures, the atomized
suspension technique produced few traces of sodium sulfide
and thiosulfate and only small amounts of sodium sulfate. The
combustible gas produced during pyrolysis possessed good
calorific value, and was available in sufficient quantity to
make the process thermally self-sufficient. As much as 80% of
the sulfur originally present in the spent liquor was recovered
in the gas. In addition to its excellent chemical recovery, the
process operates as a completely closed system, eliminating
the pollution potential of the treated liquor and permitting total
recycling of the process water. Translation of these results to
a recovery plant for a sodium-base pulp mill is outlined and a
crude, preliminary economic evaluation is given. Optimum
operating conditions must be determined and additional en-
gineering obtained before a commercial installation is at-
tempted. (Author conclusions modified)
13334
Ruus, Av Lennart
INVESTIGATION OF ODOR ELIMINATION BY AB MOR-
RUMS BRUK, MORRUM. (Undersokning av lukteliminering-
sanlaggning vid AB Morrums Bruk, Morrum). Text in
Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 66(15):554-557, Aug.
15, 1963. 1 ref.
An oxidation tower system for reducing odorous compounds
formed during alkaline pulping was developed by the British
Columbia Research Council and installed at AB Morrums
Bruk, Morrum, Sweden, where its efficiency was investigated.
-------
40
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
The system involves the pumping of black liquor through the
oxidation tower in the same direction as a gas mixture contain-
ing air, uncondensed gases from the turpentine recovery, and
gases from the digester blow. After leaving the oxidation
tower, the mixture is washed with chlorine and dilute sodium
hydroxide in a scrubber before being vented into the at-
mosphere. Gas chromatographic determination of the amount
of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl monosulfide, and dimethyl
disulfide in the gas mixture before and after it had passed
through the tower and scrubber reveals that the system
removes more than 99% of the methylsulfides and more than
97% of the mercaptans. The greater part of these compounds
is taken up by the black liquor in the oxidation tower; the rest
is oxidized in the scrubber. The concentration of the odorous
compounds in the outlet from the scrubber is very low and
their smell can be characterized as 'faint'. About 90% of the
sodium sulfide in the black liquor is oxidized in the oxidation
tower. (Author abstract modified)
13398
Fones, R. E. and J. E. Sapp
OXIDATION OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR WITH PURE OX-
YGEN. TAPPI, 43(4): 369-373, April I960. 6 refs.
Oxidizing black liquor from a kraft cooking process reduces
kraft- mill odor, reduces corrosion in the evaporators, and
minimizes the loss of sulfur compounds in the recovery
process. Oxidation of kraft black liquor in a pressure vessel
with pure oxygen as a possible means of circumventing some
of the foaming problems attending the oxidation of black
liquor is investigated. Experimental investigations tested the
feasibility of oxidizing black liquor with pure oxygen either
after separation from the pulp or just prior to blowing at the
end of a normal krafl cook. All cooks were carried out in a
laboratory experimental digester. Oxidation of the pulp alone
resulted in the pulp darkening and the lignin content increas-
ing. Oxidation of the black liquor alone would require the
reducing the sodium sulfide content to prevent the formation
of sodium Ihiosulfate. Costs of reducing the sodium sulfide
content and the cost of the oxygen ($1100 per day) were too
expensive for current applications. Although oxidation of pulp
and black liquor at the end of a normal kraft cook results in
complete oxidation, oxygen consumption rates are high and
pulp strength and color are adversely affected.
13409
Wenzl, Herman F. J. and O. V. Ingruber
BLACK LIQUOR BURNING AND CHEMICAL MADE-UP.
Paper Trade J., 150(50):54-57, December 12, 1966. 29 refs.
A new proposal for maintaining sulfidity in the kraft process
assumes that multistage bleaching of kraft pulp uses mainly
chlorine and chlorine dioxide obtained from the reaction of
sodium chlorate with sulfuric acid. In addition to chlorine and
chlorine dioxide, large amounts of sodium sulfate are formed.
The proposal also suggests the use of white liquor instead of
sodium hydroxide in the alkaline extraction stages of
bleaching. The heart of the recovery system is the steam
boiler. Apart from the recovery of inorganic components from
the combustion of waste liquor in the form of a smelt, the or-
ganic substances in the black liquor are burned in the same
process and their heat is used for steam generation covering
the heat and energy requirements of the whole mill. Presently,
recovery boilers for 1000 tons of pulp per day are in operation.
One unit is designed for a throughput of 1340 tons of dry sub-
stance per day at a dry content of 65-68% of the injected
liquor. Steam production is 22S tons/hr at 600 psig pressure
and 380 C exit temperature. To remove the smelt uniformly
the number of smelt spouts has been increased. Explosions
which occur when smelt enters dissolving tanks are probably
related to the formation of elemental sulfur. About 95% of the
suspended particles from hot furnace gases can be recovered
with scrubbers consisting of cylindrical upright tanks. Gas is
blown tangentially at high velocity into the tank bottom while
water is sprayed from a tube with large numbers of spray noz-
zles. Water is recycled from the bottom to the spray tube.
13438
Mannbro, Nils
THE SULFIDE RECYCLE RECOVERY PROCESS PART I.
SMELT COMPONENT SEPARATION AND RECYCLE
RATIO. Svensk Papperstid., 65(23): 956-964, Dec. 15, 1962. 20
refs.
Most commercial processes for the recovery of chemicals
from sodium-base sulfite spent liquors comprises two-stage
combustion with the sulfide component of the smelt produced
in the first combustion stage burned to form sulfur dioxide in
the second stage. This sulfur dioxide and that of the flue gas
are ultimately reacted with the sodium carbonate component
of the smelt to form a sodium sulfile/bisulfite solution. By not
processing smelt for hydrogen sulfide, the Sulfide Recycle
Process permits the direct recycling of the sulfide component
to the recovery furnace. Smelt is converted by separating sodi-
um carbonate crystals from a concentrated sodium sulfide
solution. The sodium sulfite is recycled to the furnace and
converted there to sulfur dioxide and sodium carbonate. The
sulfur dioxide is recovered from the flue gas by absorption in
a liquor prepared from the separated sodium carbonate
crystals. Crystallization of the soda involves the ternary
system Na2S-Na2C03-Na2S04, and a formula was developed
for calculating the increased smelt flow from the furnace and
equilibrium smelt sulfidity. Calculation examples emphasize
the importance of preventing oxidation of the sodium sulfide
prior to its combustion in the recovery furnace. Successful
operation of the Sulfide Recovery Process depends on
complete conversion of the sodium sulfide to sodium car-
bonate and the lowest possible reformation of sodium sulfide
in the discharged smelt. The process employs equipment and
procedure standard in the pulp industry.
13445
Deeley, J. E. and A. H. Kirkby
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHEMICAL RECOVERY
BOILER. J. Inst. Fuel, p. 3-10, Sept. 1967. (Presented to the
Scottish Section of The Institute of Fuel, March 22, 1966.)
The main constituent of the digesting liquor in the acid or
sulfite process of pulp production is either calcium bisulfite or
magnesium bisulfite; both produce a residual liquor which
makes recovery difficult. The residual liquors from the alkali
or sulfate process of pulp production can be treated simply,
which solves the disposal problem and achieves chemical
recovery. To recover the black liquor, it is sprayed across a
furnace to the side and rear walls through a nozzle. The
deposit is in the form of char which accumulates to an ap-
preciable thickness while it is being concentrated by heat from
the combustion gases. When dehydration is complete, the dry
char falls to the furnace hearth. The smelt formed flows
through a tapping hole, where it is discharged into a dissolving
tank. To combat low-temperature corrosion, the high- tempera-
ture electric precipitator and a circulating economizer with in-
direct air heating have been especially developed for the
recovery unit. The difficulties and operating hazards of a
recover furnace are related to combustion, smelt removal, fur-
nace explosions, and smelt leakage.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
41
13447
Hoag, D. S.
ANALOG COMPUTER CONTROL OF A KAMYR
DIGESTER. Tappi, 47(12):734-741, December 1964. 1 ref.
The principles of applying an analog computer to control an
industrial process are discussed and illustrated with a specific
example. The Honeywell KDC 2020 analog computer has been
developed to control a Kamyr digester during changes in wood
species, production rate, permanganate (K) number, and al-
kali-to-wood ratio. It can also be used to correct for K number
drift during steady state operation. Verification of a
semitheoretical math model of the Kamyr cooking process and
determination of its coefficients was made by extensive
planned testing on an operating digester. The computer has
been calibrated and tested for both southern pine and mixed
hardwoods with considerable success. Some mill operating ex-
perience has been obtained cooking pine chips.
13464
Wenzl, Hermann F. J.
CAUSTICIZING AND CLARIFYING KRAFT PULPING
LIQUORS. Paper Trade J., 151(2):50-53, Jan. 9, 1967. 12 refs.
Causticizing of green and while liquors can be expressed as
CaO H20 Na2C03 yields 2NaOH CaCO3. The reaction is
reversible, and even under favorable conditions, no more than
85-90% conversion is achieved. The incomplete reaction is due
either to the increasing solubility of calcium carbonate with in-
creasing amounts of hydroxyl ions in solution or to the fact
that it occurs on the surface of suspended lime particles which
lose their reactivity as they become covered with a layer of
CaC03. The clarification of green liquor is improved by the ad-
dition of lime, but increased amounts of mud must be washed.
Attempts to dry lime mud with hot gases have led to the
development of the flash drying process, in which a portion of
collected lime of 90-99% dry content is mixed with wet mud
coming from washers to increase the dry content of the lime.
In one installation the equipment has increased kiln efficiency
100%. However, the operation of a fluidized bed calciner may
be simpler than that of a kiln and less sensitive to changes in
throughput. A modified Pease-Anthony venturi scrubber has
an efficiency between 94.0 and 98.5%.
13551
Faith, W. L.
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT. SURVEY OF CURRENT
PRACTICES AND COSTS. Chem Eng. Progr., 55(3):38-43,
March 1959. 8 refs.
Pollutants and control methods of the chemical manufacturing,
pulping, petroleum refining, steel, food, and cement manufac-
turing industries are reviewed. Chief pollutants from the
chemical industry are dilute vent gases, acid mists, waste sul-
fides, nitrogen oxides, combustible wastes, and dust. Vent
gases are best controlled by catalytic oxidation, sulfides by
caustic scrubbers, nitrogen oxides by catalytic reduction, com-
bustible wastes by incineration, and dust by filtration. No
standard procedure has been adopted for abatement of acid
mists. Pulp and paper industry pollutants are fly ash, dust and
odors. Electrostatic precipitators, dust scrubbers, and spray
towers are used to combat these problems. Air pollution by
the petroleum refining industry is caused by sulfur compounds
and hydrocarbon loss. Sulfur compounds can be reduced by
absorption and hydrocarbons by several control methods. The
main pollutant from the steel industry is dust, which can be
controlled by electrostatic precipitators and wet scrubbers.
The main problem of the food industry is control of odor,
which is comballed by activated carbon adsorbers. Dust from
cement industries is best controlled by glass fabric bag filters
or cyclone collectors. Costs for 1959 are given for the various
control methods.
13737
Ibrahim, Karen
POLLUTION: THE PRESSURE IS ON. Graphic Arts Progr.,
15(4):6-I5, April 1968. 31 refs.
Air pollution is an important issue in both the printing and
pulp-and-paper segments of the graphic arts industry. The
main pollutant of the printing industry is the gaseous emission
of solvents (aromatic hydrocarbons) from the dryers. Attempts
are being made to control the pollution by thermal or catalytic
combustion or by the use of adsorption devices. Thermal com-
bustion involves the direct burning of the effluent in a gas-
fired incinerator which is effective in eliminating pollution but
at present is economically unfeasible. Catalytic combustion
differs from thermal combustion in that it is flameless. Ad-
sorption devices utilize activated carbon as the adsorbent; and
this method is also economically unfeasible. Another method
for solvent-pollution control is the development of mild or
low- aromatic nonoffending solvents. Pulp and paper-makers
are primarily concerned about the emission of gases which
contain sulfur, mainly SO2 and H2S. Among control methods
are (1) proper operation of recovery furnaces and (2) installa-
tion of black liquor oxidation units or forced-circulation
evaporators. The difficulties in proper monitoring and
sampling, in setting standards, and in paying for control equip-
ment and its operation, in both areas of the graphic arts indus-
try are stressed.
13772
Guest, E. T.
DEVELOPMENTS IN BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION. Pulp
Paper Mag. Can., 66(12):T 617-T 622, Dec. 1965. 8 refs.
(Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch,
Tech. Sect., Canadian Pulp and Paper Assoc., Harrison Hot
Springs, B. C., May 9-11, 1963.)
The overall status of black liquor oxidation in the West Coast
kraft pulp industry is reviewed. The most prevalent oxidation
techniques are the Collins system, the B. C. Research Council
system, and the Troebeck-Ahlen system. The Troebeck-Ahlen
and the Collins type systems oxidize by forcing air through the
liquor to make a controlled volume of foam. The B. C.
Research Council unit operates with air blowing concurrently
with the liquor over specially designed plates. Other systems
use packed columns with either concurrent or countercurrent
air, compressed air in a tank of liquor, or compressed air in a
pipeline. The Croflon pilot plant has incorporated a more posi-
tive pattern of liquor flow to combat difficulties in maintaining
pressure drops, an integral foam box with carryover space, a
new type of combination cyclone with a foam breaker, and a
simplified square design into its system. The several ad-
vantages to black liquor oxidation include a reduction of odor
in the evaporator condensate and recovery stacks, reduction in
sulfur losses, and less corrosion of the mild steel evaporator
tubes and strong black liquor piping. Reduction in the recovery
furnace odor emission can only be obtained when a furnace is
not overloaded and therefore operated with sufficient air.
14094
Shah, I. S.
NEW FLUE-GAS SCRUBBING SYSTEM REDUCES AIR POL-
LUTION. Chem. Eng., 1967:84-86, March 27, 1967.
-------
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
Chemico's new two-stage scrubbing system enables pulp mills
to greatly improve overall dust collection efficiency and to
meet stricter air pollution regulations. Flue gases from the
recovery boiler enter the two-stage system, which consists of
evaporator, scrubber, separator, and cooling tower, and are
vented to the stack 99% cleaner and 500-600 F cooler. Concen-
trated black liquor is further concentrated to 60-70% solids
content by direct contact with flue gases in the Venturi
evaporator. With about 40 in. H2O static pressure for the
system, the outlet dust leading can be reduced to 1 Ib/ton of
pulp. The two-stage system provides greater heat recovery
because it exhausts stack gases at temperatures below 120 F,
as compared to 325 F from electrostatic precipitators, and 180-
190 F from single-stage scrubbing systems. Chemico has also
perfected two oxidation systems for black liquor that reduce
the amount of H2S emitted to atmosphere. One is for weak
black liquor and the other for strong black liquor.
14110
Galeano, Sergio F.
REMOVAL AND RECOVERY OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE
PULP MILL INDUSTRY. Florida Univ., Thesis (Ph. D.), Ann
Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1966, 239p. 149 refs.
Technical and economic feasibilities of a purification system
for the removal of sulfur dioxide in pulp mills were studied.
Applications in both kraft and neutral semichemical systems
are offered. An experimental pilot plant with a capacity of
2800 cfm consisting of a venturi scrubber and a cyclone was
used in the various experiments. The pilot plant was designed
for use as a purification system for either the kraft or the
semichemical systems. Two different scrubbing solutions were
used. A carbonate solution proved technically feasible in the
semichemical process. Sulfur dioxide removals in excess of
90% were obtained. Weak black liquor, obtained before it
reached the evaporators, was used in the kraft process. Sulfur
dioxide removal was again in excess of 90%. A venluri-
cyclone combination and a spray chamber with radial inlet and
lateral sprayers were studied using both the carbonate solution
and weak black liquor as scrubbing solutions. The proposed
system was found to be both technically and economically
feasible for the carbonate scrubbing solution in the semichemi-
cal process. The use of weak black liquor as a scrubbing solu-
tion in the krafi process proved to be technically feasible. Its
economy is a matter of more flexibility dictated by the particu-
lar conditions of each plant. (Author abstract modified)
14113
Murray, F. E.
AIR POLLUTION FROM BIVALENT SULFUR COMPOUNDS
IN THE PULP INDUSTRY. Preprint, Engineering Institute of
Canada, March 1968, 16p.. 10 refs. (Presented at the Banff
Pollution Conference, Banff, Alberta, Can.)
In the kraft process of producing chemical cellulose from
wood chips, the chips are cooked in a solution containing sodi-
um hydroxide and sodium sulfide in about a four-to-one pro-
portion. This method produces much greater air pollution, in
the form of highly malodorous compounds, than the alterna-
tive sulfite processes. The three primary sources of odor
production in a krafi pulp mill are the digestion process, the
direct-contact evaporator, and the recovery furnace. In the
digestion process, control must be effected on the noncon-
densible gases from the digester and blow tank, from the mul-
tiple-effect evaporators, and on the foul condensates that are
formed in contact with these gases. The emission of hydrogen
sulfide from black liquor during direct contact evaporation can
be very substantially reduced by oxidation of the sulfide. The
problem of the recovery furnace is one of good operation and
combustion control within the furnace design capacity. Present
laboratory studies are expected to lead to continuing improve-
ment in the control of odorous emissions from krafi pulping
operations.
14118
Markant, H. P.
THE MEAD RECOVERY PROCESS. TAPPI, 43(8):699-702,
Aug. 1960. 2 refs. (Presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of
the Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York, Feb. 22-25, 1960.)
The Mead neutral sulfite recovery process consists of two
basic stages: the total carbonation stage and the sulfiting stage.
Green liquor from a storage tank is fed to a precarbonation
tower, where it comes in contact with 15% of the total gas in
the carbonation lower. When the gas enters the precarbonation
tower, it contains H2S thai was released in the carbonation
tower. This is reabsorbed by the green liquor, and H2S-free
gas is discharged to the atmosphere. The precarbonated liquor
is passed to the carbonation tower, where it absorbs CO2 and
releases H2S. The gas loses CO2 and gains H2S. The next
phase of the process takes place in a sulfiting tower. Here the
SO2 in Ihe flue gas from a venturi scrubber cyclone separator
is scrubbed with the carbonated liquor. The addition of more
contact surface in the absorption system has reduced odors
from the process and brought them within acceptable limits.
Improvements in the venturi scrubber and the installation of a
droplet agglomerator in the sulfiling tower have reduced the
amount of paniculate matter leaving the process to an ex-
tremely low level. The total stack gases are continuously moni-
tored for SO2 and H2S, and concentrations are not permitted
to exceed 0.03 and 0.01%, respectively.
14120
Boyer, Robert Q.
THE WESTERN PRECIPITATION RECOVERY SYSTEM.
TAPPI, 43(8):688-698, Aug. 1960. 21 refs.
The Western Precipitation recovery system, which uses the
crystallization separation of the sodium sulfide of Ihe smelt,
reacts all of the separated sodium sulfide with the spent liquor
sulfile sulfur through an oxidalion reduction reaction known as
the Bradley process. The reacted liquor is evaporated and
burned in inexpensive kraft equipment. The cooking liquor is
produced by adsorption recovery of the flue-gas sulfur dioxide
in a sulfile-bisulfile solution thai uses the recovered sodium
carbonate as the make-up base. The absorption of the SO2
take place in a recovery tower where sodium carbonate is in-
jected in a 1:1 ratio to the sulfur. The sulfur dioxide recovery
tower is capable of a 97% efficiency. Any traces of H2S are
removed from the solution in a separate head lank, thus
eliminating odor. This system at an experimental recovery
plant has completely processed spent liquor from sodium-base
acid sulfite, two-stage sulfite, and NSSC cooks separately and
in combinations. The scale formation in the evaporators is
eliminated with the proper pH control by the amount of recy-
cled sulfide sulfur. This sulfur can be either increased with the
addition of sodium sulfate to the firing liquor or reduced with
addition of inventory sodium sulfide. A relationship between
the rise in pressure and rise in boiling point is used to control
the evaporation-crystallization. High sulfur, soda, and heat
recoveries are possible. (Author abstract modified)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
43
14577
Wethern, James D.
METHOD OF PROCESSING SULFATE BLACK LIQUOR TO
YIELD METHYL MERCAPTAN AND DIMETHYL SULFIDE.
(Riegel Paper Corp.) U. S. Pat. 3,333.009. 2p., July 25, 1967.
(Appl. March 22, 1965, 8 claims.)
In addition to improved overall by-product yield, the process
of the invention is capable of giving an improved yield of rela-
tively more valuable methyl mercaptan in proportion to
dimethyl sufide. At the same lime, it affords a desirable mea-
sure of control over the relative proportions of the principal
by-products. Spent kraft black liquor is initially dried and then
homogeneously mixed with elemental or combined sulfur. The
mixture is heated in a closed reaction chamber in contact with
a flowing stream of heated carrier gases to effect pyrolytic
decomposition of the liquor solids. Evolved by-products are
continuously removed by the carrier gas, usually nitrogen or
superheated steam. Recovery of the sulfur by-products is ef-
fected by separation from the carrier gas.
14940
Tada, Mitsuru
INDUSTRIAL WASTE INCINERATION BY FLUIDIZING
SYSTEM. (Sangyo haikibutsu no ryudoshokyakuho). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(7):529-533,
July 1969.
Fluidizing systems, which are widely applied to petroleum and
mineral combustion, are highly efficient. The outstanding
merits of this system are a capacity of 500 kg/cu m-hr in-
cineration; the ability to incinerate low-calorie wastes (1000/k-
cal/kg, water 70%) without catalysts; perfect combustion with
kiln heal around 750 C; no stack smoke or odor problems;
simplicity of structure, with no vibrations inside the kiln and
constant and stable internal heal; availability of electric power,
produced though ihe process in large-scale (400 t/day) kilns of
this system; convenient operalion requiring no heavy or inten-
sive labor; and economical mainienance. The system has a
wide range of applications, including waste incineration in the
chemical, food processing, and petroleum industries, and ex-
crement and sludge treatment. For example, the liquid wastes
from paper manufacturing plants that used to be discharged
into rivers, bays, or seas and caused problems for agriculture,
fishing, and shipping may now be incinerated, removing all the
organic matter contained in pulp wastes, and chemical com-
pounds such as Na2S04 or Na2C03 may be recovered and
reused in kraft pulp produclion. Adaptation of ihis system to
watery wastes in the food and chemical industries has the ad-
vantages of deodorizing wastes and recovering ash for use as
fertilizer. The system can be adapted to petroleum and
petrochemical wastes and to high-temperature wastes.
15450
Schoenhofen, Leo H.
TURNING INTO PROFITS SOME AREAS OF POLLUTION
CONTROL. Flexography, 13(10):24, 26-27, 57, Oct. 1968.
The control of water pollution as it relates to the manufacture
of paper and paperboard is discussed, particularly as it relates
to making it into a profit opportunity. A Wabash mill reduced
its water intake by half through a reappraisal and tightening of
the system. A capital cost of $338,500 reduced the solids con-
tent of the water from 10 Ibs per thousand gallons to 0.5 Ib per
thousand gallons. However, reclaimed fiber from this filtering
system resulted in $34,000 yearly profit above the annual
operating costs of the system. An Indiana mill installed a Con-
tainer- Copeland process for the elimination of black liquor
generated by some pulping processes at the cost of a million
dollars. The sale of a salt-cake by-product from this new
process reduced the net operating costs. The waste materials
which industry is discarding into the air, water, or ground are
potential raw materials for one or more industries analogous to
the cylinder paper mill business. Several of the 92 major pollu-
tion control projects initiated by Container Corporation of
America since 1960 have either shown actual profit or a poten-
tial for profit; many have increased the total profit picture of a
given facility by curbing the outlay for temporary control.
These 92 projects do not include systems which have been in-
stalled to increase plant efficiency as well as to serve as anti-
pollution devices, such as boilers which reclaim chemicals
which are otherwise lost as waste. But recovery boilers and
similar systems should be looked upon as early steps in the
direction of turning a problem into a profit.
15690
Oloman, C., F. E. Murray, and J. B. Risk
THE SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE
FROM STACK GAS. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec),
1969:69-74, Dec. 5, 1969. 7 refs. (Presented at 55th Annual
Meeting of the Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association, Montreal, Jan. 28-31, 1969.)
Selective absorption of hydrogen sulfide in a wet scrubber is
proposed as a method of reducing the odor from kraft pulp
mill recovery stack gases. A solution of sodium carbonate and
bicarbonate, which is 2M in sodium, is in equilibrium with the
carbon-dioxide content of the recovery stack gas and has a pH
of about 9.5. The solution will selectively absorb hydrogen sul-
fide from the stack gas provided its sulfide content is kept
low. Hydrogen sulfide absorption efficiencies of over 90%
were obtained in a pilot absorption unit consisting of a packed
column working in series with air sparged liquor oxidizers. The
process rates indicated that an efficient absorption system for
a 500 t.p.d. kraft pulp mill would require a 20-ft-diameter ab-
sorption column, with 10 ft of packing, using 3000 g.p.m. of
recyling carbonate liquor. The value of the recovered chemi-
cals was not expected to pay for the cost of recovery-gas
scrubbing. (Author abstract modified)
15709
Hough, Gerald W. and Lyle J. Gross
AIR EMISSION CONTROL IN A MODERN PULP AND
PAPER MILL. Am. Paper Ind., 5l(2):36-37, 40-42, 44. Feb.
1969. 18 refs.
Increasing concern about the environment in the U. S. is caus-
ing federal, state, and local governments to legislate increas-
ingly stringent laws governing emissions from industrial plants.
The concepts which a pulp and paper mill can adopt to reduce
emissions to levels which have been proven to be attainable
are discussed. The amount of water vapor, participate matter,
and sulfur emissions in pounds per ton of pulp from each
operation of the kraft pulp mill is compared before and after
application of suitable controls. Air emission control systems
increase both the capital and operating costs of pulp mills.
Order of magnitude capital cost estimates for the air emission
control equipment for a new 500 tpd pulp mill are presented.
15766
Markant, Henry P., Norman D. Phillips, and Indravadan S.
Shah
SYSTEM FOR ABSORBING H2S GASES. (Babcock & Wilcox
Co., New York) U. S. Pat. 3,471,249. 4p., Oct. 7, 1969. 7 refs.
(Appl. Feb. 2, 1965, 6 claims).
-------
44
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
In the sulfate, or Kraft, process for producing paper pulp,
hydrogen sulfide is released by the hot combustion gases used
to concentrate partially concentrated liquor prior to its in-
cineration. Its removal is desirable to minimize air pollution,
but known absorption systems have been applicable only to
high concentrations and have required the use of commercially
prepared absorbing solutions. In the present invention, it is
shown that less than 1% hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide
can be absorbed by the green liquor produced by sulfate
recovery processes. These liquors contain as active com-
pounds sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium car-
bonate. In the absorption process, precooled gases are passed
through an absorption zone of a venturi-like device, in which
the absorbing liquid is injected at a gas flow ratio of 6 to 10.
Absorption of hydrogen sulfide by the liquid, which is recircu-
lated, forms sodium hydrosulfide as one stable compound. The
ratio of the weight of sodium sulfite in the solution must be
greater than 35; the weight ratio of hydrogen sulfide in the
gas, greater than 30; and the molar concentration of sodium
sulfide, greater than 0.1 times the molar concentration of sodi-
um hydrosulfide.
15779
Collins, Theron T., Jr.
ODOR CONTROL AND HEAT RECOVERY IN WOOD PULP-
ING PROCESS. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3.183,145.
9p., May 11, 1965. 6 refs. (Appl. June 22, 1962. 10 claims).
Methods are described for controlling the pollution of the at-
mosphere and bodies of water in the vicinity of wood pulping
mills. The method is described in terms of the wood pulping
process; however, it may readily be adapted for use with other
wood pulping processes that emit waste condensates which
contain such odorous and noxious gases as methyl mercaptan
and hydrogen sulfide, as well as hot water vapor laden gases
which contain sulfur dioxide. The gases are passed into con-
tact with black liquor prior to the concentration, thus oxidizing
the liquor. For example, sulfur dioxide containing gases
derived from the lime kiln and/or the recovery furnace are
contacted with one or more of the condensates containing the
sulfur compounds as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan,
under conditions which cause condensation of at least a portio
of the water vapor in the hot gases. A portion of the sulfur
dioxide content of the hot gases reacts with a portion of the
hydrogen sulfide and/or methyl mercaptan content of the con-
densates to render the undersirable odor producing compounds
innocuous. Simultaneously, the alkaline components of the
condensates are carbonated and the condensates are stripped
of substantial portions of the unreacted sulfur compounds. The
effluent gases are then oxidized, preferably using active
chlorine containing bleach plant wastes, to oxidize the remain-
ing odor producing materials in the gases. The condensates are
cooled so as to recover a portion of their heat content and to
simultaneously render the residual unstripped gases more solu-
ble.
15878
Bacon, Raymond F. and Rocco Fanelli
RECOVERY OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM GASES. (As-
signee not given.) U. S. Pat. 2,142,987. 3p., Jan. 10, 1939.
(Appl. Dec. 24, 1935, 3 claims).
Sulfur dioxide can be recovered from mixtures, either in gase-
ous or liquid form, by treating gases with an aqueous solution
of a free weak acid and a salt of a water-soluble weak acid.
Suitable acid salts include acetic, benqoic, fumaric, lactic,
phosphoric, citric, and tartaric. The free weak acid can be the
same as that forming the salt. The salts react with sulfurous
acid to regenerate the weak acid and produce a sulfite which
decomposes under the influence of heat with the liberation of
sulfur dioxide. They are stable and nonvolatile at the tempera-
ture used for the liberation of sulfur dioxide. The amount of
weak acid employed should be equivalent to 68 grams of lactic
acid per liter. Such an amount materially increases the rate of
liberation of sulfur dioxide from the absorption solution at its
boiling temperature as compared with the rate of liberation of
sulfur dioxide at the boiling temperature from a similar absorp-
tion solution containing no free weak acid. The process is an
economical way of producing sulfur dioxide-bearing reagents
for various chemical and metallurgical uses as, for example, in
the production of sulfuric acid, in the production of elemental
sulfur, in the refrigeration and leaching of ores, and in the
production of sulfite cooking liquors.
15992
Springer, Karl L.
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY OF
SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM SULPHITE LIQUORS. (Standard
Oil Development Co., Elizabeth, N.J. U. S. Pat. 2,137,311. 3p.,
Nov. 22, 1938. (Appl. March 26, 1936, 3 claims).
A method is described for recovering sulfur dioxide in an an-
hydrous condition from petroleum sulfite liquor. Concentrated
sulfuric acid is fed into the top of a packed tower and then to
a reaction chamber along with the sulfite liquor. The reaction
of the sulfuric acid and the sulfite liquor causes sulfur dioxide
to evolve. The sulfur dioxide passes into a liquid reaction mix-
ture in a separate stripping zone. A current of steam is passed
through the reaction mixture to strip it free of sulfur dioxide.
The mixture of sulfur dioxide and steam is passed through a
cooling zone at a temperature suitable for the condensation of
the steam. By passing the resulting sulfur dioxide through a
packed lower in countercurrent to the initial sulfuric acid, the
sulfur dioxide is rendered anhydrous. The method is also ap-
plicable to the sulfite cellulose liquor of the paper industry.
16041
Rosenblad, C.
RECOVERY OF HEAT AND SO2 GAS IN THE SULPHITE
PULP INDUSTRY WITH OR WITHOUT HEAT EXCHAN-
GERS. Paper Trade J., 106(26):78-81, June 1938. (Presented at
the Annual Meeting of the Pulp and Paper Mill Superinten-
dents Association, Toronto, June 22-24, 2938.)
Direct and indirect methods of heating the acid used in heat
and sulfur dioxide recovery processes are contrasted. In the
indirect system, relief gases from the digester are injected
directly into the acid without intermediate cooling. The tem-
perature and the concentration of the acid are difficult to regu-
late, since heating and strengthening take place simultane-
ously. In the indirect system, the acid is concentrated to full
strength in cool condition by cooled gases from the digester
relief and subsequently heated indirectly by the heat liberated
when the digester is relieved and blown. No pressure tank is
required during the concentration, and the relief of the
digesters can be accomplished without any interference from
back pressure. It is possible to obtain a final acid temperature
higher than 156 F without using heat sources other than the re-
lief steam and blow vapors. If a higher acid temperature is
desired, digester temperature must be increased or additional
heat added indirectly by a central acid heating system. In one
condensing plant, part of the concentrated acid is heated in a
relief cooler and the balance, in a spiral heat exchanger. The
SO2 gases cooled in the condensing plant and relief cooler are
taken to raw acid tanks and used for strengthening the acid.
Though pressure tanks are used for the concentrated acid,
they could be replaced by spiral heat exchangers.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
45
161970
loffe. L. O.
CALCULATION OF THE FINAL GAS BLOW-OFF IN THE
SULFITE COOKING OF CELLULOSE. (Raschet konechnoy
gazovy sduvki pri sul'fitnoy varke tsellyulozy). Text in Rus-
sian. Bumazhn. Prom. (Moscow), no. 6: 18-20, 1966. 6 refs.
A procedure was determined for calculating the final gas blow-
off in sulfite cooking of cellulose. It was shown that on
decreasing the temperature of the boiler contents by 20 deg,
the concentration of free sulfur dioxide in the liquor is
decreased to hundredlhs of a percent (independent of the ini-
tial temperature and initial concentration of sulfur dioxide be-
fore the blow-off). Thus, at a 2% content of sulfur dioxide and
an initial temperature of 140 deg, when the temperature is
lowered to 130 deg and then to 120 deg, the sulfur dioxide
content decreases to 0.181 and then to 0.009%; at an initial
temperature of 130 deg decreased to 120 deg and then to 110
deg, the amount of sulfur dioxide decreases to 0.115 and
0.003% respectively.
16242
Blomen, T.
THE ROSENBLAD SYSTEM FOR RECOVERY OF HEAT
AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN THE CHEMICAL WOOD PULP
INDUSTRY. Tech. Assoc. Pap., Ser. 20, no. 1:346-348, June
1937. (Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Technical As-
sociation of Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y., Feb.
22-25, 1937.)
A new storage system for recovering waste heat from wood
pulping operations is economical to operate at peak loads and
enables exhaust vapors from digesters and waste vapors from
other mill departments to be utilized. Blow steam is pumped to
an accumulator to start the circulation of water from the bot-
tom of the tank through a jet condenser to the cyclone top of
the tank. In the jet condenser, steam is condensed by the cold
water, raising the temperature of the water to 203 F. The
steam condensate is passed to the top of the tank, together
with the cooling water. In the tank, the heat exchanger and its
pump are so proportionated that there is a distinct demarka-
tion between hot and cold water. Hot water from the top of
the tank is pumped off and cooled to 104 F. The cooled water
is then returned to the suction side of the cold water pump or
to the bottom of the tank. Water to be heated is brought from
outside the heat exchange to a hot water tank rather than
heated directly in the jet condenser because vapors coming
from digesters are general mixed with black liquor and
odorous gases. These impurities are caught by the cooling
water in (he jet condenser and filtered off. Sulfur dioxide is
similarly recovered by adding a gas cooler to the top of the ac-
cumulator. The system is appropriate for both sulfate and
sulfite mills.
16350
Maksimov, V. F., O. I. Sokolova, Z. P. Modzelevskaya, and
N. M. Isayeva
PURIFICATION OF THE WASTE GASES OF SULFATE-
CELLULOSE PRODUCTION ON FOAM TYPE UNITS. Bu-
mazhn. Prom. (Moscow), 34(5):14-16, May 1959. 2 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 8p.
Experiments were conducted on the decontamination of ex-
haust gases in sulfate-cellulose production by the foam
method, based on the interaction of a gas and liquid in a layer
of moveable foam formed as a result of their counterflow. It
involves the purification of gases from the plant furnace, con-
centrator, and boiler units. When the gas flow rate of the foam
device was varied from 0.4 to 3.2 m/sec, the purification of
furnace gases was constant and amounted 92-95% (based on
total sulfur). After purification, 10-40 mg/cu Nm hydrogen sul-
fide, 8-46 mg/cu Nm methyl mercaptans, and 3-120 mg/cu Nm
sulfur dioxide were present in furnace flue gases. Decon-
tamination of the boiler gases removed 92% of the hydrogen
sulfide, 90.7% of the methyl mercaptans, and 86.0% of the sul-
fur dioxide. When the simultaneous decontamination of ex-
haust gases from furnace, concentrator, and boiler sections
was studied, using caustic soda as a wetting liquid, 92.3% of
the hydrogen sulfide, 84.7% of the methyl mercaptans, 86.6%
of the dimethyl disulfide, 72.8% of the dimethyl sulfide, and
89.9% of the sulfur dioxide were trapped. When black lye was
used as the wetting agent in an oxidation tower, no odor of
sulfur-laden gases was detectable.
16447
Tamm, O. M. and E. M. Vasil'eva
MEASURES FOR REDUCING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
IN CITIES OF THE ESTONIAN SSR. (Meropriyatiya po sniz-
heniyu zagryazneniya atsmofernogo vosdukha v gorodakh
Estonskoy SSR). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation Measures
Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of Cities. (Oz-
dorovleniye vozdushnogo i vodnogo basseynov gorodov).
Government Committee on Civil Building and Architecture
(ed.), Lecture series no.2, Kiev, Budivel 'nik, 1968, p.39-40.
Air pollution problems in Estonia center around the cities of
Tallinn and Kohtla-Jarve. A paper and pulp plant, a sulfuric
acid plant, a mineral-enriching installation, and a shale
processing combine are cited as major air pollution sources in
the Kohtla-Jarve area and some of the measures taken to con-
trol these sources are mentioned. Control measures widely in-
stituted in the country include: conversion to gas and liquid
fuels, the use of central heating plants, removal from the cities
of large pollution sources such as asphalt-concrete plants, and
the closing of installations which do not lend themselves to air
pollution control (e.g., the stone crushing facility at the Tallinn
concrete plant, and the asphalt-concrete plant at Toyl).
16647
Von Rosenblad, C.
HEAT AND SO2 RECOVERY WITH AND WITHOUT HEAT
EXCHANGER. (Waermeund SO2-Rueckgewinnung mil und
ohne Waermeauslauscher). Text in German. Zells.off Papier,
19(4):205-209, April 1939.
The direct and indirect system of liquor preheating for the
recovery of sulfur dioxide and heat in a sulfite cellulose plant
is discussed. With the direct method, heating and concentrat-
ing the acid are carried out at the same time. The waste gases
enter the cold acid immediately after cooking at low pressure
without intermediate cooling. Large acid tanks are needed and
the time for the final gas discharge is long. With the indirect
method, the cold acid is concentrated with cooled waste gases
and heated indirectly with the heat liberated by the final gas
discharge from the digester. The advantage of this method is
that no pressure must be applied and less S02 gas is lost,
since the cold acid absorbs more. The amount of heat liberated
at the cooking is determined by the final temperature in the
digester. If the latter is 132 C, the acid can be heated to 70 C.
In case a higher acid temperature is desired, fresh steam must
be added. A plant operating according to the latter principle is
described and illustrated.
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46
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
16681
Willct, Howard P.
PROMT ORIENTED SYSTEMS FOR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York,
N. Y., American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
Engineers (AIME), New York, N. Y., American Society of
Civil Engineers, New York, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, New York,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, and
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Proc. MECAR Symp., Design and Operation for Air Pollution
Control, New York, N. Y., 1968. p. 75-85. (Oct. 24).
The development of pollution control systems that provide an
economically profitable return on control costs is described; it
i, Dtlieved that such processes will enhance control activities
by establishing an economic incentive to add to the public
pressures on polluters to install control equipment. Profit-
oriented control systems are described for blast furnaces and
the basic oxygen processes in steel fabrication, for foundry
cupolas, kraft pulping, and for sulfur dioxide recovery from
power and sulfuric acid plants. Venturi scrubbers, used to
clean blast furnace gases, make it possible to obtain higher hot
blast temperatures for preheating air blown into the furnaces
and thus improve the economics of their operation. Gas take-
offs installed below the charging door on foundry cupolas
reduce the size of the gas cleaning equipment required and
permit the gas to be used as fuel for preheating air blasts to
the cupolas. A new method recently introduced from Japan,
called the OG Process, has a great profit potential in its appli-
cation to the basic oxygen process in steel-making, primarily
by collecting carbon monoxide without combustion. A series
of pollution control techniques can be applied to the kraft
pulping process to reduce capital and operating costs. An ab-
sorption system to eliminate SO2 pollution from sulfuric acid
plants and to increase plant profits is nearing completion, and
a concept called the Central Processing Approach is described,
involving the establishment of central processing plants, to
permit the profitable recovery of elemental sulfur from the
sulfur oxide emissions of both large and small power produ-
cers.
16695
Jones, William P.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VENTURI SCRUBBER. Ind. Eng.
Chem., 41(11): 2424-2427, Nov. 1949. 4 refs.
The practical application of the venturi scrubber to the
removal of dusts, mists, fumes, odors, and smoke from gas
streams is discussed. Factors affecting the scrubbing efficien-
cy of a venturi are the velocity of the gas in the throat, the
ratio of liquid to gas, and the distribution of liquid in the
throat. Of these variables the first two have an appreciable ef-
fect on the pressure drop across the scrubber. Most of the
power required for operation is expended in the gas pressure
drop, which will vary with the amount of liquid used. In
general, increased throat velocity results in higher scrubbing
efficiency with less liquid, and with somewhat less pressure
drop and fan power. A commercial venturi unit at a pulp and
paper mill is recovering 7-10 tons of sodium compounds per
day from fumes containing particles from below 0.1 to 1.5
micron. Installations on open hearth steel furnaces are achiev-
ing 97-99% efficiencies in removing smoke particles from 0.05
to 0.33 micron. Pilot plant studies indicate that the venturi
scrubber has a removal efficiency of 98-99.8% for sulfuric acid
mists and a 99.9% efficiency for coarse dust from blast fur-
16698
Whitney, Roy P., S. T. Han, and J. Lawlor Davis
ON THE MECHANISM OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE ABSORP-
TION IN AQUEOUS MEDIA. Tappi, 36(4):172-175, April
1953. 12 refs. (Presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York, N. Y., Feb. 16-19, 1953.)
The absorption of sulfur dioxide in packed towers is discussed
in terms of the two-film theory according to which resistance
to transfer is concentrated in a gas fluid film and a liquid fluid
film in contact at the gas-liquid interface. The two phases are
assumed to be in equilibrium; the equilibrium relation is the
solubility of the gas in the liquid. It is shown that in systems
pertinent to the pulp and paper industry, the absorption
mechanism varies greatly with the character of the absorbent.
Both film resistances play an important part in the sulfur diox-
ide-water system. In a sulfur dioxide-sodium carbonate solu-
tion where the stoichiometric ratio of absorbed sulfur dioxide
to sodium carbonate is never more than 50 mole percent, the
absorption rate is controlled by the gas film resistance. When
the stoichiometric ratio is increased to a maximum of 120%,
liquid film resistance becomes important as conversion
proceeds. In sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulfate solutions,
the controlling resistance also shifts toward the liquid film.
Also discussed are the coefficient values to be used in calcu-
lating the required packed height for three conversion stages:
the conversion of hydroxide or carbonate to sulfite, the con-
version of sulfite or bicarbonate to bisulfite, and the build-up
of free sulfur dioxide.
16729
Thoen, G. N. and G. G. DeHaas
RECOVERY FURNACES OPERATED WITH CONTINUOUS
SULPHUR ANALYZER. Paper Trade J., 153(19):61-62, May
12, 1969.
A continuous analyzer used for measurement of SO2 and
reduced sulfur compounds was tested on a 350 tn/d black
liquor furnace. The system had a sensitivity of better than 5
ppb of H2S based on 700 F flue gas analysis. It was found that
steam and reduction of smelt were a first order function of
reduced sulfur compounds in the flue gases. Some examples of
adjustments made in the system are given.
16744
Hawkins, Gerald
SCRUBBER LICKS TOUGH FUME PROBLEM. Plant Eng.,
23(13):70, June 26, 1969.
In the production of pulp by the kraft process, black liquor
evaporators are a low-volume, highly concentrated source of
air pollution. A noncondensable gas scrubber system to be
used at the end of an evaporator train is described. Non-con-
densable gases leave the surface condenser, pass through a
pre-cooler, into and through two jets and then into the gas
scrubber system. A weak solution from causticizing production
is used as a scrubbing medium. Typical performance is: H2S
at the inlet 428 Ib/day, at the outlet 1 Ib/day; CH3SH 438
Ib/day at the inlet, 2 Ib/day at the outlet.
16747
Clement, J. L. and J. S. Elliot
NEW KRAFT RECOVERY BOILER DESIGN ELIMINATES
UNPLEASANT ODOR. Paper Trade J., 153(16):63-65, April
21, 1969. 5 refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
47
The use of multiple effect evaporators in place of direct-con-
tact evaporators in kraft recovery boilers results in the
elimination of most of the unpleasant odors associated with
this process. In this new boiler design, unoxidized black liquor
supplied directly from the multiple effect evaporator to the
furnace is burned with complete combustion of malodorous
compounds. A large bare tube economizer to cool combustion
gases to a final stack temperature of 350 to 400 F is incor-
porated into the new design. Increased SO2 emission and
changes in electrostatic precipitator operation are among the
effects of the new design that are discussed. Well accepted in
the Scandinavian countries, the new system is just being in-
troduced into the U. S.
16807
Roberson. James E.
EFFECT OF RECOVERY ODOR CONTROL ON A KRAFT
MILL ENERGY BALANCE. Paper Trade J.. !53(34):86-89,
August 25. 1969. 2 refs.
In the U.S., kraft pulping accounts for approximately 75 per-
cent of the total U. S. chemical pulp production. From an air
emission standpoint, odor reduction is a significant considera-
tion in the kraft process. The energy balances associated with
various odor control systems are discussed. Since each mill
situation is unique, capital cost, operating cost, and acceptable
emission levels must all be considered before arriving at a
total evaluation of a recovery odor control system. The energy
costs discussed are based on new recovery and multiple effect
evaporation installations and assume that the turbine generator
condenser is not operating at minimum condensing load.
16824
Malarkey, E. J. and C. Rudosky
WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT RECOVERY BOILER SNOW-
ING. Paper Trade J., 153(28):58-60, July 14, 1969.
Many pulp mills find that they have a recovery boiler air-
solids pollution control problem, even though the boilers are
equipped with electrostatic precipitators guaranteed for collec-
tion efficiencies as high as 99%. The sporadic discharge of
white flaky salt cake particles, or 'snowing', occurs most often
when normal changes in operating conditions cause or permit
puffs of paniculate discharge even from a precipilator of high
average efficiency. Electrode rapping done to dislodge material
from collecting electrodes, electrical sparking, and soot blow-
ing are examples of points in the operation where puffs of salt
cake particles can escape. Precipitators can be designed to
eliminate snowing. Lower gas velocity, sectionalizalion of
electric circuitry, and careful sequencing of electrode rapping
elements are among the design elements that must be con-
sidered.
16842
Walther, James E. and Herman R. Amberg
A POSITIVE AIR QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM AT A
NEW KRAFT MILL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(l):9-
18, Jan. 1970. 3 refs.
In the design of the Crown Simpson bleached kraft mill at
Fairhaven, California, the latest technological developments in
odor and dust control were used to design a system capable of
removing in excess of 90% of the malodorous sulfur emission
and more than 98% of the dust load. The odor control system
consists of high-efficiency black liquor oxidation, noncon-
densible gas burning, and stripping of 'foul' condensate fol-
lowed by burning of the off-gases. The dust control system on
the recovery furnace consists of a high-efficiency electrostatic
precipitator followed by wet scrubbers. The lime kiln gases are
scrubbed in a Venturi scrubber and the smelt dissolver stack is
equipped with demister pads. The gases from the lime kiln,
power boiler, recovery furnace, and black liquor oxidizer are
combined and discharged through a 310-ft. stack. A complete
emission inventory has been conducted and the volume, com-
position, and quantity of materials discharged are presented.
(Author's Abstract)
16876
Clement, J. L. and W. L. Sage
AMMONIA-BASE LIQUOR BURNING AND SULFUR DIOX-
IDE RECOVERY. Tappi, 52(8): 1449-1456, Aug. 1969. 23 refs.
The use of ammonia-base for sulfile pulping requires con-
sideration of waste liquor burning and sulfur dioxide com-
bustion product recovery. Burning tests in a pilot unit demon-
strate liquor can be burned at stable combustion conditions
without supplementary fuel where the solids content of the
liquor exceeds 50% and air temperature 550 F, and establish
parameters for the projected design of a commercial liquor
atomizer and water-cooled furnace to burn ammonium liquor.
Reported SO2 absorption experience provides information to
design a system for SO2 recovery at a temperature of about
100 F; more economical design at the flue gas dewpoint tem-
perature requires additional knowledge of the effect of tem-
perature on absorption system parameters. (Author's Abstract)
16899
Aho, William O.
THE JENSSEN EXHAUST SCRUBBER-AN EFFECTIVE AIR
PROTECTION SYSTEM. Tappi, 52(4):620-623, April 1969. 5
refs.
A system incorporating a bubble cap tray absorption column
was designed and installed to recover SO2 from two Jenssen
tower exhausts. With this system the exhaust gases are
scrubbed with a sodium hydroxide-sodium bisulfite solution,
and the resulting liquor is used in a neutral sulfite-
chemimechanical pulping process. Potential problems
stemming from SO3, and CO2 in the gases were evaluated.
Other types of scrubbers were examined. The design
procedure for the scrubber is reviewed and a description of
the recovery process is included. Both a source of air pollution
and economic loss were eliminated. (Author's Abstract)
17088
Semrau, K. T., C. W. Marynowski, K. E. Lunde, and C. E.
Lapple
INFLUENCE OF POWER INPUT ON EFFICIENCY OF DUST
SCRUBBERS. Ind. Eng. Chem., 50(11):16I5-1620, Nov. 1958.
21 refs.
The total power-input method of correlation as suggested by
Lapple and Kamack has been applied to the following three
types of pilot plant scrubbers: venturi, cyclonic spray, and
pipeline. The procedure is described and supporting data are
given. It is concluded that the venturi and cyclonic spray
scrubbers and the combination of the two give substantially
the same efficiency on a given aerosol when operated under
comparable conditions at the same total power input (ex-
pressed as theoretical power input per unit of gas flow rate).
The pipeline scrubber, using hot water, gives lower efficiency
on recovery furnace fume than the other units. It is believed
that this difference was due to condensation effects rather
than equipment characteristics. This interpretation is supported
by literature data. The venturi, cyclonic spray, and pipeline
-------
48
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
scrubbers gave comparable deficiencies on lime kiln dust and
fume when operated at the same power input, but the preci-
sion of the data was not sufficient to reveal possible small dif-
ferences in performance. Available literature data on efficien-
cy of scrubbers on recovery furnace fume showed good agree-
ment with data of this study.
17177
HIGH SCORE IN AIR/WATER QUALITY SET BY AMER-
ICAN CAN KRAFT MILL. Paper Trade J., 154(11):46:53,
March 16, 1970.
A 300 ton per day kraft pulp and tissue mill in Oregon is an
outstanding example of the use of advanced techniques for
controlling air and water pollution. Notable success has been
achieved in reducing kraft odor to a barely perceptible level,
and the mill is meeting Oregon's stringent air and water quality
standards. The mill is distinguished from other kraft mills by
the absence of a direct contact evaporator in the recovery
process. Instead, a three-stage, steam heated concentrator pat-
terned after the conventional six effect Swenson evaporator
raises black liquor solids to 62-65% for burning in the recovery
furnace. The effect is to eliminate one point where odor for-
mation occurs through contact of hot gases with the black
liquor. Another variation from conventional design is the use
of a dry bottom electrostatic precipitator. The unit, which
eliminates another point of odor formation, is rated at 99.5%
efficiency. Chemical and fiber losses throughout the mill are
minimized and there are safeguards from accidental spills.
Sumps are located on the effluents from the paper mill, pulp-
ing and bleaching recovery, lime kiln, and causticizing. The
conductivity on each sump is measured and, if the minimum
chemical content is exceeded, a pump automatically returns
the flow to process. To keep production at the proper levels,
and for air and water quality, control instrumentation at the
mill is centralized. The approximate cost of the mill's air and
water quality systems is $4 million.
17266
Freyshut, Sting
PROTECTION OF NATURE IN SWEDEN - SYSTEM AND
RESEARCH. (Sueden ni okeru shizen hogo - soshiki to ken-
kyu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 6(0:13-17, Jan. 1970.
Several new systems developed for Swedish pulp manufactur-
ing plants are detailed. There are some problems existing in
the process of stripping, bleaching, and dehydrating solids.
Moreover, the waste water from a pulp manufacturing plant
contains liquid used for the raw pulp boiling process, fibrous
materials, and bark from the bleaching process. The effect of
a new system for reducing the amount of waste liquid is illus-
trated by a multiplex elutriation installation which works for
both digestion and filtration. High purification efficiency is
decisive in producing pulp of high quality and in this respect a
new system of dispersion purification offers the following ad-
vantages: an ideal method of pure water supply, adequate time
for elutriation, and sufficiently high temperature of the water
used for elutriation This dispersion elutriation system is distin-
guished by a device that excludes outer air and foam genera-
tion to attain maximum purification efficiency. In this system,
nothing but pulp is disposed to air, there are no odor problems
and foaming trouble and, consequently, the initial filter water
is able to be recirculated, decreasing fresh water demand for
purification by perhaps 80%. This means a reversely propor-
tional decrease of waste water inflow to the settling tank. A
problem existing in a kraft plant which produced between 2
and 3 kg mercaptans and sulfuric compounds per one ton of
pulp was solved by application of vapor-stripping system in
which separated sulfuric compounds and hard-to-thicken gase-
ous refuse are incinerated; the sulfuric compounds are ox-
idized by controlling incineration conditions. A cooperative
system for industrial pollution involving industry and control
officials is briefly outlined.
17409
Walther, J. E. and H. R. Amberg
ODOR CONTROL IN THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY. Chem.
Eng. Progr., 66(3):73-80, March 1970. 12 refs.
As determined by year-long odor inventories at four West
Coast kraft mills, present technology will permit reduction of
total sulfur compounds by 90-94%. High efficiency oxidation
of black liquor should reduce sulfur emissions from the
recovery furnace to about 0.1 Ibs/AD ton of pulp. Emissions
as low as 0.01 Ibs/AD ton of pulp could be achieved by
eliminating direct contact of hot flue gas and black liquor in
accordance with two new systems. One system relies on con-
centrating the black liquor in multiple- effect evaporators to
the desired concentration for direct firing to the furnace. The
other systems use the hot flue gases from the recovery fur-
nace to heat air in a laminar flow heater. This heated air is
passed through a conventional cascade evaporator to raise the
solids content of the black liquor coming from the multiple-ef-
fect evaporators to the concentration desired for firing in the
furnace. Burning of noncondensable gases from digesters and
multiple-effect evaporators in the lime kiln, recovery furnace,
or incinerator is a positive method of completely eliminating
this source of odors. The lime kiln can be operated at daily
hydrogen sulfude emissions as low as 0.06 Ibs/ton of AD pulp.
Miscellaneous source odors are the washer hood vent gas, the
washer filtrate seal tank gas, and the knotter hood vent gas.
Although their concentration is relatively low, the volume of
reduced sulfur compounds is these streams can be substantial.
This area will require considerable research and development
work before a completely satisfactory solution is found.
17559
Nichlin, T. and E. Brunner
HOW STRETFORD PROCESS IS WORKING. Hydrocarbon
Process Petrol. Refiner, 40(12):141-146, Dec. 1961. 18 refs.
Results of plant-scale tests are reviewed for the Stretford
Process, a method for continuous purification of gas or liquid
mixtures containing hydrogen sulfide, which uses an aqueous
alkaline solution of sodium salts of anthraquinone disulfonic
acids. In the regeneration step, sulfur is precipitated, the plant
operation is described, and factors affecting the level of H2S
removal, operating costs, and side reactions are discussed.
Operating costs are estimated at 21 cents per Btu, most of
which is for labor and power; this cost can complete economi-
cally with other liquid or oxide purifiers, and does not take
into account credit from the sale of by-product sulfur.
Although intended originally for the removal of H2S from the
coal gas, the method appears to have application to purifica-
tion of refinery gases, effluent air streams as in the viscose
and transparent paper industries, gases rich in carbon dioxide,
of crude benzoles and petroleum products containing H2S. Im-
provement of the method by the use of sodium vanadate is
under development. This additive has the effect of speeding
the reaction and improving the weight of sulfur produced from
a given volume of washing medium.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
49
17656
Laberge, J. C.
SULFITE MAGNESIUM OXIDE SYSTEM-SULFUR DIOXIDE
ABSORPTION EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT. Tappi,
46(9):538-541, Sept. 1963. 2 ref (Presented at the Annual
Shibley Award Meeting of the Pacific Section, 25th, Everett,
Wash., March 19, 1963.)
The reduction of atmospheric sulfur dioxide losses in the ex-
haust gases from a magnesium-base pulp plant was described.
The sulfur dioxide losses were reduced by a factor of 20
without additional capital investment. The sulfur dioxide ab-
sorption system consisted of a pair of absorption trains
preceded by cooling towers. Each absorption train was
designed to absorb the sulfur dioxide from the flue gas of a
spent liquor recovery boiler. The towers were hand- packed
with 6 in. by 6 in. cross-partition rings. In addition to the flue
gases, certain other gas streams enter the absorption system.
By reapportionment of the other gas streams, an evaluation of
their effects upon the overall absorption efficiency was made.
The controlling source of excessive sulfur dioxide loss was
then traced to a makeup sulfur dioxide gas stream. The acid
recirculation system was then modified to absorb more effi-
ciently the sulfur dioxide from that makeup gas stream. No
harmful effects occurred upon the absorption system opera-
tion, acid quality, available induced draft, or the operation of
the recovery boiler. (Author abstract modified)
18029
Arhippainen, Bengt and Bo Jungerstam
OPERATING EXPERIENCE OF BLACK LIQUOR
EVAPORATION TO HIGH DRY SOLIDS CONTENT. Tappi,
52(6): 1095-1099, June 1969. 10 refs.
Operating practice in most modern Scandinavian kraft mills in-
cludes evaporation of the black liquor to 60-65% dry solids
content in multistage evaporators and direct firing of the
strong liquor. In most cases, the selection of this system in
preference to a direct- contact evaporator system can be
justified by economical consideration alone, with no regard to
air pollution. Operating experience with multistage evaporation
plants operating at high dry solids content is reported. The
heat transfer characteristics of black liquors are related to re-
ported physical properties, and the importance of increasing
boiling point rise with increasing dry solids content is pointed
out. The scaling properties of black liquors at high dry solids
content is related to their chemical properties. The importance
of maintaining a low temperature in the high dry solids effect,
a reasonable content of residual alkali, and low contents of
sodium sulfate, carbonate, and fiber in the black liquor, effi-
cient soap separation, and high white liquor clarity, in order to
limit scaling, is stressed. It is indicated that the optimum
product dry solids content may be higher than the 62-63%
presently achieved with natural circulation evaporators,
because of favorable secondary effects in the recovery boiler.
Some Scandinavian mills use forced circulation in the high dry
solids effect, whereby 65-67% dry solids content can be
reached. The use of forced circulation in the high dry solids
effect is not always justifiable in Scandinavia, but it is as-
sumed that forced circulation should be a first choice in many
areas with lower power costs. (Author's Abstract)
18037
Moody, Dennis M.
BLOWPIT GAS RECOVERY WITH A SINGLE BLOW
STACK SYSTEM. Tappi, 52(3):448-450, March 1969.
A single blow stack system for the recovery of blowpit vent
gases has been designed and installed, replacing multiple
wooden blow stacks. It consists of a stainless steel stack con-
nected to the six blowpits by a header system. The slack acts
as a scrubbing column, condensing steam and recovering sul-
fur dioxide from blowpit gases for reuse. The system is
designed to operate at high flow rates and low pressure drops.
Water is sprayed counter-currently to rising gases over spe-
cially designed stainless steel and wood packing. Water flow
control is based on gas temperature and pressure. The system
is 98% efficient in SO2 recovery and has resulted in both im-
proved SO2 and heat recovery. Exit gases average about 1400
ppm SO2. (Author's Abstract)
18140
Hawkins, Gerald
SCRUBBER LICKS TOUGH FUME PROBLEM. Plant Eng.,
23(13):70, June 26, 1969.
Air pollution control with scrubbers at Champion Papers is
discussed. To eliminate the low-volume, highly concentrated
sulfur-containing pollutants, two gas scrubbers were installed
in parallel on two 600-ton black liquor evaporators used in the
kraft pulping process. Non-condensable gases leave the sur-
face condensers, pass through a pre-cooler, through jets, and
into the gas scrubber. The scrubber's effectiveness is excellent
and can easily be evaluated by observing the exhaust vents for
plume evidence.
18240
Gessner, Adolf W., Theodore J. Kayhart, and Gordon L.
Dibble
APPARATUS. (Lummus Co., New York, N. Y.) U. S. Pal.
3,314,399. 3p., April 18, 1967. 4 refs. (Appl. Nov. 15, 1965, 11
claims.)
This invention relates to a pulping recovery furnace for high
sulfur reduction in which the nel radiation heal flow between
hearth and secondary combuslion zones is reduced. Two
modificalions of the conventional recovery furnace are
proposed. First, a refractory obstacle is placed above the
hearth zone Ihereby reducing Ihe nel radiation flow and caus-
ing additional heal lo be available for sulfur reduction.
Second, the boiler tubing normally surrounding the heanh
zone is removed. Heal normally losl al ihis poinl is Ihereby
relained and utilized in the endolhermic reduclion of sulfites,
ihiosulfales, and sulfaies. The passage of black liquor ihrough
ihe proposed furnace is described in detail.
18262
Hanway, John E., Jr., E. B. Henby, and G. R. Smilhson, Jr.
MAGNESIUM-BASE COOKING LIQUIR PREPARATION BY
ABSORPTION OF DILUTE SULFUR DIOXIDE IN
FLOODED-BED TOWERS. Tappi, 50(10):64A-69A, Ocl. 1967.
(Presented al the 20th Alkaline Pulping Conference, Tech. As-
soc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry. Richmond, Va., Sept. 13-
16, 1966.)
The experimental and commercial development of a flooded-
bed acid absorber used in connection with a newly developed
chemical recovery sysiem for treating magnesium-base sulfile
waste effluents is described. The chemical recovery system in-
volves the oxidation of the organic mailer in ihe wasle ef-
fluent in a fluidized-bed furnace and decomposition of the
magnesium-sulfur complexes into granular magnesia and gase-
ous sulfur dioxide. The granular magnesia is used to prepare a
magnesium hydroxide slurry for use as the absorbing medium
to recover the sulfur dioxide present in relatively low concen-
-------
50
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
trations (1.0 to 1.5 vol.%) in the exhaust gas and to produce a
magnesium-base sulfite cooking acid. The type of acid-absorb-
ing tower used is unique and its experimental development is
described. The extrapolation of these data to commercial use
in a 200-ton/day magnesium-base sulfite mill is covered. The
development provides a simple but very efficient method for
regenerating cooking acid from magnesium-base waste pulping
effluents. Its potential may well cause an increasingly ac-
celerated change within the next several years to magnesium-
base sulfite pulping. (Author abstract modified)
19071
Bunyard, F. L.
POLLUTION CONTROL FOR THE KRAFT PULPING IN-
DUSTRY: COST AND IMPACT. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Association, New Yoik City, 25p., 1970. S rels. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd,
St. Louis, Mo., 1970.)
The Clean Air Act, as amended, requires comprehensive stu-
dies of the economic impact of air quality standards on the na-
tion's industries and other contributing sources of pollution.
Such information is needed to estimate the cost of compliance
thai may be required to meet ambient air quality or emission
standards. An economic appraisal of the pulping industry's ef-
forts to meet these standards is presented. Expenditures by
the industry for control equipment for a recent year are given.
Types of equipment employed to control sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, and participates include scfubbers, packed
towers, precipitators, catalytic oxidation units, and power
boiler mechanical collectors. An analysis predicting control
costs for building new, modern mills and for upgrading exist-
ing mills to comply with Oregon's 1975, paniculate and total
reduced sulfur emission standards for the kraft recovery
process shows that the cost of this level of control will be
about $0.16 per ton in new mills and about $2.00 per ton for
existing mills. The thrust of the Oregon standards, as shown
by the impact analysis, will be directed toward controlling
emissions from the direct-contact evaporator and black liquor
combustion furnace system. The financial requirements for air
pollution control to comply with Oregon's emission standards
are reviewed in terms of profitability and capital investments.
For an individual 600 ton-per-day mill, investment for upgrad-
ing the facility would be approximately $2 million.
19216
Tomogama, T. and Masahiko Asai
O-K TYPE SCRUBBER FOR SODA RECOVERY BOILER.
(Soda kaishu boira yo O-K gata sukuraba ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kami-Pa Gikyoshi (Journal of the Japanese Techni-
cal Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), 24(7):366-368,
July 1, 1970.
The O-K type scrubber was developed for treating the exhaust
gas from the soda recovery boiler. The quantity of falling dust
can be reduced by collecting the larger dust in the. exhaust gas.
Therefore, a model plant of a cyclone scrubber was con-
structed which has a comparatively simple structure. Its per-
formance was examined for about 8 months. On the basis of
the data, a practical 0-K-I type scrubber was constructed, and
it attained the desired effect. Exhaust gas passes from the
electrical dust collector to the O-K-I type scrubber and dust is
removed by a cyclone effect after it is collected by water
drops. About half of the black liquor is water and steam in the
exhaust gas and contains a large quantity of latent heat. To
use the heat sufficiently, the gas temperature must be lower
than the dew point, about 70 degrees. However, due to a
technical problem, the temperature of the tail gas is usually
about 150 degrees. By using the scrubber, the temperature of
the tail gas is lowered to 60 degrees.
19218
Nakajima, Shinichi
ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND COUNTERMEASURE FOR
PUBLIC NUISANCE OF RECOVERY BOILER. (Kaishu boira
no jiko boshi narabini kogai taisaku ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kami-Pa Gikyoshi (Journal of the Japanese Techni-
cal Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), 24(7):351-355,
July 1, 1970. Locomotive Manufacturing Co. (Japan).
The kraft pulp recovery boiler has more difficulties than the
boiler using only heavy oil as fuel. Public nuisance is also one
of the pressing problems of the day. The slight accidents that
prevent continuous operation are due to corrosion of the su-
perheated tube or leaking of the smelt. Corrosion can be
avoided by using a suitable material for the wall of the tube
and by maintaining a uniform wall temperature. The serious
accidents accompanied by an explosion in the furnace occur
through a smelting-water explosion or an explosion of the sub
fuel. The former is avoided by preventing the black liquor
from becoming thin and by preventing cooling water from
flowing into the furnace. The latter is avoided by preventing
the fire from going out. The development of a dust collector
has solved the problems of smog, but offensive odor is still a
problem. The principal components of the offensive odor are
hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan. They are emitted by
the direct contact evaporator and the combustion room. There-
fore, facilities without a direct contact evaporator must be
established. There are two kinds of facilities without a direct
contact evaporator; one has been developed in the U.S.A. and
another in Scandinavia. The latter is considered to be more ef-
fective than the former. Even if the direct contact evaporator
is not used, offensive odor is generated when combustion of
black liquor is incomplete. The method developed by a cor-
poration in Sweden was adopted.
19257
Maeda, Isamu and Nobuo Ito
AN APPARATUS FOR THE CONTINUOUS RECOVERY OF
SULFUR OXIDES IN FLUE GAS. (Haigasu chuno iosankabut-
su renzoku kaishusochi). Text in Japanese. (Sumitomo
Machine Industries, Osaka (Japan)) Japanese Pat. Sho 45-2644.
2p., Jan. 29, 1970. (Appl. April 28, 1967, claims not given).
An improved conventional method of recovering sulfur oxides
from flue gas is presented which can be applied to flue gas
from boilers, smelting or metal-sintering processes, or pulp
manufacturing, Since the sulfur oxides concentration in flue
gas is extremely low and volume of flue-gas to be processed is
extremely high, the gas was previously passed through absor-
bents from which the sulfur oxides were recovered. The
process required rinsing with inert gas, H2, CO, water, or al-
kaline solutions. Consequently, generators and circulators for
those gases and liquids were necessary. In the present process,
however, the major part of the flue gas is cooled to the tem-
perature appropriate for adsorption and subsequently led to a
continuous adsorption apparatus, where the sulfur oxides are
adsorbed. The remainder of the gas by-passes the cooling
chamber. After the removal of the remaining oxygen, the gas
is led to a de-adsorption chamber and sulfur oxides are
recovered. The system requires no inert-gas generators or gas
heaters. Moreover, since a moving-layer adsorption system is
empolyed, less adsorbent is needed. Also, the concentration of
the recovered gas is more uniform than that covered by previ-
ous processes.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
51
19425
Bonsall, R. A.
CHART GIVES SOLUBILITY OF SO2 IN AMMONIUM
BISULFITE. Chem. Eng., 68(10):182,184, May 15, 1961.
A chart which gives the solubility of sulfur dioxide in ammoni-
um bisulfite is described. The chart was designed for the pulp
and paper industry, but is valuable for other applications. Data
on the solubility of SO2 in ammonium bisulfite solutions show
that the vapor pressure of SO2 is directly proportional to the
concentration of what can be described as the true free SO2;
the total S02 in solution minus that which can be combined
with the base as the bisulfite. Plotting SO2 vapor pressure
against true free S02 concentration, and then superimposing a
temperature curve on the graph, makes it possible to find any
given variable knowing the other two. The points above 25 C
were extrapolated by plotting the log of SO2 vapor pressure
against the reciprocal of absolute temperature at several values
of true free S02 concentration.
19733
Shibler, B. K. and M. W. Hovey
PROCESSES FOR RECOVERING SULFUR FROM SECON-
DARY SOURCE MATERIALS. Bureau of Mines Information
Circ., no. 8076, 1962, 62p. 561 refs.
A literature survey on processes for recovery of elemental sul-
fur and sulfur compounds from secondary source materials is
presented, and the more important processes from all non-
Frasch sources are described. The text consists of concise
descriptions of the general nature of the recovery processes
and definitions of major differences between processes
proposed for treating the same or similar materials. The
bibliography represents the available English language litera-
ture on the subject through 1958, with emphasis on the period
1950-1958. In addition to several articles and publications con-
taining general information on sulfur, the text and bibliography
on processing methods are arranged under the six principal
sources of secondary sulfur, as follows: volcanic sulfur, in-
cluding all elemental sulfur deposits not adaptable to the
Frasch mining process; hydrogen sulfide as found in sour
natural gases, petroleum refinery products, and coke-oven
gases; sulfur dioxide from the roasting and smelting of metal
sulfide ores and from power plant waste gases; pyrite and
pyrrhotite obtained by mining mineral deposits or produced as
by-products from the concentration of sulfide ore; gypsum and
anhydrite occurring as deposits of calcium sulfate; and indus-
trial wastes containing sulfates, sulfites, and sulfuric acid,
such as those produced in the steel, paper, and petroleum in-
dustries. (Author summary modified)
19916
Canovali, L. L. and S. Suda
CASE HISTORY OF SELECTION AND INSTALLATION OF
A KRAFT RECOVERY ODOR-REDUCTION SYSTEM. TAP-
PI, 53(8):I488-I493, Aug. 1970. II refs. (Presented at the Con-
ference of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper In-
dustry, Alkaline Pulping, Jacksonville, Fla., Oct. 14-17, 1969.)
The reasons behind the selection of certain pollution control
equipment for a kraft recovery odor-reduction system are
presented. The processes responsible for the various emissions
are discribed, and the principles of operation of the control
equipment and control processes are discussed. The pollutants
of concern are hydrogen sulfude, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl
sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide. The primary considerations in
designing the control system involved elimination of the direct-
contact evaporator and burning of unoxidized black liquor
directly in the kraft recovery furnace. A lime kiln and chemi-
cal recovery unit are provided to incinerate malodorous gase-
ous compounds from all mill sources, with an electrostatic
precipitalor to control particulates.
19930
Yemchuk, E. M.
OXIDATION OF BLACK LIQUOR AT THE GREAT LAKES
PAPER COMPANY LTD. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec),
7I(I4):45-50, July 17, 1970. 4 refs. (Presented at the Canadian
Pulp and Paper Association, Technical Section, Midwest
Branch, Thunder Bay, Ontario, 1969, Paper T299.)
Associated with any kraft mill industry is the odor of sulfide
gas emitted from the recovery stack. Economically, the emis-
sions represent a direct loss of the valuable sulfur element
used in the kraft pulp cooking process. Sulfide losses can be
reduced by oxidation of black liquor. The history of a black
liquor oxidation system now in operation is reviewed. The
system oxidizes black liquor by forcing air through towers
flooded with liquor. Foam is produced and then broken back
down into liquor. Various design difficulties encountered in
eliminating the foam are described. With the present two stage
system, oxidation efficiencies in excess of 90% are reached,
reducing the sodium sulfide concentrations from 12 g/1 to ap-
proximately one g/1.
20143
Semrau, Konrad T.
CORRELATION OF DUST SCRUBBER EFFICIENCY. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 10(3):200-207, June 1960. 27 refs.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association 52nd An-
nual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., June 22-26, 1959.)
In an effort to elaborate on a design theory for scrubbers and
to relate the basic mechanisms of particle deposition to mea-
sureable performance variables, an empirical method for cor-
relating scrubber efficiency as a function of the power dis-
sipated per unit of gas flow rate (contacting power) is applied
to literature data for a variety of aerosols and scrubbing equip-
ment. The theoretical relationships are developed in general,
and are then worked out for talc dust, copper sulfate aerosol,
ferrosilicon furnace fume, phosphoric acid mist, open hearth
furnace fumes, foundry cupola dust, odorous mist, black
liquor recovery fumance fume, and blast furnace dust and
fume. In all cases, the number of transfer units may be
represented by a simple exponential function of the contact
power. Efficiency has little relation to scrubber design and
geometry, but is dependent on the properties of 'he aerosol
and on the contacting power. The data specifically support
earlier observations that contacting power derived from
hydraulic spray nozzles is equivalent to that derived from gas
pressure drop.
20258
Brink, David L., Jerome F. Thomas, and Kay H. Jones
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. III. A RATIONALE FOR CON-
TROLLING ODORS. Tappi, 53(5):837-843, May 1970. 12 refs.
(Presented, in part, at the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting, New York, Feb. 1967.)
Studies of batch and steady-state pyrolysis in kraft black
liquor combustion are summarized and pertinent differences
are discussed in a series of experiments covering a tempera-
ture range from 400 to 1135 C. A many-fold increase in the
volume of uncondensed gases formed in the higher tempera-
ture ranges, and the composition of these gases, are presented
as evidence for the occurrence of extensive gasification of car-
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52
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
bonaceous residues by the steam-char reaction under steady-
state conditions. This reaction is significantly reduced under
batch conditions. In the lower temperature ranges, a high per-
centage of the sulfur present in the black liquor is converted
to an array of at least 57 different sulfur-containing
malodorous products. Under steady-state conditions, these
products are decomposed as temperature is increased with
only small amounts remaining above 1000 C. A summation of
the calorific values of the major steady- state pyrolysis
products isolated from black liquor solids shows the overall
system to be endothermic. The significance of the study with
respect to furnace operation and associated problems, espe-
cially odor emission and its abatement, are discussed, and a
conceptual basis for designing a pyrolysis-combustion system
employing multistage pyrolysis is suggested.
20286
Flynn, Charles S.
AIR PURIFYING APPARATUS AND METHOD. (Assignee
not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,497,308. 5p., Feb. 24, 1970. 4 refs.
(Appl. July 22, 1968, 6 claims).
A combustion apparatus and method for burning waste fluids,
particularly combustible vaporous and gaseous fluids from the
kraft pulping processes, are described. A particular burner and
manifold are employed in a stack. The burner permits hot
combustion gas to flow past the manifold jets through which
the combustible gases are ejected at a high velocity. The
burner combustion gases extend over a large area using a
refractory felt dissipator and combustion surface. The gases
are sucked out of the generating vessel zone and forcefully
discharged through the manifold jets adjacent to the burner at
a velocity far exceeding the flame propagation rate of any of
the combustibles, preventing flash-back into the kettle or other
vessel. The gases thus pass to the atmosphere in a purified
form. The details of the method, and the construction and ar-
rangement of the equipment, are discussed.
21051
Roberson, James E.
THE EFFECT OF ODOR CONTROL ON A KRAFT MILL
ENERGY BALANCE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
20(6):373-376, June 1970. 3 refs.
Thirteen different recovery unit odor control cases are
analyzed to determine the variation in energy costs for a kraft
mill. Incineration or scrubbing is often used to reduce odors,
except for the recovery unit which is the greatest offender.
Oxidation or removal of the direct contact evaporator appears
to be the most reasonable method of reducing the odorous
emissions of hydrogen sulfide. New recovery systems, which
eliminate the direct contact of flue gas and black liquor, have
several variables that affect energy costs: steam coil air
heaters, recirculating air heaters, regenerative air heaters, 55%
to 60% solid evaporators, and large economizers. These varia-
tions are calculated and presented as energy balances, indicat-
ing that engery costs for various odor control systems are of
sufficient value to be considered during evaluations. The
newer recovery systems have the lowest expected fuel cost as
well as significant chemical cost savings. Capital costs, fuel
costs, and acceptable emmission levels should all be con-
sidered before arriving at a total odor control system evalua-
tion.
21369
Ahlgren, Per, Sven Lemon, and Ants Teder
PREPARATION OF SODIUM POLYSULFIDES BY SOLID
AND MOLTEN STATE REACTIONS. Acta Chem. Scand.,
21(4): 1119-1120, 1967. 7 refs,
Polysulfides were obtained from the sodium-sulfur compounds
(Na2SO4, Na2S, and N12S203) available in the recovery
system of a kraft pulp mill by thermal decomposition of
thiosulfate, partial oxidation of sulfide, and by partial reduc-
tion of sulfate. The reactions were performed at elevated tem-
peratures in the absence of water, at atmospheric pressure,
and at restricted air contact. To prevent their partial decom-
position to sulfate and sulfide, the polysulfides were cooled
before dissolution in water. Thiosulfate decomposed to
polysulfate and sulfate when heated to above 450 C in a pyrex
vessel. On heating at 550 C for 15 min, the yields of sulfide
and poly sulfide excess sulfur were 11.3% and 47.2%, respec-
tively. Partial reduction of sulfate and partial oxidation of sul-
fide at 900 C in the presence of carbonaceous material yielded
polysulfide and carbonate. Both reactions were carried out in
zirconium dioxide or carbon crucibles. The yields obtained at
900 C for both reactions are tabulated.
21407
Kato, Yujiro
PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON FILTER TYPE
DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM AT VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
(VU). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS IN VARIOUS INDUS-
TRIES. (Gyoshubetsu ni mini rokashiki shujin sochi no
keikaku to unten jisshirei (VII). Kakushu kogyo ni okeru
baggu firuta). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(12):803-808, Dec. 15, 1968.
Factors contributing to the efficiency of bag filters are sum-
marized and additional instances of their industrial applications
are presented. An example of a baghouse employed by the
food industry controls emissions from pneumatic conveyors
for cornstarch. The operation of a typical unit is described.
Bag filters are also utilzied to reduce the aerosols produced by
fermentation processes. In the paper industry, there are a few
processes in which powdered materials are handled, e.g., cast-
ing terra alba and talc in a dissolving bath. A baghouse for
controlling emissions from such a process is described. In the
medical supplies industry and in the cosmetics industry, bag
filters are used for various processes. Cited as an example is
the baghouse equipped for collecting emissions from the last
stage of cosmetics production. Other industries mentioned are
cable and the coke manufacturing. A baghouse equipped for
controlling emissions from the steam-healing exhaust is also
noted. In conclusion, the function of bag filters depends on
three factors: filtering efficiency, the lifetime of the filter
fabric, and filter resistance. Filters function most effectively
when these three factors are harmonized and when appropriate
cleaning methods are employed.
21960
Spalding, C. W. and S. T. Han
ABSORPTION WITH CHEMICAL REACTION FROM A
DILUTE GAS IN PACKED TOWERS. TAPPI, 45(3): 192-199.
March 1962. 28 refs. (Presented at the Engineering Conference
of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
16th, Washington, D. C., Oct. 16-19, 1961.
The absorption of a dilute component of a gaseous mixture by
chemical reaction in a liquid is reviewed on the basis of both
the film and the penetration theories. The design procedure
and operating characteristics of packed towers are discussed in
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
S3
the light of the theories and illustrated with the sulfur dioxide-
water and sulfur dioxide-sodium hydroxide-water systems. The
fundamentals of interphase mass transfer are reviewed. Con-
cern over air pollution and chemical costs has led the pulping
industry to consider the removal of many compounds from ex-
haust gases. (Author abstract modified)
21965
Rickles, Robert N.
WASTE RECOVERY AND POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
Chem. Eng., vol. 72:133-152, Sept. 27, 1965. 112 refs.
Various methods presently available for the treatment of liquid
and gaseous effluents were discussed. Methods and processes
that have been used or proposed for the recovery of valuable
products were stated as follows: biological oxidation, biologi-
cal reduction, and chemical oxidation; sedimentation tanks,
thickness, flocculation tanks, cyclones, centrifuges, screens,
filters, and membrane sieves; foaming and flotation; adsorp-
tion; ion exchange; membrane processes solvent extraction;
and evaporation and crystallization. The extent of participation
of the various segments of the chemical processing industry in
the abatement/by- product recovery program was illustrated by
specific examples from the petrochemical industry, coal and
coke industry, phosphate fertilizers, petroleum industry, and
pulp and paper industry. The extent of government involve-
ment, both federal and state, was brought out by listings of
federal R&D agencies, slate programs of air and water pollu-
tion control, state assistance provided for waste treatment
facilities, and key provisions of proposed legislation in the
area of tax relief to companies buying control or abatement
equipment. The prediction was made that when public and
governmental pressure becomes great enough, industry will
find a way to make a profit out of waste control.
21983
Parkison, Robert V.
THE ABSORPTION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM GASES
OF LOW CONCENTRATION. TAPPI, 39(7):522-527, July
1956. 13 refs.
Absorption experiments are reported on three systems: (1) ox-
ygen-water; (2) high-concentration (5 to 16%) sulfur dioxide-
water; and (3) low-concentration (0.5 to 1.5%) sulfur dioxide-
water. The low concentration range is encountered in the flue
gases from recovery furnaces burning spent pulping liquor.
The absorbing medium was water in packed towers. The
results are expressed in terms of over-all coefficients, which
would be an adequate design criterion. The low-concentration
and the high-concentration coefficients should be in agreement
at high gas rates, with the low-concentration coefficients
showing a stronger function of gas rale and being significantly
lower at low gas rates. The desorption coefficient for the ox-
ygen-water system is not a function of gas rate. The results
are discussed in terms of existing absorption theories.
22061
Akamatsu, K.
OZONE OXIDATION OF DIMETHYL SULFIDE AND
DEODORIZING OF KP BLOW-GAS. (Jimechiru sarufaido no
ozonsanka to KP burogasu no mushuka ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kami-pa Gikyoshi (J. Japan. Tech. Assoc. Pulp
Paper Ind.). 22(4):200-204, April, 1968. 7 refs.
The main cause of obnoxious odor from kraft pulping (KP) is
in the sulfur compounds that arise in the process. Sulfur com-
pounds in reduced form are odoriferous whereas those in ox-
idized form are either odorless or just irritants. Tables are
presented on the amount of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) that can
be retrieved from KP black liquor at various temperatures and
with different amounts of Na2S added. Different quantities of
organosulfur compounds released in KP of different types of
trees are listed for various pulping conditions. In general, the
broad-leaved trees yield more odorant substances than do the
coniferous trees. The data were obtained by a process similar
to the theoretical method, and the quantity of organosulfur
compounds from real KP process is probably much smaller.
The gaseous sulfur loss balance sheet for two factories in the
South (U. S.) show that most of the sulfur released is in the
H2S emitted from the recovery furnace, followed by sulfur
dioxide gas and DMS. A brief description of a process for
deodorizing DMS by ozone oxidation is given. However, un-
less inexpensive methods are found for the production of
ozone, the method is still far from application.
22357
Fernandes, J. H.
ELIMINATION OF ODORS AND DUSTS CREATED BY THE
COMMUNITY AND BY INDUSTRY. (L'eliminazione degli
odori e delle polveri provocate da comunita e industrie). Text
in Italian. Inquinamento, 12(3):27-35, 1970.
The various processes are reviewed by which odors and dust
particles in the atmosphere can be reduced or eliminated.
Reference is made to an extensive series of studies by the Air
Preheater Company, which has developed an odor-eliminating
device known as Cor-Pak, which eliminates disagreeable
vapors by burning them in a flame. Odors can also be reduced
by wet processes and by oxidation with a catalyst. Special at-
tention is given to the elimination of odors from a paper mill
and from incinerators where solid waste is burned. Included in
the discussion of dust removal is a discussion of cyclones,
scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and the various types of
filters. Cyclones are effective with dust particles of 20 micron
or larger. Electrostatic precipitators require a voltage of
50,000-100,000 V. On the other hand, the pressure drop is only
about 2.5 12 cm H2O, and the dust collecting efficiency is
better than 99%. Particles of less than 1 micron are captured
just about as readily as those 100 micron in size. Although bag
filters are highly efficient (99.9% dust removal), the cost of in-
stallation and of replacing the bags is a serious drawback to
their extensive use.
22400
Vedernikov, V. G. and V. F. Maksimov
SOME PROBLEMS IN THE DEODORIZATION OF GAS
DISCHARGES IN THE SULFATE-CELLULOSE INDUSTRY.
(Nekotorye voprosy dezodoratsii gazovykh vybrosov sul'fat-
no-tsellyuloznogo proizvodstva). Tr. Tsellyul. Bum. Prom., vol.
13:148-154, 1964. 10 refs. Translated from Russian. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services,
13p., Nov. II, 1969.
The use of uncondensed exhaust gases as a deodorizing agent
in the sulfate-cellulose industry is discussed. Mercaptun and
hydrogen sulfide trapping methods are described. A sulfanc
production system which employs condensation, scrubbing,
absorption, and a methanol bath is considered. Experiments
with black liquor oxidation are conducted in an attempt to
solve deodorizing problems. The industrial method of obtain-
ing dimethylsulfoxide from the toxic sulfur-containing
discharge dimelhylsulfide is discussed. Gases uncondensed by
water discharged by the digestion works must be combined
and directed into an absorption chamber. On evaporation of
black alkalies, H2S and methyl mercaptan are isolated as a
consequence of the hydrolysis of sodium sulfide and sodium
-------
54
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
mercaptide contained in the black alkali. Deodorization in the
soda section with an electrofilter and a scrubber is feasible,
but requires corrosion resistant conduit.
22522
NOW...RECOVERY BOILERS CONTROL ODOURS. Mod.
Power Eng., 64(7): 50-53, July 1970.
A recovery boiler which controls the odors emitted by a kraft
pulping plant is described. The new type of unit features a
design eliminating any contact between odor bearing black
liquor and cool stack gases, preventing the escape of odors to
the atmosphere and minimizing the odor problems associated
with conventional black liquor chemical and heal recovery
boilers. The new boiler design uses multiple-effect evaporators
to concentrate the liquor to 65% solids, suitable for direct fir-
ing in the boiler. Heat recovered by the direct-contact
evaporator in conventional designs is recovered by an enlarged
economizer section. The new units use a wall spraying
technique of liquor firing to provide stable furnace combustion
over a wide range of liquor concentrations. Liquor drying is
achieved by secondary air. Air admitted to the hearth burns
liquor char, reduces sulfates to sulfides, and smelts chemicals
for recovery. Gases discharged from the unit can be controlled
to less than 1 ppm hydrogen sulfide. Elimination of the direct-
contact evaporator causes changes in the electrostatic
precipitalor design. The precipitator must have an increased
efficiency to maintain the weight of sodium sulfate fume
passing up the stack at the same level that could be achieved
with conventional designs. The units will discharge more sulfur
dioxide to the atmosphere, but it is expected to be below 500
ppm.
22655
Romantschuk, H. and T. Vuojolainen
RECOVER CHEMICALS FROM SODIUM-BASE SULFITE
PULPING. Chem. Eng., 77(20): 138-140, Sept. 21, 1970.
A commercially proven process to remove sodium and sulfur
from sodium-base sulfite pulping operations is described. The
process i analogous to closed chemical circulation cycles
found in kraft pulp mills, with a number of exceptions. The
recovered products are in the form of hydrogen sulfide (and
later sulfur dioxide) and sodium carbonate. The process ac-
cepts all spent liquors, regardless of their proportions. Opera-
tions and control of the process are simple. Capital costs of
the system are comparable with other plants, and operating
costs are low compared with the value of the recovered
products. The plant recovers 20 tons/day of SO2 and 22
tons/day of pure sodium carbonate.
22809
Shibler, B. K. and M. W. Hovey
PROCESSES FOR RECOVERING SULFUR FROM SECON-
DARY SOURCE MATERIALS. Bureau of Mines Information
Circ., no. 8076, 62p., 1962. 561 refs.
A bibliography of articles relating to sulfur recovery methods
is presented. In addition to general information on sulfur, the
material on processing methods is arranged under the six prin-
cipal sources of secondary sulfur, as follows: volcanic sulfur,
including all elemental sulfur deposits not adaptable to the
Frasch mining process; hydrogen sulfide as found in sour
natural gases, petroleum refinery products, and coke-oven
gases; sulfur dioxide from the roasting and smelting of metal
sulfide ores and from power plant waste gases; pyrile and
pyrrhotite obtained by mining mineral deposits or produced as
by-products from the concentration of sulfide ore; gypsum and
anhydrite occurring as deposits of calcium sulfate; and indus-
trial wastes containing sulfates, sulfites, and sulfuric acid,
such as those produced in the steel, paper, and petroleum in-
dustries. Hydrogen sulfide can be utilized for acid making and
for conversion to elemental sulfur. Recovery processes for sul-
fur dioxide include the manganese dioxide and the ammonium
sulfate methods. Sulfur from petroleum refining acid wastes
can be obtained by regeneration, compounding, or coking
processes. (Author summary modified)
23117
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
KRAFT PULP MILL ODORS AND THEIR COUNTERMEA-
SURES. PART II. (Kurafuto parupukojo no akushu to sono
taisaku. sono ni). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (J. of
Odor Control), l(2):35-42, June 20, 1970. 14 refs.
The odors from kraft pulp mills originate in the cooking,
evaporation, and recovery processes which are all more or less
related to the use of chemical solvents and agents. Odors
produced through chip cooking depend on the types of woods,
cooking temperature and time, and on the concentrations of
sulfur compounds. The control of steam containing gas emis-
sion from the digester and the blow tank is the first effective
countermeasure. In a batch type unit, odor emission can be
reduced when steam thus lowering the blow gas and the waste
gas temperatures down to exchanger thus lowering the blow
gas and the waste gas temperatures down too below 60 C.
Another feasible means of removing odor in a cooking process
is the chlorine water contact and combustion method where
the waste gas temperature is lowered to about 50 C by wash-
ing then preheated to between 80 C and 90 C for drying and
finally burnt at 700 C for 0.8 second in a heavy oil burner. Ox-
idization of kraft black liquor is recommended for the removal
of odor in the evaporation process. Kraft black liquor col-
lected in solvent recovery boilers can be changed by pyrolysis
into sulfur compounds most of which are combustible. It is
noted that these odor removal techniques have to be applied
very carefully in terms of boiler operation less excessive loads
in a recovery boiler shoul result in the increase in H2S genera-
tion.
23538
Nolan, William J.
PREPULPING CHIP EXTRACTION TO REDUCE AIR POL-
LUTION. FINAL REPORT AND RECOMMENDED FUTURE
RESEARCH. Florida Univ., Gainesville, Engineering and In-
dustrial Experiment Station, PHS Grants AP 00612-01 and AP
00612-02, 18p., Jan. 17, 1970.
Results are summarized and future work recommended from a
study to determine whether rosin removal from chips before
kraft pulping would permit efficient oxidation of dilute black
liquors, and to explore the pulping of rosin-extracted chips by
the neutral sulfite process. Prepulping rosin extraction had no
benefits in black liquor oxidation. The following conclusions
were drawn from this and other phases of the investigation. (1)
Pulping of the southern pines with sodium sulfite solutions in-
stead of conventional kraft solutions of sodium hydroxide and
sulfide will prevent the formatio of mercaptan, hydrogen sul-
fide, dimethyl sulfide, and disulfide, thus eliminating the air
pollution problem characteristic of kraft pulping. (2) Sodium
sulfite pulping (pH range 8.5-7.8) will produce pulps with im-
proved yield in the range of 62-68%, with strong burst, tensile,
and tear characteristics. (3) Small additions of sodium car-
bonate to the sodium sulfite liquors may benefit pulp strength.
(4) Two-stage pulping with fibration between stages will im-
prove pulp quality with probable lower equipment costs. (5)
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B. CONTROL METHODS
55
Three-stage screw press washers will reduce stream pollution
to less than a fourth of that caused by conventional 3-stage
vacuum washers. (6) Conventional kraft recovery equipment
can be used to recover sodium sulfite waste liquors, replacing
the recausticizing unit used in kraft recovery by three gas ab-
sorption towers. (Author summary modified)
23611
Fukui, Saburo, Masao Ono, Tooru Yoshii, Hiroshi Matsuura,
and Hitoshi Sotobayashi
CHEMICAL RECOVERY PROCESS FOR HIGH SULFIDITY
SPENT COOKING LIQUOR. (Koryukado jokaiyakuhin
kaishuho). Text in Japanese. Kami-pa Gikyoshi (J. Japan.
Tech. Assoc. Pulp Paper Ind.), 24(10):S15-522, Oct. 1970. 7
refs.
A new chemical recovery process for highly sulfurized spent
liquor was developed for paper manufacturing whereby highly
sulfurized smelt can be obtained by absorbing the sulfur diox-
ide in flue gas in a solution of sodium carbonate separated
from smelt solution, and by burning the resulting sodium
sulfite solution together with the spent liquor. The degree of
sulfurization of smelt can be easily controlled by suitably ad-
justing the amount of sodium carbonate recycled to the
recovery system and the amount of sulfur dioxide gas ab-
sorbed in the sodium carbonate solution. This new process
enables cross recovery with sulfite recovery processes such as
SP and SCP with a single recovery facility; since the spent
liquor of both pulps can be recovered easily, the process is
technically and economically advantageous. The recovery
process can be divided into spent liquor mixing-concentrating,
spent liquor burning, crystallization, sulfur dioxide oxidation,
and caustization, each of which is explained in detail by means
of graphs and tables.
23725
While, Harry J. and Walter A. Baxter, Jr.
A SUPERIOR COLLECTING PLATE FOR ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS. Preprint, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York, 7p., 1959. 2 refs. (Presented at the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Annual Meeting,
Atlantic City, N. J., Nov. 29-Dec. 4, 1959, Paper 59-A-279.)
The basic importance of collecting-electrode design to over-all
precipitator performance is analyzed, and a scientific program
leading to the development of greatly improved collecting
plates broadly applicable to a wide range of practical applica-
tions is described. A newly-designed solid collecting plate with
triangular baffles was evaluated for fundamental and practical
performance criteria, including electrical characteristics,
aerodynamic properties, precipitation rate, rapping require-
ments, weight, and cost. The solid plate was superior in every
measured characteristic to an expanded-metal plate tested
under the same conditions. The new plate has been success-
fully applied to fly ash cement, powered catalyst, gypsum and
alumina dust, paper-mill, oxygen converter, and open-hearth
fume, and other recovery problems (Author abstract modified)
23901
Morgan, John P.
ODOR CONTROL IN KRAFT PULP MILLS. Chem 26,
6(9):30-34, Sept. 1970.
Bivalent sulfur compounds in various gaseous effluents are the
main source of odor from Kraft pulp mills. Systems for reduc-
ing odors from digester and multiple evaporator areas, from
black liquor oxidation, and from contaminated condensate are
detailed. The system for the non-condensables from the
digester and evaporator areas is based on a special burning
system operated on the simple principle of an inverted
chamber inside a contaminant tank partially filled with water
to provide a gas seal. Gases from the evaporators are scrubbed
with a recycled caustic. A strong black liquor oxidation system
prevents hydrogen sulfide stripping and reduces lime reburning
requirements. Treatment of the contaminated condensate is ef-
fectly handled by air stripping alone or in combination with
thermal oxidation processes.
24079
Gommi, J. V.
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ACE SYSTEM FOR KRAFT
ODOR REDUCTION. Paper Trade J., 154(27):44-46, July 6,
1970. 8 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers National Meeting, 67th, Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 15-18,
1970.)
The air contact evaporator (ACE) system eliminates the kraft
recovery furnace contribution to total reduced sulfur emission
by eliminating gas contact with black, liquor. In this system,
hot gases leaving the economizer are cooled in a regenerative'
Ljungstrom-type heat exchanger whose heat absorbing surface
is composed of closely-spaced elements. The heat is given up
by the rotation of the surface into the incoming air stream.
The resulting air is sufficiently hot to be used in a cascade
evaporator to concentrate black liquor to 68% dry solids. It is
then routed to the furnace for use as combustion air. With the
system, there is no carbon dioxide present to contact the black
liquor. In addition, no volatiles or products of hydrolysis can
escape to the stack; whatever small amounts might theoreti-
cally be present are swept into the furnace and oxidized to
SO2. Pilot development of the system and the first commer-
cially installed unit are discussed. The latter gives lower levels
of odorous reduced sulfur with unozidized liquor than required
by any existing state code.
24478
MacDonald, G. L. Wayne
BCFP MONITOR CUTS RECOVERY BOILER STACK
LOSSES 50%. Pulp Paper, vol. 46:39-41, April 25, 1966. 2 refs.
Removal of fume from the recovery stack gases of the kraft
pulp industry can be very profitable in that the chemicals
recovered, mostly sodium compounds, are a direct saving of
makeup chemicals. To determine the chemical losses with
recovery flue gases which have passed through electrostatic
precipitators or other dust removal.devices, a new instrument
that measures the conductivity of a water solution of absorbed
fume is described. The basis for this instrument is a mixing of
a constant flow of fume containing flue gas with a constant
flow of water and measuring the variation in conductivity of
the resulting solution. Since sodium compounds constitute the
bulk of the dust, the conductivity should vary with the sodium
ion concentration. To provide a non plugging sample line
through which the flue gas is drawn, a twin tubed sample
probe is utilized. The second tube provides a water supply to a
point before the bends of the first tube and thus washes away
the dust buildup. A cooler had to be put in the overflow line
before the conductivity cell to ensure a constant temperature.
Sodium losses are simply the flue gas flow times its concentra-
tion.
-------
56
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
24750
Rogers, Charles Ellis, Robert Ewing Matty, and Edward Lynn
Ralston
INSTALLATION FOR THE ABSORPTION OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE. (Einrichtung zur Absorption von Schwefeldioxyd).
Text in German. (Babcock and Wilcox Co., New York) West
Ger. Pat. 1,241,250. 9p., March 24, 1967. (Appl. June 30, 1959,
1 claim).
Equipment for the absorption of sulfur dioxide from com-
bustion gases of Magnesium containing waste water from cel-
lulose plants, especially from the bisulfite process, is
described. It is designed to eliminate the drawback of the cur-
rently used method where S02 saturation of the absorption
liquid limits the absorption capacity by precipitating MgSO3
from the solution and thus terminates the absorption of SO2
by MgS03 in the solution which yields magnesium bisulfite.
The installation absorbs SO2 in an aqueous suspension of
MgO with a pH of 4-7 by means of two consecutively con-
nected venturi scrubbers with the suspension entering through
spray nozzles. This arrangement operates with much higher
levels of dissolved MgSO3 in the absorption liquid than the
conventional method thereby minimizing the danger of
precipitation. The cause for this increased solubility under
conditions of this arrangement is thought to be the constant
agitation of the liquid from the moment of monosulfite forma-
tion up to the moment of contact with the SO2 containing gas.
At a liquid temperature of 49 C, a monosulfite concentration
of 0.9% can be reached, expressed as SO2, at which concen-
tration a 72% absorption of SO2 from the gas can be achieved.
The absorbent liquid consisting of Mg(HSO3)2 and MgSO3 is
sprayed into the scrubbers parallel with the gas flow. The
liquid is separated from the gas by centrifugal force in a
separator. The washing liquid leaving the installation is
returned to (he cellulose manufacture.
25047
Walker, A. B. and R. F. Brown
STATISTICS ON UTILIZATION, PERFORMANCE AND
ECONOMICS OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS FOR
CONTROL OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION. Preprint,
International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations,
28p.. 1970. 8 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air
Congress 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-
22C.)
Selection of an optimum control strategy requires accurate
cost-benefit information specific to individual sources. As part
of an overall system study on paniculate emission control with
electrostatic precipitators, and exhaustive compilation of per-
formance and economic data on precipitators for specific ap-
plications is presented. Eight application areas are covered, in-
cluding: electric utility industry; pulp and paper industry; iron
and steel industry, rock products industry; chemical process
industry; mining and metallurgical industry; petroleum indus-
try; and miscellaneous. Performance, capital cost, operating
cost, annualized cost according to age of installation, and cost
factors as related to process output are presented. Information
presented should prove useful to those examining alternative
strategies for control of paniculate emissions using either
simulation model or maximum use of state-of-the-art ap-
proaches. (Author abstract modified)
25085
Lindbcrg, Erik Axel Sigvard
METHOD OF GETTING RID OF MALODOROUS AIR AND
WATER POLLUTANTS FROM ALKALINE PULP COOKING.
(Uddeholms A B, Uddeholm (Sweden) U. S. Pat. 3,520,772.
3p., July 14, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl. April 25, 1966, 1 claim).
In an alkaline pulping process, especially the manufacture of
so-called 'sulfate pulp,' the noxious and malodorous gases and
vapors leaving the digesters in the cooking of the wood chips,
without passing through a condenser, are brought, together
with steam from the digesters directly to a furnace, where the
gases are burned or rendered innocuous by thermal decom-
position. In the process described, the pollutant gases leave
the digester together with steam and are passed directly to a
furnace without passing through a condenser. The furnace
where the combustion takes place is preferably associated with
a conventional boiler, such as a soda recovery boiler, or a
continuous lime kiln. The gases flow from the digester to the
furnace without condensation of noxious constituents which
when condensed would only be a different kind of nuisance;
but they may pass through a superheater in order to prevent
such condensation during such passage. Thus, not only is the
atmosphere in the vicinity of the pulp mill protected from pol-
lution by the discharge of noxious gases, but the streams and
lakes and low places which might be used as settling ponds are
also protected against pollution. The waste gases consisting of
the pollutants mixed with steam from the cooking process and
oxygen for the burning are proportioned so that the oxygen
concentration is below that of an explosive mixture, so that
the combustion is safe. The heat content of the gases can be
recovered by use of a flue gas scrubber. Previous methods in-
volve cooling the gases in a condenser, or destroying the non-
condensible gases b combustion. The effluents of these opera-
tions either leave the plant in the form of water pollution, or
require further expensive processing to be eliminated. The
method described avoids these unnecessary problems. (Author
abstract modified)
25171
PULPERS PROBE ANTI-POLLUTION MEASURES. Can.
Chem. Process., 54(6):63-64, 66-68, June 1970.
Several chemical recovery systems are being examined by
Canadian sulfite and kraft pulpers as possible low-cost routes
to pollution-free mills. The systems include the use of am-
monia as a pulping chemical with re-absorption of sulfur diox-
ide in fresh ammonia solution for re-use as cooking liquor, a
rotary kiln process for producing salt cake for kraft pulping or
sodium carbonate for a sulfite mill, an ion exchange process
for extracting chemicals from waste liquor, a method of mak-
ing up sulfite or bisulfite liquor with an organic carbonyl com-
pound to produce a sulfonic salt capable of exchanging with
an alkali metal salt of an inorganic acid, and chlorine-dioxide
generation with, effluent evaporation and sodium sulfate
crystallization. Also unde investigation are monopolar cells
with titanium anodes for monitoring mercury pollution and the
effects of gamma irradiation on gas emissions from kraft pulp-
ing and on waste liquor from sulfite mills. Summing up, there
is new technology waiting to be proven more economical than
previous techniques. The main question is whether the pulpers
and public authorities can mutually establis a feasible timeta-
ble for control measures.
25190
Hendrickson, E. R., W. Gene Tucker, and J. S. Roberson
ADVANCES IN AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN THE
WOOD PULPING INDUSTRY. Preprint, International Union
of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 17p., 1970. 2 refs.
(Presented at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington. D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-16D.)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
57
To comply with the direction of Congress in the Air Quality
Act of 1967, the National Air Pollution Control Administration
contracted for a systems analysis study to make a comprehen-
sive and systematic evaluation of the technical and economic
problems involved in the control of airborne emissions from
the wood pulping industry. One of the major objectives of the
study was to determine the technological gaps that needed to
be filled by accelerated research and development in order to
attain reasonable air quality in the vicinity of these operations.
Inlcuded in the scope of the work were major variations of the
kraft, sulfite, and semichemical pulping processes; the nature
and sources of emissions from each process; a review of con-
trol hardware capabilities, efficienncies, and costs; a review of
source and ambient air sampling and analysis techniques; and
an evaluation of the overall economic impacts of air quality
improvement in the industry. Major gaps in technology have
been identified; needed areas of research of highest priority
are as follows: develop and standardize methods and instru-
ments for monitoring emissions and ambient air; assess the ef-
fect of operating variables on emissions from the kraft pulping
and recovery systems; develop and standardize organoleptic
techniques for determinations of process emissions and
evaluation of ambient air quality; investigate new pulping
methods which eliminate the use of sulfur; define the
mechanisms, with emphasis on transport processes and emis-
sion interactions, which will relate emission limitations to am-
bient air objectives; evaluate emissions from sources in sulfite
and neutral sulfite semichemical mills and determine operating
variables which affect emissions; investigate adsorption and
absorption of odorous gases and reuse of the collected materi-
al in process; and determine whether total recoverable sulfur
is an effective measure of the acceptability of odorous emis-
sions from kraft mills or must the compounds be identified
more definitively. (Author abstract)
25211
Adams, F. A., S. F. Galeano, R. J. Gilmer, and R. B. Valley
ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN NEUTRAL
SULFITE SEMI-CHEMICAL MILLS. Preprint, International
Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 31p., 1970. 16
refs. (Presented at the Internationa Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-16C.)
Approximately 80% of the pulp production in the U. S. A.
originates from processes using chemicals; 75% of the total
uses sulfur compounds as one of the active cooking in-
gredients. Sulfite semi-chemical processes are gaining in popu-
larity since the last decade. The permanence of sulfur as a
cooking agent is discussed in light of recent pulping capital in-
vestments, availability of the chemical sulfur, and success in
reducing sulfur compound emissions. Different process modifi-
cations introduced at two company mills, at Big Island, Vir-
ginia, and Tomahawk, Wisconsin, where pulping of hardwoods
is performed at rates of 550 and 630 tons per day, respective-
ly, are discussed. These two mills were the first ones of their
kind to practice chemical recovery, with subsequent improve-
ment of the water pollution problems in the receiving streams.
The reduction of gaseous sulfur emissions followed a precon-
ceived plan generally outlined in 1967. The cascade evaporator
was eliminated in 1968, as a concentrator of spent liquors in
the Tomahawk operation. This practice, now gaining populari-
ty in the U. S. A., was originated in Northern Europe several
years ago. The methodology and concepts used to minimize
total reduced sulfur, total sulfur oxide emissions, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides emissions from the recovery
furnace of the Tomahawk operation are explained. Ther-
modynamics of the combustion process and proper turbulence
were instrumental to achieve reduction of sulfur compound
emissions from this unit. The reduction obtained in this
fashion represents around 10 pounds of sulfur per ton of pulp
produced. Another major improvement in the conventional
chemical recovery system has been implemented already in the
Big Island mill. Conventional hydrogen sulfide emissions from
the sulfiting tower, on the order of 8 to 10 pounds as sulfur
per ton of pulp, have been completely eliminated by a process
modification technique. A similar approach will permit the use
of the recovered sulfur from power boiler flue gas emissions
rich in sulfur dioxide. This is a frequent case in mills which
depend on high sulfur coal for the generation of steam and
electricity. Other improvements in the recovery system are in-
dicated which help limit sulfur gaseous emissions to levels of
present and foreseeable quality criteria. (Author abstract
modified)
25493
Schmied, Jozef, Jan Polcin, and Justina Kapustova
THE UTILIZATION OF HIGH PRESSURE WASTE GAS
ENERGY FOR THE INTENSIFICATION OF SULFUR DIOX-
IDE CONVERSION. (Spusob vyuzitia energie vysokot-
lakovych odplynov na intenzifikaciu absorpcneho prevodu
SO2). Text in Slovak. (Czechoslovak Republic) Czech. Pal.
106,754, 3p.. March 15, 1963. (Appl. Feb. 20, 1961, 2 claims).
The invention utilizes the high pressure energy of waste gases
from the sulfite cellulose manufacture to intensify SO2 absorp-
tion and to raise the effectiveness of SO2 regeneration by
using the pressure gradient between the boiler and the ab-
sorber to disperse the waste gas into the absorbent liquid by
means of gas jets. In this manner the velocity and con-
sequently the kinetic energy of the waste gas increases which
leads to the formation of smaller bubbles, to an increase of the
surface of the gaseous phase, to increased turbulence of the
liquid phase, and a resulting intensification of the conversion
of SO2 from the gaseous to the liquid phase. The desired
choking of the gas is accomplished by the choice of an ap-
propriate bore and number of jets. Since the volume of waste
gas fluctuates in the course of the boiling cycle the jet system
is automatically regulated, and a constant desired pressure is
maintained in the absorbers.
25643
Sykes, W. and F. Broomhead
PROBLEMS OF ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION
REVIEWED. Gas World, 134(3494):98-104, Aug. 4, 1951. 5
refs.
Aspects of the design, construction, and operation of the elec-
trical precipitator are discussed. The great advantage of this
device is its ability to remove with high efficiency dust of par-
ticle size much smaller than that removable by mechanical or
cyclone separators. Back pressure, and power needs to
produce the corona discharge, a very small; however initial
costs are much higher. Problems considered at length include
removal efficiency and its relation to time contact of the gases
in the field, design of the precipitation chamber, insulator
breakdown, gas distribution across the precipilator, removal of
deposits from electrodes, and electrical equipment require-
ments. Five essential design factors are given: correct time
contact, good gas distribution throughout the fields, design and
arrangement of the electrodes, maintenance of clean elec-
trodes, and maintenance of correct voltage. Examples of the
following typical application are described and the principal
design features are indicated in each case to point up the great
variety of constructions required by specific and differing
operating conditions: detarring of producer gas from coal and
coke, chamber and contact process su If uric acid manufacture.
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58
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
aluminum and cement production, boiler flyash precipitation,
gypsum dust removal, sodium sulfate recovery in the Kraft
pulp industry, cleaning of blast furnace gas, air conditioning,
and spray painting.
25863
Weimer, Ervin C., Harold W. Shideler, and Stuart M. Porter
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RECYCLING DRYER
STACK GASES. (Steams- Roger Corp., Denver, Colo.) U. S.
Pat. 3,538,614. 5p., Nov. 10, 1970. 3 refs. (Appl. Sept. 9, 1968,
6 claims).
The conventional pulp-drying installations include a gas-fired
furnace, the gaseous products of combustion of which are fed
into a rotating drum-type dryer containing wet pulp. The dried
product emerging from the discharge end of the dryer is either
recovered directly or else sucked up by an induced draft fan
and fed to one or more cyclone-type recovery vessels where
the dry product is draw off the bottom while the gaseous ele-
ments are discharged through th top. By returning the gases
and entrained solids to the system at the proper point, the
solids can be incinerated without the oxygen- lean recycled
gases acting to inhibit combustion. Also, these same lean recy-
cled gases can be combined with the gaseous products of pri-
mary combustion to produce a substantially inert mixture
which will not support combustion in the dryer section or
bring about detrimental oxidation of the product. By using the
recycled stack gases to cool the hot, undiluted primary com-
bustion gases, the conventional practice of using secondary air
from the atmosphere as a coolant is eliminated. All com-
ponents of the recycling system must be maintained at a tem-
perature somewhat higher than the dew point of these recycled
gases, or the condensible fractions will condense out on the
cold surfaces and entrap the entrained solids s as to eventually
clog the ductwork. While the amount of heat recovered by
burning the entrained solids is not great, it, together with the
heat saved by using the already warm stack gas as secondary
air instead of air from the atmosphere, combine to bring about
an overall fuel saving of somewhere between 5 and 8%.
25950
Archibald, E. E., Jr. and A. van Donkelaar
AIR QUALITY CONTROL IN A BLEACHED KRAFT MILL.
Preprint, Canadian Pulp and Paper Assoc., 14p., 1967. 10 refs.
(Presented at the Paper Industry Air and Stream Improvement
Conference, Third, Vancouver, B. C., Oct. 23-26, 1967,
Technical Paper T346.)
The engineering equipment and practices employed at one
bleached kraft pulp mill to reduce malodorous gaseous emis-
sions are described. Black liquor oxidation combined with op-
timum conditions in the recovery furnace can reduce hydrogen
sulfide emissions from the main stack to near zero. Noncon-
densibles from cooking and evaporation processes are success-
fully collected and subsequently destroyed with a high degree
of efficiency by a system of incineration and/or chlorination.
Typical emission data are tabulated. A home-monitoring
system, supplemented by in-plant monitoring is providing in-
formation on changes and improvements in mill emissions.
25977
Osterli, Victor P.
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY AGRICULTURE AND
FORESTRY: ODOR. In: Project Clean Air. California Univ.,
Berkeley, Task Force No. 5, Section 6, 4p., Sept. 1, 1970. 20
refs.
The development of methods to control odor at the site and
for disposal of livestock and poultry fecal matter is a major
need. One possible process, wet oxidation, could be of real
significance since it would not only eliminate the fecal matter
but would produce energy to carry out the disposal process
and possibly even convert the wastes to animal feed. Treating
the manure with chemical deodorants may provide a partial
solution. A specific application of the pyrolysis-combustion
process could be an alternative to current methods of incinera-
tion used which would eliminate or substantially alleviate the
problem of malodors. Afterburner-type devices are available
for some kinds of rendering plants to control odors. In addi-
tion to animal wastes and odors from meat processing and
rendering plants, more than 28 million tons of wood pulp are
produced yearly in the United States by the sulfate or kraft
process which produces a pollution problem.
26172
Collins, T. T., Jr.
OXIDATION OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR - WHERE DOES
IT STAND? Paper Trad J., 146(30):39-48, July 23, 1962. 153
refs.
The literature and patents on black liquor oxidation are
reviewed in an attempt to clarify the sources of original
discoveries. In addition, objections to foaming-type oxidation
units are noted as are the advantages claimed for new systems
such as the British Columbia Research Council, modified
Trobeck, Tomlinson, and Weyerhauser systems. Also reported
are studies on the application of oxidation systems in sulfite
recovery, studies of the economics resulting from black liquor
oxidation, studies showing reduced tube corrosion by oxidized
liquor, catalyzed reactions of oxygen with alkaline sulfide
solutions, and procedures for analyzing oxidized liquor sam-
ples. It is noted that many mills will now be forced to install
oxidation systems as one step in more complete odor control
programs. Mills that are not under criticism for stream or air
pollution will probably continue to operate without oxidation
systems. These mills will be among those not using extra sul-
fur above salt cake for make-up for desired sulfidity, that do
not find an appreciable cost advantage in substituting soda ash
for part of the salt cake, and that do not wish to oxidize liquor
merely to balance the saving of fuel for reburning lime.
26173
Guest, E. T.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BLACK LIQUOR OXIDA-
TION. Paper Trade J., 148(12):30-34, March 23, 1964. 8 refs.
It is possible to eliminate almost completely hydrogen sulfide
from kraft mill stack gases with a fully oxidized black liquor,
followed by a properly loaded and operated furnace. When the
definite odor reduction in the evaporator condensate is also
considered, it is evident that oxidation is an essential link in
overall odor control. The most prevalent oxidation techniques
are the Collins system, the British Columbia Research Council
system, and the Troebeck-Ahlen system. Of these, the
Troebeck- Ahlen and the Collins type oxidize by forcing air
through the liquor in a manner to make a controlled volume of
foam. The BCRC unit operates with air blowing concurrently
with the liquor over specially designed plates. Other systems
are packed columns with either concurrent or countercurrent
air, compressed air in a tank of liquor, or compressed air in a
pipeline. A detailed discussion is presented of pilot-plant work
on the Troebeck-Ahlen unit together with a summary of pilot-
plant results. The data have been incorporated into the design
of commercially available towers.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
59
26176
Ghisoni, Pietro
ELIMINATION OF ODORS IN A SULPHATE PULP MILL.
Tappi, 37(5):201- 205, May I9S4. 12 refs. (Presented at the 7th
Alkaline Pulping Conference of the Technical Association of
the Pulp and Paper Industry, Houston, Tex., Nov. 18-20,
1953.)
A plant for eliminating mercaptans from an Italian sulfate pulp
mill is described. The mill is located in a narrow valley, on a
river with a very limited water flow, near a heavily populated
area. The main operations in the odor control plant are: (I)
condensation of all relief and blow gases with indirect conden-
sers; (2) use of the condensed water as dilution water in a
chlorination tower of the bleaching plant; (3) the noncondensa-
ble gases are burnt in one boiler together with natural gas; (4)
the smoke from the recovery boiler is cooled to the dew point,
then oxidated with chlorine and again heated to avoid corro-
sion in the chimney. (Author abstract modified)
26254
Perrine, Richard L. and Limin Hsueh
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS. In: Project
Clean Air. California, Univ., Berkeley, Task Force 5, Vol. I,
Section 14, 5p., Sept. 1, 1970. 3 refs.
Five broad categories of industrial polluters are briefly con-
sidered, as well as their kinds of emissions and control
problems. The inorganic chemical industry has problems with
hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid,
calcium oxide, chlorine, soaps and detergents. Steel produc-
tion is a major industry, but the open hearth furnaces are
gradually being replaced by the basic oxygen furnace.
Although this also produces fumes, the new plants can be con-
structed with proper control equipment. Foundries may change
the work they do from day to day so that control problems are
at their worst, but methods to trap particles and fumes are
available. The handling of large volumes of minerals normally
involves problems with dust, while the special biological ef-
fects of asbestos must be noted. Glass fibers can also be a
problem, as well as fluoride-containing ores. Copper lead, and
zinc mining and milling operations involve dust problems,
while sulfur oxides may be released during smelting. Hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, sulfide and polysulfides which have very
bad odors, and other noxious gases are emitted during wood
pulp processing. Typical gaseous emissions from Kraft pulping
are presented tabularly. Coffee roasting plants, slaughter-
houses, and picket plants emit strong odors. An areas of con-
cern is new processes to break down waste and return it to a
state useful in natural processes without problems of storage.
A particularly important point which needs to be considered is
site location.
27138
Straforelli, J. B., L. Paszner, and J. W. Wilson
RADIOLYSIS OF KRAFT MILL GASEOUS EFFLUENTS.
Preprint, Canadian Pulp and Paper Assoc., Technical Section,
and Chemical Inst. of Canada, p. 57, 1970. (Presented at the
Canadian Wood Chemistry Symposium. 3rd, Vancouver, B.
C., June 24-26. 1970.)
Gas chromatographic studies of radiolylic effects of atomic
radiation from a coball(60) source on model compounds of
kraft mill gaseous effluents are briefly noted. Hydrogen sul-
fide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide,
and sulfur dioxide were effectively destroyed or made practi-
cally undetectable following irradiation to at least I to 3 Mrad
dose (at approximately I Mrad/hr intensity) in the presence or
absence (in purified nitrogen) of oxygen (or air) and at-
mospheric moisture at NTP conditions. Slightly higher doses
were required for gas mixtures. An hypothesis for the process
mechanism is suggested. The process effectively handles con-
centrations that are beyond such currently used control
methods as oxidation and absorption towers. (Author abstract
modified)
27182
Balmer, Tom
ADJUSTABLE FLOODED-DISC MAINTAINS SCRUBBER EF-
FICIENCY. Design News 26(2):934-935, Jan. 18, 1971.
High energy scrubbers clean exhaust gases by capturing ex-
tremely small, low-mass particles in water droplets. To do this
efficiently, the relative velocity of particles and droplets must
be high enough to enable particles to penetrate the droplets
and be captured. Without some means of pressure drop con-
trol, a decrease in gas flow lowers collection efficiency.
Flooded-Disc Scrubbers automatically hold an optimum pres-
sure drop, despite variations in gas flow, by adjusting the
throat area of the turbulence orifice. A flat disc moves axially
in a conical flue in response to exhaust gas pressure changes.
Raising or lowering the disc adjusts pressure drop across the
scrubber, which in turn controls particle collection efficiency.
Danger of nozzle plugging and other water flow restrictions
are eliminated by the self-purging system. Applications to date
include electric arc and basic oxygen furnaces, as well as kiln
and processing plants for mineral products, pulp, paper, and
fertilizer production.
27288
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
TECHNIQUE CONCERNING THE PROCESS TO REMOVE
OFFENSIVE SMELL BY COMBUSTION. (Nensho hoshiki ni
yoru akushu jokyo gijutsu). Text in Japanese. PPM (Japan),
2(l):54-59, Jan. 1971. 7 refs.
Difficulties in odor countermeasures are caused by the follow-
ing factors: first, impulse measurement of the sense of smell
varies logarithmically with the concentration of the substance
of the offensive odor. Thus, slight increase in the offensive
substance is not easily sensed. The second factor is based
upon the law of Weber-Fechner. A 50% removal rate of the
offensive odor is scarcely perceived by the sense of smell
while when a removal rate of between 99.9% and 99.99% is
obtained, the decrease in offensive odor is admitted by the
neighboring citizens. Third, sense of smell fatigue may become
an obstacle when the concentration of offensive odor is mea-
sured or a test of the sense of smell is conducted. Fourth, the
offensive odor that causes complaints of the neighboring
citizens comprises multiple contents of which each has its own
threshold value. Fifth, there is a great difference in each in-
dividual's sensory organ. Sixth, the evaluation of offensive
odor pollution varies with areas. In connection with a com-
bustion deodorization process, at first an odor has to go
through the minimum condition of heating to 650 C for more
than 3 seconds. It is not permissible for an offensive odor to
go through imperfect combustion in stoking equipment. Selling
two sheets of steel in stoking equipment helps to avoid such a
possibility. In case oversaturated moisture and offensive odors
are mixed with each other at such a high temperalure in a
digester used in a kraft pulp factory or in a dryer, glossal stok-
ing equipment and an energy source are necessary to remove
the offensive odor by burning. Therefore, moisture in the of-
fensive odor has to be removed in advance before the com-
bustion deodorization process is operated. The following
process is most often adopted as effective for removing
moisture: dust mixed with the offensive odor is at firsl
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60
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
removed by a cyclone. Then vapor in the offensive odor is
removed because the temperature of the offensive smell is
reduced until it is about IS degrees higher than that of air. The
residual vapor is eliminated by an ejecter while the residual
moisture is again eliminated by an after- condenser.
27357
Wright, R. H. and R. W. Klinck
WHAT PORT ALBERNI HAVE DONE TO CONTROL
KRAFT MILL ODORS. Paper Trade J., !39(41):22-24, Oct.
10, 1955. II refs.
A kraft pulp mill has reduced recovery system odors with a
well- designed black liquor oxidation system employing a very
large ratio of air to black liquor and with a simple provision
for adding digester gases to the air supply. The system uses
twin oxidation towers in which the black liquor flows
downward through asbestos- cement plates. The two towers
are located immediately adjacent to the hot-water accumulator
tank which is part of the blow-heat recovery system, and the
forced air fan which supplies air to the towers draws its air
through a duct connected to the accumulator tank vent pipe.
When the towers are operating, their air supply is first drawn
downard through the accumulator vent; when the towers are
not operating, the vent pipe continues to fulfill its original pur-
pose. In this way, noncondensible digester gases are easily
mixed with the air supplied to the towers, or, alternatively
discharged lo the atmosphere. With the towers, the mean rate
of emission during a digester blow is now 0.36 rather than 2.24
gr/sec Although the rate is still sufficient to produce a noticea-
ble odor for a short distance downwind, both the intensity of
the odor and its range are much less than they would be in the
absence of the oxidation system.
27470
FLUIDIZED BEDS-PART I: FLUIDIZED REACTORS
BECOMING POPULAR. Can. Chem. Process., 55(2):20, 21,
24, Feb. 1971.
Canada's pulp and paper and metallurgical industries are in-
creasingly turning to fluidized-bed reactor systems since these
offer thermal efficiency and uniformity of reactor environ-
ment. Basically, a fluidized bed functions when a bed of solid
particles is set in fluid motion by directing a stream of gas,
under carefully controlled conditions, up through the bed. The
gas stream forces a passage between the particles, setting
them in homogeneous motion and causing the solids to take on
a fluid character. Advantages resulting from this fluidized state
are temperature control, continuity of operation, hea transfer,
and catalysis. A new application of the fluidized-bed reactor is
the reduction of zinc concentrates to calcine. One plant has
solved the problem of removing the calcine dust from sulfur
dioxide-containing roaster gases by a combination cyclone-
electrostatic precipitator system. The roaster plant is provided
with control instrumentation for sulfur dioxide analysis and
precipitator electrical data. An important feature of the
fluidized bed reactor in iron ore reduction is the reduced gas
throughput and resulting higher SO2 concentrations in the gas
which permit more efficient acid production. The heat of reac-
tion in this type of reactor is commonly scavenged to provide
process steam.
27762
Calvert, Seymour
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH PROBLEMS. Preprint, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 36p., 1970.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual
Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo. June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-24.)
A survey was conducted to determine the areas for air pollu-
tion research, and research topics are listed. Suggestions for
the definition of sources such as power plants, metallurgical
processes automobiles and transportation, rock processing, in-
cineration and pulp and paper, and alternatives for an op-
timum solution are given. Topics for the development of better
sampling and analytical method include gases, particles, odor,
stack monitoring and visual. Other problem areas are in the
field of control technology for gases, the use of filters, wet
scrubbers, centrifuges and electrostatic precipitators for par-
ticulates, and control in such specific sources as fuel burning
power plants, pulp and paper, metallurgical processing, au-
tomobile and transportation, rock processing, and incineration.
There is also a need for more reliable and accurate cost data
on air pollution control processes and equipment. Dispersion,
tall stacks, modeling, and visibility are also discussed. Problem
areas on the effects of air pollution on human health, animals
and plants, and materials are described. The need for informa-
tion on air quality criteria, air quality standards, emission stan-
dards and economics, sociology, and politics are also brought
out.
27901
Balakrishnan, S. and R. N. Rickles
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY AND AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
19p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18,
1970, Paper 70-111.)
Practical applications of the concept of by-product recovery
from air streams were studied. Valuable by-products may in-
clude a major product that is collectable in a commercial form
such as iron ore dust from blast furnace gas effluents; a major
product collectable in a non-commercial form such as dilute
solution; and a saleable or presently usable by-product such as
the recovery of chemicals from Kraft spent liquor. General
methods for treating gaseous wastes include adsorption, ab-
sorption, ion exchange, membrane permeation, and chemical
reaction. By- product recovery is described for paper and pulp
mills, petrochemical industries, the fertilizer industry, the or-
ganic chemicals industry, and the inorganic chemical industry.
Production of chlorine from hydrochloric acid and product
recovery from flue gas treatment are also described. The cho-
ice of a method of treatment depends on the economic con-
siderations and degree of treatment desired. Removal of pollu-
tants to the desired level is generally achieved through conven-
tional processes, but it should be realized that the same degree
of treatment can be achieved either by product recovery alone
or by a combination of product recovery and conventional
treatment processes. The advantage of reducing pollutional
load through product recovery consists in the overall reduction
of the cost of treatment and conservation of natural resources.
28328
Umezawa, M. and Osamu Shimura
TREATMENT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN STACK GAS.
(Shisshiki haien datsuryusochi no tekiyoshiken). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1):I89, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
Experiments were conducted to determine whether wet desul-
furization methods are applicable to the paper manufacturing
plants to be constructed in the Fuji area. There will be about
200 plants using about 2700 kl/day heavy oil. The two desul-
furization methods tested were the Shinko-type gas absorption
and the multipore-plate waste-gas desulfurization systems. The
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
61
items tested were sulfur dioxide concentration at the entrance
and exit of the systems, rate of desulfurization, volume of gas
treatment, gas temperature at entrance and exit, volume of
treatment water, carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration at
the exit, and pressure loss. The experiments were conducted
on the assumption that alkaline water-water could be used for
treatment, but water of general alkaline quality could not be
obtained. Also, there was some corrosion of equipment.
28580
Billings, Charles E. and John E. Wilder
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF THE FIELD PERFORMANCE
OF FABRIC FILTER SYSTEMS. Preprint, Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa. 41p., 1970. 15 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd,
St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-129.)
Results of a survey of a number of operating fabric filter
systems are presented for industrial categories which include
combustion, food and feed, pulp and paper, inorganic chemi-
cals, organic chemicals, petrol refining, non-metallic minerals,
iron and steel and non-ferrous metallurgy. Data are presented
on major engineering variables affecting design and use (filter-
ing velocity, dust concentration, and specific dust-fabric filter
resistance coefficient), on economic factors related to capital,
operating and maintenance costs, and on types of operating
problems or failure modes associated with bag life, repair, and
maintenance. Sizes surveyed ranged from 100 to 100,000 sq ft.
Specific dust-fabric filter resistance coefficients ranged from 1
to 1000, depending upon parameters such as particle size, ap-
plication, and fabric construction. Capital costs ranged from 1
to greater than $20/cfm, depending principally on severity of
service requirements. Maintenance costs ranged from $0.10 to
$1.0/cfm/yr. Reported bag life ranged from a few months to
greater than 10 years. Generally, most applications surveyed
indicated one or more of several bag failure modes or other
problem areas associated with continued satisfactory per-
formance. (Author abstract modified)
28656
Gavrilescu, GH.
CONDITIONS FOR OBTAINING SO2 GASES IN AN OVEN
WITH A FLUIDIZED-BED, FOR USE IN THE MANUFAC-
TURE OF 'RED STAR' CELLULOSE AND PAPER. (Con-
sideratii asupra obtinerii gazelor de SO2 in cuptoare cu pat
fluidizat la fabrica de celuloza si hirtie 'steaua rosie'). Text in
Rumanian. Celul. Hirtie (Bucharest), 12(l):14-22, 1963. 4 refs.
Sulfur dioxide is used in the papennaking industry to prepare
the bisulfite solution used for cooking the wood pulp. A set of
10 conditions are given, by which maximum efficiency and
quality will be achieved in the production of SO2 gas in a
pyrite-roasting oven. These include proper purification of the
gaseous product, a suitable concentration (at least 12%), a
suitable temperature (20 C), the recovery of byproducts (sul-
furic acid, heat in the form of hot water or steam, pyrite ash
for metallurgical use, arsenic and selenium salts), and protec-
tion of the working environment against SO2 and other
poisonous fumes. The 'Red Star' factory is equipped with four
Kuhn-type mechanical ovens, each with a burning surface of
80 sq m. Each oven is in turn equipped with a cyclone o 1100
mm diameter. The cyclone design and the high content of ash
in the gas (2200-2800 mg per cu m) are factors that greatly
reduce the efficiency of paniculate removal. Various sug-
gestions are made for bringing actual standards of production,
efficiency, and safety closer to the ideals enumerated.
28792
CANADA'S COPELAND SYSTEM MAKES INROADS INTO
HOME MARKET. Water Pollution Control (Toonto),
109(3):14-15, 1971.
The Copeland system is a fluid bed process for incinerating
any solid or liquid waste containing heat energy. The process
uses a bed of solid particles that are kept in a state of agitation
and partial suspension by a stream of gas (or air) forced into
the bed through orifices. This causes chemical reaction or
combustion to take place at the desired temperature. The
system employs scrubbing and absorption stages for removal
of all paniculate matter and undesirable oxidized gases. Heat
values are recoverable as steam from the gases in a waste heat
boiler, or as hot water in a scrubbing stage. In addition, valua-
ble inorganic chemicals are reclaimed. Applications of the
process include pulp mills, oil refineries, oil shale, distilleries,
chemical plants, and sewage sludge.
29085
Coulter, T. R. and R. L. Reveley
PRECDTTATOR-SCRUBBER COMBINATIONS FOR
RECOVERY BOILERS: A CASE HISTORY. TAPPI,
54(4):530-532, April 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the Water and
Air Conference of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Minneapolis,
Minn., June 7-10, 1970.)
Design criteria and data are presented for two spray scrubbers
intended to reduce paniculate emissions from two kraft mill
recovery boilers. The first unit follows an existing 500-ton
recovery boiler electrostatic precipitator of 95% efficiency; it
should raise overall collection efficiency to 98.5%. The second
scrubber follows a very high efficiency electrostatic precipita-
tor for a new 850-ton boiler. This scrubber was selected to
eliminate any possibility of 'snowing' or carryover from the
precipitator. Made of fiber glass reinforced polyester, the
scrubbers act as cyclones, causing the entrained paniculate
matter to move toward the walls of the tank where it is wetted
by the sprays and runs to the bottom to be drawn off. 'Core
busters' located above the sprays prevent droplet carryover.
Weak wash is the tentative scrubbing medium for the first
scrubber, and fresh water the tentative choice for the second
scrubber. Effluents from the bleach plant caustic stages will
also be tried. Operational data on the scrubbers will be
presented in a later report.
29231
Nakai, Yoshiyuki and Tetsuya Yokokawa
ACTUAL EXAMPLES OF KANAGAWA RESEARCH INDUS-
TRIAL INSTITUTE TYPE DESULFURIZING UNIT FOR
WASTE GAS. (Shin ko shi shiki haien daturyu sochi no gu-
taiteki jitshi rei). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku (Chem.
Eng.), 35(0:36-42, Jan. 1971.
Practical Kanagawa Research Institute type desulfurizing units
for waste gas classify roughly into nonrecovering and recover-
ing gas absorbing units. The nonrecovering type uses fresh or
sea water as the absorbing solution for sulfur dioxide. The ab-
sorbing solution is released in a harmless condition without
recovering the SO2. The recovering type effectively uses ab-
sorbed SO2 without causing a public nuisance. The gas and ab-
sorbent contact, but the liquid s surface tension causes them
to form a thin surface on the wire mesh. Gas sucked into the
unit cannot pass through without contacting the liquid plane.
Also, the gas-liquid rate can be arbitrarily decided. If a greater
rate of gas to liquid is needed, the quantity of flowing liquid is
increased. Pressure loss at the contact surface is not related to
the change of the liquid-gas rate. An actual example is the use
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62
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
of desulfurizing with hydrogen in the final gas treating unit in
petroleum refining. When hydrogen sulfide produced by
hydrogen desulfurization enters the combustion furnace for
waste gas and becomes sulfurous anhydride, the desulfurizing
unit is needed for high concentrations. Another application is
the treating unit for waste gas from sintering furnaces in iron
foundries. This gas is of fairly high concentration. Further, the
gas includes many powder dusts but the KRI-wet-type has a
good ability to manage for the structure without kinetic parts.
Also, the waste gas treatment unit from the boiler in paper
mills makes a caustic soda solution absorb sulfurous anhydride
in waste gas. The produced sodium sulfate is used as a
medicine for a pulp steam bath.
29278
Alferova, L. A. and G. A. Titova
OXIDATION OF SODIUM SULFIDE AND MERCAPTIDE IN
BLACK LIQUOR. Bumazhn. Prom. (Moscow), 41(10):5-6,
Oct. 1966. Translated from Russian by Brenda Jacobsen,
Washington Univ., Seattle, Dept. of Civil Engineering, lip.,
Oct. 31, 1970.
To determine optimum conditions for black liquor oxidation,
aqueous solutions of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and
their salts were oxidized by aeration at various flow rates and
temperatures and within a wide range of pH. For all solutions,
the rate of oxidation was determined mainly by temperature
and area of contact between the solution and oxidizing agent.
Both hydroxone and hydroxyl ions had a catalytic action on
the rate and mechanism of oxidation. To achieve a large con-
tact area, aeration should be carried out in an atomizing-type
apparatus. Temperature should be 80 to 100 C and pressure 4
to 5 kg/sq cm. Under these conditions, the rate of oxidation is
determined by the value of the pH and of the ionic salt of the
black liquor. The final pH must not be lower than 12.5, as at a
lower pH other oxidation products (thiosulfates, sulfites,
polythionates, etc.) predominate. The oxygen consumption
under optimum conditions is approximately equal to theoreti-
cal calculations. (Author abstract modified)
29621
Galeano, S. F., D. C. Kahn, and R. A. Mack
AIR POLLUTION: CONTROLLED OPERATION OF A NSSC
RECOVERY FURNACE. TAPPI, 54(5):741-744, May 1971. 10
refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Engineering Conference, Denver, Colo., Oct.
25-29, 1970.)
Gaseous sulfur emissions from a kraft recovery furnace used
in a neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) recovery system can
be minimized by changes in operating variables. It is possible
to obtain close to zero emission of total reduced sulfur by
using proper distribution and quantities of primary and secon-
dary airflows. Thermodynamics of the combustion and a scale
of turbulence permit estimating those quantities. The sodium-
to- sulfur weight ratio of the liquor fed to the furnace (in the
2-3 units range), is inversely proportional to the amount of sul-
fur dioxide, released from the furnace. Adequate recording in-
strumentation in the process streams is essential in achieving
the desired results. New recovery furnaces for NSSC
processes can be expected to achieve the same degree of pol-
lution control as new ones used in the kraft process. (Author
abstract)
29628
LAW-MAKERS SAY: CLEAN UP OR SHUT DOWN.
Chem. Process., 55(4):47-50, April 1971.
Can.
The major push by the Canadian government to control air
pollution will surely come once Parliament approves Bill C-
224, the Clean Air Act. Under the Act, air polluters may be
fined up to $200,000 per instance of violating one or more of
the emission standards to be set by the Federal government.
Also, the Act will empower federal authorities to fine any pol-
lution source regardless of location; this is a major departure
from current federal/provincial division of powers. Controlling
the fumes from coking is mentioned, as well as regulations
pertaining to the emissions from petroleum refineries, lead-in
gasoline, automotive emissions, and aircraft exhaust smoke.
Processes for the removal of sulfur dioxide are listed tabu-
larly. The British Columbia government has offered a prize of
$250,000 for the first individual or company to come up with a
device to eliminate air pollution and odor of pulpmills.
29650
Zimmerman, Mark D.
POLLUTION TECHNOLOGY--WHAT THEY RE DOING
OVERSEAS. Machine Design, 42(29):20-21, 23-25, 27, 30,
Nov. 1970.
Solutions to pollution problems from overseas are discussed.
The world s first operational plant for completely recycling
waste water was built in Windhoek, Southwest Africa. A
sulfate digester is being built by Karlstads Mekaniska Werk-
stad, Stockholm, for a Billerud pulp mill near Gruvon,
Sweden. Sludge-aeration systems have been built. Toilets are
being redesigned to save water and be sprayed clean. A Ger-
man pollution control firm offers a wide variety of electro-
static precipitators, venturi scrubbers, centrifugal collectors,
catalytic reactors, filters, and cyclones for cleaning waste air
or gases. Methods of refuse disposal are cited. British
researchers tat the University of Aston are experimenting with
additives that make plastics decompose when exposed directly
to the ultraviolet rays of sunlight for about two months.
Methods of handling oil slicks are being developed, and alter-
natives to power generation are being sought.
29852
Rautu, R.
ALKALI AND HEAT RECOVERY IN THE FLUE GASES
FROM RECOVERY BOILERS. (Posibilitatea recuperarii al-
calilor si a caldurii din gasele reziduale de la cazanele de
regenerare). Text in Rumanian. Celul. Hirtie (Bucharest),
19(10):368-373, Oct. 1970. 8 refs.
The situation in sulfate pulp mills which do not use flue gas
scrubbing is presented. Modern systems of alkali recovery in
flue gases, based on the scrubber and venturi method, and gas
washing in a foam layer, are discussed. Some calculations,
subject to operating figures, are given with the view of desig-
ning a venturi scrubber. Some types of equipment and the gas
scrubbing operation are presented based on bibliographic in-
formation. Systems of heat recovery in flue gases are also
described. Some suggestions are given regarding the erection
of a venturi scrubber or a washer with foam layer in sulfate
pulp mills.
30062
Davis, John C.
PULPERS APPLY ODOR CONTROL. Chem. Eng., 78(13):52-
54, June 14, 1971.
Total reduced sulfides from the pulping industry, composed
mainly of hydrogen sulfide, can be detected by the human
nose at a concentration of 1-5 ppb. To get below the threshold
for smell at ground level, the stack concentration of total
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B. CONTROL METHODS
63
reduced sulfides cannot be much more than 1-5 ppb. To
reduce H2S emissions, Babcock and Wilcox has designed out
the evaporator. The three main design changes in the recovery
boiler are: an increased reliance on forced circulation of liquor
through the exchangers; a revised tube-surface arrangement to
offset sealing and poorer rates of heat transfer; and a steam
pressure limit of 35 psig coming into the multiple-effect train.
The Combustion Engineering Corp. offers five recovery boiler
designs that can be tailored to fit a specific pulpmill. Despite
its economy, oxidation has been abandoned in many pulpmills
in the southern U. S. due to excessive foaming in weak black
liquor. However, the tonnage oxidation system, operated by
Owens-Illinois, reportedly has solved this problem; a 94-97%
efficiency is claimed in converting sulfides to thiosulfates.
Western Kraft Corp. has introduced another type of stack gas
cleaning, namely, scrubbing with a weakly alkaline wash
liquor.
30208
Estridge, R. B., B. G. Turner, R. L. Smathers, and L. J.
Thibodeaux
TREATMENT OF SELECTED KRAFT MILL WASTES IN A
COOLING TOWER. TAPPI, 54(l):53-59, Jan. 1971. 10 refs.
(Presented at the Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Waste and Air Conference, Minneapolis, Minn., June 7-10,
1970.)
Pulp mill condensates and decker filtrate from an 850-ton/day
kraft linerboard mill have been successfully treated in a con-
ventional cooling tower. These waste streams, in combination
with the condenser waters from a barometric type evaporator
condenser, are cooled in the tower and reused. The overall ac-
complishment of this process is the removal of about 10,000 Ib
of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) per day and the reduc-
tion in overall mill water needs of about 1,000,000 gal/day.
Treatment efficiencies of 65-85% for pulp mill condensates
and about 40-50% for combinations of decker filtrate and pulp
mill condensates were obtained. The reduction in BOD of
these waste streams is believed to be due primarily to the
stripping of methanol and other volatiles. Some biological ac-
tivity is evident, however, and the addition of nutrients results
in an improvement of five to 10% in BOD removal. The
system has several advantages over the conventional surface
condenser system used with kraft mill evaporators. Both
operating and capital costs compare favorably with other
waste-treatment methods. (Author abstract)
30339
Jonsson, Sven-Erik
EVAPORATION OF BLACK LIQUOR: DEVELOPMENT TO
DATE FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION. (Industning av svartlut: Nagra utveckling-
slinjer hittills fran miljovardssynpunkt). Text in Swedish.
Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 7:191-196, April 15, 1971.
Three problem areas in the evaporation of black liquor are:
reducing the loss of solids (containing sodium sulfate);
recovering sulfur compounds from liquid and gaseous wastes;
undesirable biochemical oxygen demand of condensates. The
volatile sulfur compounds liberated by the evaporation of
black liquor are 80-90% hydrogen sulfide, the remainder con-
sisting of thiols. Unless measures are taken to prevent it, sul-
fur compounds will be found partly dissolved in the conden-
sate and water from the vacuum pump set, while part will be
liberated in the form of uncondensable gases. The oxidation of
black liquor has a history of 40 years. In more recent limes the
Uddeholm method has been used to recover sulfur compounds
from the liquid and gas phases. The condensate is purified in a
column, which removes almost 100% of the sulfur compounds.
Gases with an unpleasant odor are collected and neutralized
by means of combustion. Another new method is the Delary
system, which is also described.
30577
Koelbel, Herbert and Joachim Schulze
THE LONG-TERM TECHNICAL AND RESEARCH PLANS
IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. II. AIMS AND METHODS
OF RESEARCH PLANNING. (Die langfrisUge technische
Vorausschau und Forschungsplannung in der chemischen In-
dustrie. II. Zielsetzung und Methoden der Forschungsplanung).
Text in German. Chemiker Ztg. (Heidelberg), 95(12):537-547.
June 1971. 42 refs. Part I. Ibid., vol. 95:395-405, 1971.
The tolerance limits for pollutants emitted by the chemical
plants are met, to a large extent, by dilution or by changing
the location to unpolluted areas without set limits. Soon, such
methods will no longer be sufficient. Also, the costs for these
methods are rising. To cite an example, the 200 m high stack
built by the Shell Refinery in Pemis was five times as expen-
sive as the 100 m high stack previously in use and ten times as
expensive as the 50 m stack which was first in use. A suitable
alternative would be the avoidance of pollutants by process
changes, as is being done by the Bayer-Double-Contact
process for sulfur dioxide oxidation. Such process changes will
be more economical in the future than any other method. In
the cellulose and paper industry, and in iron and steel pickling
stations, the chances of economically recovering pollutant
materials are good.
31072
Kosaya, G. S.
OXIDATION OF BLACK LIQUOR WITH OXYGEN. Bu-
mazhn. Prom. (Moscow), 31(6):15, June 1956. 4 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by Brenda Jacobsen, Washington Univ.,
Seattle, Dept of Civil Engineering, 5p., Sept. 28, 1970.
Black liquor containing 7.54 gm/1 sodium sulfide (Na2S) and
7.4 gm/1 sodium sulfite (Na2S203) was oxidized with 100% ox-
ygen, and the effects of temperature, contact time, and inten-
sity of mixing investigated. At 70 C, oxidation of Na2S was
completed within a few minutes. The bulk of the sulfide was
oxidized to thiosulfate, a part to sulfate. The observed oxygen
consumption was 370 cu m/metric ton Na2S, or about 20 cu m
oxygen/metric ton of pulp. Oxidation of black liquor with pure
oxygen is simpler and more convenient than oxidation by aera-
tion, and has the important advantage of causing no foaming.
(Author abstract modified)
31091
Honda, Keisuke
PULP EFFLUENT TREATING DEVICE. (Parup haieki shori
sochi). Text in Japanese. (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
(Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-12521. 5p., March 31, 1971. (Appl.
Feb. 13, 1968, 1 claim).
Among the defects of conventional boilers for burning pulp ef-
fluent are evaporation of volatile substances in the effluent,
reduction of the calorific value of effluent solids on contact
with high-temperature gas, and conversion of sulfur oxides
and carbon dioxide in boiler exhaust gas to sulfuric acid and
carbonic acid. The latter compounds react with the sulfides in
the effluent to generate odorous hydrogen sulfide, which
lowers the calorific value of solids. High H2S concentrations
are harmful to man. The improved equipment described
eliminates these problems with an effluent condensation
device and an incinerator for heating air. This incinerator is
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64
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
located in the air passage. The condensation device permits
direct contact between pulp effluent and heated air and
evaporates water from the effluent. Air and condensed pulp
from the device are jetted to the incinerator for pulp. The
equipment thus has two systems. In the first, air is passed
through the air incinerator and condensation device to the air
outlet. In the second, or bypass system, air goes through an
air-adjustment device. The two systems join at the air outlet of
the condensation device, where air temperature is measured to
insure that both it and that of condensed effluent are at
specified levels. For this purpose, both the air volume adjust-
ment device and the air incinerator are controlled. Because
correct temperature is maintained, there is no corrosion
problem due to high-temperature air.
31125
Honda, Keisuke
PULP EFFLUENT TREATMENT METHOD. (Parupu haieki
short hoho). Text in Japanese. (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Ltd. (Japan) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-13922. 4p., April 14, 1971.
(Appl. April 17, 1968, 1 claim).
Effluent from sodium-based pulp processes can have a solid
concentration of 15-18% and a pH of 1.5-3. If the untreated ef-
fluent is introduced directly to the concentration and com-
bustion processes, expensive, corrosion-resistant equipment is
required and air-polluting sulfur compounds issue from the
recovery boiler. The invention adjusts the quality of the ef-
fluent in the condensation, incineration, and chemical recovery
processes. Also, most of the sulfur oxides and a part of the
carbon dioxide are recovered. The compounds are either
mixed with the effluent to promote the breakdown of pulp, or
are extracted and led to other reaction equipment. Sodium,
sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide compounds from the incinera-
tion process in the recovery kirn are recovered as sodium sul-
fide, converted to carbolic acid and sulfuric acid, and further
processed into chemicals for breaking down pulp. Extracted
carbon dioxide is used as a raw material for carbolic acid. The
following processes thus characterize the invention: addition
of carbolic acid soda to effluent to make it alkaline; jetting of
alkalized effluent into boiler exhaust gas for absorption of sul-
furic acid and carbolic acid gas; heating of the sulfuric acid-
containing effluent to break sodium bicarbonate down into car-
bolic acid soda, carbon monoxide, and water; extraction of
CO and water generated in previous processes outside the
treatment system.
31308
VIEWS OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY ON THE ACTIVITY
ON THE SWEDISH WOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
(Skogindustrins synpunkter pa verksamheten vid Svenska
Traforskningsinstitutet). Text in Swedish. Svensk Papperstid.
(Stockholm), 74(4):99-103, Feb. 28, 1971.
A report by the managing director and technical director of the
Swedish Wood Research Institute to about 20 wood processing
industries is summarized. The purpose of the contacts was to
obtain opinions on the effectiveness of the Institute. Brief
mention is made of the relationship between the STFI and
another institute, the IZL, apparently engaged in the control of
air and water pollution. The responsibility of the STFI
Research should be limited more or less to the problems of the
occupational rather than the general environment, although
there should be cooperation between the two agencies. The
specific environmental problems studied by the institute in
1970 included the possibilities of reducing the fiber and lignin
content of effluents, reduction in the consumption of water in
the manufacturing processes, and the removal of hydrogen sul-
fide and sulfur dioxide from combustion gases and from the
fumes emitted by the soda pans. No further details are given
on the specific projects.
31463
Blue, Jerry D. and William F. Llewellyn
OPERATING EXPERIENCE OF A RECOVERY SYSTEM
FOR ODOR CONTROL. Tappi, 54(7):1143-1147, July 1971. 2
refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Engineering Conference, Denver, Colo., Oct.
25-29, 1970.)
The first operating experience of a control odor recovery
system at the Halsey, Oregon, kraft pulp and paper mill of the
American Can Company has consistently shown daily average
total reduced sulfur emission levels of approximately 1.0 ppm,
with sulfur dioxide emissions below 200 ppm. The recovery
boiler design eliminates direct-contact evaporation and fires
unoxidized black liquor supplied directly from multiple-effect
evaporators. The operation has met or exceeded predicted
emission limits. A collection and thermal oxidation system for
miscellaneous emission sources has also contributed to mill
operation essentially without odor. (Author abstract)
31608
Coats, Gus S.
OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROSTATIC PREdPITATOR
OPERATION THROUGH A COMPUTERIZED MONITORING
PROGRAM. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 20p., 1971. 11 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N.
J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-88.)
A continuous monitor and a computer have been combined to
improve the performance and maintenance of an electrostatic
precipitator a kraft recovery furnace. The monitor selected for
this operation was an instrument which operates by the mea-
surement of the loss in light transmission through a dust laden
gas. Following the calibration of the monitors, the operating
reports and charts were studied to determine the precipitator
parameters that could be easily evaluated and reported in a
daily emission report. A computer program was developed to
handle the manual inputs from the monitors and the selected
precipitator parameters.
31790
Buxton, Winslow H., Jr.
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR PULP MILL CHEMICAL
RECOVERY AND ODOR ABATEMENT. (Western Kraft
Corp., Albany, Oreg.) U. S. Pat. 3,574,556. 6p., April 13, 1971.
13 refs. (Appl. March 4, 1969, 8 claims).
A process and apparatus are presented for the recovery of
chemicals and the abatement of odors emitted by the recovery
furnace of kraft pulp mills. Gases from the discharge stack of
the recovery furnace are diverted to an afterscrubber in which
they are sprayed with an alkaline weak wash liquor resulting
from the washing of calcium carbonate mud and solid dregs
produced by causticizing the green liquor. Thus, hydrogen sul-
fide, mercaptans, and other malodorous gaseous compounds
are removed. Corrosion is minimized, heat is recovered, and a
problem of waste disposal in the mill effluent streams is
avoided. (Author abstract modified)
31794
OXYGEN TREATING IS PROVING FEASIBLE. Can. Chem.
Process., 55(4):52-54, 56, April 1971.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
65
Among newer techniques being groomed for use in the pulp-
mill are soda-oxygen pulping, oxygen bleaching of pulp, and
other oxidation systems using oxygen instead of air. One result
of such wide use of oxygen would be the need for a tonnage
oxygen (air separation) plant at or near most pulp and paper
complexes. With tonnage oxygen available, it becomes feasible
for existing kraft mills to conduct oxidation of black liquor
with oxygen and hence automatically reduce the amount of
malodorous off-gases produced in the chemical-recovery
system. Similarly, existing biological treatment plants for
wastewater could be upgraded in operation through the use of
oxygen instead of air as the aeration medium. The use of an
oxygen stage and the consequent reduction in chlorine charge
to the bleachery introduces the possibility of lowering
bleachery pollution by over 50%. Operating variables at
several plants are mentioned.
31803
ENVIRONMENTAL FORECAST: INCREASED PRECIPITA-
TION. Chem. Week, 109(7):77-78, 80, 82, Aug. 18. 1971. 1 ref.
In the past five years, the range of application of electrostatic
precipitators has been extended from atmospheric pressure to
as high as 825 psi and from temperatures below 900 F to 1700
F. Precipitators are also being designed to handle dust concen-
trations from 0.00001 grains/std cu ft to 156 grains/std cu ft
and efficiencies over 99%. Coal-burning electric stations, the
steel industry, the pulp and paper industry, and contact sul-
furic acid plants continue to be important markets for electro-
static precipitators. Precipitators are also used in processing
cement and gypsum. New or potential fields of application in-
clude Wulff acetylene production, removal of lube oil mist
from gas pipelines, shale-oil processing, and coal gasification.
31991
Eggert, Walter C.
APPARATUS FOR THE PREVENTION OF AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION IN THE MAKING OF WOODPULP FOR
PAPER MAKING. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,581,897.
5p., June 1. 1971. 2 refs. (Appl. Dec. 15, 1969, 10 claims).
When water containing residue chemicals used in the making
of woodpulp is admitted to the smoke stack, it combines with
steam generated by sulfurous gases from fuel oil and black
liquor to produce a large volume of hydrogen sulfide. The pol-
luting water also cools the stack gases and retards draft,
preventing the gases from going as high into the atmosphere as
they normally would. Air and water pollution are avoided by
passing the residue liquid through a duct to a series of water
spray chambers, where the liquid is cooled and combined with
the water spray. The resulting liquid is then led to a covered
receiving tank having a sloping bottom for collecting chemical
sludge. The receiving tank has filter trays for filtering the
liquid rising to the upper portion of the tank and an overflow
pipe for draining off the filtered liquid. There is also a lower
drain conduit for draining off the chemical sludge to a separate
collection point. (Author abstract modified)
32018
Galeano, Sergio F. and Byron M. Dillard
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS FOR AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL IN NEUTRAL SULFITE SEMI-CHEMICAL MILLS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 25p.,
1971. 8 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July
2, 1971, Paper 71-87.)
In the kraft process, a ton of wood chips generally will
produce about a half-ton of pulp, or a yield of 50%, while the
semi-chemical process will produce a yield of 80%. Sulfur
compounds are active cooking ingredients in the production of
95% of the pulp made by chemical or semi-chemical processes.
In the last five years, however, the pulping industry has made
significant advances in reducing sulfur gaseous emissions
through process modifications and source control. Different
process modifications introduced at one mill in Tomahawk,
Wisconsin, and another in Big Island, Virginia, are described.
The methodology and concepts used to minimize total reduced
sulfur and total sulfur oxide emissions from the recovery fur-
nace of the Tomahawk operation are explained. Ther-
modynamics of the combustion process and proper turbulence
were instrumental in achieving reduction of sulfur compound
emissions from this unit. Conventional hydrogen sulfide emis-
sions from the sulfiting tower, on the order of eight to 10
pounds per ton of pulp, have been completely eliminated by a
process modification technique in the Big Island mill. Primary
air requirements, the amount of secondary air needed, and the
optimum degree of turbulence are indicated. Control of
nitrogen oxides is also discussed. It is important to remember
that whenever steps are taken to reduce water pollution levels
by chemical recovery, air pollution problems are increased in a
chemical pulping process.
32109
Ogisu, Yoshihiro
COMBUSTION OF PULP WASTE LIQUOR. (Parupu haieki
no nensho). Text in Japanese. Kogai (Hakua Shobo) (Pollution
Control), 6(3):12-19. May 1971. 14 refs.
General pulp waste liquor combustion methods are reviewed.
Representative combustion processes designed to take care of
Kraft pulp (KP), sulfurous acid pulp (SP), and semi-chemical
pulp (SCP) waste liquors are examined. About 95-98% of the
KP waste liquor is concentrated and burned in the recovery
boiler to recover the chemical for reuse as the cooking liquor
and reclaim heat from the vapor. The recovery boiler designed
to dispose of the KP waste liquor for recovery of chemicals
and heat developed about 35 years ago and widely used ever
since, is briefly described. To eliminate the highly offensive
odor from the exhaust gas it emits, the recovery boiler is often
combined with a cyclone or venturi scrubber. Techniques for
manufacturing alcohol, yeast and lignin from the SP waste
liquor are not necessarily economically feasible. SP waste
liquor is usually incinerated in a furnace equipped with the
Loddby burner. The SP waste liquor containing 55% solids has
a viscosity of about 60cp at 75 C and 20cp at 100 C, so that it
is atomized for combustion. The solid content of the SP waste
liquor has a calorific value of about 4500 kcal/kg, so that the
SP waste liquor can be burned without auxiliary fuel. SCP
waste liquor, similar in character to KP waste liquor, is con-
centrated and burned by means of the recovery boiler. The
Scottish Pulp Co. of Britain is reportedly manufacturing SCP
while recovering the chemicals by Slra-Process. The recovery
boiler used in the process is a similar to that used for the KP
waste liquor. The wet oxidation method, Copeland process and
atomized suspension technique, designed for the combustion
of SCP waste liquor, are also discussed.
32569
Collins, T. T., Jr.
THE SCRUBBING OF SULPHATE RECOVERY FURNACE
STACK GASES. PARTS I, II, III. Paper Ind. Paper World,
vol. 29:680-686, 830-834, 984-987, Aug., Sept., Oct. 1947. 14
refs.
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66
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
A pilot plant was designed to test the scrubbing efficiency of a
wet cyclone scrubber and a venturi scrubber. The operation of
both, in the recovery of sodium salts from a sulfate recovery
furnace stack, is described. The results of sampling stack
gases from the furnace and gases leaving the scrubber for total
sulfur, sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, hydrogen sulfide, and
sulfur dioxide indicate that the venturi scrubber is as efficient
on fine fumes as the scrubbers which have been previously
designed. It successfully washes gases with less liquid than is
used in other scrubbers. The optimum values with proper
throat distribution and gas velocities appear to range from
three to six gallons/1000 cu ft of entering gas. Under the con-
ditions of gas velocity and liquor rate in the venturi throats
used in this investigation, the droplets atomized in the throat
were coalesced or impinged on the walls before they reached
the outlet of the venturi section. The break-up of the streams
of water due to the energy of the gas results in the formation
of filaments and droplets of liquid under conditions of extreme
turbulence and violent mixing of the gas and liquid.
32603
Burnova, G. P. and V. I. Kostrikov
PURIFICATION OF AIR FROM HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND
CARBON DISULFIDE IN THE CELLULOSE PRODUCTION.
(Ochistka vozdukha v proizvodstve viskozy ot serovodoroda i
serougleroda). Text in Russian. Zh. Vses. Khim. Obshchestva
im. D. I. Mendeleeva, vol. 14:399-404, 1969. 5 refs.
The application of various mythods of the purification of flue
gases containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide from
cellulose production is discussed. The oxidation iron-soda and
alkali-hydroquinone methods for purification of flue gases
from H2S are analyzed in detail. The mechanisms of both
processes is shown, the industrial realization is described, and
technical data is presented. Purification is better than 20-30
mg/cu m. For purification of gases from CS2, two methods are
described: 1) Purification in a stationary layer of active coal
and 2) Purification in a suspended layer of active coal. The in-
dustrial designs of both are described, the technical and
economic data compared. A new method is described, consist-
ing of the simultaneous catalytic oxidation of H2S and adsorp-
tion of CS2 on active coal. Periodic addition of ammonia
neutralizes sulfuric acid formed in the process, thus preventing
the loss of coal activity. A purification method based on low-
temperature contact combustion of H2S and CS2 to SO2 is
briefly discussed.
32615
Kleppe, Peder J.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF INPLANT CONTROLS AND
PROCESS MODD7ICATIONS TO POLLUTION ABATEMENT
IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY. North Carolina Univ., Chapel
Hill, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Proc.
S. Water Resour. Pollut. Contr. Conf., 18th, Raleigh, N. C.,
1969, p. 85-100. 45 refs. (April 9-10.)
Air and water pollution, as caused by the pulping industry,
and some control methods are discussed. Water pollution may
originate in the woodyard, pulp mill, bleaching plant, or paper
or board mill; several methods of reducing this pollution are
given. The condensate and non-condensed materials from the
evaporators are the major sources of air pollution. In the Kraft
process, the non-condensable gases, methyl mercaptan,
dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and hydrogen sulfide, are
responsible for the characteristic odor. The main pollutant
from the combustion furnace is sulfur dioxide. Air pollutants
from the liquor preparation are H2S, organic sulfur com-
pounds, SO2, and participates from the lime kiln. Oxidation of
spent kraft liquor before evaporation converts the sulfide to
thiosulfate; the sulfur losses by evaporation can be almost
eliminated if oxidation is complete. Mercaptans are also ox-
idized to the less odorous dimethyl disulfide. A reduction in
the sulfidity of the cooking liquor and an increase in the alkali
charge can reduce pollution caused by sulfur. The vent gases
from condensation of blow and evaporator-vapors can be
freed of H2S and mercaptans by scrubbing with alkali pulping
liquor. The vent gases from the melt dissolving tank and lime
kiln are also purified by scrubbing. As much as 85% SO2
removal can be achieved by absorption by a sodium sulfite
solution in a venturi scrubber. Paniculate emissions from
recovery furnaces are reduced with electrostatic precipitators.
The present status and future trends in pollution abatement are
also discussed.
32681
Adams, Donalii F.
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. In: Air Pollution. Arthur C.
Stem (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968,
Chapt. 39, p. 243-268. 45 refs.
Odorous and paniculate emissions are potential by-products
from many of the steps in kraft and sulfite pulping processes.
In the kraft process, such odorous compounds as methyl mer-
captan, methyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide are emitted by
the digesters and evaporators; lime kilns emit H2S and dusts.
In the chemical recovery process, methyl mercaptan, sulfur
dioxide and H2S may be discharged. Several methods are
available for controlling the gaseous emissions, including black
liquor oxidation, combustion of organic sulfur compounds to
convert them to SO2, chlorine oxidation, oxidation by air or
ozone, scrubbing, absorption by charcoal, and waste heat
recovery. Modern equipment for controlling paniculate emis-
sions includes electrostatic precipitators, venturi scrubbers,
wet cyclones, and de-mister pads. The sulfite pulping process
is briefly discussed. Analytical methods used in stack and field
sampling are also reviewed. Mercaptans and H2S are deter-
mined iodometrically. Sulfur dioxide is measured colorimetri-
cally using the modified West and Gaeke method. Flame
ionization detectors have been successfully used in the analy-
sis of organic compounds in kraft mill gases. Instrumental
methods for analyzing effluents and suggestions for future
research are also given.
32768
Okayama Prefecture (Japan), Industrial Experiment Station
DEODORIZATION AND REMOVAL OF BAD-SMELLING
GAS. (Akushu gasu no dasshu jokyo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Okayama-ken Kogyo Shikensho Nyusu (Okayama
Prefect. Expt. Sta. News), no. 110, 2p., April 1971.
The most effective deodorization is direct burning whereby
bad odor gases are sent to a combustion chamber or furnace
and burned at a temperature higher than 800 C. However,
more than 90% of the material must be oxidized and turned
into carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen, or sulfur diox-
ide. When the combustibility of the material is low, use of ox-
idation catalysts such as platinum-palladium or platinum-rhodi-
um will enable hydrocarbons to oxidize completely and
decompose at 260-320 C. These catalysts are unsuitable for
treatment of gases which will create catalytic toxins such as
sulfur, zinc, mercury, lead, arsenic, fluoride, and tin. Free of
contact with such elements, these catalysts will last for 30,000
to 40,000 hours and still be reclaimable. Another deodorizing
method which is frequently used in Japan is washing with
water, saline water, acids, or alkalies. Water is effective for
solubles such as ammonia and amines; acids should be washed
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B. CONTROL METHODS
67
with alkalies, and alkaline gases should be washed with acids
or should be oxidized by chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or potassi-
um permanganate. Activated carbon is used for the absorption
method. Gas washing and adsorption combination can be ef-
fectively employed for deodorization of ammonias and amines.
The ozone-oxidation method is mainly used for sewage treat-
ment. The amount of ozone required for sewage treatment is
reported to be I ppm; for restaurants, 5 ppm; fish canneries,
10 ppm; and paper pulp mills, 10-50 ppm. For masking odors,
acetic acid benzene, heliotropine, and vanillin are used. More
than forty kinds of air wicks, mostly manufactured from plant
extracts and chlorophyll, are used for neutralizing different
odors.
32798
Ishii, Tomio
AIR POLLUTION (ODOR) CONTROL FOR KRAFT PULP
MILL WITH OZONE. (Taiki osen (shuki) to kurafuto parupu
miru no ozon dasshu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 7(9):824-828, Sept. 1971. 6 refs.
A pilot odorimeter was tested in 1970 in England wherein the
upper part of the test tube had a heated coil which lighted
mixed gas. The flame rapidly spread below and formed
dispersed light. Sample gas was passed into the tube from the
lower opening and through the burner at the speed of 7 m/sec;
the light continuously scattered at the narrow point of the tube
and reached the upper part of the water jacket which en-
veloped the tube. The intensity of the light was photoamplified
and was sent to a penrecorder. At the test site, methylmercap-
tan was discharged for five minutes at a height of two meters
from the ground, 100 meters windway from the measuring
point. The record showed a wave pattern with six or seven
large peaks, probably due to the breeze. But the test was
deemed successful. In the United States, the Kraft Pulp Mill s
deodorization process by ozone is an example of successful
treatment of industrial odor problems. In the process of chemi-
cal digestion of pulp, hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan
are emitted and create odor. According to a study, 1000 kg of
pulp creates 114.2 g H2S and 824.1 g of mercaptan at the Kraft
Pulp Mill. The main sources of emissions are the stacks of the
black liquor combustion furnace; discharge from the digester;
waste gas from the blowdown; and the non-condensable
materials from the evaporator and vacuum pumps. Oxidation
of the gas from the black liquor stack solved that particular
problem, but the main source of odor was the blowdown
which oxidation did not help. More recently, waste gases at
this mill are treated through condensers where ozone is added
to the gas at the entrance and exit, and has proved successful.
The duration of gas-ozone contact is also important, and a 2.2
sec exposure gave the best result.
32937
Gommi, J. V.
OPERATING PERFORMANCE OF A RECOVERY BOILER
ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM. Tappi, 54(9): 1523-1526, Sept.
1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the
Pulp and Paper Industry, Engineering Conference, Denver,
Colo., Oct. 25-29, 1971.)
The air contact evaporator system was developed as a means
of removing the source of the hydrogen sulfide odor in Kraft
recovery furnaces. An air heater transfers the heat from the
exiting gases to the incoming clean air; this heated clean air is
then routed to a cascade evaporator where it removes
moisture from the black liquor. The system retains and rein-
forces the operating philosophy which maximizes chemical
conversion and recovery, and minimizes unburned fuel and
sulfur emissions. This is achieved by proper attention to spray
droplet size, hearth bed shape, primary to secondary air ratio,
and sufficient secondary air pressure to take advantage of the
tangentially fired turbulence available in the furnace design.
Two contact evaporator systems are discussed and are
operated below code requirements for toal reduced sulfur
compounds. Operating problems are considered, as well as
recent operating experience.
33073
Adalberto, Tirade A.
PROCESS DESIGN FOR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUS-
TRIAL PLANTS. Print, American Inst. of Chemical En-
gineers, New York and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 13p., 1970. 6 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitite of Chemical Engineers, Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo., Sept. 2,
1970.)
Principles of process design for pollution control in industrial
plants were discussed. Modern process design must consider
the plant and nature as a whole. The principles used to control
odors in a Kraft pulp plants were given. Tendencies or poten-
tials can only be modified by tendencies or potentials of the
same nature. Material and energy balances are always true.
Energy should tze used in a cascade. Internal recycling to
change temperature, concentrations, flow rates, and equilibria
without affecting the external energy and material balances is
a useful tool in fighting pollution. In pulp mills, contaminated
water is recycled to increase the recovery of fibers or other
substances and, at the same time, save substantial quantities
of water.
33347
Oglesby, Sabert, Jr.
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS TACKLE AIR POLLU-
TANTS. Environ. Sci. Technol., 5(8):766-770, Sept. 1971.
The largest single use of electrostatic precipitators is con-
trolling fly ash emissions from coal-fired electric power
boilers. The most significant properties of fly ash are its re-
sistivity, particle size, and cohesiveness. If the resistivity is
high, the current and voltage at which the precipitator can
operate are reduced; if the resistivity is low, excessive reen-
trainment of the dust can occur. Resistivity of fly ash is de-
pendent on the properties of coal and ash and on flue gas tem-
perature. One solution to the high resistivity problem is reduc-
ing flue gas temperature to increase moisture and sulfur triox-
ide adsorption on the fly ash surface. An alternate approach to
reducing gas temperature is increasing combustion air flow
through the air heater and discarding excess air or using it to
reheat the flue gas. Other approaches are cited. During recent
years, there has been a decided trend toward installing a
precipitator ahead of the air heater in electric power generat-
ing plants. Advantages of these hot precipitators are men-
tioned. Controlling effluents from recovery boilers in the pulp
and paper industry constitutes another large application of
electrostatic precipitators. Metallurgical uses, wet precipita-
tors, cement kiln applications, and municipal incinerators are
also discussed. Future applications are considered.
33715
ECONOMIC CLEANING OF WASTE AIR. (Wirtschaftliche
Abluftreinigung). Text in German. Umwelt (Duesseldorf),
1(5):55, Oct./Nov. 1971.
Many industries try to clean their waste gases by simultane-
ously recovering chemicals. Solvent vapors can be drawn off
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68
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
from the production machines, mixed with air, and cleaned.
Several methods are available for recovery, including the ad-
sorption method with activated coal or the condensation
method. Other waste gas cleaning methods without recovery
are scrubbing with a suitable scrubbing fluid and subsequent
separation of the scrubbing fluid through rectification or
chemical reaction and thermal or catalytic combustion of the
solvent vapors. In many cases the adsorption method is the
most economical. In a paper mill, 80,000 cu m air are drawn
off/hr containing vaporous toluene at a concentration of 12.5
g/cu m. The investment costs for a waste gas cleaning system
based on the adsorption method are about $17,000 including
capital costs. At a plant efficiency of 98%, 980 kg toluene/hr
are recovered. Through the sale of the toluene, it takes just
315 days to cover the investment costs. Thereafter the system
operates with profit.
33732
Wallher, James E. and Herman R. Amberg
THE ROLE OF THE DIRECT CONTACT EVAPORATOR IN
CONTROLLING KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACE EMIS-
SIONS. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), 72(10):65-67, Oct.
1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Canadian Pulp and Paper As-
sociation, Technical Section, Annual Meeting, 57th, Montreal,
Quebec, Jan. 26-29, 1971, Paper T305.)
A study was made of total reduced sulfur and sulfur dioxide
emissions from several conventional kraft recovery furnaces
using direct contact evaporation and a newer designed furnace
without a direct contact evaporator. Sulfur emissions were
measured with Barton sulfur titrators. The direct contact
evaporator did not emit total reduced sulfur when the black
liquor sodium monosulfide content was less than 0.5 g/1 and
the pH was 12 or higher. Although average recovery furnace
total reduced sulfur emissions were less than 5 ppm, average
S02 concentrations ranged from 150 to 680 ppm. The direct
contact evaporator removed about 75% of the SO2 emission
and up to 50% of the furnace total reduced sulfur emission,
when total reduced sulfur concentration exceeded 5 ppm.
(Author abstract modified)
33918
Okumura, Eijiro and Hiroyasu Matsumoto
DESIGN OF FLOATING SCRUBBER AND TURBULENT AB-
SORBER. (Shisshiki shujin oyobi gasu kyushu sochi no sekkei
- Furotingu sukurabba, taburento abusoba ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kagaku Sochi (Plant and Process), 9(10):ll-22, Oct.
1967. 4 refs.
The Floating Scrubber (FBWS), wet type dust collection
device, and the Turbulent Absorber (TCA), a gas absorption
device, were discussed including their basic mechanisms, con-
struction, and design theories. Practical applications include
dust removal in iron manufacturing plants; dust removal, sul-
fur dioxide recovery, and gas absorption in pulp factories;
dust removal in steel manufacturing dust removal in sulfuric
acid manufacturing plants; absorption of SO2 from waste gas
in H2SO4 manufacturing plants; recovery of fluoride com-
pounds from waste gas phosphoric acid manufacturing indus-
try and from waste gas in aluminum manufacturing industry.
Both the FBWS and TCA are scrubber columns filled with
lightweight plastic balls between two grids. The washing liquid
is sprayed through a nozzle from above and the gas to be
treated is fed in from below; the gas causes a violent turbulent
motion as it ascends to contact the wash liquid. Since the gas-
liquid contact system occurs in the space between the two
grids, the balls contact the media, float with the gas and liquid.
Since the gas-liquid contact system occurs in the space
between the two grids, the balls contact the media, float with
the gas and liquid, revolve, and hit each other, thus causing
stirring. This keeps the surface of the balls clean so that a new
liquid film can form. Also, the area of contact between the gas
and the liquid is enlarged for effective dust collection and gas
absorption. The constant stirring keeps the grid meshes free
from viscous or other substances formed by the absorption
reaction. This is known as self-cleaning. Both FBWS and TAC
are patented to UPO of the U.S.A. and feature no clogging,
even with viscous substances; low pressure loss compared
with its high gas velocity; higher contact effect resulting in
higher efficiency; and stable and long-life performance.
34044
Miyagi, Hiroshi
DUST COLLECTION OF PAPER PULP INDUSTRY. (Kami
parupu sangyo no shujin ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 7(10):575-580, Oct. 1971.
In the paper pulp industry, both sulfite process and the Kraft
Process create dust particulates, but the latter is particularly
troublesome. Dusts are created by the dissolver emission pipe,
the burned lime bin, and the caustic tank emission pipe, but
the recovery boiler flue and the rotary kiln produce especially
large quantitites of dusts. The main component of the flue gas
from a plant with a 500 t/day production capacity is 8-15 g/N
cu m, or 40 - 70 t/day of mirabilite (sodium sulfate). Most
plants use electric precipitators behind the recovery boiler,
and most precipitators collect 90-98% of dusts. However,
when the dust collection rate is only 90%, the stack gas some-
times contains more than one g/N cu m of NaSO4, exceeding
the air standards of the Air Pollution Control Law. In such
cases, installation of a second dust collector is necessary, but
this is not feasible for most plants because of the space in-
volved. Usually a wet scrubber is used, but the design of a
high efficiency scrubber is extremely difficult, due to the small
size of NaSO4 particles. However, the weak alkaline liquid
which circulates between the recovery boiler and the caustisa-
tion (?) plant in a KP mill can be utilized for the scrubbing of
gas, which reduces the cost of fresh alkali. The rotary kiln
produces 20-70 g/N cu m dusts. The main components are cal-
cium carbonate (CaC03) and calcium oxide (CaO), and a plant
with 500 t/day production creates approximately 24 t/day of
CaCO3 and CaO. About 97-98% of dusts must be collected in
order to meet the minimum air standard. Scrubbing of the gas
may be achieved by diluted chemicals, but industrial water is
sufficient, and desulfurization is achieved at the same time by
CaO. The sulfur dioxide content in the emission gas after the
treatment is almost zero.
34299
Freyschuss, Stig
MODERN METHODS FOR THE REDUCTION OF THE
WASTES FROM CHEMICAL PULP MILLS IN SWEDEN.
Water Air Ind., Proc. Int. Cong. PRO AQUA, Basel, Switzer-
land, 1969, p. 128-141.
Chemical pulp production has increased greatly in Sweden
during the last 25 years, which has caused many severe pollu-
tion problems in lakes, rivers, and along the coast of the Bal-
tic. During the last 10 years intensive work has been going on
to reduce the waste mainly by internal measures in the chemi-
cal pulp mills. There has been a reduction of the fresh water
consumption for the pulp processes which has made it possible
to recover more of the wastes both in the form of dissolved
organic material and fibers. Development of the continuous
digester for the sulfate process has been of great importance
for development of better washing methods, which means less
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
69
pollution from the black liquor. The steam stripping of the
condensates has reduced the loss of orgainc sulfides and
methanol to the recipient. By burning the uncondensable gases
after stripping, part of the air pollution problem has found a
solution. The evaporation and burning of the spent sulfite
liquor is the only effective way of solving the pollution
problems at Swedish calcium sulfite mills. Development of ef-
ficient washing methods has decreased the loss of sulfite
liquor to about 15%, and by using soluble bases such as mag-
nesium or sodium the recovery of spent liquor can be in-
creased to at least 95%. Cross-recovery of chemicals is also
mentioned. (Author summary modified)
34317
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION CITATIONS. Power,
1I5(1I):S2-S9, Nov. 1971.
Industrial plants that proved how sound engineering could
produce results in a determined effort to clean up plant-water
effluent are cited. Mathematical modelling was utilized by In-
ternational Paper to evaluate the influence of waste discharge
into a lake. Starting with the basic equation for distribution of
a contaminant under steady-state conditions, a series of equa-
tions were developed for use with a computer program to
yield, amongst other variables, biological oxygen demand and
dissolved oxygen profiles for the lake. The pollution-free
operation for a new mill with a continuous digester using the
proven kraft process is described. An ash collector and the
sulfite pulping process are mentioned. Activated sludge, tertia-
ry treatment, and incineration are described for the control of
refinery problems. Waste waters are collected in sumps at key
locations, then pumped to treatment tanks. Chrome is reduced
with sodium bisulfite and precipitated with caustic, and cya-
nide is oxidized with sodium hypochlorite. Treated solutions
are pumped to blending tanks where the pH is adjusted. Waste
streams containing suspended solids, hexavalent chrome, and
floating matter are treated with antifoam and coagulating
agents before entering an air mixing tank. After aeration,
waste water flows to a series of settling tanks where
suspended and floating solids are removed. The recently
started-up purification plant to handle acidic rinse water plus
wastes from chrome plating is also described. Other control
methods mentioned include black liquor oxidation, electro-
static precipilators, odor counteraction, venturi scrubbers,
cyclones, and filters.
34385
Kalish, John
EUROPE S LARGEST KRAFT DIGESTER COMES ON
STREAM AT BILLERUD. Pulp Paper Int., 13(ll):51-55, Oct.
1971.
Europe s largest continuous kraft digester - rated at 940
tons/day -- and a highly advanced evaporation and cross-
recovery system highlight the recently completed kraft pulp
expansion at the Gruvon mill of Billerud AB in Sweden. About
half of the output of the new digester is flash dried market
pulp from twin 275-ton/day flash dryers, marking Billerud s
entry as a producer of unbleached kraft market pulp. Environ-
mental and emission control at Billerud centers around a very
well designed recovery system with several unique features for
optimal operation and order reduction. A new technique of
splitting the condensates from the black liquor evaporation
stages has been employed to isolate contaminated condensates
and provide for subsequent destruction of the contaminants.
The two present evaporator lines are attached to a 20-ton/hr
forced circulation stage for concentration of the thick liquor to
65% solids, considered to facilitate subsequent combustion.
Sodium hydroxide is added to the first stage of the stack gas
scrubber. The recovery boiler and other details of the recovery
system are described. (Author summary modified)
34459
DEVELOPMENTS IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
TECHNIQUES FOR PULP INDUSTRY. (Luftvardsteknik i ut-
veckling for en renare skogsindustri). Text in Swedish. Svensk
Papperstid. (Stockholm), 71(18):579-584, Sept. 1971.
Air pollution problems and control of the Finnish pulp indus-
try are discussed. An emission test group was formed in
Sweden to furnish data on hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide
emissions by sulfate plants. Sampling, analysis, and sample
handling methods are reviewed. The test data serve as a basis
for the Nature Conservation Authority in determining standard
values for soda plant emissions. Technical conditions of ob-
serving H2S emission norms are outlined. Emission measure-
ments are remunerative, as they can contribute to a smoother
operation. Three methods were tried to reduce SO2 emission
in pulp production (changeover to another base (magnesium),
waste gas scrubbing, and precipitation). Test instruments for
measuring gaseous sulfur compound emissions around sulfate
plants, and two methods for concentration measurements in
ppb-range are reviewed. Local emission measurements around
three sulfate plants are summarized. With smaller production
volume, approximately the same amount of sulfur is emitted
by the Finnish pulp industry as by the Swedish. Methods for
continuous H2S and SO2 measurements are being studied and
developed. It will be possible to reduce sulfite emission by
changing over to another base connected with a more intensive
regeneration of chemicals. Direct waste gas evaporators can-
not meet the requirements in the sulfate cellulose industry.
Electrostatic precipitators, and waste gas scrubbers are
needed.
34868
Duncan, Leon and Isaiah Gellman
THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM OF THE NA-
TIONAL COUNCIL OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY FOR AIR
AND STREAM IMPROVEMENT. Vanderbilt Univ., Nash-
ville, Tenn. Dept of Environmental and Water Resources En-
gineering, and Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board, En-
viron. Water Resources Eng. Conf., 9th, Annu., Nashville,
Tenn., 1970, p. 41-44. (June 4-5.)
During the past 15 years, the National Council of the Paper In-
dustry for Air and Stream Improvement has been actively en-
gaged in a research program aimed toward air quality protec-
tion. These efforts encompass such areas as development and
application of sampling and analytical techniques, adaptation
and evaluation of air pollution control equipment, changes in
processes and operations to effect improved atmospheric emis-
sion, and applications of new concepts in pulp and paper mak-
ing operations for more effective emissions control. Currently,
the major thrust is in the area of odor control from kraft mill
operations.
35315
Freiday, Jay H., West Hartford, and George J. Prohazka
CHEMICAL RECOVERY FURNACE WITH AIR CASCADE
EVAPORATORY SYSTEM. (Combustion Engineering, Inc.,
Windsor, Conn.) U. S. Pat. 3,592,610. 6p., July 13, 1971. 3
refs. (Appl. Dec. 27, 1967, 6 claims).
Chemical recovery systems are used generally in the paper
making industry to process and recover the chemicals used in
digesting wood or other cellulose material. In a chemical
-------
70
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
recovery furnace system including a rotary regenerative air
heater and an air cascade evaporator, the location of the
forced draft fan can be changed from the upstream air inlet
side of the air heater to the outlet side of the air stream
through the air heater. By relocating the forced draft fan, the
absolute pressure through the air side of the system is
reduced, thus resulting in a reduction of the differential pres-
sure between the air and gas sides of the rotary regenerative
air heater, and a corresponding reduction in the air-to-gas
leakage. Relocation of the fan also enables a closed recirculat-
ing heat transfer loop to be formed between the recovery fur-
nace and the cascade evaporator through the fan. This feature
has great value in effecting safe emergency shutdown when
water is believed to be entering the furnace, thus avoiding the
possibility of smelt-water reaction explosion.
35519
Hardison, Leslie C.
GAS-LIQUID SCRUBBING TOWER. (Universal Oil Products
Co., Des Plaines, 111.) U. S. Pat. 3,585-786. 5p., June 22, 1971.
4 refs. (Appl. Aug. 12, 1968. 4 claims).
Mass transfer between a liquid and a gas is employed to clean
the gas of entrained solids, absorb the gas in the liquid, or
react the gas with the liquid. Conventional scrubbers effect
mass transfer by bubbling gas through a liquid or by spraying
a rising gas stream with a liquid. The former method provides
insufficient gas-liquid contact and causes undesirable frothing
between liquids and gases. The frothing results in clogged gas
inlets and sometimes clogged liquid inlets and gas outlets. The
second method provides adequate gas-liquid contact but
further increases the frothing. A scrubbing tower with verti-
cally mounted tubes effects mass transfer without creating the
turbulence that causes frothing. The upper portion of the
tubes, which extend through a partition dividing the upper and
lower sections of the tower, is surrounded by a liquid. The
liquid flows as a laminar film down the inner walls of the
tubes and is contacted by the gas stream rising in the center of
the tubes. Applications of the scrubber include oxidizing waste
sulfide liquor in paper production, fly ash removal, and ex-
tracting nitrogen oxides from tail gas produced by nitric oxide
production.
35660
Lardieri, Nicholas J.
PRESENT TREATMENT PRECTICE OF KRAFT MILLS ON
AIR-BORNE EFFLUENTS. Paper Trade J., 142(15):28-33,
April 14, 1958. 7 refs.
A survey was conducted to ascertain what methods are used
for treatment of atmospheric effluents from kraft pulping
mills; 58 mills participated. The types of recovery equipment
used, specific abatement techniques for various effluents,
costs of abatement processes, and the public relations aspects
of the problem were considered. The equipment used for col-
lection of paniculate matter and aerosols from recovery fur-
nace stacks included electrostatic precipitators (50 mills) and
venturi scrubbers (nine mills) two mills used no equipment
whatever. Wet scrubbers were used by 54 mills and dry dust
collectors by one to control lime kiln exhaust; one mill did not
use any control equipment. Odorous emissions from the kraft
industry occur primarily from digestion and chemical recovery.
Some reduction in these emissions from digester gases is
achieved in most Southern kraft mills through the turpentine
recovery system. Odors from the black liquor recovery
systems arise from the multiple-effect evaporator condensates
and from furnace stacks. Methods used to abate odors from
these sources are scrubbing of evaporator noncondensables
with caustic or black liquor, air oxidation of black liquor prior
to recovery, and odor-masking of catalytic reactant com-
pounds. Capital costs are about $1000. per ton of productive
capacity.
35793
Oglesby, Sabert, Jr.
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION. Bull. S. Res. Inst.,
26(2):3-9, Winter 1971.
Electrostatic precipitators are assuming new importance as de-
mands increase for better air quality. The three basic steps in
the precipitator process are described along with dust proper-
ties influencing precipitation and the major uses of precipita-
tors. Precipitators have their widest use in the collection of fly
ash from coal-fired boilers at electric power stations and in the
collection of dusts from recovery furnaces in pulp and paper
mills. Other important users are iron and steel plants and ce-
ment plants. The two principal factors governing the ease with
which dust can be precipitated are its particle size and electri-
cal resistivity. The trend toward the use of low-sulfur coals is
causing problems for fly ash precipitation, as the coals plus a
flue gas temperature of 300 F result in high-resistivity dust.
This problem can be handled by increasing precipitator size,
reducing flue gas temperature, injecting conditioning agents in
the gas stream ahead of the precipitator, or increasing the tem-
perature to 600-700 F by putting the precipitator ahead of the
air heater. While initial and installation costs of an electro-
static precipitator are higher than for other methods of panicu-
late control, annual operating and maintenance costs are much
lower.
35803
Miyajima, Hiroshi
TREATMENT OF EMISSION GAS FROM RECOVERY
BOILERS. (Kaishu boira no haigasu shori ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi Nensho (Fuel and CCombustion),
38(12):! 161-1176, Dec. 1971.
The emission gas from the recovery boiler of a Kraft pulp mill
enters an electrostatic precipitator and approximately 95% of
eight to ten g/N cu m size dusts are collected. The gas then
enters a wet cyclone scrubber and most of 0.4 - 0.5 g/N cu m
size dusts are collected and some 0.15 to 0.2 g/N cu m dust
particles remain. Altogether, 98 to 99% of the dusts are col-
lected. The dusts are collected mostly by colliding with the
spray liquid in the scrubber or diffusing or adhering to the sur-
face of the liquid. The characteristics of this scrubber are its
simple structure, easy operation, cleansing operation without
power, little draft loss, a wide design possibility for a variety
of particle sizes, types, and quantities, a small space require-
ment, a high collection rate of small particles, its multi-func-
tions, and an excellent anti-erosion capacity. The odor is con-
trolled by an alkaline solution additive in the scrubber liquid
which absorbs hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans. The car-
ryover of the dusts from the recovery boiler is successfully
prevented by avoiding overloading, increasing the concentra-
tion of the black liquor, reducing the inorganic elements in the
liquor, reducing the first air supply to the minimum, and
decreasing the black liquor jet pressure.
35931
Miyazaki, Shigeru
SO2 SCRUBBER FOR PULP AND PAPER MILL. (Kami
parupu kogyo ni okeru haien datsuryu no jisshirei). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(12):1108-
1114, Dec. 1971.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
71
A Swedish method of stack gas desulfurization was adopted
by a pulp mill. The system comprises two conical scrubbers
encased vertically in a cylindrical drop collector. The two
scrubbers are each connected with a head tank where the ab-
sorbent is stored, and a pipe connects the two tanks. The ex-
haust gas from the boiler is sent to the lower scrubber and
passes through the narrow passage between the lower end of
the conical scrubber and the surface of the liquid absorbent at
a high speed, causing the liquid to turn into aerosol mist and
rise upward. The liquid particles have large surface areas and
as they rise with the turbulent gas, contacts are made rapidly
and effectively with the gas. Sulfur dioxide gas is almost
completely absorbed at this stage. The guiding vane attached
at the top of the lower scrubber rotates and circulates the gas,
and by centrifugal action, makes the liquid drops adhere to the
inner wall of the drop collector, and effectively separates the
gas from the liquid. Most of the liquid is collected into the
lower head tank through the recirculation pipe. The gas treated
by the lower scrubber rises to the upper scrubber and escapes
into the stack at the top of the drop collector. Fresh absorbent
is supplied to the scrubber from the upper head tank and
residual S02 in the gas is effectively absorbed because of the
high pH. Carbon dioxide is also absorbed. The absorbent with
lower pH comes down to the lower scrubber. The CO2 scarce-
ly reacts to the absorbent of low Ph. The CO2 absorbed in the
upper scrubber exists in the form of sodium carbonate and
reacts to SO2 and becomes sodium sulfite. The SO2 absorp-
tion rate is 95 to 98%, and the dust collection rate is more than
36018
TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND NM3/H FLUE-GAS DESUL-
FURIZATION PLANT. Chem Economy Eng. Rev., 4(1):43,
Jan. 1972.
In July 1971, with the cooperation of Jujo Paper Co., Hitachi
Ltd. built a 25,000 cu Nm/hr semi-wet flue gas desulfurization
plant at the Jujo plant in Japan. The process involves reactions
in which flue gas is brought into contact with an alkaline solu-
tion such as sodium hydroxide. Reaction products are dried by
the sensible heat of the flue gas, and the by-product is
recovered in the form of a solid powder consisting mainly of
sodium sulfite.
36037
Gavelin, Gunnar
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL METHODS
USED IN SWEDISH PULP MILLS. Paper Trade J., 156(3):34-
36, Jan. 17, 1972.
Sweden now has 31 kraft mills producing four million tons of
pulp and sewering 180,000 tons of biological oxygen demand
and 200,000 tons of lignin per year. All these mills have liquor
evaporation, and one of the most important questions is how
to improve the washing efficiency. Biological treatment has
been installed at one mill, a combination of sedimentation and
chemical precipitation at another. What most captures the
imagination of kraft mill designers in Sweden today is the pos-
sibility of building a completely closed mill, where no external
effluent treatment would be required. The bleach plant ef-
fluent presents an additional and very difficult problem which
will be reduced only by 50% should oxygen bleaching as a first
stage become generally adopted. The mercury losses from the
chlorine-alkaki plants, on the other hand, have been virtually
eliminated by process modifications and closing of the
systems. The sulfite mills, which sewer 310,000 tons of BOD
and 400,000 tons of lignin per year, have only three choices:
converting to soluble base, installation of liquor evaporation
with sulfur dioxide scrubbing, or closing down. Sulfur dioxide
and hydrogen sulfide emissions present another problem at
Swedish pulp mills. Biological and oxygen treatment are men-
tioned.
36270
HOW WEYERHAEUSER CONTROLS KRAFT ODOR WITH
THE VAPORSPHERE. Paper Trade J., 139(1):12-13, Jan. 3,
1955.
At two kraft mills, sulfur-containing gases that are not
eliminated by condensers are collected by 25-ft steel bubbles
(vapospheres) on the roofs of the mills. Inside each sphere is a
rubber- treated diaphragm that expands slowly as the gases are
collected and stored. The inflated balloon allows the gases to
be drawn off slowly and at a constant rate for destruction by
burning or chemical treatment. The devices are at least 90%
effective in completely deodorizing the pulping process.
36355
(Inventor not given.)
A METHOD TO REDUCE THE PROPORTION OF SULFUR
TRIOXIDE IN OFF-GASES FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
SULFUR-CONTAINING OFF-LYES. (Bystroms Oljeprodukter
A. B., Karlstad (Sweden)) Brit. Pat. 1,204,761. lp., Sept. 9,
1970. (Appl. Jan. 1, 1968, 4 claims).
In the method described, magnesium sulfate is added to sulfur-
bearing lye along with magnesium tall oil fatty acid soap. The
lye is then burned. Incrustation is reduced by the addition of
the two mixtures. The method is particularly applicable to
reducing sulfur trioxide in sulfite and sulfate cellulose
processes.
36478
Dumon, R.
TREATMENT OF LIQUID EFFLUANTS IN A NEW ELF-
HEURTY TYPE INCINERATOR. (Traitement d effluents
liquides dans un nouveau ty d incinerateur Elf-Heurty). Text
in French. Chim Ind., Genie Chim., 103(20), 2617-2618, Dec.
1970.
Highly polluted liquid effluents are destroyed by the new Elf-
Heurty type incinerator. In general, highly flammable com-
bustibles are required that are needed in low quantities and are
also cheap. Elf system emulsion burners are used for this in-
cinerator. A mixture consisting of liquid dispersion and liquid
combustible additive is atomized in the reaction chamber by
compressed air. Strict temperature homogeneity is imperative
for the whole reaction chamber. The advantages involved in
this system lie in low demand for cheap combustibles, the
absence of further pollution, the possibility to control furnace
atmosphere (oxidizing or reducing), high reliability in opera-
tion, and in the utilization of the steam thus generated. The
system can also be applied for liquids of high concentration.
This incineration method can be used in chemical, petroleum,
pharmaceutical, textile and paper-making industry, and in
metallurgy. Various modifications can be introduced for treat-
ing various liquids.
36657
Morgan, Oliver P.
A SUMMARY OF THE AIR AND WATER POLLUTION
ABATEMENT EFFORTS AT WEYERHAEUSER KRAFT
MILL AT SPRINGFIELD, OREGON. Washington State
Univ., Pulman, Proc. Pacific Northwest Ind. Waste Conf.,
10th. Pullman, Wash., 1961, p. 119-128. (May 25-26.)
-------
72
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
As part of a program to control odor emissions from a kraft
pulp mill, black liquor oxidation has been successful in
eliminating sulfides from the liquor, thus preventing stripping
of the sulfur compounds in the recovery furnaces and resulting
in substantial reductions in odor level from the high stack. A
fume-destroying furnace was used to burn relief gases under
carefully controlled conditions, oxidizing all odorous sulfur
compounds to sulfur dioxide, which has a much lower odor
potential. Odorous blow gases were finally controlled by using
a vaporsphere to hold the gases and release them at a constant
rate to the fume furnace. After some modifications, savings
were effected by piping the blow and relief gases to the lime
kiln for burning. Some odor control has also been achieved by
improved air control in the recovery furnaces and lime kilns.
Lime kiln dust losses have been decreased with modifications
to the plant scrubber system. The program to control water
pollution from the plant is also described in detail.
36658
Collins, T. T., Jr., C. R. Seaborne, and A. W. Anthony, Jr.
REMOVAL OF SALT CAKE FUME FROM SULPHATE
RECOVERY FURNACE STACK GASES BY SCRUBBING.
Paper Trade J., 124(23):45-49, June 5, 1947. 2 refs. (Presented
at the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Annual Meeting, New York, Feb. 24-27, 1947.)
Successful development on a pilot plant scale of a new ap-
paratus for scrubbing the fume of sodium salts from pulp mill
sulfate or soda furnace stack gases is described. The equip-
ment consists essentially of a venturi through which the waste
gases going to the stack pass at high velocity while, at the
same time, recirculated water injected into the construction is
atomized by the energy of the gases under the extremely tur-
bulent conditions existing in the throat and is then removed in
a dry cyclone following the venturi atomizer. Efficiencies of
sodium removal of as high as 99% have been attained by a
combination consisting of the venturi atomizer followed by the
conventional Pease-Anthony Scrubber instead of a cyclone.
The combination of a venturi atomizer followed by a dry
cyclone, called the venturi-scrubber, gives 85-94% sodium
recovery on a pilot plant scale with an estimated power con-
sumption for large scale operation of about 43 kw hour/ton of
pulp. Because of the easily attainable high efficiency, low first
cost, and simple operation of the venturi-scrubber, the addi-
tion of any other equipment to the combination to improve ef-
ficiency seems economically unjustifiable. (Author abstract
modified)
36659
Collins, T. T., Jr., C. R. Seaborne, and A. W. Anthony, Jr.
USE OF THE VENTURI-SCRUBBER ON SULPHATE
RECOVERY FURNACE STACK GASES. Paper Trade J.,
!26(3):45-49, Jan. 15, 1948. 2 refs. (Presented at the Technical
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Alkaline Pulping
Committee, Asheville. N. C., Oct. 11, 1947.)
Operating experience with a full-scale venturi scrubber for
fume recovery from a kraft pulp mill sulfate recovery furnace
rated for 120 tons of daily pulp production is reported. The
scrubber is a combination of venturi atomizer followed by a
cyclone to remove the atomized liquid. The full-scale unit has
a minimum range of efficiency of sodium removal from the
furnace gases of 85-90%; actual dust removal efficiency is
probably somewhat higher. The overall pressure drops across
the venturi atomizer of 16-19 in water are expectedly high,
compared with predictions from pilot plant data for 90% effi-
ciency of sodium removal. The sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide content of the stack gases differ, depending on whether
the furnace is being operated beyond design capacity; the
resulting change in alkalinity of the scrubbing liquor may be
considerably important from the corrosion standpoint. Power
requirements calculate out to 40 kw hours per ton of pulp,
slightly lower than predicted from pilot plant data; further
reductions are anticipated from refinements in atomizer design
and use of a variable speed fan. Wider applications of the ven-
turi scrubber as an integral part of the kraft recovery furnace
are expected with further development.
36760
May, Ben F.
EXPERIENCES IN THE ABATEMENT OF KRAFT MILL
ODORS. GULF STATES PAPER CORP. Tappi, 36(8):374-378,
Aug. 1953. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, Alkaline Pulping Conference, 6th, Mobile,
Ala., Nov. 12-14, 1952.)
Use of a direct condenser for digester blow gases was the first
success of a Louisiana kraft pulp mill in its efforts since the
mid-1920s to abate odor emissions. Chlorine was tried for
deodorizing the condenser effluent but was ineffective. Until
1951 all attempts at odor abatement were made with conden-
sers, water spray scrubbers, and improved processing equip-
ment. Trials of odor masking aromatic compounds began in
1951. Efforts to effect a milder and less obnoxious odor by
use of these compounds have produced a slight improvement.
However, positive conclusions are pending due to extended
trials. Future study involving trial of a scrubber system, em-
ploying bleach plant waste liquors, is under consideration.
Evaluation of results is the most difficult phase in this field of
study. A practical, yet accurate, means of odor measurement
is needed. The variables involved are quite complicated, in-
cluding such major ones as process operating efficiency,
meteorological conditions, individuals nasal characteristics,
and mixing of odors from various sources.'(Author abstract
modified)
36854
Chamberlain, R. E. and C. E. Cairns
ANALYSIS OF RECOVERY UNIT OPERATION AND CON-
TROL. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), 73(1):97-104, Jan.
1972. 14 refs. (Presented at the Canadian Pulp and Paper As-
soc.. Technical Section, Annual Meeting, 57th, Montreal,
Canada, Jan. 26-29, 1971.)
Tests were undertaken to evaluate the potential for improved
instrumentation of recovery furnace operations and better con-
trol of both sulfur gas (hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide)
and paniculate emissions. The testing considered all major
operating variables in the recovery operation, their inter-
mediate effects on furnace operation, and the final operating
results. The tests indicated that additional secondary air will
increase the oxidation of combustion products without increas-
ing paniculate carryover or tube deposition. Despite higher ex-
cess air, stack heat losses did not increase because existing
temperature simultaneously increased. Change in primary air
had no effect on black liquor reduction, except possibly on a
short-term basis. Increased secondary air, however, lowered
black liquor reduction. Particular attention should be paid to
brightness as a measure of char-bed temperature and com-
bustion stability. This measurement is a key to minimum sulfur
gas emission and paniculate carryover. Air consumption as an
index of furnace combustion may provide a control base for
increaced stabilization of recovery furnace temperatures.
Although this concept is most easily implemented through
computer control, modification of air control on an analog
basis should reduce variation in furnace combustion.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
73
Establishing furnace production according to combustion and
smelting rates suggests trimming the input solids rate to main-
tain the amount of the material in the furnace constant.
(Author summary modified)
37004
West, P. H.
CHEMICAL AND HEAT RECOVERY WITH THE VENTURI
SCRUBBER AT THILMANY. Tappi, 38(7):399^t02, July 1955.
7 refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Annual Meeting, 40th, New York, Feb. 21-24,
1955.)
In 1946 a pilot plant venturi scrubber, using water to clean
recovery furnace flue gases, was tested at a kraft pulp mill
and showed chemical recovery efficiencies of about 90%. A
similar full-scale unit, installed in 1947 following the existing
120-ton recovery units, substantiated these findings. Further
pilot studies, employing concentrated black liquor instead of
water, indicated improvement in heat recovery efficiency over
that of conventional kraft recovery systems, while maintaining
a high degree of chemical recovery. By mid-1951, because of
greatly increased pulp production and the demand for 600 psi
steam, a new 250-ton black liquor recovery unit equipped with
a black liquor venturi scrubber was purchased. Cost considera-
tions, space requirements, trouble free operation, high chemi-
cal recovery efficiency, and maximum heat recovery were
considered in the decision to include the venturi scrubber as
an integral part of the recovery unit. (Author abstract
modified)
37064
Woodward, Eric R.
CHLORINE DIOXIDE FOR ODOR CONTROL. Tappi,
36(5):216-221, May 1953. 21 refs. (Presented at the Technical
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Alkaline Pulping
Conference, 6th, Mobile, Ala., Nov. 12-14, 1952.)
The use of chlorine dioxide in a limited number of industrial
plants which are notorious for the discharge of obnoxious
odors has met with success on a commercial scale. The ef-
fluent gases contain methyl and ethyl amines, hydrogen sul-
fide, and mercaptans. As with any other chemical remedy, ef-
ficient contact between chlorine dioxide and the offending
odors is essential. This involves proper ventilation of buildings
where the odors originate, adequate collection and transfer of
the odor-bearing medium to the point of treatment, and effi-
cient scrubbing of the odorous compounds before release to
the surrounding atmosphere or terrain. Application to kraft
mill odors, methods of generating and applying chlorine diox-
ide, and possible corrosion problems are discussed. (Author
abstract modified)
37073
Cromwell, W. E.
OZONE IN ADt POLLUTION ABATEMENT. Ind. Eng.
Chem., 51(6):83A-84A, June 1959.
While the chemical mechanism by which ozone combats air
pollution is not fully understood, the reaction in most cases
appears to be a neutralization of odor formers. Several case
histories and the ozone generation equipment utilized are
given, describing the use of ozone to treat effluent gases from
two New York City sewage treatment plants, to counteract
odors from fish processing stack gases, to treat unpleasant
kitchen odors, and, experimentally, to treat the effluent stack
gases from the sulfate recovery system of a paper pulping mill.
37094
Wright, R. H., M. A. Schoening, and L. W. Shemilt
THE EFFECT OF BLACK LIQUOR FIXATION ON THE
RELEASE OF KRAFT ODORS. Tappi, 36(4):180-183, April
1953. 11 refs.
In place of the regular feed of unoxidized black liquor to a
kraft mill semipilot oxidation tower, oxidized black liquor was
fed continuously to the recovery system for a five-hour
period. Throughout the day gases from the recovery system
were sampled to determine concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
and methyl mercaptan, and liquids, to determine their sodium
sulfide concentration. Specific gases and liquids analyzed were
evaporator noncondensable gases, evaporator contaminated
condensate, evaporator jet-condenser effluent, furnace gases,
stack gases, weak black liquor, and strong black liquor.
Though H2S in stack gases rose to high values at the end of
the day, there was definite overall reduction in the amounts of
both H2S and methyl mercaptan liberated by the stack and
evaporator. A black liquor fixation system combined with an
adsorber of digester gases should provide effective control of
kraft odors.
37101
Trobeck, K. G., Walter Lenz, and A. Tirado A.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROCESS IS SWEDISH-MEX-
ICAN DEVELOPMENT. Pulp Paper Int., April 1959:44-48. 2
refs.
At a kraft pulp mill in Mexico, odors liberated from a multi-
ple-effect evaporator are completely eliminated by proper ox-
idation of black liquor with air. A surface condenser with tem-
perature held at 50-60 C produces contaminated condensate
water in smaller batches during digester blows, which makes it
easier to destroy odors in such condensate water. A special
scrubber promotes good contact between air, noncondensable
gases, and contaminated condensate water from the digesters.
In this way, all the noxious compounds from the blow-off and
relieving of digesters are treated at once in a single apparatus.
The result is a definite reduction of air pollution from the
gases and a virtual elimination of odors from condensate
water. Additional control measures are the detection of odors
by a Tritilog and a network of human observers.
37171
Carr, Wayne F.
HYDROCYCLONE. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat.
3,568,847. 7p., March 9, 1971. 5 refs. (Appl. Dec. 9, 1968, 3
claims).
Known hydrocylcones for cleaning cellulose suspensions and
similar liquid slurries are relatively ineffective in removing
foreign particles from mixtures avove \% fiber consistency. In
small separators, large particles are pulled into the higher an-
gular velocity zones of the vortex; in large separators, such
panicles are forced to the cone wall and frequently held in a
stationary orbiting field. By effecting changes in the transition
point between the forced and free vortex, an improved
cyclone for purifying wood pulp fibers controls the highest
centrifugal force zone to achieve the desired particle separa-
tion. The cyclone consists of an upper inlet chamber for
receiving suspensions and a lower inverted conical vortex
chamber for receiving fluid from the upper chamber. A vortex
finder in the inlet chamber induces a reversal of the downward
flow of the accepted fraction of the suspension from the free
vortex path in the lower chamber to an inner forced vortex
path. An expandable diaphragm in the vortex finder varies the
diameter of the flow path and shifts the transition zone
between the free and forced vortex paths. The principles of
-------
74
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
this invention are equally adaptable to the separation of heavy
components from gases. The term fluid includes both liquids
and gases, and the term heavier components includes any
components, solid or liquid or gas, dispersed in a base medium
having a lower specific gravity than the heavier component.
37266
Alley, Forrest C.
REMOVAL OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS FROM GAS
STREAMS. (Westvaco Corp., Clemson, S. C.) U. S. Pat.
3,598,521. 3p., Aug. 10, 1971. 6 refs. (Appl. Dec. 11, 1968, 7
claims).
A process is described for removing organic sulfur compounds
and hydrogen sulfide from industrial waste gas streams by ox-
idizing some of the sulfur compounds and adsorbing all the or-
ganic sulfur compounds and H2S onto an activated carbon ad-
sorbent. Prior attempts at organic sulfur compound removal
were either inefficient or required specially impregnated adsor-
bents. However, both certain organic sulfur compounds,
primarily mercaptans and disulfides, and hydrogen sulfide may
be completely and economically removed from waste gas
streams by contacting a gas stream of the sulfur compound-
containing gas and an oxygen-containing gas with an activated
carbonaceous catalytic adsorbent when the initial contact rela-
tive humidity is at least 70% at a temperature between 27 and
82C. The adsorbent may be regenerated for reuse and the gas
stream passed to the atmosphere free from organic sulfur com-
pounds and H2S. Evolution of malodorous sulfur compounds
is by no means limited to the pulping industry. For instance, it
is common to remove the odorous sulfur compounds during
the production of gasoline.
37494
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
BAD ODOR EMISSION CONTROL MEASURES AND EXAM-
PLES. (Akushu no haishutsu boshi taisaku to jitsurei). Text in
Japanese. PPM (Japan), 3(0:55-62, Jan. 1972. 4 refs.
Main sources of bad odors in Japan are chemical engineering,
Kraft pulp mills, petroleum refining, chemical fertilizer manu-
facturing, animals, corpses, fishmeal manufacturing,
stockyards, public facilities, garage dumps, excretion treat-
ment plants, and sewage treatment plants. In addition, foun-
dries, paint factories, pharmaceutical factories, canneries,
enamel electric wire factories, fish paste manufacturing plants,
distilleries, fermentation plants, and rubber factories are
sources of bad odors. The main points in bad odor control are
the normalization of the human relationship between industries
and inhabitants in the area, improvement of manufacturing or
treatment processes, and improvement of maintenance and
management of these odor creating sources. Various types of
countermeasures such as dilution, decomposition of odor ele-
ments, and elimination of elements are discussed. Various
methods of control such as combustion, catalytic oxidation,
adsorption, ozone, acid-alkaline scrubbing, ion exchange resin,
electrode, and water scrubbing methods are reviewed.
37554
HOW THE PAPER INDUSTRY IS SOLVING AIR AND
WATER PROBLEMS: CHEMICAL RECOVERY MADE
POSSIBLE WITH NICKEL STAINLESS STEEL. Nickel Top-
ics, 25(l):4-5, 1972.
The high-speed manufacturing of quality paper depends to a
large extent on the strength and corrosion-resistant properties
of nickel stainless steel. Its use has now been extended to
equipment for reducing air and water pollution which simul-
taneously recover useful chemicals. Waste chemicals from the
ammonium bisulfite pulping process are concentrated in a
nickel stainless steel evaporator and are then burned in a
recovery furnace to generate process steam and recover sulfur
dioxide gas from the furnace flue gases. All equipment in con-
tact with SO2 at temperatures below the dew point, or used in
handling aqueous SO2 solutions, is made of Type 316L or
Type 317 nickel stainless steel. In addition, these and other
types of nickel stainless steel are used for water recycling
systems, screens for chip washing, and washers for pulp from
digesters and bleaching operations.
37677
Homtvedt, Einar
OPERATING EXPERIENCES AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
OF THE SCA-BILLERUD (RECOVERY) PROCESS. (Driftser-
farenheter och ekonomiska aspekter pa SCA-Billerudproces-
sen). Text in Swedish. Norsk Skogind. (Norway), 25(5): 131-
134, May 1971.
In the SCA-Billerud chemical and heat recovery process for
sodium-based SSL, diluted SSL (from washed pulp) is
evaporated to 50-55% dry solids, then sprayed in finely di-
vided droplets into a pyrolysis reactor where the atomized par-
ticles are mixed rapidly and intensely with hot stack gases.
Because of the low proportion of oxygen in the flue gas, a
reducing atmosphere prevails in the reactor, resulting in rapid
production of combustible gas (in which most of the sulfur is
in the form of hydrogen sulfide) plus a fine dust (large sodium
carbonate), plus organically derived carbon. In the subsequent
degassing chamber, exothermal heat is given off (which is
used for steam generation) before the dust is separated from
the gas phase. The major portion of the steam in the gases is
condensed to increase the fuel value. The sodium carbonate is
leached from the dust, and the residual carbon is recycled to
the pyrolysis reactor. The gases are burned in a furnace which
converts the H2S to sulfur dioxide; the latter is absorbed by
the leached sodium carbonate, and the resulting cooking liquor
is recycled to the digester. Thhe size of the recovery plant de-
pends mainly on the dry solids content of the SSL. This in
turn depends on mill capacity, pulp yield, chemical charge,
and degree of liquor recovery. The chemical consumption va-
ries not only between different pulping processes but also
between different sulfite mills using the same process. Invest-
ment costs and profitability of recovery vary inversely with
pulp yield.
38194
Lardieri, N. J.
CONTROL OF AIR-BORNE EMISSIONS FROM SULFATE
PULPING. Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Ser., 57(35):68-73, 1961.
5 refs.
Control measures for airborne effluents from kraft cooking
and chemical recovery processes are described. At the great
majority of kraft pulp mills, the high efficiency of electrostatic
precipilalors and venturi evaporator-scrubbers is adequate for
control of particulates from the recovery furnace or lime kiln.
Where it has been necessary to discharge a gas even lower in
paniculate matter than that produced by the precipitator,
several mills have installed wet scrubbers in series with the
basic collection unit. These scrubbers are generally the low
head loss, fog type. Black liquor oxidation systems, foaming
or nonfoaming, are used to reduce the quantities of odorous
sulfur gases emitted from pulping and recovery operations. In
some existing black liquor oxidation systems, abatement of
odors from the digestion phase of pulping is also accomplished
as digester relief gases are introduced with air into the oxida-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
75
tion tower and partially oxidized in this manner. Noncondensi-
ble digester relief gases and blow gases are collected in a
vaporsphere, passed through a rock-packed scrubber, and then
burned in a lime kiln. Alternatively the gases can be passed
from the vaporsphere to a chlorination washer for complete
oxidation of odorous sulfur compounds.
38210
Heaney, J. P. and L. Doughty
OPTIMAL ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION CONTROL IN THE
WOOD PULP INDUSTRY. Atmos. Environ., 6(2):93-102, Feb.
1972. 10 refs.
A mathematical programming model was formulated to deter-
mine the optimal atmospheric emission control alternatives for
the pulp industry. Generalized multi-path programs were
developed showing the emission sources, the unit emissions
from these sources, and the available control alternatives.
Using these diagrams it is possible to depict a given mill by
selecting the appropriate flow paths. Formulation of the op-
timization model as a mixed integer-linear programming
problem is presented. Then the results of a sample analysis
using the model are described. A procedure is presented for
determining the net cost of paniculate emission standards as
well as a sensitivity analysis of the impact on the optimal solu-
tion of varying the value of recovered chemicals. (Author ab-
stract)
38235
Frost, H. J.
ELIMINATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS BY INCINERATION.
(Entsorgung durch Verbrennung). Text in German. Preprint.
Badische Anilin- and Soda-Fabrik A. G., Ludwigshafen (West
Germany), 5p., June 24, 1971.
In the chemical industry, waste products are mostly removed
by incineration where emissions must be combatted. Waste gas
with low fuel concentration (below the lower explosion point)
can be catalytically or thermally afterburned. Catalytic after-
burning takes place on oxide or precious metal catalysts both
of which are soon contaminated and become ineffective. Ther-
mal afterburning takes place at higher temperatures. Auxiliary
fuel is used to achieve higher temperatures. For combustion of
odorous substances, muffle furnaces are used. Incineration
plants for substances which cause considerable pollutant emis-
sion can be operated only in connection with absorption
plants. For incinerating chlorine-containing byproducts in vi-
nylchloride and propylene oxide manufacture as well as other
balogenated hydrocarbons, several methods have been
developed (Uhde, UCC, Yawata, and OxychloSration) where
hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride, and chlorine are ob-
tained. A special burner construction is necessary to guarantee
soot-free combustion. The combustion of sulfite waste lyes
from the cellulose industry has been successfully solved. The
magnesium oxide is separated by means of cyclones. As aque-
ous solution, it is then used for the desulfurization of waste
gases. As much as 100,000 cu m gas/hr may leave the stacks
of refineries in case of faults or also at the beginning or the
end of an operation. These gases must be burned in a flare. It
is of importance that such flares have a reliable ignition
system.
38444
Clement, John L.
GASEOUS SULFUR DIOXIDE ABSORPTION SYSTEM.
(Babcock and Wilcox Co., New York) U. S. Pat. 3,615,165.
7p., Oct. 26, 1971. 2 refs. (Appl. Dec. 10, 1968, 2 claims).
Magnesium base chemicals in liquid form have proven highly
effective in removing sulfur dioxide gases from the products
of combustion in the incineration of residual liquors. When
used in the chemical recovery system of a pulp and paper in-
stallation, both the magnesium compounds and the S02 ab-
sorbed in the magnesium may be reused in the chemical
process. The SO2 absorption from flue gases may be applied
to the products of combustion resulting from flue gases may
be applied to the products of combustion resulting from both
the incineration of pulp residual liquors and the combustion of
other sulfur-containing fuels. In the latter case, the absorbed
SO2 may be separately processed for reclamation of the sulfur
components in a useable form. A system is described for the
absorption of SO2 by passing the combustion gases in series
through a plurality of direct contact zones. The absorption
liquid is comprised of a solution of magnesium and sulfur
which is sprayed into the gas, and the makeup water in the
solution is selectively added into the last zone for optimum
SO2 absorption efficiency of the entire system. (Author ab-
stract modified)
38565
Saito, Hirotaro and Shigeo Kamio
SODA RECOVERY BOILER EXHAUST GAS PURIFICATION
METHOD. (Soda kaishuyo boira no hai-gasu jokaho). Text in
Japanese. (Honshu Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd., Tokyo (Japan))
Japan. Pat. Sho 46-40482. 3p., Nov. 30, 1971. 1 ref. (Appl.
April 28, 1967, 1 claim).
This is a method of eliminating the remaining mirabilite dust
and sulfur oxides from the exhaust gas of a Kraft Pulp mill
soda recovery boiler, which has already been treated by an
electrostatic precipitator. Even with the high rate of collection
of 93 to 95% by an electrostatic precipitator, close to 750 tons
of mirabilite dust and toxic gas are emitted daily from every
pulp mill of 430 ton/day capacity. By this method, the exhaust
gas from the recovery boiler is led to an electrostatic precipita-
tor and 93% to 95% of dust is eliminated. The treated gas is
then led to the invented apparatus. This is a large, cylindrical
atomizer, in which the black liquor from a tank is jet sprayed
from the top through a rotation disk and a ring shower. At the
bottom of the chamber lies a funnel shaped receptacle with a
number of slits with baffle boards. The remaining dust and sul-
fur oxides in the exhaust gas are completely absorbed by
atomized black liquor and go out through the slits. The sulfur
dioxide absorbed in the black liquor can be recovered as sodi-
um sulfite.
38569
Toro, R. F., J. Magder, and A. T. Coding
REMOVAL OF SULFUR DIOXIDE FROM WASTE GASES
BY REDUCTION TO ELEMENTAL SULFUR. (FINAL RE-
PORT). Princeton Chemical Research Intc., N. J.f National
Air Pollution Control Administration Contract PH 88-68-48,
295p., July 30, 1969. 70 refs. NTIS: PB 200071
Sulfur dioxide removal from waste gases by the modified
Claus process is examined with respect to the technology,
operating conditions, catalyst atctivitey,,;, effects of flue gas
composition hydrogen sulfide generation, reactor and process
design, and investment and operating costs. The SO2 is cata-
lytically reduced in one step to elemental sulfur, using H2S
which is generated by the one step reaction of elemental sulfur
with natural gas and water. The reduction and sulfur collection
are performed near normal flue gas temperature. Concurrent
removal of nitrogen oxides is thermodynamically possible
through reduction to nitrogen by reaction with H2S. The
recovery of elemental sulfur as 5a by-product and low invest-
-------
76
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
ment and operating costs are advantages with respect to
economics. The process may be adapted for use in fossil fuel
power plants, metallurgical roasting plants, oil refinerites, sul-
furic acid plants, Claus sulfur plants, ane pulp and paper
manufacturing.
38697
Harkness, A. C. and F. E. Murray
OXIDATION OF METHYL MERCAPTAN WITH MOLECU-
LAR OXYGEN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION. Atmos. Environ.,
4<4):417-424, July 1970. 6 refs.
Oxidation rates, reaction mechanisms, and catalytic activity in-
volved in the oxidation of methyl mercaptan with molecular
oxygen in an aqueous solution were investigated to provide
data on which to base control methods for air pollution by
kraft pulp mills. Methyl mercaptan was readily oxidized in an
alkaline solution in the presence of metal ion catalysts. Oxida-
tion rates in the absence of catalytic materials were extremely
slow. The products of oxidation at 30 C in a strongly alkaline
solution were dimethyl disulfide and hydrogen peroxide. The
chemical reactions were first order with respect to both ox-
ygen and mercaplan concentration, although the oxidation
proceeded mostly in the intermediate regime between kinetic
and diffusion control. The order of decreasing catalytic activi-
ty among the metal salts studied was cobalt chloride, copper
sulfate, nickel formate, ferric sulfate, zinc sulfate, and stiver
nitrate. (Author conclusions modified)
38723
Llewellyn, William F.
SUCCESS IN KRAFT MILL ODOUR EMISSION CONTROL -
A CASE HISTORY. Int. Paper. Board Ind., 14(6):22-24, June
1971. (Presented at the Technical association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Water and Air Conference, 8th.)
Field experience with kraft mill siting and odor control is
reviewed. The major sources and control equipment included a
recovery boiler electrostatic precipitator, a lime kiln Venturi
scrubber, a dissolving tank vent equipped with a suitable
scrubber, and a black liquor oxidation system. The digester
was equipped with a condenser and non-condensible gases are
conveyed to the lime kiln for thermal oxidation. Any reduced
sulfur compounds still released in the evaporators after black
liquor oxidation are incinerated in the lime kiln after removal
of water vapor with a condenser. Off-gases from the black
liquor oxidation system and the lime kiln scrubber are
discharged with the recovery boiler flue gases through the
main stack. Brown stock and chlorine stage hood exhausts are
discharged through suitable scrubbers.
39205
Meinhold, Ted F.
THILMANY RECLAIMS 90% OF CHEMICALS FROM FLUE
GAS. Chem. Process. (Chicago), 19(8):I4-I5, March 1956.
When pulp production at a pulp and paper plant was boosted
to 165 tons per day, a 250-ton, 600-psi, Babcock and Wilcox
recovery unit equipped with a black liquor venturi scrubber
was installed to keep pace with the added production. The
venturi scrubber on the new unit used black liquor for
scrubbing, making it possible to clean the flue gases, lower
their temperature, and further concentrate the black liquor at
the same time. Operation of the scrubber is described. The
flue gas leaving the scrubber has a concentration of 0.4 grains
dust per cu ft, compared with an entrance concentration of 3.9
grains, resulting in a chemical recovery efficiency of 90%.
39206
Roberts. L. M., C. E. Beaver, and W. H. Blessing
OPERATING EXPERIENCES WITH COTTRELL
PRECIPITATORS ON SULPHATE RECOVERY FURNACE
GASES. Paper Trade J., 127(18):45-49, Oct. 28, 1948.
(Presented at the Alkaline Pulping Committee, Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Asheville, N. C.,
Oct. 11, 1947.)
Operating data and plant experience with Cottrell precipitators
for recovery of sodium compounds from sulfate mill recovery
furnace gases are presented. The data, which apply to 38
precipitators in 16 installations, cover pulp tonnage, operating
temperatures, amount of precipitate, dust analyses, operating
availability, and maintenance and labor costs (1968). In
general, the precipitators show recoveries of 88-145 Ibs/ton of
pulp, the average being 118 Ibs. Based on the average rate and
a precipitator availability of 95%, the yearly return from a 250-
ton mill operating 350 days/yr would be 4900 tons.
39226
Galeano, Sergio F., Don C. Kahn, and Reynold A. Mack
AIR POLLUTION - FREE OPERATION OF A NSSC
RECOVERY FURNACE. Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, New York, Tappi Engineering Conf., 25th,
Proc., Denver, Colo.. 1970, p. 97-105. 11 refs. (Oct. 27, Paper
4-2.)
Differences between the spent liquors from neutral sulfite
semi-chemical pulping and kraft pulping are cited, and the
operation of a neutral sulfite semi-chemical pulping recovery
furnace for air pollution-free operation is described. It was
possible to modify the operation of the furnace by applying
fundamental principles of thermodynamics and full knowledge
of liquor characteristics. Proper instrumentation and control
are required for the operation of the furnace. Proper turbu-
lence in the secondary zone is an essential factor, and a
proper sodium/sulfur ratio must exist in the liquor for a
desired level of sulfur dioxide emissions. (Author conclusions
modified)
39256
Dexter, Gregory M.
ELIMINATION OF KRAFT MILL ODORS. Paper Trade J.,
129(20):78-81, Nov. 1949.
The sources and strengths of kraft mill odors the use of scrub-
bers in odor control are discussed. An oxidation tower to be
used ahead of the multiple-effect evaporator oxidizes volatile
sulfur compounds. An Inka tower could also be used after the
usual precipitator to collect any chemicals, organic sulfur com-
pounds, and sulfur dioxide remaining in the waste gases and
thus reduce odors from the recovery furnace by 90% or more.
Dust or fumes in the stack gases may also be recovered in the
Inka tower. The recovery furnace should be somewhat larger
than the rated capacity of the mill since lower production
costs are usually sought by exceeding the designed capacity of
the furnace. The direct-contact evaporators are a source of the
odors in the stack gases. One approach to odor removal is to
replace the direct-contact evaporator with a larger-capacity
multiple-effect evaporator in order to increase the amount of
solids in the black liquor from 55 to 65%. Elimination of the
direct-contact evaporator will reduce the moisture content of
the gases going to the precipitator below the desirable 19% of
the total volume. This condition can be corrected by blowing
steam at about 350 F or higher into the waste gases. A 98%-ef-
ficient electrostatic precipitator should replace 90% precipita-
tors. The greater efficiency is justified by increased chemical
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B. CONTROL METHODS
77
recovery and reduction of odor. Catalysts and chimney heights
are also discussed.
39282
Moncrieff, R. W.
THE COUNTERACTION OF ODORS. Chem. Can., vol.
11:66, 68. 70, 72, Sept. 1959. 16 refs.
In the past, odor counteraction was applied only to products.
Today the objectional effluent odor from herring reduction
factories pulp mills, sewage plants, and many other industrial
scenes are counteracted by spraying suitable chemicals into
the exhaust gases at chosen points. Effective counteractants
are known for most classes of malodors likely to be encoun-
tered in industry. Work still in progress shows that counterac-
tion can be achieved with many pairs of odorants. For in-
stance, mixtures of butyric acid and oil of juniper, as well as
mixtures of pyridine and oil of wintergreen, can be adjusted so
that neither of the two components can be identified. An ol-
factometer can be used to mix odors and regulate their
amount.
39291
Blue, Jerry D. and William F. Llewellyn
HALSEY RECOVERY SYSTEM REPORT. FIRST YEAR
OPERATION FOR ODOR CONTROL. Technical Assoc. of
the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, Tappi Eng. Conf.,
23th, Proc., Denver. Colo., 1970. p. 395- 405. 3 refs. (Oct. 28,
Paper 10-3.)
First-year operating experience with a kraft pulp and paper
mill odor control recovery system is described, and equipment
and system concepts and designs are reviewed. Performance
data show that a recovery boiler design eliminating direct con-
tact evaporation and arranged to fire un-oxidized black liquor
supplied directly from the multiple effect evaporator can meet
or exceed predicted performance and odor reduction require-
ments. Electrostatic precipitators and incineration are also in-
dicated. Minor problems associated with the new system are
discussed. (Author abstract modified)
39433
Tremaine, Breckenridge K.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MASKING SULPHATE PULP
MILL MALODORS. Tappi, 37(8):141 A-143A, Aug. 1954. 11
refs.
While masking agents are not the complete answer toward
overcoming an air pollution odor nuisance and are not always
100% effective, they are a tool which when properly applied
will help to change the perception of the malodors from a
sulfate pulp mill process. The use of masking agents do not
incur major capital expenditures. Improved odor control is
possible when a dual treatment is established which consists of
applying the masking agent to the digester and also to the heat
recovery system. Comments of mill observers not using a dual
treatment are included. The study of local weather conditions
is also an important phase of an odor abatement program.
Knowledge of temperatures, humidity conditions, inversion
levels, and turbulence is of great importance to establish
dispersion characteristics.
39498
Bernstein, R. H.
THE BASIC CHEMISTRY OF FLUE GAS DESULFURIZA-
TION. Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York, Tappi Eng. Conf., 25th, Proc., Denver, Colo., 1970, p.
85-95. 14 refs. (Oct. 27, Paper 4-1.)
The basic chemical equations representing the several
mechanisms by which sulfur dioxide can be removed from
power plant flue gases are reviewed. The goal of desulfuriza-
tion has attracted a multitude of process schemes which in
turn represent such diverse fundamentals as catalysis, adsorp-
tion, chemical reaction, solubility in water, or a combination
of these. One system involves removing fly ash and catalyti-
cally oxidizing S02 in the flue gas to sulfur trioxide. The SO3
reacts with water vapor in the flue gas and is condensed as
sulfuric acid at an average concentration of 80%. Dry dolomite
injection/wet scrubbing, magnesium oxide scrubbing, absorp-
tion in potassium sulfite solution, the reaction of sodium
hydroxide with SO2, dry limestone, and black liquor scrubbing
are described. The problem of desulfurizing flue gases is com-
pared with utilizing or recovering the SO2 present in gas
streams of pulping processes. (Author bstract modified) 0
39575
Wilson, Albert W.
PORT TOWNSEND RECOVERY BOILER IS ALMOST
ODORFREE. Pulp Paper, no. 4:78-82, April 1971.
The design and operation of a new recovery boiler installed at
a kraft pulping plant are reviewed. Improved odor control is
effected by preventing any direct contact of black liquor with
outgoing flue gases. Formerly, the gases went to the cascade
evaporators directly from the boiler; the odor gases released
by evaporation of black liquor are now burned in the furnace.
The problems involved in the construction, planning, installa-
tion, and running of the boiler are reviewed.
39596
Overend, Miles
HILL STACK DISPERSAL TO BEAT INVERSIONS. Water
Pollution Control (Toronto), 110(4):76, 78, April 1972.
Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. is building a new pulp mill on the
banks of the Thompson River in Kamloops, British Columbia,
at a cost of about $110 million, of which more than $22 million
will be spent on direct and indirect pollution control measures.
Incorporated in the far-reaching environmental protection plan
will be a new super stack up the side of a mountain, costing
$6,465,000, which is expected to lead flue emissions above the
inversion level. The biggest item in the water protection de-
partment will be the new 75-acre effluent lagoon, which will
provide a five-day retention period for mill effluent before it is
discharged. Included in the water treatment facilities will be
two settling ponds, a clarifiers, and a large emergency dump
pond, where spills can be released. Other water protection
devices are mentioned, and provision for the high level stack
discharge is described.
39773
Morgan, J. P. and F. E. Murray
A COMPARISON OF AIR AND STEAM STRIPPING AS
METHODS TO REDUCE KRAFT PULP MILL ODOUR AND
TOXICITY FROM CONTAMINATED CONDENSATE. Pulp
Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), 73(5):62-66, May 1972. 6 refs.
(Presented at the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association,
Technical Section, Air and Stream Improvement Conference,
6lh, Quebec, Ontario, April 13-15, 1971.)
The relative ease of removal of methyl mercaptan, methyl sul-
fide, methyl disulfide, and terpineol is illustrated for an air
stripper operating with air flow-rates such that the gases from
the tower are well below the lower explosive limit. A theoreti-
cal comparison of air and steam stripping, combined with ther-
mal oxidation of malodorous noncondensables is made for a
750 t/day kraft pulp mill. Air stripping, when combined with
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78
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
burning, is a less complicated system and has significantly
lower operating costs. Steam stripping combined with burning
would be recommended, should recovery of turpentine be
worthwhile. Recovery of other by-products by steam stripping,
such as methanol, could be feasible in a few cases. (Author
abstract)
39801
Meuly, Walter C. and Breckinridge K. Tremanine
ABATEMENT OF SULPHATE MILL MALODORS BY ODOR
MASKING AGENTS. Tappi, 36(4): 154-161, April 19S3. 18
refs. (Presented at the Alkaline Pulping Conference of the
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 6th,
Mobile, Ala., Nov. 12-14, 1952.)
A method of masking the principal airborne krafl mill
malodors (volatile sulfur compounds) by means of odor-mask-
ing agents introduced into the digesters and released simul-
taneously with the malodors throughout the kraft process is
described. The modified kraft odors are less intense and less
offensive. The simplicity of application, masking power at
very high dilutions, and pervasiveness are discussed. Labora-
tory studies and extensive field tests are also described. A ra-
tional explanation of odor masking is attempted, based on
semiquantitative odorimetric measurements of odor quantities
and degree of masking. For this purpose, the values of scent
unit, scent value, gram scent value, mask unit, mask value,
and masking ratio are introduced and defined. These values
and measurements permit an estimate of kraft mill odors and
of quantities of masking agents required. Laboratory results
have been supported by literature and field data. (Author ab-
stract modified)
39888
WE DON T HAVE ALL THE ANSWERS. Air Repair, 2(2):52-
58, Nov. 1952.
Efforts by industry to reduce air pollution in Harris County,
Tex., especially in the Ship Channel area, are cited by industry
representatives at a public hearing in Houston in excerpts
from their testimony. Statements by local officials are also
given. Specific problems discussed include odors and fly ash
from a pulp mill, dust and odors from a chemical plant, dusts
and smoke from a fertilizer plant, odors from an alkali plant,
and refinery emissions.
40098
Beaver, C. E.
COTTRELL ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION EQUIPMENT.
SOME TECHNICAL AND ENGINEERING FEATURES,
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATION IN THE
CHEMICAL FIELD. Trans. Am. Insl. Chem. Engrs., vol.
42:251-261, 1946. (Presented at the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, Chicago. 111., Dec. 16-19, 1945.)
The basic technical and engineering features of a Cottrell elec-
trical precipitation installation are described including the
equipment required, various types of precipitalors for specific
applications, and design factors. The variables influencing the
rate of precipitation or efficiency of removal are reviewed,
particularly gas velocity, time of treatment, current flow, and
surface conductivity of the suspended particles. Recent im-
provements in design, construction, and operation are out-
lined. Cottrell equipment is used extensively in the chemical
and metallurgical industries, often to recover a marketable by-
product, to clean a gas stream for subsequent uses, or to con-
trol an air pollution problem. Recent applications in the
nri oiner, carbon black, and petroleum in-
'•••'• j)
40107
KILLING ODORS BY CHEMICAL REACTION. Chem.
Week, 89(10): 125-126, Sept. 9, 1961. 2 refs.
Chemical process plants with sulfide odor problems may be
able to kill these smells by catalytic oxidation in open air. An
oxidation technique reportedly successful for hydrogen sul-
fide, methyl mercaptan, and other alkyl mercaptans contained
in stack gases from a kraft sulfate paper mill and an oil
refinery is discussed. The key to the method is a product
called Alaxol SRM, which is said to be a mixture of inorganic
and organic compounds. When added to stack gases it speeds
up the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds. Eliminating
odor by chemical reaction instead of counteraction. Evaluation
of the technique, costs and concentrations, and masking and
counteragents are considered.
40114
Hartsuch, Paul J.
PAPER INDUSTRY IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENT.
Graphic Arts Monthly, 43(5):48-51, May 1971.
In the papermaking process, only about half the weight of the
original wood becomes saleable paper, while disposal of the
residual - bark, clay, wood sugars, starches, and other materi-
als - creates severe air and water pollution. Pulp-making opera-
tions and not the paper mills are responsible for almost all the
air pollution caused by the paper industry, paper mill stack
plumes are almost completely water vapor, while pulp mills
produce solid and gaseous effluents, including odorous sulfur
compounds. Electrostatic precipitalors, scrubbers, and other
types of equipment are being installed in kraft mills to collect
particulates, and low-odor recovery boilers are contributing to
reduced hydrogen sulfide emissions. The scope and costs of
industry water and air pollution research and control programs
are reviewed, particularly for the recycling of consumer-
produced waste paper, part of an overall forest conservation
programO that also includes reforestation, fire control, and dis-
ease and pest control. Systems for recovering paper pulp from
solid wastes and from process by-products such as sawdust
are being investigated.
40366
Fernandes, J. H.
CONTROLLING COMBUSTION-CAUSED AIR POLLUTION.
(Bestrijding van de luchtvervuiling afkomstig van verbranding-
sbronnen). Text in Dutch. Polytech. Tijdschr., Ed.
Procestechniek (The Hague), 26(15): 176-190, March 1972. 19
refs. (Presented at Rotterdam, Netherlands May 25-26, 1971.)
Various systems and equipment applied for air pollution con-
trol in the United States are reviewed. Improvements in
technology, waste gas cleaning, and applying optimum emis-
sion conditions are the three basic means for controlling air
pollution. Examples for minimizing pollution by technological
improvements are given (steam boiler, standard boiler
equipped with Loddby hearth, Air Contact Evaporator system
for cellulose industry, and flue gas cleaning system for in-
cinerators). Different types and principles of dust separators
are described (spiral and rotary cyclones, scrubbers, venturi
scrubbers, electrostatic filters, and tissue filters). Electrostatic
filters, requiring direct voltages of 15,000 to 100,000 volts,
have efficiencies over 99% for a wide range of particle sizes.
The efficiency of tissue filters lies in about the same order of
magnitude. Wet or dry absorption, catalytic oxidation, the use
of low-sulfur fuels, fuel additives, or low excess air are the
most important means of abating sulfur dioxide emissions. Dry
absorption of sulfur dioxide occurs in the alkalized alumina
process at 330 C, while the catalytic oxidation to sulfur triox-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
79
ide at 500 C is followed by cooling in economizer and in con-
tact with cool sulfuric acid, respectively. The sulfuric acid ob-
tained is of 80% concentration, and an efficiency of 90% is
reached. A process developed by Combustion Engineering is
described. For the control of nitrogen oxides, low excess air
of 1-5% is best. The problem of creating optimum emission
conditions to minimize pollutant concentrations can be effec-
tively solved by applying high stacks and high emissions
speeds.
40958
Brink, David L. and Jerome F. Thomas
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PREVENTING FORMA-
TION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS IN THE COM-
BUSTION OF ORGANIC MATERIAL. (California Univ.,
Berkeley) U. S. Pat. 3,639,111. 6p., Feb. 1, 1972. 11 refs.
(Appl. Jan. 30, 1969, 12 claims).
Organic material, such as kraft black liquor, organic fuels, gar-
bage, and organic wastes, can be destructively distilled and
pyrolyzed at an elevated temperature, for a time sufficient to
break down the material to noncombustible solids and to a sta-
ble gaseous clean burning fuel. The temperature is maintained
to preclude recombination of intermediate products formed
during the pyrolysis and which would otherwise pollute the at-
mosphere. A controlled amount of oxygen is continuously in-
troduced during the cracking to provide energy by exothermic
oxidative reactions but the oxygen is insufficient to effect
stoichiometric (complete) combustion. (Author abstract
modified)
41474
Morgan, Oliver P.
CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM THE WEYERHAEUSER
COMPANY KRAFT MILL AT SPRINGFIELD, OREGON.
Preprint, American Chemical Society, Washington, O. C.,
15p., 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society, Northwest Regional Meeting, Annual, 26th, Bozeman,
Mont., June 16-18, 1971.)
By control of three factors, a 98% or better control of the
kraft mill odor problem can be obtained. The factors are: odor
release from the Cascade evaporator, release of non-condensi-
ble gases, and odor release from the recovery furnace. The ac-
complishments at the Springfield mill in controlling these fac-
tors are discussed. A furnace which does away with the direct
contact evaporator, the greatest potential source of hydrogen
sulfide in the recovery system, was put into production
recently. Air is heated by the hot flue gases through an air
heat exchanger. The hot air performs the final black liquor
evaporation in a contact evaporator and is then admitted to the
furnace as combustion air. Collection of non- condensible
blow gases was a great challenge since they came with a rush
over a period of 5-10 minutes while the digester was blowing,
then stopped until the next one blew. The gases had to be con-
tained, with no air dilution, because they are also explosive. A
design similar to those used in the petroleum industry to
prevent escape of volatile vapors from storage tanks was
chosen. For collecting blow gas, a 27 ft diameter steel sphere
was designed, to hold up to 10,000 cu ft of gas. Inside the
sphere, a gas-tight flexible diaphragm was designed to rise
with the rush of gas coming into the sphere at the bottom, and
then fall slowly as the gas was drawn out at a constant and
controlled rate to the fume destroying furnace. Operating con-
trols which contribute to reduction of odor in the kraft pulping
process include addition of about 2.5% excess oxygen, careful
control of the percentage of secondary air and the droplet size
of the black liquor entering the furnace, and operation in the
lower range of sulfidity which will give adequate pulp quality.
41603
Clement, J. L. and J. S. Elliott
NEW DESIGN FOR A KRAFT RECOVERY BOILER FOR
THE ELIMINATION OF ODOR. (Un nuevo diseno de caldera
de recuperacion kraft elimina olor desagradable). Text in
Spanish. Dyna (Madrid), 46(7):339- 343, July 1971. 4 refs.
The new Kraft recovery boiler designed by Babcock and Wil-
cox, which lacks the direct contact evaporator which con-
stitutes the chief odor emission source, provides complete
combustion of the black liquor and prevents hydrogen sulfide
and organic sulfur derivative emissions. Complete combustion
of the latter occurs in the upper portion of the furnace by
means of intensive air supply at the second and third air inlets.
An enlarged heat transfer surface provides the cooling of the
emissions leaving the stack. The new Kraft recovery furnace
emits combustion gases containing less than 1 ppm of H2S and
sulfur dioxide as the main sulfur containing pollutant. Included
is a graph indicating that minimum SO2 levels in the stack gas
which can be achieved when the sodium/sufur ratio in the
black liquor is above 3.6. Stack height and further develop-
ments in the SO2 absorption equipment of the furnace will
provide other means to control the emissions of SO2.
42246
Walther, James E. and Herman R. Amberg
THE ROLE OF THE DIRECT CONTACT EVAPORATOR IN
CONTROLLING KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACE EMIS-
SIONS. Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech. Sec., 72(IO):T305-T307,
Oct. 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association Technical Section, Annual Meeting, 57th, Mon-
treal, Quebec, Jan. 26-29, 1971, Paper T305.)
Total reduced sulfur and sulfur dioxide emissions from several
conventional recovery furnaces using direct contact evapora-
tion (DCE) and a newer-designed furnace which does not have
a DCE were studied. The DCE was not a source of sulfur
when the black liquor sodium sulfide content was less than 0.5
g/l and the pH at 12 or higher. Average recovery furnace sul-
fur emissions were less than 5 ppm, and average SO2 concen-
trations ranged from 150 to 680 ppm. The DCE can remove
about 75% of the SO2 emission and up to 50% of the furnace
sulfur emission, when the total reduced sulfur concentration
exceeds 5 ppm. The DCE removes 20% or more of the par-
ticulate load to the precipitator, and removes sodium trioxide
and other acidic components from the furnace.
42319
Turk, Amos, Robert C. Haring, and Robert W. Okjy
ODOR CONTROL TECHNOLOGY. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
6(7):602-607, July 1972. 5 refs.
Odor control devices or systems are essentially the same as
those controlling other types of air pollution - fume incinera-
tion, wet scrubbing absorption, process change, or product
elimination. Chemical oxidation and masking primarily are em-
ployed for odor control. The low olfactory threshold of many
compounds and the difficulty in measuring their residual con-
centrations make subjective techniques necessary to determine
the effectiveness of odor correction systems. The selection of
judges for odor discrimination tests is considered. An almost
standard method of controlling odorous pollutants is dispersing
them to a concentration level at which they are no longer de-
tected, or if detected, are no longer offensive. High tempera-
ture air oxidation, direct flame oxidation, and catalytic oxida-
tion are indicated. Activated carbon and silica gel are common
adsorbents which are extremely useful for concentrating
odorants to facilitate recovery. Liquid scrubbing, condensa-
tion, and chemical reactions may also be used to destroy
-------
80
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
odors. Potassium permanganate, the most powerful of the ox-
idizing agents available, can be used in three ways: as a solu-
tion in a scrubbing tower, impregnating a water-adsorbing inor-
ganic substance with a solution, and spreading the perman-
ganate as a dry mixture over the odor producing area. Ozone
and chlorine are also effective oxidizing agents. Applications
of odor control methods are discussed for the paper industry,
petroleum refineries, phthalic anhydride plants, the fertilizer
industry, roofing, adhesives, foundries, pesticides, Pharmaceu-
ticals, and textile manufacturing.
42431
Williamson, D. F. and J. Klimovich
ENGINEERING TO SAFEGUARD OUR ENVIRONMENT.
Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech. Sec., Tech. Paper, no. 1:D25-
D27, 1971. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, 57th, Jan. 26-29,
1971.)
Accomplishments in the area of emission reductions by mem-
bers of the pulp and paper industry are described. Paniculate
emissions levels from the recovery boiler, lime kiln, and smelt
tank vent and total reduced sulfur emission from the recovery
boiler at the new American Can Company mill at Halsey,
Oregon are compared with Oregon state regulation for 1972
and 1975. Achievements at other mills in effluent color reduc-
tion and sulfite recovery are described. Typical kraft mill
odorous gas emission reduction from black liquor oxidation,
gas scrubbing, turpentine recovery systems, and vaporshere
processes are presented. Some areas for possible research and
improvement include: reduction of gland water to process
pumps, use of mechanical seals on specific applications,
stripping of contaminated condensate with flash process
steam, recycling of primary effluent treatment sludge, and
reduction of pulp and paper effluent color.
42893
Foss, Eyvind and Sven-Erik Jonsson
PULP MILLS DON T HAVE TO SMELL. Tek. Tidskr.,
102(11):64-66, 70, 72, June 5, 1972. 4 refs.
Processes for reducing malodorous condensates and gases
from kraft pulp mills are discussed. A process involving the
collection and combustion of gases containing sulfur com-
pounds and methanol, purification in a stripping column, and
burning of the gases vented from the column is described. Al-
ternative solutions for odor elimination, including incineration
in lime kilns, muffle furnaces, batch digesters, absorption, and
the use of scrubbers, are reviewed. Suggestions are given for
more effective BOD reduction and condensate treatment.
Costs of the equipment are considered.
42908
Gonzalez, Virgilio
THE ABSORPTION OF MERCAPTANS WITH WHITE
LIQUOR IN A KRAFT PULP MILL. International Union of
Air Pollution Prevention Associations, Proc. Int. Clean Air
Congr., 2nd, Washington, D. C., 1970, p. 864-867. (Dec. 6-11,
Paper EN 34A.)
The scrubbing of gases containing mercaptans, generated in a
kraft pulp mill, with a white liquor, is a desirable process from
the standpoint of odor control improvement. The process is
also beneficial to the pulp quality and yield. In a conventional
mill using batch digesters, its adoption to treat digester residue
can lead to a 30% lowering of the odor index. The process can
be used to treat other mercaptan-containing effluents such as
evaporator noncondensibles. Experimental and developmental
work on the white liquor scrubbing process is described. The
liquor consists of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. The
effectiveness of this treatment is tested by an odor panel.
(Author conclusions modified)
43396
Knudson, James C.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS TO MEET WASHINGTON
STATE KRAFT MILL STANDARDS. Preprint, Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Pacific Northwest International Section, 40p.,
1970. 10 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Pacific Northwest International Section, Annual Meeting,
Spokane, Washington, 1970.)
A 1969 regulation passed by the State Air Pollution Control
Board required kraft mills to monitor malodorous and panicu-
late emis- sions, and to report all monitoring results on a
monthly basis. Detailed compliance schedules for controlling
air pollution were adopted early in 1970. The companies are
required to submit quarterly progress reports concerning their
compliance schedules. The programs submitted show that kraft
mills in Washington have adopted the following control
methods: TRS (total reduced sulfur) standards will be met by
the installation of new furnaces and/or black liquor oxidation
(weak and strong), and/or by reduced sulfur scrubbing; par-
ticulate standards will be met by the installation of new elec-
trostatic precipitators on recovery furnaces, venturi scrubbers
on lime kilns, and scrubbers or fan- demister combinations on
smelt tanks; and the requirement for thermal oxidation of non-
condensibles from digesters and evaporators will be met by
burning in lime kilns or gas-fired furnaces. As a result of these
standards, paniculate emissions from kraft pulp mills will be
reduced by 60% for the period 1970-1975, while malodorous
emissions will be reduced by 90% for the same period. The
cost of control is being reduced through the tax incentive law,
passed by Washington Legislature in 1967. (Author summary
modified)
43414
Weeks, Larry
CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM AN EXISTING KRAFT
RECOVERY BOILER. Preprint, American Chemical Society,
Washington, D. C., 7p., 1971. (Presented at the American
Chemical Society, Northwest Regional Meeting, 26th,
Bozeman, Mont., June 16-18, 1971.)
The conversion of a conventional, direct-contact evaporator,
Babcock and Wilcox recovery boiler to a new low emission
concept recovery boiler design is described. The latest
recovery technology is based upon the elimination of the
direct contact of flue gas and black liquor, and the use of high
efficiency dry-bottom electrostatic precipitators for paniculate
collection. The unit is a two-pass, forced circulation unit, rated
for 49,000 Ib/hr of evaporation. The liquor solids are raised
from a feed of 39-43% to a product of 60-63%. These product
solids are monitored continuously with a refractometer. From
a storage tank, the liquor is pumped to a sluice tank under the
precipitator, where the recovered salt cake is mixed with
liquor, then to the mix tank where the dry makeup salt cake is
added and then fired in the furnace. Steam is used for
evaporation, and the vapor is used to heat the weak liquor
feed to the multiple effect evaporators and the hot water in
two separate condensers. A large vertical steel-tube
Economizer is used to recover the heat in the flue gas previ-
ously used for direct contact evaporation, and to lower the
flue gas temperature entering the precipitator. The electrostatic
precipitator employed is designed for an efficiency of 99%.
The results after 6 weeks of operation showed good operation
of the concentrator in maintaining satisfactory firing solids.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
81
excellent steam production, and a reduction in TRS emissions
from more than 400 ppm to less than 17.5 ppm. There were
also no significant amounts of sulfur dioxide emitted from the
stack. Initial conveying problems in the bottom of the
precipitator were solved with bigger screw conveyors. Work is
in progress to improve the operation of the electrostatic
precipitator and to bring the paniculate emission within the
standards of the State of Montana.
43480
Hough, G. W. and R. L. Stewart
EMISSION CONTROL OF EXISTING KRAFT RECOVERY
SYSTEMS. Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
New York, Tappi Eng. Conf., 26th, Proc. 1971, p. 83-95.
Air emission control from the evaporators and recovery fur-
nace in existing mills is discussed. Complete black liquor ox-
idation is required to control odor emissions from the miltiple
effect evaporators and the direct contact evaporator. Without
it, elimination of the direct contact evaporator is required.
Control of emissions from the recovery furnace is dependent
upon type of equipment and operating conditions. A venturi
scrubber will not meet the most stringent particle emission
regulations, and an electrostatic precipitator must have a 99%
collection efficiency to meet present day standards. The effi-
cient removal of particulates from the recovery stack will
reduce the visibility of the plume. Installation of most emis-
sion control equipment in an existing mill cannot be economi-
cally justified.0
43482
Gommi, J. V.
REDUCED ODOR EXPERIENCE WITH CE ACE UNITS.
Preprint, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.,
16p., 1971. 6 refs. (Presented at the American Chemical
Society, Northwest Regional Meeting, 26th, Bozeman, Mont.,
June 16-18, 1971.)
The kraft mill has been the source of many sulfur-bearing
odorous gases such as hydrogen sulfide, alkyl mercaptans,
alkyl sulfides, alkyl disulfides, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur triox-
ide. The recovery unit has made a contribution to this odor
level. Recovery unit emission of total reduced sulfur com-
pounds is predominantly H2S and the remaining alkyl groups
are mostly methyl. This emission is primarily from two areas:
the concentration of unoxidized strong liquor by direct contact
with hot flue gas in a cascade evaporator or venturi scrubber;
and the furnace area, particularly where furnaces are run at
overload. Odors from these two sources can be minimized by
elimination of direct fuel gas contact evaporation of unox-
idized black liquor and proper furnace operation. Commer-
cially available schemes for the former are gas contact
evaporation, the air contact evaporator (ACE), the laminaire
air heater (LAH), the large economizer, and the combined
LAH-ACE. Important furnace operating parameters are black
liquor oxidation, black liquor gun spray size, percent zone
liquor solids fired, furnace operating load vs. design rating,
furnace zone air ratios, excess air, oxidation zone turbulence,
mill sulfidity, soot blowing, air temperature, furnace and bed
temperature, and bed height. The experience of Chemical En-
gineering with the ACE unit is discussed.
43544
Backstrom, Bjorn Olav
AIR CONSERVATION PROBLEMS IN THE FINNISH
FORESTRY INDUSTRY. Int. Air Pollut. Control Noise Abate-
ment Exhib. Conf. (Proc.), Jonkoping, Sweden, 1971, p. 2:53-
2:64. (Sept. 1-6.)
Air conservation problems in the Finnish forestry industry are
reviewed. Laws regulating the emission of sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, and particulates are discussed. The forest in-
dustry s localization and production is described. Control
methods considered by the sulfite and sulfate pulp industry in-
clude the use of boilers with flue gas purification, electrostatic
precipitators, scrubbers, cyclones, and evaporators.
43611
Segerfelt, Bror Natanael
PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF MALODOROUS GASES
PRODUCED IN SULFATE AND SODA PULP MANUFAC-
TURING PROCESSES. (Precede pour I eliminati des gaz
malodorants produits dans la fabrication de la cellulose au
sulfate et de la cellulose a la soude). Text in French. (Assignee
not given.) French Pat. 687,335. 7p., April 28, 1930. (Appl.
Dec. 27, 1929, 2 claims).
A process for the removal of malodorous gases formed during
the sulfate or soda pulp processes is described. The gases are
cooled to dew point or saturated with water and treated with
agents capable of oxidizing, absorbing, or combining with the
malodorous constituents. The treatment is made at a maximum
gas flow rate of 0.5 m/sec and under a pressure nearly equal to
the atmospheric pressure in a temperature range of 20-120 C.
The absorption is made in a series of absorbers containing
water and alkaline solutions, preferably of fresh liquor to
which hydrocarbons of the terpene or camphor groups are
added. Combustible gases are burned and then mixed to the
rest prior to the above treatment. Cases produced during cook-
ing and extraction and released from digesters are purified by
absorption in high-viscosity alkaline liquor solutions prior to
combustion.
43635
Kringstad, Knut P., William T. McKean, Jan Libert, Peder J.
Kleppe, and Cheu Laishong
ODOR REDUCTION BY IN-DIGESTER OXIDATION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR WITH OXYGEN. Technical Assoc.
of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New Yor Tappi Eng. Conf.,
26th, Proc. 1971, p. 29-54. 34 refs.
Laboratory studies showed that sodium sulfide was rapidly ox-
idized to thiosulfate by the injection of oxygen into the
digester at the end of a kraft cook. Two moles of oxygen/mole
of sodium sulfide were required to reduce the sodium sulfide
content in the black liquor by 90% under the conditions used.
The injection of this amount of oxygen also reduced the con-
tent of methyl mercaptan in the liquor by more than 99%
without increasing the content of dimethyl disulfide. The con-
tent of dimethyl sulfide was not influenced to any noticicable
degree. The oxygen injection was found not to influence the
pulp yield or the strength properties of the pulp. However, the
pulp was somewhat easier to beat and had a slightly lower
brightness. (Author abstract)
43774
Andreasson, Stig and Carl-Elis Bostrom
DEALING WITH AIR POLLUTION. Tek. Tidskr., 102(11):22-
28, June 1972.
The total emission of sulfur dioxide in Sweden was about
870,000 metric tons during 1970, of which 715,000 tons
emanated from the burning of fuel oil and 155,000 tons from
industrial processes. The SO2 concentration in a built up area
can be reduced locally by centralizing the heating or by elec-
tric heating. By an Act of July 1969, fuel oil must not contain
more sulfur than 2.5% by weight unless satisfactory flue gas
control equipment is installed, and fuel oil burned within the
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82
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
greater Stockholm area and Goteborg must not contain more
sulfur than 1% by weight. The Swedish company Bahco has
developed a scrubbing process where the flue gases are treated
with lime in two stages. The lime consumption is 0.43 tons/hr
and the SO2 separation is about 97%. Dust particles are
produced in the matallurgical process in the cupola furnace,
sintering, and the Kaldo process. The dust separators used
with cupola furnaces are single cyclone separators, multiple
cyclone separators, bag house fillers, electrical precipitators,
or scrubbers. The most common type of scrubber used earlier
was the spray chamber with an efficiency of 30 to 60%. For
smaller furnaces mechanical separators and simple scrubbers
are usually sufficient, whereas larger furnaces demand more
effective separation equipment. The Kaldo process is an ox-
ygen-blown method for steel manufacture employing a rotary
furnace and delivering a 100 ton smelt after approximately 2
hours. All Kaldo furnaces in Sweden are equipped with electri-
cal precipitators in order to reduce the emitted paniculate
matter. Control of odorous emissions from the pulp industry
and of hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and hydrocarbons from
the oil refinery industry are discussed. Regulations concerning
motor vehicle exhausts are outlined. Investment costs are
cited.
43796
Ikari, Yoshikatsu
POLLUTION CONTROL PROBLEM IN PULP AND PAPER
INDUSTRY - ITS POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY. (Kami
parupu kogyo to kogai mondai - Seisaku kara gijutsu e -). Text
in Japanese. Seni to Kogyo (Textile and Industry), 5(3): 140-
152, March 1972. 9 refs.
A review of the pulp and paper industry and its problems is
presented. Pulp and paper industry of Japan has recorded an
unusually high growth rate in the 1956-1970 period. Japan now
ranks the world s third in pulp production, only next to the U.
S. and Canada, and second in the paper board production only
next to the U. S. Taking i960 as 100, the production indexes
for 1970 are 249.1 and 287.5, respectively. This rapid growth
has resulted in two major problems, import of the raw material
and rapidly aggravated pollutions, especially water pollution.
Wheter the industry decides to continue the thorough produc-
tion policy, under which the manufacturing of all the pulp and
paper products begin with the processing of raw materials, or
change this policy to captive import, in which the industry will
depend on the import of pulp and paper products manufac-
tured by the overseas plants operating on Japanese capital, the
pollution problem remains yet to be solved. According to a
MITI survey, the industry s capital investment for the installa-
tion of pollution control plants and equipment in 1970-1973 is
estimated at $195,751,300, of which 79.86% is for the control
of water pollution. 12.09% for flue gas purification, 4.38% for
disposal of wastes, 1.85% for noise control, and 1.12% for the
control of offensive odors. Of the total investment in 1970-
1972, that for pollution control is estimated to account for
33.3% in pulp manufacturing, 9.7% in paper manufacturing,
and 11.3% in paper board manufacturing. Air pollution sources
in the industry include ordinary boilers, KP boilers, and lime
kilns.
43851
Dyck, A. W. J.
FOCUS ON PULPING-A NEW-PROGRESS REPORT. Am.
Paper Ind., 53(3): 40-42, March 1971.
Recent developments in pulping technology in the following
areas are discussed: sulfate pulping problems and process
modification to meet pollution regulations; operating problems
encountered with continuous digesters and attributed to poor
chip quality; a two- stage soda-oxygen pulping process; trends
in sulfite pulping; the high-pH sulfite process developed at CIP
Research Ltd., which has the potential of competing with the
kraft process in using a wide range of wood species and
producing sulfite pulps with strength properties equal to those
of kraft pulps; and the growing importance of some fiber
producing annuals. A recent study showed that nothing less
than an electrostatic precipitator with a collection efficiency of
99% will meet the most stringent regulations. Complete black
liquor oxidation is required to control odor emission from mul-
tiple-effect and direct contact evaporators. Much of the emis-
sion from pulp processing is caused by overloaded recovery
boilers in the older mills.
43879
KAMLOOPS POLLUTION CURBS ARE B.C. S MOST EX-
TENSIVE. Can. Pulp Paper Ind. (Vancouver), 25(7):21-25,
July 1972.
Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. s new 1250 tons/day bleached kraft
pulp mill at Kamloops, British Columbia, brings into effect
close use of the forest resource, as well as an extensive pollu-
tion abatement program. Beehive burners have in the past
burned constantly, but now sawdust and shavings will be used
for the production of sawdust market pulp, while hog fuel will
also be shipped to the Weyerhaeuser pulp mill for use in hog
fuel burning boilers where the mill will generate most of its
own power. The mill was designed to burn off a high percent-
age of odorous gases and waste products, so that as little odor
and effluent as possible are returned to the environment. De-
pending on the nature of the waste, it is burned in the lime
kiln or power boilers. A gas containment system will collect
blow gases from the digester so that noncondensable organic
sulfur compounds can be separated out and then delivered to
the lime kiln where they are burned. Burning of the sulfur
compounds produces heat and reduces the amount of fuel
required for the kiln. Sulfur dioxide is removed from the kiln
flue gas by two wet scrubbers in series. Fly ash removal
systems, water effluent treatment, a high level stack, and
other pollution abatement techniques are indicated.
44198
Pincovschi, E. and I. Constantinescu
SIMULTANEOUS CLEANING OF AIR AND WATER BY
COMBINED METHODS. PROTECTION OF THE BIO-
SPHERE. (Depoluarea simultana a apei si atmosferei prin
metode combinate - mijloc de a proteja biosfera). Text in Ru-
manian. Rev. Fiz. Chim., Ser. A, 8(11):401-405, Nov. 1971. 23
refs.
Environmental control methods to provide combined water
and air protection under conditions determined by modern
technology are reviewed. Hydrochloric emission control can
be achieved by means of a water-sprayed scrubber. To avoid
pipe damage from the acid- containing water, the scrubber is
filled with limestone and the effluent water is pH-controlled.
Foam formation is prevented by means of a water spraying
system. Sulfur dioxide emission control in pulp producing
plants can be achieved by adsorption by molecular sieves or
other solid adsorbents. Dust emission control from cement
producing plants can be achieved by dust collectors applied to
the dust carrying gaseous phase and then by utilizing washing
scrubbers and centrifugal separators. Included are sketches
describing the above procedures. At the present stage of
technology the combined approach focusing on both water and
air pollution control would be the only way to maintain the en-
vironment.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
83
44394
Heaney, J. P. and L. Doughty
OPTIMAL ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION CONTROL IN THE
WOOD PULP INDUSTRY. Almos. Environ., 6(2):93-102, Feb.
1972. 10 refs.
A mathematical programming model was formulated to deter-
mine the optimal atmospheric emission control alternatives for
the pulp industry. Generalized multi-path diagrams were
developed showing the emission sources, the unit emissions
from these sources, and the available control alternatives.
Using these diagrams it is possible to depict a given mill by
selecting the appropriate flow paths. The formulation of the
optimization model as a mixed integer-linear programming
problem is presented. Then the results of a sample analysis
using the model are described. A procedure is presented for
determining the net cost of paniculate emission standards as
well as a sensitivity analysis of the impact on the optimal solu-
tion of varying the value of recovered chemicals. (Author ab-
stract)
44818
Sultzer, N. W. and C. E. Beaver
ALKALI RECOVERY BY ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION.
Paper Trade J., 1936:33-35, Jan. 23. 2 refs. (Presented at the
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Annual
Meeting, New York, N. Y., Feb. 17-20, 1936.)
Black liquor contains two items of value to the pulp manufac-
turer: first, the sodium compounds which may be recovered
and used again, thus reducing the amount of fresh chemicals
required, and, second, the heat value of the organic com-
pounds which may be used for steam generation. The black
liquor is therefore partially concentrated in evaporators and
fed to recovery furnaces in which the carbonaceous and com-
bustible materials are burned, releasing heat. The heat is used
for evaporating the black liquor for generating steam and
reducing the sodium compounds to black ash. A considerable
amount of sodium salts are evolved as dust and fume in this
burning operation, and the amount of such sodium salts
evolved usually represents a major loss in the recovery opera-
tion. The recovery of these sodium salts by Cottrell electrical
precipitation equipment is discussed, including the composition
of recoverable sodium salts, the magnitude of alkali stack
losses, equipment for removing suspended matter from gases,
the composition and disposal of material collected in precipita-
te rs, and operating characteristics of precipitators. Power con-
sumption, pressure drop, labor, and maintenance are men-
tioned.
44890
Coe, E. L., Jr. and J. L. Ma
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION AND NITROGEN OX-
IDES IN FLUE GASES. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 28p., 1972. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami,
Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-106.
The effect of electrostatic precipitation on nitrogen oxides by
simultaneous and continuous monitoring of the nitrogen oxides
content in the flue gases at the inlet and outlet of a precipita-
tor are presented. Measurements were made with two
Dynasciences nitrogen oxide monitors on four precipitators in
power, steel, cement, and pulp industries. They include two
types of coal, two load levels, a range of excess oxygen con-
tent in the flue gases (3.5 to 77.2%), two outlet distances from
the precipitator (5 and 50 ft), and power input to the precipita-
tor at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The precipitators had practically
no immediate or delayed effect on the nitrogen 9xide content
in the flue gases, but it increased with increase in boiler load
and increase in excess oxygen above 5.5%. The precipitators
had practically no effect on the nitrogen oxide content in the
flue gases. The cement kiln precipitator reduced nitrogen oxide
in the precipitator by 11.2%, and the pulp mill recovery boiler
precipitator reduced it even more. These reductions are not re-
lated to air dilution. In the pulp mill precipitator, the nitrogen
readings at the outlet of the precipitator might have been
biased by caustic sprays immediately following the sampling
point, or by nitrogen oxide decomposition in the precipitator
catalyzed by the organic fly ash and salt cake in the gas
stream. Electrostatic precipitation does not increase the
nitrogen content in the flue gases. Under some conditions,
there is actually a reduction of nitrogen oxides in the precipita-
tor. (Author abstract modified)
45019
Veeramani, Hariharan
DESIGN AND MASS TRANSFER ASPECTS OF A VOLATILE
SULFUR RECOVERY PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULPING.
Washington Univ., Seattle, Dept. of Chemical Engineering,
Thesis (Ph.D.), Ann Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc.,
1970, 299p. 158 refs.
Possibilities of a new approach to sulfur recovery in the kraft
wood-pulping process are considered. Current practice in-
volves minimizing the release of gaseous sulfur compounds
from liquid black liquor until the latter is burned in a recovery
furnace to recover chemicals and thermal energy. Problems in
odor control arise in carrying out this process in practice. The
proposed process involves intentionally volatilizing sulfur com-
pounds and absorbing them separately, allowing the com-
bustion of a black liquor substantially free of sulfur com-
pounds. The overall design aspects and material and energy
balances are described which would result if such .. process is
utilized. The addition of four new operating units to traditional
continuous recovery systems is proposed. Each of these is a
counter current vapor-liquid mass transfer column and
designated precarbonator, hydrogen sulfide generator, carbon
dioxide generator, and hydrogen sulfide absorber.
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84
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
00383
M. D. High and S. W. Horstman
FIELD EXPERIENCE IN MEASURING HYDROGEN SUL-
FIDE. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 26, 366-73, Aug. 1965.
(Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference,
Cincinnati, Ohio, May 6-10, 1963.)
Hydrogen sulfide is one of the air pollutants associated with
the operation of kraft pulp mills. Two methods for measuring
hydrogen sulfide are described; the methylene blue method
described by Jacobs and the lead-acetate impregnated bitter
paper. It is pointed out that the methylene blue procedure gave
results an average of 20 parts per billion lower than the strip
filler paper sampler. The study was conducted in the areas of
Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington.
00551
D. H. Longwell
THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR STREAM IMPROVEMENT
AIR POLLUTION STUDIES. Preprint. (Presented at the
Second Annual Conference, Pacific Northwest International
Section, Air Pollution Control Association, Portland, Oreg.,
Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
The research program of the National Council for Stream Im-
provement in air pollution, which is supported entirely by the
pulp and paper industry, has been reviewed. The program en-
compasses definition of the problems, development of sam-
pling and analytical techniques, dissemination of findings
through technical publications, participation in technical
meetings by both the Council staff and mill personnel, and
technical assistance from the Council staff upon request.
(Author's summary)
00947
D. F. Adams and R. K. Koppe
DIRECT GLC COULOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF KRAFT MILL
GASES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17, (3) 161-5, March
1967. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25, 1966,
Paper No. 66-89.)
A new bromine, microcoulomelric titration cell has been used
with a commercially-available microcoulometer for the detec-
tion and analysis of sulfur-containing gases in various kraft
mill emissions. Separation of the constituents of the gaseous
mixtures emitted from mill sources including the recovery fur-
nace, digesters, evaporators, lime kiln and dissolvers was ac-
complished on an eight-foot, 3/16' stainless steel column
packed with 10% Triton X-305 on 60-80 mesh Chromosorb G,
DMCS-lreated. The column was isothermally operated at 30 C
for 4-6 min and then rapidly raised to 70 C. The exact program
was varied with the type of sample analyzed. Each source gas
was initially screened by direct injection of 0.01 to 0.1 ml. of
gas to determine whether or not disproportionately large con-
centrations of one or more components were present. Ap-
propriate sample volumes were then selected to provide 'on-
scale' recorder peaks for the major constituents. Elution times
for the major constituents were observed so that these com-
pounds could be vented at the proper time following injection
of large sample volumes (up to 10 ml.) for detection and analy-
sis of minor constituents. Venting of the high concentration
compounds was necessary when analyzing large volume sam-
ples to maintain near equilibrium titration conditions in the
microtitralion cell. (Author abstract)
00965
R. Cederlof, M. L. Edfors, L. Friberg, and T. Lindvall
ON THE DETERMINATION OF ODOR THRESHOLDS IN
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL - AN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD
STUDY ON FLUE GASES FROM SULFATE CELLULOSE
PLANTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 16(2):92-94, Feb.
1966.
From the hygienic point of view, not only the health hazards
caused by air pollutants but also the odor from emitted flue
gases should be reduced to a minimum. An effective control of
the risk of odor at ground level presupposes knowledge of the
source concentration of the odoriferous gas as well as its odor
threshold has to be estimated empirically, as the flue gases
often contain a complex mixture of different odoriferous sub-
stances, the odor thresholds of which are in most cases unk-
nown. For this purpose a method has been developed for esti-
mating the odor thresholds of flue gases emitted from different
industrial processes. The method, a field method, is based on
an exposure procedure, a number of subjects compare dif-
ferent concentrations of the flue gas with samples of fresh air
and decide at what concentration the flue gas is no longer
noticeable. The gas samples used are neither compressed, nor
absorbed or heated before the exposure test. The method has
been used in two studies on gases from Swedish sulfate cellu-
lose plants. In order to estimate the effect on the odor
threshold of different deodorizing measures, gas samples were
taken not only from the stack but also from different phases in
the production process. The results and a brief discussion on
the practical applications of the method are given. (Author ab-
stract)
01071
J.B. Risk F.E. Murray
CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF SULFUROUS CASES CON-
CENTRATIONS IN FLUE GASES. Can. Pulp Paper ^.(Van-
couver) 4 pp. Oct. 1964. (Presented at the Fifth International
ISA Pulp and Paper Instrumentation Symposium, Vancouver,
British Columbia, May 18-23, 1964.)
The methods of analysis used in currently available instru-
ments for the continuous measurement of hydrogen sulfide
and sulfur dioxide are critically reviewed. An instrument for
continuously measuring the concentrations of these gases in a
process stream in the concentration range of 25 to 2500 ppm is
described and its advantages over existing instruments illus-
trated. Some plant results obtained with the instrument are
presented. The instrument, which utilizes the analytical system
of a commercial ultraviolet analyzer, had been in plant opera-
tion for over two months. (Author abstract modified)
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
85
01542
I.H. Williams F.E. Murray
STUDIES ON THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
OF KRAFT MILL SULPHIDES. PART 1 - COLLECTION
AND ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS SAMPLES. Pulp Paper Mag.
Can. (Quebec), 67(8):347-352, Aug. 1966. (Presented at the An-
nual Meeting, Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper As-
sociation, Montreal, Jan. 25-28, 1966.)
The direct gas chromatographic analysis of kraft mill effluents
for methyl sulfide, methyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan has
been studied and sources of error associated with the method
have been evaluated. Reliable results are obtainable if glass
sample containers free of stopcock grease are used and suita-
ble corrections are made for the presence of water. To avoid
possible loss, samples should not be stored for periods longer
than forty- eight hours. A suitable analytical procedure is
described. (Author summary)
03789
J. S. Leonard
STACK EMISSION SAMPLING. TAPPI 49, (10) 84A-85A,
Oct. 1966. (Presented at the Shipley Award Program, Pacific
Section, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
West Linn, Oreg., Mar. 15, 1966.)
Potential air pollutants in kraft pulping emissions consist es-
sentially of solid paniculate and sulfur containing malodorous
gases. The solid paniculate is generally of a caustic nature,
whereas the malodorous gases are of an acidic nature. In an
effort to monitor these emissions effectively, a series of emis-
sion sampling stations and specialized sampling devices have
been constructed. The paniculate sampling device operates on
an electrostatic precipitation principle and allows for the
simultaneous sampling of solid paniculate and malodorous
gases. Four sampling stations are located on vertical stacks, at
least five diameters downstream from obstructions. Sheltered
work areas are provided with electricity and compressed air.
(Author abstract)
04883L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
A MANUAL FOR DIRECT GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS OF SULFUR GASES IN PROCESS STREAMS.
(Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin No. 30.) June 1966.
27pp.
The attached bulletin presents a detailed method for sampling
and gas chromatographic analysis of kraft mill gases at their
sources. This bulletin supersedes Bulletin 13, September 26,
I960, which is obsolete and is no longer recommended. In this
new, simplified method, source samples may be taken either in
evacuated pressure bottles, plastic bags, modified McLean
tubes, or directly in gas-tight syringes. A small volume of the
source gas (0.02 - 2.0 ml.) is injected directly onto the chro-
matographic column in a temperature-programmed oven. The
eluted sulfur compounds are detected with a bromine,
microcoulometric titration cell. The instrumentation and
methodology were field tested at a West Coast kraft mill. Ap-
proximately 20 minutes is required to complete a single analy-
sis for sulfur compounds ranging in molecular weight from
hydrogen sulfide through dimethyl disulfide or higher. The
rapidity of the analytical technique permits rapid qualitative
and quantitative determination of the components of gaseous
sulfur emissions from all sources, determination of the effec-
tiveness of various odor control processes, and evaluation of
the effect of changes in mill operating conditions upon quanti-
ty and type of emissions. (Author abstract modified)
04885L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
MEASURING NON-STEADY FLOW IN INDUSTRIAL
STACKS. (Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin No. 27.)
Oct. 1965. 12pp.
In attempting to develop methods of measuring mass emission
rates from kraft pulp mills, it became necessary to devise
some satisfactory technique for measuring the intermittent
non-steady flow found in several vents. Actually two dis-
similar problems existed; each requiring a different approach.
The first was with large vents (12' diameter or larger) where
little or no back pressure could be tolerated. The flow through
these vents can vary from 0 to over 70,000 cubic feet per
minute during a one minute period. The second was with small
diameter vents (4* to 8' diameter) through which non-con-
densable gases and steam were vented from high pressure
process units. Back pressure could be tolerated in these
smaller vents. Satisfactory methods of measuring non-steady
flow in two types of industrial vents have been presented.
These have been field tested and found to be workable. The
photo-pitot traverse technique should be used primarily for
calibration purposes with a single impact tube used for actual
sampling work. The nozzle section is light enough that it can
be handled whenever sampling is actually done at various
ports in a plant. The nozzle can be used for discharge points
while the venturi section can be used at intermittent points in
a pipe network. No claim is made that these are highly so-
phisticated techniques, rather that they are simple and useful
in obtaining a solution to a rather thorny problem.
04886L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
A METHOD OF MEASRU1NG THE CONCENTRATION OF
SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN PROCESS GAS STREAMS. (At-
mospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin No. 28.) Dec. 1965. 12
pp.
The method described in this paper has been shown to give
satisfactory accuracy and precision to answer general require-
ments for determinating all 5 of the compounds mentioned.
Sampling is relatively simple and analysis requires only a pH
meter and a Beckman Model B Spectrophotometer or a similar
instrument. SO2 is determined by a modification of the West
and Gaeke method using a single train of 3 bubblers. A 4-bub-
bler train operated in parallel to the SO2 train is used for
determining the reduced sulfur compounds. CdC12 can be used
as an absorbing reagent for H2S and mercaptans. Both gases
form precipitates when they react with the CdC12 contained in
the first 2 bubblers of the train. The precipitates are dissolved
in HC1 and are titrated iodometrically. Alkyl sulfides and
disulfides are absorbed in benzene contained in the final 2
bubblers. Iodine forms a color complex with alkyl sulfide com-
pounds. The concentration of the complex can be determined
spectrophotometrically. The formation of this complex in
benzene permits direct analysis for methyl sulfides using a
very small aliquot of the absorber volume. A bromide-bromate
solution is used to titrate the remainder of the benzene to
determine total alkyl sulfides and disulfides. Bisulfides are
then computed by difference. The benzene is acidified prior to
titration so that bromine will be formed. The method described
has been field tested successfully at several kraft pulp mills.
The method has the advantages of simplicity, inexpensive in-
strumentation requirements, and of being directly applicable to
all gas streams in a mill regardless of constituents or concen-
trations encountered.
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86
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
04945
Harding, C. I.. E. R. Hendrickson, and R. S. Sholtes
MEASURING NON-STEADY FLOW IN INDUSTRIAL
VENTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 16(1):12-14, Jan.
1966.
Pilot measurements have long proved satisfactory for measur-
ing flows from most sources encountered in the air pollution
work. Occasionally an operation is encountered which exhibits
such wide flow variation with time that pilot measurements
are meaningless. Two methods have been developed which
measure the volume rate of discharge from such sources. A
detailed description of the method (Large Duct and Small Vent
Techniques) and the results of the field testing of both are
given. For large ducts where very little back pressure could be
tolerated, it was thought to be undesirable to utilize a head
meter. Therefore, consideration was given to the use of a pilot
tube or some modification such as an impact tube device. The
final configuration consisted of a rack holding six pitol lubes
which were inserted at the appropriate positions within the
stack in order to delermine an instantaneous one directional
traverse across the stack. These tubes were connected to dial-
type differential head gages (Magnahelic gages). A single
frame movie camera was installed in the same enclosure as the
gage panel lo take a photograph of the entire dial array once
every 20 seconds. The measurement procedure consisted of
assembling the equipment on location, checking all the gages
for proper operation, setting the clock, and starting the equip-
ment. Although the equipment used in this technique was
somewhat cumbersome, it did prove to be an effective way of
measuring non-steady flow in large industrial vents. It is not
the type of equipment which would be used routinely in con-
junction with sampling, but would be used primarily for
calibration purposes. Once a duct is calibrated, it then should
be possible to use a single point reference for future sampling
activities. For small high pressure vents where a certain
amount of back pressure can be tolerated, the problems of
flow measurement are greatly simplified. The hardware finally
selected consisted of a nozzle section. The high pressure tap
was located one pipe diameter upsiream from the entrance of
the convergent section. The low pressure tap was installed in
the center of the throat section. A six-inch diameter approach
section was selected as satisfactory to measure flows from the
majority of small vents encountered in a krafl mill. A sampling
port was included upstream from the convergent seclion. This
permitted simultaneous gas sampling and flow measurement. A
water manometer was used to measure the differential head.
An equation used to reduce data was developed. An estimate
of mass emission rates can be made based on the discharge
characteristics and concentration samples.
06385
Falgoul, D. A. and C. I. Harding
DETERMINATION OF H2S EXPOSURE BY DYNAMIC SAM-
PLING WITH METALLIC SILVER FILTERS. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., I8(I):I5-20, Jan. 1968. 24 refs. (Presenled
at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio. June 11-16. 1967.
This paper describes a method of determining exposure lo
H2S and mercaplans by measuring the decrease in reflectance
of Ag membrane filters resulting from the formation of Ag2S
on the filler surface. S02, (CH3)2S and (CH3)2S2 do not react
with the silver membrane. The method depends on the reac-
tion between metallic Ag and H2S: H2S + 2Ag + 1/2 O2
yields Ag2S + H2O. Mercaptans also react with Ag in a
similar manner. An appropriate surface, an excess of O2 and a
condensed water film are necessary for these reactions to
proceed rapidly and quantitatively. The NO2 concentration is
significantly reduced by Ag membrane filters. Results indicate
the oxidation of Ag2S to Ag2SO4 by O3 is slow and that the
reflectance loss of clean Ag filters caused by O3 is small.
There is little opportunity for UV light to affect the Ag mem-
brane if the filter holders are taped. Three 23 hr. samples/wk
were taken at a flow rate of 0.9 1pm. Under these conditions
the reflectance losses ranged from 0-37 reflectance units/cu m
of sampled air. The Ag filters appear to be more sensitive to
sulfide gases at high humidities. This tends to enhance the
value of the method as a measure of non-health effects, such
as paint sensitivity.
06526
D. F. Adams
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY APPLIED TO ATMOSPHERIC
KRAFT ODORS (FINAL REPT. MAY 1, 1963 - APR. 30,
1966). Preprint. 1966.
The objective was to analyze qualitatively the malodorous,
kraft pulp mill air pollutants in the ambient air by the gas-
liquid chromatographic technique, including the use of ioniza-
lion detection and Golay columns. Gas chromatographic detec-
tors, available in 1963, were evaluated for sulfur-gas sensitivi-
ty and specificity. Coulometric detectors gave the best overall
sensitivily and specificity. Therefore, the research was con-
tinued, using the coulometric detection principle. A sulfur-
specific, bromine coulometric detector, having a sensitivity ap-
proaching the human sensory threshold, has been developed as
a result of this research. This cell is a significant improvement
over the previously available iodine coulometric detecior. Two
circuit improvements were made in the coulometer which per-
mitted grealer reproducibility and control of the critical detec-
tor bias voltage. Losses of sulfur-containing compounds on the
gas chromatographic columns studies were found lo be so
large that direct GLC analysis of ambient air was impossible.
The magnitude of these losses have been established. Using
currently available GLC columns and detectors, a successful
technique for analysis of sulfur compounds in the ambient air
will have lo rely upon pre-concentration of ihese compounds
by eilher adsorption or freeze oul.
07214
Bethge, Per Olof and Lalla Ehrenborg
IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN KRAFT
MILL EMISSIONS. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm).
70(10):347-350, May 31, 1967. 3 refs.
Identification of compounds contributing lo Ihe odour from
kraft mills was accomplished by gas chromatography, and in
some cases in combination wilh mass speclromelry. Attention
was centered on the most volatile compounds. Besides seven
terpenes, 25 compounds were identified.
08312
Okila, Toshiichi Yamashita, Shushi Nishino, Eisaku and
Kaneda, Kazuko
MEASUREMENT OF SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SODIUM
SULFATE PARTICLES IN THE FLUE GAS OF A KRAFT
PULP MILL. Texl in Japanese. Bull. Inst. Public Health
(Tokyo), 16(0:41-44, March 1967. 3 refs.
Size distribution of sodium sulfale particles was measured
using a cascade impactor and the inertia! impaclion melhod.
Particles were found lo be formed by the coagulation of finer
particles. Their maximum size was 2 mm. An equation is given
which roughly expresses the size distribution. Usually the con-
centration of Ihe particles was too high lo be measured by the
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
87
cascade impactor, so that a centrifugal particle size separator
fitted with a suction pump was used. This combination was
found to be a useful tool for size distribution measurements.
08354
Brink, D. L., and J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Feuerstein
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. II. ANALYTICAL ASPECTS.
TAPPI, SO(6):276-285, June 1967. 25 refs. (Presented at the
51st Annual Meeting of the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y., Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
Gaseous and liquid products isolated by pyrolysis of kraft
black liquor, were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively
using gas-liquid chromatography with detection by flame
ionization. More than 60 compounds were detected in the
pyrolysis liquid and at least 32 of these were present in the
pyrolysis gas. Using the microcoulometric titration system,
hydrogen sulfide, methyl tnercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
dimethyl disulfide, and at least 19 unidentified sulfur-contain-
ing components were detected in the pyrolysis products; 7 of
the major components were determined quantitatively. Using
cochromatography and the methods of detection noted, the
identities of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl
disulfide were verified and tentative identifications of several
other sulfur-containing products were also made. Hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, ethane, carbon
dioxide, and acetylene were resolved and determined quantita-
tively. Hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and five
unidentified components were also qualitatively detected. Sul-
fur present in pyrolysis residues was determined using a wet
oxidation procedure. A powerful analytical method has been
developed for detailed study of the effects of recovery furnace
operation on such emissions and it should prove to be a valua-
ble aid to industry. With adequate development, pyrolysis car-
ried out independently of gaseous, liquid, and solid products
could provide an answer to complete odor control; in addition,
isolation of organic by-products may be feasible. AAM
08355
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART I: THEORETICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS. TAPPI, 46(1): 1-5, Jan. 1963. 4 refs.
A new method is proposed for the simultaneous collection of
all pollutants from gaseous kraft-mill effluents and process
streams. The pollutants are in part frozen out in an empty cold
trap, and in part dissolved in traps containing ethylbenzene as
a solvent at about minus 78 C. Formulas are derived that pro-
vide quantitative information on the performance of these
traps toward pollutants having a wide range of boiling points.
These formulas give the concentration of a pollutant in the sol-
vent, as a function of the sample volume; the sampling time;
the percentage of a pollutant retained by a trap from a pol-
luted airstream; and the instantaneous concentration of a pol-
lutant in the exhaust air from a trap. The formulas are not
limited to kraft-mill pollutants. The special case of a poorly
absorbed pollutant is treated, and a sampling program for this
case is prescribed. The distribution ratios of methyl mercap-
tan, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide between an airstream
and a solvent are calculated, and for the first two, values are
also found by experiment. (Author's abstract)
08356
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART II: A LABORATORY
STUDY OF THE COLLECTION OF POLLUTANTS FOR
ANALYSIS. TAPPI, 46(1):5-11, Jan. 1963. 5 refs.
An experimental study was made of the performance of traps,
in collecting kraft-mill pollutants from an air stream. The traps
were in a mixture of dry-ice and acetone. Some traps in the
train were empty; others contained ethylbenzene as a solvent.
A convenient experimental method is described for artificially
producing a polluted air stream, and for evaluating the per-
formances of traps. The distribution was found of hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
and dimethyl disulfide among the traps of the train. The effect
of flow-rate, volume of solvent, and trap design on trap per-
formance was measured. The effect of varying the degree of
air turbulence in an empty cold trap was studied. It was con-
firmed that cold ethylbenzene is a satisfactory solvent for all
the pollutants except hydrogen sulfide. For this latter pollu-
tant, an aqueous solution of cadmium was used to trap it. A
study was included on the losses of the pollutants that might
occur on extended storage of their ethylbenzene solutions. Ap-
paratus and a procedure are described for the concentration of
the original ethylbenzene solution of pollutants, to improve the
sensitivity of the method. (Author's abstract)
08357
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART ni: THE ANALYSIS OF
COLLECTED POLLUTANTS BY GAS CHROMATOG-
RAPHY. TAPPI, 46(1):11-14, Jan. 1963. 4 refs.
The qualitative and quantitative analysis of kraft-mill pollu-
tants in ethylbenzene by using gas chromatography is
discussed. Columns of tri-m-cresyl phosphate and of Car-
bowax 1540 are proposed for use at 35 and 85 C. These
columns permit the resolution of all known kraft-mill pollu-
tants. Techniques are described for qualitative analysis. They
include the two-column method, and graphs prepared by this
method are presented for homologous series of mercaptans,
ketones, esters, and normal alcohols. It is emphasized that the
unequivocal identification of an unknown pollutant is rarely
possible by gas chromatography alone. Quantitative analysis is
also described, including the preparation of standard solutions
and the presentation of prepared calibration curves. These
curves were straight lines. The use of an ultrasensitive detec-
tor, the ionization chamber, is briefly discussed. (Author's ab-
stract)
08358
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART IV: A FIELD KIT FOR
THE COLLECTION OF THE POLLUTANTS, AND
METHODS FOR THEIR ANALYSIS. TAPPI, 46(1):15-20, Jan.
1963.
A complete field kit is described and illustrated. A train of
traps mounted in a portable carrying case includes an empty
trap at 0 deg C. to collect mlisture, an empty trap at minus 78
C. to collect high boiling pollutants, two traps containing ethyl-
benzene at minus 78 C. to collect pollutants other than
hydrogen sulfide. and a trap containing cadmium solution for
H2S. Heated glass sampling tubes convey the effluent sample
to the traps. Pollutants that are quantitatively and simultane-
-------
88
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
ously collected include hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide,
methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide.
For hydrogen sulfide, an iodimetric determination is described
to be made at the mill. For the other pollutants, gas chromato-
graphic analyses are described which may be made at a later,
more convenient time. (Author's abstract)
08541
Walther, James E., and Herman R. Amberg
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF KRAFT MILL STACK
GASES WITH A PROCESS GAS CHROMATOGRAPH. TAP-
PI. 50(10):108A-110A, Oct. 1967. 3 refs. (Presented at the 52nd
Annual Meeting of the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry New York, N.Y., Feb. 1967).
A process gas chromatograph was evaluated on a recovery
furnace on an intermittent basis for a period of about 3
months. The instrument was installed to obtain information
about furnace operation as it relates to the emission of sulfur
compounds and to determine if the process chromatograph can
be used as a tool for closer control of malodorous sulfur diox-
ide. Fluctuations in hydrogen sulfide concentrations from 100-
400 ppm by weight were recorded during normal operation of
the recovery furnace. Blackouts Qoss of fire) were preceded
by high hydrogen sulfide concentrations. Hydrogen sulfide
concentration appeared to be a more sensitive parameter of
furnace operation than oxygen and combustible concentra-
tions. It appears that the process chromatograph may be used
as an indicator of furnace operation efficiency. AA
08954
Anderson, K., and J. G. Bergstrom
DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND SULFUR
DIOXIDE IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS.* (Bestaemning av
svavelvaete ock svaveldioxid i laga koncentrationer.) Text In
Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 70 (23):805-808, Dec.
15, 1967. 5 refs. CONCENTRATIONS. (Bestaemning av
svavelvaete och svaveldioxid
A method was developed for the quantitative determination of
H2S and SO2 in low concentrations (1-100 p.p.m.). The two
gases are adsorbed on silica gel at room temperature and
desorbed at high temperature (120-150 deg. C ). The determina-
tion is done by using gas chromatography where adsorption is
effected from 200-300 ml. samples. When SO2 alone is being
determined, 1,500 ml. samples can be used. Since the adsorb-
ing periods are only about 2-4 min., rapid changes in the gas
composition can be followed. This method is suited for the
determination of H2S and S02 in many different types of ef-
fluents. It was success- fully used in several Swedish pulp
mills. (Authors' summary, modified)
09208
National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc., New York,
N. Y.
A LABORATORY STUDY OF A LEAD-ACETATE-TILE
METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE. At-
mospheric Pollution Tech. Bull. 15, 47p., Aug. 1962.
A simple, qualitative method for hydrogen sulfide utilizing
lead acetate on the surface of a ceramic tile was evaluated on
a quantitative basis in an apparatus in which low concentra-
tions of hydrogen sulfide were maintained. The effects of
hydrogen sulfide exposure, air turbulence, relative humidity
dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methyl mercaptan and
several possible interferences upon the rate of formation of
colored lead sulfide on the tile surface, were investigated.
Slightly exposed tiles can show a measurable response to a
hydrogen sulfide concentration of 0.1 over a 6 minute time in-
terval. The accuracy of the lead-acetate-tile method has been
found to depend upon at least three factors: (a) the position of
the average absorbance of the tile surfaces on the darkening
curve, (b) the degree of air movement under which the
hydrogen sulfide exposure is carried out, and (c) the fading of
the lead sulfide color. To establish whether or not a tile sur-
face has been overexposed, the difference between whether or
not a tile surface has been overexposed, the difference
between the reflectance spectrums on the curve, may be util-
ized. An increase in turbulence in the laboratory detention
chamber has been found to increase significantly the rate of
darkening. Under outdoor conditions the turbulence level in
the exposure chamber must be either standardized by an air
mover or reduced to a minimum by louvering. Outdoor fading
tests performed in a louvered, light-protected chamber indicate
that in an 8-hour exposure period the maximum loss of Expo-
sure Units would be in the order of 20 percent. A similar loss
in Exposure Units under conditions unprotected from direct
sunlight and wind would require approximately 10 minutes.
The extremely high fading rate of darkening tiles exposed to
direct sunlight and wind shows that hydrogen-sulfide-exposed
tiles must be protected after removal from the exposure
chamber as well as during exposure. The sources, effects, at-
mospheric concentrations and the methylene blue and A.I.S.I.
sampler methods for the determination of H2S are also
reviewed.
09648
Cederlof, Rune, Lars Friberg, and Thomas LindvaU
THE ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF ODORS WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY.
In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Atmospheric
Emissions from Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28,
1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health Ser-
vice, National Council for Stream Improvement, and University
of Florida, DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)),
p. 111-140. 16 rets.
The quantitative determination of malodorous air pollutants in
ambient air is complicated by the fact that their smell becomes
offensive at concentrations which are too weak for the practi-
cal analysis of shortterm measurements. Organoleptic methods
have therefore been resorted to. It is of concern to be able to
calculate the size and extent of an emission of odors. This is
difficult because of the lack of knowledge of the identity of
chemical substances in the effluent, and of the relationship
between interactions of the compounds and strength of the
smell. One approach is to determine the smell, either of emis-
sions in the ambient air or of flue gases at the top of the stack
in conjunction with calculations of meteorological dispersions.
This would give a measure of the relevant, total exposure to
odors at ground level at different distances from the source.
Another method is to study the occurrence of odors in am-
bient air around a factory with the aid of observers. The
chemical substances generally held to be responsible for the
odors in the effluent are: hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan,
dimethyl monosulfide and dimethyl disulfide. Applications of
the first approach are described presenting results of smell of
some of sulfur compounds and, field studies of the flue gases
from two sulfate cellulose plants in Sweden. The determina-
tion of odor threshold, as a solution to the problem, has cer-
tain obvious advantages, while studies with observations are
also of value. What is wanted is a comparative study to
discover the extent to which results from these two ap-
proaches agree. A lengthy discussion by one of the authors
and others is appended.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
89
09657
Hasselhuhn, B.
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES USED IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SWEDISH ODOR STUDIES. In:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Atmospheric
Emissions from Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28,
1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health
Service, National Council for Stream Improvement, and
University of Florida. DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing
Co., ((1966)). p. 349-353.
The sampling methods and analytical procedures used in previ-
ous odor threshold studies for S02, H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S,
and (CH3)2S2 are described. The instability of some reagents
is also dealt with.
09660
Walter Lenz, and Adalberto Tirade A.
METHOD OF MEASURING ODORS BY MEANS OF OBSER-
VERS. In: Pro- ceedings of the International Conference on
Atmospheric Emis- sions from Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island,
Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by:
Public Health Service, National Council for Stream Improve-
ment, and Univer- sity of Florida. DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter
Printing Co. ((1966)), p. 365-369.
A simple method used to determine the effectiveness of the
control of malodors from a kraft mill is described. A specific
number of persons are asked to make a weekly report on the
conditions of odor prevailing at their homes. The observers are
located at different distances within a defined radius. The
form delivered to the ob- server is arranged so that daily com-
plaints can be reported for strong and slight odor, and for no
odor. The form is sent to the mill where evaluation starts by
completing the report with data of conditions prevailing in the
mill at the time shown by the obser- ver. Next it is determined
whether complaints are due to the kind of wood being cooked,
to stack gases, or to improper blowing and relieving condi-
tions. It is also decided whether or not the par- ticular com-
plaint is justified and finally, the probable cause of the com-
plaint is recorded. Criteria employed in the evaluation
procedure are listed. The total number of weekly complaints is
divided by the total number of blosw. The result is a relative
index which measures the odor level. Finally the annual
average of weekly relative indexes is obtained.
10453
Thoen, G. N., G.G.DeHaas, and R.R. Austin
INSTRUMENTATION FOR QUANTITATIVE MEASURE-
MENT OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN DRAFT GASES. Tappi,
51(6):246-249, June 1968. 4 refs
A recording electrolytic titrator has been evaluated in quantita-
tive measurement of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, mercap-
tan, organic sulfide, and residual sulfur concentrations. Th
equipment, after slight modification, allowed rapid and reliable
analysis of ambient air as well as samples drawn from draft
recover furnace ducts, oxidation tower vents, and lime kiln
stacks. Sample with concentrations ranging from 10 ppb to 800
ppm of hydrogen sulfide can be analyzed by selection of the
proper range setting. Analysis requires 7-10 min per sample
and can be conducted in the laboratory or at the point of sam-
ple collection since the instrumen is portable. (Authors' ab-
stract)
10654
Applebury, Terrill E. and Michael J. Schaer
ANALYSIS OF KRAFT PULP MILL GASES BY PROCESS
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Preprint, Montana State Univ.,
Bozeman, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 17p., 1968. 4 refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper
68-12.)
The operation and design of a coulomeiric detector for a
process gas chromatograph is described. The system is suitable
for monitoring kraft mill gases such as SO2, H2S, and mercap-
tans in concentrations as low as 0.1 to 0.5 ppm. Tests of the
equipment are described with consideration given to the reduc-
tion of sensitivity by noise in the instrument; the efiect of
design on the noise level is also discussed.
10686
Lynch, A. J., E. J. Bowmer, A. Sykands, and J. H. Smith
DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SODIUM IN THE
VICINITY OF A DRAFT PULP MILL. Preprint, British
Columbis Health Services, Vancouver, British Columbis
(Canada), 14p., 1968. 8 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul,
Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-120.)
A method for the determination of sodium in suspended par-
ticulate matter collected on glass fiber filters is described.
Results show the variation of sodium in unexposed filters and
a method to compensate for this variation is proposed. The
concentrations of sodium in dustfall and suspended paniculate
matter in the three study areas are recorded, a draft pulp and
paper mill is located in one of these areas (Port Alberni, B.C.).
The results suggest that sodium may be useful index of draft
mill air pollution provided a number of factors are considered.
One of these factors the proximity of the station to the sea
shore, is extremely impor- tant in costal locations. (Authors'
abstract, modified) 10686 Lynch, A. J., E. J. Bowmer, A.
Sykands, and J. H. Smith DETERMINATION OF AT-
MOSPHERIC SODIUM IN THE VICINITY OF A DRAFT
PULP MILL. Preprint, British Columbia Health Services,
Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada), 14p., 1968. 8 refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-28, 1968, Paper
68-120.) EMISSION SOURCES, MEASUREMENT
METHODS: Sodium compounds, Kraft pulping processes A
method for the determination of sodium in suspended panicu-
late matter collected on glass fiber filters is described. Results
show the variation of sodium in unexposed filters and a
method to compensate for this variation is proposed. The con-
centrations of sodium in dustfall and suspended paniculate
matter in the three study areas are recorded. A draft pulp and
paper mill is located in one of these areas (Port Alberni, B.
C.). The results suggest that sodium may be useful index of
draft mill air pollution provided a number of factors are con-
sidered. One of these factors, the proximity of the station to
the sea shore, is extremely important in costal locations.
(Authors' abstract, modified)
14582
Harkness, A. C. and B. A. Kelman
SOLUBILITY OF METHYL MERCAPTAN IN WATER. TAP-
PI, 50(1):13, Jan. 1967. 6 refs.
The solubilities of methyl mercaptan and H2S in water were
determined by measuring the volume of gas absorbed at con-
stant pressure. The solubility of methyl mercaptan was found
to be proportional to its pressure up to 700 mm, the highest
-------
90
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
pressure used. At 30 C, its solubility is found to be 4.90
vol/vol/atm and that (or H2S, solubility is 1.86. The heat of
solution of methyl mercaptan is calculated to be -6.2 kcal/mole
and its solubilities in 0.05M H2SO4, IM H2SO4, 0.1M
NaSCH3, IM NaCl, and IM Na2SO4 are, respectively, 5.06,
4.29, 5.29, 3.94, and 2.24 vol/vol/atm.
15224
Sanderson, J. G. and A. J. Roy
MEASUREMENTS AND SAMPLING OF AIR POLLUTANTS
FROM A KRAFT MILL. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec),
70(21):85-90, Tech. Paper T404, Nov. 7, 1969. 12 refs.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Technical Sec-
tion, Canadian Pulp and Paper Assoc., Montreal, Que., Jan.
28-31, 1969.)
Grab and continuous sampling methods for measuring emis-
sions of paniculate and gaseous pollutants from kraft mills are
reviewed. In the grab method of paniculate sampling, a sample
of gas containing the entrained participates is withdrawn
through a probe inserted in the gas duct; the same gas velocity
as in the duct must be maintained through the probe
(isokinetic sampling). A sampling train assembly for unsatu-
rated gas streams and the preferred types of filters are
described. Sampling of saturated gas streams is much more
difficult but less imperative for pollution control. Continuous
methods of paniculate sampling include use of a bolometer,
which continuously measures the fraction of light that has
penetrated or has been absorbed by a path of stack gas at a
given distance from a light source of constant intensity, and
continuous salt cake monitors. Both methods, in their present
development, are considered best used as control instruments
and as tools for showing visual indication of upset conditions
in an electrostatic precipilator. Correlation to date with grain
readings has not been sufficiently good to obviate the need to
sample the stack. In gas sampling, bench gas chromatographs
with flame ionization and thermal conductivity detection
methods are probably the most reliable and versatile means of
measuring the concentration of reduced sulfur gases from grab
samples taken at the emission sources. In-line gas chromato-
graphs, the Murray sulfimeter, and the Barton titrator are
described as methods of continuous gas sampling. It is con-
cluded that the fairly recent introduction of continuous
methods of sampling and measurement of particulates and
gases emitted from the recovery furnace will provide valuable
information for combating pollution from this source, and,
when fully developed, will overcome many of the problems in-
herent in grab sampling methods.
15704
Leahy, T. E.
DETERMINATION OF GASES FROM VISCOSE
REGENERATION. Tappi, 52(1): 115-117, Jan. 1969. 3 refs.
A method for the qualitative detection and quantitative estima-
tion of volatile substances evolved during the regeneration of
viscose has been developed. The method involves use of con-
ventional methods of analysis as well as the gas chromato-
graph for the separation of several of the components nor-
mally evolved. The methods, as described, have reasonable ac-
curacy and reproducibility based on the use of known stan-
dards for calibration. Several series of laboratory prepared
viscoses have been studied in an effort to determine the effect
of pre- and post-xanthation conditions on the amounts and
types of gases evolved during viscose regeneration. An exam-
ple of a viscose from the crumb stage through ripening is also
given. (Author's Abstract)
16577
Ries, E. D. and L. E. Clark
ANALYSIS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF
EXCESS AIR. Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 18:747, July 1926. 2 refs.
Various methods for determining of small amounts of sulfur
dioxide in air were tested. Triple-distilled sulfur dioxide, dried
with concentrated sulfuric acid, and air of known, low humidi-
ty were used for the tests. All methods were compared on an
absolute basis. Absorbents tried were solutions of iodine in
potassium iodide, sodium peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, al-
kaline iodine, alkaline potassium permanganate, acid potassi-
um dichromate, iodine plus sodium bicarbonate, sodium
hydroxide, sodium hydroxide plus 5% glycerol, sodium
hydroxide plus 50% glycerol, sodium hydroxide containing
0.001 mol stannous chloride per 1, and sodium hydroxide con-
taining 0.002 mol stannous chloride per 1. Solid lead peroxide
and a water suspension of solid lead peroxide were also tried.
The sodium peroxide and sodium hydroxide plus glycerol or
stannous chloride were the only methods which gave satisfac-
tory results. The following method was adopted. Sulfur diox-
ide is absorbed by bubbling the gas through 10 cc of 10% sodi-
um hydroxide solution, 0.002 M in stannous chloride, con-
tained in a modified 4-bulb Mitscherlich absorber. The solution
is then washed into a flask, diluted to 50 cc, cooled, 50 cc of
12 N hydrochloric acid added, the solution cooled again, and 2
cc of carbon tetrachloride added as an indicator. The solution
is then titrated with approximately 0.003 M potassium iodate.
The flask is shaken vigorously during the titration until the
pink color of the carbon tetrachloride disappears. A blank
must be run on the caustic plus stannous chloride to determine
the correction for the catalyst. This analysis is important for
control work in commercial processes, such as contact sulfuric
acid and paper manufacture.
16755
Bamesberger, W. L. and Donald F. Adams
FIELD COMPARISON OF THE COULOMETRIC,
COLORIMETRIC, AND LEAD ACETATE TAPE ANALYSIS
METHODS FOR SULFUR-CONTAINING GASES. Tappi
52(7): 1302-1306, July 1969. 15 refs.
A continuous, microcoulometric analyzer, utilizing preselective
filtration, has been used for a field study of the varying at-
mospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide in
the vicinity of a kraft pulp mill. The microcoulometric
analyzer was operated on a 5 min sequence for each of the
five sulfur-containing compounds and a 5 min instrument
blank, thereby yielding a complete analysis cycle every 30
min. Another coulometric analyzer with lower sensitivity was
used as a a total sulfur gas analyzer. Comparative 2-hr average
data were obtained for H2S and SO2 by using midget impin-
gers in a sequence sampler. Chemical analyses were conducted
by the cadmium hydroxide—STRactan—methylene blue and
modified West-Gaeke methods, respectively. A third com-
parison for H2S was obtained by using the lead acetate tape
method. The data show agreement for H2S by the microcou-
lometric and cadmium hydroxide—STRactan—methylene blue
methods but not with the lead acetate tape technique. Agree-
ment was also obtained for SO2 by the microcoulometric and
modified West-Gaeke methods, although all observed SO2
levels were near the sensitivity limits for these methods.
(Author's Abstract)
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
91
16871
Thoen, 0. N., G. G. DeHaas, and R. R. Austin
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS
AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OPERATING KRAFT
MILL BLACK LIQUOR FURNACES. Tappi, 52(8): 1485-1487,
Aug. 1969. 4 refs.
A continuous instrument has been designed and built to mea-
sure sulfur dioxide and reduced sulfur compounds in the parts-
per- million and parts-per-billion ranges. The instrument has
been placed in operation on several black liquor recovery fur-
naces before the direct contact evaporator. Operation parame-
ters under most possible conditions have been measured and
correlations between sulfur dioxide and reduced sulfur com-
pounds have been made. Steam production and degree of
smelt reduction have also been determined in relation to the
concentrations of the sulfur compounds. (Author's Abstract)
17029
Applebury, Ten-ill E. and Michael J. Schaer
ANALYSIS OF KRAFT PULP MILL GASES BY PROCESS
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
20(2):83-86, Feb. 1970. 4 refs.
An automatic process gas chromatograph was developed for
use on the recovery furnace stack of a Kraft pulp mill. The in-
strument analyzes widely varying concentrations of hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and methyl mercaptan, and higher
order sulfur compounds. It is insensitive to the fixed gases and
water vapor, and performs its analysis in approximately ten
minutes. The instrument features a microcoulometric detector
making it sensitive to H2S as low as 0.1 ppm, and SO2 and
CH3SH as low as 0.5 ppm. The major limit to even higher sen-
sitivity at this stage of development lies in two problems: the
background noise level in the detector and the sulfur com-
pound absorption in the Porapak Q chromatograph column. At
the reported sensitivity, a 40-ml gas sample was used. The in-
strument also contains a data analysis system supplementary
to the usual strip chart recorder. This system is made up of a
digital voltmeter, a digital translator, and a teletype and hence
allows the transfer of the output data to a digital computer for
processing. The processed data are usually presented in the
form of ppm quantities of the component gases in the stack
gas. The instrument has worked successfully on small furnace
effluent for periods of 25 hr but has not been tried on
recovery furnace stacks. It was also run on prepared samples
for periods of up to seven days with no maintenance or at-
tendance necessary. (Author abstract modified)
17037
Thoen, G. N. and D. C. Nicholson
INFRARED ANALYSIS OF KRAFT PULPING PROCESS
GASES. Tappi, 53(2):224-226, Feb. 1970. 3 refs.
Investigations were undertaken to determine the suitability of
an infrared spectrophotometer equipped with 10-m path length
cells for analyzing kraft pulping gases. Components present in
black- liquor recovery furnace, oxidation tower vent, lime
kiln, evaporator, and digester relief and blow gases were
identified positively without pretreatment of a mixture. How-
ever, infrared scanning still presents the problem of sample
preparation and transport. Other methods such as coulometric
titration or gas chromatography seem best suited for mill use.
19051
McGinnity, J. L., K. W. Grimley, Jr., C. R. Horres, Jr., and J.
D. Mulik
MOBILE SOURCE SAMPLING LABORATORY FOR THE
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Preprint, Public Health Ser-
vice, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration, 12p., 1970. 7 refs. (Presented at a Symposium on
Methods for Measuring and Evaluating Odorous Air Pollutants
at the Source and in the Ambient Air, June 1-5, 1970.)
A mobile source-sampling laboratory for the pulp and paper
industry is discussed. A continuously operating stack-gas- con-
ditioning system has been devised for the laboratory. From the
source, the gas sample first passes through a heated glass-
fiber filter to remove particulates, and then into a 3/16-inch-
ID Teflon sampling line. The continuous gas monitoring instru-
ments provide analysis for oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrocarbons, and various sulfur compounds. Seven
instruments are used: two gas chromatographs, a Melpar total
sulfur analyzer, a Barton lilralor, and a Beckman 02, CO2,
and CO analyzer. Another part of the source sampling pro-
gram is an odor panel. Samples are diluted in 100 ml syringes
and presented to the panel directly from the syringe. Emission
data are available for gas samples taken before and after the
direct contact evaporators, recovery furnace precipilator,
smelt dissolving tank, lime kiln scrubber, and multiple effect
evaporator scrubbers.
20435
Choudens, C. de
DETERMINATIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND
HYDROGEN SULFIDE BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY IN
GASEOUS EFFLUENTS OF RECOVERY CALDRONS OF A
SULFATE PASTE PLANT. (Dosages de I'anhydride sulfureux
et de 1'hydrogene sulfure par spectrophotometrie dans les ef-
fluents gazeux de chaudieres de recuperation d'une usine de
pate au sulfate). Text in French. ATIP, 22(2):l 13-121, 1968. 18
refs.
A method of removing and recovering gas samples in the flue
gas of a recovery caldron in a sulfale paste plant was put in
operation and found to work very satisfactorily, provided cer-
tain precautions described in the paper are taken. The gases
withdrawn from the sampling devices are free from solid parti-
cles and moisture and are absorbed by a soda-glycerol solution
for spectrophotometrie determination of sulfur uioxide and
hydrogen sulfide. The accuracy of this determination is 1%,
provided the operator is well trained and the specified
procedure is rigorously adhered to. If calibration curves have
been determined with the aid of control solutions; if the re-
agents, are ready for use; and if the speed of the gas in the
flue is known, one should have all results available within two
hours. The colorimetric reagents used are quite specific at the
concentrations of constituents studied. Methylmercaptan does
not perturb the spectrophotometrie determination of H2S. The
latter is determined directly by measuring the optical density
at 680 nanometers, while the concentration of methylmercap-
tan is usually determined (after precipitation of H2S by CdC12)
by measuring the optical density at 515 nanometers. The accu-
racy of the described method of SO2 and H2S determination is
10%.
21724
Hendrickson, E. R., J. E. Roberson, and J. B. Koogler
CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS IN THE WOOD
PULPING INDUSTRY. VOLUME 3. (FINAL REPORT). En-
vironmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville. Fla., and Sirrine (J.
-------
92
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
E.) Co., Greenville, S. C., Contract CPA 22-69-18, 250p.,
March 15, 1970. 418 refs. CFSTI: PB 190353
Chapters 9 through 13 are contained in this third and final
volume of a study of control of wood pulping emissions.
Chapter 9, which includes 237 references, reviews sampling
and analytical techniques, grouped under emission source or
ambient conditions, for kraft, sulfite, and NSSC pulping
processes. For each grouping, recommendations are made of
the best available procedures. An annotated bibliography of
174 papers related to on-going research in pulping emissions
control comprises Chapter 10; references are grouped under
eight subjects. Recommendations for future research and
development are made in Chapter 11. Chapter 12 presents esti-
mates of present pulping industry investment and operating
costs for emissions control. The cost analyses are based on
prices of chemicals and equipment as of Jan. 1969. Chapter 13
reports the development of a model which provides data ap-
plicable for projections of investment and operating costs for
emission control in the kraft pulping industry through 1980. A
sensitivity analysis suggests how the costs for emission control
are influenced by emission standards,value of recoverable
chemicals, and assumed rate of return. A mathematical pro-
gramming model is also presented, by which it is possible to
determine for any specified mill the optimal way to satisfy
specified emission standards and maximize net revenue from
emission control. An an example is analyzed with the model,
using the 1969 Oregon regulations and based on Jan. 1969
prices.
21859
Okita, T.. R. Sugai, and I. Kifune
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS BY FILTER METHOD OF
MALODOROUS GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Akooshu
no sokootei V Loshishiki sampler ni yoloo yuki ion kagohbool-
soo no hoshu boonsekihon no kentoh narabini ryukasooiso
oyobi aldehyde rooi sokootei eno ohyoh). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):1I8,
1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution An-
nual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
To determine malodors in the environment, filter type sampler
for sampling organic sulfur compounds using mercury com-
pounds was earlier introduced. Since then, the following items
on sampling and analysis, by means of gas chromatography, of
ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide were
examined. In the process of the analysis (sampling, separation,
and concentration), moisture should be removed before con-
centrating the sample with potassium carbonate and soda lime.
The velocity in concentrating the sample with liquid oxygen is
0.2 1/min. The retention time of each sample gas can be re-
markably reduced if the column temperature is 47 C, the
flowrate of a carrier gas (N2) 30 l/min, and the column length
2.25 m. The reproducibility of this method is approximately
6% in terms of variation coefficients. Filters compared
(Tohyoh No. 6 filter, AAWP millipore filter, and glass fiber A
filler) show the collection efficiency from 44% to 100%, de-
pending on the gases. This method is applied for gases in the
water and the air polluted by waste from pulp and petroleum
refining industries to show 6.0-7.8 ppb of methyl mercaptan,
2.9-3.7 ppb ethyl mercaptan, and 5.1-7.2 ppb of dimethyl sul-
fide in river water and 4.0-5.2 ppb of methyl mercaptan and
2.3-3 ppb dimethyl sulfide in the air.
22958
Wohlers, Henry C.
ODOR INTENSITY AND ODOR TRAVEL FROM INDUSTRI-
AL SOURCES. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution (London), vol.
7:71-78, 1963. 4 refs.
Odor surveys were completed of stack effluents and in the
vicinity of a petroleum coking plant, a kraft-paper mill, an
onion and garlic dehydrating plant, and a retrogravure printing
plant. Gas samples were taken by the evacuated bulb
technique or by passing sufficient stack gas through a bottle to
replace the original air in the bottle. Threshold measurements
were made with an osmoscope consisting of two telescoping
metal tubes complexly arranged for odor dilution with clean
air. The odor intensity in the environs of the industrial plant
was determined subjectively while driving in a car at constant
speed (30-35 mph) with the wind-wing of the driver's window
open so that the oncoming air was directed at the face of the
observer. When the extent of the odor travel from these plants
was compared with the calculated threshold dilution of the
stack gases according to Button's equation, the odor measure-
ments at the stacks did not agree in all cases with the calcu-
lated dilutions at the distances in the field where the odors
were noted. Unless the diffusion coefficients are experimen-
tally determined, the Sutton equation should not be used for
distances greater than 2 miles; at distances greater than 1 or 2
miles under unstable conditions, the stack height, the exit
velocity, and the temperature of the exhaust gases no longer
seriously affect the plume axis concentrations. The
osmoscope, which assumes the validity of the Weber-Fechner
law, had an error of no larger than about 25%. The con-
sequence of the logarithmic relation of this law is that a 10-
fold reduction in odor concentration makes a scarcely per-
ceptible alteration in the strength of the odor. This relation
must be considered in making field odor surveys. It is sug-
gested that these results are another example of only partially
diluted stack gases moving as discrete eddies through the at-
mosphere. (Author abstract modified)
23106
Kikuchi, Kaku
EXAMPLES OF ODOR MEASUREMENT AT KRAFT PULP
MILLS. (Kurafuto parupukojo no shukisokutei jirei). Text in
Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (J. of Odor Control), 1(1):9-18,
April 20, 1970.
A unique method of measuring odorant concentration
developed at Tohoku University. This is a new type of or-
ganoleptic method based on the olfactory reaction to deter-
mine odor perception thresholds which are numerically ex-
pressed. It is also noteworthy that this method is legally
authorized to be the only valid means of odor measurement
and to be employed as such for air pollution control. The
flowchart of the apparatus used for the olfactory test as well
as the present odor removal equipments which the kraft pulp
mills are operating are illustrated. The principle of this method
is based on Henry's law that a gas is saturated in proportion to
its partial pressure in the atmosphere after it has been passed
through water for a while. The maximum dilution multiplier
for the saturated solution which is determined by olfactory
sense provides the standard for the obnoxious odor level. The
sampled gas needs to be passed through the duct filled with
salt water until the concentration of the gas arising from the
salt water becomes tantamount to its original level in the at-
mosphere. The sample solution thus obtained have to be
promptly examined by an odor panel because some gases dis-
solve very readily. The application of this olfactorium to gase-
ous emissions from both the blow tank and the recovery boiler
in a kraft pulp mill was made, and the values obtained showed
700 and 200 respectively. The basic value of 200 was deter-
mined from a fish-meal factory). The results of tests con-
ducted on each one of the processes involved in kraft pulp
mills by use of this salt water olfactorium are presented in the
form of graphs and tables.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
93
23278
Lindvall, Thomas
ON SENSORY EVALUATION OF ODOROUS AIR POLLU-
TANT INTENSITIES. MEASUREMENTS OF ODOR INTENSI-
TY IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD WITH SPE-
CIAL REFERENCE TO EFFLUENTS OF SULFATE PULP
FACTORIES. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm). Suppl. 2,
181p., 1970. 145 refs.
A primary concern in the investigation of the environmental
hygienic annoyance effects of odorous air pollutants is to
establis a relationship between the dose to which the popula-
tion is exposed and the degree of annoyance experienced. The
present study describes a method for sensory analysis of odor
intensities of air pollutants, primarily as a base for a valid
dose-description. The work was concerned with the air conser-
vation problems of the sulfate pulp industry from the stand-
point of environmental hygiene and was primarily aimed at the
development of a method to study the relative importance of
various odor generating processes in regard to the final odor
intensity of the emissions, to study the effects of various
types of odor-reducing systems, to predict odor distribution in
the vicinity of a factory on the basis of odor determinations of
the emitted exhausts and meteorological dispersion data, and
to study the feasibility of predicting exhaust gas odor intensi-
ties from their physicochemical composition. A mobile odor
laboratory for field experiments was constructed with the pur-
pose of obtaining a standardized experimental environment in-
dependent of the location of the laboratory and the presence
of odors in the vicinity. The equipment permits the determina-
tion of absolute odor threshold, signal detectability as well as
supraliminal odor intensities of both simple and complex ex-
hausts. A practical and economical variant of an ascending
method of limit with paired comparisons was tested and found
suitable for determining the absolute threshold for both in-
dividuals and groups of subjects. Due to the wide stimulus
range, the method is readily adaptable to variations in in-
dividual odor sensitivity and in the intensity of the test gases.
The influence of context in sensory analyses was studied with
reference to the effects of adaptation, motivation, practice and
certain biological variables. The consequences of these in-
vestigations with regard to the construction of the experimen-
tal equipment and the method are discussed.
24939
Kesler, Richard B.
MODERN METHODS OF MONITORING GASEOUS PULP
MILL EFFLUENTS FOR SULFUR COMPOUNDS. Advan.
Automated Anal., 1970:111-114. 30 refs (Presented at
Technicon International Congress on Automated Analysis,
Chicago, III., June 4-6, 1969, Paper 691-52.)
A search of technical and manufacturers' literature was un-
dertaken to discover and assess recent methods and instru-
ments used to monitor gaseous pulp mill effluents for sulfur
compounds. The compounds of interest are sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and
dimethyl disulfide. The accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, cost,
maintenance, and suitability for long-term monitoring with
respect to response time, stability, and frequency of service
required is evaluated for each of the following methods:
colorimetry, coulometry, direct speciropholomeiry, and gas
c'nromatography. Colorimelric and gas chromatographic
methods seem applicable mainly when an occasional manual
analysis is to be made. Coulometric devices offer specificity,
sensitivity, and capability for long-term continuous monitoring
with remote read-out, while direct spectrophotometry, particu-
larly for the infrared and ultraviolet determination of SO2, is
perhaps the most simple and suitable method for long-term,
quick-response monitoring.
25466
Lindvall, Thomas
SWEDISH EXPERIENCES ON SENSORY EVALUATION OF
ODOROUS AIR POLLUTANT INTENSITIES. Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 34p.,
1970. 15 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air Con-
gress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper SU-
18A.)
A primary concern in the investigation of the environmental
hygienic annoyance effects of odorous air pollutants is to
establish a relationship between the dose to which the popula-
tion is exposed and the degree of annoyance experienced. A
method for sensory analysis of odor intensities of air pollu-
tants was developed, primarily as a base for a valid dose-
description. Field studies were conducted using mobile odor
laboratories providing standarized experimental environments
independent of the location of the laboratories and the
presence of odors in the vicinity. Sensory source intensity
analysis at a sulfate pulp factory combined with meteorologi-
cal calculations were used to predict the frequency with which
odor would be discernible in the ambient air at various
distances from the source. Reports made under controlled con-
ditions by special observers display a strikingly high degree of
correlation with the predictions of odor frequency in the ob-
servation area up to at least 5 km from the source. Such pre-
dictions have been used to estimate the consequences from an
environmental hygienic standpoint of a planned pulp mill in a
resort area in Sweden. Determinations of absolute odor
thresholds were conducted at various process stages in the
sulfate pulp and rock wool industries. Effects of various coun-
termeasures have been studied and an effort has been made to
correlate the chemical composition of the sulfate exhausts
with their odor intensity measured by absolute odor threshold
methods. The sensory method of analysis developed has dis-
played great applicability also for studies of exhausts from
motor vehicles, combustion units, and in the handling of
animal wastes. (Author abstract)
27069
Colombo, Pietro, Davide Corbetta, Alessandro Pirotta, and
Alberto Sartori
CRITICAL DISCUSSION ON THE ANALYTICAL METHODS
FOR MERCAPTAN AND SULPHUR COMPOUNDS. TAPPI.
40(6):490-498, June 1957. 10 refs.
After a short discussion on a number of analytical methods,
already published for the determination of sulfurous gases
from a Kraft pulp mill, a new method is proposed for the anal-
ysis of combustion gases from a recovery furnace. The sample
is absorbed through a 0.2 N sodium acetate solution, where
sulfur dioxide reacts quantitatively. Then hydrogen sulfide is
precipitated as cadmium sulfide from a 5% cadmium chloride
solution at pH 1. Finally, methylmercaptan is absorbed quan-
titatively in methyl alcohol chilled to -75 C. The analysis of
sulfur dioxide is carried out by oxidation of the sodium sulfide
solution to sulfuric acid and gravimelrically determined;
methylmercaptan and eventual traces of hydrogen sulfide are
potentiometrically titrated with a silver nitrate 0.01 N solution.
The threshold for the detection of methylmercaptan is around
10 mg/cu m or 5 ppm; a precision of 20% is obtained at a level
of 20 mg/cu m, the precision increases at higher mercaptan's
concentration. (Author abstract modified)
27355
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
ODOR POLLUTION IN THE CHEMICAL PLANT AND ITS
MEASUREMENT METHOD. (Kagaku kojo ni okeru akushu-
-------
94
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
kogai to snon sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Anzen Kogaku (J.
Japan Soc. Safety Eng.), 9(0:20-28, Feb. 1970. 19 refs.
Sources of odor pollution include petroleum refinery,
petrochemical and kraft pulping industries. Direct con-
sequences of odor pollution depend on the pollutant.
Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are malodorous and
chlorine, acrolein, and ammonia are stimulants. The former in-
duce headaches and sick feelings, while the latter attack eyes
and throat. Indirect damages are deterioration of property,
soiling, and loss of business. The damages extend to an
average of 100-200 m downwind from the source, and in some
cases extend as far as 4 km or even 7 km. The definition of
malodorous gases is difficult, because they cannot be
categorized by the industries or processes, or by harms done
on the human body. Here the definition bad odor is 'odor that
disgusts people* and malodorous substance is gaseous sub-
stance, sometimes containing mists and participates, that in-
duce disgust through olfaction. In Japan odorimetry involves
odorless chamber, syringe, or Kinoshita-type (salt solution
equilibrium) methods. There is also gas-chromatography such
as low-temperature adsorption, vacuum bottle, or solid reactor
tube methods. Methods in the U. S. include dilution by air,
chemical analysis, and mechanical analysis methods. The con-
tinuous (dynamic) method falls into the category of air-dilution
and uses an olfactometer or scentometer together with an odor
panel. The odor panel must possess the following qualities:
discrimination ability, pertinence, stability, and ability to ex-
press.
28489
ISOTOPES AND RADIATION: NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS CONTROL-I. Trans. Am.
Nucl. Soc., 11(0:50-51, June 1968.
Summaries are presented of papers on nuclear techniques for
water pollution control in Sweden, detection of pollutants in
airborne particulates by activation analysis, the application of
radioisotop techniques to stream pollution problems in the
pulp and paper industry, and Krypton (85) measurement of
stream re-aeration rates. In Sweden, nuclear analytical
techniques are used to measure the flow rate of industrial ef-
fluent, the dispersion of effluent in various receivers, (rivers,
lakes, the sea), and to determine the mercury content of natu-
ral waters. In Toronto, levels of 13 trace components of air-
borne dusts were obtained by activation analysis. Indium as
ammonium chloroiridale can be used as a nonradioactive tag in
tracing pulp and fines through paper mill lines. Accurate,
direct measurements of stream re-aeration capacity are now
possbile with a Krypton (85) tracer method. Such measure-
ments will provide the necessary basis for accurately deter-
mining waste treatment requirements and costs.
28708
Thoen, Gerhardt N.
GAS SAMPLING PROBE. (Weyerhaeuser Co., Tacoma,
Wash.) U. S. Pat. 3,559,491. 3 p., Feb. 2, 1971. 7 refs. (Appl.
March 10, 1969, 10 claims).
A probe is disclosed for sampling paniculate and moisture-
laden gases, especially those from combustion furnaces such
as black liquor recovery furnaces, power boilers, and lime
kilns. The probe is much simpler than known gas sampling ap-
paratus, has fewer parts, and is capable of operating effi-
ciently over extended periods of time. The probe comprises a
tubular shield having an open end in the gas flow path and a
tubular sampling probe mounted concentrically within the
shield. The probe is made of low heat conductive subtance
permeable to moisture. Particularly useful are ceramic materi-
als. The probe allows moisture to evaporate through it to the
atmosphere, cools the gas sample without degradation of its
contents, and is corrosion resistant. Paniculate matter which
deposits in the probe is removed periodically by flushing the
tubular probe with compressed air or other fluid. Valve means
periodically and selectively connect the flushing fluid to the
probe. (Author abstract modified)
29072
Pilat, Michael, J., David S. Ensor, and John C. Bosch
SOURCE TEST CASCADE IMPACTOR. Atmos. Environ.,
4(6):671-679, Nov. 1970. 24 refs.
A description is given of a source test cascade impactor for
measuring the size distribution of particles in stacks and ducts
at air pollutant emission sources. The impactor is operated in-
side the stack or duct to achieve true isokinetic sampling with
a minimum of wall losses and condensation problems. The im-
pactor includes seven stages (a single inlet jet stage, six multi-
jet stages) followed by a filter. The single jet of the inlet noz-
zle (first stage) eliminates the problem of particle loss on the
top of the first multi-jet stage. One eighth in. high rims around
the parameter of the plates prevent particles from falling to
the wall. The source test impactor has been used to measure
the size distribution of particles emitted by a coal-fired power
boiler, a kraft pulp mill recovery furnace, and a plywood
veneer drier. Particle size distributions measured at the power
plant and kraft recovery furnace are presented.
29726
Baba, Yoshio
ON MEASUREMENT OF ODOR. (Shuki no sokuteiho ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai (Hakua Shobo) Pollution Con-
trol, 6(l):50-56, Jan. 1971.
In a bill to control obnoxious odors, methylamine sulfide,
methyl mercaptan and ammonia and industries such as the
livestock farms, food processing, garbage treatment, and pulp
manufacturing are the objects for possible control. However,
although the refinery and pulp mill both emit obnoxious odors
of a sulfur origin, the odor from the steaming pot of the kraft
pulp mill is mostly methylmercaptan; from refinery, dozens of
sulfur compounds are emitted, not just methylmercaptan. If
the concentration of methylmercaptan alone is to be the mea-
sured, because the concentration of methylmercaptan from
refinery is so small, the kraft pulp mill would be placed at a
disadvantage. In all fairness the total amount of sulfur should
be added. Based on the ASTM, the sensory test is used for the
measurement of odors. In Japan, the air dilution method
(olefactometer method), the pressure ratio method, salt
balance method, and odorless chamber method are used. The
balance method is simple to handle and is the most widely
used. The weakness of the sensory method is that it cannot be
used for continuous measurement of air pollutants. In using in-
strumental measurements, there is a problem of detecting
small amounts of odor constituents and relating the intensity
of the odor suffered by the people to the components of the
odor. Man can detect 0.1-0.005 ppm of hydrogen sulfide and
0.01-0.0001 ppm methylmercaptan, which is difficult to mea-
sure with instruments. However, there are gas chromatographs
which are very sensitive, measuring 10 to the minus ninth g.
Selective use of the gas chromatograph with an adequate
trapping method must be made. A method for the extraction of
odor components is also described.
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
95
29913
Mulik, J. D. R. K. Stevens, and R. Baumgardner
AUTOMATED ANALYSIS SYSTEMS MAKES KRAFT EMIS-
SION MEASUREMENTS EASY. Paper Trade J., 155(16):46.
April 19, 1971. (Presented at the American Chemical Society
Meeting, 157th, Minneapolis, Minn., April 1969.)
Gas-chromatographic-flame photometric analyzers were
developed to measure both low-molecular weight and heavier
sulfur compounds in air emissions from kraft mills. The
analyzer for the lighter compounds has a 10-part sliding valve
equipped with a 10-cc Teflon sample loop, a 2-ft stripping
column, and a 36-ft analytical column. Both columns are
Teflon tubes packed with mesh Teflon and coated with
polyphenyl ether and onhophosphoric acid. Automatic actua-
tion of the valve at 10-min intervals is done with solenoids and
a cam timer. Hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methyl mercap-
tan, ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and propyl mercaptan
are resolved in 10 min by the analytical column. A total sulfur
analyzer incorporates a 6-port sampling valve. The analytical
colum is a 10-ft Teflon tube packed with mesh Teflon and
coated with Triton-X 305. The lighter sulfur compounds
emerge rapidly from this column, followed by heavy sulfur
compounds that elute separately. The second analyzer was
used to measure emissions at a krafl mill employing the strong
black liquor oxidation process and at another mill employing
the weak oxidation process. At both plants, sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide were found to be the major pollutants
emitted.
30202
Brink, D. L., A. A. Pohlman, and J. F. Thomas •
ANALYSIS OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AND SULFUR-FREE
ORGANIC PRODUCTS FORMED IN KRAFT BLACK
LIQUOR PYROLYSIS. Tappi, 54(5):714-720, May 1971. 8
refs.
A dual flame ionization-microcoulometric titration system was
designed and used to detect all organic compounds and sulfur-
containing organic compounds, respectively, as these kraft
black liquor pyrolysis products were eluted from a gas chro-
matograph. A sulfur specific detector in a gas chromatographic
system is needed for the analysis of such mixtures. A prepara-
tive gas chromatographic system was used to isolate the major
pyrolysis products in sufficient purity to permit subsequent
analytical studies by mass spectrometry. The compounds
identified include: methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
dimethyl desulfide, benzene, toluene, xylenes, phenol, anisol,
cresols, and xylenols. The identification of additonal sulfur-
containing compounds required the development of a frac-
tionation technique designed to isolate these products from the
sulfur-free components, which are present in substantially
higher concentrations. The technique developed was shown to
be effective by the dual FID-MCT chromatographic system.
The separated sulfur-containing products were then isolated in
sufficiently pure form to permit mass spectrometric studies.
Some preliminary results of these studies are reported. The ef-
fect of temperature on the formation of pyrolysis products is
also shown by using the dual chromatographic system. (Author
summary modified)
30263
Austin, R. R.
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF PULP MILL GASES FOR
SULFUR COMPOUNDS. TAPPI, 54(6):977-980, June 1971. 6
refs.
The analysis of black liquor recovery furnace stack gas is now
an important source of data to the pulp mill. Continuous sam-
ple methods and equipment have been developed and proved
practical in routine operation by mill operating personnel.
Problems of paniculate rejection and moisture consideration
have been solved by high-temperature filtration in the stack,
and in some sample systems blow back of purge is through the
sample probe. Analysis by continuous sampling and elec-
trolytic titration (coulometry) using automatically cycled wet
scrubbers for sulfur dioxide removal, provides concentration
data for hydrogen sulfide and total sulfur. These data are use-
ful in furnace control and in monitoring emissions from the
stack. (Author abstract)
32467
Takagi, Sadayoshi, Tatsuo Kato, Tsugio Sawatani, Akio Tsuji,
Hidetsuru Matsushita, and Takeo Miura
STUDY ON MAL-ODORS IN AIR POLLUTION. (INTERIM
REPORT). (Akushu kogai ni kansuru kenkyu. (Chukan
hokoku)). Text in Japanese. Study Group on Bad Odors
(Japan), 42p., March 1970.
Problems pertaining to foul odors are difficult to solve or to
quantitatively measure, since in perceiving them psychological
aspects are involved. Characteristics, types, concentrations,
and effects of odors on the physiological function of experi-
mental animals are considered. An analytical method which
utilizes gas chromatography and low-temperature condensation
is described for measuring odors. Dry ice or liquid oxygen is
used to adsorb the malodorous substances on diatomaceous
refractory brick particles or glass beads at low-temperature.
Substances used for comparison are generally mercaptans, sul-
fides, amines, aldehydes, or chlorides. Experiments were con-
ducted at oil refineries, fish processing plants, and pulp mills.
Another method involves solid reaction in a tube, and has a
number of advantages such as moderate costs and easy
preparation.
32880
Hoshika, Yasuuki
CORRELATIVITY BETWEEN SOME ODOR MEASURE-
MENT METHODS USED IN ODOR SURVEY. (Akushu kogai
chosa ni 'okeru 2-3 no shuki sokuteiho no sokanei. Text in
Japne. osu o Hi(J. Water Wste, 13(:-l,Au. 1971.
A study was performed to correlate data obtained by olfactory
test (ASTM syringe method) and gas chromatography. The
relation between the potential of the offensive odor and the
detected density of each component causing the odor was
established based on the assumptions that the dilution process
caused neither mechanical nor chemical errors; the olfactory
sense (olfactory, discrimination, and odor threshold values)
was stable and reproducible; and no chemical reactions and
multiplication or offsetting of the odor take place among the
odorous components. The relation between the odor dilution
ratio and the detectable and olfactory threshold values of each
odorousct was estimated nd applid t o ather processi la, amin
acid manufactig plat, ad a kraft pulping plant. The olfactosen-
sdetermined methyl mercaptan in the kraft pulping plant,
acrolein in the feather processing plant, and ammonia,
acrolein, and methyl mercaptan in the amino acid plant as the
strongest odorous components.
33045
Triplett, Gary
ESTIMATION OF PLANT EMISSIONS. Preprint, p. 15-27.
1970 (?). 21 refs.
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96
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
There are times when it is not possible or practical to deter-
mine emission rates by stack sampling; in these cases emission
rates may be estimated by utilizing available emission factors.
An emission factor is the statistical average of the mass of
contaminants emitted/unit quantity of material handled,
processed, or burned. The emission factor may also be ex-
pressed as the quantity of contaminant/unit quantity of final
product or effluent volume. These factors have been
developed through stack testing or by material balance calcula-
tions. Emission factors are normally given in terms of uncon-
trolled emissions. Therefore, the type and effectiveness of
control equipment must be considered when calculating emis-
sions from controlled sources. Particle size distribution and ef-
fective stack height should also be considered. Emission fac-
tors are given for coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and wood burning;
solid waste disposal; incinerators; paint manufacturing; the
food and agriculture industry; primary metallurgical processing
including iron and steel manufacturing, open hearth furnaces,
basic oxygen furnaces, electrical arc furnaces, and blast fur-
naces; smelting and foundries for aluminum, brass, lead mag-
nesium, steel, and zinc; mineral processing of asphalt, calcium
carbide, cement, concrete, glass and lime; petroleum produc-
tion, and the kraft pulp industry. (Author abstract modified)
33055
Molt, W. E.
ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY AND CONTROL
OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. International Atomic
Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria), Nucl. Tech. Environ. Pollut.
Proc. Symp., Salzburg (Austria), 1970, p. 3-46. 151 refs. (Oct.
26-30, Paper IAEA-SM-142a/l.)
Work performed with isotopes in the environmental pollution
area in the United States is identified and described for the
last five years. Applications of activable tracers and isotope
ratio techniques to the dispersion and fate of oxides of sulfur,
miscellaneous gases and aerosols, and ground-level distribu-
tions of emissions are considered. Tracer studies have been
made of municipal wastewater treatment and discharge,
viruses and bacteria in wastewater effluents, refinery ef-
fluents, pulp and paper mill effluents, oil spillage, agriculture
wastes, transfer of pollutants in ecosystems, and the move-
ment of sediments. Radioisotope instruments include the stron-
tium-90 ozone generator, turbidity monitor for water treatment
plants, density gages in wastewater treatment plants, auto-
mated primary productivity instruments, an eggshell strength
gage, suspended sediment concentration gages, and various in-
struments for determination of the sulfur content of fossil
fuels. X-ray fluorescence analysis may be used to determine
lead in the atmosphere, paint, and blood. Neutron activation
analysis and radiometric techniques may be used to determine
trace elements in the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and in
plants and animals. Automobile exhaust and sulfur dioxide in
stack gases can be determined by radio-release and chemical
substitution. Mossbauer spectrometry is discussed, as well as
the radiation treatment of municipal and industrial wastes.
34422
AUTOMATIC SYSTEM MONITORS PULP MILL GASEOUS
EMISSIONS. Can. Pulp Paper Ind. (Vancouver), 24(10):57,
Oct. 1971.
An automatic monitoring system was designed to meet the de-
mands of proposed British Columbia legislation requiring the
measurement of sulfur compounds in all gaseous emissions
from pulp and paper mills. The system directly measures
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and total sulfur from 0.1 ppm
to several thousand ppm, and can also be used to measure
methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, methyl sulfide, and
dimethyl sulfide. The new system features a sulfur-phosphorus
detector with a hydrogen-rich flame, a gas chromatograph, a
permeation-tube calibration unit, and a gas-sample condition-
ing unit. The detector is specific to sulfur up to 1.0 microgram.
Chromatograph columns are made from polyphenyl ether and
phosphoric acid. A stripper column allows separation of H2S
and SO2 from the other sulfur compounds present. The H2S
and SO2 are then passed to an analytical column and to the
detector for separation and measurement.
34863
Mulik, J. D., R. K. Stevens, and R. Baumgardner
AN ANALYTICAL SYSTEM DESIGNED TO MEASURE
MULTIPLE MALODOROUS COMPOUNDS RELATED TO
KRAFT MILL ACTIVITIES. Preprint, Southern California
Univ., Los Angeles, 23p., 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Con-
ference on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene
Studies, 12th, Los Angeles, Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
Automated chromatographs with flame photometric detectors
were developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of
both low- and high-molecular-weight sulfur compounds in kraft
mill effluents. One chromatograph with a Teflon column
packed with Teflon and coated with polyphenyl ether was
used to measure the following low-molecular-weight com-
pounds: hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methyl mercaptan,
ethyl mercaptan, and propyl mercaptan. A second chromato-
graph resolved the higher-molecular-weight compounds: butyl
mercaptan, dimethyl disulfide, dipropyl sulfide, and dibutyl
sulfide. Kraft mill effluents with sulfur species at five ppb to
percent levels were analyzed with the aid of a six-stage
dynamic dilution system. Principal emissions from mills em-
ploying the weak black liquor oxidation process were
hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan. Sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide were the major pollutants from the strong
black liquor oxidation process. (Author abstract modified)
35243
Cooper, Hal B. H., Jr. and August T. Rossano, Jr.
CONTINUOUS SOURCE MONITORING OF GASEOUS SUL-
FUR COMPOUNDS IN THE PAPER INDUSTRY. Preprint,
California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, and California
State Dept. of Public Health, 42p., 1971. 31 refs. (Presented at
the Conference on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hy-
giene Studies, 12th, Los Angeles, Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
Monitoring techniques and regulatory aspects, including emis-
sion standards for gaseous sulfur compounds emitted by
sulfite and kraft pulp mills are examined. Pulping processes,
major sources, and principal pollutants, e.g., sulfur dioxide
and sulfur trioxide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and
hydrogen sulfide, are reviewed. Continuous monitoring
methods include electrolytic conductivity, ultraviolet spec-
trometry, coulometric titration, ultraviolet spectrophotometry,
and process gas chromatography. Mobile laboratories, sam-
pling procedures, flow measurement, and instrument calibra-
tion are discussed. Costs and manpower requirements for the
instruments are included.
35956
Cooper, Hal B. H., Jr. and August T. Rossano, Jr.
SOURCE TESTING FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Wil-
ton, Conn., Environmental Research and Applications, Inc.,
1971,228p. 532 refs.
Source testing for air pollution control is reviewed with
respect to basic procedures, terminology, operating and
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
97
theoretical priciples, gas flow measurements, sampling trains,
principles and methodology of paniculate sampling, gaseous
sampling, continuous monitoring, and special applications of
various techniques. Measurements of stack gas parameters
prior to sampling are discussed for determinations of tempera-
ture, pressure, moisture content, and gas composition using
such instruments as thermometers, thermocouples,
thermistors, wet or dry bulbs, condensation methods, Orsat
analyzers, pitot tubes, anemometers, tracers, balloons, and
various meters. Instrumentation for paniculate sampling in-
cludes sampling probes, flowmeters, wet impingers, filters,
centrifugal separators, and electrostatic and thermal precipita-
tors. Paniculate sampling trains are examined with respect to
specific contaminants (polynuclear hydrocarbons, fluoride
compounds, mists, tars, and droplets); combustion sources,
e.g., boilers, incinerators, open burning, pulp and paper plants,
lime kilns, kraft recovery furnaces, chemical processing, and
metallurgical operations; and particle size analysis using impin-
gers and cascade impactors. Sampling techniques for gases
containing sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, total
sulfur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, chlorine compounds, carbon
monoxide, and organic gases and vapors include absorption
into a liquid phase, using sample probes and impingers; collec-
tion in fabric bags; adsorption on a solid; and freeze-out
techniques. Subsequent analytical methods include wet chemi-
cal analysis (turbidimetry, colorimetry, potentiometry, polarog-
raphy, iodimetric methods, and Orsat analysis) and instrumen-
tal analysis (gas chromatography, spectrophototnetry, flame
ionization, and mass spectrometry). Special applications for
the techniques include determination of odor thresholds of flue
gases, measurement of acid deposition onto metal surfaces,
the presence of radioactive materials, and bacterial emissions
to the atmosphere. Pertinent source test data and sources of
equipment are included.
36894
Hoshika, Y., T. Ishiguro, Y. Shigeta, and N. Futaki
OBSERVATION ON THE BASIC INVESTIGATION METHOD
FOR BAD ODOR FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ON-SITE
TESTS. (A SEQUEL). (Genjoteki keiken kara mita akushu
kogai kihon chosaho ni kansuru ichi kosatsu (zokuho). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo, p. 229,
1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the Japan Chemical Society, Fall
Meeting, 25th, Osaka, Japan, Oct. 11-14, 1971.)
Odor sensitivity tests by the injection method, the six-stage in-
tensity indication method, instantaneous olfactory index of
pleasant and unpleasant sensations, and their correlations with
equipment analyses were examined. Gas chromatography was
used for equipment analyses. The staff members of the Japan
Environmental Hygiene Center and their collaborators in-
spected control areas by an automobile. The odor of a Kraft
Pulp Mill was detected within 10 to 14 km leeway. Measure-
ments were taken by gas chromatography and by the olfactory
sensitivy test 500 m from the mill with approximately 700
t/day, on a cloudy day with occasional rain, temperature 29 C,
wind 3-5 m/sec. Considerable agreement was noted between
the six-stage intensity indication method and the instantaneous
olfactory index. Odor index was from 18 to 32.
37308
Cook, W. G. and R. A. Ross
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF HYDROGEN
SULFIDE, AIR, AND WATER. Anal. Chem., 44(3):641-642,
March 1972. 8 refs.
A Porapak Q column linked to a Carbowax column was used
for the gas-chromatographic separation of hydrogen sulfide
from water- saturated air and water samples containing dis-
solved H2S. The gas samples analyzed were either synthetic or
extracted directly from the main stack in the chemical
recovery plant of a Kraft pulp mill. For both separations the
injection inlet temperature was 120 C, the column compart-
ment was 125 C, and the detector compartment was 175 C.
The hot-wire current was kept at 150 mA with a recorder span
of 1 mV for all samples. The minimum detectable concentra-
tion of H2S was about 50 ppm v/v. This procedure offers a
rapid analysis time and definite separation of components
without the need for temperature programming or cold traps.
37511
Devonald, B. H., R. S. Serenius, and A. D. Mclntyre
EVALUATION OF THE FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETEC-
TOR FOR ANALYSIS OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS. Pulp
Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), 73(3):50-53, March 1972. 3 refs.
{Presented at the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Air
and Stream Improvement Conference, 6th, Quebec, April 13-
15, 1971, Paper T 68.)
The Melpar flame photometric detector for gas chromato-
graphic analysis of sulfur compounds in pulp mill gas process
streams was evaluated. The odor associated with kraft pulp
mills is caused primarily by hydrogen sulfide emitted from the
chemical recovery furnace and by various alky I sulfides
created during delignification of wood by cooking with a sodi-
um hydroxide-sodium sulfide solution. Non-sulfur organics,
e.g., ketones, alcohols, and terpenes, frequently present in
pulp mill gas process streams, do not interfere with the analy-
sis as they do with a flame ionization detector. However, a
major drawback is the limited dynamic range of the flame
photometric detector, which necessitates sample dilution for
gases containing high concentrations of sulfur compounds. In
addition, the high back pressure of the column used in the ini-
tial work (38 psi) resulted in frequent leaks in the apparatus.
The use of the flame photometric detector, in conjunction with
a Microtek GC 2000R Chromatograph, for analysis of sulfur
compounds in several process streams of pulp mills is
described. (Author abstract modified)
37718
Larssen, Steinar, David S. Ensor, and Michael J. Pilat
RELATIONSHD? OF PLUME OPACITY TO THE PROPER-
TIES OF PARTICULATES EMITTED FROM KRAFT
RECOVERY FURNACES. Tappi, 55(0:88-92, Jan. 1972. II
refs. (Presented at the Pulp and Paper Industry Technical As-
sociation Water and Air Conference., Boston, Mass., April 4-
7, 1971.)
The theoretical and measured relationships between the plume
opacity (one minus the fraction of light transmitted through
the plume) and the properties of the particulates emitted from
a kraft recovery furnace are compared. The plume opacity
(Ringelmann number) was measured downstream from an elec-
trostatic prccipitator with a Bailey smokemeter. The panicle
size distribution and the paniculate mass concentration were
simultaneously measured with a cascade impactor and an alun-
dum thimble, respectively. A linear regression analysis of the
measured data showed that over the Ringelmann number range
of 0.85-3.0 there is a nearly linear relationship between the
logarithm of the plume light transmittance and the aerosol
mass concentration. This relationship enables the determina-
tion of the particle mass concentration from measured light
transmittance within (90% confidence) a concentration ol ap-
proximately plus or minus 0.05 grains/std dry cu ft of gas at
0.3 grains/std dry cu ft of gas and plus or minus O.I grains/std
dy cu ft of gas at 2.0 grains/std dy ft of gas. The effects of
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98
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
particle size distribution, particle density, and stack-gas tem-
perature on the correlation between plume opacity and particu-
late mass concentration are discussed.
38032
Pecsar, R. E. and C. H. Hartman
AUTOMATED GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC ANALYSIS OF
SULFUR POLLUTANTS. Anal. Instrum., vol. 9:H-2-l to H-2-
14, 1971.7refs.
Analysis for sulfur-containing pollutants is becoming mandato-
ry in operations such as kraft paper mills, fossil fuel burning
power stations, and petrochemical refineries. Gas chromatog-
raphy is a versatile tool for accomplishing this analysis in the
normal ppb-ppm concentration range. Typically an all-Teflon
flow system is employed with detection by flame photometry.
For best performance the flow rates to the detector should be
preset to the optimum value of 88 cc/min air carrier, 80
ccm/min of hydrogen, and 20 cc/min of makeup air for flame
stability. By utilizing air as the carrier, the disruptive effect of
the air peak is eliminated and 12 ft of column suffices for an
adequate separation of hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and
methyl mercaptan. In addition to the column and detector,
care must be paid to the analyzer flow system and the electri-
cal processing of the detector signal. An analyzer provides
continuous, unattended analysis. Sulfur dioxide values mea-
sured with such a system in the San Francisco area appeared
more reliable measurements than with a conductometric
analyzer.
38698
Pilat. Michael J., David S. Ensor, and John C. Bosch
CASCADE IM FACTOR FOR SIZING PARTICULATES IN
EMISSION SOURCES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 32(8):508-
511, Aug. 1971. 18refs.
The design, application, and operation of a cascade impactor
for measuring the size distribution of particulates in stacks and
ducts are reviewed. The apparatus was used for source sam-
pling in a coal-fired power plant, a kraft pulp mill recovery
furnace, a fluidized bed sewage sludge incinerator, and a
plywood veneer drier. The characteristics of the impactor in-
clude isokinetic sampling capabilities, prevention of water
losses and water vapor condensation, structural ruggedness,
and the ability to determine the aerosol size distribution with a
minimum of effort and expense. (Author abstract modified)
39929
Hendrickson, E. R.
AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS WITH SPE-
CIAL REFERENCE TO SULPHATE PULPING OPERA-
TIONS. Tappi, 42(5):173A-176A, May 1959. (Presented at Gulf
Coast Section, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
Industry. Mobile, Ala., March 13, 1959.)
A sulfate mill developed a stack sampling program to deter-
mine emissions of particulates, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sul-
fide, and total from the recovery furnace. The sampling train
consisted of a probe containing a Whatman paper thimble,
fritted-glass scrubbers, flow-measuring devices, and a com-
pressed-air ejector as a source of vacuum. Sampling was con-
ducted at the rate of 0.1-0.3 cfm for as long as 1 hr. Sulfur
dioxide was analyzed by the West and Gaeke method, H2S by
the Fogo and Popwosky method, and particulates by drying
the loaded filter in a desiccator to constant weight and
weighing. Preliminary results indicate that these techniques
and procedures have considerable merit and are worthy of
further investigation. In areal sampling, the cost of obtaining
continuously several hundred simultaneous collections may be
prohibitive. One satisfactory approach is to obtain cumulative
indications over a period of time by simplified techniques. The
unit cost of such techniques is insignificant compared with
more elaborate procedures and equipment. These techniques
include fallout pans and jars, adhesive paper, and greased
slides for aerosols; the lead peroxide candle method for SO2;
and lead acetate-impregnated papers or tiles for H2S.
42403
Katou, Tatsuo
GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC ANALYSIS OF ODOR POLLU-
TION IN ATMOSPHERE. (Gasu kuromatogurafu-ho ni yoni
akushu no kankyo bunseki). Text in Japanese. Anzen Kogaku
(J. Japan Soc. Safety Eng.), 1
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
99
43228
Wiklander, Gosta
MEASUREMENT OF THE EMISSION OF HYDROGEN SUL-
PHIDE AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM THE SODA
BOILERS IN SULPHATE MILLS. Int. Air PoUut Control
Noise Abatement Exhib. Conf. (Proc.), Jonkoping, Sweden,
1971. p. 2:13 to 2:22. (Sept. 1-6.)
Experiments in laboratories and in the field yielded certain in-
formation concerning the selection and processing of gas sam-
ples prior to analysis. The gas sample should be taken after
going through the electrostatic precipitator, preferably after
the flue gas fan. There should be no filter on the outlet pipe
inside the waste gas duct because the filters may become
clogged and gas reactions may take place within the filters.
The actual gas sample pipe must be kept as short as possible,
and it must be heated and insulated so that the temperature of
the pipe always is above the dew point. It is important to ob-
tain rapid cooling of the gas with minimum contact time
between gas and condensate. The cooler must be provided
with a proper drop-separator with suitable trap for the conden-
sate, for example a mercury lock. From the cooler, the gas is
led to a filter and then to a gas pump which forces the gas
sample to the analyzing apparatus. A tape apparatus is the
recommended method of analysis for hydrogen sulfide. An au-
tomatic titration apparatus may also be employed. During the
greater part of a period of 10 days, a soda recovery unit
showed a low H2S emission, 0-3 ppm. Duration of emission
peaks may be from 10 to 15 min, and in adverse cases up to
several hours. During the 10 days, the emission value of 10
mg/cu m was exceeded for a total of 520 min, or about 3.6%
of the operation time. Operation with low emission is depen-
dent upon good supervision of unit operation. A new recovery
unit was tested for emissions at a variety of air flows. At
160,000 cu m/hr the H2S emission was around 1 mg/cu m.
When sulfate addition to the unit was stopped, there was a
relatively rapid reaction in the form of increasing H2S content.
The sulfur dioxide in the waste gases of recovery units is
between 500 and 1000 mg/cu m.
43479
Gilbreath, R. H., Jr.
SAMPLE SYSTEMS FOR ON-LINE SOURCE MEASURE-
MENTS OF PULP MILL WASTE GASES. Technical Assoc.
of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, Tappi Eng. Conf.,
26th, Proc. 1971, p. 581-594. 9 refs.
Controlled conditioning of representative waste gas samples
for on-line composition analysis of pulp mill waste gases is the
prime function of a properly designed sampling system. The
sample system design is influenced by selection of final analy-
sis instrumentation, source stream compositions, and physical
locations of the sampling probe. The system must maintain
constant temperature, pressure, and flow of the gas sample
stream. Undersirable stream components must be removed if
their presence diminishes and analysis instrumentation sen-
sitivity. Probe design and placement and the components and
functions of the gas sampling system are described. Typical
kraft mill waste gas compositions are presented.
43684
Pecsar, R. E. and C. H. Hartman
AUTOMATED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF
SULFUR POLLUTANTS. Analysis Instrumentation, vol. 9:1-4,
1971. 8 refs.
The analysis of sulfur-containing pollutants is becoming man-
datory in operations such as kraft paper mills, fossil-fuel burn-
ing power generation, and the petrochemical refining industry.
Gas chromatography is a versatile tool for accomplishing this
analysis in the normal ppb to ppm concentration range. Typi-
cally an all- Teflon flow system is employed with detection by
flame photometry. However, many procedures have become
commonplace which do not actually represent optimum system
operation. Results are presented showing individual component
as well as total system optimization in relation to detector flow
rates, electrical operating parameters, and noise reduction. The
best column fabrication means as well as flow rate effect are
discussed with methods for achieving optimum column and de-
tector operation. For the low-level analysis of sulfur pollutants
the importance of design attention to the entire system is
stressed. The practical application of all these considerations
was demonstrated with monitoring data obtained on a number
of industrial stationary sources in the San Francisco Bay Area.
An analyzer embodying the desired characteristics can be
mated with an automated sequence programmer to provide
continuous analysis and intermittent calibration completely
unattended. (Author abstract modified)
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100
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
00209
R. Cederlof, M. L. Edfors, L. Friberg, and T. LindvaU
DETERMINATION OF ODOR THRESHOLDS FOR FLUE
GASES FROM A SWEDISH SULFATE CELLULOSE PLANT.
Tappi, 48(7):405-411, July 1965. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. Vol. 46:51-
56, 1965, Danish.
The purpose of the investigation was to determine the odor
thresholds of complex flue gases from two Swedish sulfate
certain individual processes on the odor strength of the total
measures were also studied. Odor threshold determinations
were made by means of an exposure apparatus especially
devised for field studies. The subjects were tested according
to the principle of paired comparisons between test gases (in
different dilutions) and fresh air. The odor threshold was eval-
uated as a value, expressing the logarithm of the dilution fac-
tor at which on the average 50% of the subjects noticed the
odor. The odor strength of the flue gases from the two stacks
investigated were markedly similar. Parallel chemical analysis
showed a correlation between the concentration of the sulfur
compounds analyzed and the odor threshold of the gases. In
studying the odor reducing effect of various technical mea-
sures it was found that oxidation of the flue gases with black
liquor reduced the odor threshold by approximately one power
of 10 and the use oa a 'chlorine scrubber* by two powers of
10. (Authors' abstract)
00690
H. P. Sanderson, P. Bradt, and M. Katz
A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN SADST JOHN, NEW
BRUNSWICK, CANADA. Preprint. (Presented at the 58th An-
nual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-24, 1965. Paper No. 65-135.)
An analysis has been made of air pollution data gathered over
a two-year period in the City of Saint John, N.B., which has a
population of about 95,000. Apart from normal activities, this
town is also the site of a large Kraft pulp and paper mill and
an oil refinery. Continuous measurements of smoke concentra-
tions with AISI paper tape samplers and more limited observa-
tions of hydrogen sulphide with lead acetate impregnated
paper tape samplers were carried out at two sampling sites in
each case. The study has been conducted in cooperation with
the Saint John Board of Health and the Meteorological
Branch, Canada Department of Transport. The soiling index
values in Cob units per 1000 linear ft. show a strong seasonal
trend. The soiling potential is markedly higher during the heat-
ing season than in the late spring, summer and early fall
months. There is also evident a diurnal variation in pollution
with a relatively high frequency of heavy concentrations oc-
curring during the morning hours between 8 and 9:30 a.m.,
with a secondary peak in the evening. The observations have
been correlated with wind speed and direction. A comparison
has been made of these results with similar data from eight
other Canadian cities. Hydrogen sulphide, as an index of the
odor nuisance due to sulphur compounds, has been detected
on many occasions, coincident probably with subjective re-
ports of such occurrences or reported blackening of painted
buildings. (Author abstract)
03017
P. A. Kenline
IN QUEST OF CLEAN AIR FOR BERLIN, NEW
HAMPSHIRE. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Divi-
sion of Air Pollution (Technical Kept. No. A62-9) 53 pp., 1962
The city of Berlin, with a population of 15,000 is a manufac-
turing area. Manufacturing accounts for over half of all em-
ployment, with 1 plant accounting for 80% of this toal. The
population has been gradually decreasing since 1930. The city
proper occupies 4 square miles and is situated in a valley such
that frequent inversions, confinement of lateral dispersion, and
weak winds allow periods of pollutant accumulation. Levels of
suspended paniculate matter (averaging 183 ug./cu m) and
dustfall (35 tons/sq. miles/30 days) are relatively high, com-
pared to levels measured in other areas. Levels of sulfur diox-
ide (averaging 16 ppb.), hydrogen sulfide (max. 23 ppb.), and
malodors, although not generally or consistently high, do not
reach levels where undesirable effects are produced. Pollution
was heaviest in areas near the pulp mill and tended to carry
down the valley. Air pollution problems exist in Berlin and
have reached levels that justify constructive efforts to
ameliorate the situation. It was concluded from the study that
emissions from other than industrial operations are not of suf-
ficient magnitude to warrant consideration of control mea-
sures. Since all of the 9 initial steps to achieve control op pol-
lulionnrelated to Brown Co., it was suggested that the Berlin
City Council request the Company to undertake the 1st 7 items
and report their findings to the Council. The last 2 items
require only diligence on the part of the Company with regard
to operation and good housekeeping.
03106
D.F. Adams R.K. Koppe
AN AIR QUALITY STUDY IN THE VICINITY OF
LEWISTON, IDAHO, AND CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (6) 314-6, June 1966.
(Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965.)
This report summarizes data and conclusions from a one-year,
interstate air quality study conducted in 1962 in the vicinity of
Lewiston, Idaho, and Clarkston, Wash. The sampling and
analyses techniques were selected to permit differentiation
between possible sources and types of air pollutants. Average
suspended paniculate values in downtown Lewiston and
Clarkston were approximately 1.6 times above the average
suspended paniculate loadings in a complex of commercial-in-
dustrial suburban activity of North Lewiston. At the same
time the hydrogen sulfide values were usually higher in North
Lewiston than at the downtown sites. Average soiling indexes
were relatively low. Dustfall ranged from 7.4 to 315.4 tons/sq
mile per month above background. Distribution of the dustfall
components indicated a multiplicity of dust sources, including
high background levels attributed to airborne soil particles
from adjacent farm land. The heavy dustfall in the downtown
commercial areas of Lewiston and Clarkston contained a high
percentage of self-generated material not related to a specific
industrial source. Conversely, greater quantities of sodium and
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
101
sulfate were found in the North Lewiston dustfall than el-
sewhere and were probably related to pulp production. Sub-
stantially higher levels of suspended participates and dustfall
(loss on ignition fraction) were found during the heating
season. The lead peroxide candle 'sulfation' rate showed that a
significant part of the sulfur content of the air came from mul-
tiple community sources including comfort heating, cehicular
travel, and waste disposal. Two weather conditions were as-
sociated with increased ground-level concentrations of pollu-
tants-low level nocturnal inversions and synoptic, stagnating
air masses. Increased air stagnation also contributrd to the
higher gaseous and paniculate levels during the heating
season. (Author summary modified)
06535
T. O. Carver.B. Bucove.V. G. Mackenzie.and A. N. Heller
AN APPROACH TO A SOLUTION OF AN INTERSTATE AIR
POLLUTION PROBLEM. Preprint. (Presented at the 57th An-
nual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Houston,
Tex., June 1964.)
A six-months study (1961-1962) of an air pollution problem in
Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington was made jointly
by the Departments of Health of Idaho and Washington and
the Division of Air Pollution, Public Health Service. Aeromet-
ric studies, meteorological conditions, materials damage, and
emission inventories were evaluated and preliminary con-
siderations of health effects were made. Socio-economic
aspects via a public awareness study of air pollution in Clark-
ston, Washington are reviewed in terms of survey methodolo-
gy and analysis. Complementary studies of an odor survey in
both Lewiston and Clarkston are interpreted. The development
of a number of joint recommendations to solve the immediate
air resource management problem and allow for future
economic growth in the valley is explored. (Authors' abstract)
07390
A. J. Lynch, E. J. Bowmer, A. Sykanda, J. H. Smith, J. H.
Emslie
COMPARISON OF METEOROLOGY AND AIR QUALITY
BETWEEN TWO COMMUNITIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-
A PRELIMINARY REPORT. Can. J. Public Health (Toronto),
58(6):241-248, June 1967. 16 refs. (Presented at the Annu.
Meeting, Air Pollut. Contr. Ass., Pacific Northwest Int. Sect.,
Seattle, Wash., Nov. 3-4, 1966.)
Two series of sampling stations have been established to
develop methods for the comparison of meteorological and air
quality findings in an area exposed to the contaminants from
kraft pulp and paper mills with an unpolluted control area. The
climate was maritime in both towns and there were inversions
in both valleys in both winter and summer. The preliminary re-
port covers the methods used in establishing the sampling sta-
tions and the meteorological observations and analyses made
between Oct. 1965 and June 1966. Six stations were
established in the polluted town and three in the control town
in industrial, commercial, and residential locations. The study
will continue until March, 1968 with additional meteorological
and air quality measurements. Preliminary values show the
dust fall in the polluted town varying from 20 to 50 tons per sq
mile and from 4 to 10 tons per sq mile in the control town. A
secondary object of this study was to relate the concentration
of air contaminants to the incidence of respiratory disease and
to assess the long- term effects on health of low concentrat-
ions of contaminants.
07572
Benforado, D. M. and G. Cooper
THE APPLICATION OF DIRECT-FLAME INCINERATION
AS AN ODOR CONTROL PROCESS IN KRAFT PULP
MILLS. Preprint, (19)p., (1968). 18 refs. (Presented at the
22nd Engineering Conference, Process Systems & Controls
Water & Air Pollution, TAPPI, Atlanta, Ga., Sept. 19-22,
1967.)
A method of controlling the odors in Kraft Pulp Mills by
direct-flame incineration is discussed. The design criteria, as
well as the incorporation of heat recovery equipment, is
covered. A method of quantitatively measuring the odor
strength of waste gases and the use of this method to deter-
mine effectiveness of control equipment is also discussed. The
intent of the paper is to offer one method of air pollution con-
trol which appears to be applicable to Kraft Pulp Mills and
which may be equated with other methods presently being
considered. (Authors' abstract)
09592
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C, National Center for
Air Pollution Control
LEWISTON, IDAHO, CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTTVITY. 61p., Feb. 1967. 18
refs.
Investigations of air pollution in the community have been
concerned with air quality, meteorology, sources of pollutants,
and various effects of air pollution. There are numerous
sources of air pollution in the community; the largest of these
is a kraft pulp mill located just east of Lewiston. Other
sources include: Lumbering Operations; Asphalt Mix Plants;
Food Processing Plants; Concrete Mixing and Grain Handling;
Fuel Usage; Refuse Disposal; and Vehicular Emissions. The
interstate movement of pollutants, particularly odorous gases
emitted by the pulp mill in Idaho and transported to Clarkston,
Wash., has been demonstrated. In a public opinion survey in
Clarkston, Wash., more than 90 percent of the persons inter-
viewed perceived air pollution in the community as a malador
problem. The pulp mill reported emissions amounting to about
1,800 pounds of hydrogen sulfide, 2,500 pounds of mercap-
tans, and 1,000 pounds of organic sulfide gases per day; about
23,000 pounds of participates, consisting mostly of sodium
sulfate and sodium carbonate per day, from the mill's
recovery furnaces; and an average of about 9,700 tons of
water vapor per day from all operations. Calculated daily
emissions of selected pollutants from sources other than the
pulp mill included about 4,000 pounds of participates, 100,000
pounds of carbon monoxide, and more than 20,000 pounds of
hydrocarbons. About two-thirds of the C9mmunity emissions
are released in Idaho and about one-third in Washington. The
valley topography of the Lewiston-Clarkston area results in
the transport of air pollutants alternately from either of the
states to the other.
09658
Harding, C. I.
SULFATION AND CORROSION MEASUREMENTS IN A
MARINE COASTAL CITY OF FLORIDA. In: Proceedings of
the International Converence on Atmospheric Emissions from
Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28, 1966. E. R.
Hendrickson (ed). Sponsored by: Public Health Service, Na-
tional Council for Stream Improve- ment, and University of
Florida. DeLand, Fla.. E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p.
354-357
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102
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
As pan of a comprehensive survey in a Marine coastal city in
Florida, measurements were made of corrosion rates and
sulfation rates. The location of pulp mills, power plants and
static samp- ling stations are shown on a map. Sampling sta-
tions were located throughout the entire area of IS miles by IS
miles. At each sta- tion, sulfation, dustfall, fluoride by limed
paper, and corrosion were monitored. All stations were
changed once a month. A 1000- foot television tower was
located at the center of the grid. Sul- fation was measured by
the lead dioxide-candle method. The units which were used for
expressing sulfation rate were micrograms of SO3 per square
centimeter per day. Corrosion measurements were made using
carbon-steel plates which were cleaned, dried and weigh- ed,
and exposed for the 30-day period. Following exposure each
plate again was cleaned and reweighed. The unit of measure-
ment for corrosion rate was milligrams of metal oxidized per
square centimeter per month. In order to determine the effect
of marine environment on corrosion rate, a separate series of
sampling sta- tions was located on a line through the television
tower beginning at the beach front and running into town. At
the waterfront IS miles from the center of town, the corrosion
rate was very high but moving back from the beach, rates
dropped off rapidly to a back- ground level. The highest corro-
sion rates were noticed north of the T. V. tower area, in the
center of the industrial area. The corrosion rate with vertical
distance was also measured at the T. V. tower. These data in-
dicate that the plumes from both the power plants and pulp
mills have a corrosive influence. The background corrosion
rate in this community is rather high as would be expected in a
coastal city.
12345
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN GARRETT COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality Control, 28p., March 1969. 12 refs.
The results of a preliminary survey of air pollution conditions,
collected from existing data and personal interviews in Garrett
County, Md., are presented. The county, the westernmost in
the state, is the second largest in area but the most sparsely
settled. Its topography, meteorology, and land use are
described. Visual and odor observations and pollution mea-
surements show that a serious air pollution problem exists in
the Bloomington area in the valleys of the southeastern por-
tion of the county. This problem originates outside the boun-
daries of the county, specifically in the Luke, Maryland -
Beryl - Hampshire, West Virginia area. Bloomington School
had suspended paniculate at 135%, dustfall at 300%, and
sulfation at 120% of satisfactory levels. The main sources of
contamination in the Bloomington area are the paper mill at
Luke, the charcoal plant in Beryl, and a coal screening opera-
tion in Hampshire. No measurements of air pollution have
been made in the other portions of the county, but indirect in-
dicators suggest that no serious air pollution problems exist, or
are likely in the foreseeable future. Several recommendations
are made for improving the pollution problems now existing.
124%
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D.
C., Bureau of Criteria and Standards
REFERENCE BOOK SUMMARY OF NATIONWIDE EMIS-
SIONS. Preprint, 36p., 1969 (?).
Estimates for the year 1966-1967 of nationwide emissions of
the five primary air pollutants, carbon monoxide, oxides of
nitrogen, sulfur oxides, particulates, and hydrocarbons, are
presented. Information is broken down by source category.
urban and non-urban location, selected air quality control re-
gions, and projected motor vehicle emissions. The accuracy of
the estimates is varied due to incomplete information and in-
adequately defined emissions. Sources include motor vehicles,
gasoline and diesel engines, aircraft, railroads, vessels, coal,
fuel oil, natural gas, wood, solid waste disposal, primary and
secondary metal industry, cement manufacture, oil refineries,
chemical processing, paper manufacture, and feed milling. A
summary of the methodology used to arrive at the estimated
figures is presented.
12648
S. F. Galeano
HOW TO DEVELOP AIR SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
FOR PULP MILLS. Paper Trade J., 153(0:41-43, Jan. 6, 1969.
2 Refs.
Air quality and emission standards are being prepared and im-
plemented by local and state authorities on a continuing basis.
Emissions to the atmosphere by pulp and paper mills, as well
as other industrial plants, wQl be governed by these standards.
The most meaningful contribution of a paper mill air surveil-
lance program would be in providing data essential to the
establishment of realistic air quality standards. With such a
program supported by management, a company will be in a
position to authoritatively recommend realistic air criteria for
the area surrounding a particular manufacturing facility. A
substantive surveillance program is outlined.
16062
Donkelaar Van, A.
AIR QUALITY CONTROL IN A BLEACHED KRAFT MILL.
Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech. Sec., p. T346-T350, 1967 (?). 10
refs. (Presented at Paper Ind. Air and Stream Improvement
Conf., 3rd, Vancouver, B. C., 1967.)
The air pollution control program of a bleached kraft mill in
northern Calif, is described. By using black liquor oxidation,
hydrogen sulfide emissions from the stack were reduced to
near zero, and a high degree of efficiency in eliminating mer-
captans and organic sulfides was reached through treatment by
incineration. A detailed in-plant monitoring program for mea-
suring emissions is described and the results reported weekly
to the local Air Pollution Control District. The use of
telephone responses and home monitoring systems are also
valuable. Four-hour checks on critical equipment, weather
measurements, and an ambient air monitoring program in
which paniculate fall-out is measured at seven stations, are
also part of the control program. Data show typical main stack
emissions, lime kiln stack emissions, and green liquor dis-
solver stack emissions.
16619
Adams, D. F. and R. K. Koppe
AN AIR QUALITY STUDY IN THE VICINITY OF
LEWISTON, IDAHO, AND CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON.
Washington State Univ., Pullman, Div. of Industrial Research,
Kept. 65-138, 32p., 1962. 12 refs.
A one-year air quality survey in the vicinity of Lewiston,
Idaho and Clarkston, Washington was conducted. Air samples
were collected or measurement of dustfall, suspended particu-
lates, soiling index, sulfation, hydrogen sulfide, and reducing
gases. The survey area is characterized by a prevailing light
easterly wind drift with occasional strong gusts accompanying
the passage of self-developed frontal systems from the west.
High valley walls, by limiting northerly or southerly disper-
sion, contain much of the pollutants within the valley. The
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
103
study year was characterized by greater than normal turbu-
lence, favoring dilution and wider dispersion of pollutants.
Suspended paniculate loadings ranged from average to exces-
sive for urban areas, and values for downtown Lewiston and
Clarkston were 1.6 times the average in a complex of commer-
ical-industrial-suburban activity. The average values for soiling
index were considered light. Analysis of the components of
dustfall indicated a multiplicity of dust sources, including high
background levels attributed to airborne soil particles swept in
from adjacent areas. The heavy dustfall of downtown commer-
ical areas contained a high percentage of self-generated materi-
al not related to a specific industrial source. Dustfall in subur-
ban areas contained greater quantities of sodium, calcium, and
sulfate than were found elsewhere and were probably related
to kraft pulping. Data indicated a need for reduction of emis-
sions of paniculate matter of all kinds. Odorous sulfur gases
were found throughout the areas with the highest levels in
North Lewiston. Low-level inversions and synoptic, stagnating
air masses were associated with ground-level fumigation of
these gases. When such periods develop, the natural fog and
the man-made pollutants become indistinguishable. Sulfation
shows that a significant part of the sulfur content of the air
arises from multiple community sources including comfort
heating, vehicular travel, and waste disposal. Substantially
higher levels of paniculate and gaseous pollutants were ob-
tained during the heating season, indicating that emissions
resulting from combustion of fuels contributed significantly to
overall air pollution. Winter meteorological stagnation, less
favorable for dispersal of pollutants, also contributed signifi-
cantly to the higher pollutant levels found during the heating
season. (Author abstract modified)
17630
Kogo, Tetsutaro, Ryosaku Endo, Tatsunori Oyake, and
Hiroshi Shirakawa
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 9. INVESTIGATION OF THE EXIST-
ING CONDITIONS IN HOKKAIDO WITH RESPECT TO OF-
FENSIVE ODORS (FIRST REPORT). INVESTIGATION OF
THE ORIGINS OF THE ODORS, THE DAMAGE BEING
CAUSED, AND THE REACTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF THE
LOCAL RESIDENTS. Taiki Os Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
Pollution), 2(0:48-58, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
Out of 1586 cases of complaints and petitions concerning
public hazards received by the Hokkaido local government in
1965, those related to offensive odors accounted for 25.6%. An
investigation of the situation was conducted. The sources of
odor included marine products processing plants, animal
stockyards, paper manufacturing factories, garbage and trash
disposal faculties, agricultural products processing plants, and
animal carcass disposal facilities. An investigation of odor dif-
fusion was conducted at 23 different offensive odor sites.
Twenty-four measuring points were set up on concentric cir-
cles of radius 500, 200, 100, and 50 m, with the plant being the
center. The measurements were made with the sense of smell.
At distances of more than 100 m, the number of appraisals of
'no odor' was greatest, then 'faint odor', 'definite odor', 'very
strong odor', and 'unbearable odor', in that order. Occurrence
rates of 'definite odor' were highest downwind of the source,
and the odor extended to a greater distance. Questionnaires
were distributed to residents of the area, and inquiries were
made concerning their reactions and attitudes toward the odor.
A total of 70.9% of all the people interviewed appraised the
odor to be 'definite odor' or greater.
20377
Zhilin, P. N.
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN LITHUANIAN CITIES.
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, vol. 8: 174-179, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) CFST1: 63-
11570
The results of a series of air quality measurements made over
a period of years in the cities of Vilna, Kaunas, and Klaipeda
are reported. Two electric heat and power stations and a
number of manufacturing plants were found to be the chief
sources of pollution in the Lithuanian SSR, as determined by
dust measurements. Children living in the vicinity of one of
the power plants were examined in 1952 for respiratory effects
from pollution; the resulting morbidity data showed that in-
fluenza, adenoids, pulmonary tuberculosis, and pneumonia oc-
curred most frequently among children living in the areas of
greatest air pollution. It is recommended that dust collectors
be installed at coal- and steam-operated electric stations and
that two large power plants and most smaller domestic and in-
dustrial buildings convert to gas burning. In addition, the cellu-
lose paper plant in Klaipeda should take steps to reduce sulfur
dioxide emissions, some changeover to electric transportation
systems should take place, and certain industrial plants should
be moved to locations away from populated areas. Inspection
and reporting stations are needed to achieve greater pollution
control.
22591
Zhilin, P. N.
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN LITHUANIAN CITIES.
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, vol. 8:174-179, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-
11570
Results of an investigation of the air quality of several
Lithuanian cities indicate that two electric heat and power sta-
tions, a cellulose-paper combine, and a sulfate plant are major
contributors to air pollution. At 100 m and 300 m from one of
the two power stations, dust concentrations were, respective-
ly, 22 times and 35 times in excess of the allowable limits. The
highest dust concentrations from the other station were found
at a distance of 300 m; this may be due to the fact that the sta-
tion's 99-m smokestack carries the ash farther before it begins
to settle. Numerous complaints were received from residents
living 300-499 m from the station. Influenza, pulmonary tu-
berculosis, and pneumonia occur frequently among children
living in the area of the 99-m stack. The present investigation
also disclosed an increase in serious respiratory disturbances
in children residing near the cellulose-paper combine's new
acid producing plant Sulfur dioxide emissions from this plant
exceed by 10 times the allowable concentration. It is recom-
mended that the electric power plants be equipped with dust
collectors and that sulfur dioxide emissions from the cellulose-
paper combine be controlled by proper absorption equipment.
It is further recommended that railroad transportation be elec-
trified and that foundries and other industries emitting dust
and gases be separated from populated areas by a sanitary
clearance zone.
24227
Randerson, Dairy 1
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MN AND BR IN AN URBAN AREA
AS REVEALED THROUGH ACTIVATION ANALYSIS. At-
mos. Environ.. 4(3):249-257, May 1970. 8 refs.
In an attempt to identify some of the components of air pollu-
tion in Houston, fifteen high-volume samplers were operated
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104
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
continuously for 24-hr periods. The major industries in
Houston consist of oil refineries and petrochemical plants as
well as secondary manufacturers such as steel mills, fertilizer
companies, and paper mills. Filter papers from one day of
sampling were irradiated in a thermal neutron flux and the
resulting radio- nuclides were identified. Manganese and
bromine were detected. The primary source of Mn compounds
probably would be process losses from cement companies,
chemical companies, and a steel mill located upwind from the
sampling stations, while it is proposed that the Br compounds
may have originated from ethyl fuel combustion. During one
24-hr period, the concentrations of Mn ranged from 0.02 to
0.56 micrograms inverse cu m while those of Br ranged from
0.04 to 1.09 micrograms inverse cu m. The spatial distributions
of these two elements were related to the meteorological con-
ditions. Patterns of concentration appeared to be related to the
predominant direction of wind. Depending on the elements to
be detected, the average cost per sample is estimated to be
between $50 and $100. (Author abstract modified)
27673
Hiroshima Prefecture! Government (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
AIR POLLUTION IN HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE. 1ST RE-
PORT. (Hiroshima- ken ni okeru taikiosen. Dai 1 po). Text in
Japanese. 374p., Feb. 1970.
Air pollution caused by soot and dust has become a social
problem in Hiroshima Prefecture, both in Otake city (where
the main industries are paper manufacturing and petrochemi-
cals) and in Kure city (with iron and steel and shipbuilding in-
dustries). Environmental investigations were carried out by the
municipal authorities concerned, and fundamental investiga-
tions by the prefecture! authorities, in order to designate the
polluted areas as defined under the anti-pollution law. Based
on the results of these investigations, Otake city was
designated as suffering from air pollution from March 1968,
and Kure city from March 1969. The extent of air pollution
has subsequently been kept under continuous surveillance.
This report describes the results of the fundamental survey of
the designated areas carried out by the prefectural authorities,
and the basic survey of air pollution carried out by the mu-
nicipal authorities, divided into regional groupings of 8 dis-
tricts in Hiroshima Prefecture (Otake, Kure, Fukuyama,
Mihara, Hiroshima, Onomichi, Takehara, and Fuchu city). The
results of controls established under the anti- pollution law and
a survey of specific harmful substances are also given.
31276
Hokkaido Inst. of Public Health, Sapporo (Japan)
REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF AIR POLLUTION IN-
VESTIGATION IN HOKKAIDO. PART VI. (Hokkaido no
taikiosen chosa sokutei kekka hokoku. Dai-6-ho). Text in
Japanese. 210p., March 1970.
Air pollution was measured in Muroran, Asahikawa, Kushiro,
Tomakomai, and Obihiro, in Hokkaido from April 1968 to
March 1969. In Muroran, the main influence on air pollution is
the strong wind from the northwest and west northwest that
brings the pollutants from the industrial to residential areas.
For example, at one station, 52.66 tons/sq km/month of set-
tling dust was recorded as the annual average. Sulfur dioxide
concentration measured by electroconductivity was much
higher than in other cities. Asahikawa had an annual average
settling dust of 56.7 tons near the industrial plants, and during
the cold season, sulfur dioxide was concentrated in the re-
sidential areas. In Kushiro, the annual average concentration
was 0.34 mg sulfur trioxide/100 sq cm/day, and the maximum
was 1.14 in January. Sulfur dioxide was relatively more con-
centrated in industrial and residential areas during the colder
season. In Tomakomai, settling dusts were not very signifi-
cant, and sulfur dioxide, measured by the lead peroxide candle
method, was concentrated around the center city and near the
paper manufacturing plant. In Obihiro, air pollution is not yet
serious, but the tendency of a metropolitan-type air pollution
(pollution from heating) is becoming apparent.
33108
Fuji City Citizens Committee for Environmental Pollution
Control (Japan)
REPORT OF THE SURVEY ON PUBLIC NUISANCE IN FUJI
AREA (1). (Fuji chiiki kogai chosasho, dai 1-pen). Text in
Japanese. 88p., Sept. 1969.
Pollution in the Fuji industrial area includes detailed data on
climatic characteristics, the mechanism and the state of air
pollution in the area centered around Motoyoshihara Junior
High School, comparison with Yokkaichi city, bad odor and
noise, sources of odor emission, a survey of respiratory dis-
eases in the area, results of questionnaires, water pollution of
the sea and rivers, influence of pollution on plants and agricul-
tural produce, and the state of pollution in the neighboring Fu-
jikawa township. Fuji Municipal Motoyoshihara Junior High
School is located in the most polluted area in the entire Fuji
industrial complex; situated on a sand dune near the shore of
Suruga Bay, it is flanked by four large plants on the west and
10 on the north. The sulfur dioxide counts go up characteristi-
cally with north-northwest winds; with 5 m/sec winds, it can
go above 0.1 ppm. The average SO2 count from five months in
1968 was 0.093 ppm. The pollution sources include Kraft pulp
mills, cellophane plants, chemical factories, Tagonoura port
dredgers, aluminum electrolysis plants, fertilizer plants, and
automobile exhaust gas. In the neighboring Kanbara township,
there is also a light metal company. Pollutants are soot and
other participates (lime, mirabillite), sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide and other sulfides, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine gas and
chlorides, nitrogen compounds, and dusts. According to the in-
vestigation in April 1968, the total heavy oil consumption in
Fuji city was 2,240 Id/day; black liquor, 2,750 kl/day; coal, 23
t/day; coke, 5 t/day; and wood, 16 t/day. The calculated total
sulfur dioxide emissions was 130 t/day from heavy oil and 49
t/day from black liquor. According to an investigation by the
Fuji Medical Association between Nov. 1967 and Oct. 1968,
bronchitis and asthma cases in the polluted areas were 2.5
times as many as those in nonpolluted areas, and cases of
asthmatic bronchitis in the former were four times as many as
those in the latter. The ratio of asthmatic children in polluted
and nonpolluted areas was 37:18; the number of absences,
131:27; and average absence per child, 3.63:1.49.
33708
Koike, Kazumi, Norikatsu Hanamura, Kazuma Ishida, Banichi
Tomida, Jun-ichi Hayashi, and Kazuo Toyoshima
DUST FALL IN THE NEGHBORHOOD OF A PAPER MANU-
FACTURING FACTORY (V). (Seishi kojo shuhen no kokajin
chosa ni tsuite. (Dai 5 ho)). Text in Japanese. Aichi-ken Eisei
Kenkyushoho (Kept. Aichi Inst. Public Health), no. 21:145-150,
March 1971. 6 refs.
Dust fall measurements in the vicinity of a pulp paper factory
were correlated with effects of wind direction and velocity,
rainfall, and output of pulp. Samples were collected by deposit
gauge on a monthly basis. The increase in dust fall value at
two measuring stations determined the influence of wind
direction in the summer. Later measurements showed no in-
crease in dust fall concentration, determining that the absolute
quantity of paniculate matter discharged from the factory was
decreased, and the deposit gauge was effective.
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
105
35051
Bosch. John C., Michael J. Pilat, and Bjorn F. Hrutfiord
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF AEROSOLS FROM A KRAFT
MILL RECOVERY FURNACE. Tappi, 54(10:1871-1875, Nov.
1971. 11 refs.
The size distribution of particulates emitted from a kraft mill
recovery furnace was measured using a source test cascade
impactor designed for isokinetic sampling directly inside the
stack. The distributions were calculated from the weight of
solids deposited on each impactor stage. Particle mass median
diameter was one micron at the electrostatic precipitator inlet
and 1.4 micron at the outlet. Sodium chloride concentration
was higher in the submicron particles at the electrostatic
precipitator outlet but independent of size at the inlet. (Author
abstract modified)
35437
FINAL REPORT ON THE EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR
THE STATE OF ALABAMA. TRW Systems Group, McLean,
Va., Washington Operations, Office of Air Programs Contract
68-02-0048, 93p. Aug. 1971. 33 refs. NTIS: PB 203467
Under the Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended, each state is
required to submit a plan for the implementation and enforce-
ment of national ambient air quality standards for each air
quality control region in the state. An initial requirement for
each of these plans is an emission inventory for each
designated region. The Alabama Emission Inventory is sum-
marized in charts and tables that serve as a guide to control
strategy development and selection. Point source data required
for preparation of the report were obtained from question-
naires and follow-up contacts with individual sources; area
source data were obtained from various governmental agencies
and personal contract with knowledgeable individuals. All data
were transferred to prepared computer load sheets and
processed by the Environmental Protection Agency inventory
computer program. The Metropolitan Mobile and Birmingham
areas were divided into grid networks for the purpose of ap-
portioning the emissions in these areas. All other emission
totals are reported by political jurisdiction and region. Sources
included coal boilers and burners, fuel oil burners, natural gas
boilers, open burning, incineration, solvent evaporation, diesel
engines, railroads, ships, gasoline motor vehicles, surface
coating, petroleum refining and distribution, wood burning,
solid waste disposal, pulp mills, and power plants for re-
sidential, industrial and commercial areas. Sulfur dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates, and nitrogen oxides
were measured.
37968
Kifune, Ikuei, Toshiichi Okita, and Riuichi Sugai
RELATION BETWEEN ODOR INTENSITY FOR NUISANCE
SOURCE AND ODOROUS GASES OF AROUND KRAFT
PULP MILLS. (Parupu kojo shuhen no akushu gasu nodo to
shukido oyobi hasseigen kyodo to no kankei). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):225, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The odor concentration and malodorant concentration in and
around the kraft pulp mill in Niigata Prefecture were mea-
sured. Samples were collected at the inlet and outlet of the
malodorant treatment tower and oxidation tower and at loca-
tions 100, 200, 500, 800. 1000, and 1500 m from the source;
samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and spec-
trophotometry. The highest concentration was found at the in-
let, i.e., methyl mercaptan 103,484 ppm, dimethyl sulfide
22,754 ppm, and hydrogen sulfide 674.3 ppm which were
reduced to 1/2 to 1/300 at the outlet. The ratio of sulfide com-
pounds in the surrounding area was similar to the composition
ratio at the source. The relationship between the odorant con-
centration and odor concentration was quantified according to
the Weber-Fechner law.
41167
Suzuki, K., A. Nishidate, and S. Izumi
AN INVESTIGATION AND STUDIES ON THE STATE OF
POLLUTION AND COUNTERMEASURES IN AOMORI.
(Aomoriken ni okeru kogai no jittai t taisaku ni kansuru chosa
kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 4(1):2, 1969. (Presented at the Japan Society of
Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
With the construction starting in about 1965 of numerous new
industries in addition to the previous marine product industri-
al, Hachinoe City, Aomori Prefecture foresaw an increase of
various types of pollution including odor, soot, stack gas,
noise, and vibration. The new construction included 404 plants
for food industries, two chemical factories, 26 ceramics plants,
20 steel factories, 33 plants for metal manufacturing and fabri-
cation, 26 plants for non-ferrous metallurgy, and 16 paper-pulp
mills. Aomori Prefecture and the city of Hachinoe had
cooperated on control and prevention plans and on establish-
ing standards and enforcement plans, since 1965. In June 1965,
six air pollution monitoring stations were installed and four
more were added in September 1968. Settling particles are
measured by deposit gauges; sulfur dioxide by the lead dioxide
and para rosanilin methods and automatic measuring recor-
ders, suspended particulates by hi-volume air samplers, digital
dust counters, tape air samplers, and automatic measurement
recorders; and wind direction and velocity by automatic self-
recording anemometers. Soot measurements shows that
between 1965 and 1968, the index increased from 6.2 tons/sq
km to 8.4 tons, 11.2 tons, and finally 10.8 tons. Sulfur dioxide
measurement was 0.22 mg/day/sq cm in 1965, 0.35 mg in 1966;
0.48 mg in 1967, and 0.37 in 1968. Industrial areas and adjacent
areas showed the highest measurements.
44735
DeVoss, Charles R.
ANNUAL REPORT DIVISION OF AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY CITY OF
COLUMBUS, OHIO 1971. Columbus Dept. of Public Safety,
Ohio, Division of Air Pollution Control, 32p., 1971.
Columbus, Ohio is relatively free of major air pollution
problems. The city will have the responsibility early in 1972
for enforcement of the State Air Pollution Control Board stan-
dards by the final compliance date of July 1, 1975. On seven
days in 1971, Columbus was affected by the odor from a kraft
paper mill 45 mi south of the city. This is compared with 16
days the previous year. Air pollution alerts were in effect
because of air stagnation for 16 days during 1971. This was not
indicated on the city s coefficient of haze instrument. Dust fall
increased slightly to 17.7 T/sq mi/mo probably as a result of
less rainfall. Sulfur dioxide in the ambient air was well below
State and Federal standards. Suspended particulates were
higher than Federal standards at two locations and lower at
the third. Nitrogen dioxide and oxidant were higher than the
standards but carbon monoxide was lower. Upon adoption of
the ordinance, industry will be required to comply by permit.
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106
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
00952
A. C. Harkness and F. E. Murray
GAS PHASE OXIDATION OF METHYL SULFIDE. Preprint.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco, Calif., June 20-25, 1966, Paper
No. 66-58.)
Methyl sulfide and oxygen react explosively at temperatures
as low as 210 degrees. At 195 degrees, the nonexplosive reac-
tion exhibits an initiation stage and a main stage. The rate of
the main stage as determined from pressure-time curves is
linearly dependent on initial oxygen pressure, but substantially
independent of initial methyl sulfide pressure. The activation
energy of the main stage is 42 kcal/mole. The extent of the in-
itiation stage is reduced by increasing oxygen pressure. The
main oxidation products are sulfur dioxide and carbon monox-
ide. Even with an excess of oxygen not all methyl sulfide
reacts. (Author abstract)
25338
Weather Wing (7th), McChord AFB, Wash., Detachment 5
TERMINAL FORECAST REFERENCE FILE. 107p., Feb. 25,
1970. 3 refs. NTIS, DDC: AD 709209
This reference file discusses factors affecting the weather at
McChord AFB, Wash. It was compiled to provide a written
record of local forecasting information and problems, to serve
as a ready reference for local forecasting techniques and cli-
matological data, and to acquaint newly assigned forecasters
with pertinent weather phenomena peculiar to the local area
and with information accumulated through study and ex-
perience at the station. The location and topography of the
area are described, and the seasonal weather features are
discussed. Smoke, sometimes combined with haze, is quite
common when an inversion is present. A copper smelter and a
pulp mill in the area are major smoke sources with lesser
amounts emitted from an aluminum plant and an industrial
area. Three asphalt plants in the area contribute to fog
problems. Significant weather phenomena in the region are
discussed, including: cyclones, clouds, thunderstorms, wind,
and visibility restrictions. Climatic aids are presented in the
form of temperature means and extremes, precipitation
statistics, wind rose, and ceiling or visibility figures. Objective
methods for forecasting various weather situations are con-
sidered. A series of weather forecasting problems and their
solutions are presented for the area surrounding McChord
AFB.
31865
Weather Squadron, 15th, Charleston AFB, S. C., Detachment
3
TERMINAL FORECAST REFERENCE FILE, CHARLESTON
AFB, SOUTH CAROLINA. 47p., Jan. 1971. 1 ref. NTIS,
DDC: AD 718120
Factors affecting the weather at Charleston Air Force Base,
South Carolina were discussed. Location and topography
weather controls, climactic aids, and local forecast studies
were included. The major air pollution source is a paper mill
located about three miles east of the base. Under stable at-
mospheric conditions, the smoke shows no tendency to diffuse
and actually forms a streamer visible for many miles. From
the surface to 500 ft, the average wind is from an 80 degrees
to 100 degrees in direction. With a low inversion present, visi-
bility generally is reduced to three quarters of a mile to one
and one half miles. When the inversion breaks, visibility in-
creases to four miles or greater, depending on the wind and
convective currents. A second smoke source is the Stark In-
dustrial area on the bank of the Ashley River, three miles
southeast of the base. This smoke has the effect of lowering
visibility to about five miles when the lower 2000 to 3000 feet
of the atmosphere is very stable and a sea breeze is blowing.
Measurements taken include cloud height, visibility, wind
direction, temperature, and pressure. Major and minor synop-
tic patterns for the four seasons were discussed. A thun-
derstorm study for the Charleston Air Force Base was also
presented.
37091
Wright, R. H.
THE DISSEMINATION OF ODORS FROM KRAFT MILL
SMOKE STACKS. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), 56(5):131-
134, April 1955. 14 refs.
Recent developments in the field of black liquor oxidation
combined with measures to absorb digester gases show that
the release of kraft mil] malodors can be very materially
reduced. There is, however, a small amount of residual odor,
mainly associated with the stack gases from the recovery
plant. The logarithmic relation between concentration of
odorant and smell intensity is an obstacle to complete odor
elimination, but a very large reduction in the area of the af-
fected territory can be expected. The mathematical theory of
smoke dispersion as developed by Sutton is applied to the
problem of odors from the stack gases, and the effect of the
different variables is shown in a series of curves. Very tall
chimneys are not in themselves a practical solution to the
problem, and would be justified only under certain special
conditions and in conjunction with other measures to treat the
stack gases. (Author abstract modified)
39112
Hastings, L., R. Freitag, and A. Smith
FALLOUT OF SODIUM SULPHATE NEAR A KRAFT MILL.
Atmos. Environ., 6(4):241-246, April 1972. 3 refs.
The rate of fallout of sulfale in the form of sodium sulfate was
determined in the vicinity of a kraft mill. Snow cores of ap-
proximately 10 cm diam which extended from the surface of
the snow to the soil beneath, and samples from a surface layer
no more than 8 cm were taken at the 28 sites near the mill.
Core samples alone were taken at the 30 other sites. These
samples which weighed about 1 kg each were melted, filtered,
and analyzed for sulfate concentration using a turbidimetric
method. The rate of fallout decreased with increasing distance
from the mill. The difference between the concentration deter-
mined by taking surface samples and core samples is men-
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E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION 107
tuned. Samples taken after May 1 along the West and North to melt, the sodium sulfate is able to escape and determination
transits predict a much lower rate of fallout than the samples of the concentration after an extended warm period will not
taken in colder weather. This indicates that as the snow begins yield a meaningful rate of fallout.
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108
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
01784
D.F. Adams, R.K. Koppe, W.N. Tuttle
ANALYSIS OF KRAFT-MILL, SULFUR-CONTAINING
GASES WITH GLC IONIZAION. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 15, (1) 31-3, Jan. 1965
The technique includes the use of two chromatographic
columns in series to separate O2, N2.CO.CO2, H2O, H2S,
SO2, and CH3SH. Column 1, containing Triton 45 on
Chromosorb, separates H2O, H2S, SO2 and CH2SH. Column
2, packed with Molecular Sieve, separates O2, N2, CO2. The
conditions required to obtain adequate sensitivity and separa-
tion are discussed. (Author abstract)
05385
Martinez, S. E.
SUGAR CANE BAGASSE SHIFTS FROM A WASTE FUEL
TO BASIC RAW MATERIAL. Power 108. (1) 52-5, Jan. 1964.
Most sugar cane producing countries have discovered that to
improve their economy, their own paper products can be
produced with available vegetable raw materials, such as
bagasse. Sugar cane plantations are not only in existence, but
the sugar cane is a yearly crop, providing abundant raw
material from the very first year of operation. Equivalent fuel
cost is the largest single factor in determining cost of bagasse
delivered to a pulp mill. When this cost is reasonable and
proper methods are adopted for depilhing, handling, storing
and transporting the bagasse, there is no doubt that this raw
material can be delivered to the pulp mill at a favorable price.
When another fuel is substituted for bagasse the boiler fur-
naces usually must be rebuilt, or new boilers must be
purchased to obtain high boiler efficiencies. These investments
are charged against the actual cost of the bagasse produced.
Oven dry bagasse has a gross calorific value of about 8200 Btu
per Ib. Bagasse with 50 percent moisture has a gross heating
value of about 4400 Btu per Ib. Since efficiency of bagasse
boilers is about 55 percent, this represents a net heating value
of only 2400 Btu per Ib for fresh bagasse. If we substitute
Bunker C oil (18,000 Btu per Ib) and use a boiler efficiency of
80 percent, the net heating value equals 14,000 Btu per Ib. This
means one ton of fuel oil replaces about 6 tons of fresh
bagasse, or 3 tons of OD bagasse. If the substitute fuel hap-
pens to be coal of 12,000 Btu per Ib and we consider a boiler
efficiency of 78 percent, net heating value for a pound of coal
will be 9370 Btu per Ib. This means one ton of OD bagasse
(burned at 50 percent moisture content) equals 0.53 tons of
coal. If we consider natural gas with gross heating value of
1000 Btu cu ft, it turns out that one short tone of OD bagasse
(burned at 50 percent moisture content) equals 12,000 cu ft of
natural gas. Conclusions among the various agricultural fibers
used for pulp, sugar cane bagasse has the greatest promise to
become a major fiber for thw world's pulp and paper industry.
Every sign points to bagasse playing an important role in the
phenomenal expansion of the pulp and paper industry, which
will take place in the immediate years ahead.
06719
Harkness, A. C. and F. E. Murray
GAS PHASE OXIDATION OF METHYL MERCAPTAN. In-
tern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol. 10, p. 245-251. 1966. 8 refs.
The reaction between methyl mercaptan and oxygen in the gas
phase has been examined in the temperature range 201 to 275
C. Sulfur dioxide is the chief product of the reaction, being
formed together with methane at the start of the reaction.
Other products of the reaction are carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen, formaldehyde and methanol. In the
presence of excess oxygen, complete conversion to sulfur
dioxide is obtained quickly at 275 C. At lower temperatures
and lower oxygen content much of the sulfur remains unac-
counted for. In confirmation of previous work the rate of reac-
tion was found to be strongly accelerated by oxygen and to be
inhibited by mercaptan.
09498
J. E. Landry
THE EFFECT OF A SECOND ORDER CHEMICAL REAC-
TION ON THE ABSORPTION OF METHYL MERCAPTAN
IN A LAMINAR LIQUID JET. Thesis (Ph.D), Louisiana State
Univ., Baton, Rouge, Univ., Microfilms, Inc., 1966, 176p.
A versatile gas absorption device, called a laminar liquid jet,
was fabricated to study the diffusion coefficients, mass
transfer coefficients, and the kinetics of absorption with
chemical reaction The laminar liquid jet was chosen to obtain
the basic absorption data on the methyl mercaptan-sodium
hydroxide system, because its unique fluid dynamic and
operating characteristics allow the use of the penetration
theory for the description of the process. The absorption data
measured with the laminar jet can be analyzed to determine
reaction rates for a postulated reaction mechanism. The diffu-
sion coefficients of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and methyl
mercaptan in water at 25 deg. C. were measured. The gas ab-
sorption rates in the liquid jet follow the penetration theory
results over the studied contact time range of 2.5 to 30 mil-
liseconds. The measured values of the diffusion coefficients
were comparable with repotted results. The absorption of
methyl mercaptan in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide,
as measured in the laminar liquid jet apparatus, were corre-
lated by the penetration theory solutions for an infinitely fast
irreversible reaction. The diffusion of the hydroxyl ion deter-
mines the effect on the mass transfer rate, which would differ
significantly if the sodium hydroxide diffused as a molecular
specie with its salt diffusivity. The reaction of the dissolved
methyl mercaptan with the hydroxyl ions is a very fast second
order irreversible reaction with a forward rate constant in the
order of 100,000 liters/gram-moles-second. The kinetics of this
equation was inferred by extension of the penetration theory
solutions in the parametric range studied. The absorption of
dilute gas solutions of methyl mercaptan in aqueous sodium
hydroxide contacted in a packed absorber was predicted by a
method of calculation based on the penetration theory. Know-
ing the reaction kinetics and the physical absorption constants
the height of chemical absorbers can be calculated.
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
109
10308
Robert K. Koppe, and Donald F. Adams
GAS-PHASE CHLOREMATION OF KRAFT PULP MILL
GASES. TAPPI, 51(5) 193-195, May 1968. 12 refs.
Gas-phase chlorinalion of gases from kraft pulp mills appears
to be of limited value as a means of odor reduction. In labora-
tory experiments, gas samples from the recovery furnace,
batch digester, multiple-effect evaporator, and lime kiln of a
mill were charged with known volumes of chlorine gas and the
reactions were recorded by gas chromatography. The chlorine
oxidized the methyl mercaptan in the gases to dimethyl disul-
fide but did not change the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
or dimethyl sulfide in the samples. Complete elimination of the
methyl mercaptan apparently is possible if adequate chlorine
doses are added. However, the odor reduction effected in the
total gaseous effluent would probably not be sufficient to jus-
tify use of this process on a plant scale. (Authors' Abstract
12662
W. T. McKean. Jr., B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen
KINETICS OF METHYL MERCAPTAN AND DIMETHYL
SULFIDE FORMATION IN KRAFT PULPING. Tappi,
51(12):564-567, Dec. 1968. 10 refs.
Earlier rate studies on the formation of methyl mercaptan and
dimethyl sulfide in kraft pulping were repeated under carefully
controlled conditions. While the rate data obtained were in
good agreement with earlier results, somewhat higher values
were obtained for the rate constant of dimethyl sulfide forma-
tion (k2) at temperatures above 160 degrees C. This difference
in results was traced to pH effects. It was possible to demon-
strate that the rate of dimethyl sulfide formation is directly
proportional to mercaptide concentration, while un-ionized
mercaptan does not react with lignin methoxyl groups. As a
consequence, the alkali charge in kraft pulping has a definite
influence on the ratio of mercaptan to dimethyl sulfide that are
formed in the cook. Noncondensibles escaping from the blow
gases of mills cooking to alkali-exhaustion (-pH 10.5) are
therefore more obnoxious than those from mills maintaining
adequate residual alkalinity. Sufficient actibe alkali charge is
therfore a recommended practice for older installations.
(Author's Abstract)
13010
Aurell, Ronnie and Nils Hartler
KRAFT PULPING OF PINE. I. THE CHANGES IN THE
COMPOSITION OF THE WOOD RESIDUE DURING THE
COOKING PROCESS. Svensk Papperstid., 68(3):59-68, Feb.
1965. 48 refs.
The changes in the chemical composition of the wood residue
during kraft cooking of pine wood were followed for 15.75 and
25%, charges of effective alkali with and without the addition
of 0.5% sodium borohydride. At temperatures below 100 C,
30-40% of the alkali charge was consumed in the initial phase
of the cook. The removal of lignin and carbohydrates was
small during this phase. Between 100 and 150 C, apart from
the addition of borohydride, there was only an insignificant
decrease in the xylan yield. Without addition of borohydride,
70% of the original amount of glucomannan disappeared from
the solid phase whereas an addition of borohydride resulted in
a considerably smaller loss of glucomannan. Lignin removal
predominated at temperatures higher than 140-150 C. By the
time the maximum temperature, 170 C, was reached, 50% of
the lignin had gone into solution. At the maximum tempera-
ture, the removal of xylan as well as that of glucomannan was
gradually retarded and the residual amounts became compara-
tively stable. This was also applicable to lignin, even if less
pronounced. The chief difference between the 15.75% and 25%
charges of effective alkali was that, in the former case, the
xylan yield was considerably higher and the glucomannan yield
somewhat smaller, resulting in an approximately 1% higher
pulp yield. The addition of borohydride resulted in a con-
siderable increase in the glucomannan yield and a small
decrease in the xylan yield with a net effect of about 3%
higher yield. Chemical composition and DP was determined on
xylan samples isolated from the pulps. (Author abstract
modified)
13012
WUder, Harry D. and Edward J. Daleski, Jr.
KRAFT PULPING KINETICS. I. LITERATURE REVIEW
AND RESEARCH PROGRAM. Tappi, 47(5):270-275, May
1964. 37 refs.
A quantitative description of the rates of removal of the vari-
ous wood components during alkaline pulping is important to
any attempt at design and control of commercial digesters. The
complex physical and chemical structure of wood, coupled
with our lack of understanding of liquor equilibria, make such
a description rather difficult. This review is the first step in a
program designed to provide this quantitative description. The
literature is reviewed in terms of the five steps normally im-
portant in hererogeneous reaction systems. It is concluded that
the effects of the two transport steps are negligible under com-
mercial conditions when chips of 2-mm thickness or less are
employed and when the liquor alkali is not depleted. When
transport is important, a diffusion model probably can account
for the observed pulp nonuniformities. The moving interface
model of Nolan is but a limiting case of the diffusion model.
Sorption and desorption steps do occur, but their importance
is not understood. The chemical reaction step is most impor-
tant. Sulfide and hydroxide act directly during delignification,
but their roles in carbohydrate removal are much less clear.
Delignification rate is relatable to temperature through the Arr-
henius equation. Apparently, delignification by alkaline solu-
tions need not be considered as a lignin surface reaction; lignin
is an amorphous material and is accessible to alkaline reac-
tants. Consumption of alkali is probably related to the extent
of carbohydrate removal, while sulfide consumption is a func-
tion of degree of delignification. (Author abstract modified)
13082
Camacho, T. F.
SPECIFIC ION ELECTRODE FOR MONITORING MILL
STREAM SODA LOSSES. Southern Pulp Paper Mir.,
30(6):%, 98-101, June 10, 1967. 2 refs. (Presented at the meet-
ing of the S.E. Sect. Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper In-
dustry, Jacksonville, Fla., Jan. 20-21, 1967).
In order to improve monitoring of soda loss in washed pulp
and mill effluent streams, a glass electrode specific towards
sodium ions was evaluated. Control methods now used at vari-
ous stages of the process are discussed. They include flame
spectrophotometry and relating conductivity to soda content.
The experimentally determined relationship between the sodi-
um electrode and flame spectrophotometer showed excellent
correlation with a buffered sample and good correlation with
decker pulp discharge. The sodium electrode was found to be
as accurate as the flame spectrophotometer and less com-
plicated to run. Once the sodium electrode test method for
stock cleanliness is shortened and the accuracy of the sample
preparation steps is improved, implementation on a plant scale
will be proposed.
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110
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
13083
Lenz, B. J. and E. F. Kurth
HYDROTROPIC PULPING OF THE BARK FROM
DOUGLAS-FIR AND THE PROPERTIES OF THE RESULT-
ING PHENOLIC ACIDS. Tappi, 46(0:28-31, Jan. 1963. 12
refs.
The ability of various hydrotropic solutions to remove the
bark phenolic acids from the bast fiber component of Douglas-
fir bark was ascertained and compared the properties of the
resulting phenolic acids with that extracted by aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution. Pulping ability of several different
hydrotropic solutions was compared at temperatures ranging
between 120 to 180 C and with liquor-to-fiber ratios ranging
between 8:1 to 14:1. From those tested, sodium cymenesul-
fonate, sodium ethylbenzene sulfonate, and sodium xylenesul-
fonate had the best hydrotropic effect on the bast fibers. Low
pH liquors increased the rate of carbohydrate removal but did
not increase the rate of phenolic acid removal from the fibers.
High temperatures increased the solubility of the bast fibers
but did not aid in selectively removing the bark phenolic acid.
None of the hydrotropic solutions was as effective as dilute
sodium hydroxide solution for solubilizing the phenolic acid
material. Under the conditions studied, the hydrotropic solu-
tions were not good pulping agents for bark. They were not
selective in their removal of bark phenolic acids nor did they
produce bark phenolic acids which were significantly different
from that obtained with sodium from the hydroxide extraction.
Most of the bark phenolic acids recovered from the hydrotrop-
ic solutions on dilution with water had similar properties. A
comparison of the hydrotropic and the sodium hydroxide
phenolic acid products indicated they were very similar but
not identical in nature. The phenolic acid preparation obtained
at the 120 C extraction from the bast fibers had a 6:1 ratio of
phenolic hydroxyl group to carboxyl group content. All of the
other preparations had a ratio of 4:1. There were only slight
differences in the paper chromatograms, methoxyl content,
and ultraviolet spectra of the hydrotropic and sodium hydrox-
ide bark phenolic acid preparations and no appreciable dif-
ference in their infrared spectra. (Author abstract modified)
13186
Kenaga, D. L., W. A. Kindler, and F. J. Meyer
STUDIES OF ADSORPTION OF CATIONIC POLYELEC-
TROLYTES ON PULP USING STREAMING CURRENT DE-
TECTION. Tappi, 50(7):381-387, July 1967. 11 refs. (Presented
at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, New York, Feb. 20-23, 1967).
A new instrument, the Streaming Current Detector (SCD), of-
fers a technique to measure the capacity of a pulp to adsorb
cationic materials such as those used to give wet strength. The
SCD can also be used to determine the relative ionic strength
of polyeleclrolytes. In the case of cationic strength agents, the
ionic strength of the polymer correlates with the strength in-
crease observed in treated paper. Operating on the streaming
current phenomenon, the SCD depends upon adsorption from
the effluent to establish an ionic double layer on the operating
surfaces of the instrument. The data indicate that the charge
characteristics of the pulp-polyelectrolyte-water system can be
related to the pulp-polyelectrolyte-water-SCD system. It is
shown that adsorption of cationic strength agents on pulp oc-
curs by a dual mechanism. Primary adsorption occurs to the
point of charge neutrality and is thought to be an ion exchange
mechanism. Secondary adsorption is thought to be due to van
der Waals' forces or hydrogen bonding. The maximum quanti-
ty of a cationic polyelectrolyte adsorbed on pulp by the prima-
ry mechanism is pH-dependent: the more basic the solution
the more adsorbed and, hence, the greater the strength of the
treated paper. However, the increase in strength per unit of
additive to the point of charge neutrality is similar at all pH
levels and, therefore, is independent of pH. Secondary adsorp-
tion produces some increase in strength which appears to vary
with additive and pH. Maximum efficiency of retention is ob-
served at the point of charge neutrality. (Author abstract)
13187
Fuller, Robert R.
THOUGHTS ON THE LIQUOR CYCLE AND CAUSTICIZ-
ING. Southern Pulp Paper Mfr., 29(0:70-71, 74, 76, 78, Jan.
10, 1966.
In addition to sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide, kraft
cooking reactions are influenced by sodium sulfate, sodium
carbonate, thiosulfate, and polysulfide components. The prac-
tice of reporting green and white liquor compounds in terms of
sodium monoxide, as followed by the Forest Products Labora-
tory tests, does not produce accurate analyses of kraft cooks.
Not only cooking and washing operations, but other steps in
the recovery cycle will vary as the components vary in rela-
tion to each other and in total. The dilution used at the
digester and the ability of the total solution to absorb more
solids are other operating variables. The fiber slurry is also af-
fected by residual chemicals. The key to controlling these vari-
ables is the efficiency of the causticizing operation through
which sodium carbonate is converted to sodium hydroxide.
Concentration has been found to be the major factor con-
trolling conversion efficiency. Hydroxide and sulfite will
reduce the efficiency to the extent that they contribute to the
concentration, and as they affect the equilibrium. Excess lime
and good lime slaking improve efficiency. It is suggested that
attainable laboratory conversions of sodium carbonate to
hydroxide should be investigated under varying conditions of
time and excess lime. The economics of the causticizing
system should also be studied.
13188
Pettersson, Sven and Olof Samuelson
URONIC ACIDS IN SULFITE SPENT LIQUOR FROM
SPRUCE. Svensk Papperstid., 70(15):462-468, Aug. 15, 1967.
24 refs.
The following uronic acids were isolated from sulfite spent
liquor by means of chromatographic separations on anion
exchange resins: 2-0-(4-0-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic
acid)-D-xylose, 4-0-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, 2-0-(alpha-D-
galactopyranosyluronic acid)-L-rhamnose, 6-0-(beta-D-glucopy-
ranosyluronic acid)-D- galactose, 2-0-(alpha-D-glucopy-
ranosyluronic acid)-D-xylose, D-galacturonic acid, and D-glu-
curonic acid. The first two acids were present in larger
amounts than the other species. The total amount of uronic
acids in the liquor (calculated as hexuronic acids) was about 1
g/L. This indicates that the major part of the uronic acids
removed from wood during cooking are destroyed. The in-
crease in the content of fermentable sugars which can be
gained by hydrolysis of the biouronic acids present in the
spent liquor is negligible. (Author abstract modified)
13189
Trout, Paul E.
MAGNESIUM-BASE SEMICHEMICAL PULPING FOR COR-
RUGATING MEDIUM PRODUCTION. Tappi, 51(3):43A-47A.
March 1968. 13 refs. (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting,
Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, Feb.
19-23, 1967.)
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
111
Studies were conducted to determine if the quality of a corru-
gating medium made by a commercial magnesium-base
semichemical process could be competitive with that made by
the regular soda-base neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC)
process. The magnesium-base semichemical liquor was
prepared by batch sulfitation of magnesium hydroxide slurry.
Cooking of mixed hardwoods was carried out in a conven-
tional continuous digester. Process equipment was severely
eroded by the liquors, and it is doubtful that a commercially
operable neutral magnesium-base semichemical pulping
process can be developed. At the same time, magnesium base
pulps were found to require lower chemical ratios, lower cook-
ing temperatures, and shorter cooking times than soda-base
NSSC pulps. The magnesium-base pulps and corrugating medi-
ums had lower strength properties than the comparable sodi-
um- base products. However, these differences did not adver-
sely affect corrugated container performance.
13190
Simonson, Rune
AUTOMATED METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF HE-
MICELLULOSE IN THE PRESENCE OF LIGNIN. Svensk
Papperstid., 70(17):537-539, Sept. 15, 1967.
A method is described for the determination of small amounts
of hemicellulose in the presence of acid-insoluble lignin using
Technicon's Auto Analyzer. The first reaction step involves
hydrolysis of the hemicellulose in hydrochloric acid solution.
In the second step, precipitated lignin is removed by passing
the hydrolyzed sample through a dialysis cell. The hydrolysis
products that pass through the membrane react with orcinol in
the final step to give a color whose intensity is determined
colorimetrically. The influence of lignin upon the chart reading
and the reproducibility of the determination are discussed.
(Author abstract)
13236
Mclntosh, D. C.
TENSILE AND BONDING STRENGTHS OF LOBLOLLY
PINE KRAFT FIBERS COOKED TO DIFFERENT YIELDS.
Tappi, 46(5):273-277, May 1963. 10 refs. (Presented at the
Symposium on Interfiber Bonding, Div. of Cellulose, Wood,
and Fiber Chemistry, Am. Chem. Soc. Atlantic City, N. J.,
Sept. 13, 1962).
Loblolly pine springwood and summerwood chips were cooked
to different yields and further delignified by treatments with
peracetic acid-sodium borohydride in order to separate the
fibers. Tensile and bonding strengths of individual fibers were
then determined. Summerwood fibers were superior to spring-
wood fibers in tensile strength per unit cross-sectional area
and in bonding strength per area available for contact. In-
dividual summerwood fibers showed a rapid decrease in
strength per fiber at high yield levels, but based on cross-sec-
tional area of the fiber wall, strength showed no appreciable
change until the lower yield levels were reached. Bonding
strength was reduced at higher yield levels than fiber strength
per cross-sectional area. In contrast, springwood fibers
showed a gradual decrease in fiber strength with decreasing
yield and were relatively constant in bond strength at different
yields. Chemical analysis of summerwood pulps showed a
general reduction in lignin content, degree of polymerization
(D. P.), and hemicelluloses with reduction in yield. Because of
the variables involved, no clear-cut relationship between ten-
sile strength and any one chemical constituent was apparent.
However, fiber strength (in grams) showed good correlation
with mannan content and D.P. Because the chemical composi-
tion and structure of the surface of the fibers is not yet
known, any relationship between bonding strength and chemi-
cal composition of the pulps is felt to be spurious. (Author ab-
stract modified)
13240
Kesler, Richard B.
ANALYSIS OF ALKALINE PULPING LIQUORS. IV. AUTO-
MATIC COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL
AND ACTIVE ALKALI IN WHITE AND GREEN LIQUORS.
Tappi, 47(3):167-170, March 1964. (Presented at the 17th Al-
kaline Pulping Conference, Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper
Industry, Green Bay, Wis., Sept. 23-25, 1963).
Utilizing various modules of the Technicon Autoanalyzer, a
method was developed for the measurement of total alkali in
kraft white and green liquors. Relatively minor modifications
make the same method suitable for measurement of active al-
kali. The method is based on over-neutralization of the liquor
sample, followed by colorimetric measurement of excess
hydrogen ions through use of a buffered solution of methyl
orange indicator. The procedure is suitable for use in the
laboratory, where 20 samples an hour can be analyzed, or in
the mill or pilot plant, where one or more liquor streams can
be continuously monitored. (Author abstract)
13241
Utaka, Giichi, Kyoichi Oku, Hiroshi Matsuura, and Asahi
Sakai
BASIC STUDIES ON HARDWOOD TWO-STAGE SULFITE
PULPING. BEHAVIOR OF HARDWOOD HEMICELLU-
LOSES DURING COOKING. Tappi, 48(5):273- 281, May 1965.
38 refs.
Single-stage and two-stage pulpings of wide pH range were
performed on a mixture of beech and oak, the typical
Japanese hardwoods. The pulp properties of both full-chemical
and high-yield pulps produced by various pulping procedures
were compared and discussed. In addition, the hemicelluloses
extracted from the original woods and pulps were analyzed to
study the behavior of hardwood hemicelluloses under various
cooking conditions. The effect of quantity and chemical struc-
ture of hemicelluloses on the pulp yield and pulp charac-
teristics, based upon the analysis of hemicelluloses, is
discussed. (Author abstract modified)
13272
Quimby, George R. and Otto Goldschmid
RECOVERY OF LIGNOSULFONATES FROM SPENT
SULFITE LIQUORS. (Rayonier Inc., Shelton, Wash.) U. S.
Pat. 3,271,382. 4p., Sept. 6, 1966. 3 refs. (Appl. Sept. 26, 1963,
2 claims).
Sufficient quaternary ammonium salt is dissolved in water and
added to the spent sulfite cooking liquor at ambient tempera-
ture to provide about a stoichiometric ratio of quaternary am-
monium salt to lignosulfonate and the mixture is agitated. The
concentration of total solids dissolved in the spent sulfite
cooking liquor is not critical and can range from about 1 to
50%. The lignosulfonate and quaternary ammonium salt com-
bine to form a dense flocculant which settles within a minute
or two after agitation is stopped, leaving the wood sugars and
other impurities in solution. The excess solution is then de-
canted or siphoned off and the precipitated quaternary am-
monium lignosulfonate is recovered by filtration or centrifug-
ing, after which it is washed free of impurities with cold
water. The washed precipitate is dissolved in an aliphatic al-
cohol (preferably methanol or 95% ethanol) for separation of
quaternary ammonium salt lignosulfonate components and
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112
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
their recovery in pure form. The lignosulfonate is precipitated
from the alcoholic solution by the addition of a slight excess
of an alcoholic solution of a soluble alkali metal hydroxide or
neutral salt, such as NaOH. KOH, NaCl or KC1. The alkali
metal lignosulfonate immediately precipitates out in a dense,
rapidly settling form and can be easily separated and
recovered as a pure material.
13311
Nelson, Peter F.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACIDIC GROUPS IN EUCALYPT
NEUTRAL SULPHITE AND PINE BISULPHITE PULPS.
Svensk Papperstid.. 71(9):369-372, May 1968. 7 refs.
Acids obtained from hydrolysis of eucalypt neutral sulfite
semichemical and Pinus radiata bisulfite pulps were analyzed
by chromatographic and speclrometric methods. The uronic
acids of the two pulps resembled those obtained from three
kraft pulps previously studied, but 4-0-methyliduronic acid was
absent in the bisulfite pulp and occurred in relatively small
amounts in the neutral sulfite pulp. The bisulfite pulp con-
tained much larger quantities of aldonic acids than the neutral
sulfite pulp, illustrating the importance of bisulfite ions in end-
group oxidation of polysaccharides. Only traces of glu-
cometasaccharinic acids were present in the neutral sulfite
pulp, indicating that 'peeling reactions' are less important in
neutral sulfite than in kraft pulping. (Author abstract modified)
13318
Sinclair, G. D.
THE EFFECT OF COOKING AGENTS ON WOOD. I. AL-
KALINE COOKING OF POPLAR WOOD. EFFECT OF
STRENGTH AND COMPOSITION. Pulp Paper Mag. Can.,
65(11):T-516-T-520, Nov. 1964. 9 refs.
High-yield pulp processes were studied to determine desirable
chemical concentrations and what components of wood are af-
fected or removed under mild cooking conditions. Poplar
heartwood and sapwood samples were cooked in dilute solu-
tions of NaOH, Na2SO4, and LiOH, with cooks made on five
specimens at a time in a one-liter flask fitted with a reflux
condenser. Data obtained show the amounts of holocellulose,
pentosans, and lignin remaining in the cooked woods and the
effects of both cooking time and chemicals on water sorption,
weight loss, and wet breaking strength. The wet breaking
strength of poplar heartwood was reduced from 292 Ibs to 118
Ibs after cooking with 8% NaOH for 2 hrs at 100 C. Poplar
sapwood had an original strength of 386 Ibs; this was reduced
to 124 Ibs after cooking for 2 hrs with 10% NaOH. The loss in
weight during cooking was greater for sapwood than for heart-
wood, but sapwood sorbed less water than heartwood. Lithium
hydroxide reduced the strength of the wood more than the
other chemicals and also removed a greater percentage of
wood. The more severe cooking removed more holocellulose
than pentosans and lignin. It is concluded that there is a rela-
tion between the wet breaking strength of wood and the watt-
hours of energy per pound needed for refining.
13319
Thompson, N. S., J. R. Peckman, and E. F. Thode
STUDIES IN FULL CHEMICAL PULPING. II. CAR-
BOHYDRATE CHANGES AND RELATED PHYSICAL EF-
FECTS. Tappi, 45(6):433-442, June 1962. 49 refs.
The chemical nature of various xylan components of black
spruce pulps was established by extraction and fractionation
experiments with pulps cooked at all pH levels to equal
degrees of delignification. All pulps cooked between pH 1.5
and 6 were found to contain a 4-0-methylglucuronoxylan. Full
chemical pulps cooked at pH 9 to 11 contained a 4-0-methyl-
glucuronoaraboxylan whose composition resembled the com-
position of the original polymer of spruce holocellulose. Kraft
pulps were characterized by the presence of an araboxylan.
Also detected in all pulps, but not isolated, were glucomannan
polymers. A galactoglucomannan was identified in alkaline
pulps cooked at pH 9 to 12.5. Differences in the nature and
the distribution of the hemicellulose components in the various
pulps suggests that accessibility of hemicellulose to alkali
changes at different pH levels. The hemicellulose contents of
the pulps were found to be relatively constant, by the yield of
cellulose varied considerably. As indicated by its low yield and
low viscosity, cellulose was the least stable component at
neutral pH. Three types of carbohydrate degradation occurred
during the pulping processes: acid-catalyzed degradation of
glycosidic bonds, peeling, and alkaline hydrolysis of glycosidic
bonds. A fourth type probably occurs at neutral pH, but its
nature is not known.
13342
Grant, J. and S. V. Sergeant
PULP AND PAPER. Rep. Prog. Appl. Chem., vol. 51:525-539,
1966. 72 refs.
This is a selective review of the literature on developments in
relatively new fields of the pulp and paper manufacturing in-
dustry. It covers approximately the two years ending
November 1, 1966. The papers included for review emphasize
the following aspects of pulp and paper manufacture: recent
new principles and methods involved in pulp manufacture; ad-
vances in knowledge connected with the formation of paper on
the paper machine; and new developments in the aftertreat-
ment of paper for special purposes. The hot grinding of mixed
hardwoods as a means of homogenizing pulp, delignification
with dry chlorine, and the treatment of groundwood pulps with
peracetic acid exemplify developments in pulp production.
Studies on the formation of paper by the paper machine in-
clude the use of synthetic fibers, alone or together with cellu-
losic materials; the interactions between water and cellulose
materials; the effects of tension drying on the mechanical pro-
perties and structure of individual holocellulose pulp fibers;
and the treatment of pulp by high consistency refining. Among
the aftertreatments of paper are the use of silver-sensitized
coatings, bladecoating machines, and polymers for hot melt
coatings.
13343
Wenzl, Herman F. J. and O. V. Ingruber
WOOD STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF COOKING
LIQUORS IN THE WOOD DURING KRAFT PULPING.
Paper Trade J., 150(36):28-31, Sept. 5, 1966. 40 refs.
The microscopic properties of cellulose are known to be
strongly influenced by the effect of alkaline solutions on its
crystal structure, so it is not surprising that the uneven crystal-
line structure of wood is further influenced in kraft cooks.
However, the solution of various wood components is largely
independent of the physical structure of the wood. Pulp pro-
perties depend mainly on morphological characteristics and the
basic strength of the fibers. Cell wall thickness is an important
influence on beating behavior of pulps, while lumen width and
fiber diameter affect density, tensile, and bursting strengths.
Retention of large amounts of noncellulosic components
makes some pulps more resistant to beating. The mechanism
by which liquid penetrates wood is complicated due to the
variety of movements and forces involved, in addition to the
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
113
complex capillary structure of wood. The tracheidal fibers of
softwoods are more effective in aiding penetration than the
ray cells of hardwoods. The penetration of dissolved sub-
stances into the wood structure is of special importance in
pulping, and liquids possessing swelling properties penetrate
wood more rapidly than nonswelling liquids. The permeability
by liquids which react chemically with one or more com-
ponents of the wood shows a strong dependence on time and
temperature. The desired isolation of cellulose is an extraction
process connected with a chemical reaction of the extraction
medium with the substances accompanying the cellulose. Sol-
vents and reagents need to penetrate the capillary structure to
reach the cell walls. This penetration occurs in a more or less
rapid initial stage through water vapor diffusion and condensa-
tion and is followed by capillary rise. In the second stage, final
diffusion into the cell walls and swelling occurs.
13344
Nilsson, H. Evert R. and Karl Ostberg
KRAFT PULPING WITH THE ADDITION OF HYDRAZINE.
Svensk Papperstid., 71(3):71-76, Feb. 1968. 26 refs.
Reducing agents such as hydrazine increased the yield of kraft
cooking. Large doses of hydrazine increased the pulp yield
from both pine and spruce by about 10% and from birch by 2
to 4 %, calculated on wood basis. In addition, the pulp
brightness was improved up to about 15 %. Exploratory cooks
with addition of pyrogalloll and dithionite were also per-
formed, but with less effect. It has been found that the higher
pulp yield mainly originates from a stabilization of glucoman-
nan in pine and spruce, and of cellulose in birch. This is in ac-
cordance with previous experience from kraft cooking of pine
and spruce with addition of sodium tetrahydridoborate.
Further preservation of birch xylan might have been obtained
with a lower white liquor charge. Laboratory beating and
paper testing of the pine and spruce kraft pulps showed the
expected deviations from the normal kraft pulp properties.
Thus, the higher yield pulps obtained by the addition of
hydrazine possessed slower beating response, slightly lower
tear strength and comparatively unchanged tensile and burst
strength. (Author abstract modified)
13346
Orsler, R. J. and D. F. Packman
THE DETERMINATION OF LIGNIN IN SULPHITE PULP-
ING LIQUORS. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 67(21):855-
859. 1964. 11 refs.
The lignin content of spent bisulfite pulping liquors was deter-
mined by ultraviolet absorption measurements and the method
was developed so that the course of delignification could be
followed during two-stage cooks of the Stora type. The rela-
tive advantage of measuring absorption at 205 millimicrons and
280 millimicrons are assessed. It was found that measurement
at 200-205 millimicrons was satisfactory for liquors containing
less than 5 g/L total S02 even when they contained considera-
ble amounts of hydrolysis products such as furfural. For
liquors containing more than 5 g/L of SO2 but less than 0.5
g/L furfural the 280 millimicron region was preferable. Liquors
containing more than these quantities of both interfering sub-
stances could be satisfactorily measured at 200-205 mil-
limicrons after an oxidation and precipitation treatment to
remove all sulfites and SO2. (Author abstract modified)
13347
Aurell, Ronnie
THE EFFECT OF LOWERED PH AT THE END OF BIRCH
KRAFT COOKS. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 66(11):437-
442, 1963. 12 refs.
For kraft cooking of birch, a certain increase in pulp yield
could be obtained at high alkalinity - 22.5% effective alkali -
without lignin sorption, by a moderate lowering of the pH at
the end of the cook. This increase in yield was 1 - 1.5% based
on wood. At lower alkalinity - 17.5% effective alkali - no ef-
fect was obtained. If the delignified chips and the black liquor
were cooled together approximately 1% higher yield was ob-
tained at the higher alkalinity compared with hot drawing-off
of the black liquor. At lower alkalinity this effect could not be
obtained. Carbohydrate analyses on the pulps indicated that
the yield increase mainly consisted of xylan. As long as lignin
sorption did not take place the brightness of the pulp was not
affected. There could not be established any differences in
beating and strength properties. (Author abstract)
13350
Jensen, W., B. C. Fogelberg, K. Forss, K-E. Fremer, Monica
Johanson
SULFUR DISTRIBUTION IN AN ACID CALCIUM
BISULFITE COOK. Tappi, 48(3):174-180, March 1965. 20
refs. (Presented at the First International Sulphite Pulping
Conference sponsored jointly by the Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp
and Paper Industry and Tech. Sect., CPPA, Chicago, June 16-
18, 1964).
The reactions of the bisulfite ions in an acid calcium bisulfite
cook were studied by labeling the cooking acid with
Na2S(35)O3 and by gel filtration of the resulting radioactive
spent liquor. The analyses revealed that three fourths of the
sulfur in the cooking liquor reacted to form only compounds
containing 'loosely bound' sulfur dioxide or did not react at
all. Only about 13% of the sulfur reacted to form organic com-
pounds containing firmly bound sulfur. It could be shown that
of this sulfur about 66% was bound to the lignin whereas the
rest was bound to about a dozen lignin-like compounds and
nonaromatic compounds. It was found that there are
equivalent amounts of calcium and sulfur in at least the low-
molecular weight calcium lignosulfonates and it was also found
that the sulfonation of lignin is accompanied by the formation
of reducing groups. The large amounts of sulfur bound to
wood components other than lignin show that bisulfite ions
participate in many unknown side reactions in an acid bisulfite
cook. (Author abstract modified)
13351
Croon, Ingemar
SOFTWOOD SULPHITE PULPS IN INCREASED YIELD BY
THE ALKALI- SULPHITE (A-S) METHOD. Svensk Pap-
perstid. (Stockholm), 66(1): 1-5, 1963. 19 refs.
A pretreatment of wood chips with alkaline solutions (5-50 g
NaOH/L), at temperatures below 70 C for 30 - 90 min gives 2 -
7% (calculated on the wood) higher yield in the succeeding
digestion with sulfite acid, than that from a digestion without
the pretreatment. The defibration point of the alkali acid
sulfite pulps is reached in the yield region 68-70%, compared
to 58-60% for the conventional one-stage sulfite pulps. The
glucomannan content of the pulp increases, and it is assumed
that the main reason for its stabilization consists of the
deacetylation effect of the pretreatment. Full yield gain is ob-
tained whether the chips are digested directly after the
pretreatment or washed and stored in moist or dried from and
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114
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
digested later. These results illutrate the great flexibility of the
alkaline-acid type of two-stage cooking. (Author abstract)
13362
Annergren, Goran and Ake Backlund
CONTINUOUS SULPHITE COOKING. Pulp Paper Mag.
Can., 67(4):T220- T224, April 1966. 8 refs.
Continuous sulfite cooking has been studied at the Billerud
Experimental Pulp Mill in Sweden. The cooking trials were
carried out in downflow Kamyr digesters of two different
designs. A conventional Kamyr digester was used with good
results for continuous cooking of high-yield bisulfite pulp. In
the cooking of bleachable-grade bisulfite pulp, however, the
decomposition of the cooking chemicals accelerated and a
'burnt' cook resulted. The uncontrolled decomposition was
probably caused by thermal liquor flows in the digester. A
modification of the digester, to a system incorporating an
inclined top separator and carrying full cooking temperature at
the top, eliminated the thermal flows and thereby the risk for
uncontrolled cooking-liquor decomposition. The new digester
system has successfully been used for continuous cooking of
bleachable-grade bisulfite pulps on softwoods as well as hard-
woods. It has also proved to be well suited for a two-stage
sulfite process with a neutral first stage and an acid second
stage, as well as a modified soluble-base, acid sulfite process
for rayon-grade pulps. Typical operating conditions and pulp
quality data are reported. (Author abstract modified)
13379
Rioux, J. P. and F. G. Hurtubise
DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE IONS IN PULP AND
PAPER. COMBINATION OF OXYGEN FLASK AND AUTO-
MATIC POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION TECHNIQUES.
Tappi, 48(1):11-14, Jan. 1965. 9 refs. (Presented at the 15th
Testing Conference, Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper In-
dustry, Boston, Sept. 29-Oct. 1, 1964).
A rapid and precise method for the potentiometric titration of
chloride ions in pulp has been developed. The pulp is ashed by
the oxygen flask technique. The chloride ions are absorbed in
dilute sodium hydroxide, the solution is evaporated to dryness,
and the residue is redissolved in a small amount of dilute nitric
acid. The solution is diluted with acetone and titrated with
0.0025M silver nitrate using a potentiometric titrator- recorder,
and an Ag-AgCl-glass electrode system. Procedures for total
chloride and water soluble chloride are described. The
procedure for total chloride was applied to water and
metbanol- benzene extracted pulps to determine the lignin-
bound chlorine, the resin-bound chlorine being calculated by
difference. The method was examined for recovery and
reproducibility. The range is 5 to 1000 ppm on pulp. A total
chloride determination (including ashing) can be performed in
30 tnin. (Author abstract)
13382
Hartler, Nils
THE EFFECT OF CHIP DAMAGE ON THE FIBRE BOND-
ING OF ACID BISULPHITE PAPER PULPS. Svensk Pap-
perstid, 66(10):412-417, 1963. 30 refs.
The effect of chip damage on fibre bonding was investigated
by comparing pulps in one case from damaged and undamaged
halves of technical chips and in another from pressed and un-
pressed wood. It was found that neither the specific energy of
bond failure according to Nordman nor the bonded area, as
measured by the optical contact methods, are affected as far
as acid bisulfite paper pulp fibres are concerned. The implica-
tion of the findings for the strength of the resultant paper is
discussed. (Author abstract modified)
13384
Schoon, Nils-Herman
THE REACTION BETWEEN THIOSULPHATE AND WOOD
DURING SULPHITE COOKING D. Svensk Papperstid.
(Stockholm), 65(23):%5-977, Dec. 15, 1962. 16 refs.
The formation of thiosulfate and organic excess sulfur and
also the formation of sulfur via polythionates were calculated
for a series of acid hydrogen sulfite cooks (1.00, 1.36% Na20,
6% total-SO2, maximum temperature 135 and 148 C) with vari-
ous amounts of thiosulfate added to the cooking acid. The cal-
culations also included hydrogen sulfite cookings (1.92% Na20,
3.96% Na20% total-SO2, maximum temperature 155 C). In all
cooks, thiosulfate was formed primarily from the reactions
between aldoses and hydrogen sulfite. However, the formation
of thiosulfate via the reactions between the polythionates and
hydrogen sulfite (disproportionation of hydrogen sulfite) in-
creased at the end of the acid hydrogen sulfite cook while for-
mation via the aldoses and hydrogen sulfite decreased. When
cooking acid contains thiosulfate, the thiosulfate concentration
decreases rapidly. No corresponding increase in the
polythionate concentration is observed at the beginning of
these cooks, indicating a considerable formation of organic ex-
cess sulfur. The polythionate concentration increases rapidly
in the final stage of the cooks due to the high hydrogen ion
content. The high concentration suggests that polythionates are
formed by other reactions in the presence of wood. In both
paper pulp and rayon pulp cooks thiosulfate formation via al-
doses and hydrogen sulfite also predominates. (Author abstract
modified)
13385
Mannbro, Nils
KRAFT PROCESS LIQUORS FOR SODIUM BASE SUL-
PHITE PULPING. PART 2. PULPING EXPERIMENTS AND
DISCUSSION OF ECONOMICS. Svensk Papperstid.
(Stockholm), 66(3):95-109, Feb. 28, 1963. 24 refs.
Sulfite cooking acids were prepared from carbonated green
and black kraft liquors. Their pulping capacities were com-
pared with pure sodium and calcium sulfite acids by cooks on
spruce (Picea abies). All acids contained an equivalent amount
of metal cations corresponding to 1.2% combined and with
7.3% total sulfur dioxide. Comparative bleachings comprising
chlorination-caustic extraction-hypochlorite stages were ap-
plied on the pulps. Results show that green liquor produced
either unbleached or bleached pulp possessing properties com-
parable to those of pulp cooked with pure sodium sulfite acid.
Black liquor produced a pulp yield at medium Reynolds
number which was competitive with that of the ether sodium-
base pulps. However, color and bleachability were inferior.
This acid might be fortified with available base to give better
results. Replicate runs of calcium - and pure sodium-base
cooks and bleaching show that the chlorine consumption of
sodium-base pulp is reduced to about 20% of that of the calci-
um pulp. On equivalent chlorine consumption basis, the yield
gain by sodium-base pulping is 5.5%, as calculated on the cor-
responding yield of calcium-base pulp. The pulping yield and
the chlorine consumption should be balanced for optimum
process economy. Actually, sodium-base pulp should be
cooked to a somewhat lower Reynolds number than calcium-
base pulp. Under these conditions, sodium-base pulping of
bleached grades, without recovery of the cooking chemicals,
was found profitable. With regard to unbleached pulps, there
is no justification for the sodium base in conventional sulfite
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
115
cooking. For high-yield pulping, e.g., newsprint, the bisulfite
method is more advantageous. (Author conclusions modified)
13418
Gierer, Josef, Bernard Lenz, and Nils-Hakan Wallin
THE SPLITTING OF ARYL-ALKYL ETHER BONDS IN
MILLED WOOD LIGNIN BY WHITE LIQUOR. PART VII.
OF A SERIES ON THE REACTIONS OF LIGNIN DURING
SULFATE COOKING. TAPPI, 48(7):402-405, July 1965. 14
refs.
Milled wood lignin from Picea abies and varioussus methylated
modifications were treated with white liquor at 170 C for dif-
ferent lengths of time, and the resulting materials were
analyzed for free phenolic hydroxyl groups. The results show
that white liquor splits aryl-ether bonds present in lignin at a
higher rate and to a slightly greater extent than 2N NaOH,
used as a splitting reagent in a previous investigation of this
series (Gierer, Lenz, Noren, and Soderber, TAPPI, 47:233,
1964). The higher rate of aryl-ether splitting by white liquor
may be ascribed to the stronger nucleophilicity of the
hydrosulfide ions as compared with hydroxyl ions. The more
extensive methylether cleavage during sulfate cooking is in-
dicative of this difference. However, the favorable effect of
hydrosulfide ions on the splitting of aryl-ether linkages may
also be partly expalined by assuming an intermediate incor-
poration of these ions into lignin at carbon atom adjacent to
aryl-ether bonds and an alkaline splitting of the resulting mer-
capto-alkyl-ether structures via episulfide intermediates. These
hypotheses are in accord with model studies which indicate
that a possible pathway involves addition of hydrosulfide ions
to methylene quinone structures and confirming the ease of
splitting mercapto-alkyl-aryl ethers by alkali. (Authors' ab-
stract modified)
13420
Kleinert, Theodor N.
COTTON DEGRADATION BY SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE IN
ALKALINE COOKING AT 180 C. Holzforschung, 20(2):43-
45, April 1966. 21 refs.
Degradation of cotton cellulose at 180 C in sodium hydroxide
solutions with and without additions of sodium borohydride
was investigated. Evidence was found that under the condi-
tions of alkaline pulping sodium borohydride had primarily a
chain splitting effect upon the cellulose, similar to that ob-
served when reacting cellulose in sodium borohydride solu-
tions at room temperature, although at pulping temperature
this effect was to some extent obscured by the strong thermal
decomposition of the sodium borohydride. In addition to the
cellulose degradation, sodium borohydride reduced and stabl-
ized the newly formed end groups resulting in some increase
of the cellulose residue compared with that in the blank ex-
periments. Increase of the sodium hydroxide concentration of
the liquor at constant sodium borohydride charge increased the
chain splitting as indicated by the viscosity drop. Probably,
because of the known stabilizing effect of the alkali, increase
of the sodium hydroxide concentration delayed the decomposi-
tion of the sodium borohydride and thus prolonged its action
upon the cellulose. Tentatively, free radical reactions during
the action of sodium borohydride upon cellulose are briefly
discussed. (Author's summary)
13423
Laver, M. L., D. F. Root, F. Shafizadeh, and J. C. Lowe
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE
CARBONHYDRATES OF WOOD PULPS THROUGH
REFINED CONDITIONS OF HYDROLYSIS, NEUTRALIZA-
TION, AND MONOSACCHARIDE SEPARATION. TAPPI,
50(12): 18-622, Dec. 1967. 23 refs. (Presented at the 52nd An-
nual Meeting of the Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper
Industry, New York, N. Y., Feb. 19- 23, 1967.)
An improved method for the determination of the car-
bohydrates in woood pulps is based upon dissolution in 77.0%
sulfuric acid followed by controlled hydrolysis in 3.0% sulfuric
acid. The acid is neutralized to pH 5.0 with an aqueous barium
hydroxide solution, and the resulting hydrolyzate is carefully
concentrated to a syrup. The monosaccharides present are
separated by gas- liquid chromatography of their trimethylsilyl
ethers. They are determined quantitatively by comparison with
myo-inositol, which is added as an internal standard. (Authors'
abstract)
13435
Devones, K. R.
SOAP RECOVERY-DOUGLAS-FIR KRAFT OPERATION.
Tappi, 46(10): 167A-169A, Oct. 1963.
A system used for tall-oil soap recovery from Douglas-fir kraft
liquor is described. Initial studies were made to determine the
amount of recoverable soap present in the liquor by simple
batch phase separations of the soap from the liquor in a 55-gal
drum. Optimum retention time is 4 hours, at which recovery
efficiency is 90%. Third effects of the multiple effect evapora-
tors result in 30% black liquor solids; This concentration gives
a yield of 33 Ib of tall oil per ton of kraft pulp. A diagram of a
soap recovery system is given, and the skimming-tank opera-
tion is explained. Tall-oil soap was found to contain 52% tall
oil, 7% black solids, and 39% moisture. Tall oil was analyzed
and found to contain 35% fatty acid and 40% rosin acid.
13436
Drew, John
OBSERVATIONS FROM EXPERIMENTAL DATA IN ACIDU-
LATION OF TALL OIL. Tappi, 46(2):128A-129A, Feb. 1963.
The solvent process for extracting tall oil from tall-oil soap in-
volves the introduction of a solvent such as naphtha into the
soap skimmings, water, and sulfuric acid. The mixture is then
placed in an acidulation reactor. The solvent is recovered by
evaporation. It was found that when more black liquor was
removed from the soap before acidulation productivity was
higher. This reduction was accomplished by the addition of a
small amount of water to the soap. The preferred pH value of
the mixture is 3.7. Data show that the solvent process im-
proves product quality but that the process is economically un-
feasible. The research is being conducted by Glidden.
13437
Villavicencio, Eduardo J., Mario Sierra Rojas, and Salvador
Escobar
CONTINUOUS DIGESTING OF CELLULOSIC FIBROUS
MATERIAL AT DECREASING PRESSURE WITH
MECHANICAL DEFIBERING THEREBETWEEN. (Cia In-
dustri de Ayotla, S.A.) U. S. Pat. 3,238,088. 5p., March I,
1966. 7 refs (Appl. Dec. 4, 1962, 5 claims.)
A novel process for the continuous production of high-grade
pulp from sugar cane bagasse is described. The bagasse is sub-
jected to an initial softening and chemical impregnation step in
a saturated steam zone at 366 F and 150 psig. It is then
mechanically defibrated at the same temperature and pressure.
This is followed by continued exposure to steam at 358 F and
135 psig to complete the refining and cooking of the pulp. The
process allows lower temperatures and pressures to be used,
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116
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
which results in a stronger and lighter product. The continuous
nature of the process yields a high-grade pulp with a 90%
reduction in the quantity of chemicals required for separating
the lignin and other non-cellulosic materials from the fiber.
13453
CroweU, E. P. and B. B. Burnett
MICRO DETERMINATION OF ROSIN AND FATTY ACIDS
IN TALL OIL. TAPPI, 49(7):327-328, July 1966. 4 refs.
(Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, held in New York,
N. Y., Feb. 20-24, 1966.)
The standard procedure for the determination of total rosin
acids and acid number, ASTM D-803, requires 9 g of sample
for single determinations. Therefore, it is not applicable to
situations were large quantities of tall oil are not available.
Such is the case with samples of crude tall oil from black
liquor streams of the kraft pulping process. The boron
trifluoride-methanol esterification procedure for selectivity
masking fatty acids in the rosin acid determination was in-
vestigated and found to be attractive because it is simple to
use and has proven applicability to small samples. Gas chro-
matographic investigation showed that this methylation
procedure is selective for fatty acids and is therefore accepta-
ble for this purpose. The minimum sample requirement for the
determination of both fatty and rosin acid is 75 mg of tall oil.
Acceptable agreement between the ASTM procedure and this
micro method was observed for samples with greater than 15%
rosin acids. (Authors' abstract)
13462
Viola, G.
HOW RICE AND WHEAT STRAW ARE PULPED IN THE
KOCANI MILL IN YUGOSLAVIA. Paper Trade J.,
l50(24):74-76, June 13, 1966.
The Kocani mill which utilizes local rice and wheat as raw
material is described. The mill pulps rice and wheat straw by
the soda-chlorine process in the same equipment without
modification. The bleached pulp from both wheat and rice
straw is of a quality useful in the manufacture of fine writing
and printing paper. The efficiency of the straw pulping method
depends on the quality of straw from the cutters. Therefore,
dimensions and cleaning process are rigidly regulated. Rice
straw has a high silica content which makes proper cooking
conditions essential to reduce ash. These conditions are
discussed in detail with respect to two stage digestion.
13480
Wenzl. Herman F. J. and O. V. Ingruber
INFLUENCE OF COOKING LIQUOR ON WOOD COM-
PONENTS IN KRAFT PULPING. Paper Trade J.. 150(33):44-
49, Aug. 15, 1966. 44 refs.
Investigations of the reaction kinetics of kraft delignification
ar reviewed, with special emphasis on studies of the nature of
the lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose components and their
decomposition products. Acid, soda, and alkali cooks are con-
sidere and the effects of different chemicals on the com-
ponents are relate to commercial cooking processes. Studies
have not as yet determine whether sodium sulfide, sodium
hydrosulfide, or hydrogen sulfide ar involved in thiolignin
reactions. In general, softwood lignins are more easily deac-
tivated by alkali than are hardwoods, whose activation energy
of delignification decreases with increasing sulfide concentra-
tion. Contrary to the general assumption that delignification in
alkaline medium is a first-order reaction, Kleinert and Marrac-
cini have shown that alkaline cooking leads to the formation of
macromolecular fragment complexes and to the formation and
exposure of free radicals. Delignification is divide into two
reaction sequences, bulk and residual, each having differe rate
constants. Christiansen and Legg (TAPPI, 41(5):216, 1958) hav
suggested that pulp quality and delignification rate decrease at
alkali concentrations below 15 g/1 of Na20. According to
Regnfors and Stockman (SVENSK PAPPERSTID, 59(14):509,
1969), less than half the sulfide in the cooking liquor is con-
sumed in the formation of thiolignins. Since lignin, hemicellu-
lose, and cellulose are associated in wood, it is difficult to
remove one component without modifying or partially remov-
ing the others. Any modification causi the retention of a large
portion of hemicellulose influences the yield and properties of
the pulp.
13481
Kirk, Donald G.
NITRIC ACID BLEACHING OF HARDWOOD NEUTRAL
SULFTTE SEMICHEMICAL PULP. Tappi, 51(4):145-151,
April 1968. 26 refs. (Presented at the Fourth International Pulp
Bleaching Conference jointly sponsore by the Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry and the Technical
Section, CPPA, held in Toronto, Ont., May 1-4, 1967.)
Use of nitric acid in place of chlorine as a first stage bleaching
agent for a hardwood NSSC pulp has been studied. The pur-
pose was the production of a high nitrogen effluent from
which a fertilizer material might be recovered and marketed.
Study of nitric acid- stage variables showed the necessity of
keeping the temperature low and Obleaching duration short to
prevent strength loss. This required the application of high
nitric acid concentrations, which made reuse of the acid an
economic necessity. Modifications using alcoholic nitric acid
or nitric-sulfuric acid mixtures showed some potential strength
benefits, while nitrous acid appeared to cause severe degrada-
tion. Extraction stage variables within broad limits were found
to have little effect on pulp quality. Ammonia was found to
have little effect on pulp quality. Ammonia was successfully
substituted for caustic soda to increase the nitrogen content of
the effluent solids. In general, substitution of nitric acid for
chlorine in the first stage of a chlorine-extraction- hypochlorite
sequence can be made to produce a pulp at least equivalent to
the control pulp in all respects except for a slight yellowing ef-
fect. Chemical costs are high enough to render the process
economically unattractive unless a fertilizer by-product can be
marketed. (Author abstract)
13484
Kleinert, Theodor N.
STABLE FREE RADICALS IN VARIOUS LIGNIN PREPARA-
TIONS. Tappi, 50(3): 120-122, March 1967. 23 refs.
Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of lignin preparations
isolated from spruce wood by various methods, and of a few
syntheti lignin-like polymers produced from coniferyl alcohol
by enzymatic dehydrogenation or mild oxidation, were
recorded and compared. The specimens exhibited single-line
signals (first derivatives) without noticeable fine-splitting.
However, the amounts of stable free radicals present, as in-
dicated by the signal areas, varied, probably indicating dif-
ferences in the stabilizing capacity of lignins prepared by dif-
ferent methods. At room temperature, no significant changes
in the ESR spectra were observed when the specimens were
stored for extended periods of time. Apparently, the presence
of stable macroradicals or free-radical centers in the
specimens, as indicated by the ESR signals, is evidence that
free radical reactions have taken place during the specimen
preparation. (Author's abstract modified)
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
117
13505
Marton, Joseph
DETERMINATION OF LIGNIN IN SMALL PULP AND
PAPER SAMPLES USING THE ACETYL BROMIDE
METHOD. TAPPI, 50(7):335-337, July 1967. 10 refs.
(Presented in part at the 51st Annual Meeting, Tech. Assoc. of
the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, Feb. 20- 24, 1966.)
The acetyl bromide method of determining lignin in wood was
extended to determine lignin in unbleached softwood pulps.
Small (5-30 mg) pulp and uncoated paper samples are dis-
solved in an acetyl bromide-acetic acid mixture. The ab-
sorbance of the solutions at 280 nm is related to the absorp-
tivity of reference lignin preparations. The calculated lignin
content correlates excellently with Kappa number determina-
tions. A correction is applied to compensate for background
absorption at zero Kappa number. The precision of the lignin
determination method is plus or minus 2 relative percent. It
has potential advantages where micro sampling is involved and
the pulps are modified or the pulp lignin contains solubilizing
groups. (Author's abstract modified)
13604
Hrutfiord, Bjorn F.
LIGNIN DEGRADATION PRODUCT ANALYSIS BY GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY. TAPPI. 48(l):48-54, Jan. 1965. 16
refs.
The use of gas chromatography as an analytical tool in lignin
chemistry is reviewed. Lignin degradation products are clas-
sified, and general requirements for successful gas chromatog-
raphy analysis of these compounds are discussed. High capaci-
ty capillary columns coated with polar and nonpolar liquid
phases were used to successfully analyze phenolic compounds
from several different types of degradation reactions.
Polyester coatings such as diethylene glycol succinate gave ex-
cellent resolution of the phenolic compounds resulting from al-
kaline hydrolysis or n nitrobenzene oxidation of wood meal
and lignins. Less polar liquid phases such as polyphenyl ether
or apiezon L grease gave more rapid but less informative anal-
ysis. Phenolic samples from kraft liquor, pressure demethyla-
tion, and hydrogenation of lignins were also analyzed. The
results presented in chromatograms indicate that gas chro-
matography has wide application in lignin' chemistry. (Author
abstract modified)
13755
Zimmermann, F. J. and D. G. Diddams
THE ZIMMERMANN PROCESS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Tappl, 43(8):710-71S,
Aug. 1960. 9 refs.
The Zimmermann process is a patented wet-air oxidation
system (U. S. Pat. 2,665,249) which has applications for both
paper- mill waste disposal and the recovery of chemicals. Wet
oxidation of a variety of spent pulping liquors has been carried
out in stainless steel reactors at temperatures from 200 to 300
C and 800 to 3000 psi. The oxidation of combustibles has been
as high as 95% complete. The process is a continuous opera-
tion under pressure which oxidizes combustible matter with air
while both are dissolved or suspended in water. The com-
bustion is achieved as well in water at elevated temperature
and pressure as by evaporating the water and incinerating the
dried residue. The products in either case are steam, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, and ash. In wet combustion the reaction oc-
curs, and the energy is liberated in the water phase with no
barrier to the transfer. The energy contained in the oxidation
effluent vapor, gas, and liquid phase can be utilized in a
number of ways. Using it as steam and electricity is illustrated.
Oxidation data on pulping wastes suggest that stream pollution
can be reduced over 90%. Power and chemical recovery can
be designed to fit the specific requirements of kraft, sulfite,
and semichemical pulping processes.
13768
Holder, D. A., A. B. Mindler, and D. F. Manchester
FURTHER EVOLUTION OF AN ION EXCHANGE
RECOVERY PROCESS FOR SULPHITE PULPING. Pulp
Paper Mag. Can., 66(2):T 55-T 64, Feb. 1965. 15 refs.
(Presented at the First International Sulphite Pulping Con-
ference jointly sponsored by the Tech. Sect., Canadian Pulp and
Paper Assoc., and the Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Indus-
try, Chicago, June 16-18, 1964.)
Extensive pilot-plant investigation showed ion exchange to be
a simple way of returning sodium directly from spent liquor to
the pulping cycle without involvement in evaporation and
burning. An engineering-research-operations team analyzed the
technical and economic prospects of the Abipenn process of
converting spent lignosulfonate into lignosulfonic acid at a
specific location, an acid sulfite mill of 100 tons capacity. The
process appears to be technically reliable and not subject to
erratic performance. Like all processes, its economic
prospects are geared to mill capacity and the slight savings in-
dicated at the 100 ton level improve steadily as tonnage in-
creases. Pollution control was not part of the study. (Author
abstract modified)
14576
Kloss, Theodore E.
TWO STAGE PULPING PROCESS INCLUDING IM-
PREGNATING CHIPS WITH AMMONIA, THEN LIBERAT-
ING THE AMMONIA AND PULPING WITH MAGNESIUM
COMPOUND. (Allied Chemical Corp.) U. S. Pat. 3,350,258.
2p., Oct. 31. 1967. 3 refs. (Appl. Dec. 12, 1963, 6 claims.)
A process relating to the digestion of wood chips or other
ligno-cellulose materials to produce free fibers for pulp is
proposed. The process involves digestion in an aqueous solu-
tion of an ammonium compound, adding a magnesium com-
pound to the solution before the ammonium ligno-sulfonate
formation, recovering ammonia from the solution, and con-
tinuing the digestion with the magnesium compound solution.
Ammonia compounds are known to be effective for cooking
liquor for digestion of cellulose materials, but they are
economical only if substantial amounts of ammonia can be
recovered. This invention provides that recovery in a form
whereby the ammonia can be reused for the defibering
process.
14579
Pearl, Irwin A. and Donald L. Beyer
THE ETHER-INSOLUBLE, WATER-SOLUBLE COM-
PONENTS OF SEVERAL SPENT SULFITE LIQUORS. TAP-
PI, 47(12):779-782. Dec. 1964. 7 refs.
Commercially concentrated sprucewood spent sulfite liquor,
hardwood sodium bisulfite spent liquor, and soft-wood sodium
bisulfite spent liquor were each extracted with ether and frac-
tionalized into 'neutrals,' 'weak acids,' and 'strong acids' by
means of ion-exchange resins. Chromotography, acid and al-
kaline hydrolysis, and alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation were ex-
ployed to study the fractions obtained from this arbitrary frac-
tionation. Inherent differences in the chemical composition of
the analogous fractions were found. Though 'strong acids' of
the spruce liquor contained no reducing sugar after acid
hydrolysis, approximately one-fourth of the 'weak acids' frac-
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118
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
lion of the spruce liquor comprised carbohydrate components
in combination. The aldehyde to ketone acid yield of 7:4:6 of
the spruce spent liquor 'weak acids' indicated a preponderance
of material not related to lignin, but the high ratio of al-
dehydes to ketones to acids in the hardwood bisulfite 'weak
acids' gave unexpectedly high yields of aldehydes. Since the
combined vanillin yields of all three fractions of the softwood
sodium bisulfite spent liquor indicate that softwood sodium
bisulfite lignosulfonates are more amenable to vanillin produc-
tion than those of spruce spent sulfite liquor, sodium bisulfite
pulping of wood may be the preferred process for producing
lignosulfonates for use in commercial vanillin manufacture.
14848
Nelson, P. F.
BY-PRODUCTS FROM WOOD PULPING. Proc. Roy. Aus-
tralian Chem. Inst., 34(2):35-44, Feb. 1967. 4 refs.
The chemical characteristics of the 4 main constituents of
wood - cellulose, hemicellulose (non-cellulosic
polysaccharides), lignin, and extractives (materials which can
be removed from wood with neutral solvents) - are described.
Pulping, the separation of the wood fibers for paper-making,
can be achieved by mechanical, chemical, or semichemical
processes; chemical pulping removes the greatest amount of
material from the wood and therefore has the highest by-
product potential. Pulping under acidic conditions is usually
carried out with solutions of sulfur dioxide combined wholly
or partly as the bisulfites or cations, and is usually called
sulfite or bisulfite pulping. The solubilization of lignin during
sulfite pulping has led to the production of a series of lignosul-
fonates, used in adhesives, tanning, as dispersants and cement
additives, and in oil-well drilling muds; they also provide a
potential source of phenolic chemicals, the best known of
which is vanillin. Sugars obtained in the acidic pulping process
from polysaccharides are used commercially as chemical raw
materials; some are fermented to produce alcohol and yeast.
Alkaline pulping is normally carried out with sodium hydrox-
ide (soda pulping) or a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodi-
um sulfide (kraft or sulfate pulping). The technical aspects of
kraft pulping have acted to inhibit the development of
economically feasible by-products. Degraded lignin products
have some use in laminating resins, battery plates, and as
rubber additives, but, in general, kraft lignin and alkaline-
degraded polysaccharides have found few commercial applica-
tions. Turpentine and tall oil are the two most valuable by-
products recovered from extractives during alkaline pulping of
pine woods. The chemical reactions involved in the production
of pulping by-products are fully described, and some of the
factors affecting the development of by-products from chemi-
cal pulping are discussed.
16383
Klufas, A. J.
A REVIEW OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF PRACTICAL
GROUNDING TECHNIQUES. Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech.
Sec., Tech. Paper T358; T358-T361, 1968. 9 refs. (Presented at
the 54th Annual Meeting of the Technical Section, Canadian
Pulp and Paper Association, Montreal, Quebec, Jan. 23-26,
1968.)
According to the Canadian Electrical Code, grounding in in-
dustrial power distribution systems should provide a safe and
permanent path for 60-cps faults, lightning surges, and static
charges. Four aspects of grounding are examined with respect
to design and operating factors that will ensure personnel
safety in the pulp and paper industry. These aspects are equip-
ment grounding, static and lightning protection grounding, con-
nection to earth, and testing. It is emphasized that grounding
conductors should be large enough to carry maximal ground
current for a reasonable time without burning off and that the
impedance of the return path for ground fault currents be as
low as possible. A metallic circuit enclosure containing circuit
conductors can carry a major portion of the return fault cur-
rent, but additional current capacity should be provided for
this current by adding conductors inside the enclosure. Porta-
ble equipment should be grounded through a separate ground
wire in the connecting supply cable, equal in current capacity
to the largest line conductor. To obtain continuous and reliable
service from ground connections, good mechanical construc-
tion must be supplemented by adequate inspection. All con-
nections above ground surface must be inspected at least once
a year. Measurement of the resistance of a ground connection
is the only safe way to determine whether a ground is satisfac-
tory. The resistance of a driven electrode should not exceed 25
ohms: lower resistances are often essential.
16386
Allan, R. S., C. W. Skeet, and 0. L. Forgacs
REFINER GROUNDWOOD FROM DECIDUOUS SPECIES.
Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech. Sec., Tech. Paper T351: T351-
T357, 1968. 7 refs. (Presented at the Sixth International
Mechanical Pulping Conference, Atlanta, Ga., May 14-17,
1968.)
A pilot plant investigation of the possibilities of mechanically
pulping certain Canadian hardwood species to yield 90% and
more is described. The experiments were limited to direct chip
refining and to refining after mild pretreatment in an 'Impres-
safiner.' The properties of news ground wood from spruce
were used as a target of pulp quality. Of trembling aspen,
white and yellow birch, and red and sugar maple, only aspen
could be pulped to reasonable strengths and freeness by direct
reduction alone. Impregnation with sodium hydroxide resulted
in major increases in pulp strength for all species but also
major losses in brightness. For aspen and white birch,
brightness in the 54-58 point range was obtained through addi-
tion of sodium sulfite to the impregnation liquor. Yellow birch
and the maples had brightness about 10-15% below this level,
and would require extensive bleaching to be acceptable for
newsprint. Maple chips did not meet the target strength values.
For these species, extended soaking times in the reagent and
elevated temperatures are required in the pretreatment. The
specific refining energy required to create a given specific sur-
face correlated strongly with green wood properties such as
tensile strength perpendicular to the grain. The higher these
strength properties, the more drastic is the chemical treatment
required to produce strong semi-mechanical pulps. (Author
conclusions modified)
16828
Thomas, J. F., K. H. Jones, and D. L. Brink
A MECHANISM TO EXPLAIN THE PRODUCTION OF
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS IN KRAFT RECOVERY FUR-
NACES. Tappi, 52(10):1873-1875, Oct. 1969. 9 refs.
Some fundamentals of combustion which may offer an ex-
planation for the origin of malodorous sulfur pollutants which
originate in kraft recovery furnaces and which may indicate a
method to control these malodors are reviewed. The com-
bustion can be characterized by initial endothermic reactions,
which degrade the organic part of the black liquor into smaller
and smaller fragments, and by the competing exothermic reac-
tions of oxidation and recombination. The recombination reac-
tions are responsible for the formation of the malodorous com-
pounds. It is suggested that by separating the oxidation reac-
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
119
tions from the endothennic and recombination reactions, a fur-
nace effluent could be produced which would be completely
odor free. (Author's Abstract)
18214
Hatton, J. V.
DELIGNIFICATION OF KRAFT PULP IN THE FIRST
BLEACHING STAGE USING CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND
CHLORINE. Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), 67(4):T181-
T190, T204, April 1967. 25 refs.
The effect of progressive substitution of C1O2 for Cl on the
efficiency of delignification using the new sequential first
stage treatment developed by Hooker Chemical Corporation
Dsubc has been studied at 20 C in the sequence DsubcEH.
This process produces pulps of superior brightness and
viscosity to those resulting from mixtures of chlorine dioxide
and chlorine in the chlorination stage D/C for equivalent ratios
of chlorine dioxide to chlorine. With the experimental condi-
tions used in this investigation, superior delignification, as
measured by permanganate number is afforded by sequential
addition when the ratio of chlorine dioxide to chlorine exceeds
3:9 (based on oxidizing equivalent). When only small amounts
of chlorine dioxide are used, Dsubc and D/C delignification
treatments are about equivalent. The optimum application in
the DsubcEH sequence was found to be in the range
Dsub(60c60) to Dsub (70c50), though extremely efficient delig-
nification and pulps of high brightness are obtained with levels
of application as high as Dsub (100c20). The optimum applica-
tion in the D/CEH sequence was found to be Dsub60/Csub60.
The effect of modifying the basic sequential addition treatment
has been studied. Delignification is not as efficient and pulp
brightnesses are lower when a wash is incorporated between
the dioxide and chlorine stages. The effect of varying the level
of caustic soda applied in the first extraction stage on pulp
brightness and permanganate number after D/C and Dsubc
treatments has been studied in some detail. The results in-
dicate that in order to reach a given brightness or perman-
ganate number as much as 2% (based on pulp) caustic soda
can be saved by using a chlorine dioxide:chlorine ratio of
60:60 compared to 30:90. A study of the variables associated
with the extraction stage has indicated possible criteria for the
selection of the most economical level of application of caustic
soda. These results suggest that this level is a simple function
of the oxidant applied in delignification. A tentative explana-
tion for thee observed order of delignification efficiency is
proposed. (Author abstract modified)
21971
Scott, W. D. and J. L. McCarthy
THE SYSTEM SULFUR DIOXIDE-AMMONIA-WATER AT 25
DEC. C. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6(l):40-48, Feb. 1967. 29 refs.
In spite of the industrial importance of the sulfur dioxide- am-
monia-water system in connection with the ammonium sulfite
paper pulping process, little basic work has been done in
recent years to credit claims that sulfurous acid and ammoni-
um hydroxide do not exist and that the sulfur pentoxide ion is
an important constituent. No complete analysis has been made
without assuming ideal solutions. This work uses modified
standard procedures to obtain infrared absorption spectra, pH
measurements, and electrical conductivity measurements for
solutions over the entire range of mole ratios of ammonia to
sulfur dioxide. The results indicate that only the species
hydrogen (-»), hydroxide (-), sulfurous radical (-), sulfur triox-
ide (-), ammonium (+), a solvated form of sulfur dioxide, and
a solvated form of ammonia exist in the solutions in significant
amounts. Negligibility considerations combined with a theoreti-
cal treatment allow calibrations of species concentrations for
solutions of pH less than 7.0. The treatment is rigorous and
requires no assumptions about ideal solutions. (Author ab-
stract)
32021
Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala.
AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR SYSTEMS STUDY.
(FINAL REPORT). NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-73, 65p.,
Oct. 30, 1970. 26 refs. NTIS: PB 198150
A summary of the results of an electrostatic precipitator
systems study was presented. A literature review was first
prepared covering the major sources likely to contain articles
on precipitators or related subjects. A selection was then made
of articles containing significant precipitator data. Precipitator
fundamentals such a corona generation, particle charging, par-
ticle collection, removal, electrical energization, systems anal-
ysis, design, mechanical components, gas flow, resistivity,
measurement of performance, trouble shooting and main-
tenance, and electrostatic augmentation and unusual designs
were reviewed. The principal use of electrostatic precipitators
in the control of industrial dusts in in the areas of electric
power generation, pulp and paper, rock products, iron and
steel, nonferrous metals, petroleum, chemical industry, and
municipal incinerators. The extent of the use of precipitators,
the range of input variables, and the design factors, costs, and
problems peculiar to the use of precipitators in the particular
industry were determined.
33863
Miles, F. W.
URBAN NUCLEAR ENERGY CENTER STUDY: ESTIMATES
OF PROCESS STEAM CONSUMPTION BY MANUFACTUR-
ING INDUSTRIES IN THE UNITED STATES FOR THE
YEAR 1980. Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., Chemical
Technology Div. and Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., Reactor
Div., Dept. of Housing and Urban Development Contract W-
7405-eng-26, 19p., Jan. 1970. 15 refs. NTIS: ORNL-HUD-2
Estimates were made of the consumption of process steam by
manufacturing industries in the Unites States for the year 1980
as part of a program for evaluating the usefulness of urban
nuclear energy centers. Perazich-type assumptions were made
with respect to the use of steam by the selected industries,
which included the food operations industry, paper manufac-
turing, chemicals industry, petroleum refining, rubber and
miscellaneous plastic products, and their related fields. Steam
consumption in 1962 was estimated by several methods from
fuel consumption data in the Census of Manufacturers. The
values were projected to 1980 by using energy consumption
projections. The estimates of steam consumption varied from
67.6 times 10 to the 14th power Btu to 95.4 times 10 to the
14th power Btu, depending on the methods and assumptions
employed. This estimated consumption of steam by manufac-
turing industries is approximately equal to the 92 times 10 to
the 14th power Btu of electrical energy estimated to be
required in 1980. Therefore, a significant amount of thermal
energy from an urban nuclear energy center would be con-
sumed by manufacturing industries if the area served by the
center had a fraction of the country s steam-using industries
equal to its fraction of the country s population. (Author ab-
stract modified)
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120
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
44969
Lyon, Walter A.
EVALUATION OF NEW WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Bu-
reau of International Commerce, Environ. Control Sem. Proc.,
Rotterdam, Warsaw, Bucharest, 1971, p. 93-103C. 27 refs.
(May 25-June 4.) NTIS: PB COM-72-50078; GPO
Recent improvements in water pollution control technology are
mentioned, and the government s role in evaluating and
reshaping technology is discussed. Different aspects of indus-
trial waste and municipal waste treatment and pollution control
are discussed. Production and service technology should be
given a more important role in pollution control. Many indus-
tries are learning to recycle their wastes to minimize the use of
water and to recover or reuse materials which were previously
discharged in the form of pollution. An outstanding example of
such a production change has been the complete revamping of
the pulp and paper processes at the Hammennill Paper Com-
pany in Erie, Pennsylvania. At the cost of approximately
$30,000,000 this plant changed its process to increase produc-
tion of pulp by 50% and reduce by approximately 2/3 its or-
ganic and color waste loads. As a result of this change, the
Hammennill Paper Company will be sending its reduced water
load to the City of Erie Sewage Treatment Plant for treatment
where the municipal wastes will provide the nutrients necessa-
ry for treatment, and the treatment process provides for a
very high degree of treatment, prior to discharge to Lake Erie.
As pollution control programs expand and affect an increasing
number of industries, it is likely that similar responses will be
seen in industrial production and service technology in indus-
trialized countries. (Author conclusions modified)
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121
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
00996
1.0. Skalpe
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE EXPOSURE
IN PULP MILLS. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 21:69-73, 1964.
This work is concerned with the problem of the chronic toxici-
ty of sulphur dioxide in pulp mills. Fifty-four workers at four
different pulp mills working in the acid towers and digester
plants have been investigated with special regard to symptoms
and signs of respiratory disease. Vital capacity has been mea-
sured with a Kifa apparatus and maximal expiratory flow with
a Wright peak flow meter. The concentration of sulphur diox-
ide in the working atmosphere has been measured during
general working conditions on a single day, and the values
were found to range betwwen 2 and 36 parts per million. The
control group consisted of 56 paper industry workers from the
same district with similar working conditions but working in an
atmosphere free from objectionable gases. No significant dif-
ference in age or smoking habits was found between the
groups. A significantly higher frequency of cough, expectora-
tion, and dyspnoea on exertion was found in the exposed
group, the difference being greatest in age groups under 50
years. The average maximal expiratory flow rate was signifi-
cantly lower (P equals 0.05) in the exposed group, than in
those not exposed for men under 50 years. Over this age there
was no significant difference between the two groups. Vital
capacity values showed no significant difference between the
groups. (Author abstract)
01874
D.F. Adams F.A. Young
KRAFT ODOR DETECTION AND OBJECTIONABILITY
THRESHOLDS. Preprint 1965.
This study attempts to relate such environmental variables as
community size, community location with respect to pollutant
sources such as pulp mills and other odorous industries,
together with the individual condition of the subject as to
whether or not he smokes and how long he has smoked, state
of his health, and whether or not women participants are men-
struating at the time of serving as a subject. In addition to
these environmental variables demographic variables such as
age of population and distribution of males and females are re-
lated within various age groups to olfactory thresholds.
02170
B. G. Ferris, Jr. and D. O. Anderson.
THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
IN A NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN. AM. REV. RESPIRAT.
DISEASES 86, 165-77, AUG. 1962.
A prevalence survey was conducted in the winter and summer
of 1961 in a northern New Hampshire town that had a large
pulp and paper industry. More than 95 per cent of a probabili-
ty sample of the population stratified by age was selected and
interviewed by means of a standard respiratory questionnaire
in conjunction with two tests of respiratory function. In this
preliminary report, emphasis has been placed upon methods.
The significance of the variables of age, sex, and smoking
habits has been outlined. The problems of differentiating these
effects from those of atmospheric pollution have been
stressed. Special emphasis is placed upon the importance of
controlling the smoking variable before the effects of other
variables such as atmospheric pollution can be determined.
(Author summary)
03671
D. O. Anderson and A. A. Larsen
THE INCIDENCE OF ILLNESS AMONG YOUNG CHILDREN
IN TWO COMMUNITIES OF DIFFERENT AIR QUALITY: A
PILOT STUDY. Can. Med. Assoc. J. (Toronto) 95(18):893-904,
Oct. 29, 1966.
An epidemiological study of illness, causing an absence from
school of grade one pupils, was conducted from January to
June 1965 at two west coast areas, in order to study the com-
munity health effects of emissions from a large kraft pulp mill.
Enquiry was made by telephone or home visit for each of the
2084 absences experienced by the 752 pupils and the symp-
toms, duration of illness, physician attendance and hospilaliza-
tion were determined in each case. A series of indices of dis-
ease incidence and duration were prepared to account for
school transfers and different communicable disease attack
rates. In general the results were non-conclusive: the incidence
of all illness and respiratory illness in the control community
of Berryville lay midway between that of the two towns,
Seaview and Upper Seaview, which comprised the study com-
munity; certain conditions, notably tonsilleclomy, inflamed
eyes, headache, feverishness and nausea, were, however,
more frequent in the polluted area. (Author summary)
03788
H. F. J. Wenzel and O. V. Ingruber
CONTROLLING PROBLEMS OF AIR AND WATER CON-
TAMINATION. Paper Trade J. 151, (3) 42-7, Jan. 16, 1967.
The nature of the substances causing kraft pulp mill odor
problems; the manner and amounts in which they are
produced; analytical methods for determining them; the tolera-
ble limit of concentration; the threshold of perceplability; and
control measures are reviewed. Hydrogen sulfide, methylmer-
captan, dimethylsulfide, and to a lesser extent, dimethyldisul-
fide, are involved.
05076
B. G. Ferris, Jr., W. A. Burgess, and J. Worcester
PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN A
PULP MILL AND A PAPER MILL IN THE UNITED STATES.
Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London) 24, (1) 26-37, Jan. 1967.
A sample of 147 men drawn from the workers in a pulp mill
was compared with one of 124 men from a paper mill. The
former included those exposed to chlorine and to sulphur diox-
ide. No significant differences were found in respiratory symp-
toms or in simple test of ventilatory function in the two sam-
ples, but men working in chlorine had a somewhat poorer
respiratory function and more shortness of breath than those
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122
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
working in sulphur dioxide. The working population of both
mills together had a lower prevalence of respiratory disease
than that of the male population of Berlin, N.H., previously
studied, suggesting that working populations may not be
representative of the general population. Further, a low
prevalence of disease in a working population exposed to pol-
lutants may not indicate their 'safety' in general populations.
07339
D. A. Emanuel, F. J. Wenzel, B. R. Lawton
PNEUMONITIS DUE TO CRYPTOSTROMA CORTICALE
(MAPLE-BARK DISEASE). New Engl. J. Med., 274(25):1413-
1418, June 23, 1966. 5 refs.
Five cases of maple-bark disease are presented. All patients
had positive agar-gel diffusion tests to extracts of Cryptos-
troma corticate. Spores were demonstrated in the lung biopsy
in 4 of the 5 cases. The disease is a hyper- sensitivity reaction
to the spores of C. corticate and does not represent a true in-
fection since the spores do not grow at body temperature.
Although 2 of the patients appeared to have extensive fibrotic
disease all are clinically well, with no impairment of pulmona-
ry function. With the removal of the patients from the spore-
laden areas and changes in the manufacturing process to
reduce spore concentration, the disease has been eradicated
from the mill. (Authors' summary)
08828
Wenzel, Frederick J. and Dean A. Emanuel
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MAPLE BARK DISEASE. Arch.
Environ. Health, 14(3):385-389, March 1967. 8 refs.
A survey of the 37 workers in a paper mill which had an out-
break of maple bark disease was made. Careful clinical histo-
ry, physical examination, x-ray studies, and serological tests
were made. Five men had active disease. Nine men had
subclinical disease, and four additional men had positive
serological tests. Spore counts show a high concentration of
the spores of Cryptostroma corticate especially in the winter.
Positive control measures were taken, and the disease has
been eliminated from the mill. (Authors' summary)
09926
Droege, Henry F.
A STUDY OF THE VARIATION OF ODOR THRESHOLD
CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN THE LETERATURE.
Preprint, California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Div. of
Environmental Santation, Sp., ((1967)). 6 refs. (Presented at
the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-177.)
A major problem in any study of odor nuisance is the wide
range of odor threshold concentrations reported in the litera-
ture. Six standard references have been reviewed in order to
determine the reason for the wide range of odor threshold con-
centrations. The odor threshold for ethyl mercaptan is given as
0.073 ppm by McCord and Witheridge, whereas Stern lists a
value of 0.00026 ppm. Both of these values are based on the
same data. Almost all of the reported values can be traced
back to a Bureau of Mines study conducted in 1930 by Katz
and Talbert. In this study, six levels of odor intensity were
determined, ranging from No.O (no odor) to No. 5 (very
strong). The major reason for the wide discrepancy is that
some authors have used Katz and Talbert's No. 1 intensity -
barely perceptible - while others have used the No. 2 intensity
- faint - for the threshold level. (Author's abstract)
11828
D. R. Lamb, R. D. Shriner
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGIONAL
CONFERENCE ON AIR POLLUTION (NOVEMBER 15-17,
1967.) Wyoming Univ., Laramle, Coll. of Commerce and Indus-
try,llOp.,1967. ((140)) rets.
The purpose of the Conference was to bring together represen-
tatives of government, industry, and research for a meaningful
discussion of air pollution and its causes, effects, and cures.
The following topics were discussed: Industrial Gases, Particu-
lates, Industrial Solid Waste Management, The Internal Com-
bustion Engine and Smog, Banquet Session, Air Pollution Ef-
fects on Meteorology and Visibility, Air Pollution Effects on
Humans, Air Pollution Effects on Animals, Air Pollution Ef-
fects Plants, Air Pollution Effects on Materials, Economics of
Air Pollution, Air Pollution Control by Feed Lots, Air Pollu-
tion Control by Petroleum Plants, Air Pollution Control by
Power Plants, Air Pollution Control by Wood Products Plants,
and Air Pollution Control by Mineral Processing Plants.
16153
Jonas, J.
OWN EXPERIENCES WITH AIR-CONTAMINATION BY
SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN PAPER-MILLS AND THEIR EN-
VIRONMENT. (Nase zkusenosti se zamorenim ovzdusi
kyslicnikem siricitym v papirnach a jejich okoli). Text in
Czech. Pracovni Lekar. (Prague), 21(7):318-323, 1969. 8 refs.
Considerable SO2 escapes into the surrounding atmosphere in
one of the largest paper mills of Czechoslovakia, located in a
deep valley where there is poor movement of air as the result
of the production of pulp by the acid method and to the burn-
ing of high-sulfur content fuel. The SO2 level sometimes ex-
ceeds the legal threshold concentration of 0.5 mg/cu m and
pennissable daytime concentration of 0.15 mg/cu m. During
the past six years there were 3 deaths due to SO2 poisoning
and a case of acute intoxication resulting in a chronic respira-
tory disorder. Those living in the vicinity of the factory have a
high incidence of cardiorespiratory disorders. Steps taken to
improve the situation include a prohibition on the burning of
sulfite waste materials and fuels with a high sulfur content. It
is further recommended that head masks be restricted or al-
ternated with mouth masks, so that workers will be more
aware of increased SO2 concentration. A revision is recom-
mended of the provisions concerning fines and penalties,
which give no consideration to the area in the vicinity of the
factory smokestack. However, SO2 manufacturing is not con-
sidered a dangerous situation, since the company is detecting
respiratory illnesses before the damage became irreparable.
17205
Rylander, Ragnar
AIR POLLUTION IN OUR SOCIETY. A SYMPOSIUM OR-
GANIZED BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE DEPART-
MENT OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC
HEALTH. (Luftfororeningar i vart samhalle. Symposium or-
ganiserat av omgivningshygieniska avdelningen vid Statens in-
stitut for folkhalsan). Text in Swedish. Svenska National-
foreningen Hjart Lungsjukdomar Kvartalsskrift, 63(4):84-91,
July/Oct. 1968.
Air pollution problems were discussed March 13-14, 1968 by
experts in four fields: technology, animal experimentation,
epidemiology, and conservation of natural resources. The task
of isolating medically harmful pollutants is complicated by
several unrelated factors such as meteorology, heredity, socio-
economic factors, and synergistic effects. The problem of al-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
123
lergens, whether natural or artificial, has been insufficiently
studied. Animal experiments with pollutants seem to require
higher dosages than experience would indicate, possibly
because the effects experienced by humans require a combina-
tion of several such factors. A serious problem in Sweden is
the matter of emissions from the paper pulp industry. Impor-
tant from the medical standpoint is a better coordinated
system for measuring and reporting air pollution effects on an
international scale. New techniques have been developed for
studying the functions of animal lungs in vivo: (1) the vibra-
tion frequency of the cilia and the secretions of the mucosa
are used as indexes of the effects of various pollutants; (2) in-
halation of a radioactively tagged polystyrene aerosol is fol-
lowed by scintillograph measurements to determine the rate of
transport away from the lungs; (3) inhalation of a bacteria
aerosol, followed by evaluation of alterations in the bacter-
icidal mechanisms of the body; and (4) renal function tests to
indicate the organ distribution of various substances. Swedish
epidemiologists have studied data obtained from 10,000 sets of
twins in an effort to ascertain the effects of certain environ-
mental factors in a situation where the heredity factor remains
constant.
21054
Yoshida, Ryo
FUJI ASTHMA. (Fuji Zensoku). Text in Japanese. Igaku No
Ayumi (Prog. Med.), 71(7):304-305, Nov. 15, 1969. 7 refs.
Chiba Univ. (Japan), Dept. of Public Health.
Fuji city in the prefecture of Sizuoka, with a population of
about 170,000, is an important paper manufacturing center.
The prevalence of bronchial asthma among the inhibants has
given rise to the term Fuji asthma. On many streets of Fuji
city pollutants exceed 0.05 ppm, which is the environmental
standard established by air quality legislation. Actual condi-
tions were studied at four elementary schools in polluted
areas, and also at two elementary schools in nonpolluted
areas. The frequency of asthma was 1.34% in the first group
and 0.7% in the latter group. Among 109 pupils with asthma,
84% experienced the onset of sickness in Fuji. When the
asthmatic pupils were given an antigen liquid positive results
were obtained only for 33.3% of the pupils.
23893
Tsyganovskaya, L. Kb.
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF VEGETABLE DUST IN CEL-
LULOSE CARDBOARD INDUSTRY. (Gigienicheskaya otsen-
ka ratsitelynoy pyli tsellyulonzno-kartonnogo proizvodstva).
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., vol. 6:26-31, 1970. 9 refs.
A study of the sanitary hygienic labor conditions prevailing at
the time of the cutting of reeds in the cellulose-cardboard in-
dustry showed that the main noxious effect is caused by or-
ganic dust of vegetable origin. Examination of workers
revealed a high incidence of lesions in the mucous membranes
of the upper respiratory tracts with prevalence of subatrophic
forms, disturbances of external respiration, and development
of positive allergic skin reactions under the action of extracts
of cardboard and particularly reed dust. The allergenic proper-
ties of reed and cardboard dust were confirmed experimen-
tally. (Author abstract modified)
25563
Ferris, Benjamin G.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON SCHOOL ABSENCES
AND DIFFERENCES IN LUNG FUNCTION IN FIRST AND
SECOND GRADERS IN BERLIN, NEW HAMPSHIRE,
JANUARY 1966 TO JUNE 1967. Am. Rev. Respirat. Disease,
102(4): 591-606, 1970. 7 refs.
Absences from the first and second grades of seven elementa-
ry schools (four parochial and three public) in Berlin, New
Hampshire, were studied from January to June 1966 (716 stu-
dents) and from September to June 1967 (692 students). Air
pollution measurements were made during most of these
periods. School absences were not significantly different
between schools, despite considerable differences in levels of
pollution. No cases of chronic respiratory disease, general
chronic disease, or disability conditions were recorded among
the students, nor was there any apparent correlation between
gastrointestinal symptoms and odors from a kraft pulp mill. On
the other hand, the results of pulmonary function tests in-
dicated changes that could be due to air pollution. Children
who attended ( and lived near) a school in an area of relatively
high sulfur dioxide and paniculate concentrations tended to
have lower pulmonary function. Another school was in an area
with the highest average SO2 concentration but not the highest
dust fall. Since children at this school did not have the lowest
pulmonary function, it is suggested that particulars, as in-
dicated by dust fall is as important as the SO2 concentrations.
(Author abstract modified)
25875
Freour, P. and P. Coudray
INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND OF
RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY IN AN INDUSTRIAL
RURAL POPULATION. (Prevalence des bronchites
chroniques et des insuffisances respiratoires dans une popula-
tion industrielle d'habitat rural). Text in French. Bull. IN-
SERM, 25(2): 165-188, 1970. 7 refs.
The incidence of chronic bronchitis and of respiratory insuffi-
cienc was studied in 1011 employees of a cellulose plant (in-
cluding 874 manual workers and 86 administrative workers;
724 were smokers) situated in a rural area near Bordeau by
means of a questionnaire of the British Medical Council and
by medical examination for symptoms of respiratory impair-
ment. Major symptoms were found in 7.9% and minor symp-
toms in 23.44% of the work force; the incidence increased
with age. The incidence of major symptoms among manual
workers was 8.46% and among administrative workers, 5.81%.
The difference between the incidence of symptoms of workers
exposed to lime dust and to humid vapors and those not so ex-
posed was not statistically significant. Smoking did affect the
incidence significantly. Of smokers, 9.11% manifested major
symptoms as against 4.18% in non smokers; 38.25% smokers
manifested minor symptoms as against 23.34% in non smokers.
A comparison of these figures with respective values of a
similar study involving an urba industrial population group
(Bordeau) reveals that the incidence of broncho-respiratory
symptoms among the urban group is significantly higher which
can be ascribed to a difference in life style and to air pollu-
tion.
27651
Yoshida, Ryo, Ken Motomiya, Motoaki Adachi, Kozo Ito, and
Seiji Kubo
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION IN PRIMARY
SCHOOL CHILDREN IN B CITY, SHIZUOKA PREFEC-
TURE, JAPAN. (Shizuoka ken B-shi ni okeru gakudokenshin
kekka). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 4(1):52, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
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124
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
The city B in Shizuoka Prefecture has been developing based
on the pulp and paper industry and has the average sulfur
dioxide pollution concentration of about 0.08 ppm. A city-wide
investigation was conducted on the asthmatic and ordinary
school children; the number of asthmatic children was found
to be significantly higher in the polluted area than in the non-
polluted area. The average number of days of absence per per-
son was 8.15 days and 8.08 days for polluted and non-polluted
areas, respectively. A questionnaire survey and physical ex-
aminations were performed on the asthmatic children. At one
school, and of 24 volunteering for examination, 19 were
asthmatic, and four had allergic bronchitis. The health ex-
amination of all children in four schools in B included
questions on home environment, the physical condition of the
family, history, and subjective symptoms as well as physical
examination including breathing tests and skin tests. Subjec-
tive symptoms included headaches, coughing, sore throat,
phlegm, temperature, stomach ache, and diarrhea.
30169
Yoshida, Ryo, Takeshi Hongu, Motoaki Adachi, Kozo Ito,
Masatsugu Kubo, and Shigeru Funabashi
THE RESULTS OF THE MEDICAL EXAMINATION ON THE
INFANTS IN TWO AREAS IN FUJI CITY, SHIZUOKA PRE-
FECTURE. (Shizuoka-ken Fuji-shinai 2 chiku no nyuyoji
kenshin kekka). Text in Japanese. Shoni Hoken Kenkyu (J.
Child Health). 29(2): 108-109, Jan. 1971. (Presented at the
Japanese Society of Child Health, Annual Meeting, 17th, Ku-
rume, Japan, Oct. 16-17, 1970.)
Fuji city, which developed around the paper manufacturing in-
dustry, has many environment problems, including air pollu-
tion, water pollution, and offensive odors. In the Fujima and
Iwai districts, which are located near a large paper manufac-
turing plant, children under seven years of age were sampled
(73 infants from Fujima and 294 infants from Iwai) and tested
by the Fuji city doctors committee. The investigations were
carried out in June, 1969, at Fujima, and in June, 1970, at
Iwai. Susceptibility to colds was 80% in Fujima, 68.5% in
Iwai; 33.9% and 18.1% had asthmatic spasms within a year;
and 20.2% and 11.2% had difficulty in breathing within a year.
On the basis of the first examination some infants were
required to take a more thorough examination in Fujima, 37
children (56.9%) and in Iwai - 71 (27.3%). The results showed a
prevalence of bronchial asthma (six children in Fujima (9.2%)
of those who had the first examination) and five children in
Iwai (1.9%) and the first stage of bronchial asthma in 17
(26.1%) and 25 (9.6%) children. Continued observance is con-
sidered necessary for 46% of the Fujima children and 20% of
the Iwai children who had the first examination.
33964
Pavanello, R. and D. Rondia
ODOUR NUISANCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH. PART 2. Water
Waste Treat., I4(5):2A-3A, June 1971. 9 refs.
Offensive odors and public health are reviewed with respect to
available literature, odor and fear, somatic reactions, and
prevention of pollution by odoriferous products. Data on the
effects of odor nuisance on human health are scarce and very
subjective. Careful epidemiological studies are needed to de-
tect long-term effects; short-term effects (vomiting, headache,
or asthma) are occasionally attributed to emissions of an occa-
sional type. Most regulations on odorous emissions concern
paper pulp works. Existing technology on odor counteraction
is inadequate.
34667
Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY ODOR EXPOSURE. 31 p.,
1971. 58 refs. (Report resulting from discussions and based on
the working papers of a symposium sponsored by the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, April 26-29, 1971.) NTIS: PB
204989
Discussions on community odor exposure during a symposium
are summarized, based on papers and reports by the partici-
pants on human reactions to odors; empirical data on odor ex-
posure from different sources; dose-response relationships; in-
teractions between odor sources and environmental conditions;
temporal patterns; and scientific bases for performance stan-
dards. Recommendations for basic and applied research are
presented. Odorous compounds were defined as those materi-
als whose most common adverse effect is the annoyance reac-
tion caused by the odor itself. Human reactions to odors in-
cluded disease states, annoyance reactions, social and
economic reactions, physiological responses, and interference
with positive reactions to nonambient odors. Sensory analysis
techniques to determine odors from pulp mills and diesel ex-
haust are discussed.
37337
Kaburagi, Sukekata, Gen-ichi Tokita, and Misa Matsumura
RELATION BETWEEN RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND AIR
POLLUTION IN FUJINOMIYA DISTRICT OF SHIZUOKA
PREFECTURE. (PART I). (Shizuoka-ken Fujinomiya chiku ni
okeru kokyuki kei shikkan to taiki osen tono kankei ni tsuite
no chosa (Dai 1 po). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei
Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 18(10):423, 1971.
Patients which colds, acute bronchitis, asthma bronchiole,
bronchitis with asthmatic attacks, chronic bronchitis, pharyn-
gitis, and allergic rhinitis in Fujinomiya City and Shibakawa-
cho were examined during March 1969 and February 1970.
These two districts are contiguous to Fuji City where serious
air pollution is caused by many paper manufacturing factories.
During the investigation, monthly average concentration of
sulfur dioxide was 0.023 - 0.037. Morbidity of acute bronchitis
in these districts was lower than that of Fuji City, but
bronchitis with asthmatic attacks was the same as in a non-
polluted district of Fuji City. Though the effect of air pollution
of Fuji City was clearly observed in Fujinomiya City a cor-
relation between meteorological conditions, observed at the
same time, and occurrence of respiratory diseases was not
found.
39013
Funabashi, Shigeru, Tatsuya Hayashi, Toshiyuki Nishimuta,
Nobukiyo Sakurai, Touru Takayama, Masaru Mizoguchi, Keiji
Kishimoto, Yoshiko Muramatsu, Ryotara Tochigi, Yoshio
Takayama, Katsumi Yamada, Akira Sato, Yukiha Ri, Amane
Terajima, Junichi Ito, Misako Murata, Tsuyoshi Toba, Suzuko
Uehara, Seiji Kubo, Masao Muramatsu, Koji Ito, Motoaki
Adachi, Ken Motomiya, and Ryo Yoshida
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND INFANT
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA, REPORT 3. AMOUNT OF SERO-IM-
MUNE GLOBULIN (GAMMA G, GAMMA A, GAMMA M,
GAMMA E) OF ASTHMATIC CHILDREN OF POLLUTED
AREA. (Taikiosen to shoni kikanshi zensoku, Sono 3. Osen-
chiku zensokuji no kessei meneki gurobulin (gamma G, gamma
A, gamma M, gamma E) ryo). Text in Japanese. Shonika Shin-
ryo (J. Pediat. Pract.), 35(4):460-464, April 1972. 39 refs.
Comparative studies were made of the measured sero-immune
globulins (Ig) of asthmatic children of the highly polluted area
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
125
and the low polluted area of Fuji city, where the main industry
is paper production. The asthmatic children were among the
outpatients of the pediatrics department in Chiba University,
and non-allergic children were used for control. The deter-
minations were done using the immunoplate made by H. Com-
pany for gamma G, gamma A, and Gamma M, and the indirect
single radial immunodiffusion method for gamma E. There
were no specific changes in amounts of gamma G of the out-
patient children, but children of both polluted areas showed
less gamma G than the others. The amounts of gamma A of
children of both highly and low polluted areas approximated
those of the control children but those of the outpatient chil-
dren showed a tendency toward greater amounts when onsets
of asthma occurred. The defect of gamma A was noted in a
case of the low polluted area. There were no differences in the
amount of gamma M among all groups. The significant dif-
ference in gamma E was noted between control children and
the others, and the increase of gamma E was observed in
about half of the children living in polluted areas, regardless of
the degree pollution. However, the positive reactions were low
with skin tests using commercial inhalation antigens. The total
amount of Ig (gamma G, gamma A, and gamma M) was the
smallest in asthmatic children of the highly polluted area in
proportion to gamma G amounts.
39242
Deane, Margaret and John R. Goldsmith
HEALTH EFFECTS OF PULP MILL ODOR IN ANDERSON,
CALIFORNIA. Preprint, Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D. C., 22p., 1971. (Presented at the Conference
on the Dose-Response Relationships Affecting Human Reac-
tions to Odorous Compounds, Cambridge, Mass., April 26-30,
1971.)
A rural community in northern California was divided into
three areas representing three levels of exposure to odors from
a pulp mill. The areas were delineated by presumptive expo-
sure based on proximity to the plant and location in relation to
prevailing wind patterns and confirmed by chemical and or-
ganoleptic measurements. Systematic population samples were
chosen to represent the three types of residential areas in the
area and to yield approximately equal numbers of male and
female respondents. Similar surveys were carried out using
postal questionnaires and personal interview. Along with mea-
surement of chronic health conditions, the frequency, recency,
and attributed causes of a list of acute or transitory symptoms
were determined. Background variables also included age, sex,
marital status, employment, smoking habits, previous occupa-
tional exposure, and pre-existing medical conditions. Persistent
cough and phlegm were several times as frequent in the area
closest to the plant. No other factors to account for this dif-
ference were revealed. (Author abstract modified)
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126
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
23261
Laamanen, Arvo and Risto Lahdes
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SULPHUR CONTENT OF PINE
NEEDLES FROM THE ENVIRONMENT OF POINT AND
AREA SOURCES. Work-Environ.-Heallh, 6(l):41-43, 1969. 6
refs.
Sulfate analyses were carried out on needles of pine trees in
the environment of a sulfite cellulose factory and a district
heating installation using heavy fuel oil. Equiconcentration
isopleths of SO4 with a valence of minus two were drawn on a
map of the region. A negative correlation between the distance
from the source and the sulfate concentration in the samples
was noted. (Author summary modified)
24025
Koeck, G.
MILDEW ON OAK TREES AND FLUE-GAS DAMAGE.
(Eichenmehlau und Rauchgasschaden). Z. Pflanzenkrankh
Pflanzenschultz, vol. 45:1-2, 1935. Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., lp., June 18, 1970.
The Oak mildew (Microsphaera alni var. quercina) could not
be observed at any location which had been exposed to a con-
siderable amount of flue gases containing sulfurous acid. This
was especially evident along the southwest slopes of the
Haeusel Mountains which are relatively heavily exposed to the
flue gases coming from a paper mill in Hinterburg. Absence of
oak mildew and similarly the absence of lichen in forests
which also contain oaks can be taken as an indicator for the
assumption that the region concerned is strongly exposed to
flue gases. If one considers the usual control of the genuine
mildew fungus by means of pulverized sulfa, which tranforms
under the influence of the atmosphere into sulfurous acid and
thus becomes fungicidal, the above observed phenomenon
becomes quite understandable.
24902
Werner, A. E.
SULPHUR COMPUNDS IN KRAFT PULP MILL EF-
FLUENTS. Can. Pulp Paper Ind. (Vancouver), 16(3):35-43,
March 1963. 8 refs.
Kraft pulp mills convert biologically harmless sodium sulfate
into a variety of sulfur-containing compounds, many of which
are quite poisonous when emitted into streams and allowed to
pollute the water. A historical perspective of kraft mill ef-
fluents and control techniques is presented, and a chemical
analysis of the effluents is given in tabular form. The effluent
is composed of several process streams, all of which ultimate-
ly derive their sulfur from black liquor. Samples of black
liquor were obtained and analyzed by gas chroonatography for
volatile and toxic sulfur compounds. Basic black liquor
chemistry, separation, and fractions are discussed. The
hypothesis that detoxification of black liquor is caused by rais-
ing the oxidation state of sulfur in some of its constituent
compounds is tested by exposing the organism Daphnia pulex
to a range of concentrations of the toxic solution under con-
trolled laboratory conditions. A lethal concentration, one
which kills 50% of the organisms tested, is determined. It is
considered to be a much more sensitive and reliable index of
toxicity than previous standards are.
32561
Kudryavtseva, L. A.
SELENIUM - ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC
PROPERTIES. (Selen - yego fiziologicheskiye i terepev-
ticheskiye svoystva). Veterinariya (Moscow), no. 10:60-63,
Oct. 1969. Translated from Russian. Leo Kanner Assoc.,
Redwood City, Calif., 8p., May 1971.
The physiological and therapeutic properties of selenium are
examined. With respect to its physiological properties, seleni-
um is very closely associated with Vitamin E. Selenium readily
replaced sulfur, forming selenium analogs to sulfur-containing
amino acids. It plays a role in aerobic oxidation in the animal
organism, decreasing its rate and by this regulating the rate of
oxidation-reduction reactions. Selenoaminoacids, produced in
the organism, are effective in decreasing the number of free
radicals which disrupt the activity and properties of enzymes
and amino acids subjected to ionizing radiation. Diseases at-
tributed to selenium deficiency include myopathy; white
muscle disease; necrosis of the liver in rats; muscular dys-
trophy in rodents; dietary hepatitis in large horned cattle,
suckling pigs, fur-bearing animals, and chickens; exudative
diathesis in chicks; paradentosis and myocarditis in swine; and
resorption of the fetus. The therapeutic-preventive action of
selenium is discussed. The effect of selenium in plants or
fodder on the growth and development of animals is examined.
In industry, the main sources of selenium are the anodic
sludges from the electrolytic production of copper and from
the sulfuric acid and cellulose-paper industries.
37047
Gerlach-Tharandt, R.
TESTS AND EXPERIENCE IN FORESTRY. XI. ABSORP-
TION AND ACCUMUATION OF SULFUROUS (SO2) AND
SULFURIC (SO3) ACID IN THE NEEDLES OF OUR ORDI-
NARY SPRUCE. (Ueber forstliche Versuche und Erfahrun-
gen. XI. Aufnahme- und Aufspeicherungsfaehigkeit von
Schwefeliger Saeure (SO2) und Schwefelsaeure (SO3, Be-
ziehentlich H2SO4) in den Nadeln unserer gemeinen Fichte).
Text in German. Tharandter Forstl. Jahrb., vol. 76:224-232,
1925.
Absorption and accumulation of sulfur trioxide in spruce nee-
dles from two forest lots exposed to the same paper producing
plant emissions for more than 40 years is illustrated by analyti-
cal data from studies carried out between 1890 and 1902. The
factory is located in a valley on both sides of a creek; its emis-
sions are carried by winds. Average SO3 values (where SO3
stands for the sum of both sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide)
on lot no. I were 0.385%, 0.444%, and 0.526% (per 100 G dry
matter) in 1890, 1897, and 1902 respectively. Lot no. II showed
0.289%, 0.430%, and 0.525% SO3 values in 1892, 1896, and
1902 respectively. Average SO3 accumulation in needle sam-
ples from lot no. I was 15% from 1890 to 1897, 18.5% from
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
127
1897 through 1902 and constitutes a total of 36.2% from 1890
through 1902. Samples from Lot no. II show accumulations of
48.7%, 21.9%, and 81.3% through the 1892/1896, 1896/1902,
and 1892/1902 periods, respectively. Exposure of Lot no. II to
pollutant emissions started eight years later than that of lot no.
I. The inhanced effects upon Lot no. II are attributed to its
topographic site and to its exposure to frequent winds. The
generally increasing SO3 levels in the spruce needle samples is
attributed to time and technological factors (increased charcoal
consumption). Maximum SO3 accumulation levels in spruce
needles before falling off cannot be deduced from these data.
37352
Kaemmerer, Kurt
THE TOXICOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SULPHITE FED
TO RUMINANTS. (Zur toxicologischen Bedeutung von Sulfit
beim Wiederkaeuer). Text in German. Zucker, 25(4):123-127,
Feb. 1972. 30 refs.
The effects of sulfur dioxide and sulfites are discussed based
on a literature survey. During the burning of coal or fuel oil,
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, or sulfuric acid are emitted. In-
halation of sulfites or sulfur dioxide causes toxic reactions,
such as mucous membrane infections. Ruminants tolerate con-
siderably larger amounts of sulfites than man or monogastric
animals. The pre-rumen system in ruminants acts as a dilution
and buffer system. Prolonged feeding of sulfite-containing dry
pulp, which usually holds about 1000 ppm SO2, causes no dis-
orders.
38576
Kaemmerer, Kurt, Eckhard Barke, and Michael-Juergen
Seidler
TOLERANCE OF SHEEP TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF
SULPHITE IN DRY PULP. (Vertraeglichkeit von Sulfit in
hoher Konzentration auf Trockenschnitzeln bei Schafen). Text
in German. Zucker, 25(4): 128-134, Feb. 1972. 8 refs.
The sulfite on dry pulp is not a natural substance of dry pulp
but it is a contamination product which stems from the drying
process in dependence of the type of fuel used. The different
types of fuels have different sulfur concentrations which lead
to different sulfur dioxide concentrations on dry pulp. An
average residual concentration of about 1000 mg SO2/kg dry
pulp must be taken into account. Dry pulp is mostly used as
fodder for ruminants in average quantities of 2.5 kg for cattle,
0.3 to 0.5 kg for sheep, and 0.3 kg for pigs. During a 90-day
tolerance test with male sheep fed dry pulp containing 1%
SO2, it was found that sodium disulfite was tolerable without
any signs of damage to health. Weight increase was unim-
paired with 500 g hay, 500 g dry pulp, and 200 g oatmeal. In-
troduction of dried pulp with sulfite reduced fodder uptake
only in the first days of the test. Blood chemistry,
transaminases, serum albumin electrophoresis, urine status,
rumen function, ammonia liberation, and fatty acid formation
suffered no ill effect from SO2. Dissection findings and organ
weights were insignificant, apart from random findings such as
renal cysts. Therefore, SO2 in factory-dried pulp can be
tolerated by ruminants without any adverse effects.
39537
Wislicenus, H.
THE ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF SMOKE DAMAGE.
(Zur Beurtheilung und Abwehr von Rauchschaeden). Text in
German. Z. Angew. Chem (Weinheim), 14(28):689-716, 1901.
16 refs.
The assessment of smoke damage in a given case involves the
gathering of evidence that the damage has indeed been caused
by smoke, the rendering of proof of such damage, evaluation
of its extent, and the estimation of damage for purposes of in-
dexing. A methodology of smoke damage assessment on crops
must include examination of the spot, consideration of other
contributory factors (frost, mismanagement), laboratory tests,
differentiation between acute and chronic damage, determina-
tion of the contributory share of several pollution sources, and
the calculation of the actual damage accrued. Normal and ab-
normally high concentrations of pollutants (carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide and trioxide, hydrogen chloride and fluoride,
chlorine, carbon disulfide, cyanide, ether, gasoline vapors,
hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia) in emissions from acid manu-
facturing plants, glass works, lime kilns, fertilizer plants, brick
kilns, ceramic works, paper mills, dye works, sugar mills, the
manufacture of explosives, and from railroad locomotives are
tabulated, and the physiological effects of the various pollu-
tants on plant tissues, on chlorophyll formation, and on as-
similation in crops, deciduous trees, and conifers, and sam-
pling and the analytical detection of sulfur and of fluorine in
the samples are reviewed. One way of controlling smoke
damage is to desulfurize coal by coking and to recover the sul-
fur by washing coking gas in an alkaline bath. Another way is
to achieve a greater dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere
by modifications in furnace and smokestack construction.
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128
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
03957
H. F. J. Wenzel and O. V. Ingniber
COMBATING CORROSION IN KRSFT PULP MILL EQUIP-
MENT. Paper Trade J. 151, (4) 44-5, Jan. 23, 1967.
The equipment used in kraft pulp mills is made of iron or iron
alloys and is exposed to aqueous solutions of inorganic and or-
ganic chemicals of different composition under various condi-
tions of concentrate, temperature, time, and mechanical ef-
fects. Electrochemical corrosion concerns corrosion in aque-
ous solutions although some corrosion phenomena due to
gases are also of electro-chemical nature. To test the possibili-
ty of anodic digester protection, polarization curves of steel
under kraft pulping conditions were measured and analyzed.
Experimental results are given.
13507
Plumley, A. L., E. C. Lewis, and R. G. Tallent
EXTERNAL CORROSION OF WATER WALL-TUBES IN
KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACES. TAPPI, 49(1):72A-81A,
Jan. 1966. 3 refs.
A test program designed to provide information leading to the
prevention of recovery furnace tube-metal waste has been in
progress for over five years. This progress report discusses the
temperature limitations for the carbon steel used for heat ad-
sorption surfaces, the corrosion resistance of various coatings
under operating conditions, and results obtained from corro-
sion and deposit probes installed in recovery furnaces.
Analytical data from laboratory tests of the chemical composi-
tion of deposits, smelts, and gases in various regions of a fur-
nace are included. It is concluded that accelerated wastage for
SA 192 metal begins at metal temperatures between 625 and
650 F. Field and laboratory studies suggest that a gas-solid
reaction is the cause of wastage. In the area below the primary
air ports, where corrosion is greatest, there are localized con-
centrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and sulfur- containing
gases. If oxygen is sufficiently high, the hydrogen sulfide con-
centration is minimized. Sulfur dioxide concentrations do not
appear to be affected by fluctuations in carbon or oxygen con-
centrations. Most of the coatings tested would prevent exten-
sive wastage. Examination of one furnace metallized with alu-
minum indicates that this method is satisfactory for the area of
the furnace walls above the primary air ports. The area below
may require expanded metal shields packed with chrome
Super 3000 refractory or pegs packed with chrome-ore refrac-
tory.
26838
Koike, Yasushi
TESTING IN THE EXPOSURE OF STEEL TO THE AIR IN
THE CITY OF KUSHTRO. (Kushiro shinai ni okeru taiki
bakuro shiken ni tsuite) Text in Japanese. Kushiro Kogyo
Kotosenmongakko Kenkyu Hokoku (Res Repts. Kushiro Tech.
Coll.), vol. 4:1-13, June 1970.
Nine samples of stainless steel and manganese steel were ex-
posed in three different areas of Kushiro and examined for
degree of atmospheric corrosion after 6, 12, and 24 months.
Contrary to expectations, the greatest corrosion was observed
on samples expose on the roof of a technical school located
some distance from the shore on high ground. Less corrosion
was measured on the roof of a paper manufacturing plant,
while the least was measured on the roof of a technical college
which is always under the influence of sea breezes.
33709
ALUMINUM TRUSSES FOR EXTERIOR PIPE AT NOVA
SCOTIA PULP RESIST SEA AIR AND SO2. Pulp Paper Mag.
Can. (Quebec), 72(10):40, 42, Oct. 1971.
Pipe trusses for a mill of a Nova Scotia pulp company were
subject not only to sulfur dioxide mill gases but also to salt air
causing corrosion. Aluminum was, therefore, used in place of
the more readily corroded galvanized steel. The aluminum al-
loys used design considerations are examined. At connections
between trusses and towers, phenolic laminate pads were used
under bearing plates to allow the truss to move freely, com-
pensating for thermal effects.
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129
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
01546
J.J. Hanks H.D. Kube
INDUSTRY ACTION TO COMBAT POLLUTION. Harvard
Bus. Rev., 44(5):49-62, Oct. 1966.
The responsibilities of individual corporations in air pollution
abatement are emphasized. Sources of pollution discussed in-
clude the paper, steel, electric power, transportation and
petroleum industries. Principal equipment for removal of
aerosols and particulates is described. It is concluded that
although air pollution equipment increases costs in certain in-
dustries, recovery of pollutant, such as fly ash, may help to
offset the costs. Government activities in air pollution pro-
grams are summarized.
01561
R. K. Johnson
AIR-POLLUTION MEASUREMENT RECORDS LOST DOL-
LARS. ISA (Instr. Soc. Am.) J., 13(9):40-42, Sept. 1966.
Continuous recording of paniculate emission from stacks
demonstrates combustion efficiency, indicates efficiency of
dust collectors, and shows whether a plant meets air pollution
codes. Photoelectric tubes, thermopiles, or bolometers may be
used as sensing devices, and continuous monitoring may be
calibrated directly in Ringelmann units. Two examples of use
of the monitoring devices in stacks at pulp recovery units are
given. Economic losses caused by inefficient combustion and
dust collection are calculated.
14583
Ryczak, Stanley J.
BATCH PROCESSING OF TALL OIL. TAPPI, 46(2):129A-
130A, Feb. 1963.
Considerations of capital costs, manpower requirements, and
ease and flexibility of operations influenced the Cheasapeake
Corporation's decision to adopt a batch, rather than continu-
ous, system for crude tall-oil production. Although there is no
100% interface between the three layers obtained by separa-
tion in the cooking cycle, any lignin or spent acid carried over
during the transfer of oil to the wet oil storage tank settles out
in the tank and is periodically returned to the cook tank before
the cleanout of the latter. Moisture in the wet oil storgae tank
is present as dissolved or suspended water. To avoid
discoloration or oil degradation, temperatures are not raised to
drive it off. In cooking, 66 Be sulfuric acid is added through a
flowrater, and live steam is used to bring the temperature up
to 212-216 F. Following acid addition and heating, a Viking
gear pump charges the amount of soap skimmings desired. The
desired pH of the spent acid is 4.1 to 4.2 since, at this point,
there is almost no residual soap in the tall oil, or excess acidi-
ty to be corrosive to tanklines. Because considerable liquor
separation takes place in the soap storage tanks over the two-
week filling period and liquor is returned to the evaporation
process daily, soap is relatively free of black liquor and less
lignin is precipitated in the cook tank. To clean the cook tank,
a mixture of white liquor and water, added to the remaining
lignin fraction is first heated with agitation, then pumped to a
holding tank where it bums. In this process, white liquor is
recovered and the lignin burns to produce steam. The plant
can produce 40 tons of crude oil a day.
16174
COSTS AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL FISCAL YEARS 1970-1974. Ernst and Ernst,
Washington, D. C. Contract PH 22-68-29, Task Order 2, 321p.,
Oct. 1969. 26 refs.
A study was conducted to estimate prospective additional
costs to the private sector of the economy of controlling air
pollution from both stationary and mobile sources during the
years 1970-1974. The pollutants considered are paniculate and
sulfur oxides from stationary sources and hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide from automobiles. Estimates of control con-
ditions prevailing prior to the passage of the Air Quality Act
(1967) were taken as a base. Two types of stationary sources
are considered: combustion and process. Costs are estimated
for controlling three classes of combustion sources: steam-
electric power generation industrial fuel combustion, commer-
cial fuel combustion. Industries for which process emission
control costs are developed are sulfate pulping, sulfuric acid
manufacture, petroleum refining, asphalt batching, hydraulic
cement production, steel production, ferrous casting, and non-
ferrous metals smelting and refining. Only automobiles are in-
cluded in the mobile source class. Estimates of additional
costs to the private sector are developed for nationwide con-
trol of sulfur oxides and particulates from stationary com-
bustion sources; nationwide control or particulate from
process sources in eight selected industries and of sulfur ox-
ides from sulfuric acid and petroleum refining process; nation-
wide control of automobile exhaust emissions; and combined
control of sulfur oxides and particulates from combustion and
process sources in 85 geographical areas. Estimated costs are
presented as ranges within which actual costs can be expected
to fall. The economic implications of control costs for the na-
tion are discussed. The additional costs range from $0.9 to $1.7
billion dollars for 1970 and rise to $1.0 to $1.9 billion in 1974.
(Author summary modified)
16457
Julson, J. O.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION - HOW MUCH WILL IT
COST YOUR MILL? Pulp Paper, 43(4): 152-153, April 1969.
The cost of protecting the quality of the air against kraft mill
odors, bleach plant gaseous emissions, particulates, soot, cin-
ders, incineration of mill refuse, and water protection was
discussed. Digester blow and relief gases are readily collected
and can be thermally oxidized in a special furnace, lime kiln,
or recovery furnace. Odor reduction was impressive and esti-
mated capital cost was $125,000-$150,000 (1969). Turpentine
should be condensed out of digester relief gases to take ad-
vantage of income generated through its sale. Black liquor ox-
idation is also effective in odor reduction and saves in chemi-
cal costs. Cost estimates ranged from $165,000 for a 200-ton
mill to $240,000 for a 1000-ton mill. Paniculate emission stan-
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130
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
dards of 0.10 grains/standard cu ft of stack gas were obtained
with precipitators. Capital costs for 99% efficiency ranged
from $375,000 for a 200-ton mill to $1,087,000 for a 1000-ton
mill. Costs for cyclone scrubbers and lime kiln scrubbers were
considerably less. Capital costs for the trapping of chlorine
and chlorine dioxide emissions by scrubbing in a caustic solu-
tion and returning the resulting solution back to the bleaching
process ranged from $35,000 for a 200-ton mil] to $155,000 for
a 1000-ton mill. The installation of precipitators for soot and
cinder control was estimated to cost $1.50/cu ft/min for 99%
efficiency. The cost estimates of incineration of mill refuse
ranged from $3400 for 50 Ib/hr to $38,200 for 2000 Ibs/hr. The
costs of primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge
incineration for water protection were also estimated. Capital
and operating budgets will have to provide for these heavy
added costs.
21241
Fogel, M. E., D. R. Johnston, R. L. Collins, D. A. LeSourd,
R. W.Gerstle, and E.L. Hill
COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC COST STUDY OF AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL COSTS FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIES
AND SELECTED REGIONS. (FINAL REPORT). Research
Triangle Inst., Durham, N. C., Operations Research and
Economics Div., NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-79, RTI Proj.
OU-455, 414p., Feb. 1970. 360 refs. CFSTI: PB 191054
Costs are estimated for controlling emissions of particulates,
sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxides from
twenty-two sources within 100 metropolitan areas, through the
Fiscal period 1970-1975; data defining relevant processes and
air pollution control engineering characteristics required to
support the analyses are presented. Sources for which control
cost estimates were made are solid waste disposal, steam-elec-
tric generating plants, industrial boilers, commercial and in-
stitutional heating plants, residential heating plants, and the
following industrial categories: kraft pulp, iron and steel, gray
iron foundry, primary and secondary nonferrous metallurgy,
sulfuric acid, phosphate fertilizer, petroleum refining, cement,
lime, coal cleaning, petroleum products and storage, grain
milling and handling, varnish, and rubber tires. The total in-
vestment cost includes $221 million, $1.29 billion, and $1.13
billion to control emissions from solid waste disposal, stationa-
ry combustion, and industrial process sources, respectively,
while the metropolitan areas for which cost estimates are the
highest include the very large, highly industrialized, more
northern cities of Chicago, New York, Pittsburgh, Philadel-
phia, Cleveland, Detroit, and St. Louis. Assuming the 1967
emissions as a baseline, calculations are performed to deter-
mine the pollutant removal efficiencies required to bring the
emissions into compliance with the standards assumed.
(Author abstract modified)
23842
POLLUTION: THE COST TO INDUSTRY. Mod. MFG.. vol.
10:163. Oct. 1970.
The results of a survey relating industrial groups to expenses
and efforts directed toward air pollution control are discussed.
The information tells what plants in various industries are
spending, and indicates what they will be spending in the fu-
ture. Some primary metal plants, for example, are spending as
little as 1% of their manufacturing cost on pollution control
while other plants in the same industry are spending 20%.
Specific categories discussed include primary metal plants,
metal fabrication, machinery, foods, chemicals, rubber and
plastics, paper, textiles, electrical, and transportation equip-
ment. With the data given it is possible to compare one plants
efforts with those of similar plants in the industry.
26326
Japan Industrial Machine Engineering Assoc.
ACTUAL PRODUCTION OF INSTRUMENTS PREVENTING
INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC NUISANCE IN 1969. (Showa 44 nendo
sangyo kogai boshi sochi seisa jisseki). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(11):916-917, Nov.
1970.
Based on answers received from 98 out of 110 companies sur-
veyed, a table is compiled of the amount invested by industry
and government in 1969 in each of six categories of air pollu-
tion control equipment. The categories are dust collectors,
heavy oil desulfurization equipment, exhaust gas dcsulfurizers,
other exhaust gas purifying devices, high stacks (above 70 m),
and connection instruments (?). Statistics are also presented
for export sales in each category. The following types of in-
dustries are represented: food, pottery, paper-pulp, petroleum
refining, chemical and petro-chemical, synthetic fiber, non-
iron refineries, sulfuric acid, fertilizer, electric power, and
construction.
27971
Rushton, J. D.
HOW MUCH WILL POLLUTION CONTROL COST? AND
WHO WILL PAY FOR IT? Paper Trade J., 155(11):60-63,
March 15, 1971. 14 rets.
In an oligopolistic industry such as the pulp and paper indus-
try, firms tend to ignore a price increase by a competitor and
respond only to a price decrease. Consequently, if a firm must
spend large sums of money for pollution control equipment to
meet stringent standards, it will be at a severe price/profit dis-
advantage in comparison with firms that do not install such
equipment. Misallocations of resources will occur unless the
market is corrected by applying consistent standards to all
firms. After application of the standards, direct regulations,
charges, or payments can be applied to allocate correctly the
costs of pollution control so that the consumer or firms
benefiting from the products share the costs. Once the
economic method of allocating costs has been chosen, a
discussion of the percentage costs borne by industry, govern-
ment, and the consumer is irrelevant. In the end, all costs
come back to the consumer: he either pays higher taxes,
higher prices, or receives less compensation for his share of
the ownership of the industry (that is, as stock, wage in-
creases, benefits, etc. (Author conclusions modified)
30951
Japan Development Bank
TREND IN INVESTMENT ON PUBLIC NUISANCE CON-
TROL FACILITIES. (Kogai kankei setsubi toshi no doko).
Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
7(5):261-262, May 1971.
Questionnaires were sent to 893 industries with a working
capital of more than $280,000 concerning their spending plans
for 1970 and 1971 for installation of pollution control facilities.
The 844 which replied comprised 94.5%. The total spending
plan for 1970 was $479,640,000, a 58% increase from 1969 and
$767,480,000 for 1971, a 60% increase. A classification break-
down shows that the steel, electric, chemical, petroleum refin-
ing, non-steel metals, and paper-pulp industries share 80% of
the total spending for both 1970 and 1971. For production of
anti- pollution products (improvement of products),
$30,240,000 was spent in 1970 and $64,120,000 in 1971 of
which the major portion was shared.by automobile manufac-
turers and petroleum refining companies. The ratio of spending
for pollution control in relation to working capital for 1971 is
6.3% as compared to 4.7% in 1970 and 4.6% in 1969. Industries
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J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
131
with high-ratio investments for pollution control devices in
1971 are petroleumm refining (15%), paper-pulp (11%), non-
steel metal (10%), steel (7%), and chemical (7%). The break-
down of spending by classification of pollution types (except
for spending for improvement of products) for both 1970 and
1971 is air pollution, 65-66%; water, 27-28%; and others, 7-8%.
A geographical breakdown shows that the Tokyo-Yokohama-
Chiba coastal area shares 23% of the total spending for 1971;
the Nagoya-Yokkaichi-Hamamatsu coastal area, 18%; and the
Osaka-Kobe area, 19%. Thus, the three major industrial areas
of Japan share 60% of the total industrial anti-pollution spend-
ing of Japan (58% in 1970).
31076
EXPENDITURES TO RISE IN 1972-1973. Mod. Power Eng.,
65(6):62-63, June 1971.
A total of 93 plants responding to an air pollution control sur-
vey showed total expenditures of over $11 million on control
equipment in the last five years. For 55 of these plants, expen-
ditures will reach nearly $14 million in 1971, representing a
$250,000/plant average. Montreal and other Quebec plants plan
the most action in purchasing equipment in the 1971-1973
period. Reflecting their large steam capacity, the most active
plants will be primary metal (45.5%); electrical (25%); chemical
(27.8%): and good, beverages, and tobacco plants (23.5%).
Plants with a steam capacity over 50,000 pph lead in making
process changes and in employing consulting engineers. Other
popular actions of the plant surveyed are incinerators and
compactors, shredders and pulverizers. Expenses for water
pollution will triple from an average of $51,00/year in 1971 to
an average of $185,000/year in the 1971-1973 period. Paper and
allied industries will see the most water-pollution control
spending, which correlates with volume of wastes
discharged/day. While the basic treatment processes of sedi-
mentation, filtration, separation of oils and greases, and pH
control will account for a sizeable proportion of the expendi-
tures, many plants indicate an interest in more advanced
techniques.
31814
Anderson, H. S., R. E. Paddock, R. O. Lyday. M. E. Fogel, E.
L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
USER S MANUAL AUTOMATED PROCEDURES FOR ESTI-
MATING CONTROL COSTS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS
FOR SPECIFIED AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. (FINAL RE-
PORT). Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Operations Research and Economics Div., APCO Contract
CPA 70-60. RTI Proj. OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, APTD-0665,
352p.. Dec. 1970. NTIS: PB 198779
A user s manual is presented enabling other researchers to use
and modify the computer programs developed within this
research project for estimating the costs and emissions of
specified industrial air pollution sources. The output from each
source program consists of emission estimates, both before
and after control, as well as required control costs on a plant
by plant basis. The manual describes the input requirements,
operational characteristics, and output characteristics for each
program. A master report generating program was also
developed. This program uses as input the output from one,
all, or any combination of source programs; it generates sum-
mary data in the form of a single industry or multiple industry,
and sums within a range of desired geographical areas. The
area may be a single or combinations of Air Quality Control
Regions or states. Again, the manual describes the input
requirements, operational characteristics, and output charac-
teristics of the report generating program so that the user has
maximum flexibility in the use of the present system and, in
addition, has the ability to redesign the system to his specific
needs. Computer programs are presented for petroleum refin-
ing, phosphate fertilizer, kraft pulping, foundry operations,
sulfuric acid, primary nonferrous metallurgy, steam-electric
power plants, and other industries. (Author abstract modified)
40163
THE SWEDISH FOREST INDUSTRY TO INVEST ALMOST
500,000,000 SW. CRS. IN POLLUTION CONTROL OVER A
THREE-YEAR PERIOD. (Svensk skogsinduslri redovisar:
Miljovardsinvesteringar for 471 milj. kr under trearsperioden
1971-1973). Text in Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm),
75(6):201-206, March 1972.
According to a recent survey, during the 3-year period 1971-
73, pulp, paper, and wood fiber mills in Sweden will invest
more than 89 million dollars in measures to reduce pollution
by the forest industry by installing equipment which will limit
and purify the discharges from the mills into water and the at-
mosphere. Compared with the 3-year period of 1968-1970,
when corresponding investments amounted to 34 million dol-
lars, anti-pollution measures have indeed been stepped up sub-
stantially. Furthermore, no slackening off after 1973 is ex-
pected. On the contrary, it is estimated that the tempo will in-
crease further, so that the total investments in pollution con-
trol during the 5-year period 1971-1975 will be 209 million dol-
lars. The annual costs of pollution control in the pulp and
paper industry are estimated to have risen to 20 million dollars
in 1970, which is the equivalent of more than $1.90/ton of
pulp/paper. This constitutes the running, maintenance, and
capital costs of the pollution control installations. The figures
concerning the forest industry s pollution control activities
were compiled on the basis of a survey by the Swedish Pulp
and Paper Association of pulp and paper companies. The an-
nual costs of pollution control/produced ton are on the average
somewhat higher in the Swedish forest industry than in the
USA, and considerably higher than in Canada. The survey
contains information from 105 firms regarding new mills, addi-
tion and alterations to existing plants, and the installation of
machinery and equipment carried out mainly for the purpose
of eliminating discharges from the production processes. The
survey also covered the costs of research and development
work in the pollution control sector. In the majority of cases,
the investments are combined with an expansion and
modernization of the productive machinery and only the legiti-
mate portion of the costs, representing the pollution control
measures proper, is given. The overall picture is that about
13% of 89 million dollars are spent on anti-air pollution mea-
sures, 55% on internal measures in the mill, 30% on the treat-
ment of waste water before it reaches the receiver, and 4% on
research, surveys and checks. The average annual investments
in pollution control between 1971 and 1973 of 30 million dol-
lars may be compared with the pulp and paper industry s total
investment costs, which in recent years have amounted to 190
million dollars/year. This means that the efforts to improve the
environment near the mills have now risen to about 15% of the
total investments excluding maintenance and repairs. (Author
abstract modified)
40526
Imamura, Sboji
PRESENT STATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
CONTROL EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIES. (Kogai boshi sochi
sangyo no genjo to tomensuru kada Text in Japanese. Kankyo
Sozo (Environ. Creation), 1972:59-62, Jan. 1972.
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132
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
The air pollution control equipment designated by the Japan
Industrial Machinery Engineering Association include catego-
ries of machines such as a dust collection system, oil desul-
furization system, stack gas desulfurization system, stack gas
treatment system, high stacks, and other related equipment.
According to the investigation of the Association, the total
production of public nuisance control systems for 1970 was
$583,779,000, which was an increase of 363% over the produc-
tion of the previous year. According to industrial classifica-
tions, those that showed an outstanding growth in total spend-
ing were mining (405.8% growth over 1969), government and
public porgrams (308%), paper and pulp (294.5%), and food in-
dustries (254.5%). According to the categories of systems, the
production installations of gas desulfurization systems grew
288.9% over 1969; but oil desulfurization system installations
spent only 41.5% of the amount spent in 1969. In air pollution
control systems alone, the total production was $252,726,000,
and this was an increase of 114.5% over the previous year s
production. In categories, the largest production figure was
$119,442,000 for dust collection systems, followed by
$54,393,000 for high stacks.
42690
Schwartz, Irvin
THE HIGH COST OF POLLUTION CONTROL. Chem.
Week, 110(21):59-69, May 24, 1972.
Pollution control costs are holding down profits in the chemi-
cal process industries, and control costs are rising by 18.5%/yr
and causing the shutdown of some chemical and petrochemical
plants and refineries. However, they have led to increased
production, improvements in quality, and lower operating
costs at some plants. According to McGraw-Hill Inc., as of
January 1972, the petroleum industry must spend $2.69 billion
simply to meet existing pollution control standards; actual
spending in 1971 totaled $527 million, and planned outlays for
1972 and 1975 will total, respectively, $542 million and $462
million. Results of the Council on Environmental Quality study
of the economic impact of pollution control measures on the
pulp and paper, aluminum, copper smelting, lead, and petrole-
um industries are summarized. Specific chemical industry pol-
lution expenditures and plant closings are reported. A study by
Chase Econometrics Associates, concerning the effect of pol-
lution control measures on the U. S. economy in general, in-
dicated that implementing existing laws for pollution control
standards will require price increases of an additional 0.25%/yr
during the next 10 years, or the rate of unemployment will rise
as much as 0.25% during the same period. The Chase data in-
dicate that substantial monetary and fiscal stimulus from the
government will be needed to return the economy to the base
line situation for GNP, price index, and fixed business invest-
ment.
43717
Rand, George H.
ECONOMICS AND OUR ENVIRONMENT. Tappi,
54(12):2000-2003, Dec. 1971. (Presented at the Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Plastics-Paper Con-
ference, Chicago, m., Sept. 12-15, 1971.)
Twenty-eight years ago a number of companies representing
the major part of the paper industry founded the National
Council for Stream Improvement, designed to foster research
that would provide better methods of dealing with water ef-
fluents. That the paper industry has cut water usage/ton of
paper in half and has waste water treatment at most mills is a
practical result of the research effort. The industry has been
very active in recovering cellulose fibers from waste. Last
year about 20% of the paper produced in the U. S. was made
from secondary fibers recovered from wastepaper; another
26% of the paper was made from secondary fibers recovered
from mill waste, such as sawdust. Technologically, the indus-
try has done well in those areas that are under its control,
such as effluent treatment and odor emissions. An application
of the cost- benefit concept is essential if the industry is to
develop realistic solutions to environmental problems. All of
the previous steps taken by the paper industry to curtail en-
vironmental pollution were economically sound and the future
steps should be also.
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133
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
39224 Code. The standard is based on an elemental analysis of black
Grace, T. M. liquid to establish quantities of heat and material per unit time
RECOVERY BOILER PERFORMANCE TEST STANDARD. within the recovery envelope. The purpose of this standard is
Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, to establish procedures for conducting tests and preparing
Tappi Eng. Conf., 25th, Proc., Denver, Colo., 1970, p. 421-436. material and energy balances to determine capacity, thermal,
1 ref. (Oct. 28, Paper 10-6.) and chemical performance, and related operating charac-
A new Recovery Boiler Performance Test Standard was teristics of sodium-base chemical recovery units used in kraft
developed to replace to obsolete Sulphate Recovery Thermal pulping. (Author abstract modified)
-------
134
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
03540
J. J. Sableski
THE FEDERAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM AS
IT RELATES TO THE KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY. Tappi,
50(8):35A-39A, Aug 1968. 24 refs. (Presented at the 52nd An-
nual Meeting, Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Indus-
try. New York City, Feb. 1967.)
The Federal air pollution control program as it relates to the
kraft pulping industry, with particular emphasis on the
odorous character of the industry's atmospheric emissions, is
described in terms of four individual Federal activities,
research, grants-in-aid, technical assistance, and abatement ac-
tions. (Author abstract)
06730
J. H. Ludwig
STATUS OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN THE CONTROL
OF EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE. 90th Congress -Air
Pollulion-1968, Part IV (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution. May 15-18, 1967. p. 2274-7.
A tabulation is presented of the ststus of control technology
for a wide range of industries. An indication is given of the
presence or absence of control technology for particulars,
sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants. Remarks
are provided regarding the difficulty or necessity of control for
the various pollutants in the various industries.
06732
H. W. Gehm
STATEMENT BY H.W. GEHM FOR SENATE SUBCOMMIT-
TEE ON AIR AND WATER POLLUTION. 90th Congress 'Air
Pollution-1967, Part IV (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution, May 15-18, 1967.) pp. 2361-7, 2370-82.
Dr. Gehm is technical director of the National Council for
Stream Improvement of the pulp and paperboard industries. In
his statement, Dr. Gehm reviews the industry's understanding
of its atmospheric emission control problems, the development
of its control technology, the current state of the art and its
limitations, and the industry's research and development ef-
forts to remove these limitations. Discussed in an attachment
to Dr. Gehm's statement are black liquor oxidation, absorption
and oxi- dation of sulfur compounds and paniculate emission
control.OO
06742
E. L. Wilson
STATEMENT OF E.L. WILSON FOR THE SENATE SUB-
COMMITTEE ON AIR AND WATER POLLUTION. 90th
Congress 'Air Pollution«1967, Part IV (Air Quality Act)'
Senate Committee on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Sub-
committee on Air and Water Pollution, May 15-18, 1967. pp.
2629-45.
The use of mechanical collectors to aid in controlling air pollu-
tion is discussed in general terms. Data on the use of particu-
late collectors by different industries, efficiency versus parti-
cle size, and cost information are presented in an attachment.
Efficiency ranges (70 to 99%) and some rule-of-thumb costs
are given for mechanical collectors, electrostatic precipitators,
fabric filters, and wet scrubbers.
09093
Cuffe, Stanley
COOPERATIVE INDUSTRY TRADE ASSOCIATION --
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION
STUDIES. Preprint, Public Health Service Washington, D. C.,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, lip., 1968.
(Presented at the National Council for Stream Improvement
Meeting, New York, N. Y., Feb. 20. 1968.)
A brief description is given of the various program activities in
the National Center for Air Pollution Control. The Center is
structured in three functional areas: Abatement and Control,
Control Technology Research and Development, and Stan-
dards and Criteria. The functions and programs of each of the
organizations in these areas are explained. A discussion is
presented of several atmospheric emission studies conducted
by the Public Health Service and a cooperative industry trade
association. Also presented is a description and status report
of a cooperative study of pulp and paper industry atmospheric
emissions and their control.
14932
AGREEMENT BETWEEN FUJI CITY AND DAISHOWA
PAPER MANUFACTURING CO. IN RELATION TO THE
PREVENTION OF EXISTING PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Fujishi
oyobi Daishowa seishi kabushikigaisha no kisonkogai no boshi
ni kansuru kyoteisho). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 5(6):475-478, June 1969.
An agreement between the city of Fuji and the Daishowa
Paper Mfg. Co. with respect to environment sanitation and
protection of the local residents from industrial pollution is
presented. The eight items of the agreement were: (I) The
company is to install air pollution control facilities before the
prescribed date. (II) The company will follow the occasional
recommendations made by Fuji City when the need arises.
(Ill) The company should obtain approval from the city for al-
teration of the conditions specified in any articles in the agree-
ment. (IV) Fuji City is allowed to request data on the air pollu-
tion control installations from the company and is permitted to
inspect the inside of the plant. (V) If any detrimental effects
are felt by the local residents in spite of the existing agree-
ment, the company should promptly lake countermeasures.
(VI) The company is encouraged to cooperate in beautifying
the area surrounding the plant. (VII) The company is required
to take prompt action if any damage to community buildings
occurs. (VIII) Both Fuji City and the company are responsible
for anything not mentioned above. Existing pollution control
plans include decreasing SO2 emissions; alkaline mist diffusion
control; noise and odor control; and waste water pollution
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
135
control. The city is responsible for keeping the emission stan-
dard constant, and the company will keep alkaline emissions
to 0.075 g/N cu m.
17379
Grotterod, K.
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION IN SWEDEN: THE
PROBLEM, THE EFFORTS AND THE PROGRESS. Pulp
Paper Mag. (Quebec), Can., 71(5):64-66, March 1970.
(Presented at the 5th Paper Industry Air and Stream Improve-
ment Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Oct. 21-23, 1969.)
Like most other developed countries, Sweden has found that
its lakes and rivers are being choked by municipal sewage and
industrial wastes. Determined efforts to improve conditions
have resulted in significant improvements. It is forecast that
within 10 years, all municipal sewage plants will be equipped
to remove nutrients. In the pulp and paper industry, pollution
control measures have been in the form of tight control of
kraft mill operations and elimination or reduction of sulfite
liquor discharge into lakes and rivers. For recovery of
suspended solids, internal mill water systems have been
tightened up. Further improvements have been achieved by
the use of savealls, clarifiers and, when necessary, lagoons.
As most of the recipient waters are slow moving or stagnant,
emphasis is placed on dispersion. Many mills are required to
install long pipelines with dispersion nozzles for proper mixing
of effluents with the recipient water. The cost to industry of
complying with new environmental legislation is estimated in
excess of 200 million dollars. Of this sum, about 140 million
dollars will be spent by the pulp and paper industry. The
legislation covers discharge of effluent, solids or gas from
land, building or installation into water courses, lakes, or other
waters; use of land, building or installation in a manner which
can cause pollution of water courses, lakes, or other waters;
and use of land, building or installation in a manner which can
cause disturbance to the surroundings by air pollution, noise
vibration or other such
19062
Spaite, Paul W.
FEDERAL AIR POLLUTION PROGRAM: READY TO
FINANCE MORE OUTSIDE HELP. Chem. Eng., vol. 75:170-
172, Jan. 15, 1968. (Presented at the Metropolitan Engineering
Council on Air Resources Meeting, New York, Oct. 23-24,
1967.)
The trend in the federal research and development program
for controlling sulfur pollution is toward spending more on
contracts outside the government. Research and development
funds managed by the National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol are shown in tabular form. The figures represent the
federal expenditures oriented directly for sulfur oxides control.
A study was conducted to determine the processes worthy of
support. Three approaches were selected for the first-genera-
tion large-scale study: limestone or dolomite injection, includ-
ing dry processes, and injection coupled with water scrubbers;
alkalized-alumina sorption; and processes that would treat
pyrite-coal mixtures derived from deep cleaning of coal to
produce heat, sulfur, and sulfuric acid. The program for
developing new processes is aimed at providing second-genera-
tion processes for removing sulfur dioxide from flue gases
arising from the combustion of fossil fuels. Two types of con-
tracts are being negotiated. One will be devoted to through,
broad surveys of available technology in nine areas: aqueous
solution, dry metal oxide sorption, direct reduction to sulfur,
inorganic liquids and solids, organic liquids and solids, cata-
lytic oxidation, and physical separation. The second contract
calls for unsolicited proposals. To encourage more extensive
control of such sources as primary smelters, pulp and paper
mills, sulfuric acid plants, and coke plants, a series of studies
on cooperative research and development are planned.
20273
Fletcher, R. H.
KITTMAT POLLUTION CONTROL BY-LAW. Pulp Paper
Mag. Can. (Quebec), 71(7):78-90, April 3, 1970. (Presented at
the 5th Paper Industry Air and Stream Improvement Con-
ference, Toronto, Ontario, Oct. 21-23, 1969.)
Land use in the 16-yr-old town of Kitimat, B. C., was planned
to minimize the conflicts that can exist between residential
areas and industry. Prior to the advent of a pulp and paper
complex with a 930 tpd Kraft mill and a 150 million fbm per
year saw mill, the town's principle industry was an aluminum
smelter. To preserve the quality of its environment, the town
passed a waste emission by-law that requires the monitoring of
selected emissions from the pulp mill and smelter. The law, to
become effective in December 1970, identifies a tolerable level
of pollution which is expected to be met, but no exceeded, by
the two industries. The level of emission from an industry is
related both '.o the type of equipment used and to the way in
which it is operated. The levels, determined from experience
recorded elsewhere and those found tolerable by local authori-
ties in an assimilation study, are as follows: cinders from
power boilers, ISO gr per 1000 cu ft; sodium compounds, 200
gr per 1000 cu ft. all paniculate matter; volatile organic sulfur
compounds, 0.2 Ibs/ton; calcium compounds, 250 gr per 1000
cu ft all paniculate matter; and volatile fluorine compounds,
2.5 Ibs/ton.
28355
Szwarcsztajn, Edward
POLAND-NORWAY. Pulp Paper Int., 13(1):39, Jan. 1971.
Environmental regulations affecting the pulp and paper indus-
try are being formulated in most countries. However, as in-
dicated by the examples of Poland and Norway, these regula-
tions vary greatly from country to country. In Poland, water
intake for industrial use and waste disposal to a stream require
special permission from water authorities. This permission
determines the total load of individual pollutants as well as
their concentrations the allowed quantity of water intake, and
the appropriate disposal method. Maximum allowable concen-
trations of pollutants that can be discharged to air or water are
strictly defined, and three classes of inland surface water puri-
ty have been established. In Norway, no less than six different
ministries may be involved in the different aspects of pollu-
tion, and there is considerable overlapping of various laws. A
1940 law regulating the dumping of harmful materials in lakes
and rivers has had few restrictive effects on water pollution. It
is being replaced by a new law that also takes into account
pollution of salt water and ground water. A 1961 air pollution
law requires that new plants and industries obtain government
permission to operate and apply the best available methods for
smoke and odor reduction. The law has not yet been extended
to cover emissions from older industries.
28389
Semling, Harold V., Jr.
WHAT TO EXPECT FROM EPA AND THE COURTS. Chem
26, 7(3):30-36, March 1971.
Reasons are cited as to why the pulp and paper industry can
expect increased activity in the environmental area in the next
few months. First, the problem has been recognized, not just
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136
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
by the government regulators, administrators, and scientists,
but by the general public. Second, the public is putting its
money, its votes, and its style of life on the line. Third, Con-
gress has passed a wide range of legal authorities and
procedures, both in terms of regulation and financial
assistance, which are either in existence or under intensive
development. The assessment of chemical use, state and local
activity, resource recovery, the 1970 Clean Air Act, water pol-
lution, the Refuse Act of 1889, permits, industrial waste stu-
dies and inventories, rules on tax deductions, the Council on
Environmental Quality, the Environmental Protection Agency,
and the national Industrial Pollution Control Council are men-
tioned.
30149
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
RESEARCH ON ODOR ABATEMENT AND CONTROL IN
U.S.A. (II). (Amerika ni okeru akushu no kisei to taisaku II).
Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J.
Japan), 1(4):9-20, March 1971. 12 refs.
Odor measurement in Seattle with a scentometer, actual condi-
tions of obnoxious odor in the Columbia-Willamette Valley,
Portland and its control regulations, and the control regula-
tions of Chicago, Cleveland, and St. Louis were described.
The kraft paper mill in the Puget Sound produces 325 tons/day
of kraft paper with 9 digesters. The odor is a problem in the
residential area about 6 km to the east of the kraft pulp mill,
and its white smoke can be seen 30 km away. An electric dust
collector was installed the recovery boiler was modified in
1968. By 197S, 98% of dust and more than 99% of odor will be
eliminated. At present, the odor of the noncondensable gas is
drawn out by fans and is burned by atomizing the oil burner at
over 1000 F. The rest of the odor is eliminated by the Los An-
geles formula. The Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency
carries out wide range of air pollution control activities. A
scentometer and the iodimetry method are being used for odor
control. The Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority con-
sists of 5 counties and has 8 air pollution monitoring networks.
One-third of the complaints it receives from the citizens were
on obnoxious odors, but very few enterprises actually violate
the pollution control regulations. Portland, as well as Los An-
geles, is one of the few areas which made the installation of
deodorizing devices compulsory. Chicago makes it a violation
of the Air Pollution Control Law to emit soot, fly ash, dust,
and embers within 1.6 km of the city. Cleveland s Air Pollu-
tion Control Law forbids the emission of harmful, poisonous,
irritating odors, fumes or other pollutants from chimneys. In
St. Louis, no one should emit obnoxious odors which are un-
pleasant to the people. In the industrial area or its neighboring
areas, no odor of more than 20 Odir units is to be emitted, as
measured with an olfactometer. When more than 30% of the
residents in a residential area suffer unpleasant odors, such an
odor is regarded as environmental pollution. No rendering fac-
tory can be operated without deodorizing in an approved
manner.
31465
Wrist, P. E.
IMPACT OF NEW AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS ON
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Tappi, 54(7): 1090-1093,
July 1971. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, Water and Air Conference, Boston,
Mass., April 4-7, 1971.)
The Clean Air Act of 1970 departs from the trend of previous
legislation in that it places emphasis on emission standards and
emission monitoring, coupled with speedier processes of en-
forcement to improve air quality. Implications of this act upon
the pulp and paper industry are explored. The importance of
participation in standard settings is emphasized, together with
the need for development of better instrumentation and an un-
derstanding of the effect of normal operating variables on the
level of odor emission. The technical person can have a major
influence on the economic impact which the new act will have
on industry. (Author abstract)
32796
Wada, Masaru
ON ENACTMENT OF OFFENSIVE ODORS CONTROL LAW.
(Akushu boshiho no sentei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai
to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(9):780-787, Sept. 1971.
The statistics of complaints made against bad odors in 1969 in-
dicate that 38.0% of the total was made against stockfarming,
animal offal treatment and fishmeal plants; 36.6% against oil
chemical factories and Kraft pulp mills; and 8.6% against
sewage treatment plants and waste disposal incinerators.
Detailed tables of statistics are included. The Odor Control
Law, issued on June 1, 1970, its purpose, odor producing
materials, definition of odor producing areas, and other items
in the law are reviewed. Currently available deodorizing
methods include the gas cleansing method, effective for water,
ammonia, low molecule amines, low molecule fatty acids,
acidic alkalines, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, sulfides and
high molecule amine fats, applicable to agriculture and
stockfarming, sea products manufacturing, and urban sanita-
tion facilities. The ozone oxidation method is effective for
nonsaturated organic chemicals, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,
amines, aldehyde-sulfides and is applicable to sewage treat-
ment plants. The direct combustion method is effective for oil
refineries and oil and fat treatment factories. The catalytic ox-
idation method is effective for hydrocarbons and applicable to
paint-varnish solution mixing, oil-fat processing, phannaceuli-
cals, resin manufacturing, animal cadaver incinerators, and
sewage treatment plants. The adsorption method is effective
for alcohols, fats, acids, benzene, mercaptans, and oil, ap-
plicable to fishmeal plants, fertilizer plants, pharmaceutical
plants, propane gas filling plants, and vacuum cars. The air ox-
idation method is good for hydrogen sulfide and is used at oil
refineries. The soil oxidation method is good for ammonia and
amines, and is applicable to poultry farms. The ion exchange
resin method is effective for sewage treatment plants.
32893
Hattori, Taira
OFFENSIVE ODOR CONTROL ADMINISTRATION TODAY
AND TOMORROW. (Akushu kogai gyosei no genjo to tenbo).
Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(8):957-
961, Aug. 1971.
The provisions of the Offensive Odors Prevention Law in
Japan, enacted June 1, 1971, and the controversies surround-
ing it are reviewed. The law designated criteria to control
respective substances contributing to offensive odors but not
the odors themselves, since unpleasant odors are generally a
complex combination of two or more odorous components.
The sources of the offensive odors (oil industry, paper pulp in-
dustry, stock raising) are easily specified, and the representa-
tive odor generating substances are also easily determined;
control of these substances, e.g., methyl mercaptan or am-
monia, effects a control of the odors. Controls of specific
components rather than general odors are more effective with
respect to legal factors. Evaluation of an offensive odor by a
human panel is not irrefutable evidence in a law suit, but in-
strumental analysis of a known odor-causing substance is ac-
cepted.
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
137
34685
Dept. of Environmental Quality, Portland, Ore., Air Quality
Control Div.
REPORT ON OREGON S AIR QUALITY AND PROGRAM
FOR YEARS 1968 AND 1969. 91p., Dec. 1969.
The history of air pollution control in Oregon is reviewed.
Recent environmental legislation is outlined, and the program
of the Department of Environmental Quality is presented. Dur-
ing 1969, a statewide rapid survey of emissions of all major
contaminants was made, using a variety of estimation
techniques. Pollutants included nitrogen dioxide oxidants,
nitric oxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Meteorolog-
ical factors were considered. The Oregon-Washington Air
Quality Committee developed and published recommended
standards for suspended paniculate and particle fallout, and
initiated development of ambient air quality standards for sul-
fur dioxide. Emission standards and regulations were also is-
sued. Activities of the Department of Environmental Quality
include the investigation of complaints, air quality monitoring,
community surveys, special studies, and educational activities.
Enforcement and control are discussed for various sources
such as pulp mills, asphalt plants, rendering plants, open burn-
ing, and motor vehicles. Tax relief for pollution control facili-
ties is discussed, as well as future program needs.
35817
Gavelin, Gunnar
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION REGULATIONS AND CON-
TROLS IN SWEDEN, Paper Trade J., 156(2):38-39, Jan. 10,
1972.
Air pollution abatement problems in Sweden are handled by
the National Environmental Protection Board (NEPB),
established in 1965. The role of the NEPB is defined in a 1969
environmental protection law which forbids any pollution that
is technically and economically possible to avoid. A franchise
board decides what measures must be taken, and failure to
abide by its instructions results in fines or imprisonment for
up to one year for persons responsible. Unless exempted by a
NEPB license, all pulp and paper mills must apply to the
franchise board for permission to use sewer water and emit
gases to the atmosphere. NEPB recommendations lack the
legal status of a franchise board permission, but are usually
just as stringent. Many mills prefer to apply to the NEPB
because a constructive dialogue with technical experts is possi-
ble. Enforcement of the stipulations in franchises and licenses
are entrusted to local authorities, who require monthly reports
from every mill. Pollution abatement investment costs of older
industries are subsidized by the NEPB. New industries are ex-
pected to make atatement an integral part of their operation
and receive no subsidies. Research in air and water pollution is
a joint effort of industry and government, both sponsors of
the Forest Industry Research Foundation for Air and Water
Protection.
36900
Agency of Scientific Technology (Japan)
THE TREND OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
PROBLEMS. (Kankyo osen mondai ni taisuru kagaku jijutsu
katsudo no genjo). Text in Japanese. In: White Paper on
Scientific Technology, p. 30-46, 1970.
The total spending for 1970 toward research projects for en-
vironmental pollution control, excluding labor and administra-
tion, was approximately $4,480,000. Of the total, 37.8% was
spent for air pollution, 27.8% was for water pollution, 29.1%
for others, 2.5% for bad odor, and 2.8% for noise and vibra-
tion. Private industries with more than $1.6 million capitals
(287 industries) spent approximately $36,800,000 in 1969. A
breakdown of classifications shows that 15.9% was spent by
14 paper and pulp industries, 9.8% was spent by 12 electric
and gas industries, 7.7% was spent by 25 transportation
machinery industries, and 6.8% was spent by 23 machine in-
dustries. The 1970 goals for the control of sulfur oxides are:
desulfurization of stack gas by activated manganese and ac-
tivated carbon, both with more than 90% efficiency, and the
direct desulfurization of crude oil by the suspended catalyst
method with 75% desulfurization or less than 1% sulfur con-
tent. The goals for automotive exhaust gas control methods
are the development of exhaust mainfold reactor, catalytic
converter, and exhaust gas recirculation method. They are
aimed at the 1975 emission standards of 7 g/km carbon monox-
ide, 0.3 g/km hydrocarbon, 0.6 g/km nitrogen oxides, and 0.6
g/km particulates.
40544
Hendriks, Robert V.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN AIR POLLUTION LEGISLATION
AFFECTING THE PAPER- CONVERTING INDUSTRIES.
Preprint, Technical Assoc. of the Pulp an Paper Industry, New
York, 8p., 1971. (Presented at the Technical Association of the
Pulp and Paper Industry Plastics Paper Conference, Chicago,
ni., Sept. 15, 1971.)
Since the start of federal government involvement in air pollu-
tion control in 1955 when Congress passed legislation authoriz-
ing a federal program of research and technical assistance,
there has been a fairly steady trend of increased government
involvement in pollution control programs, culminating with
the Clean Air Act of 1970. One of the new features of the act
was the establishment of new source performance standards.
The federal government has been given the responsibility of
categorizing important stationary sources of air pollution and
setting national emission standards that all proposed new or
modified facilities will have to meet. The government is also
authorized to set national air quality standards for pollutants
having any known adverse effects. Standards have been set
for sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocar-
bons, nitrogen dioxide, and photochemical oxidants. Standards
are being formulated for asbestos, mercury, and beryllium.
The air quality standard which most immediately affects the
paper-converting industry is the limit on hydrocarbons at 160
micrograms/cu m. A government-industry cooperative study
investigated a number of possible control techniques. The
processes with the greatest air pollution potential are lithog-
raphy and metal decorating. The existing technology of small
fixed-bed sorbent and catalytic combustion package devices
for hydrocarbon pollution control from small emission source
industries was also evaluated. Possibilities for meeting new
emissions standards include changing the coating and printing
make-up to solvent-free or low-solvent formulation, changing
process operations, and using various types of control equip-
ment such as incinerators, adsorbers, and scrubbers.
41093
FEDERAL GUIDELINES ARE AIMED AT HELPING FIRMS
MEET RULES. Can. Pulp Paper Ind., (Vancouver), 25(5):27,
29, May 1972.
Environment Canada is bringing out a set of guidelines that
will assist pulp and paper companies and regulatory agencies
with the implementation of the federal government s new ef-
fluent regulations. The Environmental Protection Service of
the department is taking on the job of carrying promising new
pollution control technology beyond the research stage to
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138 PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
practical demonstration. The intent is to encourage recovery at calculated for each mill and how they are intended to be im-
the source by treating to practicable levels. The guidelines will plemented. One aspect of the regulations is that they specify
go into somewhat more detail than was possible in the regula- limits not just for the plant as a whole but for each step or
tions themselves with respect to how the standards should be processing unit within it.
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139
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
00376
N. Z. Medalia
AIR POLLUTION AS A SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEM: A SURVEY REPORT. J. Health and Human
Behavior 5, 154-63, 1964.
An attempt has been made to explore the behavioral variables
of situation-defining in relation to a specific environmental
stress, sulfate odors associated with kraft pulp mill operation.
The results of this study are presented because of the
methodological and conceptual implications relative to social
science research on environmental health problems. The fol-
lowing topics are discussed: Awareness of and concern with
air pollution; community satisfaction and concern with air pol-
lution; analysis of action potential with reference to environ-
mental stress; ecological and social status variables in air pol-
lution awareness and concern; and air pollution as an eco-
system variable.
00844
N.Z. Medalia
COMMUNITY PERCEPTION OF AIR QUALITY: AN
OPINION SURVEY IN CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON. Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. June
1965. 106 pp. GPO: 820-365-9, HEW: 999-AP-10
In a community with a population of 7,000 and located approx-
imately 4 miles downwind from a pulp mill, a public opinion
survey was taken to analyze the environmental stress of air
pollution on a sample of household heads and spouses, along
two principal attitudinal dimensions: awareness and concern.
Of those interviewed, 91% perceived air pollution in the com-
munity as a malodor problem; 74% perceived it as a problem
of visibility; and 62% as a problem of nose-throat irritation. A
Guttman-type scale showed high concern with air pollution
among 48% of the sample; low to moderate concern among
31%; and minimal concern among 21%. Although exposure ot
odorous pollutants in ambient air appeared roughly equal for
all members of the sample, their concern with air pollution
was found to vary directly with social status and attitude
characteristics such as civic pride, desire to ameliorate the
situation, length of residence in the community, and occupa-
tional prestige of the household head. (Author abstract)
07965
Julson, J. O.
POLLUTION - A COMMENT ON ITS POLITICS AND
PREVENTION. TAPPI, 50(4):36A-38A, April 1967. 6 refs.
(Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Technical Assoc. of
the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N.Y., Feb. 19-23,
1967.)
The broad aspect of pollution abatement, applicable in the
broad sense to air and water alike is discussed. Public pres-
sures have made it possible for politics to enter into and play a
very important role in new pollution control regulations. Sen-
sationalism could replace rationality in development of pollu-
tion control legislation. Managements in the pulp and paper in-
dustry are charged with having done nothing substantial in the
way of alleviating pollution. Many people are not well enough
acquainted with past accomplishments of the pulp and paper
industry. Molders of public opinion, educators, legislators,
governmental people, and regulatory agencies need to be in-
formed on the problem, its solution, and cost. Managements
need to accept their responsibilities and set policies in line
with regulations adopted. Out industry will grow, rather than
shrink. We must guide ourselves accordingly. AAM
08698
Nelson, Bryce
AIR POLLUTION: THE 'FEDS' MOVE TO ABATE IDAHO
PULP MILL STENCH. Science, 157(3792):1018-1021, Sept. 1,
1967.
A major inversion occurred in 1959; one resident recalls it as
'the black night.' After such incidents, more citizens
protested, and the mayor of Lewiston created a committee on
air pollution. In Nov. I960, the mayor of Clarkston wrote to
the chief of the Division of Air Pollution of PHS to request
help in abating an interstate air-pollution problem said to be
principally caused by the PFI mill. In response to this request,
the PHS initiated several meetings with local and state authori-
ties and began a study of air pollution in 1961-62. The PHS
study indicated that Lewiston and Clarkston had a common air
mass and that either city could pollute the air of the other. The
PHS report stated that 50 percent of the physicians in
Lewiston and Clarkston had been interviewed and that a large
majority of the physicians stated that they concurred in their
patients' belief that certain of their disease conditions were re-
lated to air pollution and that several noted improvement in
patients with respiratory conditions when the patients moved
from the area of high pollution or used air conditioning. In-
cluded in the PHS-study was an opinion survey conducted in
1962 about community perception of air quality in Clarkston.
Nearly 80 percent of those interviewed said that their city was
affected by air pollution, and almost two-thirds stated they
were bothered by it to some degree. More than 90 percent who
recognized air pollution as a problem first mentioned the pulp
mill as being among the sources of such pollution. In March of
this year, a conference on the areas air pollution was held in
Clarkston. The conference provided many area citizens with
an unparalleled opportunity to voice their frustration about the
condition of their local atmosphere.
09199
Friberg, Lars, Erland Jonsson and Rune Cederlof
STUDIES OF HYGIENIC NUISANCES OF WASTE GASES
FROM SULFATE PULP MILL (PARTS I: AN INTERVIEW
INVESTIGATION. AND PART D: ODOR THRESHOLD
DETERMINATIONS FOR WASTE GASES.)Translated from
Swedish Norsk Hyglenlsk Tidskr., 41(3-4):41-62, 1960. 1 ret.
The results of an interview investigation of approximately 400
persons chosen at random and living near (maximum of 2
miles distance) a sulfate pulp mill in Sweden are reported. The
investigationOs principal purpose was to study the annoyance
of air pollution from the mill. Sulfate odor annoyed 36 percent
-------
140
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
of those interviewed, and of those annoyed a third described
their complaint as severe. In spite of this, only 5 percent con-
sidered it undesirable to have the mill move to the region.
Comparisons between different pans of the investigated area
showed a connection between the residence of those inter-
viewed in relation to the mill and the relative proportion of
persons annoyed. The investigation showed that women are
annoyed more than men and the young more than the old. A
definite relationship was found between annoyance from odor
and poor state of well-being. Persons who were annoyed by
Osulfate odorO complained about the odor from a sulfite pulp
mill in the investigated area to a greater extent than persons
who were not annoyed by sulfate odor. Test subjects, chosen
by lot from the populace living around the mill, consisted of
20 men and 20 women. Half were under SO years and half
were over 50 years.
13980
Nishiyama, Keitaro, Mitsuyoshi Nagayasu, Takeo Azuma, and
Masaichi Ishizawa
STUDIES OF THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
PART 3. INFLUENCES OF ODOR ON N-AREA INHABI-
TANTS. (KP seishi kojo haigasu no kogai boshi ni kansuru
kenkyu dai 3 ho kojo shuhen no shuki ni taisuru jumin no
hanno ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Shikoku Igaku Zasshi,
(Shikoku Acta Medica), vol. 24:43-52, 1968.
A survey of bad odor was undertaken in the area within 6 km
of a kraft pulp mill labeled the N mill. Of 749 inhabitants,
87.8% recognized the bad odor and most referred to the mill as
its source. A number of people found that the odor existed
throughout the year. This is due to the unstableness of the
wind direction in the area. Approximately 29% of the inhabi-
tants were forced to close the windows and doors and 52% of
that group said they failed to get rid of the odor. The chief
complaints of the inhabitants were unpleasantness, mental op-
pression, meals not enjoyed, disturbed reading and work, and
respiratory disorders. Comparative studies of locations in dif-
ferent directions and distances from the mill did not show
clear differences. (Author abstract modified)
15760
Lindvall, Thomas
THE NUISANCE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. (Luft-
foeroreningars olaegenhetseffekter). Text in Swedish. Nord.
Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm), no. 3:99-115, March 1969. 11 refs.
Annoyance reactions from odorous and paniculate air pollu-
tants were regarded as medico-hygienic problems in Sweden.
Legislation in Sweden permits intervention based solely upon
subjective annoyance reaction to some extent. Nuisances from
industrial plants are usually caused by odors and paniculate
matter. Complaints were reported in 78% of urban and 27% of
rural communities. The medico-hygienic evaluation of nuisance
from air pollution includes studies of the dose-response rela-
tionship between the pollutant in the ambient air and the ex-
tent and strength of the annoyance reaction. The description
of the dose is often complicated by the fact that many odorous
substances are hard to detect while they still have odor. There-
fore, the concentration in the ambient air is often based upon
analysis at the source combined with meteorological spreading
calculations. From a statistical point of view, there is often a
satisfying correlation between predicted and actual concentra-
tions in the ambient air. The organoleptic principle of analysis
of odorous emission was used more frequently during the last
few years. Odor threshold determinations were successfully
used in testing odor abatement equipment and in dose descrip-
tion around pulp mills. The frequency is calculated by which a
certain concentration is exceeded at different distances from
the source. The description of the dose was satisfactorily
worked out by the use of standardized, sociological inquiries
with special attention to certain effects of interaction, such as
disquising of or differences in attitude. Response studies were
undertaken in Sweden around pulp mills and oil refineries.
(Author summary modified)
23344
Goldman, Marshall I.
THE CONVERGENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISRUPTION.
Science, 170(3953):37-42, Oct. 2, 1970. 12 refs. (Presented at
the International Social Science Council's Standing Committee
on Environmental Disruption, International Symposium on En-
vironmental Disruption in the Modern World, Tokyo, March
1970.)
An attempt is made to ascertain why it is that pollution exists
in a state-owned, centrally planned economy like that of the
Soviet Union. Perhaps the best known example of the misuse
of water resources in the USSR has been what happened to
Lake Baikal, in which there were over 1200 species of living
organisms, including freshwater seals and 700 other organisms
that were found in few or no other places in the world. In
1966, first one then another paper and pulp mill appeared on
Lake Baikal's shores, and a few months after their effluent
had been discharged into the lake, animal and plant life had
decreased by one-third to one-half in the zone where the
sewage was being discharged. Of all the factories that emit
harmful wastes through their stacks, only 14% were reported
in 1968 to have fully equipped air-cleaning devices. Leningrad
has 40% fewer clear days than the nearby town of Pavlovsk.
Excessive construction has loosened the soil and accelerated
the process of erosion, while much of the Black Sea area has
been simply hauled away by contractors. As in the United
States, the Russians have not been able to create clear lines of
authority and responsibility for enforcing pollution-control
regulations. They too have been unable to adjust their ac-
counting system so that each enterprise pays not only its
direct costs of production for labor, raw materials, and equip-
ment, but also its social costs of production arising from such
by-products as dirty air and water. State officials in the Soviet
Union are judged almost entirely by how much they are able
to increase their region's economic growth, and as industri-
alization has come relatively recently to the USSR, the Rus-
sians tend to emphasize an increase in production. Until July
1967, all raw materials in the ground were treated by the Rus-
sians as free goods, while economic growth has been even
more unbalanced than in the U. S. However, the Russians
have the power to prevent the production of various products,
and they have not permitted as much emphasis on consumer
goods. While not all Russian laws are observed, they do have
an effective law enforcement system which they have periodi-
cally brought to bear in the past.
40951
PUBLIC ACCEPTS POLLUTION AS MAJOR PROBLEM
AREA. Can. Pulp Paper Ind. (Vancouver), 25(5):30-31, May
1972.
Since Pollution Probe was founded four years ago, the or-
ganization has grown to incorporate 50 chapters across
Canada, mostly in Ontario. The aim of the group is to reduce
the discharge of effluent to a level society agrees is not harm-
ful to competing users of the air and water resources. A recent
conflict has been over commercial logging in Canada s provin-
cial and national parks. Donald A. Chant, the chairman of the
-------
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS 141
board of advisors to Pollution Probe and one of the group s dustry has been slow in developing economic ways of
founding members, thinks that the pulp and paper industry
does not do a very good public relations job, and that the in- recycling its products.
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142
N. GENERAL
08409
Wenzl, Herman F. J. and Otto V. Ingmber
RECOVERY OF BY-PRODUCTS OF THE KRAFT PULPING
PROCESS. Paper Trade J., p. 53-57, Feb. 13, 1967. 49 refs.
The recovery of by-products from black liquor produced dur-
ing the kraft pulping process is reviewed. Tall oil and turpen-
tine are the major constituents, but considerable amounts of
sulfur components and lignin are also recovered. Methods of
separating the components from black liquor, various deriva-
tives of each component, methods of producing these deriva-
tives and their uses are discussed. A bibliography of 48
references is included.
15093
Persson, Goran
AIR POLLUTION. (Ilman Saastuminen). Text in Finnish. Tek-
nillinen Aikakauslehti, no. 4:29-35, April 1969.
In Sweden, rainwater was analyzed for acidity and sulfate
content. The relationship between sulfate emission and sulfate
content of the atmosphere is not clear. Acidity runs ahead of
sulfate content, possibly due to errors in pH measurement.
Lakes have been polluted with acid rain to the point that fish
died. Lichens, which constitute reindeer pasture and are ex-
tremely sensitive to pH changes, have been endangered.
Forestry and agriculture are not yet affected. The average rate
of trash disposal in Scandinavia is 300 kg/person/year. In 1967,
Sweden consumed 201,000 tons of plastics, 20% chlorine-bear-
ing. In Scandinavia, the three heaviest industrial offenders are
pulp, metallurgy, and quarries. On July 1, 1969, a new anti-
pollution law was passed in Sweden. Industries dangerous to
their environment cannot be built without permission. Present
factories will eventually be affected. After 1971, gasoline and
diesel vehicles must conform to standards. The sulfur content
of fuel oil will be limited to 2.5%, and by January 1970, the
lead content of gasoline will be limited to 0.7 g per liter.
42686
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit and Soziales des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
PROBLEM NUMBER 1: THE ALTERED ENVIRONMENT.
(Gestoerte Umwelt - das Problem Nr. 1). Text in German. In:
Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wirklichkeit. Moeh-
nesee-Wamel, West Germany, K. von Saint-George, 1972, p.
7-13.
General problems of environmental pollution are outlined.
While the rate of population growth from 1950 to 1970 was
20%, energy consumption rose by 300%, electricity production
by 500%, and expansions of paper manufacturing by 400%.
The rapid industrial growth took place at the expense of na-
ture and environment, causing air and water pollution and
other problems. Some 4 million tons of dust and soot, 8 mil-
lion tons of carbon monoxide, 4 million tons of sulfur dioxide,
as well as 2 million tons of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
each, are discharged yearly to the atmosphere in West Ger-
many. Air pollution affects man, animals, vegetation, and
buildings. The radioactive contamination due to nuclear jjower
plants and other facilities is negligible in comparison with the
natural background. A survey revealed that a large proportion
of people who had left the Ruhr area did so on account of pol-
luted air. An abatement of air pollution as a result of improved
technologies and the intensive use of pollution-control
techniques has been apparent for the last years. A clean-air
maintenance program has been elaborated for North Rhine-
Westphalia.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
143
A TIRADO A B-37101
AARONSON T 'A-29489
ADACHI M G-27651, G-30169, G-39013
ADALBERTO T A "B-33073
ADALBERTO, T A C-0%60
ADAM R 'A-26594
ADAMS D F 'B-32681, C-I675J, 'D-16619
ADAMS P A 'B-25211
ADAMS, D F B-00379. B-01436, «C-00947,
•C-06526. 'D-03106, "F-01784.
F-10308, 'G-01874
ADAMS. D. F. 'B-04773
AGARDY F J 'A-26979
AHLGREN P "B-21369
AHO W 0 'B-16899
AKAMATSU I 'A-16494
AKAMATSU K -B-22061
AKAMATSU, I 'B-13072
ALDRICH L C 'A-13199
ALFEROVA L A 'B-29278
ALFEROVA, L A 'B-10366
ALKIRE H L 'D-12345
ALLAN R S -F-16386
ALLEY F C 'B-37266
AMBERG H R B-16842, B-17409.
B-33732, B-42246
AMBERG, H R C-08541
AMOS, L C B-07974
ANDERSON C B A-13443
ANDERSON D M A-40159
ANDERSON H S M-31814
ANDERSON, D O G-02170. 'G-03671
ANDERSSON K "A-43626
ANDERSSON. K 'C-08954
ANDREASSON S 'B-43774
ANNERGREN G 'A-13238. 'F-13362
ANTHONY A W JR B-36658. B-36659
APPLEBURY T E 'C-17029
APPLEBURY, T E 'C-10654
ARCHIBALD E E JR 'B-25950
ARHIPPAINEN B 'B-18029
ARHIPPAINEN, B 'B-09933
ARNE H C I A-27942
ASA1 M B-19216
AURELL R 'A-13440, 'A-13444, 'F-13347
AURELL, R 'F-I30IO
AUSTIN R R C-I687I, 'C-30263
AUSTIN. R R C-10453
AVER F A J-3I8I4
AZUMA T A-14134. M-13980
B
BABA Y 'C-29726
BACKLUND A A-13238. F-13362
BACKSTROM B 0 'B-43544
BACON R F 'B-15878
BAILEY. R E A-10524
BAJUSZ A J 'A-28976
BALAKRISHNAN S 'B-27901
BALMER T 'B-27182
BAMESBERGER W L 'C-16755
BANCIU, I 'B-10578
BANDUNI, J S B-04045
BARKE E H-38S76
BARNEA M 'A-38615
BAUMGARDNER R C-29913. C-34863
BAXTER W A JR B-23725
BEAUJEAN J • A-13395
BEAVER C E B-39206. 'B-40098,
B-44818
BENFORADO. D M •D-07572
BENJAMIN, M 'A-12621, 'B-01223
BERGSTROM H 'A-39922
BERGSTROM, J G C-089S4
BERNSTEIN R H 'B-39498
BETHGE, P O 'C-07214
BEYER D L F-14579
BILLINGS C E 'B-28580
BISHER E P A-28898
BLESSING W H B-39206
BLOMEN T 'B-16242
BLOSSER R O 'A-27433
BLOSSER, R O '8-05001, •B-0741S,
•B-10277, -B-10659
BLUE J D 'B-31463. 'B-39291
BOATMAN J B A-12422
BODENHEIMER V B A-13395
BOLKER H I 'A-31548
BONSALL R A -B-19425
BOSCH J C C-29072, C-38698, "D-35051
BOSTROM C E B-43774
BOWMER, E J C-10686, D-07390
BOYER R Q •B-14120
BOYLE G M 'A-33804
BRADT, P D-00690
BRANDT A D • A-40159
BRINK D L B-11673, B-12506, «B-20258,
•B-40958, 'C-30202. F-16828
BRINK. D L 'A-06981. A-08359,'C-08354
BROADDUS. S B-07434
BROOMHEAD F B-25643
BROWN R F B-25047
BRUNNER E B-17559
BUCOVE, B D-06535
BUNYARD F L 'B-19071
BURGESS. W A G-05076
BURKLIN C E A-40345
BURNETT B B F-13453
BURNOVA G P 'B-32603
BUTRICO F A A-12422
BUXTON W H JR 'B-31790
BUXTON, W H 'B-04783
CADY. F H 'B-00552
CAIRNS C E B-36854
CALVERT S «B-27762
CAMACHO T F «F-13082
CANNON K R A-31327
CANOVALI L L «B-I99I6
CARLSON. D A B-01563
CARON A L A-27433
CARR W F 'B-3717I
CARVER, T O 'D-06535
CAVE, G C 'C-08335, "C-08356.
•C-08357. -C-08338
CEDERLOF. R •C-00%5, 'C-09648,
•D-00209. M-09199
CHAMBERLAIN R E • B-36854
CHILCOTE D O 'A-36348
CHOUDENS C D 'C-20435
CHRISTOFERSON. E A B-03975
CLAIBORNE J T JR 'A-24398
CLARK L E C-16577
CLEMENT J L 'A-18182, "B-16747,
•B-16876, 'B-38444. 'B-41603
CLEMENT, J L 'B-05074, «B-I2658
COATS O S 'B-3I608
COE E L JR "B-44890
COLLINS R L J-21241
COLLINS T T JR 'B-15779, «B-26I72,
•B-32569. 'B-36658, 'B-36659
COLLINS, T T JR 'B-04781
COLOMBO P 'C-27069
COMMONER B 'A-32483
CONSTANTINESCU I B-44198
COOK W G "C-37308
COOPER H B H JR 'C-35243, 'C-35956
COOPER, B H JR B-074I5
COOPER, G D-07572
COOPER, H B B-05001
COOPER, H B H JR B-10659
COOPER. H B JR B-10277
CORBETTA D C-27069
CORR M A-32483
COUDRAY P G-25875
COULTER J H A-I8I82
COULTER T R 'B-29085
COX L A "A-35066
CROMWELL W E 'B-37073
CROON I 'F-mSI
CROWELL E P "F-13453
CUFFE, S 'L-09093
D
DAHM H P 'A-13386
DALESKI. EJJR F-13012
DARBY R L A-12422
DAVIS J C 'B-30062
DAVIS J L B-16698
DEANE M 'G-39242
DEELEY J E 'B-13445
DEHAAS G G B-16729. C-16871
DEHAAS. G G 'B-07974. C-10453
DEVITT T W A-32165
DEVONALD B H 'C-37511
DEVONES K R 'F-13435
DEVOSS C R 'D-44735
DEXTER G M 'B-39256
DIBBLE G B-18240
DIDDAMS D G F-13755
DILLARD B M B-32018
DONKELAAR VAN A 'D-16062
DOUGHTY L B-38210, B-44394
DOUGLAS. I B 'A-04893. B-04950
DOUGLASS I B 'A-28885
DOUGLASS, 1 B "A-01644. -A-04879,
•A-11144, A-12621. 'B-04861
-------
144
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
DREW J 'F-13436
DROEGE. H F 'G-09926
DUMON R 'B-36478
DUNCAN L A-27433, 'B-34868
DUPREY, R L 'A-09686
DYCK A W J 'B-43851
EDFORS, M L C-00965, D-00209
EGGERT W C 'B-31991
EHRENBORG. L C-07214
ELLIOT J S B-16747
ELLIOTT J S B-41603
ELLIOTT. J S B-12658
EMANUEL. D A '0-07339, G-08828
EMSLIE, J H D-07390
ENDO R 'A-17198. D-17630
ENSOR D S C-29072. C-37718, C-38698
ERDMAN, A JR 'B-06343
ESCOBAR S F-13437
ESTRIDGE R B 'B-30208
FAITH W L 'B-13551
FALGOUT, D A 'C-06385
FANELLI R B-15878
FENNELL F L 'A-13282
FERNANDES J H 'B-22357, 'B-40366
FERRIS B G 'G-25563
FERRIS, B G JR '0-02170, '0-05076
FEUERSTE1N, D L 'A-08359. C-08354
FLETCHER R H 'L-20273
FLYNN C S 'B-20286
FOGEL M E 'J-21241, J-31814
FOGELBERG B C F-13350
FONES R E 'B-13398
FORGACS O L F-16386
FORSS K F-13350
FOSS E 'B-42893
FREIDAY J H 'B-35315
FREITAG R E-39M2
FREMER K E F-13350
FREOUR P '0-25875
FREYSCHUSS S 'B-34299
FREYSHUT S 'B-17266
FR1BERG, L C-00965, C-09648, D-00209,
•M-09199
FROST H J 'B-38235
FUKU1 S 'B-23611
FULLER R R 'F-13187
FUNABASHI S G-30169, 'G-39013
FUNAKI H A-17633, A-22148, A-41168
FUTAKI N C-36894
G
GALEANO S F 'B-I4110, B-252II.
•B-29621, 'B-32018, 'B-39226
GALEANO, S F 'B-00951, B-III50,
•D-12648
GAUVIN W H 'A-18189, B-13331
GAVELIN G 'B-36037, 'L-35817
GAVRILESCU GH 'B-28656
GEHM, H W 'L-06732
GELLMAN I B-34868
GERLACH THARANDT R 'H-37047
GERSTLE R W 'A-32165. J-2I24I
GESSNER A W 'B-18240
GHISONI P 'B-26176
GIERER J 'A-13399, 'F-I34I8
GILBREATH R H JR 'C-43479
GILMER R J B-252II
GINODMAN G M 'B-11949
GLADDING, J N 'A-09202
CODING A T B-38569
GOLDMAN M I 'M-23344
GOLDSCHMID O F-13272
GOLDSMITH J R G-39242
GOMMI J V 'B-24079, 'B-32937, 'B-43482
GONZALEZ V 'B-42908
GORMAN P G A-27501, A-35443
GRACE T M 'K-39224
GRANT J 'F-13342
GRAVEL J J O A-18189
GREEN, B L 'B-11726
GREENFELT P 'C-43214
GRIMLEY K W JR C-19051
GROSS L J B-15709
GROSS S B A-12422
GROTTEROD K 'L-17379
GUEST E T 'B-13772, 'B-26173
GUEVARA, M V B-04045
GUMERMAN, R C 'B-01563
H
HALES, J M B-00025
HAMMAR COB 'A-27942
HAN S T B-16698, B-21960
HANAMURA N D-33708
HANKS, J J M-01546
HAN SEN. G A A-12621, 'B-08360
HAN WAY J E JR 'B-18262
HARDING C I A-36392. 'C-04945
HARDING. C 1 B-00951, 'B-01505.
•B-01789, B-01900, B-02018, 'B-09508,
•B-III50, C-06385, 'D-0%58
HARDISON L C 'B-35519
HARING R C B-42319
HARKNESS A C 'B-38697, 'C-14582
HARKNESS, A C 'E-00952. 'F-06719
HARTFORD W B-35315
HARTLER N A-13444, 'F-13382
HARTLER. N 'B-08361, F-13010
HARTMAN C H C-38032, C-43684
HARTSUCHPJ 'B-40114
HASSELHUHN, B 'C-0%57
HASTINGS L 'E-39112
HATTON J V 'F-18214
HATTORI T 'L-32893
HAWKINS G 'B-16744, 'B-18140
HAWKINS, G 'B-09048
HAYASHI J D-33708
HAYASHIT G-39013
HEANEY J P 'B-38210, 'B-44394
HEITMAN J B A-13439
HELLER, A N D-06535
HENBY E B B-18262
HENDRICKSON E R A-21385. 'A-21728,
A-28095, 'A-36392, 'B-25190,
C-04945, 'C-21724. 'C-39929
HENDRICKSON, E R B-01789, 'B-01900,
•B-02018
HENDRIKS R V 'L-40544
HIGH, M D 'C-00383
HILL E L J-21241, J-31814
HOAG D S 'B-13447
HOCHMUTH. F W 'B-11153
HOLDER D A 'F-13768
HONDA K 'B-31091, 'B-31125
HONGU T G-30169
HORNTVEDT E 'B-37677
HORRES C R JR C-19051
HORSTMAN, S W C-00383
HOSHIKA Y 'A-32879, 'C-32880.
•C-36894
HOUGH G W 'B-15709, 'B-43480
HOVEY M W B-19733, B-22809
HOWARD, W C 'B-07769
HRUTF10RDBF A-33983, D-3J051,
•F-13604
HRUTFIORD, B F A-OI885, B-04950,
B-04952. B-04953, 'B-05409, F-12662
HSUEH L B-26254
HURTUBISEFG F-13379
I
IBRAHIM K 'B-13737
IKARI Y 'B-437%
IMAMURA S 'J-40526
INGRUBER O V B-I3409, F-13343,
F-13480
INGRUBER, O V A-08368, A-09011,
G-03788. 1-03957. N-08409
IOFFE L O 'B-16197
ISAYEVA N M B-16350
ISHIDA K D-33708
ISHIGURO T 'A-40524, C-36894
ISHH T «B-32798
ISHIZAWA M M-13980
ITO J G-39013
ITO K G-27651, G-30169, G-39013
ITO N B-19257
IZUMI S D-41167
JANSSON L B • A-13380
JARVELA, O 'A-08363
JENSEN W 'F-13350
JENSEN. G A «B-00379, "B-01436
JOHANSON L N A-40063
JOHANSON M F-13350
JOHANSON, L N B-04952, B-04953.
B-05408. B-08365
JOHNSON, R K 'J-01561
JOHNSTON D R J-21241
JONAS J 'G-16153
JONES K H •B-11673, 'B-12506. B-20258,
F-16828
JONES W P 'B-16695
JONES. K H A-06981
JONSSON S E 'B-30339, B-42893
JONSSON. E M-09199
JULSON J O 'J-16457
JULSON, J O 'M-07965
JUNGERSTAM B B-18029
K
KABURAGI S 'G-37337
KAEMMERER K 'H-37352, 'H-38576
KAHN D C B-29621. B-39226
KALISH J 'B-34385
KAMETANI. F A-06240
KAMIO S B-38565
KAMISHIMA H A-16494
KAMISHIMA, H B-13072
KAPUSTOVA J B-25493
KATO T C-32467
KATO Y 'B-21407
KATOU T 'C-42403
KATZ. M D-00690
KAYHART T J B-18240
KELMAN B A C-14582
KENAGA D L 'F-13186
KENEDA. K C-08312
KENLINE. P A 'B-00025, 'D-03017
KESLER R B 'C-24939. 'F-13240
KIFUNE I C-21859. "D-37968
KIHLMAN, E 'B-10758
KIKUCHI I 'A-17633
KIKUCHI K 'A-41168, 'C-23106
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AUTHOR INDEX
145
KIKUCHI T 'A-22148
KIMURA Y A-15494
KINDLER W A F-13186
KIRK D G 'F-13481
KIRKBY A H B-13445
KISH1MOTO K G-39013
KLEINERT T N 'A-13606, 'A-13608.
•F-13420, 'F-13484
KLEPPE P J «B-326I5. B-43635
KLIMOVICH J 'A-38327, B-42431
KLINCK R W B-27357
KLOSS T E 'F-14576
KLUFAS A J 'F-16383
KNUDSON J C 'B-43396
KOECK 0 'H-24025
KOELBEL H -B-30577
KOGO T 'D-17630
KOIKE K 'D-33708
KOIKE Y M-26838
KOOGLER J B A-21385, A-21728,
C-21724
KOPPE R K D-16619
KOPPE, R K C-00947. D-03106, F-01784,
•F-10308
KOSAYA G S 'B-31072
KOSTRIKOV V I B-32603
KOTT G L 'A-13192
KOTZERKE D F «A-I3281
KR1NGSTAD K P • B-43635
KUBE, H D J-OI546
KUBO M G-30169
KUBO S G-27651, G-39013
KUDRYAVTSEVA L A «H-32561
KURTH E F F-13083
KUSUMOTO M 'A-17243
LAAMANEN A 'H-23261
LABERGE J C 'B-17656
LAGRONE F S 'A-40345
LAHDES R H-23261
LA1SHONG C B-43635
LAMB, D R 'G-II828
LANDRY, J E B-01505, 'B-02279.
•B-08364, -F-09498
LAPOINTE, M W B-04783
L APPLE C E B-17088
LARDIERI N J •B-33660, -B-38194
LARSEN, A A G-03671
LARSSEN S 'C-37718
LAYER M L 'F-13423
LAWTON, B R G-07339
LEA. N S 'B-03975
LEAHY T E "C-15704
LEE G 'B-I333I
LEMON S B-21369
LENZ B A-13399, F-13418
LENZ B J 'F-13083
LENZ W B-37101
LENZ, W 'B-03946, 'C-09660
LEONARD, J S 'C-03789
LESOURD D A J-2I24I
LEWIS E C -A-18188, 1-13507
LIBERT J B-43635
LINDBERG E A S 'B-25085
LINDBERG, S 'B-01549, •B-09656.
•B-09661
LINDVALL T 'C-23278. "C-25466,
•M-15760
LINDVALL, T C-00965. C-09648,
D-00209
LLEWELLYN W F B-31463, 'B-38723.
B-39291
LONGWELL, D H B-02279. 'C-00551
LORAS V A-13386
LOWE J C F-13423
LUDWIG, J H «L-06730
LUNDE K E B-17088
LUTZ C A -A-12422
LYDAY R O J-31814
LYNCH, A J »C-10686, 'D-07390
LYON W A «F-44969
M
MA J L B-44890
MAAHS. H G 'B-08365
MACDONALD G L W 'B-24478
MACK R A B-29621, B-39226
MACKENZIE, V G D-06535
MAEDA I -B-19257
MAGDER J B-38569
MAJOR, W D A-12621, 'B-09655
MAKKONEN. H A-08363
MAKSIMOV V F 'B-16350. B-22400
MALARKEY E J 'B-16824
MALARKEY. EJ 'B-11158
MANCHESTER D F F-13768
MANNBRO N «B-I3438. 'F-13385
MARKANT H P «B-14II8, 'B-15766
MARRACCINI L M A-13606. A-13608
MARTIN LOF R 'A-25205
MARTINEZ. S E 'F-05385
MARTON J 'F-13505
MARYNOWSKI C W B-17088
MASON. L B-09733
MATSUMOTO H B-33918
MATSUMURA M G-37337
MATSUSHITA A C-32467
MATSUURA H B-23611, F-13241
MATTESON. M J 'B-05408
MATTY R E B-24750
MAY B F 'B-36760
MCANDIE J L A-38327
MCCARTHY J L F-21971
MCCARTHY. J L B-05408. B-05409.
B-08365
MCGINNITY J L 'C-19051
MCINTOSH D C «F-13236
MCINTYRE A D C-37511
MCKEAN W T B-43635
MCKEAN, W T JR 'A-01885, •B-04950.
•F-12662
MEDALIA, N Z «M-00376, 'M-00844
MEINHOLD T F 'B-39205
MELLER A -A-13605
MEULY W C 'B-39801
MEYER F J F-13186
MEZIERES F A 'A-36049. 'A-36480
MILES F W »A-4I467, «F-33863
MINDLER A B F-13768
MINER S 'A-17603
MIURA T C-32467
MIYAGI H 'B-34044
MIYAJIMA H 'B-35803
MIYAZAKI S 'B-35931
MIZOGUCHI M G-39013
MODZELEVSKAYA Z P B-16350
MONCRIEFF R W 'B-39282
MONSALUD M R 'A-13237
MOODY D M 'B-18037
MOORE P J A-12422
MORGAN J P 'B-23901.'B-39773
MORGAN O P *B-366S7, 'B-41474
MORRISON, J L 'B-12527
MOTOMIYA K G-27651, G-39013
MOTT W E 'C-33055
MULIK J D C-19051, 'C-29913, 'C-34863
MURAMATSU M G-39013
MURATA M G-39013
MURRAY F E 'A-12507. 'B-00390.
•B-14113. B-15690, B-39773
MURRAY, F E A-02274, 'A-09415,
•B-05808. C-01071. C-01542, E-00952,
F-06719
MURRAY, J S "B-09047
MURRY F E B-38697
N
NADEAU J P 'A-41564
NAGAYASU M A-14134. M-13980
NAKAI Y 'B-29231
NAKAJIMA S 'B-19218
NAVARRE. A J A-12621
NELSON P F «F-13311, 'F-14848
NELSON. B 'M-08698
NICHOLS G B A-26441
NICHOLSON D C C-17037
NICKLIN T 'B-17559
NICOLAS P M A-13237
NIKLASSON R -A-35113
NILSSON HER 'F-13344
NISHIDATE A D-41167
NISHIMUTA T G-39013
NISHINO, E C-08312
NISHIYAMA K 'A-14134, 'M-13980
NISHIYAMA, K A-06240
NOLAN W J "B-23538
0
OE, M A-06240
OGISU Y 'B-32109
OGLESBY S JR 'A-26441, »B-33347.
•B-35793
OKEY R W B-42319
OKITA T 'C-21859, D-37%8
OKITA, T "C-08312
OKU K F-13241
OKUMURA E 'B-33918
OLOMAN C *B-15690
OLSSON J E 'A-13325
ONO M B-23611
ORSLER R J 'F-13346
OSTBERG K F-13344
OSTERLI V P -A-26255, «B-25977
OVEREND M 'B-39596
OWENS, V P «B-05880, 'B-10994
OYAKE T D-17630
PACKMAN D F F-13346
PADDOCK R E J-31814
PARK W R A-27501
PARKISON R V -B-21983
PASZNER L B-27138
PAVANELLO R 'G-33964
PEARL I A -F-14579
PECKHAM J R F-13319
PECSAR R E «C-38032. 'C-43684
PERRINE R L 'B-26254
PERSSON G 'N-15093
PETTERSSON S 'F-13188
PHILLIPS N D B-15766
PILAT M J 'C-29072. C-37718, 'C-38698.
D-35051
PINCOVSCHI E 'B-44198
PIROTTA A C-27069
PLUMLEY A L M-13507
POHLMAN A A C-30202
POLCIN J B-25493
PORTER S M B-25863
PRICE L A-28885
PRICE. L A-01644. A-04879, A-11144,
B-04950
PROHAZKA G J B-35315
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146
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 'D-09592
QUIMBY G R 'F-13272
RALSTON E L B-24750
RAMSDELL, E W B-07434
RAND G H M-43717
RANDERSON D 'D-24227
RAPSON W H 'A-13443
RAUTU R -B-29852
RAYNER, H B A-02274, A-09415
REVELEY R L B-29085
RI Y G-39013
RICCA P M 'A-13492
RICE, J W 'B-10765
RICHTER J A-13238
RICKLES R N 'B-21965, B-27901
RIES E D -C-16577
RIOUX J P -F-13379
RISK ] B B-15690
RISK, J B 'C-01071
RITMAN E L A-13605
ROBERSON J E A-21385, A-21728,
•A-28095, «B-I6807. •B-210SI,
C-21724
ROBERSON J S B-25190
ROBERTS L M 'B-39206
ROGERS C E -B-24750
ROJAS M S F-13437
ROMANTSCHUK H 'B-22655
RONDIA D G-33964
ROOT D F F-13423
ROSENBLADC 'B-I604I
ROSS R A C-37308
ROSSANO A T JR C-35243, C-35956
ROTH L A-30701, A-35581
ROY A J C-15224
RUDOSKY C B-16824
RUDOSKY.C B-11158
RUSHTON J D M-27971
RUSSELL N A 'A-13594
RUUS A L -B-13334
RYCZAK S J M-14583
RYDHOLM S A-13238
RYLANDER R 'G-17205
SABLESKI, J J "L-03540
SAGE W L B-16876
SA1TO H 'B-38565
SAITO K A-22148, A-41168
SAKAI A F-13241
SAKURA1 N G-39013
SALLEE E E A-27501
SAMUELSON O A-13325, F-I3I88
SANDERSON J G 'C-15224
SANDERSON. H P '0-00690
SANYER, N B-10765
SAPP J E B-13398
SARKANEN, K V A-01885, B-04950.
•B-04951, B-04952. B-04953, F-12662
SARTORI A C-27069
SATO A G-39013
SATO S A-17633, A-22148, A-41168
SAWATANI T C-32467
SAWAYA T -A-19899
SCHAER M J C-17029
SCHAER, M J C-10654
SCHMIED J -B-25493
SCHOENHOFEN L H 'B-15450
SCHOENING M A 'A-14580. B-37094
SCHOON N H 'F-13384
SCHULZE J B-30577
SCHWARTZ I M-42690
SCOTT W D 'F-21971
SEABORNE C R B-36658, B-36659
SEGERFELT B N 'B-43611
SEIDLER M J H-38576
SEMLING H V JR 'L-28389
SEMRAU K T 'B-17088, 'B-20143
SERENIUS R S C-37511
SERGEANT S V F-13342
SHAFIZADEH F F-13423
SHAH I S '8-14094, B-15766
SHAH. I S 'B-06859. "B-09733, "B-lOOOl,
•B-11008, 'B-11009
SHANNON L J A-27501. 'A-35443.
A-35574
SHEMILT L W B-37094
SHERA B L 'A-13439
SHIBLER B K "B-19733. 'B-22809
SHIDELER H W B-25863
SHIGETA Y B-23117, 'B-27288. 'B-37494,
•C-27355, C-36894. 'L-30149
SHIH, T T 'B-04953
SHIH, T T C 'B-04952
SHIMURA O B-28328
SHIRAKAWA H D-17630
SHOLTES R S C-04945
SHRINER, R D G-11828
SIMONSON R 'F-13190
SINCLAIR G D 'F-13318
SKALPE. I O 'G-00996
SKEET C W F-16386
SMATHERS R L B-30208
SMITH A E-39112
SMITH, E L 'B-07433
SMITH, J H C-10686, D-07390
SMITHSON G R JR B-18262
SNYDER J W 'A-18164
SOKOLOVA O I B-16350
SONE H A-17633, A-41168
SOTOBAYASHI H B-23611
SPAITE P W 'L-19062
SPALDING C W 'B-21960
SPRINGER K L 'B-15992
STALTER N J A-13282
STAMLER P J A-32483
STEPHENSON, W D B-11009
STERN, H B-01436
STEVENS R K C-29913, C-34863
STEWART R L B-43480
STRAFORELLI J B 'B-27138
STUART, H H 'A-10524
SUDA S A-18182, B-19916
SUGAI R C-21859, D-37968
SULLIVAN R J 'A-20553
SULTZER N W 'B-44818
SUZUKI K "D-41167
SUZUKI. Y 'A-06240
SYKANDA. A C-10686, D-07390
SYKES W 'B-25643
SZWARCSZTAJN E «L-28355
TADA M 'B-14940
TADENA F G JR A-13237
TAGA T 'A-363T7
TAKAGI S 'C-32467
TAKAYAMA T G-39013
TALLENT R G A-18188, 1-13507
TAMM 0 M 'B-16447
TAPPI 'B-12076
TEDER A B-21369
TERAJIMA A G-39013
THEMELIS N J B-13331
THIBODEAUX L J B-30208
THODE E F F-13319
THOEN G N 'B-16729, "C-16871,
•C-17037, 'C-28708
THOEN, G N 'C-10453
THOMAS J F B-11673, B-12506, B-20258,
B-40958, C-30202, 'F-16828
THOMAS. E 'B-07434
THOMAS, J F A-06981, A-08359. C-08354
THOMPSON N S «F-133I9
TIRADO, A A B-03946. «B-04045
TITOVA G A B-29278
TITOVA, G A B-10366
TOBA T G-39013
TOKITA G G-37337
TOMIDA B D-33708
TOMLINSON. G H II 'A-08367
TOMOGAMA T 'B-19216
TORO R F 'B-38569
TOYOSHIMA K D-33708
TREMAINE B K 'B-39433. B-39801
TRIPLETT G 'C-33045
TROBECK K G A-39922, 'B-37101
TROUT P E "F-13189
TSUCHIYA G 'A-40063
TSUJI A C-32467
TSYGANOVSKAYA L KH 'G-23893
TUCKER W G A-28095. B-25190
TURK A 'B-42319
BURNER B G B-30208
TUTTLE, W N F-01784
U
UEHARA S G-39013
UMEZAWA M 'B-28328
URSU P A-38615
UTAKA G 'F-13241
VALLEY R B B-25211
VAN DONKELAAR A B-25950
VANDEGRIFT A E 'A-35574
VANDERGRIFT A E 'A-27501
VASIL EVA E M B-16447
VEAZIE W H A-12422
VEDERNIKOV V G 'B-22400
VEERAMANI H 'B-45019
VEGEBY, A 'B-10268
VILLAVICENCIO E J 'F-13437
VIOLA G 'F-13462
VON ROSENBLAD C 'B-16647
VUOJOLAINEN T B-22655
W
WADA M 'L-32796
WAKEFIELD J W 'A-28898
WALKER A B 'B-25047
WALKER, A B 'B-02955
WALLIN N F-13418
WALTHER J E 'B-16842, 'B-17409,
•B-33732, 'B-42246
WALTHER, J E 'C-08541
WANGERIN, D D 'A-04345
WAYMAN M A-13443
WEEKS L 'B-43414
WEIMER E C 'B-25863
WEINER J *A-30701, 'A-35581
WENZEL, F J G-07339, 'G-08828
WENZEL, H F J 'G-03788, M-03957
WENZL H F J 'B-13409, 'B-13464,
•F-13343, 'F-13480
WENZL, H F 'A-08368, 'N-08409
WENZL, HFJ 'A-09011
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
147
WERNER A E *H-24902
WEST P H «B-37004
WESTERBERG. E N B-09933
WETHERN J D 'B-14577
WHITE H J 'B-23725
WHITNEY R P 'B-16698
WIKLANDER G "C-43228
WILDER J E B-28580
WILDER, H D 'F-13012
WILLET H P 'B-16681
WILLETT. H P «B-0509I
WILLIAMS, I H 'C-01542
WILLIAMSON D F 'B-42431
WILSON A W 'B-39575
WILSON D F 'A-33983
WILSON J W B-27138
WILSON. E L 'L-06742
WINTHROP S O "A-27293, 'A-38542
WISLICENUS H 'H-39537
WITT J M «A-3I327
WOHLERS H C 'C-22958
WONG, A 'B-10106
WOODWARD E R *B-37064
WORCESTER, J G-05076
WORSTER H E A-35066
WRIGHT R H A-14580, 'A-24903.
•B-27357. 'B-37094, 'E-37091
WRIGHT, R H -B-06106
WRIST P E -L-31465
YAMASHITA, S C-083I2
YARGER, H J A-12621
YEMCHUK E M 'B-19930
YOKOKAWA T B-29231
YOSHIDA R 'G-21054. •G-276J1.
•G-30I69, G-39013
YOSHII T B-23611
YOUNG, F A G-01874
ZHILIN P N 'D-20377, 'D-22J91
ZIMMERMAN M D 'B-29650
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
149
ABATEMENT A-20553, A-26594, A-28095,
A-35581, A-40524, B-01672, B-08364,
B-09655, B-13737, B-39888, B-43396,
D-09392, D-41167, G-16153, J-16174,
J-23842, J-30951, J-31076. L-09093,
L-17379, L-28389, L-30149, L-32796,
L-32893, L-34685, L-35817, M-07965,
M-08698, N-42686
ABSENTEEISM D-33108, G-03671,
G-25563
ABSORPTION A-13608, A-20553, A-21385,
A-28976. A-29489, B-00379. B-01436,
B-01563, B-03975, B-04773, B-04882,
B-04887, B-04952, B-05074, B-06106,
B-07974, B-08366, B-09047. B-09508.
B-13072, B-14118, B-15690, B-15766,
B-16876, B-16899, B-17559, B-18262,
B-22400. B-25190, B-27762, B-27901.
B-32603, B-33918, B-35803, B-37494.
B-3823S, B-38565, B-42893, B-42908,
B-436II, B-45019, C-35956, F-01784,
F-09498
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) A-43289,
A-43626, B-00951, B-03975. B-05074,
B-I1I50. B-11949, B-14IIO, B-I4I20,
B-15878, B-16647. B-16681, B-16698,
B-17656, B-I9425, B-21960. B-21983,
B-23611, B-24750, B-25493. B-29231,
B-32615, B-33918, B-34044, B-35931,
B-37677. B-38444, B-38565, B-40366.
B-41603, B-43396, B-43774, D-22591,
L-19062
ACETALDEHYDE A-32475
ACETIC ACID A-32475
ACETONE B-05409. B-16842, C-07214,
C-08356
ACETYLENES B-31803, C-08354
ACID SMUTS B-16695
ACIDS A-090I1, A-09686. A-13443,
A-15517, A-17198, A-24398, A-26441.
A-32165. A-32475, A-35066, A-35443,
A-35574, A-36377, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, B-03975, B-05091, B-06106,
B-15878, B-15992, B-16447, B-18262,
B-19733, B-20143, B-22809, B-25643,
B-26254, B-27470. B-27901, B-28656,
B-31091, B-31125, B-32603, B-33918.
B-35519. B-38235. B-42246, B-44198,
C-14582, C-35956, D-06535, D-07572,
D-09592, D-09658, D-33108, F-13083,
F-13188, F-I33II, F-13481, F-14579,
H-24025, H-37352. H-39537, J-14583.
L-09093
ACROLEIN C-32880
ACUTE G-37337. G-39242
ADMINISTRATION A-17198, A-26979,
A-30383, A-39460, A-40345, A-40524.
B-01223. B-01505. B-01672. B-04882.
B-07433, B-08364, B-16842. B-21965.
B-27762. B-34868, B-40114. C-00551.
C-21724, D-03017, D-06535. D-07390,
D-09592. D-09658, D-12345. D-12496,
D-I2648, D-16062. D-16619. D-20377.
D-35437, D-41167, F-44969. G-02170,
G-16153, G-17205, G-34667, J-01546,
J-30951, J-31076, J-40526. J-43717,
L-03540, L-06732, L-09093, L-19062,
L-34685, L-35817, L-36900, M-00376,
M-00844, M-07965, M-13980
ADSORPTION A-13608, A-20553.
A-21385, B-01563, B-13072, B-13737,
B-25190, B-27762, B-27901, B-32768,
B-33715, B-37094, B-37266, B-37494,
B-42319, B-44198, C-32467, C-35956.
C-42403, F-01784. F-13186, L-32796,
L-40544
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) B-19257,
B-44198. L-36900
ADULTS G-01874, G-07339, M-00844,
M-09199
ADVISORY SERVICES L-41093
AERODYNAMICS B-23725
AEROSOL GENERATORS B-37073,
L-30149
AEROSOLS B-17088, B-20143, B-35660,
B-35931, C-33055, C-38698, D-35051,
J-01546
AFRICA B-29650
AFTERBURNERS A-17603, A-35574,
A-39462, B-07769, B-09508, B-13737,
B-20286, B-25977, B-29650, B-34299.
B-38235, J-01546, J-21241, L-36900
AGE G-05076, G-39242, M-09199
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES D-09592,
D-44735
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
A-27501. C-23278, E-31865
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA A-35581.
B-27762, L-09093
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-17198. A-40345,
C-00551, D-03017, D-06535, D-07390,
D-09592. D-09658, D-12345, D-12496,
D-12648, D-16619. D-20377. D-35437,
D-41167. G-02170, L-34685, M-00376,
M-00844, M-13980
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-01885, A-14580, A-27433, A-27501.
A-30701, A-31327, A-32879, A-35113,
A-35443, A-35574, A-36377, A-38542,
A-40345, A-41168. B-01505, B-01563.
B-03946, B-05409, B-10277, B-16842,
B-27762, B-34459, C-00383, C-04883,
C-06385, C-09208. C-10686, C-23106,
C-32467, C-32880, C-37718. C-43214,
D-00209, D-00690, D-03017, D-03106,
D-06535, D-07390, D-07572, D-09592.
D-09658. D-12345. D-12648, D-16062,
D-16619, D-20377, D-22591, D-24227,
D-27673, D-31276, D-33108, D-33708,
D-35051, D-35437. D-37968. D-41167,
D-44735, E-25338, E-31865, G-00996,
G-05076, G-11828, G-25563. G-37337.
J-01561, L-32893, L-34685. M-00376,
M-00844, N-08409
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-25683,
A-28976, A-29489, A-31327, A-36377,
B-00552, B-27762. B-34044, B-43774.
C-00551, D-44735. J-01561. L-09093,
L-34685. L-40544, M-00376. M-00844
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
A-26594, B-34317, L-28389, L-34685
AIRCRAFT A-35443, A-40345, B-29628,
D-12496
AIRPORTS A-40345, D-00690
ALABAMA D-35437
ALCOHOLS A-13399, A-33983, A-39460,
B-05409, B-08365, B-10366, B-16842,
B-22400, B-32109, B-42893, C-07214,
C-08357, C-30202, F-06719, F-13418,
F-13604, L-32796
ALDEHYDES A-09686, A-32475, A-39460,
B-05808, C-32467, C-32880, D-06535,
D-09592, F-06719, F-14579. L-32796
ALERTS D-44735
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS A-01885,
A-16494, A-32475, A-39460. B-00379,
B-09655. B-30208, B-31803. C-07214,
C-08354, E-00952, F-06719. F-13453,
F-16828
ALKALINE ADDITIVES A-35066,
B-09508, B-17559, B-22809, B-25171,
B-29852, fl-32603, B-32615. B-34044,
B-35803, B-36018, H-39537, L-19062
ALKALIZED ALUMINA (ADSORPTION)
B-40366, L-19062
ALLERGIES A-20553, G-03671, G-08828,
G-23893
ALTITUDE A-26979, C-33055, 1-26838
ALUMINUM A-09686, A-32483, A-39462,
B-25643, B-33918, C-33045, D-33108,
1-33709, L-20273
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-26441
AMINES A-17198, A-19899, A-39460,
B-32768, B-37064, C-29726, C-32467,
L-32796
AMINO ACIDS C-32880. H-32561
AMMONIA A-09686, A-17198, A-36377,
A-39460, B-06343. B-07974, B-10765,
B-27901, B-32768, C-27355. C-29726.
C-32880, C-35956. D-03106. D-06535.
D-07572. D-09592. D-33108. F-13481.
F-14576, F-21971. H-39537, L-32796.
L-32893
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-09686,
A-17198, A-36377, A-39460, B-06343,
B-07974, B-10765, B-16876, B-19425,
B-22809, B-27901, B-32768, C-27355,
C-29726, C-32880, C-35956. D-03106.
D-06535. D-07572, D-09592. D-33108.
F-13481, F-14576, F-21971. H-39537,
L-32796, L-32893
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-01644,
A-06981, A-08359. A-13439, A-14580.
A-16494, A-17603, A-17633, A-18182,
A-22148, A-30701, A-32475, A-33804.
A-35113, A-35581. A-39922. A-41168,
B-00379, B-00390, B-02279. B-03807,
B-04045, B-04882, B-04887, B-05408,
B-05409, B-05808. B-08364. B-08365.
B-08366, B-09047, B-10277, B-10578,
B-16729, B-16842. B-27762, B-32681,
B-33732, B-34044, B-34459, C-00383,
C-00551, C-00947, C-01071, C-01542,
C-04883. C-04886. C-06526, C-07214.
C-08354. C-08355, C-08356, C-08357.
-------
150
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
C-08358, C-08541, C-08954, C-09208,
C-09657, C-10453, C-10654, C-10686,
C-14582, C-15224, C-15704. C-16577,
C-16755, C-16871, C-17029, C-17037,
C-19051. C-20435. C-21724, C-21859,
C-24939. C-27069. C-27355, C-28489,
C-29726, C-29913, C-30202. C-30263.
C-32467, C-32880, C-33055, C-34422,
C-34863, C-35243, C-35956, C-36894,
C-37308. C-37511. C-38032. C-39929,
C-42403, C-43214, C-43228. C-43684,
D-00209, D-24227. D-37968, E-00952,
F-01784, F-06719. F-10308, F-13082,
F-13083, F-13188. F-13190, F-13236,
F-13240, F-I33I1. F-13379, F-13418,
F-13423, F-13453, F-13484. F-13505,
F-13604. F-14579, G-03788, G-OJ076,
1-13507
ANEMOMETERS C-35956
ANIMALS A-I7I98. A-29489, A-35443,
B-27762, C-32467, C-33055, G-009%,
G-01874. G-02170, G-03671, G-11828,
H-24902, H-32561, H-37352, H-38576,
L-09093, M-00844
ANNUAL D-31276, F-33863, J-40526,
N-42686
ANTIBODIES G-08828
ANTIGENS G-07339. G-08828. G-39013
AREA SURVEYS A-I7I98, D-03017,
D-06535, D-07390. D-09592. D-09658,
D-12345, D-12496. D-16619, D-20377,
D-35437, L-34685, M-00376, M-00844,
M-13980
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A-39460.
B-16842, B-33715, C-07214. C-08356,
C-08357, C-30202, F-13505, L-32796,
M-08698
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS B-28656
ASBESTOS A-39460. B-26254
ASHES A-04345. B-00025. B-05074,
B-11726, B-16876, B-34317
ASIA A-06240, A-13237, A-I4I34,
A-16494, A-I7I98. A-17243, A-17633,
A-19899, A-22148, A-32475, A-32879,
A-36377, A-40524, A-41168, B-08366.
B-13072. B-14940, B-I92I6. B-19218,
B-19257, B-21407, B-22061, B-23117,
B-23611, B-27288. B-28328, B-29231,
B-3I09I. B-3II25, B-32109, B-32768,
B-32798, B-33347, B-33918. B-34044,
B-35803. B-35931, B-36018, B-37494,
B-38565, B-43796, C-08312, C-21859,
C-23106, C-27355. C-29726, C-32467,
C-32880, C-36894, C-42403, D-17630,
D-27673, D-31276. D-33108. D-33708,
D-37968. D-41167, F-13241, G-21054,
G-27651, G-30169, G-37337. G-39013,
1-26838, J-26326, J-30951, J-40526.
L-14932, L-30149. L-32796. L-32893,
L-36900. M-13980
ASPHALT A-09686, A-31327. A-35443.
A-35574. A-39460, A-39461. A-39462,
A-40159, C-33045. D-09592. J-16174,
L-34685
ASTHMA A-38542, D-33108. G-02170,
G-05076, G-21054. G-27651, G-30169.
G-33964, G-37337. G-39013
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-06240,
A-I4I34, A-26979, A-31327, B-01672,
B-16842, C-09660. C-36894, D-00690.
D-03017, D-03106, D-06535, D-07390,
D-09592. D-12345. D-12648, D-16619,
D-24227, D-31276, D-33108, D-33708,
E-25338. E-31865, G-39242, H-37047.
1-26838
AUSTRALIA A-13605. F-14848
AUTOMATIC METHODS A-09415,
C-09208, C-16755, C-17029, C-30263,
C-34422. C-38032, F-13190, F-13240,
F-13379
AUTOMOBILES A-09686. A-26594,
A-36377, A-40345. B-27762, D-12496.
D-33108, D-35437, J-01546, J-16174,
L-09093
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
B-05091. G-11828, L-36900
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-09686,
A-26594, A-40524, B-29628, B-43774.
C-33055. D-03017, D-09592, D-12496,
D-24227, D-33108, G-11828. J-01546,
J-16174, L-09093. L-36900
B
BACTERIA C-33055. C-35956
BAFFLES B-23725
BAG FILTERS A-24903, B-21407.
B-22357, B-28580, B-43774. C-35956
BALLOONS C-35956. D-09592
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-04345.
A-09686, A-26441, A-39461. B-05091,
B-26254, B-27182, B-43774. C-33045,
J-01546
BATTERY MANUFACTURING B-10277,
C-09208
BELGIUM B-08366
BENZENES C-08356, C-08357, C-30202,
L-32796
BERYLLIOSIS A-01644, A-01885,
B-00379, B-00951, B-01505, B-01549.
B-01563, B-02279. B-03807, B-03946,
B-04045, C-00383, C-00551, C-00947,
C-00965, C-01071. C-01542, C-03789,
C-04883, D-00209, D-00690. D-03017.
E-00952, F-01784, G-009%. G-03788.
J-OI56I
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS A-39460
BESSEMER CONVERTERS A-09686,
C-33045
BIOCLIMATOLOGY D-07390
BIOPSY G-07339
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION A-02274.
A-04345, A-04879. A-04893. A-06981,
A-08359, A-08363, A-08367, A-08368.
A-09011, A-09415. A-11144. A-12507.
A-12621, A-13492, A-17603, A-18182.
A-18188, A-18189. A-24903, A-27942,
A-32879, A-36049, A-40063, A-43289.
B-00025, B-01505, B-01672, B-01789,
B-01900. B-02955, B-04045, B-04773,
B-04781, B-04861, B-04882, B-04950,
B-04951, B-05091, B-05880, B-06106,
B-06859, B-07434. B-08360. B-08361,
B-08364. B-08365. B-08366, B-0%55.
B-09656. B-09933, B-IOOOI, B-10366.
B-10994. B-11008. B-11009, B-11150,
B-III53. B-11158, B-11673, B-12658,
B-13334, B-13398, B-13409, B-13737.
B-13772, B-14094, B-14110, B-14113.
B-14577, B-15450. B-15709, B-15779,
B-16729. B-16747, B-16807. B-16842,
B-17409. B-18029. B-I8I40, B-18240,
B-I907I. B-19916, B-19930, B-21051,
B-22061, B-22400, B-23117. B-23538,
B-23901. B-24079. B-25211. B-25950,
B-26172. B-26173, B-26176, B-27357,
B-27901. B-29278. B-30062. B-30339,
B-31072. B-31463, B-31794, B-32615,
B-32798. B-32937. B-33732, B-34299,
B-34317. B-34385, B-35660. B-35803,
B-36037, B-36657, B-36854, B-37094,
B-37101, B-38194, B-38565, B-38723,
B-39205. B-39226, B-40958. B-41474,
B-41603, B-42246, B-42431, B-43396,
B-43414, B-43480, B-43635, B-43851,
B-44818. B-45019. C-00965. C-08354.
C-29913, C-30202, C-30263, C-34863,
D-00209, D-07572, D-09592, D-16062,
F-01784. F-13435, F-13436, F-13453,
F-13768, F-16828. H-24902, 1-03957.
J-14583, J-16457. L-06732, N-08409
BLAST FURNACES A-04345, A-09686,
A-26441, B-16350, B-16681, B-16695,
B-20143, B-25643, B-27901, C-33045
BLOOD CHEMISTRY C-33055
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS G-07339
BLOOD VESSELS H-32561
BOILERS A-04345, A-09202. A-17633.
A-18188, A-21385. A-25205, A-32475,
A-32879, A-38327. B-00951. B-02955,
B-05074, B-05091, B-09656. B-09661,
B-09933, B-11150. B-11726. B-12658,
B-13409, B-14094. B-15709, B-16197,
B-16350. B-16747. B-16824, B-19216,
B-19218, B-19257, B-22522, B-23117,
B-25085, B-25643. B-26176, B-29085,
B-29231, B-29852. B-31091, B-31463,
B-32109. B-33347. B-34044, B-35793,
B-35803, B-35931. B-38565, B-38723,
B-39291, B-39498. B-39575, B-40114,
B-40366. B-41603, B-42431. B-43414.
B-43544, B-43796. B-43851, B-43879,
B-44890, C-23106, C-28708, C-29072,
C-35956. C-43228. D-09592, D-35437,
J-21241, K-39224, L-30149. M-08698
BREATHING C-09648, G-05076. G-23893,
G-27651. G-30169
BRICKS A-40159, B-10277
BROMINE C-04883, C-10453, D-24227
BROMINE COMPOUNDS C-00947,
C-10453
BRONCHITIS A-38542, D-33108, G-05076.
G-25875. G-27651, G-37337
BUBBLE TOWERS A-43289, B-16899
BUDGETS J-01546, J-30951, L-19062
BUTADIENES A-32475
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-06981.
A-08359, A-08367, A-08368, A-08631,
A-17603, A-18182, A-18188. A-18189.
A-27942, A-31548, A-35066, A-36049,
B-00025. B-01672. B-01789, B-01900.
B-02018. B-03975. B-04045, B-04773,
B-06343. B-07769, B-07974, B-08360,
B-08364. B-08365, B-09047, B-09508,
B-0%55. B-09733, B-09933, B-10106,
B-10758, B-10994, B-11150, B-11153,
B-11949, B-12527, B-12658, B-13331,
B-13409. B-13438. B-13445, B-13551,
B-13772, B-14118. B-14120, B-14577,
B-14940. B-15450. B-15690, B-15779,
B-15878, B-15992, B-16041, B-16242.
B-16647, B-16681, B-16729, B-16899,
B-17559, B-18029. B-18037, B-18240,
B-18262, B-19733, B-21369, B-21965,
B-22655, B-23611, B-24079, B-24478,
B-25171, B-25211, B-25977, B-26172,
B-27470, B-27901, B-28656, B-28792,
B-29231. B-29852, B-30339, B-30577,
B-31125. B-31790, B-31991. B-32109,
B-33073. B-33715. B-34299, B-34385,
B-35931, B-36018, B-36658. B-36659.
B-37004, B-37101. B-37554, B-37677.
B-38194. B-38210. B-38235. B-38444,
B-38569. B-39205. B-39206, B-39256,
B-39498, B-39773, B-40114, B-40366.
B-40958. B-42246, B-42431, B-43879,
B-44394, B-44818. B-45019, C-08354,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
151
D-07572. F-13272, F-13435, F-13436,
F-13480. F-13755, F-13768, F-14848,
H-39537, J-01546, J-01561, J-16457,
L-19062. M-40951, N-08409
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS C-04886.
C-08356, C-08358, C-27069
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-08367.
A-18182, A-21385, A-25205, A-36392,
A-39460. B-06343, B-10765, B-I1009.
B-22809, B-31790, B-34044, B-34299,
L-20273
CALCIUM SULFATES A-21385, B-22809
CALIBRATION METHODS B-08365.
B-31608. C-01071. C-08357, C-08358.
C-34422. C-35243. C-43214
CALIFORNIA A-06981, G-39242
CANADA A-08631, A-09415, A-12507.
A-13443. A-13606, A-13608. A-24903.
A-27293. A-31548, A-35066. A-38542.
A-41564. B-00379. B-05808, B-08364.
B-08366. B-10106. B-13331, B-13772.
B-14113, B-15690, B-19930. B-22522.
B-23901. B-24478. B-25I7I, B-26173.
B-27138. B-27357, B-27470, B-28792.
B-29628, B-31794, B-36854. B-37094.
B-38697, B-39282, B-39596, B-39773.
B-42431. B-43879, C-00965, C-01071,
C-03789. C-09208. C-15224. C-28489.
C-34422, C-37308, C-37511. D-07390.
D-35051, E-37091. E-39112. F-06719.
F-13318. F-13379. F-13768, F-16383,
F-16386. G-01874. H-24902. 1-33709,
J-31076, L-17379, L-20273, L-41093.
M-40951
CANCER A-38542
CANNING B-37494
CARBON BLACK A-26441, A-35443,
A-35574. A-36392, A-39460. A-39461.
A-39462, B-37266, B-37677, B-40098,
L-36900
CARBON DIOXIDE A-28976, A-36377.
B-07974. B-09655, B-10659, B-15766.
B-16899, B-24079, B-27901, B-31091.
B-31I25, B-35931, B-45019, C-07214,
C-08354, C-I5704. C-19051, C-32467,
F-06719, F-09498, F-16828
CARBON DISULFIDE B-13072, B-32603,
C-00947, C-09208. C-15704, H-39537
CARBON MONOXIDE A-09686. A-27293,
A-36377, A-38S42, A-39460, A-40159,
A-40345. A-43274. B-05091. B-05808.
B-I668I. B-252II, B-29621. B-31125.
C-08354. C-19051, C-35956, D-06535.
D-09592, D-12496, D-35437, D-44735,
E-00952, F-06719. F-16828, G-11828.
H-39537, J-01546. J-16174. J-21241,
L-06730, L-34685, L-36900, L-40544,
N-42686
CARBONATES A-21385, B-10765,
B-13464. B-I41IO, B-31790, B-34044
CARBONYLS C-15704. F-14579
CARCINOGENS A-01644. A-01885.
A-02274. A-39460, B-00951, B-01505.
B-01563. C-00383, C-00947. C-00965,
C-01071. C-01542. D-00690, D-03017.
G-00996. G-03788. J-01561, M-00844
CASCADE SAMPLERS A-35443, B-33073,
C-08312, C-29072, C-35956. C-37718,
C-38698. D-35051
CATALYSIS A-09415, B-01789, B-05808.
B-07974. B-10366. B-26172. B-27470,
B-32603. B-32768. B-38235. B-38569.
B-38697. B-40107. H-32561
CATALYSTS B-01789, B-05808, B-07974.
B-26172, B-32768, B-38235. B-38569.
B-38697, B-40107, H-32561
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY B-05808,
B-32603. B-38569. B-38697
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS B-07769,
B-09508, B-13737. B-38235, L-36900
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-02274,
A-04345, A-04879, A-04893, A-06981,
A-08359, A-08363. A-08367, A-08368,
A-09011, A-09415. A-U144. A-12507,
A-1262I, A-13492. A-17603, A-18182,
A-18188, A-18189, A-24903. A-27942,
A-28976, A-32879, A-36049. A-40063,
A-43289, B-00025, B-00379, B-01505,
B-01672, B-01789, B-01900, B-02955,
B-04045. B-04773. B-04781. B-04861,
B-04882, B-04950, B-04951, B-05091,
B-05808, B-05880, B-06106, B-06859,
B-07434. B-07974, B-08360, B-08361,
B-08364. B-08365, B-08366, B-09655,
B-0%36, B-09933, B-10001, B-10366,
B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11150,
B-11153, B-11158, B-11673, B-12658,
B-13334, B-13398, B-13409, B-13551,
B-13737, B-13772, B-14094, B-14110,
B-14113, B-14577, B-15450, B-15709,
B-1S779, B-16729. B-16747, B-16807,
B-I6842. B-17409, B-18029, B-I8I40,
B-18240, B-19071, B-I99I6. B-19930,
B-2I05I, B-22061, B-22357, B-22400,
B-23117, B-23538, B-23901, B-24079,
B-2S211, B-25950. B-26172, B-26173,
B-26176. B-27357, B-27901, B-29278,
B-30062. B-30339, B-31072, B-31463,
B-31794, B-32603, B-32615. B-32768,
B-32798, B-32937, B-33732. B-34299,
B-34317, B-34385, B-35660. B-35803,
B-36037. B-36657, B-36854, B-37094,
B-37101, B-37266, B-37494, B-38194,
B-38565, B-38697, B-38723, B-39205.
B-39226, B-39256, B-39498, B-40107.
B-40366, B-40958, B-41474, B-41603,
B-42246, B-42319, B-42431, B-433%,
B-43414, B-43480, B-43635, B-43851.
B-44818, B-45019, C-00965, C-08354,
C-29913, C-30202, C-30263, C-34863,
D-00209, D-07572. D-09592, D-16062,
F-01784, F-13435, F-13436, F-13453,
F-13768, F-16828, H-24902, 1-03957,
J-14583, J-16457. L-06732. L-19062,
L-32796, N-08409
CATTLE H-32561
CELLS G-07339
CEMENTS A-26441. A-27501. A-32483.
A-3S443, A-35574, A-36377, A-39461,
A-39462, B-23725, B-25643, B-31803,
B-33347. B-35793, B-44198, B-44890,
C-33045, D-24227, J-16174
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-09686,
A-35443, A-35574, A-39461, A-39462.
A-40159. B-04783. B-06343, B-07769,
B-09048, B-10106, B-11726, B-22357,
B-24750, B-27288, B-27470, B-27762,
B-28656, B-29650. B-34317, B-35931,
B-36658, B-36659, B-37171, B-38235,
B-40366, B-43544. B-43774, B-44198,
C-08312, C-35956, J-21241, J-31076
CERAMICS A-09686, C-09208, C-28708,
H-39537
CHAMBER PROCESSING B-25643
CHARCOAL B-13072
CHEMICAL BONDS F-13236. F-13382.
F-13418
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-14580,
A-41168. B-05409, C-32467. C-32880,
D-35051, L-32893, N-08409
CHEMICAL METHODS A-13439,
A-14580, A-17603. B-00379, B-00390,
B-02279, B-03807, B-04045, B-04887,
B-05408, B-05409, B-08364, B-10578.
B-16729, C-00383, C-00947, C-04883,
C-04886, C-08354, C-08355, C-08358.
C-08954, C-09208, C-09657. C-10453,
C-10654, C-16577, C-16755, C-27069,
C-30263, C-35956. C-43228, D-00209,
F-01784,'F-13236. F-13379. F-13423.
F-13453, F-13505, F-14579. G-05076,
1-13507
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-02274,
A-04879, A-04893. A-06981, A-08359,
A-08367, A-08368, A-08631, A-09415,
A-13444, A-13492, A-13594. A-18182.
A-18189. A-26441, A-27942, A-28885.
A-33983, A-35581, A-38542. A-40063,
A-43289, B-00379. B-01436, B-01505.
B-01789, B-01900, B-02279, B-03807,
B-04045. B-04861, B-04882, B-04887.
B-04950, B-04951, B-04952. B-04953,
B-05808, B-06106, B-06859, B-07974,
B-08360, B-08361, B-08364, B-08366,
B-09048, B-09661, B-09933, B-10366.
B-10765, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
B-11150, B-U673, B-12506, B-13331,
B-13447, B-13464, B-14577. B-16350.
B-16876, B-18240. B-20258, B-21369,
B-21960. B-22400, B-23117. B-23611,
B-24079, B-25085. B-25977, B-26176,
B-27470, B-31794, B-32615, B-32768,
B-36657, B-37494, B-37677, B-38194,
B-38569. B-38723. B-39773, B-40958,
B-42319, B-43611, B-44890. C-01071,
C-06385, C-08354, C-16871. C-30202,
C-30263, E-00952. F-06719, F-09498,
F-10308, F-13012, F-13344, F-13384,
F-13423, F-13604, F-14579, F-16828,
H-32561, 1-03957, L-32796, N-08409
CHICAGO L-30149
CHILDREN D-07390, D-20377, D-22591,
D-33108, G-03671. G-25563, G-27651,
G-30169, G-39013
CHLORATES A-08631
CHLORIDES A-32475, B-04887, B-10659,
C-00383. C-04886, C-16577, C-32467,
D-33108, F-13379, H-39537
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-32475, A-39460, B-38235
CHLORINE A-08631, A-09686, A-13439,
A-25683, A-32165, A-36377, A-39460,
B-00379, B-00552, B-01436, B-03807,
B-04861. B-04887. B-08366. B-12527.
B-26176, B-27901, B-38235, C-09657,
D-33108, F-10308, F-18214, G-05076
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-08631,
A-13237, A-18164, A-25683, A-32475,
A-35066. B-00379, B-04773, B-04861.
B-04887, B-08360, B-10659, B-11949,
B-31794, B-37064, B-38194, B-38723,
B-42319, C-00383, C-04886, C-16577,
C-32467, C-35956, D-33108, F-10308,
F-13379, F-18214, G-02170, G-05076,
H-39537, J-16457. L-09093
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-01644, A-06981,
A-16494, A-17633, A-22148, A-30701,
A-32475, A-33804, A-35113, A-35581,
A-41168, B-00379, B-02279, B-04882,
B-05408. B-05409, B-05808, B-08365.
B-08366, B-16842, B-34044. C-00551.
C-00947, C-01542. C-04883, C-04886,
C-06526. C-07214, C-08354, C-08355.
C-08356. C-08357. C-08358, C-08541,
C-08954, C-09657, C-10654. C-15224.
C-15704. C-16871. C-17029. C-19051.
-------
152
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
C-21859, C-24939, C-27355. C-29726,
C-29913, C-30202, C-32467, C-32880,
C-34422, C-34863, C-35243, C-35956,
C-36894, C-37308. C-37511, C-38032,
C-42403, C-43214, C-43684, D-00209,
D-37968, E-00952. F-01784. F-06719,
F-10308, F-13083, F-13188, F-13311.
F-13418. F-13423, F-13453, F-13604,
F-14579, G-03788
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS B-34317
CHRONIC A-38542. G-02170. G-05076,
G-25875, G-37337, G-39242
CINDERS J-16457, L-20273, L-30149
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A-17603,
H-32561
CITIZENS GROUPS M-08698, M-40951
CITY GOVERNMENTS B-01223, D-27673.
L-14932
CLAY A-35574, A-39460, A-39462
CLEAN AIR ACT B-01672, D-35437,
L-40544, M-08698
CLOUDS C-36894, D-09592, E-25338,
E-31865
COAL A-09686, A-21385, A-32165.
A-35443, A-35574, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, A-40345, B-01672, B-17559,
B-21965. B-31803, B-32603, B-33347,
B-35793, C-33045. D-09592, D-12496,
D-33108, D-35437, F-05385, H-37352,
L-19062
COAL PREPARATION A-15517, B-17266,
B-31803, H-39537, L-19062, L-36900
COBALT COMPOUNDS B-27138
COFFEE-MAKING A-09686, B-26254
COKE A-26441, A-40159, B-21965,
B-22809. B-29628, D-33108, L-06730
COLLECTORS A-09686, A-12621,
A-31548, A-35443, A-35574, A-39461,
A-39462, A-40159, B-04783, B-05001,
B-06343, B-07769, B-08360, B-09048,
B-10001, B-10106, B-II726, B-19216,
B-19218. B-22357, B-23725, B-24750,
B-27288, B-27470, B-27762, B-28656,
B-29650, B-3I99I, B-34317, B-35660,
B-35931, B-36270, B-36658, B-36659,
B-37064, B-37171, B-38235, B-40366,
B-43544, B-43774, B-44198, C-08312,
C-35956, D-22591, J-01546, J-01561,
J-21241, J-26326, J-31076, J-40526,
L-06742
COLORIMETRY B-02279, B-04045,
B-08364, B-33732, C-01071, C-04886,
C-09208, C-09657, C-16755, C-24939,
C-35243. C-35956, C-39929, D-00209,
F-13190, F-13240, G-05076
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY B-00379,
B-05408. B-05409, C-00947, C-29913,
C-34422, C-37308. C-38032. F-01784
COMBUSTION A-06981, A-08359,
A-09415, A-20553, B-04773, B-04861,
B-06343, B-07433, B-07769. B-08360,
B-08366, B-09656. B-13445, B-16876,
B-23117. B-25085, B-25863, B-25977,
B-27288, B-28580, B-32109, B-32603.
B-34385, B-37494, B-39226, B-42893,
B-43879. C-01071, C-08354, F-16828
COMBUSTION AIR A-04345, A-09415,
A-10524, B-04781, B-04783, B-05074,
B-05091, B-07769, B-08360. B-09656,
B-HI53, B-11726. B-25863. B-29621,
B-31091, B-32018. B-32937. B-33347,
B-35803, B-36657, B-36854, B-40366,
B-40958. B-41474, B-44890. D-09592
COMBUSTION GASES A-08359, A-09415,
A-09686, A-15517. A-21728, A-25205,
A-26441, A-26979, A-32165, A-32879,
A-33983, A-35574, A-36049, A-38327.
A-38615, A-41168, A-43289, A-43626,
B-01505, B-01672. B-01900, B-03807,
B-03975, B-04773, B-05074, B-06859,
B-08360, B-09047, B-0%55, B-0%56,
B-IOOOI, B-10268, B-10277, B-10578,
B-10659. B-10994. B-11009. B-11153.
B-11158. B-11949. B-13445, B-13551.
B-13772, B-14094. B-15690. B-15779.
B-15878, B-16350, B-16647. B-16698.
B-16747, B-16876, B-17559, B-17656,
B-18029. B-19216. B-19218. B-19257.
B-19425. B-19916. B-19930. B-20286.
B-21960, B-21983. B-22061, B-22400,
B-22522. B-22809, B-23611. B-24478,
B-24750, B-25085, B-25171, B-25211.
B-25493. B-25863. B-25950, B-26173.
B-26176. B-27182, B-27470, B-27901.
B-28328, B-28792, B-29231, B-29621,
B-29628, B-29852, B-30062, B-30577.
B-31091. B-31125. B-31308, B-31463.
B-31790, B-31991, B-32109, B-32569.
B-32615. B-33347, B-33715, B-33918.
B-34044, B-34385. B-34459, B-35519,
B-35803. B-35931. B-36018, B-36037,
B-36355. B-36478. B-36658. B-36659,
B-36854, B-37004, B-37064. B-37094,
B-37266, B-37554, B-37677. B-38194,
B-38235. B-38444, B-38565. B-38569,
B-38723, B-39205, B-39206, B-39256,
B-39282, B-39498, B-39596, B-40098.
B-40107. B-40114, B-40366, B-41474,
B-41603. B-42246. B-42893, B-43414.
B-43544, B-43796, B-43879, B-44890.
B-45019. C-00947. C-01071, C-04883,
C-04885, C-04886, C-04945. C-08312,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
C-08541. C-09648, C-09657. C-09660,
C-10453, C-15224, C-16755. C-16871,
C-17037, C-19051, C-22958. C-23278,
C-27069, C-30263, C-33045, C-33055,
C-34422, C-34863, C-35956, C-37308,
C-37718, C-38698, C-43214, C-43228,
C-43479, D-00209, D-07572, D-09592,
D-12496, D-16062, D-16619, D-22591,
D-35051, D-41167, E-31865, E-37091,
F-10308, G-16153, G-37337, H-24025,
H-37352, H-39537, J-01546, J-01561,
J-16174, J-16457, J-26326, J-40526,
L-19062, L-20273, L-30149, L-35817,
M-23344. N-42686
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-04345,
A-06981. A-08359, A-09415, A-09686,
A-15517. A-21728, A-25205, A-26441,
A-26979, A-32165, A-32879, A-33983,
A-35574, A-36049. A-36377, A-38327,
A-38542, A-38615, A-41168, A-43289,
A-43626, B-00025, B-01505, B-01672,
B-01900, B-03807. B-03975, B-04773,
B-05074, B-06859, B-08360, B-09047.
B-09655, B-0%56, B-10001, B-10106,
B-10268, B-10277, B-10578, B-10659,
B-10994, B-11008, B-11009. B-11150,
B-11153, B-11158, B-11726, B-11949,
B-13445. B-13551. B-13737, B-13772,
B-14094, B-15690, B-15779, B-15878,
B-16350, B-16647. B-16698, B-16729.
B-16747, B-16876. B-17559, B-17656,
B-18029, B-19216, B-19218. B-19257,
B-19425, B-19916, B-19930, B-20258.
B-20286. B-21960. B-21983, B-22061.
B-22400, B-22522, B-22809. B-23611,
B-24478, B-24750, B-25085. B-25171,
B-25211, B-25493. B-25863, B-25950,
B-26173, B-26176. B-27182, B-27470,
B-27901, B-28328. B-28792. B-29231,
B-29621, B-29628. B-29852, B-30062,
B-30577, B-31091, B-31125, B-31308,
B-31463, B-31790, B-31991, B-32109,
B-32569, B-32615, B-32681, B-33347,
B-33715, B-33918, B-34044. B-34317,
B-34385, B-34459. B-35519, B-35803,
B-35931, B-36018. B-36037, B-36355,
B-36478, B-36658. B-36659, B-36854,
B-37004, B-37064, B-37094. B-37266,
B-37554, B-37677, B-38194. B-38235,
B-38444. B-38565, B-38569. B-38723.
B-39205. B-39206, B-39256. B-39282.
B-39498. B-39596, B-40098, B-40107.
B-40114, B-40366, B-41474, B-41603,
B-42246, B-42893, B-43414, B-43544,
B-43611, B-43796. B-43879, B-44890.
B-45019, C-00947, C-01071, C-04883.
C-04885, C-04886, C-04945, C-08312.
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
C-08541, C-09648, C-09657, C-09660,
C-10453, C-15224, C-16755. C-16871,
C-17037, C-19051, C-22958, C-23278,
C-27069, C-30263, C-33045, C-33055,
C-34422, C-34863, C-35956, C-37308,
C-37718, C-38698, C-43214, C-43228,
C-43479, D-00209, D-07572, D-09592,
D-12496, D-16062. D-16619. D-22591.
D-35051, D-41167. E-31865, E-37091,
F-10308, F-13755, G-11828.G-16153,
G-37337. H-24025, H-37352, H-39537,
J-01546. J-01561, J-16174, J-16457,
J-21241. J-26326, J-40526, L-19062,
L-20273, L-30149, L-35817, L-36900,
M-23344, N-42686
COMMERCIAL AREAS D-03106,
D-07390. D-35437
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT A-18182.
B-00552, B-01549. B-10268. B-16681,
B-18037, B-43482, G-01874, 1-03957,
J-01546. J-01561
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-15450, B-16681.
B-39596, B-39888, B-42431, B-43396,
C-00551, D-16062, F-44969, J-30951,
L-14932
COMMON COLD G-30169, G-37337
COMPLAINTS A-14134, B-01223,
B-08360, C-09660, D-03017, D-17630,
L-32796, L-34685, M-08698, M-13980,
M-15760
COMPLIANCE B-43396
COMPOSTING A-17243, B-05091
COMPRESSED GASES A-39461, C-32467
COMPUTER PROGRAMS A-27942,
B-13447, B-31608, B-34317, B-38210,
B-44394, D-35437, F-09498, J-31814
COMPUTERS A-13192, B-36854, D-35437
CONCRETE A-09686. B-10277. C-33045,
D-09592
CONDENSATION A-08359, B-01505,
B-01672. B-05408, B-08365, B-09656,
B-09661, B-15779, B-25085, B-27288.
B-30208, B-30339. B-31091, B-31125,
B-33715, B-36270. B-36760, B-38723,
B-39773, B-42319, C-32467, C-35956
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-31327, B-16842, C-36894, D-09592,
E-25338, E-31865, M-00376
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-09686.
A-26441, A-27501, A-31327, A-32483,
A-35443, A-35574, A-36348, A-36377,
A-39460, A-39461, A-39462, A-40159,
B-05001, B-09356, B-10001, B-10106,
B-10277. B-10659. B-23725. B-25643.
B-31803, B-33347, B-35793, B-37554,
B-44198, B-44890, C-33045, D-09592.
D-24227, J-16174. L-34685
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
153
CONTACT PROCESSING B-25643.
B-31803, B-38J69, D-09592, J-31814
CONTINUOUS MONITORING A-09415.
A-28976, A-35113, B-16729, B-19257,
B-24478. B-31608. B-32798, B-34459.
B-43851. C-0107I, C-08541, C-09208,
C-15224. C-16755, C-I687I, C-19051,
C-24939, C-30263. C-35243. C-35936.
C-43479. C-43684, D-00690, D-24227,
D-27673. D-31276, F-13082. J-01561
CONTROL AGENCIES A-26594, A-31327.
A-36377. D-16062, L-09093, L-28389.
L-34685. L-35817, M-08698
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-04345.
A-09686. A-10524, A-12621, A-17603,
A-18182. A-18189, A-24903, A-25205,
A-26441. A-3IS48, A-32165, A-32879,
A-35443. A-35574, A-35581, A-38542,
A-39460, A-39461, A-39462. A-40159,
A-42266, A-43274, A-43289, A-43626,
B-00025. B-00379, B-00552. B-00951.
B-01223. B-01436, B-01S05. B-01549.
B-01672. B-01900, B-02279, B-02955.
B-03807. B-03975, B-04045, B-04773,
B-04781, B-04783, B-04882, B-05001,
B-05074, B-05091, B-05408, B-05880,
B-06106. B-06343, B-06859. B-07415,
B-07433. B-07434. B-07769, B-07974,
B-08360, B-08364, B-08365, B-08366.
B-09047, B-09048, B-09356, B-09508.
B-09655, B-09656. B-0966I, B-09733.
B-10001. B-10106. B-10268. B-10277,
B-10578, B-10659, B-11008, B-11150.
B-11158. B-11726. B-12527, B-I26S8.
B-13334. B-13409, B-13445. B-13464,
B-13551, B-13737, B-13772. B-I4094,
B-I4IIO. B-14118, B-14940, B-15690,
B-15709. B-15779, B-IS992. B-16242.
B-16350. B-16681, B-16695, B-16698.
B-16744, B-16747, B-16807, B-16824.
B-16842. B-16876, B-16899, B-17088.
B-17177. B-17559, B-18029, B-18037,
B-18UO, B-18262. B-19071, B-19216.
B-19218, B-19916, B-20143. B-20286.
B-21051. B-21407. B-21960. B-21965.
B-21983, B-22357, B-22400, B-22522,
B-23117, B-23725. B-23901, B-24750.
B-25047. B-25085, B-25643. B-25977,
B-26173. B-26176. B-26254, B-27182,
B-27288. B-27470, B-27762, B-27901.
B-28328, B-28580, B-28656, B-28792,
B-29085. B-29231. B-29650. B-29852.
B-30062. B-30208, B-31463. B-31608.
B-31790. B-31803, B-31991, B-32109,
B-32569. B-32615. B-32681. B-32768.
B-32937. B-33347. B-33715. B-33918.
B-34044, B-34299, B-34317, B-34385,
B-34459. B-35315. B-35519. B-35660.
B-35793. B-35803, B-35931. B-36037,
B-36270, B-36657, B-36658, B-36659,
B-36760, B-37004. B-37064. B-37IOI,
B-37171, B-37494, B-38194. B-38235,
B-38444. B-38565. B-38723. B-39205,
B-39206. B-39256. B-39291, B-39498.
B-40098. B-40114, B-40366, B-41474.
B-42319, B-42431, B-42893. B-42908.
B-43396. B-43414. B-43480, B-43544,
B-43774, B-43796, B-43851. B-43879.
B-44198. B-44818. B-44890. C-00383.
C-00965. C-03789. C-06385, C-08312.
C-10453. C-10686. C-21859. C-30263.
C-33045. C-35956, C-43228, D-00209.
D-07572. D-09592, D-22591. D-35051.
F-09498. F-32021, G-08828. H-39537,
J-01546. J-01561, J-16457. J-21241,
J-26326. J-31076, J-40526, L-06742,
L-09093, L-I4932. L-19062, L-30149,
L-36900, L-40544. M-08698
CONTROL METHODS A-02274, A-04345,
A-04879, A-04893, A-06981, A-08359,
A-08363, A-08367. A-08368, A-08631.
A-09011, A-09202. A-09415, A-09686.
A-10524, A-11144. A-12507. A-12621.
A-13380, A-13492, A-13608, A-14580,
A-15517. A-17603, A-18182, A-18188,
A-18189. A-19899. A-20553, A-21385,
A-21728, A-24903. A-25205, A-25683,
A-26979, A-27942. A-28898, A-28976,
A-29489, A-30701. A-31327, A-31548.
A-32879, A-35066, A-35113. A-35443.
A-35581, A-36049. A-36392, A-36480.
A-38327, A-39460. A-40063. A-40524,
A-41564, A-42266. A-43289. A-43626,
B-00025, B-00379, B-00390, B-00552,
B-00951. B-01223, B-01436, B-01505,
B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01789,
B-01900. B-02018, B-02955, B-03807.
B-03946, B-03975. B-04045, B-04773,
B-04781. B-04783. B-04861, B-04882,
B-04887. B-04950. B-04951, B-04952.
B-04953. B-05074, B-05091, B-05408,
B-05409. B-05808, B-05880. B-06106,
B-06343, B-06859, B-07415. B-07433.
B-07434, B-07769. B-07974, B-08360.
B-08361. B-08364. B-08365, B-08366,
B-09047. B-09048, B-09508, B-0%55,
B-09656, B-09661, B-09733, B-09933,
B-10001, B-10106. B-10268, B-10366,
B-10659, B-10758, B-10994. B-11008,
B-11009. B-11150, B-11153. B-11158,
B-11673. B-11726. B-11949, B-12506.
B-12527. B-12658, B-13072, B-13331.
B-13334. B-13398. B-13409, B-13438,
B-13445, B-13551. B-13737. B-13772,
B-14094, B-I41IO. B-14113. B-14118,
B-14120, B-14577, B-14940. B-15450,
B-15690, B-15709, B-15766, B-15779,
B-15878. B-15992, B-16041, B-16242,
B-16447, B-16647, B-16681, B-16698,
B-16729, B-16747, B-16807. B-16824,
B-16842, B-16876, B-16899, B-17177,
B-17266, B-17409. B-17559. B-17656.
B-18029, B-18037. B-18140, B-18240.
B-18262. B-19071, B-19218, B-19257,
B-19425. B-19733, B-19916, B-19930,
B-20258, B-21051, B-21369, B-21960,
B-21965. B-21983, B-22061, B-22357,
B-22400, B-22522. B-22655. B-22809,
B-23117, B-23538, B-23611. B-23725.
B-23901, B-24079. B-24478, B-24750,
B-25171, B-25190, B-25211, B-25493,
B-25643, B-25863. B-25950, B-25977,
B-26172, B-26173, B-26176, B-26254,
B-27138, B-27288, B-27357, B-27470,
B-27762, B-27901, B-28328, B-28580,
B-28656, B-28792. B-29231, B-29278,
B-29621, B-29628, B-29650, B-29852,
B-30062, B-30339, B-30577, B-31072,
B-3I09I. B-31125. B-31308, B-31463.
B-31608, B-31790, B-31794, B-31803,
B-31991, B-32018, B-32109, B-32603,
B-32615, B-32681, B-32768. B-32798,
B-32937. B-33073. B-33347. B-33715,
B-33732, B-33918, B-34044, B-34299,
B-34317. B-34385, B-34459, B-34868,
B-35660, B-35803. B-35931, B-36018.
B-36037, B-36270, B-36355, B-36478.
B-36657, B-36658, B-36659, B-36760,
B-36854, B-37004, B-37064, B-37073,
B-37094. B-37101, B-37266, B-37494,
B-37554, B-37677, B-38194, B-38210,
B-38235. B-38444, B-38565, B-38569,
B-38697. B-38723, B-39205. B-39206.
B-39226. B-39256, B-39282, B-39291.
B-39433. B-39498, B-39575, B-39596,
B-39773, B-39801, B-40107, B-40114,
B-40366. B-40958, B-41474, B-41603.
B-42246, B-42319, B-42431, B-42893.
B-42908. B-43396, B-43414, B-43480.
B-43482, B-43544, B-43611, B-43635,
B-43774, B-43796, B-43851, B-43879,
B-44198, B-44394. B-44818. B-44890,
B-45019. C-00%5, C-04883. C-08312,
C-08354. C-29913, C-30202. C-30263,
C-32467. C-34863, C-35956. C-42403.
D-00209. D-07572. D-09592, D-16062,
D-22591. D-37968. E-37091, F-01784,
F-09498, F-10308, F-12662. F-13186,
F-13272, F-13435, F-13436, F-13453,
F-13480, F-13755, F-13768, F-14848,
F-16828, F-32021, F-44969, G-03788,
G-07339, G-08828, G-11828, G-33964,
G-34667, H-24902, H-39537, 1-03957,
1-33709, J-01546, J-01561, J-14583,
J-16457. J-26326, J-31076, J-31814,
J-40526, J-42690, L-03540, L-06730,
L-06732, L-09093, L-14932, L-17379,
L-19062, L-30149, L-32796. L-36900,
L-40544. M-40951, N-08409
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-40524,
B-01223, B-01505. B-01672, B-21965,
B-40114, C-00551. D-03017, D-16062.
F-44969. J-01546, J-31076, J-40526,
L-03540, L-06732, L-09093. L-34685.
L-35817. L-36900, M-07965
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES C-09208
CONVECTION (ATMOSPHERIC) E-31865
COOLING A-09011, B-10001, B-14094,
B-25863, B-30208, B-31991, B-33347,
B-39205, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358.
C-35956. C-43228
COPPER A-09686, A-39462, C-33045
COPPER ALLOYS C-33045
COPPER COMPOUNDS A-26441. B-20143
CORE OVENS B-19733
CORONA F-32021
CORROSION A-09011, A-18189, A-35574,
A-36392. B-01505, B-02018, B-08366.
B-10001. B-10106, B-10277, B-10659,
B-13445. B-18029. B-19218, B-26172,
B-31790. B-37064. B-37554. D-03017.
D-06535. D-09592, D-09658, 1-03957,
1-13507, 1-26838, 1-33709. J-14583
COSTS A-08631. A-13282, A-13395,
A-15517, A-17603, A-21385, A-21728,
A-24903. A-25205, A-25683, A-26441.
A-28095, A-30383, A-35066, A-35574.
A-35581. A-38327, A-38542, A-39462,
A-41564, A-43289, B-00552, B-00951,
B-01223. B-01789, B-03975, B-05001,
B-05091, B-07433, B-08365, B-09656,
B-09933, B-10106, B-10268, B-10277,
B-11150, B-11158, B-12527, B-13331,
B-13551, B-13737, B-15450, B-15709,
B-16681. B-17559, B-18029, B-19071,
B-21051. B-23725, B-2S047, B-28580,
B-30208. B-30577, B-32603, B-33715,
B-34459, B-35660. B-35793. B-36478.
B-36658. B-37004, B-37677, B-38210,
B-38569, B-39206, B-39596. B-40107.
B-40114. B-42893. B-43396, B-43774,
B-43796, B-44394, C-21724, C-35243,
D-24227, F-05385. F-13385, F-13768.
F-32021, F-44969. G-11828, J-01546,
J-01561, J-16174. J-16457, J-21241,
J-23842. J-26326, J-27971. J-31076.
-------
154
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
J-31814. J-40163. J-40526, J-42690,
J-43717, L-06742, L-09093, L-17379,
L-19062, L-30149, L-3J8I7, L-36900
COTTON F-13420
COTTON GINNING A-39462
COUGH G-00996, G-03671. G-07339,
G-27651, G-39242
CRACKING A-17603, C-09208
CRITERIA A-08363, A-35581, B-09661,
B-27762, B-32369, C-34422, J-27971.
L-09093, L-40544
CROP SPRAYING A-29489
CROPS A-33804, A-36348. D-33108,
F-13420, F-13462, H-39537
CUMULATIVE METHODS C-09208,
C-39929, D-09658, D-31276. D-41167
CUPOLAS A-26441, A-35443, A-39461,
B-05091, B-16681. B-20143, B-43774,
C-33045
CYANATES A-39460
CYANIDES A-36377, H-39537
CYCLONES (ATMOSPHERIC) E-25338
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-02274, B-00379.
B-01789, B-25493, C-00383, C-01071.
C-09208, D-00209, G-01874, G-16153,
M-00376, M-00844
D
DATA ANALYSIS A-I8182, A-35443,
B-27762, B-38210, D-35437, F-32021
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-18182.
A-27942, A-35443, A-40345, B-13447,
B-27762, B-31608, B-34317, B-38210,
B-44394, D-35437, F-09498. F-32021,
J-31814
DECOMPOSITION A-08359, A-08367.
A-08368, A-33983. B-04953. B-13447.
B-21369, B-25085, B-37494. B-44890
DENSITY A-09011, A-35574, B-18029,
B-31803, B-33073, C-37718
DEPOSITION C-35956
DESIGN CRITERIA A-08631, A-18182.
A-18189, A-26441, A-26979, B-00552,
B-00951. B-02955, B-05074, B-08365,
B-09733, B-IOOOI, B-11009, B-II150.
B-12658, B-16747, B-16824. B-16876.
B-16899. B-17177. B-18029, B-18037,
B-18240. B-20143, B-20286. B-21051,
B-21960, B-22522, B-23725, B-24478,
B-24750. B-25643, B-25863. B-26172.
B-27182, B-27357, B-28580, B-28656,
B-29085. B-30062, B-31091, B-3II25.
B-31463, B-31790, B-31991, B-33073.
B-33347, B-33918. B-35315. B-35519.
B-35931, B-37171, B-38444, B-39226,
B-39291, B-40958, C-08356. C-10654.
C-17029, C-28708, C-35956, C-38698,
C-43684, D-07572, F-09498, F-13362,
F-16383, 1-33709, J-31814
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
A-15517, B-17266. B-29231, B-31803,
B-40366, B-43774, H-39537, J-01346,
J-26326, J-40526, L-19062, L-36900
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
A-32483. A-40345
DIAGNOSIS G-07339, G-27651, G-30169.
0-39013, H-38576
DIESEL ENGINES A-09686, A-20553,
A-40345, D-12496, D-35437, G-34667
DIFFUSION A-38615, B-01672, B-10659.
C-09648, C-22958, D-17630. E-31865.
E-39112
DIGESTERS A-08367, A-13380, A-21385.
A-26979, A-32475, A-32879, A-40063,
A-42266. A-43289, A-43626, B-04861,
B-04951, B-07434, B-09508, B-09655,
B-0%56, B-09661, B-11008. B-15709,
B-16842. B-23117. B-25085. B-26176,
B-27288, B-32615, B-32681, B-32798,
B-34299. B-34317, B-34385, B-36760,
B-38194, B-38723, B-39433, B-39773,
B-41474, B-42893, B-42908, B-43611,
B-43635, B-43851, B-43879, D-09592,
F-13012, F-13362, F-13462, L-30149
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM G-03671, H-32561
DIOLEFINS A-32475
DISCOLORATION A-17603, C-06385,
C-09208, D-03017
DISPERSION A-15517, A-35443, A-38615,
A-40345, B-01672, B-05001, B-07415,
B-10277. B-10659. B-25190, B-27762,
B-31991. B-37494, B-39433, B-39596,
B-42319, C-09648, C-22958, C-28489,
C-330S5, C-35956, D-00690, D-03017,
D-09592, D-I2345, D-17630, D-35437,
E-31865, E-37091, E-39112, G-03788,
H-23261, H-39537
DISPERSIONS B-36478
DISPLACEMENT F-09498
DISSOCIATION B-04952, B-04953
DISTILLATE OILS A-40345, D-09592
DIURNAL B-31463, D-00690. D-03017.
D-07390, D-31276, D-33108, E-25338
DOMESTIC HEATING A-26594. A-35574,
A-36377, B-43774, D-00690, D-09592.
D-16619, D-31276, G-11828, J-01546,
J-21241
DROPLETS B-32937, B-35931, B-36478,
B-44890. C-35956
DRY CLEANING A-40345. L-06730
DRYING A-32879, B-13464, B-25863,
B-34385. B-36018, C-38698
DUMPS A-40345. B-37494. M-00844
DUST FALL A-35113, A-36377, B-10277,
C-10686, D-03017, D-03106, D-07390,
D-09658, D-12345, D-16619, D-20377,
D-27673, D-33708, D-44735, G-25563,
J-OI56I
DUSTS A-04345, A-10524, A-12621,
A-17633. A-24903, A-25205. A-26441,
A-33804, A-35113, A-36377. A-38542,
A-39462, B-00025, B-02279. B-06859,
B-09356, B-09655, B-09733, B-10001,
B-11726, B-13551, B-14094, B-16695,
B-16842, B-17088. B-19216. B-20143,
B-22357, B-23725, B-25643, B-26254.
B-27288, B-27470, B-27901, B-28580,
B-29231. B-31608, B-31803, B-32569,
B-33918, B-34044. B-35793. B-35803,
B-35931, B-36657, B-36659, B-37677,
B-38565, B-39888, B-40366, B-43774,
B-44198, C-08312, C-28489, D-09592,
D-12648, D-20377, D-22591. D-31276,
D-33108, F-32021, G-08828, G-23893,
G-25875, J-01546, J-01561. J-26326,
L-30149, M-00376, N-42686
DYE MANUFACTURING A-40345,
C-09208. H-39537
ECONOMIC LOSSES A-17603, A-26594,
B-00951, B-01563. B-19071, H-39537,
J-01561. J-16174, J-16457, J-27971,
J-42690, J-43717
EDUCATION L-09093, L-34685
ELECTRIC CHARGE F-32021
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-09686,
A-26441. A-39461, B-05091, B-27182,
C-33045
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-15517, A-26441, A-26594. A-27293,
A-27501, A-32483, A-35443, A-35574.
A-36377, A-38615, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, A-40345, A-41467, B-05880,
B-16681, B-19733, B-22809, B-25047,
B-27762, B-2%50, B-31803, B-33347,
B-35793, B-38569, B-39498, B-40366,
B-43879, B-44818. C-28708. C-29072,
C-38032, C-38698, C-43684, D-09658,
D-20377, D-22591. D-35437, F-32021.
G-11828, H-23261, J-01546, J-16174,
J-21241, J-26326, J-30951, J-31076,
J-31814, L-06730, L-19062, L-36900,
N-42686
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
C-00947
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES A-35574,
B-23725, B-25643, B-33347, B-35793,
B-40098, C-06526, C-37308, F-32021,
1-03957
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE A-35574,
B-33347. B-35793, B-40098, F-32021
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
A-13439, B-00379, B-04045, B-05408,
B-08364, B-16729. C-00947, C-04883,
C-08354, C-10453, C-10654, C-16755,
C-30263, C-35956. F-01784, F-13379
ELECTROCONDUCTIVJTY ANALYZERS
B-24478. B-32798, C-15224. C-16755,
C-16871, C-24939. C-35243, D-31276,
F-13082, J-01561
ELECTROLYSIS B-10758
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-09686, A-24903, A-25205, A-26441,
A-35443, A-35574, A-39461, A-39462,
A-40159, A-42266, A-43274, A-43289,
B-02279. B-02955, B-05001. B-05880,
B-07415, B-09047, B-09048, B-09655,
B-10106, B-10277, B-10578, B-10659,
B-11158, B-12658, B-13445, B-13551,
B-13737, B-15709, B-16824, B-16842,
B-17177, B-19071, B-19916, B-22357,
B-22400, B-22522, B-23725. B-25047,
B-25643, B-27470, B-27762, B-29085,
B-2%50, B-31608. B-31803, B-32615,
B-33347, B-34044, B-34317, B-34459,
B-35660, B-35793, B-35803, B-38194,
B-38565, B-38723, B-39206, B-39256,
B-39291, B-40098, B-40114, B-40366,
B-43396, B-43414, B-43480, B-43544,
B-43774, B-43851, B-44818, B-44890,
C-03789, C-35956, C-43228, D-09592,
D-35051, F-32021, J-01546, J-01561,
J-16457, J-21241, L-06742, L-30149
ELUTRIATION B-17266
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-27433,
A-27501, A-40345, B-16842, D-06535,
D-09592, D-35437. L-34685
EMISSION STANDARDS A-25205,
A-25683, A-26979, A-28095, A-36377,
A-38327, A-40524, A-42266, A-43289,
B-27762, B-34044, B-34459, B-38210,
B-43396, B-43774, C-35243, L-09093,
L-14932, L-20273, L-31465, L-32893,
L-34685, L-36900, L-40544, L-41093,
N-15093
EMPHYSEMA A-38542
EMULSIONS B-36478
ENCAPSULATION A-13280
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
A-26594, B-29628. L-31465, L-34685,
L-35817
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-09686, B-43774,
C-33055, D-03017, D-33108, G-11828,
J-01546
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
B-05091, L-36900
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
155
EPIDEMIOLOGY A-38542, D-07390,
G-02170, G-03671, G-08828, G-17205,
G-33964
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA B-32569,
C-34422
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS K-39224,
L-40544
ESTERS A-3247J, C-08357
ETHERS F-I34I8, H-39537
ETHYL ALCOHOL B-05409, C-07214
ETHYLENE C-07214
EUROPE A-01885, A-02274, A-0434S,
A-08363, A-13238, A-13325, A-13386,
A-13399. A-13440. A-13444, A-25205,
A-25683. A-27942. A-30383, A-33804,
A-35113, A-36049, A-36480, A-38327,
A-38615, A-39922, A-43626. B-00379,
B-00951. B-01436, B-01505. B-01549,
B-01563, B-01789. B-01900, B-02279.
B-03807. B-04045, B-04773, B-08361,
B-08366, B-09656, B-09661, B-09933,
B-10268, B-10366, B-10578, B-10758,
B-11949, B-13334, B-13438, B-16041,
B-I6I97, B-16242, B-16350, B-16447.
B-16647. B-17266. B-17559, B-18029,
B-21369. B-22400, B-22655, B-25085.
B-25493, B-25643. B-26176, B-28656,
B-29278. B-29650, B-29852. B-30339.
B-30577. B-31072, B-31308, B-33715,
B-34299. B-34459, B-36037, B-36355.
B-36478, B-37677, B-38235, B-42893,
B-43S44. B-43611, B-43774, B-44198,
C-00383, C-00947, C-00965, C-01071,
C-07214. C-08954. C-09208, C-09648,
C-09657, C-20435, C-23278. C-2J466.
C-27069, C-28489. C-43214, C-43228,
D-00209, D-20377, D-22591, E-00952,
F-01784, F-13010. F-13188, F-I3I90,
F-13311, F-I3344, F-13346, F-13347,
F-13350, F-13351, F-13362, F-13382,
F-13384, F-13385, F-I34I8. F-13462,
G-00996, G-01874, G-16153. G-17205.
G-23893, G-25875, G-33964, H-23261.
H-24025, H-32561, H-37047, H-37352,
H-38576, H-39537, 1-03957, J-40163,
L-17379, L-28355, L-35817, M-00376,
M-00844. M-09199, M-15760. M-23344,
N-15093. N-42686
EVAPORATORS A-02274. A-08367,
A-09011. A-09202. A-21385. A-26979,
A-32879. A-38327. A-40063, A-42266,
A-43289, B-04861, B-04951, B-05074.
B-06343. B-07769. B-08365, B-08366,
B-09048, B-09508. B-09655. B-09656,
B-09933. B-10001. B-11008. B-11153,
B-12658. B-15709. B-16744. B-16747.
B-16842. B-16876. B-18029. B-18140.
B-I92I8. B-21051. B-22522. B-26176,
B-30062, B-32615. B-32681. B-32798.
B-32937, B-33732, B-34385. B-34459,
B-37554, B-38194, B-39291. B-41474.
B-42246, B-43414, B-43480. B-43482.
B-43544. B-43851, B-44818. D-09592
EXCESS AIR A-10524, B-04781, B-04783,
B-05074. B-08360, B-33347. B-36657.
B-36854. B-40366. B-41474. B-44890
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-04345, A-10524.
B-01672. B-03975. B-05091, B-09656.
B-13737, B-18140, B-35315, B-38723.
L-30149
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A-08359,
B-04783, B-10268, B-13398, B-18262.
C-08355. C-08356
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A-02274.
A-04879. A-08359. A-13492. B-IOOOI.
C-08354, C-08356. C-08357, C-10654.
C-37511, D-07390
EXPLOSIONS A-13280. A-28976. A-33804.
B-04861. B-35315
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS C-00965.
C-09208, G-01874
EYE IRRITATION A-17603, C-00383.
C-09208, G-03671, M-00376
EYES C-09208. H-32561
FADING C-09208
FALLOUT E-39112
FANS (BLOWERS) B-01672, B-03975,
B-05091, B-13737, B-35315, L-30149
FARMS A-26255, A-36348
FEASIBILITY STUDIES A-28095.
B-13331, B-14110, B-25171. F-05385,
F-13189. F-13344, F-13768. L-19062
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS A-26594,
B-21965, B-2%28, J-42690, L-03540.
L-09093. L-17379. L-19062, L-28389.
L-32893, L-40544, L-41093. M-08698
FEED LOTS B-37494
FEES L-35817
FEMALES G-01874. G-02170, G-39242.
M-00844, M-09199
FERROALLOYS A-39460, A-39461.
A-39462
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-17198. A-19899. A-28898, A-35443,
A-35574, A-38615, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, A-40345, B-21965. B-27182.
B-27901, B-37494. B-39888. B-42319,
C-23106, D-24227, D-33108, H-39537,
J-21241, J-26326, J-31814, L-32796
FERTILIZING A-24398
FIELD TESTS A-10524, B-09508, B-10758,
B-11009, B-28580, C-00383. C-04885.
C-08358, C-08541, C-16755, C-29072,
G-01874, L-09093
FILTER FABRICS A-09686. A-35443,
A-35574, A-39461. A-39462, B-09356,
B-26254, B-28580. B-40366. C-00383,
C-10686. C-33045. C-35956. H-39537,
L-06742
FILTERS A-09686, A-10524, A-24903,
A-35443, A-35574, A-39461, A-39462,
A-40159. B-05001, B-09356, B-10578.
B-13551, B-21407. B-22357. B-26254,
B-27762. B-28580. B-29231, B-2%50,
B-31991, B-34317, B-40366. B-43774,
C-00383, C-06385. C-10686. C-21859,
C-30263. C-33045. C-35956, C-43228.
G-08828. H-39537. J-01546. J-21241,
J-31076, L-06742
FINLAND B-43544
FIRING METHODS A-04345, A-09415,
A-10524, B-04781, B-04783, B-05074,
B-05091, B-07769, B-08360, B-09656.
B-09933, B-11153, B-11158, B-11726.
B-13737, B-17409, B-22522, B-25863,
B-27288, B-2%21, B-31091, B-32018.
B-32937. B-33347. B-35803, B-36478.
B-36657, B-36854, B-40366, B-40958.
B-41474. B-44890, D-09592
FLAME AFTERBURNERS B-09508.
B-13737. B-29650. B-38235. L-36900
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
A-06981. B-02279. B-08366, B-16842,
C-07214. C-08354. C-09657, C-19051,
C-29913. C-30202. C-34422, C-34863,
C-35956, C-38032, C-42403, C-43214,
F-01784, F-06719
FLORIDA B-01223, B-08364. D-09658
FLOW RATES A-04345. A-09415.
A-35574, B-01436, B-01563, B-04887,
B-08360, B-08364, B-16824, B-18037,
B-25493, B-28580, B-29231, B-33073,
B-34385. B-40098, B-43611, C-04945,
C-08355, C-08356, C-09208, C-33045,
C-38032, C-43228. C-43479. F-09498,
G-00996
FLOWMETERS A-09202, B-04882.
C-03789, C-04885, C-04945, C-08356,
C-08358, C-35243, C-35956
FLUID FLOW A-04345, A-09415,
A-35574. B-01436, B-01563. B-04887,
B-08360, B-08364, B-16824. B-18037.
B-25493, B-27182, B-27470. B-28580.
B-29231. B-32569, B-33073, B-34385,
B-37171, B-40098, B-43611, C-04945,
C-08355, C-08356, C-09208. C-33045,
C-35956. C-38032, C-43228. C-43479.
F-09498. F-32021, G-00996
FLUORESCENCE A-18164. A-35113,
C-33055
FLUORIDES A-36377, A-39460, A-43289,
B-26254, B-33918, C-35956. D-09658,
F-13453
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-12422
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-36377,
A-39460, A-40159, A-43289, B-13551,
B-26254, B-33918, C-35956, D-09658,
F-13453, L-20273
FLY ASH A-04345, A-09686, A-26441,
A-39460, A-39462, B-08360, B-09047,
B-11726, B-13551, B-16842. B-2372S,
B-25643. B-33347. B-35519, B-35793,
B-39888. B-43879. J-01546. J-01561,
L-19062, L-30149
FOG B-16842, D-09592, E-25338, M-00376
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-09686. A-17198, A-20553, A-32879,
A-35113. A-35443. A-35574. A-36348,
A-39460, A-39462, A-40159, A-40345.
A-41467, B-07769, B-09356, B-13551,
B-14940, B-21407, B-25977, B-26254,
B-28580, B-32768, B-37073, B-37494,
B-39282, C-22958, C-29726, C-32467,
C-33045, C-42403, D-09592, D-12496,
D-17630, D-41167, F-05385, F-33863,
G-11828, H-39537, J-23842. J-26326.
J-31076, J-40526, L-06730, L-09093.
L-32796, L-32893
FORESTS H-37047, J-40163
FORMALDEHYDES B-05808. F-06719
FRACTIONATION C-08356. C-08357.
F-13319, F-14579, N-08409
FRANCE A-36049, A-38327, B-04773,
B-08366, B-36478, B-43611, C-20435.
G-25875
FREE RADICALS F-13420, F-13484
FREEZING C-08355, C-08356, C-08358.
C-35956
FUEL ADDITIVES B-09048
FUEL CHARGING B-27288, B-36478
FUEL GASES A-17603, A-28976, A-35443.
A-35574, A-39461, A-40345. B-19733,
B-22809, B-38569, C-09208, C-33045,
D-09592, D-12496, D-35437, F-05385
FUEL OIL PREPARATION B-29231.
B-43774
FUEL OILS A-32165, A-35443. A-35574,
A-39461, A-40345, B-00951, B-43774,
C-33045. D-09592, D-12496, D-33108,
D-35437, F-05385, H-23261, H-37352
FUEL STANDARDS B-43774, N-15093
FUELS A-04345, A-09686, A-15517.
A-17603. A-21385, A-24398. A-26441.
-------
156
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
A-27293, A-28976, A-32165, A-35443,
A-35574, A-36348, A-36377. A-38542,
A-39460, A-39461, A-39462, A-40159,
A-40345, B-00951, B-01672, B-11726,
B-17559, B-19733, B-21%5. B-22809,
B-29628, B-31803, B-32603, B-33347,
B-3J793, B-38569, B-43774, C-09208.
C-33045, D-00690. D-03017, D-09592,
D-12345, D-12496, D-33108. D-35437,
F-05385, F-33863, H-23261, H-37352,
H-39537, J-16174, L-06730, L-19062,
N-42686
FUMES A-0434S. A-14134, A-25683.
A-36377, A-38327, B-00379. B-01549.
B-OJ091, B-09356, B-09733. B-12527,
B-16695, B-17088, B-18140, B-20143.
B-24478, B-28656, B-36657, B-36658,
B-36659. B-41474. C-01542, C-07214.
J-01546, J-01561, L-30149
FUMIGATION B-01672, D-09592
FUNGI B-32109, G-07339, H-24025
FURNACES A-04345, A-04879, A-06981,
A-08359, A-09202, A-09415, A-09686,
A-11144, A-18182, A-18188. A-21385,
A-25205, A-26441, A-27942, A-28885.
A-3S443, A-39461. A-39462. A-42266.
B-04783, B-04861. B-05091, B-05880,
B-06106, B-06343, B-09047, B-09655,
B-09656, B-09933. B-10001. B-10106,
B-10758, B-10994, B-11008. B-11153,
B-11158, B-13445, B-I41I8, B-16350,
B-16681, B-16695, B-16729, B-16747,
B-16842, B-18240, B-20143, B-20258,
B-21983. B-23725, B-25085, B-25643.
B-26254, B-27182, B-27901, B-28656.
B-31790, B-32569, B-32615, B-32681.
B-32937. B-33732, B-35315, B-35793.
B-36657. B-36658. B-36659. B-36854.
B-37004, B-37677, B-38194, B-39206.
B-39226. B-41603. B-42246, B-42893,
B-43396. B-43480, B-43482, B-43774,
B-44818, C-00965. C-08541, C-10654,
C-I687I, C-17029, C-28708, C-29072,
C-30263, C-33045. C-35956. C-37718,
D-09592, D-35051. D-35437,1-13507,
J-01546, L-06730, L-19062, L-30149
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY A-01644,
A-06981. A-16494, A-17633, A-22148,
A-32475. A-35113. A-41168, B-00379,
B-02279, B-04882, B-05408, B-05409,
B-05808, B-08365. B-08366, B-16842,
C-01542, C-04883, C-06526, C-07214,
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
C-08358, C-08541. C-08954, C-09657.
C-10654, C-15224, C-15704, C-16871,
C-17029, C-19051, C-21859, C-24939,
C-27355. C-29726, C-29913, C-30202.
C-32467, C-32880, C-34422. C-34863,
C-35243, C-35956, C-36894, C-37308,
C-37511, C-38032, C-42403, C-43214.
C-43684. D-00209, D-37968. E-00952,
F-01784, F-06719, F-10308, F-13418,
F-13423, F-13453, F-13604. G-03788
GAS SAMPLING A-14580, B-04882,
B-04887, B-05808, B-34459, C-00965,
C-01071, C-01542, C-03789, C-04883,
C-04886, C-06385, C-08355, C-08356,
C-08358, C-09657. C-15224, C-16755,
C-28708, C-29726. C-34422. C-35956.
E-00952, F-10308, G-05076. 1-13507,
M-09199
GAS TURBINES D-09592
GASES A-06981, A-13492, A-14580,
A-39461, A-39922, B-00951, B-01436,
B-01505. B-01563, B-05408, B-05409,
B-05808, B-08360, B-09655, B-0%56,
B-09661, B-15766, B-15779, B-15878,
B-16698. B-21983. B-25085. B-35519,
B-36270, B-37094, B-37171, C-00947,
C-07214, C-08354. C-08355. C-08356.
C-08357, C-08358, C-09648, C-0%57,
C-09660, C-14582. C-23106, C-32467.
E-00952, F-09498, F-10308, G-09926
GASIFICATION (SYNTHESIS) B-31803
GASOLINES A-24398. A-40345. B-2%28,
D-09592. D-35437, H-39537
GERMANY B-30577. B-33715. B-38235.
H-37047, H-37352. H-38576, H-39537,
N-42686
GLASS FABRICS A-09686. B-09356,
B-26254, C-00383, C-10686, C-33045,
H-39537
GLUE MANUFACTURING C-09208
GOVERNMENTS A-26594, B-01223,
B-01672, B-21965, B-29628, D-27673,
J-42690, L-03540, L-09093. L-14932,
L-17379, L-19062, L-20273, L-28389,
L-32893. L-40544. L-41093, M-07965,
M-08698
GRAIN PROCESSING A-35443. A-35574.
A-39462, A-40159, B-09356. D-09592.
L-09093
GRANTS L-03540
GRASSES A-33804. A-36348
GRAVITY SETTLING A-09686
GREAT BRITAIN A-33804, B-17559,
B-25643. F-13346
GROUND LEVEL A-26979, C-33055
H
HALOGEN GASES A-08631, A-09686,
A-13439, A-25683, A-32165, A-36377,
A-39460, B-00379, B-00552, B-01436,
B-03807, B-04861, B-04887. B-08366.
B-12527. B-26176. B-27901, B-38235,
C-04883. C-09657, C-10453, D-24227,
D-33108, F-10308, F-18214, G-05076
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
A-12422, A-32475, A-39460, B-38235
HAZE A-31327, E-25338, M-00376
HEADACHE A-20553, B-01672, G-03671,
G-27651, G-33964
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT A-20553,
A-38542, B-01672, D-03017, D-07390.
G-07339, G-33964, G-34667, G-39242,
H-24902, L-09093
HEALTH STATISTICS D-07390, G-00996,
G-01874, G-03671, G-25875
HEARINGS B-39888, L-06730, L-06732,
L-06742
HEAT OF COMBUSTION B-37101.
B-37554, B-37677. B-43482
HEAT TRANSFER A-04879. A-09011.
A-41467, B-05074, B-10001, B-10268,
B-13464, B-14094. B-16041, B-16242,
B-16647. B-18029, B-24079, B-25085,
B-25863, B-27470, B-29852, B-30208.
B-31991, B-32937, B-33347, B-35315,
B-37677, B-39205, B-39433, B-41603.
B-43482, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
C-35956, C-43228
HEIGHT FINDING A-38615, C-33045
HEMATOLOGY C-33055, G-07339
HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
SAMPLERS C-00383, C-09208,
D-00690
HERBICIDES A-31548
HI-VOL SAMPLERS D-24227, D-41167
HOGS H-32561
HOURLY D-03017
HOUSTON B-39888, D-24227
HUMANS A-14134, A-29489, A-35443,
A-35581. B-27288, B-27762, C-09208,
C-09660, D-07390, D-20377, D-22591,
D-33108. G-00996, G-01874, G-02170,
G-03671, G-05076, G-07339, G-11828.
G-23893, G-25563, G-25875, G-27651.
G-30169, G-33964, G-34667, G-37337,
G-39013, G-39242, H-37352, M-00376,
M-00844, M-09199, M-13980
HUMIDITY A-35574, B-01672. B-10765.
B-27288, B-33347, B-37266, C-06385,
C-08358, C-09208, C-35956, D-06535
HYDRAZINES F-13344
HYDROCARBONS A-01885, A-08359,
A-09686, A-16494, A-19899, A-26255,
A-27293. A-32475. A-33983, A-38542,
A-39460. A-39462, A-40063, A-40159,
A-40345. B-00379, B-05409, B-08365,
B-09655. B-13551, B-16842. B-30208.
B-31803. B-33715. B-43774, C-07214,
C-08354. C-08356. C-08357, C-30202,
C-35956, D-06535, D-09592, D-12496,
D-35437, E-00952, F-01784, F-06719,
F-13453. F-13505, F-16828, G-11828,
J-01546, J-16174, J-21241, L-32796,
L-36900, L-40544, M-08698, N-42686
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-09011,
A-32165, A-36377, A-39460, B-06106,
B-26254, B-27901, B-38235, B-44198,
H-39537, L-09093
HYDROCYANIC ACID A-36377
HYDRODESULFURIZATION B-29231
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-36377,
B-26254, B-27901, D-33108, H-39537
HYDROGEN B-27901, C-08354, C-38032,
D-03017, F-06719, F-16828
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-02274, A-04879,
A-04893, A-06240, A-08368, A-09415,
A-11144, A-12422. A-12507, A-14580.
A-17603, A-17633. A-21385, A-22148,
A-25683, A-26979, A-28885, A-28976,
A-32475, A-32879, A-36377, A-36392,
A-39460, A-39922, A-40063, A-43274,
A-43289, A-43626, B-00025, B-00379,
B-01436, B-01505, B-01549, B-01563,
B-01672, B-01900, B-02018, B-02279,
B-03807, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783,
B-04861, B-04882, B-04887, B-04952,
B-04953, B-05001, B-05408, B-05409,
B-05808, B-05880, B-06106, B-07434,
B-07974. B-08364, B-08365, B-08366,
B-09048, B-09508, B-09655, B-10001.
B-10277, B-10366, B-10659, B-10994,
B-11008, B-11009, B-11150, B-11673,
B-11949, B-13072, B-13737, B-14094,
B-14113, B-14118. B-15690, B-15766,
B-15779. B-16350. B-16729, B-16842,
B-17409. B-17559, B-18140, B-19071,
B-19218. B-19916, B-21051, B-22061,
B-22400, B-22522, B-22655, B-22809,
B-23117, B-23538, B-23901, B-25211,
B-25950, B-26173, B-26254, B-27138,
B-27901, B-29231, B-29278, B-30062,
B-30339, B-31091, B-31308, B-31790,
B-31991, B-32018, B-32603, B-32615,
B-32681, B-32798, B-32937, B-34459,
B-35803, B-36037, B-36659, B-36854.
B-37064, B-37094, B-37266, B-37677,
B-38569, B-40107, B-40114, B-41474,
B-41603. B-43544. B-43774, B-45019,
C-00383. C-00947. C-00965, C-01071,
C-04883, C-04886, C-06385, C-07214.
C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
157
C-08541, C-08954, C-09208, C-09648,
C-09657, C-10453, C-10654, C-14582,
C-15704, C-16755, C-16871. C-17029,
C-19051, C-20435, C-24939, C-27069,
C-27355, C-29726, C-29913, C-30263,
C-34422, C-34863, C-35956, C-37308,
C-37511, C-38032, C-39929, C-43214,
C-43228, D-00209, D-00690, D-03106,
D-06535, D-07390, D-07572. D-09592,
D-09658, D-16062. D-16619, D-33108,
F-01784, F-10308, F-16828, G-01874.
G-03788. G-05076, G-09926. H-39537,
L-06732, L-32796, M-00376, M-08698,
M-09199
HYDROLYSIS A-08367. B-22400, B-24079.
F-13423, F-13604, F-14579. N-08409
HYDROSPHERE C-33055
HYDROXIDES B-00379, B-12527, F-09498
HYPERSENSITIVITY G-07339, G-08828
I
ICE C-08358
IDAHO C-00383, C-16755, D-06535,
D-09592. D-16619, M-08698
ILLINOIS L-30149
IMMUNOLOGY G-07339, G-08828,
G-39013
IMPINGERS C-00383. C-09657, C-16755,
C-35956. G-05076
INCINERATION A-09686, A-I7198,
A-17243, A-26441, A-28898, A-32165,
A-35443, A-35574, A-36377, A-38327,
A-39461, A-39462, A-40345, A-43289,
B-01549, B-04773, B-04861, B-05091,
B-07769, B-08360. B-08366, B-09656,
B-09661, B-13445. B-13551. B-14940,
B-16807, B-22357, B-25950. B-25977,
B-27762, B-28792, B-31091, B-31125,
B-33347, B-34317, B-36478, B-37494,
B-37554, B-38235, B-38444, B-39291,
B-40366. B-42319, B-42893, C-33045,
C-35956, C-38698, D-07572, D-09592.
D-35437. F-32021, J-16457, J-31076.
L-06730, L-32796. L-40544
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-41168, C-36894,
D-00690, D-03106, D-07390, D-27673,
D-31276, D-33108, D-35437, D-37968,
D-41167, E-31865. G-25875, 0-37337.
G-39013. J-2124I, J-30951, L-30149
INERTIAL SEPARATION B-25863,
C-08312
INFANTS G-30169
INFECTIOUS DISEASES H-37352
INFLUENZA D-20377. D-22591
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY C-07214,
F-13083, F-2I97I
INGESTION A-29489, H-37352, H-38576
INORGANIC ACIDS A-09011, A-09686,
A-15517, A-24398, A-26441, A-32165,
A-35066, A-36377, A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, B-03975, B-05091. B-06106,
B-15992, B-16447. B-19733, B-20143.
B-22809, B-25643, B-262J4, B-27470.
B-27901, B-28656, B-31091, B-31125.
B-32603, B-33918, B-35519, B-38235,
B-44198, C-14582, D-09658, D-33108.
F-13481, H-24025, H-37352. H-39537,
L-09093
INSPECTION B-01672, L-14932
INSTRUMENTATION A-13594, B-00379,
B-05808, B-08360, B-09656, B-09661,
B-16729. B-36854. B-39226. C-04883.
C-08354, C-08355. C-08356, C-08357,
C-08358, C-09648, C-10453, C-16755.
C-29726, C-33055, C-35956, C-43479.
F-13186, G-01874, L-31465
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-09686, A-20553, A-26594. A-40345,
B-05091, D-12496, D-35437, G-1I828,
G-34667
INTERNATIONAL A-30383
INVERSION A-26255, A-31327, B-01672,
B-39596, D-03017, D-03106, D-07390,
D-09592. D-16619, D-44735, E-25338,
E-31865, J-01546, M-08698
IODIMETRIC METHODS A-17603,
B-02279. B-03807, C-04886, C-08355,
C-08358. C-09208, C-35956, G-05076
IONIZATION A-01885, B-01436. C-08357.
F-01784
IONIZATION CHAMBERS C-08357
IONS A-08631. B-09047. B-38697, F-01784,
F-13186, F-13379, 1-03957
IRON A-04345, A-09011, A-09686.
A-27501, A-35443. A-35574, A-38542,
A-39460, A-39461, A-39462. A-40159,
B-05091. B-10277. B-16681. B-16695,
B-29231, B-30577, B-31803, B-33918,
B-35793, B-37554, B-43774, B-44890,
C-33045. D-09592, D-09658, D-24227,
D-27673, 1-03957, 1-13507, 1-26838,
J-30951. L-06742
IRON COMPOUNDS A-13386, B-20143
IRON OXIDES B-05091. J-01546
ISOTOPES C-28489, C-33055
ITALY B-04773, B-26176. C-27069
JAPAN A-06240, A-14134. A-16494,
A-17198, A-17243, A-17633, A-19899,
A-22148, A-32475. A-32879, A-36377.
A-40524. A-41168, B-08366. B-13072.
B-14940, B-I92I6. B-19218. B-19257,
B-21407, B-22061. B-23117, B-23611,
B-27288. B-28328, B-29231, B-31091,
B-31125. B-32109, B-32768, B-32798,
B-33347, B-33918, B-34044, B-35803,
B-35931, B-36018, B-37494, B-38565.
B-43796, C-08312, C-21859, C-23106,
C-27355, C-29726, C-32467, C-32880,
C-36894, C-42403, D-17630, D-27673,
D-31276, D-33108. D-33708, D-37968,
D-41167, F-13241. G-21054, G-27651,
G-30169, G-37337, G-39013, 1-26838.
J-26326. J-30951, J-40526, L-14932,
L-30149, L-32796, L-32893. L-36900.
M-13980
KETONES A-33983, B-05409. B-16842,
C-07214, C-08356. C-08357. F-14579
KIDNEYS H-32561
KILNS A-08359. A-09202, A-10524.
A-21385, A-25205, A-26979, A-35443.
A-35574, A-38327, A-39460. A-39461.
A-40159, A-42266, A-43289, B-01223,
B-02279, B-07434. B-07974, B-08360.
B-08366, B-11008, B-11158, B-13551,
B-15709, B-15779. B-16842, B-17088,
B-17409, B-25171, B-27182, B-32615.
B-32681, B-33347, B-34044, B-35660.
B-35793, B-36657, B-38194, B-38723,
B-42431. B-42893, B-43396. B-437%,
B-43879, B-44890, C-00947, C-28708,
C-33045, C-35956. D-03017. D-09592,
D-12496, D-16062, D-41167, H-39537,
J-16457, L-09093
LABORATORY ANIMALS C-32467,
G-00996, G-01874, G-02170, G-03671.
H-32561. M-00844
LABORATORY FACILITIES A-0698I,
A-08359, C-09648, F-09498, L-09093
LACHRYMATION A-17603
LAKES B-01672
LANDFILLS D-03017
LARYNX M-00376
LEAD A-09686, A-39462, C-33045
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-26441. B-29628,
C-00383, C-33055
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLE C-39929,
D-09658, D-31276, D-41167
LEGAL ASPECTS A-25205, A-26594.
A-26979, A-35581, A-36377, A-43289,
B-01505, B-01672, B-10277, B-21965,
B-29628. B-39888, B-42431, B-43396.
B-43544. B-43774, B-43851. C-34422.
D-27673, D-35437. J-01561, L-06730,
L-06732, L-06742, L-09093, L-14932,
L-17379. L-20273. L-28355, L-28389,
L-30149, L-31465. L-327%, L-32893,
L-34685, L-35817, L-40544, L-41093,
M-08698. N-15093
LEGISLATION A-25205. A-26594,
A-35581, A-36377, B-01672, B-21965,
B-29628, B-42431. B-43544, C-34422,
D-27673, D-35437, L-09093, L-17379,
L-20273, L-28355, L-28389, L-31465,
L-32796, L-32893, L-34685, L-35817.
L-40544, M-08698, N-15093
LIGHT RADIATION C-06385, C-09208.
D-07390
LIGHT SCATTERING A-35443, B-31608
LIME A-08359, A-10524. A-21385,
A-26979, A-35443. A-35574, A-39460,
A-39461, A-40159, A-42266, A-43289,
B-02279, B-07434, B-07974, B-08360,
B-08366, B-11008. B-13551. B-15709,
B-15779. B-16842, B-17088, B-17409,
B-32615, B-32681, B-34044, B-36657,
B-38194, B-38723, B-42893, B-43396.
B-43796, B-43879, C-00947, C-28708,
C-33045, C-35956, D-03017, D-09592,
D-16062. H-39537, J-16457, L-09093
LIMESTONE A-10524, B-39498, F-I3I87,
G-25875, L-19062
LINE SOURCES A-40345
LIQUIDS A-13492, A-14580. A-42266,
B-00951, B-04952, B-04953, B-08365,
B-15779, B-15878, B-16698, B-21983,
B-31091, B-31125, B-31991, B-35519,
B-37094, B-37171, B-38444. C-08354.
C-14582, C-28708, F-09498. F-21971,
J-14583
LIVER H-32561
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS L-09093,
L-20273. L-28389
LOUISIANA A-40345, B-08364
LUNG CANCER A-38542
LUNGS G-02170, G-07339, G-08828
M
MAGNESIUM C-33045
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS A-08367,
A-18182, B-05074. B-06343, B-10765,
B-16876, B-18262, B-24750. B-36355.
B-38235, B-38444, B-39498. F-14576
MAINE B-07434
MAINTENANCE B-01672, B-07415,
B-07769, B-25643, B-28580, B-31608,
B-33918, B-37494, B-44818, F-32021
-------
158
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
MALES G-00996, G-01874, G-02170,
0-05076. G-07339, G-39242, M-00844,
M-09199
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL M-07965
MANGANESE 1-26838
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS B-17656,
B-34459, B-42319. D-24227
MANGANESE DIOXIDE (JAPANESE)
B-22809. B-38444, L-36900
MAPPING A-40345, B-19425, H-23261
MARYLAND D-12345
MASS SPECTROMETRY C-07214.
C-30202. C-35956
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-09011.
A-17603. A-18189. A-35574. A-36392,
A-38542. B-OI50S, B-02018, B-08366,
B-10001, B-10106. B-10277, B-10659,
B-I344S. B-18029, B-19218, B-26172,
B-27762, B-31790, B-37064, B-375S4,
C-00383. C-0638S. C-09208, D-03017.
D-06535, D-09592, D-09658, 1-03957.
1-13507. 1-26838.1-33709. J-14583
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-02274,
A-13594, A-I3605, A-27942, B-01789,
B-I6I97. B-20143, B-27762, B-28580,
B-34317. B-38210, B-39801. B-44394,
C-08355. C-21724, C-22958, C-33045,
E-37091, F-09498. F-I3384
MATHEMATICAL MODELING B-27762,
B-34317, B-38210. B-44394. C-21724
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-25683,
A-28976, A-29489. B-34044
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-09415.
A-14134. A-I8I64. A-19899, A-20553.
A-21385. A-26979, A-28976, A-30701,
A-32475, A-35113, A-35443. A-35581,
A-40524, B-01672. B-03946, B-04045,
B-06106, B-08360, B-13737, B-16729,
B-19257. B-24478, B-25190, B-25950.
B-27288. B-27762. B-31608, B-32681,
B-32798, B-34459, B-34868, B-36760,
B-37101, B-39801. B-42319. B-42908,
B-43396, B-43414. B-43851, B-44890,
. C-00383, C-01071, C-03789, C-04886.
C-06385, C-08312, C-08541, C-09208,
C-09648, C-09657. C-09660, C-10453,
C-10654, C-10686, C-15224, C-16755,
C-16871, C-17029, C-19051, C-21724,
C-22958, C-23106, C-23278, C-24939,
C-25466, C-27355. C-29726, C-30263,
C-32467. C-32880. C-33045, C-33055.
C-34422. C-35243. C-35956, C-36894.
C-37511, C-37718, C-38032. C-39929,
C-42403, C-43214. C-43479, C-43684.
D-00690, D-03106, D-07572. D-09658,
D-16062, D-17630, D-24227. D-27673,
D-31276, D-41167, E-39112, F-13082,
F-13190, F-13240. F-13379. G-09926.
G-17205, G-34667, H-39537, J-01561,
L-03540, L-20273. L-30149, L-31465,
L-34685
MEETINGS A-35113, A-40524. M-08698
MEMBRANE FILTERS C-06526
MEMBRANES G-23893, H-37352
MERCAPTANS A-01644, A-01885,
A-04893, A-08359. A-08368. A-11144,
A-12422, A-12507. A-13492. A-14580,
A-16494. A-17198, A-17633, A-19899,
A-21385, A-22148, A-24903. A-25683,
A-32475, A-32879, A-36392, A-39460,
A-40063. A-4II68. A-43289, A-43626.
B-00025. B-00379. B-01436. B-01505.
B-01563, B-01672. B-01900, B-02018,
B-03807, B-04045. B-04861, B-04882.
B-04887. B-04950, B-04951, B-04952.
B-04953, B-05001, B-05408, B-05409,
B-05808, B-06106. B-07434, B-08360.
B-08361. B-08364. B-08365, B-08366,
B-09508, B-09655, B-09661, B-10277.
B-10366, B-10659. B-10994. B-11008,
B-11949, B-13072, B-14113, B-14577.
B-15779, B-16350, B-16842, B-17266.
B-19218, B-19916, B-20286, B-22400.
B-23538, B-26176, B-26254, B-27138.
B-29278, B-31790. B-32615, B-32681,
B-32798. B-35803, B-37064, B-37094.
B-38697. B-39773. B-41603, B-42908,
B-43482, B-43635, B-43774. C-00947,
C-00965. C-01542, C-04883, C-04886.
C-06385, C-08354, C-08355. C-08356,
C-08357. C-08358, C-08541, C-09208,
C-09648. C-09657. C-10453, C-10654,
C-14582. C-16755, C-17029. C-19051,
C-20435. C-21859, C-24939, C-27069.
C-27355. C-29726. C-29913, C-30202.
C-32467, C-32880, C-34422. C-34863,
C-35956, C-38032, C-43214. D-00209.
D-07390, D-09592, D-16062, D-37968,
E-00952, F-01784. F-06719, F-09498,
F-10308. F-12662, F-16828, G-03788,
G-09926, L-327%, L-32893. M-08698,
M-09199
MERCURY COMPOUNDS A-12422,
A-29489. A-31548, A-36049, A-39460,
B-36037
METABOLISM A-29489
METAL COMPOUNDS A-02274, A-06240,
A-08363, A-08367. A-08368. A-09415.
A-09686, A-11144. A-12422. A-13199.
A-13386, A-13444, A-13605, A-18182,
A-18189. A-21385, A-24903, A-25205,
A-26441. A-29489, A-31548, A-36049,
A-36392. A-39460, B-00025, B-00379.
B-01436. B-04783, B-04887, B-04953.
B-05001. B-05074, B-05808, B-06106.
B-06343, B-08360, B-08364, B-08366.
B-09047, B-09356, B-09655. B-10001,
B-10277. B-10366, B-10578, B-10659,
B-10758. B-10765, B-11008. B-11009,
B-16747. B-16876, B-16899. B-17656.
B-18262, B-19930, B-20143, B-21369,
B-21960, B-22655, B-22809, B-23538,
B-23611, B-24478, B-24750, B-27138,
B-27470, B-29621, B-29628, B-30339.
B-31072, B-31125, B-31790, B-32569.
B-32615, B-33732, B-34044, B-34299.
B-34317. B-34385, B-34459, B-35931.
B-36018, B-36037, B-36355, B-36658.
B-36659, B-37094, B-37677, B-38235.
B-38444, B-38697, B-39206. B-39226,
B-39498, B-42246, B-42319, B-43635.
B-44818. C-00383, C-04886. C-08312,
C-08356, C-08358, C-09657. C-10686,
C-14582, C-16577, C-27069, C-33055,
D-09592, D-24227, D-35051, E-39112.
F-09498, F-13082, F-13187. F-13420,
F-13768, F-14576, F-14579. F-16386,
H-24902. L-20273
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-15517. A-20553, A-27293. A-31327,
A-35574, A-38542. A-39460, A-39461,
A-39462, B-16681, B-21407, B-25047.
B-25643. B-26254, B-29231, B-30577,
B-42319, C-33045, D-12496, D-33108,
D-41167. F-32021. J-21241, J-23842,
J-26326. J-31814, L-36900
METAL POISONING A-29489
METALS A-04345, A-09011, A-09686,
A-27501. A-32483. A-35443. A-35574,
A-38S42, A-39460, A-39461. A-39462,
A-40159, B-05091, B-10277, B-10659.
B-16681. B-16695, B-25643. B-29231,
B-30577, B-31803, B-33918. B-35793.
B-37554, B-43774, B-44890, C-33045.
D-09592, D-09658. D-24227, D-27673,
D-33108,1-03957, 1-13507, 1-26838.
1-33709. J-16174, J-30951, L-06742.
L-20273
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
C-35956, D-09592
METEOROLOGY A-06240, A-14134.
A-26979, A-27293. A-31327. A-35443.
A-35574, A-35581. A-38542. A-38615.
A-39461, B-01672, B-04882, B-I0765,
B-16842, B-27288, B-33347, B-37266,
B-39433, C-06385, C-08358, C-09208,
C-09660, C-23278, C-25466, C-35956.
C-36894, C-43214, D-00690, D-03017.
D-03106. D-06535, D-07390. D-09592.
D-12345, D-12648. D-16619, D-24227,
D-31276. D-33108, D-33708, D-44735,
E-25338. E-31865. E-39112. G-11828,
G-37337. G-39242, H-37047, 1-26838,
L-09093, L-34685, M-00376, M-08698
METHANES A-01885, A-16494, B-00379,
B-09655, B-30208, C-07214, C-08354,
E-00952, F-06719. F-16828
MICROMETEOROLOGY A-38542,
D-33108
MICROORGANISMS B-32109, C-33055.
C-35956. G-07339, G-08828, H-24025
MICROSCOPY A-35443
MINERAL PROCESSING A-26441.
A-26594. A-27501, A-31327, A-35443,
A-35574, A-36377, A-39460. A-39461,
A-39462, A-40159, A-40345. B-14940,
B-16447. B-19733, B-20143, B-22809.
B-23725. B-25047. B-25643, B-26254,
B-27762. B-28580, B-31803. B-35793,
B-44198, B-44890, C-09208, C-25466,
C-33045, D-09592, D-12345, F-32021,
G-11828, H-39537, J-16174, J-21241,
J-26326. J-40526, L-06730. L-06742,
L-34685, N-15093
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-10524, A-35574,
A-39460. A-39462. B-26254, B-39498,
F-13187, G-25875, L-19062
MINING A-26594, B-22809, B-25047,
B-26254, C-09208. J-40526, L-06742.
N-15093
MISSOURI A-01644, A-01885, A-02274,
B-00379, B-00951, B-01436, B-01563.
B-04045, C-03789, E-00952, 1-03957,
L-30149
MISTS A-39462, B-00025, B-05001,
B-11008, B-I355I, B-16695, B-17088,
B-20143. B-35931, C-35956
MOBILE A-35443. B-16842. C-19051,
C-23278. C-35243
MONITORING A-09415, A-21385,
A-26979, A-28976, A-35113, B-01672,
B-08360, B-13737. B-16729, B-19257,
B-24478, B-25190. B-25950, B-27762,
B-31608, B-32681, B-32798, B-34459,
B-43396, B-43414, B-43851, B-44890,
C-01071, C-03789, C-08312, C-08541,
C-09208, C-10654, C-15224, C-16755,
C-16871, C-17029, C-19051, C-24939,
C-30263, C-35243, C-35956, C-43479,
C-43684. D-00690. D-09658, D-16062,
D-24227. D-27673, D-31276, F-13082.
J-01561, L-20273, L-30149, L-31465,
L-34685
MONTHLY D-07390, D-31276, D-33708,
D-44735, E-25338, G-37337
MORBIDITY D-07390, D-20377, G-25875.
G-37337
MOUNTAINS B-01672
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
159
MOUTH H-32S6I
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
L-06730
N
NATURAL GAS A-17603, A-28976,
A-35443. A-39461, A-40345, B-19733.
B-22809. B-38569. C-09208. C-33045,
D-09592, D-12496. D-35437
NAUSEA A-20553. B-01672, G-03671,
G-33964
NERVOUS SYSTEM A-17603
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
C-28489. C-33055, D-24227
NEW HAMPSHIRE D-03017, G-02170,
G-05076
NEW YORK STATE B-01672. C-09208
NICKEL B-37554
NICKEL COMPOUNDS A-12422
NITRATES A-39460. D-03106
NITRIC ACID A-09686, A-35066. A-39460.
B-26254, B-35519, F-13481. L-09093
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-40345, L-34685
NITROGEN A-I7198, B-16899. B-27138,
C-08354. C-09208
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-09686.
A-36377. A-40345, C-06385. D-44735,
L-34685. L-40544
NITROGEN OXIDES A-09686, A-27293,
A-35II3. A-36377. A-38542, A-39460,
A-40345. A-43289. B-25211. B-27901,
B-29621. B-32018. B-35519. B-38569.
B-40366. B-44890. C-06385. C-35956,
D-06535. D-09592. D-12496, D-35437,
D-44735. G-II828. J-01546, L-34685,
L-36900, L-40544, N-42686
NITROUS ACID F-13481
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-09686, A-13395, A-15517, A-17243.
A-17603, A-20553, A-24398, A-26255.
A-26441, A-26594, A-27501, A-28898.
A-29489, A-31327. A-31548, A-32165.
A-35443, A-35574, A-36049, A-36348,
A-36377, A-36480, A-38327, A-39460.
A-39462, A-40345. A-41564. B-01549,
B-01563. B-05091. B-07769, B-10001.
B-10758. B-14940. B-15450, B-23538,
B-25085, B-25211, B-25977, B-26254,
B-28792, B-29650. B-30208, B-31794.
B-3I99I, B-32018. B-32615. B-32768,
B-34299. B-34317. B-36037. B-36478.
B-36657, B-37073. B-37171. B-37494,
B-37554, B-39282, B-39596, B-40114,
B-40958, B-43774, B-43796. B-43879,
B-44198. C-06385, C-09208. C-28489.
C-33045, C-33055, C-35956. C-38698,
D-00690, D-03017, D-09592. D-12496,
D-16619, D-17630, D-31276, D-33108.
D-35437. F-44969. G-03788, G-11828,
H-24902, J-01546. J-16457. J-21241,
J-30951. J-31076. J-43717, L-17379.
L-28355, L-28389. L-32796, L-34685.
L-35817. M-00844, M-23344
NON-URBAN AREAS A-26255. A-36348.
D-12496, G-25875. G-39242, M-15760
NOSTRILS M-00376
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS A-41467
NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES F-33863
0
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-33804.
B-31308, G-00996. G-02170, G-05076,
G-07339, G-08828. G-I6I53, G-23893,
G-25875
OCEANS D-09658. 1-26838
ODOR COUNTERACTION A-04893,
A-06981. A-12507, A-I2621, A-14580,
A-17603. A-19899, A-20553, A-24903.
A-25205. A-30701, A-35581, A-36480,
A-43626, B-00025. B-00379, B-00390.
B-00552. B-01563, B-01672. B-01900.
B-03807. B-03946, B-03975, B-04045,
B-04773. B-04781, B-04783, B-04861,
B-04882. B-04887, B-04950, B-04951,
B-04952. B-04953, B-05408, B-05409,
B-05808, B-06106, B-07434, B-08360.
B-08366, B-0%56. B-09661, B-09733.
B-09933, B-11153. B-11158, B-11673.
B-11949, B-12506. B-13072. B-13334,
B-13772, B-14094. B-I4I13, B-14940.
B-1S709, B-15779. B-16807, B-171T7,
B-17409. B-I8I40, B-I92I8. B-19916,
B-20258. B-21051, B-22061. B-22357.
B-22400, B-22522, B-231I7. B-23538.
B-23901, B-24079, B-25950. B-25977,
B-26172, B-26173. B-26176. B-27138,
B-27288, B-27357, B-29278, B-30062,
B-31072. B-31463, B-31790, B-31794,
B-32109. B-32615, B-32681, B-32768.
B-32798. B-32937, B-33073, B-34317.
B-34385. B-34868, B-35660, B-35803.
B-36270, B-36657, B-36760, B-37064.
B-37073, B-37094. B-37101, B-37266.
B-37494, B-38194, B-38723, B-39256.
B-39282. B-39291. B-39433, B-39575.
B-39773. B-39801. B-40107, B-40114,
B-41474. B-41603, B-42319, B-42431,
B-42893. B-42908. B-43396, B-43611.
B-43796, B-43851. B-43879. B-45019,
C-04883. D-00209. D-07572, D-09592.
D-16062, D-37968. E-37091, F-10308.
F-12662, F-16828, G-03788, G-33964.
G-34667, J-16457, L-03540, L-06732,
L-14932, L-30149, L-32796
ODORIMETRY A-14134. A-19899,
A-20553, A-32475, A-40524, B-03946,
B-06106, B-27288, B-32798, B-36760,
B-37101, B-39801, B-42319, B-42908.
C-09648, C-09657, C-09660, C-19051,
C-22958, C-23106, C-23278, C-25466,
C-27355, C-29726, C-32467, C-32880,
C-35956, C-36894, C-42403, D-07572.
D-17630, G-09926, G-34667. L-03540.
L-30149
ODORS A-01644. A-01885. A-04879,
A-04893. A-06240. A-08359. A-08631,
A-11144, A-12507, A-14134, A-16494,
A-17198, A-17603, A-17633. A-20553,
A-24903. A-28885. A-32475. A-32879,
A-33983, A-35581. A-36392, A-38327.
A-40063, A-40524, A-41168, A-43289,
B-00025, B-00379. B-00390, B-00552,
B-01505. B-01549. B-01563. B-01672.
B-01900, B-02018, B-02279, B-03807,
B-03946, B-03975, B-04045, B-04773,
B-04861. B-04882, B-04887, B-04950.
B-04951, B-04952, B-04953, B-05408,
B-05409, B-05808, B-05880, B-06106.
B-06859, B-07415, B-07434, B-08360,
B-08361, B-08364, B-09508, B-09655,
B-0%56, B-09661, B-09933. B-10277,
B-10994. B-11008, B-11009, B-11153.
B-11158, B-11673, B-12506, B-12658,
B-13398, B-13551. B-13772. B-14094,
B-14113, B-14118, B-15690. B-15779.
B-16695, B-16747, B-16807. B-16842.
B-17177, B-17266, B-17409, B-18029,
B-19218. B-19916. B-20258. B-22061.
B-22357. B-22400, B-22522, B-23117,
B-23901. B-24079, B-25085, B-25950,
B-25977, B-26173, B-26254, B-27288,
B-27357. B-27762, B-29628, B-30339,
B-31091. B-31463. B-31790, B-32615.
B-32681. B-32768, B-32798. B-33073.
B-36270, B-36657. B-36760. B-36854,
B-37064, B-37094, B-37101. B-37266,
B-37494. B-38194, B-38235. B-39256.
B-39282. B-39433. B-39773. B-39801.
B-39888. B-40107. B-41474. B-42319.
B-43482. B-43611, B-43774. B-43879.
C-00383, C-00%5, C-01071. C-03789.
C-04883, C-06526, C-07214. C-08354.
C-08355, C-08356, C-08357. C-08358.
C-08541. C-09208, C-09648, C-0%57.
C-09660. C-10453, C-14582. C-19051.
C-21859. C-22958, C-23106. C-23278.
C-25466. C-27355, C-29726, C-32467,
C-32880. C-34863. C-35956. C-36894,
C-37511. C-42403. D-00209, D-00690,
D-03017, D-06535. D-07572. D-09592.
D-12648. D-16619. D-17630. D-33108,
D-37968. D-44735, E-00952. E-37091,
F-01784, F-10308, F-12662. F-16828.
G-01874. G-03788, G-09926. G-11828,
G-25563, G-33964. G-34667. G-39242.
J-16457. J-43717, L-03540, L-30149,
L-31465, L-32796. L-32893. M-00376.
M-00844, M-08698. M-09199, M-13980.
M-15760
OHIO D-44735
OIL BURNERS L-30149
OLEFINS A-32475, A-39460, B-31803,
C-07214, C-08354
OPEN BURNING A-09686, A-26255.
A-31327, A-32165. A-35574, A-39462,
A-40345, C-35956, D-35437, L-34685
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-04345.
A-09686, A-26441, A-39461, B-16695,
B-20143. B-23725, B-26254. B-32937.
C-33045, J-01546
OPERATING CRITERIA A-08363,
J-27971, L-40544
OPERATING VARIABLES A-21385,
A-21728, A-26979, A-27433, A-27942,
A-35581, B-07769, B-09655. B-16695,
B-17088, B-20143. B-21407, B-21960,
B-25190, B-25643, B-27182, B-28328,
B-28580, B-28656, B-29231. B-29278,
B-29621. B-31091. B-31463. B-31608,
B-31794, B-32937, B-33347, B-33732,
B-34385, B-35793. B-36760. B-36854,
B-37004. B-37266. B-38569. B-39205.
B-39206, B-39291. B-39575, B-40098,
B-41474, B-42246, B-43482. B-43611,
B-44818, B-44890. C-24939. C-35956,
C-38032, C-38698, C-42403, E-37091.
F-16383, F-32021, J-31814. K-39224,
L-31465
OPINION SURVEYS D-06535. D-09592.
J-40163. L-34685, M-00376. M-00844.
M-07965, M-08698, M-09199
ORCHARDS H-39537
OREGON A-26979, A-31327, B-04783.
L-30149. L-34685
ORGANIC ACIDS A-09686, A-13443.
A-17198, A-32475, A-36377, B-15878.
B-31091, B-31125. C-35956. D-06S35.
D-07572, D-09592. F-13083. F-13188,
F-13311
ORGANIC DISEASES H-3256I
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
A-17198. A-19899, A-39460. B-32768,
B-37064, C-29726. C-32467. L-32796
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
A-01644, A-01885, A-04893. A-06240.
A-08359, A-08368, A-11144. A-12422.
A-12507, A-13492, A-14580, A-16494,
A-17198, A-17633, A-19899. A-21385,
-------
160
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
A-22148. A-24903. A-25683, A-26979,
A-32475. A-32879. A-33983, A-36392,
A-39460. A-39922, A-40063, A-41168,
A-43289, A-43626, B-00025, B-00379,
B-00390. B-01436, B-01505, B-01563,
B-01672. B-01900, B-02018. B-03807.
B-04045, B-04773, B-04861, B-04882.
B-04887. B-04950, B-04951, B-04952,
B-04953. B-05001. B-05408, B-05409,
B-05808. B-06106, B-07434, B-08360,
B-08361. B-08364, B-08365, B-08366,
B-09508, B-09655, B-09661, B-10277,
B-10366, B-10659. B-10994, B-11008,
B-II673. B-11949, B-I2S06, B-13072,
B-14II3. B-14577, B-15779, B-16350,
B-1674-1, B-16747, B-16842, B-17266,
B-I92I8. B-I99I6. B-20286, B-22061,
B-22400. B-23538. B-26176, B-262S4,
B-27138. B-29278, B-31790, B-32615,
B-32681. B-32798, B-35803, B-36270,
B-37064, B-37094, B-37101. B-37266,
B-38194, B-38697, B-38723, B-39256.
B-39773, B-40107, B-41603, B-42908,
B-43482, B-43635, B-43774. B-43879.
C-00383. C-00947, C-00965. C-01542.
C-04883. C-04886, C-06385, C-06526,
C-07214, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
C-08357. C-08358, C-08541, C-09208,
C-09648. C-09657. C-10453, C-10654,
C-14582. C-16755. C-17029, C-19051,
C-20435. C-21859. C-24939, C-27069,
C-27355. C-29726. C-29913, C-30202,
C-32467, C-32880. C-34422, C-34863,
C-35243. C-35956. C-37511. C-38032,
C-42403. C-43214, D-00209. D-07390,
D-09592. D-16062, D-37%8. E-00952,
F-01784. F-06719, F-09498, F-10308,
F-12662, F-16828, G-03788, G-09926.
L-20273, L-32796. L-32893, M-08698.
M-09199, N-08409
ORGANIC WASTES A-36049, B-25977,
B-40958
ORGANOMETALLICS A-29489. A-31S48
ORSAT ANALYSIS C-35956
OUTPATIENT VISITS G-39013
OXIDANTS A-06240, A-36377, A-38542.
A-39460, D-44735, L-34685, L-40544
OXIDATION A-02274, A-09415, A-13492,
A-33983, A-40063, A-43289, B-00379,
B-01436, B-OI50S, B-01789, B-01900,
B-02279. B-03807. B-04045. B-04882.
B-05808. B-06106, B-06859, B-07974,
B-08360. B-08361. B-08364. B-08366,
B-09048. B-09661, B-09933. B-10366.
B-10765. B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
B-11150, B-16350. B-16876. B-21369,
B-23611, B-24079, B-26176. B-31794,
B-32615. B-32768, B-36657, B-38194,
B-38723, B-39773, B-42319, B-43611.
C-OI07I. C-06385, C-08354, E-00952.
F-06719. F-10308, F-13604, H-32561.
1-03957. L-32796. N-08409
OXIDES A-02274. A-06240. A-08368,
A-08631. A-09686. A-12422, A-12621.
A-13282, A-13443. A-17633. A-18189,
A-21385, A-25205. A-25683, A-26441,
A-26979. A-27293, A-28976, A-32475,
A-32879. A-35066. A-35II3, A-36049,
A-36377, A-36392, A-38542, A-39460,
A-39462. A-40159, A-40345. A-40524.
A-42266. A-43274, A-43289, A-43626,
B-00025. B-00951, B-01505. B-01672.
B-02018. B-03975. B-04783, B-05074,
B-05091. B-05808. B-05880. B-07974,
B-08364, B-09048, B-09356, B-09508.
B-09655, B-09933, B-10001, B-I0268,
B-10659, B-10765, B-11008. B-11009,
B-11150, B-13551. B-13737. B-14118,
B-15766, B-15992. B-16041, B-16197,
B-16242, B-16350, B-16681. B-16729,
B-16747, B-16876. B-16899, B-17656,
B-18037, B-22061, B-22522, B-22655,
B-24079, B-25211, B-26254, B-27138,
B-27470, B-27901, B-28656, B-2%21,
B-31091, B-31125, B-31308. B-32018.
B-32569, B-32681, B-33347, B-33732,
B-33918. B-34044, B-34459. B-35519.
B-35931. B-36355, B-36657, B-36659,
B-37064, B-37677, B-38235. B-38569,
B-39256. B-39498. B-40366. B-41603,
B-43414, B-43482, B-43544, B-43774,
B-44890, B-45019, C-00947, C-00%5,
C-01071, C-04883, C-04886, C-06385,
C-07214, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
C-08358, C-08541, C-08954, C-09208,
C-09657, C-10453, C-10654, C-15704.
C-16577, C-16755, C-I687I. C-17029.
C-19051, C-20435, C-24939, C-27069,
C-29913. C-32467. C-330J5, C-34422.
C-34863. C-35243, C-35956, C-38032,
C-39929, C-43214, C-43228, D-03017,
D-03106, D-06535. D-07390. D-07572.
D-09592, D-0%58. D-12345, D-12496.
D-16619. D-20377, D-22591, D-31276.
D-33108, D-35437, D-41167. D-44735,
E-00952. F-01784. F-06719, F-09498,
F-16828. F-21971. G-009%. G-05076,
G-11828. G-16153, G-25563, G-27651,
G-37337, H-37047. H-37352, H-38576,
H-39537. 1-33709. J-01546. J-16174.
J-21241, L-06730. L-34685, L-36900,
L-40544, M-08698, N-42686
OXYGEN A-02274, A-09415, A-13492,
B-01672. B-05408, B-05808. B-07974,
B-08364. B-08366. B-09048, B-13398.
B-16899, B-21983, B-25085, B-27138,
B-29278, B-30208, B-31072, B-31794,
B-38697, B-43851, C-08354, C-09208,
C-19051, C-32467, E-00952, F-06719
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION B-30208
OXYGEN LANCING A-09686
OZONE A-13492, A-39460, B-04861,
B-08364, B-22061, B-32768, B-32798,
B-37073, B-37494, B-42319, C-06385.
F-10308, L-32796
PACKED TOWERS A-32165. A-43289,
B-00951, B-07434, B-08364. B-09047,
B-11008. B-13772, B-15992. B-16698,
B-16876. B-19071, B-21960, B-21983.
B-26173, B-38194, F-09498, J-21241
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-09686,
A-40345, B-34317, B-37494, C-09208.
C-33045
PAINTS C-06385, C-09208. D-06535,
D-09592
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY A-30701,
A-33804, A-35581, B-34044, F-13083.
F-14579
PARTICLE COUNTERS A-35443, D-41167
PARTICLE GROWTH B-33347, C-08312
PARTICLE SHAPE A-35574
PARTICLE SIZE A-35443. A-35574,
A-39461, B-10765, B-16695. B-25643,
B-28580, B-32937, B-33347, B-35793.
C-08312, C-29072, C-33045, C-35956,
C-37718, C-38698, D-35051, L-06742
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-35443,
A-35574, A-39461, A-39462, B-10765,
B-16695, B-25643, B-28580, B-32937,
B-33347. B-35793, C-08312, C-29072,
C-33045, C-35956, C-37718, C-38698,
D-35051, L-06742
PARTICULATE SAMPLING B-05001,
B-10578, B-34459, C-03789, C-10686,
C-15224, C-35956, C-38698, D-03106
PARTICULATES A-04345. A-09686,
A-10524, A-12621, A-14134. A-17633,
A-21385, A-24903, A-25205, A-25683,
A-26441, A-27293, A-27501, A-3I327,
A-33804, A-35113, A-35443, A-35574,
A-36377. A-36392, A-38327, A-38542,
A-38615, A-39460, A-39461, A-39462,
A-40159. A-40345. A-42266, A-43274,
A-43289, B-00025. B-00379, B-00951,
B-01223, B-01505, B-01549, B-02018,
B-02279, B-04882, B-05001, B-05091,
B-05880. B-06859, B-07415, B-07769,
B-08360. B-09047, B-09356, B-09508,
B-09655. B-09733, B-10001, B-10106,
B-10277, B-10659, B-10994, B-11008,
B-11158, B-11726, B-12527, B-13409.
B-13551, B-13737, B-14094, B-14118.
B-15709. B-16695. B-16842, B-17088.
B-18140, B-19071, B-19216, B-19218.
B-20143. B-22357, B-23725, B-24478,
B-25047. B-25643. B-25863, B-26254.
B-27182, B-27288, B-27470. B-27762,
B-27901, B-28580, B-28656. B-28792,
B-29085. B-29231. B-31608. B-31803,
B-32569, B-32615, B-32937, B-33347,
B-33918, B-34044, B-35519, B-35660,
B-35793. B-35803, B-35931. B-36478.
B-36657, B-36658. B-36659. B-36854.
B-37171. B-37677, B-38194, B-38210,
B-38565, B-39205, B-39888, 3-40098,
B-40114, B-40366, B-41474, B-42246,
B-42431, B-43396, B-43414, B-43774,
B-43851, B-43879, B-44198, B-44394,
B-44890, C-01542, C-03789, C-07214.
C-08312, C-10686, C-15224, C-28489,
C-28708. C-33055, C-35956, C-37718,
C-38698. C-39929, D-00690, D-03017.
D-03106, D-07390, D-07572. D-09592,
D-12345, D-124%, D-12648, D-16619.
D-20377, D-22591, D-31276. D-33108,
D-35051, D-41167, D-44735. E-25338.
E-31865, E-37091. F-32021. G-08828,
G-11828. G-23893. G-25563. G-25875.
H-39537, 1-26838, 1-33709, J-01546,
J-01561, J-16174, J-16457, J-21241,
J-26326, L-06730, L-06732. L-19062,
L-30149. L-34685, L-36900. L-40544,
M-00376, M-08698, M-15760, N-42686
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES G-08828
PENNSYLVANIA C-09208
PERMEABILITY F-13343
PERMITS D-44735, L-28389. L-35817
PEROXIDES A-13282. A-13443, B-09356
PERSONNEL B-01223, M-07965
PESTICIDES A-24398, A-26594, A-32483,
B-42319
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
B-38569
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION A-40345,
D-00690. D-35437
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-19899,
A-26441, A-32483, A-38542, A-40159.
B-15992. B-19733. B-21965, B-22809,
B-25047, B-27901, B-37494, C-27355.
D-12496. D-24227, D-35437, F-32021,
J-16174, L-06730
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
161
PETROLEUM REFINING A-04345,
A-09686, A-15517, A-17603, A-20553,
A-26441. A-27293, A-28976, A-32475,
A-35443, A-35574, A-38542, A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, A-40159, A-40345,
A-41467, B-07769, B-I355I, B-14940,
B-17559, B-19733, B-21965, B-28580,
B-28792, B-29231, B-29628, B-31803.
B-36478, B-37266. B-38235, B-38569,
B-39888, B-40098, B-40107, B-43774,
C-09208, C-21859, C-22958, C-27355.
C-29726, C-32467. C-33055, C-38032,
C-42403, C-43684, D-24227. D-27673.
D-35437, F-01784, F-33863, G-11828,
J-01546, J-21241. J-26326. J-30951,
J-31814, J-42690. L-32796, L-32893,
M-15760
PH A-01644, A-01885, A-02274, A-08367,
A-08368, A-40063, B-00379, B-00951,
B-01436, D-01563. B-04882. B-04887.
B-04951, B-04952, B-04953, B-05001,
B-08361, B-09655. B-10366. B-10659,
B-23538. B-24750. B-29278. B-31125,
B-326IJ, B-33732. B-35931, B-42246.
B-43851. B-44198, F-12662. F-I3I86.
F-13241, F-13347. F-13351, F-21971,
J-3I076, N-08409
PHENOLS A-13399, A-33983, A-39460,
C-30202. F-13418. F-13604
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-09686. A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, B-20143, B-339I8,
L-09093
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-26441,
A-36377, B-40098
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS A-35113,
B-31608, C-15224. C-37J1I, C-38032.
C-43214
PHOTOSYNTHESIS H-39537
PHYSICAL STATES A-06981, A-09011,
A-13492, A-14580. A-28885, A-39461,
A-39922, A-41467, A-42266, B-00951.
B-01436, B-01505. B-01563, B-04952.
B-04953, B-05408, B-OS409, B-05808,
B-08360, B-08365, B-096S5. B-09656,
B-09661, B-15709, B-I5766, B-15779.
B-15878, B-16698, B-18037. B-21983,
B-23117, B-25085. B-27288, B-27470,
B-31091, B-31125, B-31991, B-35519,
B-35931, B-36270, B-36478, B-37094.
B-37171, B-38444. B-44818, C-00947,
C-07214, C-08354. C-08355, C-08356,
C-08357, C-08358, C-09648, C-09657,
C-09660, C-14582, C-23106. C-28708,
C-32467. D-07572, D-09592. E-00952,
F-09498, F-10308, F-21971. F-33863,
G-09926, J-14583
PHYTOTOX1CANTS A-31548
PILOT PLANTS A-08631. A-13238,
B-00951, B-02955. B-08360, B-09047,
B-09733. B-10001, B-11009, B-14110.
B-17088. B-26173, B-32569, B-36658,
B-36659, B-37004. F-13768. F-16386
PLANNING AND ZONING A-26979,
D-27673, D-35437
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-17198,
A-40345, A-40524. B-01223, B-01505,
B-01672, B-16842, B-2I96S. B-40114,
C-00551, D-03017, D-06535, D-07390,
D-09592. D-09658. D-12345, D-12496,
D-12648. D-16062. D-16619, D-20377,
D-35437. D-41167. F-44969. G-02170,
J-01546, J-31076. J-40526, L-03540,
L-06732, L-09093. L-34685, L-35817,
L-36900, M-00376, M-00844. M-07965.
M-13980
PLANT DAMAGE A-27293, A-35581,
A-36392, A-38542, B-01223, B-27762.
C-09208, D-09592, D-33108, H-39537
PLANT GROWTH H-39537
PLANT INDICATORS H-23261, H-24025
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-33804, A-35581,
A-36348, B-09655, B-22061, B-27762,
C-33055, D-03017, D-09592, D-33108.
F-13420, F-13462, F-16386, G-07339,
G-08828, G-23893, H-23261, H-24025,
H-32561. H-37047, H-39537, L-09093
PLASTICS A-32483, B-09356. B-29650.
B-33918, C-34863, D-00690, F-33863
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-35443, A-38615.
B-01672, B-05001, B-07415, B-10277.
B-10659, C-22958, D-09592, E-31865
PNEUMONIA D-20377, D-22591, G-07339
POINT SOURCES A-40345, D-00690.
D-35437. H-23261
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS C-35956
POLYMERIZATION N-08409
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS C-35956
PORTABLE C-08358
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS B-42319
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS A-13439.
B-00379, B-04045. B-08364, C-10453.
C-35956, F-13379
POULTRY H-32561
POWER SOURCES A-09686, A-20553,
A-26594, A-40345, B-05091, D-09592.
D-12496, D-35437, F-33863, G-11828,
G-34667
PRECIPITATION A-38615, B-16842,
C-36894, D-09592, D-33708, D-44735,
E-25338, E-31865. E-39112
PRESSURE A-01885, A-08367. A-09011.
B-04045. B-08365, B-10001, B-10366.
B-18037. B-22357, B-25493, B-27182,
B-29278, B-31803, B-32937. B-35315.
B-36659, B-43611, B-44818. C-04885,
C-35956, C-43479, E-00952, F-13437
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) E-31865
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-04345. A-09686,
A-15517, A-20553, A-24398, A-26441,
A-27293, A-275C1, A-32165. A-32483,
A-35443, A-35574, A-38542, A-38615,
A-39460, A-39461, A-39462, A-40159.
A-40345. B-05091, B-10765, B-13551,
B-15878, B-16681, B-16695. B-19257.
B-19733. B-22809. B-25047. B-26254,
B-27470, B-27762, B-28580, B-31803,
B-33347, B-33918. B-35793. B-36478,
B-37494, B-38569. B-43774. B-44890.
C-33045, C-35956, D-12496, D-24227,
D-27673. E-25338, F-32021, H-32561,
J-16174, J-23842, J-30951, J-31076,
J-31814, J-42690, L-06730, L-06742,
L-09093, L-19062, L-20273, N-15093
PRINTING B-13737. C-22958, F-13462,
L-40544
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-04345,
A-08367, A-09415. A-10524, A-13380,
A-21385. A-35066, A-38327, B-00025,
B-03975, B-04045, B-04781, B-04783.
B-04951, B-05074, B-05091, B-06106.
B-07769. B-08360, B-09656, B-09933,
B-10268, B-11153. B-II158. B-11726,
B-13737, B-16681. B-16807. B-17409.
B-21051, B-22522, B-23117, B-25211,
B-25493, B-25863. B-27288. B-29621,
B-30577, B-31091, B-32018, B-32615,
B-32937, B-33347, B-33732, B-34299,
B-34459, B-34868, B-35803. B-36478.
B-36657, B-36854, B-37094, B-39226,
B-39256, B-39575. B-40366. B-40958.
B-41474, B-41603, B-42246. B-42319.
B-43414, B-43482, B-44890, D-00209,
D-09592, G-08828. L-40544
PROFANES C-07214
PROPENES A-32475, C-07214
PROPOSALS D-06535, G-16153
PROTECTIVE MASKS G-08828
PROTEINS C-32880, H-32561
PUBLIC AFFAIRS A-14134, B-01223.
B-08360, C-09660, D-03017, D-06535,
D-09592, D-17630, J-40163, L-28389,
L-32796, L-34685, M-00376, M-00844,
M-07965, M-08698, M-09199, M-13980.
M-15760, M-40951
PUBLIC INFORMATION L-34685,
M-07965, M-40951
PULMONARY FUNCTION G-00996,
G-02170. G-25563
PYRIDINES A-39460
PYROLYSIS A-04879, A-06981, A-08359,
A-18182. A-18189. A-27942, A-28885,
B-11673. B-12506, B-13331, B-14577,
B-20258, B-23117, B-25977. B-32768.
B-37677, B-40958. C-08354, C-30202
QUARTZ A-39460
QUESTIONNAIRES A-14134, A-40345.
D-35437, G-01874, G-02170, G-05076,
G-2765I, G-39242, L-09093, M-00844,
M-09199
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
C-33055, C-35956
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION B-27138.
C-28489, C-33055, C-35956, E-39112
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS C-28489.
C-33055
RADIOGRAPHY G-07339. G-08828
RAIN B-16842, C-36894, D-33708,
D-44735, E-25338
RAPPING B-16824, B-23725
RATS H-32561
REACTION KINETICS A-01885, A-18182,
A-40063, B-04952. B-04953, B-05808,
B-08365, B-09655, B-10366. B-21983.
B-38697, F-06719. F-09498, F-12662,
F-13012, F-13480
REACTION MECHANISMS A-01885,
A-04893. A-08368, A-13325, A-13399,
A-33983, B-01436, B-03807, B-04887,
B-04950, B-04953, B-16698, B-17559,
B-20258, B-27138, B-32603. B-38697,
E-00952. F-06719. F-09498. F-13350
RECOMBINATION B-11673. F-16828
RECORDING METHODS B-08360.
C-01071
REDUCTION A-08368. A-08631, A-13444.
A-26441, B-00379, B-06106, B-08361.
B-10366, B-18240, B-21369, B-27470,
B-31794, B-38569. C-16871, F-10308,
F-13344, H-32561, 1-03957
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS B-29628,
D-27673
REGULATIONS A-26979. A-36377.
A-43289. B-01505, B-10277, B-43396.
B-43774. B-43851. J-01561, L-14932,
L-28355, L-30149, L-34685, L-35817,
L-41093
RENDERING A-19899. A-20553, A-31327,
A-31548, A-40345, B-25977, B-37494,
D-17630, L-06730, L-30149. L-34685
REPRODUCTION H-32561
-------
162
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
RESEARCH INSTITUTES A-36480,
B-31308, C-00551
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES A-39462,
B-01789, B-25190. D-00209. D-07390.
G-01874, M-00376, M-00844
RESEARCH PROGRAMS A-30383,
A-39460, B-04882, B-08364, B-21965.
B-27762. B-34868, B-40114, C-21724,
D-07390. G-17205, G-34667, J-43717,
L-03540, L-06732, L-09093, L-19062.
L-35817, L-36900
RESIDENTIAL AREAS A-17198, B-08360.
D-03106. D-07390, D-31276. D-35437,
G-39242. L-30149
RESIDUAL OILS A-40345. D-09592,
D-33108
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-14134.
A-17603, A-38542, D-20377, D-22591,
D-33108. G-00996. G-02170, G-03671.
G-05076, G-07339. G-08828, G-I6I53,
G-21054. G-25875, G-27651. G-30169,
G-33964. G-37337, G-39013, G-39242
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS B-30208,
B-43396. C-09648. C-35956, G-00996,
G-02170. G-05076. G-07339. G-23893,
G-25563. G-2587J, G-27651. G-30169
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM G-02170,
G-07339, G-08828, G-23893. M-00376
RETENTION C-08357, H-37047
RINGELMANN CHART C-37718, 1-01561
RIVERS H-37047
RUBBER A-24398, A-32483, C-09208
RUBBER MANUFACTURING A-38615,
A-40345, A-41467, B-37494, F-33863.
J-21241. J-23842. L-06730
SAFETY EQUIPMENT A-09202, B-35315
SAMPLERS A-35443, B-01505. B-10578,
B-33073. B-34459, C-00383. C-00947.
C-03789, C-04886. C-06526, C-08312.
C-08358. C-09208, C-09657, C-15224,
C-16755. C-29072, C-35956. C-37718.
C-38698. C-43228. D-00690, D-24227.
D-35051, D-41167, E-00952, F-10308,
G-05076, M-09199
SAMPLING METHODS A-09415. A-14580.
A-17633. A-35443, A-39461. A-41168,
B-01505. B-04882. B-04887, B-05001.
B-05808, B-09047. B-10277, B-10578,
B-16842, B-24478, B-27762, B-32569,
B-32681, B-33073. B-34459. B-43396,
B-44890, C-00383, C-00551. C-00947,
C-00965. C-01071, C-01542, C-03789,
C-04883, C-04885, C-04886, C-04945.
C-06385. C-06526, C-08312, C-08355,
C-08356, C-08358, C-08541, C-09208.
C-09657, C-10453, C-10654. C-10686.
C-15224, C-16755, C-16871. C-19051.
C-21724, C-28708, C-29072, C-29726.
C-30263, C-33045. C-34422, C-34863,
C-35243, C-35956. C-36894, C-37718,
C-38698, C-39929. C-43214, C-43228,
C-43479. D-00209. D-00690, D-03106,
D-07390, D-24227, D-35051. D-41167.
E-00952. F-10308, G-03788, G-05076,
G-08828. 1-13507. J-01561. M-09199
SAMPLING PROBES C-00383. C-03789,
C-04945, C-15224. C-16871, C-28708,
C-30263, C-34422, C-35956, C-39929,
C-43214
SCANDINAVIA A-39922, A-43626,
B-36037. B-42893, B-43544. B-43774,
C-43214. C-43228. J-40163
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC) A-35443
SCREEN FILTERS B-05001, B-29231
SCRUBBERS A-09686, A-10524, A-12621.
A-17603, A-24903, A-25205, A-32165.
A-32879, A-35443, A-35574. A-39461,
A-39462, A-40159, A-42266, A-43274,
A-43289. A-43626, B-00025. B-00552,
B-00951, B-01505. B-01549. B-01672,
B-01900, B-02279, B-02955, B-03807,
B-03975, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783.
B-04882, B-05001, B-05074, B-05091.
B-05880, B-06106. B-06343, B-06859,
B-07415, B-07434, B-07769. B-08360,
B-08364, B-08366, B-09047, B-09048,
B-09356, B-09508, B-09656, B-09733.
B-10001. B-10106, B-10268. B-10277.
B-10659. B-11008, B-11150. B-11158.
B-11726. B-12527, B-13334, B-13409,
B-13445, B-13464, B-13551, B-13772,
B-14094, B-I4I10, B-14118. B-15690,
B-15709, B-15779, B-1S992. B-16350,
B-16681. B-16695. B-16698, B-16744,
B-16807, B-16842, B-16876. B-16899.
B-17088, B-17559, B-18037. B-18140,
B-18262, B-19071, B-19216, B-20143,
B-21051. B-21960, B-21983, B-22357,
B-22400, B-23117. B-23901, B-24750.
B-25085, B-26173, B-26176, B-27182.
B-27762, B-27901, B-28328. B-28792,
B-29085. B-29650, B-29852, B-30062,
B-30208. B-31790. B-31991, B-32109,
B-32569, B-32615, B-32768. B-33715.
B-33918, B-34044, B-34299, B-34317.
B-34385. B-34459, B-35519, B-35660,
B-35803. B-35931. B-36037, B-36657,
B-36658, B-36659, B-36760. B-37004,
B-37064, B-37101, B-37494, B-38194.
B-38444, B-38565, B-38723, B-39205,
B-39256. B-39498, B-40114. B-40366,
B-42319. B-42431. B-42893, B-42908,
B-43396, B-43480, B-43544, B-43774,
B-43879, B-44198, C-00965, C-10453,
C-30263, D-00209. D-09592. F-09498,
J-01546. J-01561. J-16457, J-21241,
L-06742. L-19062. L-40544
SEA BREEZE D-00690, D-07390
SEA SALTS C-10686, 1-26838. 1-33709
SEASONAL B-01672. D-00690, D-07390,
D-09592, D-17630, D-31276, D-33708,
E-25338, E-31865
SECONDARY AIR A-09415, B-04783,
B-25863, B-32018, B-32937, B-36854,
B-41474, D-09592
SEDIMENTATION A-09686, A-35443.
B-25863. B-34317, B-36037. C-08312,
J-31076
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS B-28656,
H-32561
SETTLING CHAMBERS A-31548.
B-31991. B-34317
SETTLING PARTICLES A-04345.
A-10524, A-12621. A-17633. A-24903,
A-25205, A-26441, A-31327. A-33804.
A-35113, A-36377, A-38542, A-39460.
A-39462. B-00025. B-02279, B-06859,
B-09356. B-09655, B-09733. B-10001,
B-11726, B-13551, B-14094, B-16695,
B-16842. B-17088. B-19216, B-20143,
B-22357. B-23725, B-25643, B-26254.
B-27288. B-27470, B-27901, B-28580.
B-29231, B-31608, B-31803, B-32569,
B-33918, B-34044, B-35793. B-35803.
B-35931, B-36657, B-36659. B-37677,
B-38565. B-39888, B-40366, B-43774.
B-44198, C-08312, C-10686, C-28489,
D-09592. D-12648. D-20377. D-22591,
D-31276. D-33108, D-41167. F-32021,
G-08828. G-23893, G-25875. 1-26838,
1-33709, J-01546. J-01561. J-16457,
J-26326, L-30149. M-00376. N-42686
SEWAGE A-17603. A-20553. A-26594,
A-38327. B-01563, B-07769, B-14940,
B-28792, B-29650, B-31991, B-32768.
B-34317. B-37073. B-37494, B-39282,
B-40958, C-06385, C-09208. C-28489,
C-33055, C-38698. J-16457, L-17379,
L-32796
SEWAGE TREATMENT B-01563,
B-14940, B-32768, B-37073, B-39282,
C-09208, J-16457, L-32796
SEWERS C-09208
SHEEP H-32561, H-37352, H-38576
SHIPS A-35443, A-40345, D-12496,
D-35437
SILICATES A-39460
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-39460,
B-05808, B-20143, F-13462
SILICON DIOXIDE D-35437
SILVER COMPOUNDS C-27069, D-09592
SIMULATION A-11144, B-38210, C-10654
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
L-06730
SINTERING A-39461, B-13551. B-29231,
B-43774, L-06730
SKIN G-03671, G-23893
SKIN TESTS G-27651, G-39013
SLAUGHTERHOUSES B-26254, B-37494.
D-17630. L-32893
SLUDGE A-38327. B-07769. B-14940.
B-29650, B-31991, B-34317, C-38698.
J-16457
SMOG B-19218. G-11828
SMOKE SHADE C-37718, D-00690,
D-03017. J-01561
SMOKEMETERS C-37718
SMOKES A-31327, A-35443, A-36377,
A-39460, B-16695. B-34044. B-39888,
D-00690, D-03017, D-07390, D-09592.
E-25338. E-31865, E-37091, H-39537,
J-01546, J-01561, L-30149
SMOKING G-01874, G-02170, G-05076,
G-25875, G-39242
SNOW D-09592, E-25338. E-39112
SOAP MANUFACTURING A-40345.
B-01505, L-06730. N-08409
SOCIAL ATTITUDES A-14134, D-06535.
D-17630, G-33964, G-34667, J-01546,
M-00376, M-00844, M-07965, M-40951
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS A-20553,
A-32483, A-35581. B-01672, B-27762,
D-06535, G-27651, G-34667, G-39242.
L-09093, M-09199, M-23344
SODIUM CARBONATE A-I8I82,
A-18189. A-36392. B-00025, B-09356,
B-10758. B-11008, B-22655, B-23611,
B-31125, B-35931. B-37677, D-09592,
F-13187
SODIUM CHLORIDE B-00025, B-05001.
B-09356. B-10659, C-14582. D-35051
SODIUM COMPOUNDS A-02274,
A-08363, A-08367, A-08368, A-09415,
A-11144, A-I3I99. A-13605, A-18182,
A-18189, A-21385. A-24903, A-36392,
B-00025. B-00379. B-01436. B-04783.
B-04887. B-04953. B-05001, B-06106.
B-06343, B-08360, B-08364. B-08366.
B-09047, B-09356, B-09655, B-10001,
B-10277. B-10366, B-10578, B-10659,
B-10758. B-10765. B-11008, B-11009,
B-16747, B-16899. B-19930, B-21369.
B-21960. B-22655, B-23538, B-23611.
B-24478. B-29621, B-30339, B-31072.
B-31125, B-32569. B-32615, B-33732.
B-34044, B-34385. B-35931, B-36018.
B-36658, B-36659, B-37094, B-37677,
B-39206. B-39226, B-42246, B-43635,
B-44818, C-08312, C-10686, C-14582,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
163
C-16577, C-27069, D-09592, D-35051,
E-39112, F-09498, F-13082, F-13187,
F-13420, F-13768, F-14579, F-16386.
H-24902. L-20273
SODIUM HYDROXIDE A-08363, A-08367,
A-08368, A-13199, B-00025, B-00379,
B-01436. B-04887. B-04953, B-08366,
B-16899, B-21960, B-34385, B-36018.
C-16577, F-09498, F-13187, F-16386
SODIUM SULFITE A-11144, A-18182,
A-18189. B-00025, B-08364, B-09356,
B-10578, B-10758, B-10765, B-23538,
B-23611, B-31125. B-32615. B-35931,
B-36018, B-37094, F-16386
SOILING A-3S574, D-03017
SOILING INDEX D-00690, D-03017.
D-07390, D-16619, D-44735
SOILS H-32561
SOLAR RADIATION C-09208, D-07390
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-15517,
A-17243, A-26255. A-26441, A-26594,
A-28898, A-31548, A-36049, A-36480,
A-40345. B-05091, B-07769, B-25977,
B-26254, B-28792. B-29650. B-30208,
B-34299, B-34317. B-36478, B-37494,
B-40114, B-40958, B-43796, C-33045,
C-33055, D-03017, D-09592, D-12496,
D-16619, D-17630, D-35437. G-1I828,
J-01546, J-21241, L-28389. M-00844
SOLIDS A-28885, B-27470, B-31125,
C-08358
SOLVENTS B-13737, B-23117, B-33715.
C-08357, D-35437, L-40544
SOOT A-04345. A-36377. A-J9460,
D-33108, D-41167, J-16457. L-30I49,
N-42686
SOOT FALL D-27673
SOURCE SAMPLING A-09415, A-17633,
A-41168. B-10578, B-24478, B-27762.
B-32569, B-32681. B-43396, C-00965.
C-03789, C-04885, C-04886, C-04945,
C-08312, C-08541, C-I5224, C-19051,
C-29072, C-30263, C-33045, C-34863,
C-35243, C-35956, C-36894. C-38698.
C-39929, C-43228, C-43479, D-35051,
J-01561
SOUTH CAROLINA E-3I865
S02 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-15517, A-35066,
A-35113, A-43289, A-43626, B-00951.
B-01789, B-03975, B-05074, B-09508,
B-10268, B-II150, B-II949, B-I355I,
B-14110, B-14120, B-15779, B-15878.
B-16647. B-16681. B-16698, B-17559.
B-17656, B-19071, B-19257, B-19425,
B-21960, B-21983. B-22809, B-23611,
B-24750, B-25171, B-25211, B-25493,
B-27901. B-28328, B-28792, B-29231,
B-29621, B-29628, B-29852, B-30577,
B-31308. B-31463, B-32018, B-32603,
B-32615. B-33918. B-34044, B-35803,
B-35931. B-36018, B-36037. B-36854,
B-37554, B-37677. B-38235, B-38444,
B-38565. B-38569, B-40366, B-41603.
B-42246, B-42431, B-43396, B-43544,
B-43774. B-43879, B-44198, C-30263,
D-22591, H-39537. J-01546, J-26326,
J-40526, L-19062, L-36900
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES A-09686.
B-05091. D-12496
SPECTROMETRY B-05408, C-01071,
C-06385, C-07214. C-09208. C-30202.
C-33055, C-35243, C-35956, F-13083,
F-13346, F-13484. F-21971
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY B-02279.
B-05408. B-09047. C-01071. C-04886,
C-09208, C-10686. C-17037, C-20435,
C-24939, C-35243, C-35956, D-37968.
F-13082, F-13311
SPORES G-07339, G-08828
SPOT TESTS A-17603
SPRAY TOWERS B-00025, B-00951,
B-02279. B-07415. B-08366, B-09047,
B-09356, B-09508, B-10001, B-10268,
B-10277, B-13409, B-13445, B-14110,
B-17088, B-29085, B-31790. B-38565,
B-43774, B-44198
SPRAYS B-17088
ST LOUIS A-01644, A-01885, A-02274,
B-00379, B-00951, B-01436. B-01563,
B-04045, C-03789, E-00952, 1-03957,
L-30149
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) A-26255,
A-31327. B-01672, B-16842. B-39S96,
D-03017, D-03106, D-07390. D-09592.
D-12345. D-16619, D-44735, E-25338,
E-31865, J-01546. M-08698
STACK GASES A-0941S, A-09686,
A-15517. A-25205, A-26979, A-32879.
A-33983. A-35574, A-36049, A-38327.
A-38615. A-41168, A-43289. A-43626,
B-01672, B-03807. B-03975, B-06859.
B-08360, B-09047. B-0%55, B-0%56.
B-10001, B-10268. B-10277, B-10578,
B-10659, B-11009, B-11153. B-11158,
B-13445, B-135S1. B-13772, B-14094.
B-15690, B-16350. B-16747. B-16876.
B-18029, B-19216, B-19218. B-19257.
B-19916. B-19930. B-20286, B-21960.
B-21983. B-22061. B-22400. B-22J22.
B-22809, B-23611. B-24478. B-25211,
B-25950, B-26173. B-26176. B-27182.
B-27901, B-28328. B-29231, B-29628,
B-29852, B-30062, B-30577, B-31091,
B-31125, B-31308, B-31463, B-31790,
B-31991, B-32569, B-32615, B-33715,
B-33918, B-34044, B-34385, B-34459,
B-35519. B-35803, B-35931. B-36018,
B-36037, B-36478, B-36658. B-36659,
B-36854, B-37004, B-37064, B-37094,
B-37266, B-37554, B-37677, B-38194,
B-38235. B-38444, B-38565, B-38569.
B-38723. B-39205, B-39256, B-39282,
B-39498. B-39596, B-40098, B-40107,
B-40114. B-40366, B-41474, B-41603.
B-42893. B-43414. B-43544, B-43796.
B-43879, B-44890, B-45019, C-01071.
C-04883, C-04885. C-04886. C-04945.
C-08312, C-08541, C-09648, C-09657,
C-09660, C-10453, C-15224, C-16755.
C-16871, C-19051, C-22958, C-23278,
C-27069, C-30263, C-33045, C-33055,
C-34422. C-34863, C-35956, C-37308,
C-37718, C-38698, C-43214, C-43228.
C-43479. D-00209, D-07572. D-09592,
D-12496. D-16062, D-22591, D-35051,
D-41167. E-31865, E-37091, F-10308.
G-16153, G-37337. H-24025, H-39537.
J-01546, J-01561, J-16457, J-26326.
J-40526, L-19062, L-20273, L-30149.
L-35817, M-23344, N-42686
STACK SAMPLING A-09415. B-10578,
B-24478, B-27762, B-32569, B-32681,
B-43396, C-00%5, C-03789, C-04885,
C-04886, C-04945. C-08312. C-08541,
C-15224, C-19051. C-29072. C-30263,
C-33045, C-34863. C-359S6. C-38698.
C-39929. C-43228, D-35051, J-01561
STACKS A-06240, A-38615, B-02955.
B-03975. B-09356, B-10001, B-10268.
B-11153, B-I355I, B-18037, B-27762.
B-30577, B-31991, B-36657, B-39256,
B-395%, B-40366. B-43879, C-00965,
C-04885. C-22958. C-35956. C-38698.
D-16062, D-22591, D-35051, E-37091.
H-39537, J-01546. J-26326, J-40526
STAGNATION D-16619
STANDARDS A-25205, A-25683, A-26979.
A-28095, A-28976, A-29489. A-31327,
A-36377. A-38327. A-40524, A-42266.
A-43289. B-00552. B-13737, B-27762.
B-34044. B-34459, B-38210, B-43396,
B-43774. C-00551, C-35243, D-44735,
J-01561, J-42690. K-39224, L-09093,
L-14932. L-20273, L-31465, L-32893,
L-34685. L-36900, L-40544, L-41093.
M-00376, M-00844. N-15093
STATE GOVERNMENTS A-26594,
B-01672, B-21965, L-09093. L-28389
STATISTICAL ANALYSES A-08363,
A-14134, A-35443, C-09208
STEAM A-09011. A-41467, B-05408,
B-05409. B-08365. B-0%56, B-15709.
B-18037, B-23117, B-25085. B-31991,
B-44818, D-09592, F-33863. J-14583
STEAM PLANTS A-40345. B-05880.
B-22809. B-25047. B-40366. B-44818.
D-20377. J-16174, J-21241. J-31076.
J-31814
STEEL A-04345, A-09011. A-09686.
A-27501. A-35574. A-38542. A-39460,
A-39461, A-39462, A-40159. B-05091.
B-10277, B-16681. B-16695. B-30577,
B-31803. B-33918, B-35793. B-37554.
B-43774, B-44890, C-33045, D-09592,
D-09658, D-24227. D-27673, 1-03957,
1-13507. 1-26838. J-30951. L-06742
STOMACH G-03671
STONE A-09686, A-27501, A-35443.
A-35574, A-39460, A-39461, B-31803
STREETS A-36377
SULFATES A-06240, A-08631. A-18182,
A-18189, A-25683, A-30383, A-36392.
A-39460. A-39922, B-00025. B-00379,
B-01436. B-01789, B-01900, B-03807.
B-05001. B-05074, B-07433, B-09356.
B-10277. B-10659, B-10765, B-13438,
B-16350, B-18029, B-20143. B-21369.
B-22809. B-28656. B-30339. B-34044,
B-36355, B-36658, B-36659. B-39206.
B-43851, C-08312. C-14582. C-16755.
C-25466, D-00209, D-09592, D-16619,
E-39112, F-13187, H-23261
SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS B-41603
SULFIDES A-01644, A-01885, A-02274,
A-04879, A-04893, A-06240, A-08359,
A-08368, A-09415. A-11144. A-12422,
A-12507, A-13199, A-14580, A-16494,
A-17603, A-17633. A-21385, A-22148.
A-25683, A-26979. A-28885, A-28976.
A-3247S, A-32879, A-36377, A-36392,
A-39460, A-39922, A-40063, A-43274,
A-43289, A-43626, B-00025. B-00379.
B-01436. B-01505. B-01549. B-01563.
B-01672, B-01900, B-02018, B-02279.
B-03807, B-04045, B-04773, B-04781.
B-04783, B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953.
B-05001, B-05408, B-05409. B-05808,
B-05880, B-06106. B-06859, B-07434,
B-07974. B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
B-08365. B-08366, B-09048, B-09356.
B-09508. B-09655. B-09661. B-10001.
B-10277, B-10366, B-10659. B-10765,
B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-I1I50.
B-II673, B-11949, B-13072, B-13438.
B-13737. B-14094, B-14113. B-14118,
B-14S77, B-15690, B-15766, B-15779.
-------
164
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
B-16350, B-16729, B-16744, B-16747,
B-16807, B-16842, B-17409, B-175J9,
B-18029, B-18140, B-19071, B-19218,
B-19916, B-19930. B-20286, B-21051,
B-21369, B-22061, B-22400, B-22522,
B-2265J. B-22809. B-23117, B-23538,
B-23901. B-25211, B-25950, B-26173,
B-26254. B-27138. B-27901, B-29231,
B-29278. B-30062. B-30339, B-31072,
B-31091, B-31308, B-31790, B-31991,
B-32018, B-32603. B-32615, B-32681,
B-32798, B-32937, B-34299, B-34459.
B-35519, B-35803, B-36037. B-36659,
B-36854, B-37054, B-37094. B-37266,
B-37677, B-38569, B-39773, B-40107.
B-40114, B-41474, B-41603, B-42246,
B-43482, B-43544, B-43635, B-43774,
B-45019, C-00383, C-00947, C-00965,
C-01071, C-01542, C-04883, C-04886.
C-06385, C-07214, C-08354, C-08355.
C-08356, C-08357, C-08358. C-08541,
C-08954, C-09208, C-09648, C-09657,
C-10453, C-10654, C-14582, C-15704,
C-16755, C-16871, C-17029, C-19051,
C-20435, C-21859, C-24939, C-27069,
C-27355, C-29726. C-29913. C-30263,
C-32467, C-34422, C-34863, C-35956.
C-37308, C-37511, C-38032, C-39929,
C-43214, C-43228, D-00209. D-00690,
D-03017, D-03106. D-06535, D-07390,
D-07572. D-09592, D-09658. D-16062,
D-I66I9, D-33108, D-37968. E-00952,
F-01784. F-10308, F-12662, F-13187,
F-I34I8, F-13480, F-16828, G-01874,
G-03788, 0-05076, G-09926, H-39537,
1-03957, L-06732, L-32796, M-00376,
M-08698, M-09199
SULFITES A-13443, A-25205. A-25683,
B-00951, B-03975, B-05074, B-10758,
B-10765, B-11009, B-16876, B-16899,
B-17656, B-18262, B-19425, B-23611,
B-24750, B-26172, B-28656, B-32018.
B-34044, B-34299, B-38235, B-43851.
F-14579, G-02170, H-37352, H-38576
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-01644.
A-01885, A-02274, A-04879, A-04893,
A-06240. A-06981. A-08359, A-08368,
A-08631, A-09415, A-11144, A-12422,
A-12507, A-13199, A-13443, A-13492,
A-14580, A-16494, A-17603. A-17633,
A-18182. A-18189, A-21385, A-22148,
A-24398. A-25205. A-25683. A-26979,
A-27433, A-27942, A-28885, A-28976,
A-30383. A-32475, A-32879, A-35066,
A-36377, A-36392, A-38327, A-39460,
A-39922, A-40063, A-42266. A-43274,
A-43289, A-43626, B-00025, B-00379,
B-00951. B-01223, B-01436, B-01505,
B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01789,
B-01900, B-02018, B-02279, B-03807.
B-03975, B-04045, B-04773, B-04781,
B-04783, B-04861. B-04882, B-04887,
B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
B-05001, B-05074, B-05408, B-05409,
B-05808, B-05880, B-06106, B-06859,
B-07433, B-07434, B-07974, B-08360.
B-08361, B-08364, B-08365. B-08366,
B-09048, B-09356, B-09508, B-09655.
B-09656, B-09661, B-10001, B-10277,
B-10366, B-10659. B-10758, B-10765,
B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11150,
B-11673. B-11949, B-13072. B-13398,
B-13438, B-13737, B-14094, B-14113,
B-14118, B-14577, B-15690, B-15709,
B-15766, B-15779. B-16350, B-16681,
B-16729, B-16744. B-16747, B-16807.
B-16842, B-16876,
B-17559, B-17656,
B-18240, B-18262,
B-19425, B-19733,
B-20143, B-20258,
B-21369, B-22061,
B-22655, B-22809.
B-23611, B-23901,
B-25190, B-25211.
B-26173, B-26254,
B-28656. B-29231,
B-30339, B-31072,
B-31790, B-31991,
B-32603. B-32615,
B-32937, B-33732,
B-34459, B-35519,
B-36270, B-36355,
B-36659, B-36854,
B-37266, B-37677,
B-38444, B-38569,
B-39773, B-3980I,
B-41474, B-41603,
B-43482, B-43544,
B-43851, B-45019,
C-00947, C-00965,
C-04883. C-04886,
C-07214, C-08312,
C-08356, C-08357,
C-08954, C-09208,
C-10453, C-10654,
C-15704, C-16755,
C-19051, C-20435,
C-25466, C-27069,
C-29913, C-30263,
C-34863, C-35243,
C-37511, C-38032,
C-43228, C-43684,
D-03017, D-03106,
D-07572, D-09592,
D-16619, D-33108,
E-39112, F-01784,
F-13187, F-13350,
F-14579, F-16828,
G-03788, G-05076,
H-24902, H-32561,
H-39537, 1-03957,
M-00376, M-08698
SULFUR DIOXIDE A
A-09686, A-12422,
A-21385, A-25683,
A-36049, A-36377,
A-40159, A-40345,
A-43626, B-00025,
B-01672, B-02018,
B-05074, B-05808,
B-09048, B-09508,
B-10765, B-11008,
B-13737, B-14118,
B-16197, B-16242,
B-16747, B-16876,
B-22061, B-22522,
B-27470, B-28656.
B-31308, B-32569,
B-33918. B-34459.
B-37677. B-39256,
B-43544, B-43774.
C-01071. C-04883,
C-08356, C-08358,
C-09657, C-10453,
C-16755. C-16871,
C-20435, C-24939,
C-33055, C-34422,
C-39929, C-43214,
D-03106, D-07390,
D-09658, D-20377,
D-33108, D-41167.
B-16899, B-17409, F-01784. F-06719, F-09498, F-21971,
B-18029. B-18140, G-00996, G-05076, G-16153, G-25563,
B-19071, B-19218, G-27651, G-37337, H-37047, H-37352,
B-19916, B-19930, H-38576. H-39537, 1-33709, J-01546,
B-20286, B-21051, L-34685. L-40544, M-08698, N-42686
B-22400. B-22522, SULFUR OXIDES A-02274, A-06240.
B-23117. B-23538, A-09686, A-12422, A-12621, A-17633,
B-24079. B-24750, A-18189. A-21385, A-25205, A-25683,
B-25950, B-26172. A-26441, A-26979, A-27293, A-32879,
B-27138, B-27901, A-36049, A-36377, A-36392, A-38542,
B-29278. B-30062, A-39460, A-39462, A-40159, A-40345,
B-31091, B-31308, A-40524, A-42266, A-43274, A-43626,
B-32018. B-32569, B-00025, B-00951, B-01505. B-01672,
B-32681. B-32798, B-02018, B-03975, B-04783. B-05074,
B-34044. B-34299, B-05808, B-05880, B-07974. B-08364,
B-35803. B-36037, B-09048, B-09508, B-09933, B-10001,
B-36657. B-36658, B-10268. B-10765, B-11008, B-11150,
B-37064, B-37094, B-13551. B-13737, B-14118, B-15992,
B-38194, B-38235, B-16041. B-16197, B-16242, B-16350,
B-39206, B-39256, B-16729. B-16747, B-16876, B-16899,
B-40107, B-40114, B-18037, B-22061, B-22522, B-22655,
B-42246, B-42893, B-26254, B-27138, B-27470, B-28656,
B-43635. B-43774, B-31091, B-31125, B-31308, B-32569,
C-00383, C-00551, B-32681, B-33347, B-33732, B-33918,
C-01071. C-01542, B-34459, B-36355, B-36657, B-36659,
C-06385. C-06526, B-37677, B-39256, B-41603, B-43414,
C-08354, C-08355, B-43482, B-43544, B-43774, C-00947,
C-08358, C-08541, C-00965, C-01071, C-04883, C-04886,
C-09648, C-09657, C-08355. C-08356, C-08358, C-08541,
C-14582, C-15224, C-08954, C-09657, C-10453, C-10654,
C-16871. C-17029, C-16577, C-16755, C-16871, C-17029,
C-21859. C-24939, C-19051, C-20435, C-24939, C-27069,
C-27355. C-29726, C-29913. C-33055, C-34422, C-34863,
C-32457, C-34422, C-35243, C-35956, C-38032, C-39929,
C-35956. C-37308, C-43214, C-43228, D-03017, D-03106,
C-39929, C-43214, D-06535, D-07390, D-07572, D-09592,
D-00209, D-00690, D-09658, D-12345, D-12496, D-16619,
D-06535, D-07390, D-20377, D-22591, D-31276, D-33108,
D-09658, D-16062, D-41167, D-44735, E-00952, F-01784,
D-37968, E-00952, F-06719, F-09498, F-16828, F-21971,
F-10308, F-12662, G-00996, G-05076, G-11828, G-16153,
F-13418, F-13480, G-25563, G-27651, G-37337, H-37047,
G-01874, G-02170, H-37352, H-38576, H-39537, 1-33709,
G-09926. H-23261, J-01546, J-16174, J-21241, L-06730,
H-37352, H-38576, L-34685, L-36900, L-40544, M-08698.
L-06732, L-32796. N-42686
, M-09199, N-08409 SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-15517,
-02274, A-06240, A-18189, A-21728, A-35066, A-35113,
A-12621, A-18189. A-43289, A-43626, B-00951, B-01789,
A-26979, A-32879. B-03975, B-05074. B-09508, B-10268,
A-36392, A-38542. B-11150, B-11949, B-13551, B-14110,
A-40524, A-43274. B-14120, B-15779, B-15878, B-15992,
B-00951, B-01505, B-16647. B-16681, B-16698, B-17266,
B-03975, B-04783, B-17559. B-17656, B-19071, B-19257,
B-07974, B-08364, B-19425, B-19733, B-21960, B-21983.
B-09933, B-10001. B-22809, B-23611, B-24750, B-25171,
B-11150, B-13551, B-25211, B-25493, B-27901, B-28328,
B-15992, B-16041. B-28792, B-29231, B-29621, B-29628,
B-16350, B-16729, B-29852, B-30577, B-31308, B-31463,
B-16899, B-18037, B-31803, B-32018, B-32603, B-32615,
B-22655, B-27138. B-33918, B-34044, B-35803, B-35931,
B-31091, B-31125, B-36018, B-36037, B-36854, B-37554,
B-32681, B-33732. B-37677, B-38235, B-38444, B-38565,
B-36657, B-36659, B-38569, B-39226, B-39498, B-40366,
B-41603, B-43414. B-41603, B-42246, B-42431, B-43396,
C-00947, C-00965. B-43544, B-43774, B-43879. B-44198,
C-04886, C-08355. C-30263, D-22591, F-01784, H-39537.
C-08541, C-08954. J-01546. J-26326. J-40526, L-19062,
C-10654, C-16577, L-36900
C-17029, C-19051, SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-09686, A-40345,
C-27069, C-29913, B-01505, B-16899, B-31091, B-31125,
C-34863. C-38032, B-33347, B-36355, D-09658, D-31276,
C-43228, D-03017, H-37047, H-37352, H-39537
D-07572. D-09592. SULFURIC ACID A-09686. A-15517.
D-22591, D-31276, A-24398, A-26441, A-39460, A-39461,
D-44735, E-00952, A-39462, B-03975, B-05091, B-15992,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
165
B-16447, B-19733, B-22809, B-25643,
B-26254. B-27470, B-28656. B-31091,
B-3II25, B-32603, B-33918, C-14582.
D-09658. F-13481, H-37352, L-09093
SUPERSATURAT10N C-23106
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
A-09686. A-4034J, B-37494, C-38698.
D-35437, L-40544
SURFACE COATINGS A-09686, C-06385,
C-09208, D-06535, D-09592
SURFACE PROPERTIES B-10366,
B-16698, B-25493, B-29231, B-33918,
E-00952. F-16386, F-21971, 1-33709
SURVEY METHODS A-40345, C-00551,
D-07390, G-02170, M-00376
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-04345,
A-09686, A-14134, A-25683, A-26441,
A-3I327. A-35443, A-36377, A-38327,
A-38542, A-39460, A-39462, B-00025,
B-00379. B-01549, B-05001, B-05091,
B-08360. B-09047, B-09356, B-09733,
B-11008, B-11726. B-I2S27, B-13409,
B-13SSI. B-16695, B-16842. B-17088.
B-18140. B-19218. B-20143. B-23725,
B-24478, B-25643. B-28656. B-32937,
B-33347, B-34044, B-35519. B-35793.
B-35931, B-36478, B-36657, B-36658,
B-366S9, B-39888, B-41474. B-43879,
B-44890, C-01542, C-07214, C-10686,
C-35956, D-00690, D-03017, D-03106,
D-07390, D-09592, D-12345, D-12648,
D-16619, D-41167, D-44735, E-25338,
E-31865, E-37091, G-11828, H-39537,
J-01546, J-01561, L-19062, L-30149.
L-34685
SWEDEN A-01885, A-02274, A-04345,
A-13238, A-13325, A-13399, A-13440,
A-13444. A-25205, A-25683, A-27942,
A-30383, A-35II3, A-36049. A-36480,
A-39922. A-43626, B-00379, B-00951,
B-01436, B-01505, B-01563, B-01789,
B-01900, B-02279, B-03807, B-04045.
B-04773. B-08361, B-08366, B-09656,
B-09661. B-09933, B-10268, B-13334,
B-13438. B-16041, B-16242. B-16647,
B-17266, B-18029, B-2I369, B-25085,
B-30339, B-31308, B-34299, B-34459,
B-36037, B-36355, B-37677. B-42893,
B-43774, C-00947. C-OI07I. C-07214,
C-08954, C-09648, C-09657, C-23278,
C-25466, C-28489. C-43214. C-43228,
E-009S2, F-01734, F-13010, F-13188,
F-I3I90, F-I331I, F-13344. F-13347,
F-I335I, F-13362, F-13382, F-13384.
F-13385, F-13418, G-00996, G-17205,
1-03957. J-40163. L-17379, L-35817,
M-09199. M-15760. N-15093
SYNERGISM A-08631
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-32483, A-40345,
C-09208
TAR C-35956
TAXATION L-34685
TEFLON C-34863, D-00690
TEMPERATURE A-01644, A-01885.
A-04879, A-08359, A-08367. A-09011.
A-10524, A-13492, A-35574. B-00951,
B-04950, B-04951. B-04952. B-04953,
B-05808. B-08361. B-08365, B-09655.
B-10001, B-10366, B-10765, B-II673,
B-12506, B-16197, B-I9425. B-23II7,
B-25863. B-27288. B-27470, B-29278,
B-31072. B-31091, B-31803. B-33073.
B-33347, B-35793, B-36854, B-37266.
B-38569, B-38697, B-43482, B-43611.
C-03789, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357.
C-08358, C-27069. C-32467, C-35956.
C-37308, C-37718. C-43479, D-07572,
E-00952, F-06719, F-13437, 1-13507,
J-14583, N-08409
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-36894, D-06535, D-07390, D-09592,
E-25338. E-31865, E-39112
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS C-35956
TENSILE STRENGTH A-08363, A-08368.
A-13237, A-13606, B-08361, F-13236,
F-13318, F-13382
TESTING FACILITIES A-06981, A-08359.
B-13398, C-00965, C-08357, C-09208,
C-09648, F-06719, F-09498, G-01874,
L-09093
TEXAS B-08364, B-09048, B-39888,
D-24227
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-09686.
A-40345, A-41467, B-36478, B-42319,
C-09208, J-23842
TEXTILES A-32483. A-40345. C-09208
THERMAL RADIATION B-31790,
B-37004, B-44818, 1-33709
THERMISTORS C-35956
THERMOCOUPLES C-35956
THERMODYNAMICS B-04953, B-25211,
B-29621, B-32018, B-38569. B-39226,
F-13420, F-21971. K-39224
THERMOMETERS C-35956
THIOPHENE C-07214
THRESHOLDS A-19899, B-00390,
B-27288, B-42319, C-09208, C-09648,
C-22958, C-23278, C-25466, C-27069,
C-32880. C-35956, D-00209. G-01874,
G-03788, G-09926, G-34667, M-09199,
M-15760
THUNDERSTORMS E-25338, E-31865
TISSUES H-32561
TOKYO F-13241
TOLUENES B-33715, C-07214, C-30202
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
A-38615, B-01672, D-03017, D-06535,
D-07390, D-09592, D-12345, E-25338,
E-31865, G-02170, G-03788, H-37047
TOXIC TOLERANCES A-29489, G-01874,
H-24902, H-37352
TOXICITY A-12422, A-17603, A-27293,
A-28976, A-35574, A-35581, A-39460,
A-39461, C-06385, H-32561, H-37352,
H-38576
TRACE ANALYSIS C-33055
TRACERS C-28489, C-33055, C-35956
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS B-34868,
B-40114, C-00551, L-09093
TRAINS A-35443. A-40345, D-35437,
H-39537
TRANSPORT A-38615, B-25190. C-22958
TRANSPORTATION A-09686. A-20553,
A-26594. A-31327, A-32483, A-35443,
A-36377, A-40345, B-05091, B-27762,
B-29628. B-42319, D-09592, D-12345,
D-12496, D-16619, D-33108, D-35437.
F-33863, G-11828. G-34667. H-39537.
J-01546, J-16174, L-09093. L-34685,
L-36900
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) C-08355,
C-08356, C-08358, C-09657, C-16755,
C-29726
TREATMENT AND AIDS G-07339,
G-08828, G-27651, G-30169. G-39013,
H-32561. H-38576
TREES B-0%55. B-22061, F-16386.
G-07339, G-08828, H-23261, H-24025.
H-37047, H-39537
TRUCKS A-40345
TUBERCULOSIS D-20377, D-22591
TURBIDIMETRY C-35956, E-39112
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-09208, C-22958
TVA C-09208
U
ULTRASONICS B-08364
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
B-05408, C-01071, C-06385, C-09208.
C-35243, F-13083. F-13346
UNITED STATES A-32483, A-40159.
A-41467. B-08366. D-12496, F-33863,
L-30149
UNIVERSITIES B-08364
URBAN AREAS A-17198, A-32483,
A-36377, A-38542, A-38615. A-41168,
B-08360, B-16447, B-39888. B-43774,
C-09208, C-28489. C-36894, D-00690,
D-03106. D-07390. D-12496, D-16619,
D-20377, D-22591, D-27673, D-31276,
D-33108. D-35437. D-37968, D-41167.
D-44735, E-31865, F-33863. G-25875.
G-34667, G-37337, G-39013, G-39242,
1-26838, J-21241, J-30951, L-30149.
M-15760
URINALYSIS B-01223, D-03017
USSR B-08366, B-10366. B-l 1949.
B-16197, B-16350, B-16447. B-22400,
B-29278, B-31072. D-20377, D-22591.
G-23893, H-32561, M-23344
VALLEYS B-01672, B-26176, C-00383,
D-07390, D-09592. D-12345, D-16619,
H-37047
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS A-12422
VAPOR PRESSURE B-04951, B-04952.
B-04953, B-09655. B-19425. C-08355.
C-08356, C-08358, C-23106
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS A-18182,
A-18189, B-01672. B-07433, B-09656,
B-16242. B-16747, B-16842, B-I6876.
B-16899. B-18029, B-18037. B-31463,
B-34385. B-35315, B-41474, B-42431,
D-07572, J-01546
VAPORS A-09011, A-41467, A-42266,
B-04952, B-04953, B-05408, B-05409,
B-08365, B-09656, B-15709, B-15779,
B-18037, B-23117, B-25085, B-27288,
B-31991, B-35931, B-44818. C-07214.
C-09648, C-28708, D-07572. D-09592.
F-33863. J-14583
VEHICLES A-09686, A-26594, A-31327,
A-32483, A-35443, A-36377, A-40345.
B-27762. B-42319. D-09592. D-12345.
D-12496, D-16619, D-33108, D-35437,
H-39537, J-01546, J-16174, L-09093,
L-34685
VENTILATION A-31327. B-37064.
G-07339, G-08828
VENTILATION (PULMONARY) G-05076
VENTUR1 SCRUBBERS A-10524,
A-43274. A-43289, B-00025, B-00951.
B-01672, B-02279, B-02955. B-04773,
B-04781, B-04783. B-05001, B-05074,
B-05091, B-05880, B-06343, B-06859,
B-07415, B-07434. B-08360, B-09047.
B-09733. B-IOOOI. B-IOI06, B-10277,
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166
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
B-10659, B-11008. B-11150, 6-1344$.
B-13464, B-14094, B-14110, B-15709,
B-16681. B-16695, B-16842. B-16876,
B-17088. B-24750, B-2%50, B-29852.
B-32109. B-32569, B-32615, B-34317,
B-35660, B-36658, B-36659, B-37004,
B-38194, B-38723. B-39205, B-40366,
B-43396, B-43480, D-09592. J-01546,
J-01561, J-21241
VERMONT B-01672
VIRUSES C-330S5
VISIBILITY A-31327. A-35443, A-35574,
A-38542, B-27762. C-00383, D-06535,
E-25338, E-31865, G-11828. M-00376,
M-00844
VISIBLE RADIATION D-07390
VOLATILITY A-0188S, A-08359, A-33983.
A-40063, B-08365, B-09656, B-30208,
B-31091. B-450I9, C-08355
VOLTAGE B-33347. C-06526, C-37308
VOLTMETERS C-00947
W
WASHINGTON (STATE) A-42266,
B-00552, B-08360, B-43396, C-00383,
D-06535. D-09592, D-I66I9, E-25338,
L-30149. M-00844
WASHOUT A-38615
WATER A-42266, B-08365. B-15779,
B-21983, B-31091, B-31125. B-31991,
B-38444, C-14582, C-28708, F-09498,
F-21971
WATER POLLUTION A-13395, A-26594,
A-28898, A-29489, A-31548, A-36049,
A-38327, A-41564, B-01549, B-07769.
B-10758, B-15450, B-23538, B-25085.
B-25211, B-29650, B-30208, B-31794.
B-31991, B-32018. B-32615. B-34299.
B-34317, B-36037, B-36657, B-37171.
B-37554, B-395%. B-40114. B-43796.
B-43879, B-44198. C-28489, C-33055.
D-33108, F-44969, G-03788, H-24902.
J-01546. J-30951, J-31076, J-43717.
L-17379. L-28355, L-28389, L-35817.
M-23344
WEATHER FORECASTING E-25338,
E-31865
WEATHER MODIFICATION A-27293,
A-35443, A-39461
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD B-02279.
C-04886, C-16755, C-39929
WET CYCLONES A-35574, A-43289.
B-00951, B-03975, B-05001. B-07415,
B-09733, B-10001, B-10659, B-14110,
B-15709, B-19216, B-27762. B-2%50,
B-32109. B-32569. B-34044, B-35660,
B-35803, B-44198. J-01546. J-01561,
L-06742
WHEAT F-13462
WIND ROSE B-01672, E-25338
WINDS A-06240. A-14134, A-26979,
A-31327. B-01672. B-16842. C-09660.
C-36894, D-00690, D-03017, D-03106,
D-06535, D-07390, D-09592. D-12345,
D-12648, D-16619, D-24227, D-31276,
D-33108, D-33708, E-25338. E-31865.
G-39242, H-37047, 1-26838
WISCONSIN B-06343
WOOD A-01644, A-01885. A-08363.
A-13237. A-16494. A-25683. A-26255,
A-30383. A-30701, A-31327. A-35574,
A-36377. A-39462, A-43274, B-08366.
B-09655, B-11726, B-31308. C-09660,
C-33045, D-09592. D-35437. F-13236.
F-13318. F-13343, F-13347. F-13384.
F-I34I8. F-13435. F-13480. F-13484.
F-13505, F-14576. F-14579. F-16386
X-RAYS C-33055
XYLENES C-30202
ZINC A-09686, A-39462, C-33045
U.S. Government Printing Office: 1973--7'l6-769/'l168 Region No.
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