I
                         Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
                               PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
                               A Bibliography with Abstracts
                             U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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       AIR POLLUTION  ASPECTS

        OF EMISSION  SOURCES:

   PULP AND  PAPER INDUSTRY-

A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  WITH ABSTRACTS
        Air Pollution Technical Information Center
        ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           Office of Air and Water Programs
        Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
         Research Triangle Park. North Carolina

                  March 1973

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The  AP  series of reports is published by the  Technical Publications Branch of the Infor-
mation Services Division of the Office of Administration for the Office of Air Quality Plan-
ning and Standards,  Environmental  Protection Agency,  to report the results of scientific
and engineering studies,  and information of general interest in the field  of  air pollution.
Information reported in this series includes coverage of intramural activities and of cooper-
ative studies conducted in conjunction with state and local agencies, research  institutes,
and industrial organizations. Copies  of AP reports are available free of charge  to Federal
employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit  organizations  - as supplies
permit - from  the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental  Protection
Agency,  Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711, or  from  the  Superintendent of
Documents.
                               Publication Number AP-121

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                                      CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION	    v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
     A.  Emission Sources	    1
     B.  Control Methods	   25
     C.  Measurement Methods	   84
     D.  Air Quality Measurements	• .  .   100
     E.  Atmospheric Interaction	106
     F.  Basic Science  and  Technology	108
     G.  Effects  - Human Health	121
     H.  Effects  - Plants and Livestock	126
      I.  Effects  - Materials	128
      J.  Effects  - Economic	129
     K.  Standards and  Criteria	133
     L.  Legal and Administrative	134
     M.  Social Aspects	'	139
     N.  General	142
AUTHOR INDEX	143
SUBJECT INDEX	149

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                         AIR POLLUTION  ASPECTS


                           OF EMISSION SOURCES:


                      PULP  AND  PAPER INDUSTRY -


                  A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH  ABSTRACTS



                                  INTRODUCTION


    The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards  prepared,  selected, and compiled  the abstracts on the pulp and
paper industry in this bibliography.  The abstracts (approximately 700) are arranged within
the 14 categories listed in the Contents.  The abstracted documents are thought to be rep-
resentative of the available literature; however, no  claim is  made to all-inclusiveness.

    The subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category  letter and accession
number.  The author index lists all authors individually; primary authorship is indicated
by an asterisk.   In general, higher  accession numbers  have been assigned to more recent
documents.

    Current information  on the pulp and paper industry and many other  air pollution-related
subjects may be found in APTIC1 s monthly abstract bulletin. *

    All  of the documents abstracted by APTIC are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Office of Air Quality  Planning and Standards, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711.  Readers out-
side the Environmental Protection Agency may seek the documents directly from publishers,
authors, or libraries.
* Air Pollution Abstracts, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C.  20402.  Includes more than 6300 abstracts,  subject and author indexes
in each issue,  and two separate cumulative indexes. Subscription price:  $27.00 per year;
$6.75 additional for foreign mailing.

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                                A.  EMISSION   SOURCES
01644
I. B. Douglass and L. Price
A  STUDY  OF  METHYL MERCAPTAN  AND DIMETHYL
SULFIDE FORMATION IN KRAFT PULPING.  Tappi 49, (8)
335-42,  Aug. 1966.  (Presented at the Slst Annual  Meeting,
Technical Association of the  Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York City, Feb. 20-24, 1966.)
The  formation of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl  sulfide  in
kraft pulping has been studied with regard  to the influence  of
wood type,  temperature of cooking, sulfidity, and length  of
cooking. Digestions  were carried out on a semimicro scale us-
ing,  1.0 g of wood  and 4.0 ml of cooking liquor in a 7.5-ml
stainless steel digester. Four  types of wood,  spruce, loblolly
pine, red maple, and paper birch, were  digested at  150, 160,
170, and 180C for 1,2,3, and  4 hr at 14.7,22.2 and 30.5% sul-
fidities. After completing  each  cook,  the  content of the
digester was acidified to liberate methyl mercaptan  and the
amounts of  organosulfur compounds formed were then deter-
mined by gas-liquid  chromatography. Under comparable condi-
tions,  hardwoods   produce   more  methyl  mercaptan  and
dimethyl sulfide  than  softwoods. Cooks carried out at  lower
temperatures and for  shorter  times  produce more mercaptan
than sulfide but  those carried out at higher temperatures and
for longer periods, especially  at high sulfidity, produce much
more dimethyl sulfide than mercaptan. Curves prepared from
the data clearly demonstrate that methyl mercaptan  is the pri-
mary product and is consumed  in  the formation of dimethyl
sulfide. Extrapolation of results  obtained  on  this semimicro
scale agree well with results reported from  mill and pilot plant
studies. (Author abstract)

01885
W. T. McKean, Jr.,  B. F. Hrutfiord, and K. V.  Sarkanen
KINETIC   ANALYSIS  OF ODOR  FORMATION   IN  THE
KRAFT PULPING PROCESS  I.  Paper Trade J. 149, (35) 41-2,
Aug. 30,   1965  and  Tappi  48,  (12)  699-704,  Dec.  1965.
(Presented at the National Meeting,  American  Inst. of Chemi-
cal Engineers, San Francisco,  Calif., May 1965.)
The kinetics of the consecutive formation of methyl mercaptan
and  dimethyl sulfide at constant  liquor  composition were
determined at several  temperatures using a novel gas analysis
based on vapor phase sampling. Comparison of kraft pulping
of softwood  and hardwood species  shows that  more organic
sulfur compounds are  produced from the latter group. In soft-
wood pulping, a general enhancement in the reactivity of the
lignin  methoxyls  occurs during  the  alkaline  delignification
process which results in accelerated odor formation during the
last  phase of pulping. The activation energies of these reac-
tions suggest a  substantial reduction in total formation of or-
ganic sulfur compounds may  be  accomplished by  raising the
reaction  temperature  and  shortening  the  time  of  the kraft
cook. The  significance of the results  to actual  kraft pulping
process is discussed. (Author abstract)
02274
F. E. Murray and H. B. Rayner
EMISSION  OF  HYDROGEN   SULFIDE  FROM   KRAFT
BLACK LIQUOR  DURING  DIRECT-CONTACT EVAPORA-
TION.   Tappi 48,  (10) 588-93,  Oct.  1965. (Presented at  the
Symposium on Water and Air Quality Control in the Pulp In-
dustry,  56th National Meeting, American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers, San Francisco, Calif., May 16-19, 1965.)
The  emission  of   hydrogen  sulfide  during  direct-contact
evaporation of black liquor has been studied over a wide range
of sodium sulfide concentrations and pH levels in the liquor
and at  various concentrations of hydrogen sulfide  in  the flue-
gas stream entering the evaporator.  Studies  were conducted
using a pilot-scale  evaporator installed at an operating pulp
mill, and  the results  were substantiated  by  observations on
several  full-scale operating evaporators. It was found that a
direct-contact evaporator may emit hydrogen  sulfide or may
absorb hydrogen sulfide from the flue gases, depending upon
conditions in the liquor and in the incoming gas stream. Emis-
sion  of  hydrogen sulfide  is favored by high concentrations of
sodium  sulfide and low pH  levels in the liquor, and by low
concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the flue  gases entering
the evaporator.  Absorption of hydrogen sulfide into the black
liquor occurs under conditions of high pH  and low sodium sul-
fide  concentrations in the liquor  when the concentration of
hydrogen sulfide in the inlet flue gas is relatively high. Absorp-
tion of hydrogen sulfide from the incoming flue gases was  ob-
served in all cases  regardless of pH when the sodium  sulfide
concentration in the black liquor was reduced to zero  by  ox-
idation.  Operating evaporators normally emit hydrogen sulfide,
but the  amount emitted varies greatly depending upon design
and operating conditions. (Author abstract)

04345
D. D. Wangerin
WASTE-HEAT  BOILERS -  PRINCIPLES AND  APPLICA-
TIONS. Proc. Am. Power Conf. (Presented at the 26lh Annual
Meeting, American Power Conference,  Chicago, III., Apr.  14-
16, 1964.) 26, 682-91, Apr. 1964.
The special problems which the  waste-heat boiler designer en-
counters are reviewed. Some of the more recent improvements
in the utilization of waste  by-products for steam generation are
illustrated.  The  types of  waste-heat  boilers  available  are
discussed. The  discussion is limited  to the utilization of  the
principal waste  products  available in  three major  industries  -
pulp and paper, steel, and petroleum. All of the waste fuels
considered have characteristics that require special equipment-
design  considerations. Waste fuels are extremely  poor when
compared with the  usual  prime fuels.  Many byproduct  fuel or
waste gases contain sufficient heat energy to make it  economi-
cally feasible to generate steam for  power and process use.
Each  waste fuel  has a  different  characteristic,  requiring a
boiler of special design. But, all have very low heating values
when compared  with the usual prime  fuels. In many cases,
multiple-fuel-fired  boilers can be  designed to dispose of  the
waste product while minimizing the burning of the prime fuels.

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                                       PULP  AND PAPER INDUSTRY
So, with cost of  prime fuels steadily rising over the years,
waste products are more and  more harnessed to provide part
of industry's steam demands.

04879
I. B. Douglass, and L. Price
SOURCES OF ODOR IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. II. SOME
REACTIONS  IN  THE  RECOVERY FURNACE.  Preprint.
(Presented before the Odor Abatement Session, 52nd Annual
Meeting, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Indus-
try, New York City, Feb. 22, 1967.)
In the recovery furnace concentrated black  liquor  loses its
remaining water and the residual solids then undergo pyrolysis.
One  may assume that the black liquor solids consist of lignin-
and carbohydrate- derived organics and various inorganic sul-
fur-containing  substances such  as  sodium  sulfate,  sodium
sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide or elemental sulfur.
One  series of experiments was carried out in which soda lignin
was  heated at 600 degree C with each of the inorganic sub-
stances  listed and a  second series in which  each was  heated
with glucose.  Sodium  sulfate and  sodium  sulfite produced
negligible amounts of hydrogen  sulfide.  With the other sub-
stances, however, both soda lignin and glucose converted 30-
75% of  the inorganic sulfur to hydrogen sulfide. These results
clearly indicate the air pollution problem  which will develop if
the  recovery  furnace  is  operated  in  such  a  manner that
complete combustion of the hydrogen sulfide does not occur.
(Author abstract)

04893
Douglas, I.  B.
THE  CHEMISTRY  OF POLLUTANT  FORMATION  IN
KRAFT PULPING.  In: Proceedings of the International Con-
ference  on  Atmospheric Emissions from  Sulfate  Pulping,
Sanibel  Island, Fla.,  April 28, 1966. E.  R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: U. S. Public Health Service,  National Council
for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida.  Deland,
Fla., E.  O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 41-71. 14 refs.
The  emission  of malodorous compounds from  the  digester
arises from a stripping  of hydrogen sulfide and from  the reac-
tion  of  sulfide or hydrosulfide ions with the methoxyl groups
present  in lignin. Methyl mercaptan  is the primary product of
the reaction but it reacts, as the mercaptide ion, in a more
rapid secondary reaction to produce dimethyl sulfide.  Hard-
woods produce more malodorous compounds than soft woods.
High temperatures, high sulfidity and long  reaction  time all
favor the production of the sulfur compounds. There may be
some production of malodorous compounds during the process
of evaporation but it  is  not yet clear whether this is primarily a
stripping action  or whether  there is additional formation  of
methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. The biggest sources of
odorous compounds are the direct evaporator and the recovery
furnace. Black  liquor  oxidation will  largely eliminate  the
problem of the direct evaporator. The recovery furnace, how-
ever, presents a more  serious problem since it is often over-
loaded and when this occurs large quantities of hydrogen sul-
fide, methylated sulfur  compounds and sulfur compounds with
two- and three-carbon  groups will be emitted. (Author's ab-
stract)

06240
Y. Suzuki, K. Nishiyama, M. Oe, and F. Kametani
STUDIES ON THE  PREVENTION  OF  PUBLIC NUISANCE
BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
(PART I. ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES.) ((Tohoku J. Exp.
Med. (Tokyo))) 11 (2), 120-6 (Aug. 1964). (Presented at the 37th
Annual Meeting,  Japan Society of Industrial Medicine, Kurume,
Apr. 7, 1964.)
Exhaust gases of a Japanese kraft pulp  mill were analyzed.
The reported results were as follows: In  the stack gases were
contained: 0.259  g/cc of sodium sulfate, 750 ppm of hydrogen
sulfide,  196  ppm of sulfur dioxide and organic compounds  of
sulfur. The organic sulfur compounds were as follows in order
of amount: methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, isopropyl mer-
captan,  dimethyl disulfidc, propyl mercaptan or ethyl methyl
sulfide,  diethyl sulfide and ethyl mercaptan. The amount  of
dimethyl sulfide  was  8.7 ppm.  Organic sulfur compounds  in
the gases in  the  upper part of the Jansson screen were of the
same composition as those in the stack gases, but the arrange-
ment of the  constituents in order of amount are somewhat dif-
ferent. All of these gaseous sulfur compounds smell offensive
and characterize  the  exhaust gases from a  kraft pulp mill.
(Author conclusion)

06981
06981 D. L. Brink, J. F. Thomas, K. H. Jones
MALODOROUS  PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK  LIQUOR. III. A  RATIONALE FOR CON-
TROLLING  ODORS.  Preprint. 1967.
In processing concentrated kraft black liquor the recovery fur-
nace has been designed to carry out several unit operations
and processes simultaneously but without  specific control on
the individual functions. A program of research is being con-
ducted to isolate and study  these functions independently  in
the laboratory.  Conceptual designs are presented which are
being studied with the objective of providing information that
could result in  improvements in recovery furnace operation.
Such improvements could include greater  control in operation
-  particularly in combustion phases, improved startup and
shutdown  procedures, elimination  of  the hazard associated
with  smelt  explosions,   and  minimizing   emissions   of
malodorous  products.  The basis for the conceptual design has
been provided through an investigation with particular empha-
sis on pyrolysis  of black liquor solids-one of the critical fur-
nace  functions.  Pyrolysis,  studied previously by  a  batch
technique  and currently by a continuous steady state  opera-
tion, has been shown to produce large volumes  of highly com-
bustible gases containing high percentages  of the total sulfur in
black liquor solids. The  volatile sulfur compounds comprise a
malodorous  array with a composition that is highly  tempera-
ture dependent. (Authors' abstract)

08359
Feuerstein, D. L., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
MALODOROUS  PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT  BLACK  LIQUOR.  I. PYROLYSIS  AND  COM-
BUSTION ASPECTS.  TAPPI, 50(6):258-262, June 1967. 7 refs.
(Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Technical As-
sociation of the  Pulp  and Paper Industry,  New York,  N. Y.,
Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
The production of malodors  is an  undesirable side effect that
has always  been associated with  the kraft  pulping process.
Such malodors may originate at  six  major points in the overall
digestion and combined recovery (inorganic chemical and heat)
and organic  waste elimination processes. Based  on information
in the  literature,  these  points may  be  listed in  order  of
decreasing contribution to atmospheric pollution: the recovery
furnace is the major source, followed by evaporators, digester,
lime kiln, oxidation tower, and dissolving tank. In  the present
study it  was assumed  that  the recovery furnace operation

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                                           A. EMISSION  SOURCES
covers a wide spectrum, such as distillation and sublimation,
pyrolysis,  autoioxidation,  stoichiometric  combustion,  and
quenching. It was found possible to carry single charges of
spent reaction liquors sequentially through the various steps in
the laboratory under controlled conditions as well as to quan-
titatively collect and analyze all products.  The contributions
from  individual, simultaneously occurring processes within a
furnace are thus being considered for the first time from the
standpoint of air pollution. Several unique control possibilities
have been indicated as  a result of this  work. Results  of the
work  relating to combustion techniques and sample collection
are contained in this paper. Analytical methods and a discus-
sion of the results obtained are presented in the second paper
of this series. (Authors' abstract)

08363
Jarvela, Oiva and Hannu Makkonen
INFLUENCE OF COOKING  CONDITIONS IN TWO-STAGE
POLYSULFIDE PULPING II. COOKING VARIABLES. TAP-
PI, 50(3):148-150, March 1968.  19 refs.
The optimization  of  the two-stage  polysulfide  cooking of
pinewood was   investigated.   The  cooking  conditions  were
varied to give optimum results  for pulping yield and papermak-
ing properties of the pulp. The main  part of the investigation
was carried out according to a statistical program and,  in addi-
tion, miscellaneous  test cooks  were made. The results indicate
that on cooking with  pure  chemicals, the pulping yield incra
pure chemicals, the  pulping yield  increases as the impregnation
time is shortened. In a study of the recirculation process with
a makeup black  liquor, when pure chemicals were added, cer-
tain optima were found  for the pulping yield and for the  pro-
perties of the pulp.  Addition of carbonate to the impregnation
liquor or vapor phase polysulfide digestion showed no essen-
tial differences  from normal polysulfide digestion, nor did dry
impregnation, simulating penetration  on a chip conveyor and
immersion  penetration.  However, after  prolonged impregna-
tion, lower yield and  inferior  tearing strength  were observed.
Finally,  a proposed  mechanism  for  two-stage pulping  is
described. (Authors' abstract, modified)

08367
G. H. Tomlinson, II
TRENDS  AND  DEVELOPMENTS  IN  PULPING.    TAPPI,
49(9):377-382, Sept. 1966. 19 refs.
No  entirely  new  pulping  processes  have  supplanted  the
original mechanical, alkaline and acid processes developed  in
the last century, but important technical changes have and are
occurring. In each  of these  processes  new  generation pulp
and/or processing techniques  are developing. In mechanical
pulping chip groundwood is finding special advantages in rela-
tion to pulp qualities;  a modification involving a mild chemical
pretreatment  of  the chips allows use of the dense hardwoods
for such pulps.  The efficient modern  alkaline pulp  mill has
evolved  as  a result  of  development of improved recovery
methods.  Such  techniques  as counlercurrent  or  vapor-phase
cooking, the use of higher sulfidity liquor, and the addition of
polysulfide can  lead to further  major change. The conventional
calcium base sulfite process has lost considerable ground,  at
least  in  part, because  of  the lack  of  a chemical recovery
process.  Development of methods of  recovery of magnesia
and soda  base  liquors together with  the  greater versatility of
the soluble base in relation to the cooking process has resulted
in the conversion of  old  mills and  the  construction  of  new
ones. New generation pulps-Magnefite  and multistage Mag-
netite, Slora, Sivola and sodium bisulfite pulps-allow greater
strength and/or greater variety of qualities than were possible
with the calcium base.  Expected future development of by-
products and development of specialized qualities in the  pulps
are expected to lead to further changes in pulp technology.
(Author's abstract, modified)

08368
Wenzl, Hermann F. J. and O. V. Ingruber
EFFECT OF  THE  VARIOUS  COOKING  CHEMICALS  IN
KRAFT PULPING.  Paper Trade J., p. 33-38, Aug. 1, 1966. 59
refs.
Literature reporting the  behavior of various chemicals utilized
in the kraft pulping process is reviewed.  These include sodium
hydroxide,  sodium  sulfide,  sodium polysulfide,  and sodium
borohydride. The following areas are discussed: role of alkali;
rapid alkaline pulping; sulphur component; inorganic reactions
of liquor components; cooking with polysulphides; and reduc-
ing additives. The bibliography consists of 59 references.
08631
                                                     Can.
CHEAPER C1O2  PROMISED BY  NEW  ROUTES.
Chem. Process., 51(3):64-66, March 1967.
Prospects for a bleached kraft mill operating  on a closed
chemical system have been enhanced by the latest R-2 process
development, which incorporates a new reactor set-up to per-
mit low-cost recovery of by-product sodium sulfate. The cost
of chlorine dioxide relative to chlorine is the major considera-
tion  in deciding whether CIO2 will be widely applied in the
chlorinalion(lst) stage of a bleaching sequence. Of the possible
approaches to chlorine dioxide generation at the pulp-mill, two
major on-site routes  are the  main contenders: the electrolytic
route and the chlorate reduction route. It was discovered that
the chloride ion effectively  reduces chlorate ion to chlorine
dioxide. Thus, it  became  possible to feed  a C1O2 generator
with sodium chlorate, sodium  chloride, and sulfuric acid rather
than the chlorate, sulfur dioxide, and the  sulfuric  acid. The
switch also meant that  R-2  plants could be  lower in capital
costs for  a given C1O2/CI2 tonnage. Since its first full-scale
use in I960, the R-2 process  has  been installed at 26 (out of
80-odd) pulpmills in North America, many of them in southern
USA. These R-2 plants account for about 40  percent of  C102
generated for pulp bleaching. As these southern US R-2 plants
became  fully depreciated, the chemical cost  of C102 was as
low  as 10  cents/lb in some cases (that is,  to 3.8 cents/lb of
equivalent chlorine).

09011
Wenzl, Herman F. J., and O. V. Ingruber
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR
EVAPORATION.  Paper Trade J.,  Vol.  150,  p. 51-56, Nov. 28,
0966. 16 refs.
The  properties of black  liquor are discussed in relationship to
the  multiple effect,  thermal  compression  and  Bergstrom-
Trobeck evaporation processes. The problem of scaling during
evaporation and the removal of such scales is also discussed.

09202
Gladding, James N.
RECOVERY  BOILER CONTROL.  TAPPI, 49(5):112A-115A,
May 1966. (Presented at the  20th Engineering Conference of
the Technical Association of the Pulp and  Paper Industry,
Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 12-16, 1965.)
The  development of chemical recovery and  the evolution of
the equipment and the application of instrumentation from its
early beginning (1880) up to the present day in the pulping in-

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                                       PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
dustry are described. In the last 30 years developments in both
the boiler and  instrument industries have permitted the evolu-
tion of the recovery system from all that was entirely oriented
to the chemical  process through manufacture of steam as a
byproduct to the present time when both steam generation and
recovery of chemicals can be done efficiently. At the present
time multiple  units  are  being controlled in a central control
room  with the  instrumentation, as far as combustion control is
concerned, approximating  that of modern power boilers. The
efficiencies of the liquor systems have been  increased by  the
development of  instrumentations which will more precisely
control  the density of the liquors entering  and leaving  the
boiler plant. Accidents in  recent years have pointed  up  the
necessity for  additional  safety controls on the auxiliary fuel
systems, fire  control systems on the  liquor  evaporation, and
for established  systems  for emergency  shutdown  of  the
boilers. (Author's abstract, modified)

09415
Murray, F. E.and H. B. Rayner
THE EMISSION  OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE FROM  KRAFT
RECOVERY FURNACES.  Pulp Paper  Mag. Can. (Garden-
vale),  69(5):71-74, March 1, 1968. 5 refs. (Presented at the  3rd
Paper Industry  Air  and  Stream Improvement Conference,
Van- couver, B. C, Oct. 23-26, 1967.)
In a study extending over  several months at a kraft pulp mill,
the emission of  hydrogen  sulphide from a  recovery  furnace
was  measured many  times. Simultaneous measurements of
flue-gas oxygen content, rate of  black liquor solids flow, and
total,  primary  and  secondary air flow to the furnace were
recorded. The  amount of H2S in  the flue gases emerging from
the economizer section of the boiler was found  to vary from
zero to about 700 microgram/l. It varied with  the rate of solids
flow to the furnace, with the total and secondary air flow rate
and appeared to be independent of the primary air flow rate.

09686
R. L.  Duprey
COMPILATION  OF  AIR POLLUTANT  EMISSION  FAC-
TORS.   Public  Health  Service, Durham,   N.  C.,  National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Publication No.  999-AP-42,
67p., 1968. 126 refs.
Detailed emission factors are given for the following processes
and industries: fuel combustion,  refuse incineration,  chemi-
cals,  food and  agriculture,  metallurgical refining, minerals,
petroleum, pulp  and paper solvent evaporation  and gasoline
marketing, and transportation (vehicle  emissions).

10524
Stuart, H. H., and R. E. Bailey
PERFORMANCE  STUDY  OF  A  LIME   KILN  AND
SCRUBBER INSTALLATION. TAPPI, 48(5):104A-I08A, May
1965.  1 ref.
A new 12 by  350 ft lime sludge  kiln was designed  to produce
335 ipd of 90%  available  CaO  product a t  fuel economy of
8,120,000 Btu/ton. The major problems encountered during the
startup  of the kiln  have been  corrected,  and the  kiln  is
presently producing  lime with a fuel economy of 8,112,000 Btu
per ton of product  at 85% of the design capacity. The fuel
economy is better than the design rating and  can be improved
by increasing the solids of the  sludge feed  from 55  to 65%.
The lime presently produced by the kiln  contains 86% availa-
ble CaO,  which is  much  lower  than  desirable. Steps to be
taken  to  further  improve the kiln operations  and lime quality
are: (I) the installation of a 11.5 for 11 1/2  X  14 ft  precoat
vacuum filter to deliver sludge to the  kiln at 65%  solids  or
better; (2) renovation of  the green liquor  clarifier and dregs
washers, which is expected to reduce the impurities in the
systems from 20-25% to 10-12%; (3) more storage capacity for
the white and  green liquor  so minor interruptions  in the
recausticizing area will not affect kiln production  and  lime
quality. The  kiln is equipped with a Chemico type S-F Venturi
scrubber for the removal of dust entrained in the exist stack
gases. Test results  show that the scrubber is removing 96-97%
of the entrained dust at a pressure drop of 7-11  in.  of water
across the Venturi. No problems that  would cause loss of kiln
production have been  encountered  since  the scrubber  was
started up in October 1963. (Authors' abstract,  modified)

11144
Douglass, Irwin B.and Lawrence Price
SOURCES OF ODOR IN  THE KRAFT  PROCESS. II. REAC-
TIONS   FORMING   HYDROGEN   SULFIDE   IN   THE
RECOVERY FURNACE.  TAPPI, 51(10):465-467.  Oct. 1968. 9
refs.
In the recovery furnace  concentrated  black  liquor  loses  its
remaining water and the residual solids then indergo pyrolysis.
On may assume that the balck liquor solids consist of lignin-
and car- bohydrate-derived organics and various inorganic sul-
fur containing  substances  such  as  sodium  sulfate, sodium
sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfide, or elemental sulfur.
In two series of experiments, each of  the inorganic substances
listed was heated at 600 deg. C, first with soda lignin  and then
with glucose. In  the experiments using sodium  sulfate and
sodium  sulfite,  negligible amounts  of hydrogen sulfide were
formed. In the experiments with elemental  sulfur, sodium sul-
fide, and sodium thiosulfate, however, heating  with soda lignin
or glucose caused  30-75% of  the inorganic sulfur to be con-
verted to hydrogen sulfide. These  results clearly indicate that
in a recovery furnace large volumes  of hydrogen sulfide are
formed  which,  if  the furnace  is not operated properly may
escape to the atmosphere and  be a major  cause of air pollu-
tion. (Authors' abstract)

12422
Lutz, G. A.,  S. B.  Gross, J. B. Boatman, P.  J. Moore,  R. L.
Darby, W. H. Veazie, and F. A. Butrico
DESIGN OF AN OVERVIEW  SYSTEM FOR  EVALUATING
THE PUBLIC-HEALTH HAZARDS OF  CHEMICALS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT.  VOLUME I. TEST-CASE STUDIES. (FINAL
REPORT).  Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, Colum-
bus Labs., Contract PH-86-66-165, 146p., July  1967. 203  refs.
Potential environmental health hazards due to the utilization  of
mercury, nickel, vanadium, fluorocarbons,  and the chemicals
used by the  pulp and paper industry were reviewed.  Pertinent
information  was  identified and  selected  by  examining ap-
propriate subject  indexes of journals, abstracts,  and current
periodicals. The combined activities of  collection  and evalua-
tion were directed specifically toward  the following interpreta-
tions: current status of environmental contamination by each
of the five contaminants, current status of environment-related
medical  knowledge  of  the   effects  of  the  contaminant,
technological changes likely to lead  to the entrance of  new
contaminants  of   the  selected  types, demographic-related
changes that would affect the  degree of population  exposure
to the contaminants, and deficiencies  in  the available  informa-
tion. The studies  revealed potentially  hazardous situations.
Mercury showed a substantial increase  in the  amount used  in
the electrolytic production of chlorine. There also exists a lack
of fundamental information on national levels of mercury  in
air, water, and food. The vanadium  study showed  a signifi-

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                                           A.  EMISSION SOURCES
cantly increased usage of volatile compounds in industrial ap-
plications. The nickel study raised  the  question of possible
chronic  effects of small quantities of nickel in food from the
use of large quantities of nickel equipment in food processing.
A  need  was  demonstrated  for the  establishment of  the en-
vironmental  fate  of  fluorocarbons  used  in aerosols  and
refrigerants.  A review of information on chemical  processes
employed  by the  pulp and paper industry  demonstrated the
need for surveillance  of the atmospheric pollutants  resulting
from increased use of kraft pulping operations. Economics in-
formation  and the  toxicity  of  the five contaminants  were
discussed in detail.

12507
Murray, F. E.
AIR POLLUTION FROM BIVALENT SULFUR COMPOUNDS
IN  THE PULP INDUSTRY.  Preprint,  Engineering Inst.  of
Canada, I6p.,  1968.  10 refs. (Presented at the Banff Pollution
Conference,  Banff, Alberta, Can., March 1968.)
In  the  kraft  process  of producing chemical  cellulose  from
wood chips,  the chips are cooked in a solution containing  sodi-
um hydroxide  and sodium sulfide in about a four-to-one pro-
portion.  This method produces much greater air  pollution, in
the form of  highly malodorous compounds, than the  alterna-
tive sulfite  processes. The  three  primary  sources  of  odor
production in a kraft pulp mill are the digestion  process, the
direct-contact evaporator,  and the  recovery  furnance. In the
digestion process, control must be  effected on  the noncon-
densible gases from  the digester and blow tank, from the  mul-
tiple-effect evaporators,  and on  the  foul condensates that are
formed in  contact with these gases. The emission of hydrogen
sulfide from  black liquor during direct contact evaporation can
be  very  substantially reduced by oxidation of  the sulfide. The
problem of the recovery  furnance is one of good operation and
combustion control within the furnace design capacity. Present
laboratory studies are  expected to lead to continuing improve-
ment in the control of  odorous emission from kraft pulping
operations.

12621
Benjamin, M , I. B. Douglass, G. A. Hansen, W. D. Major, A.
J.  Navarre, and H. J. Yarger
A   GENERAL DESCRIPTION  OF  COMMERCIAL  WOOD
PULPING AND  BLEACHING PROCESSES.   TI-9 Pulp and
Paper Committee. J. Air Pollution  Control  Assoc., 19(3):155-
61, Mar. 1969.
The purpose of Informative Report No. 1, prepared by the TI-
9 Pulp and Paper Committee  of the air Pollution Control As-
sociation,  is  to present a general description of the commonly
used processes for preparing and bleaching wood pulp. Further
reports of a more specific  nature will be published as these
become  available. (Author's Abstract)

13192
Kolt, Gary L.
PROCESS COMPUTER  CONTROL OF A BLEACH PLANT.
Tappi, 50(7):41A- 42A, July  1967.
A  bleaching  process is described which is controlled by seven
closed supervisory loops. The system uses  14 instrument in-
puts, manual entries, and appropriate programs and hardware.
Data collection,  personnel  orientation,  and  project main-
tenance  are  also  important to the  computer  control  project.
This method has produced a stable bleaching process, which is
thought  to be superior  to conventional  control.  (Author ab-
stract modified)
13199
Aldrich, Lyman C.
KRAFT  COOKING  LIQUOR PREPARED  FROM LIQUID
SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE AND CAUSTIC SODA.  Southern
Pulp Paper Mfr., 30(6):74-75, 78-80, June 10, 1967.
Liquid sodium hydrosulfide and liquid caustic soda are  the ac-
tive chemicals in a synthetic while cooking liquor that  can be
used to fill the system for the initial start-up of new kraft pulp
mills. The two chemicals react to form sodium sulfide  which,
together with caustic soda,  separates lignin from  wood fibers.
The  synthetic  liquor can  be prepared from 45% sodium
hydrosulfide and 50% caustic soda, using the normal kraft mill
recovery equipment. Because the large  volumes  of synthetic
cooking liquor for start-up  are prepared only  once, no more
than minimal extra equipment is needed. Because  both sodium
hydrosulfide and caustic soda produce severe burns, personnel
involved  in  the unloading and mixing  operations should use
shields and  protective rubber equipment.  Since  there  is  less
generation of H2S at high pH values, the sodium  hydrosulfide
should be mixed with dilute caustic soda as soon as possible.
Synthetic cooking liquor will have the  same concentration of
H2S as is found in a kraft mill operating with regular cooking
liquor. Therefore,  standard  kraft mill  ventilation and safety
precautions are sufficient.

13237
Monsalud, Manuel R., Pablo M. Nicolas, and Felix G. Tadena,
Jr.
BLEACHED SULFATE PULPS FROM WHITE LAUAN (PEN-
TACME  CONTORTA (VID.) MERR. AND ROLFE).  Tappi,
48(7):430-432, July 1965. 2 refs.
Different bleaching processes were used and the effect of each
on the bleached pulp yield  and  the pulp  strength  properties
and brightness were determined.  A three-stage bleach using a
combined chlorine-chlorite  in the  first stage  followed  by
caustic extraction in the second  stage and sodium chlorite in
the third stage produced  a very good  yield  of high-quality
bleached sulfate pulp of medium brightness.  Another three-
stage bleach of C-E-H sequence  and two four-stage bleaches
of C-E-C-H  and C-E H-P sequences also produced good yields
of high-quality medium-brightness paper pulps that were com-
parable to or better than the commercial bleached pulps  used
as references. (Author abstract modified)

13238
Annergren, Goran, Ake Backlund, Johan Richter,  and Sven
Rydholm
CONTINUOUS PREHYDROLYSIS-KRAFT COOKING.   Tap-
pi, 48(7):52A-56A, July  1965. (Presented at the  50th Annual
Meeting, Tech. Assoc. of  the Pulp and  Paper  Industry,  New
York, Feb. 21-25, 1965).
Continuous  prehydrolysis-kraft  cooking  was  tried  on  a
semicommercial scale in Kamyr digesters of different designs.
Extensive trials with a two-body upflow-downflow digester
and a conventional  downflow digester  indicated  that the  two
cooking stages could be effectively separated in both systems
and  that a  pulp of  satisfactory  quality could be  produced.
Deposition  of pitch on strainers and  heat  exchangers  with
liquor  phase  prehydrolysis,  however,  caused   operational
problems and limited the time of trouble-free operation. A suc-
cessful operation was finally achieved  in a downflow digester
where an inclined external top separator replaced the conven-
tional one. This allowed  operation of the prehydrolysis stage in
vapor phase, which eliminated the pitch problem and also gave
other advantages.  The  kraft cook is  carried out  in liquor
phase, the liquor level forming the point of transition between

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                                       PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
the prehydrolysis and the kraft cooking stages. The kraft cook
is preferably performed countercurrently and is  followed by
Hi-Heat washing. The system was tested in continuous opera-
tion for one month and found to be reliable, simple, and to
give  a  good  and  uniform  pulp  quality,  i.e.,  with  little
screenings, high alpha- cellulose content, and small variations
in  degree  of  polymerization  and  purity. (Author  abstract
modified)

13280
Smelt-Water Research Group
EXPLOSIONS   IN   KRAFT  RECOVERY   FURNACES.
Southern Pulp Paper Mfr., 29(11):40-41,  44,  46, 48,  Nov. 10,
1966.
The Smelt-Water  Research Group was  founded  by  59 kraft
pulping manufacturers to study the damaging explosions which
occur in the kraft chemical recovery furnaces. Kraft recovery
furnaces contain molten chemicals (smelt) which explode when
contacted with water. A report of  the findings and recommen-
dations of  the Smelt-Water Research  Group is  presented. A
major result of the study was the identification of the physical
nature of the smelt-water  explosions and the effects  of some
of  the  factors influencing  their occurrence and  intensity.
Water, or water solutions  of any  of the  chemicals commonly
present  in  the recovery  furnace  systems (other than black
liquor at concentrations of 55  to  70% total solids or higher),
can cause destructive explosions if permitted to  contact mol-
ten smelt. Smelt-water explosions  were shown in  the laborato-
ry to be noncombustible in nature. They were extremely rapid,
with  pressure  peaks  of   about  one  millisecond  duration,
producing  shock waves which frequently shattered  graphite
crucibles.  High-speed motion pictures demonstrated  that ex-
plosions originated at a point  beneath the smelt surface and
occurred very  rapidly upon injection of water. All these facts
are consistent with  a hypothesis of  encapsulation  of  sub-
merged water by smelt to produce an initial explosion. As yet,
however, the encapsulation mechanism has not been conclu-
sively demonstrated  and  direct proof  may be very difficult.
Recommendations include  not  adding any  water except black
liquor, installing monitoring systems, and the use  of air lances
to aid combustion. The need for automatic shutdown installa-
tions is stressed.

13281
Kotzerke, Donald F.
HOW SCOTT PAPER INCREASES SULFITE PULP YIELD
BY COOKING  REJECTS.  Am.  Paper  Ind., 48(8):39-40, 42,
Aug. 1966.
Experiments were performed  to determine which  common
cooking media would be  best suited  to economically utilize
knotter rejects in sulfite pulp production. Sulfurous acid, acid
sulfite, and bisulfite cooking media were rejected due to high
bleach demand and high percent screening. The  kraft process
proved successful, but the  soda medium was found to be equal
in product quality and better economically.  The knotter rejects
required very little soda addition and additional sulfur was not
required. The  caustic cooking of upgraded  rejects  produced
pulp of high quality,  low  percent screening, strength of ap-
proximately 80% of normal sulfite pulp, bleach demand in the
4 to 8%  chlorine  number  range  with  easy bleaching charac-
teristics and low shrinkage  during bleaching.
13282
Fennel], F. L. and N. J. Stalter
ADVANTAGES   OF   HYDROGEN   PEROXIDE   FOR
BLEACHING  KRAFT  PULP.   Southern  Pulp Paper  Mfr.,
30(9):92, 94, Sept. 10, 1967.
Du Pont is  one of  the  nine  U.S. kraft mills bleaching with
peroxide  to  stabilize pulp brightness after heat  aging. In  the
six-stage  process used,  the peroxide stage is preceded by one
chlorine dioxide stage in the sequence chlorination-extraction-
hypochlorite-chlorine dioxide-peroxide (CEHDP). A  competi-
tive   method   is   the   six-stage   chlorination-extraction-
hypochlorite-  chlorine  dioxide-extraction-chlorine   dioxide
(CEHDED)  process. Comparative tests show that the EDP
sequence increases pulp air-dry brightness  from  88 to 91 and
oven-dry brightness  from 88 to 90. With the DED, process  the
brightness is 90 air-dry and 87.5 oven-dry. The 1967 cost for 90
oven-dry brightness with peroxide is  $1.50 a ton above  the
peroxide  bleaching costs for 88 oven-dry pulp. This advantage
of two points in oven-dry brightness for the CEHDP process
over the CEHDED sequence is the main reason for a peroxide
process.

13325
Olsson, Jan-Erik and Olof Samuelson
INORGANIC REACTIONS DURING POLYSULFIDE COOK-
ING.  Svensk Papperstid., 69(20):703-710, Oct. 1966. 14 refs.
From the changes in concentration of polysulfide,  thiosulfate,
and sulfide during the polysulfide cooking of pine, it can be
concluded that about 60% of  the polysulfide sulfur is decom-
posed by disproportionation. This reaction is predominant dur-
ing an early stage of the cooking. The rest of the  polysulfide
sulfur is mainly consumed in reactions with the organic materi-
al, primarily oxidations in which the polysulfide  is reduced to
sulfide. During the  cooking, the sulfide concentration passes
through a maximum. Its increase is explained by its formation
in these  two reactions  and  its decrease toward the end of
cooking by the formation of  organic sulfur compounds. The
thiosulfate  concentration increases  rapidly during  an  early
cooking stage,  and, after passing through a maximum, the con-
centration decreases slightly. The decrease  is explained by  the
decomposition of  thiosulfale  into polysulfide under conditions
used in sulfate cooking. (Author abstract modified)

13380
Jansson, Lennart B.
PROCESS  MODIFICATIONS  IN   KAMYR  CONTINUOUS
KRAFT COOKING SYSTEMS.   Tappi, 46(5):296-301, May
1963.  (Presented  at  the  16th Alkaline  Pulping Conference,
Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Savannah, Ga.,
Nov. 1-2, 1962).
A description is given of the digester system from chip feed to
discharge  of stock.  The various development  stages  of  the
cooking system are  discussed in chronological order, starting
with the hot blow process and followed by the cold blow and
diffusion-extraction  processes. Also, the high heat  diffusion
washing is described. Some  operational data for  diffusion-  ex-
traction   and  high  heat diffusion  washing  are  presented.
(Author abstract modified)

13386
Dahm, H. P. and V.  Loras
AUTOMATIC  CONTROL OF PULP CHLORINATION.  Tap-
pi, 46(1):40-41, Jan.  1963. 20 refs.

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                                           A.  EMISSION SOURCES
A  new ferrous-ferric oxidation-reduction system will give far
better control of continuous pulp chlorination than the  redox
oxidation potential system. In contrast to the redox method, it
is  completely reversible  and has  a reproducible standard
potential. Determination of chlorine  is rapid and accurate and
independent of the hydrolysis of the chlorine or the presence
of chloride ions. In this method, the chlorine-containing sam-
ple is mixed in constant proportions with a standard solution
of iron salts in which 80% of the iron ions  are present  in the
ferrous state  and 20% in the ferric  state. The change of the
ferrous/ ferric ratio is then measured as a  concentration cell
potential  directly  proportional  to   the  amount  of chlorine
present.

13395
Beaujean, John and V. B. Bodenheimer
COLD  CAUSTIC  PULP FROM SINGLE STATE REFINING.
Pulp Paper  Mag. Can., 63(3):T 168-200,  1962.
In  order to  minimize  the costs of making cold caustic pulp, an
atmospheric  soak with  single  stage refining  and  refiner
bleaching was tried. A cold caustic plant was  built in order to
achieve higher utilization  of  mixed  hardwoods. The process
steps are shown on a flowsheet. Since the biochemical oxygen
demand is approximate 200 Ibs/ton  from a cold caustic  plant,
the excess  liquor from the live bottom bin drainer conveyor
was  saved. Quality of product ranged from good  to poor.  In
single stage refining about three-quarters of stock is refined to
an excellent pulp; approximately one-quarter is predominately
small shives.  There was  no problem  setting a 60 brightness,
economically.  Freenesses  were  maintained  at  350 to 400
Canadian Standard and refiner horsepower was approximately
30 hp days/ton. The cost of the plant was within the budgeted
amount and actual maintenance costs were small.

13399
Gierer, Josef and Bernard Lenz
REACTION OF LIGNIN  DURING  SULPHATE  COOKING.
PART  6.  FORMATION   OF  1,2-GLYCOL GROUPS IN
MILLED WOOD LIGNIN  ON TREATMENT WITH 2N SODI-
UM HYDROXIDE AT 170 C.  Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm),
68(9):334-338, May 15, 1965. 16 refs.
The  reliability of  a proposed  splitting mechanism  for alkaline
clevage of arylether bonds  was experimentally  proved by
demon strating the presence of  1,2-glycol groups in alkali lig-
nins and  by estimating the frequency  of these groups. Milled
wood lignin (MWL) from  Picea abies was  treated with 2N
sodium hydroxide at 170  C for 3   hrs.  Two samples of the
resulting  alkali  lignin, one of which  had  been subsequently
methylated  with  diazomethane were oxidized with periodate.
The  consumptions  of periodate, compared  with  those  of
treated and untreated diazomethane-methylate milled wood lig-
nin  indicated  that  1,2-glycol  groups (0.13  per  methoxyl,
originally present) are formed during the  alkaline treatment.
The presence of  1,2-glycol groups in  alkali lignin was also sup-
ported  by  showing   that   carbonyl   groups   are  formed on
periodate  oxidation  of borohydride-reduced, diazomethane-
methylated, alkali-treated milled wood lignin (IR spectrum and
estimation by the  hydroAylamine method). The results are con-
sisted with  the view that beta-arylelher linkages in non-phenol-
ic  lignin units containing a free hydroxyl group at  a neighbor-
ing carbon  atom of the side-chain are split via the correspond-
ing epoxy inter mediates into 1,2-glycol structures. (Authors'
abstract modified)
13439
Shera, Brian L. and Joseph B. Heitman
RELATIONSHIP OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL
TO FREE  AVAILABLE  CHLORINE IN PULP CHLORINA-
TION. A PRACTICAL APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF
PULP CHLORINATION.  Tappi, 48(2):89-94, Feb. 1965. 6 refs.
(Presented  at  the  Third International  Pulp  Bleaching  Con-
ference, Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Seattle,
Wash., Aug. 17-20, 1964.)
Oxidation-reduction potential corp measurements and the free
available chlorine determinations are of considerable use in the
study of the chlorination phase. An appendix describes the
analytical procedure for available free chlorine determination.
Carbon  tetrachloride  was  used  to selectively  dissolve and
separate  free  available  chlorine from  the pulp  chlorination
liquor. Rapid decline in  the ORP indicates that free available
chlorine no longer  exists and the carbon tetrachloride extrac-
tion  method is used  for confirmation.  Pulp  chlorinations at
various  chlorine dosages, temperatures,  and  retention times
were analyzed. Higher chlorine dosages and/or higher tempera-
tures  alone or  in  combination accelerate  the degradation  of
cellulose fibers over the same retention period. Reduced reten-
tion periods to compensate for increased  temperatures at teach
level of chlorine dosage will permit equivalent fiber delignifi-
cation  and  minimize further  degradation  of the  cellulose.
(Author abstract modified)

13440
Aurell, Ronnie
INCREASING  KRAFT PULP YIELD BY REDEPOSITION OF
HEMICELLULOSES.  Tappi, 48(2):80-84,  Feb. 1965. 10 refs.
(Presented  at the Alkaline Pulping Conference, Atlanta, Ga.,
Oct. 28-30,  1964.)
During  a kraft  cook about  25%  by weight  of  wood car-
bohydrates is lost.  In a birch kraft cook the concentration of
dissolved hemicelluloses in  the cooking liquor reaches a  max-
imum. Part of these hemicelluloses is subsequently regained by
redeposition on the wood fibers; the major portion,  however,
is degraded in  the  cooking liquor and lost. By drawing off the
cooking liquor at a time  when the  concentration of  dissolved
hemicellulose is high, completing the cook in the vapor phase
(or by injecting alkali), and then returning the drawnoff liquor
to the  delignified  chips  to  create suitable conditions for
redeposition, it was possible to increase the total pulp yield.
The redeposition is favored by a moderate lowering of the pH.
By the use of liquor transfer a yield about 1% higher than the
normal was obtained for birch cooks with an effective alkali
charge of  17.5%.  At higher charges the  effect was  more
pronounced, a 1.5-2% higher yield  being obtained with 22.5%
effective alkali. For pine  the same  method gave no  significant
increase in the pulp yield, probably because there is a smaller
amount  of dissolved hemicelluloses in  the  cooking liquor.
(Author's abstract modified)

13443
Rapson, W. H., M. Wayman, and C. B. Anderson
PAPER  BLEACHING-A  NEW PROCESS.  Tappi, 48(2):65-72,
Feb. 1965. 6 refs.
Procedures were developed for increasing brightness in paper
by bleaching with peracetic acid, peroxide, and sodium or zinc
hydrosulfite. A two-stage bleach in which peracetic acid was
followed by zinc hydrosulfite  was  most effective. Bleaching
time was extremely short, 1 or 2 min with the peroxide, and 5-
30 sec with the other bleaching agents. A variety of papers
were bleached by these processes.  The brightness of commer-

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8
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
cial sulfite- groundwood papers such  as newsprint,  rotonews,
and  directory  was  raised about  10  to  11  units  by 1% of
peracetic  acid  on  paper,  8  to  11  units  by  1% of  zinc
hydrosulfite  on paper, and 12 to IS units  by the  two-stage
process using  1% of each of these  chemicals. The bleached
papers had brightness of 72 to 76.  Peroxide bleaching of these
papers was less effective, the brightness being improved by 4
to 8  units.  The  towsidedness of newsprint was  markedly
reduced. However,  the  opacity became  much lower,  falling
from  0.954 to 0.900,  a  level  too low to  be acceptable  for
newsprint. Laboratory papers containing  refiner groundwood,
high yield sulfite  or unbleached kraft were  also studied, and
improvements   in   brightness   were  obtained.  Laboratory
newsprint papers using unbleached kraft were bleached to ac-
ceptable  newsprint  brightness.  The  conditions  employed  in
these bleaches are such  that they  should  be adaptable for on-
machine operation. (Author abstract modified)

13444
Aurell, Ronnie and Nils Harder
SULFATE COOKING WITH THE  ADDITION OF REDUCING
AGENTS. PART  ID.  THE  EFFECT OF  ADDED SODIUM
BOROHYDRIDE.  Tappi, 46(4):209-215, April 1963. 36 refs.
The  addition of  sodium borohydride in  pine kraft cooking
resulted in a  substantially increased yield.  The consequences
of the borohydride treatment are discussed. When  the sulfate
cook  is preceded  by prehydrolysis of the pinewood, the car-
bohydrates are extensively  degraded  and dissolved in the al-
kaline stage. The addition of sodium borohydride will diminish
the degradation considerably.  The importance  of  the  alkali
concentration to the yield in kraft  pulping of birchwood is ex-
amined. The addition of sodium borohydride without lowering
the charge of alkali  will  result in only a small gain.  On lower-
ing the charge of alkali correspondingly, the effect of the addi-
tion is considerable. Potassium borohydride had the same ef-
fect as sodium borohydride. The reduction with amineboranes
was   studied.  Their  effect  was less  than  that  of  the
borohydride. The  effect of  the borohydride was not changed
by the addition of  black  liquor.  The addition  of  a wetting
agent, in order to  improve the  penetration and thereby the ef-
ficiency of the borohydride, gave  no improvement. Little ad-
vantage was gained upon addition of EDTA in order  to  im-
prove the stability of the borohydride. Sodium metaborate or
tetraborate (borax), added to the cooking liquor, gave no gain.
The same result was obtained on the addition of barium or cal-
cium  salts. Upon  the  pretreatment of pine  chips with an al-
kaline solution of  sodium borohydride, an increase in yield of
12-13 kg pulp per kg sodium  borohydride resulted from  the
subsequent kraft cook. This is approximately twice as much as
if  the addition was  made directly  to  the cooking liquor. Dif-
ferent conditions  for the pretreatment were studied. The  op-
timum conditions were  80 C,  1% NaBH4 calculate on  the
wood, a liquor:wood ratio of 5, and 30 min treatment time. An
applied  pressure  further improved  the  result. The use of
borohydride  in technical  kraft  cooking  is,  however,  not
economical! practical. (Author abstract modified)

13492
Ricca, Peter Mauro
A  STUDY  IN  THE   OXIDATION  OF   KRAFT BLACK
LIQUOR.  Thesis (Ph.D.),  Florida Univ.,  Gainesville, Univ.
Microfilms, Inc., 1968, 140p. 47 refs.
The  oxidation  of  kraft black liquor  with pure oxygen and a
mixture of oxygen plus  ozone  at the  temperature range  60 to
90 C was investigated to determine the feasibility of mill scale
oxidation using pure oxygen,  the fate of  sulfur compounds
                      during oxidation, and  the  possibility  of  limiting  pulp  odors
                      with ozone. Physical  and chemical parameters  examined in-
                      cluded temperature, oxidizing agent, oxygen partial pressure,
                      and method of contact. The predominant inorganic reactions
                      that  occurred  were the oxidation of sodium  hydrosulfide  to
                      sodium  polysulfide  and sodium thio sulfate.  The thiosulfate
                      reaction was slightly reversible; the polysulfide  was not. The
                      mole  ratio of  polysulfide to thiosulfate formed by complete
                      oxidation  of the  hydrosulfide  was  relatively  independent  of
                      temperature. Oxidation below 60 C  precipitated  small quanti-
                      ties of amorphous sulfur droplets from the liquor which, upon
                      aging, crystallized to rhombic sulfur. The optimum oxidation
                      temperature was found to be between 60 and 75 C. Pure ox-
                      ygen fixed the inorganic sulfides in the  black liquor but had lit-
                      tle effect on the odorous  black-liquor constituents. Exhaust
                      gases were effectively deodorized with 100 to ISO ppm at 25 C
                      of ozone, and it is concluded that the non-condensable gases
                      from evaporates and digesters can be similarly  deodorized.

                      13594
                      Russell, Norman A.
                      THE INITIAL PHASE  OF THE AQUEOUS  CHLORINATION
                      OF KRAFT PULP MEALS. TAPPI, 49(9):418-422, Sept. 1966.
                      20 refs. (Presented at the 51st Annual  Meeting, Technical As-
                      soc.  of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y., Feb.
                      20-24, 1966.)
                      A tubular flow reactor was designed to investigate the  rapid,
                      initial phase of aqueous chlorination of kraft pulp. A substan-
                      tial  portion of  the  total  chlorine  consumption  and  lignin
                      removal occurs in this reaction stage. The  pulps used in the
                      study were ground in a Wiley mill to promote intimate  mixing
                      in the  reactor.  Duplicate  chlorination experiments  demon-
                      strated the utility of the reactor system in obtaining  reliable
                      data for reaction durations of less than 43 sec. Delignification
                      in the initial phase of  chlorination  was quite  sensitive to the
                      presence of molecular chlorine. Changes in pH or available
                      chlorine concentration  which increased the concentration  of
                      molecular chlorine promoted delignification and yielded higher
                      levels of  organically  bound chlorine  in  the  pulp meals.  A
                      definite relationship between delignification  and  the extent  of
                      bound chlorine was observed for all reaction  conditions. Ox-
                      idative consumption of chlorine contributed to lignin removal
                      to an extent dependent upon the temperature and concentra-
                      tion  of molecular chlorine. A maximum  of about  1 g  of
                      chlorine was consumed per gram of lignin removed. Cellulose
                      degradation, as indicated by pulp viscosity, was slight  except
                      at low reaction ph where acid attack  also contributed to the
                      overall viscosity loss.  Many of the observations made  during
                      the short  reaction periods used in  this study  were similar  to
                      results  of  previous  studies  of  pulp  chlorinations  which
                      proceeded from several minutes to  several hours. (Author ab-
                      stract modified)

                      13605
                      Meller, Alexander and Erik  L. Ritman
                      RETENTION OF POLYSACCHARTOES IN KRAFT PULPING.
                      II.  THE  EFFECT  OF  BOROHYDRIDE  ADDITION TO
                      KRAFT LIQUOR ON PULP YDZLD, CHEMICAL CHARAC-
                      TERISTICS AND PAPERMAKING PROPERTIES OF  PINUS
                      RADIATA  PULPS. TAPPI, 47(l):55-64, Jan.  1964. 22 Rets.
                      The   yield  and  chemical  characteristics  of  kraft  and
                      borohydride- kraft pulps are compared. The addition of sodi-
                      um borohydride to kraft liquors is found to  increase the yield
                      5-6% by rendering  polysaccharides  resistant  to the endwise
                      type of alkaline degradation and by maintaining higher alkalini-
                      ty  throughout  the  cooking.  Analytical  data   reveal  that

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
borohydride-kraft pulps have much lower pentosan content,
lower permanganate  number, much higher hexosan content,
slightly lower alpha-cellulose content, and considerably lower
alpha-pentosan  content than the kraft  pulps  prepared  under
identical  cooking  conditions.  Borohydride-kraft  pulps  beat
faster to  a given freeness than  kraft pulps, but, at the same
weight and bulk, the strength  properties of  the handsheets
prepared  from the  former are inferior. If tearing strength and
breaking  length  of the sheets  are corrected for yield dif-
ferences, the  strength differences tend  to disappear,  particu-
larly with well-beaten pulps. Calculations based  on rate data
show  that the decomposition of sodium borohydride added to
the kraft  liquor is  practically complete  when  the temperature
of 130 to  140 C  is reached in pulping Pinus radiata wood under
conditions  used  in   the  investigation.  (Authors'   abstract
modified)

13606
Kleinert,  T. N. and L. M. Marraccini
VAPOR-PHASE  KRAFT  COOKING  OF BLACK SPRUCE -
DELIGNIFICATION  AND PULP STRENGTH PROPERTIES.
(Part  III of a series of ALKALINE PULPING STUDIES.) TAP-
PI, 48(4):214,223, April 1965. 32 rets.
The conditions under which short cycle kraft  cooking (20 min
or les of commercial  spruce  chips  will produce bleachable
grades of pulp  were  studied. The influence of such variables
as concentratio  of the impregnation liquor  (effective alkali
charge), temperature and time of pressure impregnation, and
temperature and duration of the steam  cooking of  the  im-
pregnated chips on pulp  properties was considered. Provided
the alkali charge was sufficient, increasing the  impregnation
temperature to  150 C  reduced rejects and pulp lignin  content,
and also  improved brightness. However, at ISO C, viscosity
and strength properties tended  to decrease. Above ISO C, and
adverse effect on  delignification was noted.  Cooking to the
same  degree of delignification was studied between  180 and
190 C by shortening time according to the H-factor  relation-
ship and  using three liquor concentrations (42.0, S2.S, and 63.3
g/liter) in chip impregnation. With the exception of folding en-
durance,  temperature increase did not markedly affect pulp
strength  properties,  but  concentrations  higher  than SO g/L
lowered most strength properties. This effect  is related  to un-
consumed effective alkali.  When  cooking  to low rejects at
screened  yields of  45 to  53%,  yield had no influence on pulp
strength properties. At a  screened yield of about 47% or less,
and a pulp lignin content less  than 6%, beating time at each
freeness level investigated was constant. In contrast, at  higher
yields beating  time increased with increasing  yield and lignin
content. Time of steam prehydrolysis at 170, and 185 C  varied
between  10 and 20 min, and vapor-phase cooking at 182.5 and
185 C between IS  and 20  min. Pulps low in  lignin  and pen-
tosan, with good strength properties,  were obtained. (Authors'
abstract modified)

13608
Kleinert,  T. N. and L. M. Marraccini
DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICALS IN COMMERCIAL WOOD
CHIPS. I. ALKALINE PULPING STUDIES.  TAPPI, 48(3): 165-
170, March 1965. 31 refs.
Various factors which influence penetration and distribution of
kraft  cooking chemicals  in commercial  sprucewood  chips in
the impregnation stage have been investigated.  Hydrostatic
pressure, temperature of the liquor, and liquor-to-wood ratio,
together with diffusion phenomena, were major factors in the
penetration of alkali into  wood and its distribution throughout
the wood  tissue. These processes  take place in an early stage
of the treatment. The findings show that uniformity of alkali
distribution has a bearing on residual lignin  and pulp rejects.
In general,  under  constant  conditions of  penetration,  the
amount of alkali taken up by the wood appears to be nearly
proportional to the  liquor concentration. The alkali is present
in and on the  wood  in  three distinct formss:  (1) the alkali
sorbed on the wood constituents, (2) the alkali dissolved in the
liquid phase filling the capillarie and interstices of the wood,
and (3) the alkali present in the liquid phase adherent to the
chip surface. Surfactants interfere  with alkali uptake and the
subsequent cooking of softwoods. It is suggested that they are
sorbed on wood constituents, occupying locations where the
alkali should react  during delignification.  (Authors'  abstract
modified)

14134
Nishiyama, Keitaro, Mitsuyosi Nagayasu, and Takeo Azuma
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE KRAFT PULP MILL.
PART 4. COMPARISON OF INFLUENCES OF ODOR  ON
THE  INHABITANTS  OF TWO DIFFERENT  AREAS.  (KP
seishi kojo haigasu no kogai boshi ni kansuru kenkyu dai 4 ho
sogyoreki ga kotonaru ni kojo shuhen jumin  no  shuki ni taisu-
ru ishiki  hikaku). Text  in  Japanese.  Shikoku  Igaku Zasshi
(Shikoku Acta Medica), 24(0:53-57, Feb. 1968. 2 refs.
The  influences of bad odor  on  inhabitants were studied com-
paratively in areas adjacent to  mills designated the  K and N
mills. Contrary to belief that interest  in  bad odor would be
more active in an area around a newly-founded factory (K)
than around an older  one (N), no significant differences were
noticed in the complaints of the inhabitants  of the two areas.
However, in the N area, complaints of respiratory  disorders
were  fewer  than in the  K area. The influence of the time of
day, weather, and wind  velocity on the degree of  bad odor
were similar in both areas. A larger number of people in the N
area suffered from the odor throughout the year than those in
the K area. Sectional differences of the effect were less in the
N area than in the  K area. This was probably due to the un-
stableness of  the wind  direction in the N area. (Author ab-
stract modified)

14580
Schoening, M. A. and R.  H. Wright
INTENSITY  OF  THE  ODOR  RELEASE  AT  VARIOUS
POINTS  IN  THE  KRAFT  PULPING PROCESS.   TAPPI,
35(12):564-569, Dec. 1952. 6 refs.
The  concentration of  hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptans
in various plant  effluents were surveyed  in a  study of the
problem of  odor reduction in  kraft processing. Speicies of
wood  cooked were western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and  red
cedar; each was  cooked separately and the concentration of
malodorous  gas measured at the following points: digester re-
lief  and gas-off, blow  gases,  evaporator effluents, furnace
gases, stack gases, green liquor tank vapors, and sewer outfall.
Results indicated that a higher concentration  of mercaptan, on
occasion 100,000 micrograms per liter, is given off in the non-
condensable gas from a fir cook than from a hemlock cook, a
fact  that may  be due  to the turpentine formed from fir. Blow
tank vapors  were clearly  the major source of odor since no at-
tempt  was  made to condense the stream  in the  digester
discharge. The use of raw sulfur produced a two to threefold
increase in  the mercaptan  concentration  in noncondensable
gases. Though the  total  volume of  condensable and  uncon-
densable gases released from the blow tank could not be mea-
sured, rough calculatio suggest that the loss of sulfur may
have  exceeded 20 Ib per cook.  Stack gases carried about one

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10
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
third as much odorous material as the noncondensable blow
gases and  at  a  much  lower concentration.  Neither  furnace
gases nor  evaporator effluents constituted  a  high  intensity
source of odor.

15517
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Air
Pollution Control Administration
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR SULFUR OXIDE AIR POL-
LUTANTS. NAPCA Publ. AP-52, 122p., Jan.  1969. 274 refs.
About 75% of  sulfur oxide emissions in 1966 resulted from the
combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels, with coal combustion ac-
counting  for  the  largest part. The  economic  and technical
aspects of  various techniques for controlling these emissions
are examined in detail; they are categorized as (1) change-over
to fuels with lower sulfur content or to another energy source,
such as hydroelectric or nuclear power; (2) desulfurization of
coal or residual fuel oil; (3) removal of sulfur oxides from flue
gas by various processes, including limestone-dolomite injec-
tion and alkalized alumina sorption;  and (4)  increase  in com-
bustion efficiency. Of the industrial sources of SO2 emissions,
nonferrous  primary smelting of sulfide-containing metallic ores
such as copper,  zinc, and lead  is the largest emitter. About
half of the  primary smelters in the U. S. now use  sulfuric acid
recovery  to reduce emissions and at the same  time  offset
smelter  operating  costs.  Smelters,  oil  refineries, pulp and
paper mills, steel plants, sulfuric  acid plants, waste  disposal
processes, and a number of  other industrial  sources are con-
sidered in terms of present technology for reducing emissions.
The  costs  of  dispersion  of  sulfur oxides by tall stacks are
briefly  discussed as an approach toward reducing  the frequen-
cy of high  concentrations at ground  level in  some areas, and
an extensive bibliography on gas dispersion is included. An ap-
pendix on chemical coal processing describes the current state
of development of such methods as gasification and liquefac-
tion for reducing the sulfur content of high-sulfur coal.

16494
Akamalsu,  Isao, Hiroshi Kamishima, and Yutaka Kimura
DEODORIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS IN KRAFT PULPING.
(PART I). ON  THE FORMATION OF MALODOROUS COM-
PONENTS  IN  KRAFT PULPING.   (Kurafuto- parupu seizo
kotei haishutsu gasu  no mushuka (1  ho):  Jokai-chu  ni okeru
akushu-seibun  no seisei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kami-pa
Gikyoshi (J. Japan Tech.  Assoc. Pulp Paper  Ind.), 22(8): 406-
410, Aug. 1968. 3 refs.
The  formation of  malodorous substances, methy mercaptan
(MMA) and dimethyl  sulfide (DMS), in  the  process  of kraft
pulping  was studied  in  two types of Japanese pulp woods:
softwoods  (red pine, cedar and Japanese  cypress) and hard-
woods  (beech, poplar,  cherry  and  pasania oak).  Alkaline
(Na2O) and sodium sulfide (NaS) were added to a 400 g dried
pulpwood  block  in an electric autoclave  and boiled for 5-1/2
hours at 185 C. Then 5 cc of exhaust gas (raw  blow  gas) was
sent into the cyclone-separator (a cylinder with the diameter of
3 cm and the  length  of  18 cm)  and analyzed for malodorous
substances  (MMA and DMS) by the use of Yanagimoto GCG-
5DH type  gas chromatograph. Larger amounts of MMA and
DMS, especially  MMA, were produced by pulping hardwoods
than  by pulping  softwoods. In pulping  the same wood type,
the amount of malodorous substances was increased with the
increase of cooking hour  and temperature, and  the concentra-
tion of NaS. The white lauan produced the same malodorous
substances  in  quality and quantity as obtained  in  the pulping
of Japanese hardwoods. When the pulping was performed by a
batch system, the concentration of DMS was decreased  to
trace with the depression of pressure in the autoclave.
                      17198
                      Endo, Ryosaka
                      RESEARCH ON THE SOURCE OF ODOR DEVELOPMENT
                      AND  THE  RESIDENTIAL REACTION IN  HOKKAIDO.
                      (Hokkaido ni okeru akushu  no hasseigen to jumin hanno). Text
                      in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4):209-
                      220, April 15, 1968. 23 refs.
                      The results  of an empirical field survey of odor sources are
                      presented.  Residents  of  Hokkaido were sent olfactory test
                      questionnaires and asked  to identify the source of an odor,  its
                      degree,  and its variation  with time and season. The residents
                      lived in an area of fish processing plants, oil and fat  works,
                      excrement-disposal  facilities, paper  mills, crematories,  in-
                      cineration plants, refuse dumping sites, and fox-breeding ken-
                      nels. The returns, which amounted  to 1,023,348 identifications
                      of an odor source, were  centered  on  fish- processing  plants.
                      This means that they are  the major source of an  odor problem
                      affecting an estimated 218,300 persons. Next  in order of im-
                      portance were paper  factories, incineration plants, agricultural
                      processing plants, and animal breeding buildings. Of the fish-
                      processing plants,  the most offensive  and noxious odor was
                      produced by fertilizer made from fish flesh, fish oil, and other
                      fish refuse. The  major odors were  generated in gas emissions
                      from boiling and drying  operations.  Following  the  olfaction
                      survey,  the quantitative odor measurements and chemical anal-
                      ysis of odor components  were undertaken in fishery fertilizer-
                      processing plants. Volatile organic acid was observed to occu-
                      py the greatest proportion of offensive odors of fish fertilizers
                      followed by ammonia, amines, mercaptans, and sulfurous acid.
                      17243
                      KUSUMOTI, MASAYASU
                      SOME  PROBLEMS  IN  REFUSE  DISPOSAL.    (Haibutsu
                      shobun  no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Yosui to Haisui (J.
                      Water Waste), 11(8):619-621, Aug. 1, 1969.
                      Disposal of refuse, solid or liquid,  does not  imply  complete
                      solution of the refuse problem, although some refuse is partly
                      reduced to energy by incineration and partly dispersed to the
                      atmosphere in an  aerosol state.  Human productive  activities
                      are closely linked to the metobolic processes by which nature
                      provides raw materials and other substances for comsumption,
                      and  as  long as  men  remain within the metabolic cycle the
                      balance between nature and  productive  activities  is main-
                      tained.  In  highly industrialized societies,  this equilibrium is
                      lost.  For example, in  the  process of pulp  manufacturing,
                      nearly 4 tons of refuse  is processed per 1 ton pulp, while in
                      the second process  of  paper production,  13% of refuse is
                      produced per total amount of pulp. What is finally collected as
                      paper is about 40%; the  remaining 60% is refuse. The concept
                      of refuse disposal  as a transitional process in  which refuse is
                      conveyed to the  cycle of metabolism and then returned to na-
                      ture may not be a reliable one. It appears more promising to
                      dump refuse in the ocean or to utilize it for land reclamation
                      by composting or fertilization even though these solutions in-
                      volve problems  of large scale  collection and  transportation.
                      Studies  bearing on  technical aspects of composting  and  land
                      reclamation are  sufficiently developed to suggest that com-
                      posting  is  the  most  practical  countermeasure  for  refuse
                      disposal.

                      17603
                      Miner, Sydney
                      PRELIMINARY  AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF HYDROGEN
                      SULFIDE.  A LITERATURE REVIEW.  Litton Systems,  Inc.,
                      Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Contract PH

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      11
22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-37, 91p., Oct. 1969. 148 refs.
CFSTI: PB 188068
The literature on effects, sources, abatement, economics, and
methods  of  analysis  of  atmospheric  hydrogen  sulfide  is
reviewed, with an appendix of tabular material from selected
references. Hydrogen sulfide gas is very toxic to humans and
at concentrations over  1,000,000 micrograms/cu  m, quickly
causes death by paralysis of the respiratory tract. At  lower
concentrations, it has an obnoxious odor and causes conjunc-
tivitis with reddening and lachrymal secretion, respiratory tract
irritation, pulmonary edema, damage to heart muscle, psychic
changes, disturbed equilibrium, nerve paralysis,  spasms, un-
consciousness, and circulatory collapse. It also tarnishes silver
and copper and  combines with  heavy metals in paints  to
discolor  or  darken  the paint  surface.  The primary natural
sources of H2S is biological decay of protein material in stag-
nant water. Among the many industrial sources are kraft paper
mills,  oil refineries, natural gas plants, and chemical plants, as
well as sewage and sewage disposal plants. Average concentra-
tions  of  H2S in urban atmospheres  range from  1-92  micro-
grams/cu m. Emissions can be controlled by black liquor ox-
idation   systems,   scrubbers,   and   incineration  devices.
Hydrogen sulfide corrosion of silver has required  substitution
of gold contacts  in electrical appliances at  an  estimated in-
creased cost of  $14.8 million during 1963. Abatement  of air
pollution from the pulp and paper industry, in which H2S is a
major factor, has cost approximately $10 million per year and
is predicted  to increase. Major expenditures have been made
by refineries and natural gas plants to remove H2S from sour
gases  and to recover  sulfur as a valuable byproduct. Analytical
techniques based on the methylene blue and molybdenum blue
methods  are available for laboratory analysis  of H2S. The spot
method, based on tiles or paper impregnated with lead acetate,
is also widely used. (Author abstrac modified)

17633
Kikuchi, Itaru, Shinsaku Sato, Hiroshi Funaki, and Hikaru
Sone
OFFENSIVE ODORS.  12. AIR POLLUTANTS GENERATED
AT KP PLANTS.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion),  2(l):48-59,  1967. Translated from Japanese. 2p.
Measuring operations were conducted  at several kraft pulping
plants to determine the source of pollutants,  especially  the of-
fensive odors. Measurements were made of the exhaust gases
from the heavy oil boilers, the recovery boiler, and the turpen-
tine condenser. The  JIS method  was used to measure  sulfur
oxides, and the MB method for hydrogen sulfide. With respect
to offensive odors, efforts were concentrated on the measure-
ment  of  volatile organic  sulfur compounds, such as methyl-
mercaptan and methylsulfide; for this purpose, gas chromatog-
raphy was used.  The results showed that the  sulfur  oxides
were  within the  prefectural  limit for  public hazards.  It was
confirmed, however, that an excessive amount of  fine  dust is
generated from the  recovery  boilers and bark boilers. Also,
H2S amounting  to 60 ppm was  detected  from the recovery
boilers. Substantial amounts of melhylmercaptan and methyl-
sulfide were detected from the turpentine condensers and from
the recovery boilers. These compounds were identified and
quantitatively determined. Some peaks not yet identified were
also obtained in the gas chromatograms.

18164
Snyder, Joe  W.
MEASURING BLEACHING TOWER  RETENTION  TIMES.
Tappi, 49(12): 105A-106A, Dec. 1966.
Fluorescent  dye-treated pulp nodules  added to pulp entering
the bleaching towers were used to determine the flow and re-
tention pattern in  kraft mill  chlorination, caustic extraction,
hypochlorite,  and  chlorine  dioxide cells. This  was accom-
plished by observation made  through a manhole in the top of
the chlorination tower. All  luminous  particles were counted
during one minute  intervals, and the time and date of the test,
pulp flow rate, and consistency were recorded. A graph of re-
tention time in minutes plotted against percentage of luminous
particles  was prepared. The shape of the frequency curve, as
well as its position with respect to theoretical  retention time,
provided evidence  of the flow pattern.

18182
Clement, J. L., J. H. Coulter,  and S. Suda
B AND W KRAFT RECOVERY UNIT PERFORMANCE CAL-
CULATIONS.  Tappi, 46(2): 153A-160A, Feb. 1963.
Calculations used  commercially to determine a  material and
heat balance for a kraft recovery unit are described. The appli-
cation of recovery-unit design in  the calculation procedure
which is based on  elemental liquor analysis, permits accurate
prediction of unit  performance. A  material and heat balance
can  be  calculated  from elemental analysis  for  all pulp-mill
recovery systems.  The procedure  described  is  particularly
valuable  in calculating the expected thermal performance  of
recovery units processing sodium-  base liquors differing  in
properties from kraft  liquor. An  example  is a  unit burning
neutral sulfite  semichemical liquor to produce a high-sulfidity
smell with low reduction relative to kraft. The procedure is ap-
plicable to the design of recovery units processing magnesium,
calcium,  and ammonium-base liquors. This has been  done suc-
cessfully in predicting the  performance of magnesium-base
recovery units by analyzing the calorimeter bomb  products of
liquor combustion  to permit calculating a heat-of-reaction cor-
rection.

18188
Lewis, E. C., and R. G. Tallent
CHEMICAL RECOVERY  UNIT.   (Combustion  Engineering,
Inc., Windsor, Conn.) U. S. Pat. 3,304,918. 5p., Feb. 21, 1967.
3 refs. (Appl. Dec.  29, 1965, 2 claims.)
A  new  chemical recovery unit for  employment in  the kraft
pulping  process is  described. The unit consists of an upright
furnace into which black residual liquor is introduced for burn-
ing and smelting. The furnace has an inner surface lined with
tubes designed to generate steam of at least 900 psi.  The inner
surface also has primary air induction ports spaced above the
furnace bottom for directing air inward toward  the  combusti-
bles on the  bottom of the furnace. Smooth metal  lubes are
welded to the  steam generating tubes for the purpose of secur-
ing a layer of molten chemicals. During the operation of the
chemical recovery  unit, molten  chemicals are collected at the
bottom of the  furnace and are periodically withdrawn through
a suitable spout.

18189
Gauvin, W. H., and J. J. O. Gravel
CHEMICAL RECOVERY FROM SULFITE SPENT LIQUORS
BY THE ATOMIZED SUSPENSION  TECHNIQUE.  Tappi,
43(8):678-683.  Aug. 1960. 9 refs.
The pyrolysis  of  neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) spent
liquors under  reducing conditions yields a solid product con-
sisting essentially  of  sodium carbonate  with  small  amounts
(usually less than the  originally present in the liquor) of sodi-
um sulfate. Preliminary studies have indicated that sodium car-

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12
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
bonate can be recovered with yields of 90% and better. Com-
bustible gases are produced of good calorific value from which
the sulfur can  be recovered  as  SO2. In this report the en-
gineering aspects of this technique are presented. A corrosion
study has shown that austenitic stainless steels are strongly at-
tacked by fused sodium carbonate, and experimental  data is
presented both above and below the fusion temperature (765
C) and for a wide range of residence times. Reactor pressures
of up to 60 psi are used for feed concentrations of 55%, and
the results indicate that adequate  sodium carbonate conver-
sions can be  obtained at wall temperatures below the fusion
point. (Author's abstract modified)

19899
Sawaya, Tsugio
SURVEY  ON THE  PUBLIC NUISANCE BY  OFFENSIVE
ODOR.  (Akushu kogai gairon). Text in Japanese. Kuki  Seijo
(Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 8(2):34-46,
June 1970. 12refs.
Offensive odor as  a public nuisance can be classified accord-
ing to its composition  in the  following  industrial sources:
hydrocarbons and mercaptan from petroleum refining; organic
sulfur compounds such as mercaptan from paper and pulp fac-
tories; and amine and fatty acids  from fish meal and rendering
factories and  stockyards.  Odors of  each category  are ex-
plained. While it is well established that olfactory reception is
caused by a stimulus given to nerves by gaseous substances or
air-borne participates, the  mechanism of the  stimulus is not
yet known. Odors of industrial waste water are classified into
the following, that is, aromatic, free chlorine,  disagreeable,
earthy,  fishy,  grassy,  moldy,  musty,  peaty,  sweet,  free
hydrogen  sulfide,  and   vegetable.  Weber-Fechner's  law,
fatique,  personal differences,  and  interference  of  odors are
described. Definitions of threshold and odor concentration are
provided. Measuring  methods of  odor include dilution by air,
equilibrium with salt  water, and a method  used by processing
factories to monitor  the  total  amount of odor substances.
Physical or chemical  methods are available for odor abate-
ment. Scrubbers,  condensation by cooling, adsorption by ac-
tive carbon, and dilution by air are in the physical category,
while chemical methods  include processing by acid, alkali,
chlorine, or ozone, ion exchange, masking, recombustion, and
catalytic combustion.

20553
Sullivan, Ralph J.
PRELIMINARY  AIR POLLUTION  SURVEY  OF ODOROUS
COMPOUNDS.  A LITERATURE REVIEW.  Litton  Systems,
Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems  Div.,  Con-
tract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTP 66-42, 244p., Oct.  1969.
443 refs. CFSTI: PB 188089
Odors may cause mental and  physiological effects in humans,
such as  nausea, headache, loss of sleep, loss of appetite, im-
paired breathing, and in some cases allergic reactions. Commu-
nity and personal pride and status may be adversely affected.
No information on the effect  of odorous air pollutants on the
health or behavior of domestic, commercial, or experimental
animals  was found in the  literature. The  petroleum  industry,
petrochemical  plant complexes, chemical  industry, pulp and
paper mills,  coke  ovens, coal, iron-steel industry and foun-
dries, food  processing, meat industry (including  livestock
slaughtering,  inedible  rendering  of  animal   matter,  fish
processing, tanneries, etc), combustion processes (including
diesel engines), and sewage are listed as sources of odors. The
literature contains no quantitative data on the odor concentra-
tion in ambient air. Surveys  have been made, but they show
                      only the detective disagreeable odors and not their intensity.
                      Abatement methods  fall  into several categories: combustion,
                      absorption, adsorption, odor masking, odor removal, chemical
                      control,  biological control, and containment.  Combustion is
                      generally accepted as the best way to deodorize  malodorous
                      gases. Oxidation at 1,200 F or above usually gives  satisfactory
                      results.   Economically,  odor  pollution  depresses  property
                      values.  The human  nose is the  only  reliable  detector,  and
                      several  laboratory and field methods (organoleptic  methods,
                      such as  the vapor dilution technique and the syringe dilution
                      techinque) and instrumental methods (such as gas  chromatog-
                      raphy) have been deveolped to  quantify human observations.

                      21385
                      Hendrickson, E. R., J. E. Roberson, and J. B. Koogler
                      CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS  IN THE WOOD
                      PULPING INDUSTRY. (VOLUME 1). (FINAL REPORT).  En-
                      vironmental Engineering, Inc.,  Gainesville, Fla. and Sirrine (J.
                      E.) Co., Greenville,  S.  C., NAPCA  Contract CPA  22-69-18,
                      193p., March 15, 1970. 35 refs.  CFSTI: PB 190351
                      A study was conducted to make a comprehensive and  syste-
                      matic evaluation of the technical and economical problems in-
                      volved in the control of airborne emissions, especially panicu-
                      late and gaseous sulfur compounds from the chemical wood
                      pulping   industry. The economic  position and present geo-
                      graphic  distribution of the chemical wood pulping industry are
                      discussed.  The  major variations in the  kraft, sulfite,  and
                      semichemical pulping processes are described. Kraft gaseous
                      emissions include hydrogen sulfide,  sulfur  dioxide,  methyl
                      mercaptan,  and dimethyl sulfide.  They  are  emitted by the
                      recovery furnace, the lime kiln, evaporators, stock washers,
                      smelt dissolving tank, and other sources. Paniculate emissions
                      from  the kraft process  come  mainly from the recovery  fur-
                      nace, the lime  kiln,  and  the smelt dissolving  tank. Emissions
                      from the sulfite and semichemical processes are also discribed,
                      along with a review of emissions standards.

                      21728
                      Hendrickson, E. R., J. E. Roberson, and J. B. Koogler
                      CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS IN THE WOOD
                      PULPING INDUSTRY. VOLUME 2. (FINAL REPORT).  En-
                      vironmental Engineering. Inc., Gainesville, Fla., and Sirrine (J.
                      E.) Co., Greensville, S. C., Contract  CPA  22-69-18,  266p.,
                      March 15, 1970. 45 refs. CFSTI: PB 190352
                      Chapters 5  through  8 are contained  in this  second of three
                      volumes of a study of control of wood pulping emissions.
                      Chapter 5 reviews methods currently in use for paniculate and
                      gaseous  control. Evaluation of each  method  includes a cost
                      and effectiveness study,  as well as discussion of  engineering
                      factors unique  to specific applications. New methods,  which
                      have had limited or no application within the U. S. but  which
                      may show promise for future use, are described in Chapter 6.
                      Order of magnitude  costs are developed for  comparison pur-
                      poses.  In Chapter 7, overall control technology  is critically
                      discussed, with the relative merits and specific limitations of
                      the most effective and economical methods  summarized. An
                      example  of selected kraft process  configurations  to meet
                      selected  emission limitations is analyzed. Evaluation parame-
                      ters  are  applicable emission sources,  efficiency, flexibility,
                      economics,  reliability, and adaptability. Chapter 8 discussed
                      processes for flue gas desulfurization and possible recycling of
                      the sulfur in the pulping process. It is concluded that none of
                      the processes reviewed  are feasible  for  application  in  the
                      foreseeable future.

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                       13
22148
Kikuchi, T., H. Funaki, S. Sato, and K. Saito
ODOROUS SOURCES  IN KRAFT PULP MILLS.  (KP kohjoh
chu  no akooshu hasseigen ni tsooite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
osen Kenkyu (J. Japan  Soc. Air Pollution),  4(1): 149,  1969.
(Proceedings  of The Japan  Society  of  Air Pollution Annual
Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
In a pulp mill  in  Miyagi   Prefecture  which  manufactures
bleached kraft pulp at 430 ton per day,  malodorous  sub-
stances,  mainly  volatile organic  compounds,  are  analyzed
qualitatively and  quantitatively by means of gas chromatog-
raphy after collecting and concentrating samples by acetone at
a temperature of  -78 C at several points in the process. At a
recovery furnace  of the recovery process, methyl mercaptan
(1.22 to 4.04  ppm), dimethyl sulfide (0.84 to  1.80 ppm) and
hydrogen  sulfide (236 to   346  ppm)  are detected. In  the
digestion process, dimethyl sulfide (263 to 280 ppm) in the ex-
haust exit of  a blow tank and  methyl  mercaptan (11,560 to
14,125  ppm) and dimethyl sulfide (9880 to 14,100  ppm) in ex-
haust exit of  the  'tarpentin'  tank are found. From this analy-
sis, the gases from  the latter process seem to pollute the air
around the mill.

24398
Claiborne, J. T., Jr.
NO RECONVERSION  PROBLEMS FOR SULPHUR.  Mining
Congr. J., 32(2):67- 69,  Feb. 1946.
In order  to  meet  war  needs,  the country's sulfuric  acid
production capacity jumped  more than 2,000,000 short tons to
a total of 10,500,000 short tons, 100% acid. However, undue
expansion of the industry was avoided by a  well organized
system of salvage and  reuse of the acid first employed in ex-
plosives plants. Outstanding  among peactime sulfur consumers
was  the fertilizer industry. The insecticide and fungicide indus-
tries also played a part with the fertilizer industry in building
up American food  stocks. One  of the big sulfur consumers,
the pulp and  paper  industry annually took more than 10% of
the total sulfur production,  while  an interesting new use for
sulfur in the paper industry appeared to lie in the new bisulfite
process for counteracting stream pollution. In the rubbe indus-
try,  sulfur continues to play  a variety of roles, whether in the
vulcanization  of both the natural and synthetic products, or as
sulfuric acid.  Sulfuric acid is one of the requisite ingredient for
the production of high  octane gasoline, while the steel industr
continues to be an important user of sulfuric acid  for pickling
purposes. Announcements from the chemical industry for 1946
stressed research  in many hither-to untouched fields, pointing
out markets for war developed plastics, synthetic fibers, and
other chemical raw materials.

24903
Wright, R. H.
IS IT POSSIBLE  TO BUILD AND OPERATE A COMPLETE-
LY ODORLESS KRAFT MILL? Can. Pulp Paper Ind.  (Van-
couver), 10(9):21-22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, Sept. 1957.
It  is  possbile to build a completely  odorless kraft mill if
management is willing  to pay the price. The initial down pay-
ment would pay for odor control equipment; the direct install-
ment payments are  the costs of  maintaining all the odor con-
trol  equipment at top  efficiency; indirect  installment charges
occur whenever it is necessary to limit production to prevent
odor emission. Most kraft odors are due to organic sulfur com-
pounds such  as methyl mercaptan  and its oxidation products.
The  kraft operation  also emits paniculate matter, mostly com-
pounds  of sodium.  The sources of emissions are discussed,
and  control  measures  are  described.   Dusts  are  usually
removed by a combination of scrubbers, bag filters, or electro-
static precipitators. The  process of black liquor oxidation is
discussed. When  it is properly  oxidized, the release of odors
from black liquor is greatly curtailed. Research in the areas of
contaminant identification and  quantification is  necessary in
order to get a better understanding of effective design charac-
teristics.

25205
Martin-Lof, Rutger
HOW THE SWEDISH  PULP  AND PAPER INDUSTRY COM-
BATS AIR POLLUTION.  Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution  Prevention Associations, 42p.,  1970.  (Presented at
the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C.,
Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-28G.)
The sulfite pulp industry is responsible for more than half of
the air pollution from the pulp industry in spite of the fact that
the sulfite pulp production only amounts to  about 29% of the
total chemical  pulp production.  This is due to the fact that in
the calcium sulfite process,  at  present the dominating sulfite
process in Sweden, no method for chemical recovery is availa-
ble. The production of  sulfate pulp, sulfite pulp on  a so called
soluble base, and semichcmical pulp  is expected to increase
and to be concentrated to a few large  units,  while the produc-
tion of calcium sulfite  pulp,  is  expected to  cease in the  long
run. Dust emission emanates  from soda recovery boilers,  lime
kilns, lye furnaces, and bark  furnaces. Electrostatic filters are
used at all Swedish sulfate  mills for  purification of the  flue
gases from the recovery  boilers and at more than  half of the
mills there are  scrubbers for washing of the gases as well.  Flue
gases from  lime  kilns are usually cleaned  in a  venturi  gas
scrubber.  Dust separation from lye  and bark furnaces  are
usually performed in cyclone type mechanical equipment. The
emission of acidic gases  consists of  sulfur dioxide and some
sulfur trioxide,  and emanates mainly  from the lye furnace for
burning of the sulfite  waste liquors  and from the recovery
boilers in  the sulfate mills. As distinguished from the calcium-
based  sulfite process, the other  pulping  processes  involve
chemical recovery processes  and the emissions are due to in-
evitable losses  in the  recovery processes.  The emission  of
odorous substances on  a  large scale occurs in connection  with
the sulfate process only.  In order to collect the odorous gases
a pipeline can  be set up through the sulfate mill.  As a  con-
sequence of The Environmental Preservation Act, which came
into force in Sweden on July 1, 1969, the nature conservation
authorities and  the pulp and paper industry have in close col-
laboration carried out a very comprehensive investigation com-
prising the charting of  existing  emissions and an examination
of the technical and economic  possibilities of lowering these
emissions. On  the basis of these investigations, The National
(Swedish) Environment Protection Board has issued recom-
mendations  for  restriction   of emissions  at  air  polluting
establishments.  The investments in water and air preservation
measures are expected  to amount to about 10% of the  total in-
vestments in the pulp industry. (Author abstract)

25683
Statens Naturvardsverk, Solna (Sweden)
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE WOOD PRODUCTS
INDUSTRY.    (Skogsindustrins luftvardsproblem).  Text  in
Swedish. Solna (Sweden), Statens Naturvardsverk,  1969, 246p.

The role of air pollution is  discussed with reference to the
variou mechanical, chemical, and semichemical processes in-
volved in the making of wood  pulp and wood pulp products

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14
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
such as  paper  and cellulose.  Most attention  is given to the
sutfate and sulfite chemical processes, with production charts
on which are indicated the points at which emissions are  most
critical. The major pollutants  given off by these processes are
discussed, with special  emphasis on paniculate matter,  SO2,
and chlorine compounds. A final chapter deals with acceptable
emission levels and levels of pollution in the  vicinity of pulp
plants. Swedish standards for emission and pollution levels are
compared with  those of other countries, and figures are given
for  the  pollution  levels  in the immediate vicinity of Swedish
pulp mills. A series of appendices give data on such subjects
as the costs of installation for certain types of  dust separators,
the  elimination of H2S  and other unpleasant odors,  and the
economic consequences of a  transition from  a calcium  to  a
magnesium base in plants using a sulfite  process. The limits
set  on atmospheric  SO2  content  in  Sweden are a monthly
average of 0.05  ppm, a 24-hour average of O.I,  and a maximum
(in any  30-minute period) of 0.25 ppm. The Public Health In-
stitute  in Stockholm has set  limits for the  following organic
sulfur compounds: H2S, .00069 mg  per cubic meter;  methyl
mercaptan .0041 mg;  and dimethyl monosulfide, .002 mg.

26255
Osterli, Victor P.
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY
AND   THE  FOREST   PRODUCTS  INDUSTRIES:  COM-
BUSTION. In: Project Clean  Air. California Univ., Berkeley,
Task Force 5, Vol. 1, Section 4, 19p., Sept. 1,  1970. 51 refs.
To  suddenly eliminate  agricultural,  forest land, and  wood
residue burning because it is a socially undesirable practice re-
lated to air pollution will necessitate development of satisfac-
tory, economical, and practical alternatives. In some instances,
burning has also  destroyed  disease, insect, and  weed  pests.
The  average  daily contribution of air pollutants from agricul-
tural burning  throughout  California  is  less than 56  tons of
hydrocarbons per day, but the concentration  of the pollution
at certain times of the  year, in certain localities, and during
periods of poor ventilation presents a problem. Agriculture in
som county air pollution control districts permits burning only
when the inversion base and the maximum mixing  height are
at  prescribed  levels and  specified  wind  velocities  occur.
Problems of controlled burning must  be considered in the light
of the benefits of open areas created  within brush  fields by the
range improvement program.  This involves the use of fire for
the removal of 'less desirable' woody  vegetation  followed by
reseeding with  forage species to  provide more feed of better
quality  for cattle. Alternative methods of disposal are  espe-
cially needed for the burning of residual waste from sawmills
and wood processing mills. The incorporation  of residues into
the  soil by  farm  operations should  b  encouraged,  while
shredding followed by  discing is useful for  the disposal of
logging  wastes.  Herbicides  have to a  large  extent replaced
open  burning along  ditchbanks.  roadsides,  and around  farm
headquarter.  In the instance of wood residuals, they are find-
ing increased utilization by  their conversion  to  chips  to be
used to wood pulping and particle board manufacturing. Pest
problems, economic  factors, and  the  search  for alternatives
are discussed.  Short-term and long-term  research  needs are
mentioned, as well as research in forest waste  management.

26441
Oglesby, Sabert, Jr. and Grady B. Nichols
A   MANUAL    OF   ELECTROSTATIC   PREC1P1TATOR
TECHNOLOGY.   PART  II   --  APPLICATION  AREAS.
Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala., NAPCA Contract
CPA 22-69-73, 875p., Aug. 25. 1970. 118 refs. NTIS: PB 196381
                       The application of electrostatic  precipitators is  reviewed for
                       the  electric utility industry,  the  pulp and paper  industry, the
                       iron and steel industry, the rock  products industry, the chemi-
                       cal  industry, in cleaning municipal incinerator dusts, for the
                       petroleum industry,  and in  the nonferrous metals  industry.
                       Particular  emphasis  is placed on the dust and gaseous  emis-
                       sions of the processes discussed. This is followed by a tabula-
                       tion of input and design  parameters for precipitators operating
                       on various types of dust control problems and an analysis of
                       critical design parameters and  test results. Cost  data are also
                       presented. The electrolytic reduction of aluminum, the produc-
                       tion of copper, primary lead, and zinc reduction  are discussed
                       in the area of the nonferrous metals industry. In the  petroleum
                       industry, catalytic cracking and detarring are indicated as ap-
                       plication  areas. Refuse  properties are  discussed, as well as
                       types  of incinerators. Sulfuric acid production, the production
                       of elemental phosphorus, phosphoric acid, and carbon black,
                       warrant the use of  precipitators in the chemical industry. In
                       the  rock products industry,  the  manufacture of Portland ce-
                       ment and  the gypsum industry present  problems. Coke ovens,
                       sinter plants,  blast furnaces, open hearth furnaces, basic ox-
                       ygen converters, electric  arc furnaces,  scarfing machines,  and
                       iron cupolas are areas of application in the iron and steel in-
                       dustry. In the pulp and  paper industry, precipitators are in-
                       dicated  for the recovery  of boiler paniculate emissions  and
                       sulfate process flue  gases. Fly ash precipitators are  needed in
                       the electric utility industry.

                       26594
                       Adam, Robert
                       WATER AND AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL IN THE UNITED
                       STATES.  (Wasser- und Luftverunreinigung in den USA). Text
                       in German. Wasser Luft  Betrieb,  14(12):499-500, 1970.
                       The  extent of  the  air  and water  pollution  problem  in  the
                       U.S.A. is demonstrated on statistical data pertaining  to agricul-
                       tural waste, mining industry  waste, sewage volume,  emissions
                       from  automobile exhausts, power plants and other industrial
                       sources,  abandoned  cars and  solid waste,  and sums  con-
                       tributed by the Federal Government to the states to deal with
                       these  problems  in 1969 and  1970. Water pollution stems from
                       communal sewage, from industrial effluents, and from agricul-
                       ture; the latter is the biggest polluter as a result of  the effect
                       of fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides. About 60% of the air
                       pollution stems  from internal combustion engines, the balance
                       from  industrial  and domestic  heating sources. The stimpula-
                       tions  of the Clean Air Act of  1967 and their implications for
                       the  automobile industry, the  metal working industry, the  paper
                       industry, sawmills, power plants, the coal mining industry, the
                       housing industry, and solid waste removal are discussed.

                       26979
                       Agardy, Franklin J.
                       INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ENGINEERING.
                       Preprint, 28p., 1970 1 ref. (Presented at the Hawaii  Air  Pollu-
                       tion Seminar, Kahala, Oct. 30-31,  1970.)
                       Air  pollution control features of a pulp and paper  mill  to be
                       located  in a sparsely populated area of a western  state are
                       presented. A systematic  investigation of the proposed mill in-
                       cluded the following tasks:  review of  all plant  processing
                       operations and identification of significant sources of air  pollu-
                       tion; consideration of local  meteorology;  review of pertinent
                       existing and potential future air pollution regulatory  require-
                       ments  delineation  of appropriate  methods  for elimination,
                       reduction, or masking of air pollution  problems  with  con-
                       sideration for process modifications as well as pollution con-
                       trol devices; establishment of a priority list of items  calling for
                       action at the plant;  selection of alternate air pollution control

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                                           A. EMISSION  SOURCES
                                                       15
systems and estimation of efficiency and total cost information
for each system;  and development of an efficient monitoring
scheme. The proposed pulp and paper mill will have a design
capacity  of  approximately 360 tons per day and  use a  labor
force in excess of 700 men. Plant statistics are summarized, as
well as the  major operations included  in the kraft type of
process.  Emissions  from  several  different  units  are  enu-
merated. During  the  preliminary  design of  the  mill, it was
recognized that the state in which  the proposed mill  was  to be
located did  not have  very  effective air pollution regulations.
Therefore, it was decided to design air pollution systems based
on  the Oregon  standards,  which  were  considered  to be the
most severe as regards pulp and paper mills. Standards are
reviewed, and the pollution control techniques are discussed.

27293
Winthrop, S. 0.
AN  OVERVIEW  ON  AIR  POLLUTION.   Chem.   in   Can.,
23(2):21-25,  Feb. 1971.
In 1966, the five air pollutants accounting for 98% of all  emis-
sions in the  U. S. were carbon monoxide (52%), sulfur oxides
(18%),  hydrocarbons  (12%), participates (10%),  and nitrogen
oxides  (6%). By far the greatest source of the pollutants  is the
combustion  of fossil fuels. Other important sources  are indus-
trial activities  such  as iron  and  steel  manufacturing,   metal
smelting,  oil  refining,  pulp  and   paper,  chemical,   and
petrochemical  operations.  The  adverse health  effects as-
sociated with air  pollutants are  noted, as are their effects on
vegetation and  their  possible effects on climate and global
ecology. The ultimate control of air pollution will require the
application  of  science and a greatly  increased research and
development effort by governments, universities, and indus-
tries.

27433
Blosser, Russell O., Andre L. Caron, and Leon Duncan
AN  INVENTORY  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  SOURCES OF
REDUCED SULFUR EMISSIONS  FROM THE KRAFT PULP-
ING PROCESS.   Preprint, Air Pollution Control  Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 13p., 1970. 2 refs. (Presented at  the  Air Pollution
Control Association  Annual  Meeting, 63rd,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,
June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-75.)
Details are given  of a special field  study now in progress to
determine the  composition,  magnitude,  and  factors  affecting
the discharge level of miscellaneous  source  emissions  for a
sample representing  about  20% of  the  U. S. kraft  industry.
These  miscellaneous  sources include  the lime  kiln, brown
stock washer ventilation system exhausts, brown stock seal
tank and vacuum  system exhaust vents,  black liquor oxidation
system exhaust vents, and smelt tank vents. The study is  using
two specially-designed  mobile laboratories equipped  with total
sulfur  analyzers  and  chromatographs.  Process variables that
may have some effect  on miscellaneous source emissions and
which are included in this investigation are residual sulfur con-
tent of process materials  and combustion conditions in lime
kilns.

27501
Vandergrift. A. Eugene, Larry J. Shannon, Eugene E. Sallee,
Paul G. Gorman, and William  R. Park
PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
 Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  30p.,
1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution  Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June  14-18,  1970,
Paper 70-148.)
The  identity,  characterization,  and quantity of the national
paniculate air pollution problem from stationary sources were
determined.   Paniculate  emissions  from  stationary  sources
were obtained from data on emission factors, grain loadings,
and materia  balances. The principal method used for establish-
ing the tonnage emitted  by an industry utilized uncontrolled
emission factors. Total tonnage emitted was calculated from
an emission factor for the uncontrolled source, the total ton-
nage processed per year by the industry, the efficiency of con-
trol equipment used, and the percentage of production capaci-
ty equipped with control devices. Paniculate emission totaled
approximately 21 times  10 to  the 6th power tons per year.
Major  stationary sources included electric  power generation
plants,  the  forest products industry, agriculture  and related
operations,  the crushed stone industry, the cement industry,
and the iron and steel industry.  Estimates of the total quantity
of paniculate pollutants were made up to the year 2000 by tak-
ing into account changes in production capacity, improvements
in control devices, and legislative or  regulatory action to en-
force installation of control  equipment. Forecasts indicated
that paniculate emissions can be reduced from 21 times 10 to
the 6th power tons per year to 13 times 10 to the 6th power
tons per year by 1980 through the  installation  of currently
available control devices  on  all  sources.  (Author abstract
modified)

27942
Hammar, C. G. B. and H. C. I. Arne
THE SODA  FURNACE AS A SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION.
Preprint, Canadian Pulp and Paper Assoc., Technical Section,
and Chemical Inst. of Canada, p. 59-60, 1970. (Presented at the
Canadian Wood Chemistry Symposium,  3rd,  Vancouver,  B.
C., June 24-26, 1970.)
The  principles of a  computer  method  to obtain complete
material balances from a  relatively closed  chemical recovery
system  in a Swedish kraft pulp mill  are briefly outlined. The
closed  system is necessary because of recent stringent air pol-
lution  regulations. In computing soda furnace sulfur losses
from such balances, data from a standard sulfate  mill and  a
sodium bisulfite  mill are  summarized  in  a linear equation
showing the yield of sulfur in the soda smelt as a function of
the sulfur to  sodium  ratio in  the feed  to  the furnace. With
equations and data available for each process stage, material
balances are made by a  trial-and-error method,  assuming  a
preliminary  value for the  sulfidity of  the white liquor and cor-
recting it until the sum of sulfur losses equals the sulfur in the
feed. As a  demonstration, calculations are  given for several
modifications of a standard 100,000-ton sulfate mill. To control
furnace sulfur losses, studies based on pyrolysis  reaction in-
dicate that the highest sulfur retention is obtained if the black
liquor is heated  slowly in the furnace. Efficient process  con-
trol can be achieved only by considering the  furnace as part of
the total sulfate process.

28095
Roberson, James E., E. R. Hendrickson, and W. Gene Tucker
THE NAPCA STUDY OF THE CONTROL OF ATMOSPHER-
IC EMISSIONS IN THE WOOD PULPING INDUSTRY.  TAP-
PI, 54(2):239-244, Feb. 1971.  (Presented a  the Technical  As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry Engineerin Con-
ference, Denver, Colo., Oct. 25-29, 1970.)
An 18-month system analysis study of the wood pulping indus-
try was undertaken  to  identify technical  and  economic
problems related to the control of industry emissions and to
assess  the economic impact of air quality standards on the in-
dustry.  The study involved the preparation of  17 flow dia-

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 16
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
grams  for  the  three  pulping  processes  (kraft,  sulfite, and
NSSC), engineering evaluations for a  range of mill  sizes for
various control methods, and the development of a mathemati-
cal model to project  investment  and  operating costs in the
kraft pulping industry  through 1980. The results are presented
in tables of emissions  and control costs for a hypothetical ex-
isting  500  tons/day  mill and  the  same  mill controlled  to
Oregon-Washington Standards.  Based  on the  latest  available
data, current installatio and operating costs are also  given for
the industry. Total installed cost is approximately $166,000,000
for the kraft  industry and  approximately $900,000 for the
sulfite  industry.  Net  annual costs  for the kraft  industry is
about $24,000,000, while in  the case  of sulfite  a slight net
return  is indicated. The increased expenditures reported are
not expected to diminish the  projected  pulp and paper produc-
tion of more than double 1968 figures by 1985.

28885
Douglass, Irwin B. and Lawrence Price
SOURCES OF ODOR  IN THE KRAFT PROCESS. II. REAC-
TIONS   FORMING  HYDROGEN  SULFIDE   IN   THE
RECOVERY FURNACE.  TAPPI, 5l(10):465-467, Oct. 1968. 9
refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the  Pulp and
Paper Industry, Annual Meeting, 52nd, New York, Feb.  19-23,
1967.)
The  production of hydrogen sulfidc during  pyrolysis in the
kraft pulping process was studied in the laboratory by heating
inorganic substances assumed to be present in  the black  liquor
at 600  C, first with soda lignin  and then with glucose. In ex-
periments using sodium  sulfate  and sodium sulfite,  negligible
amounts  of hydrogen sulfide  were formed.  In  experiments
with elemental sulfur,  sodium sulfide, and  sodium thiosulfate,
however, heating with soda lignin or glucose caused 30-75% of
the inorganic sulfur to be converted to hydrogen sulfide. These
result clearly indicate  that targe volumes of hydrogen sulfide
are formed in a recovery furnace. If conditions for combustion
are optimum in the furnace,  this hydrogen  sulfide will quickly
burn to sulfur dioxide and water. The former will react with
the alkali in the incoming black liquor and be retained.  If the
furnace is  not operated  properly, the hydrogen  sulfide can
escape to the atmosphere to  become a  major cause of air pol-
lution.  (Author abstract modified)

28898
Wakefield, John W. and Earle P. Bisher
AW POLLUTION CONTROL AND  ITS  EFFECTS ON
OTHER ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES.    Eng.  Progr.  Univ.
Florida Bull. Ser., 1
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                                           A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      17
are anticipated to be more costly and complicated. The new
project will seek to develop manufacturing techniques with a
lower pollution output,  as well as to investigate more efficient
ways  of separating, and neutralizing the pollutants. It will en-
courage an exchange of information with the USA, Canada,
Finland, and Norway. Eight study groups have been  formed,
each dealing with a different phase of the general problem.

30701
Weiner, Jack and Lillian Roth
AIR POLLUTION  IN THE PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY.
Inst. Paper Chem.,  Bibliog. Ser., no. 237:1-224, 1969. 769 refs.
A bibliography on air pollution is given limited to problems of
the pulp and paper industry.  A subject and author index are
also  included. The bibliography  includes control methods,
measurement  methods,  analytical methods,  odor counterac-
tion, air quality studies, specific pollutants, and so on.

31327
Witt, J. M. and K. R. Cannon
AIR  QUALITY IN  OREGON.  In:  Environmental Quality in
Oregon  1971. Oregon State Univ.,  Corvallis. Environmental
Health Sciences  Center; Oregon State Government, National
Resources, NSF Grant GT-14, p. 3-7, 1971.
The major air pollution problem in Oregon is particulars from
smoke.  Primary  emission  from combustion,  principally  in
forest and agricultural residue disposal will probably decrease
on the next decade, but other sources which are a function of
population will  increase.  Western  Oregon  has  the  highest
potential,  on  a  meteorological  basis,  for an  air  pollution
problem of any  area  in the  continental United  States. Low
wind  movement  and frequent inversions are principal factors
in  restricted natural ventilation. The nature of the persistent
haze and increasing visibility  loss in western Oregon needs to
be studied. The relative contribution of fine particulars from
combustion sources, as compared to noncombustion sources
including  secondary pollutants  produced  in  the  atmosphere,
should be determined.  The major  sources  of  pollution are
production of lumber and  manufactured wood products, pulp
mills, field burning, slash  burning,  metal  processing and use,
and motor vehicles. Responsibility for air pollution control in
Oregon  is divided  between three regional agencies and one
state  agency. Air  quality  standards were adopted  to cover
smoke discharge, paniculate fallout,  and suspended paniculate
matter.  Specific  emission  standards  were adopted for Kraft
pulp mills, rendering  plants,  hot  mix asphalt  paving plants,
wigwam waste burners, and open burning dumps.

31548
Bolker,  Henry I.
OUT OF THE WOODS. Tech. Rev., 73(6):22-29, April 1971.
Except for the recycled paper which yields a product  for only
limited and uses, and the small amount of rags converted into
special fine papers, most of the pulp and paper industry s raw
material comes from trees. Both the mechanical and chemical
methods for rendering wood into pulp are  described. The kraft
process  and the acid-sulfite process are cited. Rendering wood
into pulp, and then bleaching and processing the  pulp  into a
suitable  base for  paper, cause the most serious waste problems
in  the papermaking process. One of the greatest errors of the
paper industry was to use organo-mercury slimicdes in its mills
to  stop  the growth of slimy  molds on paper machines. The
problems with fibers are also mentioned, but every new mill is
now being equipped with facilities to remove solid and other
wastes before  water is  returned to  the land. Older  mills are
also  acquiring suitable facilities-mainly  in the form  of  large
settling tanks where the water can be clarified and secondary
aeration systems. Waste materials in true solution constitute a
different problem. After separation  of  the  pulp  fibers, the
spent liquor from a  sulfite cook contains lignosulfonic  acid,
degraded carbohydrate polymers, and free sugars,  as well as
some residual bisulfite.

32165
Gerstle, Richard W. and Timothy W. Devitt
CHLORINE AND HYDROGEN CHLORIDE EMISSIONS  AND
THEIR  CONTROL.   Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 23p.,  1971. 12 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic  City,
N. J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-25.)
Chlorine and hydrogen chloride are emitted to the  atmosphere
by production processes and by various chemical and metallur-
gical processes. Hydrogen  chloride is also emitted by many
combustion processes using coal  or fuel oil. The  major uses
for both chlorine and HC1  are in the organic chlorination in-
dustry, which consumes almost 7.5 million tons of the chlorine
and 0.9 million tons of the HC1. Economical operation of  these
processes  requires the recovery and reuse of both chlorine and
HC1 whenever  possible.  Chlorine is  emitted mainly  from its
manufacturing  and   associated   handling  and  liquefaction
processes,  and in pulp bleaching. Hydrogen chloride is emitted
mainly from coal and refuse  combustion processes and, to a
much smaller extent, from its manufacture and use. Control
techniques  for chlorine  and  HC1 are  well  established for
chemical processes and use various  types of scrubbers with
water or  caustic as  the absorbing solution.  Counter-current
packed towers are most commonly used to reduce emissions.
The disposal of waste liquor from these scrubbers is a problem
when in-plant uses cannot be found.  Hydrogen chloride emis-
sions from combustion  processes are  largely uncontrolled.
(Author abstract modified)

32475
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
REPORT  OF SURVEY  OF  THE SPECIFIED POISONOUS
SUBSTANCES  AND  THE PREVENTION  OF OFFENSIVE
ODOR.  REPORT 4.  (Tokutei yugaibusshitsu  narabini akushu
boshi ni kansuru chosa kenkyu hokokusho (Dai 4 po)). Text in
Japanese. 67p.,  Aug.  1969. 14 refs.
The kraft pulp and petrochemical industries were examined as
sources of offensive  odors  and the actual cotdition of the of-
fensive odor was analyzed.  The present state of odorous emis-
sions from  these industries,  problems,  and  countermeasures
are discussed. The offensive odors produced in the digester
process of a kraft pulp industry in Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefec-
ture  were  measured  by  a  sense  organ  method, obtained by
modifying the odorless chamber. The odors were analyzed by
the salt-balanced method, the glass beads tube (selective ad-
sorption of offensive odors), and  the low temperature adsorp-
tion method (concentration  of the odor by liquid oxygen). The
volumes of dime thy 1-disulfide,  hydrogen sulfide,  mercaptan,
and dimethyl sulfide in the odor were great.  Odors analyzed
from the recovery boiler in the kraft pulp  factories in Miyagi
Prefecture  contained  1-4 ppm methyl mercaptan, 20-300 ppm
hydrogen  sulfide, and approximately 1 ppm dimethyl sulfide.
The  volume of gas emitted at that lime was 290,000 cu m.
About 1%  of methyl mercaplan and dimethyl sulfide was de-
tected  from the turpentine tank. Odors from  petro-chemical
factories in Yamaguchi Prefecture were measured by gas  chro-
maiography. The odors were composed of vinyl chloride, 1,3-
butadiene,  propylene oxide, acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, and
ethylene dichloride.

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 18
PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
32483
Commoner, Barry, Michael Corr, and Paul J. Stamler
THE  CAUSES  OF  POLLUTION.   Environment, 13(3):2-19,
April  1971. 24 refs.
Growth in population,  per capita consumption, and environ-
mental impact per unit of production are examined as possible
factors contributing to the  problem of air pollution. United
States data for the years  1946-1948 are examined. The change
in pollution level for that  time increased the range from 200 to
1000%. Population growth, however, was only 43%. The Gross
National  Product (GNP) increased  about  126% and the GNP
per capita increased  about  59%.  The  general  production
classes that  increased sharply  in per capita  consumption in-
cluded synthetic organic chemicals and  the  products  made
from them; wood pulp and paper products; total production of
energy; total horsepowei  of prime movers, especially petrole-
um driven vehicles; cement;  aluminum;  mercury used  for
chlorine production; and  petroleum  and its products. The in-
crease was in  the range  of  100 to 1000%, which  concurred
with changes in the pollution level. The possible contributions
of these activities to air pollution are examined and the use of
mercury in the chemical process industries is chosen as an in-
formative example.

32879
Hoshika, Yasuyuki
ON THE FIELD EXPERIENCE OF ODOR POLLUTION SUR-
VEY  METHOD  IN KRAFT  PULP INDUSTRY.   (Kurafuto
parupu kogyo ni okeru akushu  chosa  no  genjoteki keiken ni
tsuite). Text in  Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J.  Water Waste),
13(9):1128-1135, Sept. 1971. 12 refs.
The digesting process, dehydration and scrubbing, black liquor
oxidation, evaporation, and recovery boiler operations in Kraft
Pulp mills are explained with a flowsheet.  The Kraft Pulp Mill
in Fuji City was investigated by the olfactory method and the
injection method (odor concentration times exhaust quantity)
on Dec. 6, 1970. Compared with other odor emission rates of a
fishmeal  plant  complex in Yamaguchi  Prefecture, (ten  to the
6th power - ten  to the 7th power), a fishmeal plant complex in
Tokyo (ten to the 7th power - ten  to the  9th power), a phar-
maceutical plant complex in Tokyo (ten to the Sth power - ten
to the 9th power), and a fishmeal plant complex in Yamanashi
Prefecture (ten to the Sth  power - ten to the 9th power), all the
high emission sources being usually contained in one area, the
Fuji KP Mill had three locations with more than ten to the 9th
power odor emission rate. The ten locations where odor emis-
sion rates were  taken  all had rates between ten to the  7th
power - ten to  the  9th power. The  three  locations with  high
counts were  2K  washer,  IK   turpentine  cooler, and  the
recovery boiler. A large portion of  the emission  comes from
the stack  exhaust gas in  the  recovery process, and the  next
largest from the digestion process; the emissions from  these
two sources amount to two-thirds  of the total quantity. The
breakdown of  the  sulfur compounds produced by  the Kraft
Pulp Mill  is: CH3SH,  500 kg/500 ton pulp; (CH3)2S 1500 kg;
and (CH3)2S2, 50 kg, a total of 2050 kg.

33804
Boyle, G. M.
THE EXPLOSION HAZARDS  OF ESPARTO AND CREPE OR
TISSUE DUSTS.  Paper Technol., 12(2):153-164, April 1971.  12
refs.
The processing of esparto grass as a paper making raw materi-
al in  developing countries is discussed and,  to help  in  as-
sessing the very dangers from dust explosions,  reference is
made  to an explosion experienced in a Scottish mill during the
                      last decade. Tissue or creped paper dusts have been shown to
                      initiate an explosion  which will chain react with considerable
                      violence. When the results of these tests are related to the ac-
                      tual conditions viewed at some modern tissue mills, the secon-
                      dary dust explosion potentials appear very real and under cer-
                      tain conditions  could be near catastrophic. (Author summary
                      modified)

                      33983
                      Wilson, Donald F. and Bjorn F. Hrutfiord
                      SEKOR IV.  FORMATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC  COM-
                      POUNDS  IN THE KRAFT PULPING  PROCESS.   Tappi,
                      54(7): 1094-1098, July  1971.  36 refs. (Presented at the Technical
                      Association of the  Pulp  and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting,
                      56th, New York, Feb. 22-25, 1971.)
                      The  formation  of  steam volatile  organic compounds  in  the
                      kraft  pulping  process  other  than the recovery  furnace  is
                      reviewed. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of hydrocar-
                      bons, sulfur  compounds,  alcohols,  and terpenes are  deter-
                      mined. The  route  to the  formation of methyl  ketones  was
                      established  as  air  oxidation   of  extractives  followed  by
                      hydroperoxide decomposition to unsaturated  ketones  which
                      undergo  a reversed aldol condensation in  the kraft  digester.
                      Fermentation was proposed to account for the formation of all
                      the alcohols except methanol.  Guaiacol and related  phenolic
                      compounds were determined  of importance in overall kraft
                      mill odor. (Author summary modified)

                      35066
                      Cox, L. A. and H. E. Worster
                      AN ASSESSMENT  OF  SOME SULFUR-FREE  CHEMICAL
                      PULPING PROCESSES. Tappi, 54(11):1890-1892, Nov. 1971.
                      34 refs. (Presented at the  Technical Association  of the Pulp
                      and Paper Industry, New York, Feb. 22-25, .1971.)
                      Non-sulfur pulping methods to  reduce  emissions from  the
                      pulping  process are  reviewed.  Nitric acid pulping delivers
                      rapid delignification at low  temperatures and atmospheric pres-
                      sure, relatively  high  pulp  yield, and useful by-products, but
                      the chemicals are more costly, pulp strength is inferior to that
                      of kraft pulps, and  the pulp is darker in color. Single-stage al-
                      kali-oxygen pulping methods yield pulps of higher quantities
                      and brightness values but require large chemical applications.
                      Pulp yields in pulping with chlorine  dioxide are high, but the
                      high hemicellulose content of these pulps, high electrical costs,
                      and corrosion problems may make the process uneconomical.
                      The process would also emit  chlorine dioxide which is very
                      toxic and may be explosive  in certain ratios with the air.
                      (Author abstract modified)

                      35113
                      Niklasson, Rune
                      AIR CLEANING - NO UTOPIA ANY LONGER. REPORT ON
                      THIS YEAR S  ELMIA EXHIBITION.  (Luitrening - ej  langre
                      nagon  utopi  rapport  (ran  arets Elmia-utstallning).  Text  In
                      Swedish. Kern. Tidskr., 83(9):46-50, 1971.
                      The Elmia exhibition attracted 200 exhibiters from ten coun-
                      tries  in early September in Jonkoping. A number of industries
                      in Sweden which envision large  investments for the next cou-
                      ple of  years  for environmental protection and  air pollution
                      control are discussed.  Investigations carried out in Sweden
                      show that sulfur dioxide emissions are of large and still in-
                      creasing volume, and nitrogen oxides are of next  importance.
                      Large volumes of dust are also put into the atmosphere. Out-
                      lines  are  given of the projects concerning environmental pro-
                      tection  provided by the  cellulose industry.  Great  emphasis is

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                                            A. EMISSION  SOURCES
                                                        19
laid upon charting of the emission  sources. Half of the total
S02 emission in the cellulose industry is created by the sulfite
industry, mainly due to the pulp production on a calcium ba-
sis. There  are two  different  solutions  to  this  problem:
switching to a  magnesium  basis, or flue gas  cleaning. An ex-
perimental flue gas cleaning equipment was tested in continu-
ous operation.  The  chemical and  food  industries  are  men-
tioned. A new  generation of pollution measuring instruments
for detecting   low  concentrations  without   surveillance  is
described.  These  instruments  apply  chemiluminescent  sub-
stances, flame-photometric detectors, and gas  chromatographs.
A  brief account is given of the problems  and possibilities  in-
volved in dust  measurements.

35443
Shannon, L. J. and P. G. Gorman
PARTICIPATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME II
• FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS. Midwest Research  Inst., En-
vironmental Sciences Sectio Air Pollution Control Office Con-
tract CPA-22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-C,  335p., Aug. 1,  1971.
139 refs. NTIS: PB 203521
The emission of fine  particulates (0.01-2 micron) from industri-
al  emission sources was statistically investigated with respect
to  data acquisition,  particle  size distribution, fractional effi-
ciency of control methods, defined sources,  emission projec-
tions,  paniculate  sampling,  and  effects   on human  health,
animals,  and atmospheric modifications.  Industrial emission
sources included stationary combustion of  coal, fuel, oil, and
natural gas (power plants), crushed stone  processes, iron and
steel plants, (furnaces), kraft pulp mills,  cement plants and
kilns,  asphalt plants, ferroalloys processing,  lime plants, car-
bon black, coal preparation plants, petroleum units,  municipal
incinerators, fertilizer and  grain processes, dryers,  iron  foun-
dries, cupolas, and  acids. Mobile emission sources included
motor  vehicles, aircraft, railroads, and water transport. Effi-
ciency curves  for electrostatic precipitators, fabric  filters,
scrubbers,  cyclones, and multiclones were derived.  Sampling
devices included impactors, thermal precipitators, electrostatic
precipitators, particle-size distribution analyzers, microparticle
classifiers, counters,  differential sedimentation techniques, and
microscopic measurements. Atmosphere modifications due to
particulates emissions   were determined as  weather pattern
modifications, light scattering, decreased visibility, association
with smoke plumes, and change in air composition. Projections
of paniculate emissions to the year 2000 are given.

35574
Vandegrift, A. E. and L. J. Shannon
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME II
.  HANDBOOK  OF   EMISSION   PROPERTIES.  Midwest
Research Inst., Envrlonmental Sciences Section, Air Pollution
Control Office  Contract  CPA-22-69-104,  MRI Proj. 3326-C,
607p., May 1, 1971. 288 refs. NTIS: PB 203522
Paniculate air  pollution  with  respect to  defined   stationary
emission sources, chemical and physical characteristics of the
particulates and the carrier gas, and current  control practices
was investigated. Determining factors in the study of effluent
characteristic included  particle size distribution, toxicity, cor-
rosivity,  soiling potential, and optical properties; particle and
carrier gas properties included panicle distribution and shape,
density, electrical  resistivity,  volumetric flow  rate,  gas tem-
perature, and humidity. Cyclones, wet scrubbers, electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, and afterburners were investigated
for efficiency,  application, cost,  and advantages. The  major
sources of  paniculate  emissions  examined  were  stationary
combustion processes (coal fuel oil, and gas),  including elec-
tric power generation, industrial  power plants,  and domestic
heating; crushed  stone, sand,  and gravel  industries; agricul-
tural operations,  e.g., field burning, grain elevators, alfalfa
mills, and cotton  gins; iron  and steel industry; cement manu-
facture; forest product industry;  lime  manufacture; primary
nonferrous metallurgy; clay products; fertilizer manufacture;
asphalt plants, ferroalloy manufacture; iron foundries; secon-
dary nonferrous metals industry;  coal preparation  plants;  car-
bon black; petroleum  refining; acid manufacture; and incinera-
tion. Cost relationships were derived for the control methods
and corresponding  sources,  derived for the control methods
and corresponding sources.

35581
Weiner, Jack and  Lillian Roth
AIR POLLUTION IN THE  PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
Inst. Paper Chem. Bibliog. Ser., no. 237, 67p., 1970. 208 refs.
A bibliography of 208 references and abstracts on air pollution
in the pulp and paper industry is presented. Control methods,
measurement  and  analysis  techniques, air quality  criteria,
deodorization, basic chemical  reactions, operating  procedures,
exonomic factors,  emission toxicity, meteorological factors,
effects  on  human health  and vegetation,  defined sources
within  the industry, control legislation,  and technological im-
provements are examined.

36049
Mezieres, F. A.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF  THE  SWEDISH PAPER INDUS-
TRY IN  MATTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
(Quelques  realisations fe 1 Industrie  papetiere  suedoise en
metiere de protection de I environment). Text  in French.
Papeterie, 92(12):! 199-1200,  1202, 1205-1208, 1211,  Dec. 1970.
The Swedish  pulp, paper, and fiber sheet industry produces
90% of all biochemical  waste, half of it  derived  from the
manufacture of bisulfite pulp. It used to discharge 600,000  tons
of lignin into the  rivers/year and 200,000 tons of sulfur dioxide
into the air, equivalent to  20%  of such emissions in the whole
of Sweden. An important  pollutant from the paper industry  is
mercury which is  employed  for producing chlorine and caustic
soda, using electrolytic mercury cells. Improved arrangements
have made it possible to drastically reduce the  amounts of
mercury  in the effluents. The latest  status  is that, in view of
the new  Swedish antipollution regulations,  techniques  have
been developed which completely  eliminate the use of mercu-
ry. Other  important developments  are taking place  with regard
to residual liquors which  used to  be a  major source of  river
pollution.  The new installations employ a soluble base of soda
or magnesium, and evaporate  the  residual liquor,  thus largely
avoiding the discharge into  rivers  and causing instead, as the
lesser  evil, increased pollution of air. Several other newly
developed processes   are  discussed for  treatment of  the
residual  liquors  obtained in  the processes  of  boiling  and
bleaching. The reuse of waste  fibers apparently represents one
of the more difficult problems.

36348
Chilcote, David O.
STRAW  UTILIZATION RESEARCH.   In:  Research Relating
to Agricultural Field Burning. A Progress Report. Oregon State
Univ.,  Corvallis,  Agricultural  Experiment Station  and Oregon
State  Univ.,  Corvallis, Air  Resources  Center,  p. 9-11,  Feb.
1971.7 refs.
Research  to determine the technological and economical feasi-
bility of straw as raw material for industrial uses and animal

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20
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
feed is  reviewed. Problems in  developing  markets for  straw
products involve supply, densificalion, handling, and  storage.
Possible  uses for straw include pulp and paper  manufacture,
animal feed rations, structural uses (fiberboard),  manufacture,
animal feed  rations,  structural  uses (fiberboard), microbial
protein production, and fuel uses.

36377
Taga, Tahakide
CONTINENTAL REPORT: ASIA.  International  Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, Intern.  Clean Air  Congr.,
Proc. London, England, 1966, p. 22-24. (Oct. 4-7 Paper II/4.)
The  problem  of  air   pollution  in  Formosa,  the  Korean
Republic,  the  Philippines, Thailand,  India,  and Japan  is
reviewed with respect to pollutants, emission sources, control
agencies, air quality measurements, and legislation. Cities with
the greatest  pollution   problem are  listed.  Standards  were
established for  dust  fall from fuel  combustion  and incinera-
tors, oxidants,  carbon  oxides,  nitrogen oxides, and  sulfides
from commerical and industrial activities (Formosa); smoke,
fumes, and dusts (including  cyanides, fluorides, phosphorus
compounds  (Korea); soot,  dust  particles,  sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen   fluoride,  hydrogen  sulfide,  hydrogen chloride,
nitrogen dioxide, chlorine,  carbon dioxide,  hydrogen cyanide,
and ammonia (Japan). The  major sources of pollution in Asia
include  automobiles,  power  plants, unpaved roads, lumber
mills, chemical  processing, cement factories,  domestic ovens,
and pulping.

36392
Hendrickson, E. R. and C. I. Harding
AIR  POLLUTION PROBLEMS ASSOCIATION WITH  KRAFT
PULPING.  International Union of  Air Pollution  Prevention
Associations, Intern. Clean Air Congr.,  Proc.,  London, En-
gland, 1966, p. 95-97. 15 refs. (Oct. 4-7, Paper IV/6.)
Kraft pulping as an emission source is reviewed with respect
to processes involved, defined sources, pollutants, and control
methods. The main potential air contaminants from  the pulping
process are particulars (sodium carbonate,  sodium  sulfate,
carbon, and calcium oxide) and odorous gases, including  sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
and dimethyl disulfide. The pollutants contribute to corrosion
of materials and may be harmful to vegetation.

36480
Mezieres, F. A.
SCANDINAVIAN PAPER-MAKING  INDUSTRY  AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.  (L industrie papetiere nor-
dique et la protection  de  I environnement.)  Text  in  French.
Papeterie, 93(10:1051-1055, Nov. 1971. 1 ref.
Data showing the increase in the production of the  paper-mak-
ing industries of the Scandinavian countries (Finland, Sweden,
Norway) are presented  for the period  1953-1969.  The paper-
making industries in the above countries cooperate in their ef-
forts to control pollution. A number of institutions  responsible
for handling air  pollution problems  in  these  countries  are
referred to with their respective tasks (research  and develop-
ment) specified. Measures  taken to  control malodorous  gases
from sulfate pulp factories are reviewed. To solve the problem
involved in bisulfite lyes economically, lime has to be replaced
by soluble  bases such as soda or magnesia. Various processes
and systems are described.  Biological purification methods for
paper-mills are  relatively new in  the Scandinavian countries.
Experiments  and practical  uses of biological purification are
referred to. Scandinavian paper industry helps other industries
                       in solving their pollution problems, chiefly through providing
                       them with adequate materials,  and maintains intense coopera-
                       tion with communities. This is exemplified by a system used
                       by Union Co.,  Norway which  burns  its own  waste  bark
                       together with domestic refuse.

                       38327
                       Klimovich, J. and J. L. McAndie
                       THE REVOLUTION IN THE AMERICAN PAPER INDUSTRY
                       IN THE MATTER  OF POLLUTION.  (La revolution de 1 in-
                       dustrie papetiere americaine en matiere de pollution). Text in
                       French. Patetiere, 93(10:1061-1066, Nov. 1971.
                       Since  1970,  the pulp and  paper  industries  have greatly  in-
                       creased  their   investments  in anti-pollution  measures,  to
                       comply with the latest regulations.  For  1972, an estimated ex-
                       penditure of around $180 million is predicted.  This  would be
                       equivalent to an investment cost of about  $3/ton of manufac-
                       tured  product. The  cost of operating the  purification equip-
                       ment amounts  to $l-2/ton produced. The major source of pol-
                       lution  in  the past was the  discharge of effluents into rivers.
                       With the  new methods, the effluents are first brought into set-
                       tling reservoirs which are mostly of a circular shape. The set-
                       tled sludge  is  removed  by an  internal  mechanical  wiping
                       device, transported by  pumping  to a  filter assembly,  and
                       moved into a  sludge press. The  squeezed-out  sludge is then
                       disposed  of by incineration or  dumping. The remaining liquid
                       part of the effluent is subjected to a second stage treatment,
                       which starts  in a mixing tank where nitrogen and phosphorus
                       are added as  nutrients,  and lime  for  pH adjustment.  From
                       there  the liquid is  transferred  into a series of aerated basins
                       where it is left for a period of several days; all biological ac-
                       tivity is brought to an end, and the bacterial flora is consumed
                       by the dissolved additives. The pulp manufacturing process in-
                       volves several sources of air pollution, such as waste gases
                       from the  washer and the blow tank, non-condensable gas from
                       the evaporator, and flue gases from the regeneration boiler.
                       Some  of  the waste gases generated in these processes are ac-
                       cumulated and transferred  to  the lime kiln  for joint  com-
                       bustion. The regeneration boiler represents the biggest source
                       of air  pollution, particularly due to the  last stage of evapora-
                       tion of the residual liquor by  direct contact with the  fumes,
                       which causes a strong emission of sulfur.  Modified  technolo-
                       gies are applied in  new installations, designed to  suppress the
                       fume and odor formation of the aforementioned last stage.

                       38542
                       Winthrop, S. O.
                       AIR POLLUTION IN THE  URBAN ENVIRONMENT.   Occu-
                       pational Health Rev. (Ottawa), 22(l/2):26-35, 1971. (Presented
                       at the  Symposium on Solutions for Pollution in the Urban En-
                       vironment, Montreal, Quebec, Nov. 30,  1970.)
                       The problem of air pollution in the urban environment, with
                       regard to sources, effects on the total ecological system, and
                       possible control methods, is reviewed. Air pollution is one of
                       the most difficult and sensitive  problems today and is intimate-
                       ly related with  meteorology, weather, and atmospheric chemis-
                       try. The greatest source  of air  pollutants is the combustion of
                       fossil  fuels.  Other important  sources  include  iron  and  steel
                       manufacturing,  metal smelting, oil  refining, pulp and  paper
                       manufacturing,  and chemical  and petrochemical operations.
                       The major pollutants include  suspended  particulars,  sulfur
                       dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and
                       oxidants.  There are two main categories  of air pollution effects
                       on human health: discomfort and annoyance and  actual physi-
                       cal injury. Air pollution is a contributing factor (o the rising in-
                       cidence of chronic  respiratory  diseases  including lung cancer,

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                                            A. EMISSION  SOURCES
                                                       21
emphysema,  bronchitis,  and asthma. Visibility  deterioration,
materials  damage,  and  destruction  to  vegetation  are also
prevalent. Research into the epidemiology of pollution-effected
diseases and  toward the development of new control technolo-
gy is a clear necessity. Costs of air pollution damage are high.

38615
Barnea, Matei and Pascu Ursu
PROCESSES AND SOURCES OF AIR CONTAMINATION.
(Procese  si surse de impurificare aerului).  Text  in Rumanian.
In:  Protectia atmosferei  impotriva impurificarii  cu pulberi  si
gaze. Bucharest, Romania, Editura Tehnica, 1969, Chapt. 1-6,
p. 10-128. 86 rets.
Seventy-four main air pollutant sources located in  40 popu-
lated areas were identified in Romania according to an inquiry
carried out in  1966. These  sources  include mineral fertilizer
manufacturing   plants,   inorganic   and   organic   chemical
processing  plants, rubber and  synthetic  fiber manufacturing,
metallurgical  processing,  paper manufacturing,  and thermal
power  plants. Basic factors  affecting  air pollution and selfpu-
rification  processes  are  discussed   in   terms  of   source,
meteorological conditions, and topographic interactions. Emis-
sion and  dispersion  of  solid  and  gaseous air  pollutants  is
analyzed in relation to the height of stacks and  to meteorolo-
gy.  Included  are  alignment charts  developed  according  to
Stuemke for the design of stacks.

39460
PARTICIPATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME I -
 MASS EMISSIONS.   Midwest Research Inst.,  Kansas City,
Mo., Air  Pollution Control Office Contract CPA  22-69-104,
MR1 Proj. 3326-C, 372p., May 1, 1971.  198 refs.
A program to assess  paniculate air  pollution  from stationary
sources in  the continental United States  and  to advance the
capability of  control  equipment  for particulates  was con-
ducted. All significant  sources of paniculate pollutants are
identified, and the most  important sources are evaluated. Fu-
ture problem paniculate emission sources,  determined  by pro-
jecting  production trends,  control   efficiency,  and  control
equipment  application trends,  were  identified. Research and
development  plans were formulated to fill in the knowledge
gaps pinpointed during the  study.  From the list  of significant
sources, a ranking of  the most  important sources by total ton-
nage emitted  was  developed by  calculating  total emissions
using   emission  factor   techniques  and  other  calculation
methods. Important sources by tonnage are fuel combustion  in
stationary sources; crushed stone, sand, and gravel; operations
related to agriculture; iron  and steel  manufacturing;  cement
plants; forest products; lime; clay products; primary  nonfer-
rous metals; fertilizer manufacturing; asphalt; ferroalloys; iron
foundries;  secondary  nonferrous  metals; coal  preparation
plants; carbon black; petroleum refining; and acid manufactur-
ing. Sources  and air pollutants were  ranked by  objectionable
properties.  In  order  they  were: carcinogens,  beryllium and
mercury, toxic metals, mercaptans, isocyanates, asbestos and
silicates, very toxic metals, fluorides,  alkyl amines,  hydrogen
sulfide, calcium oxide, mineral acids (hydrochloric,  nitric, sul-
furic, and phosphoric acids), suifates, nitrates, sulfur oxides,
organic sulfides, pyridines,  nitrogen  oxides,  chlorine,  soot,
smoke, carbon black, less toxic metals, fly ash, inert particu-
lates,  oxidants such  as  ozone, olefins, aldehydes, phenols,
aniline, anomalies, chlorocarbons, mixed  organics, ammonia,
hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
39461
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME II
- FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS.  Air Pollution Control Office
Contract CPA  22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-C, 335p., Aug.  1,
1971. 87 refs.
A program was conducted to quantify fine particle  emissions
(0.01 to 2 micron) from paniculate pollution sources. The pri-
mary objective was to use the best data currently available on
particle size distributions of particulates from uncontrolled and
controlled  sources, fractional  efficiency  curves for specific
control devices, and the degree  of application of  control equip-
ment on specific sources to estimate the mass and number of
fine  particles  emitted from  paniculate  pollution   sources.
Secondary  objectives  were the  assessment of the applicability
of standard sampling  and particle sizing methods to the  fine
panicle regime, and the current understanding of the adverse
effects of fine  paniculate pollutants on human  health. Major
sources were stationary combustion (coal,  fuel oil, natural  gas,
and liquified petroleum gas used in industries and electric utili-
ties); crushed stone;  iron and  steel  manufacturing (sintering,
open hearth  furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, electric  arc
furnances); kraft pulp mills; cement  plants and rotary kilns;
hot-mix  asphalt  plants;  ferroalloys;  lime plants;  secondary
nonferrous metallurgy; carbon  black; coal preparation plants;
petroleum refining; incinerators; fertilizer  manufacturing;  iron
foundries and cupolas; and sulfuric and phosphoric acid manu-
facturing. Efficiency  of  control equipment including electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters,  wet scrubbers, and cyclones
is also discussed. Projections of  paniculate  emissions to the
year 2000 and  modifications  of the atmosphere  by paniculate
pollution are mentioned.

39462
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PARTICULATE  POLLUTANT SYSTEM  STUDY.  VOLUME
III - HANDBOOK  OF EMISSION PROPERTIES.  Air  Pollu-
tion  Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-
C, 626p., May 1, 1971. 302 refs.
Details of the methodology employed to obtain  data concern-
ing the kind and number of stationary paniculate sources, the
chemical and physical characteristics of both the  particulates
and  carrier gas emitted by specific  sources, and the status of
current control practices, are presented. Emission factors and
rates, chemical and physical  properties of  effluents, and con-
trol  practices and  equipment are given for stationary com-
bustion processes (power generation and furnaces); mineral
processing; agricultural operations (field burning, grain eleva-
tors, cotton gins); iron and steel manufacturing;  cement manu-
facturing; forest products industry  (sawmills, pulp  industry);
primary  nonferrous metallurgy (copper,  lead,  zinc, and  alu-
minum smelting and refining);  clay products; fertilizer manu-
facturing; asphalt;  ferroalloy manufacturing;  iron  foundries;
secondary  nonferrous  metals industry; coal  preparation;  car-
bon  black  manufacturing;  petroleum  refining;  acid  manufac-
ture  (sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid); and incineration.  The
control  equipment  includes  cyclones, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters, mist eliminators, and after-
burners.  Effluents  include  dusts, particulates,  fly ash,  sulfur
oxides, hydrocarbons,  and other noxious gases. Costs for con-
trol  equipment purchase and operation are given. This hand-
book constitutes a  reference source for available  information
on the distinguishing features of the various paniculate pollu-
tion  sources and should be of value to air pollution regulatory
agencies, control equipment manufacturers, and industrial  con-
cerns.

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22
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
39922
Bergstrom, Hilding and K. G. Trobeck
SULFUR  LOSSES  IN THE  PRODUCTION  OF SULFATE
CELLULOSE. (Svavelforluster vid sulfatcellulosaframslallnin-
gen).  Text  in Swedish.  Svensk Papperstid.  (Stockholm),
48(3):49-54, Feb. 15, 1945.
Sulfur losses  occurring in different stages of sulfate cellulose
production were determined with particular  emphasis on non-
condensable gaseous compounds.  Non-condensed  gases  from
cookers and diffusors contained  11.3 mg/l of hydrogen sulfide,
405 mg/l  methyl  mercaptan,  and 5.3  mg/l  dimethyl sulfide.
Laboratory tests revealed H2S concentrations  of 6.7-13.9 mg/l
due to  the presence of air. Waste gases  from  the evaporation
of the black liquor contained 76.4 mg H2S and 3.5 mg CH3SH
per liter, and  a production rate of 7.8 tons of sulfate cellulose
per hour  accounted for losses  of 4.69  kg  H2S  and 0.22  kg
CH3SH. The  gaseous sulfur compounds  from the black  liquor
combustion (1.30  mg  H2S,  2.65  mg  CH3SH,  and 0.32 mg
(CH3)2S per liter) totaled a sulfur loss of 3.19 mg/l.  Different
procedures used for the  determination of the gaseous  sulfur
compounds in  various stages of production are described.

40063
Tsuchiya, Gordon and Lennart N. Johanson
PREDICTION  OF  GENERATION   AND   RELEASE  OF
ODOROUS GASES FROM  KRAFT  PULP MILLS.   Tappi,
55(5):777-783,  May  1972.  24 refs.  (Presented at the Technical
Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting,
New York, N. Y., Feb. 16-19, 1970.)
Industrial  measurement of the concentration and  quantity  of
odorous gases released in  kraft mill operation is often difficult,
costly,  and of uncertain reliability. To supplement such  mea-
surements, a  study has been made of the expected release  of
volatile  constituents from a typical kraft mill  utilizing a con-
tinuous digester. Constituents considered include  hydrogen sul-
fide,  methyl  mercaptan  (methane  thiol),  methyl  sulfide,
dimethyl  disulfide,  alpha-pinene,  and  alpha-terpineol.   Con-
sideration was given to the amount of terpenes  occurring in
the wood, the kinetics of  generation of methyl mercaptan and
methyl sulfide, the vapor-liquid equilibrium of  each compound
in the presence of water,  the influence of pH on the volatility
of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan,  and  the  influence
of oxidation system efficiency. Results are in qualitative agree-
ment with most mill measurements available. The terpenes and
methyl sulfide are released early  in the recovery cycle. The
release of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan is greatly
dependent upon oxidation efficiency and upon pH. Under un-
favorable  circumstances,  appreciable quantities of these con-
stituents may appear in the evaporator condensates and vapors
from direct-contact evaporators.  (Author  abstract)

40159
Brandt, A. D. and D. M. Anderson
MEASURES AGAINST AIR POLLUTION  CAUSED BY IN-
DUSTRIAL SOURCES. (De strijd tegen  de luchtvervuiling af-
komstig van  industriele bronnen). Text in  Dutch. Polytech.
Tijdschr.,  Ed.  Procestechniek  (The  Hague), 27(7):231-237,
1972.  26  refs. (Presented  at  the  Environmental  Control
Seminar, Rotterdam, Netherlands.  May 25-26, 1971).
A general  survey  is  given  of  air  pollution  from industrial
sources in the  United States, with special regard to paniculate,
gaseous, and fluorine pollution. The contribution of industry to
air pollution was 14%  with 30 million tons in 1968. Paniculate
pollutants are most important,  followed by  sulfur  dioxide,
hydrocarbons, carbon  monoxide, and gaseous and paniculate
fluorine compounds. To effectively control  air pollution, im-
                      proved  source  localization techniques are required. General
                      principles and  uses  of pollution control  equipment such as
                      cyclones, tissue filters, scurbbers, and electrostatic filters are
                      reviewed. Contributions of several industries to paniculate and
                      gaseous pollution in 1967 are reviewed. Quarrying, gravel, and
                      sand processing was  the major source of paniculate emissions
                      with 4.6 million tons, followed by grain mills with 2.952 million
                      tons.  Compared to other industries, a  high proportion of the
                      emission sources is  localized in the iron  and steel industry,
                      (1.490 million tons). Cokeries are a major source of HC emis-
                      sions. The respective contributions  by the paper and asphalt
                      industries were 633,000 and 522,000 tons. The joint  share of
                      the cement  and lime industries  is 744,000 tons, followed  by
                      foundries with 217,000 tons. Brick manufacturing was respon-
                      sible for the bulk of fluorine emissions. The chief sources of
                      sulfur dioxide,  carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions
                      were  primary  nonferrous smelting  (2,940,000  tons  from the
                      copper industry alone), petroleum refining (6.2 million tons),
                      and petroleum  products processing  (1.1 million tons), respec-
                      tively.

                      40345
                      LaGrone, F. Scott and Clinton E. Burklin
                      FINAL REPORT FOR STATEWIDE EMISSIONS INVENTO-
                      RY FOR THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. Radian Corp., Austin.
                      Tex., Office of Air Programs APTD-0794,  77p., Sept. 8,  1971.
                      14 refs. NTIS: PB 204949
                      Area  and point source emissions of sulfur compounds (sulfur
                      dioxide and sulfur  trioxide),  particulates,  carbon monoxide,
                      nitric oxide, nitrogen  dioxide,   and  hydrocarbons and  their
                      derivatives were calculated within an emission inventory for
                      Louisiana. Procedures involved in gathering data on emissions
                      and fuel  consumption,  determination of the grid systems, sur-
                      vey  methodology, data analysis, and  actual calculations  of
                      emissions are reviewed. The point sources included chemical
                      processing,  coal cleaning, detergent and soap  manufacturing,
                      ink manufacturing, paint and  varnish production,   fertilizer
                      plants, synthetic fiber  and  rubber production, food  and feed
                      operations,  rendering, primary  and secondary  metallurgical
                      processes, mineral processing,  petroleum  refining,  pulp  and
                      paper manufacture, dry cleaning, surface  coating operations,
                      gasoline  marketing, steam-electric power  plants, incinerators,
                      and open burning dumps. Area source emissions were calcu-
                      lated  from combustion and consumption data on coal, fuel oil,
                      natural gas, residual oil, and distillate oil  with  vessels, rail-
                      roads, diesel motor vehicles, gasoline motor vehicles, airport
                      operations,  solid waste disposal, and process losses as major
                      area sources. Sample inventory  forms, data tabulations,  and
                      area maps are included.

                      40524
                      Ishiguro, Tatsukichi
                      MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION METHODS OF ODOR
                      POLLUTANTS  AT SOURCES  AND  ENVIRONMENT.  (1).
                      (Hasseigen ya  kankyo  ni okeru akushu osenshitsu no sokutei
                      ya hyoka no shohoho, sonoichi).  Text in Japanese. Akushu no
                      Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan), l(5):20-25, Aug. 1971.
                      This is a brief report  on the Third Symposium on  Environmen-
                      tal Health, sponsored by the Kaolinska Association and held
                      in Stockholm from June  1  to 5, 1970. The symposium mem-
                      bers,  an  ntroductory  statement  concerning  the world-wide
                      problems of bad odor pollution, and some points and trends
                      are discussed. Most reports were on the measurement of odor
                      pollutants and various methods of evaluation, based on special
                      studies of pulp mill  exhausts and automobile  exhaust. How-
                      ever,  these  are by  no means   the only  or  major emission

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                                           A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      23
sources of  bad odor. Kraft pulp mills were  in particular the
center of discussion. Determination of bad odor emission stan-
dards seems to be the most important problem at present. This
is to be derived from the standpoint of concentration, expo-
sure time, meteorological mutual reactions, and all other overt
and hidden factors. The odor emission standard is  scheduled
to be announced in the United States in 1972, and according to
these standards, odor control programs and enforcement plans
are  to  be applied starting in 1973.  Oregon  and Washington
have special  regulations  concerning emission of odor pollu-
tants from pulp mills. In these states, the total sulfur emission
from the recovery boiler of Kraft Pulp mills are expected to
be reduced  to 2 Ibs/ton of pulp;  by July 1975, this will further
be reduced  to 0.5 Ib/ton.

41168
Kikuchi, K., S. Sata, H. Funaki, H. Sone, and K. Sailo
BAD ODOR  EMISSION SOURCES IN KP PLANTS.   (KP
kojochu no akushu hasseigen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen  Kenkyu (J. Japan  Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 149,  1969.
(Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meet-
ing, 10th, 1969.)
Exhaust gas was sampled at  several  process emission sources
in a kraft pulp mill. The  gas was captured and condensed  by
acetone of  -78 deg,  and its volatile  organic compounds were
measured  by  gas  chromalography.  Methyl  mercaptan and
dimethyl sulfide were detected in the flue gas of the recovery
boiler,  and in  the blow  lank exhaust and turpentine tank ex-
haust in the distillation process. The organic sulfide concentra-
tion  of the  recovery boiler  was only several ppm, but tthe
blow tank concentration of  dimethyl sulfide was close to 300
ppm and gas from the turpentine tank had considerably greater
concentrations  of CH3SH  and CH3SCH,  on  the  order  of
14,000 ppm. These seemed to be the main source of bad odor.
Since the  odor thresholds of these substances are  very low,
the emission gases from the blow tank  and turpentine lank can
be considered major sources of public nuisance.

41467
Miles, F. W.
URBAN NUCLEAR ENERGY CENTER STUDY: ESTIMATES
OF PROCESS STEAM CONSUMPTION BY  MANUFACTUR-
ING INDUSTRIES IN THE UNITED  STATES. Oak  Ridge Na-
tional Lab., Tenn., Chemical Technology Div. and Oak  Ridge
National Lab., Tenn.,  Reactor Div.,  Dept  of  Housing and
Urban   Development  Contract  W-7405-eng-26,  IAA-H-3-69,
Kept. ORNL- HUD-2, UC-38, 19p., Jan. 1970. 15 refs. NTIS:
ORNL-HUD-2
The rate of consumption of  process steam  by manufacturing
industries in the United States for the year 1980 was estimated
as part  of  a  program  for evaluating the usefulness  of  urban
nuclear energy centers.  Perazichlype assumplions were  made
with respect to Ihe use  of steam by the food, paper, chemi-
cals, petroleum, rubber, and textile  industries.  Sleam  con-
sumption  in  1962 was  estimated  by several  methods  for
selected industries from fuel consumption data and the values
were projected to 1980. The estimates of steam consumption
for 1980 varied from 67.6 times 10 to  the  14th power to 95.4
times 10 to the  14th power Btu depending on the methods and
assumptions employed. This  estimated consumption  of steam
by manufacturing industries is approximately  equal to the  92
times 10 to the 14th power Btu  of electrical energy estimated
to be required in 1980. This indicated that a significant amount
of thermal energy from an urban nuclear energy center would
be consumed  by manufacturing industries if the area served by
the center had a fraction of  the country s steam-using indus-
tries equal to its fraction of the country s population.
41564
Nadeau, Jean-Paul
POLLUTION,  PRODUCTIVITY,  AND  BENEFIT  IN  THE
PULP  AND PAPER INDUSTRY  OF QUEBEC.   (Pollution,
productivite et rentabilite de 1 industri des  pates et papicrs du
Quebec). Text in  French. Papeterie, 94(5):376, 379, 380,  1972.
5 refs.
The  impact of water and air pollution control on  the produc-
tivity and benefit  of the pulp and paper industry of Quebec is
outlined. The rate of growth of the pulp and paper industry is
below  the average of the manufacturing industry  as a whole,
which, along with problems created  by pollution control  mea-
sures,  calls for both expansion  and structural changes in the
paper industry. The capital costs of waste water treatment in
the total pulp  and paper industry of Canada are estimated to
be $350 million, while  the  corresponding expenditure for air
pollution control at a sulfate (kraft) paper plant with 500  t/day
capacity lies at $2 million. The additional production costs due
to air and water pollution control lie  at 3% ($3 per ton) and
about 4%,  respectively. The additional costs as expressed in
the percentage of the average  sale price are estimated to be
3.5% for sulfate and mechanic pulp and 10% for  bisulfite  pulp.
A 3% rise in the sale is expected to result in a decline of  3.5%
in the total volume of sales. Adequate adjustments to pollution
control in the pulp and  paper industry are an urgent need. The
pollution caused by old pulp and paper manufacturing plants is
required to be  reduced by 70%.

42266
Washington State  Dept. of Health, Seattle, Office of Air
Quality Control
AIR POLLUTION FROM  THE KRAFT  PULPING INDUS-
TRY:  REPORT TO  THE  WASHINGTON AIR  POLLUTION
CONTROL  BOARD  PREPARED  IN CONJUNCTION WITH
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR  KRAFT PULP MILLS IN
WASHINGTON. 21p., May 1969. 10 refs.
From a survey of the chemical pulping industry in the state of
Washington,  basic  information  was  assembled  relating to
economic factors, process technology, associated air-pollution
control  equipment,  and   emissions  of  air   contaminants.
Background economic data include daily production, replace-
ment costs, air-pollution control equipment costs,  total  em-
ployees,  and  population within  a   10-mile  radius of the 20
plants. The  largest source  of potential paniculate emissions,
including  sodium  carbonate, sodium  sulfate, calcium oxide,
sodium oxide, carbon,  and fly  ash,  is the  recovery furnace.
Other sources  of paniculate emissions include the lime kilms,
smelt tanks, and  hog fuel boilers. The recovery furnace  also
account for half of the total potential sulfur emissions. Other
sources of sulfur oxide  and  total reduced sulfur compounds in-
clude power boilers, lime kilns, knotlers, brown stock  pulp
washers, multi-effect evaporators, digesters, blow tanks, smelt
tanks,  blow heat accumulators, black liquor storage tanks and
oxidation systems, tall oil recovery operations, and handling of
condensate liquids.  Water  vapor is also  emitted  from many
mill  operations. Proposed standards and effects of those  stan-
dards al  several plants  for TRS emissions  from  recovery fur-
naces,  paniculate emissions  from  recovery furnaces,  lime
kilns,  and  smelt  tanks, and noncondensible  emissions  from
multi-effect  evaporators and digesters are described. Special
studies are to be undertaken to evaluate  sulfur  oxide emis-
sions, water vapor emissions, and TRS emissions from sources
other than the  recovery furnace. Electrostatic precipitators and
scrubbers will be  employed in order to meet  the proposed
standards.

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24
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
43274
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
WOOD PROCESSING.  In: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emis-
sion  Factors.  GAP Pub-AP-42, p. 10-1  to  10-5,  Feb.  1972. 10
refs. NT1S: PB 209559
Wood pulping operations for the manufacture of pulp, paper-
board,  and fiber board are discussed. The kraft process of
wood pulping  and  pulp  board production  processes  are
described. Major  emissions are participates, sulfur  dioxide,
carbon monoxide,  and hydrogen sulfide. Control methods used
are electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, and venturri scrub-
bers.

43289
Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, Fla.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
NATIONAL  STANDARDS  OF PERFORMANCE  FOR NEW
SOURCES: PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.  Environmental
Protection Agency, Div. of Abatement Contract CPA-70-142,
Task Order 2, 98p., March 15, 1971. 44 refs.
The important atmospheric emissions from the pulp and paper
industry  result  from  the  chemical  production  of pulp.  The
kraft process is used  to produce 75% of the domestic tonnage
of paper  pulp. Valid information on emissions is sparse due to
the  slow  development  of analytical  hardware.  The  kraft
process  is notorious  for its air pollution  control difficulties.
                      Emissions of  the  reduced sulfur  gases,  hydrogen sulfide,
                      methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,  and  dimethyl disulfide
                      occur during nearly every phase of the kraft process. Digesters
                      and multi-effect evaporators are the largest sources. It is esti-
                      mated that the most up to date mill equipped with the control
                      systems available would pay $1.25/air dried ton of pulp and
                      conform  to very strict emission requirements. Standards for
                      new  mills are set  for each of the  procedures  in  the kraft
                      process. No  standards can  be set for other processes because
                      of the scarcity of data. The conversion cost for older mills is
                      thought to be prohibitive.

                      43626
                      Andersson, Kjell
                      METHODS  FOR REDUCING  TOTAL SULPHUR EMISSION
                      TO ATMOSPHERE FROM A SULPHATE MILL. Int. Air Pol-
                      lut. Control Noise Abatement Exhib. Conf. (Proc.), Jonkoping,
                      Sweden,  1971, p. 2:41-2:52. (Sept. 1-6.)
                      Sulfur emission from sulfate mills and methods to reduce sul-
                      fur emissions are discussed. Emissions from sulfate mills in-
                      clude hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
                      dimethyl  disulfide,  and sulfur dioxide. Four cases of  sulfate
                      mill  production procedures are presented. To  reduce  sulfur
                      compound emissions, the  following procedures  are  recom-
                      mended:  installation of a deodorizing system, reducing alkali
                      losses, absorption with sodium hydroxide in a scrubber, and
                      recycling of sulfur dioxide.

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                                                                                                                  25
                               B.  CONTROL   METHODS
00025
P. A. Kenline and J. M. Hales
AIR  POLLUTION AND THE KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY
(AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY).  Public Health Service,
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Div. of Air Pollution. (999-AP-4) Nov. 1963,
126 pp.
Since the first kraft  mill  came  into existence  in  1891,  the
potential odor problem has been well recognized. Accordingly,
a great deal of literature has been published describing practi-
cal and  theoretical work in the field of kraft mill odor control.
Some progress has been  made, but even today most kraft mills
are faced with serious problems of atmospheric pollution. The
following work provides an annotated bibliography of articles
concerning measurement and control of kraft mill air-borne
pollution currently available in the literature. It is the author's
intention that this should provide a retrospective view of what
has been accomplished  and should form  a  sound basis  for
further  work  in the field.  In addition to  154 abstracts, this
bibliography  contains  a  description  of  the  iraft  pulping
process, a  survey of mill emissions, and  a consideration of
control measures. (Author)

00379
G. A. Jansen and D. F. Adams
ABSORPTION  AND CHLORINE OXIDATION  OF SULFUR
COMPOUNDS  ASSOCIATED   WITH  KRAFT  MILL  EF-
FLUENT GASES. Preprint. 1966.
Absorption of methyl mercaptan and H2S  into aqueous solu-
tions of Cl,  NaOH, and  Cl plus NaOH has been studied using
a 2 in diameter absorption column packed with 1/4 in. Intalox
saddles. Absorption rates were noticeably affected by chemi-
cal  reactions occurring in  aqueous Cl and  OH media. Poten-
tiometric methods were  used to  follow the reactions  of mer-
caplan and  sulfide  in aqueous chlorine solutions. Mercaptan
apparently  was converted by aqueous Cl absorption media to
dimethyl disulfide and stripped off in the effluent gas. The
percentage  conversion increased  with increasing pH. The  ab-
sorption of H2S in aqueous Cl (pH 2 to 13) was highly pH  de-
pendent. The absorption  rate increased slowly as  the pH of the
feed solution increased to pH 11. Sulfate was the resulting  ox-
idation  product. At  pH 11, the rate of absorption dropped
slightly, then rose sharply  at pH 12. Elemental S became  the
major product at  pH 12 and above and fouling of the packed
column  occurred. The effect of  pH on formation of sulfale
and/or elemental S in chlorine-sulfide reactions was explained
by Choppin and Faulkenberry (1937). The absorption of sulfide
in aqueous  NaOH increased until the feed hydroxide to sulfide
ratio was 1. At higher ratios, the absorption rate remained con-
stant.  Apparently,   sodium bisulfide  was  the  absorption
product.  The results  of these studies indicate that aqueous Cl
solutions at  pH above 12 can be  effectively used for removal
of H2S  in  absorption  equipment designed  to  handle S in
suspension. The absorption of methyl mercaptan in aqueous Cl
solution  appeared  to be impractical since  dimethyl  disulfide
was  apparently the  only  product formed  and  was stripped
from the tower by the gas  stream. Hydroxide solution was ef-
fective  for  absorption of  both  methyl mercaptan  and H2S
when hydroxide to sulfide  or  mercaptan  feed  ratios  were
greater than 1 or 1.8 respectively. (Author)

00390
Murray, F. E.
THE CONTROL OF KRAFT MILL ODORS.  Occup. Health
Rev., 17(2):23-25, 1965.
The Control of  Kraft Mill Odors: The kraft  or sulfate process
for making wood pulp is outlined and the points at which  the
release of odor occurs are described. The control procedures
used to reduce  kraft mill odor at various mills are discussed
along with the  results  achieved. The limitations  of  chemical
analytical  methods  and the concept of odor threshold are con-
sidered briefly. (Author s abstract)

00552
F.H. Cady
A  KRAFT  MILL   WASTE  CHLORINE GAS  RECOVERY
SCRUBBER.  Preprint. (Presented at the Second Annual Meet-
ing,  Pacific Northwest International Section,  Air  Pollution
Control Association, Portland, Oreg., Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
Although most of the normal air contaminants around Weyer-
haeuser's  Kraft  Pulp  Mill at Everett, Washington had been
removed,   obnoxious   waste  chlorine  gases   occasionally
produced  poor  working conditions. A  caustic  gas-recovery
scrubber  with   appropriate  ductwork   was  installed.  This
scrubber,  while removing   the  waste   gases  from the  at-
mosphere,  pays for  itself  by  the  resulting  formation  of
hypochlorite bleach liquor. (Author's abstract)

00951
S. F. Galeano and C. I. Harding
SO2   REMOVAL  AND RECOVERY  FROM  PULP  MILL
POWER PLANTS.  (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting,  Air
Pollution Control Association, San  Francisco, Calif., June  20-
25, 1966, Paper  No. 66-97.)
The special circumstances unique to pulp  mills - on-site power
production and a demand for sulfur compounds in the cooking
liquor - suggest the possibility that wet scrubbing  for SO2
removal from boiler flue gas might  be economically feasible.
Since the  neutral  sulfite-semi-chemical  process  (NSSC)  is
widely used and possibly  could utilize the  recovered  sulfite
with  no  further processing,  it  was selected as  our starting
point. One of the main advantages of the  NSSC process is  the
fact that a high  pulp yield is obtained because much of the  he-
micellulose lost  in conventional chemical pulping is not cooked
out of the pulp. Another important feature is that the produc-
tion of a high-yield pulp can  be extended to  non-wood fibrous
materials such as sugar cane bagasse and cereal  straws. This
opens the  door  to  further expansion  of this process  if  the
chemical make-up costs are  eliminated. The work reported in
this paper is limited to the production of  NSSC cooking liquor
from recovered  SO2 in a NSSC mill or a  composite mill utiliz-
ing this process  as part of its  total operation.

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26
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
01223
M. Benjamin
AN EXAMPLE OF PLANNING FOR POLLUTION CONTROL
IN KRAFT PULPING.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (3)
128-30, Mar. 1966. (See attached letter from }. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. 16, (11) 639, Nov. 1966.)
This paper  will  not  contribute  any new  technology. It will,
however, indicate how  an established plant, in a  large  urban
area,  has  planned  and  taken  action  to solve   a  pollution
problem.  Planning in  this  situation is used in a broad sense. It
includes  education  and  training  of  personnel,   changes  in
process, capital expenditure and new installations, constant at-
tention to maintenance and control, utilization of research and
development from all sources,  and relations with  the public
and regulatory agencies. (Author abstract)

01436
G. A. Jensen, D.  F. Adams, and  H.  Stern
ABSORPTION OF  HYDROGEN  SULFIDE AND  METHYL
MERCAPTAN FROM DILUTE GAS MISTURES . J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 16(5):248-253, May 1966.
The absorption of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by
aqueous solutions of  chlorine, sodium hydroxide,  and chlorine
plus  sodium hydroxide was studied using  a  two-inch diameter
absorption  column packed with  1/4 inch Intalox saddles. Ab-
sorption rates were noticeably affected by chemical reactions
occurring in the aqueous chlorine and hydroxide media. These
solutions were studied  as a means of  controlling sulfur-con-
taining gas emissions from kraft paper mills. The  absorption
studies indicated that  aqueous chlorine  solutions  at  a pH
above  12  were  effective  absorbents  for  hydrogen  sulfide
removal in  absorption equipment designed to tolerate sulfur in
suspension.  The  absorption of  methyl  mercaptan in  aqueous
chlorine solutions appeared to  be  impractical since dimethyl
disulfide  was apparently  the  only product formed and was
stripped from the tower by the gas stream. Sodium hydroxide
solution was an effective absorbent for both methyl mercaptan
and hydrogen sulfide when hydroxide to sulfide or mercaptan
feed ratios  were  greater than  1  or  1.8,  respectively. The mer-
captan  absorption coefficient was approximately twice that for
sulfide absorption. (Author abstract)

01505
C. I. Harding and J. E. Landry
FUTURE TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL  IN  THE
KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY.  TAPPI  49(8):61A-7A,  Aug.
1966. (Presented  at the  Annual Meeting, National  Council for
Stream Improvement, New York City, Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
Measured  gaseous   and   paniculate   emission  figures  are
presented with recent advances in emission control technology
as bases  for proposing  the types and extent of emission con-
trol lo be utilized by the pulp industry during the next 5 yrs. A
major detrimental effect is the corrosive nature of the panicu-
late and gaseous  emissions from kraft pulping. Sources of sul-
fur compounds are 2  large krafl  mills and 2 large oil-fired elec-
iric generating stations. Sampling can be done by simple tests
to give total monthly  exposure. Three determinations are dust-
fall,  lead peroxide candles for  sulfation rates, and corrosion
rale  measurements. Subjective tests for odors and odor inten-
sity can be  accomplished through odor panels or  odor recor-
ders at  various  distances  from  the  mill.  A  simple wet
technique for measuring the concentrations of S02, hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, organic sulfides,  and  organic  disulfides in
mill  vents  was developed and has been utilized  in  Southern
mills.
                      01549
                      S. Lindberg
                      HOW UDDEHOLM DESTROYS AIR  AND WATER POLLU-
                      TANTS AT THE SKOGHALL WORKS.   Svensk Papperstid.
                      (Stockholm), 69(15):484-487, Aug. 15, 1966.
                      Measures  taken  at  the Skoghall   sulfate  mill  in  order  to
                      eliminate  malodorous air and  water polutants are described.
                      The malodorous gases are destroyed by combustion. Gaseous
                      mixtures  not  containing oxygen  are  burned  in  a recovery
                      boilder. The gases, however,  which  are  mixed with  air  on
                      cleection, are  eliminated in a  specially designed  furnace  in-
                      stalled as a preliminary oven  to a conventional  boiler. The
                      worst water pollutants are cooking and evaporation conden-
                      sates. Before  being released into  the  recipient, the cooking
                      condensate is  freed from malodorous components by blowing
                      with steam through  a  column. The evaporation condensate,
                      whose  impurity  mainly  consists   of  hydrogen  sulfide,  is
                      scrubbed in a  satisfactory manner by mixture with blackwater
                      from the  chlorinalion stage of the bleaching plant. The total
                      sulfide content in the waste water  has been reduced from 6
                      Ibs. to I  Ib. H2S per ton pulp.  These measures have given the
                      desired results, and the  plant now functions in a safe manner.
                      The capital outlay has been moderate and the process costs
                      are very low. (Author summary)

                      01563
                      R. C. Gumerman and D. A. Carlson
                      METHYL MERCAPTAN REMOVAL BY SOIL FILTRATION.
                        Preprint.  (Presented  at the Annual  Meeting of the  Pacific
                      Northwest International  Section, Air  Pollution  Control  As-
                      sociation, VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, NOV. 2-4,
                      1965.)
                      The use  of soil bacteria as a method for  removing odor from
                      gaseous mixtures appears highly feasible.  In this  study, effi-
                      ciencies approaching 100%  removal  were obtained after a six-
                      week acclimation period, using only three  and one-half  feet of
                      soil. Apparently this is not the limit toward applicability of this
                      method,  since at the  end of the six-week study  period, the
                      bacterial  population  was  still increasing,  indicating further
                      potential still to  be displayed. Although this idea could be ap-
                      plicable in itself in large installations such  as kraft pulp mills,
                      it may be more economically promising if it could be used in
                      conjunction with  a  spray irrigation  network used for  the
                      removal of excess BOD in the waste  liquor.  In essence, this
                      would provide double benefit from the  land. This idea assumes
                      that the  spent  liquor  is  not  toxic  to  the  odor reducing
                      microbes, and conversely  that the  odor  is  not  toxic  to  the
                      waste utilizing microbes. As an additional  benefit,  the alkaline
                      waste  liquor  would  keep  the  soil  pH  from  consistently
                      dropping as was  shown to occur in this research. Although this
                      idea is  only a hypothesis, it  is felt  that  due consideration
                      should be given to it, as it performs the dual role of odor and
                      BOD removal, which would be of economic  advantage  to any
                      kraft mill utilizing it. (Author conclusions)

                      01672
                      U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Div. of Air
                      Pollution
                      REPORT  ON  INTERSTATE  AIR  POLLUTION  IN  THE
                      SHOREHAM,  VERMONT  - TICONDEROGA, NEW YORK,
                      AREA.  Preprint, ((43))p., 1965. 14 refs.
                      A summary is presented of the  activities undertaken  by the
                      Abatement Branch, Division of  Air Pollution, Public  Health
                      Service,  DHEW,  subsequent  to a  request  by the Vermont
                      government alleging that air pollution emanating from an Inter-
                      national  Paper Company  pulp plant   in   Ticonderoga, New

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      27
York, endangers the health and welfare of persons in nearby
Vermont.  The  activities  of the  Abatement  Branch  were
threefold: (1) inspection of the pulp mill operated by the  Inter-
national Paper  Company in Ticonderoga,  New York,  (2)
review of available topographical and meteorological informa-
tion, and (3) calculations of emissions, transport and  diffusion
of odorous  materials from the mill site.

01789
C.I. Harding E.R. Hendrickson
FOAM  FRACTIONATION  OF  BLACK  LIQUOR FROM
SULFATE  PULPING.    J.  Air  Pollution  Control Assoc.
(Presented at the  57th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Houston, Texas, June 20-21, 1964.) 14, (12), 491-
9, Dec. 1964.
The principal deterrent of general acceptance of weak  black
liquor oxidation by mills pulping southern  pine is the extensive
foam  produced  during the oxidation of the liquor. The foam
results from relatively high concentrations of fatty and rosin
acid soaps remaining in the black liquor after roughly 75% of
these compounds have been removed by skimming as marketa-
ble by-products recovery while the black liquor  is being  ox-
idized. This paper will report the results of foam fractionation
studies on  such black liquors conducted in  this laboratory.
(Author abstract)

01900
E. R. Hendrickson and C. I. Harding.
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION AS A METHOD FOR REDUC-
ING  AIR POLLUTION FROM  SULFATE PULPING.   J.  Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (12) 487-90, Dec. 1964. (Presented
at the 57th  Annual Meeting, Air Pollution  Control Association,
Houston, Tex., June 20-21, 1964.)
This paper  will discuss the sources of odorous air pollutants
from sulfate pulping  operations.  One of the major sources is
the recovery  furnace.  Odors from this source can be reduced
considerably by oxidation of the black liquor prior to evapora-
tion and burning. The procedure has been  used with considera-
ble success in the northwestern and northeastern parts  of the
United States.  Unfortunately, the majority of  sulfate pulp
production  occurs in areas where southern pine is  the basic
raw material. For several reasons the black liquor resulting
from  southern  pine operations presents  problems  when  the
usual  oxidation  procedures are used. Although not as effective
as normal balck liquor oxidation strong black liquor can be ox-
idized without loo much difficulty. Various  procedures of ox-
idation of black liquor will be discussed. Results of stack sam-
pling in U.S.  pulp mills with and without  the oxidation unit in
operation will be reported. (Author abstract)

02018
E.R. Hendrickson C.I. Harding
AIR    POLLUTION   PROBLEMS   ASSOCIATED   WITH
•KRAFT' PULPING.   Proc.  (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong.,
London, 1966. (Paper IV/6). pp. 95-7.
The Air Pollution Research  Laboratory of  the University of
Florida has been investigating air pollution problems of  the
kraft pulping industry since the  early  1950's. The problems of
this industry involve emission of a variety of particulates plus
odorous  and  non-odorous gases. The   problems  are  com-
pounded by the complicated nature of the organic reactions in-
volved.  The  industry,  however,  has  made great  strides in
reducing its air pollution potential. This  paper  describes  the
process by  which kraft pulp is produced, the sources of pollu-
tants, and  the methods presently known  for alleviating the air
pollution problems. New approaches also are discussed  which
might prove beneficial in improving air quality in the vicinity
of pulp and paper mills. (Author abstract)

02279
J.E. Landry D.H. Longwell
ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL  IN THE  PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Tappi  48, (6) 66A-70A, June 1965.
(Presented  at the  Annual  Meeting,  National  Council for
Stream Improvement, New York City,  Feb. 23,  1965.)
Black liquor  oxidation,  electrostatic  precipitation, secondary
scrubbing,  lime  kiln scrubbers, digester relief and  vent gas
disposal are covered.

02955
A. B. Walker
ENHANCED  SCRUBBING OF  BLACK LIQUOR  BOILER
FUME BY ELECTROSTATIC PRE-AGGLOMERATION: A
PILOT PLANT STUDY.   J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13,
(12) 622-7,  Dec.  1963. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit,  Mich., June 9-13,
1963.)
From the data and  analyses presented,  the following conclu-
sions appear justified: The  performance of the  flooded-disc
scrubber is similar to that of the Venturi scrubber on the basis
of power input. The performance of the flooded-disc or Ventu-
ri  scrubber can  be  predicted on  the  basis of  power  input
without regard for the geometry of the particular system; the
selection of which  system is thus dependent upon  the most
economical configuration  from  the standpoint  of the cost of
the various types of power available (i.e., steam, gas pressure,
etc.). Electrostatic  pre-agglomeration  materially  affects the
performance  of inertial impaction scrubbers. The theory that
the dominant mechanism of  agglomeration in the electrostatic
precipitalor is collection and  resuspension appears to be sup-
ported  by  the   data.  Electrostatic   agglomerators  can  be
designed on the  basis of  existing precipitalor theory provided
the conditions for formation  of stable agglomerates are met.
The  conditions for  the formation of stable agglomerates are
met in the case of the black liquor recovery boiler.

03807L
THE CHLORINE OXIDATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN
DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION.  National Council for Stream
Improvement, Inc., New  York City.  (Atmospheric  Pollution
Technical Bulleting 18.) June 1963. 16 pp.
Oxidation of sulfide in aqueous solution requires between 2
and 3.4 moles of C12 per mole of sulfide, depending upon con-
ditions and the fraction of the  sulfide oxidized.  Oxidation of
all the sulfide present requires at least 2.35 moles of C12 per
mole of sulfide.  Sulfate is a  major product. Complete  oxida-
tion  of methyl mercaptan  in neutral or acid solutions requires
between  2.4  and 3.3  moles of C12 per mole  of mercaptan.
Under basic conditions, methyl mercuptan apparently reacts to
form an  intermediate which,  in turn,  appears  to  oxidized by
C12  once all the mercaptan  has reacted.  Formation of the
suspected intermediate requires some  1.5  moles of CI2 per
mole of mercaptan, but a total  of about 2.6 moles of C12 per
mole of mercaptan must be added before the first trace  of ex-
cess C12  can  be detected. All  attempts to identify the products
of these  reactions failed-probably because the concentrations
involved were below the  sensitivity limits  of  the tests  used.
Oxidation of  dimethyl sulfide required 1.8 moles C12 per mole
of sulfur. Oxidation of dimethyl disulfide required 5.2 moles of
C12 per mole of disulfide-equivalent to 2.6 moles of C12 per

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28
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
mole of sulfur. All of the C12 oxidations were rapid enough to
be complete before iodine was added. This means that the ox-
idations of  inorganic  sulfides  and mercaptans  required less
than one minute and oxidation of the organic sulfides took less
than five minutes.

03946
W. Lenz A. Tirado
MEXICAN KRAFT MILL  USES OBSERVERS TO CHECK
ITS ODOR CONTROL PROGRAM.  Paper Trade  J. 150, (34)
64, 68, Aug. 1966.
A method is described whereby  a  Mexican kraft pulp mill is
able to evaluate the effectiveness of its odor control program.
Persons residing  within a given distance of the mill are  asked
to provide information regarding odors at their homes  on  a
standard  form.   This  information  is   coordinated   with
meteorological data and plant activities. Under the  assumption
that either the blow or the gas  relief are the main cause of
trouble, a 'relative  index'  is compiled by dividing the total
weekly complaints by the total number of blows  for the  week.
This is used  as a measure of odor level and is recorded graphi-
cally to illustrate the improvement or decline of conditions.

03975
N. S. Lea  E. A. Christoferson
SAVE  MONEY  BY STOPPING  AIR POLLUTION.   Chem.
Eng. Prog. 61, (11) 89-93, Nov. 1965.
Control methods  and  equipment used in a  bisulfite mill to
reduce air pollution from the centing of  sulfur  dioxide-based
blowpit gases are described. The system  used  was a modified
Rosenblad system from Sweden.  A detailed description of the
system, equipment, economics and efficiencies  is  presented;
schematics of the operating control  system are included.

04045
A. A. Tirado, M. V. Guevara, and J. S. Banduni
OXIDATION OF BLACK  LIQUOR BY  AIR  UNDER  PRES-
SURE.  J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12, (1)  34-8, Jan.  1962.
(Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
It was decided to investigate the oxidation of  black liquor by
means  of air under pressure. A samll reactor was  used which
consisted  of a six-inch pipe about 28 inches long, provided
with  a diffuser at the bottom. Compressed air  was admitted
through that diffuser.  Liquor and  air, at  variable  quantities,
were fed through the bottom, and the products of the reaction
escaped through a pressure relief valve on the top of the  reac-
tor. The pressure relief valve was adjusted, so  that a predeter-
mined pressure was maintained in the reactor, while the tem-
perature of the liquor was varied in order to see the effect of
temperature. Liquors at the inlet and outlet of the reactor were
titrated  only by  the  Borlew  and  Pascoe method analysis
(potentiometric),  as it was known that such method practically
determines both  mercaptans and sulfieds. The  oxidation  of
black liquor by air at  25 to 75 psig shows definite gains spe-
cially  regarding the conversion of mercaptans, which are dif-
ficult  to oxidize  in conventional processes as  used so far.
Liquors at 50 psig and 65 C were well oxidized,  provided that
air was supplied at a rate of about 2.3 times the theoretical air
requirement. This quantity of air is about one-third of the air
usually added in conventional procedures at atmospheric pres-
sure. Due  to the increased pressure,  the  total power require-
ment including pumps, compressed air,  etc.,  in the process
being studied, was estimated to be approximately twice of the
power consumption  in a conventional Trobeck system.  How-
                      ever, it is thought that the higher efficiencies obtained in the
                      system  under pressure  should  justify such  increased power
                      consumption. The oxidation of black liquors in kraft pulp  mills
                      is desirable because of three principal reasons: (a) elimination
                      of malodors,  (b) prevention of corrosion, and (c) reduction of
                      sulfur losses. Nevertheless,  the  oxidized  solids are to  be
                      burned in a boiler and their heat value should be preserved as
                      much as possible. Thus, the oxidation of organic compounds,
                      including  mercaptans, should be  limited, so  that only  those
                      desirable effects are attained. It is believed  that the  reaction
                      with air at a pressure of 50 psig  or so is still mild enough  as to
                      perform this limited oxidation.

                      04773
                      D. F. Adams
                      A SURVEY  OF EUROPEAN KRAFT MILL ODOR REDUC-
                      TION SYSTEMS.  TAPPI, 48 TAPPI 48, (5) 83V4A-7A,  May
                      2965. (Presented at the  Air  Pollution  Symposium,  148th Na-
                      tional  Meeting,  American Chemical  Society, Chicago, HI.,
                      Aug. 30-Sept. 4,  1964.)
                      During the spring and summer of 1964, a study was made  of
                      selected kraft pulp mill installations in Norway, Sweden, Fin-
                      land, France, Italy, and  Austria. Information was obtained  by
                      personal interview with technical personnel  in the mills and
                      research workers in institutes and universities. Equipment in
                      eighteen mills was observed and the unique features of these
                      processes reported. The principal methods contributing to  odor
                      reduction included incineration,  alkaline  absorption,  heat
                      recovery, black  liquor oxidation,  and  chlorine  treatment.
                      (Author abstract modified)

                      04781
                      T. T. Collins, Jr.
                      NEW  SYSTEMS PROPOSED  FOR   KRAFT  MILL ODOR
                      CONTROL AND HEAT RECOVERY.  Paper Trade J. 149, (22)
                      34-5,  May 31, 1965.
                      Venturi  scrubbing  and  block  liquor oxidation are briefly
                      reviewed. If  oxidation  is coupled  with black  liquor  soap
                      skimming the combination becomes  a profitable proposition
                      for increased soap  yield.  Using stack gas heat recovery ap-
                      paratus as a part of the odor control system for the first  time
                      makes profitable a combination process for  the  reduction  of
                      kraft  pulp mill odors. Heat recovery from stack gases coupled
                      with black liquor oxidation  and increased black liquor  soap
                      skimmings can play a profitable  role in the future odor control
                      requirements  of the kraft pulp industry.00

                      04783
                      W. H. Buxton and M. W. Lapointe
                      CHEMICAL  RECOVERY  AND ODOR ABATEMENT ON A
                      KRAFT RECOVERY  FURNACE.  TAPPI  48,  (5) I12A-3A,
                      May 1965. (Presented  at the Pacific Section Meeting, Techni-
                      cal  Association  of the Pulp and  Paper  Industry, Longview,
                      Wash., Nov. 18,  1964.)
                      Air pollution at Western Kraft Corp. in Albany, Ore., has been
                      substantially reduced by establishing uniform recovery furnace
                      control and utilizing secondary  stack  gas chemical recovery.
                      Using  wet gas  scrubbers  in  conjunction  with an  alkaline
                      shower  wash, sodium ion collection  efficiencies as  high  as
                      50% have been  reported Hydrogen  sulfide  recovery of  90%
                      was  obtained during  extensive testing.  Chemical  fallout  in
                      general on mill property has been reduced 94%. (Author ab-
                      stract)

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                                          B.  CONTROL  METHODS
04861
I. B. Douglass
SOME CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF KRAFT ODOR CONTROL.
 Preprint. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 15, 1967.)
The  kraft process, by which more than 60% of  all wood pulp
made in the U.  S.  is manufactured creates an air pollution
problem by releasing methyl mercaptan, dimethyl  sulfide and
hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere. Most of the  problem is as-
sociated with the emission of gases from the digester, the
direct evaporator and the recovery furnace. In  this paper the
chemistry involved in odor formation, in  black liquor oxida-
tion, and in the destruction  of  malodorous compounds by
burning,  chlorination  and  treatment  with  ozone  will be
discussed. (Author abstract)

04882L
National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc.,  New York,
N. Y.
STATUS  OF  PRESENT  INVESTIGATIONS  AND  FUTURE
RESEARCH NEEDS IN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CON-
TROL AT-TBuII-29,  Up.,  June 1966.
The  current status of research and  technical programs con-
cerning the  kraft  mill industry is reviewed. The  following top-
ics are included:  (I) Analytical methods for source-gas  sam-
pling and gas-flow measurement, (2) Black liquor oxidation, (3)
Absorption  and oxidation  of sulfur compounds,  (4) Paniculate
emission control,  (5) Meteorology and  ambient-air- sampling
techniques, (6)  Cooperative mill  service activities,  and (7)
Staff technical activities.

04887L
National Council  for Stream Improvement, New  York City.
ABSORPTION  OF  ODOROUS  SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN
CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SOLUTIONS.  (Atmospheric Pol-
lution Technical Bulletin No. 23.) Mar. 1965. 23 pp.
The data reported herein cover the complete study on the utili-
ty of NaOH and acidic and basic C12 solutions  as absorbents
for odor producing  sulfur compounds associated with  kraft
pulp mills. Absorption of  H2S and CH3SH into  aqueous  solu-
tion  of CI2, NaOH, and C12 plus  sodium  NaOH was  studied
using a 2' diameter absorption column packed with  1/4' Intalox
saddles. Absorption  rates were noticeably affected by chemi-
cal reactions occurring  in aqueous CI2 and hydroxide media.
Potentiometric lilration methods were used to follow the reac-
tions of CI2 CH3SH, (CH3)2 S2, (CH3)2S in aqueous C12 solu-
tions. The final product of C12 oxidation  of H2S  in  aqueous
solution is sulfate or collodial sulfur and sulfate. The sulfur-
sulfate production ratio requires between  1.5 and  4 moles of
CI2 per mole of sulfide oxidized depending upon pH. CH3SH
reacts with  one mole of C12 forming (CH3)2S2 as a stable in-
termediate product.  Continued C12 addition to  aqueous acid
systems results  in   formation  of  a  second  intermediate,
probably  dimethyl disulfoxide, and  a  final  product  sulfonyl
chloride. In basic soltuion only disulfide is formed  by the C12-
mercaptan reaction.  (CH3)2S forms  sulfoxide  upon  reaction
with C12  and  further reactions do not appear  to  occur. The
results of  the  absorption  studies  indicate that aqueous  CI2
solutions at a pH above 12 are effective absorbents for H2S
removal in absorption equipment designed to handle sulfur in
suspension. The absorption of CH3SH in aqueous CI2 solution
appeared  to be impractical since (CH3)S2  was apparently the
only product formed and  was stripped from the tower by the
gas stream.  Hydroxide solution was an effective  absorbent for
both CH3SH and H2)s when hydroxide  to sulfide  or  mercap-
tan feed  ratios  were greater than 1 or 1.8 respectively, and
mercaptan absorption rate was twice that for sulfide absorp-
tion. (Author summary)

04950
McKean, William T., Jr., Bjom F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen,
L. Price,  and I. B. Douglas
EFFECT  OF KRAFT PULPING CONDITIONS ON THE FOR-
MATION  OF METHYL  MERCAPTAN  AND  DIMETHYL
SULFIDE. Tappi, 50(8):400-405, Aug. 1968. 23 refs. (Presented
in part at the 50th Annual Meeting, Technical Assoc. of the
Pulp and  Paper Industry, New York, N.Y., Feb. 21-25, 1965.)
Review of the available data  on the formation of methyl mer-
caplan and dimethyl sulfide in kraft pulping allows the estima-
tion  of the kinetic characteristics of these reactions for soft-
wood species. The summative  rate  of methyl  mercaptan plus
dimethyl   sulfide  formation   is  proportional  to the  initial
hydrosulfide  concentration  in  accordance   with  an  SN2
mechanism. The formation of dimethyl sulfide  from  methyl
mercaptan and lignin methoxyl groups appears to be subject to
some unusual catalytic effects. Larger amounts of methyl mer-
captan and dimethyl sulfide  are produced  from hardwoods
than from softwoods because of a rapid initial demethylation
of some labile methoxyl groups. In softwood cooks the forma-
tion  of dimethyl sulfide can  be reduced by  short, high-tem-
perature cooks while the temperature effect on mercaptan for-
mation is rather insignificant.  More effective reduction in odor
formation is possible by  lowering the sulfidity  and by keeping
black liquor recycle at a minimum. (Authors' abstract)

04951
Sarkanen, K.  V.
EFFECT  OF NEW PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ON AIR POL-
LUTION  POTENTIAL.  In:  Proceedings of the International
Conference on Atmospheric  Emissions from  Sulfate Pulping,
Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28,  1966.  E. R. Hendrickson (ed.),
Sponsored by: U. S. Public Health  Service,  National Council
for Stream Improvement, and University of Florida. ((1966)),
p. 311-334. 19 refs.
An ideal  pulping process would selectively remove the  major
part  of lignin (28% in conifers) and extractives of wood leav-
ing the  major pan of  polysaccharide components (69% in
conifers)  in  the  pulp. In the  long run,  sulfide-free  alkaline
pulping systems  may  well provide the ultimate solution for
kraft  mill  odor  problems.  Meanwhile,   the  odor  emission
problems of existing kraft mills require more immediate atten-
tion. Several  methods are already available for the efficient
control of odor emissions from digester systems. The chemical
recovery, including black liquor evaporation and combustion,
leaves, however, much to be  desired in terms of efficient odor
containment. The carbonation transfer of  hydrogen sulfide is
proposed as  an  alternative to black liquor oxidation. Another
approach is to stabilize the polysaccharide components  to the
degree of sufficient  survival under the longer reaction periods
necessary for delignification by NaOH alone.

04952
T. T. C. Shin, B. F. Hrutfiord, K.  V.  Sarkanen, and L. N.
Johanson
HYDROGEN  SULFIDE  VAPOR LIQUID  EQUILIBRIUM IN
AQUEOUS SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
AND PH.  Preprint. 1966.
The Kraft pulping process continues to increase in importance,
both as  to  number and capacity  of mills.  Concurrently,
requirements  are  becoming  ever more stringent concerning

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30
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
emanation of odors. In this and a subsequent paper, data are
presented which  are  of  fundamental importance to an  un-
derstanding of situations in which hydrogen sulfide or methyl
mercaplan  may be  transferred  between  liquid  and  vapor
phases. Vapor-b'quid equilibrium relationships of hydrogen sul-
fide  in buffered systems  are presented as  a  function of tem-
perature and pH. Measurements were made by a potentiomet-
ric litration technique, at  temperatures ranging from 80 to 185
C and using solutions buffered to pH values of 2, 5, 6, 7, 8,
10,  12 and 13 at 25 C. Concentrations ranged from 0.00097 to
0.0315 moles of hydrogen  sulfide per liter of buffered solution.
If the degree of dissociation of hydrogen sulfide is taken into
consideration, it is then possible to express vapor pressure of
hydrogen sulfide in equation form,  in terms  of temperature,
concentration, and pH of  the solution. New values of the first
dissociation constant up to 185 C are presented.

04953
T. T. C. Shih, B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V. Sarkanen, and L. N.
Johanson
METHYL MERCAPTAN  VAPOR LIQUID  EQUILIBRIUM IN
AQUEOUS SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
AND PH.  Preprint. 1965.
The vapor-liquid equilibria of methyl mercaptan in buffer solu-
tions were studied  as a function of temperature and pH. Mea-
surements were made at temperatures ranging from 80 to 185
C.,  using solutions buffered to pH values  of 7, 8,  10,  12, 13
and  14 at 25 C., and containing from 0.00182 to 0.0451  moles
per liter of methyl mercaptan. These measurements also neces-
sitated preliminary kinetic  studies of the  rate of dispropor-
tionation  of  methyl  mercaptan  to  hydrogen  sulfide  and
dimethyl sulfide in alkaline solutions. An activation energy of
22.4  Kcal/g-mole  was found for the reaction  in one normal
NaOH solution. Small corrections to the methyl mercaptan
concentration were required at high concentration levels, as a
result of this reaction. Vapor pressure-temperature  relation-
ships for 0.01 N methyl  mercaptan  solution  were formulated
with pH  level as a parameter. Henry's Law  was found to be
valid for any particular  pH and  temperature. Henry's Law
Constants, the dissociation constant and vaporization equilibri-
um  constants as  a function of temperature  were  calculated
from experimental data.  The overall  expression relating the
vapor pressure  of  methyl  mercaptan to its concentration and
to hydrogen  ion concentration is given for dilute aqueous solu-
tions. (Author abstract)

05001
R. O. Blosser, and  H. B. H. Cooper
PARTICULATE MATTER REDUCTION  TRENDS  IN  THE
KRAFT INDUSTRY.  National Council for System  Improve-
ment, Inc., New York City. (Atmospheric  Pollution Technical
Bulletin No.  32.) Apr. 4, 1967. 26 pp.
A  survey of  secondary wet scrubbing practices showed that
relatively low pressure drop devices may produce a 50 percent
to 80 percent reduction in paniculate emission from precipita-
tor  streams. The  percent  reduction is somewhat  less  where
these devices are  employed behind  Venturi recovery  units.
Removal efficiency was  observed to be  independent of the
type of scrubber used behind precipitators at  the inlet loadings
observed. Final  effluent quality  was related  directly  to
scrubber inlet  grain loading. Effective scrubbing has  been
shown to reduce  paniculate fallout  in the  area adjacent to
mills. Scrubbing may  reduce paniculate emissions to the  at-
mosphere, but may also reduce the height of plume rise,  hence
dispersion is  reduced  and an odor problem  may be  accentu-
ated. It is difficult to predict that any real benefit in either fal-
                      lout or total emission is obtained at the low loadings found be-
                      hind some of the new high efficiency precipitators. This sug-
                      gests  that schemes which assure essentially continuous opera-
                      tion of these units in a good state of repair may be as ad-
                      vantageous as wet scrubbing.

                      05074
                      J. L. Clement
                      MAGNESIUM OXIDE RECOVERY SYSTEM (DESIGN  AND
                      PERFORMANCE).   TAPPI  49, (8)  127A-34A,  Aug.   1966.
                      (Presented at the 20th Engineering Conference, Technical As-
                      sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Minneapolis, Minn.,
                      Sept.  12-16, 1965.)
                      Equipment arrangements are presented  to  meet the  require-
                      ments of a magnesia base pulp mill for complete recovery of
                      heat and chemicals from spent sulfite liquor. Several designs
                      of  recovery boilers  including  alternate  arrangements  and
                      designs of economizers and air heaters provide heat recovery
                      in an  integrated system. Boiler design can incorporate auxiliary
                      fuel firing to assure steam production independent of liquor
                      availability. Recovered magnesium  oxide is used  to remove
                      98% + SO2 from  combustion gases in a  venturi  absorption
                      system to prepare acid at a concentration required by the pulp
                      mill. The capacity of a recovery system is about twice as  large
                      for a  low yield dissolving-grade pulp as for a pulp  to be used
                      in newsprint furnish.

                      05091
                      H. P. Willett
                      CUTTING AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS. Chem. Eng.
                      Progr. 63, (3) 80-3, Mar.  1967.
                      The purpose was to present  a number of case histories where
                      the cost of air pollution control has been  drastically  reduced
                      by innovations in the basic process which caused the pollution
                      problem.  Exhaust systems for  electric  furnaces;  hoods for
                      basic  oxygen furnaces; exhaust systems for gray-iron cupolas;
                      incinerators with waste  heat recovery; chemical composting;
                      black liqour oxidation, blowers for sulfuric acid concentrators;
                      and automotive engine operation modification are cited as ex-
                      amples of some of the  ways  in which relatively inexpensive
                      changes in basic  process are cutting the cost of air pollution
                      control.

                      05408
                      M. J.  Matteson, L. N. Johanson, and J. L. McCarthy
                      SEKOR II: STEAM STRIPPING OF  VOLATILE  ORGANIC
                      SUBSTANCES  FROM  KRAFT  PULP  MILL  EFFLUENT
                      STREAMS. TAPPI 50, (2) 86-91, Feb.  1967.
                      A  pilot  plant study  has  been  carried  out of  the  SEKOR
                      process, which consists, in its main  application, of  the follow-
                      ing elements:  the continuous  steam stripping  with reflux of
                      kraft  pulp mill effluents to remove volatile organic compounds
                      and the collection of the  resultant  bottoms and overhead
                      streams to  avoid discharging effluent volatile  organic  com-
                      pounds into the air; the recovery of  an  overhead stream of
                      water-immiscible  oils; the  substantial removal of volatile  com-
                      pounds from  the condensate  effluents, which  reduces the
                      hazard of  water  pollution should the effluent be  discharged
                      into water courses; and the recovery  of a bottom stream of
                      condensate water now purified to such a degree that often  it
                      may be reused in kraft  pulp mill process operations. Experi-
                      ments demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide, methyl  mercaptan,
                      dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide  were removed  to  a
                      degree exceeding 95%. Operations were conducted satisfactori-
                      ly using steam  stripping without reflux (SENKOR-A) or with

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       31
reflux  (SEKOR-B). When  the  SEKOR-B process was used
under appropriate conditions, nearly all of the volatile organic
compounds were collected in the  water-immiscible overhead
stream.

05409
B. F. Hrutfiord and J. L. McCarthy
SEKOR I: VOLATILE ORGANIC  COMPOUNDS IN KRAFT
PULP  MILL EFFLUENT STREAMS.   TAPPI 50, (2) 82-58
Feb. 1967.
As part  of  a  program  of  development of  a process for
stripping aqueous effluents for  kraft pulp mill  odor reduction
(SEKOR), a study has been made of the volatile organic com-
pounds that  may be  steam-distilled  from kraft pulp mill ef-
fluent  liquors.  Some  compounds  have  been isolated  and
characterized by gas chromatography. The materials studied
include an oil isolated from blow gas condensate, an aqueous
blow gas condensate, and several crude  sulfate  turpentines.
Compounds  identified include hydrogen sulfide, methyl mer-
captan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyldisulfide, methanol, ethanol,
acetone,  methyl  isobutyl  ketone,  alpha-pinene, beta-pinene,
delta 3- carene, camphene,  limonene, cineole,  and alpha-ter-
pineol. A large number of additional compounds have been de-
tected. Turpentines  from a  number of sources  have been
analyzed and compared. (Authors' abstract)

05808
F. E. Murray
REACTIONS OF SULFUROUS  AIR POLLUTANTS.  ((British
Columbia Research Council, Vancouver,  Canada)).  May 12,
1967. 88 pp.
The object of the work  was to generate information on the
reactions of  methyl  mercaptan,  methyl  sulfide, methyl disul-
fide  and the reaction between  hydrogen sulfide  and  sulfur
dioxide - all  in the gas phase.  It was a further object  of the
studies to devise methods, using the information gained, for
modifying these compounds by chemical reaction to alleviate
the odorous  air pollution  from  kraft pulp mills. Reactions  in
the gas phase  were conducted  between oxygen  and methyl
mercaptan, methyl sulfide and methyl disulfide  both with and
without catalysts. The reaction  between hydrogen sulfide and
sulfur dioxide in the gas was the subject of a preliminary stu-
dy. The work done and the apparatus used is described in the
following publications which form an Appendix to this report:
(I) Gas Phase Oxidation of Methyl  Mercaptan, A. C. Harkness
and F. E. Murray, Air and  Water  Pollution, Int. J. v.  10, pp
245-251 (1966);  (2) Gas Phase Oxidation  of Methyl  Sulfide, A.
C. Harkness  and F. E. Murray, Air and Water Pollution, Int.
J.; (3) Method of Analyzing the Effluent from a Microreactor,
L. T. Girard and A. C. Harkness; (4) Catalytic Oxidation of
Sulfurous Air Pollutants, A. C. Harkness, F. E. Murray  and L.
T. Girard;  and  (5) Application  is  being prepared for  patent
coverage on  the catalytic  oxidation of the  organic  sulfides.
From the results on catalytic oxidation,  a large-scale experi-
mental reactor packed with iron shot was assembled and stu-
dies are continuing at a local pulp mill. It appears to be  a very
promising approach  to the oxidation of organic  sulfur com-
pounds in  the  gas phase. One of  the principal  advantages
seems  to be lhat no explosions or tendency to explosions have
occurred in the catalytic reactor.

05880
V. P. Owens
CONSIDERATIONS  FOR FUTURE  RECOVERY  UNITS IN
MEXICAN  AND LATIN  AMERICAN ALKALINE PULPING
MILLS.  Combustion 38  (5),  38-44 (Nov. 1966). (Presented at
the Sixth Annual Meeting,  Asocion Mexicana de Tecnicos de
las Industries  de Celulosa  y del Papel A. C., Mexico City,
Mex., May 24-28. 1966.)
Air pollution is  a major problem  in recovery unit operation
because the recovery unit produces the largest  volume of
gases discharged  to atmosphere. For many years electrostatic
precipitators  have  been  installed  after  recovery  units  to
remove the chemical fume in  the gases.  The gas is heavily
laden with submicron size particles which is condensed sodium
vapor formed  in  the  furnace. Several mills are working  with
venturi-scrubber  installations to improve  collection  efficien-
ceies in operation.  Oxidation of black  liquor is becoming a
'must' for  mills that  hope  to reduce the odor nuisance  to a
tolerable limit. In the future, efforts will be concentrated on
the analysis of sulfur compounds in the  flue gases. Good kraft-
recovery-furnace  operation  demands   a  deficiency  of  nir
through the primary-air ports for good reduction performance.
Under these conditions  hydrogen  sulfide  is  formed  in  the
lower furnace. Sulfur oxides formed in  combustion of a black
liquor will react with the sodium oxide to form salt cake and
prevent sulfur  loss from the furnace in  this form. Direct-  con-
tact evaporators,  either  the cascade or the cyclonic  type use
the flue gases for evaporation of the water in the liquor to in-
crease concentration from the approximately 50 per cent level
to 60-70 per cent dry solids. This is the prime  source of odor
when  black liquor  is not oxidized  before direct-  contact
evaporation. Oxidation converts the sodium sulfite  to a stable
form, usually  sodium thiosulfate.  Direct-contact evaporators
can  be removed  by  designing multiple-effect evaporators for
60 per cent dry solids for feed directly to the furnace.

06106
R. H. Wright
NEW WORK  IN KRAFT MILL ODOR CONTROL.  (J. Air
Pollution  Control Assoc.)  13  (3),  101-4,  136 (Mar.  1963).
(Presented  at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air  Pollution Control
Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
Procedures for the control of odor in the kraft pulping process
are reviewed. The theory behind black liquor oxidation is that
when the hot liquor is brought in contact with air, the sodium
sulfide is oxidized to sodium thiosulfate and the methyl mer-
captan is converted  to dimethyl disulfide, resulting in  reduc-
tion of the more odiferous  compounds. If the oxidation tower
is situated  so  that the black liquor  passes through it  before
going to the multiple-effect  evaporator the odor released is
eliminated or very greatly reduced. Thus, in a mill using black
liquor oxidation,  the  most  serious  remaining sources of odor
are, in order of decreasing importance, the recovery  furnace,
the direct contact evaporator, and the air exhausting  from the
oxidation towers. With a properly  designed and operated fur-
nace  the flue  gas should  contain  no significant amounts of
H2S or other reduced sulfur compounds. In principle, a suffi-
ciently  complete prior  oxidation  of  the  black  liquor  will
prevent the furnace gases from picking up any malodors in the
direct contact evaporator, apart from substances like  dimethyl
sulfide which  are not acidic  and not retained by alkali.  One
may be forced  to carry  out the  black liquor oxidation  in two
stages, using a partial oxidation of the weak liquor  and finish-
ing  off  the  reaction after  the  liquor has  been  partially
evaporated. An alternative  is to do away with the direct  con-
tact evaporator entirely. The  elimination of the direct contact
evaporators can  confer an over-all  operating benefit  in  the
form of heat economy, but  at the cost of a substantial increase
in complexity. The  balance of advantage from this has to be
worked out by each  mill for  itself. In the oxidation tower ex-

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32
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
haust gas process a two-stage process has been developed for
the absorption and oxidation of the malodorous  substances in
the oxidation  tower exhaust  gas, using a gas-liquid reactor.
The gases are first exposed to chlorine solutions  of low pH so
as to  absorb and oxidize the  sulfur compounds  to innocuous
products. Then a solution cf pH about 8 is used to absorb any
residual chlorine or acid products of the oxidation. Kraft mill
odor control measures are still by no means complete or fully
effective.  Black  liquor oxidation  is not a complete answer,
though it  would be difficult  to imagine an effective control
system that did not include it.

06343
Erdman, Andrew, Jr.
APPLICATION  OF FLUIDIZED  BED  PROCESSING  TO
SPENT SULFITE  LIQUOR COMBUSTION.  TAPPI,  50(6):
I10A-112A, June 1967.  3  refs. (Presented  at the  20th Alkaline
Pulping Conference, Technical Assoc. of the  Pulp and  Paper
Industry, Richmond, Va., Sept. 13-16, 1966.)
The   combustion  system  of neutral  sulfite  semichemical
(NSSC) spent liquor comprises  two parts. The first is the
evaporator section, where weak liquor at 14% solids is concen-
trated in two steps to 41%  solids to form an autogenous feed
for the combustion reactor. The second  part is the combustion
unit, which produces oxidized pellets of inorganic ash consist-
ing of sodium  sulfate and sodium carbonate. The entire  com-
bustion  system  is fully  instrumented for  minimum   labor
requirements. The basic control points that are automated are;
liquor concentration from the  multiple  effect evaporator,
liquor concentration in  the venturi evaporator-scrubber,  com-
bustion bed temperature,  combustion fluid bed level  and  cool-
ing fluid bed level. This spent liquor combustion  system  is not
limited to the  disposal of NSSC  spent liquor. Other pulping
waste liquors  lend  themselves to equally effective  disposal.
However, operating conditions with respect to combustion
temperatures  and minor flow sheet modifications change for
the various bases, as do  the solid and  gaseous products. The
differences in  combustion  between  various bases are briefly
summarized.

06859
I. S. Shah
NEW FLUE-GAS SCRUBBING SYSTEM REDUCES AIR POL-
LUTION.  Chem. Eng.,  74(7):84-86, March 27,  1967.
A new two-stage scrubbing system is described which consists
of evaporator, scrubber, separator and cooling tower in which
99% cleaner and 500-600F cooler. Two oxidation systems are
utilized, one for weak  black  liquor and the  other for strong
black liquor. The latter  is installed immediately after  the  multi-
ple effect evaporator. Air oxidation of  black liquor  decreases
the loss of hydrogen sulfide because oxygen converts Na2S to
less  volatile  forms that  minimize  release  of  sulfur-bearing
gases.

07415
Blosser, R. 0., and H. B.  H. Cooper, Jr.
TRENDS  IN  REDUCTION  OF  SUSPENDED   SOLIDS  IN
KRAFT MILL STACK.  Paper Trade  J.. 151(11):46-51,  Mar.
13, 1967. 6 refs.
A survey  of secondary wet scrubbing  practices  showed  that
relatively  low  pressure drop  devices may produce  a 50 per
cent  3 80  per cent reduction  in  paniculate emission  from
precipitator streams. The  per  cent reduction is somewhat less
where these devices are employed behind  Venturi  recovery
units. Removal efficiency was observed to be independent of
                      the type of  scrubber used  behind precipitators at the inlet
                      loadings  observed. Final effluent quality was related directly
                      to scrubber inlet  grain loading. Effective scrubbing has been
                      shown to reduce paniculate fallout in  the  area adjacent to
                      mills. Scrubbing may reduce paniculate emissions to  the  at-
                      mosphere, but may also  reduce the height of plume rise, hence
                      dispersion is reduced and an odor problem  may be accentu-
                      ated. It is difficult to predict that any real benefit in either fal-
                      lout or total emission is obtained at the low loadings found be-
                      hind some  of the new high efficiency precipitators. This sug-
                      gests that schemes which assure essentially continuous opera-
                      tions of  these units in a good state  of repair may be as ad-
                      vantageous as wet scrubbing. (Authors' summary)

                      07433
                      E. L. Smith
                      SULFITE PULPING AND  POLLUTION CONTROL.   Com-
                      bustion,  38(12): 42-44, June  1967.
                      Among  the various schemes which  have  been  proposed for
                      disposing of sulfite pulping waste liquors, the most straightfor-
                      ward and least expensive method available today consists of
                      burning the organic ponion of the liquor. An economic evalua-
                      tion of the combustion system of waste disposal is presented,
                      together  with a study of capital investment costs for a typical
                      installation.  The  most logical approach  to disposal of waste
                      sulfite liquor lies in burning it at maximum efficiency and with
                      maximum heat recovery. The  disposal  plant can be paid for
                      out of the savings in purchased fuel.

                      07434
                      E. Thomas, S. Broaddus, E. W. Ransdell
                      AIR  POLLUTION   ABATEMENT   AT  S.  D.  WARREN'S
                      KRAFT MILL IN WESTBROOK, ME. Tappi, 50(8):81A, Aug.
                      1968. (Presented  at  the  52nd Annual Meeting, Technical As-
                      sociation of  the  Pulp and  Paper Industry,  New  York  City,
                      Feb. 19-23, 1968.)
                      Sources  of gas emission in  a kraft mill were studied and cor-
                      rective equipment was installed. A system  was developed in
                      which  digester blow  gases  are  passed  through  primary and
                      secondary  deodorizing  scrubbers,  utilizing  the chlorination
                      stage effluent. As backup, weak  hypo bleach can be added to
                      the secondary unit. Noncondensable digester relief gases are
                      burned in the lime  kiln. Oxidation control instruments  have
                      been installed on  the two recovery boilers to ensure complete
                      combustion.  Number  I  recovery boiler stack  has a Cottrell
                      precipitator, and a venturi scrubber is on no. 2. Both recovery
                      boilers have  scrubbers on their  smelt tank vents. Black liquor
                      is presently oxidized in  a Trobeck-Lundberg- Tomlison oxida-
                      tion tower before passing to the evaporators. Chemical tests
                      are performed daily  to determine the  efficiency of black liquor
                      oxidation. Periodic  surveys are conducted on  all suspected
                      sources of air pollution  ot determine the effectiveness of this
                      abatement program.

                      07769
                      Howard, W.  C.
                      A NEW  AND ECONOMIC  SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS
                      OF STREAM AND AIR POLLUTION.  Norsk Skogind. (Nor-
                      way),  21(4):133-139,  April   1967.  2  refs. (Presented  at (he
                      Papirindustriens Tekniske Forenings  Meeting, Oslo, Norway,
                      Dec. 7, 1966.)
                      The disposal of  polluting solids  by means  of  the fluid-bed
                      reactor is discussed. The fluid-bed reactor is the  most efficient
                      combustion  system developed thus far. Material is introduced
                      in finely  divided form, presenting relatively large surface area

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                       33
for exposure to the reacting gases. Heat transfer is excellent
because of extreme panicle proximity. Liquids of low concen-
tration burn  readily  because  of  countercurrent  evaporation
which takes place during  the  liquid particle's descent  to the
fluid bed. The fluid bed reactor is relatively compact, occupy-
ing less  area  than other  conventional processing units with
comparable   capacity.   Operations   of  chemical  recovery
systems, the  kraft overload  relief  system, and  incineration
systems  utilizing  the   fluid   bed reactor  as   the  primary
processing unit are described.  In  addition to  accomplishing a
system for disposing of objectionable effluent materials from
plants, the fluid-bed  is a practical tool for the reclamation of
chemicals where practical. Other applications include disposal
of  pickling wastes  from  the metals  industries,  municipal
sewage sludge disposal, food processing plant discards and ef-
fluent  waste  materials from   the  chemical and petroleum
processing plants.

07974
Dehaas, G. G. and L. C. Amos
RECOVERY SYSTEMS FOR MIXED  KRAFT AND SULFITE
LIQUORS. TAPPI, 50(3):75A-78A, March 1967. 6 refs.
Sulfite  pulping  processes can  be  incorporated  into  kraft
(sulfate process) mills without the need for separate expensive
recovery facilities by mixing sulfite spent liquor with the kraft
spent liquor.  &rocess and   equipment are  described for
recovering sulfite cooking liquor from  mixed  liquors with
minor additions to the  kraft recovery  system. Green liquor is
contacted with C02 (lime kiln gas) to remove sulfur as H2S,
which is  burned  to SO2 or partially oxidized to elemental sul-
fur by an aqueous-phase catalyst.  Sodium recovery, as sodium
carbonate obtained by  removing all sulfide from  green  liquor,
requires efficient equipment. (Authors' abstract)

08360
Hansen,  G. A.
ODOR  AND  FALLOUT  CONTROL  IN A KRAFT  PULP
MILL.  J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc., 12(9):409-4I4, Sept.
1962. 4 refs. (Presented at the  55th Annual Meeting of APCA,
Sheraton-Chicago Hotel, Chicago, III.,  May 20-24,  1962.)
A kraft mill air  pollution  problem exists in two phases: The
general  odor-control  systems   currently  being  used  in  two
Weyerhaeuser kraft mills are described. The systems are prac-
tical from  a  cost standpoint  and are  reasonably effective.
These  systems are based on   collecting and destroying the
malodorous compounds by burning or by chlorine oxidation in
the case  of digester blow and relief gases. In the recovery fur-
naces and evaporators, release of odors  is  prevented through
black liquor oxidation  and by  carrying  excess oxygen  in the
recovery furnace  flue gas. Flyash  at the Everett Kraft Mill has
been reduced  effectively by combining lime kiln and recovery
furnace flue  gases before passing them through  a modified
Venluri scrubber.  Paniculate  matter discharged,  as measured
by sodium concentration in the flue gas at the  top of the stack,
has been reduced over 90%. This  is confirmed by fallout sam-
ples taken  in the  vicinity of the mill  itself. The  installation of
the systems described has reduced complaints to the vanishing
point. ASM

08361
Hartler, Nils
RECENT EXPERIENCES  IN   POLYSULFIDE  COOKING.
TAPPI, 50(3):156-160,  March  1967. 18 refs. (Presented at the
20th Alkaline Pulping Conference  of the Technical Association
of the  Pulp and  Paper Industry, Richmond, Va.,  Sept. 13-16,
1966.)
A changeover to polysulfide pulping in a kraft mill requires the
introduction of  new  techniques or  modifications of  those
presently  existing.  Preparation  of  the  cooking  liquor  is
preferably done  by  dissolving sulfur in  white liquor from the
recovery cycle. The dissolution process is considered from a
theoretical  as well  as a practical chemical engineering  view-
point. The procedure of adding sulfur to the digester together
with the wood is compared  that of  separate dissolution. In
order to fully control the  cook, a knowledge of two parame-
ters, effective alkali and excess sulfur  content, is sufficient.
Some  procedures  for the determination of the latter  are
described,  and preference is given  for the  redox  method.
Polysulfide does not affect the  removal of  lignin to any ap-
preciable extent. It  is shown  that, with no extra  alkali added
fairly small amounts of carbohydrate polymers are dissolved in
the cooking liquor. The achieved stabilization caused by oxida-
tion is probably not as complete as in  the case of reduced car-
bohydrates.  The net effect on pulp yield is, however,  very
much the same  as  in the case of borohydride cooking.  This
build-up of sulfide  is probably the  cause  of the  higher odor
level. The differences between the  quality of polysulfide and
kraft pulp are summarized, and the  implications are that if the
papermaker places the main emphasis  on beatability and stock
freeness, polysulfide cooking  would be a very attractive alter-
native  to conventional kraft cooking. If, however, tear factor
is  an  important strength  consideration, polysulfide cooking
becomes less attractive. AA

08364
Landry, J. E.
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION PRACTICE  AND DEVELOP-
MENT--A CRITICAL REVIEW. TAPPI, 46(12):766-772, Dec.
1963. 22 refs.
The progress in black liquor oxidation research, development,
and  application is summarized, along with experimental data
from laboratory research and mill operations.  In the kraft
recovery  process,  oxidation  of the black  liquor  prior to
evaporation and burning  leads to a considerable  reduction in
sulfur loss to the atmosphere and improved chemical recovery.
For  these  reasons, research   and  development on oxidation
processes during the  last  five years  have proceeded rapidly
and  kraft mills in this country  have  been quick in  applying the
results of these  investigations, despite the fact that problems
still  remain to be solved  under some  conditions of operation.
(Author's abstract, modified)

08365
Howard G. Maahs, Lennarl N. Johanson, Joseph L. McCarthy

SEKOR  III: PRELIMINARY  ENGINEERING DESIGN AND
COST ESTIMATES FOR STEAM STRIPPING KRAFT PULP
MILL  EFFLUENTS. TAPPI, SO(6):270-27S, June 1967. 9  rets.
An illustrative, preliminary engineering design  and cost esti-
mate has been carried out relative to  the SEKOR-B (refluxed
column) process. As a basis  for such  calculations, experimen-
tal determinations have been made of vapor-liquid equilibrium
constants for the  sulfur-  containing  components.  CH3SH,
(CH3)2S, and (CH3)2S2 in dilute concentration in water at  1
atm total pressure, and, also, for  the  substances  limonene,
alphapinene, and alpha-terpineol, which are major constituents
of the  recovered volatile oil. It is shown  that  all substances are
of higher volatility than water  and may be  steam-stripped, and
that alpha-terpineol and dimethyl disulfide are the most dif-
ficult  to strip  from  water.  The optimum  feed/steam  ratio,
reflux  rate, and number  of stages  required  to  strip H2S and
the  above  components  from  condensates  of a  400  ton/day
kraft pulp mill were calculated. To reduce the concentration of

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34
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
(CH3)2S2 to 1%  of  its feed concentration, capital cost  was
estimated to be $51,500 to treat 1,000,000 Ib/day of blow and
relief gas condensates. If amortized over a  5-year period, this
capital cost together with operating costs is  estimated to result
in a total cost per ton of dry pulp of $0.25/ton for 5 years and
of $0.13/ton thereafter. If the sale of recovered crude SEKOR
oils at $0.04/lb is feasible, and if hot process water is valued at
$0.03/1000 gal, the above costs for treating blow and relief gas
condensates are estimated  to approximately $0.07/ton  pulp.
The cost and design bases used are described in some detail to
allow potential users to undertake  similar calculations compati-
ble with  local conditions, and, thus, to obtain alternate costs
per ton of pulp if so desired. AAM

08366
PROGRESS IN ALKALINE  PULPING--196S. The Institute of
Paper Chemistry. Tappi, 49(6):108A-120A, June 1966. 264  refs.

Technical and  topical literature reporting progress in alkaline
pulping, abstracted in  the Abstract Buleetin  of The Institute of
Paper Chemistry during the calendar year  1965, is reviewed.
Documents from fourteen countries are included. The bibliog-
raphy lists tw-hundred-sixty-four references.

09047
Murray, J. S.
SCRUBBING KRAFT RECOVERY FURNACE GASES.  TAP-
PI, 43(11):899-903, Nov. 1960. 1  ref.
The Everett kraft mill experimented with various recovery fur-
nace flue gas pilot-plant scrubbers to determine if  the fly ash
remaining after  an  electrical precipitator could be  removed
successfully.  Results  indicated  that a  spray-nozzle, venturi-
throal scrubber would remove about 90% of the sodium  salts
from  the flue gas. A full-size, stainless steel scrubber was in-
stalled and tested. Results indicated that the plant  scale  unit
normally removes about 90% of the fly ash.  (Author's ab-
stract, modified)

09048
Hawkins, Gerald
BLACK  LIQUOR OXIDATION  AT  CHAMPION'S TEXAS
MILL HAS UNUSUAL TWIST.  Paper Trade J., 146(10):38-39,
March 5, 1962.
The present oxidizer at Champion's Texas Division  is unusual
in that it oxidizes heavy liquor (44  per cent solids)  instead of
weak liquor. Air flow is introduced from a blower delivering
5,970 c.f.m., running 720 r.p.m. The air is discharged near the
top of the cone  bottom by means of an air sparger which al-
lows the air to come into intimate contact with the downward
flowing liquor as  the air travels upward, exhausting through a
cyclone separator. The cyclone  allows any  entrained liquor to
separate  from the air and return to the oxidation tower. Reten-
tion  time of the liquor in the oxidation tower is approximately
150 minutes. The stack losses of sulphur as  H2S  are greatly
reduced  with the oxidizer running. The  losses  of sulphur as
S02, however, show a slight increase.

09356
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRY FOR POLLUTION
CONTROL. Air Eng., 10(2):20,  Feb. 1968.
A fiber glass reinforced plastic (RP) gas scrubbing tower has
successfully replaced  a 316  stainless steel  structure  that  cor-
roded  at  a wood pulp mill near  San   Francisco. Chemical
vapors such as sodium chloride, sodium  sulphate, sodium car-
                      bonate, sodium sulphite, sodium sulphide, sodium dioxide and
                      hydrogen peroxide  were the  corrosive influences that had  to
                      be considered. The  RP structure is self-supporting, and can re-
                      sist temperatures in the 300 deg. F. range.

                      09508
                      Harding, C. I.
                      SOURCE REDUCTION IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY.  Proc.
                      Fifth Ann. Vanderbilt Unit. Sanitary and Water Resources En-
                      gineering Conf., p. 192-204, June 2-3, 1966. 6 refs.
                      It is possible at this  time to  drastically reduce the normal
                      odorous emissions from kraft mills. Few mills, if any, have ut-
                      lized  all of  the possible control  steps,  many  of which are
                      discussed. Most new mills are  being designed with reduction
                      of atmospheric emissions as a primary aim. Recent and current
                      research efforts are pointing the way to better control of mill
                      emissions by reducing the quantity of pollutants formed during
                      the  pulping  and  recovery  processes.  (Author's summary,
                      modified)

                      09655
                      Major, William D.
                      VARIATIONS IN PULPING PRACTICES WHICH MAY EF-
                      FECT EMISSIONS.  In: Proceedings of the International Con-
                      ference  on  Atmospheric Emissions  from  Sulfate  Pulping,
                      Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28,  1966. E. R. Hendrickson  (ed.),
                      Sponsored by: Public Health  Service,  National  Council for
                      Stream   Improvement, and  University  of Florida.  DeLand,
                      Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 265-281. 8  refs.
                      Emissions from a kraft mill can be divided into two categories,
                      gaseous  and  paniculate.  Malodorous emissions are subject  to
                      far less control and  precision of analysis than  paniculate  emis-
                      sions. The magnitude  of loss  is  more sensitive to operating
                      variables, the chemistry  is more complicated  and the sources
                      are more numerous. This discussion is concerned with the ef-
                      fect of  operating variables on gaseous sulfur  losses. Evidence
                      is given which indicates that the  wood species has a definite
                      effect  on  the odor produced  during kraft pulping.  Cooking
                      variables include: sulfidity of the white  liquor, cooking time
                      and cooking temperature. More recent cooking variables are:
                      continuous vs. batch digestion, and the use of black liquor
                      dilution in the digester as a means of controlling the liquor -to-
                      wood ratio. Multiple-effect evaporators are the second largest
                      source  of gaseous  sulfur losses  in  the process. The high
                      vacuums set up by condensers result in the release of low
                      vapor pressure sulfur compounds. Operating variables in direct
                      contact evaporation are: black  liquor pH, sodium sulfide con-
                      centration, and per  cent CO2 in the flue gas. Dust losses from
                      the  recovery furnace are controlled  with  either a venturi
                      scrubber or  an  electrostatic  precipitalor.  Operating  variables
                      which  influence the efficiencies of these two units are  over-
                      loading, and the temperature of the flue gas. The key to the
                      effect  of operating  variables on emissions from a kraft pulp
                      mill is to recognize the  degree to which the  various steps  in
                      the kraft process are interrelated, especially in  the case  of
                      gaseous  sulfur losses.

                      09656
                      Lindberg, Siguard
                      REDUCTION OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTANTS  AT THE
                      SKOGHALL MILLS.   In:  Proceedings  of  the  International
                      Conference on Atmospher- ic Emissions from Sulfate Pulping,
                      Sanibel  Island, Fla., April 28,  1966. E.  R. Hendrickson  (ed.),
                      Sponsored by: Pub- lie Health Service,  National Council  for
                      Stream   Improvement,  and  University  of Florida.  DeLand,
                      Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p. 335-346.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      35
Over the years several measures have been taken to destroy or
to reduce air  and water pollutants  from the sulfate mill in
Skoghall, Sweden. To identify the emission  points, the actual
departments at the  sulfate mill  are described.  The primary
sources of odor at the mill, and measures taken  to dispose of
them are shown in a table. A detailed discussion, with the aid
of illustrations, describes fully the measures taken to control
the odors at each point. It is  concluded  that the measures to
improve  the factory  surroundings with regard to malodorous
pollutants had the intended result, and at a reasonable cost.

09661
Lindberg, Sigvard
COMBUSTION  OF  MALODOROUS  GASES  FROM  AL-
KALINE PULP COOKING.  In:  Proceedings of  the Interna-
tional  Conference on  Atmospheric  Emissions  from Sulfate
Pulping,  Sanibel  Island, Fla.,  April  28, 1966.  E.  R.  Hen-
drickson (ed.), Sponsored by:  Public Health Service, National
Council for  Stream  Improvement, and University of Florida.
DeLand, Fla., E. O. Painter Printing Co.,  ((1966)), p. 370-372.
This paper describes an invention to get rid  of malodorous air
and water pollutants by combustion of  gases from the cooking
in a continuous digester of alkaline pulp,  especially sulfate
pulp. The aim of this invention is to destroy both air and  water
pollutants in one  single operation. The application to continu-
ous cooking is demonstrated with a flow diagram.

09733
 Shah, I. S. and Louis Mason
NEW   TWO-STAGE  EVAPORATOR-SCRUBBER  SYSTEM
FOR EFFICIENT RECOVERY OF HEAT, FUME, AND DUST
FROM  RECOVERY BOILERS.  TAPPI,  50(10):27A-  Con-
ference of the Technical Association of the Pulp  and Paper In-
dustry, Boston, Mass., Oct. 31-Nov. 3,  1966.)
In recent years,  Federal,  Slate, and  local  authoritities have
enacted laws and regulations to reduce  the quantities of air
pol-  lutants. This has  created a necessity  for  the pulp and
paper  in- dustry to  improve  overall  collection  and  odor
removal  efficiencies. Presently  available  equipment, because
of some inherent design problems  is  not able to  meet  these
new  requirements. This  has led  to the  development of a two-
stage  evaporator-scrubber system, which offers almost all the
advantages  and eliminates most  of the  dis- avantages of  exist-
ing  systems.   Secondary   scrubbing   systems   have  been
developed to enable Ipulp mills to  improve the  overall dust
collection and  odor  removal  efficiencies  of  their existing
systems. This paper describes in detail the history of develop-
ment  and operating characteristics of  the two-stage evapora-
tor-scrubber sys- tern and of the secondary scrubbing systems.
A new  improved S-F type venturi scrubber, as applied suc-
cessfully in  the  pulp and  paper industry,  is  also described.
(Authors' abstract)

09933
Arhippainen, Bengt, and E. Norman Westerberg
KRAFT  ODOR   CONTROL—ITS   EFFECT   ON   MILL
OPERATING PARAMETERS  AND COSTS.  Pulp Paper Mag.
Can. (Gardenvale), 69(8):65-70, April 19, 1968. 9 refs.
Existing  knowledge  on kraft odor control is reviewed from a
Scandinavian point  of  view. The ways  a kraft  odor control
system  may affect the mill environment  and  mill processing
are briefly discussed.  Little is known  about the  effect  of the
odor  upon  people,  their psychology,  and their attitudes.
Furthermore, the performance of the  recovery  unit and  the
liquor oxidation system, if direct contact (DC) evaporation is
used, are critical to  the manintenance of  low odor levels most
of the time. The recovery boiler system with no DC evapora-
tor,  commonly used  in  Scandinavia, is  discussed in  some
detail.  Operating  costs  for  this system  are  compared  with
those for a system  with a DC evaporator,  both with and
without additional odor control equipment. For typical Finnish
cost conditions, the system without  the DC evaporator is
slightly  favored. Thus,  with  respect to odor control and cost-
ing,  the recovery boiler  system without  DC evaporator may
prove to be very competitive in many North  American loca-
tions.

10001
Shah, I. S.
NEW   EVAPORATOR-SCRUBBER  SYSTEMS   IMPROVE
KRAFT RECOVERY PROCESS.  Paper Trade J.,  152(12):58-
64, March 18,  1968.
In the two-stage  evaporator-scrubber system the  two  func-
tions, evaporation and scrubbing, are performed separately in
two  stages: the first stage a low pressure  drop evaporator and
the second stage a scrubber. The experimental work done at
two  pulp mill  sites established that the two-stage system pro-
vides potimum thermal and  dust collection efficiencies as well
as flexibility and odor reducing  capacity. The design variables
and  operating  data for the two-stage and  single-stage systems
are presented.

10106
Wong, A.
EXPERIENCE AT ELK FALLS COMPANY LIMITED WITH
RECOVERY GAS SCRUB- BING.  Pulp Paper  Mag.  Can.
(Gardenvale), 69(9):61-62, May 3, 1968.
The Elk Falls  Division,  pulp and paper mill of Crown Zeller-
bach Canada  Limited,  is located  approximately  four  miles
north of Campbe  River, B.C. This  community of about 8,000
people is supported large by primary and  secondary forest in-
dustries, but it is  also the cent  of a very  active  tourist indus-
try.  As  an integral part of the air pollution control program at
Elk  Falls,  a multiple-venturi gas  scrubber was installed  to
remove paniculate  matter  from  recovery  flue  gases.  This
scrubber is  operated in conjunction with other du emission
control equipment: three cyclone evaporators and two electro-
static precipitators. Costs, to date, include about 41  million for
the recovery gas  scrubber,  about 4670,000 for installation  of
the scrubber and auxiliary equipment, and 4170,000 for altera-
tion  of  existing facilities. Corrosion is an unsolved problem
and  maintenance  costs are  not available. After  two months'
operation, the  steel and  stainless steel sections were corroded
through. Test  measures  to deal with corrosion are  described;
fiberglass venturi  throats appear to resist corrosion and rein-
force bisphenolic  resin and Heresite (phenolic resin) coatings
were found  to resist corrosion for  six months. The combined
system, in effect, removes about 995 of the dust emitted from
the recovery furnaces. The scrubber unit,  being the first of its
kind in British Columbia, has been in operation  since early
1965.

10268
Vegeby, A.
HOT WATER  FROM RECOVERY  BOILER STACK GAS: SF
SCRUBBER-MODO  SYSTEMS.    Pulp  Paper   Mag.  Can.,
69(9):68-74, May 3, 1968.
The latent heat in the stack gas represents a  heat loss which
cannot be economically recovered  in the boiler. The heating
surfaces would be too expensive,  and also the draught losses
would  increase. The investment and operation costs are not

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 36
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
compensated by the gain in heat. In plants where there is a de-
mand for hot water,  flue gas scrubbers have been used to
recover the  stack gas loss. Previously, heat exchangers have
been  used  to  get  clean  hot water. The  heat  exchangers
represent a large part  of the investment and have also  caused
problem with scaling.  A new design has been developed, the
SF Scrubber-MODO System, with which  clean hot water is
produced in  direct contact  between the flue gas and the water.
This has been made possible by  washing the  flue gas clean
from soot and dust before  entering the heat recovery stages. A
typical scrubber reduces  flue gas  sulfur content from  140
Ib./hr.  after  direct  contact evaporation  to 15  Ib./hr. after
passing through the washing section. The advantages  of  this
system are: higher temperature for the hot water, greater heat
recovery  from the flue gases, and lower investment cost. The
system, introduced in 1965, in Scandinavia, has made recovery
of heat from flue gas more economic and attractive than it has
been before.

10277
Blosser, R. O. and H. B. H. Cooper, Jr.
TRENDS  IN  ATMOSPHERIC   PARTICIPATE  MATTER
REDUCTION  IN   THE  KRAFT   INDUSTRY.     TAPPI,
51(5):73A-77A, May 1968. 6 refs.
A survey  of secondary wet scrubbing practices showed that
relatively  low-pressure-drop devices may  produce a 50-80%
reduction  in  particulate emission from  precipitator streams.
The per cent reduction is  somewhat less when these devices
are employed downsteam  of venturi recovery units. Removal
efficiency was  observed  to be independent of  the type of
scrubber  used at the particulate concentrations  in gas streams
following  precipitators. Final effluent  quality was  related
directly to scrubber inlet  particulate concentration. Effective
scrubbing has been  shown to reduce particulate fallout in the
area adjacent to mills. Scrubbing may reduce particulate emis-
sions  to the atmosphere,  but may also  reduce the height of
plume rise, hence dispersion is reduced and an odor problem
may be  accentuated.  The  principal  benefits  of  secondary
scrubbing have been upgrading of effluent quality  and the as-
surance   of   an  effluent   of reasonably  uniform  quality.
(Authors' summary)

10366
Alferova, L. A. and G. A. Titova
OXIDIZING SODIUM SULFIDE  AND  SODIUM  MERCAP-
TIDE IN  BLACK LIQUOR.  ((Okisleniye sul'fida i merkaptida
natriya v  chernom  shcheloke.)) Text in Russian.  Bumazhn.
Prom. (Moscow), 10:5-6, Oct. 1966.
This paper is directed toward sulfate cellulose  production, in
which the regeneration of black liquor creates waste  waters
and gases whose offensive  odors are traceable to their contain-
ing hydrogen sulfide and  methylmercaptan (MMC) and their
salts,  odors  which  can  be destroyed  by oxidation.  The
mechanics of the oxidation process are  discussed in  detail,
particularly with respect to oxidation rate. It is concluded that
the reactions are kinetic and their rate is  a function of tem-
perature and the size of the free-reactant surface; that an acid-
base catalysis occurs (whose character is described), and that
in aqueous  solutions  of  MMC  a  nucleophile  reaction  is
generated which leads  to formation of methanol and hydrogen
sulfide;  and  that oxidation should  be  performed with  an
evolved phase-contact surface, preferably in atomizers at  80-
100 Degrees C. and 4-6 (max. 10) kg./sq  cm. The reduction
process is described.
                      10578
                      Banciu, I.
                      DETERMINATION  OF SODIUM  SALT  LOSSES  IN THE
                      RECOVERY BOILER OF  A SULFATE PULP MILL. (Deter-
                      minarea pierderilor de saruri sodice in gazele evacuate la cosul
                      cazanului de regenerare intr-o fabrica de celuloza sulfat.) Text
                      in Romanian. Celuloza Hirtie (Bucharest), 15(7): 253-257, 1966.
                      5 refs.
                      In a sulfate pulp mill, alkaline salts are carried  away in  the
                      flue gases.  An electrofilter is described which was installed to
                      prevent the dispersion of these salts into the atmosphere. Effi-
                      ciency of  this filter  was determined  by  a dry  and a wet
                      method;  the wet method  proved simpler  and more  durable.
                      Equipment used  in the wet method  is described (sampler,
                      micromanometer,  Pilot  tube,  rotameter,  vacuum  pump,
                      refrigerant, drier, and  industrial thermometer). From tabulated
                      data collected  following an analysis of gases and  dusts before
                      and after passage through the electofilter, it is determined that
                      the sodium salt losses can be  successfully limited by use of
                      this method.

                      10659
                      Blosser, Russell O. and HallB. H. Cooper, Jr.
                      SECONDARY  SCRUBBING OF KRAFT RECOVERY STACK
                      GASES.   PREPRINT,  Oregon  State  Univ., Corvallis, En-
                      gineering Experiment Station, lip., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at
                      the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
                      tion, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68 -129).
                      A survey of secondary wet scrubbing practices  showed that
                      relatively low-pressure-drop devices may  produce a 50-80%
                      reduction in particulate emissions from stack gases which have
                      already passed through an electrostatic precipitator. The  per
                      cent reduction is somewhat  less when these devices  are em-
                      ployed downstream of venturi recovery units. Final  effluent
                      quality was related  directly to scrubber inlet particulate con-
                      centration.  Effective scrubbing has  been shown to reduce par-
                      ticulate fallout in the area adjacent to pulp mills. Scrubbing
                      may reduce particulate emissions to the atmosphere, but may
                      also reduce the  height of  plume  rise, hence  dispersion is
                      reduced and an odor problem  may be accentuated. The prin-
                      cipal benefits of secondary scrubbing have been upgrading of
                      effluent quality and  the assurance of an effluent of reasonably
                      uniform quality.

                      10758
                      Kihlman, Erik, (ed.)
                      RECOVERY  OF PULPING  CHEMICALS  EXPLORED  IN
                      DEPTH AT HELSINKI. Apaper Trade J., !52(28):38-47, July
                      8, 1968.
                      The recovery of  paper pulping  chemicals by several processes
                      is explored in depth. Basic knowledge of the recovery process,
                      practical experience of the recovery process in industrial use,
                      and processes  under development  are  included.  Emphasis is
                      placed on sulfite pulping. Principles, designs, and experiences
                      with the following  systems are presented:  the  Dorr-Oliver
                      FluoSolids  liquor combustion process designed around a fluid
                      bed burner; the  electrodialysis membrane (BALC)  process;
                      direct carbonation of smelt (MRC)  process; the Stora process
                      for chemical conversion of sodium -  base liquors; and  the
                      Sivola-Lurgi process for NSSC (neutral sulfite semi-chemical)
                      liquors. Detailed consideration  is also  given to the effects  of
                      the recovery  of  bleach plant effluents on  kraft  recovery
                      processes, the  absorption and desorption of gases during green
                      liquor carbonation, and a simple integrated liquor  preparation
                      system.

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      37
10765
Rice, James W., and Necmi Sanyer
SODIUM  SULF1TE RECOVERY  BY  DIRECT  OXIDATION
OF SMELT. TAPPI, 51(7):321-327, July 1968.
Smelts from  an NSSC and a  draft recovery furnace were
cooled, crushed, and contracted with humid air in a continu-
ous  reactor to  oxidize the sodium sulfide to sodium  sulfite.
Under optimum temperature and humidity conditions and with
continuous size reductions by  mechanical attrition, the reac-
tion  was rapid  and selective. The yield of sulfite was more
than 80%  with mill smelts and more than 90% with synthetic
smelts; this justifies further development  of this scheme as a
basis for neutral and alkaline sulfite chemical recovery. Direct
oxidation is particularly attractive for an  NSSC operation in-
tegrated with the  recovery system of a kraft mill. A partial
smelt oxidation suitable  as a possible polysulfide  recovery
scheme was also proposed. (Authors' abstract)

10994
Owens, V. P.
TRENDS  IN  ODOR  ABATEMENT  FROM  KRAFT MILL
RECOVERY UNITS.  Paper Trade J., 152(33):52-54, Aug. 12,
1968.
The  chemical recovery process used in the alkaline pulping in-
dustry produces two types of pollutants  -  paniculate matter
and  malodorous compounds. Wet  scrubbing of the paniculate
matter emitted from the lime kiln  stack and collection  of par-
ticulate  matter  from  the  recovery unit stack by electrostatic
precipitators in  better than 99% collection  efficiency. The con-
trol  of the malodorous compounds  has been more difficult.
Recovery   units designed  without   flue   gas direct-contact
evaporation of black  liquor are  now available, and when
properly operated will efficiently complete combustion  so that
the quantities of sulfur compounds delivered to the stack will
be below the  minimum detectable  limits at ground level. Mills
having recovery units with flue gas direct-contact evaporators
and  efficient  oxidation systems have reduced odors as much
as 98%  as compared with the same  unit burning nonoxidized
liquors.

11008
Shah, I. S.
AIR POLLUTION. PULP PLANT POLLUTION CONTROL.
Chem. Eng. Progr.  64(9):66-77. Sept. 1968.
In Kraft  process,  chemicals in the form of solids, mists,
odorous and  nonodorous  gases are  being emitted to  the at-
mosphere. The  source of emission, the theoretical explanation
for the emissions,  and the various processes and equipment
used to  reduce  the chemical and heat losses are  discussed in
detail.

11009
Shah, I. S. and Wayne D. Stephenson
WEAK  BLACK   LIQUOR  OXIDATION  SYSTEM:  ITS
OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE.  TAPPI. 5I(9):87A-94A,
Sept. 1968.
After a thorough  analysis of the advantages of weak and
strong black liquor oxidation and after an evaluation of weak
black liquor oxidation in a pilot planl  (capable of handling 100
gal/min  of liquor  equivalent to 50 tons/day of  pulp  produc-
tion), a  full-scale weal black liquor oxidation system was in-
stalled. The system is designed to  handle 400 gal/min of weak
black liquor at 16-17* solids concentration  and 4.0-6.0 g/liter of
sodium sulfide content. The wood  furnish  is a mixture of pine
and  hardwood,  with  pine content varying to a maximum  of
60%. The commercial system has successfully operated since
startup  and provides essentially  100%  oxidation efficiency,
even with variations in liquor flow and sodium sulfide content
from 300 to 475 gal/min and 2.3 to 6.6 g/liter, respectively. The
total operating power, including fan, pump, and foam breakers
is  less than 100 hp. The  extensive and  stable foam  that is
formed  during oxidation is efficiently handled and causes no
operating problems. As a result of the oxidation of weak black
liquor, the sulfidities of  green  and white liquors are raised
from 18.2 to 27.1% and 22.6 to 27.9%, respectively. The total
lime requirement is reduced by 0.085 Ib of lime per gal/min of
green liquor, a 15.4% reduction. The amount of hydrogen sul-
fide leaving the recovery furnace stack is reduced by  98.5%.
The biochemical  oxygen  demand of  the  multiple  effect
evaporator condensate  is reduced by 27% and the pH raised
from 6.5 to 9.0, thus  making the 175 gal/min of the evaporator
condensate suirable for reuse in  the pulp mill.  Overall, a  sig-
nificant reduction in  odor and chemical loss is achieved, as a
direct  result  of  the weak black  liquor oxidation  system.
(Authors' abstract)

11150
C. I. Harding and S. F. Caleano
USING  WEAK BLACK  LIQUOR  FOR  SULFUR DIOXIDE
REMOVAL AND  RECOVERY.  Tappi 51 (10), 48A-5IA (Oct.
1968).
Pulp mill air pollution problems are of three basic types: odor,
paniculate  emissions, and sulfir dioxide emissions from power
boilers.  Black liquor oxidation is the single step most effective
for odor reduction. Work has been completed  on a pilot scale
on  the development  of a weak black liquor oxidation  system
using southern kraft  liquor with subsequent use of the liquor
for S02 scrubbing of power plant flue gases. The results of
this work show  that weak black liquor from southern kraft
mills can be oxidized effectively by using kerosene  for foam
control. The scrubbing of the flue gas with the weak liquor by
using a moderate head loss venturi scrubber (approximately 14
in.  H2O) showed consistent SO2 removal efficiencies above
92%.  Work by earlier investigators was  confirmed, showing
that approximately 80% sulfide oxidation gave  the  most effec-
tive SO2  absorption  without  any  measurable  release of
hydrogen sulfide.  Complete oxidation of  sulfide enhanced the
formation  of sulfates  which inhibited  SO2 removal  during
scrubbing.  The liquor can be recirculated for  multiple  passes
through the scrubber provided the pH is kept sufficiently high
to prevent lignin precipitation. The  economics of the  system
indicate that a net  savings of about 30 cents/ton  air-dried pulp
can  be  effected  by installing the  integrated  oxidation and
scrubbing system without any dollar credit for reduction in
SO2 emissions.

11153
F. W. Hochmuth
ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CHEMICAL RECOVERY
UNITS.  Paper Trade J. 152 (40), 53-5 (Sept. 30, 1968).
The problem  of  odor  pollution  as it  relates to  chemical
recovery units operating on waste black  liquor from the kraft
process is discussed.  Background information, such as furnace
operation,  source of odor, and direct-contact  evaporation is
given. Emphasis is placed on a  new system,  the air contact
evaporation system,  which  permits  odor free  operation of
kraft recovery units.  Data to support the new system, such as
performance comparisons, cost comparisons, and  test  results
are  presented.  152(40):53-55, Sept. 30.  1968.  CONTROL
METHODS: By-product  recovery,  Air  contact evaporation,
Odor counteraction, Chemical processes The problem of odor

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 38
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
pollution as it relates to chemical recovery units operating on
waste black liquor from the kraft process is dis

11158
E. J. Malarkey and C. Rudosky
HIGH EFFICIENCY KRAFT MILL PRECIPITATORS.  Paper
Trade J. 152 (40), 57-8 (Sept. 30, 1968).
A dry collection  system for recovery boilers in  kraft mills is
compared with a dry-wet  system. Although high efficiency
electrostatic precipitators  can minimize fall-out or snowing,
the dry-wet system can virtually guarantee that it will not oc-
cur.  Comparative  installation   and  operating  costs   are
presented.

11673
Jones, K. H., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
CONTROL  OF   MALODORS  FROM KRAFT  RECOVERY
OPERATIONS BY PYROLYSIS.  Preprint. Public Health Ser-
vice, Arlington, Va., National Air Pollution  Control Adminis-
tration, 20p., June 1968. 15 refs.
The pyrolysis and recombination steps of combustion in kraft
mill processes were isolated for study because they encompass
the reaction mechanisms responsible for producing malodorous
compounds.  Steady-state   pyrolysis   of  concentrated   black
liquor was carried out over a temperature range of 480 to 1135
C to describe the process variables that would  influence the
design of a pyrolysis unit to minimize emissions of malodorous
sulfur compounds from recovery operations. Several additional
preliminary  experiments were conducted using  soda pulping
liquor as a substrate with various inorganic sulfur salts  added
as the sole sulfur source for the purpose of describing produc-
tion mechanisms for hydrogen sulfide as well as organic sulfur
compounds. Results indicate  the importance of temperature
with respect to the relative production  of malodorous  sulfur
compounds  during  the pyrolysis  and recombination  steps of
kraft black liquor combustion. The requirement  for definitive
temperature control makes isolation  of  pyrolysis into  a unit
process  attractive. The  thermal  efficiency of  such a system
coupled with the elimination of two unit processes currently in
use further enhances such a design. The steady state  data ob-
tained in this study  have provided the design parameters for a
scale prototype system now under construction.  The  isolation
and quantitation of organic sulfur compounds other than those
most commonly reported suggest that they may be responsible
for environmental  perception when  viewed in the relative
framework represented by a simple odor model.  The need for
improved  sampling and analysis of  draft  recovery process
streams is indicated. (Author conclusions modified)

11726
Green, Bobby L.
BOILER  FOR BARK-BURNING.  Power Eng., 72(9):52-53,
Sept. 1968
Burning bark  involves  special  problems:   incomplete   com-
bustion (and resultant gum-plugging in the system), dust and
residue buildup, and multi-fuel firing caused by fluctuations in
the supplies of bark. A paper mill has been burning bark in
one of its  boilers  for 6 years. The boiler has a rated evapora-
tion capacity of  300,000 Ib/hr. and  is provided with  rotary
regenerative air preheaters. The paper mill requires a  continu-
ous firing schedule of  75% to  full capacity. When the bark
supply is insufficient, natural gas is used. Equipment specifica-
tions include:  horizontal-flow  package  regenerative  air  pre-
heater (Ljungstrom), traveling grate stoker, large tube fly-ash
collector, and  hydraulic ash-disposal  system. The  boiler was
                      designed to bum 35% and 65% natural gas, but operating logs
                      show that the percentage of bark has been as high as 85%. A
                      schematic drawing  shows the arrangement of the preheating
                      system.  A cyclone dust collector, with large  size tubes, is
                      located in  the flue gas path  ahead of the  air preheater. The
                      cyclone  removes  bark char, fly ash, and other light material.
                      The operating temperature is  about 700 deg F. Features of the
                      dust collection system  are dust  valves, a sand  classifier, a
                      cinder  reinjection  system,  and  a  wet ash  sluice  system.
                      Although no significant problems have been encountered in
                      the  6  years  of  operation, initially  some minor  buildup  did
                      occur in the boiler superheater section when an unusually  dif-
                      ficult combination of hardwood bark  was burned. The problem
                      was solved by the  installation  of retractable  soot glowers. It
                      has not been  necessary to wash the preheater.

                      11949
                      Ginodman, G. M.
                      THE  PURIFICATION  OF   GAS  EMISSIONS   IN  THE
                      SULFATE  PULP MILLS.  (Oschistka gazovykh  vybrosov v
                      sulfattseliuloznom proizvodstve).  Bumazhn. Prom. (Moscow),
                      22(7):16-22, 1947.  10 refs. Translated from Russian. 21p.
                      Methods are reported for cleaning the exhaust gases  from pulp
                      cooking  in sulfate pulp mills; until recently, the extraordinary
                      explosiveness and  flammability of these  gases has delayed
                      progress in developing control  processes.  A detailed analysis
                      of emitted gases  was  carried out. Vapors of  turpentine and
                      various  methyl compounds are  among the gases  produced
                      from the pulp cooking process and drawn off; the majority of
                      the sulfur compounds are emitted into the  atmosphere. Stack
                      gases also have high dust content,  consisting  principally of
                      sodium sulfate and carbonate salts, with most particles sized
                      less than 60 micron. In the cooking plant, the greatest fire and
                      explosion hazards are caused by  turpentine blow-offs and in-
                      creasing condensation of turpentine vapors. An explosion pipe
                      was used to study the explosiveness  of turpentine vapors and
                      for gases liberated from mercaptan and hydrogen  sulfide. Ex-
                      periments  showed that simple, save,  and inexpensive  com-
                      bustion of disagreeably odorous  gases can be performed in
                      recovery furnaces under three conditions: stringent thermal
                      control of the blowoff under cooling  of the exhaust gases to a
                      maximum of  30 C; subsequent dilution of the gases with air to
                      at least fifty  times their volume at the  time of the final blow-
                      off;  and application of effective automated devices to prevent
                      access to the furnaces of gas-air mixtures exceeding  30 C. The
                      sulfur  products of gas combustion are bound  in  the furnace
                      with alkali. These conditions also ensure the maximum yield of
                      commercial turpentine. A  second method of gas  cleaning
                      judged  effective  in removing  odorous sulfur  organic  com-
                      pounds and H2S  is treating the gases  with alkaline solutions
                      containing active  chlorine. Suspension of milk of  lime (80 g/1
                      CaO)  was  used   as  the  absorbing  solution  and  calcium
                      hypochlorite  as chlorinating reagent, producing oxidation of
                      sulfur and formation of higher acid anhydrides.

                      12076
                      PROGRESS IN ALKALINE PULPING-1967. THE INSTITUTE
                      OF PAPER CHEMISTRY.  Tappi, 51(12):77A-92A, Dec. 1968.
                      This report continues the  series of yearly  reviews, begun in
                      1947. of  the technical and topical literature reporting progress
                      in alkaline  pulping.  It reviews the literature abstracted in  the
                      Abstract Bulletin  of The Institute  of Paper Chemistry during
                      the calendar  year 1967 on mill modernization and expansion,
                      technology, theoretical pulping  studies, pulping of papermak-
                      ing fibers, cooking liquors,  by-products, stream and air pollu-
                      tion, bleaching, and corrosion. (Author's Abstract)

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                                          B.  CONTROL  METHODS
                                                     39
12506
Jones, K. H., J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Brink
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR, V. STEADY STATE PYROLYSIS.
Preprint, 30p., 1968 (?). 12 refs.
The  variables associated with  the  steady state  pyrolysis of
unoxidized  kraft black liquor as well as soda liquor combined
with various  sulfur salts were determined.  The temperature
range spanned 480 to 1135 C.  Measurements included  mass
balances of gross pyrolysis products, the qualitative and quan-
titative analysis of fixed gases, the qualitative and quantitative
analysis of  sulfur,  and the heat content of the gas and  solid
phases. The results showed  that pyrolysis has promise  as a
unit process for the control of emission levels of malodorous
combustion products. The requirement for definitive tempera-
ture  control in the pyrolysis step of combustion was clearly
demonstrated. The  thermal efficiency of the  pyrolysis process
with respect to potential heat recovery  was  quite acceptable.
The  fact that the  wet gas effluent  was self sustaining with
respect to  flame propagation eliminates the need  for direct
evaporation which  in turn would  eliminate the need for black
liquor oxidation. Possible design  schemes for  the application
of pyrolysis were presented previously.  The  steady state data
provided design parameters which allow the  construction of a
scale  prototype system.  The  isolation and quantitation of or-
ganic sulfur compounds other than  those most commonly  re-
ported suggested that there  is  a definite  need for unproved
sampling and  analytical methods for the  identification  and
quantitation of the  total array of malodorous  compounds being
emitted to the environment of kraft mills.

12527
Morrison, J. L.
RECOVERY  SCRUBBER  FOR  WASTE CHLORINE GAS.
Tappi, 51(I2):I24A-125A,  Dec.  1968. (Presented at  the 5th
Water and Air Conference of the Technical Association of the
Pulp and Paper Industry, Portland, Oregon, April 1-4,  1968.)
Equipment  was installed in a kraft  mill bleach plant  to  com-
bine  and  scrub waste  gas  discharges  containing  chlorine.
Scrubbing was done with a 4% caustic solution. The scrubber,
while improving atmospheric conditions,  pays  for  itself  by
recoverying 96% of the waste chlorine as hypochlorite bleach
liquor. (Author's abstract)

12658
J. L. Clement, J. S. Elliott
KRAFT RECOVERY  BOILER  DESIGN FOR  ODOR CON-
TROL.  Paper Trade J., 152(40):59-60, Sept. 30, 1968.
It is from the direct-contact evaporator, not  the  recovery fur-
nace, that malodorous gases are emitted. Black liquor recovery
furnaces  can be  operated  with  complete combustion  of
malodorous  compounds. A recovery boiler design  that will
eliminate the  direct-contact evaporator and is arranged to burn
unoxidized  black liquor supplied directly from the multiple ef-
fect evaporator to the furnace is presented. This  design incor-
porated  Scandinavian  boiler  design  experience  interpreted  in
terms of the North  American kraft operations.

13072
Akamatsu,  Isao and Hiroshi Kamishima
DEODORIZATION OF EXHAUST GAS IN KRAFT PULPING.
2. ON THE DEODORIZATION ACCORDING TO THE AD-
SORPTION AND ABSORPTION. (Kurafuto parupu seizo kotei
halsui gasu  no mushuka (dal  nifo). Kyuchaku oyobi kyushu  ni
yoru akushu seibuo no jokyo ni kansuru kisoteki kenkyu).  Text
in  Japanese. Kami-pa Gikyoshi (J. Japan Tech. Assoc. Pulp
Paper Ind.), 23(6):25-30, June 1969. 16 refs.
Adsorption and  absorption capacities  for malodorous  com-
ponents were estimated at 20 and 29 C. The adsorption capaci-
ty  of  activated carbon for methyl mercaptan was larger than
that for dimethyl sulfide. For the  hydrogen sulfide, activated
carbon acted not only as an adsorbent but also as a  catalyst,
so adsorption capacity of activated carbon for hydrogen sul-
fide  was  larger  than  that  for the other sulfur compounds.
When a mixture of dimethyl sulfide and methyl mercaptan was
adsorbed on activated carbon, the  total adsorption capacity of
activated carbon  was a medium capacity between those for in-
dividual components. Because real kraft pulp blow  gas is a
mixture of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and others, the
adsorption of activated  carbon for one was the mixture ad-
sorption, and the adsorption capacity was 30 to 40%. The ab-
sorption capacity of polyvinyl chloride  for dimethyl sulfide
was moderately large, but dimethyl sulfide in air was absorbed
only partially.  The  absorption  reaction  of ferric oxide for
hydrogen sulfide  resulted in water as a reaction product, there-
fore exact measurement of absorption was difficult. (Author
abstract modified)

13331
Lee, G., N. J. Themelis,  and W. H. Gauvin
CHEMICAL  RECOVERY  FROM  SODIUM-BASE   SPENT
SULPHITE LIQUORS  BY  THE  ATOMIZED  SUSPENSION
TECHNIQUE.    Tappi,  41(6):312-317,  June  1958.  18  refs.
(Presented at the Summer Meeting, Tech. Sect, of the Canadi-
an Pulp and Paper Assoc., Saranac Lake, N. Y., June  1957).
The  treatment of preconcentrated acid sodium  sulfite spent
liquors was studied in the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of
Canada's 8 in. atomized suspension reactor. Wall temperatures
of 650-800 C and residence times of 14 to 22 sec were used to
investigate the effects of the  liquors on the nature and  com-
position of the resulting products.  Sodium salt was recovered
in  the very form required for sulfiting, namely as sodium car-
bonate.  Unlike  other  proposed  procedures,  the  atomized
suspension technique produced few  traces of sodium sulfide
and thiosulfate and only  small amounts of sodium sulfate. The
combustible  gas  produced  during pyrolysis  possessed  good
calorific  value,  and  was available in sufficient quantity to
make the process thermally self-sufficient. As much as 80% of
the sulfur originally  present in the spent liquor was recovered
in  the gas. In addition to its excellent chemical recovery, the
process operates as a completely closed  system, eliminating
the pollution potential of the treated liquor and permitting total
recycling of the  process water. Translation of these results to
a recovery plant  for a sodium-base pulp mill is outlined and a
crude, preliminary economic evaluation  is given.  Optimum
operating  conditions  must be determined and  additional en-
gineering  obtained  before  a commercial  installation  is  at-
tempted. (Author conclusions modified)

13334
Ruus, Av  Lennart
INVESTIGATION OF ODOR ELIMINATION BY  AB MOR-
RUMS BRUK, MORRUM.  (Undersokning  av lukteliminering-
sanlaggning  vid  AB  Morrums   Bruk,  Morrum).   Text  in
Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 66(15):554-557, Aug.
15, 1963. 1 ref.
An oxidation tower system for reducing odorous compounds
formed  during alkaline pulping was  developed by  the British
Columbia  Research Council  and  installed  at  AB Morrums
Bruk, Morrum, Sweden, where its efficiency was investigated.

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40
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
The system involves the pumping of black liquor through the
oxidation tower in the same direction as a gas mixture contain-
ing air, uncondensed gases from the turpentine recovery, and
gases  from  the digester  blow.  After  leaving the  oxidation
tower, the mixture is  washed with chlorine and dilute sodium
hydroxide in  a scrubber  before being  vented  into  the  at-
mosphere. Gas chromatographic determination of the  amount
of methyl  mercaptan, dimethyl  monosulfide, and dimethyl
disulfide  in  the gas  mixture  before and after it had passed
through   the  tower and   scrubber  reveals that  the  system
removes  more than 99% of the methylsulfides and  more than
97% of the mercaptans. The greater part of these compounds
is taken  up by the black liquor in the oxidation tower;  the rest
is oxidized in  the scrubber. The concentration of the odorous
compounds in the outlet from  the  scrubber is very low and
their smell can be characterized as  'faint'. About 90% of the
sodium sulfide in the  black liquor is oxidized  in the oxidation
tower. (Author abstract modified)

13398
Fones, R. E. and J. E. Sapp
OXIDATION OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR WITH PURE OX-
YGEN.  TAPPI, 43(4): 369-373, April I960. 6 refs.
Oxidizing black liquor from a kraft cooking  process  reduces
kraft- mill odor, reduces  corrosion in  the evaporators, and
minimizes  the loss  of sulfur  compounds in the recovery
process.  Oxidation of kraft black liquor in a pressure vessel
with  pure oxygen as a possible means of circumventing  some
of the foaming problems  attending the oxidation of  black
liquor is investigated.  Experimental investigations  tested the
feasibility of oxidizing black liquor with pure oxygen either
after separation from  the  pulp or just prior to blowing at the
end of a normal krafl cook.  All cooks  were  carried out in a
laboratory experimental digester.  Oxidation of the  pulp  alone
resulted in the pulp darkening and  the lignin  content  increas-
ing. Oxidation of  the black  liquor alone would require the
reducing the  sodium sulfide content to prevent the  formation
of sodium  Ihiosulfate. Costs of reducing the  sodium sulfide
content  and the cost of the oxygen ($1100 per day) were too
expensive for  current  applications. Although oxidation of pulp
and black liquor at the end of a normal kraft cook results in
complete oxidation, oxygen consumption  rates are high and
pulp strength and color are adversely affected.

13409
Wenzl, Herman F. J. and O. V. Ingruber
BLACK   LIQUOR  BURNING AND  CHEMICAL  MADE-UP.
Paper Trade J., 150(50):54-57, December 12, 1966. 29 refs.
A  new proposal for maintaining sulfidity in the kraft  process
assumes  that  multistage bleaching of kraft pulp  uses mainly
chlorine  and  chlorine dioxide obtained  from  the reaction of
sodium chlorate with sulfuric acid. In addition to  chlorine and
chlorine dioxide, large amounts of sodium sulfate are  formed.
The proposal also  suggests the  use  of white liquor instead of
sodium   hydroxide  in  the  alkaline  extraction  stages  of
bleaching. The heart  of   the recovery  system is  the steam
boiler. Apart  from  the recovery of inorganic components from
the combustion of waste liquor  in the form of a smelt, the or-
ganic  substances in the black liquor are burned  in the  same
process  and their heat is used  for steam generation covering
the heat and energy requirements of the whole mill. Presently,
recovery boilers for 1000 tons of pulp per day are  in operation.
One unit is designed for a  throughput of 1340  tons of dry sub-
stance per day  at a  dry  content of 65-68%  of  the injected
liquor. Steam  production  is 22S tons/hr at 600 psig pressure
and 380  C exit temperature.  To remove the  smelt  uniformly
                      the number of smelt spouts has been increased.  Explosions
                      which occur when smelt enters dissolving tanks are probably
                      related to the formation of elemental sulfur. About 95% of the
                      suspended particles from  hot furnace gases can be recovered
                      with  scrubbers consisting of cylindrical upright tanks. Gas is
                      blown tangentially at high velocity into the tank bottom  while
                      water is sprayed from a tube with large numbers of spray noz-
                      zles. Water is recycled from the bottom to the spray tube.

                      13438
                      Mannbro, Nils
                      THE  SULFIDE  RECYCLE  RECOVERY PROCESS  PART I.
                      SMELT   COMPONENT  SEPARATION  AND  RECYCLE
                      RATIO.  Svensk Papperstid., 65(23): 956-964, Dec. 15, 1962. 20
                      refs.
                      Most  commercial  processes for the recovery  of  chemicals
                      from  sodium-base sulfite spent liquors  comprises two-stage
                      combustion with the sulfide component of the smelt produced
                      in the first combustion stage burned to form sulfur dioxide in
                      the second stage. This sulfur dioxide and that of the flue gas
                      are ultimately reacted  with  the sodium  carbonate  component
                      of the smelt to form a sodium sulfile/bisulfite solution. By not
                      processing smelt for hydrogen  sulfide,  the  Sulfide Recycle
                      Process permits  the direct recycling of the sulfide component
                      to the recovery furnace. Smelt is converted by separating sodi-
                      um carbonate crystals  from a  concentrated  sodium sulfide
                      solution. The  sodium  sulfite is  recycled to the furnace and
                      converted there  to sulfur dioxide and sodium  carbonate. The
                      sulfur dioxide is recovered from the flue gas by absorption in
                      a  liquor  prepared  from  the  separated sodium  carbonate
                      crystals.   Crystallization  of  the  soda involves  the  ternary
                      system Na2S-Na2C03-Na2S04, and a formula was developed
                      for calculating the increased smelt flow  from the furnace and
                      equilibrium  smelt  sulfidity. Calculation  examples emphasize
                      the importance of preventing oxidation of the sodium sulfide
                      prior to  its combustion  in  the recovery furnace. Successful
                      operation  of  the  Sulfide  Recovery  Process  depends  on
                      complete  conversion  of the sodium sulfide  to sodium  car-
                      bonate and  the lowest possible reformation of sodium sulfide
                      in the discharged smelt. The process employs equipment and
                      procedure standard in the pulp industry.

                      13445
                      Deeley, J. E. and A. H. Kirkby
                      THE   DEVELOPMENT OF THE  CHEMICAL RECOVERY
                      BOILER. J. Inst. Fuel, p. 3-10, Sept. 1967. (Presented to the
                      Scottish Section  of The Institute of Fuel, March 22, 1966.)
                      The main  constituent  of  the digesting liquor in the acid  or
                      sulfite process of pulp production is either calcium bisulfite or
                      magnesium  bisulfite;  both  produce  a  residual  liquor  which
                      makes recovery  difficult.  The residual liquors  from the alkali
                      or sulfate process of pulp production can be  treated simply,
                      which solves  the disposal  problem and achieves  chemical
                      recovery. To recover the black liquor, it is  sprayed across a
                      furnace  to  the  side  and rear  walls through  a nozzle.  The
                      deposit is  in the form of char which accumulates to an ap-
                      preciable thickness while it is being concentrated by heat from
                      the combustion gases.  When dehydration is complete, the dry
                      char  falls  to  the  furnace  hearth.  The  smelt  formed flows
                      through a tapping hole, where it is  discharged  into a dissolving
                      tank. To combat low-temperature corrosion, the high- tempera-
                      ture electric precipitator and a circulating economizer with in-
                      direct air  heating have been  especially developed for  the
                      recovery  unit.  The  difficulties  and operating  hazards  of a
                      recover furnace are related to combustion, smelt removal, fur-
                      nace explosions, and smelt leakage.

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                                           B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      41
13447
Hoag, D. S.
ANALOG    COMPUTER   CONTROL   OF   A   KAMYR
DIGESTER.  Tappi, 47(12):734-741, December 1964. 1 ref.
The principles of applying an analog computer to control an
industrial process are discussed and  illustrated with a specific
example. The Honeywell KDC 2020 analog computer has been
developed to control a Kamyr digester during changes in wood
species, production rate, permanganate (K) number, and al-
kali-to-wood ratio. It can also be used to correct for K number
drift  during  steady   state  operation.   Verification  of   a
semitheoretical math model of the Kamyr cooking process and
determination  of  its  coefficients  was  made by  extensive
planned testing on an  operating  digester.  The computer has
been calibrated and tested for  both  southern pine and  mixed
hardwoods with considerable success. Some mill operating ex-
perience has been obtained cooking pine chips.

13464
Wenzl, Hermann F. J.
CAUSTICIZING  AND   CLARIFYING   KRAFT   PULPING
LIQUORS. Paper Trade J., 151(2):50-53, Jan. 9, 1967.  12 refs.
Causticizing  of green and while liquors can be expressed  as
CaO  H20  Na2C03  yields  2NaOH   CaCO3.  The reaction is
reversible, and even under favorable conditions, no more than
85-90% conversion is achieved. The incomplete reaction  is due
either to the increasing  solubility of calcium carbonate with in-
creasing amounts of  hydroxyl  ions in solution or to the fact
that it occurs on the surface of suspended lime particles  which
lose  their  reactivity as they  become  covered  with a layer  of
CaC03. The clarification of green liquor is  improved by the ad-
dition of lime, but increased amounts of mud must be washed.
Attempts  to  dry  lime  mud  with hot gases have led to  the
development of the flash drying process, in which a portion of
collected lime of 90-99% dry content is mixed with  wet mud
coming from washers to increase the dry  content of the lime.
In one installation  the equipment has increased kiln efficiency
100%. However, the operation of a fluidized bed calciner may
be simpler than that of a kiln and less sensitive to changes in
throughput.  A modified Pease-Anthony venturi scrubber has
an efficiency between 94.0 and 98.5%.

13551
Faith, W.  L.
AIR  POLLUTION ABATEMENT.  SURVEY  OF  CURRENT
PRACTICES AND COSTS.  Chem  Eng. Progr., 55(3):38-43,
March 1959. 8 refs.
Pollutants  and control methods of the chemical manufacturing,
pulping, petroleum refining, steel, food, and cement  manufac-
turing  industries  are   reviewed.  Chief  pollutants  from  the
chemical industry are dilute vent gases, acid mists, waste sul-
fides, nitrogen  oxides,  combustible  wastes, and  dust. Vent
gases are  best  controlled by catalytic oxidation, sulfides by
caustic scrubbers, nitrogen oxides by catalytic  reduction, com-
bustible wastes  by incineration, and dust by filtration.  No
standard  procedure has been adopted for abatement of acid
mists. Pulp and paper industry pollutants are fly ash, dust and
odors.  Electrostatic precipitators,  dust scrubbers, and  spray
towers are used to combat these  problems. Air  pollution by
the petroleum refining industry  is caused by sulfur compounds
and hydrocarbon  loss.  Sulfur compounds can be reduced by
absorption and hydrocarbons by several control methods. The
main pollutant from the steel industry is  dust, which can be
controlled  by  electrostatic  precipitators  and  wet scrubbers.
The  main  problem of  the food industry  is control  of  odor,
which is comballed by  activated carbon adsorbers. Dust from
cement industries is best controlled by glass fabric bag filters
or cyclone collectors. Costs for 1959 are given for the various
control methods.

13737
Ibrahim, Karen
POLLUTION: THE PRESSURE IS ON.  Graphic Arts  Progr.,
15(4):6-I5, April 1968. 31 refs.
Air pollution is an important  issue  in  both the  printing  and
pulp-and-paper segments of the  graphic  arts  industry.  The
main pollutant of the printing industry is the gaseous emission
of solvents (aromatic hydrocarbons) from the dryers. Attempts
are being made to control the pollution by thermal or catalytic
combustion or by the use of adsorption devices. Thermal com-
bustion involves  the direct burning  of  the effluent in a  gas-
fired incinerator which  is effective in eliminating  pollution but
at present  is  economically unfeasible.  Catalytic  combustion
differs from  thermal combustion  in that it is flameless.  Ad-
sorption devices utilize  activated carbon  as the adsorbent;  and
this method is  also economically  unfeasible. Another method
for solvent-pollution control is the  development of mild or
low- aromatic nonoffending  solvents. Pulp and  paper-makers
are primarily  concerned  about the emission of  gases  which
contain sulfur,  mainly SO2 and H2S. Among control methods
are (1) proper operation of recovery furnaces and (2) installa-
tion  of black  liquor  oxidation  units   or forced-circulation
evaporators.  The  difficulties  in  proper  monitoring  and
sampling, in setting standards, and in paying for control equip-
ment and its operation,  in both areas of the graphic arts indus-
try are stressed.

13772
Guest, E. T.
DEVELOPMENTS IN BLACK  LIQUOR OXIDATION.  Pulp
Paper  Mag.  Can.,  66(12):T 617-T  622, Dec.   1965. 8  refs.
(Presented at the Annual Meeting of the  Pacific Coast Branch,
Tech. Sect., Canadian  Pulp and Paper  Assoc., Harrison  Hot
Springs, B. C., May 9-11, 1963.)
The overall status of black liquor  oxidation in the West Coast
kraft pulp industry is reviewed. The most  prevalent oxidation
techniques are the Collins system, the B. C. Research Council
system, and the Troebeck-Ahlen system. The Troebeck-Ahlen
and the Collins type systems oxidize by  forcing air through the
liquor  to  make  a  controlled  volume  of  foam.  The  B. C.
Research Council unit operates with air blowing  concurrently
with the liquor over specially  designed plates. Other systems
use packed columns with either concurrent or countercurrent
air, compressed air in a tank of liquor, or compressed air  in a
pipeline. The Croflon pilot plant has incorporated a more posi-
tive pattern of liquor flow to combat difficulties in maintaining
pressure drops, an integral foam box with carryover space, a
new type of combination cyclone  with a foam breaker, and a
simplified  square  design  into  its system. The  several  ad-
vantages to black liquor oxidation include a reduction of odor
in the evaporator condensate and recovery stacks, reduction in
sulfur losses, and less  corrosion of the  mild steel  evaporator
tubes and strong black liquor piping. Reduction in the recovery
furnace odor emission can only be obtained when a furnace is
not overloaded and therefore operated with sufficient air.

14094
Shah, I. S.
NEW FLUE-GAS SCRUBBING SYSTEM REDUCES AIR POL-
LUTION.  Chem. Eng.,  1967:84-86, March 27, 1967.

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                                       PULP  AND  PAPER INDUSTRY
Chemico's new two-stage scrubbing system enables pulp mills
to greatly improve overall dust collection efficiency and  to
meet  stricter air  pollution regulations.  Flue  gases  from the
recovery boiler enter the two-stage  system, which consists  of
evaporator,  scrubber, separator, and  cooling tower, and are
vented to the stack 99% cleaner and 500-600 F cooler. Concen-
trated  black  liquor is further concentrated to  60-70% solids
content by  direct  contact with  flue  gases  in the  Venturi
evaporator.  With about 40  in. H2O  static  pressure  for the
system, the  outlet dust  leading can  be reduced to 1 Ib/ton  of
pulp.  The two-stage system  provides  greater  heat recovery
because it exhausts stack gases at temperatures below 120  F,
as compared to 325  F from electrostatic precipitators, and 180-
190 F from  single-stage scrubbing systems. Chemico has also
perfected two oxidation systems for black liquor that reduce
the amount  of  H2S emitted to atmosphere. One is for weak
black liquor  and the other for  strong black liquor.

14110
Galeano, Sergio F.
REMOVAL AND RECOVERY OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE
PULP MILL INDUSTRY.  Florida Univ., Thesis (Ph. D.), Ann
Arbor, Mich., Univ. Microfilms, Inc., 1966, 239p. 149 refs.
Technical and economic feasibilities of a  purification system
for the  removal of sulfur  dioxide in pulp  mills were  studied.
Applications  in both kraft and neutral semichemical systems
are offered.  An experimental pilot plant  with  a  capacity  of
2800 cfm consisting of a venturi scrubber and  a cyclone was
used in the various experiments. The pilot plant was designed
for use as a purification  system for either the kraft or the
semichemical systems. Two different scrubbing  solutions were
used.  A carbonate solution proved  technically  feasible in the
semichemical process.  Sulfur dioxide removals in excess  of
90% were  obtained. Weak  black  liquor,  obtained  before  it
reached the  evaporators, was used in the kraft process. Sulfur
dioxide removal  was  again  in  excess of 90%. A  venluri-
cyclone combination and a spray chamber with radial inlet and
lateral  sprayers were studied using both the carbonate solution
and weak black liquor  as scrubbing solutions.  The proposed
system  was  found  to  be  both technically and economically
feasible for the carbonate scrubbing solution in the semichemi-
cal process.  The use of  weak  black  liquor as a scrubbing solu-
tion in the krafi process proved to  be technically feasible. Its
economy is a matter of more flexibility dictated  by the particu-
lar conditions of each plant. (Author abstract modified)

14113
Murray, F. E.
AIR POLLUTION FROM BIVALENT SULFUR  COMPOUNDS
IN THE PULP  INDUSTRY.  Preprint, Engineering Institute  of
Canada, March 1968, 16p..  10 refs. (Presented at the Banff
Pollution Conference, Banff, Alberta, Can.)
In  the  kraft process of  producing chemical cellulose from
wood chips, the chips are cooked in a solution containing sodi-
um hydroxide and sodium sulfide in about a  four-to-one pro-
portion. This method produces much  greater air pollution,  in
the form of  highly malodorous compounds, than  the  alterna-
tive sulfite  processes.  The  three  primary  sources  of odor
production in a krafi pulp mill are  the digestion process, the
direct-contact evaporator, and the  recovery  furnace.  In the
digestion process, control must be effected  on the noncon-
densible gases from the  digester and blow  tank, from the mul-
tiple-effect evaporators, and on the foul condensates that are
formed in contact with these  gases.  The emission of hydrogen
sulfide from black liquor during direct contact evaporation can
be very substantially reduced by oxidation of the sulfide. The
problem of the recovery furnace is one of good operation and
combustion control within the furnace design capacity. Present
laboratory studies are expected to lead to continuing improve-
ment in the control of odorous emissions from krafi pulping
operations.

14118
Markant, H. P.
THE MEAD  RECOVERY PROCESS.  TAPPI, 43(8):699-702,
Aug.  1960. 2 refs. (Presented at the 45th  Annual Meeting of
the Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper  Industry, New
York, Feb. 22-25, 1960.)
The  Mead neutral sulfite recovery  process consists  of two
basic stages: the total carbonation stage and the sulfiting stage.
Green liquor from a storage tank  is fed to a  precarbonation
tower, where it comes in contact with 15% of  the total gas in
the carbonation lower. When the gas enters the precarbonation
tower, it contains H2S thai was released in the  carbonation
tower. This is reabsorbed by the green liquor, and H2S-free
gas is discharged to the atmosphere. The precarbonated liquor
is  passed to the  carbonation tower, where  it absorbs CO2 and
releases H2S. The gas  loses CO2 and gains  H2S.  The next
phase of the process takes place in a sulfiting tower. Here  the
SO2 in Ihe flue gas from a venturi scrubber cyclone separator
is  scrubbed with the carbonated liquor. The addition of more
contact surface  in the absorption  system  has reduced odors
from the process and brought  them within acceptable limits.
Improvements in the venturi scrubber and  the installation of a
droplet  agglomerator in the sulfiling tower have  reduced  the
amount of paniculate  matter leaving the process to an  ex-
tremely low level. The total stack gases are continuously moni-
tored for SO2 and H2S, and concentrations are not  permitted
to exceed 0.03 and 0.01%,  respectively.

14120
Boyer, Robert Q.
THE WESTERN PRECIPITATION  RECOVERY  SYSTEM.
TAPPI, 43(8):688-698, Aug. 1960. 21 refs.
The  Western Precipitation recovery system, which uses  the
crystallization separation of the sodium sulfide of Ihe smelt,
reacts all of the  separated sodium sulfide with the  spent liquor
sulfile sulfur through an oxidalion reduction reaction  known as
the  Bradley  process. The reacted  liquor is  evaporated and
burned in inexpensive kraft equipment. The cooking liquor is
produced by adsorption recovery of the flue-gas sulfur dioxide
in a sulfile-bisulfile  solution thai uses the recovered sodium
carbonate as the make-up base. The absorption  of  the SO2
take place in a recovery tower where sodium carbonate is in-
jected in a 1:1 ratio to the sulfur. The sulfur dioxide recovery
tower is capable of a 97% efficiency. Any traces of H2S  are
removed from  the solution  in a separate head lank, thus
eliminating odor. This  system  at an  experimental  recovery
plant has completely processed spent liquor from sodium-base
acid sulfite, two-stage sulfite, and NSSC cooks separately and
in combinations. The  scale formation in  the  evaporators is
eliminated with the proper pH control by the amount of recy-
cled sulfide sulfur. This sulfur can be either increased with  the
addition of sodium sulfate to the firing liquor or reduced with
addition of inventory sodium sulfide. A relationship between
the rise in pressure and rise in  boiling point is  used to control
the  evaporation-crystallization. High  sulfur,  soda,  and heat
recoveries are possible. (Author abstract modified)

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                                           B.  CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      43
14577
Wethern, James D.
METHOD OF PROCESSING SULFATE BLACK LIQUOR TO
YIELD METHYL MERCAPTAN AND DIMETHYL SULFIDE.
(Riegel Paper  Corp.) U. S. Pat. 3,333.009. 2p., July 25, 1967.
(Appl. March 22, 1965, 8 claims.)
In addition to improved overall by-product yield, the process
of the invention is capable of giving an improved yield of rela-
tively  more  valuable  methyl  mercaptan  in  proportion  to
dimethyl sufide.  At  the same lime, it affords a desirable mea-
sure of  control over the relative proportions  of the principal
by-products. Spent kraft black liquor is initially dried and then
homogeneously mixed with elemental or combined sulfur. The
mixture  is heated in a closed reaction chamber in contact with
a flowing stream of heated carrier gases to  effect pyrolytic
decomposition of the liquor solids. Evolved by-products are
continuously removed by  the carrier gas,  usually  nitrogen or
superheated steam.  Recovery of the sulfur by-products is ef-
fected by separation from the carrier gas.

14940
Tada, Mitsuru
INDUSTRIAL  WASTE  INCINERATION   BY  FLUIDIZING
SYSTEM.  (Sangyo haikibutsu no ryudoshokyakuho). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(7):529-533,
July 1969.
Fluidizing systems, which  are widely applied to petroleum and
mineral  combustion,  are  highly  efficient. The outstanding
merits of this system are a capacity of 500 kg/cu m-hr in-
cineration;  the ability to incinerate  low-calorie wastes (1000/k-
cal/kg, water 70%) without catalysts; perfect combustion with
kiln  heal around 750 C;  no stack smoke or  odor problems;
simplicity of  structure, with no vibrations inside the kiln and
constant and stable internal heal; availability of electric power,
produced though ihe process in  large-scale (400 t/day) kilns of
this system; convenient operalion requiring  no heavy or inten-
sive labor; and  economical mainienance. The system  has  a
wide  range of applications, including waste incineration in the
chemical, food processing, and  petroleum industries, and ex-
crement and sludge treatment. For example, the liquid wastes
from  paper manufacturing plants that used to be  discharged
into rivers, bays, or seas and caused problems for agriculture,
fishing,  and shipping may now be incinerated, removing all the
organic  matter contained  in pulp  wastes, and  chemical com-
pounds  such  as  Na2S04  or Na2C03 may  be recovered  and
reused in kraft pulp produclion. Adaptation of ihis system to
watery wastes in the food and chemical industries has  the ad-
vantages of deodorizing wastes  and recovering ash  for use as
fertilizer.  The  system  can be  adapted  to  petroleum  and
petrochemical  wastes and to high-temperature wastes.

15450
Schoenhofen, Leo H.
TURNING  INTO PROFITS SOME AREAS OF POLLUTION
CONTROL. Flexography, 13(10):24, 26-27, 57, Oct. 1968.
The control of water pollution as it relates to the manufacture
of paper and paperboard is discussed, particularly as it relates
to making it into a profit opportunity. A  Wabash mill reduced
its water intake by half through a reappraisal and tightening of
the system. A  capital cost of $338,500 reduced the solids con-
tent of the  water from 10 Ibs per thousand gallons to 0.5 Ib per
thousand gallons. However, reclaimed fiber from this filtering
system  resulted  in  $34,000 yearly profit  above  the  annual
operating costs of the system. An Indiana  mill  installed a Con-
tainer- Copeland  process  for the  elimination  of black  liquor
generated by some pulping processes at the cost of a million
dollars.  The  sale of  a salt-cake by-product from  this new
process reduced the net operating costs. The waste materials
which industry is discarding into the air, water,  or ground are
potential raw materials for one or more industries analogous to
the cylinder paper mill business. Several of the 92 major pollu-
tion control  projects  initiated by Container  Corporation of
America since 1960 have either shown actual profit or a poten-
tial for profit; many have increased the total profit picture of a
given facility by curbing the outlay  for  temporary control.
These 92 projects do not include systems which have been in-
stalled to increase plant efficiency as well  as  to serve as anti-
pollution  devices, such as  boilers  which  reclaim chemicals
which are otherwise lost as waste.  But recovery boilers and
similar systems should be looked upon  as early steps in the
direction of turning a problem into a profit.

15690
Oloman, C., F. E. Murray, and J. B. Risk
THE SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE
FROM  STACK   GAS.   Pulp  Paper Mag.  Can.  (Quebec),
1969:69-74, Dec.  5, 1969. 7 refs. (Presented at 55th Annual
Meeting  of the Technical Section, Canadian  Pulp and Paper
Association, Montreal, Jan. 28-31, 1969.)
Selective absorption of hydrogen sulfide in a wet scrubber is
proposed  as  a method of reducing  the odor  from kraft pulp
mill recovery stack gases. A solution of sodium  carbonate and
bicarbonate, which is  2M in  sodium, is in equilibrium with the
carbon-dioxide content of the recovery stack gas and has a pH
of about 9.5.  The solution will selectively absorb hydrogen sul-
fide from the stack gas  provided its sulfide content is kept
low. Hydrogen  sulfide absorption efficiencies  of over 90%
were obtained in a pilot absorption unit consisting of a packed
column  working in series with air sparged liquor  oxidizers. The
process rates indicated that an efficient absorption system for
a 500 t.p.d. kraft pulp mill  would require a 20-ft-diameter ab-
sorption column, with 10 ft of packing, using 3000 g.p.m. of
recyling carbonate liquor. The value of the recovered chemi-
cals was  not expected to  pay for  the  cost  of recovery-gas
scrubbing. (Author abstract modified)

15709
Hough,  Gerald W. and Lyle J. Gross
AIR EMISSION  CONTROL  IN A MODERN  PULP  AND
PAPER  MILL.   Am.  Paper Ind., 5l(2):36-37, 40-42,  44. Feb.
1969. 18 refs.
Increasing concern about the environment in the U. S. is caus-
ing federal,  state, and local governments to legislate increas-
ingly stringent laws governing emissions from industrial plants.
The concepts which a pulp and paper mill can adopt to reduce
emissions to  levels which have been proven  to be attainable
are discussed. The amount of water vapor,  participate matter,
and sulfur emissions  in pounds per ton of  pulp from  each
operation of  the kraft pulp mill is compared before and after
application of suitable controls. Air emission control systems
increase both the capital  and operating costs of pulp mills.
Order of magnitude capital cost estimates for the air emission
control equipment for  a new 500 tpd pulp mill are presented.

15766
Markant, Henry  P., Norman D. Phillips, and Indravadan S.
Shah
SYSTEM FOR ABSORBING H2S GASES. (Babcock & Wilcox
Co., New York) U. S. Pat. 3,471,249. 4p., Oct. 7, 1969. 7 refs.
(Appl. Feb. 2, 1965, 6  claims).

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44
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
In the sulfate, or Kraft,  process  for  producing  paper pulp,
hydrogen sulfide is released by the hot combustion gases used
to concentrate partially concentrated  liquor prior  to  its  in-
cineration.  Its removal is  desirable to  minimize air pollution,
but known absorption  systems have been  applicable only  to
high concentrations and have required the use of commercially
prepared absorbing  solutions.  In the  present invention, it is
shown that less than 1% hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide
can be absorbed by  the  green liquor produced  by  sulfate
recovery processes.  These  liquors  contain  as  active com-
pounds sodium sulfide, sodium  hydroxide, and sodium car-
bonate. In the absorption process,  precooled gases are  passed
through an absorption  zone of a venturi-like device, in which
the absorbing  liquid is  injected at a gas flow ratio of 6 to 10.
Absorption of hydrogen sulfide by  the liquid, which is recircu-
lated, forms sodium hydrosulfide as one stable compound. The
ratio of the weight of  sodium sulfite  in the solution must  be
greater  than 35; the  weight ratio  of hydrogen sulfide in  the
gas, greater than  30; and  the molar concentration of sodium
sulfide, greater than 0.1 times the molar concentration of sodi-
um hydrosulfide.

15779
Collins, Theron T., Jr.
ODOR CONTROL AND HEAT RECOVERY IN WOOD PULP-
ING  PROCESS.  (Assignee  not  given.) U. S. Pat.  3.183,145.
9p., May 11, 1965. 6 refs. (Appl. June 22, 1962. 10 claims).
Methods are described for controlling the pollution of the at-
mosphere and bodies of water in the vicinity of wood pulping
mills.  The method is described in  terms of the wood pulping
process; however, it may readily  be adapted for use  with other
wood  pulping processes  that emit waste condensates which
contain such odorous and  noxious  gases as methyl mercaptan
and hydrogen  sulfide, as  well as hot water vapor laden gases
which  contain sulfur dioxide. The  gases are passed  into con-
tact with black liquor prior to the concentration, thus oxidizing
the liquor.  For  example,  sulfur  dioxide  containing  gases
derived from  the lime kiln  and/or the recovery  furnace  are
contacted with one or  more of the condensates containing the
sulfur compounds as hydrogen sulfide  and  methyl mercaptan,
under conditions which cause condensation of at least a portio
of the water vapor in  the hot gases.  A portion of  the  sulfur
dioxide content of the  hot gases reacts with a portion of  the
hydrogen sulfide and/or methyl mercaptan content of the con-
densates to render the undersirable odor producing compounds
innocuous.  Simultaneously,  the  alkaline components  of  the
condensates are carbonated  and  the condensates  are stripped
of substantial portions of the unreacted sulfur compounds. The
effluent  gases are then  oxidized, preferably  using  active
chlorine containing bleach plant wastes, to oxidize the remain-
ing odor producing materials in the gases. The condensates are
cooled so as to recover a  portion of their heat content and to
simultaneously render the  residual unstripped gases more solu-
ble.

15878
Bacon, Raymond  F. and Rocco Fanelli
RECOVERY  OF  SULPHUR DIOXIDE  FROM GASES. (As-
signee not  given.) U.  S.  Pat. 2,142,987.  3p., Jan.  10, 1939.
(Appl. Dec. 24, 1935, 3  claims).
Sulfur dioxide can be recovered from mixtures, either in gase-
ous or liquid form, by  treating gases with an aqueous solution
of a free weak acid and  a salt of  a water-soluble weak acid.
Suitable  acid  salts  include  acetic, benqoic, fumaric, lactic,
phosphoric, citric, and  tartaric. The free weak acid can be  the
same  as that forming the  salt. The salts react with  sulfurous
                       acid to regenerate the weak acid and produce a sulfite which
                       decomposes under the influence of heat with the liberation of
                       sulfur dioxide. They are stable and nonvolatile at the tempera-
                       ture used for the liberation of sulfur dioxide. The amount of
                       weak acid employed should be equivalent to 68 grams of lactic
                       acid per liter. Such an amount materially increases the rate of
                       liberation of  sulfur dioxide from the absorption solution at its
                       boiling temperature as compared with the rate of liberation of
                       sulfur dioxide at the  boiling temperature from a similar absorp-
                       tion solution containing no free weak acid. The  process is an
                       economical  way  of  producing sulfur dioxide-bearing reagents
                       for various chemical and metallurgical uses as, for example, in
                       the production of sulfuric acid, in  the production of elemental
                       sulfur, in the refrigeration and  leaching of ores, and  in the
                       production of sulfite cooking liquors.

                       15992
                       Springer, Karl L.
                       PROCESS AND  APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY  OF
                       SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM SULPHITE LIQUORS.  (Standard
                       Oil Development Co., Elizabeth, N.J. U. S. Pat. 2,137,311.  3p.,
                       Nov. 22, 1938. (Appl. March 26, 1936, 3 claims).
                       A method is described for recovering sulfur dioxide  in an an-
                       hydrous condition from petroleum sulfite liquor.  Concentrated
                       sulfuric acid  is fed into the top of a packed tower and then to
                       a  reaction chamber along with the sulfite liquor. The reaction
                       of the sulfuric acid and the sulfite liquor causes sulfur dioxide
                       to evolve. The sulfur dioxide passes into a liquid reaction mix-
                       ture in a separate stripping zone. A current of steam  is passed
                       through the reaction  mixture to strip it free of sulfur dioxide.
                       The mixture  of  sulfur dioxide and steam is passed through a
                       cooling zone at a temperature  suitable for the condensation of
                       the steam. By passing the resulting sulfur dioxide  through a
                       packed lower in countercurrent to the initial sulfuric acid, the
                       sulfur dioxide is  rendered anhydrous. The method is also ap-
                       plicable to the sulfite cellulose liquor of the paper industry.

                       16041
                       Rosenblad, C.
                       RECOVERY OF HEAT  AND SO2 GAS IN THE SULPHITE
                       PULP INDUSTRY  WITH  OR WITHOUT HEAT EXCHAN-
                       GERS. Paper Trade J., 106(26):78-81, June 1938. (Presented at
                       the Annual Meeting of the Pulp  and Paper Mill Superinten-
                       dents Association, Toronto, June 22-24, 2938.)
                       Direct and indirect methods of heating the acid used in heat
                       and sulfur dioxide recovery processes are contrasted.  In the
                       indirect  system,  relief  gases  from the digester  are injected
                       directly into the  acid without intermediate cooling. The tem-
                       perature and the concentration of the acid are difficult to regu-
                       late,  since  heating  and  strengthening  take place simultane-
                       ously. In the  indirect system,  the  acid is concentrated  to full
                       strength in cool  condition  by  cooled gases from the digester
                       relief  and subsequently heated indirectly by the heat liberated
                       when  the digester is relieved and  blown.  No pressure  tank  is
                       required during  the concentration,  and  the  relief of  the
                       digesters can  be  accomplished without  any interference from
                       back  pressure. It is possible to obtain a final acid temperature
                       higher than 156 F without using heat sources other than the re-
                       lief steam  and blow vapors.  If a higher acid temperature  is
                       desired, digester temperature  must be  increased or additional
                       heat added indirectly by a  central  acid heating system. In  one
                       condensing plant, part of the concentrated acid is heated  in a
                       relief  cooler and the balance,  in a spiral heat exchanger.  The
                       SO2 gases cooled in the condensing plant and relief cooler are
                       taken  to raw  acid tanks and used for  strengthening the acid.
                       Though  pressure tanks are used  for the  concentrated acid,
                       they could be replaced by spiral heat exchangers.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      45
161970
loffe. L. O.
CALCULATION OF THE FINAL GAS BLOW-OFF IN THE
SULFITE COOKING OF CELLULOSE.  (Raschet konechnoy
gazovy  sduvki pri  sul'fitnoy varke tsellyulozy). Text in Rus-
sian. Bumazhn. Prom. (Moscow), no. 6: 18-20, 1966. 6 refs.
A procedure was determined for calculating the  final gas blow-
off  in sulfite  cooking of  cellulose. It  was shown  that on
decreasing the temperature of  the boiler contents by 20 deg,
the  concentration  of free sulfur  dioxide  in  the liquor is
decreased to hundredlhs of a percent (independent of the  ini-
tial  temperature and initial concentration of sulfur dioxide  be-
fore the blow-off). Thus, at a 2% content of sulfur dioxide  and
an  initial temperature of  140  deg,  when the  temperature is
lowered to  130 deg and then  to 120 deg, the  sulfur dioxide
content  decreases to 0.181 and then to 0.009%; at an initial
temperature of 130 deg decreased  to 120 deg and then to  110
deg, the amount of sulfur dioxide  decreases  to 0.115  and
0.003% respectively.

16242
Blomen, T.
THE  ROSENBLAD  SYSTEM  FOR RECOVERY OF HEAT
AND SULPHUR  DIOXIDE IN THE CHEMICAL WOOD PULP
INDUSTRY.  Tech. Assoc. Pap., Ser. 20, no.  1:346-348, June
1937.  (Presented at  the Annual Meeting of the Technical  As-
sociation of Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, N. Y., Feb.
22-25, 1937.)
A new  storage  system for recovering waste  heat from wood
pulping  operations  is economical to operate at peak loads  and
enables  exhaust vapors from digesters and waste vapors from
other  mill departments to be utilized. Blow steam is pumped to
an accumulator to start the circulation of water from  the bot-
tom of the tank through a  jet condenser to the  cyclone top of
the  tank. In the jet condenser,  steam is condensed by  the cold
water, raising the  temperature of  the  water to 203 F.  The
steam condensate is passed to the top of the  tank,  together
with the cooling  water. In  the tank, the heat exchanger and its
pump are so  proportionated that there  is a distinct demarka-
tion between  hot and cold water.  Hot water from the top of
the  tank is pumped off and cooled to 104 F. The cooled water
is then returned to the suction  side of the cold  water pump or
to the bottom of the  tank.  Water to be heated is brought from
outside  the heat exchange to  a hot water tank rather than
heated directly  in  the jet  condenser because  vapors coming
from  digesters  are  general mixed  with  black liquor   and
odorous gases.  These  impurities are caught by the cooling
water in (he jet  condenser and filtered off. Sulfur dioxide is
similarly recovered by adding a gas cooler to the top of the ac-
cumulator. The  system  is appropriate  for both sulfate  and
sulfite mills.

16350
Maksimov, V. F., O.  I. Sokolova, Z.  P. Modzelevskaya, and
N. M. Isayeva
PURIFICATION  OF THE WASTE  GASES  OF SULFATE-
CELLULOSE PRODUCTION ON FOAM TYPE UNITS.   Bu-
mazhn. Prom. (Moscow), 34(5):14-16, May 1959. 2 refs. Trans-
lated  from Russian.  Franklin  Inst.  Research  Labs.,  Philadel-
phia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 8p.
Experiments were  conducted on the decontamination of  ex-
haust  gases  in  sulfate-cellulose  production   by the  foam
method, based on the interaction of a gas and liquid in a layer
of moveable foam formed  as a result of their counterflow. It
involves the purification of gases from the plant furnace, con-
centrator, and boiler units.  When the gas flow rate of the foam
device was varied from 0.4 to 3.2 m/sec, the  purification of
furnace gases  was constant and  amounted 92-95% (based on
total sulfur). After purification, 10-40 mg/cu Nm hydrogen sul-
fide, 8-46 mg/cu Nm methyl mercaptans, and 3-120 mg/cu Nm
sulfur  dioxide  were present in  furnace flue  gases. Decon-
tamination of the boiler gases removed  92% of the  hydrogen
sulfide, 90.7% of the methyl mercaptans, and  86.0% of the sul-
fur dioxide. When  the simultaneous decontamination  of ex-
haust gases  from  furnace, concentrator, and  boiler sections
was  studied, using caustic soda as a wetting liquid,  92.3% of
the hydrogen sulfide, 84.7% of the methyl mercaptans, 86.6%
of the dimethyl disulfide,  72.8%  of the  dimethyl sulfide, and
89.9% of the sulfur dioxide were  trapped. When black lye was
used as the  wetting  agent in an  oxidation tower,  no odor of
sulfur-laden gases was detectable.

16447
Tamm, O. M. and E. M. Vasil'eva
MEASURES FOR REDUCING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
IN CITIES OF THE ESTONIAN SSR.  (Meropriyatiya po  sniz-
heniyu  zagryazneniya  atsmofernogo  vosdukha  v  gorodakh
Estonskoy  SSR). Text in  Russian. In:  Sanitation  Measures
Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of Cities. (Oz-
dorovleniye  vozdushnogo  i  vodnogo   basseynov  gorodov).
Government Committee on Civil  Building and  Architecture
(ed.), Lecture series no.2, Kiev, Budivel 'nik,  1968, p.39-40.
Air pollution problems in  Estonia center around the cities of
Tallinn and  Kohtla-Jarve.  A paper and pulp  plant, a sulfuric
acid  plant,  a  mineral-enriching  installation,   and  a   shale
processing combine are cited as major air pollution sources in
the Kohtla-Jarve area and some of the measures taken to con-
trol these sources are mentioned. Control measures widely in-
stituted in the country include: conversion to  gas and liquid
fuels, the use of central heating plants, removal from the cities
of large pollution sources such as asphalt-concrete plants, and
the closing of installations  which  do not lend  themselves to air
pollution control (e.g., the stone crushing facility at the Tallinn
concrete plant, and the asphalt-concrete plant  at Toyl).

16647
Von Rosenblad, C.
HEAT AND SO2  RECOVERY WITH AND WITHOUT HEAT
EXCHANGER.   (Waermeund SO2-Rueckgewinnung mil  und
ohne Waermeauslauscher).  Text  in German.  Zells.off Papier,
19(4):205-209, April 1939.
The  direct  and indirect system  of  liquor preheating for the
recovery of sulfur dioxide  and heat in a  sulfite cellulose  plant
is discussed. With the direct method, heating and  concentrat-
ing the acid are carried out at the same time.  The waste gases
enter the cold  acid immediately after cooking at low pressure
without intermediate  cooling. Large acid  tanks are  needed and
the time  for the final gas discharge is long. With the indirect
method, the  cold acid is concentrated with cooled waste gases
and heated indirectly with the heat  liberated  by the final gas
discharge from  the digester. The advantage of  this method is
that  no pressure  must be applied  and less  S02 gas is  lost,
since the cold acid absorbs more.  The amount of heat liberated
at  the cooking is determined by  the final temperature in the
digester.  If the latter is 132 C, the acid can be heated to 70 C.
In case a higher acid temperature is desired, fresh  steam  must
be added. A plant operating according to the  latter principle is
described and illustrated.

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46
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
 16681
 Willct, Howard P.
 PROMT ORIENTED SYSTEMS  FOR  POLLUTION CON-
 TROL.  American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York,
 N. Y., American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
 Engineers (AIME),  New York, N. Y., American Society  of
Civil  Engineers, New  York, American  Society  of  Heating,
Refrigerating and  Air  Conditioning  Engineers,  New York,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, and
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Proc. MECAR Symp., Design and Operation for Air Pollution
Control, New York, N. Y., 1968. p. 75-85. (Oct. 24).
The  development of pollution control systems that provide  an
economically profitable return on control costs is  described; it
i, Dtlieved  that such processes  will enhance control  activities
by establishing an economic incentive to add to the public
pressures  on polluters to install  control  equipment. Profit-
oriented control systems are described for blast furnaces and
the  basic oxygen processes  in  steel  fabrication,  for foundry
cupolas,  kraft  pulping, and for sulfur dioxide recovery from
power and sulfuric acid plants. Venturi  scrubbers,  used  to
clean blast furnace gases, make  it possible to obtain higher hot
blast temperatures for preheating air blown into  the furnaces
and thus improve the economics of their operation. Gas take-
offs  installed  below the charging  door on  foundry cupolas
reduce the size  of the gas cleaning  equipment required and
permit the gas to be used as fuel for preheating  air blasts to
the  cupolas. A  new method recently introduced  from Japan,
called the OG Process, has a great profit potential in its appli-
cation to the basic oxygen  process in steel-making,  primarily
by collecting carbon monoxide  without combustion. A series
of pollution control  techniques can  be  applied  to  the kraft
pulping process to reduce capital and operating costs. An ab-
sorption system  to eliminate SO2 pollution from  sulfuric acid
plants and to increase plant profits  is nearing completion, and
a concept called the Central Processing Approach  is described,
involving the establishment  of  central processing plants,  to
permit the  profitable recovery  of elemental sulfur  from  the
sulfur oxide emissions  of both  large  and  small power produ-
cers.

 16695
Jones, William P.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VENTURI SCRUBBER. Ind. Eng.
Chem., 41(11):  2424-2427, Nov. 1949. 4 refs.
The  practical  application of  the  venturi   scrubber  to  the
removal of dusts, mists, fumes, odors, and smoke  from gas
streams  is discussed. Factors affecting the scrubbing efficien-
cy of a  venturi are the velocity of the gas in  the throat,  the
ratio of liquid  to gas, and  the distribution of liquid in  the
throat. Of these variables the first two have an appreciable ef-
fect  on  the  pressure drop across the scrubber.  Most of the
power required for operation is expended in the  gas pressure
drop, which will vary with the amount of  liquid  used.  In
general,  increased throat velocity  results  in  higher scrubbing
efficiency with  less liquid, and with  somewhat less pressure
drop and fan power.  A commercial venturi unit at a  pulp and
paper mill is recovering 7-10 tons of sodium compounds per
day  from fumes containing  particles  from  below 0.1 to  1.5
micron.  Installations on open hearth steel furnaces are achiev-
ing 97-99% efficiencies in removing smoke particles from 0.05
to 0.33  micron.  Pilot  plant studies indicate that  the venturi
scrubber has a  removal efficiency of 98-99.8% for  sulfuric acid
mists and a  99.9% efficiency for coarse dust from blast fur-
                      16698
                      Whitney, Roy P., S. T. Han, and J. Lawlor Davis
                      ON THE  MECHANISM  OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE ABSORP-
                      TION  IN AQUEOUS MEDIA.   Tappi,  36(4):172-175, April
                      1953.  12 refs.  (Presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the
                      Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
                      York, N. Y., Feb. 16-19, 1953.)
                      The absorption of sulfur dioxide in packed towers is discussed
                      in terms of  the two-film theory according to which resistance
                      to transfer is concentrated in a gas fluid film and a liquid fluid
                      film in contact at the gas-liquid interface. The two phases are
                      assumed to  be in equilibrium; the equilibrium relation is the
                      solubility of the  gas in the  liquid.  It is shown that in  systems
                      pertinent  to the pulp and paper  industry, the  absorption
                      mechanism varies greatly with  the character of the absorbent.
                      Both film resistances play an important part  in the sulfur diox-
                      ide-water  system. In a sulfur dioxide-sodium carbonate solu-
                      tion where the stoichiometric ratio of absorbed sulfur dioxide
                      to sodium carbonate is never more than 50  mole percent, the
                      absorption rate is controlled by the gas film resistance. When
                      the stoichiometric ratio is increased to a maximum of 120%,
                      liquid  film  resistance  becomes   important  as  conversion
                      proceeds.  In sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulfate solutions,
                      the controlling resistance also shifts toward the liquid film.
                      Also discussed are the coefficient values  to be used in calcu-
                      lating the  required packed height for three conversion stages:
                      the conversion of hydroxide or carbonate to sulfite, the con-
                      version of sulfite or bicarbonate to bisulfite, and the build-up
                      of free sulfur dioxide.

                      16729
                      Thoen, G. N. and G. G. DeHaas
                      RECOVERY FURNACES OPERATED WITH CONTINUOUS
                      SULPHUR ANALYZER.  Paper Trade J., 153(19):61-62, May
                      12, 1969.
                      A continuous  analyzer  used for  measurement of SO2 and
                      reduced sulfur compounds was tested on  a 350  tn/d black
                      liquor furnace. The system had a sensitivity of better than  5
                      ppb of H2S  based on 700 F flue gas analysis. It was found that
                      steam and reduction of smelt  were a  first  order function of
                      reduced sulfur compounds in the flue gases.  Some examples of
                      adjustments made in the system are given.

                      16744
                      Hawkins,  Gerald
                      SCRUBBER LICKS TOUGH FUME PROBLEM.  Plant Eng.,
                      23(13):70,  June 26, 1969.
                      In the  production of pulp by the  kraft process, black liquor
                      evaporators  are a low-volume, highly concentrated source of
                      air  pollution. A  noncondensable  gas scrubber system to be
                      used at the end of an evaporator train is  described. Non-con-
                      densable gases leave the surface  condenser, pass through  a
                      pre-cooler, into and  through two  jets and  then into  the gas
                      scrubber system. A weak solution from causticizing production
                      is used as a scrubbing medium. Typical performance  is: H2S
                      at the  inlet  428  Ib/day, at the outlet  1  Ib/day; CH3SH 438
                      Ib/day at the inlet, 2 Ib/day at the outlet.

                      16747
                      Clement, J. L. and J. S. Elliot
                      NEW  KRAFT  RECOVERY BOILER DESIGN ELIMINATES
                      UNPLEASANT ODOR.  Paper Trade J.,  153(16):63-65, April
                      21,  1969. 5 refs.

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      47
The use of multiple effect evaporators in place of direct-con-
tact  evaporators  in kraft  recovery boilers  results  in  the
elimination of most of the  unpleasant odors associated  with
this process. In this new boiler design, unoxidized black liquor
supplied directly from  the  multiple effect evaporator to the
furnace is  burned  with complete combustion of malodorous
compounds. A large bare tube economizer to cool combustion
gases  to a  final stack  temperature of 350 to 400  F is incor-
porated into the  new  design. Increased SO2 emission and
changes in  electrostatic precipitator operation are among the
effects of the new  design that are discussed. Well accepted in
the Scandinavian countries, the new system  is just being in-
troduced into the U. S.

16807
Roberson. James E.
EFFECT  OF RECOVERY ODOR CONTROL ON A KRAFT
MILL  ENERGY BALANCE.  Paper Trade J.. !53(34):86-89,
August 25.  1969. 2 refs.
In the U.S., kraft  pulping accounts for approximately 75 per-
cent of the total U. S.  chemical pulp production.  From an air
emission standpoint, odor reduction is a  significant  considera-
tion in the  kraft process. The energy balances associated with
various odor control systems are discussed. Since each mill
situation is  unique, capital cost, operating cost, and acceptable
emission  levels must all be considered  before arriving  at  a
total evaluation of a recovery odor control system. The energy
costs discussed are based on new recovery and multiple effect
evaporation installations and assume that the turbine generator
condenser is not operating at minimum condensing load.

16824
Malarkey, E. J. and C. Rudosky
WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT RECOVERY BOILER SNOW-
ING.  Paper Trade J., 153(28):58-60, July  14, 1969.
Many  pulp  mills  find  that  they  have a  recovery  boiler air-
solids pollution control problem, even though the boilers are
equipped with electrostatic precipitators guaranteed  for collec-
tion efficiencies as high as 99%. The sporadic discharge  of
white  flaky salt cake particles, or 'snowing', occurs most often
when  normal changes in operating conditions cause or permit
puffs of paniculate discharge even from  a precipilator of high
average efficiency. Electrode rapping done to dislodge material
from collecting electrodes, electrical sparking, and soot blow-
ing are examples of points in the operation where  puffs of salt
cake particles can  escape.  Precipitators  can be  designed  to
eliminate snowing.  Lower  gas velocity,  sectionalizalion  of
electric circuitry, and careful sequencing  of electrode rapping
elements  are among the design  elements that must  be  con-
sidered.

16842
Walther, James E. and Herman R. Amberg
A  POSITIVE AIR  QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM AT A
NEW  KRAFT MILL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(l):9-
18, Jan. 1970. 3 refs.
In the design of the Crown  Simpson bleached kraft mill at
Fairhaven,  California, the latest technological developments in
odor and dust control were used to design a system capable of
removing in excess  of 90%  of the malodorous sulfur emission
and more than 98% of the dust load. The odor control system
consists of  high-efficiency  black  liquor oxidation,  noncon-
densible gas  burning, and stripping of 'foul' condensate fol-
lowed by burning of the off-gases. The dust control  system on
the recovery furnace consists of a high-efficiency  electrostatic
precipitator followed by wet scrubbers. The lime kiln gases are
scrubbed in a Venturi scrubber and the smelt dissolver stack is
equipped with demister  pads.  The gases from the lime kiln,
power boiler, recovery furnace, and black liquor oxidizer are
combined and discharged through a 310-ft. stack. A complete
emission inventory has been conducted and the volume, com-
position, and quantity of materials discharged are  presented.
(Author's Abstract)

16876
Clement, J. L. and W. L. Sage
AMMONIA-BASE LIQUOR BURNING  AND SULFUR DIOX-
IDE RECOVERY. Tappi, 52(8): 1449-1456, Aug. 1969. 23 refs.
The  use of ammonia-base  for sulfile  pulping requires con-
sideration of waste liquor  burning and sulfur dioxide com-
bustion  product recovery. Burning tests in a pilot unit demon-
strate liquor  can  be burned at stable combustion  conditions
without  supplementary fuel  where the solids content of the
liquor exceeds 50% and air temperature 550 F, and establish
parameters  for the  projected design of a commercial  liquor
atomizer and water-cooled furnace to burn ammonium liquor.
Reported SO2 absorption experience provides information to
design a system  for SO2 recovery at a temperature of about
100 F; more economical design at the flue gas dewpoint tem-
perature requires  additional knowledge of the effect of tem-
perature on absorption system parameters. (Author's Abstract)
16899
Aho, William O.
THE JENSSEN EXHAUST SCRUBBER-AN EFFECTIVE AIR
PROTECTION  SYSTEM.  Tappi, 52(4):620-623, April 1969. 5
refs.
A  system incorporating  a bubble  cap tray absorption column
was designed and installed to recover SO2 from two Jenssen
tower  exhausts.  With  this  system  the exhaust  gases  are
scrubbed with a sodium hydroxide-sodium bisulfite solution,
and  the  resulting  liquor  is   used  in  a  neutral  sulfite-
chemimechanical   pulping   process.   Potential   problems
stemming from SO3,  and  CO2 in the gases were  evaluated.
Other  types  of  scrubbers  were  examined.  The  design
procedure for the  scrubber is  reviewed  and a description of
the recovery process is included. Both a source  of air pollution
and economic loss were eliminated. (Author's Abstract)

17088
Semrau, K. T.,  C. W. Marynowski, K. E. Lunde, and C.  E.
Lapple
INFLUENCE OF POWER INPUT ON EFFICIENCY OF  DUST
SCRUBBERS.   Ind. Eng. Chem., 50(11):16I5-1620, Nov. 1958.
21  refs.
The total power-input method  of  correlation as suggested  by
Lapple and  Kamack  has been  applied to the following three
types  of pilot  plant  scrubbers: venturi, cyclonic spray,  and
pipeline.  The procedure  is described  and supporting data are
given.  It is concluded  that the  venturi and  cyclonic  spray
scrubbers and the combination of the two give substantially
the same efficiency on a given aerosol  when operated  under
comparable  conditions at  the   same  total power  input (ex-
pressed as  theoretical power input per unit of  gas flow rate).
The pipeline scrubber, using hot water, gives lower efficiency
on recovery furnace  fume than the other units. It is believed
that this difference was due to  condensation effects  rather
than equipment characteristics.  This interpretation is supported
by  literature data. The  venturi, cyclonic spray,  and pipeline

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48
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
scrubbers gave comparable deficiencies on lime kiln dust and
fume when operated at the  same power  input, but the preci-
sion of the data was not sufficient to reveal possible small dif-
ferences in performance. Available literature data on efficien-
cy of scrubbers on recovery furnace fume showed good agree-
ment with data of this study.

17177
HIGH SCORE IN AIR/WATER QUALITY SET  BY AMER-
ICAN CAN KRAFT MILL.   Paper Trade J., 154(11):46:53,
March 16, 1970.
A 300 ton per day kraft pulp  and  tissue  mill in Oregon is  an
outstanding example of the use of  advanced techniques  for
controlling air and water pollution. Notable success has been
achieved in reducing kraft odor to a barely perceptible level,
and the mill is meeting Oregon's stringent air and water quality
standards. The mill is distinguished from  other kraft mills  by
the  absence of a  direct contact evaporator in  the recovery
process. Instead, a three-stage, steam heated concentrator pat-
terned after the conventional  six effect  Swenson evaporator
raises black liquor solids to 62-65% for  burning in the recovery
furnace. The  effect is to eliminate one point where  odor for-
mation occurs through  contact of hot gases  with the  black
liquor. Another variation from conventional design is the use
of a  dry  bottom electrostatic precipitator. The  unit, which
eliminates another point of odor formation, is rated at 99.5%
efficiency. Chemical and fiber losses throughout the mill  are
minimized  and there  are safeguards  from accidental  spills.
Sumps are located on the effluents from  the paper mill, pulp-
ing  and  bleaching  recovery, lime kiln, and causticizing. The
conductivity on each sump is  measured and, if the  minimum
chemical content is exceeded, a pump automatically returns
the  flow  to process. To keep  production  at the proper levels,
and  for  air and  water  quality, control instrumentation at  the
mill  is centralized. The approximate  cost of the mill's air and
water quality  systems is $4 million.

17266
Freyshut, Sting
PROTECTION OF  NATURE  IN SWEDEN - SYSTEM AND
RESEARCH.   (Sueden  ni okeru shizen  hogo - soshiki to ken-
kyu). Text in  Japanese.  Kogai to  Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 6(0:13-17, Jan. 1970.
Several new systems developed for Swedish pulp manufactur-
ing  plants are detailed.  There  are  some  problems existing in
the  process of stripping, bleaching, and dehydrating solids.
Moreover, the waste water  from a pulp manufacturing plant
contains liquid used for the raw pulp boiling process, fibrous
materials, and bark from the bleaching process. The effect of
a new system  for reducing the amount  of  waste liquid is illus-
trated by  a multiplex  elutriation installation which works  for
both digestion and filtration.  High purification efficiency is
decisive in producing pulp of high quality and in this respect a
new system of dispersion purification offers the following  ad-
vantages: an ideal method of pure water supply, adequate time
for  elutriation, and  sufficiently high temperature of the  water
used for elutriation This dispersion elutriation system is distin-
guished  by a  device that excludes outer air and foam genera-
tion  to attain  maximum purification efficiency. In  this system,
nothing but pulp is disposed to air,  there are no odor problems
and foaming trouble and, consequently, the initial  filter  water
is able to be  recirculated, decreasing fresh water demand  for
purification by perhaps  80%. This  means  a reversely propor-
tional decrease of  waste water inflow  to  the settling tank. A
problem existing in a kraft  plant which  produced between 2
and  3 kg mercaptans and sulfuric compounds per one ton  of
                       pulp  was solved by application of vapor-stripping system in
                       which separated sulfuric compounds and hard-to-thicken gase-
                       ous refuse  are  incinerated;  the  sulfuric  compounds are ox-
                       idized by  controlling  incineration conditions.  A  cooperative
                       system for  industrial pollution involving industry  and control
                       officials is briefly outlined.

                       17409
                       Walther, J.  E. and H. R. Amberg
                       ODOR CONTROL IN THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY. Chem.
                       Eng.  Progr., 66(3):73-80, March 1970. 12 refs.
                       As determined  by year-long odor inventories at four West
                       Coast kraft mills,  present technology will permit reduction of
                       total  sulfur compounds by 90-94%. High  efficiency  oxidation
                       of black liquor should  reduce  sulfur emissions from  the
                       recovery furnace to about 0.1  Ibs/AD ton of pulp. Emissions
                       as low  as  0.01 Ibs/AD ton of  pulp  could be achieved  by
                       eliminating  direct contact of hot flue gas and black liquor in
                       accordance with two new systems. One system relies on con-
                       centrating  the black liquor in  multiple- effect  evaporators to
                       the desired concentration for direct firing to the furnace. The
                       other systems use the  hot flue gases from the recovery fur-
                       nace  to  heat air in a  laminar flow heater.  This heated air is
                       passed through a conventional cascade evaporator to raise the
                       solids content of the black liquor coming from the multiple-ef-
                       fect evaporators to the concentration desired for firing in the
                       furnace. Burning of  noncondensable gases from digesters and
                       multiple-effect evaporators in the lime kiln, recovery furnace,
                       or incinerator is a positive method of  completely eliminating
                       this source of odors. The lime kiln can be operated at daily
                       hydrogen sulfude emissions as low as 0.06 Ibs/ton of AD pulp.
                       Miscellaneous source odors are the washer hood vent gas, the
                       washer filtrate seal tank gas, and the knotter hood  vent gas.
                       Although their concentration is relatively low,  the volume of
                       reduced sulfur compounds is these streams can be substantial.
                       This  area will require considerable research and development
                       work before a completely satisfactory solution is found.

                       17559
                       Nichlin, T. and E. Brunner
                       HOW STRETFORD PROCESS IS WORKING.  Hydrocarbon
                       Process  Petrol. Refiner, 40(12):141-146, Dec. 1961. 18 refs.
                       Results  of  plant-scale  tests  are  reviewed  for  the  Stretford
                       Process, a method for continuous purification  of gas or liquid
                       mixtures containing hydrogen sulfide, which uses  an aqueous
                       alkaline  solution of  sodium  salts of anthraquinone disulfonic
                       acids. In the regeneration step, sulfur is precipitated, the plant
                       operation is described, and factors affecting the level of H2S
                       removal, operating costs, and side reactions  are discussed.
                       Operating costs are estimated at 21  cents  per  Btu,  most  of
                       which is for labor and power; this cost can complete economi-
                       cally  with other liquid or oxide  purifiers, and does not take
                       into  account credit  from   the  sale  of  by-product  sulfur.
                       Although intended originally  for the removal of H2S from the
                       coal gas, the method appears to  have application  to purifica-
                       tion of refinery gases, effluent air streams as  in  the viscose
                       and transparent  paper industries,  gases rich  in carbon dioxide,
                       of crude benzoles and petroleum products containing H2S. Im-
                       provement of the  method by the use of sodium  vanadate is
                       under development.  This additive has the effect of speeding
                       the reaction and improving the  weight of sulfur produced from
                       a  given volume of washing medium.

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       49
17656
Laberge, J. C.
SULFITE MAGNESIUM OXIDE SYSTEM-SULFUR DIOXIDE
ABSORPTION   EFFICIENCY  IMPROVEMENT.     Tappi,
46(9):538-541,  Sept.  1963.  2 ref (Presented at the  Annual
Shibley Award  Meeting of the Pacific Section, 25th, Everett,
Wash., March 19, 1963.)
The reduction of atmospheric sulfur dioxide losses in the ex-
haust  gases from a magnesium-base pulp plant was described.
The sulfur dioxide  losses  were reduced  by a factor of 20
without additional capital investment. The  sulfur dioxide ab-
sorption  system  consisted  of  a pair of  absorption trains
preceded  by  cooling  towers.  Each  absorption  train  was
designed to absorb the sulfur dioxide from the flue  gas of a
spent  liquor recovery boiler. The towers were hand- packed
with 6 in. by  6  in. cross-partition rings. In  addition to the flue
gases,  certain other gas streams enter  the absorption system.
By reapportionment of the other gas streams, an evaluation of
their effects upon the overall absorption efficiency was made.
The controlling  source of excessive  sulfur  dioxide  loss was
then traced to a makeup sulfur dioxide gas stream.  The acid
recirculation  system  was then modified to absorb  more effi-
ciently the sulfur dioxide  from that  makeup gas  stream. No
harmful effects  occurred upon  the absorption system opera-
tion, acid quality, available induced draft,  or the operation of
the recovery boiler. (Author abstract modified)

18029
Arhippainen,  Bengt and Bo Jungerstam
OPERATING    EXPERIENCE    OF   BLACK     LIQUOR
EVAPORATION TO  HIGH DRY SOLIDS CONTENT. Tappi,
52(6): 1095-1099, June 1969. 10 refs.
Operating practice in most modern Scandinavian kraft mills in-
cludes evaporation of  the black liquor to  60-65% dry solids
content in multistage  evaporators and direct firing of the
strong liquor. In most cases, the selection of this system in
preference to a  direct-  contact  evaporator system  can be
justified by economical consideration alone, with no regard to
air pollution.  Operating experience with multistage evaporation
plants  operating at  high  dry solids  content is reported. The
heat transfer  characteristics of black  liquors are related to re-
ported physical  properties, and the importance of increasing
boiling point  rise with increasing dry  solids content is pointed
out. The scaling properties  of black liquors at high dry solids
content is related to their chemical properties. The importance
of maintaining a low  temperature in the high dry solids effect,
a reasonable  content  of residual alkali, and  low contents of
sodium sulfate, carbonate, and  fiber  in the black liquor, effi-
cient soap separation, and high white  liquor clarity, in order to
limit  scaling, is stressed. It is indicated  that the   optimum
product dry  solids content  may be  higher than  the 62-63%
presently  achieved  with  natural  circulation  evaporators,
because of favorable secondary effects in the recovery boiler.
Some Scandinavian mills use forced circulation in the high dry
solids  effect, whereby 65-67% dry  solids  content  can  be
reached. The use of  forced  circulation in  the high dry solids
effect  is not  always justifiable in Scandinavia,  but  it is as-
sumed that forced circulation should be a first choice in  many
areas  with lower power costs. (Author's Abstract)

18037
Moody, Dennis M.
BLOWPIT GAS RECOVERY   WITH  A  SINGLE  BLOW
STACK SYSTEM. Tappi, 52(3):448-450, March 1969.
A  single blow stack  system for the recovery of blowpit  vent
gases has  been  designed  and  installed, replacing multiple
wooden blow stacks. It consists of a stainless steel stack  con-
nected to the six  blowpits by a header system. The  slack acts
as a scrubbing column, condensing  steam and recovering sul-
fur dioxide from blowpit  gases for reuse. The  system  is
designed to operate at high  flow rates and low pressure drops.
Water is sprayed counter-currently  to rising gases  over  spe-
cially designed stainless steel and wood  packing. Water  flow
control  is based on gas temperature and pressure. The system
is  98% efficient in SO2 recovery and  has resulted in both im-
proved  SO2 and heat recovery. Exit gases average about  1400
ppm SO2. (Author's Abstract)

18140
Hawkins, Gerald
SCRUBBER LICKS TOUGH FUME PROBLEM.  Plant Eng.,
23(13):70, June 26, 1969.
Air pollution control with  scrubbers  at  Champion  Papers  is
discussed. To eliminate the low-volume, highly concentrated
sulfur-containing  pollutants, two gas scrubbers  were installed
in parallel on two 600-ton black liquor evaporators used in the
kraft  pulping process.  Non-condensable  gases  leave the sur-
face condensers,  pass through a pre-cooler,  through jets, and
into the gas scrubber. The scrubber's effectiveness is excellent
and can easily be evaluated by observing the exhaust vents for
plume evidence.

18240
Gessner, Adolf W., Theodore J. Kayhart,  and Gordon L.
Dibble
APPARATUS.  (Lummus Co., New York, N. Y.) U. S.  Pal.
3,314,399. 3p., April  18, 1967. 4 refs. (Appl. Nov. 15, 1965,  11
claims.)
This invention relates to a  pulping  recovery furnace for  high
sulfur reduction  in which the nel radiation heal flow between
hearth  and  secondary combuslion  zones is reduced.  Two
modificalions  of  the  conventional  recovery  furnace  are
proposed. First,  a refractory obstacle  is  placed above the
hearth zone Ihereby  reducing Ihe nel radiation flow  and caus-
ing additional  heal  lo  be  available for  sulfur  reduction.
Second, the  boiler  tubing  normally  surrounding the  heanh
zone  is removed. Heal normally losl al  ihis  poinl is Ihereby
relained and utilized in the endolhermic reduclion of sulfites,
ihiosulfales, and sulfaies. The passage of black  liquor ihrough
ihe proposed furnace is described in detail.

18262
Hanway, John E., Jr., E. B. Henby,  and G. R. Smilhson, Jr.
MAGNESIUM-BASE COOKING  LIQUIR PREPARATION BY
ABSORPTION    OF   DILUTE   SULFUR   DIOXIDE   IN
FLOODED-BED TOWERS.  Tappi, 50(10):64A-69A,  Ocl. 1967.
(Presented al the  20th Alkaline Pulping Conference,  Tech. As-
soc. of  the  Pulp and  Paper  Industry. Richmond, Va., Sept. 13-
16, 1966.)
The experimental and commercial development of a flooded-
bed acid absorber used in connection with a newly  developed
chemical recovery sysiem for treating magnesium-base sulfile
waste effluents is described. The chemical recovery system in-
volves the  oxidation of the  organic mailer in  ihe  wasle ef-
fluent  in a  fluidized-bed furnace and decomposition  of the
magnesium-sulfur complexes into granular magnesia and gase-
ous sulfur dioxide. The granular magnesia is  used to prepare a
magnesium hydroxide slurry for use as the absorbing medium
to recover the sulfur dioxide present in relatively low concen-

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50
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
trations (1.0 to 1.5 vol.%) in the exhaust gas and to produce a
magnesium-base sulfite cooking acid. The type of acid-absorb-
ing tower used is unique  and  its  experimental development is
described. The extrapolation of these data to commercial use
in a 200-ton/day magnesium-base sulfite mill is covered. The
development provides a simple but very efficient method for
regenerating cooking acid from magnesium-base waste pulping
effluents. Its potential may  well cause  an increasingly ac-
celerated change within the next  several years  to magnesium-
base sulfite pulping.  (Author abstract modified)

19071
Bunyard, F. L.
POLLUTION CONTROL  FOR  THE KRAFT  PULPING IN-
DUSTRY: COST AND  IMPACT. Preprint, Air  Pollution Con-
trol Association, New Yoik City,  25p., 1970. S rels. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd,
St. Louis, Mo., 1970.)
The Clean Air Act,  as  amended, requires comprehensive stu-
dies of the economic impact of air quality standards on the na-
tion's industries  and other contributing sources  of pollution.
Such information is  needed to estimate  the cost of compliance
thai may be required to meet ambient air quality or emission
standards. An economic appraisal of the pulping industry's ef-
forts to  meet these standards is presented.  Expenditures  by
the industry for control equipment for a recent  year are  given.
Types  of  equipment  employed  to  control  sulfur  dioxide,
hydrogen  sulfide, and  participates include scfubbers, packed
towers, precipitators,  catalytic  oxidation  units,  and  power
boiler  mechanical collectors. An analysis predicting control
costs for building new, modern  mills and for upgrading exist-
ing mills to  comply  with  Oregon's 1975, paniculate and total
reduced  sulfur emission  standards  for  the   kraft  recovery
process shows that  the cost  of  this level of control will  be
about $0.16  per ton  in  new mills and about $2.00 per ton for
existing mills. The thrust of the  Oregon standards, as shown
by  the  impact  analysis,  will be directed  toward controlling
emissions from  the  direct-contact evaporator and black  liquor
combustion furnace  system. The  financial requirements for  air
pollution control to  comply with  Oregon's  emission standards
are reviewed in terms of  profitability and capital investments.
For an individual 600 ton-per-day mill, investment for upgrad-
ing the facility  would be approximately $2 million.

19216
Tomogama, T. and Masahiko Asai
O-K TYPE SCRUBBER FOR SODA RECOVERY  BOILER.
(Soda kaishu boira  yo  O-K gata sukuraba ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kami-Pa Gikyoshi (Journal of the Japanese Techni-
cal Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), 24(7):366-368,
July 1, 1970.
The O-K type scrubber was developed for treating the exhaust
gas from the soda recovery boiler. The quantity of falling dust
can be reduced by collecting the larger dust in the. exhaust gas.
Therefore, a model plant of a  cyclone scrubber was con-
structed  which has  a comparatively simple  structure. Its per-
formance was  examined for about 8  months. On the basis of
the data, a practical  0-K-I type scrubber was constructed, and
it  attained the  desired effect. Exhaust gas  passes  from the
electrical dust collector to the O-K-I type scrubber and dust is
removed by a cyclone effect after  it  is collected by  water
drops.  About half of the black liquor is  water and steam in the
exhaust gas and contains  a large quantity of latent heat. To
use the heat sufficiently,  the gas temperature  must be lower
than the dew  point, about 70  degrees. However, due to a
technical problem, the temperature  of  the tail gas is usually
                      about 150 degrees. By  using the scrubber, the temperature of
                      the tail gas is lowered to 60 degrees.

                      19218
                      Nakajima, Shinichi
                      ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND COUNTERMEASURE  FOR
                      PUBLIC NUISANCE OF RECOVERY BOILER. (Kaishu  boira
                      no  jiko boshi  narabini kogai  taisaku  ni  tsuite).  Text in
                      Japanese. Kami-Pa Gikyoshi (Journal of the Japanese Techni-
                      cal Association of the Pulp  and  Paper Industry), 24(7):351-355,
                      July 1, 1970. Locomotive Manufacturing Co. (Japan).
                      The kraft pulp recovery boiler  has more difficulties than the
                      boiler using only heavy oil as fuel. Public nuisance is also one
                      of the pressing problems of the day. The slight accidents that
                      prevent continuous  operation are due  to  corrosion  of the su-
                      perheated tube  or  leaking of  the  smelt. Corrosion can  be
                      avoided by using a  suitable material for  the wall of the tube
                      and by  maintaining a uniform wall temperature. The  serious
                      accidents accompanied by an explosion in the  furnace occur
                      through a smelting-water explosion or an  explosion  of the sub
                      fuel. The former is avoided  by  preventing  the black liquor
                      from becoming  thin and by  preventing  cooling water  from
                      flowing into the furnace. The latter is avoided by  preventing
                      the fire from going out. The development of  a dust collector
                      has solved the problems of smog, but  offensive odor  is still a
                      problem. The principal components of the offensive odor are
                      hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan. They are emitted by
                      the direct contact evaporator and the combustion room. There-
                      fore, facilities  without a direct contact  evaporator must  be
                      established. There are  two  kinds of facilities  without a direct
                      contact  evaporator;  one has been developed in the U.S.A. and
                      another in Scandinavia. The latter is considered to be more ef-
                      fective than the former. Even if the direct contact evaporator
                      is not used, offensive  odor is generated  when combustion of
                      black liquor is incomplete. The  method developed by a cor-
                      poration in Sweden was adopted.

                      19257
                      Maeda, Isamu and Nobuo Ito
                      AN APPARATUS FOR THE CONTINUOUS  RECOVERY OF
                      SULFUR OXIDES IN FLUE GAS. (Haigasu chuno iosankabut-
                      su   renzoku  kaishusochi).  Text  in   Japanese.  (Sumitomo
                      Machine Industries, Osaka (Japan)) Japanese Pat. Sho  45-2644.
                      2p., Jan. 29, 1970. (Appl. April 28, 1967, claims not given).
                      An improved conventional method of recovering sulfur oxides
                      from flue gas is presented which can be applied to  flue gas
                      from boilers,  smelting or metal-sintering processes,  or  pulp
                      manufacturing, Since  the sulfur oxides concentration  in flue
                      gas is extremely low and volume of flue-gas to be processed is
                      extremely high, the gas was previously passed through absor-
                      bents from which  the sulfur  oxides  were  recovered. The
                      process required rinsing with inert gas, H2, CO, water, or al-
                      kaline solutions. Consequently,  generators and circulators for
                      those gases and liquids were necessary. In the  present process,
                      however, the major part of the  flue gas is cooled to the tem-
                      perature appropriate for adsorption  and subsequently  led to a
                      continuous adsorption apparatus,  where the sulfur  oxides are
                      adsorbed. The  remainder of the  gas  by-passes the  cooling
                      chamber. After the  removal of  the remaining  oxygen, the gas
                      is  led  to  a  de-adsorption chamber  and sulfur  oxides are
                      recovered.  The system requires  no inert-gas generators or gas
                      heaters. Moreover,  since a  moving-layer  adsorption system is
                      empolyed, less adsorbent is needed. Also, the  concentration of
                      the recovered gas is more uniform than that covered by previ-
                      ous processes.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      51
19425
Bonsall, R. A.
CHART  GIVES  SOLUBILITY  OF  SO2 IN  AMMONIUM
BISULFITE.  Chem. Eng., 68(10):182,184, May 15, 1961.
A chart which gives the solubility of sulfur dioxide in ammoni-
um  bisulfite is described. The chart was designed for the pulp
and paper industry, but is valuable for other applications. Data
on the  solubility of SO2 in ammonium bisulfite solutions show
that the vapor pressure of SO2 is directly proportional to the
concentration of  what can be described as the true  free SO2;
the  total  S02 in  solution minus that which can  be  combined
with the  base as the bisulfite. Plotting  SO2  vapor pressure
against true free S02 concentration, and then superimposing a
temperature curve on the graph, makes it  possible to find any
given variable knowing the other two. The points above 25 C
were extrapolated by plotting the log of SO2 vapor pressure
against the reciprocal of absolute temperature at several values
of true free S02 concentration.

19733
Shibler, B. K. and M. W. Hovey
PROCESSES  FOR RECOVERING SULFUR FROM SECON-
DARY  SOURCE  MATERIALS.  Bureau of Mines Information
Circ., no. 8076, 1962, 62p. 561 refs.
A literature survey on processes for recovery of elemental sul-
fur  and sulfur compounds from secondary source materials is
presented,  and  the more  important processes from all non-
Frasch sources are described. The text  consists of concise
descriptions of the  general nature of the recovery processes
and definitions  of  major  differences  between  processes
proposed  for  treating the  same  or similar materials. The
bibliography represents the available English language  litera-
ture on the subject through 1958, with emphasis  on  the period
1950-1958. In addition to several articles and publications con-
taining general information on sulfur, the text and bibliography
on  processing methods are  arranged under the six principal
sources of secondary sulfur, as  follows:  volcanic  sulfur, in-
cluding all elemental  sulfur deposits not  adaptable  to  the
Frasch mining process; hydrogen sulfide as found  in sour
natural gases, petroleum  refinery products,  and  coke-oven
gases;  sulfur  dioxide from the roasting and smelting of metal
sulfide ores and  from power plant waste gases; pyrite and
pyrrhotite obtained by mining mineral deposits or produced as
by-products from the concentration of sulfide ore; gypsum and
anhydrite  occurring as  deposits of calcium sulfate; and  indus-
trial wastes containing  sulfates,  sulfites,  and sulfuric acid,
such as those produced in the steel, paper, and  petroleum in-
dustries. (Author summary modified)

19916
Canovali,  L. L. and S. Suda
CASE  HISTORY OF SELECTION AND INSTALLATION OF
A KRAFT RECOVERY ODOR-REDUCTION SYSTEM.  TAP-
PI,  53(8):I488-I493, Aug.  1970. II  refs. (Presented at the Con-
ference of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper In-
dustry, Alkaline Pulping, Jacksonville, Fla., Oct. 14-17, 1969.)
The reasons behind the selection of certain  pollution control
equipment for a kraft  recovery  odor-reduction system  are
presented. The processes responsible for the various emissions
are  discribed, and the  principles  of operation of the control
equipment and control processes  are discussed. The pollutants
of concern are hydrogen sulfude,  methyl mercaptan, dimethyl
sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide. The primary considerations in
designing the  control system involved elimination of  the direct-
contact evaporator  and burning  of unoxidized black  liquor
directly in the kraft recovery furnace. A  lime kiln and chemi-
cal recovery unit are provided to incinerate malodorous gase-
ous compounds from all mill sources,  with  an  electrostatic
precipitalor to control particulates.

19930
Yemchuk, E. M.
OXIDATION OF BLACK LIQUOR AT THE GREAT LAKES
PAPER COMPANY LTD.  Pulp Paper  Mag.  Can. (Quebec),
7I(I4):45-50, July  17, 1970. 4  refs. (Presented at the Canadian
Pulp  and Paper  Association,  Technical  Section,  Midwest
Branch, Thunder Bay, Ontario, 1969, Paper T299.)
Associated with any  kraft mill industry is the odor of sulfide
gas emitted from the recovery stack.  Economically, the emis-
sions  represent a direct  loss of the  valuable  sulfur  element
used in the kraft pulp cooking process.  Sulfide losses can be
reduced by oxidation of  black liquor. The history of a black
liquor  oxidation system  now in operation  is  reviewed. The
system  oxidizes black  liquor by  forcing air  through towers
flooded with liquor. Foam is  produced and  then broken back
down into liquor.  Various design difficulties encountered in
eliminating the foam are described. With the present two stage
system, oxidation efficiencies in excess of  90% are reached,
reducing the  sodium  sulfide concentrations from 12 g/1  to ap-
proximately one g/1.

20143
Semrau, Konrad T.
CORRELATION OF  DUST SCRUBBER  EFFICIENCY.  J. Air
Pollution  Control Assoc., 10(3):200-207, June 1960.  27 refs.
(Presented at the  Air Pollution Control Association 52nd  An-
nual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., June 22-26,  1959.)
In an effort  to elaborate on a design theory for scrubbers and
to relate the  basic mechanisms of particle deposition  to mea-
sureable performance variables, an empirical method  for cor-
relating scrubber  efficiency as a  function  of the  power  dis-
sipated per unit of gas flow rate (contacting power) is applied
to literature data for a variety of aerosols and scrubbing equip-
ment. The theoretical relationships are developed in  general,
and are then  worked out for talc dust, copper sulfate  aerosol,
ferrosilicon furnace fume, phosphoric acid  mist, open hearth
furnace fumes,  foundry cupola  dust,  odorous  mist,  black
liquor  recovery fumance fume,  and blast  furnace dust  and
fume.  In  all cases,  the number of  transfer units  may  be
represented  by a  simple exponential  function  of  the contact
power.  Efficiency  has  little  relation  to scrubber  design  and
geometry, but is dependent  on the properties of  'he aerosol
and on the  contacting power. The data specifically  support
earlier  observations  that contacting  power  derived  from
hydraulic  spray nozzles is equivalent  to  that derived from gas
pressure drop.

20258
Brink, David L., Jerome F. Thomas, and Kay H. Jones
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS  FROM THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR. III. A RATIONALE FOR  CON-
TROLLING  ODORS. Tappi, 53(5):837-843, May 1970. 12 refs.
(Presented, in part, at the Technical  Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, Annual Meeting, New York, Feb.  1967.)
Studies of batch and  steady-state pyrolysis  in  kraft  black
liquor  combustion  are summarized and  pertinent  differences
are discussed in a series of experiments covering a tempera-
ture range from 400  to  1135  C. A many-fold increase  in the
volume of uncondensed gases formed in the  higher tempera-
ture ranges,  and the composition of these gases, are presented
as evidence for the occurrence of extensive gasification of car-

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52
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
bonaceous  residues by the  steam-char reaction under  steady-
state conditions. This reaction is significantly  reduced under
batch conditions. In the lower temperature ranges, a high per-
centage of  the sulfur present in  the black liquor is converted
to  an  array  of   at  least  57  different  sulfur-containing
malodorous products.  Under  steady-state conditions,  these
products are decomposed  as  temperature is increased with
only small  amounts remaining above  1000 C. A summation of
the calorific values of  the major  steady-  state  pyrolysis
products isolated  from black liquor solids shows the  overall
system to be endothermic. The significance of  the study with
respect  to  furnace operation and associated problems,  espe-
cially  odor  emission and its abatement,  are discussed, and a
conceptual  basis for designing a  pyrolysis-combustion  system
employing multistage pyrolysis is  suggested.

20286
Flynn, Charles S.
AIR PURIFYING  APPARATUS  AND METHOD.  (Assignee
not given.) U. S.  Pat.  3,497,308. 5p., Feb. 24, 1970.  4 refs.
(Appl. July  22, 1968, 6 claims).
A  combustion apparatus and method for burning waste fluids,
particularly combustible vaporous and gaseous fluids from the
kraft pulping processes, are described. A particular burner and
manifold are employed in  a stack. The  burner permits hot
combustion gas to flow past the  manifold jets  through which
the combustible gases are  ejected at  a  high velocity. The
burner combustion gases  extend over a  large area using a
refractory felt dissipator and combustion surface. The gases
are sucked out of the generating vessel  zone  and forcefully
discharged  through the  manifold  jets adjacent to the  burner at
a velocity far exceeding the flame propagation rate of any of
the combustibles, preventing flash-back into the kettle or other
vessel. The gases  thus pass to the atmosphere in  a purified
form. The details of the method, and the  construction  and ar-
rangement of the equipment, are discussed.

21051
Roberson, James E.
THE EFFECT OF  ODOR  CONTROL  ON A KRAFT MILL
ENERGY   BALANCE.    J. Air  Pollution  Control   Assoc.,
20(6):373-376, June 1970. 3 refs.
Thirteen different  recovery  unit  odor  control cases are
analyzed to determine the variation in energy costs for a kraft
mill. Incineration or scrubbing is often  used to reduce odors,
except for  the recovery unit which is  the greatest  offender.
Oxidation or removal of the direct contact evaporator appears
to be the most reasonable method of  reducing  the odorous
emissions of hydrogen  sulfide. New recovery systems, which
eliminate the direct contact of flue gas and black liquor, have
several  variables   that  affect  energy costs:  steam  coil  air
heaters, recirculating air heaters,  regenerative air heaters, 55%
to 60% solid evaporators, and large economizers. These varia-
tions are calculated and presented as energy balances,  indicat-
ing that engery costs for various odor control systems are of
sufficient  value  to be considered during evaluations. The
newer recovery systems have the lowest expected fuel  cost as
well as  significant chemical cost savings. Capital costs, fuel
costs, and  acceptable  emmission  levels  should  all be  con-
sidered  before arriving at a total odor control system  evalua-
tion.
                      21369
                      Ahlgren, Per, Sven Lemon, and Ants Teder
                      PREPARATION OF  SODIUM POLYSULFIDES  BY  SOLID
                      AND MOLTEN STATE  REACTIONS.  Acta  Chem.  Scand.,
                      21(4): 1119-1120, 1967. 7 refs,
                      Polysulfides were obtained from the sodium-sulfur compounds
                      (Na2SO4,  Na2S,  and N12S203)  available  in the recovery
                      system  of a  kraft pulp  mill by  thermal decomposition of
                      thiosulfate, partial oxidation of sulfide,  and by partial reduc-
                      tion of  sulfate. The reactions were performed at elevated tem-
                      peratures in the absence of  water, at atmospheric pressure,
                      and at  restricted air contact. To prevent their partial  decom-
                      position to sulfate and sulfide, the polysulfides were cooled
                      before  dissolution  in  water. Thiosulfate  decomposed  to
                      polysulfate and sulfate when heated to above 450 C in  a pyrex
                      vessel.  On heating at 550 C for 15 min, the yields of sulfide
                      and poly sulfide excess sulfur were 11.3%  and  47.2%,  respec-
                      tively. Partial reduction of sulfate and partial oxidation of sul-
                      fide at 900 C in the presence of carbonaceous material  yielded
                      polysulfide and carbonate. Both reactions  were carried out in
                      zirconium dioxide or carbon crucibles. The yields obtained at
                      900 C for both reactions are tabulated.

                      21407
                      Kato, Yujiro
                      PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON  FILTER TYPE
                      DUST COLLECTOR  SYSTEM AT  VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
                      (VU). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS  IN  VARIOUS  INDUS-
                      TRIES.   (Gyoshubetsu  ni  mini   rokashiki  shujin  sochi  no
                      keikaku to  unten  jisshirei (VII).  Kakushu kogyo  ni okeru
                      baggu firuta). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
                      Control), 4(12):803-808, Dec. 15, 1968.
                      Factors contributing to the efficiency of bag filters are  sum-
                      marized and additional instances of their industrial applications
                      are presented.  An example  of a  baghouse employed  by  the
                      food  industry controls emissions from  pneumatic  conveyors
                      for cornstarch. The operation of a typical unit is described.
                      Bag filters are also utilzied to reduce the aerosols produced by
                      fermentation processes. In the paper industry, there are a few
                      processes in which powdered materials are handled, e.g., cast-
                      ing terra alba and talc in a dissolving bath. A baghouse  for
                      controlling emissions from such a process  is described. In  the
                      medical supplies industry and in  the cosmetics industry, bag
                      filters are used for  various processes. Cited as an example is
                      the baghouse equipped for collecting emissions from  the last
                      stage of cosmetics production. Other industries mentioned  are
                      cable and the coke manufacturing. A baghouse equipped  for
                      controlling emissions  from the steam-healing exhaust  is also
                      noted. In conclusion, the function of bag filters depends on
                      three factors: filtering efficiency,  the  lifetime of  the  filter
                      fabric,  and filter resistance. Filters function most effectively
                      when these three factors are harmonized and when appropriate
                      cleaning methods are employed.

                      21960
                      Spalding, C. W. and S. T. Han
                      ABSORPTION  WITH CHEMICAL REACTION  FROM A
                      DILUTE GAS IN PACKED TOWERS.  TAPPI, 45(3): 192-199.
                      March 1962. 28 refs. (Presented at the Engineering Conference
                      of  the Technical Association  of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
                      16th, Washington, D. C.,  Oct. 16-19, 1961.
                      The absorption of a dilute component of a  gaseous mixture by
                      chemical reaction in a liquid is reviewed on  the basis  of both
                      the film and the penetration theories.  The design procedure
                      and operating characteristics of packed towers are discussed in

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      S3
the light of the theories and illustrated with the sulfur dioxide-
water and sulfur dioxide-sodium hydroxide-water systems. The
fundamentals of interphase mass transfer are reviewed. Con-
cern over air pollution and chemical costs has led the pulping
industry to consider the removal of many compounds from ex-
haust gases. (Author abstract modified)

21965
Rickles, Robert N.
WASTE  RECOVERY  AND  POLLUTION  ABATEMENT.
Chem. Eng., vol. 72:133-152, Sept. 27, 1965. 112 refs.
Various methods presently available for the treatment of liquid
and gaseous effluents were discussed. Methods and processes
that have  been used or proposed for the recovery of valuable
products were stated as follows: biological oxidation, biologi-
cal reduction, and  chemical  oxidation;  sedimentation tanks,
thickness, flocculation  tanks, cyclones,  centrifuges, screens,
filters, and membrane sieves; foaming and flotation; adsorp-
tion; ion exchange; membrane processes  solvent extraction;
and evaporation and crystallization. The extent of participation
of the various segments of the chemical processing industry in
the abatement/by- product recovery program was illustrated by
specific examples from  the petrochemical industry,  coal  and
coke industry, phosphate fertilizers, petroleum  industry,  and
pulp and paper industry. The extent of  government involve-
ment, both federal and  state, was brought out  by listings of
federal R&D agencies,  slate programs of air and water pollu-
tion control, state  assistance provided  for  waste treatment
facilities,  and key provisions  of  proposed legislation in  the
area of  tax relief to companies buying  control  or abatement
equipment. The prediction  was made that when  public  and
governmental pressure  becomes great enough,  industry  will
find a way to make a profit out of waste control.

21983
Parkison,  Robert V.
THE ABSORPTION OF SULPHUR  DIOXIDE FROM GASES
OF LOW  CONCENTRATION.   TAPPI,  39(7):522-527, July
1956. 13 refs.
Absorption experiments are reported on three systems: (1) ox-
ygen-water; (2) high-concentration (5 to  16%) sulfur dioxide-
water; and (3) low-concentration (0.5 to  1.5%) sulfur dioxide-
water. The low concentration range is encountered in the  flue
gases from  recovery furnaces  burning  spent pulping  liquor.
The absorbing  medium  was water in  packed  towers. The
results are expressed in terms of over-all  coefficients,  which
would be  an  adequate design criterion. The low-concentration
and the  high-concentration coefficients should be in agreement
at  high  gas  rates, with  the  low-concentration coefficients
showing a stronger function of gas rale and being significantly
lower at low gas rates. The desorption coefficient for the ox-
ygen-water system is not a function of  gas  rate. The  results
are discussed in terms of existing absorption theories.

22061
Akamatsu, K.
OZONE   OXIDATION   OF   DIMETHYL   SULFIDE  AND
DEODORIZING OF KP  BLOW-GAS. (Jimechiru sarufaido no
ozonsanka to KP burogasu no mushuka  ni  tsuite). Text in
Japanese.  Kami-pa Gikyoshi  (J.  Japan. Tech.  Assoc.  Pulp
Paper Ind.). 22(4):200-204, April, 1968. 7 refs.
The main  cause of obnoxious odor from  kraft pulping (KP) is
in the sulfur compounds that arise in the process. Sulfur com-
pounds in reduced form are odoriferous  whereas those in ox-
idized form are either odorless or  just irritants.  Tables  are
presented on the amount of dimethyl sulfide  (DMS) that can
be retrieved from KP black liquor at various temperatures and
with different amounts of Na2S added. Different quantities of
organosulfur compounds released in KP of different types of
trees are listed  for various  pulping conditions. In general, the
broad-leaved trees  yield more odorant substances than do the
coniferous trees. The data were obtained by a process similar
to the theoretical  method,  and the quantity  of organosulfur
compounds from  real KP process is probably much smaller.
The gaseous sulfur loss balance sheet for two factories in the
South (U. S.) show that most of the sulfur released is in the
H2S emitted from the recovery furnace,  followed by sulfur
dioxide  gas and DMS. A brief description of a process for
deodorizing DMS by ozone oxidation is given. However, un-
less inexpensive methods  are  found for  the production of
ozone, the method  is still far from application.

22357
Fernandes, J. H.
ELIMINATION OF ODORS AND DUSTS CREATED BY THE
COMMUNITY  AND BY INDUSTRY.   (L'eliminazione  degli
odori e  delle polveri  provocate da comunita e industrie). Text
in Italian. Inquinamento, 12(3):27-35, 1970.
The various processes  are reviewed by which odors and dust
particles in the atmosphere can be  reduced or eliminated.
Reference is made to an extensive series of studies by  the Air
Preheater Company,  which has  developed  an  odor-eliminating
device  known  as  Cor-Pak, which  eliminates  disagreeable
vapors by burning  them in a flame. Odors can  also be reduced
by  wet  processes and by oxidation with a catalyst. Special at-
tention  is given to the  elimination of odors from a paper mill
and from incinerators where solid waste is burned. Included in
the discussion  of  dust removal  is a discussion  of cyclones,
scrubbers,  electrostatic precipitators and the various types of
filters. Cyclones are effective with dust particles of 20 micron
or  larger.  Electrostatic  precipitators  require  a  voltage  of
50,000-100,000 V. On the other hand,  the pressure drop is only
about 2.5  12 cm  H2O, and the dust collecting  efficiency is
better than 99%. Particles of less than 1 micron are captured
just about as readily as those 100 micron in size. Although bag
filters are highly efficient (99.9% dust removal), the cost of in-
stallation and of replacing  the  bags is  a serious drawback to
their extensive use.

22400
Vedernikov, V. G.  and  V. F. Maksimov
SOME  PROBLEMS  IN  THE  DEODORIZATION OF  GAS
DISCHARGES  IN THE SULFATE-CELLULOSE INDUSTRY.
(Nekotorye voprosy  dezodoratsii gazovykh vybrosov  sul'fat-
no-tsellyuloznogo proizvodstva). Tr. Tsellyul. Bum. Prom., vol.
13:148-154,  1964.  10 refs. Translated  from Russian. Franklin
Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,  Science Info. Services,
13p., Nov. II, 1969.
The use of uncondensed exhaust gases as a deodorizing agent
in the  sulfate-cellulose industry  is discussed.  Mercaptun and
hydrogen sulfide  trapping  methods  are described.  A  sulfanc
production  system  which  employs  condensation, scrubbing,
absorption,  and a  methanol bath is  considered. Experiments
with black  liquor  oxidation are conducted in an attempt to
solve deodorizing problems. The industrial method of obtain-
ing  dimethylsulfoxide  from   the   toxic   sulfur-containing
discharge dimelhylsulfide is discussed. Gases  uncondensed by
water discharged  by the digestion works  must be combined
and directed into an absorption  chamber.  On evaporation of
black alkalies,  H2S  and  methyl mercaptan are isolated as  a
consequence of the hydrolysis of sodium  sulfide and  sodium

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54
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
mercaptide contained in the black alkali. Deodorization in the
soda section  with an electrofilter and a scrubber is feasible,
but requires corrosion resistant conduit.

22522
NOW...RECOVERY BOILERS CONTROL  ODOURS.   Mod.
Power Eng., 64(7): 50-53, July 1970.
A recovery boiler which controls the odors  emitted by a kraft
pulping  plant is  described. The  new type of unit features a
design  eliminating  any  contact between  odor bearing black
liquor and cool stack gases, preventing the escape of odors to
the  atmosphere  and minimizing the  odor  problems associated
with conventional  black liquor chemical and heal recovery
boilers. The new boiler design uses multiple-effect evaporators
to concentrate the liquor to 65% solids, suitable for direct fir-
ing  in  the boiler.  Heat  recovered by  the  direct-contact
evaporator in conventional designs is recovered by an enlarged
economizer  section. The  new  units  use   a  wall spraying
technique  of liquor firing to provide stable furnace combustion
over a wide range of liquor concentrations. Liquor drying is
achieved by secondary air. Air admitted  to the  hearth burns
liquor char, reduces sulfates to sulfides, and smelts chemicals
for  recovery.  Gases discharged from  the unit can  be controlled
to less than 1 ppm  hydrogen sulfide. Elimination of the direct-
contact   evaporator  causes   changes  in   the  electrostatic
precipitalor design.  The precipitator must have  an increased
efficiency  to maintain  the  weight  of sodium sulfate fume
passing  up the stack at the same level that  could be achieved
with conventional designs. The units  will discharge more sulfur
dioxide  to the atmosphere, but it is  expected to be below 500
ppm.

22655
Romantschuk, H. and T. Vuojolainen
RECOVER CHEMICALS FROM SODIUM-BASE SULFITE
PULPING. Chem. Eng., 77(20): 138-140, Sept. 21, 1970.
A commercially  proven  process to remove  sodium and sulfur
from sodium-base sulfite pulping operations  is described. The
process  i  analogous  to closed  chemical  circulation   cycles
found in kraft pulp mills, with a number of exceptions. The
recovered products  are  in the form  of hydrogen sulfide (and
later sulfur dioxide) and sodium  carbonate. The process ac-
cepts all spent liquors,  regardless of  their proportions.  Opera-
tions and  control of the process are simple. Capital costs of
the  system are  comparable  with  other plants, and operating
costs  are  low  compared  with the   value  of  the recovered
products.  The plant recovers 20 tons/day of  SO2 and  22
tons/day of pure sodium carbonate.

22809
Shibler, B. K. and M. W. Hovey
PROCESSES  FOR  RECOVERING SULFUR FROM SECON-
DARY SOURCE MATERIALS. Bureau of Mines Information
Circ.,  no. 8076, 62p., 1962. 561  refs.
A bibliography of articles  relating to sulfur  recovery methods
is presented.  In addition to general information on sulfur, the
material on processing methods is arranged under the six prin-
cipal sources of  secondary sulfur, as follows: volcanic sulfur,
including  all  elemental  sulfur deposits not  adaptable  to the
Frasch  mining  process; hydrogen sulfide  as  found  in sour
natural  gases, petroleum  refinery products, and  coke-oven
gases; sulfur  dioxide from the roasting and  smelting of metal
sulfide ores and from  power plant  waste  gases;  pyrile and
pyrrhotite obtained by mining mineral deposits  or produced as
by-products from the concentration of sulfide ore; gypsum and
                      anhydrite occurring as deposits of calcium sulfate; and indus-
                      trial wastes  containing sulfates, sulfites, and sulfuric acid,
                      such as those produced in  the steel, paper, and petroleum in-
                      dustries. Hydrogen sulfide can be utilized for acid making and
                      for conversion to elemental sulfur. Recovery  processes for sul-
                      fur dioxide include the manganese dioxide and the ammonium
                      sulfate  methods.  Sulfur from  petroleum refining  acid  wastes
                      can  be  obtained  by regeneration, compounding, or  coking
                      processes. (Author summary modified)

                      23117
                      Shigeta, Yoshihiro
                      KRAFT  PULP MILL ODORS AND THEIR COUNTERMEA-
                      SURES.  PART II.  (Kurafuto  parupukojo no akushu to sono
                      taisaku. sono ni). Text in Japanese. Akushu  no Kenkyu (J. of
                      Odor Control), l(2):35-42, June 20, 1970. 14 refs.
                      The odors from   kraft  pulp mills  originate  in the cooking,
                      evaporation,  and recovery processes which are all more  or less
                      related  to the use of chemical  solvents  and agents.  Odors
                      produced through chip cooking depend on the types of woods,
                      cooking  temperature and time, and on  the concentrations of
                      sulfur compounds. The  control of steam containing  gas emis-
                      sion from the digester and  the blow tank is the first effective
                      countermeasure. In a batch type unit, odor emission  can be
                      reduced when steam thus lowering the blow gas and  the waste
                      gas temperatures  down to  exchanger thus lowering the blow
                      gas and the  waste gas  temperatures down  too below 60 C.
                      Another feasible means  of removing odor in a cooking process
                      is the  chlorine water contact and combustion method  where
                      the waste gas temperature is lowered to about 50  C by wash-
                      ing then preheated to between 80 C and 90  C for drying and
                      finally burnt  at 700 C for 0.8 second in a heavy oil burner. Ox-
                      idization of kraft black liquor is recommended for  the removal
                      of odor in the evaporation process. Kraft  black liquor col-
                      lected in solvent recovery boilers can be changed by pyrolysis
                      into sulfur compounds  most of which are  combustible. It  is
                      noted that these odor removal techniques have to be  applied
                      very carefully in terms of boiler operation less  excessive loads
                      in a recovery boiler shoul result in the increase in H2S genera-
                      tion.

                      23538
                      Nolan, William J.
                      PREPULPING CHIP EXTRACTION TO REDUCE AIR POL-
                      LUTION. FINAL REPORT AND RECOMMENDED FUTURE
                      RESEARCH.  Florida Univ., Gainesville, Engineering and In-
                      dustrial Experiment Station, PHS Grants AP 00612-01 and AP
                      00612-02, 18p., Jan. 17, 1970.
                      Results are summarized and future work recommended from a
                      study to determine whether rosin removal from chips  before
                      kraft pulping  would  permit efficient oxidation of  dilute black
                      liquors, and to explore the  pulping of rosin-extracted chips by
                      the neutral sulfite  process.  Prepulping rosin extraction  had no
                      benefits  in black  liquor oxidation. The  following  conclusions
                      were drawn from  this and other phases of the investigation. (1)
                      Pulping of the southern  pines with sodium sulfite solutions in-
                      stead of conventional kraft  solutions of sodium hydroxide and
                      sulfide will prevent the  formatio  of mercaptan, hydrogen sul-
                      fide, dimethyl sulfide, and disulfide, thus eliminating the air
                      pollution  problem  characteristic  of kraft pulping.  (2) Sodium
                      sulfite pulping (pH range 8.5-7.8) will produce pulps with im-
                      proved yield  in the range of 62-68%, with strong burst,  tensile,
                      and  tear  characteristics. (3) Small  additions of sodium car-
                      bonate to the sodium sulfite liquors may benefit pulp strength.
                      (4) Two-stage pulping with  fibration between  stages will im-
                      prove pulp quality with probable lower equipment costs. (5)

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       55
Three-stage screw press washers will reduce stream pollution
to less than a fourth  of that caused by conventional 3-stage
vacuum washers. (6) Conventional kraft  recovery  equipment
can be used to recover sodium sulfite waste liquors, replacing
the recausticizing unit used in kraft recovery by three gas ab-
sorption towers. (Author summary modified)

23611
Fukui, Saburo, Masao Ono, Tooru Yoshii, Hiroshi Matsuura,
and Hitoshi Sotobayashi
CHEMICAL RECOVERY  PROCESS FOR HIGH SULFIDITY
SPENT  COOKING  LIQUOR.   (Koryukado   jokaiyakuhin
kaishuho).  Text  in  Japanese. Kami-pa Gikyoshi  (J. Japan.
Tech. Assoc. Pulp Paper  Ind.),  24(10):S15-522,  Oct.  1970. 7
refs.
A new chemical  recovery  process for highly sulfurized spent
liquor was developed for paper manufacturing whereby highly
sulfurized smelt can be obtained by absorbing the sulfur diox-
ide in  flue gas in  a  solution of sodium  carbonate  separated
from  smelt  solution,  and  by burning the resulting  sodium
sulfite  solution together with the spent liquor. The  degree of
sulfurization of smelt  can  be easily controlled by suitably ad-
justing  the  amount  of sodium carbonate  recycled  to  the
recovery system and  the  amount  of  sulfur dioxide  gas ab-
sorbed in the sodium  carbonate solution. This  new  process
enables cross recovery with sulfite recovery processes such as
SP and SCP  with a  single recovery facility;  since  the spent
liquor of both pulps can  be  recovered easily, the  process  is
technically and  economically  advantageous.  The  recovery
process can be divided into spent liquor mixing-concentrating,
spent liquor burning, crystallization, sulfur dioxide oxidation,
and caustization, each of which is explained in detail by means
of graphs and tables.

23725
While, Harry J. and Walter A. Baxter, Jr.
A SUPERIOR COLLECTING PLATE FOR ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS. Preprint, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York, 7p.,  1959. 2 refs. (Presented at the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers,  Annual Meeting,
Atlantic City, N. J., Nov. 29-Dec. 4, 1959, Paper 59-A-279.)
The  basic importance  of collecting-electrode design to over-all
precipitator performance is analyzed, and a scientific program
leading  to  the  development of greatly  improved  collecting
plates broadly applicable to  a wide range of practical  applica-
tions is described. A newly-designed solid collecting  plate with
triangular baffles was  evaluated for  fundamental and practical
performance  criteria,  including  electrical  characteristics,
aerodynamic  properties,  precipitation  rate,  rapping  require-
ments, weight, and cost. The solid plate was superior in every
measured  characteristic to  an expanded-metal  plate tested
under the same  conditions. The  new plate has  been success-
fully applied to fly ash cement, powered catalyst, gypsum and
alumina dust, paper-mill,  oxygen converter,  and open-hearth
fume, and other  recovery problems (Author abstract modified)
23901
Morgan, John P.
ODOR CONTROL IN  KRAFT PULP  MILLS.   Chem  26,
6(9):30-34, Sept. 1970.
Bivalent sulfur compounds in various gaseous effluents are the
main source of  odor from Kraft pulp mills. Systems for reduc-
ing odors  from digester and multiple evaporator areas, from
black liquor oxidation, and  from contaminated  condensate are
detailed.  The system  for  the  non-condensables  from the
digester and  evaporator areas is  based on a special burning
system  operated on the  simple principle  of  an  inverted
chamber inside a contaminant tank partially filled with water
to provide a gas seal. Gases from the evaporators are scrubbed
with a recycled caustic. A  strong black liquor oxidation system
prevents hydrogen sulfide  stripping and reduces lime reburning
requirements. Treatment of the contaminated condensate is ef-
fectly handled by air stripping alone  or in combination with
thermal oxidation processes.

24079
Gommi, J. V.
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF ACE SYSTEM FOR KRAFT
ODOR REDUCTION.  Paper Trade J.,  154(27):44-46, July  6,
1970. 8 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers National  Meeting, 67th, Atlanta, Ga., Feb.  15-18,
1970.)
The air contact evaporator (ACE) system eliminates the kraft
recovery furnace contribution to total  reduced sulfur emission
by  eliminating gas contact with black, liquor. In this system,
hot gases leaving the economizer  are cooled in a regenerative'
Ljungstrom-type heat exchanger whose heat absorbing surface
is composed  of closely-spaced elements. The  heat is given up
by  the rotation of the surface into the incoming air stream.
The resulting air is  sufficiently hot to be  used  in a cascade
evaporator to concentrate  black liquor to 68% dry solids. It is
then routed to the furnace for use as combustion air. With the
system, there is no carbon dioxide present to contact the black
liquor. In addition, no volatiles or products of hydrolysis can
escape to the stack; whatever small amounts might theoreti-
cally be present  are swept  into the furnace  and oxidized  to
SO2. Pilot  development of the system and the  first commer-
cially installed unit are discussed.  The latter gives lower levels
of odorous reduced sulfur  with unozidized liquor than required
by any existing state  code.

24478
MacDonald, G. L. Wayne
BCFP   MONITOR   CUTS  RECOVERY   BOILER  STACK
LOSSES 50%. Pulp Paper, vol. 46:39-41, April 25, 1966.  2 refs.

Removal of fume from the  recovery stack gases of the kraft
pulp  industry can be very profitable in  that the  chemicals
recovered,  mostly sodium compounds, are a  direct saving  of
makeup  chemicals.   To  determine  the  chemical  losses with
recovery flue gases  which have  passed  through electrostatic
precipitators  or other dust removal.devices, a new instrument
that measures the conductivity of  a water solution of absorbed
fume is described. The basis for this instrument is a mixing  of
a constant  flow  of fume  containing flue gas  with a constant
flow of water and measuring the variation in conductivity  of
the resulting  solution. Since sodium compounds constitute the
bulk of the dust, the  conductivity  should vary with the sodium
ion  concentration. To provide a non  plugging sample line
through  which  the  flue gas  is drawn,  a  twin  tubed sample
probe is utilized. The second tube provides a water supply to a
point before the bends of  the first tube and thus  washes away
the dust buildup. A cooler had to be put in the overflow line
before the  conductivity cell to ensure  a constant temperature.
Sodium losses are simply the flue  gas flow times its concentra-
tion.

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56
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
24750
Rogers, Charles Ellis, Robert Ewing Matty, and Edward Lynn
Ralston
INSTALLATION  FOR  THE  ABSORPTION OF  SULFUR
DIOXIDE.  (Einrichtung zur Absorption von Schwefeldioxyd).
Text in German. (Babcock  and Wilcox Co.,  New York) West
Ger. Pat. 1,241,250.  9p., March 24, 1967. (Appl. June 30, 1959,
1 claim).
Equipment for the  absorption of sulfur dioxide from com-
bustion gases of Magnesium containing waste water from cel-
lulose   plants,  especially  from  the  bisulfite   process,  is
described. It is designed to  eliminate the drawback of the cur-
rently  used method  where  S02  saturation  of the absorption
liquid limits the absorption capacity by precipitating MgSO3
from the solution and thus terminates  the absorption of SO2
by MgS03 in  the solution  which yields magnesium bisulfite.
The  installation  absorbs SO2 in an aqueous suspension of
MgO with a pH of 4-7 by means of  two consecutively  con-
nected  venturi scrubbers with the suspension entering through
spray nozzles. This  arrangement operates  with  much  higher
levels of dissolved  MgSO3 in the absorption liquid than the
conventional   method  thereby  minimizing  the  danger of
precipitation.  The  cause for  this increased  solubility  under
conditions of this arrangement is thought to be  the constant
agitation of the liquid from  the moment of monosulfite  forma-
tion up  to the moment of contact  with the SO2 containing gas.
At a liquid temperature of  49  C, a  monosulfite concentration
of 0.9% can be reached, expressed  as  SO2,  at which concen-
tration  a 72% absorption of SO2 from the gas can be achieved.
The absorbent liquid consisting of Mg(HSO3)2 and MgSO3  is
sprayed into  the scrubbers parallel with  the gas flow. The
liquid  is separated  from the  gas by  centrifugal force  in  a
separator.  The  washing  liquid   leaving  the installation  is
returned to (he cellulose manufacture.

25047
Walker, A. B.  and R. F. Brown
STATISTICS   ON   UTILIZATION,  PERFORMANCE   AND
ECONOMICS  OF ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATORS FOR
CONTROL OF PARTICULATE  AIR POLLUTION.  Preprint,
International Union of Air  Pollution Prevention Associations,
28p.. 1970. 8 refs. (Presented  at the  International Clean Air
Congress 2nd,  Washington, D.  C., Dec. 6-11,  1970, Paper EN-
22C.)
Selection  of an optimum  control strategy requires accurate
cost-benefit information specific to individual sources. As part
of an overall system study on paniculate emission control with
electrostatic precipitators,  and exhaustive compilation  of per-
formance  and  economic data on  precipitators for specific ap-
plications  is presented. Eight application areas are covered, in-
cluding: electric  utility industry; pulp and paper industry; iron
and steel  industry,  rock products industry;  chemical process
industry; mining and metallurgical industry; petroleum  indus-
try; and miscellaneous. Performance,  capital cost,  operating
cost, annualized cost according to age of installation, and cost
factors as related to process output are presented. Information
presented  should prove useful to those examining alternative
strategies  for  control  of  paniculate  emissions  using  either
simulation  model  or maximum   use   of state-of-the-art ap-
proaches. (Author abstract modified)

25085
Lindbcrg,  Erik Axel Sigvard
METHOD OF  GETTING RID  OF MALODOROUS AIR AND
WATER POLLUTANTS FROM ALKALINE PULP COOKING.
                       (Uddeholms A B, Uddeholm (Sweden)  U.  S. Pat. 3,520,772.
                      3p., July 14, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl. April 25,  1966, 1  claim).
                      In an alkaline pulping process, especially the manufacture of
                      so-called 'sulfate pulp,' the noxious and malodorous gases  and
                      vapors leaving the digesters in the cooking of the wood chips,
                      without passing through a  condenser, are  brought, together
                      with steam from the digesters directly to  a furnace, where the
                      gases are burned  or  rendered innocuous by thermal decom-
                      position. In the process described, the pollutant gases  leave
                      the digester together  with steam  and are passed directly to a
                      furnace without  passing through a condenser.  The  furnace
                      where the combustion takes place is preferably associated with
                      a conventional boiler, such as a  soda recovery  boiler, or a
                      continuous lime kiln.  The gases flow from the digester to  the
                      furnace without condensation of noxious constituents which
                      when condensed  would only be  a different  kind of nuisance;
                      but they may pass through  a superheater in order to prevent
                      such condensation during such passage. Thus, not only is  the
                      atmosphere in the vicinity of the pulp mill protected from pol-
                      lution by the discharge of noxious gases, but the streams and
                      lakes and low places which might be used as  settling ponds are
                      also protected against pollution. The waste gases consisting of
                      the pollutants mixed with steam from the cooking process and
                      oxygen  for the burning are proportioned so that the oxygen
                      concentration is below that of  an explosive mixture, so that
                      the combustion is safe. The heat content of the  gases can  be
                      recovered by use of a flue gas scrubber. Previous methods in-
                      volve cooling the gases in a condenser, or destroying the non-
                      condensible gases  b combustion. The effluents of these opera-
                      tions either leave  the plant in the form of water pollution, or
                      require  further  expensive  processing to  be eliminated.  The
                      method described  avoids these unnecessary problems. (Author
                      abstract modified)

                      25171
                      PULPERS  PROBE ANTI-POLLUTION  MEASURES.   Can.
                      Chem. Process., 54(6):63-64, 66-68, June 1970.
                      Several chemical  recovery  systems are being examined  by
                      Canadian sulfite and kraft pulpers as possible low-cost routes
                      to  pollution-free  mills. The systems include the use of am-
                      monia as a pulping chemical with re-absorption of sulfur diox-
                      ide in fresh ammonia solution for re-use as  cooking liquor, a
                      rotary kiln  process for producing  salt cake for kraft pulping or
                      sodium  carbonate  for  a sulfite mill, an ion exchange process
                      for extracting chemicals from waste liquor, a method of mak-
                      ing up sulfite or bisulfite liquor with an organic carbonyl com-
                      pound to produce a sulfonic salt capable of exchanging with
                      an  alkali metal salt of an inorganic acid, and chlorine-dioxide
                      generation  with,  effluent  evaporation  and  sodium sulfate
                      crystallization.  Also  unde  investigation  are monopolar cells
                      with titanium anodes for monitoring mercury pollution and  the
                      effects of gamma irradiation on gas emissions from kraft pulp-
                      ing and on waste liquor from sulfite mills. Summing up,  there
                      is new technology waiting to be proven more economical than
                      previous techniques. The main question is whether the pulpers
                      and public  authorities  can mutually establis  a feasible timeta-
                      ble for control measures.

                      25190
                      Hendrickson, E. R., W. Gene Tucker, and J.  S. Roberson
                      ADVANCES  IN  AIR  QUALITY  IMPROVEMENT  IN  THE
                      WOOD PULPING INDUSTRY.   Preprint,  International Union
                      of  Air Pollution  Prevention Associations, 17p.,  1970. 2 refs.
                      (Presented  at  the International  Clean  Air Congress,  2nd,
                      Washington. D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-16D.)

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       57
To comply with the direction of Congress in the Air Quality
Act of 1967, the National Air Pollution Control Administration
contracted for a systems analysis study to make a comprehen-
sive and  systematic evaluation of the technical and  economic
problems involved in  the control of airborne emissions from
the wood pulping industry. One of the major objectives of the
study  was to determine the technological gaps that needed to
be filled by  accelerated research and development in order to
attain  reasonable air quality in the vicinity of these operations.
Inlcuded  in the scope of the work were major variations of the
kraft,  sulfite, and semichemical pulping  processes; the nature
and sources of emissions  from each process; a review of con-
trol hardware capabilities, efficienncies, and costs; a review of
source and ambient air sampling and analysis techniques; and
an evaluation  of the overall economic impacts of air quality
improvement in the industry. Major gaps in technology have
been  identified; needed areas  of research of highest priority
are  as follows: develop and standardize methods and instru-
ments for monitoring emissions and ambient air; assess the ef-
fect of operating variables on emissions from the kraft pulping
and recovery  systems; develop and  standardize  organoleptic
techniques   for  determinations  of  process  emissions  and
evaluation  of  ambient air quality; investigate  new  pulping
methods  which  eliminate  the  use  of sulfur;  define the
mechanisms, with emphasis on transport processes  and emis-
sion interactions, which will relate emission limitations to am-
bient air objectives; evaluate emissions from sources in sulfite
and neutral sulfite semichemical mills and determine operating
variables which affect emissions; investigate  adsorption and
absorption of odorous gases and reuse of the collected materi-
al in process;  and determine  whether  total  recoverable sulfur
is an  effective measure of the  acceptability  of odorous emis-
sions  from  kraft mills or must  the compounds  be identified
more  definitively. (Author abstract)

25211
Adams, F. A., S. F. Galeano,  R. J. Gilmer, and R. B. Valley
ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN NEUTRAL
SULFITE SEMI-CHEMICAL MILLS.   Preprint, International
Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 31p.,  1970. 16
refs. (Presented at the Internationa Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-16C.)
Approximately 80% of the pulp  production in the U.  S. A.
originates from  processes using chemicals;  75%  of the  total
uses  sulfur compounds  as one of the active  cooking in-
gredients. Sulfite semi-chemical processes are gaining in popu-
larity  since  the last decade.  The permanence of sulfur  as a
cooking agent  is discussed in light of recent pulping capital in-
vestments, availability  of the chemical sulfur, and success  in
reducing sulfur compound emissions. Different process modifi-
cations introduced at  two company mills, at Big Island, Vir-
ginia,  and Tomahawk, Wisconsin, where pulping of hardwoods
is performed at rates of 550 and 630 tons per day, respective-
ly, are discussed. These two mills were  the first ones of their
kind to practice chemical recovery, with subsequent improve-
ment  of the water pollution problems in  the receiving streams.
The reduction  of gaseous sulfur emissions followed a precon-
ceived plan generally outlined in 1967. The cascade evaporator
was eliminated in  1968, as a concentrator of spent liquors  in
the  Tomahawk operation. This practice, now gaining populari-
ty in  the U. S. A., was originated in Northern Europe several
years  ago.  The  methodology and concepts used  to  minimize
total  reduced   sulfur,  total  sulfur  oxide emissions,  carbon
monoxide,  and nitrogen oxides emissions from  the  recovery
furnace  of  the Tomahawk  operation  are  explained.  Ther-
modynamics of the combustion process and proper turbulence
were  instrumental to  achieve reduction of  sulfur compound
emissions from this  unit.  The  reduction  obtained  in this
fashion represents  around 10 pounds of sulfur per ton of pulp
produced. Another major  improvement  in  the conventional
chemical recovery  system has been implemented already  in the
Big Island mill. Conventional hydrogen sulfide emissions from
the sulfiting tower, on the order of  8  to 10 pounds as  sulfur
per ton of pulp, have been completely eliminated by a process
modification technique. A similar approach will permit the use
of the recovered sulfur from power  boiler flue gas emissions
rich in sulfur dioxide. This  is  a frequent case  in mills  which
depend on high sulfur coal for the  generation of steam and
electricity. Other improvements in the recovery system are in-
dicated which help limit  sulfur gaseous emissions to levels  of
present  and  foreseeable quality criteria.   (Author abstract
modified)

25493
Schmied, Jozef, Jan Polcin, and Justina Kapustova
THE UTILIZATION  OF  HIGH  PRESSURE  WASTE   GAS
ENERGY FOR THE INTENSIFICATION OF SULFUR DIOX-
IDE  CONVERSION.     (Spusob  vyuzitia   energie  vysokot-
lakovych odplynov  na  intenzifikaciu  absorpcneho prevodu
SO2).  Text  in  Slovak.  (Czechoslovak  Republic)  Czech. Pal.
106,754,  3p.. March 15, 1963. (Appl. Feb. 20, 1961, 2 claims).
The invention utilizes the high pressure energy  of waste  gases
from the sulfite cellulose manufacture to intensify SO2 absorp-
tion and to raise  the  effectiveness  of SO2 regeneration by
using the pressure gradient between the  boiler and  the ab-
sorber to disperse  the waste gas into the absorbent liquid by
means of gas  jets.  In  this manner  the velocity  and  con-
sequently the kinetic energy of the waste gas increases  which
leads to the formation of smaller bubbles, to  an  increase  of the
surface of the  gaseous  phase, to increased  turbulence of the
liquid phase, and a resulting intensification  of the  conversion
of  SO2  from the  gaseous  to the liquid phase. The desired
choking  of the gas is accomplished  by the  choice  of an ap-
propriate bore and number of  jets. Since the volume of  waste
gas fluctuates in the course  of the boiling cycle the jet system
is automatically regulated, and a constant desired  pressure is
maintained in the absorbers.

25643
Sykes, W. and F. Broomhead
PROBLEMS     OF     ELECTRICAL     PRECIPITATION
REVIEWED.  Gas World,  134(3494):98-104, Aug. 4, 1951.  5
refs.
Aspects  of the  design, construction, and operation of the elec-
trical precipitator  are discussed.  The great  advantage of this
device is its ability to remove with high efficiency dust of par-
ticle size much smaller  than that removable  by mechanical or
cyclone  separators.  Back  pressure,  and   power  needs  to
produce  the  corona  discharge, a very small; however  initial
costs are much higher. Problems considered at length include
removal  efficiency and its relation to time contact of the  gases
in  the field, design of  the precipitation  chamber,  insulator
breakdown, gas distribution across the precipilator, removal of
deposits  from  electrodes,  and  electrical  equipment  require-
ments. Five  essential design  factors are given: correct time
contact,  good gas distribution throughout the fields, design and
arrangement  of the electrodes,  maintenance  of clean   elec-
trodes, and  maintenance of correct  voltage.  Examples of the
following typical application are described  and the principal
design features are indicated in each  case to  point up the great
variety of constructions  required by  specific and  differing
operating conditions: detarring of producer gas from coal and
coke, chamber and contact process su If uric  acid manufacture.

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58
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
aluminum and cement production, boiler  flyash precipitation,
gypsum dust removal,  sodium sulfate recovery in the Kraft
pulp industry, cleaning of blast furnace gas, air conditioning,
and spray painting.

25863
Weimer, Ervin C., Harold W. Shideler, and Stuart M. Porter
METHOD  AND  APPARATUS FOR  RECYCLING  DRYER
STACK GASES.  (Steams- Roger Corp., Denver, Colo.) U. S.
Pat. 3,538,614. 5p., Nov.  10,  1970. 3  refs. (Appl. Sept. 9, 1968,
6 claims).
The conventional pulp-drying installations include a gas-fired
furnace, the gaseous products of combustion of which are fed
into a rotating drum-type dryer containing wet pulp. The dried
product emerging from the discharge end of the dryer is either
recovered directly or else sucked  up by an induced draft fan
and fed to one or more cyclone-type recovery vessels where
the dry product is draw off the bottom while the gaseous ele-
ments  are discharged through  th top.  By returning the gases
and entrained solids to the  system at the proper point, the
solids can  be incinerated without the oxygen- lean  recycled
gases acting to inhibit combustion. Also, these same lean recy-
cled gases can be combined  with the gaseous products of pri-
mary  combustion to produce a  substantially  inert  mixture
which  will not support combustion in the  dryer  section or
bring about detrimental oxidation of the product. By using the
recycled stack gases to  cool the hot, undiluted primary com-
bustion gases, the conventional practice of using secondary air
from the  atmosphere as  a  coolant is eliminated. All com-
ponents of the recycling system must be maintained at a tem-
perature somewhat higher than the dew point of these  recycled
gases,  or the condensible fractions  will  condense out on the
cold surfaces and entrap the  entrained solids s as to eventually
clog  the ductwork.  While the amount  of heat recovered  by
burning the entrained solids  is not great,  it, together  with the
heat saved by using the already warm stack gas as secondary
air instead of air from the atmosphere, combine to bring about
an overall fuel saving of somewhere  between 5 and 8%.

25950
Archibald, E. E., Jr. and A. van Donkelaar
AIR QUALITY CONTROL IN A BLEACHED KRAFT MILL.
Preprint, Canadian Pulp  and  Paper Assoc., 14p., 1967. 10 refs.
(Presented at the Paper Industry Air and Stream Improvement
Conference,  Third,  Vancouver,  B. C.,  Oct. 23-26, 1967,
Technical Paper T346.)
The engineering equipment  and practices  employed  at one
bleached kraft pulp  mill to reduce malodorous gaseous emis-
sions are described.  Black liquor oxidation combined  with op-
timum  conditions in  the recovery furnace can reduce hydrogen
sulfide  emissions  from the main stack to near  zero. Noncon-
densibles from cooking and evaporation processes are  success-
fully collected and subsequently destroyed with a high degree
of efficiency by  a system of incineration and/or chlorination.
Typical emission data   are  tabulated.  A  home-monitoring
system, supplemented by in-plant monitoring is providing  in-
formation on changes and improvements in mill  emissions.

25977
Osterli, Victor P.
AIR  POLLUTION   CAUSED  BY  AGRICULTURE  AND
FORESTRY: ODOR. In: Project Clean Air. California Univ.,
Berkeley, Task Force No. 5, Section 6, 4p.,  Sept. 1,  1970.  20
refs.
                      The development of methods to control odor at the site and
                      for disposal of livestock and poultry  fecal matter  is a major
                      need. One possible process, wet oxidation, could  be of real
                      significance since it would not only eliminate the fecal matter
                      but would produce energy to  carry out the disposal process
                      and possibly even convert the wastes to animal feed. Treating
                      the manure with chemical  deodorants may  provide a partial
                      solution. A specific application of the pyrolysis-combustion
                      process could be an alternative to current methods of incinera-
                      tion used which would eliminate or substantially alleviate the
                      problem of malodors. Afterburner-type devices are available
                      for some kinds of rendering plants to control odors. In  addi-
                      tion to animal  wastes and odors  from meat  processing and
                      rendering plants, more than 28  million tons of wood pulp are
                      produced yearly in the  United  States by the sulfate or  kraft
                      process which produces  a pollution problem.

                      26172
                      Collins, T. T., Jr.
                      OXIDATION OF KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR -  WHERE DOES
                      IT STAND? Paper Trad J., 146(30):39-48, July 23, 1962. 153
                      refs.
                      The literature  and  patents on black  liquor oxidation are
                      reviewed in an attempt to clarify  the  sources  of original
                      discoveries. In  addition, objections to foaming-type oxidation
                      units are noted  as are the advantages claimed for new systems
                      such  as the British  Columbia  Research  Council, modified
                      Trobeck, Tomlinson, and Weyerhauser systems. Also reported
                      are studies  on  the application  of oxidation systems in sulfite
                      recovery, studies of the economics resulting  from black liquor
                      oxidation, studies showing reduced tube corrosion by oxidized
                      liquor,  catalyzed reactions of  oxygen  with alkaline sulfide
                      solutions, and procedures for  analyzing oxidized liquor  sam-
                      ples. It is noted that many mills will now be forced to install
                      oxidation systems as one step  in more complete odor control
                      programs. Mills that are not under criticism  for stream or air
                      pollution will probably continue to operate without oxidation
                      systems. These mills will be among those not using extra sul-
                      fur above salt cake for  make-up for desired sulfidity, that do
                      not find an appreciable cost advantage in substituting soda ash
                      for part of the salt cake, and that do not wish to oxidize liquor
                      merely to balance the saving of fuel for reburning lime.

                      26173
                      Guest, E. T.
                      RECENT DEVELOPMENTS  IN  BLACK  LIQUOR  OXIDA-
                      TION.  Paper Trade J., 148(12):30-34, March 23, 1964. 8 refs.
                      It is possible to eliminate almost completely hydrogen sulfide
                      from kraft mill  stack gases with a fully oxidized black liquor,
                      followed by a properly loaded and operated furnace. When the
                      definite odor reduction  in the evaporator  condensate is also
                      considered, it is evident that oxidation is an essential link in
                      overall odor control. The most prevalent oxidation  techniques
                      are the Collins system, the British Columbia  Research Council
                      system,  and  the  Troebeck-Ahlen system.  Of  these,  the
                      Troebeck-  Ahlen and the Collins type oxidize by  forcing air
                      through the liquor in a manner to make a controlled  volume of
                      foam. The BCRC unit operates with air blowing concurrently
                      with the liquor over specially designed plates. Other systems
                      are packed columns  with either concurrent or countercurrent
                      air, compressed air in a  tank of liquor, or compressed air in a
                      pipeline. A detailed discussion is presented of pilot-plant work
                      on the Troebeck-Ahlen unit together with a summary of pilot-
                      plant results. The data have been incorporated into  the design
                      of commercially available towers.

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                                           B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                       59
26176
Ghisoni, Pietro
ELIMINATION OF ODORS IN A  SULPHATE PULP MILL.
Tappi, 37(5):201- 205, May  I9S4. 12 refs. (Presented at the 7th
Alkaline Pulping Conference of  the Technical Association of
the Pulp  and Paper  Industry,  Houston,  Tex.,  Nov. 18-20,
1953.)
A plant for eliminating mercaptans  from an Italian sulfate pulp
mill is described. The mill is located in a  narrow  valley,  on a
river with a very limited water flow, near  a heavily populated
area.  The  main operations  in the  odor control plant are: (I)
condensation of all relief and blow  gases with indirect conden-
sers;  (2)  use of  the condensed  water  as  dilution  water  in a
chlorination tower of the bleaching plant; (3) the noncondensa-
ble gases are burnt in one boiler together with natural gas; (4)
the smoke from the recovery boiler is cooled to the dew point,
then  oxidated with chlorine and again  heated  to avoid corro-
sion in the chimney. (Author abstract modified)

26254
Perrine, Richard L. and Limin Hsueh
MISCELLANEOUS  INDUSTRIAL  EMISSIONS.   In: Project
Clean Air. California, Univ., Berkeley, Task  Force 5, Vol. I,
Section 14, 5p., Sept.  1, 1970. 3 refs.
Five broad  categories of industrial polluters  are  briefly  con-
sidered, as  well  as  their  kinds  of  emissions  and control
problems.  The inorganic chemical  industry has problems with
hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric  acid,
calcium oxide, chlorine,  soaps and detergents. Steel produc-
tion  is a  major  industry, but the  open  hearth  furnaces are
gradually   being  replaced   by  the  basic  oxygen  furnace.
Although this also produces  fumes, the new plants can be con-
structed with proper control equipment. Foundries may change
the work they do from day  to day so that control problems are
at their worst, but methods to  trap particles and fumes are
available.  The handling of large volumes of minerals normally
involves  problems with  dust, while the special biological ef-
fects  of asbestos must be  noted.  Glass fibers can also  be a
problem, as well as fluoride-containing ores. Copper  lead, and
zinc   mining and  milling  operations involve  dust  problems,
while sulfur oxides may be released during smelting. Hydrogen
sulfide, mercaptans, sulfide  and  polysulfides which have very
bad odors,  and other noxious gases are emitted during  wood
pulp processing. Typical gaseous emissions from Kraft pulping
are presented tabularly.  Coffee  roasting plants,  slaughter-
houses, and picket plants emit strong odors. An areas of con-
cern is new processes to break down waste and return it to a
state  useful in natural processes without problems of storage.
A  particularly important point which needs to be considered is
site location.

27138
Straforelli, J. B., L. Paszner, and J. W.  Wilson
RADIOLYSIS OF  KRAFT  MILL  GASEOUS EFFLUENTS.
Preprint, Canadian Pulp and  Paper Assoc., Technical Section,
and Chemical Inst.  of Canada, p.  57,  1970.  (Presented at the
Canadian  Wood Chemistry  Symposium.   3rd, Vancouver, B.
C., June 24-26. 1970.)
Gas  chromatographic studies  of radiolylic effects  of atomic
radiation  from a  coball(60) source on model compounds of
kraft  mill gaseous effluents are briefly noted. Hydrogen sul-
fide,  methyl mercaptan, dimethyl  sulfide, dimethyl  disulfide,
and sulfur dioxide were effectively destroyed  or made practi-
cally undetectable following irradiation  to  at  least  I to 3 Mrad
dose (at approximately I Mrad/hr intensity) in  the presence or
absence  (in  purified  nitrogen)  of oxygen  (or  air)  and at-
mospheric moisture at NTP conditions. Slightly higher doses
were required for gas mixtures. An hypothesis for the process
mechanism is suggested. The process effectively handles con-
centrations  that  are beyond  such  currently used  control
methods as  oxidation and absorption towers. (Author  abstract
modified)

27182
Balmer, Tom
ADJUSTABLE FLOODED-DISC MAINTAINS SCRUBBER EF-
FICIENCY.  Design News 26(2):934-935, Jan.  18, 1971.
High energy scrubbers clean exhaust gases by capturing ex-
tremely small, low-mass particles in water droplets. To do this
efficiently, the relative velocity of particles and droplets must
be high enough  to  enable  particles to penetrate the  droplets
and be captured. Without some means of pressure drop con-
trol, a  decrease in  gas  flow lowers  collection  efficiency.
Flooded-Disc  Scrubbers automatically hold an optimum  pres-
sure drop, despite  variations in  gas flow,  by adjusting the
throat area of the turbulence orifice. A flat disc moves axially
in a conical flue in  response  to exhaust gas  pressure changes.
Raising or lowering the disc  adjusts pressure  drop across the
scrubber, which  in  turn controls particle collection efficiency.
Danger of nozzle plugging and other water  flow  restrictions
are eliminated by the  self-purging  system. Applications to date
include electric arc  and basic oxygen furnaces, as well as kiln
and processing plants for mineral  products, pulp,  paper, and
fertilizer production.

27288
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
TECHNIQUE CONCERNING THE PROCESS TO  REMOVE
OFFENSIVE SMELL BY COMBUSTION. (Nensho hoshiki ni
yoru akushu jokyo gijutsu).  Text  in  Japanese. PPM  (Japan),
2(l):54-59, Jan. 1971. 7 refs.
Difficulties in odor  countermeasures are caused by the follow-
ing factors:  first, impulse measurement of the sense  of smell
varies  logarithmically with  the  concentration  of the substance
of the offensive odor. Thus, slight increase in the offensive
substance is not easily sensed. The second  factor is  based
upon the  law of Weber-Fechner.  A  50% removal  rate of the
offensive odor is  scarcely  perceived by the sense of smell
while when a removal rate of  between 99.9% and 99.99% is
obtained,  the decrease in offensive odor is  admitted by the
neighboring citizens. Third, sense of smell fatigue may become
an obstacle  when the concentration of offensive odor is mea-
sured or a test of the sense of smell is conducted. Fourth, the
offensive odor  that  causes complaints of  the  neighboring
citizens comprises multiple contents of which each has its own
threshold  value.  Fifth, there is a  great  difference  in  each in-
dividual's sensory  organ. Sixth,  the  evaluation of offensive
odor pollution varies with areas. In connection with a  com-
bustion deodorization process, at  first an  odor  has  to go
through the minimum condition of heating to  650 C for  more
than 3 seconds.  It is  not permissible for an  offensive odor to
go through imperfect combustion in stoking equipment. Selling
two sheets of steel  in stoking equipment helps to avoid such a
possibility. In case oversaturated moisture and offensive odors
are mixed with  each other at  such a high  temperalure in  a
digester used in a kraft pulp factory or in a dryer, glossal stok-
ing equipment and  an energy source are necessary  to remove
the offensive odor  by burning.  Therefore, moisture in the of-
fensive odor has to be  removed  in advance before the  com-
bustion  deodorization process is  operated. The following
process  is  most often  adopted  as  effective for removing
moisture: dust  mixed with  the  offensive   odor  is  at  firsl

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60
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
removed by a cyclone. Then  vapor  in the offensive odor is
removed because the  temperature of the offensive smell is
reduced until it is about IS degrees higher than that of air. The
residual vapor is eliminated by an ejecter while  the residual
moisture is again eliminated by an after- condenser.

27357
Wright, R. H. and R. W. Klinck
WHAT  PORT  ALBERNI  HAVE  DONE   TO  CONTROL
KRAFT MILL ODORS.  Paper Trade J., !39(41):22-24,  Oct.
10, 1955. II refs.
A  kraft pulp mill has  reduced recovery system odors  with a
well- designed black liquor oxidation  system employing a  very
large ratio of air to black liquor and with a  simple provision
for adding  digester  gases to the air  supply. The  system  uses
twin  oxidation  towers  in  which   the  black liquor flows
downward  through  asbestos- cement plates.  The two  towers
are located immediately adjacent to the hot-water  accumulator
tank which is part of the blow-heat recovery system, and the
forced  air fan which  supplies air to the  towers  draws its air
through a  duct connected to the accumulator tank  vent pipe.
When the  towers are operating, their air supply is first drawn
downard through the  accumulator  vent; when the towers are
not operating, the vent pipe continues to fulfill its  original pur-
pose. In this way,  noncondensible digester  gases  are easily
mixed  with  the  air supplied to  the  towers,  or,  alternatively
discharged  lo the atmosphere. With the towers, the  mean rate
of emission during a digester blow is  now 0.36 rather than 2.24
gr/sec Although the  rate is still sufficient to produce a noticea-
ble odor for a short distance downwind, both the intensity of
the odor and its range are much less than they would be in the
absence of the oxidation system.

27470
FLUIDIZED   BEDS-PART   I:    FLUIDIZED   REACTORS
BECOMING  POPULAR.  Can. Chem. Process., 55(2):20, 21,
24, Feb. 1971.
Canada's pulp and  paper and metallurgical industries  are in-
creasingly turning to fluidized-bed reactor  systems since these
offer  thermal  efficiency and  uniformity of  reactor environ-
ment. Basically,  a fluidized bed functions when a  bed of solid
particles is set in fluid motion by directing a stream of gas,
under carefully controlled conditions, up through the bed. The
gas stream  forces  a  passage between  the particles,  setting
them in homogeneous motion and causing the  solids  to take on
a fluid character. Advantages resulting from this fluidized state
are temperature control, continuity of operation, hea transfer,
and catalysis. A new application of the fluidized-bed reactor is
the reduction of zinc  concentrates  to calcine. One plant  has
solved the  problem  of removing the calcine  dust from sulfur
dioxide-containing  roaster gases  by a combination cyclone-
electrostatic precipitator system.  The roaster plant is provided
with control  instrumentation for  sulfur dioxide analysis  and
precipitator  electrical  data. An  important  feature of  the
fluidized bed reactor in iron ore reduction  is the  reduced gas
throughput and resulting higher SO2  concentrations  in the gas
which permit more efficient  acid  production. The heat of reac-
tion in this type  of reactor is commonly scavenged to provide
process steam.

27762
Calvert, Seymour
AIR POLLUTION  RESEARCH  PROBLEMS.  Preprint,  Air
Pollution  Control   Assoc.,   Pittsburgh,   Pa.,   36p.,   1970.
(Presented  at  the Air  Pollution  Control  Association, Annual
Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo. June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-24.)
                       A survey was conducted to determine the areas for air pollu-
                       tion research, and research topics are  listed. Suggestions  for
                       the  definition of sources such as power plants,  metallurgical
                       processes automobiles and transportation, rock processing, in-
                       cineration  and pulp  and paper,  and alternatives for an op-
                       timum solution are given. Topics for the development of better
                       sampling and analytical method include gases, particles, odor,
                       stack monitoring and visual. Other problem areas are in the
                       field of control technology for gases, the use of filters, wet
                       scrubbers, centrifuges and electrostatic  precipitators for par-
                       ticulates, and control in such specific sources as fuel  burning
                       power  plants,  pulp and  paper, metallurgical processing, au-
                       tomobile and transportation, rock processing, and incineration.
                       There is also a need for  more reliable and accurate cost data
                       on air pollution control processes and equipment. Dispersion,
                       tall stacks, modeling, and visibility are also discussed. Problem
                       areas on the effects of air pollution on  human health,  animals
                       and plants, and materials are described. The need for informa-
                       tion on air quality criteria, air quality standards, emission stan-
                       dards and economics, sociology,  and politics are  also  brought
                       out.

                       27901
                       Balakrishnan, S. and  R. N. Rickles
                       BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY AND  AIR  POLLUTION CON-
                       TROL.  Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
                       19p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
                       sociation, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis,  Mo.,  June 14-18,
                       1970, Paper 70-111.)
                       Practical applications of  the concept of by-product recovery
                       from air streams were  studied. Valuable by-products may  in-
                       clude a major product that is collectable in a commercial  form
                       such as iron  ore dust from blast furnace gas effluents; a major
                       product collectable in a  non-commercial form such as dilute
                       solution; and a saleable or presently usable by-product  such as
                       the  recovery of  chemicals from Kraft spent liquor. General
                       methods for treating gaseous wastes include adsorption, ab-
                       sorption, ion exchange, membrane permeation,  and chemical
                       reaction. By- product recovery is described for paper and pulp
                       mills, petrochemical industries, the fertilizer industry, the  or-
                       ganic chemicals industry, and the inorganic chemical industry.
                       Production  of  chlorine  from hydrochloric  acid  and  product
                       recovery from  flue gas treatment are also described. The cho-
                       ice of a method  of treatment depends  on the economic con-
                       siderations and degree of treatment desired. Removal of pollu-
                       tants to the desired level is generally achieved through conven-
                       tional processes,  but  it should be  realized that the same degree
                       of treatment can  be achieved either by product recovery alone
                       or by a combination of product recovery and conventional
                       treatment  processes. The advantage of  reducing  pollutional
                       load through product recovery consists in the overall reduction
                       of the cost of treatment and conservation of natural resources.
                       28328
                       Umezawa, M. and Osamu Shimura
                       TREATMENT  OF  SULFUR DIOXIDE  IN STACK  GAS.
                       (Shisshiki  haien  datsuryusochi  no  tekiyoshiken). Text in
                       Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan  Soc.  Air Pollution),
                       5(1):I89, 1970.  (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
                       tion, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
                       Experiments were conducted to determine whether wet desul-
                       furization methods are applicable to  the paper manufacturing
                       plants to be constructed in the Fuji area. There will be about
                       200 plants using about 2700 kl/day heavy  oil. The two desul-
                       furization methods tested were the Shinko-type gas absorption
                       and the multipore-plate waste-gas desulfurization systems. The

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                                           B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      61
 items tested were sulfur dioxide concentration at the entrance
 and exit of the systems, rate of desulfurization, volume of gas
 treatment,  gas temperature at entrance  and exit, volume of
 treatment water, carbon dioxide  and oxygen concentration at
 the exit, and pressure loss. The  experiments were conducted
 on  the assumption that alkaline water-water could be used for
 treatment,  but water of general alkaline quality could not be
 obtained. Also, there was some corrosion of equipment.

 28580
 Billings, Charles  E. and John E. Wilder
 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF THE FIELD PERFORMANCE
 OF FABRIC FILTER SYSTEMS.  Preprint,  Air Pollution Con-
 trol Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa. 41p.,  1970. 15 refs. (Presented at
 the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual  Meeting, 63rd,
 St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970,  Paper 70-129.)
 Results of a survey of a number  of operating fabric filter
 systems are presented for industrial categories which include
 combustion, food and feed, pulp and paper, inorganic chemi-
 cals, organic chemicals, petrol refining, non-metallic  minerals,
 iron and steel and non-ferrous metallurgy. Data are presented
 on major engineering variables affecting design  and use (filter-
 ing velocity, dust concentration, and specific dust-fabric filter
 resistance coefficient), on economic factors related to capital,
 operating and maintenance costs, and on types of  operating
 problems or failure modes associated with bag life, repair,  and
 maintenance. Sizes surveyed ranged from 100 to 100,000 sq ft.
 Specific dust-fabric filter resistance coefficients ranged from 1
 to 1000, depending upon parameters such as particle size, ap-
 plication, and fabric construction. Capital costs ranged from 1
 to greater than $20/cfm, depending  principally  on severity of
 service requirements. Maintenance costs ranged from $0.10 to
 $1.0/cfm/yr. Reported bag life ranged from a few months to
 greater than 10 years.  Generally, most applications  surveyed
 indicated one or more of several bag failure modes or other
 problem areas  associated  with  continued satisfactory  per-
 formance. (Author abstract modified)

 28656
 Gavrilescu, GH.
 CONDITIONS FOR OBTAINING SO2 GASES  IN AN OVEN
 WITH A FLUIDIZED-BED,  FOR USE IN  THE MANUFAC-
 TURE OF  'RED STAR' CELLULOSE AND PAPER.  (Con-
 sideratii asupra obtinerii gazelor de SO2 in cuptoare  cu  pat
 fluidizat la fabrica de celuloza si hirtie 'steaua rosie'). Text in
 Rumanian.  Celul. Hirtie (Bucharest), 12(l):14-22, 1963. 4 refs.
 Sulfur dioxide is used in the papennaking industry to prepare
 the bisulfite solution used for cooking the wood pulp. A set of
 10 conditions are  given, by which  maximum  efficiency  and
 quality  will be achieved in the production of SO2  gas  in a
 pyrite-roasting oven.  These include proper purification of the
gaseous product, a suitable concentration  (at  least 12%),  a
 suitable temperature (20 C),  the recovery of byproducts (sul-
 furic acid,  heat  in  the form of hot water or steam, pyrite  ash
 for metallurgical  use, arsenic  and  selenium  salts), and protec-
 tion  of the  working environment  against SO2 and  other
 poisonous fumes. The 'Red Star' factory  is equipped with four
 Kuhn-type  mechanical ovens, each with  a burning surface of
80 sq  m. Each oven is in turn equipped with a cyclone o 1100
 mm diameter. The  cyclone design and the high  content of  ash
 in the  gas  (2200-2800 mg per  cu  m) are factors that greatly
 reduce  the efficiency  of  paniculate removal.  Various  sug-
gestions are made for bringing actual standards  of production,
efficiency, and safety closer to the ideals  enumerated.
28792
CANADA'S  COPELAND SYSTEM MAKES INROADS  INTO
HOME   MARKET.    Water  Pollution   Control  (Toonto),
109(3):14-15, 1971.
The  Copeland system is a fluid bed process  for incinerating
any solid or liquid waste containing heat energy. The process
uses a bed of solid particles that are kept in a state of agitation
and partial suspension by a stream of gas  (or air) forced into
the bed  through  orifices. This causes chemical reaction  or
combustion  to  take place at the desired temperature. The
system employs scrubbing and absorption  stages for removal
of all paniculate matter and undesirable oxidized gases. Heat
values are recoverable as steam from the gases in a waste heat
boiler, or as hot water in a scrubbing stage. In addition,  valua-
ble inorganic chemicals  are  reclaimed. Applications  of  the
process include pulp mills, oil refineries, oil shale, distilleries,
chemical plants, and sewage sludge.

29085
Coulter, T. R. and R. L. Reveley
PRECDTTATOR-SCRUBBER     COMBINATIONS     FOR
RECOVERY BOILERS:  A   CASE  HISTORY.    TAPPI,
54(4):530-532, April 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the Water and
Air Conference of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Minneapolis,
Minn., June 7-10, 1970.)
Design criteria and data  are presented for two  spray scrubbers
intended to  reduce  paniculate emissions from two kraft mill
recovery boilers. The first unit follows an existing 500-ton
recovery boiler electrostatic precipitator of 95% efficiency; it
should raise overall collection efficiency to 98.5%. The second
scrubber follows a very high  efficiency electrostatic precipita-
tor for  a new  850-ton  boiler. This  scrubber was selected  to
eliminate any possibility of 'snowing' or carryover from  the
precipitator. Made  of  fiber  glass reinforced polyester,  the
scrubbers act as cyclones, causing the  entrained paniculate
matter to move  toward the walls of the tank where it is wetted
by the sprays and  runs to the bottom  to be drawn off.  'Core
busters'  located above the sprays  prevent droplet carryover.
Weak wash is  the  tentative  scrubbing medium for the first
scrubber, and fresh water the tentative choice for the second
scrubber. Effluents from the  bleach plant  caustic stages will
also  be  tried.  Operational data  on  the  scrubbers  will  be
presented in a later report.

29231
Nakai, Yoshiyuki and Tetsuya Yokokawa
ACTUAL EXAMPLES OF KANAGAWA RESEARCH INDUS-
TRIAL  INSTITUTE TYPE  DESULFURIZING  UNIT  FOR
WASTE GAS.   (Shin ko  shi shiki haien daturyu sochi  no gu-
taiteki jitshi rei). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku (Chem.
Eng.), 35(0:36-42, Jan. 1971.
Practical Kanagawa Research  Institute  type desulfurizing units
for waste gas classify roughly into nonrecovering and recover-
ing gas absorbing units. The nonrecovering type  uses fresh  or
sea water as the absorbing solution for sulfur dioxide. The ab-
sorbing  solution is  released  in a  harmless condition  without
recovering the SO2. The recovering type effectively uses ab-
sorbed SO2  without causing a  public nuisance. The gas and ab-
sorbent  contact, but the liquid s surface tension causes them
to form a thin surface on the wire  mesh. Gas  sucked into the
unit cannot  pass through without  contacting the liquid  plane.
Also, the gas-liquid rate can be arbitrarily decided. If a greater
rate of gas to liquid is needed, the quantity  of flowing liquid is
increased. Pressure loss at the contact surface is  not related to
the change of the liquid-gas rate. An actual example is the use

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62
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
of desulfurizing with hydrogen in the final gas treating unit in
petroleum  refining.  When  hydrogen  sulfide  produced by
hydrogen  desulfurization enters the  combustion furnace for
waste gas and becomes sulfurous anhydride, the desulfurizing
unit is needed for high concentrations.  Another application is
the treating unit  for waste gas from sintering furnaces in iron
foundries. This gas is of fairly high  concentration. Further, the
gas includes many powder dusts but the KRI-wet-type has  a
good ability to manage for the structure without kinetic parts.
Also, the  waste  gas treatment unit from the boiler in paper
mills makes a caustic soda solution absorb sulfurous anhydride
in waste  gas. The produced  sodium  sulfate  is  used  as  a
medicine for a pulp steam bath.

29278
Alferova,  L. A. and G. A. Titova
OXIDATION  OF SODIUM SULFIDE AND MERCAPTIDE IN
BLACK LIQUOR.   Bumazhn. Prom.  (Moscow), 41(10):5-6,
Oct.  1966. Translated from  Russian  by Brenda  Jacobsen,
Washington Univ., Seattle, Dept.  of Civil Engineering,  lip.,
Oct. 31, 1970.
To  determine optimum conditions for black liquor  oxidation,
aqueous solutions of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and
their salts were oxidized by aeration at  various  flow  rates and
temperatures and within a wide range of pH. For all solutions,
the rate of oxidation  was determined mainly by temperature
and area of contact between the solution and oxidizing agent.
Both hydroxone  and hydroxyl ions had a catalytic action on
the rate and mechanism of oxidation. To achieve a  large con-
tact area,  aeration  should be carried out in an  atomizing-type
apparatus. Temperature should be  80 to 100 C and pressure  4
to 5 kg/sq cm. Under these conditions, the rate  of oxidation is
determined by the value of the pH  and  of the ionic salt of the
black liquor. The final pH must not be lower than 12.5, as at a
lower  pH  other oxidation  products  (thiosulfates,  sulfites,
polythionates,  etc.) predominate.   The  oxygen consumption
under optimum conditions is approximately equal to theoreti-
cal calculations. (Author abstract modified)

29621
Galeano, S. F., D. C. Kahn, and R.  A. Mack
AIR POLLUTION: CONTROLLED OPERATION OF A NSSC
RECOVERY FURNACE.  TAPPI, 54(5):741-744, May 1971.  10
refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the  Pulp and
Paper Industry, Engineering Conference, Denver, Colo., Oct.
25-29, 1970.)
Gaseous sulfur emissions from a kraft  recovery furnace  used
in a neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) recovery system can
be minimized by changes in operating variables. It is possible
to obtain  close to zero emission  of total reduced sulfur by
using proper distribution and quantities  of primary and secon-
dary airflows. Thermodynamics of the combustion and a scale
of turbulence permit estimating those quantities. The sodium-
to-  sulfur  weight ratio of the liquor fed to the furnace (in the
2-3 units range), is inversely proportional to the  amount of sul-
fur dioxide, released from  the furnace. Adequate recording in-
strumentation in  the process streams is essential in achieving
the  desired  results.  New  recovery  furnaces  for  NSSC
processes  can be expected to achieve the same degree of pol-
lution control as new  ones used in  the  kraft process. (Author
abstract)
29628
LAW-MAKERS SAY: CLEAN UP OR SHUT  DOWN.
Chem. Process., 55(4):47-50, April  1971.
              Can.
The  major push by the Canadian  government to control air
pollution will surely  come  once Parliament approves  Bill C-
224,  the Clean  Air Act. Under the Act, air polluters may be
fined up to $200,000  per instance of violating one or more of
the emission standards to be set by the Federal  government.
Also, the Act will empower federal authorities to fine any pol-
lution source regardless of  location; this is a major departure
from current federal/provincial division of powers. Controlling
the fumes from coking is  mentioned, as well as regulations
pertaining to the emissions  from petroleum refineries,  lead-in
gasoline, automotive  emissions,  and  aircraft exhaust  smoke.
Processes for  the removal  of sulfur dioxide are  listed tabu-
larly. The British Columbia  government has offered a prize of
$250,000 for the first  individual or company to come up with a
device to eliminate air pollution and odor of pulpmills.

29650
Zimmerman, Mark D.
POLLUTION  TECHNOLOGY--WHAT  THEY  RE DOING
OVERSEAS.   Machine Design,  42(29):20-21, 23-25, 27,  30,
Nov. 1970.
Solutions to pollution problems from overseas are discussed.
The  world s  first operational plant for  completely  recycling
waste water  was built in  Windhoek, Southwest Africa.  A
sulfate digester is being built by Karlstads Mekaniska Werk-
stad, Stockholm,  for  a  Billerud  pulp  mill  near  Gruvon,
Sweden. Sludge-aeration systems have been built. Toilets are
being redesigned to save water and be sprayed clean.  A  Ger-
man  pollution  control firm  offers a wide  variety of electro-
static precipitators,  venturi  scrubbers, centrifugal collectors,
catalytic reactors, filters,  and cyclones for cleaning waste air
or gases. Methods  of refuse  disposal  are  cited.  British
researchers tat the University of Aston are experimenting with
additives that make plastics  decompose when exposed directly
to the ultraviolet  rays of  sunlight for about  two months.
Methods of handling  oil slicks are being  developed, and alter-
natives to  power generation  are being sought.

29852
Rautu, R.
ALKALI AND  HEAT  RECOVERY IN  THE FLUE GASES
FROM RECOVERY  BOILERS.  (Posibilitatea  recuperarii al-
calilor si  a  caldurii  din gasele reziduale de  la  cazanele de
regenerare).  Text  in  Rumanian.  Celul.  Hirtie  (Bucharest),
19(10):368-373, Oct. 1970. 8 refs.
The  situation in sulfate pulp  mills which do  not  use flue gas
scrubbing  is presented. Modern systems  of alkali recovery in
flue  gases, based on the scrubber and venturi method, and gas
washing in a foam  layer, are discussed. Some  calculations,
subject to operating figures, are given  with the view of desig-
ning  a venturi scrubber. Some types of equipment and  the gas
scrubbing  operation are presented based on  bibliographic in-
formation. Systems  of heat recovery  in flue gases are also
described. Some suggestions are given regarding  the erection
of a  venturi scrubber or a  washer with  foam layer in  sulfate
pulp mills.

30062
Davis, John C.
PULPERS APPLY ODOR CONTROL.  Chem. Eng., 78(13):52-
54, June 14, 1971.
Total reduced  sulfides from  the pulping industry, composed
mainly of hydrogen  sulfide,  can be  detected by the  human
nose at a concentration of 1-5 ppb. To  get below the threshold
for smell  at  ground  level,   the stack concentration of  total

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      63
reduced  sulfides  cannot  be much  more than  1-5  ppb.  To
reduce H2S emissions, Babcock and Wilcox has designed  out
the evaporator. The three main design changes in the recovery
boiler are: an increased reliance on forced circulation of liquor
through the exchangers; a revised tube-surface arrangement to
offset sealing and poorer rates of heat transfer; and a steam
pressure  limit of 35 psig coming into the multiple-effect train.
The Combustion Engineering Corp. offers five recovery boiler
designs that can be tailored to fit a  specific pulpmill. Despite
its economy, oxidation has been abandoned in many pulpmills
in the southern U. S. due to excessive foaming in weak black
liquor. However, the  tonnage oxidation system, operated by
Owens-Illinois, reportedly has solved this problem; a 94-97%
efficiency is claimed  in  converting sulfides  to thiosulfates.
Western  Kraft Corp. has introduced  another type of stack  gas
cleaning,  namely, scrubbing with   a  weakly  alkaline  wash
liquor.

30208
Estridge, R. B., B. G. Turner, R. L. Smathers,  and L. J.
Thibodeaux
TREATMENT OF SELECTED KRAFT MILL WASTES IN A
COOLING TOWER.   TAPPI, 54(l):53-59, Jan. 1971.  10 refs.
(Presented at the  Association of the Pulp and  Paper Industry,
Waste  and Air Conference, Minneapolis, Minn.,  June 7-10,
1970.)
Pulp mill condensates  and decker filtrate from an 850-ton/day
kraft linerboard mill have been successfully treated in a con-
ventional cooling  tower. These waste streams, in combination
with the  condenser waters from a barometric  type evaporator
condenser, are cooled  in the tower and reused. The overall ac-
complishment of this process is the removal of about 10,000 Ib
of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) per day and the reduc-
tion  in overall  mill water needs of about 1,000,000  gal/day.
Treatment  efficiencies of  65-85% for pulp mill condensates
and about 40-50% for  combinations  of  decker filtrate and pulp
mill  condensates  were obtained. The  reduction in  BOD  of
these waste streams  is believed to be  due  primarily to  the
stripping of  methanol  and other volatiles. Some biological  ac-
tivity is evident, however, and the addition of  nutrients results
in an improvement of  five to 10%  in  BOD removal. The
system has several advantages over the conventional surface
condenser  system used  with  kraft mill evaporators.  Both
operating and capital  costs  compare  favorably  with  other
waste-treatment methods. (Author abstract)

30339
Jonsson, Sven-Erik
EVAPORATION OF BLACK LIQUOR: DEVELOPMENT  TO
DATE FROM THE  STANDPOINT OF  ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION.   (Industning av svartlut: Nagra  utveckling-
slinjer hittills  fran miljovardssynpunkt). Text in  Swedish.
Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 7:191-196, April 15, 1971.
Three problem  areas  in the evaporation of black  liquor are:
reducing  the  loss  of  solids  (containing  sodium  sulfate);
recovering sulfur  compounds from liquid and gaseous wastes;
undesirable biochemical oxygen demand of  condensates. The
volatile  sulfur  compounds  liberated by  the  evaporation  of
black liquor are  80-90% hydrogen sulfide, the remainder con-
sisting of thiols.  Unless measures are taken to prevent it, sul-
fur compounds will be found partly dissolved in the conden-
sate and  water from the vacuum pump set, while part will be
liberated in the form of uncondensable gases. The oxidation of
black liquor has a history of 40 years. In more  recent limes  the
Uddeholm method has been used to recover sulfur compounds
from the liquid and gas phases. The condensate is purified in a
column, which removes almost 100% of the sulfur compounds.
Gases with an unpleasant odor are collected  and neutralized
by means of  combustion. Another new method is the Delary
system,  which is also described.

30577
Koelbel, Herbert and Joachim Schulze
THE LONG-TERM TECHNICAL  AND RESEARCH PLANS
IN THE  CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. II. AIMS AND METHODS
OF RESEARCH  PLANNING.   (Die  langfrisUge  technische
Vorausschau  und Forschungsplannung in der  chemischen In-
dustrie.  II. Zielsetzung und Methoden der Forschungsplanung).
Text in  German.  Chemiker Ztg.  (Heidelberg), 95(12):537-547.
June 1971. 42 refs. Part I. Ibid., vol. 95:395-405, 1971.
The  tolerance limits for pollutants emitted by the  chemical
plants are met, to a large extent, by dilution  or by changing
the location to unpolluted areas without set limits. Soon,  such
methods will  no longer be sufficient. Also, the costs for these
methods are rising. To cite  an example, the 200 m high stack
built by the Shell Refinery in Pemis was five times as expen-
sive as the 100 m  high stack previously in use and ten times as
expensive as  the 50 m stack which was first in use. A suitable
alternative would be the avoidance of pollutants by process
changes, as  is  being  done  by the  Bayer-Double-Contact
process  for sulfur dioxide oxidation. Such process changes will
be more economical in the  future than any other method.  In
the cellulose and paper industry,  and in iron and steel pickling
stations, the  chances of  economically recovering  pollutant
materials are good.

31072
Kosaya, G. S.
OXIDATION  OF BLACK LIQUOR WITH OXYGEN.  Bu-
mazhn.  Prom. (Moscow), 31(6):15, June 1956.  4 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by Brenda Jacobsen, Washington Univ.,
Seattle,  Dept  of Civil Engineering, 5p., Sept. 28, 1970.
Black liquor  containing  7.54 gm/1 sodium sulfide (Na2S) and
7.4 gm/1 sodium sulfite (Na2S203) was oxidized with  100% ox-
ygen, and the effects of temperature, contact time, and inten-
sity of mixing investigated. At 70 C, oxidation of Na2S was
completed within  a  few  minutes. The bulk of  the sulfide was
oxidized to thiosulfate, a part to sulfate. The observed oxygen
consumption was  370 cu m/metric ton Na2S, or about 20 cu m
oxygen/metric ton of pulp. Oxidation of black liquor with  pure
oxygen is simpler and more convenient than oxidation by aera-
tion, and has the  important advantage  of causing no foaming.
(Author abstract modified)

31091
Honda,  Keisuke
PULP EFFLUENT TREATING DEVICE.  (Parup haieki shori
sochi).  Text in Japanese. (Mitsubishi  Heavy Industries,  Ltd.
(Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-12521. 5p., March 31, 1971. (Appl.
Feb. 13,  1968, 1 claim).
Among the defects of conventional boilers for burning pulp ef-
fluent are evaporation of volatile substances in the effluent,
reduction of  the calorific value of effluent solids on contact
with high-temperature gas,  and  conversion of  sulfur oxides
and carbon dioxide in boiler exhaust gas  to sulfuric acid and
carbonic acid. The latter compounds react with the sulfides in
the effluent  to  generate  odorous  hydrogen  sulfide, which
lowers  the calorific value of solids. High H2S  concentrations
are harmful  to   man.  The  improved equipment  described
eliminates  these  problems  with  an  effluent  condensation
device and an incinerator for  heating  air. This  incinerator is

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64
PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
located  in the air passage. The condensation device  permits
direct  contact  between pulp  effluent and  heated air and
evaporates water from the effluent. Air and condensed pulp
from  the  device are jetted to the incinerator for  pulp. The
equipment thus  has two systems. In the first, air is passed
through the air incinerator and condensation  device to the air
outlet. In  the second, or bypass system, air goes  through an
air-adjustment device. The  two systems join at the air outlet of
the condensation device, where air temperature is measured to
insure  that both it and  that of  condensed  effluent are at
specified levels.  For this purpose, both the air volume adjust-
ment  device  and the  air incinerator  are controlled. Because
correct  temperature  is maintained,  there   is no  corrosion
problem due to high-temperature air.

31125
Honda, Keisuke
PULP EFFLUENT  TREATMENT  METHOD.  (Parupu haieki
short hoho). Text in Japanese. (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Ltd. (Japan)  Japan. Pat.  Sho 46-13922. 4p.,  April 14,  1971.
(Appl. April 17, 1968, 1 claim).
Effluent from sodium-based pulp  processes can have a solid
concentration of 15-18% and a pH of 1.5-3. If the untreated ef-
fluent is introduced directly  to the concentration  and  com-
bustion processes, expensive, corrosion-resistant equipment is
required and  air-polluting  sulfur compounds issue from  the
recovery boiler.  The invention adjusts  the quality  of the ef-
fluent in the condensation,  incineration, and chemical recovery
processes. Also, most of the  sulfur oxides and a part of  the
carbon dioxide  are  recovered. The  compounds  are  either
mixed with the effluent to  promote the breakdown of pulp, or
are extracted and led to other reaction equipment. Sodium,
sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide compounds from the incinera-
tion process in the  recovery kirn are recovered as sodium sul-
fide, converted to carbolic acid  and sulfuric acid, and further
processed into chemicals for breaking  down  pulp. Extracted
carbon dioxide is used as a raw material for carbolic acid. The
following processes thus characterize  the invention: addition
of carbolic acid soda to effluent to make it alkaline; jetting of
alkalized effluent into boiler exhaust gas for absorption of sul-
furic acid  and carbolic acid gas; heating of the sulfuric acid-
containing effluent to break sodium bicarbonate down into car-
bolic acid soda, carbon monoxide, and water; extraction of
CO and water generated  in  previous  processes  outside  the
treatment system.

31308
VIEWS OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY ON  THE  ACTIVITY
ON  THE  SWEDISH  WOOD  RESEARCH  INSTITUTE.
(Skogindustrins  synpunkter  pa verksamheten vid  Svenska
Traforskningsinstitutet). Text  in Swedish. Svensk Papperstid.
(Stockholm), 74(4):99-103, Feb. 28, 1971.
A report by the managing director and technical director of the
Swedish Wood Research Institute to about 20 wood processing
industries  is  summarized. The purpose of the contacts was to
obtain  opinions  on  the effectiveness  of the Institute.  Brief
mention is made of the relationship  between the  STFI and
another institute, the IZL, apparently engaged in the control of
air  and  water  pollution.  The  responsibility  of   the  STFI
Research should  be limited more or less to the problems of the
occupational  rather than  the general  environment, although
there  should  be  cooperation between  the two agencies. The
specific  environmental problems studied  by  the institute in
1970 included the possibilities of reducing the fiber and  lignin
content of effluents, reduction in the consumption of water in
the manufacturing processes, and the removal of hydrogen sul-
                      fide and  sulfur dioxide from combustion  gases and from  the
                      fumes emitted by the soda pans. No further details are given
                      on the specific projects.

                      31463
                      Blue, Jerry D. and William F. Llewellyn
                      OPERATING  EXPERIENCE  OF A RECOVERY  SYSTEM
                      FOR ODOR CONTROL.  Tappi, 54(7):1143-1147,  July 1971. 2
                      refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
                      Paper Industry, Engineering Conference,  Denver, Colo., Oct.
                      25-29, 1970.)
                      The  first operating  experience of  a control odor recovery
                      system at the Halsey, Oregon, kraft pulp and paper mill of  the
                      American Can Company has consistently shown daily average
                      total reduced sulfur emission levels of approximately 1.0 ppm,
                      with sulfur dioxide emissions below 200  ppm. The recovery
                      boiler design eliminates direct-contact  evaporation  and fires
                      unoxidized  black  liquor supplied directly from multiple-effect
                      evaporators. The operation has met or  exceeded  predicted
                      emission  limits. A collection and thermal oxidation system  for
                      miscellaneous  emission sources has also  contributed  to mill
                      operation essentially without odor. (Author abstract)

                      31608
                      Coats, Gus S.
                      OPTIMIZATION  OF  ELECTROSTATIC  PREdPITATOR
                      OPERATION THROUGH A COMPUTERIZED MONITORING
                      PROGRAM.   Preprint,  Air Pollution  Control Assoc., Pitt-
                      sburgh, Pa., 20p., 1971. 11 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
                      Control Association,  Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N.
                      J., June 27-July 2, 1971, Paper 71-88.)
                      A continuous monitor and a computer have been combined to
                      improve  the performance and maintenance of  an  electrostatic
                      precipitator a kraft recovery furnace. The monitor selected  for
                      this operation  was an instrument which operates by the mea-
                      surement of the loss in light transmission through a dust laden
                      gas. Following the calibration of the monitors, the  operating
                      reports and charts were studied to determine the precipitator
                      parameters that could be easily evaluated and reported in a
                      daily emission report. A computer program was developed to
                      handle the manual inputs from the monitors and  the selected
                      precipitator parameters.

                      31790
                      Buxton, Winslow  H., Jr.
                      PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR PULP MILL CHEMICAL
                      RECOVERY  AND ODOR  ABATEMENT.   (Western   Kraft
                      Corp., Albany, Oreg.) U. S. Pat. 3,574,556. 6p., April 13, 1971.
                      13 refs. (Appl. March 4, 1969, 8 claims).
                      A process and apparatus are presented for the  recovery of
                      chemicals and  the abatement of odors emitted by the recovery
                      furnace of kraft pulp mills. Gases from  the discharge stack of
                      the recovery furnace  are diverted to an afterscrubber in which
                      they  are  sprayed  with an alkaline weak wash  liquor resulting
                      from the washing of calcium carbonate mud and solid  dregs
                      produced by causticizing the green liquor. Thus, hydrogen sul-
                      fide, mercaptans, and other  malodorous gaseous  compounds
                      are removed. Corrosion is minimized, heat is recovered,  and a
                      problem  of  waste disposal in  the  mill  effluent streams is
                      avoided.  (Author abstract modified)

                      31794
                      OXYGEN TREATING IS  PROVING  FEASIBLE.  Can. Chem.
                      Process.,  55(4):52-54,  56, April 1971.

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      65
Among  newer techniques being groomed  for use in the pulp-
mill are soda-oxygen pulping, oxygen bleaching of pulp,  and
other oxidation systems using oxygen instead of air. One result
of such wide use of oxygen would be the need for a tonnage
oxygen  (air separation) plant at or near most pulp and paper
complexes. With tonnage oxygen available, it becomes feasible
for existing  kraft mills to conduct  oxidation  of  black liquor
with oxygen  and hence automatically reduce the amount of
malodorous  off-gases  produced  in  the  chemical-recovery
system.  Similarly, existing  biological  treatment plants  for
wastewater could be upgraded in operation through the use of
oxygen  instead of air as the aeration medium. The use of an
oxygen  stage and the consequent reduction  in chlorine charge
to  the  bleachery  introduces  the   possibility   of  lowering
bleachery  pollution  by over   50%. Operating  variables at
several plants are mentioned.

31803
ENVIRONMENTAL FORECAST:  INCREASED PRECIPITA-
TION.  Chem. Week, 109(7):77-78, 80, 82,  Aug. 18. 1971. 1  ref.

In the past five years, the  range of application of electrostatic
precipitators has been extended from atmospheric pressure to
as high  as 825 psi and from temperatures  below 900 F  to 1700
F. Precipitators are also being designed to handle  dust concen-
trations  from 0.00001 grains/std cu  ft to  156  grains/std cu ft
and efficiencies  over 99%. Coal-burning electric  stations, the
steel industry, the pulp  and paper industry, and contact  sul-
furic acid  plants  continue to be  important markets for  electro-
static  precipitators.  Precipitators are also used  in  processing
cement  and gypsum. New  or potential fields of application in-
clude  Wulff acetylene  production,  removal of  lube oil mist
from gas pipelines, shale-oil processing, and  coal gasification.

31991
Eggert,  Walter C.
APPARATUS FOR THE PREVENTION OF AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION  IN  THE  MAKING   OF  WOODPULP FOR
PAPER  MAKING. (Assignee not given.)  U. S. Pat. 3,581,897.
5p., June 1. 1971. 2 refs. (Appl. Dec. 15, 1969,  10 claims).
When water containing residue  chemicals used in the  making
of woodpulp is admitted to the  smoke stack, it combines with
steam generated by sulfurous  gases from fuel oil and black
liquor to produce a large volume of hydrogen sulfide. The  pol-
luting water  also  cools the  stack  gases and retards draft,
preventing the gases from going as high  into  the atmosphere as
they normally would. Air and water pollution are avoided by
passing  the residue liquid through a duct  to a series of water
spray  chambers,  where the liquid is cooled and combined with
the water  spray. The resulting liquid is then led to a covered
receiving tank having a sloping  bottom for collecting chemical
sludge.  The receiving tank  has filter trays for  filtering the
liquid  rising to the upper portion of the tank and an overflow
pipe for draining off the filtered liquid. There is  also a lower
drain conduit for draining off the chemical sludge  to a separate
collection  point. (Author abstract modified)

32018
Galeano, Sergio F. and Byron M. Dillard
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS FOR  AIR  POLLUTION CON-
TROL  IN  NEUTRAL SULFITE SEMI-CHEMICAL MILLS.
Preprint, Air Pollution  Control  Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 25p.,
1971. 8  refs. (Presented  at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 64th,  Atlantic  City, N.  J.,  June  27-July
2, 1971, Paper 71-87.)
In the  kraft process,  a ton  of wood chips generally  will
produce about a half-ton of pulp, or a yield of 50%, while the
semi-chemical process  will produce  a yield  of  80%. Sulfur
compounds are active cooking ingredients in the production of
95% of the pulp made by chemical or  semi-chemical processes.
In the last five years, however, the pulping industry has made
significant  advances in  reducing  sulfur  gaseous  emissions
through process modifications and source control. Different
process modifications introduced at  one mill in  Tomahawk,
Wisconsin, and another in Big Island, Virginia, are described.
The methodology and concepts used to minimize total reduced
sulfur and total sulfur oxide emissions from the recovery fur-
nace  of  the Tomahawk  operation are  explained.  Ther-
modynamics of the combustion process and proper turbulence
were instrumental in achieving reduction of sulfur compound
emissions from this unit.  Conventional hydrogen sulfide emis-
sions  from the sulfiting  tower,  on  the  order of  eight to 10
pounds per ton of pulp, have been completely eliminated by a
process modification technique in the  Big Island mill. Primary
air requirements, the amount of secondary air  needed, and the
optimum  degree  of turbulence  are indicated.   Control  of
nitrogen oxides is also discussed. It is important to remember
that whenever steps are taken to reduce  water pollution levels
by chemical recovery, air pollution problems are increased in a
chemical pulping process.

32109
Ogisu, Yoshihiro
COMBUSTION OF  PULP WASTE LIQUOR.  (Parupu  haieki
no nensho). Text in Japanese. Kogai (Hakua Shobo) (Pollution
Control), 6(3):12-19. May  1971. 14 refs.
General pulp waste liquor combustion methods are  reviewed.
Representative combustion processes designed to take care of
Kraft pulp (KP), sulfurous  acid pulp (SP), and semi-chemical
pulp (SCP) waste liquors are examined.  About 95-98% of the
KP waste liquor is  concentrated and burned  in the recovery
boiler to recover the chemical  for reuse as the cooking liquor
and reclaim heat from the vapor. The recovery boiler designed
to dispose of the KP waste liquor for recovery of  chemicals
and heat developed about 35 years ago and widely  used ever
since, is briefly described.  To eliminate the highly offensive
odor from the exhaust gas it emits, the recovery boiler is often
combined with  a cyclone or venturi scrubber. Techniques for
manufacturing alcohol, yeast and lignin  from the  SP  waste
liquor  are  not necessarily  economically  feasible.  SP  waste
liquor  is usually incinerated in a furnace equipped with the
Loddby burner. The SP waste liquor containing 55% solids has
a viscosity of about 60cp  at 75 C and 20cp at  100 C, so that it
is atomized for combustion. The  solid content  of the SP waste
liquor has a calorific value  of about  4500 kcal/kg, so that the
SP waste liquor can be  burned without auxiliary fuel. SCP
waste liquor, similar in character to  KP waste liquor, is con-
centrated and burned by means of the recovery  boiler.  The
Scottish Pulp Co. of Britain is reportedly  manufacturing SCP
while  recovering the chemicals by Slra-Process. The recovery
boiler used in the process is a  similar to that used for the KP
waste liquor.  The wet oxidation method, Copeland  process and
atomized suspension technique,  designed for  the  combustion
of SCP waste liquor, are also discussed.

32569
Collins, T. T., Jr.
THE SCRUBBING  OF SULPHATE  RECOVERY  FURNACE
STACK GASES. PARTS  I, II, III.  Paper Ind. Paper World,
vol. 29:680-686,  830-834,  984-987, Aug., Sept., Oct. 1947. 14
refs.

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66
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
A pilot plant was designed to test the scrubbing efficiency of a
wet cyclone scrubber and a venturi scrubber. The operation of
both, in the recovery of sodium salts from a sulfate recovery
furnace stack,  is described.  The  results  of  sampling stack
gases from the furnace and gases leaving the scrubber for total
sulfur, sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, hydrogen  sulfide, and
sulfur dioxide indicate that the venturi scrubber is as efficient
on fine fumes as the scrubbers  which have been previously
designed. It successfully washes gases with less liquid  than is
used  in other  scrubbers. The optimum values  with  proper
throat  distribution and gas velocities appear to range from
three to six gallons/1000 cu ft of entering gas. Under the con-
ditions of gas  velocity  and liquor  rate in  the venturi  throats
used in this investigation, the droplets atomized in the throat
were coalesced or impinged on the walls before they reached
the outlet  of the venturi section.  The break-up of the streams
of water due to the  energy of the gas results in the formation
of filaments and droplets of liquid under conditions of extreme
turbulence and violent mixing of the gas and liquid.

32603
Burnova, G. P. and V. I. Kostrikov
PURIFICATION OF AIR FROM  HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND
CARBON DISULFIDE IN THE CELLULOSE PRODUCTION.
(Ochistka vozdukha v proizvodstve viskozy ot serovodoroda i
serougleroda). Text  in Russian. Zh. Vses. Khim. Obshchestva
im. D. I. Mendeleeva, vol. 14:399-404, 1969. 5 refs.
The application of various mythods of the purification  of flue
gases containing hydrogen sulfide  and carbon disulfide from
cellulose production is discussed. The oxidation iron-soda and
alkali-hydroquinone  methods  for purification of flue gases
from  H2S  are  analyzed  in detail. The  mechanisms of  both
processes is shown, the industrial realization is described, and
technical data  is  presented.  Purification is better than 20-30
mg/cu m. For purification of gases from CS2, two methods are
described:  1) Purification in  a stationary layer of active coal
and 2) Purification in a suspended layer of active coal. The in-
dustrial designs of both  are described,  the technical and
economic data  compared. A new  method is described, consist-
ing of the  simultaneous catalytic oxidation of H2S and adsorp-
tion  of CS2 on  active  coal. Periodic addition  of  ammonia
neutralizes sulfuric acid formed in the process, thus preventing
the loss of coal activity. A purification method based on low-
temperature contact combustion  of H2S and CS2 to  SO2 is
briefly discussed.

32615
Kleppe, Peder J.
THE  CONTRIBUTION   OF  INPLANT CONTROLS AND
PROCESS MODD7ICATIONS TO POLLUTION ABATEMENT
IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY.  North Carolina Univ.,  Chapel
Hill, Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Proc.
S. Water Resour. Pollut. Contr.  Conf.,  18th,  Raleigh,  N. C.,
1969, p. 85-100. 45 refs. (April 9-10.)
Air and water  pollution, as  caused by  the pulping  industry,
and some control  methods are discussed. Water pollution may
originate in the  woodyard, pulp mill, bleaching plant, or paper
or board mill;  several methods of  reducing this pollution are
given. The  condensate and non-condensed materials from the
evaporators are the major sources of air pollution. In  the Kraft
process,  the  non-condensable  gases,   methyl   mercaptan,
dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and  hydrogen sulfide, are
responsible for the characteristic  odor. The main  pollutant
from the combustion furnace  is sulfur dioxide. Air pollutants
from  the  liquor preparation  are  H2S,  organic  sulfur com-
pounds, SO2, and participates from the lime kiln. Oxidation of
                      spent kraft liquor  before evaporation converts the sulfide to
                      thiosulfate; the  sulfur losses by evaporation can be almost
                      eliminated if oxidation is  complete.  Mercaptans  are  also ox-
                      idized to the less  odorous  dimethyl  disulfide. A  reduction in
                      the sulfidity of the cooking liquor and an increase in the alkali
                      charge can reduce pollution caused by sulfur. The vent gases
                      from condensation of blow and  evaporator-vapors can  be
                      freed of H2S and mercaptans by scrubbing with alkali pulping
                      liquor. The vent gases from the melt dissolving tank and lime
                      kiln are also  purified by scrubbing.  As much as 85% SO2
                      removal can  be achieved  by absorption by a sodium sulfite
                      solution  in  a venturi scrubber.  Paniculate  emissions from
                      recovery furnaces  are reduced with electrostatic precipitators.
                      The present status  and future trends in pollution abatement are
                      also discussed.

                      32681
                      Adams, Donalii F.
                      PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.  In: Air Pollution. Arthur C.
                      Stem (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic Press, 1968,
                      Chapt. 39, p. 243-268. 45 refs.
                      Odorous and  paniculate emissions are potential by-products
                      from many of the  steps  in kraft and sulfite pulping processes.
                      In the kraft process, such odorous compounds as methyl mer-
                      captan, methyl sulfide,  and hydrogen sulfide are emitted  by
                      the digesters and evaporators; lime kilns emit H2S and dusts.
                      In  the chemical recovery process, methyl  mercaptan,  sulfur
                      dioxide and  H2S  may  be discharged. Several methods  are
                      available for controlling the gaseous emissions, including black
                      liquor oxidation, combustion of  organic sulfur compounds to
                      convert them  to SO2, chlorine oxidation, oxidation by air or
                      ozone,  scrubbing,  absorption  by  charcoal,  and  waste heat
                      recovery.  Modern  equipment for controlling paniculate emis-
                      sions includes electrostatic precipitators,  venturi scrubbers,
                      wet cyclones,  and  de-mister pads. The sulfite pulping process
                      is briefly discussed. Analytical methods used in stack and field
                      sampling are also  reviewed. Mercaptans and H2S are  deter-
                      mined iodometrically. Sulfur dioxide  is measured  colorimetri-
                      cally using  the  modified West and  Gaeke  method. Flame
                      ionization detectors have been successfully used in the analy-
                      sis  of organic compounds in  kraft  mill gases.  Instrumental
                      methods for analyzing  effluents and suggestions for future
                      research are also given.

                      32768
                      Okayama Prefecture (Japan), Industrial Experiment Station
                      DEODORIZATION AND  REMOVAL OF  BAD-SMELLING
                      GAS.   (Akushu gasu no  dasshu  jokyo ni tsuite).  Text  in
                      Japanese.  Okayama-ken Kogyo  Shikensho  Nyusu (Okayama
                      Prefect. Expt.  Sta.  News), no. 110,  2p., April 1971.
                      The most effective deodorization  is direct burning whereby
                      bad odor gases are sent to a combustion chamber or furnace
                      and burned at a temperature  higher than  800 C. However,
                      more than 90% of the material must be oxidized and turned
                      into carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen, or sulfur diox-
                      ide. When the combustibility of the material is low, use of ox-
                      idation catalysts such as platinum-palladium or platinum-rhodi-
                      um  will  enable  hydrocarbons  to oxidize  completely and
                      decompose at 260-320 C.  These catalysts  are unsuitable for
                      treatment  of gases which will  create catalytic toxins such as
                      sulfur, zinc, mercury, lead, arsenic, fluoride, and tin. Free of
                      contact with such elements, these catalysts will last for 30,000
                      to 40,000  hours and still be reclaimable. Another  deodorizing
                      method which is frequently used  in Japan  is washing with
                      water, saline water, acids,  or alkalies. Water is effective for
                      solubles such as ammonia and amines; acids should be washed

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                       67
with alkalies, and alkaline gases should be washed with acids
or should be oxidized by chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or potassi-
um permanganate. Activated carbon is used  for the absorption
method. Gas  washing and adsorption combination  can be  ef-
fectively employed for deodorization of ammonias and amines.
The ozone-oxidation  method is mainly used for sewage treat-
ment. The amount of ozone required for sewage treatment is
reported to be I ppm; for restaurants, 5 ppm; fish canneries,
10 ppm; and paper pulp mills, 10-50 ppm. For masking odors,
acetic acid benzene, heliotropine,  and vanillin are used. More
than forty kinds of air wicks, mostly manufactured from plant
extracts and  chlorophyll,  are used for  neutralizing different
odors.

32798
Ishii, Tomio
AIR POLLUTION (ODOR) CONTROL  FOR  KRAFT  PULP
MILL WITH  OZONE.  (Taiki osen (shuki) to kurafuto parupu
miru no ozon dasshu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 7(9):824-828, Sept. 1971. 6 refs.
A  pilot  odorimeter was tested in 1970 in England wherein  the
upper part  of the test tube had a  heated coil which lighted
mixed  gas.  The  flame  rapidly  spread  below  and  formed
dispersed light. Sample gas was passed into the tube from  the
lower opening and through the burner at  the speed of 7 m/sec;
the light continuously scattered at  the narrow point of the tube
and reached  the  upper part of  the water  jacket which  en-
veloped the tube. The intensity of  the light was photoamplified
and was sent to a penrecorder. At the test site, methylmercap-
tan was discharged for five minutes at a height of two meters
from  the  ground, 100 meters windway from the measuring
point. The  record showed  a wave pattern  with six or seven
large  peaks,  probably  due  to the breeze.  But the test  was
deemed successful. In the United States, the Kraft  Pulp Mill s
deodorization  process by  ozone is  an example of successful
treatment of industrial odor problems. In  the process of chemi-
cal digestion  of pulp, hydrogen sulfide  and methylmercaptan
are emitted and create odor. According to a study, 1000 kg of
pulp creates 114.2 g H2S and 824.1 g of mercaptan at the Kraft
Pulp Mill. The main sources of emissions are the stacks of the
black liquor combustion furnace; discharge  from the digester;
waste  gas  from  the blowdown;  and  the  non-condensable
materials from  the evaporator and vacuum  pumps. Oxidation
of the  gas  from the  black  liquor  stack solved that particular
problem, but  the  main source of  odor was  the blowdown
which oxidation did  not  help.  More recently,  waste gases at
this mill are treated through condensers where ozone is added
to the gas at the entrance and exit, and has proved  successful.
The duration  of gas-ozone contact is also important, and a 2.2
sec exposure  gave the best result.

32937
Gommi, J. V.
OPERATING PERFORMANCE OF A RECOVERY BOILER
ODOR  CONTROL SYSTEM.   Tappi, 54(9): 1523-1526, Sept.
1971.  2  refs.  (Presented  at  the Technical Association of  the
Pulp and  Paper Industry,  Engineering  Conference, Denver,
Colo., Oct. 25-29,  1971.)
The air  contact evaporator system was developed as a means
of removing the source of the  hydrogen  sulfide odor in Kraft
recovery furnaces. An air heater  transfers  the  heat from  the
exiting gases  to the incoming clean air; this  heated clean air is
then  routed  to  a  cascade  evaporator where  it removes
moisture from the black  liquor. The system retains and rein-
forces  the  operating  philosophy  which  maximizes chemical
conversion  and recovery, and minimizes unburned fuel  and
sulfur emissions. This is achieved by proper attention to spray
droplet size, hearth bed shape, primary to secondary air ratio,
and sufficient secondary air pressure to take advantage of the
tangentially fired turbulence available  in the furnace design.
Two  contact  evaporator  systems  are  discussed and  are
operated below  code  requirements  for  toal reduced sulfur
compounds. Operating problems  are considered, as  well as
recent operating experience.

33073
Adalberto, Tirade A.
PROCESS DESIGN FOR POLLUTION CONTROL IN  INDUS-
TRIAL  PLANTS.   Print,  American  Inst.  of Chemical  En-
gineers,  New  York  and  Inst.  Mexicano  de  Ingenieros
Quimicos, 13p.,  1970. 6 refs. (Presented  at the American In-
stitite  of Chemical Engineers,  Institute Mexicano  de  In-
genieros Quimicos Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo.,  Sept. 2,
1970.)
Principles of process design for pollution control  in industrial
plants were discussed. Modern process design must  consider
the plant and nature as a whole. The  principles used to control
odors in a Kraft pulp plants were given. Tendencies or poten-
tials can only be modified  by  tendencies or potentials of the
same nature. Material and energy balances  are  always  true.
Energy  should  tze used in a cascade. Internal  recycling to
change temperature, concentrations,  flow rates, and equilibria
without affecting the external energy and material balances is
a useful  tool in fighting pollution. In pulp mills, contaminated
water is recycled to increase the recovery of fibers  or other
substances and,  at  the same time, save substantial quantities
of water.

33347
Oglesby, Sabert, Jr.
ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATORS TACKLE AIR  POLLU-
TANTS.  Environ. Sci. Technol., 5(8):766-770,  Sept. 1971.
The largest single  use  of  electrostatic precipitators  is   con-
trolling  fly  ash  emissions from coal-fired electric power
boilers.  The most  significant properties of fly ash are its re-
sistivity, particle  size, and cohesiveness. If the  resistivity  is
high, the current  and  voltage  at which  the  precipitator can
operate are reduced; if the resistivity is  low, excessive reen-
trainment of the dust can occur.  Resistivity  of fly ash is de-
pendent on the properties of coal and ash and on flue gas  tem-
perature. One solution to the high resistivity problem is reduc-
ing flue gas temperature to increase moisture  and  sulfur triox-
ide adsorption on the fly ash surface. An alternate approach to
reducing gas temperature is  increasing combustion  air  flow
through the air  heater and discarding excess air or using  it to
reheat the flue gas. Other approaches are cited. During recent
years, there has been  a decided trend toward  installing a
precipitator ahead  of the air heater in electric power generat-
ing plants. Advantages of these hot  precipitators  are  men-
tioned. Controlling effluents from recovery boilers in the  pulp
and  paper industry constitutes  another  large application of
electrostatic precipitators.  Metallurgical  uses, wet  precipita-
tors, cement kiln applications, and municipal incinerators are
also discussed. Future applications are considered.

33715
ECONOMIC CLEANING OF WASTE AIR.   (Wirtschaftliche
Abluftreinigung).  Text  in  German.  Umwelt (Duesseldorf),
1(5):55,  Oct./Nov. 1971.
Many industries try to  clean their waste gases by simultane-
ously recovering chemicals. Solvent  vapors can be drawn off

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68
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
from the production machines, mixed with air, and cleaned.
Several methods are available  for recovery, including the ad-
sorption  method  with  activated  coal or  the  condensation
method. Other waste  gas cleaning methods without recovery
are scrubbing with a  suitable scrubbing fluid  and subsequent
separation  of  the  scrubbing  fluid through  rectification  or
chemical reaction and thermal or  catalytic combustion of the
solvent  vapors. In many cases the adsorption method is the
most economical.  In a paper mill, 80,000  cu m air are drawn
off/hr containing vaporous toluene at  a concentration of 12.5
g/cu m. The investment  costs for a waste  gas  cleaning system
based on the adsorption method are about $17,000 including
capital  costs. At a plant efficiency of  98%, 980 kg toluene/hr
are recovered. Through  the sale of the toluene,  it takes just
315 days to cover the investment costs. Thereafter the system
operates with profit.

33732
Wallher, James E. and Herman R. Amberg
THE ROLE  OF THE  DIRECT CONTACT EVAPORATOR  IN
CONTROLLING  KRAFT  RECOVERY   FURNACE  EMIS-
SIONS.   Pulp  Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), 72(10):65-67,  Oct.
1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Canadian  Pulp and Paper As-
sociation, Technical Section, Annual Meeting, 57th, Montreal,
Quebec, Jan. 26-29,  1971, Paper T305.)
A  study was made of total reduced sulfur and sulfur dioxide
emissions  from several  conventional kraft recovery furnaces
using direct contact evaporation and a  newer designed furnace
without a direct  contact evaporator.  Sulfur  emissions were
measured  with Barton  sulfur  titrators.  The  direct contact
evaporator  did not  emit total reduced sulfur  when the black
liquor sodium  monosulfide content was less than 0.5 g/1 and
the pH  was 12 or higher. Although average recovery furnace
total reduced sulfur emissions  were less than  5 ppm, average
S02 concentrations ranged  from  150 to 680 ppm. The direct
contact  evaporator removed about 75% of the SO2 emission
and up  to 50% of the furnace  total reduced sulfur emission,
when  total  reduced  sulfur  concentration exceeded  5 ppm.
(Author abstract modified)

33918
Okumura, Eijiro and Hiroyasu Matsumoto
DESIGN OF FLOATING SCRUBBER AND TURBULENT AB-
SORBER. (Shisshiki shujin oyobi gasu kyushu sochi no sekkei
- Furotingu  sukurabba,  taburento abusoba ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kagaku Sochi (Plant and Process), 9(10):ll-22, Oct.
1967. 4 refs.
The Floating  Scrubber  (FBWS),  wet type  dust collection
device,  and  the Turbulent Absorber (TCA), a gas  absorption
device, were discussed including their  basic mechanisms, con-
struction,  and  design theories. Practical  applications include
dust removal in iron manufacturing plants; dust removal, sul-
fur dioxide  recovery, and  gas absorption in pulp factories;
dust removal in steel manufacturing dust  removal  in sulfuric
acid manufacturing plants; absorption  of SO2  from waste gas
in  H2SO4  manufacturing plants;  recovery of fluoride com-
pounds  from waste  gas  phosphoric acid manufacturing indus-
try and from waste gas  in aluminum manufacturing industry.
Both the FBWS and  TCA  are scrubber  columns filled  with
lightweight plastic balls between two grids. The washing liquid
is  sprayed  through  a nozzle  from above  and the gas to  be
treated is fed in from below; the gas causes a violent turbulent
motion as it ascends to contact the wash liquid. Since the gas-
liquid contact  system occurs in the space between the two
grids, the balls contact the media, float with the gas and liquid.
Since  the  gas-liquid  contact  system  occurs in  the space
                      between the two grids, the balls contact the media, float with
                      the gas and liquid, revolve, and hit each  other, thus causing
                      stirring. This keeps the surface of the balls clean so that a new
                      liquid film can form. Also, the area of contact between the gas
                      and the liquid is enlarged for effective dust collection and gas
                      absorption. The constant stirring keeps  the grid meshes free
                      from  viscous  or other substances  formed  by the absorption
                      reaction. This is known as self-cleaning. Both FBWS and TAC
                      are patented to UPO of  the  U.S.A. and feature no clogging,
                      even  with viscous substances;  low  pressure  loss compared
                      with its  high gas  velocity; higher  contact  effect resulting in
                      higher efficiency; and stable and long-life performance.

                      34044
                      Miyagi, Hiroshi
                      DUST  COLLECTION OF PAPER  PULP INDUSTRY.   (Kami
                      parupu sangyo no  shujin ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
                      Kogai  (Ind. Public  Nuisance), 7(10):575-580, Oct. 1971.
                      In the paper pulp  industry, both sulfite process and  the Kraft
                      Process create  dust  particulates, but the latter is particularly
                      troublesome. Dusts are created by the dissolver emission pipe,
                      the burned lime bin,  and the caustic tank emission  pipe, but
                      the recovery boiler flue and the rotary kiln produce especially
                      large quantitites of dusts. The main component of the flue gas
                      from a plant with  a 500 t/day production capacity is 8-15 g/N
                      cu m, or 40 - 70  t/day of mirabilite (sodium sulfate). Most
                      plants  use electric precipitators behind the recovery boiler,
                      and  most precipitators collect  90-98% of  dusts.  However,
                      when the dust collection rate  is  only 90%, the stack gas  some-
                      times contains more  than one g/N cu m  of NaSO4, exceeding
                      the air standards of the  Air  Pollution Control Law. In such
                      cases,  installation of a second dust collector is necessary, but
                      this is not feasible for most  plants because of the  space  in-
                      volved. Usually a  wet scrubber is used, but the design of a
                      high efficiency scrubber is extremely difficult, due to the small
                      size  of NaSO4 particles.  However, the weak alkaline  liquid
                      which  circulates between the  recovery boiler and the caustisa-
                      tion (?) plant in a KP mill can be utilized for the scrubbing of
                      gas,  which reduces  the cost  of fresh alkali. The rotary kiln
                      produces  20-70 g/N cu m dusts.  The main components are cal-
                      cium carbonate (CaC03) and calcium oxide (CaO), and a plant
                      with 500  t/day production  creates  approximately 24 t/day  of
                      CaCO3 and CaO. About 97-98% of dusts must be collected in
                      order to meet  the minimum air standard. Scrubbing of the gas
                      may be achieved by  diluted chemicals, but industrial water is
                      sufficient, and desulfurization is achieved at the same time  by
                      CaO.  The sulfur dioxide content in the emission gas after the
                      treatment is almost zero.

                      34299
                      Freyschuss, Stig
                      MODERN METHODS  FOR THE REDUCTION  OF  THE
                      WASTES FROM CHEMICAL  PULP  MILLS  IN SWEDEN.
                      Water Air Ind., Proc. Int.  Cong. PRO AQUA,  Basel, Switzer-
                      land, 1969, p. 128-141.
                      Chemical pulp production  has  increased  greatly in Sweden
                      during the last 25 years, which has caused many severe pollu-
                      tion problems  in lakes, rivers, and  along the coast of the Bal-
                      tic. During the last 10 years intensive work has been going  on
                      to reduce the waste mainly by internal measures in the chemi-
                      cal pulp mills. There has been a reduction  of the fresh water
                      consumption for the pulp processes which has made it possible
                      to recover more of the wastes  both in the form of  dissolved
                      organic material and fibers.  Development  of  the continuous
                      digester for the sulfate process  has been of great importance
                      for development of better washing  methods, which means less

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      69
pollution from the black liquor. The steam  stripping  of  the
condensates has  reduced  the  loss  of  orgainc  sulfides and
methanol to the recipient. By burning the uncondensable gases
after stripping, part of the air pollution problem has found a
solution. The evaporation and  burning  of the  spent  sulfite
liquor  is  the  only effective way  of  solving the  pollution
problems at Swedish calcium sulfite  mills. Development of ef-
ficient  washing  methods has decreased  the loss  of  sulfite
liquor to about 15%, and by  using soluble bases such as mag-
nesium  or  sodium the recovery of spent liquor can  be in-
creased to  at least 95%. Cross-recovery of chemicals  is also
mentioned. (Author summary modified)

34317
ENVIRONMENT   PROTECTION   CITATIONS.     Power,
1I5(1I):S2-S9, Nov. 1971.
Industrial  plants  that  proved how  sound engineering  could
produce results in a determined  effort to clean up plant-water
effluent are cited. Mathematical  modelling  was utilized by In-
ternational  Paper to evaluate the influence  of waste discharge
into a lake. Starting with the  basic equation for distribution of
a contaminant under steady-state conditions, a series of equa-
tions were developed for use with a computer  program to
yield, amongst other variables, biological oxygen demand and
dissolved  oxygen  profiles for  the  lake.  The pollution-free
operation for a new mill with a  continuous digester using the
proven kraft process  is described. An ash collector and  the
sulfite  pulping process are mentioned. Activated sludge, tertia-
ry treatment, and incineration are described for the  control of
refinery problems. Waste waters are collected in sumps at key
locations,  then pumped to treatment tanks.  Chrome is reduced
with sodium bisulfite  and precipitated with caustic,  and cya-
nide is oxidized  with  sodium hypochlorite. Treated  solutions
are pumped to blending tanks where  the pH is adjusted. Waste
streams containing suspended solids, hexavalent chrome, and
floating matter  are treated  with antifoam  and  coagulating
agents  before  entering  an  air  mixing  tank. After  aeration,
waste  water flows  to a  series  of settling tanks  where
suspended  and  floating  solids   are removed.  The recently
started-up purification plant to handle acidic  rinse water plus
wastes from chrome plating is  also described. Other control
methods mentioned include  black liquor  oxidation,  electro-
static  precipilators, odor  counteraction,  venturi  scrubbers,
cyclones, and filters.

34385
Kalish, John
EUROPE  S LARGEST  KRAFT  DIGESTER  COMES ON
STREAM  AT BILLERUD.  Pulp  Paper Int., 13(ll):51-55, Oct.
1971.
Europe s largest continuous kraft  digester  - rated  at 940
tons/day -- and  a  highly  advanced evaporation and  cross-
recovery system highlight  the recently  completed kraft pulp
expansion at the Gruvon mill of Billerud AB in Sweden. About
half of the output of  the new digester is  flash dried market
pulp from  twin 275-ton/day  flash dryers,  marking  Billerud s
entry as a producer of unbleached kraft market pulp. Environ-
mental and emission control at Billerud centers around a very
well designed recovery system with several  unique features for
optimal operation and order reduction. A new  technique of
splitting the condensates from  the  black  liquor  evaporation
stages  has been employed to  isolate contaminated condensates
and provide for  subsequent  destruction of the contaminants.
The two present evaporator  lines are attached to a 20-ton/hr
forced  circulation stage for concentration of the thick liquor to
65% solids, considered  to facilitate subsequent combustion.
Sodium hydroxide is added to the first stage of the stack gas
scrubber. The recovery boiler and other details of the recovery
system are described. (Author summary modified)

34459
DEVELOPMENTS    IN   AIR    POLLUTION    CONTROL
TECHNIQUES FOR PULP INDUSTRY. (Luftvardsteknik i ut-
veckling for en renare skogsindustri). Text in Swedish. Svensk
Papperstid. (Stockholm), 71(18):579-584, Sept. 1971.
Air pollution problems and control of  the Finnish  pulp indus-
try are discussed.  An emission  test  group  was  formed  in
Sweden to furnish data on hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide
emissions by sulfate plants. Sampling, analysis, and sample
handling methods are reviewed. The test data serve as a basis
for the Nature Conservation Authority  in determining standard
values for soda  plant emissions. Technical  conditions  of ob-
serving H2S emission norms are outlined. Emission  measure-
ments are remunerative, as they can contribute to  a smoother
operation. Three methods  were  tried to reduce SO2 emission
in pulp production (changeover to another base (magnesium),
waste gas scrubbing, and  precipitation). Test instruments for
measuring gaseous sulfur compound emissions around  sulfate
plants, and  two  methods  for concentration measurements in
ppb-range are reviewed. Local emission measurements around
three sulfate plants  are summarized. With  smaller production
volume, approximately the same amount of  sulfur is emitted
by the Finnish pulp industry as by the Swedish. Methods for
continuous H2S and SO2 measurements are being studied and
developed. It will be possible to reduce sulfite emission by
changing over to another base connected with a more intensive
regeneration of chemicals. Direct waste gas  evaporators can-
not  meet  the requirements in  the sulfate  cellulose  industry.
Electrostatic  precipitators,  and  waste  gas  scrubbers  are
needed.

34868
Duncan, Leon and Isaiah Gellman
THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM OF THE NA-
TIONAL COUNCIL OF THE PAPER  INDUSTRY FOR AIR
AND STREAM  IMPROVEMENT.   Vanderbilt Univ., Nash-
ville, Tenn.  Dept of Environmental and Water Resources En-
gineering, and Tennessee Stream  Pollution Control  Board, En-
viron.  Water Resources Eng.  Conf.,  9th, Annu., Nashville,
Tenn., 1970, p. 41-44. (June 4-5.)
During the past  15 years, the National Council of the Paper In-
dustry for Air and Stream Improvement has been actively en-
gaged in a research  program aimed toward air quality protec-
tion. These efforts encompass such areas as development and
application of sampling and analytical  techniques, adaptation
and  evaluation of air pollution control equipment,  changes in
processes and operations to effect improved atmospheric emis-
sion, and applications of new concepts in pulp and  paper mak-
ing operations for more effective emissions control. Currently,
the major thrust is in  the area of odor control from kraft mill
operations.

35315
Freiday, Jay H., West Hartford, and George J. Prohazka
CHEMICAL RECOVERY  FURNACE  WITH  AIR  CASCADE
EVAPORATORY SYSTEM. (Combustion Engineering,  Inc.,
Windsor,  Conn.) U. S.  Pat. 3,592,610. 6p.,  July  13, 1971.  3
refs. (Appl. Dec. 27, 1967,  6 claims).
Chemical  recovery  systems are  used  generally in the  paper
making industry  to process and recover the  chemicals used in
digesting  wood  or  other  cellulose material. In  a  chemical

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70
PULP AND  PAPER INDUSTRY
recovery furnace system including a rotary regenerative  air
heater and  an air  cascade evaporator, the location of the
forced draft fan can be  changed from  the upstream air inlet
side  of the air  heater to  the  outlet side of the air stream
through the air heater. By relocating the forced draft fan, the
absolute  pressure  through  the air side  of the  system  is
reduced, thus  resulting in a reduction of the  differential pres-
sure  between the air and gas sides of the rotary regenerative
air heater, and  a corresponding  reduction  in the  air-to-gas
leakage. Relocation of the fan also enables a  closed recirculat-
ing heat transfer loop to  be formed between  the recovery fur-
nace and the cascade evaporator through the  fan. This feature
has great value  in effecting safe  emergency shutdown when
water is believed to be entering the furnace, thus avoiding the
possibility of smelt-water reaction explosion.

35519
Hardison, Leslie C.
GAS-LIQUID SCRUBBING TOWER.  (Universal Oil Products
Co.,  Des Plaines, 111.) U. S. Pat. 3,585-786. 5p., June 22, 1971.
4 refs. (Appl. Aug. 12, 1968. 4 claims).
Mass transfer  between a  liquid and a gas is employed to clean
the gas of entrained  solids, absorb the gas  in  the  liquid, or
react the gas  with  the  liquid.  Conventional  scrubbers effect
mass transfer  by bubbling gas through a liquid or by spraying
a rising gas stream with a liquid. The former method provides
insufficient gas-liquid contact and  causes undesirable frothing
between  liquids and gases. The frothing results in clogged gas
inlets and sometimes clogged liquid inlets and gas outlets. The
second  method   provides   adequate  gas-liquid  contact but
further increases the  frothing.  A  scrubbing tower with  verti-
cally mounted tubes effects mass transfer without creating the
turbulence  that  causes  frothing.  The  upper portion of the
tubes, which extend through a partition  dividing the upper and
lower sections of the tower, is surrounded  by  a liquid. The
liquid flows as  a laminar  film down the  inner  walls of the
tubes and is contacted by the gas stream rising in the center of
the tubes. Applications of the scrubber include oxidizing waste
sulfide liquor  in paper production, fly  ash removal, and ex-
tracting nitrogen oxides from tail gas produced by nitric oxide
production.

35660
Lardieri, Nicholas J.
PRESENT TREATMENT PRECTICE OF KRAFT MILLS ON
AIR-BORNE  EFFLUENTS.  Paper Trade  J.,  142(15):28-33,
April 14, 1958. 7 refs.
A survey was conducted to ascertain what methods  are used
for  treatment of atmospheric  effluents from  kraft  pulping
mills; 58 mills participated. The types of recovery  equipment
used,  specific abatement  techniques  for various  effluents,
costs of  abatement processes, and the public relations aspects
of the problem were considered. The equipment  used for col-
lection of paniculate  matter and aerosols from  recovery fur-
nace stacks included  electrostatic  precipitators (50 mills) and
venturi scrubbers (nine  mills)  two mills used  no  equipment
whatever. Wet scrubbers were  used by  54 mills  and  dry dust
collectors by one to control lime kiln exhaust; one mill did not
use any control  equipment.  Odorous emissions  from the kraft
industry occur primarily from digestion and chemical recovery.
Some  reduction in  these  emissions  from  digester  gases  is
achieved in most Southern  kraft mills through the turpentine
recovery  system.  Odors  from  the  black  liquor  recovery
systems arise  from the multiple-effect evaporator condensates
and  from furnace stacks. Methods used to abate odors from
these sources are scrubbing of evaporator  noncondensables
                       with caustic or black liquor, air oxidation of black liquor prior
                       to recovery,  and odor-masking  of catalytic  reactant  com-
                       pounds. Capital costs are about $1000.  per  ton of productive
                       capacity.

                       35793
                       Oglesby, Sabert, Jr.
                       ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPITATION.    Bull.  S. Res. Inst.,
                       26(2):3-9, Winter 1971.
                       Electrostatic precipitators are assuming new  importance as de-
                       mands increase for better air quality. The three basic steps in
                       the precipitator process are described along  with  dust proper-
                       ties influencing precipitation and  the major  uses  of precipita-
                       tors. Precipitators have their widest use in the collection of fly
                       ash from coal-fired boilers at electric power stations and in the
                       collection of dusts from recovery furnaces in pulp  and paper
                       mills. Other important  users are iron and  steel plants and ce-
                       ment plants. The two principal factors governing the ease with
                       which dust can be precipitated are its particle size and electri-
                       cal resistivity.  The trend toward the use of low-sulfur coals is
                       causing problems  for fly ash precipitation, as the  coals  plus a
                       flue  gas temperature of 300  F result in high-resistivity dust.
                       This problem  can be handled  by increasing precipitator size,
                       reducing flue gas  temperature, injecting conditioning agents in
                       the gas stream ahead of the precipitator, or increasing the tem-
                       perature to 600-700 F by putting the precipitator ahead  of the
                       air heater. While initial and  installation costs  of an electro-
                       static precipitator are higher than for other methods of panicu-
                       late control, annual operating and maintenance costs are much
                       lower.

                       35803
                       Miyajima, Hiroshi
                       TREATMENT  OF  EMISSION  GAS  FROM  RECOVERY
                       BOILERS.  (Kaishu boira no haigasu shori  ni tsuite). Text in
                       Japanese. Nenryo Oyobi  Nensho  (Fuel and CCombustion),
                       38(12):! 161-1176, Dec. 1971.
                       The emission gas  from  the recovery boiler of a Kraft pulp mill
                       enters an electrostatic  precipitator and approximately 95% of
                       eight to ten g/N cu m size dusts are collected. The gas then
                       enters a wet cyclone scrubber and most of 0.4 - 0.5 g/N cu m
                       size  dusts are  collected and some 0.15  to 0.2 g/N cu m dust
                       particles remain.  Altogether, 98 to 99% of the dusts are col-
                       lected. The dusts  are  collected mostly by colliding with the
                       spray liquid in the scrubber or diffusing or adhering to the sur-
                       face of the liquid. The  characteristics of this scrubber are  its
                       simple structure,  easy  operation, cleansing  operation without
                       power, little draft loss,  a wide design possibility for a variety
                       of particle sizes,  types, and quantities, a small space require-
                       ment, a high collection rate of small particles, its multi-func-
                       tions, and an excellent anti-erosion capacity. The  odor is con-
                       trolled by an alkaline solution  additive  in the scrubber liquid
                       which absorbs hydrogen  sulfide  and  mercaptans. The car-
                       ryover of the  dusts from the recovery boiler is  successfully
                       prevented by avoiding overloading, increasing the concentra-
                       tion of the black liquor, reducing the inorganic elements in the
                       liquor,  reducing  the first  air  supply  to  the minimum, and
                       decreasing the black liquor jet  pressure.

                       35931
                       Miyazaki, Shigeru
                       SO2 SCRUBBER  FOR PULP  AND PAPER  MILL.    (Kami
                       parupu  kogyo  ni  okeru haien datsuryu no  jisshirei). Text in
                       Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(12):1108-
                       1114, Dec. 1971.

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                                          B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      71
A  Swedish method of stack gas  desulfurization was adopted
by a pulp mill. The system comprises two conical  scrubbers
encased vertically  in  a  cylindrical drop  collector.  The  two
scrubbers  are each connected with a head tank where the ab-
sorbent is stored, and  a pipe connects the two tanks. The ex-
haust gas  from the boiler is sent to  the lower scrubber and
passes through the narrow passage between the lower end of
the conical scrubber and the surface of the liquid absorbent at
a high speed, causing  the liquid to turn into aerosol mist and
rise upward. The liquid particles have large surface  areas and
as they rise with the turbulent gas, contacts are made rapidly
and  effectively with  the gas. Sulfur  dioxide  gas  is almost
completely absorbed at this stage. The guiding vane attached
at the top  of the lower scrubber rotates and circulates the gas,
and by centrifugal action, makes the liquid drops adhere to the
inner wall of  the drop collector, and effectively separates the
gas from  the liquid. Most of the liquid  is collected into the
lower head tank through the recirculation  pipe. The gas treated
by the lower scrubber  rises  to the upper scrubber and escapes
into the stack at the top of the drop collector. Fresh  absorbent
is  supplied to the  scrubber from the upper  head  tank and
residual S02 in the gas is effectively absorbed because of the
high  pH. Carbon dioxide is also absorbed. The absorbent  with
lower pH comes down to the lower scrubber. The  CO2 scarce-
ly reacts to the absorbent of low Ph. The CO2 absorbed in the
upper  scrubber exists  in  the  form of sodium carbonate and
reacts  to SO2 and  becomes sodium sulfite. The SO2  absorp-
tion rate is 95 to 98%, and the dust collection rate is  more than
36018
TWENTY-FIVE  THOUSAND  NM3/H  FLUE-GAS  DESUL-
FURIZATION PLANT.  Chem Economy  Eng. Rev., 4(1):43,
Jan.  1972.
In July 1971, with the cooperation of Jujo Paper Co., Hitachi
Ltd.  built a 25,000 cu Nm/hr semi-wet flue gas desulfurization
plant at the Jujo plant in Japan. The process involves  reactions
in which  flue gas is brought into contact with an alkaline solu-
tion  such as sodium hydroxide. Reaction products are dried by
the  sensible  heat  of  the flue gas,  and the  by-product  is
recovered in  the form of a solid  powder consisting mainly of
sodium sulfite.

36037
Gavelin, Gunnar
AIR   AND  WATER  POLLUTION   CONTROL  METHODS
USED IN SWEDISH PULP MILLS. Paper Trade J., 156(3):34-
36, Jan. 17, 1972.
Sweden now  has 31  kraft mills producing  four million tons of
pulp and sewering 180,000 tons of biological oxygen demand
and 200,000 tons of lignin per year. All these  mills have liquor
evaporation, and one of the most important questions is  how
to improve the washing  efficiency.  Biological treatment has
been installed at one mill, a combination of sedimentation and
chemical precipitation  at  another. What  most captures the
imagination of kraft mill designers in Sweden  today is the  pos-
sibility of building a completely closed mill, where no external
effluent  treatment  would  be required.  The  bleach  plant ef-
fluent presents an additional and  very difficult problem which
will be reduced only by 50%  should oxygen bleaching  as a first
stage become generally adopted. The  mercury losses  from the
chlorine-alkaki plants, on the other hand,  have been virtually
eliminated  by  process  modifications  and  closing  of  the
systems.  The sulfite mills, which sewer 310,000 tons of BOD
and 400,000 tons of lignin per year,  have only three choices:
converting  to soluble base,  installation  of liquor  evaporation
with sulfur dioxide scrubbing, or closing down. Sulfur dioxide
and  hydrogen sulfide emissions present another problem  at
Swedish pulp mills. Biological and oxygen treatment are men-
tioned.

36270
HOW WEYERHAEUSER CONTROLS KRAFT ODOR WITH
THE VAPORSPHERE.  Paper Trade J., 139(1):12-13, Jan.  3,
1955.
At  two  kraft  mills, sulfur-containing gases  that are not
eliminated by condensers are collected  by 25-ft steel  bubbles
(vapospheres) on the  roofs of the mills. Inside each sphere is a
rubber- treated diaphragm that expands slowly as the gases are
collected and stored. The inflated balloon allows the gases  to
be drawn off slowly  and at a constant rate for destruction by
burning or chemical  treatment.  The devices are at least 90%
effective in completely deodorizing the pulping process.

36355
(Inventor not given.)
A METHOD TO REDUCE THE PROPORTION OF SULFUR
TRIOXIDE IN OFF-GASES  FROM  THE  COMBUSTION OF
SULFUR-CONTAINING  OFF-LYES. (Bystroms Oljeprodukter
A. B., Karlstad  (Sweden)) Brit. Pat. 1,204,761. lp., Sept.  9,
1970. (Appl. Jan. 1, 1968, 4 claims).
In the method described, magnesium sulfate is added to sulfur-
bearing lye along with magnesium tall oil fatty acid soap. The
lye  is then burned. Incrustation is reduced by the  addition  of
the  two  mixtures. The  method is particularly  applicable  to
reducing  sulfur  trioxide  in  sulfite  and  sulfate cellulose
processes.

36478
Dumon, R.
TREATMENT OF LIQUID  EFFLUANTS  IN A NEW ELF-
HEURTY  TYPE  INCINERATOR.  (Traitement d effluents
liquides dans un nouveau  ty d  incinerateur  Elf-Heurty). Text
in French.  Chim Ind., Genie Chim., 103(20), 2617-2618, Dec.
1970.
Highly polluted liquid effluents  are destroyed by the new Elf-
Heurty  type  incinerator. In  general, highly  flammable com-
bustibles are required that are needed in low quantities and are
also cheap. Elf system emulsion burners are used  for this in-
cinerator.  A mixture  consisting  of liquid dispersion and liquid
combustible additive is  atomized  in the reaction chamber by
compressed air. Strict temperature homogeneity is imperative
for  the  whole reaction chamber. The advantages involved  in
this  system lie in low  demand for cheap combustibles, the
absence of further pollution, the possibility to control furnace
atmosphere (oxidizing or reducing), high  reliability in opera-
tion, and in the utilization of the steam thus generated. The
system can also be applied for liquids  of high concentration.
This incineration method can be used in chemical, petroleum,
pharmaceutical,  textile  and paper-making  industry,  and  in
metallurgy. Various modifications can be introduced for treat-
ing  various liquids.

36657
Morgan, Oliver P.
A SUMMARY  OF  THE  AIR  AND  WATER  POLLUTION
ABATEMENT  EFFORTS  AT  WEYERHAEUSER  KRAFT
MILL  AT SPRINGFIELD,  OREGON.   Washington  State
Univ., Pulman,  Proc. Pacific  Northwest Ind.  Waste Conf.,
10th. Pullman, Wash., 1961, p. 119-128. (May 25-26.)

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72
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
As part of a program to control odor emissions from  a kraft
pulp mill,  black liquor  oxidation  has been successful  in
eliminating sulfides from the liquor, thus preventing stripping
of the sulfur compounds in the recovery furnaces and resulting
in substantial reductions in odor level from the high stack. A
fume-destroying  furnace was used  to burn relief gases under
carefully controlled conditions,  oxidizing  all odorous sulfur
compounds to sulfur dioxide, which has a much  lower odor
potential. Odorous blow gases were finally controlled by using
a vaporsphere to hold the gases and release them at a constant
rate to the fume furnace.  After some  modifications, savings
were effected by piping the blow and relief gases  to the lime
kiln for burning.  Some odor control has also been achieved by
improved air control in the recovery furnaces and  lime kilns.
Lime kiln  dust losses have been  decreased with modifications
to the  plant  scrubber system. The program  to control water
pollution from the plant is also described in detail.

36658
Collins, T. T., Jr., C. R. Seaborne, and A. W. Anthony, Jr.
REMOVAL  OF SALT CAKE  FUME FROM  SULPHATE
RECOVERY  FURNACE STACK GASES BY SCRUBBING.
Paper Trade J., 124(23):45-49, June 5,  1947. 2 refs.  (Presented
at the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
Annual Meeting, New York, Feb. 24-27, 1947.)
Successful  development on a pilot plant scale of  a new  ap-
paratus for scrubbing the fume of sodium salts from pulp mill
sulfate or  soda furnace stack gases is described.  The equip-
ment consists essentially of a venturi through which the waste
gases  going to the stack pass at high velocity while, at  the
same time, recirculated water injected into the construction is
atomized by the  energy of the gases under the extremely tur-
bulent conditions existing in the throat and is then  removed in
a dry  cyclone following the venturi atomizer. Efficiencies of
sodium removal  of  as  high as 99% have been attained by  a
combination consisting of the venturi atomizer followed by the
conventional  Pease-Anthony Scrubber  instead of  a cyclone.
The combination of a venturi  atomizer followed by a  dry
cyclone,  called  the  venturi-scrubber,  gives  85-94%   sodium
recovery on a pilot  plant scale with an estimated power con-
sumption for large scale operation of about 43 kw hour/ton of
pulp. Because of the easily attainable high efficiency, low first
cost, and  simple operation  of the venturi-scrubber, the addi-
tion of any other equipment to the combination to improve ef-
ficiency seems  economically unjustifiable. (Author  abstract
modified)

36659
Collins, T. T., Jr., C. R. Seaborne, and A. W. Anthony, Jr.
USE  OF   THE  VENTURI-SCRUBBER   ON  SULPHATE
RECOVERY  FURNACE STACK GASES.   Paper Trade J.,
!26(3):45-49, Jan. 15, 1948. 2 refs. (Presented at the Technical
Association of the  Pulp and Paper Industry, Alkaline Pulping
Committee, Asheville. N. C., Oct. 11, 1947.)
Operating  experience  with  a full-scale  venturi scrubber  for
fume recovery from a kraft pulp mill sulfate recovery furnace
rated for 120 tons of daily pulp production is reported. The
scrubber is a combination  of venturi atomizer followed by  a
cyclone to remove the atomized liquid. The full-scale unit  has
a minimum range of efficiency of sodium removal from  the
furnace gases of 85-90%; actual dust removal efficiency is
probably somewhat  higher. The  overall pressure drops across
the  venturi atomizer of 16-19  in water are  expectedly high,
compared  with predictions from pilot plant data for 90% effi-
ciency  of  sodium removal. The  sulfur dioxide and hydrogen
sulfide content of the stack gases differ, depending on whether
                      the furnace  is being operated beyond design capacity; the
                      resulting change in alkalinity of the scrubbing liquor may be
                      considerably important from the corrosion standpoint.  Power
                      requirements calculate out to 40 kw hours per  ton of pulp,
                      slightly lower than predicted from  pilot  plant data;  further
                      reductions are anticipated from refinements in atomizer design
                      and use of a variable speed fan. Wider applications of the ven-
                      turi scrubber as an integral part of the kraft recovery furnace
                      are expected with further development.

                      36760
                      May, Ben F.
                      EXPERIENCES  IN THE ABATEMENT OF  KRAFT  MILL
                      ODORS. GULF STATES  PAPER CORP. Tappi, 36(8):374-378,
                      Aug. 1953. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp
                      and Paper Industry, Alkaline Pulping Conference, 6th, Mobile,
                      Ala., Nov. 12-14, 1952.)
                      Use of a direct condenser for digester blow gases was the first
                      success of a Louisiana kraft pulp mill in its efforts since the
                      mid-1920s  to abate odor emissions.  Chlorine was tried for
                      deodorizing the  condenser  effluent  but was ineffective. Until
                      1951 all attempts at odor abatement were  made with conden-
                      sers,  water spray  scrubbers, and improved processing  equip-
                      ment.  Trials of  odor  masking aromatic compounds began in
                      1951. Efforts to effect a milder and less  obnoxious odor by
                      use of these compounds  have produced a slight improvement.
                      However,  positive conclusions are  pending due to extended
                      trials.  Future study involving trial of a scrubber system, em-
                      ploying bleach  plant  waste  liquors,  is under consideration.
                      Evaluation of results is the most difficult phase in this field of
                      study. A practical, yet accurate, means of odor measurement
                      is needed. The  variables involved are quite complicated, in-
                      cluding such major  ones  as  process  operating efficiency,
                      meteorological  conditions,  individuals nasal  characteristics,
                      and mixing of  odors  from various  sources.'(Author abstract
                      modified)

                      36854
                      Chamberlain, R. E. and C. E. Cairns
                      ANALYSIS OF  RECOVERY  UNIT  OPERATION  AND CON-
                      TROL.  Pulp Paper  Mag.  Can. (Quebec), 73(1):97-104, Jan.
                      1972. 14 refs. (Presented  at the Canadian Pulp and Paper As-
                      soc..  Technical Section, Annual  Meeting, 57th, Montreal,
                      Canada, Jan. 26-29, 1971.)
                      Tests were undertaken to evaluate the potential for improved
                      instrumentation of recovery furnace  operations  and better con-
                      trol of both  sulfur gas (hydrogen sulfide  and  sulfur  dioxide)
                      and paniculate  emissions.  The  testing considered all  major
                      operating variables in the  recovery operation,  their  inter-
                      mediate effects on furnace operation, and the  final operating
                      results. The  tests indicated that additional  secondary air will
                      increase the oxidation of combustion products without increas-
                      ing paniculate carryover or tube deposition. Despite higher ex-
                      cess air, stack heat losses did not  increase because existing
                      temperature  simultaneously increased. Change  in  primary air
                      had no effect on black liquor reduction, except possibly on a
                      short-term basis. Increased  secondary  air,  however,  lowered
                      black liquor  reduction. Particular attention should be paid to
                      brightness  as a  measure of  char-bed temperature and com-
                      bustion stability. This  measurement is a key to minimum sulfur
                      gas emission and paniculate carryover. Air consumption as an
                      index of furnace combustion may provide a control base for
                      increaced  stabilization  of  recovery furnace  temperatures.
                      Although  this concept is  most easily implemented  through
                      computer control, modification of  air control on an  analog
                      basis   should  reduce   variation   in  furnace  combustion.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      73
Establishing furnace production according to combustion and
smelting rates suggests trimming the input solids rate to main-
tain the amount of  the  material in the furnace constant.
(Author summary modified)

37004
West, P. H.
CHEMICAL AND HEAT RECOVERY WITH THE VENTURI
SCRUBBER AT THILMANY. Tappi, 38(7):399^t02, July 1955.
7 refs. (Presented at the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Annual Meeting, 40th, New York, Feb. 21-24,
1955.)
In  1946 a pilot plant  venturi scrubber, using water to clean
recovery furnace flue gases,  was tested at a kraft pulp mill
and showed chemical  recovery  efficiencies of  about  90%. A
similar full-scale unit, installed in 1947 following the  existing
120-ton  recovery units,  substantiated  these findings.  Further
pilot studies, employing concentrated  black liquor instead  of
water, indicated improvement in heat recovery efficiency over
that of conventional kraft recovery systems, while maintaining
a high degree of chemical recovery. By mid-1951, because of
greatly increased pulp production  and  the demand for 600 psi
steam, a new 250-ton black liquor  recovery unit equipped with
a black liquor venturi scrubber was purchased. Cost considera-
tions, space requirements, trouble free operation, high chemi-
cal recovery efficiency,  and maximum heat recovery were
considered  in the decision to include  the venturi scrubber as
an  integral  part of  the recovery   unit.  (Author  abstract
modified)

37064
Woodward, Eric R.
CHLORINE  DIOXIDE  FOR  ODOR  CONTROL.    Tappi,
36(5):216-221, May 1953. 21  refs.  (Presented  at the Technical
Association of the Pulp  and  Paper Industry,  Alkaline Pulping
Conference, 6th, Mobile, Ala., Nov. 12-14, 1952.)
The use of chlorine dioxide  in a limited number of industrial
plants which are notorious  for the  discharge of obnoxious
odors has met  with success on a commercial  scale.  The ef-
fluent gases contain methyl  and ethyl amines, hydrogen sul-
fide, and mercaptans.  As with any other chemical remedy, ef-
ficient  contact  between chlorine  dioxide  and  the offending
odors is essential. This involves proper ventilation of buildings
where the odors originate, adequate collection and transfer of
the odor-bearing medium to  the point of  treatment, and effi-
cient scrubbing of the odorous  compounds before release  to
the surrounding atmosphere or terrain.  Application  to kraft
mill odors,  methods of generating and applying chlorine diox-
ide, and possible corrosion  problems  are discussed.  (Author
abstract modified)

37073
Cromwell, W. E.
OZONE  IN  ADt POLLUTION  ABATEMENT.   Ind. Eng.
Chem., 51(6):83A-84A, June 1959.
While the chemical  mechanism  by which ozone combats air
pollution is not fully understood,  the  reaction  in most cases
appears  to be a neutralization of  odor formers. Several case
histories  and the ozone  generation  equipment utilized are
given, describing the use of ozone to treat effluent gases from
two New York City sewage  treatment plants, to counteract
odors from  fish processing  stack gases,  to  treat  unpleasant
kitchen odors, and, experimentally, to treat the effluent stack
gases from the sulfate recovery system of a paper pulping mill.
37094
Wright, R. H., M. A. Schoening, and L. W. Shemilt
THE  EFFECT OF BLACK  LIQUOR FIXATION  ON THE
RELEASE OF KRAFT ODORS.  Tappi, 36(4):180-183, April
1953.  11 refs.
In place  of  the regular feed  of unoxidized black liquor to a
kraft  mill semipilot oxidation tower, oxidized black liquor was
fed continuously to  the  recovery system  for  a  five-hour
period. Throughout the day gases  from  the  recovery  system
were  sampled to determine concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
and methyl mercaptan, and liquids, to determine their sodium
sulfide concentration. Specific gases and  liquids analyzed were
evaporator noncondensable  gases,  evaporator contaminated
condensate,  evaporator jet-condenser effluent,  furnace gases,
stack  gases, weak black  liquor,  and  strong black  liquor.
Though H2S in stack gases rose to high values at the end of
the day,  there  was definite overall reduction in the amounts of
both  H2S and methyl mercaptan liberated by  the  stack and
evaporator. A  black liquor  fixation system combined  with an
adsorber of  digester gases should provide effective  control of
kraft  odors.

37101
Trobeck, K. G., Walter Lenz, and A. Tirado A.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROCESS IS  SWEDISH-MEX-
ICAN DEVELOPMENT.  Pulp Paper Int., April 1959:44-48. 2
refs.
At a  kraft pulp mill in Mexico, odors liberated from a multi-
ple-effect evaporator are completely eliminated by proper ox-
idation of black liquor with  air. A surface condenser with tem-
perature  held  at  50-60 C produces contaminated condensate
water in  smaller batches during digester blows, which makes it
easier to destroy odors in  such condensate  water.  A  special
scrubber promotes good contact between air, noncondensable
gases, and contaminated condensate water from the digesters.
In this way, all the noxious compounds from the blow-off and
relieving of digesters are treated at once  in a single apparatus.
The  result is  a  definite reduction of air  pollution from the
gases and  a virtual elimination of  odors from condensate
water. Additional control  measures are the detection of odors
by a Tritilog and a network of human observers.

37171
Carr,  Wayne F.
HYDROCYCLONE.    (Assignee   not  given.)  U.  S.  Pat.
3,568,847. 7p., March 9,  1971. 5 refs. (Appl. Dec. 9, 1968, 3
claims).
Known hydrocylcones for cleaning cellulose suspensions and
similar liquid  slurries are relatively ineffective in removing
foreign particles from mixtures avove \% fiber consistency. In
small  separators,  large particles are pulled into the higher an-
gular  velocity  zones of the vortex; in large separators, such
panicles  are forced to the cone wall and frequently held in a
stationary orbiting field. By effecting changes in the transition
point  between the  forced  and free vortex,  an  improved
cyclone for  purifying wood pulp fibers controls the highest
centrifugal force zone to  achieve the  desired particle separa-
tion.  The cyclone consists  of an  upper inlet chamber for
receiving suspensions and  a lower inverted conical  vortex
chamber  for receiving fluid  from the upper chamber. A vortex
finder in  the inlet chamber induces a reversal of the downward
flow of the accepted fraction of the suspension from the free
vortex path  in the lower chamber to  an inner forced vortex
path.  An expandable diaphragm in the  vortex finder varies the
diameter of the  flow path  and  shifts  the transition zone
between  the free and forced vortex paths. The principles of

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74
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
this invention are equally adaptable to the separation of heavy
components from gases. The term  fluid  includes both liquids
and gases, and  the  term heavier  components  includes any
components, solid or liquid or gas, dispersed in a base medium
having a lower specific gravity than the heavier component.

37266
Alley, Forrest C.
REMOVAL   OF  SULFUR  COMPOUNDS   FROM   GAS
STREAMS.  (Westvaco Corp.,  Clemson,  S.  C.)  U. S. Pat.
3,598,521. 3p., Aug.  10,  1971. 6 refs. (Appl. Dec.  11, 1968,  7
claims).
A process is described for removing organic sulfur compounds
and hydrogen sulfide from industrial waste gas streams by ox-
idizing some of the sulfur compounds and adsorbing all the or-
ganic sulfur compounds and H2S onto an activated carbon ad-
sorbent. Prior  attempts  at organic  sulfur compound  removal
were either inefficient or required specially impregnated adsor-
bents.  However, both  certain  organic  sulfur  compounds,
primarily mercaptans and disulfides, and  hydrogen sulfide may
be completely and   economically  removed from waste  gas
streams by contacting a gas stream of  the sulfur compound-
containing gas  and an oxygen-containing  gas with an activated
carbonaceous catalytic adsorbent when the initial contact rela-
tive humidity is at least 70% at a temperature between 27 and
82C. The adsorbent  may be regenerated for reuse and the gas
stream passed to the  atmosphere free from organic sulfur com-
pounds and H2S. Evolution of malodorous sulfur compounds
is by no means limited to the pulping industry. For instance,  it
is common to  remove the odorous sulfur compounds during
the production of gasoline.

37494
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
BAD ODOR EMISSION CONTROL MEASURES AND EXAM-
PLES.  (Akushu no haishutsu boshi taisaku to jitsurei). Text in
Japanese. PPM (Japan), 3(0:55-62, Jan. 1972. 4 refs.
Main sources of  bad odors in Japan are  chemical engineering,
Kraft pulp  mills, petroleum refining, chemical fertilizer manu-
facturing,   animals,   corpses,    fishmeal   manufacturing,
stockyards,  public facilities, garage dumps, excretion  treat-
ment  plants, and sewage treatment plants. In addition,  foun-
dries,  paint factories,  pharmaceutical  factories,  canneries,
enamel electric wire factories, fish paste  manufacturing plants,
distilleries, fermentation plants,  and  rubber  factories  are
sources of bad odors. The main points in bad odor control are
the normalization of the  human relationship between industries
and inhabitants in the area, improvement of manufacturing or
treatment  processes, and improvement  of maintenance and
management of these odor creating sources. Various  types of
countermeasures such as dilution, decomposition of odor ele-
ments, and  elimination  of elements are  discussed.  Various
methods  of control  such as combustion, catalytic oxidation,
adsorption, ozone, acid-alkaline scrubbing, ion exchange  resin,
electrode, and  water scrubbing methods are reviewed.

37554
HOW  THE PAPER  INDUSTRY  IS  SOLVING  AIR  AND
WATER   PROBLEMS:   CHEMICAL   RECOVERY  MADE
POSSIBLE WITH NICKEL STAINLESS  STEEL.  Nickel Top-
ics, 25(l):4-5, 1972.
The high-speed manufacturing of quality paper  depends to  a
large extent on the strength and corrosion-resistant properties
of nickel  stainless steel. Its use has now been extended to
equipment  for reducing  air and water pollution which simul-
                      taneously recover useful chemicals. Waste chemicals from the
                      ammonium bisulfite  pulping  process  are concentrated  in  a
                      nickel  stainless  steel evaporator and are then burned  in  a
                      recovery furnace to generate process steam and recover sulfur
                      dioxide gas from the  furnace flue gases. All equipment in con-
                      tact with SO2 at temperatures below the dew point, or used in
                      handling  aqueous SO2 solutions, is  made of Type 316L  or
                      Type  317 nickel stainless  steel.  In addition, these and other
                      types of nickel  stainless steel  are used  for water recycling
                      systems,  screens for  chip washing, and washers for pulp from
                      digesters  and bleaching operations.

                      37677
                      Homtvedt, Einar
                      OPERATING  EXPERIENCES AND  ECONOMIC  ASPECTS
                      OF THE  SCA-BILLERUD (RECOVERY) PROCESS.  (Driftser-
                      farenheter och ekonomiska aspekter pa  SCA-Billerudproces-
                      sen). Text  in  Swedish. Norsk Skogind.  (Norway), 25(5): 131-
                      134, May 1971.
                      In the SCA-Billerud  chemical and heat recovery process for
                      sodium-based  SSL,   diluted  SSL  (from washed  pulp)  is
                      evaporated to 50-55% dry solids, then sprayed in finely di-
                      vided droplets into a  pyrolysis reactor where the atomized par-
                      ticles  are mixed rapidly and  intensely with  hot  stack gases.
                      Because  of  the  low  proportion of oxygen in the  flue gas,  a
                      reducing  atmosphere  prevails  in the reactor, resulting in rapid
                      production of combustible gas (in which most of the sulfur is
                      in the form of hydrogen sulfide) plus a fine dust (large sodium
                      carbonate), plus  organically derived carbon. In the subsequent
                      degassing chamber,  exothermal  heat  is given  off (which is
                      used for  steam generation) before the dust is separated from
                      the gas phase. The major portion of the  steam in the gases is
                      condensed to increase the fuel value.  The sodium carbonate is
                      leached from the dust, and the  residual carbon is  recycled to
                      the pyrolysis reactor. The gases are burned in a furnace which
                      converts  the  H2S to sulfur dioxide; the  latter is absorbed by
                      the leached sodium carbonate, and the resulting cooking liquor
                      is recycled to the digester. Thhe size of the recovery plant de-
                      pends  mainly  on the  dry solids  content of the  SSL. This in
                      turn  depends  on mill capacity,  pulp yield, chemical charge,
                      and degree of liquor  recovery. The chemical  consumption va-
                      ries  not  only between different  pulping processes but also
                      between  different sulfite mills using the same process. Invest-
                      ment  costs and  profitability of recovery  vary inversely  with
                      pulp yield.

                      38194
                      Lardieri, N. J.
                      CONTROL  OF  AIR-BORNE  EMISSIONS FROM  SULFATE
                      PULPING.  Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Ser., 57(35):68-73, 1961.
                      5 refs.
                      Control  measures  for  airborne  effluents  from kraft cooking
                      and chemical recovery processes are described. At the great
                      majority  of kraft pulp mills, the  high efficiency of electrostatic
                      precipilalors and venturi evaporator-scrubbers is adequate for
                      control of particulates from the  recovery  furnace or lime kiln.
                      Where it has been  necessary to discharge a gas even lower in
                      paniculate  matter  than that  produced  by  the  precipitator,
                      several mills have installed wet scrubbers in series with the
                      basic  collection  unit. These scrubbers are generally the low
                      head loss, fog type.  Black liquor oxidation  systems, foaming
                      or nonfoaming,  are used  to reduce the quantities of odorous
                      sulfur gases emitted from pulping and recovery operations. In
                      some  existing black  liquor oxidation  systems, abatement  of
                      odors from the digestion phase of pulping is also accomplished
                      as digester relief gases are introduced with air into the oxida-

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                                           B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      75
tion tower and partially oxidized in this manner. Noncondensi-
ble digester relief gases  and blow  gases  are collected  in  a
vaporsphere, passed through a rock-packed scrubber, and then
burned in a lime kiln.  Alternatively the  gases can  be passed
from  the vaporsphere to a chlorination  washer  for complete
oxidation of odorous sulfur compounds.

38210
Heaney, J. P. and L. Doughty
OPTIMAL  ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION  CONTROL IN  THE
WOOD PULP INDUSTRY.  Atmos. Environ., 6(2):93-102, Feb.
1972.  10 refs.
A  mathematical programming model was formulated to deter-
mine the optimal atmospheric emission control alternatives for
the pulp  industry. Generalized  multi-path programs  were
developed showing the emission sources,  the unit emissions
from  these  sources, and the  available  control  alternatives.
Using these diagrams  it is possible  to depict a given  mill by
selecting  the appropriate  flow  paths. Formulation of the op-
timization  model  as   a  mixed  integer-linear  programming
problem is  presented. Then the  results  of  a sample analysis
using  the model are described.  A procedure is presented for
determining  the net cost  of  paniculate emission standards as
well as a sensitivity analysis of the impact on the optimal  solu-
tion of varying the value of recovered chemicals. (Author ab-
stract)

38235
Frost, H. J.
ELIMINATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS  BY INCINERATION.
 (Entsorgung durch Verbrennung). Text  in  German. Preprint.
Badische Anilin- and Soda-Fabrik A. G., Ludwigshafen (West
Germany), 5p., June 24, 1971.
In the chemical industry, waste products are mostly removed
by incineration where emissions must be combatted. Waste gas
with low fuel concentration (below the lower explosion point)
can be catalytically or thermally afterburned. Catalytic after-
burning takes place on oxide or precious metal catalysts both
of which are soon contaminated and become ineffective. Ther-
mal afterburning takes  place at higher temperatures. Auxiliary
fuel is used  to achieve higher temperatures.  For combustion of
odorous  substances,  muffle furnaces are  used.  Incineration
plants for substances which cause considerable pollutant emis-
sion  can be operated only  in  connection with  absorption
plants. For  incinerating chlorine-containing byproducts in vi-
nylchloride and propylene oxide manufacture as well as other
balogenated   hydrocarbons,  several  methods   have   been
developed (Uhde,  UCC,  Yawata, and OxychloSration) where
hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride, and  chlorine are ob-
tained. A special burner construction is necessary to guarantee
soot-free combustion. The combustion of  sulfite waste lyes
from the cellulose industry has been successfully solved. The
magnesium  oxide is separated by means of cyclones. As aque-
ous solution, it is  then used for the desulfurization of waste
gases. As much as 100,000 cu  m gas/hr  may leave  the stacks
of refineries in case of faults or also at the beginning or the
end of an operation. These gases must be burned in a flare.  It
is  of  importance  that such flares have  a reliable ignition
system.

38444
Clement, John L.
GASEOUS   SULFUR  DIOXIDE  ABSORPTION  SYSTEM.
(Babcock and  Wilcox  Co., New York)  U.  S. Pat.  3,615,165.
7p., Oct. 26, 1971. 2 refs. (Appl. Dec. 10,  1968, 2 claims).
Magnesium base chemicals in liquid form have proven highly
effective in removing sulfur dioxide gases from the products
of combustion  in the incineration of  residual liquors. When
used in the chemical recovery system  of a pulp and paper in-
stallation, both the  magnesium  compounds and the S02 ab-
sorbed  in the  magnesium may be reused  in  the chemical
process. The  SO2 absorption from flue gases may  be applied
to the  products of combustion  resulting from flue  gases may
be applied to the products of combustion resulting  from  both
the incineration of pulp residual liquors and the combustion of
other sulfur-containing fuels. In the latter  case, the absorbed
SO2 may be separately processed for reclamation of the sulfur
components  in a useable form.  A system is described for the
absorption of SO2 by passing the combustion gases in series
through a plurality  of direct contact  zones.  The  absorption
liquid  is comprised of  a  solution of  magnesium  and sulfur
which  is sprayed into the gas,  and the makeup water in the
solution is  selectively added into the  last zone for optimum
SO2 absorption efficiency of the entire system. (Author ab-
stract modified)

38565
Saito, Hirotaro and Shigeo Kamio
SODA  RECOVERY  BOILER EXHAUST GAS PURIFICATION
METHOD.  (Soda kaishuyo boira no hai-gasu jokaho). Text in
Japanese. (Honshu  Paper  Mfg.  Co.,  Ltd.,  Tokyo (Japan))
Japan.  Pat. Sho 46-40482.  3p.,  Nov.  30, 1971.  1  ref. (Appl.
April 28, 1967, 1 claim).
This is a method of eliminating the remaining mirabilite dust
and  sulfur oxides from  the  exhaust gas of a Kraft Pulp  mill
soda recovery boiler, which has  already been treated by an
electrostatic precipitator. Even with the high rate of collection
of 93 to 95%  by an electrostatic precipitator, close to 750 tons
of mirabilite dust and toxic  gas are emitted daily from every
pulp mill of 430 ton/day capacity. By this method, the exhaust
gas from the recovery boiler is led to an electrostatic precipita-
tor and 93% to 95% of  dust is  eliminated. The  treated gas is
then led to the  invented apparatus. This is a large,  cylindrical
atomizer, in which the black liquor from a tank  is jet sprayed
from the top through a rotation  disk and a ring shower. At the
bottom of the chamber lies a funnel shaped receptacle with a
number of slits with baffle boards. The remaining dust and sul-
fur oxides  in the exhaust gas are completely absorbed  by
atomized black  liquor and go out through the  slits.  The sulfur
dioxide absorbed in  the black liquor can be recovered as sodi-
um sulfite.

38569
Toro, R. F., J. Magder, and A. T. Coding
REMOVAL  OF  SULFUR  DIOXIDE FROM  WASTE GASES
BY REDUCTION TO  ELEMENTAL  SULFUR. (FINAL  RE-
PORT).  Princeton Chemical Research Intc.,  N. J.f National
Air Pollution Control Administration  Contract  PH 88-68-48,
295p., July 30, 1969. 70 refs.  NTIS: PB 200071
Sulfur  dioxide  removal from  waste gases by  the modified
Claus  process is examined  with  respect to  the technology,
operating conditions, catalyst atctivitey,,;,  effects of flue gas
composition hydrogen sulfide generation,  reactor and process
design, and investment and operating costs. The SO2 is cata-
lytically reduced in one step to elemental sulfur,  using  H2S
which  is generated by the one step reaction of elemental sulfur
with natural gas and water. The  reduction and  sulfur collection
are performed near normal  flue gas temperature. Concurrent
removal  of  nitrogen  oxides is thermodynamically possible
through reduction to nitrogen  by  reaction  with  H2S.   The
recovery of elemental sulfur as  5a by-product and  low  invest-

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76
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
ment  and  operating costs are  advantages  with respect to
economics. The process may be adapted for use  in fossil fuel
power plants, metallurgical roasting plants, oil refinerites, sul-
furic  acid  plants,  Claus sulfur  plants,  ane pulp and paper
manufacturing.

38697
Harkness, A. C. and F. E. Murray
OXIDATION OF  METHYL  MERCAPTAN  WITH MOLECU-
LAR OXYGEN IN AQUEOUS  SOLUTION.   Atmos.  Environ.,
4<4):417-424, July 1970. 6 refs.
Oxidation rates, reaction mechanisms, and catalytic activity in-
volved in the oxidation of methyl mercaptan with molecular
oxygen  in  an aqueous solution were  investigated to  provide
data on which  to  base control methods for air  pollution by
kraft pulp mills. Methyl mercaptan was readily oxidized  in an
alkaline  solution in the  presence of metal ion catalysts. Oxida-
tion rates in the absence  of catalytic materials were extremely
slow.  The products of oxidation at 30 C in a strongly alkaline
solution were dimethyl disulfide  and hydrogen peroxide. The
chemical reactions were  first order with respect to both ox-
ygen  and  mercaplan  concentration, although the  oxidation
proceeded  mostly  in the intermediate  regime between kinetic
and diffusion control. The order of decreasing catalytic activi-
ty among the metal salts studied was  cobalt chloride, copper
sulfate,  nickel formate, ferric sulfate,  zinc sulfate, and stiver
nitrate. (Author conclusions modified)

38723
Llewellyn,  William F.
SUCCESS IN KRAFT MILL ODOUR EMISSION  CONTROL -
A CASE HISTORY.  Int. Paper.  Board Ind., 14(6):22-24, June
1971.  (Presented at the Technical association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry, Water and Air Conference, 8th.)
Field  experience  with  kraft mill siting and odor  control is
reviewed. The major sources and control equipment included a
recovery boiler electrostatic precipitator, a  lime  kiln  Venturi
scrubber,  a dissolving  tank  vent equipped with  a  suitable
scrubber, and a black  liquor oxidation  system.  The digester
was equipped with a condenser and non-condensible gases are
conveyed to the lime kiln for thermal  oxidation.  Any reduced
sulfur compounds  still  released in the  evaporators after black
liquor oxidation are incinerated in the  lime kiln after removal
of water vapor with a condenser. Off-gases from the black
liquor  oxidation  system  and  the  lime  kiln scrubber are
discharged  with the  recovery boiler flue  gases  through the
main stack. Brown stock and chlorine stage hood  exhausts are
discharged  through suitable scrubbers.

39205
Meinhold, Ted F.
THILMANY RECLAIMS 90% OF CHEMICALS FROM FLUE
GAS.  Chem. Process. (Chicago),  19(8):I4-I5,  March 1956.
When pulp production  at a pulp  and paper plant  was boosted
to 165 tons per day, a 250-ton, 600-psi, Babcock and Wilcox
recovery unit equipped with  a black  liquor venturi scrubber
was  installed to keep  pace  with the  added production.  The
venturi  scrubber   on  the new  unit  used   black liquor for
scrubbing,  making it possible  to clean the flue  gases, lower
their temperature,  and  further  concentrate  the  black liquor at
the same  time. Operation of the scrubber  is described.  The
flue gas leaving the scrubber has a concentration  of 0.4 grains
dust per cu ft, compared with an  entrance concentration of 3.9
grains, resulting in  a chemical recovery efficiency  of 90%.
                      39206
                      Roberts. L. M., C. E. Beaver, and W. H. Blessing
                      OPERATING     EXPERIENCES     WITH    COTTRELL
                      PRECIPITATORS ON  SULPHATE  RECOVERY  FURNACE
                      GASES.    Paper  Trade  J.,  127(18):45-49,  Oct.  28,  1948.
                      (Presented at  the Alkaline Pulping Committee, Technical As-
                      sociation  of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Asheville, N.  C.,
                      Oct. 11, 1947.)
                      Operating data and plant experience with Cottrell precipitators
                      for recovery of sodium  compounds from sulfate mill  recovery
                      furnace gases are presented.  The  data,  which apply to 38
                      precipitators in 16 installations, cover pulp tonnage, operating
                      temperatures,  amount of precipitate, dust analyses, operating
                      availability, and maintenance  and  labor  costs  (1968).  In
                      general, the precipitators show recoveries  of 88-145 Ibs/ton of
                      pulp, the average being  118 Ibs. Based on the average rate and
                      a precipitator availability of 95%, the yearly return from a 250-
                      ton mill operating 350 days/yr would be 4900 tons.

                      39226
                      Galeano, Sergio F., Don C. Kahn, and Reynold A. Mack
                      AIR  POLLUTION  -  FREE  OPERATION  OF  A  NSSC
                      RECOVERY  FURNACE.  Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and
                      Paper  Industry,  New York, Tappi Engineering Conf.,  25th,
                      Proc.,  Denver, Colo.. 1970, p. 97-105. 11  refs.  (Oct. 27, Paper
                      4-2.)
                      Differences between the spent liquors  from neutral  sulfite
                      semi-chemical pulping and  kraft pulping  are  cited,  and  the
                      operation of a neutral sulfite semi-chemical pulping  recovery
                      furnace for air  pollution-free  operation is described. It  was
                      possible  to modify the  operation of the furnace by  applying
                      fundamental principles of thermodynamics and full knowledge
                      of  liquor characteristics.  Proper instrumentation and control
                      are required for the  operation of the  furnace. Proper turbu-
                      lence  in  the  secondary zone is an essential  factor,  and a
                      proper sodium/sulfur ratio  must exist in  the  liquor for a
                      desired level of  sulfur dioxide emissions. (Author conclusions
                      modified)

                      39256
                      Dexter, Gregory M.
                      ELIMINATION OF KRAFT MILL ODORS.  Paper Trade J.,
                      129(20):78-81,  Nov. 1949.
                      The sources and strengths of kraft mill  odors the use of scrub-
                      bers in odor control are discussed.  An oxidation tower to be
                      used ahead of the multiple-effect evaporator oxidizes volatile
                      sulfur  compounds. An Inka tower could also be used  after  the
                      usual precipitator to collect any chemicals, organic sulfur com-
                      pounds, and sulfur dioxide remaining in  the waste gases and
                      thus reduce odors from  the recovery furnace by 90%  or more.
                      Dust or fumes in the stack gases may also be recovered in  the
                      Inka tower. The recovery furnace should  be somewhat larger
                      than the  rated capacity of the mill  since  lower  production
                      costs are usually sought by exceeding the designed capacity of
                      the furnace. The direct-contact evaporators are a source of  the
                      odors  in the stack gases. One  approach to odor  removal is to
                      replace the direct-contact evaporator  with  a larger-capacity
                      multiple-effect evaporator in order to increase the amount of
                      solids  in the black liquor from 55 to 65%. Elimination of  the
                      direct-contact  evaporator will reduce the moisture  content of
                      the gases going to the precipitator below the desirable 19% of
                      the total volume. This condition can be corrected by blowing
                      steam  at about 350 F or higher into the  waste gases. A 98%-ef-
                      ficient electrostatic precipitator should replace 90% precipita-
                      tors. The greater efficiency  is justified by increased  chemical

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                                          B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      77
recovery and reduction of odor. Catalysts and chimney heights
are also discussed.

39282
Moncrieff, R. W.
THE  COUNTERACTION  OF  ODORS.   Chem.  Can.,  vol.
11:66, 68. 70, 72, Sept. 1959. 16 refs.
In the past,  odor counteraction was applied  only to products.
Today  the objectional effluent odor  from  herring reduction
factories pulp mills, sewage plants, and many other industrial
scenes are counteracted by spraying suitable chemicals  into
the exhaust  gases at chosen points.  Effective counteractants
are known for most classes of malodors likely to be encoun-
tered in industry. Work still in progress shows that counterac-
tion can be  achieved with many  pairs of odorants.  For in-
stance, mixtures of butyric acid and oil of juniper, as well as
mixtures of pyridine and oil of wintergreen, can be adjusted so
that neither  of the two components can  be  identified. An ol-
factometer  can be  used  to  mix odors  and regulate  their
amount.

39291
Blue, Jerry D. and William F. Llewellyn
HALSEY  RECOVERY  SYSTEM  REPORT. FIRST YEAR
OPERATION FOR ODOR CONTROL.  Technical Assoc. of
the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, Tappi Eng. Conf.,
23th, Proc.,  Denver. Colo., 1970. p. 395- 405. 3 refs. (Oct. 28,
Paper 10-3.)
First-year operating experience with  a kraft pulp  and paper
mill odor control recovery  system is described, and equipment
and system  concepts and  designs  are  reviewed.  Performance
data show that a recovery  boiler design eliminating  direct  con-
tact evaporation and  arranged to fire un-oxidized black liquor
supplied directly from the  multiple effect evaporator can meet
or exceed predicted performance and odor reduction  require-
ments. Electrostatic precipitators and  incineration are  also in-
dicated. Minor problems associated with the new  system are
discussed. (Author abstract modified)

39433
Tremaine, Breckenridge K.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MASKING SULPHATE PULP
MILL MALODORS.  Tappi, 37(8):141 A-143A, Aug.  1954. 11
refs.
While masking agents are not the complete answer toward
overcoming  an air pollution odor nuisance and are  not always
100%  effective, they are  a tool which when properly applied
will help to change  the perception of the  malodors  from a
sulfate pulp  mill process.  The  use of  masking agents do not
incur  major  capital expenditures. Improved odor control  is
possible when a dual treatment is established which consists of
applying the  masking agent to the digester and also  to the  heat
recovery system. Comments of mill observers not using a  dual
treatment are included. The study  of local weather conditions
is also  an important phase of an odor abatement program.
Knowledge  of  temperatures,  humidity conditions, inversion
levels, and  turbulence  is of great  importance  to establish
dispersion characteristics.

39498
Bernstein, R. H.
THE  BASIC CHEMISTRY OF FLUE GAS  DESULFURIZA-
TION. Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New
York, Tappi Eng. Conf., 25th,  Proc.,  Denver, Colo.,  1970, p.
85-95. 14 refs. (Oct. 27, Paper 4-1.)
The  basic  chemical  equations  representing  the  several
mechanisms by which sulfur dioxide  can be removed from
power  plant flue gases are reviewed. The goal of desulfuriza-
tion  has attracted  a  multitude of process schemes which  in
turn  represent such diverse fundamentals as catalysis, adsorp-
tion, chemical reaction, solubility in water, or a combination
of these. One system involves removing fly ash and catalyti-
cally oxidizing S02 in the flue gas to sulfur trioxide. The SO3
reacts  with water  vapor in the  flue gas and is condensed  as
sulfuric acid at an average concentration of 80%. Dry dolomite
injection/wet scrubbing, magnesium oxide scrubbing, absorp-
tion  in potassium sulfite  solution, the reaction  of sodium
hydroxide with SO2,  dry limestone, and black liquor scrubbing
are described. The problem of desulfurizing flue gases is com-
pared  with  utilizing  or recovering  the SO2  present  in gas
streams of pulping processes. (Author bstract modified) 0

39575
Wilson, Albert W.
PORT   TOWNSEND  RECOVERY  BOILER  IS  ALMOST
ODORFREE.  Pulp Paper, no. 4:78-82, April 1971.
The design and operation of a new recovery boiler installed at
a kraft pulping plant are reviewed. Improved odor control is
effected by preventing any direct contact of black liquor with
outgoing flue gases. Formerly, the gases went to the  cascade
evaporators  directly from the boiler; the  odor gases released
by evaporation of black liquor are now  burned in the furnace.
The  problems involved in the construction, planning,  installa-
tion, and running of the boiler are reviewed.

39596
Overend, Miles
HILL  STACK DISPERSAL TO BEAT  INVERSIONS.  Water
Pollution Control (Toronto), 110(4):76, 78, April 1972.
Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. is building  a new pulp  mill on the
banks  of the Thompson River in Kamloops, British Columbia,
at a cost of about $110 million, of which more than $22 million
will be spent on direct and indirect pollution control measures.
Incorporated  in the far-reaching environmental protection plan
will be a new super  stack  up the  side  of a mountain, costing
$6,465,000, which is expected to lead flue emissions above the
inversion level. The  biggest  item  in the water protection de-
partment will  be the new 75-acre effluent lagoon, which will
provide a five-day  retention period for mill effluent before it is
discharged. Included in the water treatment  facilities will  be
two  settling ponds, a clarifiers, and a  large emergency dump
pond,  where spills can be released. Other water protection
devices are mentioned, and provision for the high level stack
discharge is described.

39773
Morgan, J. P. and F. E. Murray
A COMPARISON OF  AIR  AND STEAM  STRIPPING  AS
METHODS TO REDUCE KRAFT PULP MILL ODOUR AND
TOXICITY FROM CONTAMINATED CONDENSATE.   Pulp
Paper  Mag. Can.  (Quebec),  73(5):62-66, May 1972. 6  refs.
(Presented  at the Canadian Pulp  and  Paper Association,
Technical Section, Air and Stream Improvement Conference,
6lh, Quebec, Ontario, April 13-15, 1971.)
The relative ease of removal of  methyl mercaptan, methyl sul-
fide, methyl  disulfide, and terpineol is  illustrated for an air
stripper operating with air  flow-rates such that the gases from
the tower are well below the lower explosive limit. A theoreti-
cal comparison of air and steam stripping, combined with  ther-
mal  oxidation of  malodorous noncondensables is made for a
750 t/day kraft pulp  mill. Air stripping, when combined  with

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78
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
burning,  is a  less complicated system and has significantly
lower operating costs. Steam stripping combined with burning
would  be recommended,  should  recovery of  turpentine be
worthwhile. Recovery of other  by-products by steam stripping,
such as methanol, could  be feasible in a  few cases. (Author
abstract)

39801
Meuly, Walter C. and Breckinridge K. Tremanine
ABATEMENT OF SULPHATE MILL MALODORS BY ODOR
MASKING AGENTS.  Tappi, 36(4): 154-161,  April 19S3. 18
refs. (Presented at  the Alkaline  Pulping  Conference of the
Technical Association  of  the  Pulp  and Paper  Industry,  6th,
Mobile, Ala., Nov. 12-14, 1952.)
A  method  of  masking   the  principal airborne  krafl  mill
malodors (volatile sulfur compounds) by means of odor-mask-
ing agents introduced  into the digesters  and  released  simul-
taneously  with the malodors throughout the  kraft process  is
described. The modified kraft  odors are less  intense and less
offensive. The simplicity  of   application,  masking  power at
very high  dilutions,  and pervasiveness are discussed. Labora-
tory  studies and extensive field tests are also  described. A ra-
tional explanation of odor masking is  attempted,  based on
semiquantitative odorimetric measurements of odor quantities
and degree of masking. For this purpose,  the  values of scent
unit, scent value, gram scent  value, mask unit, mask  value,
and  masking  ratio are introduced and  defined. These values
and measurements permit  an estimate of kraft mill odors and
of quantities  of masking  agents required. Laboratory results
have been supported by literature and field data. (Author ab-
stract modified)

39888
WE DON T HAVE ALL THE ANSWERS.  Air Repair, 2(2):52-
58, Nov. 1952.
Efforts  by industry to reduce  air pollution in Harris County,
Tex., especially in the Ship Channel  area, are cited by industry
representatives at a public hearing in  Houston in  excerpts
from their testimony.  Statements by local officials are  also
given. Specific problems discussed  include odors and fly ash
from a pulp  mill, dust  and odors from a chemical plant, dusts
and smoke from a fertilizer plant, odors from an alkali plant,
and refinery emissions.

40098
Beaver, C. E.
COTTRELL  ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION  EQUIPMENT.
SOME  TECHNICAL   AND    ENGINEERING  FEATURES,
RECENT  DEVELOPMENTS   AND  APPLICATION IN  THE
CHEMICAL  FIELD.   Trans.  Am.  Insl. Chem. Engrs.,  vol.
42:251-261,  1946. (Presented  at  the American  Institute of
Chemical Engineers,  Chicago.  111., Dec. 16-19, 1945.)
The  basic technical and engineering  features of a Cottrell elec-
trical precipitation  installation are  described including the
equipment required, various types of precipitalors for specific
applications, and design factors. The variables influencing the
rate  of  precipitation or efficiency of removal are  reviewed,
particularly gas velocity,  time  of treatment, current flow, and
surface  conductivity of the suspended  particles. Recent im-
provements  in design, construction, and  operation  are  out-
lined. Cottrell equipment  is used  extensively in the chemical
and metallurgical industries, often to recover a marketable by-
product, to clean a gas stream  for subsequent uses, or to  con-
trol  an air  pollution  problem. Recent  applications in the
                   nri oiner,  carbon black, and petroleum in-
                                        '•••'• j)
                      40107
                      KILLING  ODORS  BY  CHEMICAL  REACTION.    Chem.
                      Week, 89(10): 125-126, Sept. 9, 1961. 2 refs.
                      Chemical process plants with sulfide odor problems  may  be
                      able to kill these smells by catalytic oxidation in open air. An
                      oxidation technique reportedly  successful  for hydrogen sul-
                      fide, methyl  mercaptan, and other alkyl mercaptans contained
                      in  stack gases  from a kraft sulfate paper  mill and  an  oil
                      refinery is discussed.  The key  to the  method is a  product
                      called  Alaxol SRM, which is  said to be a mixture of inorganic
                      and organic compounds. When added to stack gases it speeds
                      up the oxidation  of reduced sulfur compounds. Eliminating
                      odor by chemical reaction instead of counteraction. Evaluation
                      of the technique,  costs and concentrations, and masking and
                      counteragents are considered.

                      40114
                      Hartsuch, Paul J.
                      PAPER  INDUSTRY IMPROVING  THE  ENVIRONMENT.
                      Graphic Arts Monthly, 43(5):48-51, May  1971.
                      In the papermaking process, only about half the weight of the
                      original wood becomes saleable paper,  while disposal of the
                      residual - bark,  clay, wood sugars, starches, and other materi-
                      als - creates severe air and water pollution. Pulp-making opera-
                      tions and not the paper mills  are responsible for almost all the
                      air pollution caused by the paper  industry,  paper mill stack
                      plumes are almost completely water vapor,  while pulp mills
                      produce solid and gaseous effluents, including odorous sulfur
                      compounds.  Electrostatic  precipitalors, scrubbers, and other
                      types of equipment are being  installed in kraft mills to collect
                      particulates,  and low-odor recovery boilers are contributing to
                      reduced hydrogen sulfide emissions. The  scope and costs  of
                      industry water and air pollution research and control programs
                      are reviewed,  particularly  for  the recycling of consumer-
                      produced waste paper, part of an overall forest conservation
                      programO that also includes reforestation, fire control, and dis-
                      ease and pest control. Systems for recovering paper pulp from
                      solid wastes and  from process  by-products  such as sawdust
                      are being investigated.

                      40366
                      Fernandes, J. H.
                      CONTROLLING COMBUSTION-CAUSED AIR POLLUTION.
                      (Bestrijding van de luchtvervuiling afkomstig  van verbranding-
                      sbronnen).   Text  in  Dutch.   Polytech.   Tijdschr.,  Ed.
                      Procestechniek  (The Hague), 26(15): 176-190,  March  1972.  19
                      refs. (Presented at Rotterdam, Netherlands May 25-26, 1971.)
                      Various systems and equipment applied for air pollution con-
                      trol in the  United States  are  reviewed. Improvements  in
                      technology,  waste gas cleaning, and applying optimum emis-
                      sion conditions  are the three basic  means for controlling  air
                      pollution. Examples for minimizing pollution by technological
                      improvements   are  given  (steam  boiler,  standard  boiler
                      equipped with Loddby hearth, Air Contact Evaporator system
                      for cellulose industry, and  flue gas cleaning  system for  in-
                      cinerators). Different types  and principles of dust separators
                      are described (spiral and rotary cyclones, scrubbers, venturi
                      scrubbers, electrostatic filters, and tissue filters). Electrostatic
                      filters, requiring direct voltages of 15,000 to 100,000  volts,
                      have efficiencies over  99% for a wide range  of particle sizes.
                      The efficiency of tissue filters lies in about the same order of
                      magnitude. Wet or dry absorption, catalytic oxidation, the use
                      of low-sulfur fuels, fuel additives, or  low excess air are the
                      most important  means of abating sulfur dioxide emissions. Dry
                      absorption of sulfur dioxide  occurs in  the alkalized  alumina
                      process at 330 C, while the catalytic oxidation to sulfur triox-

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                                          B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      79
ide at 500 C is followed by cooling in economizer and in con-
tact with cool sulfuric acid, respectively. The sulfuric acid ob-
tained  is of 80% concentration, and an efficiency of 90%  is
reached.  A process  developed  by  Combustion Engineering  is
described. For the control of nitrogen oxides, low excess air
of  1-5%  is best. The problem  of  creating optimum  emission
conditions to minimize pollutant concentrations can be effec-
tively  solved by  applying  high  stacks  and high emissions
speeds.

40958
Brink,  David L. and  Jerome F. Thomas
METHOD AND APPARATUS  FOR  PREVENTING FORMA-
TION  OF  ATMOSPHERIC  POLLUTANTS  IN  THE  COM-
BUSTION OF ORGANIC MATERIAL.   (California  Univ.,
Berkeley) U. S. Pat.  3,639,111. 6p.,  Feb.  1, 1972.  11 refs.
(Appl. Jan. 30, 1969, 12 claims).
Organic material, such as kraft black liquor, organic fuels, gar-
bage, and organic wastes, can be destructively distilled and
pyrolyzed at an elevated temperature,  for a time sufficient  to
break down the material to noncombustible solids and to a sta-
ble gaseous clean burning fuel.  The temperature is maintained
to preclude  recombination of  intermediate products formed
during  the pyrolysis  and which  would otherwise pollute the at-
mosphere. A controlled amount of oxygen is continuously in-
troduced during the  cracking to provide energy by exothermic
oxidative  reactions  but the  oxygen is insufficient to effect
stoichiometric   (complete)   combustion.   (Author  abstract
modified)

41474
Morgan,  Oliver P.
CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM THE WEYERHAEUSER
COMPANY  KRAFT MILL  AT SPRINGFIELD,  OREGON.
Preprint,  American  Chemical  Society,  Washington, O. C.,
15p.,  1971.  4 refs.  (Presented at  the  American  Chemical
Society, Northwest Regional  Meeting, Annual, 26th, Bozeman,
Mont., June 16-18, 1971.)
By control of three  factors, a 98% or better control of the
kraft mill odor problem can be  obtained. The factors are: odor
release from the Cascade  evaporator, release of non-condensi-
ble gases, and odor release from the recovery furnace. The ac-
complishments at the Springfield mill in controlling these fac-
tors are discussed. A furnace which does away with the direct
contact evaporator,  the greatest potential source of hydrogen
sulfide  in  the  recovery  system, was  put into  production
recently. Air is heated by the hot flue gases through an air
heat exchanger. The hot air performs the  final black liquor
evaporation in a contact evaporator and is then admitted to the
furnace as combustion  air.  Collection of  non-  condensible
blow gases was a great challenge since they came with a rush
over a period of 5-10 minutes while the digester was blowing,
then stopped until the next one  blew. The gases had to be con-
tained, with no air dilution, because they are also explosive. A
design  similar to those  used  in  the  petroleum  industry  to
prevent escape of  volatile  vapors  from storage  tanks  was
chosen. For collecting blow gas, a 27 ft diameter  steel sphere
was designed, to  hold up to 10,000 cu ft of gas. Inside the
sphere, a gas-tight  flexible  diaphragm was  designed to rise
with the  rush of gas coming into the sphere at the  bottom, and
then fall slowly as the gas was drawn out at a constant and
controlled rate to the fume destroying  furnace. Operating con-
trols which contribute to reduction of odor in the kraft pulping
process include addition of about 2.5% excess oxygen, careful
control of the percentage of secondary air and the droplet size
of the  black liquor entering the furnace, and operation in the
lower range of sulfidity which will  give adequate pulp quality.
41603
Clement, J. L. and J. S. Elliott
NEW DESIGN  FOR A  KRAFT RECOVERY BOILER FOR
THE ELIMINATION OF ODOR. (Un nuevo diseno de caldera
de  recuperacion  kraft elimina olor desagradable).  Text  in
Spanish. Dyna (Madrid), 46(7):339- 343, July 1971. 4 refs.
The new Kraft  recovery boiler designed by Babcock and Wil-
cox, which  lacks the direct  contact evaporator which  con-
stitutes  the  chief odor  emission  source,  provides  complete
combustion of the black liquor and prevents hydrogen  sulfide
and organic sulfur derivative emissions. Complete combustion
of the latter  occurs in the upper portion  of  the furnace by
means of intensive air  supply at the second  and third air inlets.
An enlarged heat transfer surface provides the cooling of the
emissions leaving the  stack. The new Kraft recovery furnace
emits combustion gases containing less than 1 ppm of H2S and
sulfur dioxide as the main sulfur containing pollutant. Included
is a graph indicating that minimum SO2 levels  in the stack gas
which can be achieved when the sodium/sufur ratio  in  the
black liquor  is  above  3.6. Stack height and further develop-
ments in  the SO2 absorption  equipment of the furnace will
provide other means to control the emissions of SO2.

42246
Walther,  James  E. and Herman R. Amberg
THE ROLE OF THE DIRECT CONTACT  EVAPORATOR IN
CONTROLLING  KRAFT  RECOVERY  FURNACE  EMIS-
SIONS.  Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech. Sec., 72(IO):T305-T307,
Oct. 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association Technical Section, Annual Meeting, 57th, Mon-
treal, Quebec, Jan. 26-29, 1971, Paper T305.)
Total reduced sulfur and sulfur dioxide emissions from  several
conventional  recovery furnaces using direct contact evapora-
tion (DCE) and  a newer-designed furnace which does not have
a DCE were studied.  The DCE was not  a source of sulfur
when the black  liquor  sodium  sulfide content was less than 0.5
g/l and the pH at 12 or higher. Average recovery furnace sul-
fur emissions were less than 5 ppm, and average SO2 concen-
trations ranged  from 150 to 680 ppm. The  DCE can remove
about 75% of the SO2 emission and up to 50% of the furnace
sulfur emission, when the total reduced sulfur  concentration
exceeds 5 ppm. The DCE removes 20% or more of the par-
ticulate load  to  the  precipitator, and removes  sodium trioxide
and other acidic components from the furnace.

42319
Turk, Amos,  Robert C. Haring, and Robert  W. Okjy
ODOR CONTROL  TECHNOLOGY.  Environ. Sci. Technol.,
6(7):602-607,  July 1972. 5 refs.
Odor control devices  or systems  are essentially  the same  as
those controlling other types of air pollution - fume incinera-
tion,  wet scrubbing absorption, process change, or product
elimination. Chemical oxidation and masking primarily are em-
ployed for odor control. The low olfactory threshold of many
compounds and  the  difficulty in measuring their residual con-
centrations make subjective techniques necessary to determine
the effectiveness of odor correction systems. The selection of
judges for odor discrimination tests is considered. An  almost
standard  method of  controlling odorous pollutants is dispersing
them to a concentration level at which they are  no longer de-
tected, or if  detected, are  no  longer offensive. High tempera-
ture air oxidation, direct flame oxidation, and catalytic oxida-
tion are indicated. Activated carbon and silica  gel are common
adsorbents which  are  extremely useful  for  concentrating
odorants to  facilitate  recovery. Liquid scrubbing,  condensa-
tion,  and chemical  reactions  may  also be  used to destroy

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80
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
odors.  Potassium permanganate, the most powerful of the ox-
idizing agents available, can be used in three ways:  as a solu-
tion in a scrubbing tower, impregnating a  water-adsorbing inor-
ganic  substance with a  solution, and  spreading the perman-
ganate as a dry mixture  over the odor producing area. Ozone
and chlorine are also effective oxidizing agents. Applications
of odor control methods are discussed for the paper industry,
petroleum refineries, phthalic anhydride plants, the fertilizer
industry,  roofing, adhesives, foundries, pesticides, Pharmaceu-
ticals, and textile manufacturing.

42431
Williamson, D. F. and J.  Klimovich
ENGINEERING TO  SAFEGUARD  OUR ENVIRONMENT.
Can. Pulp Paper Assn.,  Tech.  Sec., Tech. Paper, no.  1:D25-
D27, 1971. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, 57th, Jan. 26-29,
1971.)
Accomplishments in the  area of emission reductions by mem-
bers of the pulp and paper industry are  described. Paniculate
emissions levels from the recovery boiler, lime kiln, and smelt
tank vent and total reduced sulfur emission from the recovery
boiler  at  the new  American  Can  Company mill  at Halsey,
Oregon are compared with Oregon state regulation for  1972
and 1975. Achievements at other mills in effluent color reduc-
tion and  sulfite recovery are described.  Typical  kraft  mill
odorous gas emission  reduction from  black  liquor  oxidation,
gas scrubbing,  turpentine  recovery  systems, and  vaporshere
processes are presented. Some areas for  possible research and
improvement include: reduction of gland water  to process
pumps, use of  mechanical seals   on  specific applications,
stripping  of  contaminated condensate  with  flash  process
steam, recycling of primary  effluent  treatment  sludge,  and
reduction of pulp and paper effluent color.

42893
Foss,  Eyvind and Sven-Erik Jonsson
PULP  MILLS DON T  HAVE  TO SMELL.  Tek. Tidskr.,
102(11):64-66, 70, 72, June 5, 1972. 4 refs.
Processes  for  reducing  malodorous condensates  and  gases
from kraft  pulp mills are discussed. A process involving the
collection  and  combustion of gases containing  sulfur com-
pounds and  methanol, purification in a stripping column,  and
burning of the gases vented from the column is described. Al-
ternative  solutions for odor elimination,  including incineration
in lime kilns, muffle furnaces, batch digesters, absorption, and
the use of scrubbers, are reviewed.  Suggestions are given for
more  effective BOD reduction and  condensate  treatment.
Costs of the equipment are considered.

42908
Gonzalez, Virgilio
THE   ABSORPTION  OF  MERCAPTANS  WITH WHITE
LIQUOR IN A  KRAFT PULP MILL.  International Union of
Air Pollution Prevention Associations,  Proc. Int. Clean  Air
Congr., 2nd, Washington, D. C., 1970, p. 864-867. (Dec. 6-11,
Paper EN 34A.)
The scrubbing  of gases containing mercaptans,  generated in a
kraft pulp mill, with a white liquor,  is a desirable process from
the standpoint of odor control  improvement. The process is
also beneficial  to the pulp quality and yield. In a conventional
mill using batch digesters, its adoption to treat digester residue
can lead to  a 30% lowering of the odor index. The process can
be used to  treat other mercaptan-containing effluents such as
evaporator noncondensibles. Experimental and  developmental
work on the white  liquor scrubbing  process is described. The
                      liquor consists of sodium  hydroxide and  sodium sulfide. The
                      effectiveness of this  treatment is tested by an odor panel.
                      (Author conclusions modified)

                      43396
                      Knudson, James C.
                      AIR POLLUTION  CONTROLS TO MEET  WASHINGTON
                      STATE KRAFT  MILL STANDARDS.  Preprint, Air Pollution
                      Control Assoc., Pacific Northwest International Section, 40p.,
                      1970. 10 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
                      tion, Pacific Northwest International Section, Annual Meeting,
                      Spokane, Washington, 1970.)
                      A 1969 regulation passed  by the  State Air Pollution Control
                      Board required kraft mills  to monitor malodorous and panicu-
                      late  emis-  sions, and  to  report all monitoring results on  a
                      monthly basis. Detailed compliance schedules for controlling
                      air pollution were adopted early in 1970. The companies are
                      required to submit quarterly progress reports concerning  their
                      compliance schedules. The programs submitted show that kraft
                      mills  in Washington   have adopted  the  following control
                      methods: TRS (total reduced sulfur) standards will be met by
                      the installation of new furnaces and/or black liquor oxidation
                      (weak  and strong),  and/or by reduced  sulfur scrubbing; par-
                      ticulate standards will be met by the installation of new elec-
                      trostatic precipitators on recovery furnaces, venturi scrubbers
                      on lime kilns, and scrubbers or fan- demister combinations on
                      smelt tanks; and the requirement for thermal oxidation of non-
                      condensibles from digesters and evaporators will be met by
                      burning in lime kilns or gas-fired furnaces. As a result of these
                      standards, paniculate  emissions from kraft  pulp mills will be
                      reduced by 60% for the period 1970-1975,  while malodorous
                      emissions will be reduced  by 90% for the  same period. The
                      cost of control is being reduced through the tax incentive law,
                      passed by Washington Legislature in 1967.  (Author summary
                      modified)

                      43414
                      Weeks, Larry
                      CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM  AN  EXISTING  KRAFT
                      RECOVERY BOILER. Preprint, American  Chemical Society,
                      Washington, D.  C., 7p.,  1971. (Presented  at the  American
                      Chemical   Society,   Northwest  Regional   Meeting,  26th,
                      Bozeman, Mont., June 16-18, 1971.)
                      The  conversion of a conventional, direct-contact evaporator,
                      Babcock and Wilcox  recovery boiler to a new  low emission
                      concept  recovery   boiler   design  is  described. The  latest
                      recovery technology  is based  upon the elimination of  the
                      direct contact of flue gas and black liquor, and the use of high
                      efficiency dry-bottom  electrostatic precipitators for paniculate
                      collection. The unit is a two-pass, forced circulation unit, rated
                      for 49,000  Ib/hr of  evaporation. The liquor solids  are raised
                      from a feed of 39-43% to a product of 60-63%. These product
                      solids are monitored continuously with a refractometer.  From
                      a storage tank, the liquor is pumped to a sluice tank under the
                      precipitator, where  the recovered salt cake is mixed  with
                      liquor, then to the mix tank where the dry makeup salt cake is
                      added  and  then  fired  in  the  furnace.  Steam  is  used  for
                      evaporation, and the  vapor is used to heat the weak liquor
                      feed to the multiple effect evaporators and the hot water in
                      two   separate   condensers.  A  large  vertical  steel-tube
                      Economizer is used to recover the heat in the flue  gas previ-
                      ously used for direct contact evaporation,  and to  lower the
                      flue gas temperature entering the precipitator. The electrostatic
                      precipitator employed is designed  for an efficiency of 99%.
                      The results after 6 weeks of operation showed good operation
                      of the concentrator in maintaining satisfactory  firing solids.

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                                          B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      81
excellent steam production, and a reduction in TRS emissions
from more than 400 ppm to less than 17.5 ppm. There were
also no significant amounts of sulfur dioxide emitted from the
stack.  Initial  conveying problems  in  the  bottom  of the
precipitator were solved with bigger screw conveyors. Work is
in progress  to improve  the operation  of  the  electrostatic
precipitator and to bring the paniculate emission within the
standards of the State of Montana.

43480
Hough, G. W. and R. L. Stewart
EMISSION CONTROL OF EXISTING KRAFT RECOVERY
SYSTEMS. Technical  Assoc. of the  Pulp and Paper Industry,
New York, Tappi Eng. Conf., 26th, Proc. 1971, p. 83-95.
Air emission control from the  evaporators and recovery fur-
nace in existing mills is  discussed. Complete  black  liquor ox-
idation is required to control odor emissions from the  miltiple
effect evaporators and the direct contact evaporator. Without
it, elimination  of the  direct contact evaporator is required.
Control of emissions from the  recovery furnace is  dependent
upon type of equipment and operating conditions.  A venturi
scrubber  will not meet  the  most stringent particle emission
regulations, and an electrostatic precipitator must have a 99%
collection efficiency to meet present day standards. The effi-
cient  removal  of particulates  from  the recovery  stack will
reduce the  visibility of the plume. Installation  of most  emis-
sion control  equipment in an existing mill cannot be economi-
cally justified.0

43482
Gommi, J. V.
REDUCED ODOR EXPERIENCE WITH CE ACE UNITS.
Preprint,  American  Chemical  Society,  Washington,  D. C.,
16p.,  1971.  6   refs. (Presented  at  the  American  Chemical
Society, Northwest Regional Meeting,  26th, Bozeman, Mont.,
June 16-18, 1971.)
The  kraft mill  has  been the source of many sulfur-bearing
odorous gases  such as  hydrogen sulfide,  alkyl  mercaptans,
alkyl sulfides, alkyl disulfides, sulfur dioxide,  and sulfur triox-
ide. The  recovery unit has made a  contribution to this odor
level. Recovery unit emission of total  reduced  sulfur com-
pounds is predominantly H2S and the  remaining alkyl groups
are mostly methyl. This emission is primarily  from two areas:
the concentration of unoxidized strong  liquor by direct contact
with hot flue gas in a cascade evaporator or venturi scrubber;
and the furnace area, particularly where furnaces are run  at
overload. Odors from  these two sources  can be minimized by
elimination of  direct fuel gas  contact evaporation of  unox-
idized black liquor  and proper furnace  operation. Commer-
cially  available  schemes  for  the   former  are gas  contact
evaporation, the air contact evaporator (ACE),  the laminaire
air heater (LAH), the large economizer, and  the  combined
LAH-ACE. Important  furnace  operating parameters are black
liquor oxidation, black liquor  gun  spray size,  percent zone
liquor solids fired, furnace operating  load vs. design  rating,
furnace zone air ratios, excess  air, oxidation zone turbulence,
mill sulfidity, soot blowing, air temperature, furnace and bed
temperature, and bed height. The experience of Chemical En-
gineering with the ACE unit is discussed.

43544
Backstrom, Bjorn Olav
AIR   CONSERVATION   PROBLEMS  IN   THE  FINNISH
FORESTRY INDUSTRY.  Int. Air Pollut. Control Noise Abate-
ment Exhib. Conf. (Proc.), Jonkoping,  Sweden, 1971,  p. 2:53-
2:64. (Sept. 1-6.)
Air conservation problems in the Finnish forestry industry are
reviewed.  Laws regulating the  emission  of  sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, and particulates are discussed. The forest in-
dustry s localization  and  production  is  described.  Control
methods considered by the sulfite and sulfate pulp industry in-
clude the use of boilers with flue gas purification, electrostatic
precipitators, scrubbers, cyclones, and evaporators.

43611
Segerfelt, Bror Natanael
PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF MALODOROUS GASES
PRODUCED  IN SULFATE AND SODA PULP  MANUFAC-
TURING PROCESSES.   (Precede  pour I eliminati des  gaz
malodorants produits  dans la  fabrication  de  la  cellulose au
sulfate et de la cellulose a la soude). Text in French. (Assignee
not given.) French Pat. 687,335. 7p.,  April  28,  1930. (Appl.
Dec. 27, 1929, 2 claims).
A process for the removal of malodorous gases formed during
the sulfate or soda pulp processes is described. The gases are
cooled to dew point or saturated with  water  and treated with
agents capable of oxidizing, absorbing,  or combining with the
malodorous constituents. The treatment  is made at a maximum
gas flow rate of 0.5 m/sec and under a pressure nearly equal to
the atmospheric pressure  in a temperature  range  of 20-120 C.
The absorption is  made  in a  series of absorbers  containing
water  and  alkaline solutions,  preferably  of  fresh liquor  to
which  hydrocarbons of the terpene or camphor groups are
added. Combustible gases are  burned  and  then  mixed to the
rest prior to the above treatment. Cases  produced  during cook-
ing and extraction  and released from digesters are purified by
absorption  in high-viscosity alkaline liquor solutions prior to
combustion.

43635
Kringstad, Knut P., William T.  McKean, Jan Libert, Peder J.
Kleppe, and Cheu Laishong
ODOR  REDUCTION  BY  IN-DIGESTER  OXIDATION  OF
KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR WITH OXYGEN. Technical Assoc.
of the Pulp  and Paper Industry,  New  Yor Tappi Eng. Conf.,
26th, Proc.  1971, p. 29-54. 34 refs.
Laboratory studies showed that sodium sulfide was rapidly ox-
idized  to  thiosulfate  by  the  injection  of oxygen into  the
digester at the end  of a kraft cook. Two moles of oxygen/mole
of sodium sulfide were required to reduce  the sodium  sulfide
content in the black liquor by 90% under the conditions used.
The injection of this amount of oxygen also reduced the con-
tent of methyl mercaptan  in the liquor by  more  than 99%
without increasing  the content of dimethyl  disulfide. The con-
tent of dimethyl sulfide was not influenced to any noticicable
degree. The oxygen injection  was found not to  influence the
pulp yield or the strength  properties of the pulp. However, the
pulp was somewhat easier to  beat and had a slightly  lower
brightness. (Author abstract)

43774
Andreasson, Stig and Carl-Elis Bostrom
DEALING WITH AIR POLLUTION. Tek.  Tidskr., 102(11):22-
28, June 1972.
The total  emission of sulfur dioxide  in Sweden was  about
870,000 metric  tons  during  1970,  of  which  715,000  tons
emanated from  the burning of fuel oil and 155,000 tons from
industrial processes. The SO2 concentration in a built up area
can be reduced locally by centralizing  the  heating or by elec-
tric heating. By an Act of July 1969, fuel oil must not contain
more sulfur than 2.5% by weight unless satisfactory flue gas
control equipment  is installed, and fuel oil burned  within the

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82
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
greater Stockholm  area and Goteborg must not contain more
sulfur than 1% by weight. The Swedish company Bahco has
developed a scrubbing process where the flue gases are treated
with lime in two stages. The lime consumption is 0.43 tons/hr
and  the  SO2 separation  is about  97%.  Dust particles are
produced in the matallurgical process in the  cupola  furnace,
sintering, and the  Kaldo process. The  dust  separators  used
with cupola furnaces  are  single cyclone separators,  multiple
cyclone separators, bag house fillers, electrical precipitators,
or scrubbers.  The most common type of scrubber used earlier
was the spray chamber with an efficiency of 30 to 60%. For
smaller furnaces mechanical separators and simple scrubbers
are usually sufficient, whereas  larger furnaces demand more
effective separation equipment. The  Kaldo process is an ox-
ygen-blown method for steel manufacture  employing  a rotary
furnace and delivering a  100 ton  smelt after approximately 2
hours. All Kaldo furnaces in Sweden are equipped with electri-
cal precipitators in order to reduce  the  emitted paniculate
matter. Control of odorous emissions from the pulp  industry
and of hydrogen sulfide,  mercaptans, and  hydrocarbons  from
the oil refinery industry are discussed. Regulations concerning
motor  vehicle  exhausts  are outlined. Investment costs are
cited.

43796
Ikari, Yoshikatsu
POLLUTION CONTROL PROBLEM  IN PULP AND  PAPER
INDUSTRY  - ITS  POLICY  AND TECHNOLOGY.   (Kami
parupu kogyo to kogai mondai - Seisaku kara gijutsu e -). Text
in Japanese.  Seni  to Kogyo (Textile and  Industry),  5(3): 140-
152, March 1972. 9 refs.
A review of  the pulp and paper industry  and its problems is
presented. Pulp and paper industry of Japan has recorded an
unusually high growth rate in the  1956-1970 period. Japan now
ranks the world s third in pulp  production, only next to the U.
S. and Canada, and second in the paper board production only
next to the U.  S. Taking i960 as 100, the production  indexes
for 1970 are  249.1  and 287.5, respectively. This rapid growth
has resulted in two major problems, import of the raw material
and rapidly aggravated pollutions, especially  water pollution.
Wheter the industry decides to  continue the thorough produc-
tion policy, under which the manufacturing of all the pulp and
paper products begin with the  processing of raw materials, or
change this policy to captive import, in which the industry will
depend  on  the import of pulp  and  paper products manufac-
tured  by the overseas plants operating on Japanese capital, the
pollution problem  remains  yet  to be  solved.  According to a
MITI survey, the industry s capital investment for  the installa-
tion of pollution control plants  and equipment in 1970-1973 is
estimated at $195,751,300, of which 79.86% is for the control
of water pollution. 12.09% for  flue gas purification, 4.38% for
disposal of wastes,  1.85% for noise control, and 1.12% for the
control  of  offensive odors. Of the  total investment  in  1970-
1972, that  for  pollution  control is estimated to account for
33.3%  in pulp  manufacturing,  9.7%  in  paper  manufacturing,
and 11.3% in  paper board manufacturing. Air pollution sources
in the  industry include ordinary boilers, KP boilers, and lime
kilns.

43851
Dyck, A. W. J.
FOCUS ON PULPING-A NEW-PROGRESS REPORT.  Am.
Paper Ind., 53(3): 40-42, March 1971.
Recent developments  in  pulping  technology in the following
areas are discussed:  sulfate  pulping problems and   process
modification to meet pollution  regulations; operating problems
                      encountered with continuous digesters and attributed to poor
                      chip quality; a two- stage soda-oxygen pulping process; trends
                      in sulfite pulping; the high-pH sulfite process developed at CIP
                      Research  Ltd., which has the potential of competing with the
                      kraft process  in using a wide  range of wood species and
                      producing sulfite pulps with strength properties equal to those
                      of  kraft pulps;  and the growing  importance of some fiber
                      producing annuals.  A recent study showed  that nothing less
                      than an electrostatic precipitator with a collection efficiency of
                      99% will meet the most stringent regulations. Complete black
                      liquor oxidation  is required to control odor emission from mul-
                      tiple-effect and direct contact evaporators. Much of the emis-
                      sion from pulp  processing is caused by  overloaded recovery
                      boilers in  the older mills.

                      43879
                      KAMLOOPS POLLUTION CURBS ARE B.C. S MOST EX-
                      TENSIVE.  Can. Pulp Paper Ind. (Vancouver), 25(7):21-25,
                      July 1972.
                      Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. s new 1250 tons/day bleached kraft
                      pulp mill  at Kamloops, British  Columbia, brings into effect
                      close use  of the forest resource,  as well as an extensive pollu-
                      tion abatement  program.  Beehive burners have  in the past
                      burned constantly, but  now sawdust and shavings will be used
                      for the production of sawdust market pulp, while hog fuel will
                      also be shipped  to the  Weyerhaeuser pulp mill for use  in hog
                      fuel burning boilers where the mill will  generate most  of its
                      own power. The mill was designed to burn off a  high percent-
                      age of odorous gases and waste products, so that as little odor
                      and effluent as possible are returned to the environment. De-
                      pending on the  nature of the  waste, it is burned in the lime
                      kiln or  power boilers.  A gas containment system will  collect
                      blow gases from the digester so that  noncondensable  organic
                      sulfur compounds can  be  separated out and  then delivered to
                      the  lime kiln  where they are burned. Burning of the sulfur
                      compounds  produces heat and  reduces  the  amount  of fuel
                      required for the kiln. Sulfur dioxide is removed from the kiln
                      flue gas  by  two wet  scrubbers  in series.  Fly  ash  removal
                      systems,  water  effluent  treatment, a  high  level stack, and
                      other pollution abatement techniques are indicated.

                      44198
                      Pincovschi, E. and I. Constantinescu
                      SIMULTANEOUS  CLEANING OF AIR  AND  WATER BY
                      COMBINED   METHODS.  PROTECTION  OF   THE  BIO-
                      SPHERE.  (Depoluarea simultana a  apei si atmosferei prin
                      metode combinate - mijloc de  a  proteja biosfera). Text in Ru-
                      manian. Rev. Fiz. Chim., Ser.  A, 8(11):401-405, Nov. 1971. 23
                      refs.
                      Environmental  control methods to provide  combined  water
                      and air protection  under conditions  determined by  modern
                      technology are  reviewed. Hydrochloric emission control can
                      be achieved by  means of  a water-sprayed scrubber. To avoid
                      pipe damage from the  acid- containing water, the scrubber is
                      filled with limestone and the effluent water is pH-controlled.
                      Foam  formation is prevented  by means  of  a water  spraying
                      system. Sulfur  dioxide emission  control in pulp producing
                      plants can be achieved by adsorption by molecular sieves or
                      other solid  adsorbents. Dust  emission  control from  cement
                      producing plants can be achieved by dust collectors applied to
                      the dust carrying gaseous phase  and then by  utilizing washing
                      scrubbers and  centrifugal  separators.  Included  are sketches
                      describing the  above  procedures.  At the  present stage of
                      technology the combined approach focusing on both water and
                      air pollution control would be the only way to maintain the en-
                      vironment.

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                                           B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      83
44394
Heaney, J. P. and L. Doughty
OPTIMAL  ATMOSPHERIC  EMISSION CONTROL IN THE
WOOD PULP INDUSTRY. Almos. Environ., 6(2):93-102, Feb.
1972. 10 refs.
A mathematical programming model was formulated to deter-
mine the optimal atmospheric emission control alternatives for
the  pulp  industry. Generalized  multi-path  diagrams were
developed showing the emission sources,  the  unit emissions
from these  sources, and  the available control  alternatives.
Using these diagrams  it is possible to depict a given mill by
selecting  the appropriate  flow paths. The  formulation of the
optimization  model as a  mixed  integer-linear programming
problem is  presented. Then  the results of a sample  analysis
using the model are described. A procedure is presented for
determining the net cost of  paniculate emission standards as
well as a sensitivity analysis  of the impact on the optimal solu-
tion of varying the value of  recovered chemicals. (Author ab-
stract)

44818
Sultzer, N.  W. and C. E. Beaver
ALKALI  RECOVERY BY ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION.
Paper Trade J., 1936:33-35,  Jan. 23. 2 refs. (Presented at the
Technical Association  of the Pulp  and  Paper  Industry, Annual
Meeting, New York, N. Y., Feb. 17-20, 1936.)
Black liquor contains two items of value to the pulp manufac-
turer: first,  the sodium compounds which may be recovered
and used again, thus reducing the amount of fresh chemicals
required, and,  second, the  heat  value of the organic com-
pounds which may be used  for steam generation.  The black
liquor is  therefore partially  concentrated in  evaporators and
fed  to recovery furnaces in which the  carbonaceous and com-
bustible materials are burned, releasing heat.  The heat is used
for  evaporating  the  black liquor  for  generating steam and
reducing the sodium compounds to black ash.  A  considerable
amount of  sodium salts are  evolved as dust  and  fume in this
burning operation,  and the amount  of such sodium  salts
evolved usually represents a  major loss in the recovery opera-
tion. The recovery of  these  sodium salts by Cottrell electrical
precipitation equipment is discussed, including the composition
of recoverable sodium salts,  the  magnitude of alkali stack
losses, equipment for  removing suspended matter from gases,
the  composition and disposal of material collected in precipita-
te rs, and operating characteristics of precipitators. Power con-
sumption, pressure drop,  labor, and  maintenance are men-
tioned.

44890
Coe, E. L., Jr. and J. L. Ma
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION  AND NITROGEN OX-
IDES IN FLUE GASES.  Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 28p.,  1972. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association  Annual Meeting, 65th, Miami,
Fla., June 18-22, 1972, Paper 72-106.
The effect of electrostatic precipitation on nitrogen oxides by
simultaneous and continuous monitoring of the nitrogen oxides
content in the  flue gases at the inlet and outlet of a precipita-
tor  are  presented.  Measurements  were  made  with  two
Dynasciences nitrogen oxide monitors on  four precipitators in
power,  steel, cement, and  pulp industries.  They include two
types of coal,  two load levels, a range of excess oxygen con-
tent in the flue gases (3.5 to 77.2%), two outlet distances from
the precipitator (5 and 50 ft), and power input to the precipita-
tor at 0, 25,  50, 75, and 100%. The precipitators had practically
no immediate or delayed effect on the nitrogen 9xide content
in the flue gases, but it increased with increase in boiler load
and increase in excess oxygen  above 5.5%. The precipitators
had practically no  effect on the nitrogen oxide content in the
flue gases. The cement kiln  precipitator reduced nitrogen oxide
in the precipitator by 11.2%, and the pulp mill recovery boiler
precipitator  reduced it even more. These reductions are not re-
lated to air dilution. In the  pulp mill precipitator, the nitrogen
readings at  the  outlet of  the  precipitator might have  been
biased by caustic sprays immediately following the  sampling
point, or by nitrogen oxide decomposition in the  precipitator
catalyzed by the organic  fly  ash and salt cake in  the gas
stream.  Electrostatic precipitation  does   not  increase the
nitrogen content in the flue gases.  Under some conditions,
there is actually a reduction of nitrogen oxides in the precipita-
tor. (Author abstract modified)

45019
Veeramani,  Hariharan
DESIGN AND  MASS TRANSFER ASPECTS OF A VOLATILE
SULFUR RECOVERY  PROCESS  FOR KRAFT PULPING.
Washington  Univ.,  Seattle, Dept. of Chemical Engineering,
Thesis (Ph.D.),  Ann Arbor,  Mich.,  Univ. Microfilms,  Inc.,
1970, 299p. 158 refs.
Possibilities  of a new approach to sulfur recovery  in  the kraft
wood-pulping  process  are  considered. Current practice  in-
volves minimizing the  release  of gaseous sulfur  compounds
from liquid black liquor until the latter is burned in a  recovery
furnace to recover chemicals and  thermal  energy. Problems in
odor control arise in  carrying out this process in practice. The
proposed process involves intentionally volatilizing sulfur com-
pounds and absorbing them  separately,  allowing the  com-
bustion of a black liquor  substantially free  of sulfur  com-
pounds. The overall  design aspects and material  and energy
balances are described which would result if such .. process is
utilized. The addition of four new operating units to traditional
continuous recovery  systems is proposed.  Each of these is a
counter  current  vapor-liquid  mass   transfer  column  and
designated precarbonator, hydrogen sulfide generator, carbon
dioxide generator, and hydrogen sulfide absorber.

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84
                        C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
00383
M. D. High and S. W. Horstman
FIELD EXPERIENCE IN  MEASURING HYDROGEN  SUL-
FIDE.   Am.  Ind. Hyg.  Assoc.  J.  26,  366-73, Aug.  1965.
(Presented  at  the American  Industrial Hygiene  Conference,
Cincinnati, Ohio, May 6-10, 1963.)
Hydrogen sulfide  is one of the air pollutants associated with
the operation of kraft pulp mills. Two methods for  measuring
hydrogen  sulfide  are described; the methylene blue  method
described  by Jacobs and the  lead-acetate impregnated  bitter
paper. It is pointed out that the methylene blue procedure gave
results an  average of 20  parts per billion lower than the strip
filler paper sampler. The study was  conducted in the areas of
Lewiston, Idaho and Clarkston, Washington.

00551
D. H. Longwell
THE NATIONAL  COUNCIL FOR STREAM IMPROVEMENT
AIR  POLLUTION STUDIES.   Preprint.  (Presented at  the
Second Annual Conference,  Pacific Northwest International
Section, Air Pollution  Control Association,  Portland, Oreg.,
Nov. 5-6, 1964.)
The research program of the National Council for Stream Im-
provement  in air pollution, which is supported entirely by the
pulp and  paper industry, has been reviewed.  The program en-
compasses  definition of  the problems, development of sam-
pling  and  analytical  techniques, dissemination  of  findings
through   technical publications,  participation  in  technical
meetings  by both the  Council staff  and mill personnel, and
technical   assistance from  the Council staff  upon  request.
(Author's summary)

00947
D. F. Adams and R. K. Koppe
DIRECT GLC  COULOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF KRAFT MILL
GASES.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17,  (3) 161-5, March
1967.  (Presented  at  the  59th  Annual Meeting,  Air Pollution
Control Association, San Francisco,  Calif., June 20-25,  1966,
Paper No. 66-89.)
A new  bromine, microcoulomelric titration cell has  been used
with a commercially-available  microcoulometer for  the detec-
tion  and  analysis  of sulfur-containing gases  in  various kraft
mill emissions. Separation of  the  constituents of the  gaseous
mixtures emitted  from mill sources including the recovery fur-
nace, digesters, evaporators, lime kiln and dissolvers  was ac-
complished  on an eight-foot, 3/16'  stainless  steel  column
packed with 10% Triton X-305 on 60-80 mesh Chromosorb G,
DMCS-lreated. The column was isothermally  operated at 30 C
for 4-6 min and then rapidly raised to 70 C. The exact program
was varied with the type of sample analyzed. Each source gas
was  initially screened by direct injection of 0.01 to  0.1 ml. of
gas to determine whether or not disproportionately  large con-
centrations of one or more  components were present. Ap-
propriate  sample  volumes were then selected to provide 'on-
scale' recorder peaks for the major constituents. Elution  times
for the major  constituents were  observed so that these com-
pounds could be vented at the proper time following injection
of large sample volumes (up to 10 ml.) for detection and analy-
sis of minor  constituents. Venting of the high concentration
compounds was necessary when analyzing large volume sam-
ples  to maintain  near equilibrium  titration conditions in  the
microtitralion cell. (Author abstract)

00965
R. Cederlof, M. L. Edfors, L. Friberg, and T. Lindvall
ON THE  DETERMINATION  OF  ODOR  THRESHOLDS IN
AIR  POLLUTION CONTROL  - AN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD
STUDY  ON FLUE GASES  FROM SULFATE CELLULOSE
PLANTS.  J.  Air  Pollution Control Assoc.,  16(2):92-94, Feb.
1966.
From the hygienic point of view, not only the health hazards
caused by air pollutants but also the odor from emitted flue
gases should be reduced to a minimum. An effective control of
the risk of odor at ground level presupposes knowledge of the
source concentration of the odoriferous gas as well as its odor
threshold has to  be estimated empirically, as the flue gases
often contain  a complex mixture of different odoriferous sub-
stances, the odor thresholds of which are in  most cases unk-
nown. For this purpose a method has  been developed for esti-
mating the odor thresholds of flue gases emitted from  different
industrial processes. The method, a field method, is based on
an exposure  procedure, a number of subjects compare dif-
ferent concentrations of the flue gas with samples of fresh air
and decide at what concentration  the flue gas is no longer
noticeable. The gas samples used are  neither  compressed, nor
absorbed or heated before the exposure test. The method has
been used in two studies on gases from Swedish sulfate cellu-
lose  plants.  In  order to estimate the  effect on  the  odor
threshold of different  deodorizing measures, gas samples were
taken not only from the stack but also from different phases in
the production process. The results and a brief discussion on
the practical applications of the method are given. (Author ab-
stract)

01071
J.B. Risk F.E. Murray
CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF SULFUROUS CASES CON-
CENTRATIONS IN FLUE GASES.  Can.  Pulp Paper ^.(Van-
couver) 4  pp. Oct. 1964. (Presented at the Fifth International
ISA  Pulp and Paper Instrumentation Symposium, Vancouver,
British Columbia, May 18-23, 1964.)
The  methods of  analysis  used in  currently  available instru-
ments for the continuous measurement of hydrogen sulfide
and sulfur dioxide are critically reviewed. An instrument  for
continuously measuring the concentrations of these gases in a
process stream in the concentration range of 25 to 2500 ppm is
described  and its  advantages over existing instruments illus-
trated. Some  plant results  obtained with the instrument  are
presented. The instrument, which utilizes the analytical system
of a  commercial ultraviolet analyzer, had  been in plant opera-
tion for over two months. (Author abstract modified)

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      85
01542
I.H. Williams F.E. Murray
STUDIES  ON THE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
OF KRAFT  MILL SULPHIDES. PART  1  - COLLECTION
AND ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS SAMPLES.   Pulp Paper Mag.
Can. (Quebec), 67(8):347-352, Aug. 1966. (Presented at the An-
nual Meeting, Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper As-
sociation, Montreal, Jan. 25-28, 1966.)
The direct gas chromatographic analysis of kraft mill  effluents
for methyl sulfide, methyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan has
been studied  and sources of error associated with the method
have been evaluated.  Reliable results  are obtainable if glass
sample containers free of stopcock grease are used and suita-
ble corrections are made for the presence of water. To avoid
possible loss, samples  should not be stored for periods longer
than forty- eight hours.  A  suitable analytical procedure  is
described. (Author summary)

03789
J. S. Leonard
STACK EMISSION SAMPLING.   TAPPI 49, (10) 84A-85A,
Oct. 1966. (Presented  at the  Shipley Award  Program,  Pacific
Section, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
West Linn, Oreg., Mar. 15, 1966.)
Potential air  pollutants in kraft pulping emissions consist es-
sentially of solid paniculate and sulfur containing malodorous
gases. The solid paniculate is generally of a caustic  nature,
whereas the malodorous gases are of an acidic nature. In an
effort to monitor these emissions effectively, a series of emis-
sion sampling stations and specialized sampling devices have
been constructed. The paniculate sampling device operates on
an  electrostatic  precipitation  principle  and  allows  for  the
simultaneous  sampling of solid paniculate  and malodorous
gases. Four sampling stations are located on vertical stacks, at
least five diameters downstream from obstructions. Sheltered
work areas are provided with electricity and  compressed air.
(Author abstract)

04883L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
A   MANUAL  FOR DIRECT  GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS OF SULFUR GASES IN PROCESS STREAMS.
(Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin No. 30.) June 1966.
27pp.
The attached bulletin presents a detailed method for  sampling
and gas chromatographic analysis of kraft mill gases at their
sources. This  bulletin  supersedes Bulletin  13, September  26,
I960, which is obsolete and is no longer recommended. In this
new, simplified method, source samples may be taken either in
evacuated pressure bottles,  plastic bags,  modified  McLean
tubes, or directly  in gas-tight syringes. A small volume of the
source gas (0.02 - 2.0  ml.) is  injected  directly onto the chro-
matographic  column in a temperature-programmed oven. The
eluted  sulfur compounds  are  detected  with  a  bromine,
microcoulometric  titration  cell.  The  instrumentation  and
methodology  were field tested at a West Coast kraft  mill. Ap-
proximately 20 minutes is required to complete a single analy-
sis  for sulfur compounds ranging  in molecular weight from
hydrogen  sulfide  through dimethyl  disulfide  or  higher. The
rapidity of the analytical technique permits  rapid qualitative
and quantitative determination  of the components of gaseous
sulfur emissions from  all sources, determination of the effec-
tiveness of various odor control processes, and evaluation of
the effect of changes in mill operating conditions upon quanti-
ty  and type of emissions. (Author abstract modified)
04885L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
MEASURING   NON-STEADY   FLOW  IN   INDUSTRIAL
STACKS.  (Atmospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin No. 27.)
Oct. 1965. 12pp.
In attempting to develop methods of measuring mass emission
rates  from kraft  pulp  mills,  it  became necessary to  devise
some satisfactory technique  for measuring the intermittent
non-steady flow  found in  several vents. Actually  two dis-
similar problems existed; each requiring a different approach.
The first was with large vents (12' diameter or larger) where
little or no back pressure could be tolerated. The flow through
these vents  can vary from 0 to over  70,000 cubic feet  per
minute during a one minute period. The  second was with small
diameter vents (4*  to  8'  diameter) through which  non-con-
densable gases and steam were vented  from high pressure
process units.  Back  pressure  could  be tolerated  in  these
smaller vents. Satisfactory methods of  measuring non-steady
flow  in two  types of  industrial vents  have been presented.
These have been  field  tested  and found to  be  workable. The
photo-pitot traverse technique should be used  primarily  for
calibration purposes with a single impact  tube used for actual
sampling work. The nozzle section is light enough that it can
be  handled  whenever  sampling  is actually done at various
ports in a plant. The nozzle can be used for discharge points
while the  venturi  section can  be  used at intermittent points in
a pipe network. No claim  is  made that these  are highly  so-
phisticated techniques,  rather that they  are  simple and useful
in obtaining a solution to a rather thorny problem.

04886L
National Council for Stream Improvement, New York City.
A METHOD  OF  MEASRU1NG THE CONCENTRATION  OF
SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN PROCESS GAS STREAMS.  (At-
mospheric Pollution Technical Bulletin No. 28.) Dec. 1965.  12
pp.
The method described  in this paper has  been  shown to give
satisfactory accuracy and precision to answer general require-
ments for determinating all 5 of the compounds mentioned.
Sampling is relatively  simple  and analysis requires only a  pH
meter and a Beckman Model B Spectrophotometer or a similar
instrument. SO2 is determined by a modification of the West
and Gaeke method using a single train of 3 bubblers. A 4-bub-
bler train operated  in  parallel to the SO2  train is  used  for
determining the reduced sulfur compounds. CdC12 can be used
as an absorbing reagent for H2S and mercaptans. Both gases
form  precipitates  when they react with the CdC12 contained in
the first 2 bubblers of the train. The precipitates are dissolved
in  HC1 and  are  titrated  iodometrically. Alkyl sulfides and
disulfides  are  absorbed in  benzene contained  in  the final  2
bubblers. Iodine forms a color complex with alkyl sulfide com-
pounds. The concentration of the complex can be determined
spectrophotometrically.  The  formation  of  this  complex  in
benzene permits  direct analysis  for methyl sulfides using  a
very small aliquot of the absorber volume. A bromide-bromate
solution is used to titrate  the remainder of the benzene  to
determine total alkyl  sulfides and disulfides.  Bisulfides  are
then computed by difference.  The benzene is acidified prior to
titration so that bromine will be formed.  The method described
has been field tested successfully at several kraft pulp mills.
The method has the advantages of simplicity, inexpensive in-
strumentation requirements, and of being directly applicable to
all gas streams  in a mill regardless of constituents or concen-
trations encountered.

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86
PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
04945
Harding, C. I.. E. R. Hendrickson, and R. S. Sholtes
MEASURING   NON-STEADY   FLOW   IN   INDUSTRIAL
VENTS.   J. Air  Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  16(1):12-14, Jan.
1966.
Pilot measurements have long proved satisfactory for measur-
ing flows from  most sources encountered in the air pollution
work. Occasionally an operation is encountered which exhibits
such wide flow  variation with time that  pilot measurements
are meaningless.  Two  methods have  been developed which
measure  the volume  rate of discharge from such  sources. A
detailed description of the method (Large Duct and  Small Vent
Techniques)  and  the results of the  field  testing of both  are
given. For large ducts where very little back pressure could be
tolerated, it  was  thought to be undesirable to utilize a head
meter. Therefore, consideration was given  to the use of a pilot
tube or some modification such as an impact tube device. The
final configuration consisted of a rack holding six  pitol lubes
which were  inserted at the appropriate positions  within  the
stack in  order to delermine an  instantaneous one directional
traverse across the stack. These tubes were  connected to dial-
type differential  head gages (Magnahelic  gages).  A single
frame movie camera was installed in  the same enclosure as the
gage panel lo take a  photograph  of the entire dial  array once
every 20 seconds. The measurement procedure consisted of
assembling the equipment on location, checking all the  gages
for proper operation, setting the clock, and starting the equip-
ment. Although  the  equipment used  in  this technique was
somewhat cumbersome, it did prove  to be an effective way of
measuring non-steady flow  in large  industrial vents. It is  not
the type  of equipment which would  be used routinely in con-
junction  with  sampling,  but  would be  used primarily  for
calibration purposes.  Once a duct is  calibrated, it then should
be possible to use a single point reference for future sampling
activities. For  small  high  pressure  vents  where a certain
amount  of back pressure can  be tolerated, the problems of
flow measurement are greatly simplified. The hardware finally
selected consisted of a nozzle section. The high pressure  tap
was located one pipe diameter upsiream from the entrance of
the convergent section. The low pressure  tap  was  installed in
the center of the throat section. A six-inch diameter approach
section was selected as satisfactory to measure flows from the
majority of small vents encountered in a krafl mill.  A sampling
port was included upstream  from the convergent seclion. This
permitted simultaneous gas sampling  and flow measurement. A
water manometer was used to measure the differential  head.
An equation used to  reduce data was developed. An estimate
of mass emission rates can be made based on the discharge
characteristics and concentration samples.

06385
Falgoul, D. A. and C. I. Harding
DETERMINATION OF H2S EXPOSURE BY DYNAMIC SAM-
PLING WITH  METALLIC  SILVER  FILTERS.  J.  Air Pollu-
tion Control  Assoc., I8(I):I5-20, Jan. 1968. 24 refs. (Presenled
at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Cleveland, Ohio. June 11-16. 1967.
This paper describes  a method  of  determining exposure lo
H2S and mercaplans  by measuring the decrease in  reflectance
of Ag membrane  filters resulting from the formation of Ag2S
on the filler surface. S02, (CH3)2S and (CH3)2S2 do not react
with the  silver membrane. The method depends on the reac-
tion between metallic Ag and H2S:  H2S  +  2Ag  + 1/2  O2
yields Ag2S +   H2O.  Mercaptans  also react  with  Ag in a
similar manner.  An appropriate surface, an excess of O2 and a
condensed water film  are  necessary  for these reactions to
                      proceed rapidly and quantitatively. The NO2 concentration is
                      significantly reduced by Ag membrane filters. Results indicate
                      the oxidation of Ag2S to Ag2SO4 by O3  is slow and that the
                      reflectance loss  of clean  Ag filters  caused by O3 is  small.
                      There is little opportunity for UV light to affect the Ag mem-
                      brane if the filter holders are taped. Three 23 hr. samples/wk
                      were taken at a  flow rate  of 0.9 1pm. Under these  conditions
                      the reflectance losses ranged from 0-37 reflectance units/cu m
                      of sampled air. The Ag filters appear to be more sensitive to
                      sulfide gases at high humidities.  This tends to enhance the
                      value of the method as a measure of non-health effects, such
                      as paint sensitivity.

                      06526
                      D. F. Adams
                      GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY APPLIED TO ATMOSPHERIC
                      KRAFT ODORS  (FINAL  REPT.  MAY  1,  1963 -  APR. 30,
                      1966). Preprint. 1966.
                      The objective was  to  analyze  qualitatively the  malodorous,
                      kraft pulp  mill air pollutants in the  ambient air by the gas-
                      liquid chromatographic  technique,  including  the use of ioniza-
                      lion detection and Golay columns. Gas chromatographic detec-
                      tors, available in 1963, were evaluated for sulfur-gas sensitivi-
                      ty and specificity. Coulometric detectors gave the best overall
                      sensitivily and specificity. Therefore, the research was con-
                      tinued, using the coulometric  detection principle.  A  sulfur-
                      specific, bromine coulometric detector, having a sensitivity ap-
                      proaching the human sensory threshold, has been developed as
                      a result of this research. This cell is a significant improvement
                      over the previously available iodine coulometric detecior. Two
                      circuit improvements were made in the coulometer which per-
                      mitted  grealer reproducibility and control of the critical detec-
                      tor bias voltage. Losses of  sulfur-containing compounds on the
                      gas chromatographic columns  studies were  found lo be so
                      large that direct GLC analysis of ambient air was impossible.
                      The magnitude  of these losses  have  been established.  Using
                      currently available GLC columns and detectors, a successful
                      technique for analysis of sulfur  compounds in the ambient air
                      will have lo rely upon  pre-concentration of ihese compounds
                      by eilher adsorption or freeze oul.

                      07214
                      Bethge, Per Olof and Lalla Ehrenborg
                      IDENTIFICATION OF  VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN KRAFT
                      MILL   EMISSIONS.     Svensk   Papperstid.   (Stockholm).
                      70(10):347-350, May 31, 1967. 3 refs.
                      Identification of compounds contributing lo Ihe odour from
                      kraft mills  was accomplished by gas  chromatography, and in
                      some cases in combination wilh mass speclromelry. Attention
                      was centered on the most  volatile compounds.  Besides  seven
                      terpenes, 25 compounds were identified.

                      08312
                      Okila, Toshiichi Yamashita, Shushi Nishino,  Eisaku and
                      Kaneda, Kazuko
                      MEASUREMENT OF  SIZE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  SODIUM
                      SULFATE  PARTICLES IN THE FLUE  GAS OF A  KRAFT
                      PULP  MILL. Texl in  Japanese.  Bull.  Inst.  Public  Health
                      (Tokyo),  16(0:41-44, March 1967. 3 refs.
                      Size distribution  of  sodium sulfale  particles was  measured
                      using a cascade  impactor  and the inertia! impaclion melhod.
                      Particles were found lo be formed by the  coagulation of finer
                      particles. Their maximum size was 2 mm. An equation is given
                      which roughly expresses the size distribution. Usually the con-
                      centration of Ihe particles was too high lo be measured by the

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                                      C.  MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     87
cascade impactor, so that a centrifugal particle size separator
fitted with a  suction pump was used. This combination was
found to be a useful tool for size distribution measurements.

08354
Brink, D. L., and J. F. Thomas, and D. L. Feuerstein
MALODOROUS PRODUCTS FROM  THE COMBUSTION OF
KRAFT BLACK  LIQUOR.  II. ANALYTICAL  ASPECTS.
TAPPI, SO(6):276-285, June 1967.  25 refs. (Presented at the
51st Annual Meeting of the Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, New York, N.  Y., Feb. 21-24, 1966.)
Gaseous and  liquid products isolated by pyrolysis of  kraft
black  liquor,  were  analyzed qualitatively and  quantitatively
using  gas-liquid  chromatography  with  detection by  flame
ionization.  More than  60  compounds were detected in the
pyrolysis liquid and at  least  32 of these were present in the
pyrolysis gas.  Using the microcoulometric  titration  system,
hydrogen   sulfide,  methyl  tnercaptan,  dimethyl  sulfide,
dimethyl disulfide, and  at least 19  unidentified sulfur-contain-
ing components were detected in the pyrolysis products; 7 of
the major components  were  determined quantitatively.  Using
cochromatography and  the methods of detection noted, the
identities of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl
disulfide were  verified and tentative  identifications of several
other sulfur-containing  products were  also made. Hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,  methane, carbon monoxide, ethane, carbon
dioxide, and acetylene were resolved and determined quantita-
tively.   Hydrogen   sulfide,  methyl  mercaptan,  and  five
unidentified components were also qualitatively  detected. Sul-
fur present in  pyrolysis residues was determined using  a wet
oxidation procedure. A  powerful analytical method has  been
developed for detailed study of the  effects of recovery furnace
operation on such  emissions and it  should prove  to be a valua-
ble aid to industry. With adequate development, pyrolysis car-
ried out independently  of gaseous, liquid, and solid products
could provide an answer to complete  odor control; in addition,
isolation of organic by-products may be feasible. AAM

08355
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART  I: THEORETICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS. TAPPI, 46(1): 1-5,  Jan. 1963. 4 refs.
A  new  method is proposed for the simultaneous collection of
all pollutants  from  gaseous  kraft-mill effluents  and  process
streams. The pollutants are in part frozen out in an empty cold
trap, and in part dissolved  in traps  containing ethylbenzene as
a solvent at about minus 78 C. Formulas are derived that pro-
vide  quantitative  information on  the  performance  of  these
traps toward pollutants  having a wide range of boiling points.
These formulas give  the concentration of a pollutant in the sol-
vent, as a function of the sample volume; the sampling time;
the percentage of a pollutant retained  by a trap from a pol-
luted airstream; and the instantaneous concentration of a pol-
lutant in the exhaust air from  a trap. The formulas  are not
limited  to  kraft-mill  pollutants. The special case of a poorly
absorbed pollutant is treated, and a sampling program for this
case is prescribed. The  distribution ratios of methyl  mercap-
tan, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide between an airstream
and a solvent are calculated,  and for the  first two, values are
also found by experiment. (Author's abstract)
08356
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP  MILLS. PART II: A  LABORATORY
STUDY OF THE  COLLECTION  OF  POLLUTANTS  FOR
ANALYSIS.  TAPPI, 46(1):5-11, Jan. 1963. 5 refs.
An experimental study was made of the performance of traps,
in collecting kraft-mill pollutants from an air stream. The traps
were in a mixture of dry-ice and acetone.  Some traps  in the
train were empty; others contained ethylbenzene as a solvent.
A convenient experimental method is described for artificially
producing a polluted air stream,  and for  evaluating the per-
formances of traps. The distribution was  found of hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide,
and dimethyl disulfide among the traps of the train. The effect
of flow-rate, volume of solvent, and trap  design on trap per-
formance was measured. The effect of varying the degree of
air turbulence in an empty cold trap was studied.  It was con-
firmed that cold ethylbenzene is a satisfactory solvent for all
the pollutants except hydrogen sulfide.  For this latter  pollu-
tant, an aqueous solution of cadmium was used to trap it. A
study was included on  the losses of the pollutants that might
occur on extended storage of their ethylbenzene solutions. Ap-
paratus and a procedure are described for the concentration of
the original ethylbenzene solution of pollutants, to improve the
sensitivity of the method. (Author's abstract)

08357
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART ni: THE ANALYSIS OF
COLLECTED   POLLUTANTS  BY  GAS   CHROMATOG-
RAPHY. TAPPI, 46(1):11-14, Jan. 1963. 4 refs.
The  qualitative and quantitative analysis  of  kraft-mill  pollu-
tants   in  ethylbenzene  by  using  gas  chromatography  is
discussed. Columns of tri-m-cresyl phosphate  and of Car-
bowax 1540 are proposed  for use at 35  and  85 C.  These
columns  permit the resolution of all  known  kraft-mill  pollu-
tants. Techniques are described for qualitative analysis. They
include the two-column method, and graphs prepared by this
method are  presented  for  homologous series of mercaptans,
ketones, esters, and normal alcohols. It is emphasized that the
unequivocal  identification of an unknown  pollutant is  rarely
possible by gas  chromatography alone. Quantitative analysis is
also described, including the preparation of standard solutions
and the  presentation of prepared  calibration curves.  These
curves were straight lines. The use  of an ultrasensitive  detec-
tor, the ionization chamber, is briefly discussed.  (Author's ab-
stract)

08358
Cave, G. C. B.
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF  ODOROUS GASES
FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS. PART IV: A FIELD KIT FOR
THE   COLLECTION  OF   THE   POLLUTANTS,    AND
METHODS FOR THEIR ANALYSIS. TAPPI, 46(1):15-20, Jan.
1963.
A complete  field kit is described and illustrated. A train  of
traps mounted in a portable carrying case includes an empty
trap at 0 deg C. to collect mlisture, an empty trap at minus 78
C. to collect high boiling pollutants, two traps containing ethyl-
benzene  at  minus  78  C.  to collect  pollutants  other than
hydrogen sulfide. and a trap containing cadmium solution for
H2S. Heated glass sampling tubes convey the effluent sample
to the  traps. Pollutants  that are quantitatively and simultane-

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88
PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
ously  collected  include  hydrogen  sulfide,  sulfur  dioxide,
methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide.
For hydrogen sulfide, an iodimetric determination is described
to be made at the mill. For the other pollutants, gas chromato-
graphic analyses are described which may be made at a later,
more convenient time. (Author's abstract)

08541
Walther, James E., and Herman  R. Amberg
CONTINUOUS  MONITORING  OF  KRAFT  MILL  STACK
GASES WITH  A PROCESS GAS CHROMATOGRAPH.  TAP-
PI. 50(10):108A-110A, Oct. 1967. 3 refs. (Presented at the 52nd
Annual Meeting of the Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry New York, N.Y., Feb. 1967).
A  process  gas chromatograph was  evaluated on  a  recovery
furnace on  an intermittent basis for a  period  of  about 3
months. The instrument was installed to obtain information
about furnace operation as it relates to the emission of  sulfur
compounds and to determine if the process chromatograph can
be used as a tool for closer control of malodorous sulfur diox-
ide. Fluctuations in hydrogen sulfide concentrations from 100-
400 ppm by weight were recorded during normal operation  of
the recovery furnace. Blackouts Qoss of fire) were preceded
by high hydrogen sulfide  concentrations. Hydrogen sulfide
concentration appeared to be a more sensitive parameter  of
furnace operation  than  oxygen and combustible concentra-
tions. It appears  that the process chromatograph may  be used
as an indicator of furnace operation efficiency. AA

08954
 Anderson, K., and J. G. Bergstrom
DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND SULFUR
DIOXIDE  IN  LOW  CONCENTRATIONS.*  (Bestaemning  av
svavelvaete ock svaveldioxid i  laga  koncentrationer.)  Text  In
Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm),  70 (23):805-808, Dec.
15, 1967.  5 refs.  CONCENTRATIONS.   (Bestaemning   av
svavelvaete och svaveldioxid
A  method  was  developed for the quantitative  determination  of
H2S and SO2  in low concentrations (1-100 p.p.m.).  The two
gases are  adsorbed on  silica gel at room temperature and
desorbed at high temperature (120-150 deg. C ). The determina-
tion is done by using gas chromatography where adsorption is
effected from 200-300 ml.  samples. When SO2 alone  is  being
determined, 1,500 ml. samples can be used. Since the adsorb-
ing periods are only about 2-4 min., rapid changes in the gas
composition can be followed. This  method is  suited for the
determination of H2S and  S02 in  many different types  of ef-
fluents. It was success- fully used  in several Swedish pulp
mills. (Authors' summary, modified)

09208
National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc., New York,
N. Y.
A  LABORATORY  STUDY  OF  A  LEAD-ACETATE-TILE
METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF  HYDROGEN SULFIDE. At-
mospheric Pollution Tech. Bull. 15, 47p., Aug. 1962.
A  simple,  qualitative  method  for hydrogen  sulfide  utilizing
lead acetate on the surface of a  ceramic tile was evaluated on
a quantitative basis in an apparatus in which low concentra-
tions  of hydrogen sulfide  were maintained. The effects  of
hydrogen sulfide exposure, air  turbulence, relative humidity
dimethyl  sulfide,  dimethyl  disulfide, methyl  mercaptan and
several possible interferences upon  the rate  of formation  of
colored lead sulfide  on  the tile surface,  were investigated.
                      Slightly exposed tiles can show a measurable response  to a
                      hydrogen sulfide concentration of 0.1 over a 6 minute time in-
                      terval. The accuracy of the lead-acetate-tile method  has been
                      found to depend upon at least three factors: (a) the position of
                      the average absorbance of the tile surfaces on the darkening
                      curve, (b)  the  degree  of  air  movement under  which  the
                      hydrogen sulfide exposure is carried out, and (c) the  fading of
                      the lead sulfide  color. To establish whether or not a tile sur-
                      face has been overexposed, the difference between whether or
                      not  a tile   surface  has  been  overexposed,  the difference
                      between the reflectance spectrums on the curve, may be util-
                      ized.  An increase  in turbulence in the laboratory detention
                      chamber has been  found to  increase significantly  the rate of
                      darkening.  Under outdoor conditions the turbulence  level in
                      the exposure chamber must  be either standardized by an air
                      mover or reduced to a minimum by louvering. Outdoor fading
                      tests performed in a louvered, light-protected chamber indicate
                      that in an 8-hour exposure period the maximum loss of Expo-
                      sure Units  would be in the order of 20 percent. A similar loss
                      in Exposure Units  under conditions  unprotected from direct
                      sunlight and  wind  would require approximately  10  minutes.
                      The extremely high fading rate of darkening tiles  exposed to
                      direct sunlight and wind shows  that hydrogen-sulfide-exposed
                      tiles must  be  protected after  removal  from the exposure
                      chamber as well as  during exposure. The  sources,  effects, at-
                      mospheric concentrations and the methylene blue and A.I.S.I.
                      sampler methods  for  the  determination of  H2S  are  also
                      reviewed.

                      09648
                      Cederlof, Rune,  Lars Friberg, and Thomas LindvaU
                      THE  ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF ODORS  WITH
                      SPECIAL REFERENCE TO  THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY.
                      In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Atmospheric
                      Emissions from Sulfate  Pulping,  Sanibel  Island, Fla., April 28,
                      1966. E. R.  Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by: Public Health Ser-
                      vice, National Council for Stream Improvement, and University
                      of Florida,  DeLand, Fla., E.  O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)),
                      p. 111-140.  16 rets.
                      The quantitative determination of malodorous air pollutants in
                      ambient air is complicated by the fact that their smell becomes
                      offensive at concentrations which are too  weak for the practi-
                      cal analysis of shortterm measurements. Organoleptic methods
                      have therefore been resorted to. It is of concern to be able to
                      calculate the size and extent of an emission of odors. This is
                      difficult because of the lack of knowledge of the identity of
                      chemical substances in the effluent, and of the relationship
                      between interactions of the  compounds and strength  of the
                      smell. One  approach is to determine the smell, either of emis-
                      sions in the ambient air or of flue gases  at the top of the stack
                      in conjunction with  calculations of meteorological dispersions.
                      This would give a  measure  of the relevant,  total  exposure to
                      odors at ground level at  different distances from the source.
                      Another method is  to  study the occurrence of odors  in am-
                      bient  air around a  factory  with the aid of  observers.  The
                      chemical substances generally held to be responsible for the
                      odors in the effluent are:  hydrogen sulfide, methyl  mercaptan,
                      dimethyl monosulfide and dimethyl disulfide. Applications of
                      the first approach are described presenting results of smell of
                      some of sulfur compounds and, field  studies of the flue gases
                      from two sulfate cellulose plants in Sweden. The determina-
                      tion of odor threshold, as a  solution to the problem, has cer-
                      tain obvious advantages, while  studies  with observations are
                      also of value.  What is  wanted is  a comparative  study to
                      discover  the extent to which  results  from  these  two ap-
                      proaches agree.  A  lengthy discussion by  one of the authors
                      and others is appended.

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                                      C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
                                                     89
09657
Hasselhuhn, B.
SAMPLING  AND  ANALYTICAL  PROCEDURES  USED  IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SWEDISH ODOR STUDIES.  In:
Proceedings of the International Conference  on  Atmospheric
Emissions from Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island, Fla., April 28,
1966.  E.  R. Hendrickson  (ed.), Sponsored  by: Public Health
Service,  National  Council for Stream Improvement, and
University of Florida. DeLand, Fla.,  E. O.  Painter Printing
Co., ((1966)). p. 349-353.
The sampling methods and analytical procedures used in previ-
ous odor threshold studies for S02,  H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S,
and (CH3)2S2 are described. The instability of some reagents
is also dealt with.

09660
Walter Lenz, and Adalberto Tirade A.
METHOD OF MEASURING ODORS BY MEANS OF OBSER-
VERS.  In: Pro-  ceedings of the International Conference  on
Atmospheric Emis- sions from Sulfate Pulping, Sanibel Island,
Fla., April 28, 1966.  E. R. Hendrickson (ed.), Sponsored by:
Public Health Service, National Council for Stream Improve-
ment, and Univer- sity of  Florida. DeLand,  Fla.,  E. O. Painter
Printing Co. ((1966)), p. 365-369.
A  simple  method  used to determine the effectiveness of the
control of malodors from  a kraft mill is described. A specific
number of persons are asked to make  a weekly report on the
conditions of odor prevailing at their homes. The observers are
located  at different  distances  within  a defined radius. The
form delivered to the ob-  server is arranged so that daily com-
plaints can be reported for strong and  slight odor,  and for  no
odor.  The form is sent to the mill where evaluation starts  by
completing the report with data of conditions  prevailing in the
mill at the time shown by  the obser- ver. Next it is determined
whether complaints are due to the kind of wood being cooked,
to stack  gases, or to improper blowing and  relieving condi-
tions. It is also decided whether or not the par- ticular com-
plaint is justified and  finally, the probable  cause of the com-
plaint  is  recorded.  Criteria  employed  in   the  evaluation
procedure are listed. The total number of weekly  complaints is
divided by the total number of blosw.  The  result is a relative
index which  measures the  odor  level. Finally the  annual
average of weekly relative indexes is obtained.

10453
Thoen, G. N., G.G.DeHaas, and R.R. Austin
INSTRUMENTATION  FOR  QUANTITATIVE  MEASURE-
MENT OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN DRAFT GASES. Tappi,
51(6):246-249, June 1968. 4 refs
A recording electrolytic titrator has been evaluated in quantita-
tive measurement of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen  sulfide, mercap-
tan,  organic sulfide, and  residual sulfur  concentrations. Th
equipment, after slight modification, allowed rapid and reliable
analysis of ambient air as well as samples drawn  from draft
recover furnace ducts, oxidation tower vents, and lime kiln
stacks. Sample with concentrations ranging from 10 ppb to 800
ppm of  hydrogen  sulfide can be analyzed by selection of the
proper range  setting. Analysis  requires 7-10  min per  sample
and can be conducted in the laboratory or at the point of sam-
ple collection since the instrumen is  portable. (Authors'  ab-
stract)
10654
Applebury, Terrill E. and Michael J. Schaer
ANALYSIS OF KRAFT PULP MILL  GASES BY PROCESS
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.  Preprint, Montana State  Univ.,
Bozeman, Dept. of  Chemical  Engineering, 17p., 1968. 4 refs.
(Presented  at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27,  1968, Paper
68-12.)
The  operation  and  design  of a  coulomeiric  detector for a
process gas chromatograph is described. The system is suitable
for monitoring kraft  mill gases such as SO2, H2S, and mercap-
tans  in concentrations as  low  as 0.1  to 0.5 ppm. Tests  of the
equipment are described with consideration given to the  reduc-
tion  of  sensitivity by  noise in the instrument; the efiect of
design on the noise level is also discussed.

10686
Lynch, A. J., E. J. Bowmer, A. Sykands, and J. H. Smith
DETERMINATION  OF ATMOSPHERIC  SODIUM IN THE
VICINITY  OF A DRAFT  PULP MILL.   Preprint,  British
Columbis   Health  Services,  Vancouver,  British  Columbis
(Canada),  14p.,  1968.  8 refs. (Presented  at the 61st  Annual
Meeting of  the Air Pollution Control  Association, St.  Paul,
Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-120.)
A method for the determination of sodium in  suspended par-
ticulate matter collected  on  glass  fiber filters is described.
Results show the variation of  sodium in unexposed filters and
a method  to compensate  for  this variation is proposed. The
concentrations of sodium  in dustfall and suspended paniculate
matter in the three study  areas are recorded, a draft pulp and
paper mill is located in one of these areas (Port Alberni, B.C.).
The  results suggest  that sodium may be useful index of draft
mill air  pollution provided a number of factors  are considered.
One  of these factors  the  proximity  of the station to the sea
shore, is extremely  impor- tant in costal  locations.  (Authors'
abstract, modified)  10686 Lynch, A.  J.,  E.  J. Bowmer,  A.
Sykands,  and  J. H.  Smith  DETERMINATION  OF AT-
MOSPHERIC SODIUM IN THE VICINITY  OF A DRAFT
PULP MILL.  Preprint,  British  Columbia Health  Services,
Vancouver, British  Columbia (Canada),  14p., 1968.  8 refs.
(Presented  at  the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-28,  1968, Paper
68-120.)    EMISSION    SOURCES,    MEASUREMENT
METHODS:  Sodium compounds,  Kraft pulping processes A
method for the determination  of sodium in suspended panicu-
late matter collected on glass fiber filters is described. Results
show the  variation  of sodium in  unexposed filters  and  a
method to compensate for this variation is proposed. The con-
centrations of sodium in dustfall and  suspended  paniculate
matter in the three study areas are recorded. A draft pulp and
paper mill  is located in one of these areas (Port  Alberni, B.
C.). The results suggest that  sodium may be useful index of
draft  mill air pollution provided a  number of  factors are con-
sidered. One of these  factors, the proximity of the  station to
the sea shore, is  extremely important in  costal  locations.
(Authors' abstract, modified)

14582
Harkness, A. C. and B. A. Kelman
SOLUBILITY OF METHYL MERCAPTAN IN WATER. TAP-
PI, 50(1):13, Jan. 1967. 6 refs.
The  solubilities of methyl mercaptan and  H2S in  water were
determined by measuring  the  volume of gas absorbed  at con-
stant  pressure. The  solubility  of methyl mercaptan was found
to be proportional to  its  pressure  up to 700 mm, the  highest

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90
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
pressure  used.  At 30 C,  its solubility is found  to  be 4.90
vol/vol/atm and that (or H2S, solubility is 1.86. The heat of
solution of methyl mercaptan is calculated to be -6.2 kcal/mole
and  its  solubilities  in  0.05M  H2SO4,  IM  H2SO4,  0.1M
NaSCH3, IM NaCl, and IM Na2SO4 are, respectively, 5.06,
4.29, 5.29, 3.94, and 2.24 vol/vol/atm.

15224
Sanderson, J. G. and A. J. Roy
MEASUREMENTS AND SAMPLING OF  AIR POLLUTANTS
FROM A KRAFT  MILL.   Pulp Paper Mag.  Can. (Quebec),
70(21):85-90,  Tech.  Paper  T404,  Nov.  7,   1969.  12 refs.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Technical Sec-
tion, Canadian  Pulp and Paper Assoc., Montreal, Que., Jan.
28-31, 1969.)
Grab  and continuous sampling methods for  measuring emis-
sions of paniculate and gaseous pollutants from kraft mills are
reviewed. In the grab method of paniculate sampling, a sample
of gas  containing the  entrained  participates is  withdrawn
through a probe inserted in the gas duct; the same gas velocity
as  in  the  duct  must  be  maintained  through  the  probe
(isokinetic sampling). A sampling train assembly  for unsatu-
rated  gas streams  and the  preferred types  of  filters  are
described. Sampling of saturated  gas streams  is much more
difficult but less imperative  for pollution  control.  Continuous
methods  of  paniculate  sampling  include use of a bolometer,
which  continuously measures  the  fraction of light that  has
penetrated or has been absorbed by  a path of stack gas at a
given distance from a light source of constant intensity,  and
continuous salt cake monitors. Both methods, in their present
development, are considered best used  as control instruments
and as tools for showing visual indication of upset conditions
in an electrostatic  precipilator. Correlation to date  with grain
readings  has not been sufficiently good to obviate  the need to
sample the stack.  In gas sampling,  bench  gas chromatographs
with  flame  ionization  and  thermal  conductivity detection
methods  are probably the most reliable and versatile means of
measuring the concentration of reduced sulfur gases from grab
samples taken at the emission sources. In-line gas chromato-
graphs,  the  Murray  sulfimeter,  and the  Barton  titrator  are
described as  methods of continuous  gas  sampling. It is con-
cluded  that  the  fairly recent  introduction  of  continuous
methods  of  sampling and measurement  of  particulates  and
gases emitted from the  recovery furnace will  provide valuable
information  for combating pollution from this source, and,
when fully developed, will  overcome many of the problems in-
herent in grab sampling methods.

15704
Leahy, T. E.
DETERMINATION    OF    GASES    FROM    VISCOSE
REGENERATION. Tappi,  52(1): 115-117, Jan.  1969. 3 refs.
A method for the qualitative  detection and quantitative estima-
tion of volatile substances evolved during the regeneration of
viscose has been developed.  The method involves use of con-
ventional  methods of analysis as well as the  gas  chromato-
graph for the  separation of  several  of the components nor-
mally evolved. The methods,  as described, have reasonable ac-
curacy and reproducibility based on  the  use of known stan-
dards for calibration. Several series of  laboratory prepared
viscoses  have been studied in an effort to  determine the effect
of pre- and post-xanthation  conditions on the  amounts  and
types of  gases evolved  during viscose regeneration. An exam-
ple of a viscose from the crumb stage through ripening is also
given. (Author's Abstract)
                      16577
                      Ries, E. D. and L. E. Clark
                      ANALYSIS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE  PRESENCE OF
                      EXCESS AIR. Ind.  Eng. Chem., vol. 18:747, July 1926. 2 refs.
                      Various methods for determining of  small amounts of sulfur
                      dioxide in air were tested. Triple-distilled  sulfur dioxide, dried
                      with concentrated sulfuric acid, and air of known, low humidi-
                      ty were used for the tests. All methods were compared on an
                      absolute basis. Absorbents tried were solutions of iodine in
                      potassium iodide, sodium peroxide, sodium  hypochlorite, al-
                      kaline  iodine,  alkaline  potassium permanganate, acid potassi-
                      um  dichromate,  iodine  plus sodium bicarbonate,  sodium
                      hydroxide,  sodium  hydroxide  plus  5%  glycerol,  sodium
                      hydroxide  plus  50% glycerol, sodium hydroxide  containing
                      0.001 mol stannous  chloride per 1, and sodium hydroxide con-
                      taining 0.002 mol stannous chloride per 1. Solid lead peroxide
                      and  a water suspension of solid lead peroxide were also tried.
                      The  sodium peroxide and sodium  hydroxide plus glycerol or
                      stannous chloride were the only methods  which gave satisfac-
                      tory results. The following method was adopted. Sulfur diox-
                      ide is absorbed by bubbling the gas through 10 cc of 10% sodi-
                      um  hydroxide  solution, 0.002 M in  stannous chloride, con-
                      tained in a modified 4-bulb Mitscherlich absorber. The solution
                      is then washed into a flask, diluted to 50  cc, cooled, 50 cc of
                      12 N hydrochloric acid  added, the solution cooled again, and 2
                      cc of carbon tetrachloride added as an indicator. The solution
                      is then  titrated with approximately 0.003 M potassium iodate.
                      The  flask is  shaken vigorously during the  titration until the
                      pink color of the carbon tetrachloride  disappears. A blank
                      must be run on the caustic plus stannous chloride to determine
                      the correction for the catalyst. This analysis is important for
                      control work in commercial processes, such as contact sulfuric
                      acid and paper manufacture.

                      16755
                      Bamesberger,  W. L. and Donald F.  Adams
                      FIELD    COMPARISON    OF    THE   COULOMETRIC,
                      COLORIMETRIC, AND  LEAD ACETATE TAPE ANALYSIS
                      METHODS  FOR  SULFUR-CONTAINING  GASES.   Tappi
                      52(7): 1302-1306, July 1969. 15  refs.
                      A continuous, microcoulometric analyzer,  utilizing preselective
                      filtration, has  been  used for  a field study of the varying at-
                      mospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
                      methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide in
                      the  vicinity  of  a  kraft  pulp  mill.  The  microcoulometric
                      analyzer was  operated  on a 5 min sequence  for each of the
                      five  sulfur-containing  compounds  and a 5  min  instrument
                      blank,  thereby yielding a complete analysis  cycle every 30
                      min. Another  coulometric  analyzer with lower sensitivity  was
                      used as a a total sulfur  gas analyzer. Comparative 2-hr average
                      data were obtained  for H2S and SO2 by  using  midget impin-
                      gers in a sequence sampler. Chemical analyses were conducted
                      by the  cadmium hydroxide—STRactan—methylene blue  and
                      modified  West-Gaeke  methods,  respectively.  A  third com-
                      parison for H2S was obtained by using the lead acetate tape
                      method. The data show agreement for H2S by  the microcou-
                      lometric and cadmium  hydroxide—STRactan—methylene blue
                      methods but not  with the lead acetate tape technique. Agree-
                      ment was also obtained for SO2  by the microcoulometric  and
                      modified  West-Gaeke  methods,  although all  observed SO2
                      levels  were near the  sensitivity  limits  for  these methods.
                      (Author's Abstract)

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                                      C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
                                                     91
16871
Thoen, 0. N., G. G. DeHaas, and R. R. Austin
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS
AND  THEIR  RELATIONSHIP TO  OPERATING  KRAFT
MILL BLACK LIQUOR FURNACES.  Tappi, 52(8): 1485-1487,
Aug. 1969. 4 refs.
A continuous instrument has been  designed and built to mea-
sure sulfur dioxide and reduced sulfur  compounds in the parts-
per- million  and parts-per-billion ranges. The  instrument has
been placed  in operation on several black liquor recovery fur-
naces before the direct contact evaporator. Operation parame-
ters under most possible conditions have been measured and
correlations  between  sulfur dioxide and reduced sulfur com-
pounds  have been made.  Steam  production  and  degree of
smelt reduction have also  been determined in relation  to the
concentrations of the  sulfur compounds. (Author's Abstract)

17029
Applebury, Ten-ill E.  and Michael J. Schaer
ANALYSIS OF KRAFT PULP MILL GASES BY PROCESS
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
20(2):83-86, Feb. 1970. 4 refs.
An  automatic  process gas  chromatograph was developed for
use on the recovery furnace stack of a Kraft pulp mill. The in-
strument analyzes widely varying concentrations of hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur  dioxide,  and  methyl  mercaptan,  and  higher
order sulfur compounds. It is insensitive to the fixed gases and
water vapor, and performs its analysis in approximately ten
minutes. The instrument features a microcoulometric detector
making it sensitive to H2S as low  as 0.1  ppm, and  SO2 and
CH3SH as low as 0.5 ppm. The major limit to even higher sen-
sitivity at this stage of development lies in two problems: the
background  noise level  in the detector and  the sulfur com-
pound absorption in the Porapak Q chromatograph column. At
the reported sensitivity, a 40-ml gas sample was used. The in-
strument also  contains  a data analysis system supplementary
to the usual strip chart  recorder. This system is made up of a
digital voltmeter, a digital translator, and a teletype and hence
allows the transfer of the output data  to a digital computer for
processing. The  processed data are usually presented  in the
form of  ppm quantities  of the component gases in the stack
gas. The instrument has  worked successfully on small furnace
effluent  for  periods of 25  hr but  has  not been  tried on
recovery furnace stacks. It was also run on prepared samples
for periods  of up to seven days with no maintenance or at-
tendance necessary. (Author abstract modified)

17037
Thoen, G. N. and D.  C. Nicholson
INFRARED  ANALYSIS OF  KRAFT  PULPING  PROCESS
GASES.  Tappi, 53(2):224-226, Feb. 1970. 3 refs.
Investigations  were undertaken to  determine the suitability of
an infrared spectrophotometer equipped with  10-m path length
cells for analyzing  kraft pulping gases. Components present in
black- liquor  recovery furnace, oxidation tower  vent, lime
kiln,  evaporator, and digester relief and blow  gases were
identified positively without  pretreatment  of a mixture. How-
ever, infrared scanning  still  presents the problem of sample
preparation and transport.  Other methods such as coulometric
titration or gas chromatography seem best suited for mill use.
19051
McGinnity, J. L., K. W. Grimley, Jr., C. R. Horres, Jr., and J.
D. Mulik
MOBILE  SOURCE SAMPLING LABORATORY  FOR  THE
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.  Preprint, Public Health Ser-
vice, Durham, N. C., National Air Pollution  Control Adminis-
tration,  12p.,  1970. 7 refs.  (Presented at  a Symposium  on
Methods for Measuring and Evaluating Odorous Air Pollutants
at the Source and in the Ambient Air, June 1-5, 1970.)
A mobile  source-sampling laboratory for the pulp and paper
industry is discussed. A continuously operating stack-gas- con-
ditioning system has been devised for the laboratory. From the
source,  the  gas  sample  first passes through a heated glass-
fiber filter to remove particulates, and then into  a 3/16-inch-
ID Teflon sampling line. The continuous gas monitoring instru-
ments provide analysis for oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrocarbons, and various sulfur compounds. Seven
instruments are used: two gas chromatographs, a Melpar total
sulfur analyzer, a  Barton lilralor, and a Beckman 02, CO2,
and CO analyzer.  Another part of the source  sampling pro-
gram is  an odor panel. Samples  are diluted in 100 ml syringes
and presented to the panel directly from the  syringe. Emission
data are available for gas samples taken before and after the
direct  contact  evaporators, recovery  furnace  precipilator,
smelt dissolving  tank, lime  kiln  scrubber,  and multiple effect
evaporator scrubbers.

20435
Choudens, C. de
DETERMINATIONS   OF   SULFUR   DIOXIDE    AND
HYDROGEN  SULFIDE  BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY  IN
GASEOUS EFFLUENTS OF RECOVERY CALDRONS OF A
SULFATE PASTE PLANT.  (Dosages de I'anhydride sulfureux
et de 1'hydrogene sulfure par spectrophotometrie  dans les  ef-
fluents gazeux de  chaudieres de recuperation  d'une usine de
pate au  sulfate). Text in  French. ATIP, 22(2):l 13-121, 1968. 18
refs.
A method of removing and recovering  gas samples in  the flue
gas of a recovery  caldron in a sulfale paste plant was put in
operation  and found to work very satisfactorily, provided cer-
tain  precautions  described in the paper are  taken. The gases
withdrawn from the sampling devices are free from solid parti-
cles and moisture and are absorbed by a soda-glycerol  solution
for spectrophotometrie  determination  of  sulfur uioxide  and
hydrogen  sulfide. The accuracy of this determination is  1%,
provided  the operator  is  well  trained  and  the specified
procedure is rigorously adhered to. If  calibration  curves have
been determined with the aid of control solutions; if the  re-
agents,  are ready for use; and if the speed  of  the gas in the
flue is known, one should have all results available within two
hours. The colorimetric reagents used are quite  specific at the
concentrations of constituents studied. Methylmercaptan does
not perturb the spectrophotometrie determination of H2S. The
latter is determined directly by  measuring the optical density
at 680 nanometers, while the concentration  of methylmercap-
tan is usually determined (after precipitation of H2S by CdC12)
by measuring the optical density at 515 nanometers. The accu-
racy of the described method of  SO2 and H2S determination is
10%.

21724
Hendrickson, E.  R., J. E. Roberson, and J. B. Koogler
CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS IN THE WOOD
PULPING INDUSTRY. VOLUME 3. (FINAL REPORT).  En-
vironmental Engineering, Inc., Gainesville. Fla., and Sirrine (J.

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92
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
E.) Co., Greenville,  S.  C.,  Contract  CPA  22-69-18,  250p.,
March 15, 1970. 418 refs. CFSTI: PB  190353
Chapters 9  through  13  are contained in this third and final
volume of  a  study  of  control  of  wood pulping emissions.
Chapter 9,  which  includes 237 references, reviews  sampling
and analytical techniques, grouped under emission source  or
ambient  conditions,  for  kraft,  sulfite,  and  NSSC  pulping
processes. For each  grouping, recommendations are made  of
the best available  procedures. An annotated bibliography  of
174 papers  related to on-going research  in pulping emissions
control comprises  Chapter 10; references are grouped under
eight  subjects. Recommendations for  future  research  and
development are made in Chapter 11. Chapter 12 presents esti-
mates  of present pulping industry investment  and operating
costs  for emissions control. The  cost analyses are based on
prices of chemicals and equipment as of Jan.  1969. Chapter  13
reports  the  development  of a model  which provides data ap-
plicable for  projections of investment and operating costs for
emission control in the kraft pulping  industry through 1980.  A
sensitivity analysis  suggests how the costs for emission control
are influenced by emission  standards,value  of  recoverable
chemicals, and assumed  rate of  return. A  mathematical pro-
gramming model is also presented, by which it is  possible  to
determine for any  specified mill the optimal way to satisfy
specified emission  standards and  maximize net revenue from
emission control. An an example  is analyzed with the model,
using  the 1969 Oregon  regulations  and  based on Jan. 1969
prices.

21859
Okita, T.. R. Sugai, and I. Kifune
SAMPLING   AND  ANALYSIS  BY  FILTER  METHOD OF
MALODOROUS GASES  IN THE ATMOSPHERE.  (Akooshu
no sokootei  V Loshishiki sampler ni yoloo yuki ion kagohbool-
soo no hoshu boonsekihon no  kentoh  narabini  ryukasooiso
oyobi aldehyde rooi  sokootei eno ohyoh).  Text in Japanese.
Taiki  Osen  Kenkyu  (J.  Japan Soc.  Air Pollution),  4(1):1I8,
1969. (Proceedings  of the Japan  Society  of Air Pollution An-
nual Meeting,  10th, 1969.)
To determine malodors in the environment, filter type sampler
for sampling organic  sulfur compounds  using  mercury  com-
pounds was  earlier introduced. Since  then, the following items
on sampling  and analysis, by means of gas chromatography,  of
ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide were
examined. In the process of the analysis (sampling, separation,
and concentration), moisture  should  be  removed  before con-
centrating the  sample with potassium  carbonate  and soda lime.
The velocity in concentrating  the sample  with liquid oxygen is
0.2 1/min. The retention  time of each sample gas can be  re-
markably  reduced  if  the column  temperature is  47 C, the
flowrate of  a carrier gas (N2) 30 l/min, and the column length
2.25  m. The reproducibility  of this  method is  approximately
6%  in  terms  of  variation  coefficients.  Filters  compared
(Tohyoh No. 6 filter, AAWP millipore filter, and glass fiber A
filler) show  the collection efficiency from  44% to 100%, de-
pending on  the gases. This method is applied for gases in the
water and the air polluted by waste  from pulp  and petroleum
refining industries  to show 6.0-7.8 ppb of methyl  mercaptan,
2.9-3.7 ppb  ethyl mercaptan, and  5.1-7.2  ppb  of dimethyl sul-
fide in river water and  4.0-5.2 ppb of methyl mercaptan and
2.3-3 ppb dimethyl sulfide in the air.

22958
Wohlers, Henry C.
ODOR INTENSITY AND ODOR  TRAVEL FROM INDUSTRI-
AL SOURCES. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution (London), vol.
7:71-78, 1963. 4 refs.
                      Odor surveys were completed of stack effluents and in the
                      vicinity of a  petroleum coking plant, a kraft-paper  mill,  an
                      onion and garlic dehydrating plant, and a retrogravure printing
                      plant.  Gas samples  were  taken  by   the  evacuated  bulb
                      technique or by passing sufficient stack gas through a bottle to
                      replace the original air in the  bottle. Threshold measurements
                      were made with  an osmoscope consisting of two telescoping
                      metal tubes complexly arranged for odor dilution with clean
                      air. The odor intensity in the environs of the industrial plant
                      was determined subjectively while driving in a car at constant
                      speed (30-35 mph) with the wind-wing of the driver's  window
                      open so that the  oncoming air was directed at the face of the
                      observer. When the extent of the odor travel from these plants
                      was compared with the calculated threshold  dilution of the
                      stack gases according to Button's equation, the odor measure-
                      ments at the stacks did not agree  in all cases with the calcu-
                      lated dilutions at the  distances in the field where the odors
                      were noted. Unless the diffusion coefficients are experimen-
                      tally determined, the Sutton equation should not be used for
                      distances greater  than  2 miles; at distances greater than 1 or 2
                      miles under  unstable  conditions,  the stack  height, the exit
                      velocity, and  the temperature of the  exhaust gases no longer
                      seriously   affect   the  plume   axis  concentrations.   The
                      osmoscope, which assumes  the validity of the Weber-Fechner
                      law, had an  error of  no  larger than about 25%. The  con-
                      sequence of the  logarithmic relation of this law is that a 10-
                      fold reduction in odor concentration makes a  scarcely  per-
                      ceptible  alteration in the strength of the odor. This  relation
                      must be considered in making field odor surveys. It is  sug-
                      gested that these  results are another example of only partially
                      diluted  stack gases moving  as discrete eddies through the at-
                      mosphere. (Author abstract modified)

                      23106
                      Kikuchi, Kaku
                      EXAMPLES OF  ODOR MEASUREMENT AT KRAFT PULP
                      MILLS.  (Kurafuto parupukojo no shukisokutei  jirei). Text in
                      Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (J. of Odor Control), 1(1):9-18,
                      April 20, 1970.
                      A  unique  method  of  measuring  odorant   concentration
                      developed  at  Tohoku  University.  This  is a new type of or-
                      ganoleptic  method  based  on  the olfactory reaction to deter-
                      mine odor perception  thresholds  which are numerically  ex-
                      pressed. It is also  noteworthy that  this  method is  legally
                      authorized  to  be  the only valid means  of odor measurement
                      and  to  be  employed as such for air pollution control.  The
                      flowchart of the  apparatus used for the olfactory test as well
                      as the present odor  removal equipments which the kraft  pulp
                      mills are operating are illustrated. The principle of this method
                      is based on Henry's law that a gas is saturated in proportion to
                      its partial pressure in the  atmosphere  after it has been passed
                      through water for a while. The maximum dilution multiplier
                      for the saturated solution which is determined by olfactory
                      sense provides the standard for the obnoxious odor level. The
                      sampled gas  needs  to  be passed through the duct filled  with
                      salt  water  until the concentration of the gas arising from the
                      salt  water  becomes tantamount  to its original level in the at-
                      mosphere.  The  sample solution thus  obtained  have to  be
                      promptly examined by an odor panel  because some gases dis-
                      solve very  readily. The application of  this olfactorium  to gase-
                      ous emissions from both the blow tank and the recovery boiler
                      in a kraft pulp mill was made, and the values obtained showed
                      700  and 200 respectively. The basic value of 200 was deter-
                      mined from  a fish-meal  factory). The results  of  tests  con-
                      ducted  on  each one of the processes involved  in  kraft  pulp
                      mills by use of this salt water  olfactorium are presented in the
                      form of graphs and  tables.

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                                      C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      93
23278
Lindvall, Thomas
ON SENSORY  EVALUATION OF ODOROUS AIR  POLLU-
TANT INTENSITIES. MEASUREMENTS OF ODOR INTENSI-
TY IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD WITH SPE-
CIAL REFERENCE  TO  EFFLUENTS  OF  SULFATE PULP
FACTORIES.   Nord.  Hyg.  Tidskr.  (Stockholm). Suppl.  2,
181p., 1970. 145 refs.
A  primary concern in the investigation of the environmental
hygienic  annoyance effects  of  odorous air pollutants  is  to
establis a relationship between the dose to which the popula-
tion is exposed  and the  degree of annoyance experienced. The
present study describes  a  method for sensory analysis of odor
intensities of air pollutants,  primarily as a base for a valid
dose-description. The work was concerned with the air conser-
vation problems of the sulfate pulp industry from the stand-
point of environmental hygiene and was primarily aimed at the
development of a method to study the relative importance of
various odor generating processes in  regard to the final odor
intensity  of  the emissions,  to  study  the effects  of various
types of odor-reducing systems,  to predict odor distribution in
the vicinity of a factory on the basis of odor determinations of
the emitted exhausts and meteorological dispersion data, and
to  study the feasibility of predicting exhaust gas odor intensi-
ties from their  physicochemical composition.  A mobile odor
laboratory for field experiments  was constructed with the pur-
pose of obtaining a standardized experimental environment in-
dependent of the location of the laboratory and the  presence
of  odors in the  vicinity. The equipment permits the determina-
tion of absolute  odor threshold,  signal detectability as well as
supraliminal  odor intensities  of  both simple and complex  ex-
hausts. A practical  and economical variant of an ascending
method of limit with paired comparisons was tested and found
suitable  for  determining  the absolute  threshold for  both in-
dividuals and groups of  subjects. Due to the wide  stimulus
range,  the  method  is readily adaptable to variations in in-
dividual odor sensitivity and  in the intensity of the test gases.
The influence of context in sensory analyses was studied with
reference to the effects  of adaptation, motivation, practice and
certain biological variables.  The  consequences of  these  in-
vestigations with regard to the construction of the  experimen-
tal equipment and the method are discussed.

24939
Kesler, Richard B.
MODERN METHODS  OF MONITORING  GASEOUS PULP
MILL EFFLUENTS  FOR SULFUR COMPOUNDS.   Advan.
Automated   Anal.,   1970:111-114.  30   refs   (Presented   at
Technicon  International  Congress on  Automated   Analysis,
Chicago, III., June 4-6, 1969, Paper 691-52.)
A  search of technical and manufacturers' literature  was  un-
dertaken  to  discover and assess recent methods and  instru-
ments used to monitor  gaseous  pulp  mill effluents for sulfur
compounds.  The compounds of interest  are  sulfur dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and
dimethyl  disulfide. The  accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, cost,
maintenance,  and suitability  for  long-term  monitoring with
respect to response  time, stability, and frequency of service
required  is evaluated  for each of the  following  methods:
colorimetry,  coulometry,  direct speciropholomeiry,  and  gas
c'nromatography.  Colorimelric   and  gas  chromatographic
methods  seem applicable  mainly when  an occasional manual
analysis is to be made. Coulometric devices offer  specificity,
sensitivity, and  capability  for long-term continuous monitoring
with remote read-out, while direct  spectrophotometry, particu-
larly for the infrared and  ultraviolet determination of SO2, is
perhaps  the  most simple  and suitable method  for long-term,
quick-response monitoring.
25466
Lindvall, Thomas
SWEDISH EXPERIENCES ON SENSORY EVALUATION OF
ODOROUS AIR POLLUTANT INTENSITIES.  Preprint, Inter-
national Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 34p.,
1970. 15  refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air Con-
gress, 2nd, Washington,  D.  C., Dec.  6-11, 1970, Paper SU-
18A.)
A primary  concern  in the investigation of the  environmental
hygienic  annoyance  effects  of  odorous air pollutants is  to
establish a relationship between the dose to which the popula-
tion  is exposed and the degree of annoyance experienced. A
method  for sensory analysis  of odor  intensities of air pollu-
tants was developed, primarily  as a  base for a  valid dose-
description. Field studies were conducted  using  mobile odor
laboratories providing standarized experimental environments
independent of  the location of the  laboratories  and  the
presence of odors  in the vicinity. Sensory source  intensity
analysis at  a sulfate pulp factory combined  with  meteorologi-
cal calculations were used to predict the frequency with which
odor would be  discernible   in  the ambient  air  at  various
distances from the source. Reports made under controlled con-
ditions by special observers display a strikingly high degree of
correlation  with  the predictions of odor frequency in the ob-
servation area up to at least  5 km from the  source. Such pre-
dictions have been used to estimate the consequences from an
environmental hygienic standpoint of a planned pulp mill in a
resort  area in  Sweden.  Determinations  of absolute odor
thresholds were  conducted at various process stages  in  the
sulfate pulp and rock wool industries. Effects of various coun-
termeasures have been studied and an effort has been made to
correlate the chemical composition of the sulfate  exhausts
with their odor intensity measured by  absolute odor threshold
methods. The sensory method of analysis developed has dis-
played great applicability also for studies of exhausts from
motor vehicles,  combustion  units,  and in the  handling  of
animal wastes. (Author abstract)

27069
Colombo, Pietro, Davide Corbetta, Alessandro Pirotta, and
Alberto Sartori
CRITICAL DISCUSSION ON  THE ANALYTICAL METHODS
FOR MERCAPTAN AND SULPHUR COMPOUNDS. TAPPI.
40(6):490-498, June 1957. 10 refs.
After a  short discussion  on  a number of analytical methods,
already  published for the determination  of sulfurous gases
from a Kraft pulp mill, a new method is proposed  for the anal-
ysis  of combustion gases from a recovery furnace.  The  sample
is absorbed through a 0.2 N sodium acetate solution, where
sulfur dioxide reacts quantitatively. Then hydrogen sulfide is
precipitated as cadmium sulfide from a 5% cadmium chloride
solution at  pH 1. Finally, methylmercaptan is absorbed quan-
titatively in methyl  alcohol chilled  to  -75 C. The analysis of
sulfur dioxide is carried out by oxidation of the sodium  sulfide
solution  to sulfuric  acid  and  gravimelrically  determined;
methylmercaptan and eventual traces of  hydrogen sulfide are
potentiometrically titrated with a silver nitrate 0.01  N solution.
The  threshold for the detection of methylmercaptan is  around
10 mg/cu m or 5  ppm; a precision of 20% is obtained at a level
of 20 mg/cu m, the precision increases at higher  mercaptan's
concentration. (Author abstract modified)

27355
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
ODOR POLLUTION IN THE CHEMICAL PLANT AND ITS
MEASUREMENT METHOD.  (Kagaku kojo ni okeru akushu-

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94
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
kogai to snon sokuteiho). Text in Japanese. Anzen Kogaku (J.
Japan Soc. Safety Eng.), 9(0:20-28, Feb. 1970. 19 refs.
Sources   of  odor   pollution   include  petroleum  refinery,
petrochemical   and   kraft  pulping  industries.  Direct  con-
sequences  of  odor  pollution  depend  on  the   pollutant.
Hydrogen  sulfide  and  mercaptans   are   malodorous  and
chlorine, acrolein, and ammonia are stimulants. The former in-
duce headaches and sick feelings, while the latter attack eyes
and  throat. Indirect  damages  are  deterioration  of  property,
soiling,  and loss of  business. The  damages extend  to  an
average of 100-200 m downwind from the source, and in some
cases extend as far as 4 km or even 7 km. The definition of
malodorous gases  is   difficult,  because   they  cannot  be
categorized by the industries or processes, or  by harms done
on the human body. Here the definition bad odor is 'odor that
disgusts people* and  malodorous substance is gaseous sub-
stance, sometimes containing mists and participates, that in-
duce disgust through olfaction. In Japan odorimetry involves
odorless  chamber, syringe, or Kinoshita-type (salt solution
equilibrium) methods. There is also gas-chromatography such
as low-temperature adsorption, vacuum bottle, or solid reactor
tube methods. Methods in  the  U.  S.  include dilution  by air,
chemical analysis, and mechanical analysis methods. The con-
tinuous (dynamic) method falls into the category of air-dilution
and uses an olfactometer or scentometer together with an odor
panel. The odor panel must  possess  the  following qualities:
discrimination  ability, pertinence, stability, and ability  to ex-
press.

28489
ISOTOPES AND RADIATION: NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS CONTROL-I. Trans. Am.
Nucl. Soc., 11(0:50-51, June 1968.
Summaries are presented of papers on nuclear techniques for
water pollution control in Sweden, detection of pollutants in
airborne particulates  by activation analysis, the application of
radioisotop techniques to  stream  pollution problems  in the
pulp and  paper industry, and Krypton (85) measurement of
stream  re-aeration   rates.   In  Sweden,  nuclear   analytical
techniques are used to measure the flow rate of industrial ef-
fluent, the dispersion of  effluent in various receivers,  (rivers,
lakes, the sea), and to determine the mercury content of natu-
ral waters. In  Toronto,  levels  of 13 trace components  of air-
borne dusts were obtained by activation analysis.  Indium as
ammonium chloroiridale can be used as a nonradioactive tag in
tracing  pulp  and fines through paper  mill lines. Accurate,
direct measurements of  stream re-aeration capacity are now
possbile with a Krypton (85)  tracer method.  Such measure-
ments will provide the  necessary basis for accurately deter-
mining waste treatment requirements and costs.

28708
Thoen, Gerhardt N.
GAS  SAMPLING  PROBE.   (Weyerhaeuser  Co.,  Tacoma,
Wash.) U.  S. Pat. 3,559,491. 3 p., Feb. 2,  1971. 7 refs. (Appl.
March 10, 1969, 10 claims).
A probe is disclosed for sampling paniculate and  moisture-
laden gases, especially those from combustion furnaces such
as black liquor recovery furnaces, power boilers,  and lime
kilns. The probe is much simpler than  known gas sampling ap-
paratus, has  fewer parts,  and is capable  of  operating effi-
ciently over extended periods of time. The probe comprises a
tubular shield having an open end in the gas flow path and a
tubular  sampling  probe  mounted  concentrically within the
shield. The probe is made of low heat conductive subtance
permeable  to moisture. Particularly useful  are ceramic materi-
                      als. The probe allows moisture to evaporate through it to the
                      atmosphere, cools the gas sample without degradation of its
                      contents, and  is corrosion resistant. Paniculate matter which
                      deposits in the probe is removed periodically by  flushing the
                      tubular probe  with compressed air or other fluid. Valve means
                      periodically and selectively connect the flushing  fluid to the
                      probe. (Author abstract modified)

                      29072
                      Pilat, Michael, J., David S. Ensor, and John C. Bosch
                      SOURCE TEST CASCADE IMPACTOR.   Atmos. Environ.,
                      4(6):671-679, Nov. 1970. 24 refs.
                      A description  is given of a source test cascade impactor for
                      measuring the size distribution of particles in stacks and ducts
                      at air pollutant emission sources. The impactor is  operated in-
                      side the stack  or duct to achieve true isokinetic sampling  with
                      a minimum of wall losses and condensation problems. The im-
                      pactor includes seven stages (a single inlet jet stage, six multi-
                      jet stages) followed by a filter. The single  jet of the inlet  noz-
                      zle (first stage) eliminates the problem of  particle loss on the
                      top of the first multi-jet stage. One eighth in. high  rims around
                      the parameter of the plates prevent particles from falling to
                      the wall. The  source test impactor has been used to measure
                      the size distribution of particles  emitted by a coal-fired power
                      boiler,  a kraft pulp mill  recovery furnace,  and  a  plywood
                      veneer drier. Particle size distributions measured at the power
                      plant and kraft recovery furnace  are presented.

                      29726
                      Baba,  Yoshio
                      ON  MEASUREMENT  OF ODOR.  (Shuki no sokuteiho ni
                      tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai (Hakua Shobo) Pollution Con-
                      trol, 6(l):50-56, Jan. 1971.
                      In  a bill to  control obnoxious  odors, methylamine  sulfide,
                      methyl mercaptan and  ammonia and  industries such as the
                      livestock farms, food processing, garbage  treatment, and  pulp
                      manufacturing are the objects for possible control. However,
                      although the refinery and pulp mill both emit obnoxious odors
                      of a sulfur origin, the odor from the steaming pot of the kraft
                      pulp mill is mostly methylmercaptan; from refinery, dozens of
                      sulfur  compounds are emitted,  not just methylmercaptan. If
                      the concentration of methylmercaptan alone is to  be the mea-
                      sured,  because  the  concentration of  methylmercaptan  from
                      refinery is so  small, the kraft pulp mill would be placed  at a
                      disadvantage.  In all fairness the  total amount of sulfur should
                      be added. Based on the ASTM, the sensory test is  used for the
                      measurement  of odors.  In Japan,  the air dilution  method
                      (olefactometer method),  the pressure  ratio  method,  salt
                      balance method, and odorless chamber method  are used.  The
                      balance  method is  simple  to handle and  is the most widely
                      used. The weakness of the  sensory method is that  it cannot be
                      used for continuous measurement of air pollutants. In using in-
                      strumental measurements,  there is  a problem  of detecting
                      small amounts of odor constituents and relating the intensity
                      of the odor suffered by the people to the components of the
                      odor. Man can detect 0.1-0.005  ppm of hydrogen sulfide and
                      0.01-0.0001 ppm methylmercaptan, which  is difficult to mea-
                      sure with instruments. However, there are  gas chromatographs
                      which  are very sensitive,  measuring 10 to the minus  ninth g.
                      Selective use  of the gas  chromatograph  with  an adequate
                      trapping method must be made. A method for the extraction of
                      odor components is also described.

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                                      C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      95
29913
Mulik, J. D. R. K. Stevens, and R. Baumgardner
AUTOMATED ANALYSIS SYSTEMS MAKES KRAFT EMIS-
SION MEASUREMENTS  EASY.  Paper Trade J.,  155(16):46.
April 19, 1971. (Presented at the American Chemical Society
Meeting, 157th, Minneapolis, Minn., April 1969.)
Gas-chromatographic-flame   photometric   analyzers   were
developed to  measure both low-molecular weight and heavier
sulfur compounds in air emissions  from kraft  mills.  The
analyzer for the lighter compounds has a 10-part sliding valve
equipped with a  10-cc Teflon sample loop,  a 2-ft stripping
column,  and  a 36-ft  analytical column.  Both  columns are
Teflon tubes packed with  mesh  Teflon  and  coated  with
polyphenyl ether and onhophosphoric acid. Automatic  actua-
tion of the valve at 10-min intervals is done with solenoids and
a cam timer. Hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, methyl mercap-
tan,  ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and propyl mercaptan
are resolved in 10 min by the analytical column. A  total sulfur
analyzer  incorporates a 6-port sampling valve. The analytical
colum is a 10-ft  Teflon  tube packed with mesh Teflon and
coated with  Triton-X  305. The  lighter  sulfur compounds
emerge rapidly from this  column,  followed  by  heavy  sulfur
compounds that  elute separately. The  second analyzer  was
used to measure emissions at a krafl mill employing the strong
black liquor oxidation process and at another mill employing
the weak oxidation process. At both plants, sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen  sulfide  were  found  to  be  the major pollutants
emitted.

30202
Brink, D. L.,  A. A. Pohlman, and J.  F. Thomas  •
ANALYSIS OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AND SULFUR-FREE
ORGANIC  PRODUCTS   FORMED  IN   KRAFT  BLACK
LIQUOR PYROLYSIS.   Tappi,  54(5):714-720, May 1971. 8
refs.
A dual flame  ionization-microcoulometric titration system was
designed  and  used to detect all organic compounds  and sulfur-
containing organic compounds, respectively, as these  kraft
black liquor pyrolysis products were  eluted from a gas chro-
matograph. A  sulfur specific detector in a gas  chromatographic
system is needed for the analysis of such mixtures. A prepara-
tive gas  chromatographic system was  used to  isolate the major
pyrolysis products in  sufficient purity  to permit  subsequent
analytical  studies  by mass  spectrometry.   The compounds
identified  include:   methyl  mercaptan,  dimethyl  sulfide,
dimethyl desulfide, benzene, toluene, xylenes, phenol, anisol,
cresols,  and   xylenols. The identification of  additonal sulfur-
containing compounds required the  development  of a  frac-
tionation technique designed to isolate these products from the
sulfur-free components,  which are   present  in  substantially
higher concentrations. The technique developed was shown to
be effective  by the dual  FID-MCT  chromatographic system.
The separated sulfur-containing products were then isolated in
sufficiently pure  form to permit mass spectrometric studies.
Some preliminary  results of these studies are reported. The ef-
fect  of temperature  on the formation of pyrolysis products is
also shown by using the dual chromatographic system. (Author
summary modified)

30263
Austin, R. R.
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF PULP MILL  GASES FOR
SULFUR COMPOUNDS.  TAPPI, 54(6):977-980,  June  1971. 6
refs.
The analysis of black liquor recovery furnace stack gas is now
an important source of data to the pulp mill. Continuous sam-
ple methods and equipment have been developed and proved
practical in routine  operation by  mill  operating personnel.
Problems of paniculate rejection and  moisture  consideration
have been  solved by high-temperature filtration  in the stack,
and in some sample systems blow back of purge is through the
sample  probe. Analysis  by continuous sampling and elec-
trolytic  titration  (coulometry) using automatically cycled wet
scrubbers for sulfur  dioxide removal,  provides concentration
data for hydrogen sulfide and total sulfur. These  data are use-
ful in furnace control and in monitoring emissions from  the
stack. (Author abstract)

32467
Takagi,  Sadayoshi, Tatsuo Kato, Tsugio Sawatani, Akio Tsuji,
Hidetsuru Matsushita, and Takeo Miura
STUDY  ON MAL-ODORS IN AIR POLLUTION. (INTERIM
REPORT).    (Akushu  kogai ni kansuru  kenkyu.  (Chukan
hokoku)).  Text  in  Japanese.  Study  Group on Bad  Odors
(Japan), 42p., March  1970.
Problems pertaining to foul odors are  difficult to solve or to
quantitatively measure, since in perceiving them  psychological
aspects  are involved. Characteristics,  types, concentrations,
and effects of odors on the physiological function of experi-
mental animals are considered. An analytical method which
utilizes gas  chromatography and low-temperature  condensation
is  described for measuring odors. Dry  ice or liquid oxygen is
used to adsorb the malodorous substances on diatomaceous
refractory brick  particles or glass beads at low-temperature.
Substances used  for comparison are generally mercaptans, sul-
fides, amines, aldehydes, or chlorides.  Experiments were con-
ducted at oil refineries, fish processing plants, and pulp mills.
Another method  involves solid reaction  in  a tube, and has a
number  of  advantages  such as  moderate  costs and easy
preparation.

32880
Hoshika, Yasuuki
CORRELATIVITY  BETWEEN  SOME  ODOR   MEASURE-
MENT METHODS USED IN ODOR SURVEY. (Akushu kogai
chosa ni 'okeru 2-3 no shuki sokuteiho no sokanei. Text  in
Japne. osu o Hi(J. Water Wste, 13(:-l,Au. 1971.
A  study was performed to correlate data obtained by olfactory
test  (ASTM syringe  method) and gas  chromatography.  The
relation  between the potential of the offensive odor and  the
detected density of  each component  causing the odor  was
established  based on  the assumptions that the dilution  process
caused neither mechanical nor chemical errors;  the olfactory
sense (olfactory,  discrimination,  and odor  threshold  values)
was  stable  and reproducible; and no chemical reactions and
multiplication or  offsetting of the odor take place among  the
odorous components. The relation between the  odor  dilution
ratio and the detectable and olfactory threshold values of each
odorousct was estimated nd applid t o  ather processi la, amin
acid manufactig plat, ad a kraft pulping plant. The olfactosen-
sdetermined methyl  mercaptan in the  kraft pulping plant,
acrolein  in the   feather  processing  plant, and ammonia,
acrolein, and methyl  mercaptan in the amino acid plant as the
strongest odorous components.

33045
Triplett, Gary
ESTIMATION OF PLANT  EMISSIONS.   Preprint, p. 15-27.
1970 (?). 21  refs.

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96
PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
There are times  when it is not possible or practical to deter-
mine emission rates by stack  sampling; in these cases emission
rates may be estimated by utilizing available emission factors.
An emission factor is the statistical  average  of the mass  of
contaminants  emitted/unit   quantity   of   material  handled,
processed, or burned. The  emission  factor may also be ex-
pressed as the quantity of contaminant/unit quantity of  final
product  or  effluent volume.   These  factors  have   been
developed through stack testing or by  material  balance calcula-
tions. Emission factors are normally given in terms of uncon-
trolled  emissions. Therefore, the type and effectiveness  of
control equipment must be considered when calculating emis-
sions from controlled sources. Particle size distribution and ef-
fective stack height should also be considered. Emission fac-
tors are given for coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and wood burning;
solid waste disposal; incinerators; paint  manufacturing; the
food and agriculture industry; primary metallurgical processing
including iron and steel manufacturing, open hearth  furnaces,
basic oxygen furnaces, electrical arc  furnaces, and  blast fur-
naces; smelting and foundries for aluminum, brass, lead  mag-
nesium, steel,  and zinc; mineral processing of asphalt, calcium
carbide, cement, concrete, glass  and  lime; petroleum produc-
tion, and the kraft pulp industry. (Author abstract modified)

33055
Molt, W. E.
ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY AND CONTROL
OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.  International Atomic
Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria), Nucl. Tech.  Environ. Pollut.
Proc. Symp., Salzburg (Austria),  1970, p.  3-46. 151 refs. (Oct.
26-30, Paper IAEA-SM-142a/l.)
Work performed with isotopes in the environmental pollution
area in  the United States is identified  and described for the
last five years. Applications of activable  tracers and isotope
ratio techniques to the dispersion and fate of oxides  of sulfur,
miscellaneous  gases  and  aerosols, and ground-level distribu-
tions of emissions are considered. Tracer studies have  been
made of  municipal  wastewater treatment  and  discharge,
viruses  and  bacteria in  wastewater  effluents, refinery ef-
fluents,  pulp and paper mill  effluents, oil spillage, agriculture
wastes,  transfer  of pollutants in ecosystems,  and the move-
ment of sediments. Radioisotope instruments include the stron-
tium-90 ozone generator, turbidity monitor for  water treatment
plants, density gages in  wastewater treatment  plants,  auto-
mated primary productivity  instruments, an eggshell strength
gage, suspended  sediment concentration gages, and various in-
struments for determination of  the  sulfur content  of  fossil
fuels. X-ray fluorescence analysis may be used to  determine
lead  in the atmosphere, paint, and blood.  Neutron  activation
analysis and radiometric techniques may be used to determine
trace elements in the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and  in
plants and animals. Automobile exhaust and sulfur dioxide in
stack gases can be determined by radio-release  and  chemical
substitution. Mossbauer spectrometry is discussed, as well  as
the radiation treatment of  municipal and industrial wastes.

34422
AUTOMATIC  SYSTEM MONITORS  PULP MILL GASEOUS
EMISSIONS.   Can. Pulp  Paper  Ind.  (Vancouver),  24(10):57,
Oct.  1971.
An automatic monitoring system was designed  to meet the de-
mands of  proposed British Columbia  legislation requiring the
measurement of  sulfur compounds in all  gaseous  emissions
from pulp  and paper mills.  The system directly   measures
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and total  sulfur from 0.1  ppm
to several thousand ppm, and can also be used to measure
                      methyl  mercaptan,  ethyl  mercaptan, methyl  sulfide, and
                      dimethyl sulfide. The new system features a sulfur-phosphorus
                      detector with a hydrogen-rich  flame, a gas chromatograph, a
                      permeation-tube  calibration unit, and a gas-sample condition-
                      ing unit. The detector is specific to sulfur up to 1.0 microgram.
                      Chromatograph columns are made from polyphenyl ether and
                      phosphoric acid. A stripper column  allows separation of H2S
                      and SO2 from the other sulfur compounds present. The H2S
                      and SO2 are then passed to an analytical  column and to the
                      detector for separation and measurement.

                      34863
                      Mulik, J. D., R. K. Stevens, and R. Baumgardner
                      AN  ANALYTICAL  SYSTEM  DESIGNED  TO  MEASURE
                      MULTIPLE MALODOROUS COMPOUNDS  RELATED  TO
                      KRAFT  MILL  ACTIVITIES.  Preprint, Southern California
                      Univ., Los Angeles, 23p., 1971. 10 refs. (Presented at the Con-
                      ference on  Methods in Air  Pollution  and  Industrial Hygiene
                      Studies, 12th, Los Angeles, Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
                      Automated chromatographs with flame photometric detectors
                      were  developed  for qualitative and quantitative  analysis  of
                      both low- and high-molecular-weight  sulfur compounds in kraft
                      mill effluents.  One chromatograph with  a  Teflon  column
                      packed with Teflon and coated with polyphenyl ether was
                      used  to measure  the  following low-molecular-weight  com-
                      pounds: hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide,  methyl mercaptan,
                      ethyl  mercaptan,  and propyl mercaptan. A  second chromato-
                      graph resolved the higher-molecular-weight compounds: butyl
                      mercaptan,  dimethyl disulfide, dipropyl sulfide, and dibutyl
                      sulfide. Kraft mill effluents with sulfur species at five ppb to
                      percent levels were analyzed with the  aid of  a  six-stage
                      dynamic dilution  system. Principal emissions from mills em-
                      ploying  the weak  black   liquor   oxidation process  were
                      hydrogen sulfide  and methyl mercaptan. Sulfur dioxide and
                      hydrogen sulfide  were  the  major pollutants from the strong
                      black liquor oxidation process. (Author abstract modified)

                      35243
                      Cooper, Hal B. H., Jr. and August T. Rossano, Jr.
                      CONTINUOUS SOURCE MONITORING OF GASEOUS SUL-
                      FUR  COMPOUNDS  IN THE  PAPER INDUSTRY. Preprint,
                      California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, and California
                      State  Dept. of Public Health, 42p., 1971. 31 refs. (Presented at
                      the Conference on Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hy-
                      giene Studies, 12th, Los  Angeles, Calif., April 6-8, 1971.)
                      Monitoring techniques and regulatory aspects, including  emis-
                      sion  standards  for  gaseous  sulfur compounds emitted  by
                      sulfite and kraft pulp mills are examined.  Pulping processes,
                      major  sources,  and  principal pollutants, e.g., sulfur dioxide
                      and sulfur  trioxide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and
                      hydrogen   sulfide,  are  reviewed.   Continuous  monitoring
                      methods include  electrolytic conductivity, ultraviolet  spec-
                      trometry, coulometric titration, ultraviolet spectrophotometry,
                      and process gas  chromatography. Mobile  laboratories,  sam-
                      pling  procedures, flow  measurement, and instrument  calibra-
                      tion are discussed. Costs and manpower requirements for  the
                      instruments are included.

                      35956
                      Cooper, Hal B. H., Jr. and August T. Rossano, Jr.
                      SOURCE TESTING FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Wil-
                      ton, Conn.,  Environmental Research and  Applications, Inc.,
                      1971,228p. 532 refs.
                      Source  testing  for air pollution control  is  reviewed  with
                      respect  to  basic  procedures,  terminology,  operating  and

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                                      C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      97
theoretical priciples, gas flow measurements, sampling trains,
principles and methodology  of  paniculate sampling, gaseous
sampling, continuous monitoring,  and special applications of
various techniques. Measurements of stack gas  parameters
prior to sampling are discussed for determinations of tempera-
ture, pressure, moisture content,  and gas composition using
such   instruments   as    thermometers,    thermocouples,
thermistors,  wet or dry bulbs,  condensation methods,  Orsat
analyzers, pitot  tubes, anemometers, tracers,  balloons, and
various meters. Instrumentation for  paniculate sampling in-
cludes  sampling probes,  flowmeters,  wet impingers,  filters,
centrifugal separators, and electrostatic and thermal precipita-
tors. Paniculate sampling trains are examined with respect to
specific  contaminants  (polynuclear  hydrocarbons,  fluoride
compounds,  mists, tars,  and droplets);  combustion sources,
e.g., boilers, incinerators, open burning, pulp and paper plants,
lime kilns, kraft recovery furnaces, chemical processing, and
metallurgical operations; and particle size analysis using impin-
gers and cascade impactors. Sampling techniques for gases
containing sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide,  mercaptans, total
sulfur,  nitrogen oxides, ammonia, chlorine compounds, carbon
monoxide, and organic gases and vapors include absorption
into a liquid phase, using sample probes and impingers; collec-
tion in fabric bags; adsorption on  a solid;  and freeze-out
techniques. Subsequent analytical methods include wet  chemi-
cal  analysis (turbidimetry, colorimetry, potentiometry, polarog-
raphy,  iodimetric methods, and Orsat  analysis) and instrumen-
tal  analysis  (gas chromatography, spectrophototnetry,  flame
ionization, and mass spectrometry).  Special applications for
the  techniques include determination of odor thresholds  of flue
gases,  measurement of acid deposition onto metal surfaces,
the  presence of radioactive materials, and bacterial emissions
to the  atmosphere. Pertinent source test data and sources of
equipment are  included.

36894
Hoshika, Y., T. Ishiguro, Y. Shigeta, and  N. Futaki
OBSERVATION ON THE BASIC INVESTIGATION METHOD
FOR BAD ODOR  FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ON-SITE
TESTS. (A SEQUEL).   (Genjoteki keiken kara mita akushu
kogai kihon chosaho ni kansuru  ichi kosatsu (zokuho). Text in
Japanese.  Preprint, Japan  Chemical Society, Tokyo,  p. 229,
1971. 2 refs. (Presented at  the  Japan Chemical Society, Fall
Meeting, 25th, Osaka, Japan, Oct.  11-14, 1971.)
Odor sensitivity tests by the injection  method, the six-stage in-
tensity  indication method,  instantaneous olfactory index of
pleasant and unpleasant sensations, and their correlations with
equipment analyses were examined. Gas  chromatography was
used for equipment analyses. The  staff members of the Japan
Environmental  Hygiene Center and  their  collaborators  in-
spected control areas by an automobile.  The odor of a Kraft
Pulp Mill was  detected within 10  to 14 km leeway. Measure-
ments were taken by gas chromatography and by the olfactory
sensitivy test  500 m from  the  mill  with approximately 700
t/day, on a cloudy day with occasional rain, temperature 29 C,
wind 3-5 m/sec.  Considerable agreement  was noted between
the  six-stage intensity indication method and the instantaneous
olfactory index. Odor index was  from  18 to 32.

37308
Cook, W. G. and R. A. Ross
GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF HYDROGEN
SULFIDE, AIR, AND  WATER.  Anal. Chem., 44(3):641-642,
March  1972. 8 refs.
A Porapak Q column linked to a Carbowax column was used
for  the gas-chromatographic separation  of  hydrogen sulfide
from  water- saturated air and water samples containing dis-
solved H2S. The gas samples analyzed were either synthetic or
extracted  directly from  the  main stack  in  the  chemical
recovery plant of a Kraft pulp mill. For both separations the
injection inlet temperature was 120 C, the column  compart-
ment  was 125 C, and the detector compartment was  175 C.
The hot-wire current was kept at 150 mA with a recorder span
of 1 mV for all  samples. The minimum detectable concentra-
tion of H2S was about  50 ppm v/v. This procedure offers a
rapid  analysis time and definite separation of  components
without the need for temperature programming or cold traps.

37511
Devonald, B. H., R. S. Serenius, and A. D. Mclntyre
EVALUATION  OF THE FLAME PHOTOMETRIC  DETEC-
TOR  FOR ANALYSIS OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS.   Pulp
Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), 73(3):50-53,  March  1972.  3  refs.
{Presented  at the Canadian Pulp and Paper  Association,  Air
and Stream  Improvement Conference,  6th, Quebec,  April 13-
15, 1971, Paper T 68.)
The Melpar flame  photometric  detector for gas chromato-
graphic analysis  of sulfur compounds in pulp mill gas process
streams was evaluated.  The odor associated with kraft  pulp
mills  is caused primarily by hydrogen sulfide emitted  from the
chemical  recovery  furnace and  by  various alky I  sulfides
created during delignification of wood by cooking with  a sodi-
um hydroxide-sodium sulfide  solution. Non-sulfur  organics,
e.g.,  ketones,  alcohols,  and terpenes, frequently present in
pulp mill gas process streams, do not interfere with the analy-
sis as they do with a flame ionization detector.  However, a
major drawback is the  limited dynamic range of the flame
photometric detector,  which necessitates  sample dilution for
gases containing high concentrations of sulfur compounds. In
addition, the high back pressure of the  column used in the ini-
tial work (38 psi) resulted in frequent  leaks in the apparatus.
The use of the flame photometric detector, in conjunction with
a Microtek GC 2000R Chromatograph, for analysis  of sulfur
compounds  in   several  process streams  of pulp  mills is
described. (Author abstract modified)

37718
Larssen, Steinar, David S. Ensor, and Michael J. Pilat
RELATIONSHD? OF PLUME OPACITY TO THE PROPER-
TIES   OF  PARTICULATES   EMITTED  FROM  KRAFT
RECOVERY FURNACES.  Tappi,  55(0:88-92, Jan.  1972. II
refs. (Presented at the Pulp and Paper Industry Technical As-
sociation Water and Air Conference., Boston, Mass., April 4-
7, 1971.)
The theoretical and measured relationships between the plume
opacity (one minus the  fraction  of light transmitted through
the plume) and the properties of the particulates emitted from
a kraft recovery furnace  are compared. The plume opacity
(Ringelmann number) was measured downstream from an elec-
trostatic prccipitator with  a Bailey smokemeter. The panicle
size distribution  and the  paniculate  mass concentration were
simultaneously measured with a cascade impactor and an alun-
dum thimble, respectively. A linear regression analysis  of the
measured data showed that over the Ringelmann number range
of 0.85-3.0 there is a  nearly  linear  relationship  between  the
logarithm  of  the plume  light transmittance and  the aerosol
mass  concentration. This relationship enables the determina-
tion of the particle mass  concentration from measured light
transmittance within (90% confidence)  a concentration  ol  ap-
proximately plus or minus 0.05 grains/std  dry cu  ft of  gas at
0.3 grains/std dry cu ft of gas and plus or minus O.I grains/std
dy cu ft of gas at 2.0 grains/std dy  ft of  gas. The effects of

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98
PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
particle size distribution,  particle density, and stack-gas tem-
perature on the correlation between plume opacity and particu-
late mass concentration are discussed.

38032
Pecsar, R. E. and C. H. Hartman
AUTOMATED GAS  CHROMATOGRAPfflC ANALYSIS OF
SULFUR POLLUTANTS.  Anal. Instrum., vol. 9:H-2-l to H-2-
14, 1971.7refs.
Analysis for sulfur-containing pollutants is becoming mandato-
ry in operations  such as kraft paper mills, fossil fuel burning
power  stations, and petrochemical refineries. Gas chromatog-
raphy is a versatile tool for accomplishing this analysis in the
normal ppb-ppm concentration range. Typically  an  all-Teflon
flow  system is employed with detection by flame photometry.
For best performance the flow rates  to the detector  should be
preset  to  the optimum value of 88 cc/min air carrier,  80
ccm/min of hydrogen, and 20 cc/min of makeup air for flame
stability. By utilizing air as the carrier, the disruptive effect of
the air peak is eliminated and 12 ft of  column suffices for an
adequate separation of hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and
methyl  mercaptan. In  addition to the column and  detector,
care  must be paid to the analyzer flow  system and the electri-
cal processing of the  detector signal. An analyzer provides
continuous,  unattended analysis. Sulfur  dioxide values  mea-
sured with such  a system in the San Francisco area  appeared
more  reliable measurements  than  with  a  conductometric
analyzer.

38698
Pilat. Michael J., David S. Ensor, and John C. Bosch
CASCADE IM FACTOR  FOR  SIZING  PARTICULATES  IN
EMISSION SOURCES.  Am. Ind. Hyg.  Assoc.  J.,  32(8):508-
511,  Aug.  1971. 18refs.
The  design, application, and operation of a cascade impactor
for measuring the size distribution of particulates in stacks and
ducts are  reviewed. The apparatus was used for source sam-
pling in a coal-fired  power plant, a kraft pulp mill recovery
furnace, a fluidized bed  sewage sludge incinerator, and a
plywood veneer  drier. The  characteristics of the impactor in-
clude  isokinetic sampling  capabilities,  prevention  of water
losses  and water vapor condensation, structural ruggedness,
and the ability to determine the aerosol size distribution with a
minimum of effort and  expense. (Author abstract modified)

39929
Hendrickson, E. R.
AIR  POLLUTION  SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS WITH SPE-
CIAL  REFERENCE  TO  SULPHATE  PULPING  OPERA-
TIONS. Tappi, 42(5):173A-176A,  May 1959. (Presented at Gulf
Coast  Section, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
Industry. Mobile, Ala., March 13, 1959.)
A sulfate mill developed a stack  sampling program to deter-
mine emissions of particulates, sulfur  dioxide, hydrogen sul-
fide, and total from the recovery  furnace. The sampling train
consisted  of a probe  containing a  Whatman paper thimble,
fritted-glass scrubbers, flow-measuring devices, and a  com-
pressed-air ejector as a source of vacuum.  Sampling was con-
ducted  at the rate of 0.1-0.3 cfm for as long as 1  hr. Sulfur
dioxide was analyzed by the West and Gaeke method, H2S by
the Fogo  and Popwosky method, and particulates  by drying
the  loaded  filter  in  a desiccator  to  constant  weight and
weighing.  Preliminary  results indicate that these  techniques
and  procedures  have considerable merit and are worthy of
further investigation. In areal sampling,  the cost of  obtaining
                      continuously several hundred simultaneous collections may be
                      prohibitive. One satisfactory approach is to obtain cumulative
                      indications over a period of time by simplified techniques. The
                      unit  cost  of such techniques is  insignificant compared with
                      more elaborate procedures  and equipment. These techniques
                      include  fallout  pans  and jars, adhesive paper, and  greased
                      slides for  aerosols; the lead peroxide candle method for SO2;
                      and lead acetate-impregnated papers or tiles for H2S.

                      42403
                      Katou, Tatsuo
                      GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC ANALYSIS OF ODOR  POLLU-
                      TION IN  ATMOSPHERE.  (Gasu kuromatogurafu-ho ni yoni
                      akushu no kankyo bunseki). Text in  Japanese. Anzen Kogaku
                      (J. Japan Soc. Safety Eng.), 1
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                                      C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     99
43228
Wiklander, Gosta
MEASUREMENT OF THE EMISSION OF HYDROGEN SUL-
PHIDE  AND  SULPHUR   DIOXIDE  FROM  THE  SODA
BOILERS  IN SULPHATE  MILLS.  Int.  Air PoUut  Control
Noise Abatement  Exhib. Conf.  (Proc.), Jonkoping, Sweden,
1971. p. 2:13 to 2:22. (Sept.  1-6.)
Experiments in laboratories and in the field yielded  certain in-
formation concerning the selection and processing of gas sam-
ples prior  to analysis. The gas sample  should be taken after
going  through the electrostatic precipitator, preferably after
the flue gas fan. There should be no filter on the outlet pipe
inside the  waste gas  duct  because the filters  may  become
clogged  and  gas reactions  may take place within the filters.
The actual gas sample pipe must be kept as short as possible,
and it must be heated and insulated so that the temperature of
the pipe always is above the dew point. It is important to  ob-
tain rapid  cooling  of the  gas with minimum  contact time
between gas and condensate. The  cooler must be provided
with a proper drop-separator with suitable trap for the  conden-
sate, for example a mercury lock. From the cooler, the gas is
led to a filter and then to a gas pump which forces the  gas
sample to  the analyzing apparatus. A  tape  apparatus is  the
recommended method of analysis for hydrogen sulfide. An  au-
tomatic  titration apparatus may also be employed. During  the
greater part  of  a period of 10 days,  a  soda recovery unit
showed  a  low H2S emission,  0-3 ppm. Duration of emission
peaks may be from  10 to  15 min, and in  adverse cases up to
several hours. During the 10 days, the emission value of 10
mg/cu m was exceeded for a total  of 520 min, or about 3.6%
of the operation time. Operation with low emission is depen-
dent upon  good supervision of unit operation. A new recovery
unit was tested for emissions at a variety  of air  flows. At
160,000  cu m/hr the H2S  emission was  around 1  mg/cu m.
When sulfate addition to the  unit  was stopped, there was a
relatively rapid reaction in the form of increasing H2S  content.
The sulfur dioxide in the  waste gases of recovery  units is
between 500 and 1000 mg/cu m.

43479
Gilbreath,  R. H., Jr.
SAMPLE  SYSTEMS FOR  ON-LINE SOURCE  MEASURE-
MENTS OF PULP MILL WASTE GASES.  Technical Assoc.
of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, Tappi Eng. Conf.,
26th, Proc.  1971, p. 581-594. 9 refs.
Controlled  conditioning of representative waste gas  samples
for on-line composition analysis of pulp mill waste gases is the
prime function of a properly designed sampling system. The
sample system design is influenced by selection of final analy-
sis instrumentation, source stream compositions, and physical
locations of the sampling probe. The  system  must maintain
constant temperature, pressure, and flow  of the gas sample
stream.  Undersirable stream components must be removed if
their presence diminishes and  analysis instrumentation sen-
sitivity.  Probe design and placement and the components and
functions of the gas sampling system are described. Typical
kraft mill waste gas compositions are presented.

43684
Pecsar, R. E. and C. H. Hartman
AUTOMATED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC  ANALYSIS  OF
SULFUR POLLUTANTS.  Analysis Instrumentation, vol. 9:1-4,
1971. 8 refs.
The analysis of sulfur-containing  pollutants is becoming man-
datory in operations such as kraft paper mills, fossil-fuel burn-
ing power generation, and the petrochemical refining industry.
Gas chromatography is a  versatile tool for accomplishing this
analysis in  the normal ppb to ppm concentration range. Typi-
cally an all- Teflon flow system is employed with detection by
flame photometry. However, many  procedures have become
commonplace which do not actually  represent optimum system
operation. Results are presented showing individual component
as well as total system optimization in relation to detector flow
rates, electrical operating parameters, and noise reduction. The
best column fabrication means as well as flow rate effect are
discussed with methods for achieving optimum column and de-
tector operation. For the low-level analysis of sulfur pollutants
the importance of design attention to  the  entire  system is
stressed. The practical application of all these considerations
was demonstrated with monitoring data obtained on a number
of industrial stationary sources in  the San Francisco Bay Area.
An analyzer  embodying  the desired characteristics can be
mated with an  automated sequence programmer  to provide
continuous  analysis and  intermittent calibration  completely
unattended. (Author abstract modified)

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100
                   D.  AIR  QUALITY  MEASUREMENTS
00209
R. Cederlof, M. L. Edfors, L. Friberg, and T. LindvaU
DETERMINATION  OF  ODOR THRESHOLDS  FOR  FLUE
GASES FROM A SWEDISH SULFATE CELLULOSE PLANT.
Tappi, 48(7):405-411, July 1965. Nord.  Hyg. Tidskr. Vol. 46:51-
56, 1965, Danish.
The purpose of the investigation was to determine the odor
thresholds of complex flue gases from two Swedish sulfate
certain individual processes on the odor strength of the total
measures were also studied.  Odor threshold  determinations
were  made  by means  of an exposure  apparatus especially
devised  for field studies. The subjects were tested according
to the principle of paired comparisons between test gases (in
different dilutions) and fresh air. The odor threshold was eval-
uated as a value, expressing the logarithm of the dilution fac-
tor at which on the average 50% of the subjects  noticed the
odor. The odor strength of the flue gases from the two stacks
investigated were markedly  similar. Parallel chemical analysis
showed  a correlation between the concentration of the sulfur
compounds analyzed and the odor threshold of the gases. In
studying the odor reducing effect of various  technical mea-
sures it  was found that oxidation of the flue gases with black
liquor reduced the odor threshold by approximately one power
of 10 and the  use oa a 'chlorine scrubber* by  two powers of
10. (Authors' abstract)

00690
H. P. Sanderson, P.  Bradt, and M. Katz
A STUDY  OF AIR POLLUTION IN  SADST JOHN, NEW
BRUNSWICK, CANADA. Preprint. (Presented at the 58th An-
nual Meeting, Air  Pollution  Control Association, Toronto,
Canada, June 20-24,  1965. Paper No. 65-135.)
An analysis has been made of air pollution data gathered over
a two-year period in the City of  Saint  John, N.B., which has a
population of about  95,000.  Apart from  normal activities, this
town is  also the site of a large Kraft  pulp and paper mill and
an oil refinery. Continuous measurements of smoke concentra-
tions with AISI paper tape samplers and  more limited observa-
tions  of hydrogen  sulphide with lead   acetate  impregnated
paper tape samplers were carried out  at  two sampling sites in
each case. The study has been conducted in cooperation with
the  Saint John  Board  of  Health  and  the  Meteorological
Branch, Canada Department of Transport. The soiling index
values in Cob  units  per 1000 linear ft. show a strong seasonal
trend. The soiling potential is markedly higher during the heat-
ing season  than in  the  late spring,  summer  and early fall
months. There is also evident a diurnal  variation in pollution
with a relatively high frequency of heavy concentrations oc-
curring  during the  morning hours between 8 and  9:30 a.m.,
with a secondary peak in the evening. The observations have
been correlated with wind speed and direction. A  comparison
has been made of these results with  similar data from eight
other Canadian cities. Hydrogen sulphide, as an index  of the
odor nuisance  due to sulphur compounds,  has been detected
on  many occasions, coincident  probably with subjective re-
ports of such  occurrences or reported blackening of painted
buildings. (Author abstract)
03017
P. A. Kenline
IN  QUEST   OF   CLEAN   AIR   FOR  BERLIN,   NEW
HAMPSHIRE. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Divi-
sion of Air Pollution (Technical Kept. No. A62-9) 53 pp., 1962
The city of Berlin, with a population of 15,000 is a manufac-
turing area. Manufacturing accounts for over half of all em-
ployment, with 1  plant accounting for 80% of this toal. The
population has been gradually decreasing since 1930. The city
proper occupies 4 square miles and is situated in a valley such
that frequent inversions, confinement of lateral dispersion, and
weak winds allow periods of pollutant accumulation. Levels of
suspended paniculate matter  (averaging 183 ug./cu  m) and
dustfall (35 tons/sq. miles/30 days) are relatively high, com-
pared to levels measured in other areas. Levels of sulfur diox-
ide  (averaging 16 ppb.), hydrogen sulfide (max. 23 ppb.), and
malodors, although not generally or consistently  high,  do  not
reach levels where undesirable effects are produced. Pollution
was heaviest  in areas near the pulp mill and  tended to carry
down the valley.  Air pollution problems exist in Berlin and
have  reached  levels that  justify  constructive efforts  to
ameliorate the situation. It was concluded from the study that
emissions from other than industrial operations are not of suf-
ficient magnitude to warrant consideration of  control mea-
sures. Since all of the 9 initial steps to achieve control op pol-
lulionnrelated to Brown Co., it was suggested that the Berlin
City Council request the Company to undertake the 1st 7 items
and report their findings to  the Council.  The  last 2 items
require only diligence on the part of the Company with regard
to operation and good housekeeping.

03106
D.F. Adams R.K. Koppe
AN   AIR  QUALITY  STUDY   IN  THE   VICINITY   OF
LEWISTON, IDAHO, AND CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON. J.
Air  Pollution  Control  Assoc.  16, (6) 314-6,   June  1966.
(Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965.)
This report summarizes data and conclusions from a one-year,
interstate air quality study conducted in 1962 in the vicinity of
Lewiston, Idaho, and  Clarkston,  Wash. The sampling and
analyses  techniques  were  selected to permit differentiation
between possible sources and types of air pollutants. Average
suspended paniculate  values in  downtown Lewiston and
Clarkston  were approximately 1.6  times above  the average
suspended paniculate loadings in a complex of commercial-in-
dustrial suburban activity of  North Lewiston.  At the same
time the hydrogen sulfide values were usually higher in North
Lewiston than at the downtown sites. Average soiling indexes
were relatively low. Dustfall ranged from 7.4  to 315.4 tons/sq
mile per month above background. Distribution of the dustfall
components indicated a multiplicity  of dust  sources, including
high background levels  attributed  to  airborne  soil particles
from adjacent farm land. The heavy dustfall in the downtown
commercial areas of Lewiston and Clarkston contained a high
percentage of self-generated material not related  to a specific
industrial source. Conversely, greater quantities of sodium and

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                                   D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     101
sulfate were  found in  the  North Lewiston dustfall than el-
sewhere and  were probably related  to pulp production. Sub-
stantially higher levels  of suspended participates  and dustfall
(loss  on ignition fraction)  were found  during  the heating
season. The lead peroxide candle  'sulfation' rate showed that a
significant part of the sulfur content of the air came from mul-
tiple community sources including comfort heating,  cehicular
travel, and waste disposal.  Two  weather  conditions  were as-
sociated with increased ground-level concentrations  of pollu-
tants-low level  nocturnal inversions and synoptic, stagnating
air  masses. Increased  air  stagnation also  contributrd to  the
higher gaseous  and paniculate levels  during  the heating
season. (Author summary modified)

06535
T. O.  Carver.B. Bucove.V. G. Mackenzie.and A. N. Heller
AN  APPROACH TO A  SOLUTION OF AN INTERSTATE AIR
POLLUTION  PROBLEM. Preprint. (Presented at the 57th An-
nual Meeting, Air Pollution Control  Association,  Houston,
Tex.,  June 1964.)
A six-months study (1961-1962) of an air pollution problem in
Lewiston, Idaho and  Clarkston,  Washington was made jointly
by the Departments of Health of Idaho and Washington and
the  Division of Air Pollution, Public  Health Service. Aeromet-
ric studies, meteorological conditions, materials damage, and
emission inventories were  evaluated and  preliminary con-
siderations  of  health  effects were made.  Socio-economic
aspects via a  public awareness study of air pollution  in Clark-
ston,  Washington  are reviewed in terms of survey methodolo-
gy and analysis. Complementary  studies of an odor survey in
both Lewiston and Clarkston are interpreted. The development
of a number of joint  recommendations to solve the immediate
air  resource  management   problem and  allow  for  future
economic growth in the valley is explored.  (Authors' abstract)

07390
A. J. Lynch, E. J. Bowmer, A. Sykanda, J. H. Smith,  J. H.
Emslie
COMPARISON OF METEOROLOGY AND AIR QUALITY
BETWEEN TWO  COMMUNITIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-
A PRELIMINARY REPORT.  Can. J. Public Health (Toronto),
58(6):241-248,  June 1967.  16 refs.  (Presented  at the Annu.
Meeting, Air  Pollut. Contr. Ass., Pacific Northwest Int. Sect.,
Seattle,  Wash., Nov. 3-4, 1966.)
Two  series  of sampling stations have  been established  to
develop methods for the comparison of meteorological and air
quality findings in an area exposed to the contaminants from
kraft pulp and paper mills with an unpolluted control area. The
climate was maritime in both towns and there were inversions
in both valleys in both winter and summer. The preliminary re-
port covers the methods used in establishing the sampling sta-
tions  and the meteorological observations and analyses made
between  Oct.  1965  and  June  1966.   Six  stations  were
established  in the polluted town and three in the control town
in industrial,  commercial, and residential locations. The study
will continue  until March,  1968 with additional meteorological
and air quality measurements.  Preliminary values  show  the
dust fall in the polluted  town varying from 20 to 50 tons per sq
mile and from 4 to 10 tons per sq mile in  the control town. A
secondary object of this study was to relate the concentration
of air contaminants to the incidence of respiratory disease and
to assess the  long- term effects on health of low concentrat-
ions of contaminants.
07572
Benforado, D. M. and G. Cooper
THE  APPLICATION OF  DIRECT-FLAME INCINERATION
AS AN  ODOR  CONTROL  PROCESS  IN  KRAFT PULP
MILLS.  Preprint, (19)p., (1968). 18 refs. (Presented at the
22nd  Engineering Conference,  Process Systems & Controls
Water &  Air Pollution,  TAPPI, Atlanta, Ga.,  Sept. 19-22,
1967.)
A method  of controlling  the odors  in Kraft  Pulp Mills by
direct-flame incineration is discussed. The design criteria, as
well  as the  incorporation of  heat  recovery  equipment, is
covered. A  method of  quantitatively measuring the  odor
strength of waste gases and the use of this method to deter-
mine  effectiveness of control equipment is also discussed. The
intent of the paper is to offer one method of air pollution con-
trol which  appears to be  applicable to Kraft Pulp Mills and
which may  be equated with other  methods presently  being
considered. (Authors' abstract)

09592
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C, National Center for
Air Pollution Control
LEWISTON,  IDAHO,  CLARKSTON,  WASHINGTON  AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTTVITY.  61p., Feb. 1967.  18
refs.
Investigations of air pollution in the community have  been
concerned with air quality, meteorology, sources of pollutants,
and  various  effects  of air pollution.  There  are numerous
sources of air pollution in  the community; the largest of these
is a  kraft  pulp mill located just east  of Lewiston. Other
sources include: Lumbering Operations; Asphalt Mix Plants;
Food Processing Plants; Concrete Mixing and Grain Handling;
Fuel  Usage;  Refuse Disposal; and Vehicular Emissions. The
interstate movement of pollutants, particularly  odorous  gases
emitted by the pulp mill in Idaho and transported to Clarkston,
Wash., has been demonstrated.  In a public opinion survey in
Clarkston, Wash., more than 90 percent of the persons  inter-
viewed perceived air pollution in the community as a malador
problem. The pulp mill  reported  emissions amounting to about
1,800 pounds  of hydrogen sulfide, 2,500  pounds  of mercap-
tans,  and 1,000 pounds  of organic sulfide gases  per day; about
23,000 pounds of participates,  consisting  mostly of sodium
sulfate  and  sodium carbonate per day,  from  the  mill's
recovery furnaces; and an average  of about  9,700  tons  of
water vapor per day  from all  operations. Calculated   daily
emissions  of selected pollutants from sources  other than the
pulp mill included about 4,000 pounds of participates, 100,000
pounds of carbon monoxide, and more than 20,000 pounds of
hydrocarbons. About two-thirds of the C9mmunity emissions
are released in Idaho and  about one-third  in Washington. The
valley topography of the  Lewiston-Clarkston area results in
the transport of air pollutants alternately from either of the
states to the other.

09658
Harding, C. I.
SULFATION  AND  CORROSION  MEASUREMENTS IN  A
MARINE COASTAL CITY OF FLORIDA.  In:  Proceedings of
the International Converence on Atmospheric Emissions  from
Sulfate  Pulping, Sanibel  Island, Fla., April  28, 1966. E.  R.
Hendrickson  (ed). Sponsored by: Public Health Service, Na-
tional Council for Stream Improve- ment, and University of
Florida. DeLand, Fla..  E.  O. Painter Printing Co., ((1966)), p.
354-357

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102
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
As pan of a comprehensive survey in a Marine coastal city in
Florida,  measurements  were made of  corrosion  rates  and
sulfation rates. The location of pulp mills, power plants  and
static samp- ling stations are shown on a map. Sampling  sta-
tions were located throughout the entire area of IS miles by IS
miles. At each sta- tion, sulfation, dustfall, fluoride by limed
paper,  and  corrosion  were monitored.  All  stations were
changed  once  a month.  A  1000-  foot television tower  was
located at the center of the grid. Sul- fation was measured by
the lead dioxide-candle method. The units which were used for
expressing sulfation rate were micrograms of SO3 per square
centimeter per day. Corrosion measurements were made using
carbon-steel plates which were cleaned, dried and weigh- ed,
and exposed for the 30-day period. Following exposure each
plate  again was cleaned and reweighed. The unit of measure-
ment  for corrosion rate  was milligrams of metal  oxidized per
square centimeter per month. In order to determine the effect
of marine environment on corrosion rate, a separate series of
sampling sta- tions was located on  a line through the television
tower beginning at the beach front and running into town. At
the waterfront IS miles from the center of town, the corrosion
rate  was very high but moving back from the  beach, rates
dropped off rapidly to a  back- ground level. The highest corro-
sion  rates were noticed  north of the T. V.  tower area, in the
center of the industrial area. The  corrosion rate  with vertical
distance was also measured at the T. V. tower. These data in-
dicate that the plumes  from both  the power plants and pulp
mills  have a corrosive  influence.  The background corrosion
rate in this community is rather high as would be expected in a
coastal city.

12345
Alkire, H. L.
AIR   POLLUTION IN  GARRETT COUNTY  MARYLAND.
Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality Control, 28p., March 1969.  12 refs.
The results of  a preliminary survey of air pollution conditions,
collected from existing data and personal interviews in Garrett
County,  Md.,  are presented. The  county, the westernmost in
the state, is the second largest  in  area but the most sparsely
settled.  Its topography,  meteorology,  and   land  use  are
described. Visual and odor observations and pollution mea-
surements show that a serious air pollution problem exists in
the Bloomington area in the valleys of  the southeastern  por-
tion  of  the county. This problem  originates outside the boun-
daries of the  county,  specifically in  the Luke, Maryland  -
Beryl - Hampshire,  West Virginia area. Bloomington School
had  suspended paniculate at 135%,  dustfall  at 300%,  and
sulfation at  120% of satisfactory levels. The main sources of
contamination  in  the Bloomington area  are the paper mill at
Luke, the charcoal plant in Beryl, and a coal screening opera-
tion  in  Hampshire. No measurements of air pollution  have
been  made in the other portions of the county, but indirect in-
dicators suggest that no serious air pollution problems exist, or
are likely in the foreseeable future. Several recommendations
are made for improving the pollution problems now existing.

124%
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D.
C., Bureau of Criteria and Standards
REFERENCE  BOOK SUMMARY  OF  NATIONWIDE EMIS-
SIONS. Preprint, 36p.,  1969 (?).
Estimates for  the year  1966-1967  of nationwide  emissions of
the five primary  air pollutants, carbon monoxide, oxides of
nitrogen,  sulfur oxides,  particulates,  and hydrocarbons, are
presented.  Information is broken  down by source  category.
                      urban and non-urban location, selected air quality control re-
                      gions, and projected motor vehicle emissions. The accuracy of
                      the estimates is varied due to incomplete information and in-
                      adequately defined emissions. Sources include motor vehicles,
                      gasoline and diesel engines, aircraft, railroads, vessels, coal,
                      fuel oil, natural gas, wood, solid  waste disposal, primary and
                      secondary metal industry, cement manufacture, oil refineries,
                      chemical  processing,  paper manufacture, and feed milling. A
                      summary of the methodology used to arrive at the estimated
                      figures  is presented.

                      12648
                      S. F. Galeano
                      HOW  TO  DEVELOP  AIR  SURVEILLANCE  PROGRAMS
                      FOR PULP  MILLS.  Paper Trade  J., 153(0:41-43, Jan. 6, 1969.
                      2 Refs.
                      Air quality and emission standards are being prepared and im-
                      plemented by local and  state authorities on a continuing basis.
                      Emissions to the atmosphere by pulp and paper mills, as well
                      as other industrial plants, wQl be governed by these standards.
                      The most meaningful contribution of a paper mill air  surveil-
                      lance program  would be in  providing data essential  to  the
                      establishment of realistic air quality standards.  With such a
                      program supported by management, a company will be  in a
                      position to authoritatively recommend realistic air criteria for
                      the  area  surrounding a particular manufacturing facility. A
                      substantive  surveillance  program is outlined.

                      16062
                      Donkelaar Van, A.
                      AIR QUALITY CONTROL IN A BLEACHED KRAFT MILL.
                      Can. Pulp Paper Assn.,  Tech. Sec., p. T346-T350, 1967 (?). 10
                      refs. (Presented at Paper Ind.  Air and  Stream Improvement
                      Conf., 3rd, Vancouver, B. C., 1967.)
                      The air pollution control program of a bleached kraft  mill in
                      northern  Calif,  is described. By using black liquor oxidation,
                      hydrogen sulfide emissions from  the stack were reduced to
                      near zero, and  a high degree of efficiency  in eliminating mer-
                      captans and organic sulfides was reached  through treatment by
                      incineration. A detailed  in-plant monitoring program for mea-
                      suring emissions is described and  the results reported weekly
                      to  the   local  Air  Pollution Control District.  The  use of
                      telephone responses  and home monitoring systems are  also
                      valuable. Four-hour  checks  on  critical  equipment, weather
                      measurements,   and an  ambient  air  monitoring  program  in
                      which paniculate fall-out is measured at seven stations,  are
                      also part  of the control program. Data show typical main stack
                      emissions, lime kiln  stack emissions, and green liquor dis-
                      solver stack emissions.

                      16619
                      Adams, D. F. and R. K. Koppe
                      AN   AIR  QUALITY  STUDY  IN  THE  VICINITY   OF
                      LEWISTON, IDAHO, AND CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON.
                      Washington State Univ., Pullman, Div. of Industrial Research,
                      Kept. 65-138, 32p., 1962. 12 refs.
                      A one-year air quality   survey in  the vicinity of Lewiston,
                      Idaho and Clarkston, Washington was conducted. Air samples
                      were collected or measurement of dustfall, suspended particu-
                      lates, soiling index,  sulfation,  hydrogen sulfide,  and reducing
                      gases. The  survey area  is characterized  by a  prevailing  light
                      easterly wind drift with occasional strong gusts accompanying
                      the  passage of self-developed  frontal systems  from the west.
                      High valley walls,  by limiting  northerly  or southerly  disper-
                      sion, contain much of  the pollutants within the valley. The

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                                   D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     103
study year was characterized by  greater than normal turbu-
lence,  favoring dilution and  wider dispersion of pollutants.
Suspended paniculate loadings ranged from average to exces-
sive for urban areas, and values for downtown Lewiston and
Clarkston were 1.6 times the average in a complex of commer-
ical-industrial-suburban activity. The average values for soiling
index were considered light.  Analysis of the components  of
dustfall indicated a multiplicity of  dust sources, including high
background levels attributed to airborne soil particles swept in
from adjacent areas. The heavy dustfall of downtown commer-
ical areas contained a high percentage of self-generated materi-
al not related to a specific industrial source. Dustfall in subur-
ban areas contained greater  quantities of sodium, calcium, and
sulfate than were found elsewhere and were probably related
to kraft pulping. Data indicated a  need for reduction of emis-
sions of paniculate matter of all kinds. Odorous sulfur gases
were found throughout the areas  with the highest  levels  in
North Lewiston. Low-level inversions and synoptic, stagnating
air  masses were associated with  ground-level fumigation  of
these gases. When such periods develop, the  natural fog and
the  man-made pollutants become indistinguishable. Sulfation
shows  that a significant part  of the sulfur content of the air
arises  from  multiple  community  sources including comfort
heating, vehicular  travel,  and  waste disposal. Substantially
higher  levels  of  paniculate and gaseous  pollutants were ob-
tained  during the  heating  season,  indicating that emissions
resulting from combustion of fuels contributed significantly to
overall air pollution.  Winter meteorological  stagnation, less
favorable  for dispersal of pollutants, also contributed signifi-
cantly  to the higher pollutant levels found during the heating
season. (Author abstract modified)

17630
Kogo, Tetsutaro, Ryosaku Endo, Tatsunori Oyake, and
Hiroshi Shirakawa
OFFENSIVE  ODORS. 9. INVESTIGATION OF THE EXIST-
ING CONDITIONS IN HOKKAIDO WITH RESPECT TO OF-
FENSIVE  ODORS (FIRST  REPORT). INVESTIGATION OF
THE ORIGINS OF  THE  ODORS, THE DAMAGE BEING
CAUSED, AND THE REACTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF THE
LOCAL RESIDENTS.  Taiki  Os  Kenkyu (J.  Japan  Soc. Air
Pollution), 2(0:48-58, 1967. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
Out of 1586 cases of  complaints  and  petitions  concerning
public hazards received by  the Hokkaido local government in
1965, those related to offensive odors accounted for 25.6%. An
investigation  of the situation  was conducted.  The sources  of
odor  included  marine  products  processing  plants, animal
stockyards, paper manufacturing factories, garbage and trash
disposal faculties, agricultural products processing plants, and
animal carcass disposal facilities. An investigation of  odor dif-
fusion  was conducted at  23  different offensive  odor  sites.
Twenty-four measuring points were set up on concentric cir-
cles of radius 500, 200, 100, and 50 m,  with the plant being the
center. The measurements were made with the sense  of smell.
At distances of more than 100 m,  the number  of appraisals  of
'no  odor' was greatest, then 'faint odor', 'definite odor', 'very
strong odor',  and 'unbearable  odor', in that order. Occurrence
rates of 'definite odor' were highest downwind of the source,
and the odor extended to a greater distance. Questionnaires
were distributed  to residents of the area, and inquiries were
made concerning their reactions and attitudes toward the odor.
A total of 70.9% of all the people interviewed appraised the
odor to be 'definite odor' or greater.
20377
Zhilin, P. N.
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN LITHUANIAN CITIES.
 U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, vol. 8: 174-179, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) CFST1: 63-
11570
The results of a series of air quality measurements made over
a period of years in the cities of Vilna, Kaunas, and Klaipeda
are reported. Two  electric  heat  and power stations and  a
number of manufacturing plants were found to be  the chief
sources of pollution in the Lithuanian SSR, as determined by
dust measurements. Children living in the vicinity of  one  of
the power plants were examined in 1952 for respiratory effects
from  pollution; the resulting morbidity data showed that in-
fluenza, adenoids, pulmonary tuberculosis, and pneumonia oc-
curred most frequently among children living in the areas  of
greatest air pollution.  It is recommended that  dust collectors
be installed at coal- and  steam-operated electric  stations and
that two large power plants and most smaller domestic  and in-
dustrial buildings convert  to gas burning. In addition, the cellu-
lose paper plant in Klaipeda should take steps to reduce sulfur
dioxide emissions,  some changeover to electric transportation
systems should  take place, and certain industrial plants should
be moved to locations away  from populated  areas. Inspection
and reporting stations are needed  to achieve greater pollution
control.

22591
Zhilin, P. N.
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN LITHUANIAN CITIES.
 U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, vol. 8:174-179,  1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.)  CFSTI: 63-
11570
Results of an  investigation  of  the  air quality  of  several
Lithuanian cities indicate  that two electric heat and power sta-
tions, a cellulose-paper combine, and a sulfate plant are major
contributors to air pollution.  At 100 m and 300 m from one of
the two power  stations, dust concentrations were, respective-
ly, 22 times and 35 times in excess of the allowable limits. The
highest dust concentrations from the other station  were found
at a distance of 300 m; this may be due to the fact that the sta-
tion's 99-m smokestack carries the ash farther before it begins
to settle. Numerous complaints were received  from residents
living 300-499  m from the station.  Influenza,  pulmonary tu-
berculosis, and pneumonia  occur frequently  among children
living in the area of the 99-m stack. The present investigation
also disclosed an increase in serious respiratory disturbances
in children residing near the cellulose-paper combine's new
acid producing plant Sulfur dioxide emissions from this plant
exceed by 10 times the allowable concentration.  It is  recom-
mended that the electric  power plants be equipped with dust
collectors and that sulfur dioxide emissions from the cellulose-
paper combine be controlled  by proper absorption equipment.
It is further recommended that railroad transportation be elec-
trified and that foundries and other industries emitting dust
and gases be separated from populated  areas by a sanitary
clearance zone.

24227
Randerson, Dairy 1
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MN AND BR IN AN URBAN AREA
AS REVEALED THROUGH ACTIVATION ANALYSIS.  At-
mos. Environ.. 4(3):249-257, May 1970. 8 refs.
In an  attempt to identify some of the components of air pollu-
tion in Houston, fifteen high-volume samplers were operated

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104
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
continuously  for 24-hr  periods.  The  major  industries  in
Houston  consist of oil refineries and petrochemical plants as
well as secondary manufacturers such as steel mills, fertilizer
companies, and  paper mills.  Filter papers  from one  day of
sampling were irradiated in a thermal neutron flux and the
resulting  radio-  nuclides were  identified.  Manganese  and
bromine were detected. The primary source of Mn compounds
probably  would  be  process losses  from cement companies,
chemical  companies, and a steel mill located upwind from the
sampling  stations, while it is proposed that the Br compounds
may have originated from ethyl fuel combustion. During one
24-hr  period, the concentrations of Mn ranged from  0.02 to
0.56 micrograms inverse cu m while those of Br ranged from
0.04 to 1.09 micrograms inverse cu m. The spatial distributions
of these two elements were related to the meteorological con-
ditions. Patterns of concentration appeared to be related to the
predominant direction  of wind. Depending on the elements to
be detected, the average cost per sample is estimated to be
between $50 and $100. (Author abstract modified)

27673
Hiroshima Prefecture!  Government (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
AIR POLLUTION IN  HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE. 1ST RE-
PORT.  (Hiroshima- ken ni  okeru taikiosen.  Dai 1 po). Text in
Japanese. 374p., Feb. 1970.
Air pollution caused by soot and dust has become a social
problem  in Hiroshima Prefecture,  both in Otake city (where
the main industries are paper manufacturing and petrochemi-
cals) and in Kure city  (with iron and steel and shipbuilding in-
dustries). Environmental investigations were carried out by the
municipal authorities  concerned,  and fundamental  investiga-
tions  by  the prefecture! authorities, in order to designate the
polluted areas as defined under the anti-pollution law. Based
on  the  results  of  these   investigations,  Otake   city  was
designated as  suffering from air pollution from  March 1968,
and Kure city from March  1969. The  extent of air pollution
has subsequently been kept under continuous  surveillance.
This report describes the results of the fundamental survey of
the designated areas carried out by the prefectural authorities,
and the basic  survey  of air pollution  carried out by the mu-
nicipal authorities, divided  into  regional groupings of 8 dis-
tricts  in  Hiroshima  Prefecture  (Otake,  Kure,  Fukuyama,
Mihara, Hiroshima, Onomichi, Takehara, and Fuchu city). The
results of controls established under the anti- pollution law and
a survey  of specific harmful substances are also given.

31276
Hokkaido Inst. of Public Health, Sapporo (Japan)
REPORT  ON THE   RESULTS  OF  AIR  POLLUTION IN-
VESTIGATION  IN  HOKKAIDO. PART VI.  (Hokkaido  no
taikiosen  chosa sokutei kekka  hokoku. Dai-6-ho).  Text in
Japanese. 210p.,  March 1970.
Air pollution was measured in Muroran, Asahikawa, Kushiro,
Tomakomai, and Obihiro,  in Hokkaido from April 1968 to
March 1969. In Muroran, the main influence on air pollution is
the strong wind  from  the northwest and west northwest that
brings the pollutants from  the industrial to residential areas.
For example,  at one station, 52.66 tons/sq  km/month of set-
tling dust was recorded as the annual average. Sulfur dioxide
concentration  measured by  electroconductivity  was much
higher than in other cities.  Asahikawa  had  an annual average
settling dust of 56.7 tons near the industrial  plants,  and during
the cold  season,  sulfur dioxide  was concentrated  in  the re-
sidential  areas. In Kushiro, the annual average concentration
was 0.34 mg sulfur trioxide/100 sq cm/day,  and the maximum
was 1.14 in January. Sulfur dioxide was relatively  more con-
                      centrated in industrial and residential areas during the colder
                      season. In Tomakomai, settling dusts were not very signifi-
                      cant, and sulfur dioxide, measured by the lead peroxide candle
                      method, was concentrated around the center city and near the
                      paper manufacturing plant. In Obihiro, air pollution is not yet
                      serious,  but the tendency  of a  metropolitan-type air pollution
                      (pollution from heating) is becoming apparent.

                      33108
                      Fuji City Citizens Committee for Environmental Pollution
                      Control (Japan)
                      REPORT OF THE SURVEY ON PUBLIC NUISANCE IN FUJI
                      AREA (1).  (Fuji  chiiki kogai  chosasho, dai 1-pen). Text  in
                      Japanese. 88p., Sept. 1969.
                      Pollution in the Fuji industrial  area includes detailed data on
                      climatic  characteristics, the mechanism and the state of air
                      pollution in the area centered  around Motoyoshihara Junior
                      High School,  comparison  with  Yokkaichi city, bad odor and
                      noise, sources of odor emission, a  survey of respiratory dis-
                      eases in the area, results of questionnaires, water pollution  of
                      the sea and rivers, influence of  pollution on plants and agricul-
                      tural produce, and the state of pollution in the neighboring Fu-
                      jikawa  township. Fuji  Municipal Motoyoshihara Junior High
                      School is located in the most polluted area in the  entire  Fuji
                      industrial complex; situated on  a sand dune near the  shore  of
                      Suruga Bay, it is flanked by four large plants on the west and
                      10 on the north. The sulfur dioxide counts go up characteristi-
                      cally with north-northwest winds; with 5 m/sec winds, it can
                      go above 0.1 ppm. The average  SO2 count from five months in
                      1968 was 0.093 ppm. The pollution sources include  Kraft  pulp
                      mills,  cellophane plants, chemical factories,  Tagonoura  port
                      dredgers, aluminum electrolysis plants, fertilizer plants, and
                      automobile exhaust gas. In the neighboring Kanbara township,
                      there is also a light metal company. Pollutants  are soot and
                      other participates (lime, mirabillite), sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
                      sulfide and other sulfides, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine gas and
                      chlorides, nitrogen compounds,  and dusts. According to the in-
                      vestigation in April  1968,  the total  heavy oil consumption  in
                      Fuji city was 2,240 Id/day; black liquor, 2,750 kl/day; coal,  23
                      t/day; coke, 5 t/day; and wood, 16 t/day. The calculated  total
                      sulfur dioxide emissions was  130 t/day from heavy oil and  49
                      t/day from black liquor. According  to an investigation by the
                      Fuji Medical Association  between Nov.  1967  and  Oct. 1968,
                      bronchitis and asthma cases in the polluted areas were 2.5
                      times as many  as  those in nonpolluted  areas, and cases  of
                      asthmatic bronchitis in the former were four times as many  as
                      those in the latter. The ratio of asthmatic children  in polluted
                      and nonpolluted areas was 37:18;  the  number  of absences,
                      131:27; and average absence per child, 3.63:1.49.

                      33708
                      Koike, Kazumi, Norikatsu Hanamura, Kazuma Ishida, Banichi
                      Tomida, Jun-ichi Hayashi, and Kazuo Toyoshima
                      DUST FALL IN THE NEGHBORHOOD OF A PAPER MANU-
                      FACTURING FACTORY (V).  (Seishi kojo shuhen  no kokajin
                      chosa  ni tsuite. (Dai 5 ho)). Text in Japanese. Aichi-ken Eisei
                      Kenkyushoho (Kept. Aichi Inst. Public Health), no. 21:145-150,
                      March 1971. 6 refs.
                      Dust fall measurements in the vicinity of a pulp paper factory
                      were correlated with effects of wind direction and velocity,
                      rainfall, and output of pulp. Samples were collected by deposit
                      gauge  on a monthly basis. The increase in dust fall value  at
                      two measuring stations  determined  the  influence of  wind
                      direction in the summer. Later measurements showed no in-
                      crease in dust fall concentration, determining that the absolute
                      quantity of paniculate matter discharged from the factory was
                      decreased, and the deposit gauge was effective.

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                                   D. AIR  QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     105
35051
Bosch. John C., Michael J. Pilat, and Bjorn F. Hrutfiord
SIZE DISTRIBUTION  OF AEROSOLS  FROM A KRAFT
MILL RECOVERY FURNACE. Tappi, 54(10:1871-1875, Nov.
1971. 11 refs.
The  size distribution of particulates emitted  from a kraft mill
recovery furnace  was  measured using a source test cascade
impactor designed for isokinetic sampling directly inside the
stack. The distributions  were calculated from  the weight of
solids deposited on each impactor stage. Particle mass median
diameter was one micron at the electrostatic precipitator inlet
and  1.4 micron at the outlet. Sodium chloride concentration
was  higher  in  the  submicron particles at  the electrostatic
precipitator outlet but independent of size at the inlet. (Author
abstract modified)

35437
FINAL  REPORT ON  THE EMISSIONS  INVENTORY FOR
THE STATE OF ALABAMA.  TRW Systems Group, McLean,
Va.,  Washington Operations, Office of Air Programs Contract
68-02-0048, 93p. Aug. 1971. 33  refs. NTIS: PB 203467
Under  the Clean  Air Act of 1970, as amended, each  state is
required to submit a plan for the implementation and enforce-
ment of  national  ambient air quality standards for each air
quality control region in the state. An initial requirement for
each  of these plans   is  an  emission  inventory  for each
designated  region. The  Alabama Emission Inventory is sum-
marized in charts and  tables that serve as a guide to control
strategy development and selection. Point source data required
for preparation of the  report were  obtained  from question-
naires  and follow-up contacts with  individual sources;  area
source data were obtained from various governmental agencies
and personal contract with knowledgeable individuals. All data
were transferred to  prepared computer load  sheets  and
processed by the  Environmental Protection Agency inventory
computer program. The Metropolitan  Mobile and Birmingham
areas were divided into grid networks for the purpose of ap-
portioning the emissions in these areas.  All  other emission
totals are reported by political jurisdiction and  region. Sources
included coal boilers and burners, fuel oil burners,  natural gas
boilers, open burning, incineration, solvent evaporation, diesel
engines,  railroads, ships, gasoline  motor vehicles,  surface
coating, petroleum refining and  distribution,  wood burning,
solid waste disposal,  pulp mills,  and  power  plants  for re-
sidential, industrial and commercial areas. Sulfur dioxide, car-
bon monoxide, hydrocarbons,  particulates, and nitrogen oxides
were measured.

37968
Kifune, Ikuei, Toshiichi Okita, and Riuichi Sugai
RELATION BETWEEN ODOR INTENSITY  FOR NUISANCE
SOURCE  AND  ODOROUS GASES  OF  AROUND KRAFT
PULP MILLS.  (Parupu kojo shuhen no akushu gasu nodo to
shukido  oyobi hasseigen  kyodo to  no  kankei). Text in
Japanese.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.  Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):225, 1971. (Presented at the National  Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29,  1971.)
The  odor concentration and malodorant concentration  in and
around the kraft  pulp  mill in Niigata Prefecture  were mea-
sured.  Samples were collected at  the inlet and outlet  of the
malodorant treatment tower and oxidation tower and at loca-
tions 100, 200,  500, 800. 1000, and 1500 m  from the  source;
samples  were analyzed by gas  chromatography  and  spec-
trophotometry. The highest concentration was found at the in-
let,  i.e., methyl  mercaptan  103,484 ppm,  dimethyl  sulfide
22,754 ppm, and  hydrogen sulfide 674.3 ppm  which were
reduced to  1/2 to  1/300 at the outlet. The ratio of sulfide com-
pounds in the surrounding area was similar to the composition
ratio at the source. The relationship between  the odorant con-
centration and odor concentration was quantified according to
the Weber-Fechner law.

41167
Suzuki, K., A. Nishidate, and S. Izumi
AN INVESTIGATION  AND STUDIES ON THE STATE  OF
POLLUTION  AND COUNTERMEASURES  IN  AOMORI.
(Aomoriken ni okeru kogai no jittai t taisaku  ni kansuru chosa
kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 4(1):2, 1969. (Presented at the  Japan Society of
Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
With the construction starting in about 1965 of numerous new
industries in addition to the previous marine  product industri-
al,  Hachinoe City, Aomori Prefecture foresaw an increase of
various  types of  pollution including odor,  soot, stack  gas,
noise, and vibration. The new construction included 404 plants
for food industries, two chemical factories, 26 ceramics plants,
20 steel factories,  33 plants for metal manufacturing and fabri-
cation, 26 plants for non-ferrous metallurgy, and 16 paper-pulp
mills. Aomori  Prefecture  and  the  city of Hachinoe  had
cooperated  on control and prevention plans and on establish-
ing standards and  enforcement plans, since 1965. In June 1965,
six air pollution monitoring  stations were  installed and four
more were  added in September  1968.  Settling particles  are
measured by deposit gauges; sulfur dioxide by the lead dioxide
and para rosanilin methods  and automatic  measuring recor-
ders, suspended particulates by hi-volume air samplers, digital
dust counters, tape air  samplers, and automatic measurement
recorders; and wind direction and velocity by automatic self-
recording  anemometers.  Soot  measurements  shows  that
between  1965 and 1968, the  index increased  from 6.2 tons/sq
km to 8.4 tons, 11.2 tons, and finally 10.8 tons. Sulfur dioxide
measurement was 0.22 mg/day/sq cm in 1965,  0.35 mg in 1966;
0.48 mg in 1967, and 0.37 in 1968. Industrial areas and adjacent
areas showed the highest measurements.

44735
DeVoss, Charles R.
ANNUAL REPORT DIVISION  OF AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL  DEPARTMENT OF  PUBLIC  SAFETY  CITY  OF
COLUMBUS, OHIO 1971. Columbus Dept. of Public Safety,
Ohio, Division of Air Pollution Control, 32p.,  1971.
Columbus,  Ohio  is  relatively  free  of  major  air pollution
problems. The city will have the responsibility early  in 1972
for enforcement of the  State Air Pollution Control Board stan-
dards by the final compliance date of July 1, 1975. On seven
days in 1971, Columbus was  affected by the odor from  a kraft
paper mill 45 mi south of the city. This  is compared  with  16
days the previous year.  Air pollution alerts were in effect
because of air stagnation for  16 days during 1971. This was  not
indicated on the city s coefficient of haze instrument. Dust  fall
increased slightly  to 17.7 T/sq mi/mo probably as a result of
less rainfall. Sulfur dioxide in the ambient air was well below
State and  Federal standards.  Suspended particulates were
higher than  Federal standards at two locations and  lower at
the third. Nitrogen dioxide and oxidant were higher than  the
standards but carbon monoxide was lower. Upon adoption of
the ordinance, industry  will be required to comply by permit.

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106
                    E.   ATMOSPHERIC  INTERACTION
00952
A. C. Harkness and F. E. Murray
GAS PHASE OXIDATION OF METHYL SULFIDE.  Preprint.
(Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, San Francisco,  Calif., June 20-25,  1966, Paper
No. 66-58.)
Methyl sulfide and oxygen react  explosively at temperatures
as low as 210 degrees. At 195 degrees, the nonexplosive reac-
tion exhibits an initiation stage and a main stage. The rate of
the main stage  as  determined from  pressure-time curves is
linearly dependent on initial oxygen pressure, but substantially
independent of initial methyl sulfide pressure. The activation
energy of the main stage is 42 kcal/mole. The extent of the in-
itiation stage  is reduced by increasing  oxygen pressure. The
main oxidation products are sulfur dioxide and carbon monox-
ide. Even with  an excess of oxygen not all methyl sulfide
reacts. (Author abstract)

25338
Weather Wing (7th), McChord AFB, Wash., Detachment 5
TERMINAL FORECAST REFERENCE FILE.  107p., Feb. 25,
1970. 3 refs. NTIS, DDC: AD 709209
This reference file  discusses  factors affecting the weather at
McChord AFB, Wash. It was compiled to provide a written
record of local forecasting information and problems, to serve
as a ready reference  for local forecasting techniques and cli-
matological data, and to acquaint newly assigned forecasters
with pertinent weather phenomena peculiar to the local  area
and  with  information accumulated through  study  and  ex-
perience  at the  station. The  location and  topography of  the
area are  described, and  the seasonal  weather features  are
discussed. Smoke,  sometimes combined with haze, is  quite
common when an inversion is present. A copper smelter and a
pulp mill in the area are major  smoke sources  with lesser
amounts  emitted from an aluminum plant and an industrial
area.  Three asphalt  plants  in the area  contribute to  fog
problems. Significant weather phenomena in the region  are
discussed, including:  cyclones, clouds, thunderstorms, wind,
and visibility restrictions. Climatic aids  are presented in  the
form  of  temperature  means  and  extremes,  precipitation
statistics, wind rose, and ceiling or visibility figures. Objective
methods  for forecasting various  weather situations  are  con-
sidered. A  series of  weather forecasting problems and their
solutions  are presented  for  the  area surrounding McChord
AFB.

31865
Weather Squadron, 15th, Charleston AFB, S. C., Detachment
3
TERMINAL FORECAST REFERENCE  FILE, CHARLESTON
AFB, SOUTH CAROLINA.  47p., Jan. 1971. 1  ref. NTIS,
DDC: AD 718120
Factors affecting the weather at  Charleston Air Force Base,
South  Carolina were discussed.  Location  and  topography
weather controls,  climactic  aids,  and  local  forecast studies
were included. The major air pollution  source is  a paper mill
located about three  miles east of the base. Under stable at-
mospheric conditions, the smoke shows no tendency to diffuse
and actually forms a streamer visible for  many miles. From
the surface to 500 ft, the average wind is from an 80 degrees
to 100 degrees in direction. With a low inversion present,  visi-
bility generally is reduced to three quarters of a mile to one
and one half miles.  When the inversion breaks, visibility in-
creases to four  miles or greater, depending on the wind and
convective currents. A second smoke source is the Stark In-
dustrial area on the  bank of the Ashley  River, three miles
southeast of the base. This smoke has the effect of lowering
visibility to about five miles when the lower 2000 to 3000 feet
of the atmosphere is very stable and a sea breeze  is blowing.
Measurements  taken include cloud  height, visibility,  wind
direction, temperature, and pressure.  Major and minor synop-
tic  patterns for  the  four seasons were discussed.  A thun-
derstorm  study  for the  Charleston Air Force Base was  also
presented.

37091
Wright, R. H.
THE DISSEMINATION OF  ODORS FROM  KRAFT  MILL
SMOKE STACKS.  Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), 56(5):131-
134, April 1955.  14 refs.
Recent developments in the field of black  liquor oxidation
combined with measures to absorb  digester gases show  that
the release of  kraft mil] malodors  can  be very materially
reduced. There is, however, a small amount of residual odor,
mainly associated with the  stack gases  from the recovery
plant.  The logarithmic  relation  between  concentration of
odorant and smell intensity is an obstacle to complete odor
elimination, but a very large reduction in the area of the af-
fected territory  can be expected. The mathematical theory of
smoke dispersion as developed by  Sutton is applied to the
problem of odors from the stack gases, and the effect of the
different  variables is shown  in  a series of curves. Very tall
chimneys are not in themselves  a  practical solution to the
problem,  and would be  justified only under certain special
conditions and in conjunction with other measures to treat the
stack gases. (Author abstract modified)

39112
Hastings, L., R. Freitag, and A. Smith
FALLOUT OF SODIUM SULPHATE NEAR A KRAFT MILL.
Atmos. Environ., 6(4):241-246, April 1972. 3 refs.
The rate of fallout of sulfale in the form of sodium  sulfate was
determined in the vicinity of a kraft mill. Snow cores of ap-
proximately 10 cm diam  which extended from the surface of
the snow  to the  soil beneath, and samples from a surface layer
no more  than 8 cm  were taken at the 28 sites near the  mill.
Core samples alone were taken at the 30 other sites.  These
samples which weighed about 1 kg each were melted, filtered,
and analyzed for sulfate  concentration using a turbidimetric
method. The rate of fallout decreased with  increasing distance
from the mill. The difference between the concentration deter-
mined by taking surface  samples and core samples is  men-

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                                   E. ATMOSPHERIC  INTERACTION                                 107

tuned. Samples taken after May 1 along the West and North     to melt, the sodium sulfate is able to escape and determination
transits predict a much lower rate of fallout than the samples     of the concentration after an extended warm  period will not
taken in colder weather. This indicates that as the snow begins     yield a meaningful rate of fallout.

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108
              F.  BASIC  SCIENCE   AND  TECHNOLOGY
01784
D.F. Adams, R.K. Koppe, W.N. Tuttle
ANALYSIS   OF   KRAFT-MILL,   SULFUR-CONTAINING
GASES WITH GLC IONIZAION. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 15, (1) 31-3, Jan. 1965
The  technique  includes  the  use of  two  chromatographic
columns in series to separate O2, N2.CO.CO2, H2O, H2S,
SO2,  and  CH3SH.  Column  1,  containing  Triton  45 on
Chromosorb,  separates H2O, H2S, SO2 and CH2SH. Column
2, packed  with Molecular Sieve, separates O2, N2, CO2. The
conditions required to obtain adequate  sensitivity and separa-
tion are discussed. (Author abstract)

05385
Martinez, S. E.
SUGAR  CANE BAGASSE SHIFTS FROM A  WASTE FUEL
TO BASIC RAW  MATERIAL. Power 108. (1) 52-5, Jan. 1964.
Most sugar cane  producing countries have discovered that to
improve their economy,  their  own  paper  products can be
produced  with available  vegetable  raw materials, such  as
bagasse. Sugar cane plantations are not only in existence, but
the sugar  cane  is a yearly crop, providing abundant raw
material from the very first year of operation.  Equivalent fuel
cost is the largest single factor in determining cost of bagasse
delivered to a pulp mill. When  this cost is reasonable and
proper methods are adopted for depilhing,  handling,  storing
and transporting  the bagasse, there is no doubt that this raw
material can be delivered to the pulp mill at a favorable price.
When another fuel is substituted for bagasse the boiler fur-
naces usually must  be  rebuilt,  or  new  boilers  must be
purchased to obtain high boiler efficiencies. These investments
are charged against the actual cost of  the bagasse produced.
Oven dry bagasse has a gross calorific value of about 8200 Btu
per Ib. Bagasse with 50 percent moisture has a gross heating
value of about 4400 Btu  per Ib. Since efficiency of bagasse
boilers is about 55 percent, this represents a net heating value
of only  2400  Btu per Ib  for fresh bagasse. If we substitute
Bunker C oil  (18,000 Btu per Ib) and use a boiler efficiency of
80 percent, the net heating value  equals 14,000 Btu per Ib. This
means  one ton of fuel  oil replaces  about 6 tons of fresh
bagasse, or 3 tons of OD bagasse. If the substitute fuel hap-
pens to be coal of 12,000 Btu per Ib and we consider a boiler
efficiency  of 78 percent, net heating value for a pound of coal
will be 9370 Btu per Ib. This  means one ton  of OD bagasse
(burned  at  50 percent moisture  content) equals 0.53 tons of
coal. If  we consider natural gas with gross heating value of
1000 Btu cu ft, it turns out that one short tone of OD bagasse
(burned at 50 percent moisture content) equals 12,000 cu ft of
natural gas. Conclusions among the various agricultural fibers
used for pulp, sugar cane bagasse has the  greatest promise to
become a major fiber for thw world's pulp and paper industry.
Every sign points to bagasse playing an important role in the
phenomenal expansion of the pulp and paper industry, which
will take place in  the immediate years ahead.
06719
Harkness, A. C. and F. E. Murray
GAS PHASE OXIDATION OF METHYL MERCAPTAN.  In-
tern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol. 10, p. 245-251. 1966. 8 refs.
The reaction between methyl mercaptan and oxygen in the gas
phase has been examined in the temperature range 201 to 275
C. Sulfur dioxide is the chief product of the reaction,  being
formed  together with methane at the  start of the  reaction.
Other products of the reaction are  carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide,  hydrogen,  formaldehyde  and  methanol.  In  the
presence of excess oxygen, complete conversion to sulfur
dioxide  is obtained quickly at 275 C. At lower temperatures
and lower oxygen content much of the  sulfur remains  unac-
counted for. In confirmation of previous work the rate of reac-
tion was found to be strongly accelerated by oxygen and to be
inhibited by mercaptan.

09498
J. E. Landry
THE EFFECT OF A SECOND ORDER CHEMICAL REAC-
TION ON THE  ABSORPTION OF METHYL MERCAPTAN
IN A LAMINAR LIQUID JET. Thesis (Ph.D), Louisiana State
Univ., Baton, Rouge, Univ., Microfilms, Inc., 1966, 176p.
A versatile gas absorption device, called a laminar liquid jet,
was  fabricated  to  study the diffusion coefficients,  mass
transfer  coefficients, and the  kinetics of  absorption  with
chemical reaction The laminar liquid jet was chosen to obtain
the  basic absorption data on the  methyl mercaptan-sodium
hydroxide system,  because  its unique  fluid dynamic  and
operating characteristics  allow  the use  of the penetration
theory for the  description of the process. The absorption data
measured with the laminar jet can  be analyzed to determine
reaction rates for a postulated reaction mechanism. The diffu-
sion coefficients of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and methyl
mercaptan in water at 25  deg. C. were measured. The gas ab-
sorption  rates  in the liquid jet follow the penetration theory
results over the  studied contact time range of 2.5 to 30 mil-
liseconds. The measured  values of  the diffusion coefficients
were comparable with repotted  results. The absorption of
methyl mercaptan in aqueous  solutions of sodium hydroxide,
as measured in the  laminar liquid jet apparatus, were corre-
lated by  the penetration theory solutions for an infinitely fast
irreversible reaction. The  diffusion of the hydroxyl ion deter-
mines the effect on the  mass transfer rate, which would differ
significantly if the sodium hydroxide diffused as a molecular
specie with its salt diffusivity. The reaction of the dissolved
methyl mercaptan with the hydroxyl ions is a very fast second
order irreversible reaction with a forward rate constant in the
order of  100,000 liters/gram-moles-second. The kinetics of this
equation was  inferred by  extension  of the penetration theory
solutions in the  parametric range studied. The absorption of
dilute gas solutions  of  methyl mercaptan in aqueous sodium
hydroxide contacted in  a packed absorber was predicted  by a
method  of calculation based on the penetration theory. Know-
ing the reaction kinetics and the  physical absorption constants
the height of chemical absorbers can be calculated.

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                                F.  BASIC  SCIENCE  AND  TECHNOLOGY
                                                     109
10308
Robert K. Koppe, and Donald F. Adams
GAS-PHASE  CHLOREMATION  OF  KRAFT  PULP  MILL
GASES. TAPPI, 51(5) 193-195, May 1968. 12 refs.
Gas-phase chlorinalion of gases from  kraft pulp  mills appears
to be of limited value as a means  of odor reduction. In labora-
tory experiments,  gas  samples from  the  recovery furnace,
batch digester,  multiple-effect evaporator, and lime kiln of a
mill were charged with known volumes of chlorine gas and the
reactions were recorded  by gas chromatography. The chlorine
oxidized the methyl mercaptan in the  gases to dimethyl disul-
fide but did not change the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
or dimethyl sulfide in the samples. Complete elimination of the
methyl mercaptan apparently  is possible if adequate chlorine
doses are added. However, the odor reduction effected in the
total gaseous effluent would probably  not be sufficient to jus-
tify use of this process on a plant  scale. (Authors' Abstract

12662
W. T. McKean. Jr., B. F. Hrutfiord, K. V.  Sarkanen
KINETICS OF METHYL MERCAPTAN  AND DIMETHYL
SULFIDE  FORMATION IN  KRAFT PULPING.   Tappi,
51(12):564-567, Dec. 1968. 10 refs.
Earlier rate studies on the formation of methyl mercaptan and
dimethyl sulfide in kraft  pulping were  repeated under carefully
controlled conditions.  While the  rate  data obtained were  in
good agreement with earlier results, somewhat higher values
were obtained for the rate constant of dimethyl sulfide forma-
tion (k2) at temperatures above 160 degrees C. This difference
in results was traced to pH effects. It was possible to demon-
strate that the  rate of dimethyl  sulfide formation is directly
proportional to  mercaptide  concentration,  while  un-ionized
mercaptan does not react with lignin methoxyl  groups.  As a
consequence, the alkali charge in kraft pulping has a definite
influence on the ratio of  mercaptan to  dimethyl sulfide that are
formed in the cook. Noncondensibles  escaping from the blow
gases of mills  cooking  to  alkali-exhaustion  (-pH 10.5) are
therefore more obnoxious than those  from mills maintaining
adequate residual alkalinity.  Sufficient actibe alkali charge  is
therfore  a  recommended  practice   for  older  installations.
(Author's Abstract)

13010
Aurell, Ronnie and Nils Hartler
KRAFT PULPING  OF  PINE. I. THE CHANGES IN  THE
COMPOSITION OF THE WOOD  RESIDUE  DURING  THE
COOKING PROCESS.   Svensk Papperstid., 68(3):59-68, Feb.
1965. 48 refs.
The changes in the chemical composition of the  wood residue
during kraft cooking of pine wood were followed for 15.75 and
25%, charges of effective alkali with and without the addition
of 0.5% sodium borohydride. At temperatures below 100 C,
30-40% of the alkali charge was consumed in the initial phase
of the cook.  The  removal  of lignin  and carbohydrates was
small during this phase. Between 100  and  150 C,  apart from
the addition of borohydride,  there was only an insignificant
decrease in the xylan yield. Without addition of borohydride,
70% of the original amount of glucomannan disappeared from
the solid phase  whereas an addition of borohydride resulted  in
a considerably  smaller loss of glucomannan. Lignin removal
predominated at temperatures higher  than  140-150 C. By the
time the maximum temperature, 170 C, was reached, 50% of
the lignin  had  gone into solution. At  the  maximum tempera-
ture, the removal of xylan as well as that of glucomannan was
gradually retarded and the residual amounts became compara-
tively stable. This  was also applicable to lignin, even if less
pronounced. The chief difference between the 15.75% and 25%
charges of effective alkali was that, in  the former case, the
xylan yield was considerably higher and the glucomannan yield
somewhat smaller, resulting in an approximately 1% higher
pulp yield. The addition of borohydride resulted in a  con-
siderable  increase in the  glucomannan yield  and  a  small
decrease in the xylan  yield with a net effect  of about 3%
higher yield. Chemical composition and DP was determined on
xylan  samples isolated  from  the  pulps.  (Author  abstract
modified)

13012
WUder, Harry D. and Edward J. Daleski,  Jr.
KRAFT  PULPING  KINETICS.  I.  LITERATURE  REVIEW
AND  RESEARCH PROGRAM.   Tappi, 47(5):270-275,  May
1964. 37 refs.
A quantitative description of the rates of removal of the  vari-
ous wood components during alkaline pulping is important to
any attempt at design and control of commercial digesters. The
complex physical and  chemical  structure of  wood, coupled
with our lack of understanding of liquor  equilibria, make  such
a description rather difficult. This review is the first  step in a
program designed to provide this quantitative description. The
literature is reviewed in terms of the five steps  normally im-
portant in hererogeneous reaction systems. It is concluded that
the effects of the two transport steps are  negligible under com-
mercial conditions when  chips of 2-mm  thickness or less are
employed and when  the  liquor alkali  is not depleted. When
transport is important, a diffusion model  probably can account
for the observed  pulp nonuniformities. The moving  interface
model  of Nolan is but a  limiting case of the diffusion model.
Sorption and desorption steps do occur,  but their importance
is not  understood. The chemical reaction step is most impor-
tant. Sulfide and hydroxide act directly during delignification,
but their roles in carbohydrate removal  are much less clear.
Delignification rate is relatable to temperature through the Arr-
henius equation. Apparently, delignification by  alkaline solu-
tions need not be considered as a lignin surface reaction; lignin
is an  amorphous  material and is accessible to alkaline reac-
tants. Consumption of alkali is probably  related  to the extent
of carbohydrate removal, while sulfide consumption is a func-
tion of degree of delignification. (Author abstract modified)

13082
Camacho, T.  F.
SPECIFIC  ION ELECTRODE FOR  MONITORING  MILL
STREAM SODA  LOSSES.   Southern Pulp  Paper  Mir.,
30(6):%, 98-101, June 10, 1967. 2 refs. (Presented at the meet-
ing of  the S.E. Sect. Tech. Assoc.  of the Pulp and Paper In-
dustry, Jacksonville, Fla., Jan. 20-21, 1967).
In order to improve monitoring of soda loss in washed  pulp
and mill effluent streams, a glass electrode specific towards
sodium ions was evaluated. Control methods now used at  vari-
ous stages of the process are  discussed. They include flame
spectrophotometry and relating conductivity to soda content.
The experimentally determined relationship  between  the sodi-
um electrode and flame  spectrophotometer showed  excellent
correlation with a buffered sample and good correlation  with
decker pulp discharge. The  sodium  electrode was found to be
as accurate as the flame spectrophotometer and less  com-
plicated  to run. Once the sodium  electrode test method for
stock cleanliness is shortened and the accuracy of the sample
preparation steps is improved, implementation on a plant scale
will be proposed.

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110
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
13083
Lenz, B. J. and E. F. Kurth
HYDROTROPIC   PULPING   OF   THE   BARK   FROM
DOUGLAS-FIR AND THE PROPERTIES OF THE RESULT-
ING PHENOLIC  ACIDS.   Tappi,  46(0:28-31, Jan. 1963.  12
refs.
The ability of various hydrotropic solutions to remove the
bark phenolic acids from the bast fiber component of Douglas-
fir bark was  ascertained and compared the properties of the
resulting phenolic acids with  that extracted by aqueous  sodium
hydroxide  solution.  Pulping   ability  of  several  different
hydrotropic solutions was compared at temperatures  ranging
between  120  to 180 C and with liquor-to-fiber ratios  ranging
between  8:1  to 14:1.  From  those tested, sodium cymenesul-
fonate, sodium ethylbenzene sulfonate, and  sodium xylenesul-
fonate had the best hydrotropic effect on  the bast fibers. Low
pH  liquors increased the rate of carbohydrate removal  but did
not increase the rate of phenolic acid removal from the fibers.
High temperatures increased the solubility  of the bast fibers
but did not aid in selectively removing the bark phenolic acid.
None of the  hydrotropic solutions  was as effective as dilute
sodium  hydroxide solution for solubilizing  the phenolic acid
material. Under the conditions studied, the hydrotropic  solu-
tions were not good pulping agents for bark. They were not
selective in their removal of bark phenolic acids  nor did they
produce bark  phenolic acids  which  were significantly different
from that obtained with sodium from the hydroxide extraction.
Most of the bark phenolic acids recovered from the hydrotrop-
ic solutions on dilution  with water had  similar properties. A
comparison of the   hydrotropic and  the sodium  hydroxide
phenolic  acid products indicated they were very similar but
not identical in nature. The phenolic acid  preparation obtained
at the 120 C extraction from the bast fibers had a 6:1 ratio of
phenolic  hydroxyl group to carboxyl group content. All of the
other preparations had a ratio of 4:1. There were only slight
differences in the paper  chromatograms, methoxyl content,
and ultraviolet spectra of the hydrotropic  and sodium hydrox-
ide  bark phenolic acid preparations  and  no appreciable dif-
ference in their infrared spectra. (Author abstract  modified)

13186
Kenaga, D. L., W. A. Kindler,  and F. J. Meyer
STUDIES OF ADSORPTION   OF  CATIONIC  POLYELEC-
TROLYTES ON PULP USING STREAMING CURRENT DE-
TECTION. Tappi, 50(7):381-387, July 1967.  11 refs. (Presented
at  the  52nd Annual  Meeting,  Tech.  Assoc. of the  Pulp and
Paper Industry, New York, Feb. 20-23, 1967).
A new instrument, the Streaming Current Detector (SCD), of-
fers a technique to  measure the capacity  of a pulp to adsorb
cationic materials such as those used to give wet strength. The
SCD can also be used to determine the relative ionic strength
of polyeleclrolytes. In the case of cationic strength agents, the
ionic strength of the polymer  correlates with the strength in-
crease observed  in treated paper. Operating on the streaming
current phenomenon, the SCD depends upon adsorption  from
the  effluent to establish an ionic double layer on the operating
surfaces  of the instrument. The data indicate that the charge
characteristics of the pulp-polyelectrolyte-water system can be
related  to  the  pulp-polyelectrolyte-water-SCD system.  It is
shown that adsorption of cationic strength agents on pulp oc-
curs by a dual mechanism.  Primary adsorption occurs to the
point of charge neutrality and is thought to be an ion exchange
mechanism. Secondary adsorption is thought to be due to van
der Waals' forces or hydrogen  bonding. The maximum  quanti-
ty of a cationic polyelectrolyte  adsorbed on pulp by the prima-
ry mechanism is  pH-dependent: the  more basic the solution
                      the more adsorbed and, hence, the greater the strength of the
                      treated  paper. However, the increase in strength per unit of
                      additive to the point of charge neutrality is similar at all pH
                      levels and, therefore, is independent of pH. Secondary adsorp-
                      tion produces some increase in strength which appears to vary
                      with additive and pH. Maximum efficiency of retention is ob-
                      served at the point of charge neutrality. (Author abstract)

                      13187
                      Fuller, Robert R.
                      THOUGHTS ON THE LIQUOR  CYCLE AND CAUSTICIZ-
                      ING. Southern  Pulp Paper Mfr., 29(0:70-71, 74, 76, 78,  Jan.
                      10, 1966.
                      In  addition to sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide,  kraft
                      cooking reactions  are  influenced by  sodium sulfate, sodium
                      carbonate, thiosulfate,  and polysulfide components. The prac-
                      tice of reporting green and white liquor compounds in terms of
                      sodium monoxide, as followed by the Forest Products Labora-
                      tory tests, does  not produce accurate analyses of kraft cooks.
                      Not only  cooking  and  washing operations, but other steps in
                      the recovery cycle will vary  as the components vary in rela-
                      tion to each  other and in total. The  dilution  used at the
                      digester and the ability of the  total solution to absorb more
                      solids are other operating variables. The fiber slurry is also af-
                      fected by  residual chemicals. The key to controlling these vari-
                      ables is the efficiency of the causticizing operation through
                      which sodium carbonate is converted to sodium hydroxide.
                      Concentration has been  found to be the major  factor con-
                      trolling  conversion efficiency.  Hydroxide  and  sulfite  will
                      reduce  the efficiency to the extent that they contribute to the
                      concentration, and as they affect the equilibrium. Excess  lime
                      and good  lime slaking improve efficiency. It is suggested  that
                      attainable  laboratory  conversions of sodium  carbonate to
                      hydroxide  should be investigated  under  varying conditions of
                      time  and  excess  lime. The economics of the  causticizing
                      system  should also be studied.

                      13188
                      Pettersson, Sven and Olof Samuelson
                      URONIC   ACIDS  IN  SULFITE  SPENT  LIQUOR  FROM
                      SPRUCE.  Svensk Papperstid., 70(15):462-468, Aug. 15, 1967.
                      24 refs.
                      The following uronic acids  were isolated from sulfite spent
                      liquor by  means  of chromatographic separations  on  anion
                      exchange  resins: 2-0-(4-0-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic
                      acid)-D-xylose,  4-0-methyl-D-glucuronic  acid,  2-0-(alpha-D-
                      galactopyranosyluronic  acid)-L-rhamnose, 6-0-(beta-D-glucopy-
                      ranosyluronic    acid)-D-    galactose,    2-0-(alpha-D-glucopy-
                      ranosyluronic  acid)-D-xylose, D-galacturonic acid, and D-glu-
                      curonic acid.  The first  two acids  were  present  in  larger
                      amounts than  the  other species. The  total  amount  of uronic
                      acids in the liquor (calculated as hexuronic acids) was about 1
                      g/L. This  indicates that  the  major part of  the uronic acids
                      removed from  wood during  cooking  are destroyed. The in-
                      crease  in  the content  of fermentable sugars which can be
                      gained  by hydrolysis of the biouronic  acids  present in the
                      spent liquor is negligible. (Author abstract modified)

                      13189
                      Trout, Paul E.
                      MAGNESIUM-BASE SEMICHEMICAL PULPING FOR COR-
                      RUGATING MEDIUM  PRODUCTION. Tappi, 51(3):43A-47A.
                      March  1968. 13  refs. (Presented at the 52nd Annual  Meeting,
                      Tech. Assoc. of  the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, Feb.
                      19-23, 1967.)

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                                F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                    111
Studies were conducted to determine if the quality of a corru-
gating  medium  made  by   a  commercial  magnesium-base
semichemical process could be competitive with that made by
the regular  soda-base  neutral  sulfite  semichemical  (NSSC)
process.  The   magnesium-base  semichemical  liquor  was
prepared  by batch sulfitation of magnesium hydroxide slurry.
Cooking  of mixed  hardwoods was  carried  out in  a  conven-
tional continuous  digester. Process equipment was  severely
eroded by the  liquors, and it is doubtful that a commercially
operable   neutral  magnesium-base  semichemical  pulping
process can be developed. At the  same time, magnesium base
pulps were found to require lower  chemical ratios, lower cook-
ing temperatures,  and shorter cooking times than soda-base
NSSC pulps. The magnesium-base pulps and corrugating medi-
ums had  lower strength properties than the comparable  sodi-
um- base products. However, these  differences did not adver-
sely affect corrugated container performance.

13190
Simonson, Rune
AUTOMATED METHOD FOR DETERMINATION  OF HE-
MICELLULOSE  IN THE PRESENCE  OF LIGNIN.  Svensk
Papperstid., 70(17):537-539, Sept. 15, 1967.
A  method is described for the determination of small  amounts
of hemicellulose in the presence of  acid-insoluble  lignin using
Technicon's Auto Analyzer.  The  first  reaction step  involves
hydrolysis of the hemicellulose in hydrochloric acid  solution.
In the second  step, precipitated lignin  is removed by passing
the hydrolyzed sample through a  dialysis cell.  The hydrolysis
products  that pass through the membrane react with orcinol in
the final  step  to give a color whose intensity is determined
colorimetrically. The influence of lignin upon the chart reading
and the  reproducibility of the determination  are discussed.
(Author abstract)

13236
Mclntosh, D. C.
TENSILE AND  BONDING  STRENGTHS  OF  LOBLOLLY
PINE  KRAFT  FIBERS COOKED TO DIFFERENT YIELDS.
Tappi,  46(5):273-277, May 1963.  10 refs. (Presented at the
Symposium on Interfiber  Bonding,  Div.  of Cellulose, Wood,
and Fiber Chemistry, Am. Chem.  Soc. Atlantic City, N. J.,
Sept. 13,  1962).
Loblolly  pine springwood  and summerwood chips were cooked
to different yields and  further delignified by treatments with
peracetic acid-sodium borohydride  in  order to separate the
fibers. Tensile  and bonding strengths of individual fibers  were
then determined. Summerwood  fibers were superior to spring-
wood  fibers in tensile  strength per unit cross-sectional area
and in bonding strength  per area  available for contact. In-
dividual  summerwood  fibers showed  a rapid  decrease in
strength per fiber at high  yield levels, but based on cross-sec-
tional area  of  the fiber wall, strength showed  no  appreciable
change until the lower yield levels were  reached.  Bonding
strength was reduced at higher yield levels than fiber strength
per  cross-sectional   area. In  contrast, springwood  fibers
showed a gradual decrease  in fiber strength with  decreasing
yield and were relatively constant  in bond strength at different
yields.  Chemical analysis of  summerwood  pulps  showed  a
general reduction in lignin content, degree  of  polymerization
(D. P.), and hemicelluloses with reduction in yield. Because of
the variables involved, no clear-cut relationship between ten-
sile strength and any one chemical  constituent was apparent.
However, fiber strength (in grams) showed  good correlation
with mannan content and  D.P. Because the chemical composi-
tion and  structure  of the surface  of  the  fibers  is  not yet
known, any relationship between bonding strength and chemi-
cal composition of the pulps is felt to be spurious. (Author ab-
stract modified)

13240
Kesler, Richard B.
ANALYSIS OF ALKALINE PULPING LIQUORS. IV. AUTO-
MATIC  COLORIMETRIC  DETERMINATION  OF  TOTAL
AND ACTIVE ALKALI IN WHITE AND GREEN LIQUORS.
Tappi, 47(3):167-170, March  1964.  (Presented at the 17th Al-
kaline Pulping Conference, Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper
Industry, Green Bay, Wis., Sept. 23-25, 1963).
Utilizing  various modules of the Technicon  Autoanalyzer, a
method was developed for the  measurement of total alkali in
kraft white and green liquors. Relatively minor modifications
make the same method suitable for measurement of active al-
kali. The method is based on over-neutralization of the liquor
sample,  followed  by colorimetric measurement  of  excess
hydrogen ions through use  of  a buffered solution of methyl
orange indicator.  The procedure  is suitable for use in the
laboratory, where 20 samples an hour can be analyzed,  or in
the mill or pilot plant, where one or more liquor streams can
be continuously monitored. (Author abstract)

13241
Utaka, Giichi, Kyoichi Oku, Hiroshi Matsuura, and Asahi
Sakai
BASIC STUDIES  ON HARDWOOD TWO-STAGE  SULFITE
PULPING.  BEHAVIOR  OF  HARDWOOD  HEMICELLU-
LOSES DURING COOKING. Tappi, 48(5):273- 281, May  1965.
38 refs.
Single-stage  and two-stage pulpings of  wide pH range  were
performed  on  a  mixture of  beech and  oak,  the  typical
Japanese hardwoods. The pulp properties of both full-chemical
and high-yield pulps produced by  various  pulping procedures
were compared and discussed. In addition,  the hemicelluloses
extracted from the original woods and pulps were analyzed to
study the behavior of hardwood hemicelluloses  under various
cooking conditions. The effect of quantity and chemical struc-
ture  of  hemicelluloses on the  pulp yield  and  pulp charac-
teristics,  based upon the  analysis  of  hemicelluloses,  is
discussed. (Author abstract modified)

13272
Quimby, George R. and Otto Goldschmid
RECOVERY   OF   LIGNOSULFONATES   FROM  SPENT
SULFITE  LIQUORS.  (Rayonier Inc., Shelton,  Wash.) U. S.
Pat. 3,271,382. 4p., Sept. 6, 1966. 3 refs. (Appl. Sept. 26,  1963,
2 claims).
Sufficient quaternary ammonium salt is dissolved in water and
added to the  spent sulfite cooking liquor at ambient tempera-
ture to provide about a stoichiometric ratio of quaternary am-
monium salt to lignosulfonate and the mixture is agitated. The
concentration  of total solids dissolved in the  spent sulfite
cooking liquor is not critical and can range from about 1 to
50%. The  lignosulfonate  and quaternary ammonium  salt  com-
bine to form  a dense flocculant which settles within a minute
or two after agitation is stopped, leaving the wood sugars and
other impurities in  solution.  The excess solution is then de-
canted or siphoned off and  the precipitated quaternary am-
monium lignosulfonate is  recovered by filtration or centrifug-
ing,  after which it is washed  free of impurities with cold
water. The washed  precipitate  is dissolved in an aliphatic al-
cohol (preferably methanol or 95% ethanol) for separation of
quaternary  ammonium salt  lignosulfonate  components  and

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112
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
their recovery in pure form. The lignosulfonate is precipitated
from the alcoholic solution by the addition of a slight excess
of an alcoholic solution of a  soluble alkali metal hydroxide or
neutral salt, such as NaOH. KOH, NaCl or KC1. The alkali
metal lignosulfonate immediately precipitates out in  a dense,
rapidly  settling  form  and  can  be  easily  separated  and
recovered as a pure material.

13311
Nelson, Peter F.
IDENTIFICATION OF  ACIDIC  GROUPS  IN  EUCALYPT
NEUTRAL SULPHITE AND  PINE BISULPHITE PULPS.
Svensk Papperstid.. 71(9):369-372, May 1968. 7 refs.
Acids obtained from  hydrolysis of eucalypt  neutral sulfite
semichemical and Pinus radiata bisulfite pulps  were  analyzed
by chromatographic and  speclrometric methods. The uronic
acids of the two  pulps resembled those obtained from three
kraft pulps previously studied, but 4-0-methyliduronic acid was
absent  in  the  bisulfite pulp  and occurred  in  relatively small
amounts  in the neutral sulfite pulp. The bisulfite pulp con-
tained much larger quantities of aldonic acids than the neutral
sulfite pulp, illustrating the importance  of bisulfite ions in end-
group  oxidation  of  polysaccharides.   Only  traces  of  glu-
cometasaccharinic  acids  were present in  the  neutral sulfite
pulp, indicating that  'peeling  reactions' are less important in
neutral sulfite than in kraft pulping. (Author abstract modified)
13318
Sinclair, G. D.
THE EFFECT OF COOKING AGENTS ON  WOOD.  I. AL-
KALINE  COOKING  OF  POPLAR WOOD. EFFECT  OF
STRENGTH AND  COMPOSITION.  Pulp Paper Mag. Can.,
65(11):T-516-T-520, Nov. 1964. 9 refs.
High-yield pulp processes were studied to determine desirable
chemical concentrations and what components of wood are af-
fected  or removed under  mild cooking  conditions.  Poplar
heartwood and  sapwood samples were cooked in dilute solu-
tions of NaOH, Na2SO4, and LiOH, with cooks made on five
specimens at a time in  a one-liter  flask fitted with a reflux
condenser. Data obtained show  the  amounts of holocellulose,
pentosans, and  lignin remaining in the cooked woods and the
effects of both cooking time and chemicals on water sorption,
weight loss,  and wet breaking strength.  The wet breaking
strength of poplar heartwood was reduced from 292 Ibs to 118
Ibs after cooking with 8% NaOH  for 2  hrs at 100 C. Poplar
sapwood had an original strength of 386 Ibs; this was reduced
to 124 Ibs after cooking for 2 hrs with 10% NaOH. The loss in
weight during cooking was greater for sapwood than for heart-
wood, but sapwood sorbed less water than heartwood. Lithium
hydroxide reduced the strength of  the wood more than the
other chemicals and also removed a greater percentage  of
wood. The more severe cooking removed  more holocellulose
than pentosans  and lignin. It is concluded that there is a rela-
tion between the wet breaking strength of wood and the watt-
hours of energy per pound needed for refining.

13319
Thompson, N. S., J. R. Peckman, and E. F. Thode
STUDIES   IN  FULL  CHEMICAL  PULPING.  II.   CAR-
BOHYDRATE CHANGES AND RELATED  PHYSICAL EF-
FECTS. Tappi, 45(6):433-442, June  1962. 49 refs.
The  chemical  nature of  various xylan components of black
spruce pulps  was established by extraction and fractionation
experiments with  pulps  cooked at  all  pH levels  to  equal
                      degrees of delignification. All pulps cooked between pH 1.5
                      and 6 were found to contain a 4-0-methylglucuronoxylan. Full
                      chemical pulps cooked at pH 9 to  11 contained a 4-0-methyl-
                      glucuronoaraboxylan whose  composition resembled the com-
                      position of the original polymer of spruce holocellulose. Kraft
                      pulps were characterized by  the presence of an araboxylan.
                      Also detected  in all pulps, but not isolated, were glucomannan
                      polymers. A galactoglucomannan was  identified  in  alkaline
                      pulps cooked  at pH 9 to 12.5. Differences  in the nature and
                      the distribution of the hemicellulose components in the various
                      pulps  suggests that accessibility  of hemicellulose to  alkali
                      changes at different pH levels. The hemicellulose contents of
                      the pulps were found to be relatively constant, by the  yield of
                      cellulose varied considerably. As indicated by its low yield and
                      low  viscosity,  cellulose was the  least stable  component  at
                      neutral pH. Three types of carbohydrate degradation occurred
                      during the pulping processes: acid-catalyzed degradation of
                      glycosidic bonds, peeling, and alkaline hydrolysis of glycosidic
                      bonds. A  fourth type probably occurs at neutral pH,  but its
                      nature is not known.

                      13342
                      Grant, J. and S. V. Sergeant
                      PULP  AND PAPER. Rep. Prog. Appl. Chem., vol. 51:525-539,
                      1966. 72 refs.
                      This is a selective  review of the literature on developments in
                      relatively  new fields of the pulp and paper manufacturing in-
                      dustry. It  covers  approximately  the  two  years   ending
                      November 1, 1966. The papers included for review emphasize
                      the following  aspects of pulp and paper manufacture: recent
                      new  principles and methods involved in pulp manufacture; ad-
                      vances in knowledge connected with the formation of paper on
                      the paper machine; and new developments in  the aftertreat-
                      ment of paper for special purposes. The hot grinding of mixed
                      hardwoods as  a means of homogenizing pulp,  delignification
                      with dry chlorine, and the treatment of groundwood pulps with
                      peracetic  acid exemplify developments in pulp production.
                      Studies on the formation of paper by the paper machine in-
                      clude the use of synthetic fibers, alone or together with cellu-
                      losic materials; the interactions between  water and cellulose
                      materials; the  effects of tension drying on the mechanical pro-
                      perties and  structure  of individual holocellulose  pulp fibers;
                      and the treatment of pulp by high consistency refining. Among
                      the aftertreatments of paper are the use of silver-sensitized
                      coatings, bladecoating machines, and  polymers for hot melt
                      coatings.

                      13343
                      Wenzl, Herman F. J. and O. V. Ingruber
                      WOOD  STRUCTURE  AND  MOVEMENT OF  COOKING
                      LIQUORS  IN  THE WOOD DURING KRAFT  PULPING.
                      Paper Trade J., 150(36):28-31, Sept.  5, 1966. 40 refs.
                      The  microscopic properties  of cellulose  are  known  to be
                      strongly influenced by the effect of alkaline solutions on its
                      crystal structure, so it is not surprising that the uneven crystal-
                      line  structure  of wood is further influenced in kraft cooks.
                      However, the  solution of various wood components is largely
                      independent of the physical  structure of the wood. Pulp pro-
                      perties depend mainly on morphological characteristics and the
                      basic strength  of the fibers. Cell wall thickness is an important
                      influence on beating behavior of pulps, while lumen width and
                      fiber diameter affect  density,  tensile,  and bursting strengths.
                      Retention  of  large amounts of  noncellulosic  components
                      makes some pulps more resistant to beating. The mechanism
                      by which liquid penetrates  wood is  complicated  due to the
                      variety of movements and forces involved,  in addition to the

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                                 F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                     113
complex capillary structure of wood. The tracheidal fibers of
softwoods are more effective in aiding penetration than the
ray cells of  hardwoods. The penetration of dissolved sub-
stances into the wood structure is of special importance in
pulping, and  liquids possessing swelling properties  penetrate
wood more rapidly than nonswelling liquids. The permeability
by  liquids  which react chemically with  one or  more  com-
ponents of  the wood shows a strong dependence on time and
temperature. The desired isolation of cellulose is an extraction
process connected with a  chemical reaction of the extraction
medium with the  substances accompanying the cellulose. Sol-
vents and reagents need to penetrate the capillary  structure to
reach the cell walls. This penetration occurs in a more or less
rapid  initial stage through water vapor  diffusion and condensa-
tion and is followed by capillary rise. In the second stage, final
diffusion into the cell walls and swelling occurs.

13344
Nilsson, H. Evert R. and Karl Ostberg
KRAFT PULPING WITH THE ADDITION OF HYDRAZINE.
Svensk Papperstid.,  71(3):71-76, Feb. 1968. 26 refs.
Reducing agents such as hydrazine  increased the yield of kraft
cooking. Large doses of hydrazine increased the pulp  yield
from both pine and  spruce by about 10% and  from birch by 2
to  4  %, calculated on wood  basis.  In addition,  the pulp
brightness was improved up to about 15 %. Exploratory cooks
with  addition  of pyrogalloll and  dithionite  were  also  per-
formed, but with less effect. It has been found that the higher
pulp yield mainly originates from a stabilization of glucoman-
nan in pine and spruce, and of cellulose in birch. This is in ac-
cordance with previous experience  from kraft cooking of pine
and  spruce  with  addition  of sodium  tetrahydridoborate.
Further preservation of birch xylan might have been obtained
with  a lower white liquor  charge. Laboratory  beating and
paper testing of the pine  and spruce  kraft pulps  showed the
expected deviations from the  normal kraft  pulp properties.
Thus,  the  higher  yield pulps  obtained  by   the  addition of
hydrazine  possessed slower beating response, slightly lower
tear strength  and comparatively unchanged tensile and  burst
strength. (Author abstract modified)

13346
Orsler, R. J. and D.  F. Packman
THE  DETERMINATION OF LIGNIN IN  SULPHITE PULP-
ING LIQUORS.  Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 67(21):855-
859. 1964. 11 refs.
The lignin content of spent bisulfite pulping liquors was deter-
mined by ultraviolet absorption measurements and the method
was developed so that the course  of  delignification could be
followed  during two-stage cooks of the Stora type.  The rela-
tive advantage of measuring absorption at 205 millimicrons and
280 millimicrons are assessed. It was found that measurement
at 200-205 millimicrons was satisfactory for liquors containing
less than 5  g/L total S02 even when they contained considera-
ble amounts  of  hydrolysis  products  such as  furfural. For
liquors containing more than 5 g/L of SO2 but less than 0.5
g/L furfural the 280 millimicron region was preferable. Liquors
containing more than these quantities  of both interfering sub-
stances could  be  satisfactorily  measured  at 200-205  mil-
limicrons after an  oxidation and  precipitation treatment to
remove all sulfites and SO2. (Author abstract modified)
13347
Aurell, Ronnie
THE EFFECT OF LOWERED PH AT THE END OF BIRCH
KRAFT COOKS. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm), 66(11):437-
442, 1963. 12 refs.
For  kraft cooking of birch, a certain increase in pulp yield
could be obtained at high alkalinity -  22.5% effective alkali -
without lignin sorption, by  a moderate lowering of the pH at
the end of the cook. This increase in yield was 1 - 1.5% based
on wood. At lower alkalinity - 17.5%  effective alkali - no ef-
fect was obtained. If the delignified chips and the  black liquor
were cooled together  approximately 1% higher yield was ob-
tained  at the higher alkalinity compared with hot  drawing-off
of the  black liquor. At lower alkalinity this effect could not be
obtained.  Carbohydrate  analyses on the  pulps indicated that
the yield increase mainly consisted of  xylan. As long as lignin
sorption did not take place  the brightness of the pulp was not
affected. There  could not  be  established any differences in
beating and strength properties. (Author abstract)

13350
Jensen, W., B. C. Fogelberg, K. Forss, K-E. Fremer, Monica
Johanson
SULFUR   DISTRIBUTION  IN   AN    ACID   CALCIUM
BISULFITE  COOK.  Tappi, 48(3):174-180, March  1965. 20
refs. (Presented at the First  International  Sulphite  Pulping
Conference sponsored jointly by  the Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp
and Paper Industry and Tech. Sect., CPPA, Chicago, June 16-
18, 1964).
The reactions of the bisulfite ions in an acid calcium bisulfite
cook  were  studied  by  labeling  the   cooking   acid  with
Na2S(35)O3 and by gel filtration of the  resulting radioactive
spent liquor. The analyses  revealed that  three fourths of the
sulfur  in the cooking  liquor reacted to form only compounds
containing 'loosely  bound'  sulfur dioxide  or did not react at
all. Only about  13% of the sulfur reacted to form organic com-
pounds containing firmly bound sulfur. It  could be shown that
of this sulfur about 66%  was bound to the lignin whereas the
rest was bound to  about a  dozen lignin-like  compounds and
nonaromatic  compounds.  It  was  found  that   there  are
equivalent amounts of calcium and  sulfur in at least the low-
molecular weight calcium lignosulfonates and it was also found
that the sulfonation of lignin is accompanied by the  formation
of  reducing groups. The large amounts  of sulfur  bound to
wood  components other than  lignin show that bisulfite ions
participate in many unknown side reactions in an acid bisulfite
cook. (Author abstract modified)

13351
Croon, Ingemar
SOFTWOOD SULPHITE PULPS IN INCREASED YIELD BY
THE ALKALI-  SULPHITE (A-S)  METHOD.  Svensk Pap-
perstid. (Stockholm), 66(1):  1-5, 1963. 19 refs.
A pretreatment of wood chips with alkaline solutions (5-50 g
NaOH/L), at temperatures below 70 C  for 30 - 90 min gives 2 -
 7% (calculated on the  wood) higher  yield in the succeeding
digestion with sulfite acid,  than that from a digestion without
the  pretreatment.  The  defibration  point  of the alkali  acid
sulfite pulps is  reached in the  yield region 68-70%,  compared
to 58-60% for  the  conventional  one-stage sulfite pulps. The
glucomannan content of the pulp increases, and it is assumed
that the  main  reason for  its stabilization  consists of the
deacetylation effect of the pretreatment. Full  yield gain is ob-
tained  whether the  chips  are  digested directly  after the
pretreatment or washed and stored in  moist or dried from and

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114
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
digested later. These results illutrate the great flexibility of the
alkaline-acid type of two-stage cooking. (Author abstract)

13362
Annergren, Goran and Ake Backlund
CONTINUOUS  SULPHITE  COOKING.   Pulp  Paper  Mag.
Can., 67(4):T220- T224, April 1966. 8 refs.
Continuous sulfite cooking has been studied at  the  Billerud
Experimental Pulp Mill in  Sweden. The  cooking trials were
carried out  in  downflow  Kamyr digesters of two  different
designs. A  conventional Kamyr digester was used with good
results  for continuous cooking of high-yield bisulfite  pulp. In
the cooking of  bleachable-grade  bisulfite pulp, however, the
decomposition of the  cooking  chemicals accelerated and  a
'burnt'  cook resulted. The  uncontrolled  decomposition was
probably  caused by thermal liquor flows in the digester. A
modification of  the digester, to  a  system incorporating an
inclined top separator  and carrying full cooking temperature at
the top, eliminated the thermal flows  and thereby the risk for
uncontrolled cooking-liquor decomposition. The new  digester
system has successfully been used for continuous cooking of
bleachable-grade bisulfite pulps on softwoods as well  as hard-
woods. It has also proved  to be  well suited for a two-stage
sulfite  process with a neutral first stage  and an acid second
stage, as well as a modified soluble-base, acid  sulfite process
for rayon-grade pulps. Typical operating  conditions and pulp
quality data are reported. (Author abstract modified)

13379
Rioux, J. P. and F. G.  Hurtubise
DETERMINATION  OF CHLORIDE  IONS  IN  PULP AND
PAPER. COMBINATION OF OXYGEN FLASK AND AUTO-
MATIC POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION TECHNIQUES.
Tappi,  48(1):11-14, Jan. 1965. 9  refs. (Presented at the 15th
Testing Conference, Tech.  Assoc. of the Pulp  and Paper In-
dustry, Boston, Sept. 29-Oct. 1, 1964).
A rapid and precise method for the potentiometric titration of
chloride ions in pulp has been developed. The pulp is ashed by
the oxygen flask technique. The chloride ions are absorbed in
dilute sodium hydroxide, the solution is evaporated to  dryness,
and the residue is redissolved in a small amount of dilute nitric
acid. The solution is  diluted with acetone and titrated with
0.0025M silver nitrate  using a potentiometric titrator- recorder,
and  an Ag-AgCl-glass electrode  system. Procedures for total
chloride  and  water  soluble  chloride  are  described.  The
procedure  for  total  chloride  was  applied  to  water  and
metbanol- benzene  extracted pulps to determine the lignin-
bound  chlorine, the resin-bound chlorine being calculated by
difference. The method  was  examined  for  recovery  and
reproducibility.  The range is 5 to 1000 ppm  on pulp. A total
chloride determination (including ashing) can be performed in
30 tnin. (Author abstract)

13382
Hartler, Nils
THE EFFECT OF CHIP DAMAGE ON THE FIBRE BOND-
ING OF  ACID BISULPHITE PAPER PULPS.  Svensk  Pap-
perstid, 66(10):412-417, 1963. 30 refs.
The effect of chip damage on fibre bonding was investigated
by comparing pulps in one case from damaged and undamaged
halves  of technical chips and in another from pressed and un-
pressed wood. It was found that neither the specific energy of
bond failure according to Nordman nor the bonded  area, as
measured  by the optical contact  methods, are affected as far
as acid bisulfite paper pulp fibres are concerned. The implica-
                      tion  of the findings for the strength of the resultant paper is
                      discussed. (Author abstract modified)

                      13384
                      Schoon, Nils-Herman
                      THE REACTION BETWEEN THIOSULPHATE AND WOOD
                      DURING  SULPHITE  COOKING  D.    Svensk  Papperstid.
                      (Stockholm), 65(23):%5-977, Dec. 15, 1962. 16 refs.
                      The  formation  of thiosulfate and  organic excess sulfur and
                      also  the formation of sulfur via polythionates were calculated
                      for a series  of acid hydrogen  sulfite cooks (1.00,  1.36% Na20,
                      6% total-SO2, maximum temperature 135 and 148  C) with vari-
                      ous amounts of thiosulfate added to the cooking acid. The cal-
                      culations also included hydrogen sulfite cookings (1.92% Na20,
                      3.96% Na20% total-SO2, maximum temperature 155 C). In all
                      cooks, thiosulfate was  formed primarily from the reactions
                      between aldoses and  hydrogen sulfite. However, the formation
                      of thiosulfate via the reactions between the polythionates and
                      hydrogen  sulfite  (disproportionation of  hydrogen sulfite) in-
                      creased at the end of the acid hydrogen sulfite cook while for-
                      mation via the aldoses and hydrogen sulfite decreased. When
                      cooking acid contains thiosulfate, the thiosulfate concentration
                      decreases   rapidly.   No  corresponding  increase   in   the
                      polythionate concentration  is observed at the beginning of
                      these cooks, indicating a considerable formation of organic ex-
                      cess sulfur.  The polythionate concentration increases rapidly
                      in the  final  stage of  the cooks due to the high hydrogen ion
                      content. The high concentration suggests that polythionates are
                      formed by other reactions in the presence of wood.  In  both
                      paper pulp and rayon pulp cooks thiosulfate formation via al-
                      doses and hydrogen sulfite also predominates. (Author abstract
                      modified)

                      13385
                      Mannbro, Nils
                      KRAFT  PROCESS  LIQUORS  FOR  SODIUM  BASE  SUL-
                      PHITE PULPING. PART 2.  PULPING EXPERIMENTS  AND
                      DISCUSSION   OF  ECONOMICS.     Svensk   Papperstid.
                      (Stockholm), 66(3):95-109, Feb. 28,  1963. 24 refs.
                      Sulfite cooking  acids were prepared from carbonated  green
                      and  black kraft liquors. Their pulping capacities were com-
                      pared with pure sodium and calcium sulfite acids by cooks on
                      spruce (Picea abies).  All acids contained an equivalent amount
                      of metal cations corresponding to 1.2% combined and  with
                      7.3% total sulfur dioxide. Comparative bleachings comprising
                      chlorination-caustic  extraction-hypochlorite stages were  ap-
                      plied on  the pulps. Results show that green  liquor produced
                      either unbleached or  bleached pulp possessing properties com-
                      parable to those of pulp cooked with pure sodium sulfite  acid.
                      Black  liquor produced  a pulp  yield  at medium Reynolds
                      number which was competitive with that of the ether  sodium-
                      base pulps.  However, color  and  bleachability were  inferior.
                      This acid might  be fortified with available base to give better
                      results. Replicate  runs  of  calcium -  and  pure  sodium-base
                      cooks  and bleaching show that the chlorine  consumption of
                      sodium-base pulp is reduced to about 20% of that of the calci-
                      um pulp. On equivalent chlorine consumption basis, the  yield
                      gain by sodium-base  pulping is 5.5%, as calculated on  the cor-
                      responding yield of calcium-base pulp. The pulping yield and
                      the  chlorine consumption should  be  balanced for optimum
                      process  economy.  Actually,  sodium-base  pulp should be
                      cooked to a somewhat lower Reynolds number than calcium-
                      base pulp.  Under these conditions,  sodium-base pulping of
                      bleached grades, without recovery of the cooking chemicals,
                      was  found profitable. With regard  to unbleached pulps, there
                      is no justification  for the sodium base in conventional sulfite

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                                F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                    115
cooking. For high-yield pulping, e.g., newsprint, the bisulfite
method is more advantageous. (Author conclusions modified)

13418
Gierer, Josef, Bernard Lenz, and Nils-Hakan Wallin
THE  SPLITTING  OF ARYL-ALKYL  ETHER BONDS  IN
MILLED WOOD LIGNIN  BY  WHITE LIQUOR. PART VII.
OF A SERIES ON THE REACTIONS OF LIGNIN DURING
SULFATE COOKING.  TAPPI, 48(7):402-405,  July  1965.  14
refs.
Milled wood lignin from Picea abies and varioussus methylated
modifications were  treated  with white liquor at  170 C for dif-
ferent  lengths of  time,  and  the  resulting materials  were
analyzed for free phenolic  hydroxyl groups. The results show
that white liquor splits aryl-ether bonds present in lignin at a
higher rate and to  a slightly greater extent than 2N NaOH,
used as a  splitting  reagent in a previous investigation of this
series (Gierer, Lenz, Noren, and  Soderber, TAPPI, 47:233,
1964). The  higher rate of aryl-ether  splitting by white  liquor
may be  ascribed  to the  stronger  nucleophilicity of  the
hydrosulfide ions as compared  with hydroxyl ions. The more
extensive methylether cleavage during sulfate cooking is  in-
dicative of this difference. However, the favorable effect of
hydrosulfide ions on the splitting  of aryl-ether linkages may
also  be  partly expalined by  assuming  an intermediate  incor-
poration of these ions into lignin at  carbon atom adjacent to
aryl-ether bonds and an alkaline splitting  of the  resulting mer-
capto-alkyl-ether structures via  episulfide intermediates.  These
hypotheses are in  accord with model  studies which indicate
that a possible pathway involves addition of hydrosulfide ions
to methylene quinone structures and confirming the ease  of
splitting mercapto-alkyl-aryl  ethers by  alkali.  (Authors' ab-
stract modified)

13420
Kleinert, Theodor N.
COTTON  DEGRADATION BY SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE  IN
ALKALINE COOKING AT 180 C.  Holzforschung,  20(2):43-
45, April 1966. 21 refs.
Degradation of cotton cellulose at  180 C  in sodium hydroxide
solutions with and without additions of  sodium borohydride
was  investigated. Evidence was found that under the condi-
tions of alkaline pulping sodium borohydride had primarily a
chain splitting effect upon  the cellulose, similar to  that ob-
served when reacting cellulose in sodium borohydride  solu-
tions at room temperature, although at  pulping temperature
this effect was to some extent obscured by the strong thermal
decomposition of the sodium borohydride. In addition to the
cellulose  degradation, sodium borohydride reduced and stabl-
ized the newly formed end groups resulting in some increase
of the  cellulose residue compared  with that in  the blank ex-
periments. Increase of the  sodium  hydroxide concentration of
the liquor at constant sodium  borohydride charge increased the
chain splitting as  indicated by the viscosity drop. Probably,
because of the known stabilizing effect of the alkali, increase
of the sodium hydroxide concentration delayed the decomposi-
tion of the sodium  borohydride and thus prolonged its action
upon the cellulose. Tentatively, free radical reactions during
the action of sodium  borohydride upon  cellulose are briefly
discussed. (Author's summary)

13423
Laver, M. L., D. F. Root, F. Shafizadeh, and J. C. Lowe
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE  ANALYSIS OF  THE
CARBONHYDRATES   OF  WOOD  PULPS    THROUGH
REFINED CONDITIONS OF  HYDROLYSIS, NEUTRALIZA-
TION, AND  MONOSACCHARIDE SEPARATION.  TAPPI,
50(12): 18-622, Dec. 1967. 23 refs. (Presented at the 52nd An-
nual Meeting of the Technical Assoc.  of the Pulp and Paper
Industry, New York, N.  Y., Feb. 19- 23, 1967.)
An improved  method  for the  determination  of the  car-
bohydrates in woood pulps is based upon dissolution in 77.0%
sulfuric acid followed by controlled hydrolysis in 3.0% sulfuric
acid. The acid is neutralized to pH 5.0 with an aqueous barium
hydroxide solution, and  the resulting hydrolyzate is carefully
concentrated  to a syrup.  The monosaccharides  present are
separated by gas- liquid chromatography of their trimethylsilyl
ethers. They are determined quantitatively by comparison with
myo-inositol,  which is  added as an internal standard. (Authors'
abstract)

13435
Devones, K. R.
SOAP RECOVERY-DOUGLAS-FIR  KRAFT  OPERATION.
Tappi, 46(10): 167A-169A, Oct.  1963.
A system used for tall-oil soap recovery from Douglas-fir kraft
liquor is described. Initial studies were  made to determine the
amount of recoverable soap  present in the  liquor by simple
batch phase separations of the soap from the liquor in a 55-gal
drum. Optimum retention time is 4 hours, at which recovery
efficiency is 90%. Third effects of the multiple effect evapora-
tors result in  30% black liquor solids; This concentration gives
a yield of 33 Ib of tall  oil per ton of kraft pulp. A diagram of a
soap  recovery system  is given, and the skimming-tank opera-
tion is explained. Tall-oil soap was found  to contain 52% tall
oil, 7% black solids, and 39% moisture. Tall oil was analyzed
and found to contain 35% fatty acid and 40% rosin acid.

13436
Drew, John
OBSERVATIONS FROM EXPERIMENTAL DATA IN ACIDU-
LATION OF TALL OIL. Tappi, 46(2):128A-129A,  Feb. 1963.
The solvent process for extracting tall oil from tall-oil soap in-
volves the introduction of a solvent such as naphtha into the
soap skimmings, water, and sulfuric acid. The mixture is then
placed in an  acidulation  reactor. The solvent is recovered by
evaporation. It was found that  when more  black  liquor was
removed  from  the soap before acidulation  productivity  was
higher. This reduction was accomplished by  the addition of a
small amount of water to the soap. The preferred pH value of
the mixture is  3.7. Data show  that the solvent process im-
proves product quality but that the process is economically un-
feasible. The research  is  being conducted by Glidden.

13437
Villavicencio, Eduardo J., Mario Sierra  Rojas, and Salvador
Escobar
CONTINUOUS   DIGESTING  OF  CELLULOSIC  FIBROUS
MATERIAL    AT    DECREASING    PRESSURE   WITH
MECHANICAL  DEFIBERING  THEREBETWEEN.  (Cia  In-
dustri de  Ayotla, S.A.)  U. S. Pat. 3,238,088. 5p., March I,
1966.  7 refs (Appl. Dec. 4, 1962, 5 claims.)
A novel process for the continuous production of high-grade
pulp from sugar cane bagasse is described. The bagasse is sub-
jected to an initial softening and chemical impregnation step in
a  saturated  steam zone  at 366  F  and 150 psig.  It  is then
mechanically  defibrated at the same temperature and pressure.
This is followed by continued  exposure to steam at 358 F and
135 psig to complete the  refining and cooking of the pulp. The
process allows  lower temperatures and pressures  to be used,

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PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
which results in a stronger and lighter product. The continuous
nature of the process yields a  high-grade pulp with a 90%
reduction in the quantity of chemicals required  for separating
the lignin and other non-cellulosic materials from the fiber.

13453
CroweU, E. P. and B. B. Burnett
MICRO  DETERMINATION OF  ROSIN AND FATTY ACIDS
IN  TALL OIL.   TAPPI,  49(7):327-328,  July  1966.  4 refs.
(Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting  of the  Technical As-
sociation of  the  Pulp and Paper  Industry,  held  in New York,
N. Y., Feb. 20-24, 1966.)
The  standard procedure for the determination  of total rosin
acids and acid number, ASTM D-803, requires  9 g of sample
for single determinations. Therefore,  it is not applicable  to
situations were large  quantities  of  tall  oil are  not available.
Such is  the case with samples  of  crude  tall oil from  black
liquor  streams  of  the kraft pulping  process.  The  boron
trifluoride-methanol esterification  procedure  for selectivity
masking  fatty acids in  the  rosin acid  determination was in-
vestigated and found  to be  attractive  because it is simple  to
use and  has proven applicability to small  samples. Gas chro-
matographic  investigation   showed  that  this  methylation
procedure is selective  for fatty acids and is therefore accepta-
ble for this purpose. The minimum sample  requirement for the
determination of both  fatty and rosin acid  is 75  mg of tall oil.
Acceptable agreement between the ASTM procedure and this
micro method was observed for samples with greater than 15%
rosin acids. (Authors' abstract)

13462
Viola, G.
HOW RICE  AND WHEAT  STRAW ARE PULPED IN THE
KOCANI MILL  IN  YUGOSLAVIA.     Paper  Trade  J.,
l50(24):74-76, June 13,  1966.
The  Kocani mill which utilizes  local  rice and  wheat as raw
material  is described. The mill pulps rice and wheat straw by
the  soda-chlorine  process  in the  same  equipment without
modification. The  bleached  pulp from  both  wheat and rice
straw is of a quality useful in the manufacture of fine writing
and printing paper. The efficiency of the straw pulping method
depends  on  the  quality  of straw from the cutters. Therefore,
dimensions and  cleaning process are rigidly regulated. Rice
straw has a high silica  content which  makes proper cooking
conditions  essential  to  reduce  ash.   These conditions are
discussed in  detail with respect to two stage digestion.

13480
Wenzl. Herman F. J. and O.  V. Ingruber
INFLUENCE OF  COOKING  LIQUOR  ON WOOD  COM-
PONENTS IN KRAFT PULPING. Paper Trade  J.. 150(33):44-
49, Aug. 15, 1966. 44 refs.
Investigations of the reaction kinetics of kraft  delignification
ar reviewed, with special emphasis on  studies of the nature of
the lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose components and their
decomposition products. Acid, soda, and alkali cooks are con-
sidere  and the  effects  of  different chemicals  on  the  com-
ponents  are  relate to  commercial cooking processes.  Studies
have not as  yet determine  whether sodium  sulfide,  sodium
hydrosulfide, or  hydrogen sulfide  ar  involved in  thiolignin
reactions. In  general,  softwood lignins are more easily  deac-
tivated by alkali than are hardwoods, whose activation energy
of delignification decreases with increasing sulfide concentra-
tion. Contrary to the general assumption that delignification  in
alkaline medium is a first-order reaction, Kleinert and Marrac-
                      cini have shown that alkaline cooking leads to the formation of
                      macromolecular fragment complexes and to the formation and
                      exposure of free radicals. Delignification is divide into  two
                      reaction sequences, bulk and residual, each having differe rate
                      constants. Christiansen and Legg (TAPPI, 41(5):216, 1958) hav
                      suggested that pulp quality and delignification rate decrease at
                      alkali  concentrations  below  15  g/1 of  Na20.  According to
                      Regnfors and Stockman (SVENSK PAPPERSTID, 59(14):509,
                      1969), less than half the sulfide in the cooking  liquor is con-
                      sumed in the formation of thiolignins. Since lignin, hemicellu-
                      lose,  and cellulose are associated  in wood, it  is difficult to
                      remove one component without modifying or partially remov-
                      ing the others. Any modification causi the retention of a large
                      portion of hemicellulose influences the yield and properties of
                      the pulp.

                      13481
                      Kirk, Donald G.
                      NITRIC ACID  BLEACHING  OF HARDWOOD NEUTRAL
                      SULFTTE  SEMICHEMICAL  PULP.   Tappi,   51(4):145-151,
                      April 1968. 26 refs. (Presented at the Fourth International Pulp
                      Bleaching Conference  jointly sponsore  by the Technical As-
                      sociation of the  Pulp  and Paper Industry and the Technical
                      Section, CPPA, held in Toronto, Ont., May 1-4, 1967.)
                      Use of nitric acid in place of chlorine as a first stage bleaching
                      agent for a hardwood  NSSC pulp has been studied. The pur-
                      pose  was  the  production of a  high nitrogen  effluent  from
                      which a fertilizer material might be recovered  and marketed.
                      Study of nitric acid- stage variables showed the necessity of
                      keeping the temperature low and Obleaching duration  short to
                      prevent  strength loss.  This  required the application  of high
                      nitric acid concentrations, which  made reuse of the acid an
                      economic necessity. Modifications  using alcoholic nitric acid
                      or nitric-sulfuric acid mixtures showed some potential strength
                      benefits, while nitrous  acid appeared to  cause severe degrada-
                      tion. Extraction  stage variables within broad limits were found
                      to have little effect on pulp quality. Ammonia  was found to
                      have  little  effect on pulp quality. Ammonia was successfully
                      substituted for caustic  soda to increase the nitrogen content of
                      the effluent  solids. In  general, substitution of  nitric  acid for
                      chlorine in the first stage of a chlorine-extraction- hypochlorite
                      sequence can be  made  to  produce a pulp at least equivalent to
                      the control pulp in all respects except for a slight yellowing ef-
                      fect.  Chemical costs are  high  enough to render the process
                      economically unattractive unless a fertilizer by-product can be
                      marketed. (Author abstract)

                      13484
                      Kleinert, Theodor N.
                      STABLE FREE RADICALS IN  VARIOUS LIGNIN PREPARA-
                      TIONS.  Tappi, 50(3): 120-122, March 1967. 23 refs.
                      Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra  of lignin preparations
                      isolated  from spruce wood by various methods, and of a  few
                      syntheti lignin-like polymers  produced  from coniferyl alcohol
                      by  enzymatic   dehydrogenation  or mild  oxidation,  were
                      recorded and compared.  The specimens exhibited single-line
                      signals   (first derivatives) without noticeable  fine-splitting.
                      However, the amounts of stable free radicals present, as in-
                      dicated  by  the  signal  areas, varied, probably  indicating  dif-
                      ferences in  the stabilizing capacity  of lignins prepared by dif-
                      ferent methods. At room temperature, no  significant  changes
                      in the ESR spectra were  observed when  the specimens were
                      stored for extended periods of  time. Apparently,  the presence
                      of  stable   macroradicals  or  free-radical centers  in  the
                      specimens, as indicated by the ESR signals, is  evidence  that
                      free radical reactions  have  taken place  during  the specimen
                      preparation. (Author's  abstract modified)

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                                F.  BASIC  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                    117
13505
Marton, Joseph
DETERMINATION  OF  LIGNIN  IN  SMALL  PULP  AND
PAPER   SAMPLES   USING  THE   ACETYL  BROMIDE
METHOD.     TAPPI,  50(7):335-337,  July  1967.  10  refs.
(Presented in part at the 51st Annual Meeting, Tech.  Assoc. of
the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York, Feb. 20- 24, 1966.)
The acetyl bromide method of determining lignin in wood was
extended to determine lignin in unbleached softwood pulps.
Small (5-30  mg) pulp and uncoated paper samples are dis-
solved  in an  acetyl bromide-acetic acid  mixture.  The ab-
sorbance of  the solutions at  280 nm  is related to the  absorp-
tivity of  reference lignin preparations.  The calculated lignin
content correlates excellently with Kappa number determina-
tions. A  correction is applied to  compensate for background
absorption at zero Kappa number. The precision of  the lignin
determination  method is plus or  minus 2 relative percent. It
has potential advantages where micro sampling is involved and
the pulps are modified or the pulp lignin contains solubilizing
groups. (Author's abstract modified)

13604
Hrutfiord, Bjorn F.
LIGNIN  DEGRADATION  PRODUCT  ANALYSIS  BY  GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY.   TAPPI.  48(l):48-54, Jan.  1965. 16
refs.
The use of gas chromatography as an analytical tool in lignin
chemistry is reviewed. Lignin degradation  products are clas-
sified, and general requirements for successful gas chromatog-
raphy analysis  of these compounds are discussed. High capaci-
ty capillary  columns coated with polar and  nonpolar liquid
phases  were used to successfully analyze phenolic compounds
from  several   different  types  of  degradation   reactions.
Polyester coatings such as diethylene glycol succinate gave ex-
cellent resolution of the phenolic compounds resulting from al-
kaline hydrolysis  or  n nitrobenzene  oxidation of wood meal
and lignins. Less polar liquid phases such as polyphenyl ether
or apiezon L grease gave more rapid but less informative anal-
ysis. Phenolic  samples from  kraft liquor, pressure demethyla-
tion, and  hydrogenation of  lignins were also analyzed.  The
results  presented  in  chromatograms indicate  that gas  chro-
matography  has wide application  in lignin' chemistry. (Author
abstract modified)

13755
Zimmermann, F. J. and D. G. Diddams
THE ZIMMERMANN PROCESS AND  ITS APPLICATIONS
IN THE PULP  AND PAPER INDUSTRY. Tappl, 43(8):710-71S,
Aug. 1960. 9 refs.
The  Zimmermann  process  is  a  patented  wet-air  oxidation
system  (U. S.  Pat. 2,665,249) which has applications for both
paper- mill waste disposal and the recovery of chemicals. Wet
oxidation of a variety of spent pulping liquors has been carried
out in stainless steel reactors at temperatures  from 200 to 300
C and 800 to 3000 psi. The oxidation of combustibles has been
as high as 95% complete. The process  is a continuous opera-
tion under pressure which oxidizes combustible matter with air
while both are dissolved or suspended  in water. The  com-
bustion is achieved  as well in water at elevated temperature
and pressure as by evaporating the water and incinerating the
dried residue. The products in either case are  steam, nitrogen,
carbon  dioxide, and ash.  In  wet combustion the reaction oc-
curs, and the energy is liberated  in the water phase with no
barrier  to the transfer. The energy contained  in the  oxidation
effluent vapor, gas,  and liquid phase  can be  utilized in  a
number of ways. Using it as steam and electricity is illustrated.
Oxidation data on pulping wastes suggest that stream pollution
can be reduced over 90%. Power and chemical recovery can
be designed to  fit the specific requirements of kraft, sulfite,
and semichemical pulping processes.

13768
Holder, D. A., A. B. Mindler, and D. F. Manchester
FURTHER    EVOLUTION   OF   AN  ION   EXCHANGE
RECOVERY  PROCESS  FOR  SULPHITE  PULPING.  Pulp
Paper  Mag.  Can.,  66(2):T  55-T  64, Feb.  1965.  15  refs.
(Presented at the First  International  Sulphite Pulping  Con-
ference jointly sponsored  by the Tech. Sect., Canadian Pulp and
Paper Assoc., and the Tech. Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Indus-
try, Chicago, June 16-18, 1964.)
Extensive pilot-plant investigation showed ion  exchange  to be
a simple way of returning sodium directly from spent liquor to
the pulping cycle without  involvement in evaporation and
burning. An engineering-research-operations team analyzed the
technical and economic  prospects of  the Abipenn process of
converting  spent  lignosulfonate into  lignosulfonic  acid  at a
specific location, an acid sulfite mill of 100 tons capacity. The
process appears to be technically reliable and not subject to
erratic  performance.  Like   all  processes,  its  economic
prospects are geared to mill capacity and the slight savings in-
dicated  at the 100 ton level  improve steadily as tonnage  in-
creases. Pollution control was  not part of the study. (Author
abstract modified)

14576
Kloss, Theodore E.
TWO   STAGE   PULPING   PROCESS   INCLUDING   IM-
PREGNATING  CHIPS WITH  AMMONIA, THEN LIBERAT-
ING THE AMMONIA AND  PULPING WITH MAGNESIUM
COMPOUND.  (Allied Chemical Corp.) U. S. Pat.  3,350,258.
2p., Oct. 31. 1967. 3  refs. (Appl. Dec. 12, 1963,  6 claims.)
A process  relating to the digestion of wood  chips or  other
ligno-cellulose materials  to produce  free fibers  for  pulp  is
proposed. The process involves digestion in an aqueous  solu-
tion  of  an  ammonium compound, adding a magnesium  com-
pound to the solution before  the ammonium ligno-sulfonate
formation,  recovering ammonia from  the solution, and con-
tinuing the  digestion with the magnesium compound solution.
Ammonia compounds  are known to be effective  for cooking
liquor  for  digestion  of cellulose materials, but  they are
economical only if  substantial amounts  of  ammonia  can  be
recovered. This invention  provides that recovery in  a  form
whereby the ammonia  can  be  reused for  the  defibering
process.

14579
Pearl, Irwin A. and Donald L.  Beyer
THE    ETHER-INSOLUBLE,   WATER-SOLUBLE  COM-
PONENTS OF SEVERAL SPENT SULFITE LIQUORS.  TAP-
PI, 47(12):779-782. Dec. 1964. 7 refs.
Commercially concentrated sprucewood  spent sulfite liquor,
hardwood sodium bisulfite spent liquor, and soft-wood sodium
bisulfite spent liquor were each extracted with ether and frac-
tionalized into 'neutrals,' 'weak acids,' and 'strong acids'  by
means of ion-exchange resins. Chromotography, acid  and  al-
kaline hydrolysis, and alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation were ex-
ployed to study the fractions obtained from this arbitrary frac-
tionation. Inherent differences  in the chemical composition of
the analogous fractions were found. Though 'strong acids' of
the spruce  liquor contained   no  reducing  sugar after acid
hydrolysis,  approximately one-fourth of the 'weak acids' frac-

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118
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
lion  of the spruce liquor comprised carbohydrate components
in combination. The aldehyde to ketone acid yield of 7:4:6 of
the spruce spent liquor 'weak acids' indicated a preponderance
of material  not related to  lignin, but the high ratio  of al-
dehydes to ketones to acids in the hardwood bisulfite 'weak
acids' gave unexpectedly high yields of aldehydes.  Since the
combined  vanillin yields of all  three fractions of the softwood
sodium bisulfite spent liquor  indicate  that softwood  sodium
bisulfite lignosulfonates are more amenable to vanillin produc-
tion  than those of spruce spent sulfite liquor, sodium bisulfite
pulping of wood may be the preferred process for producing
lignosulfonates for use in commercial vanillin manufacture.

14848
Nelson, P. F.
BY-PRODUCTS  FROM WOOD PULPING.  Proc.  Roy. Aus-
tralian Chem. Inst., 34(2):35-44, Feb. 1967. 4 refs.
The  chemical characteristics of the 4  main constituents of
wood    -     cellulose,    hemicellulose     (non-cellulosic
polysaccharides), lignin, and extractives (materials which can
be removed from wood with neutral solvents) - are described.
Pulping, the separation of the  wood fibers for  paper-making,
can  be achieved by  mechanical,  chemical, or semichemical
processes; chemical pulping removes the  greatest  amount of
material from the wood and  therefore has  the  highest  by-
product potential.  Pulping  under  acidic conditions is usually
carried out with solutions of sulfur dioxide  combined wholly
or partly  as  the bisulfites or cations, and  is  usually called
sulfite or bisulfite pulping.  The solubilization of lignin  during
sulfite pulping has led to the production of a series of lignosul-
fonates, used in adhesives,  tanning, as dispersants and cement
additives,  and in oil-well drilling  muds;  they also provide a
potential  source of phenolic  chemicals, the best known of
which is vanillin. Sugars obtained in the acidic pulping process
from polysaccharides  are used commercially  as chemical raw
materials;  some  are fermented to  produce alcohol and yeast.
Alkaline pulping is normally carried out with sodium hydrox-
ide (soda pulping)  or a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodi-
um sulfide (kraft or sulfate pulping). The technical aspects of
kraft pulping have   acted  to inhibit  the  development of
economically feasible  by-products. Degraded lignin products
have some use  in laminating  resins, battery plates,  and as
rubber additives,  but, in general,  kraft lignin and  alkaline-
degraded polysaccharides have found few commercial applica-
tions. Turpentine and  tall oil  are  the two most valuable by-
products recovered from  extractives during alkaline pulping of
pine woods. The chemical reactions involved in the production
of pulping by-products are  fully described,  and some  of the
factors affecting the development of by-products from chemi-
cal pulping are discussed.

16383
Klufas, A. J.
A REVIEW  OF CERTAIN   ASPECTS OF  PRACTICAL
GROUNDING TECHNIQUES.   Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech.
Sec., Tech. Paper T358; T358-T361, 1968. 9 refs. (Presented at
the 54th Annual Meeting of the Technical Section, Canadian
Pulp and  Paper Association,  Montreal, Quebec, Jan.  23-26,
1968.)
According to the Canadian  Electrical Code,  grounding in in-
dustrial power distribution systems should provide  a safe and
permanent path  for 60-cps  faults,  lightning surges, and  static
charges. Four aspects of grounding are examined with respect
to design  and  operating factors  that  will ensure personnel
safety in the pulp and paper industry. These aspects are equip-
ment grounding, static and lightning protection grounding, con-
                       nection to earth, and testing.  It is emphasized that grounding
                       conductors should  be large enough  to carry maximal ground
                       current for a reasonable time without burning off and that the
                       impedance of the return path for ground fault currents be as
                       low as possible. A  metallic circuit enclosure containing circuit
                       conductors can carry a major portion of the return fault cur-
                       rent, but additional current capacity should be provided for
                       this current by adding conductors inside the enclosure. Porta-
                       ble equipment  should be grounded through a  separate ground
                       wire in the connecting supply cable, equal in current  capacity
                       to the largest line conductor. To obtain continuous and reliable
                       service from ground connections, good  mechanical construc-
                       tion must be  supplemented by  adequate  inspection.  All con-
                       nections above ground surface must  be inspected at least once
                       a year.  Measurement of the resistance of a ground connection
                       is the only safe way to determine whether a ground is  satisfac-
                       tory. The resistance of a driven electrode should not exceed 25
                       ohms: lower resistances are often essential.

                       16386
                       Allan, R. S., C. W.  Skeet, and 0. L.  Forgacs
                       REFINER GROUNDWOOD FROM  DECIDUOUS  SPECIES.
                       Can. Pulp Paper Assn., Tech. Sec.,  Tech. Paper T351: T351-
                       T357,  1968. 7  refs. (Presented at the  Sixth International
                       Mechanical Pulping  Conference, Atlanta,  Ga., May  14-17,
                       1968.)
                       A pilot plant investigation of the possibilities  of mechanically
                       pulping certain Canadian hardwood  species to yield 90%  and
                       more is described. The experiments were limited to direct chip
                       refining and to refining after mild pretreatment in an  'Impres-
                       safiner.'  The  properties of  news ground wood from spruce
                       were used as  a  target of pulp quality. Of trembling aspen,
                       white and yellow birch, and red and sugar maple, only aspen
                       could be pulped to  reasonable strengths and freeness by direct
                       reduction alone. Impregnation with sodium hydroxide resulted
                       in  major increases  in pulp strength for all  species  but also
                       major  losses  in  brightness.  For   aspen  and  white  birch,
                       brightness in the 54-58 point range was obtained through addi-
                       tion of sodium sulfite to the impregnation liquor. Yellow birch
                       and the  maples had brightness about 10-15%  below this level,
                       and would require  extensive  bleaching to be acceptable for
                       newsprint. Maple chips  did not meet  the target strength values.
                       For these species,  extended soaking times in  the reagent  and
                       elevated  temperatures are required  in the pretreatment. The
                       specific  refining energy required to create a given specific sur-
                       face correlated strongly with  green  wood properties  such as
                       tensile  strength perpendicular to the grain. The higher these
                       strength properties, the more drastic is the chemical treatment
                       required  to produce strong  semi-mechanical pulps.  (Author
                       conclusions modified)

                       16828
                       Thomas, J. F.,  K. H. Jones, and D. L. Brink
                       A  MECHANISM  TO  EXPLAIN THE  PRODUCTION  OF
                       MALODOROUS  PRODUCTS  IN KRAFT RECOVERY FUR-
                       NACES.  Tappi, 52(10):1873-1875, Oct. 1969. 9  refs.
                       Some  fundamentals of combustion  which may offer an  ex-
                       planation for the origin of malodorous sulfur pollutants which
                       originate in kraft recovery furnaces  and which may indicate a
                       method  to control  these malodors  are  reviewed.  The com-
                       bustion can be characterized by initial endothermic reactions,
                       which degrade  the organic part of the black liquor into smaller
                       and smaller fragments, and by the competing exothermic reac-
                       tions of oxidation and recombination. The recombination reac-
                       tions are responsible for the formation of the malodorous com-
                       pounds. It is suggested that by  separating the oxidation reac-

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                                F.  BASIC SCIENCE  AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                     119
tions from the endothennic and recombination reactions, a fur-
nace effluent could be produced which would be completely
odor free. (Author's Abstract)

18214
Hatton, J. V.
DELIGNIFICATION OF  KRAFT  PULP  IN   THE  FIRST
BLEACHING  STAGE  USING  CHLORINE  DIOXIDE AND
CHLORINE.   Pulp Paper  Mag. Can. (Quebec),  67(4):T181-
T190, T204, April 1967. 25 refs.
The effect of progressive substitution of C1O2 for Cl  on the
efficiency of delignification using  the new sequential  first
stage treatment developed by  Hooker Chemical Corporation
Dsubc  has been studied at 20 C  in the sequence DsubcEH.
This process  produces pulps  of  superior brightness  and
viscosity to those resulting from mixtures of chlorine dioxide
and chlorine in the chlorination stage D/C for equivalent ratios
of chlorine dioxide  to chlorine. With the  experimental condi-
tions used in this  investigation,  superior delignification,  as
measured by permanganate number is afforded  by sequential
addition when the ratio of chlorine dioxide to chlorine exceeds
3:9 (based on oxidizing equivalent). When only small amounts
of chlorine dioxide are used,  Dsubc and D/C delignification
treatments are about equivalent. The optimum application in
the DsubcEH  sequence  was  found to  be  in the range
Dsub(60c60) to Dsub (70c50), though extremely efficient delig-
nification and pulps of high brightness are obtained with levels
of application as high as Dsub (100c20). The optimum applica-
tion in  the D/CEH sequence was found to be Dsub60/Csub60.
The effect of modifying the basic sequential addition treatment
has been studied. Delignification is not as efficient  and  pulp
brightnesses are lower when a wash is incorporated between
the dioxide and chlorine stages. The effect of varying the level
of caustic soda  applied in  the first extraction stage on  pulp
brightness and  permanganate  number after  D/C  and  Dsubc
treatments has  been studied  in some detail. The results in-
dicate  that in order to reach  a given brightness  or perman-
ganate  number as much as 2% (based on pulp)  caustic  soda
can be saved by  using a  chlorine dioxide:chlorine ratio  of
60:60 compared  to 30:90. A  study  of the  variables associated
with the extraction stage has indicated possible criteria  for the
selection of the most economical level of application of  caustic
soda. These  results suggest that this level is a simple function
of the  oxidant applied  in delignification. A tentative explana-
tion for thee observed order  of  delignification efficiency is
proposed. (Author abstract modified)

21971
Scott,  W. D. and J. L. McCarthy
THE SYSTEM SULFUR DIOXIDE-AMMONIA-WATER AT 25
DEC. C. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6(l):40-48, Feb. 1967. 29 refs.
In spite of the industrial importance of the sulfur dioxide- am-
monia-water system in connection  with the ammonium sulfite
paper  pulping process, little basic work has  been done in
recent  years to credit  claims that  sulfurous acid and ammoni-
um hydroxide do not exist and that the sulfur pentoxide ion is
an important constituent. No complete analysis has been made
without  assuming ideal solutions. This  work uses  modified
standard procedures to obtain infrared absorption spectra, pH
measurements,  and electrical conductivity measurements for
solutions over the entire range of mole ratios of ammonia to
sulfur  dioxide.  The results indicate  that  only the  species
hydrogen (-»), hydroxide (-), sulfurous radical (-), sulfur triox-
ide (-), ammonium (+), a solvated form of sulfur dioxide, and
a solvated form of ammonia exist in the solutions in significant
amounts. Negligibility considerations combined with a theoreti-
cal  treatment allow calibrations of species concentrations for
solutions of pH less than 7.0. The treatment is rigorous and
requires  no assumptions about ideal  solutions.  (Author  ab-
stract)

32021
Southern Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala.
AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR SYSTEMS STUDY.
(FINAL REPORT).  NAPCA Contract  CPA 22-69-73, 65p.,
Oct. 30, 1970. 26 refs. NTIS: PB 198150
A summary  of the results  of an electrostatic precipitator
systems  study  was presented. A  literature review was first
prepared covering  the major sources likely to contain articles
on precipitators or  related subjects. A selection was then made
of articles containing significant precipitator data. Precipitator
fundamentals such a corona generation, particle charging, par-
ticle collection, removal, electrical energization, systems anal-
ysis,  design, mechanical components, gas flow, resistivity,
measurement of  performance, trouble  shooting  and  main-
tenance,  and electrostatic augmentation and  unusual designs
were  reviewed. The principal use of electrostatic  precipitators
in the control of  industrial  dusts in in  the areas of electric
power generation,  pulp and  paper, rock products,  iron and
steel, nonferrous metals, petroleum,  chemical industry, and
municipal incinerators.  The extent of the use  of precipitators,
the range of input  variables,  and the design factors, costs, and
problems peculiar  to the use of precipitators in the particular
industry were determined.

33863
Miles, F. W.
URBAN NUCLEAR ENERGY CENTER STUDY: ESTIMATES
OF PROCESS STEAM CONSUMPTION BY  MANUFACTUR-
ING  INDUSTRIES IN  THE  UNITED  STATES FOR THE
YEAR 1980.   Oak  Ridge  National   Lab., Tenn.,  Chemical
Technology Div. and Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., Reactor
Div., Dept. of Housing and  Urban Development  Contract W-
7405-eng-26, 19p., Jan.  1970.  15 refs. NTIS: ORNL-HUD-2
Estimates were made of the  consumption of process  steam by
manufacturing industries in the Unites  States for the year 1980
as part  of a  program for evaluating  the usefulness  of urban
nuclear energy  centers. Perazich-type assumptions were made
with  respect  to the use of steam by  the selected industries,
which included the food  operations industry,  paper manufac-
turing,  chemicals  industry,  petroleum  refining,  rubber and
miscellaneous plastic products, and their related fields. Steam
consumption  in 1962 was estimated by several methods from
fuel consumption  data in the Census of Manufacturers. The
values were projected  to  1980 by using energy  consumption
projections. The estimates of steam consumption varied from
67.6 times 10 to the 14th power Btu  to 95.4  times 10 to the
14th power Btu, depending  on the methods  and  assumptions
employed. This estimated consumption of steam  by manufac-
turing industries is approximately  equal  to the 92 times 10 to
the  14th  power  Btu  of  electrical energy estimated  to be
required  in 1980. Therefore,  a significant amount of thermal
energy from  an urban nuclear energy center would  be con-
sumed by manufacturing industries if the area served by the
center had a fraction of  the  country s steam-using industries
equal to its fraction of the country s  population. (Author ab-
stract modified)

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 120
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
44969
Lyon, Walter A.
EVALUATION OF NEW WATER  POLLUTION  CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY.  Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C., Bu-
reau of International Commerce, Environ. Control  Sem. Proc.,
Rotterdam, Warsaw, Bucharest, 1971,  p.  93-103C. 27  refs.
(May 25-June 4.) NTIS: PB COM-72-50078; GPO
Recent improvements in water pollution control technology are
mentioned, and  the  government  s role  in  evaluating and
reshaping technology  is discussed. Different aspects  of indus-
trial waste and  municipal  waste treatment and pollution control
are discussed.  Production  and  service technology should  be
given a more important role in pollution control. Many indus-
tries are learning to recycle their  wastes to minimize the use of
water and  to recover or reuse materials which were previously
                      discharged in the form of pollution. An outstanding example of
                      such a production change has been the complete revamping of
                      the  pulp and paper processes at the Hammennill Paper Com-
                      pany in Erie, Pennsylvania. At the  cost of approximately
                      $30,000,000 this plant changed its process to increase produc-
                      tion of pulp by 50% and reduce by approximately 2/3 its or-
                      ganic and  color waste loads. As a result of this change, the
                      Hammennill Paper Company will be sending its reduced water
                      load to the City of Erie Sewage Treatment Plant for treatment
                      where the  municipal wastes will provide the nutrients necessa-
                      ry for  treatment,  and the treatment process provides for a
                      very high degree of treatment, prior to discharge to Lake Erie.
                      As pollution control programs expand and affect an increasing
                      number of industries, it is likely that similar responses will be
                      seen in industrial production and service technology in indus-
                      trialized countries. (Author conclusions modified)

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                                                                                                             121
                        G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN  HEALTH
00996
1.0. Skalpe
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE EXPOSURE
IN PULP MILLS. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 21:69-73, 1964.
This work is concerned with the problem of the chronic toxici-
ty of sulphur dioxide in pulp mills.  Fifty-four workers at four
different pulp mills working in the acid towers  and digester
plants have  been investigated with special regard to symptoms
and signs of respiratory disease. Vital capacity has been mea-
sured with a Kifa apparatus and maximal expiratory flow with
a Wright peak flow meter. The concentration of sulphur diox-
ide in  the  working atmosphere has been measured  during
general  working conditions on a single day, and  the  values
were found to range betwwen 2 and 36 parts per million. The
control group consisted of 56 paper industry workers from the
same district with similar working conditions but working in an
atmosphere  free from objectionable gases. No significant  dif-
ference  in  age  or  smoking habits was found between  the
groups.  A significantly higher frequency of cough, expectora-
tion, and dyspnoea on exertion was found  in  the exposed
group,  the  difference being  greatest in age groups under 50
years. The  average maximal expiratory  flow rate  was signifi-
cantly lower (P equals 0.05) in  the exposed group, than in
those not exposed for men under 50 years. Over this age there
was  no  significant  difference between the two groups. Vital
capacity values showed no significant difference between the
groups. (Author abstract)

01874
D.F. Adams F.A. Young
KRAFT ODOR  DETECTION  AND  OBJECTIONABILITY
THRESHOLDS.  Preprint 1965.
This study  attempts to relate such environmental variables as
community  size, community  location with respect to pollutant
sources  such as pulp  mills and  other odorous  industries,
together with the individual  condition  of  the subject  as to
whether or  not he smokes and how long he has smoked, state
of his health, and whether or not women participants are men-
struating at the  time  of serving as a subject. In addition to
these environmental variables demographic variables such as
age of population and distribution of males and females are re-
lated within various age groups to olfactory thresholds.

02170
B. G. Ferris, Jr. and D. O.  Anderson.
THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE
IN A NEW  HAMPSHIRE TOWN.  AM. REV.  RESPIRAT.
DISEASES 86, 165-77, AUG. 1962.
A prevalence survey was conducted in the winter and summer
of 1961  in a northern New Hampshire town that had a large
pulp and paper industry. More than 95 per cent of a probabili-
ty sample of the population stratified by age was selected  and
interviewed by means of a standard respiratory questionnaire
in conjunction with two tests of respiratory function. In  this
preliminary  report,  emphasis has been placed upon methods.
The  significance  of the variables of age,  sex, and smoking
habits has been outlined. The problems of differentiating these
effects  from those  of  atmospheric pollution  have been
stressed. Special  emphasis is  placed upon  the importance  of
controlling the smoking variable before the effects of other
variables such as atmospheric  pollution can be  determined.
(Author summary)

03671
D. O. Anderson and A. A. Larsen
THE INCIDENCE OF ILLNESS  AMONG YOUNG  CHILDREN
IN TWO COMMUNITIES OF DIFFERENT AIR QUALITY: A
PILOT STUDY.  Can. Med. Assoc. J. (Toronto) 95(18):893-904,
Oct. 29, 1966.
An epidemiological study of illness, causing an absence from
school of grade one pupils, was conducted from January  to
June 1965 at two  west coast areas,  in order to study the com-
munity health effects of emissions from a large kraft pulp mill.
Enquiry was made by telephone or home visit for each of the
2084 absences experienced by the  752 pupils  and the symp-
toms, duration of illness, physician attendance and hospilaliza-
tion were determined in each  case. A series of indices of dis-
ease incidence and  duration  were prepared to account  for
school transfers  and different  communicable  disease attack
rates. In general the results were non-conclusive: the incidence
of all illness and  respiratory illness in the control community
of  Berryville lay  midway between that of the  two  towns,
Seaview and Upper Seaview, which comprised  the study com-
munity; certain  conditions,  notably  tonsilleclomy, inflamed
eyes, headache,  feverishness  and nausea, were, however,
more frequent in the polluted area. (Author summary)

03788
H. F. J. Wenzel and O. V. Ingruber
CONTROLLING  PROBLEMS OF  AIR AND WATER CON-
TAMINATION. Paper Trade J. 151, (3) 42-7, Jan. 16, 1967.
The nature of the substances  causing kraft pulp mill odor
problems; the manner and  amounts in  which they  are
produced; analytical methods for determining them; the tolera-
ble limit of concentration;  the threshold of  perceplability; and
control measures  are reviewed.  Hydrogen  sulfide, methylmer-
captan, dimethylsulfide, and to  a lesser extent, dimethyldisul-
fide, are involved.

05076
B. G. Ferris, Jr., W. A. Burgess, and J. Worcester
PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC RESPIRATORY  DISEASE IN A
PULP MILL AND A PAPER MILL IN THE UNITED STATES.
 Brit. J. Ind. Med. (London) 24, (1) 26-37, Jan. 1967.
A sample of  147  men drawn from  the workers in a pulp mill
was compared with  one of 124  men  from a paper mill. The
former included those exposed to chlorine and to sulphur diox-
ide. No significant differences were found in respiratory symp-
toms or in simple test of ventilatory function in the two sam-
ples,  but men working in  chlorine had a somewhat  poorer
respiratory function and more shortness of breath than those

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 122
PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
working in sulphur dioxide. The working population of both
mills together  had a  lower prevalence of respiratory disease
than that of the male population of Berlin, N.H., previously
studied, suggesting  that  working  populations may  not  be
representative  of the  general  population. Further, a  low
prevalence of disease in a working population exposed to pol-
lutants may not indicate their 'safety' in general populations.

07339
D. A. Emanuel, F. J. Wenzel, B. R. Lawton
PNEUMONITIS  DUE TO  CRYPTOSTROMA CORTICALE
(MAPLE-BARK DISEASE). New Engl. J. Med., 274(25):1413-
1418, June 23,  1966. 5 refs.
Five cases  of  maple-bark  disease are presented.  All patients
had positive agar-gel diffusion  tests to  extracts  of  Cryptos-
troma corticate. Spores were demonstrated in the lung biopsy
in 4 of the 5 cases. The disease is a hyper- sensitivity reaction
to the spores of C. corticate and does not represent a true in-
fection since the spores  do not grow at  body temperature.
Although 2 of  the patients appeared to have extensive fibrotic
disease all are  clinically well, with no impairment  of pulmona-
ry function.  With the removal of the patients from the spore-
laden  areas  and changes in  the manufacturing process to
reduce spore concentration, the disease  has been eradicated
from the mill. (Authors' summary)

08828
Wenzel, Frederick J. and Dean A. Emanuel
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MAPLE BARK DISEASE.  Arch.
Environ. Health, 14(3):385-389, March 1967. 8 refs.
A survey of the 37 workers in a paper mill which had an out-
break of maple bark disease was made. Careful clinical histo-
ry,  physical examination, x-ray studies,  and serological tests
were  made. Five men  had active disease. Nine  men  had
subclinical  disease,  and  four  additional  men had positive
serological tests. Spore counts show a high concentration of
the  spores of Cryptostroma corticate especially in the winter.
Positive control measures were  taken,  and the  disease has
been eliminated from  the mill. (Authors' summary)

09926
Droege, Henry F.
A STUDY OF THE  VARIATION  OF ODOR  THRESHOLD
CONCENTRATIONS  REPORTED IN THE LETERATURE.
Preprint, California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Div. of
Environmental  Santation,  Sp.,  ((1967)).  6 refs. (Presented at
the  60th Annual Meeting, Air  Pollution  Control  Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper  67-177.)
A major problem in  any  study  of odor  nuisance is  the wide
range of odor  threshold concentrations reported in the litera-
ture. Six standard references have been  reviewed in order to
determine the reason for the wide range of odor threshold con-
centrations. The odor threshold  for ethyl mercaptan is given as
0.073  ppm by  McCord and Witheridge,  whereas Stern lists a
value of 0.00026 ppm. Both of these values are based on the
same  data. Almost all  of  the reported values  can  be  traced
back to a  Bureau of  Mines study  conducted in 1930 by Katz
and Talbert. In this study, six  levels of odor  intensity were
determined,  ranging  from  No.O (no odor) to No. 5 (very
strong). The major reason for  the wide discrepancy is  that
some  authors have used Katz and Talbert's No.  1 intensity  -
barely perceptible - while  others have used the No. 2 intensity
- faint - for the threshold level. (Author's  abstract)
                      11828
                      D. R. Lamb, R. D. Shriner
                      PROCEEDINGS  OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGIONAL
                      CONFERENCE ON AIR POLLUTION (NOVEMBER  15-17,
                      1967.) Wyoming Univ., Laramle, Coll. of Commerce and Indus-
                      try,llOp.,1967. ((140)) rets.
                      The purpose of the Conference was to bring together represen-
                      tatives of government, industry, and research for a meaningful
                      discussion of air pollution and its causes, effects,  and cures.
                      The following topics were discussed: Industrial Gases, Particu-
                      lates, Industrial Solid Waste Management, The Internal Com-
                      bustion Engine and Smog, Banquet Session, Air Pollution Ef-
                      fects on Meteorology and Visibility, Air Pollution  Effects on
                      Humans, Air Pollution  Effects on Animals, Air Pollution Ef-
                      fects Plants, Air  Pollution Effects on Materials, Economics of
                      Air Pollution,  Air Pollution Control by  Feed Lots, Air Pollu-
                      tion  Control by  Petroleum  Plants, Air Pollution Control by
                      Power Plants,  Air Pollution Control by Wood Products Plants,
                      and Air Pollution Control by Mineral Processing Plants.

                      16153
                      Jonas,  J.
                      OWN  EXPERIENCES  WITH  AIR-CONTAMINATION  BY
                      SULPHUR  DIOXIDE  IN PAPER-MILLS AND THEIR  EN-
                      VIRONMENT.   (Nase  zkusenosti se  zamorenim  ovzdusi
                      kyslicnikem  siricitym  v  papirnach a  jejich okoli).  Text in
                      Czech. Pracovni Lekar. (Prague), 21(7):318-323, 1969. 8 refs.
                      Considerable SO2 escapes into the  surrounding atmosphere in
                      one of the largest paper mills of Czechoslovakia, located  in a
                      deep valley where there is poor movement of air as the result
                      of the production of pulp  by the acid method and to the burn-
                      ing of  high-sulfur content fuel. The SO2 level sometimes ex-
                      ceeds the  legal threshold concentration of 0.5 mg/cu m  and
                      pennissable  daytime concentration of  0.15 mg/cu  m. During
                      the past six  years there were 3 deaths  due to SO2 poisoning
                      and a case of acute intoxication resulting in a chronic respira-
                      tory disorder. Those living in the vicinity of the factory have a
                      high incidence of cardiorespiratory disorders. Steps taken to
                      improve the situation include a prohibition on the  burning of
                      sulfite  waste materials and fuels with a  high sulfur content. It
                      is  further recommended that head  masks be restricted or al-
                      ternated with  mouth masks, so that  workers will be more
                      aware  of increased SO2  concentration. A revision is recom-
                      mended of  the  provisions  concerning fines and penalties,
                      which  give  no consideration  to the area in the vicinity  of the
                      factory smokestack. However, SO2 manufacturing is  not con-
                      sidered a dangerous situation, since the company is detecting
                      respiratory illnesses before the damage became irreparable.

                      17205
                      Rylander, Ragnar
                      AIR POLLUTION IN  OUR  SOCIETY. A SYMPOSIUM  OR-
                      GANIZED BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE DEPART-
                      MENT  OF  THE  NATIONAL INSTITUTE  FOR  PUBLIC
                      HEALTH.  (Luftfororeningar i vart samhalle.  Symposium or-
                      ganiserat av omgivningshygieniska avdelningen vid  Statens in-
                      stitut for  folkhalsan).  Text in Swedish. Svenska  National-
                      foreningen  Hjart Lungsjukdomar  Kvartalsskrift, 63(4):84-91,
                      July/Oct. 1968.
                      Air pollution problems  were discussed  March 13-14, 1968 by
                      experts in  four  fields: technology, animal experimentation,
                      epidemiology,  and conservation of natural resources. The  task
                      of isolating  medically  harmful pollutants is complicated by
                      several unrelated factors such as meteorology, heredity, socio-
                      economic factors, and synergistic effects. The problem of al-

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                                      G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                    123
lergens, whether natural or artificial, has been insufficiently
studied. Animal experiments with pollutants  seem to require
higher  dosages  than experience  would  indicate,  possibly
because the effects experienced by humans require a combina-
tion of several such factors. A serious problem in Sweden is
the matter of emissions from the paper pulp  industry. Impor-
tant  from the  medical  standpoint  is  a better  coordinated
system for measuring and reporting air pollution effects on an
international scale. New techniques have been developed  for
studying the functions of animal  lungs in vivo: (1) the vibra-
tion frequency of the cilia and the secretions of  the mucosa
are used as indexes of the effects of various pollutants; (2) in-
halation of  a radioactively tagged polystyrene aerosol  is fol-
lowed by scintillograph measurements to determine the rate of
transport away  from  the lungs;  (3) inhalation of a bacteria
aerosol, followed  by evaluation of alterations in the bacter-
icidal mechanisms of the body; and (4) renal  function tests to
indicate the organ distribution of various substances. Swedish
epidemiologists have studied data obtained from 10,000 sets of
twins in an effort to ascertain the effects of certain environ-
mental factors in a situation where the heredity factor remains
constant.

21054
Yoshida, Ryo
FUJI ASTHMA.  (Fuji Zensoku). Text in Japanese.  Igaku  No
Ayumi (Prog.  Med.), 71(7):304-305,  Nov. 15, 1969. 7 refs.
Chiba Univ. (Japan), Dept. of Public Health.
Fuji  city in  the prefecture  of Sizuoka,  with a population of
about  170,000,  is an  important paper manufacturing center.
The  prevalence of bronchial asthma among the inhibants  has
given rise to  the term Fuji asthma. On  many streets of Fuji
city  pollutants exceed 0.05  ppm, which  is the environmental
standard established  by air quality legislation. Actual  condi-
tions  were studied at four elementary schools  in polluted
areas,  and also at two  elementary  schools in  nonpolluted
areas. The frequency  of asthma was  1.34% in the first group
and 0.7% in the latter group. Among 109 pupils with asthma,
84%  experienced  the onset of sickness in  Fuji. When  the
asthmatic pupils were given an antigen liquid positive  results
were obtained only for 33.3% of the pupils.

23893
Tsyganovskaya, L. Kb.
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF VEGETABLE DUST  IN CEL-
LULOSE CARDBOARD INDUSTRY.  (Gigienicheskaya otsen-
ka ratsitelynoy pyli  tsellyulonzno-kartonnogo proizvodstva).
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., vol. 6:26-31, 1970. 9 refs.
A study of the sanitary hygienic labor conditions prevailing at
the time of the cutting of reeds in  the cellulose-cardboard in-
dustry  showed that the main noxious effect  is caused  by  or-
ganic  dust  of vegetable origin.  Examination   of  workers
revealed a high incidence of lesions in the mucous membranes
of the upper respiratory tracts with prevalence of subatrophic
forms,  disturbances of external respiration, and development
of positive allergic skin reactions under the action of extracts
of cardboard and particularly reed dust. The allergenic proper-
ties of reed and cardboard dust were confirmed experimen-
tally. (Author abstract modified)

25563
Ferris, Benjamin G.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON SCHOOL  ABSENCES
AND DIFFERENCES  IN LUNG FUNCTION  IN FIRST AND
SECOND  GRADERS  IN  BERLIN,  NEW  HAMPSHIRE,
JANUARY 1966 TO JUNE 1967.  Am. Rev. Respirat. Disease,
102(4): 591-606, 1970. 7 refs.
Absences from the first and second grades of seven elementa-
ry schools (four parochial and three public) in Berlin, New
Hampshire, were studied from January to June 1966 (716 stu-
dents) and from September to June 1967 (692 students). Air
pollution  measurements  were made during most of  these
periods.  School absences  were  not  significantly  different
between  schools, despite considerable differences in levels of
pollution. No  cases  of  chronic  respiratory  disease, general
chronic disease, or disability conditions were recorded among
the students, nor was there any apparent correlation between
gastrointestinal symptoms and odors from a kraft pulp mill. On
the other hand, the results  of pulmonary function tests in-
dicated changes that could be due to air pollution. Children
who attended ( and lived near) a school in an area of relatively
high sulfur dioxide and paniculate concentrations  tended to
have lower pulmonary function. Another school was in an area
with the  highest average SO2 concentration but not the highest
dust fall. Since children at this school did not have  the lowest
pulmonary function, it is suggested that particulars, as in-
dicated by dust fall is as important as the SO2 concentrations.
(Author abstract modified)

25875
Freour, P. and P. Coudray
INCIDENCE   OF   CHRONIC   BRONCHITIS   AND  OF
RESPIRATORY   INSUFFICIENCY  IN   AN  INDUSTRIAL
RURAL   POPULATION.     (Prevalence   des   bronchites
chroniques et des insuffisances respiratoires dans une popula-
tion industrielle  d'habitat rural).  Text  in  French.  Bull. IN-
SERM, 25(2): 165-188, 1970. 7 refs.
The incidence  of chronic bronchitis and of respiratory insuffi-
cienc was  studied  in 1011 employees of a cellulose plant (in-
cluding 874 manual  workers  and 86 administrative workers;
724 were smokers) situated in a rural area near Bordeau by
means of a questionnaire of the British  Medical Council and
by medical examination for  symptoms of respiratory impair-
ment. Major symptoms were  found in 7.9% and minor symp-
toms in  23.44% of the  work  force;  the  incidence increased
with  age. The incidence of  major symptoms among manual
workers  was 8.46% and among administrative workers, 5.81%.
The difference between the incidence of symptoms of workers
exposed  to lime dust and to humid vapors and those not so ex-
posed was not statistically significant. Smoking did affect the
incidence significantly. Of smokers, 9.11% manifested major
symptoms  as against 4.18% in non smokers; 38.25% smokers
manifested minor symptoms as against 23.34% in non smokers.
A comparison of  these figures with respective values of a
similar study  involving  an urba  industrial  population group
(Bordeau)  reveals  that the incidence  of broncho-respiratory
symptoms among the urban group is significantly higher which
can be ascribed to a difference in life style and to air pollu-
tion.

27651
Yoshida, Ryo, Ken Motomiya, Motoaki Adachi, Kozo Ito, and
Seiji Kubo
HEALTH  EFFECTS  OF  AIR  POLLUTION IN  PRIMARY
SCHOOL  CHILDREN IN  B  CITY, SHIZUOKA  PREFEC-
TURE, JAPAN.  (Shizuoka ken B-shi ni okeru gakudokenshin
kekka). Text  in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu  (J. Japan  Soc.
Air Pollution), 4(1):52, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)

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124
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
The city B in Shizuoka Prefecture has been developing based
on the pulp and paper industry  and has the average  sulfur
dioxide pollution concentration of about 0.08 ppm. A city-wide
investigation was conducted on  the  asthmatic and ordinary
school children; the number of asthmatic children was  found
to be  significantly higher in the polluted area  than in the non-
polluted area. The average number of days of  absence per per-
son was 8.15 days and 8.08 days for polluted and non-polluted
areas, respectively.  A questionnaire  survey and physical ex-
aminations were performed on the asthmatic  children. At one
school,  and of  24  volunteering  for examination,  19  were
asthmatic,  and  four had  allergic  bronchitis.  The health ex-
amination   of all children  in  four   schools  in B included
questions on home environment, the  physical condition  of the
family, history,  and subjective  symptoms as  well as physical
examination including breathing tests and skin tests. Subjec-
tive symptoms  included  headaches,  coughing,  sore  throat,
phlegm, temperature, stomach ache, and diarrhea.

30169
Yoshida, Ryo, Takeshi Hongu, Motoaki Adachi, Kozo Ito,
Masatsugu Kubo, and Shigeru Funabashi
THE RESULTS OF THE MEDICAL EXAMINATION ON THE
INFANTS  IN TWO AREAS IN FUJI  CITY, SHIZUOKA PRE-
FECTURE.  (Shizuoka-ken Fuji-shinai 2  chiku no nyuyoji
kenshin  kekka). Text  in Japanese. Shoni Hoken Kenkyu  (J.
Child  Health).  29(2): 108-109,  Jan.  1971. (Presented  at the
Japanese Society of Child Health, Annual Meeting,  17th, Ku-
rume, Japan, Oct. 16-17, 1970.)
Fuji city, which developed  around the paper manufacturing  in-
dustry, has many environment  problems,  including  air  pollu-
tion, water pollution, and offensive odors. In the Fujima and
Iwai districts, which are located near a large paper manufac-
turing plant, children under seven years of age were sampled
(73 infants from Fujima and 294 infants from  Iwai) and  tested
by the Fuji city doctors committee. The  investigations  were
carried out in  June, 1969, at  Fujima, and in June,  1970, at
Iwai.  Susceptibility  to colds was 80%  in  Fujima,  68.5%  in
Iwai;  33.9% and 18.1% had asthmatic spasms within a  year;
and 20.2% and 11.2% had difficulty in breathing within a year.
On the  basis  of the first examination  some infants  were
required to take a more thorough examination in Fujima,  37
children (56.9%) and in Iwai - 71 (27.3%). The  results showed a
prevalence of bronchial asthma (six children in Fujima (9.2%)
of those who had the first examination)  and five children in
Iwai (1.9%) and the first stage  of  bronchial  asthma  in  17
(26.1%) and 25 (9.6%) children. Continued observance is con-
sidered necessary for 46% of the Fujima  children and 20% of
the Iwai children who had the first examination.

33964
Pavanello, R. and D. Rondia
ODOUR NUISANCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH.  PART  2. Water
Waste Treat., I4(5):2A-3A, June 1971. 9 refs.
Offensive  odors and public health are reviewed with respect to
available literature,  odor  and  fear,  somatic reactions, and
prevention  of pollution by  odoriferous products. Data on the
effects of  odor nuisance on human health are scarce and very
subjective. Careful epidemiological studies  are needed to de-
tect long-term effects; short-term  effects (vomiting, headache,
or asthma) are occasionally attributed to emissions of an occa-
sional type. Most regulations on odorous emissions concern
paper  pulp works. Existing technology on odor counteraction
is inadequate.
                      34667
                      Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
                      EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY ODOR EXPOSURE.  31 p.,
                      1971. 58 refs. (Report resulting from discussions and based on
                      the working papers of a symposium sponsored by the Environ-
                      mental Protection  Agency,  April 26-29,  1971.) NTIS:  PB
                      204989
                      Discussions on community odor exposure during a symposium
                      are summarized, based on  papers and  reports by the partici-
                      pants on human reactions to odors; empirical data on odor ex-
                      posure from  different sources; dose-response relationships; in-
                      teractions between odor sources and environmental conditions;
                      temporal patterns; and scientific bases  for performance stan-
                      dards.  Recommendations for basic and applied  research  are
                      presented.  Odorous compounds were defined as those materi-
                      als whose most common adverse effect  is the annoyance reac-
                      tion caused by the odor  itself. Human  reactions to odors in-
                      cluded  disease  states,  annoyance  reactions,  social  and
                      economic reactions, physiological responses, and interference
                      with  positive reactions to nonambient odors.  Sensory analysis
                      techniques to determine odors from pulp mills and diesel ex-
                      haust are discussed.

                      37337
                      Kaburagi, Sukekata, Gen-ichi Tokita,  and Misa Matsumura
                      RELATION BETWEEN RESPIRATORY DISEASE  AND AIR
                      POLLUTION IN FUJINOMIYA DISTRICT  OF SHIZUOKA
                      PREFECTURE. (PART I). (Shizuoka-ken Fujinomiya chiku ni
                      okeru kokyuki kei shikkan  to taiki osen tono kankei ni tsuite
                      no chosa (Dai  1  po). Text in Japanese. Nippon  Koshu Eisei
                      Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 18(10):423, 1971.
                      Patients which  colds, acute bronchitis,  asthma bronchiole,
                      bronchitis with asthmatic attacks, chronic bronchitis, pharyn-
                      gitis, and allergic rhinitis in Fujinomiya City and Shibakawa-
                      cho were examined during  March 1969 and February  1970.
                      These two districts are contiguous to Fuji City where serious
                      air pollution is caused by many paper manufacturing factories.
                      During the investigation,  monthly average  concentration of
                      sulfur dioxide was 0.023 - 0.037. Morbidity of acute bronchitis
                      in  these  districts was lower than  that of  Fuji  City, but
                      bronchitis with asthmatic attacks  was the same as in a non-
                      polluted district of Fuji City. Though the effect of air pollution
                      of  Fuji City  was clearly  observed in Fujinomiya City  a cor-
                      relation between meteorological conditions,  observed  at the
                      same time, and occurrence of respiratory  diseases was not
                      found.

                      39013
                      Funabashi, Shigeru, Tatsuya Hayashi, Toshiyuki Nishimuta,
                      Nobukiyo Sakurai, Touru Takayama,  Masaru  Mizoguchi, Keiji
                      Kishimoto, Yoshiko Muramatsu, Ryotara Tochigi, Yoshio
                      Takayama, Katsumi Yamada, Akira Sato, Yukiha  Ri, Amane
                      Terajima, Junichi Ito, Misako Murata, Tsuyoshi Toba, Suzuko
                      Uehara, Seiji Kubo, Masao Muramatsu,  Koji Ito, Motoaki
                      Adachi, Ken  Motomiya, and Ryo Yoshida
                      RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR  POLLUTION AND INFANT
                      BRONCHIAL ASTHMA, REPORT 3.  AMOUNT OF SERO-IM-
                      MUNE GLOBULIN  (GAMMA G, GAMMA  A, GAMMA  M,
                      GAMMA E)  OF ASTHMATIC CHILDREN  OF  POLLUTED
                      AREA. (Taikiosen to shoni kikanshi  zensoku, Sono 3. Osen-
                      chiku zensokuji no kessei meneki gurobulin (gamma  G, gamma
                      A, gamma M, gamma E) ryo). Text in Japanese. Shonika Shin-
                      ryo (J. Pediat. Pract.), 35(4):460-464, April 1972. 39 refs.
                      Comparative  studies were made of the measured sero-immune
                      globulins (Ig) of asthmatic children of the highly polluted area

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                                      G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                    125
and the low polluted area of Fuji city, where the main industry
is paper production. The  asthmatic children were among the
outpatients of the pediatrics department in Chiba University,
and non-allergic  children  were used for control. The  deter-
minations were done using the immunoplate made by H. Com-
pany for gamma G, gamma A, and Gamma M, and the indirect
single radial immunodiffusion method for gamma  E.  There
were no specific  changes  in amounts of gamma G of the out-
patient children,  but children  of  both  polluted areas showed
less gamma G  than the others. The amounts of gamma A of
children of both  highly and low  polluted areas approximated
those  of the control children but  those of the  outpatient chil-
dren showed a tendency toward greater amounts when onsets
of asthma occurred. The  defect of gamma A  was noted in a
case of the low polluted area. There were no differences in the
amount  of gamma M  among  all  groups. The significant  dif-
ference in gamma E was  noted between control children  and
the  others, and  the increase  of  gamma E was observed in
about half of the  children living in polluted areas, regardless of
the degree pollution. However, the positive  reactions were low
with skin tests using commercial inhalation  antigens. The total
amount of Ig (gamma  G,  gamma A, and gamma M) was the
smallest in asthmatic children of the highly polluted area in
proportion to gamma G amounts.

39242
Deane, Margaret and John R. Goldsmith
HEALTH EFFECTS OF PULP MILL ODOR IN ANDERSON,
CALIFORNIA.   Preprint, Environmental  Protection Agency,
Washington, D. C., 22p., 1971. (Presented at the Conference
on the Dose-Response  Relationships Affecting  Human Reac-
tions to Odorous Compounds, Cambridge, Mass.,  April 26-30,
1971.)
A rural community in  northern  California  was divided  into
three areas representing three levels of exposure to odors from
a pulp mill. The areas were delineated by presumptive expo-
sure based  on proximity to the plant and location in relation to
prevailing wind patterns and confirmed by chemical and or-
ganoleptic measurements. Systematic population samples were
chosen to represent the three types of residential  areas in the
area and to yield approximately  equal numbers of male and
female respondents. Similar surveys were  carried  out using
postal questionnaires and personal interview. Along with mea-
surement of chronic health conditions, the  frequency, recency,
and attributed causes of a list of acute or transitory symptoms
were determined. Background variables also  included age,  sex,
marital status, employment, smoking habits, previous occupa-
tional exposure, and pre-existing medical conditions. Persistent
cough and  phlegm  were  several times as frequent in the  area
closest to the plant. No other factors to account  for this dif-
ference were revealed. (Author abstract modified)

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126
              H.  EFFECTS-PLANTS  AND  LIVESTOCK
23261
Laamanen, Arvo and Risto Lahdes
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SULPHUR CONTENT OF PINE
NEEDLES FROM THE  ENVIRONMENT  OF  POINT AND
AREA SOURCES. Work-Environ.-Heallh, 6(l):41-43, 1969. 6
refs.
Sulfate analyses were carried out on needles of pine trees in
the environment  of a sulfite  cellulose factory and  a district
heating installation  using  heavy fuel  oil.  Equiconcentration
isopleths of SO4 with a valence of minus two were drawn on a
map of the region. A negative  correlation between the distance
from the  source and  the sulfate concentration in the samples
was noted. (Author summary modified)

24025
Koeck, G.
MILDEW  ON OAK  TREES AND  FLUE-GAS  DAMAGE.
(Eichenmehlau  und   Rauchgasschaden).  Z.  Pflanzenkrankh
Pflanzenschultz,  vol.  45:1-2,  1935.  Translated from German.
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., lp., June 18, 1970.
The Oak  mildew (Microsphaera alni var. quercina) could not
be observed at any location which had been exposed to a con-
siderable  amount of flue gases containing sulfurous acid. This
was especially evident along the  southwest slopes  of  the
Haeusel Mountains which are  relatively heavily exposed to the
flue gases coming from a paper mill in Hinterburg. Absence of
oak mildew  and similarly  the  absence of  lichen in  forests
which also contain oaks can be taken as an indicator for the
assumption  that the region concerned is  strongly exposed to
flue gases. If one considers the usual control of the genuine
mildew fungus by means of pulverized sulfa, which tranforms
under  the influence of the atmosphere into sulfurous acid and
thus becomes fungicidal,  the above observed phenomenon
becomes quite understandable.

24902
Werner, A. E.
SULPHUR  COMPUNDS  IN  KRAFT  PULP  MILL  EF-
FLUENTS.   Can. Pulp Paper Ind. (Vancouver),  16(3):35-43,
March 1963. 8 refs.
Kraft  pulp mills convert biologically harmless sodium sulfate
into a variety of sulfur-containing compounds, many of  which
are quite  poisonous when emitted into streams and allowed to
pollute the  water. A  historical  perspective  of kraft mill ef-
fluents and control techniques  is  presented, and a chemical
analysis of the effluents is given in tabular form. The effluent
is composed of several process streams, all of which ultimate-
ly  derive their sulfur from black  liquor. Samples  of  black
liquor were obtained and analyzed by gas chroonatography for
volatile  and  toxic  sulfur  compounds.  Basic  black  liquor
chemistry,  separation,  and  fractions  are  discussed.  The
hypothesis that detoxification of black liquor is caused by rais-
ing the oxidation state of  sulfur in some  of its constituent
compounds is tested by exposing the organism Daphnia pulex
to  a range of concentrations of  the toxic solution under con-
trolled  laboratory conditions. A  lethal  concentration, one
which kills 50% of the organisms tested, is determined. It is
considered to be a much more sensitive and reliable index of
toxicity than previous standards are.

32561
Kudryavtseva, L. A.
SELENIUM  - ITS  PHYSIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC
PROPERTIES.  (Selen - yego  fiziologicheskiye i terepev-
ticheskiye svoystva). Veterinariya (Moscow),  no.  10:60-63,
Oct. 1969.  Translated  from  Russian. Leo Kanner Assoc.,
Redwood City, Calif., 8p., May 1971.
The physiological and therapeutic properties of selenium are
examined. With  respect to its physiological properties, seleni-
um is very closely associated with Vitamin E. Selenium readily
replaced sulfur,  forming selenium analogs to sulfur-containing
amino acids. It plays a role in aerobic oxidation in the animal
organism, decreasing its rate and  by this regulating the rate of
oxidation-reduction reactions. Selenoaminoacids, produced in
the organism, are effective in  decreasing the number of free
radicals which disrupt the activity and properties of enzymes
and amino acids subjected to ionizing radiation. Diseases at-
tributed  to  selenium  deficiency include  myopathy;  white
muscle disease;  necrosis of the  liver in rats; muscular dys-
trophy  in rodents; dietary hepatitis  in large  horned cattle,
suckling pigs, fur-bearing animals, and  chickens; exudative
diathesis in chicks; paradentosis and myocarditis in swine; and
resorption of the fetus. The therapeutic-preventive  action  of
selenium  is  discussed. The  effect of selenium in plants  or
fodder on the growth and development of animals is examined.
In  industry, the main sources of selenium  are  the  anodic
sludges from the electrolytic production of copper and from
the sulfuric acid  and cellulose-paper industries.

37047
Gerlach-Tharandt, R.
TESTS AND EXPERIENCE IN  FORESTRY.  XI.  ABSORP-
TION AND  ACCUMUATION  OF SULFUROUS (SO2) AND
SULFURIC  (SO3) ACID IN THE NEEDLES OF OUR ORDI-
NARY SPRUCE.  (Ueber forstliche Versuche  und Erfahrun-
gen. XI.  Aufnahme-  und  Aufspeicherungsfaehigkeit  von
Schwefeliger  Saeure (SO2)  und  Schwefelsaeure  (SO3, Be-
ziehentlich H2SO4) in den Nadeln unserer gemeinen Fichte).
Text in  German. Tharandter Forstl.  Jahrb., vol.  76:224-232,
1925.
Absorption and  accumulation of sulfur trioxide in spruce nee-
dles from two forest lots exposed to the same paper producing
plant emissions for more than 40 years is illustrated by analyti-
cal data from studies carried out  between 1890 and 1902. The
factory is located in a valley on both sides of a creek; its emis-
sions are carried by winds. Average SO3 values (where SO3
stands for the sum  of both sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide)
on lot no. I were 0.385%, 0.444%, and 0.526% (per 100 G dry
matter) in 1890,  1897, and 1902  respectively. Lot no. II showed
0.289%,  0.430%, and 0.525% SO3 values in 1892,  1896, and
1902 respectively.  Average SO3 accumulation in needle  sam-
ples from lot no. I was 15% from 1890 to 1897, 18.5% from

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                                 H.  EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
                                                     127
1897 through  1902 and constitutes a total of 36.2% from 1890
through 1902. Samples from Lot no. II show accumulations of
48.7%, 21.9%, and 81.3% through the 1892/1896, 1896/1902,
and 1892/1902 periods, respectively. Exposure of Lot no. II to
pollutant emissions started eight years later than that of lot no.
I. The inhanced effects  upon Lot no. II are attributed to its
topographic site and  to  its exposure  to frequent winds. The
generally increasing SO3 levels in the spruce needle samples is
attributed to time and technological factors (increased charcoal
consumption). Maximum SO3  accumulation levels  in  spruce
needles before falling off cannot be deduced from these data.

37352
Kaemmerer, Kurt
THE TOXICOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SULPHITE FED
TO RUMINANTS.  (Zur toxicologischen Bedeutung von Sulfit
beim  Wiederkaeuer).  Text in German.  Zucker, 25(4):123-127,
Feb. 1972. 30  refs.
The effects of sulfur dioxide and sulfites are discussed based
on a literature survey. During the burning of coal or fuel  oil,
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, or sulfuric acid are emitted. In-
halation of sulfites or sulfur dioxide  causes toxic  reactions,
such as mucous membrane infections. Ruminants tolerate con-
siderably larger amounts of  sulfites than man  or monogastric
animals. The  pre-rumen system in ruminants acts as a dilution
and buffer system. Prolonged feeding of sulfite-containing  dry
pulp,  which usually holds about 1000 ppm  SO2, causes no dis-
orders.

38576
Kaemmerer, Kurt, Eckhard Barke, and Michael-Juergen
Seidler
TOLERANCE OF SHEEP TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF
SULPHITE IN DRY PULP.  (Vertraeglichkeit  von  Sulfit in
hoher Konzentration auf Trockenschnitzeln bei Schafen). Text
in German. Zucker, 25(4): 128-134, Feb. 1972. 8 refs.
The sulfite on dry pulp is not a natural substance of dry pulp
but it is a contamination product which stems from the drying
process in dependence of the type  of fuel used. The different
types of fuels have different sulfur concentrations which lead
to different  sulfur dioxide  concentrations on  dry  pulp.  An
average residual  concentration of about 1000 mg SO2/kg  dry
pulp must be taken into account.  Dry pulp is  mostly used as
fodder for ruminants in average quantities of 2.5 kg for cattle,
0.3 to 0.5 kg for sheep, and 0.3 kg for pigs. During a 90-day
tolerance  test with male sheep fed dry  pulp  containing 1%
SO2, it was found that sodium disulfite was tolerable without
any signs of damage to health. Weight  increase was  unim-
paired with 500 g hay,  500 g dry pulp, and 200 g oatmeal. In-
troduction of dried pulp with sulfite reduced  fodder uptake
only  in   the  first  days  of  the  test.  Blood  chemistry,
transaminases, serum  albumin  electrophoresis, urine status,
rumen function,  ammonia liberation, and  fatty  acid formation
suffered  no ill effect from SO2. Dissection findings and organ
weights were insignificant, apart from random findings such as
renal  cysts.  Therefore,  SO2  in  factory-dried  pulp can  be
tolerated by ruminants without any adverse effects.

39537
Wislicenus, H.
THE ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF SMOKE DAMAGE.
(Zur Beurtheilung  und  Abwehr von Rauchschaeden). Text in
German.  Z.  Angew.  Chem (Weinheim), 14(28):689-716,  1901.
16 refs.
The assessment of smoke damage in a given case involves the
gathering of evidence that the damage has indeed been caused
by smoke, the rendering of proof of such damage, evaluation
of its extent, and the estimation of damage for purposes of in-
dexing. A methodology of smoke damage assessment on crops
must include examination of the spot, consideration  of other
contributory factors (frost, mismanagement), laboratory tests,
differentiation between acute and chronic damage, determina-
tion of the contributory share of several pollution sources, and
the calculation of the actual damage accrued. Normal and ab-
normally high concentrations of pollutants (carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide and trioxide, hydrogen chloride and fluoride,
chlorine,  carbon  disulfide, cyanide,  ether, gasoline vapors,
hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia) in emissions from acid manu-
facturing plants,  glass works, lime kilns, fertilizer plants,  brick
kilns, ceramic works, paper mills, dye works, sugar  mills, the
manufacture of explosives, and from railroad locomotives are
tabulated, and the physiological effects of the various pollu-
tants on  plant tissues, on chlorophyll formation, and on as-
similation in  crops, deciduous trees, and conifers, and  sam-
pling and the analytical detection  of sulfur and of fluorine in
the samples  are reviewed.  One  way  of controlling smoke
damage is to desulfurize coal by coking and to recover the sul-
fur by washing coking  gas in an alkaline bath. Another way is
to achieve a greater dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere
by modifications in furnace and smokestack construction.

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128
                              I.  EFFECTS-MATERIALS
03957
H. F. J. Wenzel and O. V. Ingniber
COMBATING CORROSION IN KRSFT PULP MILL EQUIP-
MENT. Paper Trade J. 151, (4) 44-5, Jan. 23, 1967.
The equipment used in kraft pulp mills is made of iron or iron
alloys and is exposed to aqueous solutions of inorganic and or-
ganic chemicals of different composition under various condi-
tions of concentrate, temperature, time, and  mechanical ef-
fects.  Electrochemical  corrosion concerns corrosion in aque-
ous solutions  although some  corrosion phenomena  due  to
gases are also of electro-chemical nature. To test the possibili-
ty of  anodic digester protection, polarization curves of  steel
under kraft pulping conditions were measured and  analyzed.
Experimental results are given.

13507
Plumley, A. L., E. C. Lewis, and R. G. Tallent
EXTERNAL CORROSION  OF WATER WALL-TUBES IN
KRAFT RECOVERY  FURNACES.   TAPPI,  49(1):72A-81A,
Jan. 1966. 3 refs.
A test program designed to provide information leading to the
prevention of recovery furnace tube-metal  waste has been in
progress for over five years. This progress report discusses the
temperature limitations for  the carbon steel used for heat ad-
sorption surfaces, the corrosion resistance of various coatings
under operating conditions,  and results obtained  from corro-
sion  and  deposit  probes   installed  in recovery  furnaces.
Analytical data from laboratory tests of the chemical composi-
tion of deposits, smelts, and gases in various regions of a fur-
nace are included. It is concluded that  accelerated wastage for
SA 192 metal begins at metal temperatures between 625 and
650 F. Field and  laboratory studies  suggest that a gas-solid
reaction is the cause of wastage. In the area below the primary
air ports, where corrosion is greatest,  there are localized con-
centrations  of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and sulfur- containing
gases. If oxygen is sufficiently high, the hydrogen sulfide con-
centration is minimized.  Sulfur dioxide concentrations do not
appear to be affected by fluctuations in carbon or oxygen con-
centrations. Most of the coatings tested would prevent exten-
sive wastage. Examination of one furnace metallized with alu-
minum indicates that this method is satisfactory for the area of
the furnace walls above the primary  air ports. The area below
may  require expanded metal  shields packed with chrome
Super 3000 refractory or pegs packed with chrome-ore refrac-
tory.

26838
Koike, Yasushi
TESTING  IN THE  EXPOSURE OF  STEEL TO THE AIR  IN
THE CITY  OF KUSHTRO.   (Kushiro shinai ni  okeru  taiki
bakuro shiken  ni tsuite) Text  in Japanese.  Kushiro Kogyo
Kotosenmongakko Kenkyu Hokoku (Res Repts. Kushiro Tech.
Coll.), vol. 4:1-13, June 1970.
Nine samples of stainless steel and manganese steel were ex-
posed in  three different areas of Kushiro and examined for
degree of  atmospheric corrosion after 6, 12, and 24 months.
Contrary to expectations, the greatest corrosion was observed
on samples expose on the roof of a technical school located
some distance from the shore on high  ground. Less corrosion
was  measured  on the roof  of  a  paper manufacturing plant,
while the least was  measured on the roof of a technical college
which is always under the influence of sea breezes.

33709
ALUMINUM TRUSSES FOR  EXTERIOR  PIPE  AT NOVA
SCOTIA PULP RESIST SEA AIR AND SO2.  Pulp Paper Mag.
Can. (Quebec), 72(10):40, 42, Oct. 1971.
Pipe  trusses for a mill of  a  Nova Scotia pulp company were
subject not only to  sulfur dioxide mill gases but also to salt  air
causing corrosion. Aluminum was, therefore, used in place of
the more readily corroded galvanized steel. The aluminum  al-
loys  used design considerations are examined.  At  connections
between trusses and towers,  phenolic laminate pads were  used
under bearing plates to allow the truss to move freely, com-
pensating for thermal effects.

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                                                                                                                 129
                               J.  EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
01546
J.J. Hanks H.D. Kube
INDUSTRY  ACTION TO COMBAT POLLUTION.  Harvard
Bus. Rev., 44(5):49-62, Oct. 1966.
The  responsibilities of individual corporations in air pollution
abatement are emphasized. Sources of pollution discussed in-
clude the paper, steel,  electric  power, transportation and
petroleum industries. Principal  equipment  for  removal of
aerosols  and particulates is  described.  It is concluded that
although  air  pollution equipment increases costs in certain in-
dustries,  recovery of pollutant,  such as  fly ash, may help to
offset the costs. Government activities  in air pollution pro-
grams are summarized.

01561
R. K. Johnson
AIR-POLLUTION MEASUREMENT RECORDS LOST  DOL-
LARS. ISA  (Instr. Soc. Am.) J., 13(9):40-42, Sept. 1966.
Continuous  recording of  paniculate  emission from  stacks
demonstrates combustion efficiency, indicates efficiency of
dust collectors, and shows whether a plant meets air pollution
codes. Photoelectric tubes, thermopiles, or bolometers may be
used as sensing devices, and continuous monitoring may be
calibrated directly in  Ringelmann units. Two examples of use
of the monitoring devices in  stacks at pulp recovery units are
given. Economic losses caused by inefficient combustion and
dust collection are calculated.

14583
Ryczak, Stanley J.
BATCH PROCESSING OF  TALL OIL.  TAPPI, 46(2):129A-
130A, Feb. 1963.
Considerations of capital costs, manpower requirements, and
ease and flexibility of operations influenced  the Cheasapeake
Corporation's decision to adopt a batch, rather than continu-
ous, system  for crude tall-oil production. Although there is no
100% interface  between the  three layers obtained by separa-
tion  in the cooking cycle, any lignin or spent  acid carried over
during the transfer of oil to the wet oil storage tank settles out
in the tank and is periodically returned to the  cook tank before
the cleanout of the latter. Moisture in the wet oil storgae tank
is present   as  dissolved  or  suspended  water.  To  avoid
discoloration or oil degradation,  temperatures are not raised to
drive it off.  In cooking, 66 Be sulfuric acid is added through a
flowrater, and live steam is used to bring the temperature up
to 212-216 F.  Following acid addition and heating,  a  Viking
gear pump charges the amount of soap skimmings desired. The
desired pH of the spent acid is  4.1 to 4.2 since, at this point,
there is almost no residual soap  in the tall oil, or excess acidi-
ty to be  corrosive to tanklines. Because considerable liquor
separation takes place in the  soap storage tanks over the two-
week filling  period and liquor is returned to the evaporation
process daily, soap is relatively free of black liquor and less
lignin is precipitated in the cook tank. To clean the cook tank,
a mixture of white liquor and water, added  to the remaining
lignin fraction is first heated  with agitation, then pumped to a
holding  tank where it bums.  In this process, white liquor is
recovered and the lignin burns to produce steam.  The plant
can produce 40 tons of crude oil a  day.

16174
COSTS  AND ECONOMIC  IMPACTS OF AIR  POLLUTION
CONTROL FISCAL YEARS  1970-1974.   Ernst and  Ernst,
Washington, D. C. Contract PH 22-68-29, Task Order 2, 321p.,
Oct. 1969. 26 refs.
A study was  conducted to  estimate prospective  additional
costs to the private sector  of  the economy of controlling air
pollution from both stationary and mobile sources during the
years 1970-1974. The pollutants considered are paniculate and
sulfur oxides from stationary  sources and hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide from automobiles. Estimates of control con-
ditions prevailing prior to the passage of  the Air Quality Act
(1967) were taken as a base. Two types of stationary sources
are considered: combustion and process.  Costs are estimated
for controlling  three classes  of combustion sources: steam-
electric  power generation industrial fuel combustion, commer-
cial  fuel combustion. Industries for which process emission
control  costs  are developed are sulfate pulping, sulfuric acid
manufacture,  petroleum  refining,  asphalt batching, hydraulic
cement production, steel production, ferrous casting, and non-
ferrous  metals smelting and refining. Only automobiles are in-
cluded in the mobile source  class.  Estimates  of  additional
costs to the private sector are developed  for nationwide con-
trol  of  sulfur  oxides and particulates from stationary  com-
bustion   sources;  nationwide  control  or  particulate  from
process sources  in eight selected  industries and of  sulfur ox-
ides from sulfuric acid and petroleum refining process; nation-
wide control of  automobile exhaust emissions; and combined
control of sulfur oxides and particulates from combustion and
process sources  in 85 geographical areas.  Estimated costs are
presented as ranges within which actual costs can be expected
to fall. The economic implications of control costs for the na-
tion are discussed. The additional costs range from $0.9 to $1.7
billion dollars for 1970 and  rise to $1.0 to $1.9 billion in 1974.
(Author summary modified)

16457
Julson, J. O.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  - HOW MUCH WILL IT
COST YOUR MILL? Pulp Paper, 43(4): 152-153, April 1969.
The cost of protecting the quality  of the air against kraft mill
odors, bleach plant gaseous emissions, particulates, soot, cin-
ders, incineration  of mill refuse,  and water  protection was
discussed. Digester blow and relief gases are readily collected
and  can be thermally oxidized in a special furnace, lime kiln,
or recovery furnace. Odor reduction was  impressive and esti-
mated  capital  cost  was  $125,000-$150,000 (1969). Turpentine
should be condensed out of digester relief gases to take ad-
vantage of  income generated through its sale. Black liquor ox-
idation is also  effective in odor reduction  and  saves in chemi-
cal costs. Cost estimates ranged from $165,000 for a 200-ton
mill to $240,000  for a 1000-ton mill. Paniculate emission stan-

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 130
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
dards of 0.10 grains/standard cu ft of stack gas were obtained
with precipitators. Capital costs for  99% efficiency  ranged
from $375,000 for a 200-ton mill to $1,087,000 for a 1000-ton
mill. Costs for cyclone scrubbers and lime kiln scrubbers were
considerably  less. Capital costs  for the trapping of  chlorine
and chlorine dioxide emissions by scrubbing in a caustic solu-
tion and  returning the resulting solution back to the bleaching
process ranged from $35,000 for a 200-ton  mil] to $155,000 for
a 1000-ton mill. The installation of precipitators  for soot and
cinder  control was estimated to cost $1.50/cu ft/min for 99%
efficiency. The cost  estimates of incineration of mill  refuse
ranged from $3400 for 50 Ib/hr to $38,200 for 2000 Ibs/hr. The
costs of  primary  treatment, secondary treatment, and  sludge
incineration for water protection were also estimated.  Capital
and operating budgets will have to provide for these  heavy
added costs.

21241
Fogel,  M. E., D. R. Johnston, R. L. Collins, D. A. LeSourd,
R. W.Gerstle, and E.L. Hill
COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC COST STUDY OF AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL COSTS FOR SELECTED  INDUSTRIES
AND SELECTED REGIONS.  (FINAL  REPORT).   Research
Triangle  Inst.,  Durham,  N.  C.,  Operations  Research  and
Economics Div.,  NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-79, RTI Proj.
OU-455,  414p., Feb. 1970. 360 refs. CFSTI: PB 191054
Costs are estimated for controlling  emissions of particulates,
sulfur  oxides,  hydrocarbons, and  carbon monoxides  from
twenty-two sources within 100 metropolitan areas, through the
Fiscal  period 1970-1975; data defining relevant processes and
air  pollution  control  engineering characteristics  required to
support the analyses are presented. Sources for which control
cost estimates were made are solid waste disposal, steam-elec-
tric generating  plants, industrial boilers,  commercial and in-
stitutional heating plants, residential heating  plants,  and the
following industrial categories: kraft pulp,  iron and steel, gray
iron foundry, primary and secondary nonferrous metallurgy,
sulfuric acid, phosphate fertilizer, petroleum refining, cement,
lime,  coal cleaning,  petroleum  products  and storage,  grain
milling and handling,  varnish, and rubber tires.  The  total in-
vestment cost includes $221  million, $1.29 billion, and $1.13
billion  to control emissions from solid waste disposal, stationa-
ry combustion, and  industrial process sources,  respectively,
while the metropolitan areas for which cost estimates are the
highest include  the  very large, highly industrialized,  more
northern cities  of Chicago, New York, Pittsburgh, Philadel-
phia,  Cleveland,  Detroit,  and St. Louis.  Assuming the  1967
emissions as  a  baseline,  calculations are  performed to deter-
mine the pollutant removal  efficiencies required to bring the
emissions  into  compliance  with  the  standards  assumed.
(Author abstract modified)

23842
POLLUTION: THE  COST TO INDUSTRY. Mod. MFG.. vol.
10:163. Oct. 1970.
The results of a survey relating industrial  groups to expenses
and efforts directed  toward air pollution control  are discussed.
The information  tells what plants  in various  industries are
spending, and indicates what they will be  spending in the fu-
ture. Some primary metal plants, for example, are spending as
little as  1% of their manufacturing cost on pollution  control
while other plants in the  same industry  are  spending 20%.
Specific  categories  discussed include  primary  metal plants,
metal  fabrication, machinery, foods,  chemicals, rubber and
plastics,  paper, textiles,  electrical,  and  transportation  equip-
ment. With the data given it is possible to  compare one plants
efforts with those of similar plants in the industry.
                      26326
                      Japan Industrial Machine Engineering Assoc.
                      ACTUAL PRODUCTION  OF INSTRUMENTS PREVENTING
                      INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC NUISANCE IN 1969.  (Showa 44 nendo
                      sangyo  kogai boshi sochi seisa jisseki). Text  in Japanese.
                      Kogai  to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(11):916-917,  Nov.
                      1970.
                      Based on answers received from 98 out of 110 companies sur-
                      veyed, a table is compiled of the amount invested by industry
                      and  government in 1969 in each of six categories of air pollu-
                      tion  control  equipment.  The categories  are dust  collectors,
                      heavy oil desulfurization equipment, exhaust gas dcsulfurizers,
                      other exhaust gas purifying devices, high stacks (above 70 m),
                      and  connection  instruments (?). Statistics are also presented
                      for export sales in each  category. The following types of in-
                      dustries are represented:  food,  pottery, paper-pulp, petroleum
                      refining, chemical  and petro-chemical,  synthetic fiber, non-
                      iron  refineries,  sulfuric  acid,  fertilizer,  electric power, and
                      construction.

                      27971
                      Rushton, J. D.
                      HOW  MUCH WILL POLLUTION CONTROL  COST?  AND
                      WHO  WILL  PAY FOR  IT? Paper Trade  J., 155(11):60-63,
                      March 15, 1971. 14 rets.
                      In an oligopolistic industry such as the pulp and paper indus-
                      try,  firms tend to  ignore  a price increase by a competitor and
                      respond only to a price decrease. Consequently, if a firm must
                      spend large sums of money for pollution control equipment to
                      meet stringent standards, it will be at a severe price/profit dis-
                      advantage  in comparison  with  firms that do not install such
                      equipment. Misallocations of resources  will occur unless  the
                      market  is  corrected by  applying consistent  standards to all
                      firms.  After  application  of the standards,  direct regulations,
                      charges, or payments can be applied to allocate correctly  the
                      costs of  pollution control  so  that the consumer or  firms
                      benefiting  from  the products  share  the   costs.  Once  the
                      economic  method  of  allocating costs  has  been  chosen, a
                      discussion of the percentage costs borne by industry,  govern-
                      ment,  and the consumer is irrelevant.  In  the  end, all  costs
                      come back to the  consumer:  he either pays higher taxes,
                      higher prices, or receives less  compensation for his  share  of
                      the  ownership of the industry (that is, as  stock, wage in-
                      creases, benefits, etc. (Author conclusions modified)

                      30951
                      Japan Development Bank
                      TREND  IN  INVESTMENT ON  PUBLIC  NUISANCE CON-
                      TROL FACILITIES.  (Kogai kankei  setsubi toshi no doko).
                      Text in  Japanese.  Sangyo  Kogai  (Ind.  Public  Nuisance),
                      7(5):261-262, May  1971.
                      Questionnaires were sent to 893 industries with  a working
                      capital of more than $280,000 concerning their spending plans
                      for 1970 and 1971  for installation of pollution control facilities.
                      The 844 which  replied comprised 94.5%. The  total spending
                      plan for 1970 was $479,640,000, a 58% increase from 1969 and
                      $767,480,000 for 1971, a  60% increase. A classification break-
                      down shows that the steel, electric, chemical, petroleum  refin-
                      ing,  non-steel metals, and paper-pulp industries share 80% of
                      the total spending for both 1970 and  1971.  For production of
                      anti-  pollution   products  (improvement   of  products),
                      $30,240,000 was  spent in 1970 and  $64,120,000 in  1971  of
                      which the major portion was shared.by automobile manufac-
                      turers and petroleum refining companies. The ratio of spending
                      for pollution control in relation to working capital  for 1971 is
                      6.3% as compared to 4.7% in  1970 and 4.6% in 1969. Industries

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                                           J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
                                                     131
with high-ratio investments  for pollution control devices  in
1971 are petroleumm  refining (15%), paper-pulp (11%), non-
steel metal (10%),  steel (7%), and chemical (7%). The break-
down of spending  by  classification of pollution  types (except
for spending for improvement of products) for both  1970 and
1971 is air pollution, 65-66%; water, 27-28%; and  others, 7-8%.
A  geographical breakdown shows that the Tokyo-Yokohama-
Chiba coastal area  shares 23% of the total spending  for 1971;
the Nagoya-Yokkaichi-Hamamatsu coastal area,  18%; and the
Osaka-Kobe area, 19%. Thus, the three major industrial areas
of Japan share 60% of the total industrial anti-pollution spend-
ing of Japan (58% in 1970).

31076
EXPENDITURES TO RISE  IN  1972-1973.  Mod. Power Eng.,
65(6):62-63, June 1971.
A  total of 93 plants responding to an  air pollution control sur-
vey showed total expenditures of over $11 million on control
equipment in the last five years.  For 55 of these plants, expen-
ditures will reach  nearly  $14 million in 1971, representing a
$250,000/plant  average. Montreal and other Quebec plants plan
the most action in purchasing equipment  in the  1971-1973
period. Reflecting their large steam capacity, the most active
plants will be primary metal  (45.5%); electrical (25%); chemical
(27.8%):  and  good, beverages,  and  tobacco  plants (23.5%).
Plants with a steam capacity over 50,000 pph lead in making
process  changes and in employing consulting engineers. Other
popular  actions of the plant surveyed are incinerators and
compactors, shredders and  pulverizers. Expenses for water
pollution will triple from an average of $51,00/year in 1971  to
an average of $185,000/year in the  1971-1973 period. Paper and
allied industries will  see  the  most water-pollution control
spending,  which   correlates   with   volume   of   wastes
discharged/day. While the basic treatment processes of sedi-
mentation,  filtration,  separation of oils and greases, and pH
control will account for a sizeable proportion of the expendi-
tures, many plants indicate an interest in more  advanced
techniques.

31814
Anderson, H. S., R. E. Paddock, R. O. Lyday. M. E.  Fogel, E.
L. Hill, and F.  A. Ayer
USER S  MANUAL AUTOMATED PROCEDURES FOR ESTI-
MATING CONTROL COSTS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS
FOR SPECIFIED AIR POLLUTION  SOURCES. (FINAL RE-
PORT).   Research  Triangle  Inst., Research Triangle  Park, N.
C., Operations Research and Economics Div., APCO Contract
CPA 70-60. RTI Proj.  OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, APTD-0665,
352p.. Dec. 1970. NTIS: PB  198779
A  user s manual is  presented enabling other researchers to use
and  modify the computer  programs developed within this
research  project for estimating the  costs and  emissions of
specified industrial  air pollution sources. The output from each
source program consists of  emission estimates, both  before
and after control, as well as required control costs on a plant
by plant  basis. The manual describes the input  requirements,
operational characteristics, and output characteristics for each
program.  A  master  report  generating  program  was  also
developed. This program  uses as input the  output from one,
all, or any combination of source programs; it generates sum-
mary data in the form  of a single industry or multiple  industry,
and  sums within a range of desired  geographical areas. The
area may be a single or combinations of  Air Quality Control
Regions  or  states.  Again,  the  manual describes the input
requirements,  operational characteristics,  and output charac-
teristics of the report generating program so that the user has
maximum flexibility in the use of the present system and, in
addition, has the ability to redesign the system to his specific
needs. Computer programs are presented for petroleum refin-
ing,  phosphate fertilizer, kraft pulping, foundry operations,
sulfuric  acid,  primary nonferrous  metallurgy, steam-electric
power plants, and other industries. (Author abstract modified)

40163
THE SWEDISH FOREST INDUSTRY TO INVEST  ALMOST
500,000,000 SW. CRS. IN POLLUTION CONTROL OVER A
THREE-YEAR  PERIOD.   (Svensk  skogsinduslri redovisar:
Miljovardsinvesteringar for  471 milj.  kr under trearsperioden
1971-1973). Text in Swedish. Svensk Papperstid. (Stockholm),
75(6):201-206, March 1972.
According to a recent survey, during the 3-year period 1971-
73, pulp, paper, and wood fiber mills  in Sweden will invest
more than 89  million dollars in measures to reduce  pollution
by the forest industry by installing equipment which  will limit
and purify the discharges from the mills into water and the at-
mosphere. Compared  with  the 3-year period of 1968-1970,
when corresponding investments amounted to 34 million dol-
lars, anti-pollution measures have indeed been stepped up sub-
stantially. Furthermore, no slackening off after 1973 is  ex-
pected. On the contrary, it is estimated that the tempo will in-
crease further, so that the total investments  in pollution con-
trol during the 5-year period 1971-1975 will be 209 million dol-
lars. The annual  costs of pollution control  in the pulp and
paper industry are estimated to have risen to 20 million dollars
in 1970,  which is  the  equivalent of  more than $1.90/ton  of
pulp/paper. This  constitutes the running,  maintenance, and
capital costs of the pollution control installations. The  figures
concerning the forest  industry s pollution  control  activities
were compiled on the basis of a survey by  the Swedish Pulp
and Paper Association of pulp and  paper companies. The  an-
nual costs of pollution control/produced ton are on the average
somewhat higher  in the Swedish forest industry than in  the
USA, and  considerably higher than  in Canada. The  survey
contains information from 105 firms regarding new mills, addi-
tion  and  alterations to existing plants, and the installation  of
machinery and equipment carried out mainly  for the purpose
of eliminating discharges from the production processes. The
survey  also  covered  the costs of research  and development
work in the  pollution control sector. In the majority  of cases,
the  investments  are  combined  with an   expansion  and
modernization of the productive machinery and only the legiti-
mate portion of the costs,  representing the  pollution control
measures proper, is given.  The overall picture  is that about
13% of 89 million dollars are  spent on  anti-air pollution mea-
sures, 55% on internal measures in the mill,  30% on the treat-
ment of waste water before it  reaches the receiver, and 4% on
research, surveys  and  checks.  The average annual investments
in pollution control between 1971 and 1973 of 30 million dol-
lars may  be compared with the pulp and paper industry s total
investment costs,  which in recent years have amounted to  190
million dollars/year. This means that the efforts to improve the
environment near the mills have now risen to about 15% of the
total investments  excluding maintenance and repairs. (Author
abstract modified)

40526
Imamura, Sboji
PRESENT  STATE  OF  ENVIRONMENTAL  POLLUTION
CONTROL EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIES.  (Kogai boshi sochi
sangyo no genjo to tomensuru kada Text in Japanese. Kankyo
Sozo (Environ. Creation), 1972:59-62, Jan. 1972.

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132
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
The  air pollution  control equipment designated by the Japan
Industrial  Machinery Engineering  Association include  catego-
ries  of machines such as a dust collection  system, oil desul-
furization  system, stack gas desulfurization  system, stack gas
treatment  system, high  stacks,  and other related equipment.
According to the investigation  of the  Association,  the total
production of public nuisance control  systems for 1970 was
$583,779,000, which was an increase of  363% over the produc-
tion  of  the previous year. According to  industrial classifica-
tions, those that showed an outstanding growth in total spend-
ing were mining (405.8% growth over 1969), government and
public porgrams (308%), paper and pulp (294.5%), and food  in-
dustries (254.5%). According to  the categories of systems, the
production installations  of gas  desulfurization  systems grew
288.9%  over  1969; but oil desulfurization system  installations
spent only 41.5% of the amount spent in 1969.  In air pollution
control  systems alone, the total production  was $252,726,000,
and  this was an increase of  114.5% over the previous year s
production. In  categories, the largest  production figure was
$119,442,000  for  dust  collection  systems,  followed   by
$54,393,000 for  high stacks.

42690
Schwartz, Irvin
THE  HIGH  COST  OF  POLLUTION CONTROL.   Chem.
Week, 110(21):59-69, May 24,  1972.
Pollution control costs are holding down profits in the chemi-
cal process industries, and control costs are  rising by 18.5%/yr
and causing the shutdown of some chemical  and petrochemical
plants  and refineries. However, they  have led to increased
production,  improvements  in quality, and lower operating
costs at some  plants. According  to McGraw-Hill Inc., as of
January 1972, the petroleum industry must spend $2.69 billion
simply  to meet existing pollution control  standards;  actual
spending in 1971 totaled $527  million, and planned outlays for
1972 and  1975  will  total, respectively,  $542 million and $462
million. Results of the Council on Environmental Quality study
of the economic impact of pollution  control measures on the
                      pulp and paper, aluminum, copper smelting, lead, and petrole-
                      um industries are summarized. Specific chemical industry pol-
                      lution expenditures and plant closings are reported. A study by
                      Chase Econometrics Associates, concerning the effect of pol-
                      lution control measures on the U. S. economy in general, in-
                      dicated that  implementing  existing laws  for pollution control
                      standards will require price increases of an additional 0.25%/yr
                      during the next 10 years, or the rate of unemployment will rise
                      as much as 0.25% during the same period. The Chase data in-
                      dicate that substantial monetary and fiscal stimulus  from the
                      government will be needed to return the  economy to the base
                      line situation for GNP, price index, and fixed business invest-
                      ment.

                      43717
                      Rand, George H.
                      ECONOMICS   AND   OUR   ENVIRONMENT.     Tappi,
                      54(12):2000-2003,  Dec. 1971. (Presented at the Technical As-
                      sociation  of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Plastics-Paper Con-
                      ference, Chicago, m., Sept. 12-15, 1971.)
                      Twenty-eight years ago a number of companies representing
                      the major part of the paper  industry  founded  the  National
                      Council for  Stream Improvement,  designed to foster research
                      that would provide better methods of dealing with  water ef-
                      fluents. That the  paper industry  has cut water  usage/ton of
                      paper in half and has waste water treatment at most mills is a
                      practical result of the research effort. The industry has been
                      very  active  in  recovering  cellulose fibers from waste. Last
                      year about 20% of the paper produced in the  U.  S. was made
                      from  secondary fibers  recovered  from  wastepaper; another
                      26% of the paper  was made from  secondary fibers recovered
                      from  mill waste, such as sawdust. Technologically, the indus-
                      try has done well in those areas  that  are under its control,
                      such as effluent treatment and odor emissions. An application
                      of the cost-  benefit concept is essential if the industry is to
                      develop  realistic solutions  to environmental problems.  All of
                      the previous steps taken by the paper  industry to curtail en-
                      vironmental pollution were economically sound and the future
                      steps should be also.

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                                                                                                133
                   K.  STANDARDS AND  CRITERIA


39224                                               Code. The standard is based on an elemental analysis of black
Grace, T. M.                                         liquid to establish quantities of heat and material per unit time
RECOVERY BOILER PERFORMANCE TEST STANDARD.    within the recovery envelope. The purpose of this standard is
Technical Assoc. of the Pulp and Paper Industry, New York,   to establish  procedures for conducting tests and preparing
Tappi Eng. Conf., 25th, Proc., Denver, Colo., 1970, p. 421-436.   material and energy balances to determine capacity, thermal,
1 ref. (Oct. 28, Paper 10-6.)                               and chemical performance,  and related  operating charac-
A  new  Recovery  Boiler Performance Test  Standard  was   teristics of sodium-base chemical recovery units used in kraft
developed to replace to obsolete Sulphate Recovery Thermal   pulping. (Author abstract modified)

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134
                   L.  LEGAL  AND  ADMINISTRATIVE
03540
J. J. Sableski
THE FEDERAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM AS
IT RELATES TO THE KRAFT PULPING INDUSTRY.  Tappi,
50(8):35A-39A, Aug 1968. 24 refs. (Presented at the 52nd An-
nual  Meeting, Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Indus-
try. New York City, Feb. 1967.)
The Federal air pollution control program as it relates to the
kraft  pulping  industry,  with particular  emphasis  on  the
odorous character of the industry's atmospheric emissions, is
described  in  terms  of  four  individual  Federal  activities,
research, grants-in-aid, technical assistance, and abatement ac-
tions. (Author abstract)

06730
J. H. Ludwig
STATUS OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN THE CONTROL
OF EMISSIONS TO THE ATMOSPHERE. 90th Congress -Air
Pollulion-1968,  Part IV (Air Quality Act)'  Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution. May 15-18, 1967. p. 2274-7.
A  tabulation is  presented of the  ststus of control technology
for a wide  range of industries. An indication is given of the
presence  or absence  of  control  technology for  particulars,
sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants. Remarks
are provided regarding the difficulty or necessity of control for
the various  pollutants in the various industries.

06732
H. W. Gehm
STATEMENT BY H.W. GEHM FOR SENATE  SUBCOMMIT-
TEE  ON AIR AND WATER POLLUTION. 90th Congress 'Air
Pollution-1967,  Part IV (Air Quality Act)'  Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution, May 15-18, 1967.) pp. 2361-7, 2370-82.
Dr. Gehm  is technical  director of the  National Council for
Stream Improvement of the pulp and paperboard industries. In
his statement, Dr. Gehm reviews the industry's understanding
of its atmospheric emission control problems, the development
of its control technology, the current state of  the art  and  its
limitations,  and the  industry's research and development ef-
forts to remove these limitations.  Discussed in an attachment
to Dr. Gehm's statement are black liquor oxidation, absorption
and oxi- dation  of sulfur compounds and paniculate emission
control.OO

06742
E. L. Wilson
STATEMENT OF E.L. WILSON FOR  THE SENATE SUB-
COMMITTEE  ON  AIR  AND  WATER POLLUTION.   90th
Congress 'Air  Pollution«1967, Part  IV  (Air  Quality Act)'
Senate Committee on Public Works, Washington, D.C.,  Sub-
committee on Air and Water  Pollution,  May 15-18,  1967. pp.
2629-45.
The use of mechanical collectors to aid in controlling air pollu-
tion is discussed in general terms. Data on the use of particu-
late collectors by different industries, efficiency versus parti-
cle size, and cost information are presented in an attachment.
Efficiency ranges  (70 to  99%) and some rule-of-thumb costs
are given for mechanical collectors, electrostatic precipitators,
fabric filters, and wet scrubbers.

09093
Cuffe, Stanley
COOPERATIVE   INDUSTRY  TRADE  ASSOCIATION  --
PUBLIC  HEALTH  SERVICE  ATMOSPHERIC  EMISSION
STUDIES. Preprint, Public Health Service Washington, D. C.,
National  Center  for  Air  Pollution  Control,  lip.,  1968.
(Presented at the  National Council for  Stream  Improvement
Meeting, New York, N. Y., Feb. 20. 1968.)
A brief description is given of the various program activities in
the National Center  for Air  Pollution Control. The Center is
structured in three functional areas: Abatement and Control,
Control  Technology  Research and Development,  and Stan-
dards and Criteria. The functions and programs of each of the
organizations  in these  areas  are  explained. A  discussion is
presented of several atmospheric emission  studies  conducted
by the Public Health Service and a cooperative industry trade
association. Also presented is a description and status report
of a cooperative study of pulp and paper industry atmospheric
emissions and their control.

14932
AGREEMENT  BETWEEN  FUJI CITY  AND  DAISHOWA
PAPER  MANUFACTURING  CO. IN RELATION TO THE
PREVENTION OF EXISTING PUBLIC  NUISANCE.  (Fujishi
oyobi Daishowa seishi kabushikigaisha no kisonkogai no boshi
ni kansuru kyoteisho). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 5(6):475-478, June 1969.
An  agreement  between the  city of Fuji and the Daishowa
Paper Mfg. Co. with respect to environment sanitation  and
protection of the  local residents from  industrial pollution is
presented. The eight items of the agreement were:  (I)  The
company is to install air pollution control facilities  before the
prescribed date. (II) The company will  follow the  occasional
recommendations  made by Fuji  City when the  need arises.
(Ill) The company should obtain approval from the city for al-
teration of the conditions specified in any articles in the agree-
ment. (IV) Fuji City is allowed to request data on the air pollu-
tion control installations from the company and is permitted to
inspect the inside  of the  plant. (V) If any detrimental effects
are  felt by the local residents in spite  of the existing agree-
ment, the company  should  promptly lake countermeasures.
(VI)  The company is encouraged to cooperate in  beautifying
the area surrounding the plant. (VII) The company is required
to take prompt action if  any damage to community buildings
occurs. (VIII) Both Fuji City and the company are responsible
for anything not mentioned above. Existing pollution  control
plans include decreasing SO2 emissions;  alkaline mist diffusion
control; noise and odor  control; and  waste  water pollution

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                                    L.  LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     135
control. The city is responsible for keeping the emission stan-
dard constant, and the company will keep alkaline emissions
to 0.075 g/N cu m.

17379
Grotterod, K.
AIR  AND  WATER  POLLUTION  IN   SWEDEN:  THE
PROBLEM, THE EFFORTS AND THE PROGRESS.   Pulp
Paper   Mag.  (Quebec),   Can.,   71(5):64-66,  March  1970.
(Presented at the 5th Paper Industry Air  and  Stream Improve-
ment Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Oct. 21-23, 1969.)
Like most other developed countries, Sweden has found that
its lakes and rivers are being choked by municipal sewage and
industrial wastes. Determined efforts  to improve  conditions
have resulted  in significant improvements. It is forecast that
within  10 years,  all  municipal sewage plants  will be equipped
to remove nutrients. In the pulp and paper industry, pollution
control  measures have been  in the form of tight  control  of
kraft mill  operations  and  elimination or reduction of sulfite
liquor  discharge  into lakes and  rivers.  For recovery  of
suspended  solids,  internal  mill water  systems  have been
tightened up.  Further improvements  have been  achieved  by
the  use of  savealls, clarifiers and, when necessary, lagoons.
As  most of the recipient waters are slow moving or stagnant,
emphasis is placed on dispersion. Many  mills are required to
install long  pipelines with dispersion nozzles for proper mixing
of effluents with the recipient water. The cost to industry of
complying with new environmental legislation is estimated in
excess of 200  million dollars. Of this sum,  about 140 million
dollars  will be spent by  the pulp and  paper industry. The
legislation covers discharge of effluent, solids or gas from
land, building or installation into water courses, lakes, or other
waters; use of land, building or installation in a manner which
can cause pollution  of water courses,  lakes, or other waters;
and use of  land,  building or installation in a manner which can
cause disturbance to the surroundings by air pollution, noise
vibration or other such

19062
Spaite, Paul W.
FEDERAL   AIR  POLLUTION   PROGRAM:   READY  TO
FINANCE MORE OUTSIDE HELP.  Chem. Eng., vol. 75:170-
172, Jan. 15, 1968. (Presented at the Metropolitan Engineering
Council on  Air  Resources Meeting,  New York,  Oct. 23-24,
1967.)
The trend  in the federal research and development program
for  controlling sulfur pollution is toward  spending more  on
contracts outside the  government. Research  and  development
funds managed by the National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol are shown  in  tabular form. The  figures  represent the
federal expenditures oriented directly for sulfur oxides control.
A study was conducted to determine the processes worthy of
support. Three approaches were  selected for the first-genera-
tion large-scale study: limestone or dolomite  injection, includ-
ing  dry  processes, and injection coupled  with water scrubbers;
alkalized-alumina sorption;  and  processes  that  would  treat
pyrite-coal  mixtures derived from deep cleaning of coal  to
produce heat,  sulfur, and  sulfuric  acid.  The program  for
developing  new processes is aimed at providing second-genera-
tion processes for  removing sulfur dioxide  from  flue gases
arising from the  combustion of fossil fuels. Two types of con-
tracts are being  negotiated.  One will be devoted to through,
broad surveys of available technology in nine areas:  aqueous
solution, dry metal  oxide sorption, direct reduction to sulfur,
inorganic liquids and  solids, organic liquids  and solids, cata-
lytic oxidation, and physical  separation. The second  contract
calls for unsolicited proposals. To encourage more  extensive
control  of such sources as primary smelters, pulp and paper
mills, sulfuric acid plants, and coke plants, a series of studies
on cooperative research and development are planned.

20273
Fletcher, R. H.
KITTMAT  POLLUTION  CONTROL BY-LAW.   Pulp Paper
Mag.  Can.  (Quebec), 71(7):78-90,  April 3, 1970. (Presented at
the 5th Paper Industry Air  and  Stream Improvement  Con-
ference, Toronto, Ontario, Oct. 21-23, 1969.)
Land use in the 16-yr-old town of Kitimat, B. C., was planned
to minimize the conflicts that can exist between residential
areas and industry. Prior  to the advent of  a pulp and paper
complex with a 930 tpd Kraft mill and a 150 million fbm per
year saw mill, the town's  principle industry was an aluminum
smelter. To preserve the quality of its environment, the  town
passed a waste emission by-law that requires the monitoring of
selected emissions from the pulp mill and smelter. The law, to
become effective in December 1970, identifies a tolerable level
of pollution which is  expected to be met, but no exceeded, by
the two industries. The level of emission from an industry is
related both '.o the type of equipment used and to the way in
which it is operated. The  levels, determined from experience
recorded elsewhere and those found tolerable by local authori-
ties  in  an  assimilation study, are  as  follows: cinders  from
power boilers, ISO gr per  1000 cu ft; sodium compounds, 200
gr per 1000 cu ft. all paniculate matter; volatile organic sulfur
compounds, 0.2 Ibs/ton; calcium compounds, 250 gr per 1000
cu ft all paniculate matter;  and  volatile fluorine compounds,
2.5 Ibs/ton.

28355
Szwarcsztajn, Edward
POLAND-NORWAY. Pulp Paper Int., 13(1):39, Jan. 1971.
Environmental regulations affecting the pulp and paper indus-
try are  being formulated in most countries. However, as in-
dicated  by  the examples of Poland and Norway,  these regula-
tions  vary  greatly  from country to country.  In Poland, water
intake for industrial use and waste disposal to a stream require
special  permission from  water  authorities.  This permission
determines the  total  load of individual pollutants as  well as
their concentrations the allowed quantity of water intake, and
the appropriate disposal method. Maximum  allowable concen-
trations of pollutants that can be discharged to air or water are
strictly defined, and three  classes of inland surface water puri-
ty have been established.  In Norway, no less than six different
ministries may be involved in the different  aspects of pollu-
tion, and there is considerable overlapping of various laws. A
1940 law regulating the dumping of harmful materials in  lakes
and rivers has had few restrictive effects on water pollution. It
is being replaced by a new law that also takes  into account
pollution of salt  water  and ground water. A 1961 air pollution
law requires that new plants and industries obtain government
permission to operate and  apply the best available methods for
smoke and odor reduction. The law has not yet been extended
to cover emissions from older industries.

28389
Semling, Harold V., Jr.
WHAT  TO EXPECT FROM EPA  AND THE  COURTS.  Chem
26, 7(3):30-36, March 1971.
Reasons are cited  as to why the pulp and paper industry can
expect increased activity  in the environmental area in the next
few  months. First, the problem has been recognized, not just

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136
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
by the government regulators, administrators, and scientists,
but by the general public. Second, the public is  putting its
money, its votes, and its style of life on the line. Third, Con-
gress  has  passed  a wide  range of  legal  authorities  and
procedures,   both  in   terms  of  regulation  and financial
assistance, which  are either  in existence  or under intensive
development. The assessment of chemical use, state and local
activity, resource recovery, the 1970 Clean Air Act, water pol-
lution, the Refuse Act of 1889, permits, industrial waste stu-
dies and  inventories, rules on tax deductions,  the Council on
Environmental Quality, the Environmental  Protection Agency,
and the national Industrial Pollution Control Council are men-
tioned.

30149
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
RESEARCH ON  ODOR ABATEMENT AND  CONTROL IN
U.S.A. (II). (Amerika ni okeru akushu  no  kisei to  taisaku II).
Text  in  Japanese.  Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research  J.
Japan), 1(4):9-20, March 1971. 12 refs.
Odor  measurement in Seattle with a scentometer, actual condi-
tions  of  obnoxious odor in the Columbia-Willamette  Valley,
Portland  and  its control regulations, and  the  control  regula-
tions  of  Chicago,  Cleveland, and  St.  Louis  were described.
The kraft paper mill in the Puget Sound produces 325 tons/day
of kraft paper with 9 digesters. The odor is a problem in the
residential area about 6 km to the  east of  the  kraft pulp  mill,
and its white  smoke can be seen 30 km away. An electric dust
collector was  installed  the recovery boiler  was modified  in
1968.  By  197S, 98% of dust and more than 99% of odor will be
eliminated. At present, the odor of the noncondensable gas is
drawn out by fans and is burned by atomizing the oil burner at
over 1000 F. The rest of the odor is eliminated by the Los An-
geles  formula. The Puget Sound Air Pollution Control  Agency
carries out wide range  of air pollution control activities. A
scentometer and the iodimetry method are being used for odor
control. The Columbia-Willamette Air Pollution Authority  con-
sists of 5 counties and has 8 air pollution monitoring networks.
One-third of the complaints it receives  from the citizens were
on obnoxious odors, but very few  enterprises  actually violate
the pollution control regulations. Portland,  as  well as Los An-
geles, is  one  of the few areas which made the installation of
deodorizing devices compulsory. Chicago makes it a violation
of the Air Pollution  Control Law  to  emit  soot, fly ash, dust,
and embers within 1.6 km of the  city.  Cleveland s Air Pollu-
tion Control Law forbids the emission  of harmful,  poisonous,
irritating  odors,  fumes or other pollutants from chimneys.  In
St. Louis, no one should emit obnoxious odors which  are un-
pleasant to the people. In the industrial area or its neighboring
areas, no odor of more than 20 Odir units  is to be  emitted, as
measured with  an olfactometer. When  more than 30% of the
residents in a residential area suffer unpleasant odors, such an
odor is regarded as environmental pollution. No rendering fac-
tory  can  be  operated  without deodorizing in an approved
manner.

31465
Wrist, P. E.
IMPACT  OF  NEW  AIR  POLLUTION REGULATIONS ON
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.  Tappi, 54(7): 1090-1093,
July  1971. (Presented at the Technical Association of the  Pulp
and  Paper Industry, Water and  Air  Conference, Boston,
Mass., April 4-7, 1971.)
The Clean Air Act of 1970 departs from the trend of previous
legislation in that it places emphasis on emission standards and
emission  monitoring, coupled with speedier processes  of en-
                      forcement to improve air quality. Implications of this act upon
                      the pulp and paper industry are explored. The importance of
                      participation in standard settings is emphasized, together with
                      the need for development of better instrumentation and an un-
                      derstanding of the effect of normal operating variables on the
                      level of odor emission. The technical person can have a major
                      influence on the economic impact which the new act will have
                      on industry. (Author abstract)

                      32796
                      Wada, Masaru
                      ON ENACTMENT OF OFFENSIVE ODORS CONTROL LAW.
                       (Akushu boshiho no  sentei ni tsuite). Text  in Japanese. Kogai
                      to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(9):780-787, Sept. 1971.
                      The statistics of complaints made against bad odors in 1969 in-
                      dicate that 38.0% of the total was  made against stockfarming,
                      animal offal treatment and fishmeal  plants; 36.6% against oil
                      chemical factories  and Kraft  pulp  mills;  and  8.6% against
                      sewage  treatment  plants  and  waste   disposal incinerators.
                      Detailed tables  of statistics are included.  The Odor Control
                      Law, issued on June 1,  1970, its purpose, odor producing
                      materials, definition of odor producing areas, and other items
                      in  the  law  are reviewed. Currently   available deodorizing
                      methods include the gas cleansing method, effective for water,
                      ammonia,  low  molecule amines,  low  molecule fatty acids,
                      acidic alkalines, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, sulfides and
                      high  molecule  amine  fats,   applicable to  agriculture  and
                      stockfarming, sea  products manufacturing, and urban sanita-
                      tion facilities. The ozone  oxidation  method is effective for
                      nonsaturated organic chemicals, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,
                      amines,  aldehyde-sulfides and  is applicable to sewage  treat-
                      ment plants. The direct combustion method is effective for oil
                      refineries and oil and  fat treatment factories. The catalytic ox-
                      idation method is effective for hydrocarbons and applicable to
                      paint-varnish solution mixing,  oil-fat  processing, phannaceuli-
                      cals, resin  manufacturing, animal cadaver  incinerators, and
                      sewage treatment plants. The adsorption method is  effective
                      for alcohols, fats, acids,  benzene, mercaptans, and  oil,  ap-
                      plicable  to  fishmeal  plants,  fertilizer  plants,  pharmaceutical
                      plants, propane gas filling plants, and vacuum cars. The air ox-
                      idation method is good for hydrogen  sulfide and is used at oil
                      refineries. The soil oxidation method  is good for ammonia and
                      amines, and is  applicable to poultry  farms. The ion exchange
                      resin method is effective for sewage treatment plants.

                      32893
                      Hattori, Taira
                      OFFENSIVE ODOR CONTROL ADMINISTRATION TODAY
                      AND TOMORROW.  (Akushu  kogai gyosei no genjo to tenbo).
                      Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui  (J. Water Waste), 13(8):957-
                      961, Aug. 1971.
                      The provisions  of  the  Offensive  Odors Prevention  Law  in
                      Japan, enacted June  1,  1971, and  the controversies surround-
                      ing  it are  reviewed.  The law designated  criteria  to control
                      respective  substances contributing to offensive odors but not
                      the odors themselves, since unpleasant odors  are generally a
                      complex combination of two or more odorous components.
                      The sources of the offensive odors (oil industry, paper pulp in-
                      dustry, stock raising)  are easily specified, and the representa-
                      tive odor generating  substances  are also  easily determined;
                      control of these substances,  e.g., methyl  mercaptan or am-
                      monia,  effects  a control  of  the  odors. Controls of  specific
                      components rather than general odors are more effective with
                      respect to legal  factors. Evaluation of an offensive odor by a
                      human panel is  not irrefutable  evidence in  a law suit, but in-
                      strumental analysis of a known odor-causing substance is ac-
                      cepted.

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                                    L. LEGAL AND  ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     137
34685
Dept. of Environmental Quality, Portland, Ore., Air Quality
Control Div.
REPORT ON OREGON S AIR QUALITY AND PROGRAM
FOR YEARS 1968 AND 1969. 91p., Dec. 1969.
The  history of air pollution control  in Oregon is  reviewed.
Recent environmental legislation is outlined, and the program
of the Department of Environmental Quality is presented. Dur-
ing 1969, a statewide rapid survey of emissions of all major
contaminants  was  made,  using  a   variety of  estimation
techniques.  Pollutants included  nitrogen  dioxide  oxidants,
nitric oxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Meteorolog-
ical  factors were  considered. The  Oregon-Washington Air
Quality  Committee  developed and  published recommended
standards for suspended paniculate and particle fallout, and
initiated development of ambient air quality standards for sul-
fur dioxide. Emission standards and regulations  were also is-
sued. Activities of the Department of Environmental Quality
include the  investigation of complaints, air quality monitoring,
community  surveys, special studies, and educational activities.
Enforcement  and control are  discussed for  various  sources
such as pulp mills, asphalt plants, rendering plants, open burn-
ing, and motor vehicles. Tax relief for pollution control facili-
ties is discussed, as well as future program needs.

35817
Gavelin, Gunnar
AIR  AND WATER POLLUTION REGULATIONS AND CON-
TROLS IN  SWEDEN,  Paper Trade J., 156(2):38-39, Jan.  10,
1972.
Air pollution abatement problems in  Sweden are handled by
the  National   Environmental   Protection  Board   (NEPB),
established  in 1965. The role of the NEPB is defined in a 1969
environmental protection law which forbids any pollution that
is  technically and economically possible to avoid. A franchise
board decides what measures  must be taken, and  failure to
abide by its instructions results in fines or imprisonment  for
up to one year for persons responsible. Unless exempted by a
NEPB license, all pulp and paper mills must  apply  to the
franchise board  for permission to use sewer  water and emit
gases to the atmosphere.  NEPB  recommendations  lack the
legal status of a franchise board permission, but are usually
just  as  stringent. Many mills  prefer  to  apply to the  NEPB
because a constructive dialogue with technical experts is possi-
ble. Enforcement of the stipulations in franchises and licenses
are entrusted to local authorities, who require monthly reports
from every  mill.  Pollution abatement investment costs of older
industries are subsidized by the NEPB. New industries are ex-
pected to make  atatement an integral part of their operation
and receive no subsidies. Research in air and water pollution is
a joint effort of industry and  government, both sponsors of
the Forest  Industry Research Foundation for Air and Water
Protection.

36900
Agency of Scientific Technology (Japan)
THE   TREND    OF  SCIENTIFIC   TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL  POLLUTION
PROBLEMS.  (Kankyo osen mondai ni taisuru kagaku jijutsu
katsudo no genjo). Text in Japanese. In:  White  Paper  on
Scientific Technology, p. 30-46, 1970.
The  total spending for 1970 toward research projects for en-
vironmental pollution control, excluding labor and administra-
tion, was approximately $4,480,000. Of the total, 37.8% was
spent for air pollution, 27.8% was for water  pollution, 29.1%
for others,  2.5% for bad odor,  and 2.8% for  noise and vibra-
tion. Private  industries with more than $1.6  million capitals
(287 industries) spent approximately $36,800,000  in  1969. A
breakdown of classifications shows that 15.9% was spent by
14 paper and pulp industries, 9.8% was spent by 12 electric
and  gas industries,  7.7%  was  spent  by  25 transportation
machinery industries,  and 6.8% was spent by 23 machine in-
dustries. The 1970 goals for the  control of  sulfur  oxides are:
desulfurization of stack gas by activated manganese and ac-
tivated carbon, both with more than 90% efficiency, and the
direct desulfurization  of crude oil  by  the suspended catalyst
method  with  75% desulfurization or less than 1%  sulfur con-
tent. The goals for automotive exhaust gas control methods
are the  development  of  exhaust mainfold  reactor, catalytic
converter, and exhaust gas recirculation method. They  are
aimed at the 1975 emission standards of 7 g/km carbon monox-
ide, 0.3  g/km hydrocarbon, 0.6 g/km nitrogen oxides, and 0.6
g/km particulates.

40544
Hendriks, Robert V.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN AIR POLLUTION LEGISLATION
AFFECTING  THE  PAPER- CONVERTING  INDUSTRIES.
Preprint, Technical Assoc. of the  Pulp an Paper Industry, New
York, 8p., 1971. (Presented at the Technical Association of the
Pulp and Paper Industry Plastics Paper Conference, Chicago,
ni., Sept. 15,  1971.)
Since the start of federal government involvement in air  pollu-
tion control in 1955 when Congress passed legislation authoriz-
ing a federal program of research and technical  assistance,
there has been a fairly steady  trend of increased government
involvement in pollution control programs, culminating with
the Clean Air Act of 1970. One of the new features of the act
was  the establishment of new  source performance standards.
The  federal government has been  given the responsibility of
categorizing important stationary sources of air pollution and
setting national emission standards that all  proposed new or
modified facilities will have to meet. The government is also
authorized to set  national air quality standards for pollutants
having any known adverse effects. Standards have been set
for sulfur dioxide, particulates,  carbon monoxide, hydrocar-
bons, nitrogen dioxide, and photochemical oxidants. Standards
are being formulated  for asbestos, mercury, and  beryllium.
The  air  quality standard  which most immediately  affects the
paper-converting industry is the limit on hydrocarbons at  160
micrograms/cu m.  A  government-industry  cooperative  study
investigated  a number of  possible control  techniques. The
processes with the greatest air pollution potential are lithog-
raphy and metal decorating. The existing technology of small
fixed-bed  sorbent and catalytic  combustion  package devices
for hydrocarbon pollution  control from small emission source
industries was also evaluated. Possibilities  for meeting new
emissions standards include changing the coating and printing
make-up to solvent-free or low-solvent formulation, changing
process  operations, and using various types of control equip-
ment such as  incinerators, adsorbers, and scrubbers.

41093
FEDERAL GUIDELINES ARE AIMED  AT HELPING FIRMS
MEET RULES. Can.  Pulp Paper Ind.,  (Vancouver), 25(5):27,
29, May 1972.
Environment  Canada  is  bringing out a set  of guidelines that
will assist pulp and paper companies and regulatory agencies
with the implementation of the federal  government s new ef-
fluent regulations.  The Environmental  Protection  Service of
the department is  taking on the job of carrying promising new
pollution control  technology beyond  the  research stage  to

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138                                  PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY

practical demonstration. The intent is to encourage recovery at    calculated for each mill and how they are intended to be im-
the source by treating to practicable levels. The guidelines will    plemented. One aspect of the regulations is that they specify
go into somewhat more detail than was possible in the regula-    limits not just for the plant as a whole but for each step or
tions themselves  with respect to how the standards should be    processing unit within it.

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                                                                                                                139
                                  M.   SOCIAL  ASPECTS
00376
N. Z. Medalia
AIR  POLLUTION AS A SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEM:  A  SURVEY  REPORT.   J.  Health  and Human
Behavior 5, 154-63, 1964.
An attempt has been made to explore the behavioral variables
of situation-defining in relation to a specific environmental
stress,  sulfate odors associated with kraft pulp mill operation.
The  results  of  this study  are  presented  because of  the
methodological  and conceptual implications  relative to  social
science research on environmental health problems. The  fol-
lowing  topics are discussed:  Awareness of and concern with
air pollution; community satisfaction and concern with air pol-
lution;  analysis of action  potential with  reference to environ-
mental  stress; ecological and  social status variables in air pol-
lution  awareness and concern; and  air pollution as  an eco-
system variable.

00844
N.Z. Medalia
COMMUNITY   PERCEPTION  OF  AIR  QUALITY:  AN
OPINION SURVEY IN CLARKSTON, WASHINGTON.  Public
Health  Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. June
1965. 106 pp. GPO: 820-365-9, HEW: 999-AP-10
In a  community with a population of 7,000 and located approx-
imately 4 miles downwind from a pulp mill,  a public opinion
survey  was taken to analyze  the environmental  stress  of air
pollution on a sample of  household heads and spouses, along
two  principal attitudinal dimensions:  awareness and concern.
Of those interviewed, 91% perceived air pollution in the com-
munity as a  malodor problem; 74% perceived it as a problem
of visibility; and 62% as a problem of nose-throat irritation. A
Guttman-type  scale showed  high concern  with  air pollution
among  48%  of the sample; low to moderate  concern among
31%; and minimal concern among 21%. Although  exposure ot
odorous  pollutants in ambient air appeared roughly equal for
all members of  the sample,  their concern with  air pollution
was  found to  vary directly  with social  status  and attitude
characteristics such as civic pride,  desire to ameliorate the
situation, length of residence in the  community, and occupa-
tional prestige of the household head. (Author abstract)

07965
Julson, J. O.
POLLUTION  - A COMMENT ON ITS  POLITICS AND
PREVENTION.  TAPPI, 50(4):36A-38A, April 1967. 6 refs.
(Presented at the 52nd  Annual Meeting,  Technical Assoc. of
the Pulp and Paper Industry, New  York,  N.Y.,  Feb.  19-23,
1967.)
The  broad  aspect  of pollution abatement,  applicable  in  the
broad  sense to air and water alike is discussed.  Public pres-
sures have made it possible for politics to enter into and  play a
very important  role in new pollution control regulations. Sen-
sationalism  could replace rationality  in development of pollu-
tion  control legislation. Managements in the pulp and paper in-
dustry  are charged with having done nothing substantial in the
way of alleviating pollution. Many people are not well enough
acquainted with past accomplishments of the pulp and  paper
industry. Molders  of  public opinion,  educators, legislators,
governmental people, and regulatory agencies  need to be in-
formed on the problem, its solution, and cost. Managements
need to accept their responsibilities and set policies in line
with regulations adopted. Out industry will grow, rather than
shrink. We must guide ourselves accordingly. AAM

08698
Nelson, Bryce
AIR  POLLUTION: THE 'FEDS' MOVE TO ABATE IDAHO
PULP MILL STENCH. Science, 157(3792):1018-1021, Sept. 1,
1967.
A major inversion occurred in  1959; one resident recalls it as
'the  black  night.'  After  such  incidents,   more  citizens
protested, and the mayor of Lewiston created a committee on
air pollution.  In Nov.  I960, the mayor of  Clarkston wrote to
the chief of the Division of Air Pollution of  PHS to request
help in abating an interstate air-pollution problem said  to  be
principally caused by the PFI mill. In response  to this request,
the PHS initiated several meetings with local and state authori-
ties and began a study of  air pollution in  1961-62. The PHS
study indicated that Lewiston and Clarkston had a common air
mass and that either city could pollute the air of the other. The
PHS report  stated that 50  percent  of  the  physicians  in
Lewiston and Clarkston had been interviewed and that a large
majority of the physicians  stated that they  concurred in their
patients' belief that certain  of their disease conditions were re-
lated to air pollution and that several noted  improvement in
patients with respiratory conditions when the patients moved
from the area of  high pollution or used air conditioning. In-
cluded in the PHS-study was an opinion survey conducted in
1962 about  community perception of air quality in Clarkston.
Nearly 80 percent of those  interviewed said that their city was
affected by  air pollution,  and almost two-thirds stated they
were bothered by it to some degree. More than 90 percent who
recognized air pollution as  a problem first  mentioned the pulp
mill as being among the sources of such pollution.  In March of
this year, a conference on  the  areas air pollution was held in
Clarkston. The conference provided many  area citizens with
an unparalleled opportunity to voice their frustration about the
condition of their local atmosphere.

09199
Friberg, Lars, Erland Jonsson  and Rune Cederlof
STUDIES OF HYGIENIC  NUISANCES OF WASTE GASES
FROM SULFATE  PULP MILL (PARTS  I: AN INTERVIEW
INVESTIGATION.  AND  PART   D:   ODOR   THRESHOLD
DETERMINATIONS FOR  WASTE GASES.)Translated  from
Swedish Norsk Hyglenlsk Tidskr., 41(3-4):41-62,  1960. 1 ret.
The results of an interview investigation of approximately 400
persons chosen at random and living near (maximum of  2
miles distance) a  sulfate pulp mill in Sweden are reported. The
investigationOs principal  purpose was  to study the annoyance
of air pollution from the mill. Sulfate odor annoyed 36 percent

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140
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
of those interviewed, and of those annoyed a third described
their complaint as severe. In spite of this, only 5 percent con-
sidered  it undesirable to have the mill  move to  the region.
Comparisons between different pans  of  the investigated area
showed  a connection between the residence  of  those  inter-
viewed in relation to  the mill and the relative proportion  of
persons  annoyed. The investigation showed that women are
annoyed more than men and the young more  than the old. A
definite relationship was found between annoyance from odor
and poor state of well-being. Persons who were  annoyed by
Osulfate  odorO complained about the odor from a sulfite pulp
mill in the investigated area to a greater extent than persons
who were not annoyed by sulfate odor. Test subjects, chosen
by lot from  the populace living  around the mill, consisted  of
20 men  and  20 women. Half were under SO years  and half
were over 50 years.

13980
Nishiyama, Keitaro, Mitsuyoshi Nagayasu, Takeo Azuma, and
Masaichi Ishizawa
STUDIES  OF THE PREVENTION OF  PUBLIC  NUISANCE
BY THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE  KRAFT PULP MILL.
PART 3.  INFLUENCES  OF ODOR  ON N-AREA  INHABI-
TANTS.  (KP seishi  kojo  haigasu no kogai boshi ni kansuru
kenkyu dai  3 ho  kojo shuhen no  shuki ni taisuru jumin no
hanno ni  tsuite).  Text in  Japanese.  Shikoku Igaku Zasshi,
(Shikoku Acta Medica), vol. 24:43-52,  1968.
A survey of bad odor was undertaken in  the area  within 6 km
of a kraft pulp mill  labeled the N mill. Of 749  inhabitants,
87.8% recognized the  bad odor and most referred to the mill as
its source. A number of  people found that the  odor existed
throughout the year.  This is due to  the unstableness of the
wind direction in  the area.  Approximately 29% of the inhabi-
tants were forced  to close  the windows and doors and 52%  of
that group said they  failed to get rid of the odor. The chief
complaints of the  inhabitants were unpleasantness, mental op-
pression, meals not enjoyed, disturbed reading and work, and
respiratory disorders. Comparative studies of locations in dif-
ferent directions and  distances  from the mill did not show
clear differences. (Author abstract modified)

15760
Lindvall, Thomas
THE  NUISANCE  EFFECTS OF  AIR POLLUTANTS.  (Luft-
foeroreningars olaegenhetseffekter). Text in Swedish.  Nord.
Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm), no. 3:99-115, March  1969. 11 refs.
Annoyance reactions from  odorous and  paniculate air  pollu-
tants  were regarded as medico-hygienic  problems  in Sweden.
Legislation in Sweden permits intervention based solely upon
subjective annoyance reaction to some extent.  Nuisances from
industrial plants are usually caused by  odors and paniculate
matter. Complaints were reported in 78% of urban and 27% of
rural communities. The medico-hygienic evaluation of nuisance
from air pollution includes studies of the dose-response rela-
tionship between the  pollutant in the  ambient air and the ex-
tent and  strength  of  the annoyance reaction. The  description
of the dose is often complicated by the fact that many odorous
substances are hard to detect while they still have odor. There-
fore, the concentration in the ambient air is often based upon
analysis at the source combined  with meteorological spreading
calculations. From a statistical point of view,  there is often a
satisfying correlation  between predicted and actual concentra-
tions in the ambient air. The organoleptic principle of analysis
of odorous emission was used more frequently during the last
few years. Odor  threshold determinations were  successfully
used in testing odor abatement equipment and in dose descrip-
                      tion around pulp mills. The frequency is calculated by which a
                      certain concentration is exceeded at different distances from
                      the source.  The  description  of the dose  was satisfactorily
                      worked out by the use of standardized, sociological inquiries
                      with special attention to certain effects of interaction, such as
                      disquising of or differences in attitude. Response studies were
                      undertaken in Sweden around  pulp  mills  and oil refineries.
                      (Author summary modified)

                      23344
                      Goldman, Marshall I.
                      THE CONVERGENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISRUPTION.
                       Science, 170(3953):37-42, Oct. 2, 1970. 12 refs. (Presented at
                      the International Social Science Council's Standing Committee
                      on Environmental Disruption, International  Symposium on  En-
                      vironmental  Disruption in the  Modern World,  Tokyo, March
                      1970.)
                      An attempt is  made to ascertain why it is that pollution exists
                      in a state-owned, centrally planned economy like  that of the
                      Soviet Union.  Perhaps the best known example of the misuse
                      of water resources in the USSR has been what happened to
                      Lake Baikal, in which there were over 1200 species of living
                      organisms, including freshwater seals and 700 other organisms
                      that were found in few  or no  other places in the world. In
                      1966, first one then another paper and  pulp  mill appeared on
                      Lake Baikal's shores, and a  few months  after their effluent
                      had been discharged into the lake, animal and plant life  had
                      decreased by  one-third to one-half  in  the  zone where  the
                      sewage was being discharged. Of  all the  factories that  emit
                      harmful wastes through  their stacks, only  14% were reported
                      in 1968 to have fully equipped air-cleaning  devices. Leningrad
                      has 40% fewer clear days than  the nearby town of Pavlovsk.
                      Excessive construction has loosened the soil and  accelerated
                      the process of erosion, while much of the Black Sea area has
                      been  simply hauled away by  contractors. As  in  the United
                      States, the Russians have not been able to create clear lines of
                      authority  and  responsibility  for  enforcing  pollution-control
                      regulations. They too have  been unable to adjust their ac-
                      counting system  so  that  each  enterprise  pays not only  its
                      direct costs of production for labor, raw materials, and equip-
                      ment, but also its social costs of production arising from such
                      by-products as dirty air and water. State officials in the Soviet
                      Union are judged almost entirely by  how much they are able
                      to increase their  region's economic growth, and  as industri-
                      alization has come relatively recently to the USSR, the  Rus-
                      sians tend to emphasize an increase in  production. Until July
                      1967, all raw materials in the ground were treated by the Rus-
                      sians as  free  goods, while economic growth has been even
                      more unbalanced than in the  U. S. However, the Russians
                      have the power to prevent the production of various products,
                      and they have not permitted as much emphasis on consumer
                      goods. While not all Russian laws are observed, they do have
                      an effective law enforcement system  which they have periodi-
                      cally brought to bear in the past.

                      40951
                      PUBLIC   ACCEPTS  POLLUTION  AS  MAJOR  PROBLEM
                      AREA.   Can.  Pulp Paper Ind. (Vancouver),  25(5):30-31,  May
                      1972.
                      Since Pollution Probe was founded  four  years ago, the or-
                      ganization  has grown  to incorporate  50  chapters  across
                      Canada,  mostly in Ontario. The aim of the group is to reduce
                      the discharge of effluent to a level  society agrees is not harm-
                      ful to competing users of the air and water resources. A recent
                      conflict has been over commercial logging in Canada s provin-
                      cial and national parks. Donald A. Chant, the chairman of the

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                                          M.  SOCIAL ASPECTS                                        141

board of advisors to Pollution Probe and one of the group s    dustry  has been  slow in  developing  economic  ways  of
founding members, thinks  that the pulp and paper industry
does not do a very good public relations job, and that the in-    recycling its products.

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142
                                           N.   GENERAL
08409
Wenzl, Herman F. J. and Otto V. Ingmber
RECOVERY OF BY-PRODUCTS OF THE KRAFT PULPING
PROCESS. Paper Trade J., p. 53-57, Feb. 13, 1967. 49 refs.
The recovery of by-products from  black liquor produced dur-
ing the kraft pulping process is reviewed. Tall oil and turpen-
tine are the major  constituents, but considerable amounts of
sulfur components  and  lignin are also recovered. Methods of
separating the  components from black  liquor, various deriva-
tives of each component, methods of producing these deriva-
tives  and their  uses  are  discussed.  A bibliography  of  48
references is included.

15093
Persson, Goran
AIR POLLUTION.  (Ilman Saastuminen). Text in Finnish. Tek-
nillinen Aikakauslehti, no. 4:29-35, April 1969.
In Sweden, rainwater  was  analyzed for acidity and sulfate
content. The relationship between sulfate emission and sulfate
content of the atmosphere is not clear. Acidity runs ahead of
sulfate content,  possibly  due to errors in  pH measurement.
Lakes have been polluted with acid rain to  the point  that fish
died.  Lichens, which constitute reindeer pasture and  are ex-
tremely sensitive  to  pH  changes,  have  been  endangered.
Forestry and agriculture are  not yet affected. The average rate
of trash disposal in Scandinavia is 300 kg/person/year. In 1967,
Sweden consumed  201,000 tons of plastics, 20% chlorine-bear-
ing. In Scandinavia, the three heaviest industrial offenders are
pulp,  metallurgy, and  quarries. On July 1,  1969, a new anti-
pollution law was passed in  Sweden. Industries dangerous to
their environment cannot be  built without permission. Present
factories will eventually be affected. After 1971, gasoline and
diesel vehicles must conform to standards. The sulfur content
of fuel oil will be limited to 2.5%,  and by January  1970, the
lead content of gasoline will be limited to 0.7 g per liter.

42686
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit and Soziales des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
PROBLEM NUMBER 1: THE  ALTERED ENVIRONMENT.
(Gestoerte Umwelt - das Problem Nr. 1). Text in German. In:
Reine Luft fuer  morgen.  Utopie oder Wirklichkeit.  Moeh-
nesee-Wamel, West Germany, K. von Saint-George, 1972, p.
7-13.
General problems  of environmental  pollution  are  outlined.
While the rate of population growth  from  1950 to  1970 was
20%, energy consumption rose by 300%, electricity production
by  500%,  and expansions  of paper manufacturing by 400%.
The rapid industrial growth took  place at the expense of na-
ture and environment, causing air and water  pollution and
other problems. Some 4  million tons of dust and soot, 8 mil-
lion tons of carbon monoxide, 4 million tons of sulfur dioxide,
as well as 2 million tons of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
each, are discharged yearly to  the  atmosphere  in West  Ger-
many.  Air  pollution affects man,  animals,  vegetation, and
buildings. The radioactive contamination due to nuclear jjower
plants and other facilities is negligible in comparison with the
natural background. A survey revealed that a large proportion
of people who had left the Ruhr area did so on account of pol-
luted air. An abatement of air pollution as a result of  improved
technologies  and  the  intensive  use of  pollution-control
techniques has been  apparent for the last years. A clean-air
maintenance program has  been elaborated for  North Rhine-
Westphalia.

-------
                                        AUTHOR  INDEX
                                                                                                                 143
A TIRADO A   B-37101
AARONSON T   'A-29489
ADACHI M    G-27651, G-30169, G-39013
ADALBERTO T A   "B-33073
ADALBERTO, T A   C-0%60
ADAM R   'A-26594
ADAMS D F   'B-32681, C-I675J, 'D-16619

ADAMS P A   'B-25211
ADAMS, D F   B-00379. B-01436, «C-00947,
     •C-06526. 'D-03106, "F-01784.
     F-10308, 'G-01874
ADAMS. D. F.   'B-04773
AGARDY F J   'A-26979
AHLGREN P   "B-21369
AHO W 0   'B-16899
AKAMATSU I   'A-16494
AKAMATSU K  -B-22061
AKAMATSU, I  'B-13072
ALDRICH L C   'A-13199
ALFEROVA L A   'B-29278
ALFEROVA, L A  'B-10366
ALKIRE H L   'D-12345
ALLAN R S   -F-16386
ALLEY F C   'B-37266
AMBERG H R   B-16842, B-17409.
     B-33732, B-42246
AMBERG, H R   C-08541
AMOS, L C   B-07974
ANDERSON C B   A-13443
ANDERSON D M   A-40159
ANDERSON H S   M-31814
ANDERSON, D O   G-02170. 'G-03671
ANDERSSON K  "A-43626
ANDERSSON. K   'C-08954
ANDREASSON S  'B-43774
ANNERGREN G   'A-13238. 'F-13362
ANTHONY A W JR   B-36658. B-36659
APPLEBURY T E  'C-17029
APPLEBURY, T E   'C-10654
ARCHIBALD E E JR   'B-25950
ARHIPPAINEN B  'B-18029
ARHIPPAINEN, B   'B-09933
ARNE H C I    A-27942
ASA1 M    B-19216
AURELL R   'A-13440, 'A-13444,  'F-13347

AURELL, R   'F-I30IO
AUSTIN R R   C-I687I, 'C-30263
AUSTIN. R R    C-10453
AVER F A   J-3I8I4
AZUMA T    A-14134. M-13980


                 B

BABA Y   'C-29726
BACKLUND A   A-13238.  F-13362
BACKSTROM B 0   'B-43544
BACON R F   'B-15878
BAILEY. R E    A-10524
BAJUSZ A J   'A-28976
BALAKRISHNAN S  'B-27901
BALMER T   'B-27182
BAMESBERGER W L   'C-16755
BANCIU, I   'B-10578
BANDUNI, J S   B-04045
BARKE E   H-38S76
BARNEA M   'A-38615
BAUMGARDNER R   C-29913. C-34863
BAXTER  W A JR   B-23725
BEAUJEAN J  • A-13395
BEAVER  C E   B-39206. 'B-40098,
     B-44818
BENFORADO. D M  •D-07572
BENJAMIN, M  'A-12621, 'B-01223
BERGSTROM H   'A-39922
BERGSTROM, J G   C-089S4
BERNSTEIN R H  'B-39498
BETHGE, P O   'C-07214
BEYER D L   F-14579
BILLINGS C E  'B-28580
BISHER E P  A-28898
BLESSING W H    B-39206
BLOMEN T   'B-16242
BLOSSER R O   'A-27433
BLOSSER, R O   '8-05001, •B-0741S,
     •B-10277, -B-10659
BLUE J D   'B-31463. 'B-39291
BOATMAN J B   A-12422
BODENHEIMER V B   A-13395
BOLKER  H I  'A-31548
BONSALL R A   -B-19425
BOSCH J C   C-29072, C-38698, "D-35051
BOSTROM C E   B-43774
BOWMER, E J    C-10686, D-07390
BOYER R Q   •B-14120
BOYLE G M  'A-33804
BRADT, P   D-00690
BRANDT A D  • A-40159
BRINK D L   B-11673, B-12506, «B-20258,
     •B-40958, 'C-30202. F-16828
BRINK. D L  'A-06981. A-08359,'C-08354

BROADDUS. S   B-07434
BROOMHEAD F   B-25643
BROWN R F   B-25047
BRUNNER E   B-17559
BUCOVE, B   D-06535
BUNYARD F L   'B-19071
BURGESS. W A    G-05076
BURKLIN C E   A-40345
BURNETT B B   F-13453
BURNOVA G P   'B-32603
BUTRICO F A   A-12422
BUXTON W H JR   'B-31790
BUXTON, W H   'B-04783
CADY. F H  'B-00552
CAIRNS C E   B-36854
CALVERT S  «B-27762
CAMACHO T F   «F-13082
CANNON K R    A-31327
CANOVALI L L  «B-I99I6
CARLSON. D A    B-01563
CARON A L   A-27433
CARR W F   'B-3717I
CARVER, T O   'D-06535
CAVE, G C  'C-08335, "C-08356.
      •C-08357. -C-08338
CEDERLOF. R   •C-00%5, 'C-09648,
      •D-00209. M-09199
CHAMBERLAIN R E   • B-36854
CHILCOTE D O  'A-36348
CHOUDENS C D  'C-20435
CHRISTOFERSON. E A    B-03975
CLAIBORNE J T JR   'A-24398
CLARK L E  C-16577
CLEMENT J L   'A-18182, "B-16747,
      •B-16876, 'B-38444. 'B-41603
CLEMENT, J L   'B-05074, «B-I2658
COATS O S  'B-3I608
COE E L JR  "B-44890
COLLINS R L   J-21241
COLLINS T T JR  'B-15779, «B-26I72,
      •B-32569. 'B-36658, 'B-36659
COLLINS, T T JR   'B-04781
COLOMBO P   'C-27069
COMMONER B   'A-32483
CONSTANTINESCU I    B-44198
COOK W G  "C-37308
COOPER H B H JR   'C-35243, 'C-35956
COOPER, B H JR   B-074I5
COOPER, G   D-07572
COOPER, H B   B-05001
COOPER, H B H JR   B-10659
COOPER. H B JR   B-10277
CORBETTA D   C-27069
CORR M    A-32483
COUDRAY P   G-25875
COULTER J H    A-I8I82
COULTER T R   'B-29085
COX L A   "A-35066
CROMWELL W E   'B-37073
CROON I   'F-mSI
CROWELL  E P   "F-13453
CUFFE, S   'L-09093


                  D

DAHM H P  'A-13386
DALESKI. EJJR   F-13012
DARBY R L  A-12422
DAVIS J C  'B-30062
DAVIS J L   B-16698
DEANE M  'G-39242
DEELEY J E  'B-13445
DEHAAS G G    B-16729. C-16871
DEHAAS. G G   'B-07974.  C-10453
DEVITT T  W   A-32165
DEVONALD B H  'C-37511
DEVONES K R   'F-13435
DEVOSS C  R   'D-44735
DEXTER G M   'B-39256
DIBBLE G   B-18240
DIDDAMS  D G    F-13755
DILLARD B M    B-32018
DONKELAAR VAN A  'D-16062
DOUGHTY L    B-38210, B-44394
DOUGLAS. I B   'A-04893. B-04950
DOUGLASS I B   'A-28885
DOUGLASS, 1 B   "A-01644. -A-04879,
      •A-11144, A-12621. 'B-04861

-------
144
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
DREW J   'F-13436
DROEGE. H F   'G-09926
DUMON R   'B-36478
DUNCAN L    A-27433, 'B-34868
DUPREY, R L   'A-09686
DYCK A W J   'B-43851
EDFORS, M L    C-00965, D-00209
EGGERT W C   'B-31991
EHRENBORG. L    C-07214
ELLIOT J S   B-16747
ELLIOTT J S    B-41603
ELLIOTT. J S   B-12658
EMANUEL. D A   '0-07339, G-08828
EMSLIE, J H    D-07390
ENDO R   'A-17198. D-17630
ENSOR D S   C-29072. C-37718, C-38698
ERDMAN, A JR   'B-06343
ESCOBAR S    F-13437
ESTRIDGE R B   'B-30208
FAITH W L   'B-13551
FALGOUT, D A  'C-06385
FANELLI R    B-15878
FENNELL F L   'A-13282
FERNANDES J H   'B-22357, 'B-40366
FERRIS B G  'G-25563
FERRIS, B G JR   '0-02170, '0-05076
FEUERSTE1N, D L   'A-08359. C-08354
FLETCHER R H   'L-20273
FLYNN C S   'B-20286
FOGEL M  E  'J-21241, J-31814
FOGELBERG  B C   F-13350
FONES R E   'B-13398
FORGACS  O L   F-16386
FORSS K   F-13350
FOSS E  'B-42893
FREIDAY J H   'B-35315
FREITAG R   E-39M2
FREMER K E    F-13350
FREOUR P  '0-25875
FREYSCHUSS S   'B-34299
FREYSHUT S   'B-17266
FR1BERG, L   C-00965, C-09648, D-00209,
      •M-09199
FROST H J   'B-38235
FUKU1 S   'B-23611
FULLER R R  'F-13187
FUNABASHI S   G-30169, 'G-39013
FUNAKI H   A-17633, A-22148, A-41168
FUTAKI N    C-36894


                  G

GALEANO S F   'B-I4110, B-252II.
      •B-29621, 'B-32018, 'B-39226
GALEANO, S F  'B-00951, B-III50,
      •D-12648
GAUVIN W H   'A-18189, B-13331
GAVELIN  G  'B-36037, 'L-35817
GAVRILESCU GH   'B-28656
GEHM, H W   'L-06732
GELLMAN I   B-34868
GERLACH THARANDT R   'H-37047
GERSTLE  R W   'A-32165. J-2I24I
GESSNER  A W   'B-18240
GHISONI P   'B-26176
GIERER J   'A-13399, 'F-I34I8
GILBREATH R H JR   'C-43479
GILMER R J   B-252II
GINODMAN G M   'B-11949
GLADDING, J N   'A-09202
 CODING A T   B-38569
 GOLDMAN M I  'M-23344
 GOLDSCHMID O    F-13272
 GOLDSMITH J R    G-39242
 GOMMI J V  'B-24079, 'B-32937, 'B-43482

 GONZALEZ V  'B-42908
 GORMAN P G    A-27501, A-35443
 GRACE T M   'K-39224
 GRANT J  'F-13342
 GRAVEL J  J O   A-18189
 GREEN, B  L  'B-11726
 GREENFELT P  'C-43214
 GRIMLEY K W JR    C-19051
 GROSS L J   B-15709
 GROSS S B    A-12422
 GROTTEROD K  'L-17379
 GUEST E T  'B-13772, 'B-26173
 GUEVARA, M V   B-04045
 GUMERMAN, R C   'B-01563
                                                           H
  HALES, J M    B-00025
  HAMMAR COB   'A-27942
  HAN S  T    B-16698, B-21960
  HANAMURA N   D-33708
  HANKS, J J   M-01546
  HAN SEN. G A   A-12621, 'B-08360
  HAN WAY J E JR   'B-18262
  HARDING C I   A-36392. 'C-04945
  HARDING. C 1  B-00951, 'B-01505.
       •B-01789, B-01900, B-02018, 'B-09508,
       •B-III50, C-06385, 'D-0%58
  HARDISON L  C  'B-35519
  HARING R C   B-42319
  HARKNESS A C  'B-38697, 'C-14582
  HARKNESS, A C   'E-00952. 'F-06719
  HARTFORD W   B-35315
  HARTLER N   A-13444, 'F-13382
  HARTLER. N   'B-08361, F-13010
  HARTMAN C H  C-38032, C-43684
  HARTSUCHPJ  'B-40114
  HASSELHUHN, B  'C-0%57
  HASTINGS L   'E-39112
  HATTON J V   'F-18214
  HATTORI T   'L-32893
  HAWKINS G   'B-16744, 'B-18140
  HAWKINS, G   'B-09048
  HAYASHI J   D-33708
  HAYASHIT    G-39013
  HEANEY J P   'B-38210, 'B-44394
  HEITMAN J B    A-13439
  HELLER, A N    D-06535
  HENBY E B    B-18262
  HENDRICKSON E R  A-21385. 'A-21728,
       A-28095, 'A-36392, 'B-25190,
       C-04945, 'C-21724.  'C-39929
  HENDRICKSON,  E R   B-01789, 'B-01900,
       •B-02018
  HENDRIKS R V  'L-40544
  HIGH, M D  'C-00383
  HILL E L   J-21241, J-31814
  HOAG D S   'B-13447
  HOCHMUTH.  F W   'B-11153
  HOLDER D A  'F-13768
  HONDA K  'B-31091, 'B-31125
  HONGU T    G-30169
  HORNTVEDT E  'B-37677
  HORRES C R JR   C-19051
  HORSTMAN, S W   C-00383
  HOSHIKA Y    'A-32879, 'C-32880.
       •C-36894
  HOUGH G W   'B-15709, 'B-43480
  HOVEY M W   B-19733, B-22809
  HOWARD, W C  'B-07769
HRUTF10RDBF   A-33983, D-3J051,
     •F-13604
HRUTFIORD, B F  A-OI885, B-04950,
     B-04952. B-04953, 'B-05409, F-12662
HSUEH L   B-26254
HURTUBISEFG   F-13379
                                                                                                    I
IBRAHIM K   'B-13737
IKARI Y   'B-437%
IMAMURA S   'J-40526
INGRUBER O V   B-I3409, F-13343,
     F-13480
INGRUBER, O V   A-08368, A-09011,
     G-03788. 1-03957. N-08409
IOFFE L O    'B-16197
ISAYEVA N M   B-16350
ISHIDA K    D-33708
ISHIGURO T   'A-40524, C-36894
ISHH T   «B-32798
ISHIZAWA M   M-13980
ITO J   G-39013
ITO K   G-27651, G-30169, G-39013
ITO N   B-19257
IZUMI S    D-41167
JANSSON L B   • A-13380
JARVELA, O   'A-08363
JENSEN W  'F-13350
JENSEN. G A   «B-00379, "B-01436
JOHANSON L N   A-40063
JOHANSON M    F-13350
JOHANSON, L N   B-04952, B-04953.
     B-05408. B-08365
JOHNSON, R K  'J-01561
JOHNSTON D R   J-21241
JONAS J   'G-16153
JONES K H   •B-11673, 'B-12506. B-20258,
     F-16828
JONES W P   'B-16695
JONES. K H   A-06981
JONSSON S E   'B-30339, B-42893
JONSSON. E    M-09199
JULSON J O   'J-16457
JULSON, J O    'M-07965
JUNGERSTAM B   B-18029


                  K

KABURAGI S   'G-37337
KAEMMERER  K  'H-37352, 'H-38576
KAHN D C   B-29621. B-39226
KALISH J  'B-34385
KAMETANI. F   A-06240
KAMIO S   B-38565
KAMISHIMA H   A-16494
KAMISHIMA, H  B-13072
KAPUSTOVA J   B-25493
KATO T    C-32467
KATO Y   'B-21407
KATOU T  'C-42403
KATZ. M   D-00690
KAYHART T J   B-18240
KELMAN B A    C-14582
KENAGA D L   'F-13186
KENEDA. K    C-08312
KENLINE. P A  'B-00025, 'D-03017
KESLER  R B    'C-24939. 'F-13240
KIFUNE  I   C-21859. "D-37968
KIHLMAN, E   'B-10758
KIKUCHI I  'A-17633
KIKUCHI K   'A-41168,  'C-23106

-------
                                                 AUTHOR  INDEX
                                                                           145
KIKUCHI T   'A-22148
KIMURA Y   A-15494
KINDLER  W A   F-13186
KIRK D G    'F-13481
KIRKBY A H   B-13445
KISH1MOTO K   G-39013
KLEINERT T N  'A-13606, 'A-13608.
     •F-13420, 'F-13484
KLEPPE P J   «B-326I5. B-43635
KLIMOVICH J  'A-38327, B-42431
KLINCK R W   B-27357
KLOSS T E   'F-14576
KLUFAS A J   'F-16383
KNUDSON J C  'B-43396
KOECK 0    'H-24025
KOELBEL H   -B-30577
KOGO T  'D-17630
KOIKE K   'D-33708
KOIKE Y   M-26838
KOOGLER J B   A-21385, A-21728,
     C-21724
KOPPE R K    D-16619
KOPPE, R  K   C-00947. D-03106, F-01784,
     •F-10308
KOSAYA G S  'B-31072
KOSTRIKOV V I    B-32603
KOTT G L   'A-13192
KOTZERKE D F   «A-I3281
KR1NGSTAD K P   • B-43635
KUBE, H D   J-OI546
KUBO M   G-30169
KUBO S  G-27651, G-39013
KUDRYAVTSEVA  L A   «H-32561
KURTH E  F    F-13083
KUSUMOTO M   'A-17243
LAAMANEN A   'H-23261
LABERGE J C   'B-17656
LAGRONE F S   'A-40345
LAHDES R   H-23261
LA1SHONG C   B-43635
LAMB, D R   'G-II828
LANDRY, J E   B-01505, 'B-02279.
     •B-08364, -F-09498
LAPOINTE, M W   B-04783
L APPLE C E   B-17088
LARDIERI N J  •B-33660, -B-38194
LARSEN, A A    G-03671
LARSSEN S   'C-37718
LAYER M L  'F-13423
LAWTON, B R   G-07339
LEA. N S   'B-03975
LEAHY T E   "C-15704
LEE G    'B-I333I
LEMON S   B-21369
LENZ B   A-13399, F-13418
LENZ B J  'F-13083
LENZ W    B-37101
LENZ, W   'B-03946, 'C-09660
LEONARD, J S   'C-03789
LESOURD D A   J-2I24I
LEWIS E C  -A-18188, 1-13507
LIBERT J    B-43635
LINDBERG E A S  'B-25085
LINDBERG, S   'B-01549, •B-09656.
     •B-09661
LINDVALL T  'C-23278. "C-25466,
     •M-15760
LINDVALL, T    C-00965. C-09648,
     D-00209
LLEWELLYN W F    B-31463, 'B-38723.
     B-39291
LONGWELL, D H   B-02279. 'C-00551
LORAS V    A-13386
LOWE J C   F-13423
LUDWIG, J H   «L-06730
LUNDE K E   B-17088
LUTZ C A   -A-12422
LYDAY R O   J-31814
LYNCH, A J   »C-10686, 'D-07390
LYON W A   «F-44969
                  M

MA J L    B-44890
MAAHS. H G  'B-08365
MACDONALD G  L W   'B-24478
MACK R A   B-29621, B-39226
MACKENZIE, V G    D-06535
MAEDA I   -B-19257
MAGDER J   B-38569
MAJOR, W D   A-12621, 'B-09655
MAKKONEN. H   A-08363
MAKSIMOV  V F   'B-16350. B-22400
MALARKEY E J   'B-16824
MALARKEY. EJ   'B-11158
MANCHESTER D F    F-13768
MANNBRO N  «B-I3438. 'F-13385
MARKANT H P  «B-14II8, 'B-15766
MARRACCINI L M   A-13606. A-13608
MARTIN LOF R   'A-25205
MARTINEZ.  S E   'F-05385
MARTON J   'F-13505
MARYNOWSKI C W    B-17088
MASON. L   B-09733
MATSUMOTO H    B-33918
MATSUMURA M   G-37337
MATSUSHITA A    C-32467
MATSUURA  H   B-23611, F-13241
MATTESON. M J  'B-05408
MATTY  R  E    B-24750
MAY B F  'B-36760
MCANDIE J  L   A-38327
MCCARTHY  J L   F-21971
MCCARTHY. J L   B-05408. B-05409.
      B-08365
MCGINNITY J L   'C-19051
MCINTOSH D C   «F-13236
MCINTYRE A D   C-37511
MCKEAN  W  T   B-43635
MCKEAN, W T JR   'A-01885, •B-04950.
      •F-12662
MEDALIA, N Z   «M-00376, 'M-00844
MEINHOLD  T F   'B-39205
MELLER A   -A-13605
MEULY W C  'B-39801
MEYER  F  J   F-13186
MEZIERES F A   'A-36049. 'A-36480
MILES F W   »A-4I467, «F-33863
MINDLER A B   F-13768
MINER S  'A-17603
MIURA T    C-32467
MIYAGI H   'B-34044
MIYAJIMA H  'B-35803
MIYAZAKI S  'B-35931
MIZOGUCHI M    G-39013
MODZELEVSKAYA Z P   B-16350
MONCRIEFF R W  'B-39282
MONSALUD M R  'A-13237
MOODY D M  'B-18037
MOORE  P  J   A-12422
MORGAN J P  'B-23901.'B-39773
MORGAN O  P   *B-366S7, 'B-41474
MORRISON,  J L   'B-12527
MOTOMIYA  K   G-27651, G-39013
MOTT W E  'C-33055
MULIK J D   C-19051, 'C-29913, 'C-34863

MURAMATSU M    G-39013
MURATA M    G-39013
MURRAY F E   'A-12507. 'B-00390.
     •B-14113. B-15690, B-39773
MURRAY, F E  A-02274, 'A-09415,
      •B-05808. C-01071. C-01542, E-00952,
      F-06719
MURRAY, J S   "B-09047
MURRY F E   B-38697


                  N

NADEAU J P  'A-41564
NAGAYASU M    A-14134. M-13980
NAKAI Y   'B-29231
NAKAJIMA S   'B-19218
NAVARRE. A J    A-12621
NELSON P F  «F-13311, 'F-14848
NELSON.  B  'M-08698
NICHOLS  G B   A-26441
NICHOLSON D C    C-17037
NICKLIN T   'B-17559
NICOLAS  P M   A-13237
NIKLASSON R   -A-35113
NILSSON  HER   'F-13344
NISHIDATE A   D-41167
NISHIMUTA T   G-39013
NISHINO, E   C-08312
NISHIYAMA K   'A-14134, 'M-13980
NISHIYAMA, K   A-06240
NOLAN W J  "B-23538


                  0

OE, M   A-06240
OGISU Y   'B-32109
OGLESBY S JR   'A-26441, »B-33347.
      •B-35793
OKEY R W   B-42319
OKITA T   'C-21859, D-37%8
OKITA, T   "C-08312
OKU K    F-13241
OKUMURA E   'B-33918
OLOMAN  C   *B-15690
OLSSON J E  'A-13325
ONO M    B-23611
ORSLER R J  'F-13346
OSTBERG  K   F-13344
OSTERLI V P   -A-26255, «B-25977
OVEREND M  'B-39596
OWENS, V P  «B-05880, 'B-10994
OYAKE T    D-17630
PACKMAN D F   F-13346
PADDOCK R E   J-31814
PARK W R   A-27501
PARKISON R V  -B-21983
PASZNER  L   B-27138
PAVANELLO R  'G-33964
PEARL I A  -F-14579
PECKHAM J R   F-13319
PECSAR R E   «C-38032. 'C-43684
PERRINE R L   'B-26254
PERSSON  G  'N-15093
PETTERSSON S  'F-13188
PHILLIPS  N D   B-15766
PILAT M J   'C-29072. C-37718, 'C-38698.
      D-35051
PINCOVSCHI E  'B-44198
PIROTTA A   C-27069
PLUMLEY A L   M-13507
POHLMAN A A   C-30202
POLCIN J    B-25493
PORTER S M   B-25863
PRICE L   A-28885
PRICE. L    A-01644. A-04879, A-11144,
      B-04950
PROHAZKA G J   B-35315

-------
146
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE   'D-09592
QUIMBY G R  'F-13272
RALSTON E L   B-24750
RAMSDELL, E W    B-07434
RAND G H   M-43717
RANDERSON D  'D-24227
RAPSON W H   'A-13443
RAUTU R   -B-29852
RAYNER, H B   A-02274, A-09415
REVELEY R L   B-29085
RI Y   G-39013
RICCA P M   'A-13492
RICE, J W   'B-10765
RICHTER J   A-13238
RICKLES R N   'B-21965, B-27901
RIES E D   -C-16577
RIOUX J P   -F-13379
RISK ] B    B-15690
RISK, J B   'C-01071
RITMAN E  L   A-13605
ROBERSON J E  A-21385, A-21728,
     •A-28095, «B-I6807. •B-210SI,
     C-21724
ROBERSON J S   B-25190
ROBERTS L M   'B-39206
ROGERS C  E  -B-24750
ROJAS M S   F-13437
ROMANTSCHUK H   'B-22655
RONDIA D    G-33964
ROOT D F   F-13423
ROSENBLADC  'B-I604I
ROSS  R A    C-37308
ROSSANO A T JR   C-35243, C-35956
ROTH L    A-30701, A-35581
ROY A J    C-15224
RUDOSKY C    B-16824
RUDOSKY.C   B-11158
RUSHTON J D  M-27971
RUSSELL N A   'A-13594
RUUS A L   -B-13334
RYCZAK  S  J   M-14583
RYDHOLM  S   A-13238
RYLANDER R  'G-17205
SABLESKI, J J   "L-03540
SAGE W L    B-16876
SA1TO H   'B-38565
SAITO K    A-22148, A-41168
SAKAI A   F-13241
SAKURA1 N   G-39013
SALLEE E E    A-27501
SAMUELSON O   A-13325, F-I3I88
SANDERSON J G   'C-15224
SANDERSON. H P   '0-00690
SANYER, N    B-10765
SAPP J E   B-13398
SARKANEN, K V   A-01885, B-04950.
      •B-04951, B-04952. B-04953, F-12662
SARTORI A   C-27069
SATO A   G-39013
SATO S    A-17633, A-22148, A-41168
SAWATANI T   C-32467
SAWAYA T   -A-19899
SCHAER M J    C-17029
SCHAER, M J   C-10654
SCHMIED J   -B-25493
SCHOENHOFEN L H  'B-15450
SCHOENING M A   'A-14580. B-37094
 SCHOON N H  'F-13384
 SCHULZE J   B-30577
 SCHWARTZ I   M-42690
 SCOTT W D  'F-21971
 SEABORNE C R   B-36658, B-36659
 SEGERFELT B N   'B-43611
 SEIDLER M J   H-38576
 SEMLING H V JR   'L-28389
 SEMRAU K T   'B-17088, 'B-20143
 SERENIUS R S    C-37511
 SERGEANT S V    F-13342
 SHAFIZADEH F   F-13423
 SHAH I S  '8-14094, B-15766
 SHAH. I S   'B-06859. "B-09733, "B-lOOOl,
      •B-11008,  'B-11009
 SHANNON L J    A-27501. 'A-35443.
      A-35574
 SHEMILT L W    B-37094
 SHERA  B L  'A-13439
 SHIBLER B K  "B-19733. 'B-22809
 SHIDELER H W   B-25863
 SHIGETA Y  B-23117, 'B-27288. 'B-37494,
      •C-27355,  C-36894. 'L-30149
 SHIH, T T   'B-04953
 SHIH, T T C   'B-04952
 SHIMURA O    B-28328
 SHIRAKAWA H    D-17630
 SHOLTES R S   C-04945
 SHRINER, R D    G-11828
 SIMONSON R   'F-13190
 SINCLAIR G D   'F-13318
 SKALPE. I O   'G-00996
 SKEET  C W   F-16386
 SMATHERS R L   B-30208
 SMITH A    E-39112
 SMITH, E L  'B-07433
 SMITH, J H   C-10686,  D-07390
 SMITHSON G R JR   B-18262
 SNYDER J  W   'A-18164
 SOKOLOVA O I   B-16350
 SONE H   A-17633, A-41168
 SOTOBAYASHI H   B-23611
 SPAITE P W   'L-19062
 SPALDING C W   'B-21960
 SPRINGER K L   'B-15992
 STALTER N J   A-13282
 STAMLER P J   A-32483
 STEPHENSON,  W D   B-11009
 STERN, H    B-01436
 STEVENS R K    C-29913, C-34863
 STEWART R L    B-43480
 STRAFORELLI J B   'B-27138
 STUART, H H  'A-10524
 SUDA S    A-18182, B-19916
 SUGAI R   C-21859, D-37968
 SULLIVAN R J    'A-20553
 SULTZER N W   'B-44818
 SUZUKI K  "D-41167
 SUZUKI. Y   'A-06240
 SYKANDA. A    C-10686, D-07390
 SYKES  W   'B-25643
 SZWARCSZTAJN E   «L-28355
 TADA M   'B-14940
 TADENA F G JR   A-13237
 TAGA T  'A-363T7
 TAKAGI S   'C-32467
 TAKAYAMA T   G-39013
 TALLENT R G   A-18188, 1-13507
 TAMM 0 M   'B-16447
 TAPPI  'B-12076
 TEDER  A    B-21369
 TERAJIMA A   G-39013
 THEMELIS N J   B-13331
 THIBODEAUX L J    B-30208
THODE E F    F-13319
THOEN G N   'B-16729, "C-16871,
      •C-17037, 'C-28708
THOEN, G N   'C-10453
THOMAS J F   B-11673, B-12506, B-20258,
      B-40958, C-30202, 'F-16828
THOMAS. E   'B-07434
THOMAS, J F   A-06981, A-08359. C-08354

THOMPSON N S   «F-133I9
TIRADO,  A A   B-03946. «B-04045
TITOVA G A   B-29278
TITOVA,  G A   B-10366
TOBA T   G-39013
TOKITA G   G-37337
TOMIDA  B    D-33708
TOMLINSON. G H II   'A-08367
TOMOGAMA T   'B-19216
TORO R F  'B-38569
TOYOSHIMA K   D-33708
TREMAINE B K   'B-39433. B-39801
TRIPLETT G   'C-33045
TROBECK K G    A-39922, 'B-37101
TROUT P E   "F-13189
TSUCHIYA G  'A-40063
TSUJI A   C-32467
TSYGANOVSKAYA L KH   'G-23893
TUCKER  W G    A-28095. B-25190
TURK A   'B-42319
BURNER  B G   B-30208
TUTTLE,  W N    F-01784


                  U

UEHARA S    G-39013
UMEZAWA M   'B-28328
URSU P   A-38615
UTAKA G  'F-13241
VALLEY R B   B-25211
VAN DONKELAAR A   B-25950
VANDEGRIFT A E   'A-35574
VANDERGRIFT A E  'A-27501
VASIL EVA E M    B-16447
VEAZIE W H   A-12422
VEDERNIKOV V G  'B-22400
VEERAMANI H  'B-45019
VEGEBY, A   'B-10268
VILLAVICENCIO E J  'F-13437
VIOLA G   'F-13462
VON ROSENBLAD C  'B-16647
VUOJOLAINEN T    B-22655


                  W

WADA M   'L-32796
WAKEFIELD J W   'A-28898
WALKER A B   'B-25047
WALKER, A B  'B-02955
WALLIN N   F-13418
WALTHER J E  'B-16842, 'B-17409,
      •B-33732, 'B-42246
WALTHER, J E  'C-08541
WANGERIN, D D   'A-04345
WAYMAN M   A-13443
WEEKS L   'B-43414
WEIMER E C  'B-25863
WEINER J   *A-30701, 'A-35581
WENZEL, F J   G-07339, 'G-08828
WENZEL, H F J   'G-03788, M-03957
WENZL H F J   'B-13409, 'B-13464,
      •F-13343, 'F-13480
WENZL, H F  'A-08368, 'N-08409
WENZL, HFJ  'A-09011

-------
                                               AUTHOR  INDEX
                                                                         147
WERNER A E   *H-24902
WEST P H   «B-37004
WESTERBERG. E N   B-09933
WETHERN J D  'B-14577
WHITE H J   'B-23725
WHITNEY R P   'B-16698
WIKLANDER G   "C-43228
WILDER J E   B-28580
WILDER, H  D   'F-13012
WILLET H P  'B-16681
WILLETT. H P  «B-0509I
WILLIAMS, I H   'C-01542
WILLIAMSON D F  'B-42431
WILSON A W  'B-39575
WILSON D F  'A-33983
WILSON J W   B-27138
WILSON. E L  'L-06742
WINTHROP S O  "A-27293, 'A-38542
WISLICENUS H  'H-39537
WITT J M   «A-3I327
WOHLERS H C   'C-22958
WONG, A   'B-10106
WOODWARD E R   *B-37064
WORCESTER, J   G-05076
WORSTER H E   A-35066
WRIGHT R H    A-14580,  'A-24903.
     •B-27357. 'B-37094,  'E-37091
WRIGHT, R H   -B-06106
WRIST P E   -L-31465
YAMASHITA, S    C-083I2
YARGER, H J   A-12621
YEMCHUK E M   'B-19930
YOKOKAWA T   B-29231
YOSHIDA R   'G-21054. •G-276J1.
     •G-30I69, G-39013
YOSHII T    B-23611
YOUNG, F A   G-01874
ZHILIN P N   'D-20377, 'D-22J91
ZIMMERMAN M D   'B-29650

-------
                                           SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                                                           149
ABATEMENT  A-20553, A-26594, A-28095,
      A-35581, A-40524, B-01672, B-08364,
      B-09655, B-13737, B-39888, B-43396,
      D-09392, D-41167, G-16153, J-16174,
      J-23842, J-30951,  J-31076. L-09093,
      L-17379, L-28389, L-30149, L-32796,
      L-32893, L-34685, L-35817, M-07965,
      M-08698, N-42686
ABSENTEEISM   D-33108, G-03671,
      G-25563
ABSORPTION  A-13608, A-20553, A-21385,
      A-28976. A-29489, B-00379. B-01436,
      B-01563, B-03975, B-04773, B-04882,
      B-04887, B-04952, B-05074, B-06106,
      B-07974, B-08366, B-09047. B-09508.
      B-13072, B-14118, B-15690, B-15766,
      B-16876, B-16899, B-17559, B-18262,
      B-22400. B-25190, B-27762, B-27901.
      B-32603, B-33918, B-35803, B-37494.
      B-3823S, B-38565, B-42893, B-42908,
      B-436II, B-45019, C-35956, F-01784,
      F-09498
ABSORPTION (GENERAL)   A-43289,
      A-43626, B-00951, B-03975. B-05074,
      B-I1I50. B-11949, B-14IIO, B-I4I20,
      B-15878, B-16647. B-16681, B-16698,
      B-17656, B-I9425, B-21960. B-21983,
      B-23611, B-24750, B-25493. B-29231,
      B-32615, B-33918, B-34044, B-35931,
      B-37677. B-38444, B-38565, B-40366.
      B-41603, B-43396, B-43774, D-22591,
      L-19062
ACETALDEHYDE   A-32475
ACETIC ACID   A-32475
ACETONE   B-05409. B-16842, C-07214,
      C-08356
ACETYLENES    B-31803, C-08354
ACID SMUTS  B-16695
ACIDS   A-090I1, A-09686. A-13443,
      A-15517, A-17198, A-24398, A-26441.
      A-32165. A-32475, A-35066, A-35443,
      A-35574, A-36377, A-39460, A-39461,
      A-39462, B-03975, B-05091, B-06106,
      B-15878, B-15992, B-16447, B-18262,
      B-19733, B-20143, B-22809, B-25643,
      B-26254, B-27470. B-27901, B-28656,
      B-31091, B-31125, B-32603, B-33918.
      B-35519. B-38235. B-42246, B-44198,
      C-14582, C-35956, D-06535, D-07572,
      D-09592, D-09658, D-33108, F-13083,
      F-13188, F-I33II, F-13481, F-14579,
      H-24025, H-37352. H-39537, J-14583.
      L-09093
ACROLEIN  C-32880
ACUTE   G-37337. G-39242
ADMINISTRATION   A-17198, A-26979,
      A-30383, A-39460, A-40345, A-40524.
      B-01223. B-01505. B-01672. B-04882.
      B-07433, B-08364, B-16842. B-21965.
      B-27762. B-34868, B-40114. C-00551.
      C-21724, D-03017, D-06535. D-07390,
      D-09592. D-09658, D-12345. D-12496,
      D-I2648, D-16062. D-16619. D-20377.
      D-35437, D-41167, F-44969. G-02170,
     G-16153, G-17205, G-34667, J-01546,
     J-30951, J-31076, J-40526. J-43717,
     L-03540, L-06732, L-09093, L-19062,
     L-34685, L-35817, L-36900, M-00376,
     M-00844, M-07965, M-13980
ADSORPTION   A-13608, A-20553.
     A-21385, B-01563, B-13072, B-13737,
     B-25190, B-27762, B-27901, B-32768,
     B-33715, B-37094, B-37266, B-37494,
     B-42319, B-44198, C-32467, C-35956.
     C-42403, F-01784. F-13186, L-32796,
     L-40544
ADSORPTION (GENERAL)   B-19257,
     B-44198. L-36900
ADULTS   G-01874, G-07339, M-00844,
     M-09199
ADVISORY SERVICES   L-41093
AERODYNAMICS  B-23725
AEROSOL GENERATORS   B-37073,
     L-30149
AEROSOLS  B-17088, B-20143, B-35660,
     B-35931, C-33055, C-38698, D-35051,
     J-01546
AFRICA  B-29650
AFTERBURNERS  A-17603, A-35574,
     A-39462, B-07769, B-09508, B-13737,
      B-20286, B-25977, B-29650, B-34299.
      B-38235, J-01546, J-21241, L-36900
AGE   G-05076,  G-39242, M-09199
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES   D-09592,
     D-44735
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
     A-27501. C-23278, E-31865
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA   A-35581.
      B-27762, L-09093
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
     PROGRAMS  A-17198. A-40345,
     C-00551, D-03017, D-06535, D-07390,
      D-09592. D-09658, D-12345, D-12496,
      D-12648, D-16619. D-20377. D-35437,
      D-41167. G-02170, L-34685, M-00376,
      M-00844, M-13980
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
      A-01885, A-14580, A-27433, A-27501.
      A-30701, A-31327, A-32879, A-35113,
      A-35443, A-35574, A-36377, A-38542,
      A-40345, A-41168. B-01505, B-01563.
      B-03946, B-05409, B-10277, B-16842,
      B-27762, B-34459, C-00383, C-04883,
     C-06385, C-09208. C-10686, C-23106,
      C-32467, C-32880, C-37718. C-43214,
      D-00209, D-00690, D-03017, D-03106,
      D-06535, D-07390, D-07572, D-09592.
      D-09658. D-12345. D-12648, D-16062,
      D-16619, D-20377, D-22591, D-24227,
      D-27673, D-31276, D-33108, D-33708,
      D-35051, D-35437. D-37968. D-41167,
      D-44735, E-25338, E-31865, G-00996,
     G-05076, G-11828, G-25563. G-37337.
     J-01561, L-32893, L-34685. M-00376,
      M-00844, N-08409
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS   A-25683,
      A-28976, A-29489, A-31327, A-36377,
      B-00552, B-27762. B-34044, B-43774.
     C-00551, D-44735. J-01561. L-09093,
      L-34685. L-40544, M-00376. M-00844
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
      A-26594, B-34317, L-28389, L-34685
AIRCRAFT   A-35443,  A-40345, B-29628,
      D-12496
AIRPORTS   A-40345, D-00690
ALABAMA   D-35437
ALCOHOLS   A-13399, A-33983, A-39460,
      B-05409, B-08365, B-10366, B-16842,
      B-22400, B-32109, B-42893, C-07214,
      C-08357, C-30202, F-06719, F-13418,
      F-13604, L-32796
ALDEHYDES  A-09686, A-32475, A-39460,
      B-05808, C-32467, C-32880, D-06535,
      D-09592, F-06719, F-14579. L-32796
ALERTS   D-44735
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS  A-01885,
      A-16494, A-32475, A-39460. B-00379,
      B-09655. B-30208, B-31803. C-07214,
      C-08354, E-00952, F-06719. F-13453,
      F-16828
ALKALINE ADDITIVES   A-35066,
      B-09508, B-17559, B-22809, B-25171,
      B-29852, fl-32603, B-32615. B-34044,
      B-35803, B-36018, H-39537, L-19062
ALKALIZED ALUMINA (ADSORPTION)
      B-40366, L-19062
ALLERGIES  A-20553, G-03671, G-08828,
      G-23893
ALTITUDE  A-26979, C-33055, 1-26838
ALUMINUM  A-09686, A-32483, A-39462,
      B-25643, B-33918, C-33045, D-33108,
      1-33709, L-20273
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS  A-26441
AMINES   A-17198, A-19899, A-39460,
      B-32768, B-37064, C-29726, C-32467,
      L-32796
AMINO ACIDS   C-32880. H-32561
AMMONIA   A-09686,  A-17198, A-36377,
      A-39460, B-06343. B-07974, B-10765,
      B-27901, B-32768, C-27355. C-29726.
      C-32880, C-35956. D-03106. D-06535.
      D-07572. D-09592. D-33108. F-13481.
      F-14576, F-21971. H-39537, L-32796.
      L-32893
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS   A-09686,
      A-17198, A-36377, A-39460, B-06343,
      B-07974, B-10765, B-16876, B-19425,
      B-22809, B-27901, B-32768, C-27355,
      C-29726, C-32880, C-35956. D-03106.
      D-06535. D-07572, D-09592. D-33108.
      F-13481, F-14576, F-21971. H-39537,
      L-32796, L-32893
ANALYTICAL METHODS   A-01644,
      A-06981, A-08359. A-13439, A-14580.
      A-16494, A-17603, A-17633, A-18182,
      A-22148, A-30701, A-32475, A-33804.
      A-35113, A-35581. A-39922. A-41168,
      B-00379, B-00390, B-02279. B-03807,
      B-04045, B-04882, B-04887, B-05408,
      B-05409, B-05808. B-08364. B-08365.
      B-08366, B-09047, B-10277, B-10578,
      B-16729, B-16842. B-27762, B-32681,
      B-33732, B-34044, B-34459, C-00383,
      C-00551, C-00947, C-01071, C-01542,
      C-04883. C-04886. C-06526, C-07214.
      C-08354. C-08355, C-08356, C-08357.

-------
150
PULP  AND PAPER INDUSTRY
      C-08358, C-08541, C-08954, C-09208,
      C-09657, C-10453, C-10654, C-10686,
      C-14582, C-15224, C-15704. C-16577,
      C-16755, C-16871, C-17029, C-17037,
      C-19051. C-20435. C-21724, C-21859,
      C-24939. C-27069. C-27355, C-28489,
      C-29726, C-29913, C-30202. C-30263.
      C-32467, C-32880, C-33055, C-34422,
      C-34863, C-35243, C-35956, C-36894,
      C-37308. C-37511. C-38032. C-39929,
      C-42403, C-43214, C-43228. C-43684,
      D-00209, D-24227. D-37968, E-00952,
      F-01784, F-06719. F-10308, F-13082,
      F-13083, F-13188. F-13190, F-13236,
      F-13240, F-I33I1. F-13379, F-13418,
      F-13423, F-13453, F-13484. F-13505,
      F-13604. F-14579, G-03788, G-OJ076,
      1-13507
ANEMOMETERS  C-35956
ANIMALS   A-I7I98. A-29489, A-35443,
      B-27762, C-32467, C-33055, G-009%,
      G-01874. G-02170, G-03671, G-11828,
      H-24902, H-32561, H-37352, H-38576,
      L-09093, M-00844
ANNUAL   D-31276, F-33863, J-40526,
      N-42686
ANTIBODIES   G-08828
ANTIGENS   G-07339. G-08828. G-39013
AREA SURVEYS  A-I7I98, D-03017,
      D-06535, D-07390. D-09592. D-09658,
      D-12345, D-12496. D-16619, D-20377,
      D-35437, L-34685, M-00376, M-00844,
      M-13980
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS   A-39460.
      B-16842, B-33715, C-07214. C-08356,
      C-08357, C-30202, F-13505, L-32796,
      M-08698
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS    B-28656
ASBESTOS   A-39460. B-26254
ASHES   A-04345. B-00025. B-05074,
      B-11726, B-16876, B-34317
ASIA  A-06240, A-13237, A-I4I34,
      A-16494, A-I7I98. A-17243, A-17633,
      A-19899, A-22148, A-32475, A-32879,
      A-36377, A-40524, A-41168, B-08366.
      B-13072. B-14940, B-I92I6. B-19218,
      B-19257, B-21407, B-22061, B-23117,
      B-23611, B-27288. B-28328, B-29231,
      B-3I09I. B-3II25, B-32109, B-32768,
      B-32798, B-33347, B-33918. B-34044,
      B-35803. B-35931, B-36018, B-37494,
      B-38565, B-43796, C-08312, C-21859,
      C-23106, C-27355. C-29726, C-32467,
      C-32880, C-36894, C-42403, D-17630,
      D-27673, D-31276. D-33108. D-33708,
      D-37968. D-41167, F-13241, G-21054,
      G-27651, G-30169, G-37337. G-39013,
      1-26838, J-26326, J-30951, J-40526.
      L-14932, L-30149. L-32796. L-32893,
      L-36900. M-13980
ASPHALT   A-09686, A-31327. A-35443.
      A-35574. A-39460, A-39461. A-39462,
      A-40159, C-33045. D-09592. J-16174,
      L-34685
ASTHMA   A-38542, D-33108. G-02170,
      G-05076, G-21054. G-27651, G-30169.
      G-33964, G-37337. G-39013
ATMOSPHERIC  MOVEMENTS   A-06240,
      A-I4I34, A-26979, A-31327, B-01672,
      B-16842, C-09660. C-36894, D-00690.
      D-03017, D-03106, D-06535, D-07390,
      D-09592. D-12345. D-12648, D-16619,
      D-24227, D-31276, D-33108, D-33708,
      E-25338. E-31865, G-39242, H-37047.
      1-26838
AUSTRALIA  A-13605. F-14848
 AUTOMATIC METHODS  A-09415,
       C-09208, C-16755, C-17029, C-30263,
       C-34422. C-38032, F-13190, F-13240,
       F-13379
 AUTOMOBILES   A-09686. A-26594,
       A-36377, A-40345. B-27762, D-12496.
       D-33108, D-35437, J-01546, J-16174,
       L-09093
 AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
       B-05091. G-11828, L-36900
 AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS   A-09686,
       A-26594, A-40524, B-29628, B-43774.
       C-33055. D-03017, D-09592, D-12496,
       D-24227, D-33108, G-11828. J-01546,
       J-16174, L-09093. L-36900
                     B
 BACTERIA   C-33055. C-35956
 BAFFLES  B-23725
 BAG FILTERS   A-24903, B-21407.
       B-22357, B-28580, B-43774. C-35956
 BALLOONS   C-35956. D-09592
 BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES  A-04345.
       A-09686, A-26441, A-39461.  B-05091,
       B-26254, B-27182, B-43774. C-33045,
       J-01546
 BATTERY MANUFACTURING   B-10277,
       C-09208
 BELGIUM  B-08366
 BENZENES  C-08356, C-08357, C-30202,
       L-32796
 BERYLLIOSIS   A-01644, A-01885,
       B-00379, B-00951, B-01505, B-01549.
       B-01563, B-02279. B-03807, B-03946,
       B-04045, C-00383, C-00551, C-00947,
       C-00965, C-01071. C-01542, C-03789,
       C-04883, D-00209, D-00690.  D-03017.
       E-00952, F-01784, G-009%. G-03788.
       J-OI56I
 BERYLLIUM  COMPOUNDS  A-39460
 BESSEMER CONVERTERS   A-09686,
       C-33045
 BIOCLIMATOLOGY   D-07390
 BIOPSY   G-07339
 BLACK  LIQUOR OXIDATION  A-02274.
       A-04345, A-04879. A-04893.  A-06981,
       A-08359, A-08363, A-08367,  A-08368.
       A-09011, A-09415. A-11144.  A-12507.
       A-12621, A-13492, A-17603,  A-18182.
       A-18188, A-18189. A-24903,  A-27942,
       A-32879, A-36049, A-40063,  A-43289.
       B-00025, B-01505, B-01672, B-01789,
       B-01900. B-02955, B-04045, B-04773,
       B-04781, B-04861, B-04882, B-04950,
       B-04951, B-05091, B-05880, B-06106,
       B-06859, B-07434. B-08360. B-08361,
       B-08364. B-08365. B-08366, B-0%55.
       B-09656. B-09933, B-IOOOI, B-10366.
       B-10994. B-11008. B-11009, B-11150,
       B-III53. B-11158, B-11673, B-12658,
       B-13334, B-13398, B-13409, B-13737.
       B-13772, B-14094, B-14110, B-14113.
       B-14577, B-15450. B-15709, B-15779,
       B-16729. B-16747, B-16807. B-16842,
       B-17409. B-18029. B-I8I40, B-18240,
       B-I907I. B-19916, B-19930, B-21051,
       B-22061, B-22400, B-23117. B-23538,
       B-23901. B-24079. B-25211. B-25950,
       B-26172. B-26173, B-26176, B-27357,
       B-27901. B-29278. B-30062. B-30339,
       B-31072. B-31463, B-31794, B-32615,
       B-32798. B-32937. B-33732, B-34299,
       B-34317. B-34385, B-35660. B-35803,
       B-36037, B-36657, B-36854, B-37094,
      B-37101, B-38194, B-38565, B-38723,
      B-39205. B-39226, B-40958. B-41474,
      B-41603, B-42246, B-42431, B-43396,
      B-43414, B-43480, B-43635, B-43851,
      B-44818. B-45019. C-00965. C-08354.
      C-29913, C-30202, C-30263, C-34863,
      D-00209, D-07572, D-09592, D-16062,
      F-01784. F-13435, F-13436, F-13453,
      F-13768, F-16828. H-24902, 1-03957.
      J-14583, J-16457.  L-06732, N-08409
BLAST FURNACES   A-04345, A-09686,
      A-26441, B-16350, B-16681, B-16695,
      B-20143, B-25643, B-27901, C-33045
BLOOD CHEMISTRY   C-33055
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS   G-07339
BLOOD VESSELS   H-32561
BOILERS   A-04345, A-09202. A-17633.
      A-18188, A-21385. A-25205, A-32475,
      A-32879, A-38327. B-00951. B-02955,
      B-05074, B-05091, B-09656. B-09661,
      B-09933, B-11150. B-11726. B-12658,
      B-13409, B-14094. B-15709, B-16197,
      B-16350. B-16747. B-16824, B-19216,
      B-19218, B-19257, B-22522, B-23117,
      B-25085, B-25643. B-26176, B-29085,
      B-29231, B-29852. B-31091, B-31463,
      B-32109. B-33347. B-34044, B-35793,
      B-35803, B-35931. B-38565, B-38723,
      B-39291, B-39498. B-39575, B-40114,
      B-40366. B-41603, B-42431. B-43414.
      B-43544, B-43796. B-43851, B-43879,
      B-44890, C-23106, C-28708, C-29072,
      C-35956. C-43228. D-09592, D-35437,
      J-21241, K-39224,  L-30149. M-08698
BREATHING   C-09648, G-05076. G-23893,
      G-27651. G-30169
BRICKS   A-40159, B-10277
BROMINE  C-04883, C-10453, D-24227
BROMINE COMPOUNDS   C-00947,
      C-10453
BRONCHITIS  A-38542, D-33108, G-05076.
      G-25875. G-27651, G-37337
BUBBLE TOWERS  A-43289, B-16899
BUDGETS  J-01546, J-30951, L-19062
BUTADIENES   A-32475
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY   A-06981.
      A-08359, A-08367, A-08368, A-08631,
      A-17603, A-18182, A-18188. A-18189.
      A-27942, A-31548, A-35066, A-36049,
      B-00025. B-01672. B-01789, B-01900.
      B-02018. B-03975. B-04045, B-04773,
      B-06343. B-07769, B-07974, B-08360,
      B-08364. B-08365, B-09047, B-09508,
      B-0%55. B-09733, B-09933, B-10106,
      B-10758, B-10994, B-11150, B-11153,
      B-11949, B-12527, B-12658, B-13331,
      B-13409. B-13438. B-13445, B-13551,
      B-13772, B-14118. B-14120, B-14577,
      B-14940. B-15450. B-15690, B-15779,
      B-15878, B-15992, B-16041, B-16242.
      B-16647, B-16681, B-16729, B-16899,
      B-17559, B-18029. B-18037, B-18240,
      B-18262, B-19733, B-21369, B-21965,
      B-22655, B-23611, B-24079, B-24478,
      B-25171, B-25211, B-25977, B-26172,
      B-27470, B-27901, B-28656, B-28792,
      B-29231. B-29852, B-30339, B-30577,
      B-31125. B-31790, B-31991. B-32109,
      B-33073. B-33715. B-34299, B-34385,
      B-35931, B-36018, B-36658. B-36659.
      B-37004, B-37101. B-37554, B-37677.
      B-38194. B-38210. B-38235. B-38444,
      B-38569. B-39205. B-39206, B-39256,
      B-39498, B-39773, B-40114, B-40366.
      B-40958. B-42246, B-42431, B-43879,
      B-44394, B-44818. B-45019, C-08354,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 151
      D-07572. F-13272, F-13435, F-13436,
      F-13480. F-13755, F-13768, F-14848,
      H-39537, J-01546, J-01561, J-16457,
      L-19062. M-40951, N-08409
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS   C-04886.
      C-08356, C-08358, C-27069
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS   A-08367.
      A-18182, A-21385, A-25205, A-36392,
      A-39460. B-06343, B-10765, B-I1009.
      B-22809, B-31790, B-34044, B-34299,
      L-20273
CALCIUM SULFATES   A-21385, B-22809
CALIBRATION METHODS   B-08365.
      B-31608. C-01071. C-08357, C-08358.
      C-34422. C-35243. C-43214
CALIFORNIA   A-06981, G-39242
CANADA   A-08631, A-09415, A-12507.
      A-13443. A-13606, A-13608. A-24903.
      A-27293. A-31548, A-35066. A-38542.
      A-41564. B-00379. B-05808, B-08364.
      B-08366. B-10106. B-13331, B-13772.
      B-14113, B-15690, B-19930. B-22522.
      B-23901. B-24478. B-25I7I, B-26173.
      B-27138. B-27357, B-27470, B-28792.
      B-29628, B-31794, B-36854. B-37094.
      B-38697, B-39282, B-39596, B-39773.
      B-42431. B-43879, C-00965, C-01071,
      C-03789. C-09208. C-15224. C-28489.
      C-34422, C-37308, C-37511. D-07390.
      D-35051, E-37091. E-39112. F-06719.
      F-13318. F-13379. F-13768,  F-16383,
      F-16386. G-01874. H-24902. 1-33709,
      J-31076, L-17379,  L-20273, L-41093.
      M-40951
CANCER   A-38542
CANNING   B-37494
CARBON BLACK  A-26441, A-35443,
      A-35574. A-36392, A-39460. A-39461.
      A-39462, B-37266, B-37677, B-40098,
      L-36900
CARBON DIOXIDE  A-28976, A-36377.
      B-07974. B-09655, B-10659, B-15766.
      B-16899, B-24079, B-27901, B-31091.
      B-31I25, B-35931, B-45019, C-07214,
      C-08354, C-I5704. C-19051, C-32467,
      F-06719, F-09498, F-16828
CARBON DISULFIDE  B-13072, B-32603,
      C-00947, C-09208. C-15704, H-39537
CARBON MONOXIDE  A-09686. A-27293,
      A-36377, A-38S42, A-39460, A-40159,
      A-40345. A-43274. B-05091. B-05808.
      B-I668I. B-252II, B-29621. B-31125.
      C-08354. C-19051, C-35956, D-06535.
      D-09592, D-12496, D-35437, D-44735,
      E-00952, F-06719. F-16828, G-11828.
      H-39537, J-01546. J-16174. J-21241,
      L-06730, L-34685, L-36900, L-40544,
      N-42686
CARBONATES   A-21385, B-10765,
      B-13464. B-I41IO, B-31790, B-34044
CARBONYLS   C-15704. F-14579
CARCINOGENS   A-01644. A-01885.
      A-02274. A-39460, B-00951, B-01505.
      B-01563. C-00383, C-00947. C-00965,
      C-01071. C-01542. D-00690, D-03017.
      G-00996. G-03788. J-01561,  M-00844
CASCADE SAMPLERS   A-35443, B-33073,
      C-08312, C-29072, C-35956. C-37718,
      C-38698. D-35051
CATALYSIS  A-09415, B-01789, B-05808.
      B-07974. B-10366. B-26172. B-27470,
      B-32603. B-32768. B-38235. B-38569.
      B-38697. B-40107. H-32561
CATALYSTS   B-01789, B-05808, B-07974.
      B-26172, B-32768, B-38235. B-38569.
      B-38697, B-40107, H-32561
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY   B-05808,
      B-32603. B-38569. B-38697
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS   B-07769,
      B-09508, B-13737. B-38235, L-36900
CATALYTIC OXIDATION   A-02274,
      A-04345, A-04879, A-04893, A-06981,
      A-08359, A-08363. A-08367, A-08368,
      A-09011, A-09415. A-U144. A-12507,
      A-1262I, A-13492. A-17603, A-18182,
      A-18188, A-18189, A-24903. A-27942,
      A-28976, A-32879, A-36049. A-40063,
      A-43289, B-00025, B-00379, B-01505,
      B-01672, B-01789, B-01900, B-02955,
      B-04045. B-04773. B-04781. B-04861,
      B-04882, B-04950, B-04951, B-05091,
      B-05808, B-05880, B-06106, B-06859,
      B-07434. B-07974, B-08360, B-08361,
      B-08364. B-08365, B-08366, B-09655,
      B-0%36, B-09933, B-10001, B-10366,
      B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11150,
      B-11153, B-11158, B-11673, B-12658,
      B-13334, B-13398, B-13409, B-13551,
      B-13737, B-13772, B-14094, B-14110,
      B-14113, B-14577, B-15450, B-15709,
      B-1S779, B-16729. B-16747, B-16807,
      B-I6842. B-17409, B-18029, B-I8I40,
      B-18240, B-19071, B-I99I6. B-19930,
      B-2I05I, B-22061, B-22357, B-22400,
      B-23117, B-23538, B-23901, B-24079,
      B-2S211, B-25950. B-26172, B-26173,
      B-26176. B-27357, B-27901, B-29278,
      B-30062. B-30339, B-31072, B-31463,
      B-31794, B-32603, B-32615. B-32768,
      B-32798, B-32937, B-33732. B-34299,
      B-34317, B-34385, B-35660. B-35803,
      B-36037. B-36657, B-36854, B-37094,
      B-37101, B-37266, B-37494, B-38194,
      B-38565, B-38697, B-38723, B-39205.
      B-39226, B-39256, B-39498, B-40107.
      B-40366, B-40958, B-41474, B-41603,
      B-42246, B-42319, B-42431, B-433%,
      B-43414, B-43480, B-43635, B-43851.
      B-44818, B-45019, C-00965, C-08354,
      C-29913, C-30202, C-30263, C-34863,
      D-00209, D-07572. D-09592, D-16062,
      F-01784, F-13435, F-13436, F-13453,
      F-13768, F-16828, H-24902, 1-03957,
      J-14583, J-16457. L-06732. L-19062,
      L-32796, N-08409
CATTLE   H-32561
CELLS   G-07339
CEMENTS   A-26441. A-27501.  A-32483.
      A-3S443, A-35574, A-36377, A-39461,
      A-39462,  B-23725, B-25643, B-31803,
      B-33347. B-35793, B-44198, B-44890,
      C-33045, D-24227, J-16174
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS   A-09686,
      A-35443, A-35574, A-39461, A-39462.
      A-40159.  B-04783. B-06343, B-07769,
      B-09048, B-10106, B-11726, B-22357,
      B-24750, B-27288, B-27470, B-27762,
      B-28656, B-29650. B-34317, B-35931,
      B-36658, B-36659, B-37171, B-38235,
      B-40366, B-43544. B-43774, B-44198,
      C-08312, C-35956, J-21241, J-31076
CERAMICS  A-09686, C-09208, C-28708,
      H-39537
CHAMBER  PROCESSING   B-25643
CHARCOAL  B-13072
CHEMICAL  BONDS   F-13236. F-13382.
      F-13418
CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION   A-14580,
      A-41168.  B-05409, C-32467. C-32880,
      D-35051,  L-32893, N-08409
CHEMICAL METHODS   A-13439,
      A-14580, A-17603. B-00379, B-00390,
      B-02279, B-03807, B-04045, B-04887,
      B-05408, B-05409, B-08364, B-10578.
      B-16729, C-00383, C-00947, C-04883,
      C-04886, C-08354, C-08355, C-08358.
      C-08954, C-09208, C-09657. C-10453,
      C-10654, C-16577, C-16755, C-27069,
      C-30263, C-35956. C-43228, D-00209,
      F-01784,'F-13236. F-13379. F-13423.
      F-13453, F-13505, F-14579. G-05076,
      1-13507
CHEMICAL REACTIONS   A-02274,
      A-04879, A-04893. A-06981, A-08359,
      A-08367, A-08368, A-08631, A-09415,
      A-13444, A-13492, A-13594. A-18182.
      A-18189. A-26441, A-27942, A-28885.
      A-33983, A-35581, A-38542. A-40063,
      A-43289, B-00379. B-01436, B-01505.
      B-01789, B-01900, B-02279, B-03807,
      B-04045. B-04861, B-04882, B-04887.
      B-04950, B-04951, B-04952. B-04953,
      B-05808, B-06106, B-06859, B-07974,
      B-08360, B-08361, B-08364, B-08366,
      B-09048, B-09661, B-09933, B-10366.
      B-10765, B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
      B-11150, B-U673, B-12506, B-13331,
      B-13447, B-13464, B-14577. B-16350.
      B-16876, B-18240. B-20258, B-21369,
      B-21960. B-22400, B-23117. B-23611,
      B-24079, B-25085. B-25977, B-26176,
      B-27470, B-31794, B-32615, B-32768,
      B-36657, B-37494, B-37677, B-38194,
      B-38569. B-38723. B-39773, B-40958,
      B-42319, B-43611, B-44890. C-01071,
      C-06385, C-08354, C-16871. C-30202,
      C-30263, E-00952. F-06719, F-09498,
      F-10308, F-13012, F-13344, F-13384,
      F-13423, F-13604, F-14579, F-16828,
      H-32561, 1-03957, L-32796, N-08409
CHICAGO  L-30149
CHILDREN   D-07390, D-20377, D-22591,
      D-33108, G-03671. G-25563, G-27651,
      G-30169, G-39013
CHLORATES   A-08631
CHLORIDES   A-32475, B-04887, B-10659,
      C-00383. C-04886, C-16577, C-32467,
      D-33108, F-13379, H-39537
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-32475, A-39460, B-38235
CHLORINE   A-08631, A-09686, A-13439,
      A-25683, A-32165, A-36377, A-39460,
      B-00379, B-00552, B-01436, B-03807,
      B-04861. B-04887. B-08366. B-12527.
      B-26176, B-27901, B-38235, C-09657,
      D-33108, F-10308, F-18214, G-05076
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS   A-08631,
      A-13237, A-18164, A-25683, A-32475,
      A-35066. B-00379, B-04773, B-04861.
      B-04887, B-08360, B-10659, B-11949,
      B-31794, B-37064, B-38194, B-38723,
      B-42319, C-00383, C-04886, C-16577,
      C-32467, C-35956, D-33108, F-10308,
      F-13379, F-18214, G-02170, G-05076,
      H-39537, J-16457. L-09093
CHROMATOGRAPHY   A-01644, A-06981,
      A-16494, A-17633, A-22148, A-30701,
      A-32475, A-33804, A-35113, A-35581,
      A-41168, B-00379, B-02279, B-04882,
      B-05408. B-05409, B-05808, B-08365.
      B-08366, B-16842, B-34044. C-00551.
      C-00947, C-01542. C-04883, C-04886,
      C-06526. C-07214, C-08354, C-08355.
      C-08356. C-08357. C-08358, C-08541,
      C-08954, C-09657, C-10654. C-15224.
      C-15704. C-16871. C-17029. C-19051.

-------
152
PULP AND  PAPER INDUSTRY
      C-21859, C-24939, C-27355. C-29726,
      C-29913, C-30202, C-32467, C-32880,
      C-34422, C-34863, C-35243, C-35956,
      C-36894, C-37308. C-37511, C-38032,
      C-42403, C-43214, C-43684, D-00209,
      D-37968, E-00952. F-01784. F-06719,
      F-10308, F-13083, F-13188, F-13311.
      F-13418. F-13423, F-13453, F-13604,
      F-14579, G-03788
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS  B-34317
CHRONIC   A-38542. G-02170. G-05076,
      G-25875, G-37337, G-39242
CINDERS   J-16457, L-20273, L-30149
CIRCULATORY  SYSTEM   A-17603,
      H-32561
CITIZENS GROUPS   M-08698, M-40951
CITY GOVERNMENTS   B-01223, D-27673.
      L-14932
CLAY  A-35574, A-39460, A-39462
CLEAN AIR ACT   B-01672, D-35437,
      L-40544, M-08698
CLOUDS   C-36894, D-09592, E-25338,
      E-31865
COAL  A-09686, A-21385, A-32165.
      A-35443, A-35574, A-39460, A-39461,
      A-39462, A-40345, B-01672, B-17559,
      B-21965. B-31803, B-32603, B-33347,
      B-35793, C-33045. D-09592,  D-12496,
      D-33108, D-35437, F-05385, H-37352,
      L-19062
COAL PREPARATION   A-15517, B-17266,
      B-31803, H-39537, L-19062, L-36900
COBALT COMPOUNDS   B-27138
COFFEE-MAKING   A-09686, B-26254
COKE  A-26441, A-40159, B-21965,
      B-22809. B-29628, D-33108,  L-06730
COLLECTORS   A-09686, A-12621,
      A-31548, A-35443, A-35574, A-39461,
      A-39462, A-40159, B-04783, B-05001,
      B-06343, B-07769, B-08360, B-09048,
      B-10001, B-10106, B-II726, B-19216,
      B-19218. B-22357, B-23725, B-24750,
      B-27288, B-27470, B-27762,  B-28656,
      B-29650, B-3I99I, B-34317, B-35660,
      B-35931, B-36270, B-36658,  B-36659,
      B-37064, B-37171, B-38235,  B-40366,
      B-43544, B-43774, B-44198, C-08312,
      C-35956, D-22591, J-01546, J-01561,
      J-21241, J-26326, J-31076, J-40526,
      L-06742
COLORIMETRY   B-02279, B-04045,
      B-08364, B-33732, C-01071, C-04886,
      C-09208, C-09657, C-16755, C-24939,
      C-35243. C-35956, C-39929,  D-00209,
      F-13190, F-13240, G-05076
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY   B-00379,
      B-05408. B-05409, C-00947, C-29913,
      C-34422, C-37308. C-38032.  F-01784
COMBUSTION   A-06981,  A-08359,
      A-09415, A-20553, B-04773, B-04861,
      B-06343, B-07433, B-07769.  B-08360,
      B-08366, B-09656. B-13445,  B-16876,
      B-23117. B-25085, B-25863,  B-25977,
      B-27288, B-28580, B-32109, B-32603.
      B-34385, B-37494, B-39226, B-42893,
      B-43879. C-01071, C-08354, F-16828
COMBUSTION AIR   A-04345, A-09415,
      A-10524, B-04781, B-04783,  B-05074,
      B-05091, B-07769, B-08360. B-09656,
      B-HI53, B-11726. B-25863. B-29621,
      B-31091, B-32018. B-32937. B-33347,
      B-35803, B-36657, B-36854, B-40366,
      B-40958. B-41474, B-44890. D-09592
COMBUSTION GASES   A-08359, A-09415,
      A-09686, A-15517. A-21728, A-25205,
      A-26441, A-26979, A-32165, A-32879,
       A-33983, A-35574, A-36049, A-38327.
       A-38615, A-41168, A-43289, A-43626,
       B-01505, B-01672. B-01900, B-03807,
       B-03975, B-04773, B-05074, B-06859,
       B-08360, B-09047, B-0%55, B-0%56,
       B-IOOOI, B-10268, B-10277, B-10578,
       B-10659. B-10994. B-11009. B-11153.
       B-11158. B-11949. B-13445, B-13551.
       B-13772, B-14094. B-15690. B-15779.
       B-15878, B-16350, B-16647. B-16698.
       B-16747, B-16876, B-17559, B-17656,
       B-18029. B-19216. B-19218. B-19257.
       B-19425. B-19916. B-19930. B-20286.
       B-21960, B-21983. B-22061, B-22400,
       B-22522. B-22809, B-23611. B-24478,
       B-24750, B-25085, B-25171, B-25211.
       B-25493. B-25863. B-25950, B-26173.
       B-26176. B-27182, B-27470, B-27901.
       B-28328, B-28792, B-29231, B-29621,
       B-29628, B-29852, B-30062, B-30577.
       B-31091. B-31125. B-31308, B-31463.
       B-31790, B-31991, B-32109, B-32569.
       B-32615. B-33347, B-33715, B-33918.
       B-34044, B-34385. B-34459, B-35519,
       B-35803. B-35931. B-36018, B-36037,
       B-36355. B-36478. B-36658. B-36659,
       B-36854, B-37004, B-37064. B-37094,
       B-37266, B-37554, B-37677. B-38194,
       B-38235. B-38444, B-38565. B-38569,
       B-38723, B-39205, B-39206, B-39256,
       B-39282, B-39498, B-39596, B-40098.
       B-40107. B-40114, B-40366, B-41474,
       B-41603. B-42246. B-42893, B-43414.
       B-43544, B-43796, B-43879, B-44890.
       B-45019. C-00947. C-01071, C-04883,
       C-04885, C-04886, C-04945. C-08312,
       C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
       C-08541. C-09648, C-09657. C-09660,
       C-10453, C-15224, C-16755. C-16871,
       C-17037, C-19051, C-22958. C-23278,
       C-27069, C-30263, C-33045, C-33055,
       C-34422, C-34863, C-35956, C-37308,
       C-37718, C-38698, C-43214, C-43228,
       C-43479, D-00209, D-07572, D-09592,
       D-12496, D-16062, D-16619, D-22591,
       D-35051, D-41167, E-31865, E-37091,
       F-10308, G-16153, G-37337, H-24025,
       H-37352, H-39537, J-01546, J-01561,
       J-16174, J-16457,  J-26326, J-40526,
       L-19062, L-20273, L-30149, L-35817,
       M-23344. N-42686
  COMBUSTION PRODUCTS   A-04345,
       A-06981. A-08359, A-09415, A-09686,
       A-15517. A-21728, A-25205, A-26441,
       A-26979, A-32165, A-32879, A-33983,
       A-35574, A-36049. A-36377, A-38327,
       A-38542, A-38615, A-41168, A-43289,
       A-43626, B-00025, B-01505, B-01672,
       B-01900, B-03807. B-03975, B-04773,
       B-05074, B-06859, B-08360, B-09047.
       B-09655, B-0%56, B-10001, B-10106,
       B-10268, B-10277, B-10578, B-10659,
       B-10994, B-11008, B-11009. B-11150,
       B-11153, B-11158, B-11726, B-11949,
       B-13445. B-13551. B-13737, B-13772,
       B-14094, B-15690, B-15779, B-15878,
       B-16350, B-16647. B-16698, B-16729.
       B-16747, B-16876. B-17559, B-17656,
       B-18029, B-19216, B-19218. B-19257,
       B-19425, B-19916, B-19930, B-20258.
       B-20286. B-21960. B-21983, B-22061.
       B-22400, B-22522, B-22809. B-23611,
       B-24478, B-24750, B-25085. B-25171,
       B-25211, B-25493. B-25863, B-25950,
       B-26173, B-26176. B-27182, B-27470,
       B-27901, B-28328. B-28792. B-29231,
      B-29621, B-29628. B-29852, B-30062,
      B-30577, B-31091, B-31125, B-31308,
      B-31463, B-31790, B-31991, B-32109,
      B-32569, B-32615, B-32681, B-33347,
      B-33715, B-33918, B-34044. B-34317,
      B-34385, B-34459. B-35519, B-35803,
      B-35931, B-36018. B-36037, B-36355,
      B-36478, B-36658. B-36659, B-36854,
      B-37004, B-37064, B-37094. B-37266,
      B-37554, B-37677, B-38194. B-38235,
      B-38444. B-38565, B-38569. B-38723.
      B-39205. B-39206, B-39256. B-39282.
      B-39498. B-39596, B-40098, B-40107.
      B-40114, B-40366, B-41474, B-41603,
      B-42246, B-42893, B-43414, B-43544,
      B-43611, B-43796. B-43879, B-44890.
      B-45019, C-00947, C-01071, C-04883.
      C-04885, C-04886, C-04945, C-08312.
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08541, C-09648, C-09657, C-09660,
      C-10453, C-15224, C-16755. C-16871,
      C-17037, C-19051, C-22958, C-23278,
      C-27069, C-30263, C-33045, C-33055,
      C-34422, C-34863, C-35956, C-37308,
      C-37718, C-38698, C-43214, C-43228,
      C-43479, D-00209, D-07572, D-09592,
      D-12496, D-16062. D-16619. D-22591.
      D-35051, D-41167. E-31865, E-37091,
      F-10308, F-13755, G-11828.G-16153,
      G-37337. H-24025, H-37352,  H-39537,
      J-01546. J-01561, J-16174, J-16457,
      J-21241. J-26326, J-40526, L-19062,
      L-20273, L-30149, L-35817, L-36900,
      M-23344, N-42686
COMMERCIAL AREAS  D-03106,
      D-07390. D-35437
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT   A-18182.
      B-00552, B-01549. B-10268. B-16681,
      B-18037, B-43482, G-01874, 1-03957,
      J-01546. J-01561
COMMERCIAL FIRMS   B-15450, B-16681.
      B-39596, B-39888, B-42431, B-43396,
      C-00551, D-16062, F-44969, J-30951,
      L-14932
COMMON COLD   G-30169, G-37337
COMPLAINTS   A-14134, B-01223,
      B-08360, C-09660, D-03017, D-17630,
      L-32796, L-34685, M-08698, M-13980,
      M-15760
COMPLIANCE   B-43396
COMPOSTING   A-17243, B-05091
COMPRESSED GASES   A-39461, C-32467
COMPUTER PROGRAMS  A-27942,
      B-13447, B-31608, B-34317, B-38210,
      B-44394, D-35437, F-09498, J-31814
COMPUTERS   A-13192, B-36854, D-35437
CONCRETE   A-09686. B-10277. C-33045,
      D-09592
CONDENSATION   A-08359, B-01505,
      B-01672. B-05408, B-08365, B-09656,
      B-09661, B-15779, B-25085, B-27288.
      B-30208, B-30339. B-31091, B-31125,
      B-33715, B-36270. B-36760, B-38723,
      B-39773, B-42319, C-32467, C-35956
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
      A-31327, B-16842, C-36894, D-09592,
      E-25338, E-31865, M-00376
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS   A-09686.
      A-26441, A-27501, A-31327, A-32483,
      A-35443, A-35574, A-36348, A-36377,
      A-39460, A-39461, A-39462, A-40159,
      B-05001, B-09356, B-10001, B-10106,
      B-10277. B-10659. B-23725. B-25643.
      B-31803, B-33347, B-35793, B-37554,
      B-44198, B-44890, C-33045, D-09592.
      D-24227, J-16174. L-34685

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                                                     SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                  153
CONTACT PROCESSING  B-25643.
      B-31803, B-38J69, D-09592, J-31814
CONTINUOUS MONITORING   A-09415.
      A-28976, A-35113, B-16729, B-19257,
      B-24478. B-31608. B-32798, B-34459.
      B-43851. C-0107I, C-08541, C-09208,
      C-15224. C-16755, C-I687I, C-19051,
      C-24939, C-30263. C-35243. C-35936.
      C-43479. C-43684, D-00690, D-24227,
      D-27673. D-31276, F-13082. J-01561
CONTROL AGENCIES   A-26594, A-31327.
      A-36377. D-16062, L-09093, L-28389.
      L-34685. L-35817, M-08698
CONTROL EQUIPMENT   A-04345.
      A-09686. A-10524, A-12621, A-17603,
      A-18182. A-18189, A-24903, A-25205,
      A-26441. A-3IS48, A-32165, A-32879,
      A-35443. A-35574, A-35581, A-38542,
      A-39460, A-39461, A-39462. A-40159,
      A-42266, A-43274, A-43289, A-43626,
      B-00025. B-00379, B-00552. B-00951.
      B-01223. B-01436, B-01S05. B-01549.
      B-01672. B-01900, B-02279, B-02955.
      B-03807. B-03975, B-04045, B-04773,
      B-04781, B-04783, B-04882, B-05001,
      B-05074, B-05091, B-05408, B-05880,
      B-06106. B-06343, B-06859. B-07415,
      B-07433. B-07434. B-07769, B-07974,
      B-08360, B-08364, B-08365, B-08366.
      B-09047, B-09048, B-09356, B-09508.
      B-09655, B-09656. B-0966I, B-09733.
      B-10001. B-10106. B-10268. B-10277,
      B-10578, B-10659, B-11008, B-11150.
      B-11158. B-11726. B-12527, B-I26S8.
      B-13334. B-13409, B-13445. B-13464,
      B-13551, B-13737, B-13772. B-I4094,
      B-I4IIO. B-14118, B-14940, B-15690,
      B-15709. B-15779, B-IS992. B-16242.
      B-16350. B-16681, B-16695, B-16698.
      B-16744, B-16747, B-16807, B-16824.
      B-16842. B-16876, B-16899, B-17088.
      B-17177. B-17559, B-18029, B-18037,
      B-18UO, B-18262. B-19071, B-19216.
      B-19218, B-19916, B-20143. B-20286.
      B-21051. B-21407. B-21960. B-21965.
      B-21983, B-22357, B-22400, B-22522,
      B-23117, B-23725. B-23901, B-24750.
      B-25047. B-25085, B-25643. B-25977,
      B-26173. B-26176. B-26254, B-27182,
      B-27288. B-27470, B-27762, B-27901.
      B-28328, B-28580, B-28656, B-28792,
      B-29085. B-29231. B-29650. B-29852.
      B-30062. B-30208, B-31463. B-31608.
      B-31790. B-31803, B-31991, B-32109,
      B-32569. B-32615. B-32681. B-32768.
      B-32937. B-33347. B-33715. B-33918.
      B-34044, B-34299, B-34317, B-34385,
      B-34459. B-35315. B-35519. B-35660.
      B-35793. B-35803, B-35931. B-36037,
      B-36270, B-36657, B-36658, B-36659,
      B-36760, B-37004. B-37064. B-37IOI,
      B-37171, B-37494, B-38194. B-38235,
      B-38444. B-38565. B-38723. B-39205,
      B-39206. B-39256. B-39291, B-39498.
      B-40098. B-40114, B-40366, B-41474.
      B-42319, B-42431, B-42893. B-42908.
      B-43396. B-43414. B-43480, B-43544,
      B-43774, B-43796, B-43851. B-43879.
      B-44198. B-44818. B-44890. C-00383.
      C-00965. C-03789. C-06385, C-08312.
      C-10453. C-10686. C-21859. C-30263.
      C-33045. C-35956, C-43228, D-00209.
      D-07572. D-09592,  D-22591. D-35051.
      F-09498. F-32021, G-08828. H-39537,
      J-01546. J-01561, J-16457. J-21241,
      J-26326. J-31076, J-40526, L-06742,
      L-09093, L-I4932. L-19062, L-30149,
      L-36900, L-40544. M-08698
CONTROL METHODS   A-02274, A-04345,
      A-04879, A-04893, A-06981, A-08359,
      A-08363, A-08367. A-08368, A-08631.
      A-09011, A-09202. A-09415, A-09686.
      A-10524, A-11144. A-12507. A-12621.
      A-13380, A-13492, A-13608, A-14580,
      A-15517. A-17603, A-18182, A-18188,
      A-18189. A-19899. A-20553, A-21385,
      A-21728, A-24903. A-25205, A-25683,
      A-26979, A-27942. A-28898, A-28976,
      A-29489, A-30701. A-31327, A-31548.
      A-32879, A-35066, A-35113. A-35443.
      A-35581, A-36049. A-36392, A-36480.
      A-38327, A-39460. A-40063. A-40524,
      A-41564, A-42266. A-43289. A-43626,
      B-00025, B-00379, B-00390, B-00552,
      B-00951. B-01223, B-01436, B-01505,
      B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01789,
      B-01900. B-02018, B-02955, B-03807.
      B-03946, B-03975. B-04045, B-04773,
      B-04781. B-04783. B-04861, B-04882,
      B-04887. B-04950. B-04951, B-04952.
      B-04953. B-05074, B-05091, B-05408,
      B-05409. B-05808, B-05880. B-06106,
      B-06343, B-06859, B-07415. B-07433.
      B-07434, B-07769. B-07974, B-08360.
      B-08361. B-08364. B-08365, B-08366,
      B-09047. B-09048, B-09508, B-0%55,
      B-09656, B-09661, B-09733, B-09933,
      B-10001, B-10106. B-10268, B-10366,
      B-10659, B-10758, B-10994. B-11008,
      B-11009. B-11150, B-11153. B-11158,
      B-11673. B-11726. B-11949, B-12506.
      B-12527. B-12658, B-13072, B-13331.
      B-13334. B-13398. B-13409, B-13438,
      B-13445, B-13551. B-13737. B-13772,
      B-14094, B-I41IO. B-14113. B-14118,
      B-14120, B-14577, B-14940. B-15450,
      B-15690, B-15709, B-15766, B-15779,
      B-15878. B-15992, B-16041, B-16242,
      B-16447, B-16647, B-16681, B-16698,
      B-16729, B-16747, B-16807. B-16824,
      B-16842, B-16876, B-16899, B-17177,
      B-17266, B-17409. B-17559. B-17656.
      B-18029, B-18037. B-18140, B-18240.
      B-18262. B-19071, B-19218, B-19257,
      B-19425. B-19733, B-19916, B-19930,
      B-20258, B-21051, B-21369, B-21960,
      B-21965. B-21983, B-22061, B-22357,
      B-22400, B-22522. B-22655. B-22809,
      B-23117, B-23538, B-23611. B-23725.
      B-23901, B-24079. B-24478, B-24750,
      B-25171, B-25190, B-25211, B-25493,
      B-25643, B-25863. B-25950, B-25977,
      B-26172, B-26173, B-26176, B-26254,
      B-27138, B-27288, B-27357, B-27470,
      B-27762, B-27901, B-28328, B-28580,
      B-28656, B-28792. B-29231, B-29278,
      B-29621, B-29628, B-29650, B-29852,
      B-30062, B-30339, B-30577, B-31072,
      B-3I09I. B-31125. B-31308, B-31463.
      B-31608, B-31790, B-31794, B-31803,
      B-31991, B-32018, B-32109, B-32603,
      B-32615, B-32681, B-32768. B-32798,
      B-32937. B-33073. B-33347. B-33715,
      B-33732, B-33918, B-34044, B-34299,
      B-34317. B-34385, B-34459, B-34868,
      B-35660, B-35803. B-35931, B-36018.
      B-36037, B-36270, B-36355, B-36478.
      B-36657, B-36658, B-36659, B-36760,
      B-36854, B-37004, B-37064, B-37073,
      B-37094. B-37101, B-37266, B-37494,
      B-37554, B-37677, B-38194, B-38210,
      B-38235. B-38444, B-38565, B-38569,
      B-38697. B-38723, B-39205. B-39206.
      B-39226. B-39256, B-39282, B-39291.
      B-39433. B-39498, B-39575, B-39596,
      B-39773, B-39801, B-40107, B-40114,
      B-40366. B-40958, B-41474, B-41603.
      B-42246, B-42319, B-42431, B-42893.
      B-42908. B-43396, B-43414, B-43480.
      B-43482, B-43544, B-43611, B-43635,
      B-43774, B-43796, B-43851, B-43879,
      B-44198, B-44394. B-44818. B-44890,
      B-45019. C-00%5, C-04883. C-08312,
      C-08354. C-29913, C-30202. C-30263,
      C-32467. C-34863, C-35956. C-42403.
      D-00209. D-07572. D-09592, D-16062,
      D-22591. D-37968. E-37091, F-01784,
      F-09498, F-10308, F-12662. F-13186,
      F-13272, F-13435, F-13436, F-13453,
      F-13480, F-13755, F-13768, F-14848,
      F-16828, F-32021, F-44969, G-03788,
      G-07339, G-08828, G-11828, G-33964,
      G-34667, H-24902, H-39537, 1-03957,
      1-33709, J-01546, J-01561, J-14583,
      J-16457. J-26326, J-31076, J-31814,
      J-40526, J-42690, L-03540, L-06730,
      L-06732, L-09093, L-14932, L-17379,
      L-19062, L-30149, L-32796. L-36900,
      L-40544. M-40951, N-08409
CONTROL PROGRAMS   A-40524,
      B-01223, B-01505. B-01672, B-21965,
      B-40114, C-00551. D-03017, D-16062.
      F-44969. J-01546, J-31076, J-40526,
      L-03540, L-06732, L-09093. L-34685.
      L-35817. L-36900, M-07965
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES  C-09208
CONVECTION  (ATMOSPHERIC)   E-31865

COOLING   A-09011, B-10001, B-14094,
      B-25863, B-30208, B-31991, B-33347,
      B-39205, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358.
      C-35956. C-43228
COPPER   A-09686, A-39462, C-33045
COPPER ALLOYS   C-33045
COPPER COMPOUNDS   A-26441. B-20143

CORE OVENS    B-19733
CORONA   F-32021
CORROSION   A-09011, A-18189, A-35574,
      A-36392. B-01505, B-02018, B-08366.
      B-10001. B-10106, B-10277, B-10659,
      B-13445. B-18029. B-19218, B-26172,
      B-31790. B-37064. B-37554. D-03017.
      D-06535. D-09592, D-09658, 1-03957,
      1-13507, 1-26838, 1-33709. J-14583
COSTS   A-08631. A-13282, A-13395,
      A-15517, A-17603, A-21385, A-21728,
      A-24903. A-25205, A-25683, A-26441.
      A-28095, A-30383, A-35066, A-35574.
      A-35581. A-38327, A-38542, A-39462,
      A-41564, A-43289, B-00552, B-00951,
      B-01223. B-01789, B-03975, B-05001,
      B-05091, B-07433, B-08365, B-09656,
      B-09933, B-10106, B-10268, B-10277,
      B-11150, B-11158, B-12527, B-13331,
      B-13551, B-13737, B-15450, B-15709,
      B-16681. B-17559, B-18029, B-19071,
      B-21051. B-23725, B-2S047, B-28580,
      B-30208. B-30577, B-32603, B-33715,
      B-34459, B-35660. B-35793. B-36478.
      B-36658. B-37004, B-37677, B-38210,
      B-38569, B-39206, B-39596. B-40107.
      B-40114. B-42893. B-43396, B-43774,
      B-43796, B-44394, C-21724, C-35243,
      D-24227,  F-05385. F-13385, F-13768.
      F-32021, F-44969. G-11828, J-01546,
      J-01561, J-16174. J-16457, J-21241,
      J-23842. J-26326, J-27971. J-31076.

-------
154
PULP  AND PAPER INDUSTRY
      J-31814. J-40163. J-40526, J-42690,
      J-43717, L-06742, L-09093, L-17379,
      L-19062, L-30149, L-3J8I7, L-36900
COTTON   F-13420
COTTON GINNING   A-39462
COUGH   G-00996, G-03671. G-07339,
      G-27651, G-39242
CRACKING  A-17603, C-09208
CRITERIA   A-08363, A-35581, B-09661,
      B-27762, B-32369, C-34422, J-27971.
      L-09093, L-40544
CROP SPRAYING   A-29489
CROPS   A-33804, A-36348. D-33108,
      F-13420, F-13462, H-39537
CUMULATIVE  METHODS   C-09208,
      C-39929, D-09658, D-31276. D-41167
CUPOLAS   A-26441, A-35443, A-39461,
      B-05091, B-16681. B-20143, B-43774,
      C-33045
CYANATES  A-39460
CYANIDES  A-36377, H-39537
CYCLONES (ATMOSPHERIC)  E-25338
CZECHOSLOVAKIA  A-02274, B-00379.
      B-01789, B-25493, C-00383, C-01071.
      C-09208, D-00209, G-01874, G-16153,
      M-00376,  M-00844
                   D
DATA ANALYSIS  A-I8182, A-35443,
     B-27762, B-38210, D-35437, F-32021
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS   A-18182.
     A-27942, A-35443, A-40345, B-13447,
     B-27762, B-31608, B-34317, B-38210,
     B-44394, D-35437, F-09498. F-32021,
     J-31814
DECOMPOSITION  A-08359, A-08367.
     A-08368, A-33983. B-04953. B-13447.
     B-21369, B-25085, B-37494. B-44890
DENSITY   A-09011, A-35574, B-18029,
     B-31803, B-33073, C-37718
DEPOSITION   C-35956
DESIGN CRITERIA   A-08631, A-18182.
     A-18189, A-26441, A-26979, B-00552,
     B-00951. B-02955, B-05074, B-08365,
     B-09733, B-IOOOI, B-11009, B-II150.
     B-12658, B-16747, B-16824. B-16876.
     B-16899. B-17177. B-18029, B-18037,
     B-18240. B-20143, B-20286. B-21051,
     B-21960, B-22522, B-23725, B-24478,
     B-24750. B-25643, B-25863. B-26172.
     B-27182, B-27357, B-28580, B-28656,
     B-29085. B-30062, B-31091, B-3II25.
     B-31463, B-31790, B-31991, B-33073.
     B-33347, B-33918. B-35315. B-35519.
     B-35931, B-37171, B-38444, B-39226,
     B-39291, B-40958, C-08356. C-10654.
     C-17029, C-28708, C-35956, C-38698,
     C-43684, D-07572, F-09498, F-13362,
     F-16383, 1-33709, J-31814
DESULFURIZATION OF  FUELS
     A-15517, B-17266. B-29231, B-31803,
     B-40366, B-43774, H-39537, J-01346,
     J-26326, J-40526, L-19062,  L-36900
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
     A-32483. A-40345
DIAGNOSIS   G-07339, G-27651, G-30169.
     0-39013, H-38576
DIESEL ENGINES   A-09686, A-20553,
     A-40345, D-12496, D-35437, G-34667
DIFFUSION   A-38615, B-01672, B-10659.
     C-09648, C-22958, D-17630. E-31865.
     E-39112
DIGESTERS   A-08367, A-13380, A-21385.
     A-26979, A-32475, A-32879, A-40063,
       A-42266. A-43289, A-43626, B-04861,
       B-04951, B-07434, B-09508, B-09655,
       B-0%56, B-09661, B-11008. B-15709,
       B-16842. B-23117. B-25085. B-26176,
       B-27288, B-32615, B-32681, B-32798,
       B-34299. B-34317, B-34385, B-36760,
       B-38194, B-38723, B-39433, B-39773,
       B-41474, B-42893, B-42908, B-43611,
       B-43635, B-43851, B-43879, D-09592,
       F-13012, F-13362, F-13462, L-30149
  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM   G-03671, H-32561
  DIOLEFINS   A-32475
  DISCOLORATION   A-17603, C-06385,
       C-09208, D-03017
  DISPERSION   A-15517, A-35443, A-38615,
       A-40345, B-01672, B-05001, B-07415,
       B-10277. B-10659. B-25190, B-27762,
       B-31991. B-37494, B-39433, B-39596,
       B-42319, C-09648, C-22958, C-28489,
       C-330S5, C-35956, D-00690, D-03017,
       D-09592, D-I2345, D-17630, D-35437,
       E-31865, E-37091, E-39112, G-03788,
       H-23261, H-39537
  DISPERSIONS  B-36478
  DISPLACEMENT   F-09498
  DISSOCIATION    B-04952, B-04953
  DISTILLATE  OILS   A-40345, D-09592
  DIURNAL  B-31463, D-00690. D-03017.
       D-07390, D-31276, D-33108, E-25338
  DOMESTIC HEATING   A-26594. A-35574,
       A-36377, B-43774, D-00690, D-09592.
       D-16619, D-31276, G-11828, J-01546,
       J-21241
  DROPLETS   B-32937, B-35931, B-36478,
       B-44890. C-35956
  DRY CLEANING   A-40345. L-06730
  DRYING   A-32879, B-13464, B-25863,
       B-34385. B-36018, C-38698
  DUMPS   A-40345. B-37494. M-00844
  DUST FALL  A-35113, A-36377, B-10277,
       C-10686, D-03017, D-03106, D-07390,
       D-09658, D-12345, D-16619, D-20377,
       D-27673, D-33708, D-44735, G-25563,
       J-OI56I
  DUSTS   A-04345, A-10524, A-12621,
       A-17633. A-24903, A-25205. A-26441,
       A-33804, A-35113, A-36377. A-38542,
       A-39462, B-00025, B-02279. B-06859,
       B-09356, B-09655, B-09733, B-10001,
       B-11726, B-13551, B-14094, B-16695,
       B-16842, B-17088. B-19216. B-20143,
       B-22357, B-23725, B-25643, B-26254.
       B-27288, B-27470, B-27901, B-28580,
       B-29231. B-31608, B-31803, B-32569,
       B-33918, B-34044. B-35793. B-35803,
       B-35931, B-36657, B-36659, B-37677,
       B-38565, B-39888, B-40366, B-43774,
       B-44198, C-08312, C-28489, D-09592,
       D-12648, D-20377, D-22591. D-31276,
       D-33108, F-32021, G-08828, G-23893,
       G-25875, J-01546, J-01561. J-26326,
       L-30149, M-00376, N-42686
  DYE MANUFACTURING   A-40345,
       C-09208. H-39537
  ECONOMIC LOSSES   A-17603, A-26594,
       B-00951, B-01563. B-19071, H-39537,
       J-01561. J-16174, J-16457, J-27971,
       J-42690, J-43717
  EDUCATION   L-09093, L-34685
  ELECTRIC CHARGE   F-32021
  ELECTRIC FURNACES   A-09686,
       A-26441. A-39461, B-05091, B-27182,
       C-33045
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
      A-15517, A-26441, A-26594. A-27293,
      A-27501, A-32483, A-35443, A-35574.
      A-36377, A-38615, A-39460, A-39461,
      A-39462, A-40345, A-41467, B-05880,
      B-16681, B-19733, B-22809, B-25047,
      B-27762, B-2%50, B-31803, B-33347,
      B-35793, B-38569, B-39498, B-40366,
      B-43879, B-44818. C-28708. C-29072,
      C-38032, C-38698, C-43684, D-09658,
      D-20377, D-22591. D-35437, F-32021.
      G-11828, H-23261, J-01546, J-16174,
      J-21241, J-26326,  J-30951, J-31076,
      J-31814, L-06730, L-19062, L-36900,
      N-42686
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
      C-00947
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES  A-35574,
      B-23725, B-25643, B-33347, B-35793,
      B-40098, C-06526, C-37308, F-32021,
      1-03957
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE   A-35574,
      B-33347. B-35793, B-40098, F-32021
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
      A-13439, B-00379, B-04045, B-05408,
      B-08364, B-16729. C-00947, C-04883,
      C-08354, C-10453, C-10654, C-16755,
      C-30263, C-35956. F-01784, F-13379
ELECTROCONDUCTIVJTY ANALYZERS
      B-24478. B-32798, C-15224. C-16755,
      C-16871, C-24939. C-35243, D-31276,
      F-13082, J-01561
ELECTROLYSIS   B-10758
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
      A-09686, A-24903, A-25205, A-26441,
      A-35443, A-35574, A-39461, A-39462,
      A-40159, A-42266, A-43274, A-43289,
      B-02279. B-02955, B-05001. B-05880,
      B-07415, B-09047, B-09048, B-09655,
      B-10106, B-10277, B-10578, B-10659,
      B-11158, B-12658, B-13445, B-13551,
      B-13737, B-15709, B-16824, B-16842,
      B-17177, B-19071, B-19916, B-22357,
      B-22400, B-22522, B-23725. B-25047,
      B-25643, B-27470, B-27762, B-29085,
      B-2%50, B-31608. B-31803, B-32615,
      B-33347, B-34044, B-34317, B-34459,
      B-35660, B-35793, B-35803, B-38194,
      B-38565, B-38723, B-39206, B-39256,
      B-39291, B-40098, B-40114, B-40366,
      B-43396, B-43414, B-43480, B-43544,
      B-43774, B-43851, B-44818, B-44890,
      C-03789, C-35956, C-43228, D-09592,
      D-35051, F-32021, J-01546, J-01561,
      J-16457, J-21241, L-06742,  L-30149
ELUTRIATION   B-17266
EMISSION INVENTORIES   A-27433,
      A-27501, A-40345, B-16842, D-06535,
      D-09592, D-35437. L-34685
EMISSION STANDARDS   A-25205,
      A-25683, A-26979, A-28095, A-36377,
      A-38327, A-40524, A-42266, A-43289,
      B-27762, B-34044, B-34459, B-38210,
      B-43396, B-43774, C-35243, L-09093,
      L-14932, L-20273, L-31465, L-32893,
      L-34685, L-36900, L-40544, L-41093,
      N-15093
EMPHYSEMA   A-38542
EMULSIONS   B-36478
ENCAPSULATION   A-13280
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES
      A-26594, B-29628. L-31465, L-34685,
      L-35817
ENGINE EXHAUSTS   A-09686, B-43774,
      C-33055, D-03017, D-33108, G-11828,
      J-01546
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
      B-05091, L-36900

-------
                                                   SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                155
EPIDEMIOLOGY  A-38542, D-07390,
      G-02170, G-03671, G-08828, G-17205,
      G-33964
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA   B-32569,
      C-34422
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS   K-39224,
      L-40544
ESTERS   A-3247J, C-08357
ETHERS   F-I34I8, H-39537
ETHYL ALCOHOL  B-05409, C-07214
ETHYLENE   C-07214
EUROPE   A-01885, A-02274, A-0434S,
      A-08363, A-13238, A-13325, A-13386,
      A-13399. A-13440. A-13444, A-25205,
      A-25683. A-27942. A-30383, A-33804,
      A-35113, A-36049, A-36480, A-38327,
      A-38615, A-39922, A-43626. B-00379,
      B-00951. B-01436, B-01505. B-01549,
      B-01563, B-01789. B-01900, B-02279.
      B-03807. B-04045, B-04773, B-08361,
      B-08366, B-09656, B-09661, B-09933,
      B-10268, B-10366, B-10578, B-10758,
      B-11949, B-13334, B-13438, B-16041,
      B-I6I97, B-16242, B-16350, B-16447.
      B-16647. B-17266. B-17559, B-18029,
      B-21369. B-22400, B-22655, B-25085.
      B-25493, B-25643. B-26176, B-28656,
      B-29278. B-29650, B-29852. B-30339.
      B-30577. B-31072, B-31308, B-33715,
      B-34299. B-34459, B-36037, B-36355.
      B-36478, B-37677, B-38235, B-42893,
      B-43S44. B-43611, B-43774, B-44198,
      C-00383, C-00947, C-00965, C-01071,
      C-07214. C-08954. C-09208, C-09648,
      C-09657, C-20435, C-23278. C-2J466.
      C-27069, C-28489. C-43214, C-43228,
      D-00209, D-20377, D-22591, E-00952,
      F-01784, F-13010. F-13188, F-I3I90,
      F-13311, F-I3344, F-13346, F-13347,
      F-13350, F-13351, F-13362, F-13382,
      F-13384, F-13385, F-I34I8. F-13462,
      G-00996, G-01874, G-16153. G-17205.
      G-23893, G-25875, G-33964, H-23261.
      H-24025, H-32561, H-37047, H-37352,
      H-38576, H-39537, 1-03957, J-40163,
      L-17379, L-28355, L-35817, M-00376,
      M-00844. M-09199,  M-15760. M-23344,
      N-15093. N-42686
EVAPORATORS   A-02274. A-08367,
      A-09011. A-09202. A-21385. A-26979,
      A-32879. A-38327. A-40063, A-42266,
      A-43289, B-04861, B-04951, B-05074.
      B-06343. B-07769. B-08365, B-08366,
      B-09048, B-09508. B-09655. B-09656,
      B-09933. B-10001. B-11008. B-11153,
      B-12658. B-15709. B-16744. B-16747.
      B-16842. B-16876. B-18029. B-18140.
      B-I92I8. B-21051. B-22522. B-26176,
      B-30062, B-32615. B-32681. B-32798.
      B-32937, B-33732, B-34385. B-34459,
      B-37554, B-38194, B-39291. B-41474.
      B-42246, B-43414, B-43480. B-43482.
      B-43544. B-43851, B-44818. D-09592
EXCESS AIR   A-10524,  B-04781, B-04783,
      B-05074. B-08360, B-33347. B-36657.
      B-36854. B-40366. B-41474. B-44890
EXHAUST SYSTEMS   A-04345, A-10524.
      B-01672. B-03975. B-05091, B-09656.
      B-13737, B-18140, B-35315, B-38723.
      L-30149
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT   A-08359,
      B-04783, B-10268, B-13398, B-18262.
      C-08355. C-08356
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS   A-02274.
      A-04879. A-08359. A-13492. B-IOOOI.
      C-08354, C-08356. C-08357, C-10654.
      C-37511, D-07390
EXPLOSIONS  A-13280. A-28976. A-33804.
      B-04861. B-35315
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS   C-00965.
      C-09208, G-01874
EYE IRRITATION   A-17603, C-00383.
      C-09208, G-03671, M-00376
EYES   C-09208.  H-32561
FADING   C-09208
FALLOUT  E-39112
FANS (BLOWERS)  B-01672, B-03975,
      B-05091, B-13737, B-35315, L-30149
FARMS   A-26255, A-36348
FEASIBILITY STUDIES  A-28095.
      B-13331, B-14110, B-25171. F-05385,
      F-13189. F-13344, F-13768. L-19062
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS   A-26594,
      B-21965, B-2%28, J-42690, L-03540.
      L-09093. L-17379. L-19062, L-28389.
      L-32893, L-40544, L-41093. M-08698
FEED LOTS   B-37494
FEES   L-35817
FEMALES  G-01874. G-02170, G-39242.
      M-00844, M-09199
FERROALLOYS   A-39460, A-39461.
      A-39462
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
      A-17198. A-19899. A-28898, A-35443,
      A-35574, A-38615, A-39460, A-39461,
      A-39462, A-40345, B-21965. B-27182.
      B-27901, B-37494. B-39888. B-42319,
      C-23106, D-24227, D-33108, H-39537,
      J-21241, J-26326, J-31814, L-32796
FERTILIZING   A-24398
FIELD TESTS   A-10524, B-09508, B-10758,
      B-11009, B-28580, C-00383. C-04885.
      C-08358, C-08541, C-16755, C-29072,
      G-01874, L-09093
FILTER FABRICS  A-09686. A-35443,
      A-35574, A-39461. A-39462, B-09356,
      B-26254, B-28580. B-40366. C-00383,
      C-10686. C-33045. C-35956. H-39537,
      L-06742
FILTERS   A-09686, A-10524, A-24903,
      A-35443, A-35574, A-39461, A-39462,
      A-40159. B-05001, B-09356, B-10578.
      B-13551, B-21407. B-22357. B-26254,
      B-27762. B-28580. B-29231, B-2%50,
      B-31991, B-34317, B-40366. B-43774,
      C-00383, C-06385. C-10686. C-21859,
      C-30263. C-33045. C-35956, C-43228.
      G-08828. H-39537. J-01546. J-21241,
      J-31076, L-06742
FINLAND  B-43544
FIRING METHODS   A-04345, A-09415,
      A-10524, B-04781, B-04783, B-05074,
      B-05091, B-07769, B-08360, B-09656.
      B-09933, B-11153, B-11158, B-11726.
      B-13737, B-17409, B-22522, B-25863,
      B-27288, B-2%21, B-31091, B-32018.
      B-32937. B-33347. B-35803, B-36478.
      B-36657, B-36854, B-40366, B-40958.
      B-41474. B-44890, D-09592
FLAME AFTERBURNERS   B-09508.
      B-13737. B-29650. B-38235. L-36900
FLAME IONIZATION  DETECTOR
      A-06981. B-02279. B-08366, B-16842,
      C-07214. C-08354. C-09657, C-19051,
      C-29913. C-30202. C-34422, C-34863,
      C-35956, C-38032, C-42403, C-43214,
      F-01784, F-06719
FLORIDA   B-01223, B-08364. D-09658
FLOW RATES   A-04345. A-09415.
      A-35574, B-01436, B-01563, B-04887,
      B-08360, B-08364, B-16824, B-18037,
      B-25493, B-28580, B-29231, B-33073,
      B-34385. B-40098, B-43611, C-04945,
      C-08355, C-08356, C-09208, C-33045,
      C-38032, C-43228. C-43479. F-09498,
      G-00996
FLOWMETERS   A-09202, B-04882.
      C-03789, C-04885, C-04945, C-08356,
      C-08358, C-35243, C-35956
FLUID FLOW   A-04345, A-09415,
      A-35574. B-01436, B-01563. B-04887,
      B-08360, B-08364, B-16824. B-18037.
      B-25493, B-27182, B-27470. B-28580.
      B-29231. B-32569, B-33073, B-34385,
      B-37171, B-40098, B-43611, C-04945,
      C-08355, C-08356, C-09208. C-33045,
      C-35956. C-38032, C-43228. C-43479.
      F-09498. F-32021, G-00996
FLUORESCENCE  A-18164. A-35113,
      C-33055
FLUORIDES  A-36377, A-39460, A-43289,
      B-26254, B-33918, C-35956. D-09658,
      F-13453
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-12422
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS  A-36377,
      A-39460, A-40159, A-43289,  B-13551,
      B-26254, B-33918, C-35956, D-09658,
      F-13453, L-20273
FLY ASH   A-04345, A-09686, A-26441,
      A-39460, A-39462, B-08360,  B-09047,
      B-11726, B-13551, B-16842. B-2372S,
      B-25643. B-33347. B-35519, B-35793,
      B-39888. B-43879. J-01546. J-01561,
      L-19062, L-30149
FOG   B-16842,  D-09592, E-25338, M-00376
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
      A-09686. A-17198, A-20553,  A-32879,
      A-35113. A-35443. A-35574.  A-36348,
      A-39460, A-39462, A-40159,  A-40345.
      A-41467, B-07769, B-09356, B-13551,
      B-14940, B-21407, B-25977, B-26254,
      B-28580, B-32768, B-37073, B-37494,
      B-39282, C-22958, C-29726, C-32467,
      C-33045, C-42403, D-09592, D-12496,
      D-17630, D-41167, F-05385, F-33863,
      G-11828, H-39537, J-23842. J-26326.
      J-31076, J-40526, L-06730, L-09093.
      L-32796, L-32893
FORESTS   H-37047, J-40163
FORMALDEHYDES   B-05808. F-06719
FRACTIONATION   C-08356. C-08357.
      F-13319, F-14579, N-08409
FRANCE   A-36049, A-38327, B-04773,
      B-08366, B-36478, B-43611, C-20435.
      G-25875
FREE RADICALS  F-13420, F-13484
FREEZING  C-08355, C-08356, C-08358.
      C-35956
FUEL ADDITIVES   B-09048
FUEL CHARGING   B-27288,  B-36478
FUEL GASES   A-17603, A-28976, A-35443.
      A-35574, A-39461, A-40345.  B-19733,
      B-22809, B-38569, C-09208, C-33045,
      D-09592, D-12496, D-35437, F-05385
FUEL OIL PREPARATION   B-29231.
      B-43774
FUEL OILS   A-32165, A-35443. A-35574,
      A-39461, A-40345, B-00951,  B-43774,
      C-33045. D-09592, D-12496,  D-33108,
      D-35437, F-05385, H-23261,  H-37352
FUEL STANDARDS   B-43774, N-15093
FUELS   A-04345, A-09686, A-15517.
      A-17603. A-21385, A-24398. A-26441.

-------
156
PULP  AND  PAPER INDUSTRY
      A-27293, A-28976, A-32165, A-35443,
      A-35574, A-36348, A-36377. A-38542,
      A-39460, A-39461, A-39462, A-40159,
      A-40345, B-00951, B-01672, B-11726,
      B-17559, B-19733, B-21%5. B-22809,
      B-29628, B-31803, B-32603, B-33347,
      B-3J793, B-38569, B-43774, C-09208.
      C-33045, D-00690. D-03017, D-09592,
      D-12345, D-12496, D-33108. D-35437,
      F-05385, F-33863, H-23261, H-37352,
      H-39537, J-16174, L-06730, L-19062,
      N-42686
FUMES   A-0434S. A-14134, A-25683.
      A-36377, A-38327, B-00379. B-01549.
      B-OJ091, B-09356, B-09733. B-12527,
      B-16695, B-17088, B-18140, B-20143.
      B-24478, B-28656, B-36657, B-36658,
      B-36659. B-41474. C-01542, C-07214.
      J-01546, J-01561, L-30149
FUMIGATION   B-01672, D-09592
FUNGI  B-32109, G-07339, H-24025
FURNACES   A-04345, A-04879, A-06981,
      A-08359, A-09202, A-09415, A-09686,
      A-11144, A-18182, A-18188. A-21385,
      A-25205, A-26441, A-27942, A-28885.
      A-3S443, A-39461. A-39462. A-42266.
      B-04783, B-04861. B-05091, B-05880,
      B-06106, B-06343, B-09047, B-09655,
      B-09656, B-09933. B-10001. B-10106,
      B-10758, B-10994, B-11008. B-11153,
      B-11158, B-13445, B-I41I8, B-16350,
      B-16681, B-16695, B-16729, B-16747,
      B-16842, B-18240, B-20143, B-20258,
      B-21983. B-23725, B-25085, B-25643.
      B-26254, B-27182, B-27901, B-28656.
      B-31790, B-32569, B-32615, B-32681.
      B-32937. B-33732, B-35315, B-35793.
      B-36657. B-36658. B-36659. B-36854.
      B-37004, B-37677, B-38194, B-39206.
      B-39226. B-41603. B-42246, B-42893,
      B-43396. B-43480, B-43482, B-43774,
      B-44818, C-00965. C-08541, C-10654,
      C-I687I, C-17029, C-28708, C-29072,
      C-30263, C-33045. C-35956. C-37718,
      D-09592, D-35051. D-35437,1-13507,
      J-01546, L-06730, L-19062, L-30149
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY   A-01644,
      A-06981. A-16494, A-17633, A-22148,
      A-32475. A-35113. A-41168, B-00379,
      B-02279, B-04882, B-05408, B-05409,
      B-05808, B-08365. B-08366, B-16842,
      C-01542, C-04883, C-06526, C-07214,
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08358, C-08541. C-08954, C-09657.
      C-10654, C-15224, C-15704, C-16871,
      C-17029, C-19051, C-21859, C-24939,
      C-27355. C-29726, C-29913, C-30202.
      C-32467, C-32880, C-34422. C-34863,
      C-35243, C-35956, C-36894, C-37308,
      C-37511, C-38032, C-42403, C-43214.
      C-43684. D-00209, D-37968. E-00952,
      F-01784, F-06719, F-10308, F-13418,
      F-13423, F-13453, F-13604. G-03788
GAS SAMPLING   A-14580, B-04882,
      B-04887, B-05808, B-34459, C-00965,
      C-01071, C-01542, C-03789, C-04883,
      C-04886, C-06385, C-08355, C-08356,
      C-08358, C-09657. C-15224, C-16755,
      C-28708, C-29726. C-34422. C-35956.
      E-00952, F-10308, G-05076. 1-13507,
      M-09199
GAS TURBINES   D-09592
 GASES   A-06981, A-13492, A-14580,
       A-39461, A-39922, B-00951, B-01436,
       B-01505. B-01563, B-05408, B-05409,
       B-05808, B-08360, B-09655, B-0%56,
       B-09661, B-15766, B-15779, B-15878,
       B-16698. B-21983. B-25085. B-35519,
       B-36270, B-37094, B-37171, C-00947,
       C-07214, C-08354. C-08355. C-08356.
       C-08357, C-08358, C-09648, C-0%57,
       C-09660, C-14582. C-23106, C-32467.
       E-00952, F-09498, F-10308, G-09926
 GASIFICATION (SYNTHESIS)   B-31803
 GASOLINES   A-24398. A-40345. B-2%28,
       D-09592. D-35437, H-39537
 GERMANY   B-30577. B-33715. B-38235.
       H-37047, H-37352. H-38576, H-39537,
       N-42686
 GLASS FABRICS   A-09686. B-09356,
       B-26254, C-00383, C-10686, C-33045,
       H-39537
 GLUE MANUFACTURING   C-09208
 GOVERNMENTS   A-26594, B-01223,
       B-01672, B-21965, B-29628, D-27673,
       J-42690, L-03540, L-09093. L-14932,
       L-17379, L-19062, L-20273, L-28389,
       L-32893. L-40544. L-41093, M-07965,
       M-08698
 GRAIN PROCESSING  A-35443. A-35574.
       A-39462, A-40159, B-09356. D-09592.
       L-09093
 GRANTS   L-03540
 GRASSES  A-33804. A-36348
 GRAVITY SETTLING  A-09686
 GREAT BRITAIN   A-33804, B-17559,
       B-25643. F-13346
 GROUND LEVEL   A-26979, C-33055

                     H

 HALOGEN GASES   A-08631, A-09686,
       A-13439, A-25683, A-32165, A-36377,
       A-39460, B-00379, B-00552, B-01436,
       B-03807, B-04861, B-04887. B-08366.
       B-12527. B-26176. B-27901, B-38235,
       C-04883. C-09657, C-10453, D-24227,
       D-33108, F-10308, F-18214, G-05076
 HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
       A-12422, A-32475, A-39460, B-38235
 HAZE   A-31327, E-25338, M-00376
 HEADACHE   A-20553, B-01672, G-03671,
       G-27651, G-33964
 HEALTH IMPAIRMENT   A-20553,
       A-38542, B-01672, D-03017, D-07390.
       G-07339, G-33964, G-34667, G-39242,
       H-24902, L-09093
 HEALTH STATISTICS   D-07390, G-00996,
       G-01874, G-03671, G-25875
 HEARINGS   B-39888, L-06730, L-06732,
       L-06742
 HEAT OF COMBUSTION   B-37101.
       B-37554, B-37677. B-43482
 HEAT TRANSFER    A-04879. A-09011.
       A-41467, B-05074, B-10001, B-10268,
       B-13464, B-14094. B-16041, B-16242,
       B-16647. B-18029, B-24079, B-25085,
       B-25863, B-27470, B-29852, B-30208.
       B-31991, B-32937, B-33347, B-35315,
       B-37677, B-39205, B-39433, B-41603.
       B-43482, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,
       C-35956, C-43228
 HEIGHT  FINDING   A-38615, C-33045
 HEMATOLOGY   C-33055, G-07339
 HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
       SAMPLERS  C-00383, C-09208,
       D-00690
 HERBICIDES   A-31548
HI-VOL SAMPLERS   D-24227, D-41167
HOGS  H-32561
HOURLY   D-03017
HOUSTON   B-39888, D-24227
HUMANS   A-14134, A-29489, A-35443,
      A-35581. B-27288, B-27762, C-09208,
      C-09660, D-07390, D-20377, D-22591,
      D-33108. G-00996, G-01874, G-02170,
      G-03671, G-05076, G-07339, G-11828.
      G-23893, G-25563, G-25875, G-27651.
      G-30169, G-33964, G-34667, G-37337,
      G-39013, G-39242, H-37352, M-00376,
      M-00844, M-09199, M-13980
HUMIDITY   A-35574, B-01672. B-10765.
      B-27288, B-33347, B-37266, C-06385,
      C-08358, C-09208, C-35956, D-06535
HYDRAZINES   F-13344
HYDROCARBONS   A-01885, A-08359,
      A-09686, A-16494, A-19899, A-26255,
      A-27293. A-32475. A-33983, A-38542,
      A-39460. A-39462, A-40063, A-40159,
      A-40345. B-00379, B-05409, B-08365,
      B-09655. B-13551, B-16842. B-30208.
      B-31803. B-33715. B-43774, C-07214,
      C-08354. C-08356. C-08357, C-30202,
      C-35956, D-06535, D-09592, D-12496,
      D-35437, E-00952, F-01784, F-06719,
      F-13453. F-13505, F-16828, G-11828,
      J-01546, J-16174,  J-21241, L-32796,
      L-36900, L-40544, M-08698, N-42686
HYDROCHLORIC ACID  A-09011,
      A-32165, A-36377, A-39460, B-06106,
      B-26254, B-27901, B-38235, B-44198,
      H-39537, L-09093
HYDROCYANIC ACID   A-36377
HYDRODESULFURIZATION   B-29231
HYDROFLUORIC ACID  A-36377,
      B-26254, B-27901, D-33108, H-39537
HYDROGEN  B-27901, C-08354, C-38032,
      D-03017, F-06719, F-16828
HYDROGEN SULFIDE   A-02274,  A-04879,
      A-04893, A-06240, A-08368, A-09415,
      A-11144, A-12422. A-12507, A-14580.
      A-17603, A-17633. A-21385, A-22148,
      A-25683, A-26979, A-28885, A-28976,
      A-32475, A-32879, A-36377, A-36392,
      A-39460, A-39922, A-40063, A-43274,
      A-43289, A-43626, B-00025, B-00379,
      B-01436, B-01505, B-01549, B-01563,
      B-01672, B-01900, B-02018, B-02279,
      B-03807, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783,
      B-04861, B-04882, B-04887, B-04952,
      B-04953, B-05001, B-05408, B-05409,
      B-05808, B-05880, B-06106, B-07434,
      B-07974. B-08364, B-08365, B-08366,
      B-09048, B-09508, B-09655, B-10001.
      B-10277, B-10366, B-10659, B-10994,
      B-11008, B-11009, B-11150, B-11673,
      B-11949, B-13072, B-13737, B-14094,
      B-14113, B-14118. B-15690, B-15766,
      B-15779. B-16350. B-16729, B-16842,
      B-17409. B-17559, B-18140, B-19071,
      B-19218. B-19916, B-21051, B-22061,
      B-22400, B-22522, B-22655, B-22809,
      B-23117, B-23538, B-23901, B-25211,
      B-25950, B-26173, B-26254, B-27138,
      B-27901, B-29231, B-29278, B-30062,
      B-30339, B-31091, B-31308, B-31790,
      B-31991, B-32018, B-32603, B-32615,
      B-32681, B-32798, B-32937, B-34459,
      B-35803, B-36037, B-36659, B-36854.
      B-37064, B-37094, B-37266, B-37677,
      B-38569, B-40107, B-40114, B-41474,
      B-41603. B-43544. B-43774, B-45019,
      C-00383. C-00947. C-00965, C-01071,
      C-04883, C-04886, C-06385, C-07214.
      C-08354, C-08355, C-08356, C-08358,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                157
      C-08541, C-08954, C-09208, C-09648,
      C-09657, C-10453, C-10654, C-14582,
      C-15704, C-16755, C-16871. C-17029,
      C-19051, C-20435, C-24939, C-27069,
      C-27355, C-29726, C-29913, C-30263,
      C-34422, C-34863, C-35956, C-37308,
      C-37511, C-38032, C-39929, C-43214,
      C-43228, D-00209, D-00690, D-03106,
      D-06535, D-07390, D-07572. D-09592,
      D-09658, D-16062. D-16619, D-33108,
      F-01784, F-10308, F-16828, G-01874.
      G-03788. G-05076, G-09926. H-39537,
      L-06732, L-32796, M-00376, M-08698,
      M-09199
HYDROLYSIS   A-08367. B-22400, B-24079.
      F-13423, F-13604, F-14579. N-08409
HYDROSPHERE   C-33055
HYDROXIDES   B-00379, B-12527, F-09498

HYPERSENSITIVITY  G-07339, G-08828
                    I
ICE   C-08358
IDAHO   C-00383, C-16755, D-06535,
      D-09592. D-16619, M-08698
ILLINOIS   L-30149
IMMUNOLOGY   G-07339, G-08828,
      G-39013
IMPINGERS   C-00383. C-09657, C-16755,
      C-35956. G-05076
INCINERATION   A-09686, A-I7198,
      A-17243, A-26441, A-28898, A-32165,
      A-35443, A-35574, A-36377, A-38327,
      A-39461, A-39462, A-40345, A-43289,
      B-01549, B-04773, B-04861, B-05091,
      B-07769, B-08360. B-08366, B-09656,
      B-09661, B-13445. B-13551. B-14940,
      B-16807, B-22357, B-25950. B-25977,
      B-27762, B-28792, B-31091, B-31125,
      B-33347, B-34317, B-36478, B-37494,
      B-37554, B-38235, B-38444, B-39291,
      B-40366. B-42319, B-42893, C-33045,
      C-35956, C-38698, D-07572, D-09592.
      D-35437. F-32021, J-16457, J-31076.
      L-06730, L-32796. L-40544
INDUSTRIAL AREAS   A-41168, C-36894,
      D-00690, D-03106, D-07390, D-27673,
      D-31276, D-33108, D-35437, D-37968,
      D-41167, E-31865. G-25875, 0-37337.
      G-39013. J-2124I, J-30951, L-30149
INERTIAL SEPARATION  B-25863,
      C-08312
INFANTS   G-30169
INFECTIOUS DISEASES   H-37352
INFLUENZA   D-20377. D-22591
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY  C-07214,
      F-13083, F-2I97I
INGESTION   A-29489, H-37352, H-38576
INORGANIC ACIDS   A-09011, A-09686,
      A-15517, A-24398, A-26441, A-32165,
      A-35066, A-36377, A-39460, A-39461,
      A-39462, B-03975, B-05091. B-06106,
      B-15992, B-16447. B-19733, B-20143.
      B-22809, B-25643, B-262J4, B-27470.
      B-27901, B-28656, B-31091, B-31125.
      B-32603, B-33918, B-35519, B-38235,
      B-44198, C-14582, D-09658, D-33108.
      F-13481, H-24025, H-37352. H-39537,
      L-09093
INSPECTION  B-01672, L-14932
INSTRUMENTATION   A-13594, B-00379,
      B-05808, B-08360, B-09656, B-09661,
      B-16729. B-36854. B-39226. C-04883.
      C-08354, C-08355. C-08356, C-08357,
      C-08358, C-09648, C-10453, C-16755.
      C-29726, C-33055, C-35956, C-43479.
      F-13186, G-01874, L-31465
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
      A-09686, A-20553, A-26594. A-40345,
      B-05091, D-12496, D-35437, G-1I828,
      G-34667
INTERNATIONAL   A-30383
INVERSION   A-26255, A-31327, B-01672,
      B-39596, D-03017, D-03106, D-07390,
      D-09592. D-16619, D-44735, E-25338,
      E-31865, J-01546, M-08698
IODIMETRIC METHODS   A-17603,
      B-02279. B-03807, C-04886, C-08355,
      C-08358. C-09208, C-35956, G-05076
IONIZATION   A-01885,  B-01436. C-08357.
      F-01784
IONIZATION CHAMBERS   C-08357
IONS   A-08631. B-09047. B-38697, F-01784,
      F-13186, F-13379, 1-03957
IRON   A-04345, A-09011, A-09686.
      A-27501, A-35443. A-35574, A-38542,
      A-39460, A-39461, A-39462. A-40159,
      B-05091. B-10277. B-16681. B-16695,
      B-29231, B-30577, B-31803, B-33918,
      B-35793, B-37554, B-43774, B-44890,
      C-33045. D-09592, D-09658, D-24227,
      D-27673, 1-03957, 1-13507, 1-26838,
      J-30951. L-06742
IRON COMPOUNDS   A-13386, B-20143
IRON OXIDES   B-05091. J-01546
ISOTOPES   C-28489, C-33055
ITALY   B-04773,  B-26176. C-27069
JAPAN  A-06240, A-14134. A-16494,
      A-17198, A-17243, A-17633, A-19899,
      A-22148, A-32475. A-32879, A-36377.
      A-40524. A-41168, B-08366. B-13072.
      B-14940, B-I92I6. B-19218. B-19257,
      B-21407, B-22061. B-23117, B-23611,
      B-27288. B-28328, B-29231, B-31091,
      B-31125. B-32109, B-32768, B-32798,
      B-33347, B-33918, B-34044, B-35803,
      B-35931, B-36018, B-37494, B-38565.
      B-43796, C-08312, C-21859, C-23106,
      C-27355, C-29726, C-32467, C-32880,
      C-36894, C-42403, D-17630, D-27673,
      D-31276, D-33108. D-33708, D-37968,
      D-41167, F-13241. G-21054, G-27651,
      G-30169, G-37337, G-39013, 1-26838.
      J-26326. J-30951, J-40526, L-14932,
      L-30149, L-32796, L-32893. L-36900.
      M-13980
KETONES   A-33983, B-05409. B-16842,
      C-07214, C-08356. C-08357. F-14579
KIDNEYS  H-32561
KILNS   A-08359. A-09202, A-10524.
      A-21385, A-25205, A-26979, A-35443.
      A-35574, A-38327, A-39460. A-39461.
      A-40159, A-42266, A-43289, B-01223,
      B-02279, B-07434. B-07974, B-08360.
      B-08366, B-11008, B-11158, B-13551,
      B-15709, B-15779. B-16842, B-17088,
      B-17409, B-25171, B-27182, B-32615.
      B-32681, B-33347, B-34044, B-35660.
      B-35793, B-36657, B-38194, B-38723,
      B-42431. B-42893, B-43396. B-437%,
      B-43879, B-44890, C-00947, C-28708,
      C-33045, C-35956. D-03017. D-09592,
      D-12496, D-16062, D-41167, H-39537,
      J-16457, L-09093
LABORATORY ANIMALS   C-32467,
      G-00996, G-01874, G-02170, G-03671.
      H-32561. M-00844
LABORATORY FACILITIES   A-0698I,
      A-08359, C-09648, F-09498, L-09093
LACHRYMATION   A-17603
LAKES   B-01672
LANDFILLS  D-03017
LARYNX   M-00376
LEAD   A-09686, A-39462, C-33045
LEAD COMPOUNDS  A-26441. B-29628,
      C-00383, C-33055
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLE   C-39929,
      D-09658, D-31276, D-41167
LEGAL ASPECTS   A-25205, A-26594.
      A-26979, A-35581, A-36377, A-43289,
      B-01505, B-01672, B-10277, B-21965,
      B-29628. B-39888, B-42431, B-43396.
      B-43544. B-43774, B-43851. C-34422.
      D-27673, D-35437. J-01561, L-06730,
      L-06732, L-06742, L-09093, L-14932,
      L-17379. L-20273. L-28355, L-28389,
      L-30149, L-31465. L-327%, L-32893,
      L-34685, L-35817, L-40544, L-41093,
      M-08698. N-15093
LEGISLATION   A-25205. A-26594,
      A-35581, A-36377, B-01672, B-21965,
      B-29628, B-42431. B-43544, C-34422,
      D-27673, D-35437, L-09093, L-17379,
      L-20273, L-28355, L-28389, L-31465,
      L-32796, L-32893, L-34685, L-35817.
      L-40544, M-08698, N-15093
LIGHT RADIATION   C-06385, C-09208.
      D-07390
LIGHT SCATTERING   A-35443, B-31608
LIME   A-08359, A-10524. A-21385,
      A-26979, A-35443. A-35574, A-39460,
      A-39461, A-40159, A-42266, A-43289,
      B-02279, B-07434, B-07974, B-08360,
      B-08366, B-11008. B-13551. B-15709,
      B-15779. B-16842, B-17088, B-17409,
      B-32615, B-32681, B-34044, B-36657,
      B-38194, B-38723, B-42893, B-43396.
      B-43796, B-43879, C-00947, C-28708,
      C-33045, C-35956, D-03017, D-09592,
      D-16062. H-39537, J-16457, L-09093
LIMESTONE   A-10524, B-39498, F-I3I87,
      G-25875, L-19062
LINE SOURCES   A-40345
LIQUIDS   A-13492, A-14580. A-42266,
      B-00951, B-04952, B-04953, B-08365,
      B-15779, B-15878, B-16698, B-21983,
      B-31091, B-31125, B-31991, B-35519,
      B-37094, B-37171, B-38444. C-08354.
      C-14582, C-28708, F-09498. F-21971,
      J-14583
LIVER   H-32561
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS  L-09093,
      L-20273. L-28389
LOUISIANA  A-40345, B-08364
LUNG CANCER   A-38542
LUNGS   G-02170, G-07339, G-08828


                    M

MAGNESIUM   C-33045
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS   A-08367,
      A-18182, B-05074. B-06343, B-10765,
      B-16876, B-18262, B-24750. B-36355.
      B-38235, B-38444, B-39498. F-14576
MAINE   B-07434
MAINTENANCE   B-01672, B-07415,
      B-07769, B-25643, B-28580, B-31608,
      B-33918, B-37494, B-44818, F-32021

-------
158
PULP AND  PAPER INDUSTRY
MALES   G-00996, G-01874, G-02170,
      0-05076. G-07339, G-39242, M-00844,
      M-09199
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL   M-07965
MANGANESE   1-26838
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS   B-17656,
      B-34459, B-42319. D-24227
MANGANESE DIOXIDE (JAPANESE)
      B-22809. B-38444, L-36900
MAPPING   A-40345, B-19425, H-23261
MARYLAND   D-12345
MASS SPECTROMETRY   C-07214.
      C-30202. C-35956
MATERIALS DETERIORATION   A-09011.
      A-17603. A-18189. A-35574. A-36392,
      A-38542. B-OI50S, B-02018, B-08366,
      B-10001, B-10106. B-10277, B-10659,
      B-I344S. B-18029, B-19218, B-26172,
      B-27762, B-31790, B-37064, B-375S4,
      C-00383. C-0638S. C-09208, D-03017.
      D-06535, D-09592, D-09658, 1-03957.
      1-13507. 1-26838.1-33709. J-14583
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES  A-02274,
      A-13594, A-I3605, A-27942, B-01789,
      B-I6I97. B-20143, B-27762, B-28580,
      B-34317. B-38210, B-39801. B-44394,
      C-08355. C-21724, C-22958, C-33045,
      E-37091, F-09498. F-I3384
MATHEMATICAL MODELING  B-27762,
      B-34317, B-38210. B-44394. C-21724
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
      CONCENTRATION  A-25683,
      A-28976, A-29489. B-34044
MEASUREMENT METHODS   A-09415.
      A-14134. A-I8I64. A-19899, A-20553.
      A-21385. A-26979, A-28976, A-30701,
      A-32475, A-35113, A-35443. A-35581,
      A-40524, B-01672. B-03946, B-04045,
      B-06106, B-08360, B-13737, B-16729,
      B-19257. B-24478, B-25190, B-25950.
      B-27288. B-27762. B-31608, B-32681,
      B-32798, B-34459, B-34868, B-36760,
      B-37101, B-39801. B-42319. B-42908,
      B-43396, B-43414. B-43851, B-44890,
    .  C-00383, C-01071, C-03789, C-04886.
      C-06385, C-08312, C-08541, C-09208,
      C-09648, C-09657. C-09660, C-10453,
      C-10654, C-10686, C-15224, C-16755,
      C-16871, C-17029, C-19051, C-21724,
      C-22958, C-23106, C-23278, C-24939,
      C-25466, C-27355. C-29726, C-30263,
      C-32467. C-32880. C-33045, C-33055.
      C-34422. C-35243. C-35956, C-36894.
      C-37511, C-37718, C-38032. C-39929,
      C-42403, C-43214. C-43479, C-43684.
      D-00690, D-03106, D-07572. D-09658,
      D-16062, D-17630, D-24227. D-27673,
      D-31276, D-41167, E-39112, F-13082,
      F-13190, F-13240. F-13379. G-09926.
      G-17205, G-34667, H-39537, J-01561,
      L-03540, L-20273. L-30149, L-31465,
      L-34685
MEETINGS    A-35113, A-40524. M-08698
MEMBRANE FILTERS   C-06526
MEMBRANES   G-23893, H-37352
MERCAPTANS   A-01644,  A-01885,
      A-04893, A-08359. A-08368. A-11144,
      A-12422, A-12507. A-13492. A-14580,
      A-16494. A-17198, A-17633, A-19899,
      A-21385, A-22148, A-24903. A-25683,
      A-32475, A-32879, A-36392, A-39460,
      A-40063. A-4II68. A-43289, A-43626.
      B-00025. B-00379. B-01436. B-01505.
      B-01563, B-01672. B-01900, B-02018,
      B-03807, B-04045. B-04861, B-04882.
      B-04887. B-04950, B-04951, B-04952.
       B-04953, B-05001, B-05408, B-05409,
       B-05808, B-06106. B-07434, B-08360.
       B-08361. B-08364. B-08365, B-08366,
       B-09508, B-09655, B-09661, B-10277.
       B-10366, B-10659. B-10994. B-11008,
       B-11949, B-13072, B-14113, B-14577.
       B-15779, B-16350, B-16842, B-17266.
       B-19218, B-19916, B-20286, B-22400.
       B-23538, B-26176, B-26254, B-27138.
       B-29278, B-31790. B-32615, B-32681,
       B-32798. B-35803, B-37064, B-37094.
       B-38697. B-39773. B-41603, B-42908,
       B-43482, B-43635, B-43774. C-00947,
       C-00965. C-01542, C-04883, C-04886.
       C-06385, C-08354, C-08355. C-08356,
       C-08357. C-08358, C-08541, C-09208,
       C-09648. C-09657. C-10453, C-10654,
       C-14582. C-16755, C-17029. C-19051,
       C-20435. C-21859, C-24939, C-27069.
       C-27355. C-29726. C-29913, C-30202.
       C-32467, C-32880, C-34422. C-34863,
       C-35956, C-38032, C-43214. D-00209.
       D-07390, D-09592, D-16062, D-37968,
       E-00952, F-01784. F-06719, F-09498,
       F-10308. F-12662, F-16828, G-03788,
       G-09926, L-327%, L-32893. M-08698,
       M-09199
  MERCURY COMPOUNDS  A-12422,
       A-29489. A-31548, A-36049, A-39460,
       B-36037
  METABOLISM   A-29489
  METAL COMPOUNDS  A-02274, A-06240,
       A-08363, A-08367. A-08368. A-09415.
       A-09686, A-11144. A-12422. A-13199.
       A-13386, A-13444, A-13605, A-18182,
       A-18189. A-21385, A-24903, A-25205,
       A-26441. A-29489, A-31548, A-36049,
       A-36392. A-39460, B-00025, B-00379.
       B-01436. B-04783, B-04887, B-04953.
       B-05001. B-05074, B-05808, B-06106.
       B-06343, B-08360, B-08364, B-08366.
       B-09047, B-09356, B-09655. B-10001,
       B-10277. B-10366, B-10578, B-10659,
       B-10758. B-10765, B-11008. B-11009,
       B-16747. B-16876, B-16899. B-17656.
       B-18262, B-19930, B-20143, B-21369,
       B-21960, B-22655, B-22809, B-23538,
       B-23611, B-24478, B-24750, B-27138,
       B-27470, B-29621, B-29628, B-30339.
       B-31072, B-31125, B-31790, B-32569.
       B-32615, B-33732, B-34044, B-34299.
       B-34317. B-34385, B-34459, B-35931.
       B-36018, B-36037, B-36355, B-36658.
       B-36659, B-37094, B-37677, B-38235.
       B-38444, B-38697, B-39206. B-39226,
       B-39498, B-42246, B-42319, B-43635.
       B-44818. C-00383, C-04886. C-08312,
       C-08356, C-08358, C-09657. C-10686,
       C-14582, C-16577, C-27069, C-33055,
       D-09592, D-24227, D-35051, E-39112.
       F-09498, F-13082, F-13187. F-13420,
       F-13768, F-14576, F-14579. F-16386,
       H-24902. L-20273
  METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
       A-15517. A-20553, A-27293. A-31327,
       A-35574, A-38542. A-39460, A-39461,
       A-39462, B-16681, B-21407, B-25047.
       B-25643. B-26254, B-29231, B-30577,
       B-42319, C-33045, D-12496, D-33108,
       D-41167. F-32021. J-21241, J-23842,
       J-26326. J-31814, L-36900
  METAL POISONING  A-29489
  METALS   A-04345, A-09011, A-09686,
       A-27501. A-32483. A-35443. A-35574,
       A-38S42, A-39460, A-39461. A-39462,
       A-40159, B-05091, B-10277, B-10659.
      B-16681. B-16695, B-25643. B-29231,
      B-30577, B-31803, B-33918. B-35793.
      B-37554, B-43774, B-44890, C-33045.
      D-09592, D-09658. D-24227, D-27673,
      D-33108,1-03957, 1-13507, 1-26838.
      1-33709. J-16174, J-30951, L-06742.
      L-20273
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
      C-35956, D-09592
METEOROLOGY   A-06240, A-14134.
      A-26979, A-27293. A-31327. A-35443.
      A-35574, A-35581. A-38542. A-38615.
      A-39461, B-01672, B-04882, B-I0765,
      B-16842, B-27288, B-33347, B-37266,
      B-39433, C-06385, C-08358, C-09208,
      C-09660, C-23278, C-25466, C-35956.
      C-36894, C-43214, D-00690, D-03017.
      D-03106. D-06535, D-07390. D-09592.
      D-12345, D-12648. D-16619, D-24227,
      D-31276. D-33108, D-33708, D-44735,
      E-25338. E-31865. E-39112. G-11828,
      G-37337. G-39242, H-37047, 1-26838,
      L-09093, L-34685, M-00376, M-08698
METHANES   A-01885, A-16494, B-00379,
      B-09655, B-30208, C-07214, C-08354,
      E-00952, F-06719. F-16828
MICROMETEOROLOGY  A-38542,
      D-33108
MICROORGANISMS   B-32109, C-33055.
      C-35956. G-07339, G-08828, H-24025
MICROSCOPY   A-35443
MINERAL PROCESSING   A-26441.
      A-26594. A-27501, A-31327, A-35443,
      A-35574, A-36377, A-39460. A-39461,
      A-39462, A-40159, A-40345. B-14940,
      B-16447. B-19733, B-20143, B-22809.
      B-23725. B-25047. B-25643, B-26254,
      B-27762. B-28580, B-31803. B-35793,
      B-44198, B-44890, C-09208, C-25466,
      C-33045, D-09592, D-12345, F-32021,
      G-11828, H-39537, J-16174, J-21241,
      J-26326. J-40526, L-06730. L-06742,
      L-34685, N-15093
MINERAL PRODUCTS   A-10524,  A-35574,
      A-39460. A-39462. B-26254, B-39498,
      F-13187, G-25875, L-19062
MINING  A-26594, B-22809, B-25047,
      B-26254, C-09208. J-40526, L-06742.
      N-15093
MISSOURI   A-01644, A-01885, A-02274,
      B-00379, B-00951, B-01436, B-01563.
      B-04045, C-03789, E-00952, 1-03957,
      L-30149
MISTS   A-39462, B-00025, B-05001,
      B-11008, B-I355I, B-16695, B-17088,
      B-20143. B-35931, C-35956
MOBILE   A-35443. B-16842. C-19051,
      C-23278. C-35243
MONITORING   A-09415, A-21385,
      A-26979, A-28976, A-35113, B-01672,
      B-08360, B-13737. B-16729, B-19257,
      B-24478, B-25190. B-25950, B-27762,
      B-31608, B-32681, B-32798, B-34459,
      B-43396, B-43414, B-43851, B-44890,
      C-01071, C-03789, C-08312, C-08541,
      C-09208, C-10654, C-15224, C-16755,
      C-16871, C-17029, C-19051, C-24939,
      C-30263, C-35243, C-35956, C-43479,
      C-43684. D-00690. D-09658, D-16062,
      D-24227. D-27673, D-31276, F-13082.
      J-01561, L-20273, L-30149, L-31465,
      L-34685
MONTHLY   D-07390, D-31276, D-33708,
      D-44735, E-25338, G-37337
MORBIDITY   D-07390, D-20377, G-25875.
      G-37337
MOUNTAINS  B-01672

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 159
MOUTH   H-32S6I
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
      L-06730
                   N
NATURAL GAS   A-17603, A-28976,
      A-35443. A-39461, A-40345, B-19733.
      B-22809. B-38569. C-09208. C-33045,
      D-09592, D-12496. D-35437
NAUSEA   A-20553. B-01672, G-03671,
      G-33964
NERVOUS SYSTEM   A-17603
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
      C-28489. C-33055, D-24227
NEW HAMPSHIRE   D-03017, G-02170,
      G-05076
NEW YORK  STATE   B-01672. C-09208
NICKEL   B-37554
NICKEL COMPOUNDS   A-12422
NITRATES   A-39460. D-03106
NITRIC ACID   A-09686, A-35066. A-39460.
      B-26254, B-35519, F-13481. L-09093
NITRIC OXIDE (NO)   A-40345, L-34685
NITROGEN  A-I7198, B-16899. B-27138,
      C-08354. C-09208
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)   A-09686.
      A-36377. A-40345, C-06385. D-44735,
      L-34685. L-40544
NITROGEN OXIDES   A-09686, A-27293,
      A-35II3. A-36377. A-38542, A-39460,
      A-40345. A-43289. B-25211. B-27901,
      B-29621. B-32018. B-35519. B-38569.
      B-40366. B-44890. C-06385. C-35956,
      D-06535. D-09592. D-12496, D-35437,
      D-44735. G-II828. J-01546, L-34685,
      L-36900, L-40544, N-42686
NITROUS ACID   F-13481
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION  SOURCES
      A-09686, A-13395, A-15517, A-17243.
      A-17603, A-20553, A-24398, A-26255.
      A-26441, A-26594, A-27501, A-28898.
      A-29489, A-31327. A-31548, A-32165.
      A-35443, A-35574, A-36049, A-36348,
      A-36377, A-36480, A-38327, A-39460.
      A-39462, A-40345. A-41564. B-01549,
      B-01563. B-05091. B-07769, B-10001.
      B-10758. B-14940. B-15450, B-23538,
      B-25085, B-25211, B-25977, B-26254,
      B-28792, B-29650. B-30208, B-31794.
      B-3I99I, B-32018. B-32615. B-32768,
      B-34299. B-34317. B-36037. B-36478.
      B-36657, B-37073. B-37171. B-37494,
      B-37554, B-39282, B-39596, B-40114,
      B-40958, B-43774, B-43796. B-43879,
      B-44198. C-06385, C-09208. C-28489.
      C-33045, C-33055, C-35956. C-38698,
      D-00690, D-03017, D-09592.  D-12496,
      D-16619, D-17630, D-31276,  D-33108.
      D-35437. F-44969. G-03788, G-11828,
      H-24902, J-01546. J-16457. J-21241,
      J-30951. J-31076. J-43717,  L-17379.
      L-28355, L-28389. L-32796, L-34685.
      L-35817. M-00844, M-23344
NON-URBAN AREAS   A-26255.  A-36348.
      D-12496, G-25875. G-39242, M-15760
NOSTRILS   M-00376
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS   A-41467
NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES   F-33863
                    0
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH   A-33804.
      B-31308, G-00996. G-02170, G-05076,
      G-07339, G-08828. G-I6I53, G-23893,
      G-25875
OCEANS   D-09658. 1-26838
ODOR COUNTERACTION   A-04893,
      A-06981. A-12507, A-I2621, A-14580,
      A-17603. A-19899, A-20553, A-24903.
      A-25205. A-30701, A-35581, A-36480,
      A-43626, B-00025. B-00379, B-00390.
      B-00552. B-01563, B-01672. B-01900.
      B-03807. B-03946, B-03975, B-04045,
      B-04773. B-04781, B-04783, B-04861,
      B-04882. B-04887, B-04950, B-04951,
      B-04952. B-04953, B-05408, B-05409,
      B-05808, B-06106, B-07434, B-08360.
      B-08366, B-0%56. B-09661, B-09733.
      B-09933, B-11153. B-11158, B-11673.
      B-11949, B-12506. B-13072. B-13334,
      B-13772, B-14094. B-I4I13, B-14940.
      B-1S709, B-15779. B-16807, B-171T7,
      B-17409. B-I8I40, B-I92I8. B-19916,
      B-20258. B-21051, B-22061. B-22357.
      B-22400, B-22522, B-231I7. B-23538.
      B-23901, B-24079, B-25950. B-25977,
      B-26172, B-26173. B-26176. B-27138,
      B-27288, B-27357, B-29278, B-30062,
      B-31072. B-31463, B-31790, B-31794,
      B-32109. B-32615, B-32681, B-32768.
      B-32798. B-32937, B-33073, B-34317.
      B-34385. B-34868, B-35660, B-35803.
      B-36270, B-36657, B-36760, B-37064.
      B-37073, B-37094. B-37101, B-37266.
      B-37494, B-38194, B-38723, B-39256.
      B-39282. B-39291. B-39433, B-39575.
      B-39773. B-39801. B-40107, B-40114,
      B-41474. B-41603, B-42319, B-42431,
      B-42893. B-42908. B-43396, B-43611.
      B-43796, B-43851. B-43879. B-45019,
      C-04883. D-00209. D-07572, D-09592.
      D-16062, D-37968. E-37091, F-10308.
      F-12662, F-16828, G-03788, G-33964.
      G-34667, J-16457, L-03540, L-06732,
      L-14932, L-30149, L-32796
ODORIMETRY   A-14134. A-19899,
      A-20553, A-32475, A-40524, B-03946,
      B-06106, B-27288, B-32798, B-36760,
      B-37101, B-39801, B-42319, B-42908.
      C-09648, C-09657, C-09660, C-19051,
      C-22958, C-23106, C-23278, C-25466,
      C-27355, C-29726, C-32467, C-32880,
      C-35956, C-36894, C-42403, D-07572.
      D-17630, G-09926, G-34667. L-03540.
      L-30149
ODORS   A-01644. A-01885. A-04879,
      A-04893. A-06240. A-08359. A-08631,
      A-11144, A-12507, A-14134, A-16494,
      A-17198, A-17603, A-17633. A-20553,
      A-24903. A-28885. A-32475. A-32879,
      A-33983, A-35581. A-36392, A-38327.
      A-40063, A-40524, A-41168, A-43289,
      B-00025, B-00379. B-00390, B-00552,
      B-01505. B-01549. B-01563. B-01672.
      B-01900, B-02018, B-02279, B-03807,
      B-03946, B-03975, B-04045, B-04773,
      B-04861. B-04882, B-04887, B-04950.
      B-04951, B-04952, B-04953, B-05408,
      B-05409, B-05808, B-05880, B-06106.
      B-06859, B-07415, B-07434, B-08360,
      B-08361, B-08364, B-09508, B-09655,
      B-0%56, B-09661, B-09933. B-10277,
      B-10994. B-11008, B-11009, B-11153.
      B-11158, B-11673, B-12506, B-12658,
      B-13398, B-13551. B-13772. B-14094,
      B-14113, B-14118, B-15690. B-15779.
      B-16695, B-16747, B-16807. B-16842.
      B-17177, B-17266, B-17409, B-18029,
      B-19218. B-19916. B-20258. B-22061.
      B-22357. B-22400, B-22522, B-23117,
      B-23901. B-24079, B-25085, B-25950,
      B-25977, B-26173, B-26254, B-27288,
      B-27357. B-27762, B-29628, B-30339,
      B-31091. B-31463. B-31790, B-32615.
      B-32681. B-32768, B-32798. B-33073.
      B-36270, B-36657. B-36760. B-36854,
      B-37064, B-37094, B-37101. B-37266,
      B-37494. B-38194, B-38235. B-39256.
      B-39282. B-39433. B-39773. B-39801.
      B-39888. B-40107. B-41474. B-42319.
      B-43482. B-43611, B-43774. B-43879.
      C-00383, C-00%5, C-01071. C-03789.
      C-04883, C-06526, C-07214. C-08354.
      C-08355, C-08356, C-08357. C-08358.
      C-08541. C-09208, C-09648, C-0%57.
      C-09660. C-10453, C-14582. C-19051.
      C-21859. C-22958, C-23106. C-23278.
      C-25466. C-27355, C-29726, C-32467,
      C-32880. C-34863. C-35956. C-36894,
      C-37511. C-42403. D-00209, D-00690,
      D-03017, D-06535. D-07572. D-09592.
      D-12648. D-16619. D-17630. D-33108,
      D-37968. D-44735, E-00952. E-37091,
      F-01784, F-10308, F-12662. F-16828.
      G-01874. G-03788, G-09926. G-11828,
      G-25563, G-33964. G-34667. G-39242.
      J-16457. J-43717, L-03540, L-30149,
      L-31465, L-32796. L-32893. M-00376.
      M-00844, M-08698. M-09199,  M-13980.
      M-15760
OHIO   D-44735
OIL BURNERS   L-30149
OLEFINS   A-32475, A-39460, B-31803,
      C-07214, C-08354
OPEN BURNING   A-09686, A-26255.
      A-31327, A-32165. A-35574, A-39462,
      A-40345, C-35956, D-35437, L-34685
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES   A-04345.
      A-09686, A-26441, A-39461, B-16695,
      B-20143. B-23725, B-26254. B-32937.
      C-33045, J-01546
OPERATING CRITERIA   A-08363,
      J-27971, L-40544
OPERATING VARIABLES  A-21385,
      A-21728, A-26979, A-27433, A-27942,
      A-35581, B-07769, B-09655. B-16695,
      B-17088, B-20143. B-21407, B-21960,
      B-25190, B-25643, B-27182, B-28328,
      B-28580, B-28656, B-29231. B-29278,
      B-29621. B-31091. B-31463. B-31608,
      B-31794, B-32937, B-33347, B-33732,
      B-34385, B-35793. B-36760. B-36854,
      B-37004. B-37266. B-38569. B-39205.
      B-39206, B-39291. B-39575, B-40098,
      B-41474, B-42246, B-43482. B-43611,
      B-44818, B-44890. C-24939. C-35956,
      C-38032, C-38698, C-42403, E-37091.
      F-16383, F-32021, J-31814. K-39224,
      L-31465
OPINION SURVEYS   D-06535. D-09592.
      J-40163. L-34685, M-00376. M-00844.
      M-07965, M-08698, M-09199
ORCHARDS   H-39537
OREGON   A-26979, A-31327, B-04783.
      L-30149. L-34685
ORGANIC ACIDS  A-09686, A-13443.
      A-17198, A-32475, A-36377, B-15878.
      B-31091, B-31125. C-35956. D-06S35.
      D-07572, D-09592. F-13083. F-13188,
      F-13311
ORGANIC DISEASES   H-3256I
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
      A-17198. A-19899, A-39460. B-32768,
      B-37064, C-29726. C-32467. L-32796
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
      A-01644, A-01885, A-04893. A-06240.
      A-08359, A-08368, A-11144. A-12422.
      A-12507, A-13492, A-14580, A-16494,
      A-17198, A-17633, A-19899. A-21385,

-------
160
PULP AND  PAPER INDUSTRY
      A-22148. A-24903. A-25683, A-26979,
      A-32475. A-32879. A-33983, A-36392,
      A-39460. A-39922, A-40063, A-41168,
      A-43289, A-43626, B-00025, B-00379,
      B-00390. B-01436, B-01505, B-01563,
      B-01672. B-01900, B-02018. B-03807.
      B-04045, B-04773, B-04861, B-04882.
      B-04887. B-04950, B-04951, B-04952,
      B-04953. B-05001. B-05408, B-05409,
      B-05808. B-06106, B-07434, B-08360,
      B-08361. B-08364, B-08365, B-08366,
      B-09508, B-09655, B-09661, B-10277,
      B-10366, B-10659. B-10994, B-11008,
      B-II673. B-11949, B-I2S06, B-13072,
      B-14II3. B-14577, B-15779, B-16350,
      B-1674-1, B-16747, B-16842, B-17266,
      B-I92I8. B-I99I6. B-20286, B-22061,
      B-22400. B-23538. B-26176, B-262S4,
      B-27138. B-29278, B-31790, B-32615,
      B-32681. B-32798, B-35803, B-36270,
      B-37064, B-37094, B-37101. B-37266,
      B-38194, B-38697, B-38723, B-39256.
      B-39773, B-40107, B-41603, B-42908,
      B-43482, B-43635, B-43774. B-43879.
      C-00383. C-00947, C-00965. C-01542.
      C-04883. C-04886, C-06385, C-06526,
      C-07214, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
      C-08357. C-08358, C-08541, C-09208,
      C-09648. C-09657. C-10453, C-10654,
      C-14582. C-16755. C-17029, C-19051,
      C-20435. C-21859. C-24939, C-27069,
      C-27355. C-29726. C-29913, C-30202,
      C-32467, C-32880. C-34422, C-34863,
      C-35243. C-35956. C-37511. C-38032,
      C-42403. C-43214, D-00209. D-07390,
      D-09592. D-16062, D-37%8. E-00952,
      F-01784. F-06719, F-09498, F-10308,
      F-12662, F-16828, G-03788, G-09926.
      L-20273, L-32796. L-32893, M-08698.
      M-09199, N-08409
ORGANIC WASTES    A-36049, B-25977,
      B-40958
ORGANOMETALLICS   A-29489. A-31S48
ORSAT ANALYSIS   C-35956
OUTPATIENT VISITS  G-39013
OXIDANTS   A-06240, A-36377, A-38542.
      A-39460, D-44735, L-34685, L-40544
OXIDATION  A-02274, A-09415, A-13492,
      A-33983, A-40063, A-43289, B-00379,
      B-01436, B-OI50S, B-01789, B-01900,
      B-02279. B-03807. B-04045. B-04882.
      B-05808. B-06106, B-06859, B-07974,
      B-08360. B-08361. B-08364. B-08366,
      B-09048. B-09661, B-09933. B-10366.
      B-10765. B-10994, B-11008, B-11009,
      B-11150, B-16350. B-16876. B-21369,
      B-23611, B-24079, B-26176. B-31794,
      B-32615. B-32768, B-36657, B-38194,
      B-38723, B-39773, B-42319, B-43611.
      C-OI07I. C-06385, C-08354, E-00952.
      F-06719. F-10308, F-13604, H-32561.
      1-03957. L-32796. N-08409
OXIDES   A-02274. A-06240. A-08368,
      A-08631. A-09686. A-12422, A-12621.
      A-13282, A-13443. A-17633. A-18189,
      A-21385, A-25205. A-25683, A-26441,
      A-26979. A-27293, A-28976, A-32475,
      A-32879. A-35066. A-35II3, A-36049,
      A-36377, A-36392, A-38542, A-39460,
      A-39462. A-40159, A-40345. A-40524.
      A-42266. A-43274, A-43289, A-43626,
      B-00025. B-00951, B-01505. B-01672.
      B-02018. B-03975. B-04783, B-05074,
      B-05091. B-05808. B-05880. B-07974,
      B-08364, B-09048, B-09356, B-09508.
      B-09655, B-09933, B-10001, B-I0268,
       B-10659, B-10765, B-11008. B-11009,
       B-11150, B-13551. B-13737. B-14118,
       B-15766, B-15992. B-16041, B-16197,
       B-16242, B-16350, B-16681. B-16729,
       B-16747, B-16876. B-16899, B-17656,
       B-18037, B-22061, B-22522, B-22655,
       B-24079, B-25211, B-26254, B-27138,
       B-27470, B-27901, B-28656, B-2%21,
       B-31091, B-31125, B-31308. B-32018.
       B-32569, B-32681, B-33347, B-33732,
       B-33918. B-34044, B-34459. B-35519.
       B-35931. B-36355, B-36657, B-36659,
       B-37064, B-37677, B-38235. B-38569,
       B-39256. B-39498. B-40366. B-41603,
       B-43414, B-43482, B-43544, B-43774,
       B-44890, B-45019, C-00947, C-00%5,
       C-01071, C-04883, C-04886, C-06385,
       C-07214, C-08354, C-08355, C-08356,
       C-08358, C-08541, C-08954, C-09208,
       C-09657, C-10453, C-10654, C-15704.
       C-16577, C-16755, C-I687I. C-17029.
       C-19051, C-20435, C-24939, C-27069,
       C-29913. C-32467. C-330J5, C-34422.
       C-34863. C-35243, C-35956, C-38032,
       C-39929, C-43214, C-43228, D-03017,
       D-03106, D-06535. D-07390. D-07572.
       D-09592, D-0%58. D-12345, D-12496.
       D-16619. D-20377, D-22591, D-31276.
       D-33108, D-35437, D-41167. D-44735,
       E-00952. F-01784. F-06719, F-09498,
       F-16828. F-21971. G-009%. G-05076,
       G-11828. G-16153, G-25563, G-27651,
       G-37337, H-37047. H-37352, H-38576,
       H-39537. 1-33709. J-01546. J-16174.
       J-21241, L-06730. L-34685, L-36900,
       L-40544, M-08698, N-42686
  OXYGEN   A-02274, A-09415, A-13492,
       B-01672. B-05408, B-05808. B-07974,
       B-08364. B-08366. B-09048, B-13398.
       B-16899, B-21983, B-25085, B-27138,
       B-29278, B-30208, B-31072, B-31794,
       B-38697, B-43851, C-08354, C-09208,
       C-19051, C-32467, E-00952, F-06719
  OXYGEN CONSUMPTION    B-30208
  OXYGEN LANCING  A-09686
  OZONE  A-13492, A-39460, B-04861,
       B-08364, B-22061, B-32768, B-32798,
       B-37073, B-37494, B-42319, C-06385.
       F-10308, L-32796
  PACKED TOWERS   A-32165. A-43289,
        B-00951, B-07434, B-08364. B-09047,
        B-11008. B-13772, B-15992. B-16698,
        B-16876. B-19071, B-21960, B-21983.
        B-26173, B-38194, F-09498, J-21241
  PAINT MANUFACTURING   A-09686,
        A-40345, B-34317, B-37494, C-09208.
        C-33045
  PAINTS   C-06385, C-09208. D-06535,
        D-09592
  PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY   A-30701,
        A-33804, A-35581, B-34044, F-13083.
        F-14579
  PARTICLE COUNTERS    A-35443, D-41167

  PARTICLE GROWTH  B-33347, C-08312
  PARTICLE SHAPE   A-35574
  PARTICLE SIZE   A-35443.  A-35574,
        A-39461, B-10765, B-16695. B-25643,
        B-28580, B-32937, B-33347, B-35793.
        C-08312, C-29072, C-33045, C-35956,
        C-37718, C-38698, D-35051, L-06742
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS   A-35443,
      A-35574, A-39461, A-39462, B-10765,
      B-16695, B-25643, B-28580, B-32937,
      B-33347. B-35793, C-08312, C-29072,
      C-33045, C-35956, C-37718, C-38698,
      D-35051, L-06742
PARTICULATE SAMPLING   B-05001,
      B-10578, B-34459, C-03789, C-10686,
      C-15224, C-35956, C-38698, D-03106
PARTICULATES   A-04345. A-09686,
      A-10524, A-12621, A-14134. A-17633,
      A-21385, A-24903, A-25205, A-25683,
      A-26441, A-27293, A-27501, A-3I327,
      A-33804, A-35113, A-35443, A-35574,
      A-36377. A-36392, A-38327, A-38542,
      A-38615, A-39460, A-39461, A-39462,
      A-40159. A-40345. A-42266, A-43274,
      A-43289, B-00025. B-00379, B-00951,
      B-01223, B-01505, B-01549, B-02018,
      B-02279, B-04882, B-05001, B-05091,
      B-05880. B-06859, B-07415, B-07769,
      B-08360. B-09047, B-09356, B-09508,
      B-09655. B-09733, B-10001, B-10106,
      B-10277, B-10659, B-10994, B-11008,
      B-11158, B-11726, B-12527, B-13409.
      B-13551, B-13737, B-14094, B-14118.
      B-15709. B-16695. B-16842, B-17088.
      B-18140, B-19071, B-19216, B-19218.
      B-20143. B-22357, B-23725, B-24478,
      B-25047. B-25643. B-25863, B-26254.
      B-27182, B-27288, B-27470. B-27762,
      B-27901, B-28580, B-28656. B-28792,
      B-29085. B-29231. B-31608. B-31803,
      B-32569, B-32615, B-32937, B-33347,
      B-33918, B-34044, B-35519, B-35660,
      B-35793. B-35803, B-35931. B-36478.
      B-36657, B-36658. B-36659. B-36854.
      B-37171. B-37677, B-38194, B-38210,
      B-38565, B-39205, B-39888, 3-40098,
      B-40114, B-40366, B-41474, B-42246,
      B-42431, B-43396, B-43414, B-43774,
      B-43851, B-43879, B-44198, B-44394,
      B-44890, C-01542, C-03789, C-07214.
      C-08312, C-10686, C-15224, C-28489,
      C-28708. C-33055, C-35956, C-37718,
      C-38698. C-39929, D-00690, D-03017.
      D-03106, D-07390, D-07572. D-09592,
      D-12345, D-124%, D-12648, D-16619.
      D-20377, D-22591, D-31276. D-33108,
      D-35051, D-41167, D-44735. E-25338.
      E-31865, E-37091. F-32021. G-08828,
      G-11828. G-23893. G-25563. G-25875.
      H-39537, 1-26838, 1-33709, J-01546,
      J-01561, J-16174, J-16457, J-21241,
      J-26326, L-06730, L-06732.  L-19062,
      L-30149. L-34685, L-36900. L-40544,
      M-00376, M-08698, M-15760, N-42686
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES  G-08828

PENNSYLVANIA   C-09208
PERMEABILITY   F-13343
PERMITS   D-44735, L-28389. L-35817
PEROXIDES  A-13282. A-13443, B-09356
PERSONNEL   B-01223, M-07965
PESTICIDES  A-24398, A-26594, A-32483,
      B-42319
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
      B-38569
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION   A-40345,
      D-00690. D-35437
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION  A-19899,
      A-26441, A-32483, A-38542, A-40159.
      B-15992. B-19733. B-21965, B-22809,
      B-25047, B-27901, B-37494, C-27355.
      D-12496. D-24227, D-35437, F-32021,
      J-16174, L-06730

-------
                                                   SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                161
PETROLEUM REFINING   A-04345,
      A-09686, A-15517, A-17603, A-20553,
      A-26441. A-27293, A-28976, A-32475,
      A-35443, A-35574, A-38542, A-39460,
      A-39461, A-39462, A-40159, A-40345,
      A-41467, B-07769, B-I355I, B-14940,
      B-17559, B-19733, B-21965, B-28580,
      B-28792, B-29231, B-29628, B-31803.
      B-36478, B-37266. B-38235, B-38569,
      B-39888, B-40098, B-40107, B-43774,
      C-09208, C-21859, C-22958, C-27355.
      C-29726, C-32467. C-33055, C-38032,
      C-42403, C-43684, D-24227. D-27673.
      D-35437, F-01784, F-33863, G-11828,
      J-01546, J-21241.  J-26326. J-30951,
      J-31814, J-42690.  L-32796, L-32893,
      M-15760
PH    A-01644, A-01885, A-02274, A-08367,
      A-08368, A-40063, B-00379, B-00951,
      B-01436, D-01563. B-04882. B-04887.
      B-04951, B-04952, B-04953, B-05001,
      B-08361, B-09655. B-10366. B-10659,
      B-23538. B-24750. B-29278. B-31125,
      B-326IJ, B-33732. B-35931, B-42246.
      B-43851. B-44198, F-12662. F-I3I86.
      F-13241, F-13347. F-13351, F-21971,
      J-3I076, N-08409
PHENOLS   A-13399, A-33983, A-39460,
      C-30202. F-13418. F-13604
PHOSPHORIC  ACID   A-09686. A-39460,
      A-39461, A-39462, B-20143, B-339I8,
      L-09093
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS   A-26441,
      A-36377, B-40098
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS   A-35113,
      B-31608, C-15224. C-37J1I, C-38032.
      C-43214
PHOTOSYNTHESIS   H-39537
PHYSICAL STATES   A-06981, A-09011,
      A-13492, A-14580. A-28885, A-39461,
      A-39922, A-41467, A-42266, B-00951.
      B-01436, B-01505. B-01563, B-04952.
      B-04953, B-05408, B-OS409, B-05808,
      B-08360, B-08365, B-096S5. B-09656,
      B-09661, B-15709, B-I5766, B-15779.
      B-15878, B-16698, B-18037. B-21983,
      B-23117, B-25085. B-27288, B-27470,
      B-31091, B-31125, B-31991, B-35519,
      B-35931, B-36270, B-36478, B-37094.
      B-37171, B-38444. B-44818, C-00947,
      C-07214, C-08354. C-08355, C-08356,
      C-08357, C-08358, C-09648, C-09657,
      C-09660, C-14582, C-23106. C-28708,
      C-32467. D-07572, D-09592. E-00952,
      F-09498, F-10308, F-21971. F-33863,
      G-09926, J-14583
PHYTOTOX1CANTS   A-31548
PILOT PLANTS   A-08631. A-13238,
      B-00951, B-02955. B-08360, B-09047,
      B-09733. B-10001, B-11009, B-14110.
      B-17088. B-26173, B-32569, B-36658,
      B-36659, B-37004. F-13768. F-16386
PLANNING AND ZONING   A-26979,
      D-27673, D-35437
PLANS AND PROGRAMS   A-17198,
      A-40345, A-40524. B-01223, B-01505,
      B-01672, B-16842, B-2I96S. B-40114,
      C-00551, D-03017, D-06535, D-07390,
      D-09592. D-09658. D-12345, D-12496,
      D-12648. D-16062. D-16619, D-20377,
      D-35437. D-41167. F-44969. G-02170,
      J-01546, J-31076.  J-40526,  L-03540,
      L-06732, L-09093. L-34685, L-35817,
      L-36900, M-00376, M-00844. M-07965.
      M-13980
PLANT DAMAGE   A-27293, A-35581,
      A-36392, A-38542, B-01223, B-27762.
      C-09208, D-09592, D-33108, H-39537
PLANT GROWTH   H-39537
PLANT INDICATORS   H-23261, H-24025
PLANTS (BOTANY)  A-33804, A-35581,
      A-36348, B-09655, B-22061, B-27762,
      C-33055, D-03017, D-09592, D-33108.
      F-13420, F-13462,  F-16386, G-07339,
      G-08828, G-23893, H-23261, H-24025,
      H-32561. H-37047, H-39537, L-09093
PLASTICS  A-32483, B-09356. B-29650.
      B-33918, C-34863, D-00690, F-33863
PLUME BEHAVIOR  A-35443, A-38615.
      B-01672, B-05001, B-07415, B-10277.
      B-10659, C-22958, D-09592, E-31865
PNEUMONIA    D-20377, D-22591,  G-07339
POINT SOURCES   A-40345, D-00690.
      D-35437. H-23261
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS   C-35956
POLYMERIZATION  N-08409
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS   C-35956
PORTABLE  C-08358
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS  B-42319
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS   A-13439.
      B-00379, B-04045. B-08364, C-10453.
      C-35956, F-13379
POULTRY  H-32561
POWER SOURCES  A-09686, A-20553,
      A-26594, A-40345, B-05091, D-09592.
      D-12496, D-35437, F-33863, G-11828,
      G-34667
PRECIPITATION   A-38615, B-16842,
      C-36894, D-09592, D-33708, D-44735,
      E-25338, E-31865. E-39112
PRESSURE  A-01885, A-08367. A-09011.
      B-04045. B-08365, B-10001, B-10366.
      B-18037. B-22357, B-25493, B-27182,
      B-29278, B-31803, B-32937. B-35315.
      B-36659, B-43611, B-44818. C-04885,
      C-35956, C-43479, E-00952, F-13437
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC)  E-31865
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
      PROCESSING  A-04345. A-09686,
      A-15517, A-20553, A-24398, A-26441,
      A-27293, A-275C1, A-32165. A-32483,
      A-35443, A-35574, A-38542, A-38615,
      A-39460, A-39461, A-39462, A-40159.
      A-40345. B-05091, B-10765, B-13551,
      B-15878, B-16681, B-16695. B-19257.
      B-19733. B-22809. B-25047. B-26254,
      B-27470, B-27762, B-28580, B-31803,
      B-33347, B-33918. B-35793. B-36478,
      B-37494, B-38569. B-43774. B-44890.
      C-33045, C-35956, D-12496, D-24227,
      D-27673. E-25338, F-32021, H-32561,
      J-16174, J-23842, J-30951, J-31076,
      J-31814, J-42690, L-06730, L-06742,
      L-09093, L-19062, L-20273, N-15093
PRINTING   B-13737. C-22958, F-13462,
      L-40544
PROCESS MODIFICATION   A-04345,
      A-08367, A-09415. A-10524, A-13380,
      A-21385. A-35066, A-38327, B-00025,
      B-03975, B-04045, B-04781, B-04783.
      B-04951, B-05074, B-05091, B-06106.
      B-07769. B-08360, B-09656, B-09933,
      B-10268, B-11153. B-II158. B-11726,
      B-13737, B-16681. B-16807. B-17409.
      B-21051, B-22522, B-23117, B-25211,
      B-25493, B-25863. B-27288. B-29621,
      B-30577, B-31091, B-32018, B-32615,
      B-32937, B-33347, B-33732, B-34299,
      B-34459, B-34868, B-35803. B-36478.
      B-36657, B-36854, B-37094, B-39226,
      B-39256, B-39575. B-40366. B-40958.
      B-41474, B-41603, B-42246. B-42319.
      B-43414, B-43482, B-44890, D-00209,
      D-09592, G-08828. L-40544
PROFANES  C-07214
PROPENES  A-32475, C-07214
PROPOSALS  D-06535, G-16153
PROTECTIVE MASKS   G-08828
PROTEINS   C-32880, H-32561
PUBLIC AFFAIRS   A-14134, B-01223.
      B-08360, C-09660, D-03017, D-06535,
      D-09592, D-17630, J-40163, L-28389,
      L-32796, L-34685, M-00376, M-00844,
      M-07965, M-08698, M-09199, M-13980.
      M-15760, M-40951
PUBLIC INFORMATION   L-34685,
      M-07965, M-40951
PULMONARY FUNCTION  G-00996,
      G-02170. G-25563
PYRIDINES   A-39460
PYROLYSIS   A-04879, A-06981, A-08359,
      A-18182. A-18189. A-27942, A-28885,
      B-11673. B-12506, B-13331, B-14577,
      B-20258, B-23117, B-25977. B-32768.
      B-37677, B-40958. C-08354, C-30202
QUARTZ   A-39460
QUESTIONNAIRES   A-14134, A-40345.
      D-35437, G-01874, G-02170, G-05076,
      G-2765I, G-39242, L-09093, M-00844,
      M-09199
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
      C-33055, C-35956
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION   B-27138.
      C-28489, C-33055, C-35956, E-39112
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS   C-28489.
      C-33055
RADIOGRAPHY   G-07339. G-08828
RAIN   B-16842, C-36894, D-33708,
      D-44735, E-25338
RAPPING   B-16824, B-23725
RATS   H-32561
REACTION KINETICS   A-01885, A-18182,
      A-40063, B-04952. B-04953, B-05808,
      B-08365, B-09655, B-10366. B-21983.
      B-38697, F-06719. F-09498, F-12662,
      F-13012, F-13480
REACTION MECHANISMS  A-01885,
      A-04893. A-08368, A-13325, A-13399,
      A-33983, B-01436, B-03807, B-04887,
      B-04950, B-04953, B-16698, B-17559,
      B-20258, B-27138, B-32603. B-38697,
      E-00952. F-06719. F-09498. F-13350
RECOMBINATION  B-11673. F-16828
RECORDING METHODS   B-08360.
      C-01071
REDUCTION   A-08368. A-08631, A-13444.
      A-26441, B-00379, B-06106, B-08361.
      B-10366, B-18240, B-21369, B-27470,
      B-31794, B-38569. C-16871, F-10308,
      F-13344, H-32561, 1-03957
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS  B-29628,
      D-27673
REGULATIONS   A-26979. A-36377.
      A-43289. B-01505, B-10277, B-43396.
      B-43774. B-43851. J-01561, L-14932,
      L-28355, L-30149, L-34685, L-35817,
      L-41093
RENDERING   A-19899. A-20553, A-31327,
      A-31548, A-40345, B-25977, B-37494,
      D-17630, L-06730, L-30149. L-34685
REPRODUCTION   H-32561

-------
162
PULP  AND  PAPER INDUSTRY
RESEARCH INSTITUTES  A-36480,
      B-31308, C-00551
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES  A-39462,
      B-01789, B-25190. D-00209. D-07390.
      G-01874, M-00376, M-00844
RESEARCH PROGRAMS    A-30383,
      A-39460, B-04882, B-08364, B-21965.
      B-27762. B-34868, B-40114, C-21724,
      D-07390. G-17205, G-34667, J-43717,
      L-03540, L-06732, L-09093, L-19062.
      L-35817, L-36900
RESIDENTIAL AREAS   A-17198, B-08360.
      D-03106. D-07390, D-31276. D-35437,
      G-39242. L-30149
RESIDUAL OILS   A-40345. D-09592,
      D-33108
RESPIRATORY DISEASES  A-14134.
      A-17603, A-38542, D-20377, D-22591,
      D-33108. G-00996. G-02170, G-03671.
      G-05076, G-07339. G-08828, G-I6I53,
      G-21054. G-25875, G-27651. G-30169,
      G-33964. G-37337, G-39013, G-39242
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS   B-30208,
      B-43396. C-09648. C-35956, G-00996,
      G-02170. G-05076. G-07339. G-23893,
      G-25563. G-2587J, G-27651. G-30169
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM   G-02170,
      G-07339, G-08828, G-23893. M-00376
RETENTION  C-08357, H-37047
RINGELMANN CHART   C-37718, 1-01561
RIVERS   H-37047
RUBBER   A-24398, A-32483, C-09208
RUBBER MANUFACTURING   A-38615,
      A-40345, A-41467, B-37494, F-33863.
      J-21241. J-23842. L-06730
SAFETY EQUIPMENT   A-09202, B-35315
SAMPLERS   A-35443, B-01505. B-10578,
      B-33073. B-34459, C-00383. C-00947.
      C-03789, C-04886. C-06526, C-08312.
      C-08358. C-09208, C-09657, C-15224,
      C-16755. C-29072, C-35956. C-37718.
      C-38698. C-43228. D-00690, D-24227.
      D-35051, D-41167, E-00952, F-10308,
      G-05076, M-09199
SAMPLING METHODS  A-09415. A-14580.
      A-17633. A-35443, A-39461. A-41168,
      B-01505. B-04882. B-04887, B-05001.
      B-05808, B-09047. B-10277, B-10578,
      B-16842, B-24478, B-27762, B-32569,
      B-32681, B-33073. B-34459. B-43396,
      B-44890, C-00383, C-00551. C-00947,
      C-00965. C-01071, C-01542, C-03789,
      C-04883, C-04885, C-04886, C-04945.
      C-06385. C-06526, C-08312, C-08355,
      C-08356, C-08358, C-08541, C-09208.
      C-09657, C-10453, C-10654. C-10686.
      C-15224, C-16755, C-16871. C-19051.
      C-21724, C-28708, C-29072, C-29726.
      C-30263, C-33045. C-34422, C-34863,
      C-35243, C-35956. C-36894, C-37718,
      C-38698, C-39929. C-43214, C-43228,
      C-43479. D-00209. D-00690, D-03106,
      D-07390, D-24227, D-35051. D-41167.
      E-00952. F-10308, G-03788, G-05076,
      G-08828. 1-13507. J-01561. M-09199
SAMPLING PROBES   C-00383. C-03789,
      C-04945, C-15224. C-16871, C-28708,
      C-30263, C-34422, C-35956, C-39929,
      C-43214
SCANDINAVIA   A-39922, A-43626,
      B-36037. B-42893, B-43544. B-43774,
      C-43214. C-43228. J-40163
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC)  A-35443
SCREEN FILTERS   B-05001, B-29231
 SCRUBBERS   A-09686, A-10524, A-12621.
       A-17603, A-24903, A-25205, A-32165.
       A-32879, A-35443, A-35574. A-39461,
       A-39462, A-40159, A-42266, A-43274,
       A-43289. A-43626, B-00025. B-00552,
       B-00951, B-01505. B-01549. B-01672,
       B-01900, B-02279, B-02955, B-03807,
       B-03975, B-04773, B-04781, B-04783.
       B-04882, B-05001, B-05074, B-05091.
       B-05880, B-06106. B-06343, B-06859,
       B-07415, B-07434, B-07769. B-08360,
       B-08364, B-08366, B-09047, B-09048,
       B-09356, B-09508, B-09656, B-09733.
       B-10001. B-10106, B-10268. B-10277.
       B-10659. B-11008, B-11150. B-11158.
       B-11726. B-12527, B-13334, B-13409,
       B-13445, B-13464, B-13551, B-13772,
       B-14094, B-I4I10, B-14118. B-15690,
       B-15709, B-15779, B-1S992. B-16350,
       B-16681. B-16695. B-16698, B-16744,
       B-16807, B-16842, B-16876. B-16899.
       B-17088, B-17559, B-18037. B-18140,
       B-18262, B-19071, B-19216, B-20143,
       B-21051. B-21960, B-21983, B-22357,
       B-22400, B-23117. B-23901, B-24750.
       B-25085, B-26173, B-26176, B-27182.
       B-27762, B-27901, B-28328. B-28792,
       B-29085. B-29650, B-29852, B-30062,
       B-30208. B-31790. B-31991, B-32109,
       B-32569, B-32615, B-32768. B-33715.
       B-33918, B-34044, B-34299, B-34317.
       B-34385. B-34459, B-35519, B-35660,
       B-35803. B-35931. B-36037, B-36657,
       B-36658, B-36659, B-36760. B-37004,
       B-37064, B-37101, B-37494, B-38194.
       B-38444, B-38565, B-38723, B-39205,
       B-39256. B-39498, B-40114. B-40366,
       B-42319. B-42431. B-42893, B-42908,
       B-43396, B-43480, B-43544, B-43774,
       B-43879, B-44198, C-00965, C-10453,
       C-30263, D-00209. D-09592. F-09498,
       J-01546. J-01561. J-16457, J-21241,
       L-06742. L-19062. L-40544
 SEA BREEZE  D-00690, D-07390
 SEA SALTS  C-10686, 1-26838. 1-33709
 SEASONAL  B-01672. D-00690, D-07390,
       D-09592, D-17630, D-31276, D-33708,
       E-25338, E-31865
 SECONDARY AIR  A-09415, B-04783,
       B-25863, B-32018, B-32937, B-36854,
       B-41474, D-09592
 SEDIMENTATION  A-09686, A-35443.
       B-25863. B-34317, B-36037. C-08312,
       J-31076
 SELENIUM COMPOUNDS   B-28656,
       H-32561
 SETTLING CHAMBERS   A-31548.
       B-31991. B-34317
 SETTLING PARTICLES   A-04345.
       A-10524, A-12621. A-17633. A-24903,
       A-25205, A-26441, A-31327. A-33804.
       A-35113, A-36377, A-38542, A-39460.
       A-39462. B-00025. B-02279, B-06859,
       B-09356. B-09655, B-09733. B-10001,
       B-11726, B-13551, B-14094, B-16695,
       B-16842. B-17088. B-19216, B-20143,
       B-22357. B-23725, B-25643, B-26254.
       B-27288. B-27470, B-27901, B-28580.
       B-29231, B-31608, B-31803, B-32569,
       B-33918, B-34044, B-35793. B-35803.
       B-35931, B-36657, B-36659. B-37677,
       B-38565. B-39888, B-40366, B-43774.
       B-44198, C-08312, C-10686, C-28489,
       D-09592. D-12648. D-20377. D-22591,
       D-31276. D-33108, D-41167. F-32021,
       G-08828. G-23893, G-25875. 1-26838,
       1-33709, J-01546. J-01561. J-16457,
       J-26326, L-30149. M-00376. N-42686
SEWAGE  A-17603. A-20553. A-26594,
      A-38327. B-01563, B-07769, B-14940,
      B-28792, B-29650, B-31991, B-32768.
      B-34317. B-37073. B-37494, B-39282,
      B-40958, C-06385, C-09208. C-28489,
      C-33055, C-38698. J-16457, L-17379,
      L-32796
SEWAGE TREATMENT   B-01563,
      B-14940, B-32768, B-37073, B-39282,
      C-09208, J-16457, L-32796
SEWERS   C-09208
SHEEP  H-32561, H-37352, H-38576
SHIPS   A-35443, A-40345, D-12496,
      D-35437
SILICATES   A-39460
SILICON COMPOUNDS   A-39460,
      B-05808, B-20143, F-13462
SILICON DIOXIDE  D-35437
SILVER COMPOUNDS   C-27069, D-09592
SIMULATION   A-11144,  B-38210, C-10654
SINGLE  CHAMBER INCINERATORS
      L-06730
SINTERING   A-39461, B-13551. B-29231,
      B-43774, L-06730
SKIN  G-03671, G-23893
SKIN TESTS  G-27651, G-39013
SLAUGHTERHOUSES   B-26254, B-37494.
      D-17630. L-32893
SLUDGE   A-38327. B-07769. B-14940.
      B-29650, B-31991, B-34317, C-38698.
      J-16457
SMOG   B-19218. G-11828
SMOKE SHADE   C-37718, D-00690,
      D-03017. J-01561
SMOKEMETERS   C-37718
SMOKES  A-31327, A-35443, A-36377,
      A-39460, B-16695. B-34044. B-39888,
      D-00690, D-03017, D-07390, D-09592.
      E-25338. E-31865, E-37091, H-39537,
      J-01546, J-01561,  L-30149
SMOKING    G-01874, G-02170, G-05076,
      G-25875, G-39242
SNOW   D-09592, E-25338. E-39112
SOAP MANUFACTURING  A-40345.
      B-01505, L-06730. N-08409
SOCIAL  ATTITUDES    A-14134, D-06535.
      D-17630, G-33964, G-34667, J-01546,
      M-00376, M-00844, M-07965, M-40951
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS  A-20553,
      A-32483, A-35581. B-01672, B-27762,
      D-06535, G-27651, G-34667, G-39242.
      L-09093, M-09199, M-23344
SODIUM CARBONATE   A-I8I82,
      A-18189. A-36392. B-00025, B-09356,
      B-10758. B-11008, B-22655, B-23611,
      B-31125, B-35931. B-37677, D-09592,
      F-13187
SODIUM CHLORIDE    B-00025, B-05001.
      B-09356. B-10659, C-14582. D-35051
SODIUM COMPOUNDS   A-02274,
      A-08363, A-08367, A-08368, A-09415,
      A-11144, A-I3I99. A-13605, A-18182,
      A-18189, A-21385. A-24903, A-36392,
      B-00025. B-00379. B-01436. B-04783.
      B-04887. B-04953. B-05001, B-06106.
      B-06343, B-08360, B-08364. B-08366.
      B-09047, B-09356, B-09655, B-10001,
      B-10277. B-10366, B-10578, B-10659,
      B-10758. B-10765. B-11008, B-11009,
      B-16747, B-16899. B-19930, B-21369.
      B-21960. B-22655, B-23538, B-23611.
      B-24478. B-29621, B-30339, B-31072.
      B-31125, B-32569. B-32615, B-33732.
      B-34044, B-34385. B-35931, B-36018.
      B-36658, B-36659, B-37094, B-37677,
      B-39206. B-39226, B-42246, B-43635,
      B-44818, C-08312, C-10686, C-14582,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 163
      C-16577, C-27069, D-09592, D-35051,
      E-39112, F-09498, F-13082, F-13187,
      F-13420, F-13768, F-14579, F-16386.
      H-24902. L-20273
SODIUM HYDROXIDE   A-08363, A-08367,
      A-08368, A-13199, B-00025, B-00379,
      B-01436. B-04887. B-04953, B-08366,
      B-16899, B-21960, B-34385, B-36018.
      C-16577, F-09498, F-13187, F-16386
SODIUM SULFITE   A-11144, A-18182,
      A-18189. B-00025, B-08364, B-09356,
      B-10578, B-10758, B-10765, B-23538,
      B-23611, B-31125. B-32615. B-35931,
      B-36018, B-37094, F-16386
SOILING   A-3S574, D-03017
SOILING INDEX   D-00690, D-03017.
      D-07390, D-16619, D-44735
SOILS  H-32561
SOLAR RADIATION   C-09208, D-07390
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL   A-15517,
      A-17243, A-26255. A-26441, A-26594,
      A-28898, A-31548, A-36049, A-36480,
      A-40345. B-05091, B-07769, B-25977,
      B-26254, B-28792. B-29650. B-30208,
      B-34299, B-34317. B-36478, B-37494,
      B-40114, B-40958, B-43796, C-33045,
      C-33055, D-03017, D-09592, D-12496,
      D-16619, D-17630, D-35437. G-1I828,
      J-01546, J-21241,  L-28389. M-00844
SOLIDS   A-28885, B-27470, B-31125,
      C-08358
SOLVENTS   B-13737, B-23117, B-33715.
      C-08357, D-35437, L-40544
SOOT  A-04345. A-36377. A-J9460,
      D-33108, D-41167, J-16457. L-30I49,
      N-42686
SOOT FALL  D-27673
SOURCE SAMPLING  A-09415, A-17633,
      A-41168. B-10578, B-24478, B-27762.
      B-32569, B-32681. B-43396, C-00965.
      C-03789, C-04885, C-04886, C-04945,
      C-08312, C-08541, C-I5224, C-19051,
      C-29072, C-30263, C-33045, C-34863,
      C-35243, C-35956, C-36894. C-38698.
      C-39929, C-43228, C-43479, D-35051,
      J-01561
SOUTH CAROLINA   E-3I865
S02 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
      PRODUCTS)   A-15517, A-35066,
      A-35113, A-43289, A-43626, B-00951.
      B-01789, B-03975, B-05074, B-09508,
      B-10268, B-II150, B-II949, B-I355I,
      B-14110, B-14120, B-15779, B-15878.
      B-16647. B-16681. B-16698, B-17559.
      B-17656, B-19071, B-19257, B-19425,
      B-21960, B-21983. B-22809, B-23611,
      B-24750, B-25171, B-25211, B-25493,
      B-27901. B-28328, B-28792, B-29231,
      B-29621, B-29628, B-29852, B-30577,
      B-31308. B-31463, B-32018, B-32603,
      B-32615. B-33918. B-34044, B-35803,
      B-35931. B-36018, B-36037. B-36854,
      B-37554, B-37677. B-38235, B-38444,
      B-38565. B-38569, B-40366, B-41603.
      B-42246, B-42431, B-43396, B-43544,
      B-43774. B-43879, B-44198, C-30263,
      D-22591, H-39537. J-01546, J-26326,
      J-40526, L-19062, L-36900
SPARK IGNITION  ENGINES   A-09686.
      B-05091. D-12496
SPECTROMETRY   B-05408, C-01071,
      C-06385, C-07214. C-09208. C-30202.
      C-33055, C-35243, C-35956, F-13083,
      F-13346, F-13484. F-21971
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY   B-02279.
      B-05408. B-09047. C-01071. C-04886,
      C-09208, C-10686. C-17037, C-20435,
      C-24939, C-35243, C-35956, D-37968.
      F-13082, F-13311
SPORES   G-07339, G-08828
SPOT TESTS   A-17603
SPRAY TOWERS   B-00025, B-00951,
      B-02279. B-07415. B-08366, B-09047,
      B-09356, B-09508, B-10001, B-10268,
      B-10277, B-13409, B-13445, B-14110,
      B-17088, B-29085, B-31790. B-38565,
      B-43774, B-44198
SPRAYS   B-17088
ST LOUIS   A-01644, A-01885, A-02274,
      B-00379, B-00951, B-01436. B-01563,
      B-04045, C-03789, E-00952, 1-03957,
      L-30149
STABILITY  (ATMOSPHERIC)  A-26255,
      A-31327. B-01672, B-16842. B-39S96,
      D-03017, D-03106, D-07390. D-09592.
      D-12345. D-16619, D-44735, E-25338,
      E-31865, J-01546. M-08698
STACK GASES   A-0941S, A-09686,
      A-15517. A-25205, A-26979, A-32879.
      A-33983. A-35574, A-36049, A-38327.
      A-38615. A-41168, A-43289. A-43626,
      B-01672, B-03807. B-03975, B-06859.
      B-08360, B-09047. B-0%55, B-0%56.
      B-10001, B-10268. B-10277, B-10578,
      B-10659, B-11009, B-11153. B-11158,
      B-13445, B-135S1. B-13772, B-14094.
      B-15690, B-16350. B-16747. B-16876.
      B-18029, B-19216, B-19218. B-19257.
      B-19916. B-19930. B-20286, B-21960.
      B-21983. B-22061. B-22400. B-22J22.
      B-22809, B-23611. B-24478. B-25211,
      B-25950, B-26173. B-26176. B-27182.
      B-27901, B-28328. B-29231, B-29628,
      B-29852, B-30062, B-30577, B-31091,
      B-31125, B-31308, B-31463, B-31790,
      B-31991, B-32569, B-32615, B-33715,
      B-33918, B-34044, B-34385, B-34459,
      B-35519. B-35803, B-35931. B-36018,
      B-36037, B-36478, B-36658. B-36659,
      B-36854, B-37004, B-37064, B-37094,
      B-37266, B-37554, B-37677, B-38194,
      B-38235. B-38444, B-38565, B-38569.
      B-38723. B-39205, B-39256, B-39282,
      B-39498. B-39596, B-40098, B-40107,
      B-40114. B-40366, B-41474, B-41603.
      B-42893. B-43414. B-43544, B-43796.
      B-43879, B-44890, B-45019, C-01071.
      C-04883, C-04885. C-04886. C-04945.
      C-08312, C-08541, C-09648, C-09657,
      C-09660, C-10453, C-15224, C-16755.
      C-16871, C-19051, C-22958, C-23278,
      C-27069, C-30263, C-33045, C-33055,
      C-34422. C-34863, C-35956, C-37308,
      C-37718, C-38698, C-43214, C-43228.
      C-43479. D-00209, D-07572. D-09592,
      D-12496.  D-16062, D-22591, D-35051,
      D-41167.  E-31865, E-37091, F-10308.
      G-16153,  G-37337. H-24025, H-39537.
      J-01546, J-01561, J-16457, J-26326.
      J-40526, L-19062, L-20273, L-30149.
      L-35817,  M-23344,  N-42686
STACK SAMPLING   A-09415. B-10578,
      B-24478,  B-27762, B-32569, B-32681,
      B-43396, C-00%5, C-03789, C-04885,
      C-04886, C-04945. C-08312. C-08541,
      C-15224, C-19051. C-29072. C-30263,
      C-33045, C-34863. C-359S6. C-38698.
      C-39929. C-43228, D-35051, J-01561
STACKS   A-06240, A-38615, B-02955.
      B-03975.  B-09356, B-10001, B-10268.
      B-11153,  B-I355I, B-18037, B-27762.
      B-30577,  B-31991, B-36657, B-39256,
      B-395%, B-40366. B-43879, C-00965,
      C-04885. C-22958. C-35956. C-38698.
      D-16062, D-22591, D-35051, E-37091.
      H-39537, J-01546. J-26326, J-40526
STAGNATION   D-16619
STANDARDS   A-25205, A-25683, A-26979.
      A-28095, A-28976, A-29489. A-31327,
      A-36377. A-38327. A-40524, A-42266.
      A-43289. B-00552. B-13737, B-27762.
      B-34044. B-34459, B-38210, B-43396,
      B-43774. C-00551, C-35243, D-44735,
      J-01561, J-42690. K-39224, L-09093,
      L-14932. L-20273, L-31465, L-32893,
      L-34685. L-36900, L-40544, L-41093.
      M-00376,  M-00844. N-15093
STATE GOVERNMENTS   A-26594,
      B-01672, B-21965, L-09093. L-28389
STATISTICAL ANALYSES   A-08363,
      A-14134, A-35443, C-09208
STEAM   A-09011. A-41467, B-05408,
      B-05409. B-08365. B-0%56, B-15709.
      B-18037, B-23117, B-25085. B-31991,
      B-44818, D-09592, F-33863. J-14583
STEAM PLANTS  A-40345. B-05880.
      B-22809. B-25047. B-40366. B-44818.
      D-20377. J-16174, J-21241. J-31076.
      J-31814
STEEL   A-04345, A-09011. A-09686.
      A-27501. A-35574. A-38542. A-39460,
      A-39461, A-39462, A-40159. B-05091.
      B-10277, B-16681. B-16695. B-30577,
      B-31803. B-33918, B-35793. B-37554.
      B-43774, B-44890, C-33045, D-09592,
      D-09658, D-24227. D-27673, 1-03957,
      1-13507. 1-26838. J-30951. L-06742
STOMACH   G-03671
STONE   A-09686, A-27501, A-35443.
      A-35574, A-39460, A-39461, B-31803
STREETS   A-36377
SULFATES  A-06240, A-08631. A-18182,
      A-18189, A-25683, A-30383, A-36392.
      A-39460. A-39922, B-00025. B-00379,
      B-01436. B-01789, B-01900, B-03807.
      B-05001. B-05074, B-07433, B-09356.
      B-10277. B-10659, B-10765, B-13438,
      B-16350, B-18029, B-20143. B-21369.
      B-22809. B-28656. B-30339. B-34044,
      B-36355, B-36658, B-36659. B-39206.
      B-43851, C-08312. C-14582. C-16755.
      C-25466, D-00209, D-09592, D-16619,
      E-39112, F-13187, H-23261
SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS   B-41603
SULFIDES   A-01644, A-01885, A-02274,
      A-04879,  A-04893, A-06240, A-08359,
      A-08368,  A-09415. A-11144. A-12422,
      A-12507, A-13199, A-14580, A-16494,
      A-17603, A-17633. A-21385, A-22148.
      A-25683, A-26979. A-28885, A-28976.
      A-3247S,  A-32879, A-36377, A-36392,
      A-39460,  A-39922, A-40063, A-43274,
      A-43289,  A-43626, B-00025. B-00379.
      B-01436. B-01505. B-01549. B-01563.
      B-01672, B-01900, B-02018, B-02279.
      B-03807,  B-04045, B-04773, B-04781.
      B-04783,  B-04861, B-04882, B-04887,
      B-04950,  B-04951, B-04952, B-04953.
      B-05001,  B-05408, B-05409. B-05808,
      B-05880,  B-06106. B-06859, B-07434,
      B-07974.  B-08360, B-08361, B-08364,
      B-08365. B-08366, B-09048, B-09356.
      B-09508. B-09655. B-09661. B-10001.
      B-10277,  B-10366, B-10659. B-10765,
      B-10994,  B-11008, B-11009, B-I1I50.
      B-II673,  B-11949, B-13072, B-13438.
      B-13737.  B-14094, B-14113. B-14118,
      B-14S77,  B-15690, B-15766, B-15779.

-------
164
PULP AND PAPER  INDUSTRY
      B-16350, B-16729, B-16744, B-16747,
      B-16807, B-16842, B-17409, B-175J9,
      B-18029, B-18140, B-19071, B-19218,
      B-19916, B-19930. B-20286, B-21051,
      B-21369, B-22061, B-22400, B-22522,
      B-2265J. B-22809. B-23117, B-23538,
      B-23901. B-25211, B-25950, B-26173,
      B-26254. B-27138. B-27901, B-29231,
      B-29278. B-30062. B-30339, B-31072,
      B-31091, B-31308, B-31790, B-31991,
      B-32018, B-32603. B-32615, B-32681,
      B-32798, B-32937, B-34299, B-34459.
      B-35519, B-35803, B-36037. B-36659,
      B-36854, B-37054, B-37094. B-37266,
      B-37677, B-38569, B-39773, B-40107.
      B-40114, B-41474, B-41603, B-42246,
      B-43482, B-43544, B-43635, B-43774,
      B-45019, C-00383, C-00947, C-00965,
      C-01071, C-01542, C-04883, C-04886.
      C-06385, C-07214, C-08354, C-08355.
      C-08356, C-08357, C-08358. C-08541,
      C-08954, C-09208, C-09648, C-09657,
      C-10453, C-10654, C-14582, C-15704,
      C-16755, C-16871, C-17029, C-19051,
      C-20435, C-21859, C-24939, C-27069,
      C-27355, C-29726. C-29913. C-30263,
      C-32467, C-34422, C-34863, C-35956.
      C-37308, C-37511, C-38032, C-39929,
      C-43214, C-43228, D-00209. D-00690,
      D-03017, D-03106. D-06535,  D-07390,
      D-07572. D-09592, D-09658.  D-16062,
      D-I66I9, D-33108, D-37968.  E-00952,
      F-01784. F-10308, F-12662, F-13187,
      F-I34I8, F-13480, F-16828, G-01874,
      G-03788, 0-05076, G-09926,  H-39537,
      1-03957, L-06732, L-32796, M-00376,
      M-08698,  M-09199
SULFITES   A-13443, A-25205. A-25683,
      B-00951, B-03975, B-05074, B-10758,
      B-10765, B-11009, B-16876, B-16899,
      B-17656, B-18262, B-19425, B-23611,
      B-24750, B-26172, B-28656, B-32018.
      B-34044, B-34299, B-38235, B-43851.
      F-14579, G-02170, H-37352,  H-38576
SULFUR COMPOUNDS   A-01644.
      A-01885, A-02274, A-04879,  A-04893,
      A-06240. A-06981. A-08359,  A-08368,
      A-08631, A-09415, A-11144,  A-12422,
      A-12507, A-13199, A-13443,  A-13492,
      A-14580, A-16494, A-17603.  A-17633,
      A-18182. A-18189, A-21385,  A-22148,
      A-24398. A-25205. A-25683.  A-26979,
      A-27433, A-27942, A-28885,  A-28976,
      A-30383. A-32475, A-32879,  A-35066,
      A-36377, A-36392, A-38327,  A-39460,
      A-39922, A-40063, A-42266.  A-43274,
      A-43289, A-43626, B-00025,  B-00379,
      B-00951. B-01223, B-01436, B-01505,
      B-01549, B-01563, B-01672, B-01789,
      B-01900, B-02018, B-02279, B-03807.
      B-03975, B-04045, B-04773, B-04781,
      B-04783, B-04861. B-04882, B-04887,
      B-04950, B-04951, B-04952, B-04953,
      B-05001, B-05074, B-05408, B-05409,
      B-05808, B-05880, B-06106, B-06859,
      B-07433, B-07434, B-07974, B-08360.
      B-08361, B-08364, B-08365. B-08366,
      B-09048, B-09356, B-09508, B-09655.
      B-09656, B-09661, B-10001, B-10277,
      B-10366, B-10659. B-10758, B-10765,
      B-10994, B-11008, B-11009, B-11150,
      B-11673. B-11949, B-13072. B-13398,
      B-13438, B-13737, B-14094, B-14113,
      B-14118, B-14577, B-15690, B-15709,
      B-15766, B-15779. B-16350, B-16681,
      B-16729, B-16744. B-16747, B-16807.
       B-16842, B-16876,
       B-17559, B-17656,
       B-18240, B-18262,
       B-19425, B-19733,
       B-20143, B-20258,
       B-21369, B-22061,
       B-22655, B-22809.
       B-23611, B-23901,
       B-25190, B-25211.
       B-26173, B-26254,
       B-28656. B-29231,
       B-30339, B-31072,
       B-31790, B-31991,
       B-32603. B-32615,
       B-32937, B-33732,
       B-34459, B-35519,
       B-36270, B-36355,
       B-36659, B-36854,
       B-37266, B-37677,
       B-38444, B-38569,
       B-39773, B-3980I,
       B-41474, B-41603,
       B-43482, B-43544,
       B-43851, B-45019,
       C-00947, C-00965,
       C-04883. C-04886,
       C-07214, C-08312,
       C-08356, C-08357,
       C-08954, C-09208,
       C-10453, C-10654,
       C-15704, C-16755,
       C-19051, C-20435,
       C-25466, C-27069,
       C-29913, C-30263,
       C-34863, C-35243,
       C-37511, C-38032,
       C-43228, C-43684,
       D-03017, D-03106,
       D-07572, D-09592,
       D-16619, D-33108,
       E-39112, F-01784,
       F-13187, F-13350,
       F-14579, F-16828,
       G-03788, G-05076,
       H-24902, H-32561,
       H-39537, 1-03957,
       M-00376, M-08698
  SULFUR DIOXIDE   A
       A-09686, A-12422,
       A-21385, A-25683,
       A-36049, A-36377,
       A-40159, A-40345,
       A-43626, B-00025,
       B-01672, B-02018,
       B-05074, B-05808,
       B-09048, B-09508,
       B-10765, B-11008,
       B-13737, B-14118,
       B-16197, B-16242,
       B-16747, B-16876,
       B-22061, B-22522,
       B-27470, B-28656.
       B-31308, B-32569,
       B-33918. B-34459.
       B-37677. B-39256,
       B-43544, B-43774.
       C-01071. C-04883,
       C-08356, C-08358,
       C-09657, C-10453,
       C-16755. C-16871,
       C-20435, C-24939,
       C-33055, C-34422,
       C-39929, C-43214,
       D-03106, D-07390,
       D-09658, D-20377,
       D-33108, D-41167.
 B-16899, B-17409,           F-01784. F-06719, F-09498, F-21971,
 B-18029. B-18140,           G-00996, G-05076, G-16153, G-25563,
 B-19071, B-19218,           G-27651, G-37337, H-37047, H-37352,
 B-19916, B-19930,           H-38576. H-39537, 1-33709, J-01546,
 B-20286, B-21051,           L-34685. L-40544, M-08698, N-42686
 B-22400. B-22522,     SULFUR OXIDES   A-02274, A-06240.
 B-23117. B-23538,           A-09686, A-12422, A-12621, A-17633,
 B-24079. B-24750,           A-18189. A-21385, A-25205, A-25683,
 B-25950, B-26172.           A-26441, A-26979, A-27293, A-32879,
 B-27138, B-27901,           A-36049, A-36377, A-36392, A-38542,
 B-29278. B-30062,           A-39460, A-39462, A-40159, A-40345,
 B-31091, B-31308,           A-40524, A-42266, A-43274, A-43626,
 B-32018. B-32569,           B-00025, B-00951, B-01505. B-01672,
 B-32681. B-32798,           B-02018, B-03975, B-04783. B-05074,
 B-34044. B-34299,           B-05808, B-05880, B-07974. B-08364,
 B-35803. B-36037,           B-09048, B-09508, B-09933, B-10001,
 B-36657. B-36658,           B-10268. B-10765, B-11008, B-11150,
 B-37064, B-37094,           B-13551. B-13737, B-14118, B-15992,
 B-38194, B-38235,           B-16041. B-16197, B-16242, B-16350,
 B-39206, B-39256,           B-16729. B-16747, B-16876, B-16899,
 B-40107, B-40114,           B-18037, B-22061, B-22522, B-22655,
 B-42246, B-42893,           B-26254, B-27138, B-27470, B-28656,
 B-43635. B-43774,           B-31091, B-31125, B-31308, B-32569,
 C-00383, C-00551,           B-32681, B-33347, B-33732, B-33918,
 C-01071. C-01542,           B-34459, B-36355, B-36657, B-36659,
 C-06385. C-06526,           B-37677, B-39256, B-41603, B-43414,
 C-08354, C-08355,           B-43482, B-43544, B-43774, C-00947,
 C-08358, C-08541,           C-00965, C-01071, C-04883, C-04886,
 C-09648, C-09657,           C-08355. C-08356, C-08358, C-08541,
 C-14582, C-15224,           C-08954, C-09657, C-10453, C-10654,
 C-16871. C-17029,           C-16577, C-16755, C-16871, C-17029,
 C-21859. C-24939,           C-19051, C-20435, C-24939, C-27069,
 C-27355. C-29726,           C-29913. C-33055, C-34422, C-34863,
 C-32457, C-34422,           C-35243, C-35956, C-38032, C-39929,
 C-35956. C-37308,           C-43214, C-43228, D-03017, D-03106,
 C-39929, C-43214,           D-06535, D-07390, D-07572, D-09592,
 D-00209, D-00690,           D-09658, D-12345, D-12496, D-16619,
 D-06535, D-07390,           D-20377, D-22591, D-31276, D-33108,
 D-09658, D-16062,           D-41167, D-44735, E-00952, F-01784,
 D-37968, E-00952,           F-06719, F-09498, F-16828, F-21971,
 F-10308, F-12662,           G-00996, G-05076, G-11828, G-16153,
 F-13418, F-13480,           G-25563, G-27651, G-37337, H-37047,
 G-01874, G-02170,           H-37352, H-38576, H-39537, 1-33709,
 G-09926. H-23261,           J-01546, J-16174, J-21241, L-06730,
 H-37352, H-38576,           L-34685, L-36900, L-40544, M-08698.
 L-06732, L-32796.           N-42686
 , M-09199, N-08409     SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL   A-15517,
-02274, A-06240,             A-18189, A-21728, A-35066, A-35113,
 A-12621, A-18189.           A-43289, A-43626, B-00951, B-01789,
 A-26979, A-32879.           B-03975, B-05074. B-09508, B-10268,
 A-36392, A-38542.           B-11150, B-11949, B-13551, B-14110,
 A-40524, A-43274.           B-14120, B-15779, B-15878, B-15992,
 B-00951, B-01505,           B-16647. B-16681, B-16698, B-17266,
 B-03975, B-04783,           B-17559. B-17656, B-19071, B-19257,
 B-07974, B-08364,           B-19425, B-19733, B-21960, B-21983.
 B-09933, B-10001.           B-22809, B-23611, B-24750, B-25171,
 B-11150, B-13551,           B-25211, B-25493, B-27901, B-28328,
 B-15992, B-16041.           B-28792, B-29231, B-29621, B-29628,
 B-16350, B-16729,           B-29852, B-30577, B-31308, B-31463,
 B-16899, B-18037,           B-31803, B-32018, B-32603, B-32615,
 B-22655, B-27138.           B-33918, B-34044, B-35803, B-35931,
 B-31091, B-31125,           B-36018, B-36037, B-36854, B-37554,
 B-32681, B-33732.           B-37677, B-38235, B-38444, B-38565,
 B-36657, B-36659,           B-38569, B-39226, B-39498, B-40366,
 B-41603, B-43414.           B-41603, B-42246, B-42431, B-43396,
 C-00947, C-00965.           B-43544, B-43774, B-43879. B-44198,
 C-04886, C-08355.           C-30263, D-22591, F-01784, H-39537.
 C-08541, C-08954.           J-01546. J-26326. J-40526, L-19062,
 C-10654, C-16577,           L-36900
 C-17029, C-19051,     SULFUR TRIOXIDE   A-09686, A-40345,
 C-27069, C-29913,           B-01505, B-16899, B-31091, B-31125,
 C-34863. C-38032,           B-33347, B-36355, D-09658, D-31276,
 C-43228, D-03017,           H-37047, H-37352, H-39537
 D-07572. D-09592.     SULFURIC ACID  A-09686. A-15517.
 D-22591, D-31276,           A-24398, A-26441, A-39460, A-39461,
 D-44735, E-00952,           A-39462, B-03975, B-05091, B-15992,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                165
      B-16447, B-19733, B-22809, B-25643,
      B-26254. B-27470, B-28656. B-31091,
      B-3II25, B-32603, B-33918, C-14582.
      D-09658. F-13481, H-37352, L-09093
SUPERSATURAT10N  C-23106
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
      A-09686. A-4034J, B-37494, C-38698.
      D-35437, L-40544
SURFACE COATINGS   A-09686, C-06385,
      C-09208, D-06535, D-09592
SURFACE PROPERTIES   B-10366,
      B-16698, B-25493, B-29231, B-33918,
      E-00952. F-16386, F-21971, 1-33709
SURVEY METHODS  A-40345, C-00551,
      D-07390, G-02170, M-00376
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES   A-04345,
      A-09686, A-14134, A-25683, A-26441,
      A-3I327. A-35443, A-36377, A-38327,
      A-38542, A-39460, A-39462, B-00025,
      B-00379. B-01549, B-05001, B-05091,
      B-08360. B-09047, B-09356, B-09733,
      B-11008, B-11726. B-I2S27, B-13409,
      B-13SSI. B-16695, B-16842. B-17088.
      B-18140. B-19218. B-20143. B-23725,
      B-24478, B-25643. B-28656. B-32937,
      B-33347, B-34044, B-35519. B-35793.
      B-35931, B-36478, B-36657, B-36658,
      B-366S9, B-39888, B-41474. B-43879,
      B-44890, C-01542, C-07214, C-10686,
      C-35956, D-00690, D-03017, D-03106,
      D-07390, D-09592, D-12345, D-12648,
      D-16619, D-41167, D-44735, E-25338,
      E-31865, E-37091, G-11828, H-39537,
      J-01546, J-01561, L-19062, L-30149.
      L-34685
SWEDEN   A-01885, A-02274, A-04345,
      A-13238, A-13325, A-13399, A-13440,
      A-13444. A-25205, A-25683, A-27942,
      A-30383, A-35II3, A-36049. A-36480,
      A-39922. A-43626, B-00379, B-00951,
      B-01436, B-01505, B-01563, B-01789,
      B-01900, B-02279, B-03807, B-04045.
      B-04773. B-08361, B-08366, B-09656,
      B-09661. B-09933, B-10268, B-13334,
      B-13438. B-16041, B-16242. B-16647,
      B-17266, B-18029, B-2I369, B-25085,
      B-30339, B-31308, B-34299, B-34459,
      B-36037, B-36355, B-37677. B-42893,
      B-43774, C-00947. C-OI07I. C-07214,
      C-08954, C-09648, C-09657, C-23278,
      C-25466, C-28489. C-43214. C-43228,
      E-009S2, F-01734, F-13010, F-13188,
      F-I3I90, F-I331I, F-13344. F-13347,
      F-I335I, F-13362, F-13382, F-13384.
      F-13385, F-13418, G-00996, G-17205,
      1-03957. J-40163. L-17379, L-35817,
      M-09199. M-15760. N-15093
SYNERGISM   A-08631
SYNTHETIC FIBERS  A-32483, A-40345,
      C-09208
TAR   C-35956
TAXATION   L-34685
TEFLON   C-34863, D-00690
TEMPERATURE   A-01644, A-01885.
      A-04879, A-08359, A-08367. A-09011.
      A-10524, A-13492, A-35574. B-00951,
      B-04950, B-04951. B-04952. B-04953,
      B-05808. B-08361. B-08365, B-09655.
      B-10001, B-10366, B-10765, B-II673,
      B-12506, B-16197, B-I9425. B-23II7,
      B-25863. B-27288. B-27470, B-29278,
      B-31072. B-31091, B-31803. B-33073.
      B-33347, B-35793, B-36854, B-37266.
      B-38569, B-38697, B-43482, B-43611.
      C-03789, C-08355, C-08356, C-08357.
      C-08358, C-27069. C-32467, C-35956.
      C-37308, C-37718. C-43479, D-07572,
      E-00952, F-06719, F-13437, 1-13507,
      J-14583, N-08409
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
      C-36894, D-06535, D-07390, D-09592,
      E-25338. E-31865, E-39112
TEMPERATURE SENSING
      INSTRUMENTS  C-35956
TENSILE STRENGTH  A-08363, A-08368.
      A-13237, A-13606, B-08361, F-13236,
      F-13318, F-13382
TESTING FACILITIES   A-06981, A-08359.
      B-13398, C-00965, C-08357, C-09208,
      C-09648, F-06719, F-09498, G-01874,
      L-09093
TEXAS   B-08364, B-09048, B-39888,
      D-24227
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING   A-09686.
      A-40345, A-41467, B-36478, B-42319,
      C-09208, J-23842
TEXTILES   A-32483. A-40345. C-09208
THERMAL RADIATION  B-31790,
      B-37004, B-44818, 1-33709
THERMISTORS   C-35956
THERMOCOUPLES   C-35956
THERMODYNAMICS   B-04953, B-25211,
      B-29621, B-32018, B-38569. B-39226,
      F-13420, F-21971. K-39224
THERMOMETERS   C-35956
THIOPHENE   C-07214
THRESHOLDS   A-19899, B-00390,
      B-27288, B-42319, C-09208, C-09648,
      C-22958, C-23278, C-25466, C-27069,
      C-32880. C-35956, D-00209. G-01874,
      G-03788, G-09926, G-34667, M-09199,
      M-15760
THUNDERSTORMS    E-25338, E-31865
TISSUES  H-32561
TOKYO   F-13241
TOLUENES   B-33715, C-07214, C-30202
TOPOGRAPHIC  INTERACTIONS
      A-38615, B-01672, D-03017, D-06535,
      D-07390, D-09592, D-12345, E-25338,
      E-31865, G-02170, G-03788, H-37047
TOXIC TOLERANCES   A-29489, G-01874,
      H-24902, H-37352
TOXICITY   A-12422, A-17603, A-27293,
      A-28976, A-35574, A-35581, A-39460,
      A-39461, C-06385, H-32561, H-37352,
      H-38576
TRACE ANALYSIS   C-33055
TRACERS  C-28489, C-33055, C-35956
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS  B-34868,
      B-40114, C-00551, L-09093
TRAINS   A-35443. A-40345,  D-35437,
      H-39537
TRANSPORT   A-38615, B-25190. C-22958
TRANSPORTATION    A-09686. A-20553,
      A-26594. A-31327, A-32483, A-35443,
      A-36377, A-40345, B-05091, B-27762,
      B-29628. B-42319, D-09592, D-12345,
      D-12496, D-16619, D-33108, D-35437.
      F-33863, G-11828. G-34667. H-39537.
      J-01546, J-16174, L-09093. L-34685,
      L-36900
TRAPPING (SAMPLING)   C-08355,
      C-08356, C-08358, C-09657, C-16755,
      C-29726
TREATMENT AND AIDS   G-07339,
      G-08828, G-27651, G-30169. G-39013,
      H-32561. H-38576
TREES  B-0%55. B-22061, F-16386.
      G-07339, G-08828, H-23261, H-24025.
      H-37047, H-39537
TRUCKS   A-40345
TUBERCULOSIS   D-20377, D-22591
TURBIDIMETRY   C-35956, E-39112
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
      C-09208, C-22958
TVA   C-09208
                   U
ULTRASONICS  B-08364
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
      B-05408,  C-01071, C-06385, C-09208.
      C-35243,  F-13083. F-13346
UNITED STATES   A-32483, A-40159.
      A-41467.  B-08366. D-12496, F-33863,
      L-30149
UNIVERSITIES  B-08364
URBAN AREAS   A-17198, A-32483,
      A-36377,  A-38542, A-38615. A-41168,
      B-08360,  B-16447, B-39888. B-43774,
      C-09208,  C-28489. C-36894, D-00690,
      D-03106.  D-07390. D-12496, D-16619,
      D-20377,  D-22591, D-27673, D-31276,
      D-33108.  D-35437. D-37968, D-41167.
      D-44735,  E-31865, F-33863. G-25875.
      G-34667,  G-37337, G-39013, G-39242,
      1-26838, J-21241, J-30951, L-30149.
      M-15760
URINALYSIS   B-01223, D-03017
USSR   B-08366, B-10366. B-l 1949.
      B-16197,  B-16350, B-16447. B-22400,
      B-29278,  B-31072. D-20377, D-22591.
      G-23893,  H-32561, M-23344
VALLEYS   B-01672, B-26176, C-00383,
      D-07390, D-09592. D-12345, D-16619,
      H-37047
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS    A-12422
VAPOR PRESSURE   B-04951, B-04952.
      B-04953, B-09655. B-19425. C-08355.
      C-08356, C-08358, C-23106
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS   A-18182,
      A-18189, B-01672. B-07433, B-09656,
      B-16242. B-16747, B-16842, B-I6876.
      B-16899. B-18029, B-18037. B-31463,
      B-34385. B-35315, B-41474, B-42431,
      D-07572, J-01546
VAPORS   A-09011,  A-41467, A-42266,
      B-04952, B-04953, B-05408, B-05409,
      B-08365, B-09656, B-15709, B-15779,
      B-18037, B-23117, B-25085, B-27288,
      B-31991, B-35931, B-44818. C-07214.
      C-09648, C-28708, D-07572. D-09592.
      F-33863. J-14583
VEHICLES   A-09686, A-26594,  A-31327,
      A-32483, A-35443, A-36377, A-40345.
      B-27762. B-42319. D-09592. D-12345.
      D-12496, D-16619, D-33108, D-35437,
      H-39537, J-01546, J-16174,  L-09093,
      L-34685
VENTILATION  A-31327. B-37064.
      G-07339, G-08828
VENTILATION (PULMONARY)   G-05076
VENTUR1 SCRUBBERS  A-10524,
      A-43274. A-43289, B-00025, B-00951.
      B-01672, B-02279, B-02955. B-04773,
      B-04781, B-04783. B-05001, B-05074,
      B-05091, B-05880, B-06343, B-06859,
      B-07415, B-07434. B-08360, B-09047.
      B-09733. B-IOOOI. B-IOI06, B-10277,

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166
PULP  AND PAPER INDUSTRY
      B-10659, B-11008. B-11150, 6-1344$.
      B-13464, B-14094, B-14110, B-15709,
      B-16681. B-16695, B-16842. B-16876,
      B-17088. B-24750, B-2%50, B-29852.
      B-32109. B-32569, B-32615, B-34317,
      B-35660, B-36658, B-36659, B-37004,
      B-38194, B-38723. B-39205, B-40366,
      B-43396, B-43480, D-09592. J-01546,
      J-01561, J-21241
VERMONT   B-01672
VIRUSES   C-330S5
VISIBILITY  A-31327. A-35443, A-35574,
      A-38542, B-27762. C-00383, D-06535,
      E-25338, E-31865, G-11828. M-00376,
      M-00844
VISIBLE RADIATION   D-07390
VOLATILITY   A-0188S, A-08359, A-33983.
      A-40063, B-08365, B-09656, B-30208,
      B-31091. B-450I9, C-08355
VOLTAGE  B-33347. C-06526, C-37308
VOLTMETERS   C-00947


                   W

WASHINGTON  (STATE)   A-42266,
      B-00552, B-08360, B-43396, C-00383,
      D-06535. D-09592,  D-I66I9, E-25338,
      L-30149. M-00844
WASHOUT   A-38615
 WATER   A-42266, B-08365. B-15779,
       B-21983, B-31091, B-31125. B-31991,
       B-38444, C-14582, C-28708, F-09498,
       F-21971
 WATER  POLLUTION   A-13395, A-26594,
       A-28898, A-29489, A-31548, A-36049,
       A-38327, A-41564, B-01549, B-07769.
       B-10758, B-15450, B-23538, B-25085.
       B-25211, B-29650, B-30208, B-31794.
       B-31991, B-32018. B-32615. B-34299.
       B-34317, B-36037, B-36657, B-37171.
       B-37554, B-395%. B-40114. B-43796.
       B-43879, B-44198. C-28489, C-33055.
       D-33108, F-44969, G-03788, H-24902.
       J-01546. J-30951, J-31076, J-43717.
       L-17379. L-28355, L-28389, L-35817.
       M-23344
 WEATHER  FORECASTING   E-25338,
       E-31865
 WEATHER  MODIFICATION    A-27293,
       A-35443, A-39461
 WEST AND GAEKE METHOD  B-02279.
       C-04886, C-16755, C-39929
 WET CYCLONES  A-35574, A-43289.
       B-00951, B-03975, B-05001. B-07415,
       B-09733, B-10001, B-10659, B-14110,
       B-15709, B-19216, B-27762. B-2%50,
       B-32109. B-32569. B-34044, B-35660,
       B-35803, B-44198. J-01546. J-01561,
      L-06742
WHEAT   F-13462
WIND ROSE  B-01672, E-25338
WINDS   A-06240. A-14134, A-26979,
      A-31327. B-01672. B-16842. C-09660.
      C-36894, D-00690, D-03017, D-03106,
      D-06535, D-07390, D-09592. D-12345,
      D-12648, D-16619, D-24227, D-31276,
      D-33108, D-33708, E-25338. E-31865.
      G-39242, H-37047, 1-26838
WISCONSIN  B-06343
WOOD   A-01644, A-01885. A-08363.
      A-13237. A-16494. A-25683. A-26255,
      A-30383. A-30701, A-31327. A-35574,
      A-36377. A-39462, A-43274, B-08366.
      B-09655, B-11726, B-31308. C-09660,
      C-33045, D-09592. D-35437. F-13236.
      F-13318. F-13343, F-13347. F-13384.
      F-I34I8. F-13435. F-13480. F-13484.
      F-13505, F-14576. F-14579. F-16386
X-RAYS   C-33055
XYLENES  C-30202
                                                                                       ZINC   A-09686, A-39462, C-33045
                              U.S. Government Printing Office:   1973--7'l6-769/'l168 Region No.

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