U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
VOLUME 4
Information Services Division
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Administration
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
April 1973
-------
The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the Information
Services Division of the Office of Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
the results of scientific and engineering studies and information of general interest in the field
of air pollution. Information reported in the series includes coverage ol intramural activities
and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction -with state and local agencies, research
institutes, and industrial organizations. Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to
Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations as sup-
plies permit - from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or from the Superintendent of
Documents.
Publication Number AP-122
ii
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This volume was compiled by the Translation Services Section, Information Services
Division, in conjunction with the staff of the Air Pollution Technical Information Center
(APTIC), who prepared the abstracts and the subject and author indexes presented in this
document. Johnny E. Knight of APTIC is accorded special thanks for his role in the produc-
tion of this publication.
iii
-------
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION vii
A. EMISSION SOURCES 1
B. CONTROL, METHODS 7
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS 28
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS 45
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION 49
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 62
G. EFFECTS—HUMAN HEALTH 68
H. EFFECTS—PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK 103
I. EFFECTS—MATERIALS 112
J. EFFECTS—ECONOMIC 113
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA 114
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 116
AUTHOR INDEX 119
SUBJECT INDEX 125
ADDITIONAL TRANSLATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION TOPICS AVAILABLE THROUGH
THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE 141
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS -
VOLUME 4
INTRODUCTION
This volume of Air Pollution Translations: A Bibliography with Abstracts is the fourth in
a continuing series of compilations presenting abstracts and indexes of translations of technical
air pollution literature. Although some entries indicate otherwise, all documents abstracted
and indexed in this volume have been translated and are available in English.
Approximately 95 percent of the documents were translated for the Translation Services
Section, Environmental Protection Agency, by extra-governmental contractors. Of the
remainder, approximately 3 percent were obtained by screening published translation docu-
ments and 2 percent by screening the output of other translation services within and without the
Federal government. Documents are translated or obtained by the Translation Services Section
only at the request of EPA scientists.
The entries are grouped into subject categories and arranged in numerical order using
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) accession number. Subject and author
indexes refer to the abstract by category letter and APTIC accession number. For example,
the number B-21324 refers to Section B, Control Methods, and to accession 21324 within it.
The asterisks in the author index denote the first author.
Copies of all documents abstracted herein are available from the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711.
Readers outside the U.S. Government may obtain copies from the National Translation Center,
The John Crerar Library, 35 West 33rd Street, Chicago, 111. 60616.
Included in this bibliography is a listing of monograph and journal translations prepared
for the Environmental Protection Agency under the P. L. 480 program* and through research
grants. These publications can be obtained from the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22151.
*P. L. 480 of 1954 authorizes agreements for the sale abroad of surplus U.S. agricultural com-
modities for foreign currencies. Although they cannot be used outside the country involved,
these currencies may be used "to collect, collate, translate, abstract, and disseminate
scientific and technological information.... ".
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
08489
Korshun, M. N.
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION WITH MERCURY IN-
SIDE INDUSTRIAL PREMISES OF SYNTHETIC FIBER
COMBINES. ((O preduprezhdenii zagryazneniya rtutyu voz-
dukha pomeshchenii kombinatov iskusstvennogo volokna.))
Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya
(Moscow), 10(ll):18-22, Nov. 1966. 10 refs.
Mercury vapor concentrations in the chemical department of a
synthetic fiber combine were determined. A source of the
vapors appears to be the mercury present in the alkali which is
produced by electrolysis of salt, using mercury electrodes.
Factors contributing to air pollution include the high tempera-
ture of the alkali, the operating procedures, and equipment
which does not comply with sanitary regulations. The chemical
department of a synthetic silk industry is included in the
category of plants which are deemed harmful due to the
presence of mercury vapors. Health recommendations aimed
at improvement of working conditions are given. (Author's
summary, modified)
13246
Gavrilov, A. A.
WETTING AGENT 'DB' FOR HYDRAULIC REMOVAL OF
DUST. (Smachivatel' 'DB' dlya gidroobesylivaniya). Text in
Russian. MetaUurg, no. 12:11-12, 1968.
Addition of 0.01-0.1% 'DB' wetting agent (polyoxyethylene
ester of ditertiary butylphenol) gives water a surface tension
of 28- 31 erg/sq cm, and used in hydraulic dust removal from
the coke supply for blast furnaces, yields a 70-90% reduction
in dust with 0.3-1% moistening. The mixture was tested on
standard equipment at a consumption rate of 0.5-0.6 cu m/hr
or 3 liters of water per ton of coke with 0.08% of wetting
agent; 0.3% moistening. Current tests are being made with a
7.5 liter/ton consumption rate and a 0.006 liter/ton wetting
agent.
13789
Perin, G., L. Diana, G. Rausa, and A. Baroni
A RESEARCH ON THE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
CAUSED BY A RAYON INDUSTRY. (L'Inquinamento at-
mosferico provocato da uno stabilimento per la lavorazione
deila viscosa). Text in Italian. Igiene Mod. (Parma), 61(9-
10):606-623, Sept-Oct. 1968. 17 refs.
The results of an investigation of atmospheric pollution by
sulfhydric acid, carbon disulfide, and methylmercaptan,
caused by a rayon industry, are reported. Concentrations of
H2S up to 3.177 ppm, CS2 up to 0.0093 ppm, and CH3SH up
to 0.064 ppm were found. (Author summary modified)
21887
Franzky, U.
THE USE OF OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR REDUCTION
OF ODOROUS EMISSIONS. (Ueber den Einsatz von Oxida-
tionsverfahren zur Verminderung genichsintensiver Emis-
sionen). Text in German. VDI (Vet. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no.
149:291-302, 1970. 29 refs.
Thermal waste gas treatment is by far the most efficient
method, but also the one with the highest operating costs, for
the reduction of odorous emissions from animal rendering,
coffee roasting, pyrolysis of beech wood, and foundries. The
waste gas is pressed into a combustion chamber where guide
vanes impart a rotary movement to the gas. The oil or gas
burner is tangentially attached to the cylindrical chamber wall.
Waste gases from a coffee roasting plant could be cleaned
from 575 mg C/cu Nm to 170 mg C/cu Nm when temperatures
in the chamber did not exceed 485 C. Better results are ob-
tained at temperatures between 680 and 800 C, while concen-
trations of more than 10 g/cu Nm in the uncleaned gas could
be reduced to less than 100 mg C/cu Nm at 740 C. Catalytic
oxidation has found wide-spread use in the past few years, in
which it generally suffices to heat the waste gases to just 350
or 400 C. Thus, costs for energy can be saved. Catalysts with
palladium or platinum as active ingredients are used. Efficien-
cies of 90 to 95% are achieved with this method, but a higher
maintenance service is required. Deodorization of the air in a
poultry farm and pig sty by addition of ozone was unsuccess-
ful. Better results were obtained in a mink farm by soaking a
bed of sand with potassium permanganate solution 100g/12
liter water, 1 liter solution per 1 sq m sand). Mink feces falling
onto this soaked bed were deodorized to a large extent. No
final results are available as experiments with this method are
still in progress.
24093
Galster, George M.
IGNITION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CAN AFFECT EX-
HAUST EMISSIONS. SAE-Australasia, 30(4):128-135, 1970. 6
refs. (Presented at the Vehicle Exhaust Symposium, Auckland,
New Zealand, April 15, 1970.)
The effects of automotive ignition system malfunctions on ex-
haust emissions, gasoline mileage, and performance are
discussed. All available data indicate that a plug misfire can
triple the unburned hydrocarbon emission level. This is all the
more serious due to the fact that the average driver can be
unaware of as much as 20% misfire. The phenomenon of
tracking ignition is described and some spark plug design
modifications intended to overcome or minimize both fouling
misfires and tracking ignition are listed. Results of surveys in-
dicate an unbelievably low level of ignition system main-
tenance among motorists, in spite of the fact that replacing
plugs with 10,000 miles driving time with new plugs can save
an average of twenty percent in fuel costs in addition to sig-
nificantly reducing harmful emissions. Plugs are the most seri-
ous offenders in ignition system malfunction, the quickest
component to deteriorate, but the easiest to replace. Other sig-
nificant factors include idle speed adjustment, point gap, igni-
tion timing, and the accumulated dirt in the air filter.
26891
Patterson, C. C
LEAD. Preprint, California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Div. of
Geological Sciences, 17p., 1970 (?). 37 refs.
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, world lead produc-
tion climbed from 100,000 tons/yr in 1750 to 3,500,000 tons/yr
m 1966. The rise in production is summarized in a table of the
tons of lead smelted or burned as alkyls per yr since 1750. In-
dustrial lead, which until recently was recognized as only an
occupational health hazard, enters the oceans by rivers and by
atmospheric aerosols. Contributions from both routes
gradually increased during past centuries, but pollution from
the atmosphere increased abruptly during the last two decades
as a consequence of the increased use of leaded automotive
fuels. It is likely that man has polluted the mixed zone of
northern hemisphere oceans with industrial lead to such a
degree that most of the lead originally there has been dis-
placed. It is also probable that the average lead concentration
in these oceans has been elevated by a factor of two or three,
with a subsequent elevation of the lead body burden in higher
organisms near the ends of the food chain. Tentative estimates
of lead concentrations in the 100 meter surface layer of
northern hemisphere oceans and at 200 meters are 0.25 and
0.12 gamma Pb/kg water, respectively.
30327
Engstrom, Staffan
THE STEAM CAR WHICH ALMOST SUCCEEDED. (Angan
som nastan dog). Text in Swedish. Tek. Tidskr., 101(3):40-42,
Feb. 1971.
Some type of steam-propelled land mobile has been on the
market since the 19th century. The Stanley Company, which
produces the Stanley Steamer, was one of only 126 steam car
manufacturers, but was the most successful. The Stanley
Steamer made its debut in 1899, and 200 cars were sold that
year, and in 1910 there were 2500 sold, for a price ranging
from $2800-4000. In 1906, a specially built Stanley broke the
then world s record by traveling at 205 m/hr (127 mph). The
disadvantages of the Stanley included the unpleasant odors,
the noises, the dangers to visibility caused by clouds of steam
emitted, and the 45-minute warmup time required. It also con-
sumed an inordinate amount of water: 1.8 liters (0.75 gallons)
per mile. An old-style steam car with greater prospects of suc-
cess was first built in 1912. The company planned to build
10,000 chassis per year, and there were 11,000 orders for the
cars, but the U. S. War Emergency Board declared this ven-
ture unnecessary to the war effort, and by the end of World
War I there were difficulties in reviving plans for mass
production. The Doble car required only 500 rpm to attain a
speed of 50 km and did not require a transmission. The 1920
model could be accelerated from 0 to 75 mph in 10 seconds.
After the 1929 Depression, Doble moved to Germany and con-
tinued to make improvements on his steam car. In 1951 he
began collaborating with Robert McCulloch in the design of a
sports car, but the project was abandoned in 1954, possibly
because it was impossible to raise the 50 million dollars
needed to initiate mass production.
34096
Schmidt, E.
FORMATION AND EMISSION OF AIR-POLLUTING SUB-
STANCES IN BRICKWORKS KILNS. (Auswurf und Ent-
stehung luftverunreinigender Stoffe bei Ziegeloefen). Text in
German. Ziegelind. (Weisbaden), no. 24:560-571, 1968. 14refs.
Emission measurements for 60 brick ovens revealed that soot
emission levels from old ovens with simple combustion instal-
lations often exceed maximum permissible levels while modem
kilns easily conform to prescribed standards. The median sul-
fur dioxide emission was 0.5 g/N cu m, but emission levels
varied rather widely. Sulfur oxides from brick kihis contained
a considerably higher share of SOS than emissions from other
types of furnaces. Fluorine concentrations ranged from 1 to
184 mg/N cu m (median level, 48 mg/N cu m). The emission of
sulfur oxides and fluorine is governed by the composition of
the materials used in brick manufacture, especially the lime
content, and by the firing temperature. Emissions increase
with higher firing temperature and decrease with lime content.
A higher emission of sulfur oxides is usually accompanied by
higher fluorine emissions. To comply with prescribed emission
standards for sulfur oxides, stack heights of 20 to 40 m are
necessary; for fluorine, from 20 to 50 m. In special cases high
stacks will not suffice and the blowing of powdered magnesite
or of dolomite into the furnace may be necessary.
35953
LEAD ELIMINATION FROM LEADED GASOLINE. (Blei-
Eliminierung aus dem Bleibenzin). Text in German. Protectio
Vitae, 16(3:231-234, Oct. 1971.
Man s use of lead has led to pollution of the environment to
Othe extent that the natural background concentration can no
longer be determined. The lead contamination by industries is
enhanced by the combustion of lead-containing gasolines. The
lead concentrations in the gasolines differ and range from 0.2
g/1 to 1.1 g/1 (average 0.44 g/1). The total quantity of lead emis-
sions from automobiles is estimated to amount to several hun-
dred thousand tons per year for the northern hemisphere. This
amount increases each year by 3.5%. The ground level air
along highways and streets and in cities contains about 10
micrograms Pb/cu m. Sometimes this amount rises to 40
micrograms/cu m and more. According to the World Health
Organization, the air man breathes should not contain more
than two micrograms Pb/cu m. Inhaled and ingested lead has a
long residence time in organs, which increases the danger of
an accumulation of the element The smallest concentrations
of lead inhibit the activity of the delta-aminolevulinic acid
dehydratase. Tetraethyl lead can permeate healthy skin and
can concentrate in the central nervous system.
36533
Shcherbina, E. I., T. A. Efimova, A. E. Tenenbaum, L. I.
Mikhalskaya, and V. A. Astakhov
POTENTIOMETRIC DETERMINATIONS OF THE GROUP
COMPOSITION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN
STRAIGHT-RUN GASOLINE FRACTIONS. J. Appl. Chem.
(USSR) (English translation from Russian of: Zh. Prikl.
Khim.), 44(7): 1606-1610, July 1971. 8 refs.
A potentiometer with a silver sulfide indicator electrode and a
silver chloride reference electrode was used to determine ele-
mental sulfur, mercaptan sulfur, disulfide sulfur, and sulfide
sulfur in straight-run gasoline fractions. Test results are
presented in tables and graps that demonstrate the suitability
of the method for sulfur determinations over a wide concen-
tration range. As determined by series of parallel analyses, ac-
curacy of the method is high.
36783
Zdrazil, Josef and Frantisek Picha
CANCEROGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE GLASS IN-
DUSTRY. (Kancerogenni uhlovodiky ve sklarskem prumyslu).
Text in Czech. Pracovni Lekar. (Prague), 16(2):74-77, 1964. 12
refs.
In a study of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in the glass industry,
3,4-benzpyrene was present at ail sites where automatic
machines for the production of glass containers and manual
presses for the manufacture of pressed glass were operated.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
Evidence was provided that polycyclic hydrocarbons are
formed by the incomplete combustion of mineral oils during
the lubrication of hot metal casts and during coiling of cores
with mineral oil. The most feasible way to eliminate the
hydrocarbons is to replace mineral oils with silicons. In-
complete combustion of generator gas (which contains 1.8
mg/cu m 3,4-benzpyrene) and poorly constructed control
devices also result in high 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations in
working atmospheres.
37527
BUSES WHICH DO NOT POLLUTE THE ENVIRONMENT.
(Umweltfreundliche Omnibusse). Text in German. VDI (Ver.
Deut. Ingr.) Nachr. (Berlin), 26(3), lp., Jan. 1972
Diesel engine emissions are far below the present limits and
are even below the limits which will go into effect in 1973. The
carbon monoxide emission of the Mercedes-Benz diesel engine
amounts to 5 g/BHPh; the hydrocarbon plus nitrogen oxide
emission amounts to 8 g/BHPh. The diesel engine can still be
further developed to an even higher reduction of pollutant
emissions. Apart from the diesel engine, further development
of natural gas and electric drives is promoted. Experiments
with the Mercedes-Benz natural gas engine yielded even lower
pollutant emissions than found in diesel engines. With 2
g/BHPh for carbon monoxide and 3.8 g/BHPh for hydrocar-
bons and nitrogen oxides, the emissions are far below the
limits which will go into effect in California in 1975. Trial runs
of the natural gas engine showed, however, that the low pollu-
tant emission is accompanied by a 15% higher fuel consump-
tion. Buses with electric drive will be used in those areas
where noise and all pollutant emission must be avoided. For
an expansion of the distances which can be spanned by bat-
tery-driven buses, a diesel charging aggregate will be used in
the outskirts.
38768
Sigal, I. Ya., A. V. Markovshii, N. A. Gugevich, and S. S.
Nizhnik
FORMATION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN BOILER FUR-
NACES. Thermal Eng. (English translation from Russia of:
Teploenergetika), 18(4):86- 90, April 1971. 8 refs.
As determined by theoretical calculations and experimental in-
vestigations, flame temperature uniquely affects the yield of
nitrogen oxides in boiler furnace exhaust. The maximum tem-
perature in the furnace depends on the excess air factor, con-
ditions of intermixing of fuel with oxidant, and ratio of water-
walled area to furnace volume. A 170-ton/hour boiler
discharges 2.2 tons of nitrogen oxides/day and a 950-ton/hour
boiler (with a furnace having a throat) discharges 37 tons. On
the average, the discharge of nitrogen oxides in operation on
coal is 20% higher than in operation on gas because the excess
air factor with coal is higher. Measures for decreasing nitrogen
oxides emissions from power stations must include a possible
decrease in temperature and excess air factor in the com-
bustion zone.
39506
Medaets, J.
DANGERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE THERMAL DRYING
OF COAL. (De gevaren verbonden aan de installaties voor het
drogen van kolen). Ann. Mines Belg., no. 3:313-329, March
1967. 11 refs. Translated from Dutch. 22p. (Presented at the
International Conference on Coal Refining, 5th, Pittsburgh,
Pa., Oct. 3-7, 1966.)
The increased coal temperatures that result from the thermal
drying of coal accelerates the process of spontaneous com-
bustion and may provoke distillation of the volatile matter and
release of occluded firedamp. Despite the safety devices
adopted and the instruction given to personnel, serious in-
cidents and explosions have occurred. Several types of ther-
mal drying installations are described, as well as accidents
which have occurred in them. Cascade driers and vertical
driers are noted. (Author summary modified)
39635
Routschka, G., Ch. Buttgereit, and U. Berger
FLUORINE CONTENT OF REFRACTORY CLAYS AND
FLUORINE EMISSION DURING FIRING OF FIRE-CLAY
PRODUCTS. (Der Gehalt an Fluor in feuerfeste Tonen und
Schamotte und die Beeinflussung der Fluorabgabe beim Brand
der Schamotteerzeugnisse). Text in German. Sprechsaal
Keram. Glas Email Silikate, 103(20):90l-906, Oct. 2, 1970. 10
refs.
The influence of different factors on the final fluorine content
in refractory clays was studied. During firing, 40% of the total
(0.03-0.06%) fluorine content is volatilized. Fluorine removal
starts at 400-500 C and is intensified with increased tempera-
ture until sintering processes start. High sulfur dioxide concen-
trations and mainly water vapor in the atmosphere have
enhancing effects. The volatilization during firing is influenced
by the sintering of the raw material and the porosity. Fluorine
removal is additionally influenced by both shape and wall
thickness of the products. The removal from the near-surface
layer, at a temperature of 900-1000 C, is more intense than
from the core, where it occurs at 1200 C. The fluorine removal
is considerably less intense in production than in experimental
firing.
39729
Levenets, N. P., G. A. Lopukhov, and A. N. Samarin
FUME FORMATION DURING OXYGEN BLOWING OF PIG
IRON. Russ. Met. (English translation from Russian of: Izv.
Akad. Nauk SSSR Metal.), no. 5:9-11, 1968. 9 refs.
Fume formation during the process of oxygen steelmaking was
investigated in a small-scale converter with respect to the car-
bon content of the metal, waste gas composition, and com-
position of the blowing gas. The rate of fume evolution was a
function of the carbon concentration of the bath and reached a
maximum at about 2% carbon. Increasing the blowing rate in-
creased fume evolution, especially at high carbon concentra-
tions. With less that 2%, carbon, the carbon monoxide content
increased rapidly and the oxygen was almost completely con-
sumed in oxidizing the bath. A relationship was also deter-
mined between size grading of the fume and the carbon con-
tent of the metal.
41205
Raykov, I. Ya.
EJECTION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES WITH EXHAUST
GASES FROM TWO-CYCLE MOTORCYCLE ENGINES.
Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav So-
cialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha
Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd,
1971. Translated from Russian. 7p.
Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons comprise over 98% of the
total quantity of toxic substances in the exhaust gases of two-
cycle motorocycle engines. Metering the delivery of lubricating
oil to the engine results in a more complete utilization of the
oxygen in the combustible mixture, thereby reducing the con-
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
centration of exhaust CO between 20 and 30%, exhaust
hydrocarbons between 20 to 12%. At the same time there is
some increase in the content of exhaust aldehydes, and oxides
of nitrogen increase by a factor of 1.5 to 2.0. However, they
are so small a part of the content that they have no particular
effect on the toxicity of the exhaust gases. Conversion of two-
cycle motorcycle engines to pump-regulated lubrication results
in a reduction in the toxicity of the exhaust gases from engines
of this type to approximately one-fifth.
41207
Shteynberg, A. S.
EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY OF THE AUTOMOBILE
GAS TURBINE ENGINE. Council for Mutual Economic Aid
(CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Sniz-
heniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami
Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 10 refs. Translated from
Russian. 22p.
The automobile gas turbine engine with heat exchanger
running under rated conditions has a toxicity which is lower
than that of piston engines by a factor of approximately 10.
The gas turbine engine rated at 1200 hp and used for a heavy
dump truck has similar indices. Under low gas conditions this
gas turbine engine has a three-fold advantage compared with
the diesel engine in terms of toxicity. The gas turbine engine
has an air consumption 80 times that of the gasoline engine of
the same power rating when running at idling speed, yet its
emission of toxic substances is lower by a factor of two than
the emission from the gasoline engine with a 4.5% concentra-
tion of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases. The automobile
gas turbine engine manufactured in 1967, when tested on the
California cycle, showed an emission of CO and hydrocarbons
in grams per kilometer traveled that was lower than the 1970
U. S. standard for gasoline engines by a factor of 7.5. The
emission of nitrogen oxides by weight by the 1967 automobile
gas turbine engine is at the level of the standard proposed for
introduction in the U. S. (2.5 g/kg), and is lower than that from
piston engines by a factor of 5.7. Automobile gas turbine en-
gines will provide the greatest gain in terms of reduction of
toxicity, including reduction in nitrogen oxides, when used in
trucks, where the degree of utilization of power is much
higher than in passenger cars, when compared with the use of
piston engines.
41209
Kutenev, V. F., V. N. Topunov, and A. A. Charykov
CRANKCASE GASES AND THE INJECTION OF TOXIC
SUBSTANCES WITH VEHICULAR EXHAUST GASES.
Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav So-
cialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha
Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd,
1971. 5 refs. Translated from Russian. lOp.
The closed crankcase ventilation system with return of gases
ahead of the carburetor reduces the emission of unbumed
hydrocarbons to the atmosphere by 10 to 30%, nitrogen oxides
by 5 to 25%, and increases the emission of carbon monoxide
from 10 to 35%. The closed crankcase ventilation system with
return of gases after the carburetor reduces the emission of
hydrocarbons to the atmosphere by 10 to 40%, CO from 10 to
25%, and increases the emission of NOx from 10 to 40%. The
effectiveness of the use of a closed crankcase ventilation
system depends on carburetor adjustment. Such systems in-
crease the concentration of the carcinogen benzopyrene in the
exhaust gases. Ventilation systems that simultaneously return
crankcase gases ahead of, and after, the carburetor, must be
used to reduce the effect the crankcase ventilation system has
on the emission of toxic substances with exhaust gases. The
ventilation system should be adjusted so that the air-fuel ratio
over the entire operating range is approximately the same as it
is for operation with the open crankcase ventilation system.
Crankcase gases should be scrubbed to remove the oil com-
ponents; this will lead to a reduction in the emission of
benzopyrene with the exhaust gases.
41213
Andreyev, V. I., K. A. Morozov, and B. Ya. Chemyak
MIXTURE DISTRIBUTION BY CYLINDERS AND TOXICITY
OF GASOLINE ENGINE EXHAUST GASES. Council for Mu-
tual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated
Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlop-
nymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 6 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. 15p.
The effect of the nature and the magnitude of the difference in
the air-fuel ratio in individual cylinders on the toxicity of ex-
haust .gases is reviewed and the results of tests of a one-
cylinder experimental installation and two multicylinder carbu-
retor engines are presented. One engine was a V-type 6-
cylinder with a compression ratio of 9 and the other was a 4-
cylinder with a compression ratio of 7.5. The toxicity of the
combustion products is determined by the carbon monoxide
content at heavy loads and when running on rich mixtures.
The effect of the nitrogen oxides begins to dominate when the
mixture is made lean. The hydrocarbon content in the exhaust
gases at full, or near full, loads is negligible. The difference in
the concentration of toxic substances for the multicylinder en-
gine and the one-cylinder installation can be the result of
nonuniformity in the air-fuel ratios in the individual cylinders.
Calculations were made to determine the association between
nonuniformity in mixture distribution by cylinders and the tox-
icity of the combustion products.
41214
Zvonov, V. A. and V. N. Malakhov
INVESTIGATION OF THE FORMATION OF OXIDES OF
NITROGEN IN THE CYLINDER OF A GASOLINE ENGINE.
Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav So-
cialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha
Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd,
1971. 9 refs. Translated from Russian. 13p.
The influence of the boundary layer and of gasoline engine
operating conditions on the formation and decomposition of
nitrogen oxides in the engine cylinder was investigated. Tests
were run at different engine crackshaft speeds (800, 1275, and
1800 rpm), different excess air factors during combustion
(0.85, 0.98, and 1.08) and different angles of advance of igni-
tion (20, 38, and 49 deg before top dead center). The results
showed that the boundary layer has a significant effect on the
NOx concentration. There are large gradients in NOx concen-
tration during combustion and expansion in the main mass of
gas in the cylinder. Adequate mixing does not occur. Marked
decomposition of NOx during the expansion process was es-
sentially absent. Gas samples must be taken over many cycles
and oscfllograms must be statistically processed in 'order to ob-
tain characteristic curves for a particular operating condition
because the nonuniformity of the working process of a
gasoline engine is so great. Mean gas temperature during com-
bustion, in terms of cylinder volume, leads to an explanation
of some cases of change in the NOx content in the engine
cylinder, but is not a definitive criterion for a quantitative and
qualitative assessment of the emission of NOx, even for the
same air-fuel ratio.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
41273
Dmitriyevskiy, A. V., V. F. Kamenev, K. A. Morozov, B. Ya.
Chemyak, L. S. Zolotarevskiy, and N. I. Ignatovich
TOXIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN HIGH-COM-
PRESSION CARBURETOR ENGINES. Council for Mutual
Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated
Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlop-
nymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 10 refs.
Translated from Russian. 14p.
Toxic characteristic curves were studied using modem high-
speed four-cylinder, four-cycle carburetor engines. Tests were
conducted on electric brake test stands. Carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons were monitored.
The external and load characteristic curves were plotted for
angle of advance of ignition and mixture composition settings
in accordance with the operation of automatic distributor and
contact breaker and carburetor systems. Each point on the ad-
justment characteristic curves was plotted for optimum torque
for the angle of advance of ignition. Results showed that the
emission of CO decreases when the mixture is made lean;
however, NOx increase. Specific toxicity of an engine has lit-
tle to do with the excess air factor and is in the limits 150 to
2SO g/hph. Tuning the engine in terms of the mixture has little
effect on toxic emissions during heavy load periods, particu-
larly in the case of high-compression engines. It is possible, at
light loads, to reduce the emissions by selecting optimum car-
buretor adjustment. The effect of nonuniformity of mixture
distribution on toxic emissions is ambiguous; development of
adjustment characteristic curves reveals that reduced nonu-
niformity will not always results reduce these emissions.
41275
Zayichek, Z.
SMOKING AT THE EXHAUST IN THE CASE OF COM-
PRESSION IGNITION ENGINES AND THE EFFECT OF
WEARING OF CERTAIN PARTS IN FUEL PUMPS ON ITS
MAGNITUDE. Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA)
and Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye
Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Av-
tomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. Translated from Russian. 6p.
Studies were conducted to determine smoking from the ex-
haust of a new engine after it was broken in; exhaust smoke
from the same engine with a worn fuel pump; the percentage
increase in exhaust smoke by the engine as a result of wearing
of the fuel pump delivery valves only; and the percentage of
smoke increase as a result of wearing of the fuel pump plunger
pairs. A six-cylinder in-line compression ignition autombile en-
gine equipped with a high-pressure, plunger type fuel pump
was used. It was found that increased smoking at the exhaust
of an engine rimarily the result of an increase in the angle of
advance of fuel injection as a result of wear in fuel pump
parts, so reduction in exhaust smoking requires an increase in
the wear resistance of fuel pump parts or an increase in their
service life.
41532
Lukash, V. P.
CALCULATION OF EMISSFVITY OF HYDROCARBON
FUEL COMBUSTION PRODUCTS (CO2 AND H2O) AT HIGH
TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES. High Temp. (English
translation of Russian: Teplofiz. Vys. Temp.), 9(4):647- 653,
Feb. 1972. 16 refs.
For calculation of the emission of combustion products at high
pressures and temperatures, physically substantiated values of
the emissivities and absorptivities of carbon dioxide, water
vapor, and mixtures of these gases are required. An analytical
method of calculating the main quantities which determine the
specific radiant heat flux from an isothermal mixture of fuel
combustion products to its gray surroundings is presented. The
method is based on the just-overlapping spectral line model.
The limits of the validity of the method are also discussed.
41654
Aktiebolaget Atomenergi, Stockholm (Sweden), Guidance
Group
AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES. 123 refs.
Translated from Swedish. 202p., 1971.
Vehicles are responsible for roughly half of the total amount
of air pollution which is emitted in Sweden. Such pollutants
are primarily carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen ox-
ides, soot, and lead compounds. Extensive measurements of
exhaust pollutants were carried out in Stockholm and in other
cities. The fast growth of the number of vehicles in Sweden
has led to Sweden having the highest number of motor vehi-
cles per inhabitant in Europe. An estimation was made of the
average emission per motor vehicle of the various exhaust pol-
lutants at an exhaust gas laboratory. Results are summarized
for both gasoline-fueled and diesel-fueled vehicles. Possible
control measures for reducing air pollution by motor vehicles
were studied, including town and traffic planning, technical
measures on gasoline-fueled vehicles, altered composition of
fuels, technical measures on diesel-fueled vehicles, enactment
of regulations, and alternatives to the internal combustion en-
gine. The effects of proposed emission standards and esti-
mated costs were calculated.
41655
Aktiebolaget Atomenergi, Stockholm (Sweden), Guidance
Group
AIR POLLUTION FROM MOTOR VEHICLES. APPENDIXES
TO FINAL REPORT K 1971:1. 41 refs. Translated from
Swedish. 41 p., 1971.
Tasks and equipment of a mobile and a stationary vehicle ex-
haust emissions laboratory are described. Reports from in-
dividual working groups involved in the study and technical
memoranda are listed. Statistics are presented from studies of
air pollution measurements in street air, vehicle specifications,
and additives in motor spirit. The reports of several studies,
including an evaluation of vehicle exhaust pollutants from the
point of view of environmental hygiene, a study of city and
traffic design to reduce pollutant levels, the effects of action
against vehicle exhaust air pollution, and comparisons between
test methods and limit values. Symbols and terms are defined.
41683
Ryazanov, V. A.
BASIC PROBLEMS OF SANITARY PROTECTION SF AT-
MOSPHERIC AIR. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology
Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compila-
tion of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the
Public Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nut-
tonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of
Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 6-13. Translated from Russian. (Also:
Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 10:5-15, 1967.) NTIS: PB
209478
The problem of atmospheric pollution has become con-
siderably more complex and difficult during its one-hundred-
year history. New problems have arisen which have super-
seded the routine considerations that prevailed during the first
half of the 20th century. Industrial chemistry and the struggle
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
with automobile exhausts have now become the primary con-
cern. The main objective with regard to exhaust gas emissions
is the conversion of automobile transportation to electric
power. The rapid development of industrial chemistry has oc-
casioned the synthesis of hundreds of new organic compounds
every year throughout the world, most of which have not been
studied from the lexicological and physiological points of
view. For this reason, chemistry should now be at the center
of attention of public health science and in particular, at-
mospheric sanitation. To accomplish this, the work of graduate
students should be switched broadly to problems of industrial
chemistry, particularly synthetic chemistry, and priority should
be accorded to the publication of materials dealing with
research in the area of industrial chemistry.
43661
Lindvall, Thomas and S. -E. Mortstedt
INVESTIGATION OF THE ODOR INTENSITY OF INTER-
NAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EXHAUSTS. (Undersokning av
luktstyrkan hos avgaser fran forbranningsmotorer). Text in
Swedish. Aktiebolaget Atomenergi (Sweden), Kept. BIL-52,
13p., Sept. 2, 1970.
The absolute odor intensity of exhausts from Diesel and
gasoline engines with and without pollution control devices,
operating under different conditions, was determined by
means of an odor panel. The pollution control devices had no
influence on the odor intensity of the exhausts from the Diesel
and gasoline engines, while the exhausts of the latter were of
slightly higher intensity compared to Diesel exhausts. No sig-
nificant differences between the three gasoline engines in-
vestigated were observed, and the intensities obtained for
idling and ECE cycle tests were largely of the same order of
magnitude. The Diesel engines showed a general, though
statistically not secured, tendency towards decreased odor in-
tensity with increased load, while the intensity was largely in-
dependent of the engine speed. The odor intensity of exhausts
from diesels powered with standard and light fuel was about
the same. The odor thresholds, expressed as the logarithm of
the dilution factor, were 3.17 for Diesel engines without ex-
haust control during idling, and 3.72-3.83 for gasoline engines
equipped with different pollution control devices.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
02931
D. Korol
SEPARATION OF PYRITES FROM COALS. (Wydzielanie
pirytu z wegli.) Prace Glownego Inst. Gomictwa (119)1-12,
1952. CFSTI: 60-21277
The objects of this investigation were to study the possibility
of separating by means of mechanical processing at least part
of the sulfur contained in Polish coals; to earmark those collie-
ries which possess S in such quantitities as to make feasible an
industrial separation of pyrite from coal; to establish the
technological approach. Only pyrite coal is considered herein.
The use of the sulfur obtained from pyrites by the chemical in-
dustries is considered most desirable. Products totalling 69
from 26 collieries were examined as follows: (1) by jigging; (2)
by enrichment of products on concentrating tables (considered
the most appropriate approach); (3) enrichment by flotation,
mostly applicable to slurries. It was established that, by treat-
ment on concentrating tables, pyrite concentrates of S content
above 40% can be obtained from the product of certain collie-
ries; in other collieries, the concentrates separated contained
from 35 to 40% S, or lower. Priority should be reserved for
the construction of small preparation plants, equipped with ta-
bles, attached to collieries which yield, without additional
processing, rich pyrite concentrates.
08811
Morishima, Naomasa and Yoshida Tetsuo
DUST COLLECTION ON ATOMIZED DROPLETS-CALCU-
LATION OF COLLECTION EFFICIENCY WITH CON-
SIDERATION OF DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION. Text in
Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku, 31(11): 1114-1119, Nov. 1967. 6
refs.
The efficiency of the dust collection mechanism in wet collec-
tors, which remove dust from the atmosphere by water
droplets, has heretofore been obtained from the mean diame-
ter of the water droplets and the dust. However, since the par-
ticle size of droplets and dust varies widely, consideration of
particle size distribution becomes necessary. A mathematical
analysis was made to determine the influence of particle size
distribution of water droplets on the impaction or diffusion
collection efficiency, assuming the use of a Venturi scrubber
dust collection mechanism. The results are: 1) as the range of
particle size distribution widens, the impaction efficiency
decreases, while it remains constant when derived from the
volume mean diameter; 2) in diffusional collection, as the
droplet diameter diminishes, the washing factor becomes
larger and, when the range of the particle size distribution
widens and the number of droplets of small diameter in-
creases, efficiency improves; 3) the volumetric coefficient for
gas absorption shows a similar tendency as the washing factor
for diffusional collection; 4) as the relative velocity between
droplets and gas stream increases, the effective gas film
becomes thinner and the diffusional collection efficiency in-
creases.
13163
CONTROLLING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. (II controllo
dell'inquinamento atmosferico). Text in Italian. Acqua Ind.,
ll(3):13-15,May 1969.
At a meeting organized by the Institution of Mechanical En-
gineers, the air pollution control systems adopted by several
industries were reviewed. Electrostatic filters are used to
eliminate burned particles emitted by steam plants. These fil-
ters reach a 99% efficiency. Fertilizer factories usually adopt
conventional systems. The air pollution caused by oil refine-
ries must be considered according to its two sources: naphtha
combustion and combustibles evaporation. For the first
source, geometric scaling of chimney is widely used. The
evaporation of combustibles is controlled either by reducing
the space between the fuel level and the tank roof or by circu-
lating the gases from the top of the tank to a scrubbing tower
containing sodium hydroxide. A method for reducing air pollu-
tion by fiberglass factories is based upon scrubbing the air
containing phenols in a three section column. Gases exhausted
by vulcanization furnaces are burned in a catalytic combustion
process.
13731
Matsuno, Kazutaka and Koichi linoya
ESTIMATION OF COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF A
DIELECTRIC FIBROUS FILTER. (Yuden seniso fuiruta no
hoshu koritsu no suitei). Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku
(Chem. Eng.), 33(7):684-689, July 1969. 10 refs.
Inertia, scattering, and interference are three mechanisms af-
fecting the collection of particles in a fibrous filter. Inertia is
the dominant factor when both linear speed and diameter of
particles are large; scattering is dominant when both linear
speed and diameter of particles are small; and interference,
which minimizes collection efficiency, is dominant when it oc-
curs between inertia and scattering. By the use of a dielectric
fibrous filter, collection efficiency is remarkably improved and
interference is reduced. The dielectric fibrous filter retains
both bipolar cylinders and bipolar particles within the same
electric field; polluted air passes vertically through this filter.
The volume fraction of fibers is less than 0.02, and there is a
constant relation between the coefficient of interference and
the volume fraction. Both collection efficiency of a single fiber
in a dielectric fibrous filter and total collection efficiency can
be calculated, and thus the collection efficiency can be con-
trolled by changing factors in the equation. High collection ef-
ficiency is achieved with only a small loss of air pressure in-
side the filter.
13898
Chertkov, B. A.
OXIDATION OF CALCIUM SULFTTE IN THE EXTRACTION
OF SO2 FROM GASES. (Okisleniye sul 'fita kal 'tsiya v prot-
sesse izvlecheniya SO2 iz gazov). Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl.
Khim., vol. 33:1708-1714, 1960. 7 refs.
-------
8
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The rate of oxidation of calcium sulfite formed in the extrac-
tion of SO2 from exhaust gases was found to average 9.4 g/sq
m-hr with an average oxygen absorption coefficient of 72 g/sq
m-hr-atm for the test absorber. The degree of oxidation was
found to result from the simultaneous effect of a number of
factors influencing mass transfer in the liquid phase (e.g.,
reflux density, temperature, and composition of reflux solu-
tion). It was found that addition of 0.002-0.004% P-
aminophenol to the circulating solution has a long-term retard-
ing effect on calcium sulfite oxidation and results in a three to
five-fold decrease in sulfate formation.
16419
Pozin, M. Ye., Y. P. Mukhlenov. and L. S. Vasilesku
OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN IRON SULFATE
SOLUTION. (Ob Okislenii semistogo angidrida v rastvore
sul'fatov zheleza). Text in Russian. Zh. Prikl. Khun.,
28(7):681-686, 1955. 7 refs.
The oxidation of SO2 in the presence of iron ion was studied
experimentally. The following optimum conditions were
established for simultaneous processing of waste gases and
pickling solutions: 1) during oxidation of FeSO4 to Fe2(SO4)3
- temperature from 60-80 C, incoming SO2:O2 ratio of 1:5, an
initial concentration of ferrous sulfate up to 18% does not af-
fect the course of the reaction; 2) during sulfuric acid forma-
tion - temperature from 80-90 C, SO2:O2 ratio equal to 1:4,
optimum iron ion concentration, 10-30 g/liter. An acid forma-
tion rate of about 1000 kg of sulfuric acid monohydrate from a
cubic meter of reaction volume was achieved in the laboratory
under optimum conditions. These experiments demonstrate the
advisability of examining the reaction of SO2 exhaust gas with
spent pickling solutions under plant conditions for the purpose
of recovering the pickling solutions or for producing dilute sul-
furic acid and crystalline ferric sulfate.
19234
Iwata, Yoshiaki
PRODUCTION PRINCIPLE OF PERFECTLY CLEAN AIR
AND A COUNTERMEASURE FOR THE PREVENTION OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE. (Kanzen seijo kuki no seizorinen to
kogai bojo no issaku). Text in Japanese. Kuki Chowa Eisei
Kogaku (J. Japan Soc. Heating, Air Conditioning and Sanitary
Engrs.), 44(5):365-370, May 25, 1970.
A new method of cleaning air by adsorption with artificial rain
is presented. The basic idea is to remove ultra-fine particulates
of less than 0.3 micron from air by forming a mist. The par-
ticulate becomes the nucleus of a water droplet, seen in rain
or snow. Outside air is mixed with room air and led to the pri-
mary air-cleaning chamber, where most of the pollutants are
removed by humidification. After heating, the air is humidified
in the secondary air-cleaning chamber which is equipped with
a heat exchanger. When the humid air near the saturation
point is cooled, a temperature decrease does not occur in
water vapor because of its large latent heat. Solids such as
dust, however, are quickly cooled because of their low latent
heat, and absorb the heat of the supercooled vapor. Thus the
dust is covered with water, the water droplet grows in size as
cooled, and falls downward. The small size of the initially
formed water droplets, and the low temperature and humidity
of the ambient atmosphere are the main features of this
system, enabling the removal of ultra-fine particulates and
gaseous pollutants. This method was contemplated in 1967, a
patent application made in 1968, and brought into operation
for a large electronic factory in the summer of 1969.
19523
Brandt, H.
DUST REMOVAL FROM BITUMINOUS MACADAM MIX
REFINING PLANTS. (Die Entstaubung der Aufbereitungsan-
lagen fuer bituminoeses Mischgut des Strassenbaues). Text in
German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 149:418-426, 1970. 10
refs.
About 50 million tons of bituminous macadam mix is produced
annually in West Germany, in 1800-2000 stationary and mobile
plants, releasing more than 1 million tons of dust which need
to be processed by separators. The mineral constituents, grain
size 0-35 mm, are continually dried and heated in a stream of
flue gases from a rotary kiln. The finer particles become
suspended in this stream of gas and must be removed from it
so as to conform to legal regulations. A federal regulation of
September 1964 sets the maximum acceptable emission level at
150-750 mg/cu Nm, varied according to the quantity of flue
gas. The limit for dust of less than 10 microns is 150-300 mg.
A regulation of the Province of North Rhine-Westphalia of
October 1967 sets limits according to 5 categories of gas dust
content. The dust content of the flue gas depends on the
granulometric fineness of the raw material and on the rate at
which the gas flows through the kiln. Measurements show that
unwashed material produces 150 g/cu Nm, a mixture of
washed and unwashed material yields 70 g, and washed
material, 40 g. Kilns can be protected against improper
packing or overloading, and the supply of gas fed to the kiln
can be limited to the amount actually necessary for efficient
operation, which will discourage personnel from using im-
proper procedures. Measurements made in 1968 at 13 plants
indicate that the type of mineral used has a negligible in-
fluence on the amount of dust produced. The present state of
technology has no solution for the problem of flue gases con-
taining more than 150 g/cu Nm, which necessitates controlling
production procedures in such a way as to keep below this
limit. Scrubbers are usually adequate for purification of the
emissions, with bag filters or electrostatic filters for especially
large plants.
19616
Ludwig, Gerhard
ENERGY IN THE CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM
PROCESSING INDUSTRY. MORE RECENT RESULTS IN
THE FIELD OF COAL TREATMENT. (Energie in der
chemischen und erdoelverarbeitenden Industrie. Neuere Er-
gebnisse auf dem Gebiet der Kohlenveredlung). Text in Ger-
man. Brennstoff-Chem. (Essen), 50d):Tl-4, Jan. 1969.
A review of three papers presented at the meeting of the Hard
Coal Mining Association in Essen between Oct. 29 and 30,
1968 is given. The first paper dealt with mining and coke
production; the second, with methods for reducing the sulfur
content in coal; and the third, with specific details of coking
plants (type of coke ovens, etc.). In the past few years, the
average sulfur content in the coal mined in the Ruhr Valley
amounted to 1.12%. The fraction of organically bound sulfur
amounted to 40%, and 60% of the total sulfur content is bound
to iron. There are wet and dry coal desulfurizaticn methods.
Of the various wet methods, floatation was best suited for
removal of the pyrite grains with less than 0.5 mm diameter.
The wet-operating vibrating screen was best suited for pyrite
between 0.06 and 3 mm and the settling tank for material
above 1 mm. The dry methods are not as efficient as the wet
methods, but they are used in West Germany because 40% of
the hard coal ready for use is dry. With a magnetic separator
with a field strength of 18,000 gauss, the sulfur content in the
grain size class of 1 to 0.1 mm could be reduced from 2.8 to
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
1.6%. This was accompanied by a carbon loss of 14.9%. With
laundering, the sulfur content could be reduced, in favorable
cases, to 33.7% and in unfavorable cases to 76.2% of the intial
content.
20379
Wohlwul, Max
METHOD FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SULFUR FROM
HYDROGEN SULFIDE OR HYDROGEN SULFIDE CON-
TAINING GASES. (Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Schwefel
aus Schwefelwasserstoff oder schwefelwasserstoffhaltigen
Gasen). Text in German. (Metallgesellschaft A. G., Frankfurt
(W. Germany)) W. German Pat. 707,132. 7p., May 15, 1938.
(Appl. date not given, 8 claims).
A method was devised for the extracting sulfur from hydrogen
sulfide or gases containing as little as 2% by volume of H2S.
The method is characterized by treatment of these gases with
sulfur dioxide in the presence of pure organic bases or mix-
tures of such bases. Secondary and tertiary amines, preferably
aromatic bases aklylated to nitrogen, are used as the reaction
liquid, e.g., dimethyl anilin. The reaction takes place above the
dew point for water. The temperature in the reaction chamber
is so high that all sulfur remains solved. The H2S containing
gas flows parallel to the reaction liquid loaded with SO2. Upon
leaving the reaction chamber, the gases are cooled just to a
temperature above the water dew point. The bases precipitated
•thereby are returned to the process. For regeneration of the
ivarious alkaline salt solutions from the final gases, they are
.combined neutralized with calcium and distilled or mechani-
cally separated. The bases polluted with acid or neutral or-
ganic compounds are cleaned by entering them as sulfite or
bisulfite into aqueous solution, separating them from the un-
solved organic components, and by driving off the SO2.
21874
Knop, W.
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS IN VISCOSE PLANTS. (Emis-
sionsverminderung in Viskosebetrieben). Text in German. VDI
(Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Ber., no. 149:251-259, 1970. 19 refs.
The two most important pollutants produced by the viscose in-
dustry are carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide. In synthetic
glass and synthetic wool plants, emission problems have been
more or less solved by drawing off the pollutants at the point
of origin, whereas in rayon plants, it is not yet feasible to
completely encapsulate the spinning machines. Over the
course of the years numerous H2S removal processes have
been developed which were of little practical use; all these
methods changed the air pollution problem into a water pollu-
tion problem. They were originally developed for desulfuriza-
tion of the gases which developed from the coking process of
hard coal. The Giammarco, Vetrocoke, Thylox, Stretford and
Ferrisulf processes all involve oxidation. The first two use ar-
senic solution as scrubbing liquids, while the Stretford process
binds H2S with vanadium compounds. The Ferrisulf process
uses ion hydroxide for chemisorption of H2S, and it is closely
related to the oldest dry desulfurization process which con-
verts H2S with iron hydroxide, oxygen and water into elemen-
tal sulfur. While all H2S removal processes are uneconomical,
it has become feasible for recover CS2 from the waste gases
quite economically. Stationary or mobile activated coal layers
are used for adsorption on CS2. In the sulfosorbon process the
waste gas is blown through the activated coal adsorbers.
Hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to sulfur, in the lower layer,
while the upper layer carbon disulfide is adsorbed. The ad-
sorber is regenerated. The sulfuric acid is washed out with
water, the sulfur is extracted with CS2. The residual CS2 is
driven off with water vapor at 110 to 130 C, and the waste gas
is cleaned to a residual CS2 content of 50 to 10 mg/cu m, and
to less than 1 ppm H2S.
23079
Sorokin, Yu. L., L. N. Demidova, and U. P. Kuz'min
PRINCIPLES OF DROP SEPARATION FROM VAPOR OR
GAS STREAMS. (O nekotorykh zakonomernostyakh separat-
sii kapel* iz potoka para ili gaza). Text in Russian. Khim. i
Neft. Mashinostr., no. 8:20-22, Aug. 1968. 19 refs.
Some separator designs for removing liquid drops from vapor
or gas streams are compound, and the most promising of these
as measured b allowable velocities and residual vapor moisture
is determined. Separation devices are, in effect, packings
which are inserted into the top section of apparatus in the
form of a horizontal layer 80 to 200 m high. Systems tested in-
clude air-water, air-kerosene, air-water-sodium oxide solution,
and steam-water. Vertical and inclined baffle separators can be
considered to be the most promising and can be recommended
for wide application since they operate at very high inlet
velocities and provide the same or somewhat lower residual
moisture as horizontal baffle separators, Raschig ring
packings, and standard meshes. (Author abstract modified)
23245
Bothe, Rolf
PROBLEMS IN DUST REMOVAL FROM THE WASTE
GASES OF IRON ORE SINTERING PLANTS. (Probleme der
Sinterabgasentstaubung bei Eisenerzsinteranlagen). Text in
German. Stahl Eisen, vol. 88:1414-1422, Dec. 12. 1968. 10 refs.
(Presented at the Commission on Power Economics and Ther-
mal Engineering, 198th General Session, Duesseldorf, June 14,
1968.)
The evolution of processes for the removal of dust from sin-
tering gases is traced, from the earlier mechanical devices to
the present-day electrostatic filters. Practical experience with
their installation and use are presented, together with com-
ments on the influence of the filter on industrial processing
techniques, with reference to its technical possibilities and
limitations. The special problems of dust removal in older sin-
tering plants is also dealt with. A basic distinction is made
between the dust problems created by the actual sintering
process and those created by the transport of materials and
other related operations of the plant; the former problem is
dealt with here. In I960, the first electrostatic filter was in-
stalled in Europe in a West German steel mill. At the date of
writing, there were four modern iron smelting plants in Europe
that made use of the electrostatic process for dust removal.
Electrostatic filters operate most efficiently when the electrical
resistance of the dust is in the range of 10 to the 4th power -10
to the llth power OHMS/cm. In the past few years, there has
been a dramatic change in the type of iron ore supplied to
German steel mills. Whereas previously the domestic ore
dominated the market, the amount of domestic ore now used
has shrunk to about l/9th of the total. The new supplies, com-
ing from such places as Africa, has a lower content of chemi-
cally bound water and little or no sulfur content. Both water
vapor and sulfur oxides have an influence on dust resistance.
23246
Bothe, Rolf
INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING PLANTS
FOR REMOVING THE DUST FROM BLAST FURNACE GAS.
(Leistungssteigerung vorhandener Anlagen zur Hochofen-
gasentstaubung). Text in German. Stahl Eisen, vol. 89:30-35,
-------
10
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
1969. (Presented to the Industry Club, Duesseldorf, West Ger-
many, Jan. 19, 1967.)
New improvements are possible in equipment for the purifica-
tion of stack gas, thanks to recently acquired insights into the
operation of the equipment, bolstered by experimental data.
Dry mechanical separation is modified by the introduction of
auxiliary cyclones the output of which passes through a collec-
tion point. There are also changes in the wet processes and
electrostatic equipment that benefit both the throughput
capacity and the filtering efficiency. The proper designing of a
voltage transformer for the auxiliary electrostatic filter is
discussed. In the modern blast furnace air filtering system, a
prefilter reduces the paniculate content of the waste gases
from 10-30 g/cu m to a content of 3-10, sometimes 15 g/cu m.
After this coars stage of filtering, the exhaust is subjected to
finer filtering stages, which could be a combination of wet and
dry processes; the final goal is a pollutant content of less than
1 mg/cu m for a gas turbine operation and IS mg/cu m for a
boiler plant. The practicality of a variety of combinations of
various types of filters is discussed, and a model is given for
the updating of existing equipment, which in the example
given includes installing an auxiliary cyclone and venturi tube;
modifying the scrubber, the interior of the electrofilter and the
voltage transformer; and enlarging the electrofilter. The use of
thyristor circuits is discussed.
24197
Elnicki, Walter
A CONTROL MODE FOR AIR POLLUTION. All Clear,
2(3):15-16, May/June 1970.
Thermal incineration is a process of oxidation of the organic
material in a waste gas by means of bringing the gas to a tem-
perature above the automatic ignition temperature of the com-
bustible, and holding it there long enough to oxidize it. These
contaminants may be odors and/or solvents in the gaseous
form. In order to obtain good conversion efficiencies, the
hydrocarbons must be heated to temperatures between 1300
and 1500 F with a residence time of .3 to .6 seconds. The
design of a thermal incineration system must incorporate tem-
perature, holding time, and turbulence of the waste air stream
to produce proper clean-up efficiencies. When properly baf-
fled, the holding chamber will produce enough turbulence to
get thorough mixing of the waste gases to produce maximum
burning. It is extremely critical that the minimum allowable ex-
haust rate be used, since the air flow rate governs the amount
of gas which is burned, the size of the incinerator, the exhaust
fan, and relative ductwork to feed the thermal incinerator.
Costs can be reduced with the addition of heat exchangers to
preheat the process exhaust air, and/or to heat make up air to
supply back to the process, or to heat air from space heating
in the building itself.
25033
Rueb, Friedmund
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDUSTRIAL PAINT-
SPRAYING PLANTS. (Luftreinhaltung in industriellen
Lackierbetriehen). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(9):347-353, Sept. 1970.
The construction and operation of paint spray booths and
cabins with dry separators, of water-rinsed booths, of en-
closed spraying and drying booths, the drawing off and recla-
mation of organic solvents, thermal combustion of polluted
air, and its catalytic combustion are described. In dry separa-
tion, paint mists are drawn off by ventilators through labyrinth
filters; wet separation where the walls of the spray booths are
constantly being rinsed with water or where the mist has to
pass through a screen of water produces exhaust air of higher
purity and minimizes the danger of fires. Enclosed spray
booths use principally for spray painting automobiles are so
constructed that the operator is supplied fresh air. Paint and
solvent separation is the same as in open booths. The recovery
of solvents is accomplished by absorption with activated car-
bon whence the solvent is expelled by steam. When the emis-
sion of solvents into the atmosphere exceeds 10 kg/hr, then
the German law stipulates the mandatory use of a thermal or
catalytic combustion installation. The presence in the at-
mosphere of catalytic poisons like lead or phosphoric acid
esters makes catalytic combustion inapplicable. Combustio:
takes place at 650-800 C. The advantage of catalytic com-
bustion is that it operates with higher concentrations and lowet
temperatures.
25139
Eisner, Joachim H.
THE APPLICATIONS OF MODERN ELECTRIC GAS PU-
RIFICATION INSTALLATIONS. (Einsatzmoeglichkeiten
modemer elektrischer Gasrcinigiingsanlagen). Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(10):394-402, Oct. 1970.
Electrofilters will separate up to 99.9% fine and finest
suspended particles, handle large quantities of gases at tem-
peratures up to 600 C. Electrofilters usually work with a volt-
age of 78,000 V, electricity consumption is minimal. In dry
electro-filters the dust is removed from electrodes by rapping.
Under adverse conditions the gas to be purified can be condi-
tioned by evaporative cooling by reducing gas temperature and
by raising the dew point. In some cases this pretreatment is es-
sential. In wet electrofilters the premoistened dust together
with water droplets i the gas and the injected water fog are
separated on the collecting electrodes in the form of a water
sludge. The possibilities of technically and commercially ad-
vantageous application of electrofilters in steel and iron works
ore sintering plants, blast furnaces, steel production), in non-
ferrous metal smelting plants, in iron foundries, shaft fur-
naces, sintering grate band, disintegrators, dryers), in ceramic
works, in coal processing (generator gas, coke-oven gas, other
gases), in steam power plants and in chemical and related in-
dustries (plastics, cellulose, sulfuric acid, regeneration of
hydrochloric acid in tanneries) are reviewed.
25420
Eisen, Peter
DESCRIPTION OF FINE DUSTS BY MEASUREMENT AND
THEIR SEPARATION IN SPRAY WASHERS. (Ueber die
messtechnische Bestimmung von Feinstaeuben und deren
Abscheidung in Spruehwaeschem). Text in German.
Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Zurich (Switzer-
land), Thesis (Ph.D) Zurich, Switzerland, P. Schmidberger,
1969, 105p. 50 refs.
The production of aerosols with reproducible characteristics is
an indispensable condition of research in the area of fine dust
separation. This condition is met by an aerosol generator
working on the spray-drying principle which produces dusts
within a 0.1 and 3.0 micron range in the form of polystyrene-
latex aerosols or of salt dusts; the dust concentration is kept
below 0.001 g/cu m because of agglomeration at higher con-
centrations. Dust grain size is measured by means of the
Royco particle counter. The attainable degree of separation de-
pended essentially on the turnover of contact energy by a
separator which applies to binary nozzles of any construction.
The separation zone in a washer was very limited in extent
and there was a difference in the degree of separation between
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
11
polystyrene-latex and salt dusts. Latex particles 0.35 micron in
size were separated from the gas flow by 40% while salt dusts
were separated by 90% due to a difference in wettability. The
incorporation of a glass fiber packing into the washing tower
considerably increased the separation rate of both hydrophilic
and of hydrophobic dusts. In this manner, finest particles 0.3
microns in size were separated in a dry state from a gaseous
medium by 85%.
25791
Selin, A. N. and P. I. Nivin
CARBON BISULFIDE-HYDROGEN SULFIDE BALANCE IN
THE PRODUCTION OF VISCOSE TEXTILE FIBERS.
(Balans serougleroda i serovodoroda v proizvodstve viskoznoy
tekstil'noy niti). Text in Russian. Khim. Volokna, no.6:65-66,
1968.
Carbon disulfide/hydrogen sulfide balance in the production of
viscose fiber was studied under industrial conditions at the
Kalinin Combine. Process losses total 295 kg CS2 and 82 kg
H2S per ton of alpha-cellulose. Degassing the solution in the
settling tank is 16 g CS2, and 20 g H2S per cu m results in
14% recovery of CS2. Ventilation gases in the finishing section
contain 0.3-0.4 g CS2/cu m, and 11-12% CS2 recovery is
achieved. Overall, CS2 recovery of 45% is possible, with 7%
in the form of elemental sulfur.
26014
Hoshika, Y. and T. Ishiguro
QUALITATIVE ANALYSES OF ODOR COMPONENTS IN
THE PYROLYSIS OF FEATHER IN THE LABORATORY
TEST. (Feza kanetsu shoriji ni hassei sum shu seibun to sono
taisaku—tokuni akurorein no kakunin ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research J. Japan),
l(3):34-44, Oct. 1970. 5 refs.
Feather treatment in the rendering process generates odorous
acrolein in amounts of 0.01 to 0.1 ml out of 25 mg of feather.
In addition to acrolein, such odorous gases as methyl mercap-
tan, acetaldehyde, diethylamine, n-propylamine, ammonia, and
hydrogen sulfide are also generated. A pyrolysis method
should be adopted, and a low temperature condensation
method should be applied to eliminate water, or an electrical
water elimination method developed, so that the rendering
process can be accomplished without heating. If a heating
process cannot be applied, use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
in a scrubbing tower is recommended. The rendering process
is explained, and a pyrolysis flow sheet is provided.
26138
Kosmider, Stanislaw and K. Ludyga
DISTURBANCE OF ACID-BASE AND ENZYME EQUILIBRI-
UM IN EXPERIMENTAL INTOXICATION WITH SO2 AND
PROTECTIVE ACTION OF AMMONIA. (Enzymatische und
Saeure-Basen-Gleichgewichtsstoerungen nach experimenteUer
SO2-Vergiftung sowie Schutzwirkung von Ammoniakdaemp-
fen). Text in German. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed., 26(4): 316-334,
1970. 14 refs.
In connection with a new method for neutralizing sulfur diox-
ide in combustion gases by means of ammonia, the changes in-
duced by SO2 in guinea pigs were examined and compared"
with the effect of the products of the reaction of SO2 with
ammonia. The first group of twenty guinea pigs were exposed
to SO2 at a concentration of 2 g/cu Nm in a special toxicologi-
cal chamber; the second group of twenty were similarly ex-
posed to the products resulting from the reaction of SO2 with
ammonia. The third group of twenty animals were exposed to
SO2 at a concentration of 50 mg/ cu Nm for eight hours a day
for four months, and the fourth group of twenty to the reac-
tion products of SO2 plus NH3 for a period of four months.
The blood of all the animals was examined for the level of
hemoglobin number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, the
colored indicator, and a percentage composition of leukocytes.
Disturbances of acid-base equilibrium were investigated, as
well as the pH of blood taken fro left ventricle, the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide and the tola pressure of CO2 in the
plasma. Also determined was the total protein level as the ac-
tivity of aldolase, lactic acid dehydrogenas and asparagine and
alanine aminotransferase. Urine contents of sugar, protein and
morphotic components were determined for pH. Samples of
liver and brain were taken after the animals had been sacri-
ficed, and the activity of their enzymes was determined as wel
as those of the blood. The toxic activity of SO2 is multiple and
leads to the impairment of the function of several organs.
Toxic action of SO2 is due to the disturbances of the acid-base
equilibrium brought about by the inhalation of acid products
and by the disturbances of ventilation resulting from changes
in the respiratory system. The decreased activity of aldolase
and lactic- acid dehydrogenase in the blood and tissues in
cases of SO2 intoxication may interfere with the carbohydrate
metabolism, thus accounting for hyperglycemia and
disturbances of glycogen synthesis in the tissues. Animals ex-
posed to the reaction products of SO2 with ammonia had a
statistically lower mortality rate. The chemica reaction of SO2
with ammonia reduces the disturbances of the acid- base
equilibrium observed in SO2 intoxication and eliminates the
enzymatic disturbances in the blood and tissues noted in SO2
intoxication. (Author abstract modified)
26593
Eisner, Joachim H.
ELECTRIC FILTERS FOR DUST EXTRACTION ON ACID
REGENERATION PLANTS. (Elektrofilter zur Entstaubung
von Saeureregenerations-Anlagen). Text in German. Wasser
LuftBetrieb, 14(12):508-511, 1970.
Used-up acid from steel pickling baths is regenerated by
dispersing it in high turbulence reactors where the free acid
and water are vaporized and the iron chloride is converted to
Fe203 and gaseous hydrochloric acid at 440 C in the presence
of oxygen and steam. The extremely fine iron oxide is
separated by a specially designed electrofilter which in con-
tinuous operation separates 99 to 99.8% Fe203. All parts of the
dry filter are, in spite of the high HC1 content of the gas,
made of steel which is accomplished by insulation of the filter
and by heating and rinsing of all insulators with preheated air.
G^s temperature must never reach or fall short of the dew
point of the acid which, depending on the plant, lies between
110 and 150 C. The discharge electrodes constructed in the
form of so-called Bicorona flat steel electrodes account for the
high degree of iron oxide separation. The electrofilter
processes crude gas with a 20 to 30 g/N cu m dust content to a
residual dust content of 100 mg/cu m.
28146
Yanagi, Fusao
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATION ASH OR
THE LIKE. (Gesuidodei tono shokyakubai no shorihoho).
Text in Japanese. (Ishigaki Machineries Co., Ltd. (Japan))
Japan. Pat. Sho 45-39317. Dec. 10, 1970. (Appl. Aug. 15, 1966,
claims not given).
An effective disposal method for the ash produced from in-
cineration of sewage or industrial waste sludge is described. In
the dewatering or dehydration of sludge or the like by means
-------
12
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
of a vacuum filter, coagulants such as iron chloride or iron
sulfide and slaked lime are generally added to the sludge to
cause flocculent masses to form. Thereafter the sludge is fil-
tered to remove the solids and incinerate them. However, ash
is produced in large quantities as a result of the incineration,
while bad odors and poisonous gases are also generated when
heavy oils or the like are utilized as auxiliary fuel. In the
present method, sludge treated with coagulants and filtered for
dehydration is incinerated at 800 C or higher. By means of a
cyclone, the ash is separated into that chiefly composed of
calcium oxide and that composed of ferric oxide. The CaO is
recovered and used as coagulant to induce flocculant masses
to form in the sludge to be filtered; the Fe203 ash is mixed
with water and used as a reaction agent for hydrochloric acid
and sulfurous acid gas generated from the incinerator, thus
forming iron chloride. The solution is then separated into solid
and supernatant. Only the acid supernatant containing iron is
recovered and utilized as a coagulant for the raw sludge.
28320
FILTER PROGRAM. (Filterprogramm). Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(l):36-39, Jan. 1971.
Various types of filters for cleaning waste gases are described.
Gases escaping from electrolytic cells used in the melting of
aluminum are cleaned by passing them through an aluminum
oxide layer where the gaseous fluorides are absorbed. Next
the gases are passed through envelope-type cloth filters which
retain the aluminum oxide particles. The aluminum oxide is
returned to the reduction cells, the fluorides to the melting
zone. The process is a dry one which has the advantage of not
converting an air-pollution problem to a water pollution
problem. A new wet dust collector consists of a high-capacity
precipitator, 1200 mm high and 3000 mm long packed with
synthetic material. Collection efficiency is about 99.4%. Water
consumption is to 0.1 to 0.2 liters/cu m waste air. A filter for
radioactive, pathogenic, and toxic substances consists of a rim
board with O- grooves and a plastic sack that allows con-
tamination-free replacement of the air filter. In a metallurgical
plant, the dust-laden waste gases are conducted through water-
cooled pipes to a scrubber, where the gases are washed with
water. The scrubbing water circulates in a closed system to
avoid water pollution.
28392
Bauer, Hans-Dieter and Hans-Guido Klinkner
THE EFFICIENCY OF SURFACE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN
WET DUST SUPPRESSION AT A COAL BAGGER. (Die
Wirksamkeit oberflaechenaktiver Stoffe bei der nassen Staub-
bekaempfung an Walzenschraemladem). Text in German.
Glueckauf (Essen), 107(5): 161-169, March 4, 1971. 13 refs.
Experiments were carried out on a coal bagger with wet dust
suppression. The efficiency of dust suppression with and
without a wetting agent in the water was tested. The wetting
agent Lessageene Z 100 was added in quantities of about
0.08%. Dust supression was clearly improved by use of the
wetting agent and a spraying speed of 100 1/min. Far more dust
was suppressed under these conditions than by double spray-
ing the amount of water, i.e., 200 1/min without the wetting
agent. This applied to the entire range of grain sizes of dust
particles, fine as well as coarse.
29601
Shigeta, Yoshihiro
ODOR TREATMENT AND ITS COST AT RENDERING FAC-
TORIES. (Kaseijo no akushu shoriho to sono hiyo). Text in
Japanese. PPM (Japan), 2(5):78-85, May 1971. 6 refs.
At rendering factories, the raw material should be placed in a
concrete pit, 2-3 m underground, with a V-shaped bottom. At
the bottom, a screw conveyor is installed through which the
raw materia is sent to the crusher. The pit can be equipped
with a lid. Although a stone separator and metal detector can
eliminate stone, gravel, and metal, such things as vinyl, cloth,
and rope have to be eliminated by hand. Dead animals, animal
bones, and large fish, ar put into the hasher before they are
put in a cooker. These machine save labor, and the processes
can be air tight. The continuous cooker is operated at 80-90 C
for 10-20 minutes for fish offal. Animal bones and feathers are
placed in a dry rendering plant After cooking, a screw press
removes 30-35% of the water from the fish offal and the fish
cake is dried. The water is desludged. The animal bones and
feathers are dried to decrease their water content to 6-10%. If
an expeller is used for the fish offal to decrease the water con-
tent to 45-55%, the odor is decreased. The water removed
from the offal should be utilized as fish soluble, as it contains
3-6% protein. The odor can be treated by combustion, ac-
tivated coal, ozone, or oxidation catalyst methods, a neutral-
izer or masking method, or dilution. The cost of these methods
is calculated.
29639
Theodore, Louis and James Pardini
DESIGN OF AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR USING
MODELLING AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUES. Proc.
North Eastern Regional Antipollutio Conf., Kingston, R. I.,
1969. 7 refs. (July 22-25.)
Six mathematical models are developed for three different
flow regimes encountered in plate and tubular electrostatic
precipitators. The flows considered are plug, laminar, and tur-
bulent. In each case, the model is solved for the height of the
precipitator necessary to ensure 100% collection efficiency.
The calculated results from a digital simulation are compared
with those obtained using standard design techniques. The
results of the simulation can be used to evaluate the effects of
new and/or different precipitator geometries, aerosol proper-
ties, and electrostatic conditions. This work may serve as
guide to the proper design and selection of electrostatic
precipitators.
29792
Matsuzaki, Kazuo and Shusuke Kondo
STEAM-SMOKE MIST CONTACT DEVICE. (Joki-enmutai
sesshoku sochi). Text in Japanese. (Kyowa Koji K. K. (Japan))
Japan. Pat. Sho 45-40997. 3p., Dec. 22, 1970. (Appl. June 25,
1966, claims not given).
A steam-smoke mist contact device was incorporated with a
steam injection-type dust collector. The device is shaped like a
venturi tube. The portion above the throat is the vortex
chamber, which also serves as the induction section, im-
mediately below the throat is the expansion chamber. Steam
atomizer nozzles are installed on the inner wall of the vortex
chamber. As smoke mist is fed into the vortex chamber, steam
is jetted in through the atomizer nozzles so that the suspended
participates in the smoke are contacted with the steam to form
water droplets around the particles. The smoke is subjected to
turbulent notion and prolonged residence twice in the vortex
chamber before discharge in order to enhance mixing and
wetting with the steam.
30526
Tamori, Yukuo
CHECK POINTS FOR OPERATING DUST COLLECTORS.
(Shujin sosa no tameno kento jiko). Text in Japanese. Kogai
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
13
To Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(2):105-109, March 1971. 8
refs.
The concentration of a dust is represented by weight (g/cu m)
in unit volume. If the dust is extremely dilute, particle count
(particle/cc) per unit volume is employed. The Air Pollution
Control Act sets standards for dust concentrations according
to source classification. Grain size distribution is represented
either by frequency or by integration. Microscopic, screening,
pipet, sedimentation, or light transparency methods are em-
ployed for the determination of particle size distribution. True
and volumetric specific gravity is defined. Adhesivity, electri-
cal resistance, angle of friction, particle configuration, surface
roughness, hygroscopic properties, corrosion resistance, tox-
Scity and explosivity, and dynamic characteristics of particu-
lates are described. Free fall velocity in atmosphere is dia-
grammaticaUy shown, together with the Cunningham cor-
rection. Normally the gas temperature is extremely high, being
200-600 C at the dust collector. With dust collectors utilizing
gravity, inertia, or centrifugal force, particle velocity
decreases at high temperatures because of the increase in
viscosity. Also, the pressure loss increases, resulting in lower
collector efficiency. The recently developed high-temperature
bag filter is usable up to 300 C. Estimation of the gas quantity
to be processed, water content, and the effects of sulfuric an-
hydride are also explained.
30534
Oshima, Mamoru
NITROGEN OXIDES TREATMENT. (Chisso sankabutsu
shori). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research
y. Japan), l(4):55-62, March 1971.
.Nitrogen oxides are more difficult to treat than other industrial
'waste gases. Because no one control method yields the
required efficiency, it is necessary to combine methods or to
proceed by stages. Treatment by ammonia or by ammonia and
chloride are especially dependable methods. Nitrogen forms
compounds with oxygen such as nitrous oxide, nitric oxide,
nitrous anhydride, and nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide and NO2
are emitted from metal surface treatment factories, such as
those which wash stainless steel with nitric acid, or eliminate
scale from copper wire. It is impossible to eliminate NO and
NO2 completely, although the following methods are now
used: washing by water or alkali; venturi scrubbers; oxidation
or reduction by catalyst; oxidation by chloride; ammonia gas
treatment; the oxidized nitrogen, chlorine, and ammonia
method; and oxidation by activated charcoal (catalyst). The
ammonia gas treatment is relatively simple, with a high
elimination rate. The oxidized nitrogen-chlorine-ammonia
method requires a venturi scrubber and cottrel to eliminate the
white smoke generated. Some acutal examples of treatment
are shown including a metal refinery that uses the activated
charcoal catalyst ammonia-chlorine method; a steel mill that
uses the activated charcoal catalyst-oxidized ammonia method;
and a company producing almite that has adopted an alkali
washing-ammonia- chlorine pouring method. It is difficult to
specify standardized design criteria elimination or costs. Total
construction cost is estimated at $22,900 for a twin-tower
system with 200 cu m/min capacity.
30606
Nietzold, Ingo
STATUS AND TENDENCIES OF AIR FILTRATION IN THE
GJ>.R. (Stand und Tendenzen der Luftfiltration in der DDR).
Text in German. Chem. Tech. (Berlin), 23(4-5):238-243, April-
May, 1971. (Presented at the Colloquium Reinhaltung der Luft,
11th Woche der Rammer der Technik, VEB Chemiefaserkom-
binat Wuhelm Pieck Schwarza, Oct. 27, 1970.)
Third generation dust filters (1965-1975) for compact continu-
ous filtration, filter housings with removable filter panels for
500 to 20,000 cu m air/hr, classification of filters by their per-
formance, the systems concept of air filtration, the trends
discernible in filter development, electrofilters, and the filter
supply situation and their importation into East Germany are
reviewed. Third generation dust filters have a frame size of
710 by 460 mm, process 3000 cu m air/hr which corresponds to
a flow velocity of 2.55 m/sec. Filter assemblies come in 24
sizes with the largest having a capacity of 420 000 cu m air/hr.
The filtering material consists of a fleece of polyester and
polyamide fibers lined by malimo gauze tighly stretched over
rollers in several folds within the filter frame. Dust-laden filter
material, replaced by fresh fleece by winding a roller, is
descarded. Aerosol filters are currently being officially tested
by means of radioactively marked aerosols. The API code is
not used in the G.D.R. A new system is proposed which classi-
fies filters by their separation power of silica dust, oil fog, and
radioactively marked aerosols and stipulates the test procedure
to be used in each case. The trend is away from reusable
towards disposable filters, even though the cost is higher.
Electrofilter production and use has declined because of their
frequent malfunctions, even though their usefulness in fine
dust removal is generally recognized. The importation of
foreign, even of superior filters is being discouraged.
31078
Franzky,U.
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY TECHNOLOGY FOR THE MAIN-
TENANCE OF CLEAN AIR? (Was verstcnt man unter Luf-
treinhaltetechnik). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, Son-
derheft PRO AQUA - PRO VTTA, June 1971, p. 46-47, 14 refs.
The technology for maintenance of clean air comprises all
methods for removal of solid, liquid, or gaseous emissions.
Measures reducing emissions start with the selection of the
raw material and include modifications of the production
process, construction and dimensioning of waste-gas exhaust
systems, equipment for cleaning the waste gases, and all facili-
ties for discharging the clean waste gas. Monitoring and equip-
ment maintenance are also control measures. The operating
range of dust collectors covers dusts with grain sizes of 0.01
micron to dusts with sizes of more than 1000 micron. Dust
concentrations in waste gases can be easily reduced to 150
mg/cu m for nontoxic dusts and to less than 100 mg/cu m for
toxic dusts. Settling chambers are primarily used for prelimina-
ry collection of large-grained dust. The collection mechanism
of filters is to a large extent still unknown. It is assumed that
impaction of large particles occurs and that fine dust is
retained through diffusion and electrostatic forces. The collec-
tion efficiency of mechanical dust collectors can be improved
by enlarging the mass of the dust particles. This can be
achieved by binding the particles to a fluid. Electrostatic
precipitators are preferrably used for cleaning large waste gas
flows. Gas-cleaning methods are based on physical processes
or are connected with chemical reactions. The physical
methods include dilution, condensation, absorption, and ad-
sorption; the chemical methods, oxidation processes.
31967
Buerkholz, A.
DROP SEPARATION FROM WIRE MESH FILTERS. (Trop-
fenabscheidung an DrahtfiUem). Text in German. Chem.-Ing.-
Tech., 43(21): 1314-1321, Nov. 1970. 13 refs.
A criterium of the effectiveness of drop separators employed
in chemical plants to separate droplets from waste air is the
separation degree which largely depends on droplet size. The
chemical industry uses wire mesh separators to separate
-------
14
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
droplets with diameters between 0.5 and 20 micron. They con-
sist of superimposed layers of 0.25 mm wire mesh with two
mm distances between individual layers. Thus, a compact
horizontal wire mesh sieve of high porosity is obtained which
is inserted into the duct through which the droplet-laden waste
air passes in an upward direction. The droplets are retained by
the wire mesh as a film which coalesces into drops that fall
off. Such devices are used primarily in sulfuric acid plants to
remove sulfuric acid droplets suspended in waste air which
would otherwise cause corrosion and dangerous pollution. An
analysis of fractional separation curves obtained experimen-
tally by using a cascade impactor, revealed that in all filters,
including those made of wire mesh, fibers, or a bed of filling
material, the degree of separation increased with increasing
flow velocity of the waste air. Fractional separation degrees,
calculated from impact separation by single fibers, were in
good agreement with experimentally determined values.
32099
Japan Environmental Sanitary Center, Tokyo
REPORT OF THE STUDIES OF THE PREVENTION OF OF-
FENSIVE ODORS (NO. 3). (Akushuboshi ni kansuru kenkyu
hokokusho. (Dai III ho)). Text in Japanese. JESC-42-076. 82p.,
March 1968.
Environmental pollution problems in every Japanese prefec-
ture include offensive odors from fish meal plants, fish
manure mills, and factories for drying chicken droppings. The
condition of deodorizing equipment installed in such factories,
methods for measuring offensive odors, and future counter-
measures were surveyed. Eight models of deodorizing equip-
ment were tested. Construction and maintenance costs of
these models are tabulated along with data for currently in-
stalled equipment. Since deodorizing equipment associated
with a single method does not effectively eliminate odors,
deodorization by a combination of methods was postulated.
Gas chromatography was adopted as the main method for
measuring an offensive odor and as the method for collecting
samples. Sampling amines, mercaptans, and organic acids by
glass-bead tubes is also described, and results are reported for
actual measurements. Based on investigations of the sources
of offensive odors at 25 mills, the chief constituents of basic
offensive odors are ammonium and trimethylamine. Other low-
grade amines were scarcely observed. The usual rate of am-
monium and trimethylamine in emission sources is between 1
to 10 and 10 to 1 in fish meal plants and one to one in the fac-
tories for drying chicken droppings. In some cases, exhaust
concentrations exceeded 100 ppm. Six types of deodorizing
equipment were observed, but almost no factory had a
satisfactory blueprint for eliminating pollution. The economics
of proposed measures are discussed.
32798
Ishii, Tomio
AIR POLLUTION (ODOR) CONTROL FOR KRAFT PULP
MILL WITH OZONE. (Taiki osen (shuki) to kurafuto parupu
mini no ozon dasshu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 7(9):824-828, Sept. 1971. 6 refs.
A pilot odorimeter was tested in 1970 in England wherein the
upper part of the test tube had a heated coil which lighted
mixed gas. The flame rapidly spread below and formed
dispersed light. Sample gas was passed into the tube from the
lower opening and through the burner at the speed of 7 m/sec;
the light continuously scattered at the narrow point of the tube
and reached the upper part of the water jacket which en-
veloped the tube. The intensity of the light was photoamplified
and was sent to a penrecorder. At the test site, methylmercap-
tan was discharged for five minutes at a height of two meters
from the ground, 100 meters windway from the measuring
point The record showed a wave pattern with six or seven
large peaks, probably due to the breeze. But the test was
deemed successful. In the United States, the Kraft Pulp Mill s
deodorization process by ozone is an example of successful
treatment of industrial odor problems. In the process of chemi-
cal digestion of pulp, hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan
are emitted and create odor. According to a study, 1000 kg of
pulp creates 114.2 g H2S and 824.1 g of mercaptan at the Kraft
Pulp Mill. The main sources of emissions are the stacks of the
black liquor combustion furnace; discharge from the digester;
waste gas from the blowdown; and the non-condensable
materials from the evaporator and vacuum pumps. Oxidation
of the gas from the black liquor stack solved that particular
problem, but the main source of odor was the blowdown
which oxidation did not help. More recently, waste gases at
this mill are treated through condensers where ozone is added
to the gas at the entrance and exit, and has proved successful.
The duration of gas-ozone contact is also important, and a 2.2
sec exposure gave the best result.
32846
Kurosawa, Kenji
DESULFURIZATION OF STACK GAS BY MKK PROCESS.
(MKK ho ni yoru haien datsuryu). Text in Japanese. Netsu
Kami (Heat Management: Energy and Pollution Control),
23(8):42-45, Aug. 1971.
In the MKK sulfur control process, an absorption liquid at a
pH of 12 is run countercurrent to the direction of flow of the
stack gases. The absorption device is a multi-stage jet scrubber
which utilizes sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfite as the
scrubbing solution. The absorption liquid is removed at a pH
of five and sent to a reaction tank where lime is added. NaOH
is produced and calcium sulfite settles out. After filtering, a
good gypsum product can be produced. This method is suita-
ble for 20-100 t/hr boilers.
33122
Honda, Akihiro
FUNDAMENTAL METHODS FOR ODOR CONTROL.
(Akushu boshi no kihonteki hoho). Text in Japanese. Yosui to
Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(9): 1079-1090, Sept. 1971.
Of various basic methods of deodorization, those by (1)
decomposition or solution and concentration or absorption; (2)
chemical deodorants; (3) adsorption; (4) ion exchange; and (5)
oxidation are discussed in detail. The first method includes
water scrubbing apparatus of simple water washing; columns
packed with coke, Raschig rings, pipes, or ceramic balls; step
towers such as multi-perforation steps, mesh-steps, lattice-
steps, air-jet steps, umbrella-steps, and floating balls; and spe-
cial absorption towers such as waterfilm types and cyclone
scrubbers. Temperatures for concentration of various odor
producing elements are given. Chemical deodorants are
discussed according to various classifications such as powders,
liquids, and gases; organic and inorganic methods; methods
such as direct application, surface covering, aerosol contact,
flow-through; and mechanisms such as psychological (mask-
ing, neutralization), physical (solution, adsorption), and chemi-
cal (concentration, superimposition, oxidation, reduction, and
disinfection). Tables of deodorization effects by direct and in-
direct applications of inorganic deodorants and deodorization
mechanisms of organic deodorants are given. Tables for the
adsorption capacity of activated carbon for various odor
producing elements, room sizes that one pound of activated
carbon will deodorize for one year, and necessary amounts of
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
15
activated carbon per person per year for various classes of
facilities are included. A table is presented showing the effec-
tiveness of various ion exchange resins. Various methods of
oxidation, such as ozone, chlorine, combustion, and bacteria
are discussed.
33167
Mascarello, J. M. and J. Auclair
RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PLANT FOR WASTE
GAS DESULFURIZATION IN THE E.D.F.-POWER PLANT
ST. OUEN. (Ergebnisse der Versuchsanlage zur Ab-
gasentschwefelung im E.d.F.-Kraftwerk St. Ouen). Text in
German. Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbetr., 51(4):324-328, Aug. 1971.
(Presented at the Vereinigung der Grosskesselbetreiber
Fachtagung, Emissionen 1970, Wuppertal, West Germany,
April 3, 1970, Regensburg, April 17, 1970, and Travemuende,
April 30, 1970.)
A method is described of scrubbing power plant flue gases
with ammonia, thus separating out 93-97% of the sulfur diox-
ide and sulfur trioxide as ammonium sulfite, bisulfite, and
sulfate. These waste products are treated with lime for
recovery of the ammonia which can then be recirculated. The
sulfur-containing acid residues are converted into insoluble
calcium sulfate which can be disposed of without danger. If no
utilization of the chemical end products is foreseen, this is a
very economical method for the control of sulfur oxides. The
power plant St. Ouen has a pilot plant operating on this princi-
ple, which has been modified for recovery of the SO2 as a
liquid. Costs are cited.
33321
REFUSE CASO4 FROM FLUE GASES DESULFURIZATION
IN COAL POWER PLANTS. (Odpadni siran vapenaty z od-
sirovani spalin tepelnych elektraren). Text in Czech. Stavivo,
43(11):413, 1965. 1 ref.
A method of flue gas desulfurization from coal power plants
by ammonia is described, in which 90% of the sulfur dioxide is
absorbed. Ammonia is recovered by lime during the formation
of a dehydrate of calcium sulfate of high purity. The purity in-
creases if lime milk is used instead of lime. About 80% of the
ammonia is recovered. The process of ammonia regeneration
is cheap and simple.
33616 •
Sato, Mitsuo, Naoki Takayama, Satoru Kurita, and Takao
Kwan
DISTRIBUTION OF VANADIUM AND NICKEL DEPOSITS
INSIDE THE DESULFURIZATION CATALYSTS. (Banajiumu
oyobi nikkeru no datsuryu shokubai tainai eno chinseki bun-
pu). Text in Japanese. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi (J. Chem. Soc.
Japan), 92(10):834-838, Oct. 1971. 6 refs.
The poisoning of desulfurization catalysts was investigated.
Samples were taken from the middle of a two m long cobalt-
molybdenum-alumina catalyst employed for the hydrodesul-
furization of Kafuji oil in a fixed-layer reactor. X-ray analysis
revealed nickel deposits to be distributed uniformly throughout
the catalyst, while vanadium deposits were found in the vicini-
ty of the surface of the catalyst No difference was observed
between those catalysts used for SO hours and those used for
1000 hours. The rate of deposition was considered linearly pro-
portional to the concentration of the compounds, and the reac-
tion to be reversible. Once deposited, the compounds did not
escape from the surface, nor move around on the surface or
inside the catalyst. The deposition process is independent of
the hydrodesulfurization process. Based on these assumptions.
a theoretical model was derived of the deposition process. The
reactivity of vanadium with the catalyst was greater than that
of nickel, while the diffusion coefficient was lower for vanadi-
um than for nickel.
33971
Mashita, Takashi
WET-TYPE DUST COLLECTOR UTILIZING CONDENSA-
TION. (Gyoshuku o riyo shita shisshiki shujinki soriboru).
Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
7(10):573-574, Oct. 1971.
A new, wet-type dust collector consists of a casing, and many
venturi pipes arranged in parallel in the casing, and water jet
nozzles at the both ends of the pipe bundle. Dust-containing
gas flows into the casing and into the narrow part of the ven-
turi pipes where the speed and pressure drop. Vapor conden-
sation occurs and dust particles are covered by a thin liquid
film. The turbulent air current created at the narrow throat and
the difference in sizes and weight of the particles cause colli-
sion of dust particles and water drops, enlargine each particle.
As they leave the venturi pipes, they are sprayed by the water
jet and large dust particles drop down as sludge. Clean gas
goes through a vapor separation apparatus and is discharged.
This apparatus is particularly effective for collection of large
quantities of small particles (down to 0.04 micron). The con-
tact of the gas and jet liquid is great and uniform, and toxic
gases such as sulfur dioxide and fluoride can be absorbed easi-
ly. The decrease in flow speed or quantity has no effect on the
collection efficiency. The circulation of the jet water is easy,
and the maintenance of the spray nozzle is easy because of
the large opening. Wearing from friction is limited because of
the slow speed of the gas.
33995
Shigara, Masao
COLLECTION AND ELIMINATION OF DUSTS. (Shujin and
Jojin). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
7(10):554-565, Oct. 1971. 7 refs.
Definitions of stack gas, dusts, particulates, emission sources,
air quality standards, measuring methods of suspended par-
ticulates, effects of dusts on human health, emission stan-
dards, and various methods of dust collection are reviewed
with references to laws and statistics. Dust collection devices
include settling, momentum, centrifugal separation, scrubbing
(pool, pressure, and wet cyclones), sound wave (condensation
and particle growth), filter (surface and internal filtering), and
electrostatic precipitator methods. Various filtering materials
are reviewed with regards to temperature, acid resistance, al-
kali resistance, durability, hygroscopicity, and costs. Compara-
tive efficiency and costs of various types of collectors are as
follows: settling chambers are suitable for large particles of 50
to 1000 microns; the collection rates are 40 to 60% and the in-
stallation and operation costs are minimal. For medium size
particles of 5 to 100 microns, cyclones show 85 to 95% effi-
ciency and the cost is medium. For particles of sizes 0.1 to 100
micron, sound wave collectors yield a slightly better collection
rate (80-95%) than venturi scrubbers and the cost of operation
is also more advantageous. Bag filters collect 90 to 99% of
0.05 to 20 micron particles and both installation and operation
costs are medium; 0.05 to 20 micron particles may be collected
80 to 99% by an electrostatic precipitator, which is costly to
install, but the operational cost runs from minimum to medi-
um.
-------
16
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
34314
lijima, Koichiro
HEAVY OIL HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYSTS AND
THEIR REACTIONS. (Juyu suisoka datsuryu-ho no shokubai
to hanno). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Society of Chemi-
cal Engineering, Tokyo, p. 9-18, 1971. 21 refs. (Presented at
the Dicussion on Desulfurization Techniques, 4th, Yokkaichi,
Japan, Oct. 20, 1971.)
Difficulties in desulfurization are mainly found in the direct
method, due to the difficulty of precipitation of vanadium and
nickel between and within the catalyst particles, and the
lowering of catalyst activity caused by asphaltene. Thy princi-
ples of desulfurization systems are explained with illustrations
and operating variables of various types of systems; catalysts
are reviewed. In the direct method of desulfurization, using a
stabilized bed of cobalt molybdenum alumina (CoMo/A1203),
the desulfurization rate drops drastically in the beginning; it
continues to drop up to 50 hours, then stabilizes. Higher desul-
furization rates are obtained with higher reaction pressures, or
using one mm diameter spherical catalyst particles rather than
two mm diameter particles, or thicker catalyst layers under a
given condition. The ratio of desulfurization in one kind of
heavy oil from the Middle East by the direct method showed
elimination of 64% of vanadium, 68% of sulfur, 46% of nickel,
and 49% asphaltene. The life and catalytic reaction of catalysts
depends on types of oil for which they are used; but in
general, efficiency can be improved by enlarging average pore
sizes, improving the pore diameter distribution in relation to
the macropore volumes, and increasing the surface area in
relation to the volume of a catalyst.
34337
Franke, W.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE TEXTILE IN-
DUSTRY. CLEANING OF WASTE AIR FROM TEXTILE
DRYERS. (Umweltschutz in der Textilausruestung Abluf-
treinigung von Texiltrocknem). Text in German. Textfl-
veredlung (Basel), 6(10:769, Nov. 1971.
Dry cloth filters retain the fiber particles in the waste air from
textile dryers, but they are soon clogged and cannot be
cleaned automatically. The filters must be manually cleaned.
Also, the price is high for such filters, should they operate at
temperatures of about 200 C. Moreover, they do not help to
solve the smoke problem. Wet dust collectors would retain the
fibers as well as the smoke. The water must be cleaned, how-
ever, in large basins or through special apparatuses, since the
fibers settle very slowly. Because of the low specific weight of
the fibers, the cyclone cannot be used either. Electrostatic
precipitators are too expensive. The most efficient method of
cleaning such waste gases is thermal afterburning. The gases
are passed into a combustion chamber with high temperatures.
Part of the high combustion temperatures are used in the
dryer.
34604
Fink, F.
SMELTING OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL REFUSE.
(Muellhuette zur Verarbeitung von Haus-und Industriemuell).
Text in German. Brennstoff-Waenne-Kraft, 23(10:457-460,
iNov. 1971. (Presented at the VTG-Dechema-KoUoquhim In-
dustrierueckstaende, Stuttgart, West Germany, March 2,
1971.)
In the metallurgical reduction of refuse by burning at high
temperature, useful end products are obtained such as ferrous
metal and refuse gas. The refuse is charged into an arc fur-
nace. The gas which develops has a temperature of 1500 to
1700 C upon leaving the furnace. It must be cooled and
cleaned before it can be mixed with city gas, or used in some
other way. Scrubbers are mostly used for cleaning the gas
from dust, vapors, and acids. The quantity of dirty gas which
accumulates is only one-eighth of that accumulated at the in-
cineration of refuse in conventional incinerators.
34609
Sinyak, G. S., P. V. Lisovsky, G. I. Chizhikova, M. A.
Vitashkina, E. L Karpova, B. G. Gusarov, and L. L.
Zablotsky
CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF GASEOUS PRODUCTS OF
PYROLYSIS OF HUMAN WASTES. (Kataliticheskoye
okisleniye nekotorykh gaeoobraenykh produktov piroliea otk-
hodov zhienedeyatel nosti Cheloveka). Text in Russian.
Kosmich. Biol. Med., 5(5):77-80, 1971. 5 refs.
The applicability of catalysts - hopcalite, copper-chromium,
copper-cobalt, platinum and palladium — to attain deep oxida-
tion of the vapor-gaseous phase formed during the thermal
treatment of human wastes was studied. Oxidizing properties
of the catalysts were studied on individual gases — methane,
hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. When catalysts with higher
activity were used to oxidize an actual gas mixture, the oxida-
tion reaction of the gas mixture was completed at 350 deg only
with the palladium catalyst. (Author abstract modified)
34683
Karl, Alfred
A WET GAS PURIFICATION PROCESS. (Verfahren zur nas-
sen Gasreinigung). Text in German. (Heinrich Koppers
G.m.B.H., Essen (West Germany)) Ger. Pat 737,031. 2p., May
27, 1943. (Appl. March 30, 1940, 1 claim).
The process removes acid components like carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrocyanic acid, sulfur dioxide from waste
gases. The gases are absorbed with aqueous solutions of or-
ganic compounds and removed from the washing liquid
through distillation. The organic compounds in the washing
liquid are derivatives of gamma-piperidon which contain an
unchanged amino-and-keto-group like 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-
oxo-piperidine. In these compounds, the keto-group is in a
para position to the amino-group. These compounds absorb in-
organic acid compounds by forming loose bonds with them
which are easily broken by reduced pressure, by an increase in
temperature, or preferably by both simultaneously. Thus a
separation of the absorbed acids is achieved without decom-
position or condensation reactions of the gamma-piperidon in a
solution which is returned to the process. Distillation is per-
formed in a column at 60-80 C while scrubbing takes place at
20-30 C.
35015
Delannoy, Georges
ACTION OF THE FRENCH MINING INDUSTRY. (Action
des Charbonnages de France). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos.
(Paris), 23:22-26, Oct. 1971. /
The French mining industry has participated in the fight
against pollution in the mines themselves, in the processing of
coal, and in its combustion. The necessary sampling and mea-
suring devices were developed by the Centre d Etudes et
Recherches des Charbonnages de France. In the mines, dust
formation is controlled by the infusion of water under pressure
into coal seams. During mining itself, water is sprinkled under
pressure on coal banks that are being mined. Modern continu-
ous methane monitoring equipment with alarm devices is also
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
17
used. A difficult problem was coke oven pollution control in-
volving dust and a tar aerosol. But the new oven charging
techniques used in the Lorraine basin almost completely
eliminated emissions. The French mining industry is charac-
terized by a shortage of anthracite which alone burns without
emitting coal tar. Therefore, smokeless coal is being produced
by distillation or by oxidation on a large scale. The anthracite
method alone yields 1,200,000 tons of smokeless coal a year.
Smokeless coal has thus replaced the traditional coal
briquettes which generated coal tar. Basic research currently
being pursued bears on the formation of nitrogen oxides in
furnaces, on the optimal physical and chemical conditions in
waste incineration, on solids-gas interaction in combustion
gases, and on the harmfulness of particulates and gases to
human lungs.
35026
Suzuki, Shigeaki
DIRECT DESULFURIZATION TECHNIQUE AND AP-
PARATUS. (Juyu datsuryu (chokusetsu datsuryu) gijutsu to
sono sochi). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Sozo (Environ. Crea-
tion), l(4):49-55, Nov. 1971. 4 refs.
The general principle of the direct desulfurization system,
material oil for desulfurization, the nature of metal, hydrocar-
bons, and other elements in the material oil which impair the
efficiency of desulfurization, various other operational
problems, types of reaction towers, wear and corrosion
problems, and economics are discussed. The elements which
cause problems of desulfurization are vanadium, nickel, and
close to 30 other metals of smaller amount. Ninety per cent of
these metal compounds are concentrated in the oil residue to
be desulfurized. These metals are extracted by catalysts which
cannot be recovered once used. Asphaltene, an aromatic
hydrocarbon and insoluble to propane and pentane, contains
much more sulfur, nitrogen, and metal compared to solubles
and presents a great problem. The amount of sulfur contained
in asphaltene is approximately twice as much as the amount in
raw oil. Asphaltene is not only difficult to desulfurize, but also
impairs the catalytic action of other elements once it is ad-
sorbed by the catalyst. According to the 1970 report of the
General Energy Investigation Committee, the average sulfur
content in the total fuel consumption in 1974 will be 0.95%,
and in 1978, 0.55%. The sulfur content in the oil desulfurized
by the indirect method presently under operation is 0.3 - 0.5%,
and that of the oil desulfurized by the direct method is approx-
imately 1.0%.
35033
Tamori, Y., T. Sakabe, and M. Ichikawa
PREVENTION TECHNIQUES OF POLLUTION CONTROLS.
pCogai boshi gijutsu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kanri
(Heat Management: Energy and Pollution Control), 23(10):48-
53, Oct. 1971.
Various methods of dust collection for combustion gases are
reviewed and some aspects of desulfurization are discussed.
The combined use of a cyclone and electrostatic precipitator
.was generally most effective and economical for dust collec-
tion when using petroleum as a fuel. The cyclone was used for
he elimination of coarse particles in order to reduce the load
? dust for the electrostatic precipitator. When heavy oil began
be used more than petroleum, electrostatic precipitators
fere used for soot coagulation purposes rather than collection,
and cyclones placed behind were used to complete the collec-
jaon of dusts. For dust collection of high temperature exhaust
gas, wet scrubbers, especially venturi scrubbers, are widely
psed as the most reliable and efficient means. Activated man-
ganese dioxide and activated carbon are being used by some
industries as an adsorbent of sulfur dioxide in stack gases.
Some of other stack gas desulfurization methods include the
use of lime or slake lime power in combustion chambers, the
use of active sodium carbonate as an adsorbent, or an ac-
tivated carbon fluidized bed as adsorbent. The addition of
sodium carbonate at the rate of 110-120 g/N cu m at 325 C has
been proven to be 90% effective for desulfurization. The use
of steam as a separater, manufacturing of sodium sulfite in the
process of desulfurization, and recovery of sodium sulfite
after using it as absorbent, are some of other research projects
being carried out by various industries in conjunction with the
development of desulfurization techniques.
35060
PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE TREND OF RESIDUAL OIL
DESULFURIZATION. (Juyu datsuryu no genjo to kongo no
hoko). Text in Japanese. Kankyo Sozo (Environ. Creation),
l(4):43-48, Nov. 1971
By the end of 1970, 11 indirect desulfurization systems with a
total capacity of 256,000 bbl/d were operating, and they are
expected to increase to 15 systems, producing 39,500 bbl/d.
Japanese oil import consists of 41% Iranian oil containing 2.5
to 2.6% sulfur in the heavy oil form, which can be reduced to
1.5 to 1.6% by an indirect desulfurization process. This com-
pares with the Khafji oil, eight percent of the oil import,
which contains 4.1% sulfur in heavy oil which can be reduced
to 2.6% content. Three direct desulfurization systems presently
operate in Japan, treating 112,760 bbl/d oil, and two more
systems will be added in the next two years, increasing the
capacity to 156,000 bbl/d. Of the stabilized bed operation and
fluidized catalyst bed processing, the latter is more complex in
mechanism, but the exchange of catalyst is possible without
stopping the operation of the entire system. Also, maintenance
of catalytic activity is easier, making a continuous operation
for an extended time possible. It also desulfurizes residual oil
with many metallic components which decreases the activity
of catalysts and of decompressed distillation residual oil. Since
this process is regarded most suitable for Japan which has to
depend on various types of raw oil, The Ministry of Interna-
tional Trade and Industry has spent approximately $3,600,000
since 1967 on research and development of fluidized bed direct
desulfurization technology. The goal is development of a
desulfurization technique with a 70% result at the cost of ap-
proximately $3/k 1. By the end of 1971, designing of actual
plant and collection of basic data necessary for the construc-
tion and operation are to be completed.
35496
Aizawa, Kiyoshi and Hirohide lijima
FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION SYSTEM. (Ryudosho
shiki shokyaku sochi ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nenryo
Oyobi Nensyo (Fuel and Combustion), 38(11):43-50, Nov.
1971.
In a fluidized bed combustion incinerator, a layer of heated
and constantly moving particles such as sand acts as a com-
bustion medium, and makes complete burning possible at the
low temperature of 700 C. The solid waste comes in contact
with the heated sand and organic material is completely
decomposed and oxidized. The combustion gas goes through a
heat exchanger before emission from the stack. Soot is further
collected by either a multi-cyclone, a filter, or a wet-type ,'ust
collector. The smoke is made completely odorless by the
complete combustion. Flow sheets and the design and opera-
tional specifications are presented.
-------
18
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
35650
Viessman, Warren
CAUSE AND CONTROL OF ODOR IN AIR CONDITIONED
SPACES. Air Cond., Heat., Ventil., vol. 56:77-81, Sept. 1959.
Obnoxious odors in enclosed spaces include tobacco smoke
odors, chemical and product odors, odors introduced from the
outside atmosphere, and odors from air conditioning coils. To
keep odor perception and irritation at a minimum, air condi-
tioning spaces should be designed for about 50-55% relative
humidity. Temperature can generally be ignored since it has
slight effect on odor level at constant specific humidity. Ven-
tilation and charcoal adsorption are effectively and extensively
used in air conditioning for odor removal by engineers. In ven-
tilation, air containing objectionable gaseous odors, irritants,
participates that obscure vision, and toxic matter are replaced
by clean fresh outside air. Ventilation requirements for human
occupancy are a function of space person and the activity. An
Activity Curve is given for determining the requirements for
various conditions. At air temperatures below 125 deg, odors,
vapors, and gases (except carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide)
are effectively removed by charcoal adsportion. Carbon
requirements can also be determined from the Activity Curve.
Exhaust gases between 125-500 deg can be destroyed by cata-
lytic combustion at 500 deg. For higher temperature gases,
direct combustion at 1200 deg is employed. Tests were made
on odor adsorption and release in an enclosed space. Methods
for measuring odor intensities were discussed.
36151
Nagiev, A. M. and E. Sh. AUaverdyan
NEW ABSORBENTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS
OF REMOVING SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM INDUSTRIAL
GASES. (Novye poglotiteli i klassifikatsiya sposobov ochistki
promyshlennykh gasov ot dvuokisi sery). Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb.
Zaved., Neft Gaz, no. 11-108-110, 1968. 12 refs. Translated
from Russian. National Lending Library for Science and
Technology, Yorkshire (England), 5p., 1968.
The ability of liquid petroleum products, including cracking
kerosene, sulfide alkylphenol, naptha, alky late, gas oil, and
lubricant distillates, to absorb sulfur dioxide was experimen-
tally confirmed. Determinations of combined sulfur and free
SO2 contents of the absorbents showed that the petroleum
products absorb SO2 as a result of chemical reaction between
SO2 and hydrocarbon compounds. The liquid distillates had a
greater absorbing capacity (96.1%) than the other petroleum
products. The new absorbents are included in a classification
of methods of absorbing SO2 from waste gas.
36204
Yanagihara, Shigeru
AIR POLLUTION AND AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES (2). (Taiki
osen to jidoshayo kikan (2)). Kikai no Kenkyu (Science of
Machine), 22(9):29-32. 1970. 3 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 16p., Aug. 1971.
Measures for reducing exhaust emissions from internal com-
bustion engines are discussed with special reference to nitric
oxide. A substantial reduction in NO appears possible by com-
bining exhaust gas -recycling with a high-temperature exhaust
reactor for the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monox-
ide. A two-stage catalytic muffler also promises to purify ex-
haust gas without adversely affecting engine performance. The
NO is reduced by a catalyst in the first stage, after which air
is admitted and the hydrocarbons and CO are oxidized. It win
be difficult to lower NO levels below one gram/mile in engines
other than gasoline engines. In Sterling engines, far-reaching
recycling is required, and even in steam engines combustion
gas temperature must be 1000 C or below. Electric engnes are
exhaust-free but the lead used in present batteries may exceed
the amount in gasoline additives. If it is necessary to limit NO
to less than five grams of nitrogen dioxide/one kilogram of
fuel, the same standards should be applied to boilers and other
combustion devices.
36413
Hasenclever, D.
THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE INDICATOR SUBSTANCES
FOR SOLVING DUST PROBLEMS. (Die Verwendung von
radioaktiven Indikatorstoffen zur Loesung von Staubfragen.)
Staub (Duesseldorf), 16(44): 159-173, 1956. 6 refs. Translated
from German by William H. Everhardy, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Md., Translating Unit, 25p., My 30, 1958.
A method which makes it possible to tag and characterize very
fine particles of suspended matter by apposition of the atomic
secondary products of a radioactive gas was described. The
experimental procedure for radioactive filter testing were also
described and the results obtained were compared with those
obtained in the testing of a mixture of quartz dust and air.
New formulas are given for the calculation of the radioactive
degree of removal; with these, the measurement of crude and
pure air in the experimental procedure can be avoided. Au-
toradiographs of different filter materials give information con-
cerning the structure and composition of the filters. Autoradio-
graphs of thermal-precipitator samples were taken from a mix-
ture of the thorium emanation. They show that the thermal
precipitator removes 100% of the radioactively tagged particles
of suspended matter, that the precipitation begins in front of
the heated filament, and by comparison with microscopic ex-
aminations in the bright and dark field, that the maximum
granule size of the particles must be less than 0.2 micron. The
konimeter is capable of holding back a considerable part of
this suspended matter. (Author summary modified)
36460
Witte, Erich
HOW FAR ADVANCED ARE NEW ENERGY SOURCES FOR
ELECTRICAL TRUCKS? Foerdern Heben, 19(S):29S-297, 1969.
7 refs. Translated from German, 7p.
The current status of accumulators and fuel cells for electric
vehicles is reviewed. Most accumulators under development
are unsuitable because they contain expensive materials whose
quantities are limited. Except for the heavy lead accumulator,
there remain only the air-zinc accumulator and the sodium sul-
fide accumulator. Several years of testing have resulted in no
practical application of the latter. Although their primary cells
have been manufactured for decades, two essential problems
exist with air-zinc accumulators: development of a suitable
electrode for air intake and the dissolution of the zinc elec-
trode during discharging. It is doubtful that the air-zinc accu-
mulator will replace the lead accumulator on electric trucks.
Work on mechanically rechargeable fuel cells is still in the ini-
tial stage.
36951
VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf (West Germany), Fachausschuss
Aufbereitungs und Mischanlagen fuer den Bituminoesen
Strassenbau
RESTRICTION OF EMISSION. PRETREATMENT AND MIX-
ING PLANTS FOR ROAD-SURFACING AGGREGATES
WITH BITUMINOUS BINDER. VDI (Ver. Deut Ingr) Richt-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
19
linien, no. 2283, July 1967. 16 refs. Translated from German.
Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 9p.,
June, 1970. NTIS: TT 68-50469/16
The surfacing of asphalt roads requires a mixture produced
from a mineral aggregate and a bituminous binder. The mineral
aggregate may be natural rock material (sand or gravel),
crushed rock (rock fines, grit, road metal), crushed blast fur-
nace slags, or rock dust (as filler). In order to obtain the
desired grain-size composition, the mineral aggregates are
mixed in a certain proportion, for which standards and codes
of practice exist. Plant operation includes batching of the input
aggregates, drying and heating, mixing, haulage and loading,
storage, preheating of rock dust, and treatment of binder.
Sources of dust formation are indicated, as well as the type of
dust formed and means of reducing dust concentrations.
Mechanical collectors, wet collectors, filters, and electrostatic
precipitators are evaluated for this application. The release and
prevention of gases, vapors, and odors are also discussed.
36987
Elenkov, D., Chr. Boyadjiev, and R. Chinarski
ON THE PROBLEM OF THE REMOVAL OF SULPHUR
DIOXIDE IN LOW CONCENTRATIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
GASES. (Kum vuprosa za ochistvaneto na promishlenite
gazove, sudurzhaschchi seren dvuokis v niski kontsentratsii).
Text in Bulgarian. Izv. Old. Khim. Nauki Bulg. Akad. Nauk.
(Sofia), 2(2):367-372, 1969. 6 refs.
Hydraulic resistance and the course of sulfur dioxide absorp-
tion from air (containing 0.17 and 0.45% SO2 by volume), by
means of ammonium sulfite-bisulfite solutions, was in-
vestigated using a venturi scrubber with a throat diameter of 3
mm. Mass transfer coefficients and results of hydrodynamic
experiments are given. The method of a successful means of
absorbing low concentrations of SO2 from gas mixtures.
37115
Kholin, B. G., L. M. Chernyak, and S. A. Kolesnikov
TEST OF FAN ATOMIZER FOR ABSORPTION OF
FLUORINE-CONTAINING GASES IN THE PRODUCTION
OF SUPERPHOSPHATE. Sov. Chem. Ind. (English translation
from Russian of: Khim. Prom.), no. 4:286-287, April 1971. 13
refs.
Pine-dispersion atomization of the liquid is one of the most
powerful means of intensifying mass-transfer processes
between a liquid and gas. The intensity of the absorption
process with fine atomization can be increased by using rotat-
ing perforated cans, particularly with outflow openings of rela-
tively large diameter. This makes it possible to create a relia-
ble, highly productive, and economic design for a fan liquid
atomizer which then can be used to absorb fluorine-containing
gases in the production of superphosphate.
37164
Oote, S., Y. Nakagawa, M. Minakami, and I. Ogawa
EXHAUST FLUORIDES FROM GYPSUM PLANTS. (Sekko
kojo no haishutsu fukkabutsu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):187,
1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollu-
tion Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The hydrogen fluoride emission from a rotary kiln used in the
manufacture of plaster of Paris was greatly reduced by a sim-
ple modification of the procedure. The colorimetric measure-
ments indicated the variation in HF concentration during the
processing, and that HF concentration was greatly reduced by
the addition of neutralizing agents. By the addition of up to
0.50% of neutralizing agent, the HF concentration was mar-
kedly reduced from 81.8 ppm to 0.95 ppm. The relationship
between HF concentration and pH was also investigated, so
that the effect of pH on the product could be controlled.
37252
Siewert, Robert M.
CHANGES IN VALVE TIMING CAN REDUCE EXHAUST
EMISSIONS. SAE (Soc. Automot. Engrs.) J., 79(6):40~44,
June 1971.
Advancing the intake valve opening or the exhaust valve clos-
ing time significantly reduced hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide
emissions from a modified V-8 engine under part-load, low-
speed test conditions. Advancing the intake valve opening to
45 deg btdc reduced hydrocarbon emissions by 25% and nitric
oxide emissions by 38%. Hydrocarbon emission decreased
25% when the exhaust valve closing was advanced to 22 deg
btdc. Delaying the closing to 65 deg btdc resulted in an 18%
decrease in hydrocarbons. Nitric oxide emissions decreased
45% at the maximum exhaust valve closing advance and 50%
at the full exhaust valve closing retard. The valve timing
changes appeared to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by in-
creasing internal recirculation. Increases in internal recircula-
tion may reduce hydrocarbon emissions by selective retention
of hydrocarbon-rich quench gases.
37324
Dobrayakov, G. G., M. Z. Serebryakov, and V. P. Rychkov
OPERATION OF A GAS-CLEANING SYSTEM ON A
CLOSED-TOP ELECTRIC FURNACE. Steel (USSR) (English
translation from Russian of: Stal), 1(5):401-402, May 1971.
A ferroalloy work was provided with closed-top electric fur-
naces for making 45% ferrosilicon, which were successfully
fitted with wet gas cleaners consisting of an inclined connect-
ing duct, a scrubber, an atomizing pipe, and a blower. The gas
to be cleaned arrives at the rate of 1700-2200 cu m/hr, the dust
loading on leaving the furnace is 10-55 g/cu m. With better
spraying of the inclined gas duct, the scrubber can be
eliminated. (Author abstract modified)
37448
Puhr-Westerheide, Hans
DEVELOPMENTS FOR MORE ECONOMIC POWER
PRODUCTION FROM COAL. (Entwicklungen fuer eine
wirtschaftlichere Energieerzeugung aus Kohle). Text in Ger-
man. Glueckauf (Essen), 108(2):73-75, Jan. 20, 1972.
Two. new methods for power production based on coal are
discussed: the fluid-bed method, and the coal-pressure-gasifi-
cation method. Both methods have advantages over conven-
tional power plants as far as desulfurization of wast gases is
concerned. In conventional power plants, desulfurization of
flue gases prior to discharge into the atmosphere is feasible
only at great expense. Simpler solutions are available for the
two new methods. In the fluid-bed method, ground milestone
is added to the fluid bed. The sulfur is bound in the fluid bed
and the loaded additive is discharged with the ash. It is ex-
pected that a degree of desulfurization of up to 90% can be
achieved with this method. In coal-pressu e- gasification, the
hydrogen sulfide can be removed from the gas prior to com-
bustion. Laboratory experiments have shown that the hot-
potash-method is very suitable for this purpose. The pres-
surized gas is passed through a cooler-saturizer system.
Preliminary scrubbing of the gas is carried out in the cooler,
the actual desulfurization then takes place in the absorber con-
taining a potash solution. In the saturizer, the gas is heated
-------
20
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
again countercurrently to 150 C. Elemental sulfur is produced
from the absorbed gas in a Glaus furnace. A degree of desul-
furization of 90% is feasible. An experimental plant for desul-
furization of 3500 cu m/hr will be erected in the power plant
Kellermann. The waste gases from the combined desulfuriza-
tion/pressure gasification process are entirely dust free.
37544
Burkat, V. S., E. Ya. Tarat, V. A. Baevshii, E. M. Voronin,
and M. T. Tsurenko
PURIFICATION OF ALUMINUM-INDUSTRY GASES IN A
HOLLOW HIGH-SPEED SCRUBBER. Soviet J. Non-Ferrous
Metals (English translation from Russian of: Tsvetn. Metal.),
10(9):61-63, Sept. 1969. 3 refs.
A pilot gas purifier consisting of an electric separator and a
hollow scrubber with spray nozzles was tested for its ability to
remove gaseous and solid fluoride compounds from exhaust
gases at an aluminum plant. The efficiency of gas purification
in the scrubber was determined at gas linear velocities of 3-7
ml sec, gas inlet temperatures of 40-50 C, and spraying densi-
ties of 20 and 30 cu m/sq m/hr. Spray density had a greater in-
fluence on the degree of hydrogen fluoride entrainment than a
change in gas velocity. The degree of purification remained
constant within the gas-velocity range tested, but increased
with an increase in spraying density. An equation is given that
predicts the performance of the hollow, high-speed scrubber
under various operating conditions.
37553
Rikhter, L. A., I. B. Zasedatelev, and F. P. Duzhikh
INCREASING THE RELIABILITY OF LARGE THERMAL
POWER STATION CHIMNEYS. Thermal Eng. (English trans-
lation from Russian of: Teploenergetika), 18(3):103-106, March
1971.4 refs.
Corrosion problems associated with four types of single-flue
chimneys installed at large Soviet thermal power stations are
discussed. The chimney types are reinforced concrete with
ceramic linings (I); metal chimneys made of individual ther-
mally insulated sheet-steel cylinders (II); reinforced concrete
with metal flues for thermal insulation (ni); and reinforced
concrete with ventilated clearance between the flue and the
lining (IV). The best results were obtained with type IV pro-
vided the ventilation was forced and a static pressure existed
in the clearance. Under these conditions, there is no gas flow
toward the supporting reinforced concrete shaft and thus no
corrosion of the later. However, the requirement of a
minimum of two fans with electrical drives and a reserve
power supply make type IV chimneys with forced ventilation
more expensive. As a solution, a new type of reinforced
concrete chimney is proposed, one that is pressurized in a
naturally ventilated clearance of variable width between the
reinforced concrete shaft and an acid-resistant lining. The new
design should increase the reliability of chimneys for high-
capacity thermal power plants.
37709
Brauer, H. and D. Mewes
LAWS GOVERNING THE FLOW AS WELL AS THE SUB-
STANCE AND HEAT TRANSFER IN MULTI-STAGE TURBU-
LENT SPRAY TOWERS. (Gesetzmaessigkeiten fuer
Stroemung sowie Stoff- und Waermeuebergang in mehrstu-
figen Rieselboden-Wirbelschichten). Text in German. Chem.
Ing. Tech., 44(5):357-360, March 1972. 9 refs.
Each stage of a multi-stage turbulent spray tower consists of a
perforated plate above which is the turbulent layer. The holes
in the perforated plate are so small that the fluid may pass
through but the solid particles may not. Fluid and particles
pass countercurrently through the tower. On each stage solids
and fluid are mixed intensely and separated again. For calcula-
tion of the multi-stage spray tower the pressure loss, the parti-
cle concentration on each stage, the average residence time,
the residence time distribution, and the particle throughput
must be known. The mathematical determination of each
parameter is discussed. Of all contributions to the total pres-
sure, only the pressure loss of the fluid at the transit through
the turbulent particle mass and the pressure loss across the
perforated plates is of significance. Analytical expressions for
the two quantities are given, as well as the other parameters
mentioned above. A Fortran program has been written for the
calculation of the fluid dynamic properties of multi-stage spray
towers together with detailed instructions for feeding the pro-
gram into a computer.
38190
Zimmermann, Lothar and Peter Fleischhauer
STABILIZATION OF THE SEPARATING CONDITIONS OF
ELECTRIC SEPARATORS BEHIND CEMENT MILLS BY
WATER SPRAY NOZZLE. (Stabflisierung der Abscheidever-
haeltnisse an Elektroabscheidern hinter Zementmuehlen durch
Wassereinduesung). Text in German. Silikat. Tech., 22(12):407-
409, Dec. 1971. 3 refs.
The installation of electric separators at high-output cement
mills is recommended as an economical approach to keeping
dust emissions within the limits permitted by law. A
prerequisite for stable and effective operation of filters is the
installation of a water spray nozzle in the third chamber of the
mill. The construction and operation of the nozzle and results
obtained with such a nozzle are illustrated by an example. The
results justify the recommendation.
38525
GAS CLEANING SYSTEM FOR NON-FERROUS-METAL-
MELTING FURNACES. (Gasreinigungsanlage fuer NE-
Metall-Umschmelzoefen). Text in German. Giessereipraxis, no.
4:65-66, Feb. 1972. 1 ref.
In three oil-Bred drum furnaces, brass, red brass, and bronze
are produced. Red brass is obtained by adding chlorine gas.
Through the chlorination, zinc, iron, and other substances are
removed from the melt and carried off in the form of metal
chlorides by the waste gas or by the slag. The metal chloride-
containing waste gases are passed to a saturizer with a tem-
perature of 450 C where the waste gas is cooled to 60 C by in-
jection of circulating water. Part of the coarse dust is removed
with the non-evaporated water and carried off to the water pu-
rification tank. The cooled gas passes on to a vertical venturi
scrubber with fresh water injection. The gas is accelerated
from 20 m/sec to 100 m/sec. An intense contact between the
dust particles and the water mist is achieved; in the widening
cross section of the venturi tube, the mist is condensed. In the
following separator, the dust-laden water droplets are retained
and likewise passed to the water purification tank.
39519
Muhlrad, W.
THE PROBLEM OF THE SMOKES EMITTED BY ELEC-
TROMETALLURGICAL FURNACES. (Probleme des fumees
emises par les fours electrometallurgiques). Chaleur Ind no
422:237-255, Sept. 1960. 6 refs. Translated from French. 53p-
Problems, techniques, and equipment involved in controlling
smoke from electrometallurgical furnaces are considered. The
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
21
dusts from electric furnaces are extremely fine, and the topo-
graphic locations of most of the factories favor inversions.
The characteristics of different types of furnaces and the na-
ture of their smoke emissions are described. Ferrosilicon fur-
naces, ferromanganese and ferrosilicon-ferromanganese fur-
naces, ferrochrome and ferrosilicon-chrome furnaces, fer-
rotungsten furnaces, ferronickel furnaces, calcium carbide fur-
naces, and aluminum electrolysis tanks are included. Dust fil-
tration, precipitators, and scrubbers are indicated for control
purposes.
39751
Belin, F. T., Ya. M. Bergart, N. N. Nikolaev, S. Ya. Shapiro,
and O. I. Eliseev
A BOILER FOR HYDROGEN SULPHIDE COMBUSTION.
Coke Chem. (USSR) (English translation from Russian of:
Koks i Khim.), no. 6:52-55, 1971.
An unproved design for a boiler for the combustion of
hydrogen sulfide was adapted for use in the sulfur removal
plant of a coke and chemical works. The boiler is of the
through-flow separator type connected to an afterburning
chamber. Its basic merits include intense heat transfer in the
firebox, gas exit temperatures that can be regulated against
changes in load, highly efficienct mixture formation in the
burner unit, minimum formation of nitrogen and sulfur triox-
ide, resistance to corrosion, and simple design. The com-
bustion products are cooled to 700-750 C in the boiler before
going for conversion to sulfuric acid by the wet catalytic
process.
40007
Shishkov, D., D. Ivanov, and G. Radoeva
DTA STUDY OF A LOW-TEMPERATURE CATALYST FOR
CARBON MONOXIDE CONVERSION. J. Appl. Chem.
(USSR) (English translation from Russian of Zh. Prikl. Khim.),
44(9):1980-1983, April 1972. 8 refs.
The kinetics of reduction of low-temperature catalysts (con-
taining copper chromate and cupric oxide) for carbon monox-
ide conversion were investigated by differential analysis.
Reduction by hydrogen and carbon monoxide proceeded in
two stages as determined by analysis of the carbon dioxide
evolved. Rates of reduction of the catalysts at low temperature
are considerably higher with CO than with hydrogen. This per-
mits the use of lower temperatures, diminishing the danger of
overheating the catalyst.
40187
Korenenskaya, F. V., L. M. Pershina, and A. Yu. Rozovskii
CHEMISORPTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON ZINC OX-
IDE. Kinetics Catalysis (USSR) (English translation from
Russian of: Kinetika i Kataliz), 12(5): 1211-1212, May 1972.
The adsorption of carbon monoxide on zinc oxide in the tem-
perature range from 196 C to 400 C was studied. The adsorp-
tion, which is considerable at low temperatures, becomes very
small at room temperature, and then rises with an increase of
the temperature to 400 C. At temperatures above room tem-
perature, chemisorption takes place partially, with the forma-
tion of a strong bond with the surface of the zinc oxide. The
amount of strongly bound carbon monoxide is characterized
by the difference between two consecutive measurements of
the adsorption isotherms, with intermediate evacuation, at the
adsorption temperature. With the high-temperature aging of
the samples, the adsorption isotherms are reproduced; the
amount of chemisorbed carbon monoxide depends on the
aging temperature, although the specific surface of the sam-
ples remains constant.
40189
Furen, E. L., D. V. Gernet, T. A. Semenova, and M. P.
Shmigjrovskaya
EFFECT OF THE PREPARATION CONDITIONS OF AN
mON-CHROMTUM CATALYST FOR THE CONVERSION OF
CARBON MONOXIDE ON ITS ACTIVITY, STRENGTH,
AND POROUS STRUCTURE. H. PREPARATION OF THE
CATALYST FROM A PASTE. Kinetics Catalysis (USSR)
(English translation from Russian of: Kinetika i Kataliz),
12(5):1137-1142, May 1972. 11 refs.
Samples of a bidisperse iron-chromium catalyst with different
coarsely porous structures were prepared by forming them
from pastes with different moisture contents. The dependences
of the activity and the strength on the parameters of the coar-
sely porous structure and on the grain size of the catalyst were
established. Effective diffusion coefficients were calculated
for catalysts with different porous structures. The optimal
catalyst for the conversion of carbon monoxide at atmospheric
pressure is a bidisperse catalyst with a granule size of 5 mm,
having a volume of the large pores equal to 0.10 to 0.15 cu
cm/g. This catalyst has also sufficient mechanical strength, 50
to 60 kg(force)/sq cm.
40308
Riha, K.
THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN CONCENTRATION DM THE
LANCING MIXTURE ON THE RATE OF EVOLUTION OF
BROWN FUMES IN THE INTENSIFIED OPEN-HEARTH
PROCESS. Hutnik (Prague), 19(6):210-213, 1969. 11 refs.
Translated from Czech. British Iron and Steel Industry Trans-
lation Service, London (England), 14p., June 1970.
The effect of the oxygen concentration in the gas mixture
blown into the metal bath of an open-hearth furnace on the in-
tensity of brown-fume generation is examined. Brown-fumes
in open-hearth steel making consist of dust containing a large
proportion of iron. When the oxygen content of the gas used
for oxygen-blowing was reduced from 95 to 85%, the out put
of brown fume decreased by 4.5%. Further reduction of the
oxygen control of time gas could further reduce the brown
fume, but the decrease in furnace out put would cancel the ad-
vantages of using oxygen blowing.
41151
Riha, K.
DEEP LANCING WITH OXYGEN TO REDUCE EVOLUTION
OF BROWN FUMES IN THE OXYGEN OPEN-HEARTH
PROCESS. Hutnik (Prague), 19(7):246-259, 1969 5 refs. Trans-
lated from Czech. British Iron and Steel Industry Translation
Service, London (England), 14p., May 1970.
A newly designed oxygen lance for blowing oxygen into the
metal bath in an open-hearth furnace to reduce brown-fume
generation is examined. The fumes, actually dusts containing
large amounts of iron, were reduced by 65% during the melt-
ing process and by 40% during the entire open-hearth process.
The new lances blow oxygen in a horizontal direction deep in
the molten metal rather than almost vertically into the metal.
In addition to reducing the output of dust, the new lances
offer lower oxygen consumption, reduced consumption of
refining additives, lower fuel consumption, increased output
from the furnace because of shorter melting and finishing
periods, and reduced wear and tear on the furnace lining.
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
41195
Kriegel, E.
PERFORATED-BASE SCRUBBER FOR THE EXHAUST AIR
FROM PAINT PLANTS. DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATING
RESULTS. (Siebboden-waeschcr fuer die abluft von
Lackieranlagen. Entwicklungs- und Betriebserg ebnisse). Tech.
Mitt. Krupp, 28(3):97-103, 1970. 2 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. 21p.
Based on an industrial evaluation of existing wet scrubbers for
spray painting plants and on an analysis of the requirements, a
scrubber in which the exhaust air is purified in a layer of bub-
bles or foam on a perforated base was developed and studied.
A working model, a pilot system, and finally a working system
were produced and tested. Through use of similarity relations,
stepwise enlargement of the test systems caused no difficulty.
The capacity of the perforated-base scrubber was finally
tested under practical conditions in a full-scale working system
to obtain operating data especially on fouling, during longer
working periods. Air throughput, water circulation, water
evaporation, formation of bubble layers, pressure loss, and
degree of separation were measured. Standard values taken
from the literature provide a direct comparison of the per-
forated-base scrubber with conventional methods. Due to the
success of the prototype, the perforated-base scrubber is being
introduced into general use. (Author summary modified)
41200
Heek, Karl Heinrich van
GASIFICATION OF COAL IN THE USA. (Kohlenvergasung
in den USA). Glueckauf (Essen), 107(23):895-897, Nov. 1971.
Translated from German. lOp.
Four processes have been developed in the U. S. for more ef-
ficient utilization of energy from coal and to reduce pollution:
the synthane process, the bi-gas process, the carbon dioxide
acceptor process, and the hy-gas process. In the first, coal is
converted by autothermal gasification to synthesis gas from
which methane is catalytically produced. The bi-gas process is
characterized by the two-stage high pressure gasification of
coal carried out in a single reaction vessel. In the lower stage a
normal autothermal water vapor gasification with liquid drain-
ing of slag takes place. The coal is passed into the second
stage and there reacts chiefly with the gas product produced in
the first stage, that is, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In the
CO2 acceptor process, calcined dolomite serves for heat
transfer, thereby providing the advantage of additional heat
formed in the reactor due to exothermic carbonate formation
through the absorption of CO2. In the hy-gas process the coal
passes through an oxidation stage used for breaking down the
caking properties. It is then ground and blended with light oils
into a slurry which is fed into a high pressure reactor. There it
passes through three stages: the light oil is distilled off and
returned to the preparation of slurry; the voltaile constitutents
and part of the coke are gasified by hydrogenation; and the
balance of the coke is again partly converted to synthesis gas
by water vapor gasification. The remaining residual is burned
to generate steam and electricity. Flow diagrams and compara-
tive data are presented for the four processes.
41206
Makhov, V. Z. and M. S. Khovakh
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FUEL ADDITIVES
ON THE FORMATION AND BURNING OF CARBON BLACK
IN THE DIESEL ENGINE CYLINDER. Council for Mutual
Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated
Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlop-
nymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 10 refs.
Translated from Russian. 17p.
A procedure was developed to determine the carbon black
content in the zone of the combustion chamber in a diesel en-
gine and to evaluate the amount of carbon black being formed
and burned. Experimental study and mathematical analysis of
the change that takes place in the quantity of carbon black
that forms with respect to crank angle in the case of diesel
fuel, and of diesel fuel with the TsTM additive, revealed that
the highest carbon black bum-up rate occurs during the period
of intensive carbon black formation. It was established that
the effect of additives TsTM and A-2 on the carbon black
bum-up process in the diesel engine cylinder appears at dif-
ferent stages of the combustion process. The TsTM additive
increases the quantity of burning black in the initial stage of
the combustion process, whereas the A-2 additive acts at later
stages of the process. The use of additives acting at different
stages of the carbon black formation process in the diesel en-
gine is one way to increase the effectiveness of such action.
41208
Smaylis, V. I.
RECHtCULATION OF EXHAUST GASES AS A MEANS OF
REDUCING THE EJECTION OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN BY
DIESEL ENGINES. Council for Mutual Economic Aid
(CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Sniz-
heniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami
Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 9 refs. Translated from
Russian. ISp.
The by-passing of some of the exhaust gases into the diesel
engine intake is described to sharply reduce toxic emissions
with minimum deterioration in engine fuel economy. The
method involves the substitution of a corresponding volume of
exhaust gases from the preceding cycle for the excess air in
the fresh charge. The result is to reduce the flow of air and
the quantity of exhaust gases discharged by the engine to the
atmosphere. There are two ways to replace some of the air:
artificially increase the residual gases in the cylinder, or return
some of the intake air. Experimental data indicate reduced
emission of nitrogen oxides by at least a factor of 5 to 10 com-
pared with the same general-purpose diesel engine.
41210
Bleyz, N. G., N. D. Derbaremdiker, Ye. S. Kartashov, Yu. N.
Lashin, B. M. Mikhelev, and V. T. Panfilov
THE USE OF THE VACUUM LIMTTER TO REDUCE THE
TOXICTTY OF VEHICULAR EXHAUST GASES. Council for
Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist
Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh
Vyhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 3
refs. Translated from Russian. 12p.
A reduction in the toxicity of automotive exhaust gases was
achieved by using a vacuum Umiter to open the access for air
in the intake manifold of the engine in the positive idling speed
mode. The effectiveness of the vacuum Umiter is determined
by the complete cessation or significant reduction in the emis-
sion of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and carcinogens.
Lubricating oil consumption and carbon formation were
reduced and knocking in the silencer was eliminated. Cessation
of the combustion processes at positive idling speed when the
vacuum Umiter is functioning results in a relative increase in
the emission of hydrocarbons, but this can be prevented by
the combined use of a vacuum Umiter and idling speed
economizer. The installation of the economizers tested outside
the carburetor idling system had no effect on that system s de-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
23
pendability or speed of action and provided for complete fuel
delivery shutrdown from the carburetor upon a command
pulse from the vacuum limiter.
41211
Ozerskiy, A. S., A. A. Zyatkovskiy, and V. F. Kamenev
THE USE OF A VACUUM REGULATOR - IDLING SPEED
ECONOMIZER SYSTEM TO IMPROVE THE ENGINEERING
AND COST FACTORS FOR AUTOMOBILE CARBURETOR
ENGINES. Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and
Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz.
Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc.
Symp., 2nd, 1971. 6 refs. Translated from Russian. 12p.
A vacuum regulator-idling speed economizer system for use on
vehicles with carburetor engine is described, and provides an
effective method for reducing toxic emissions in city traffic
conditions. Hygienic, engineering, and cost benefits are
discussed, as well as the program of testing conducted to eval-
uate the system. Reductions in carginogenic and carbon
monoxide emissions are reported. The system developed can
be built in different types and sizes for use on all models of
automobile carburetor engines built in the USSR.
41212
Gusarov, A. P., V. F. Kutenev, and A. A. Charykov
THE INFLUENCE OF CARBURETOR SYSTEM ADJUST-
MENTS ON THE EJECTION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
WITH THE EXHAUST GASES FROM AUTOMOBILES.
Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yogoslav So-
cialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha
Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd,
1971. 2 refs. Translated from Russian. lOp.
The results of investigation using several automobile models to
select carburetor system adjustments providing reduced toxic
emissions without causing a deterioration in dynamic and
economic vehicle parameters are presented. Adjustment idling
speed with the mixture control screw affects the concentration
of exhaust carbon monoxide at engine idling speed, at steady
speeds, and at positive engine idling speed. Reduction of ex-
haust CO from 6.0 to 4.5% at idling speed reduces the emis-
sion of CO during the driving cycle by 15 to 30%. Change in
the productiveness of the idling speed fuel jet in the carbure-
tor of Model 2 from 65 to 50 cu cm/min reduced the emission
of CO by 13% and hydrocarbons by 8%. Adjustment of the
main metering system had a significant effect. A change in the
position of the adjusting needle in the main fuel jet of the car-
buretor of Model 3 from 720 to 540 deg reduced the emission
of CO and hydrocarbons by 65 and 48%, respectively. A
change in the productiveness of the main fuel jet in the carbu-
retor of the Model 2 from 185 to 160 cu cm/min reduced the
emission of CO and hydrocarbons during the driving cycle test
by 56 and 23%, respectively.
41215
Fomin, A. A.
NEUTRALIZATION OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN THE
EXHAUST GASES OF GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES.
Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav So-
cialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha
Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd,
1971. Translated from Russian. 8p.
The measures designed to limit the toxic exhaust emissions
from running engines can be reduced to meaningful technical
maintenance during the first stage. The quantity of toxic sub-
stances ejected into the atmosphere depends to a considerable
extent on the technical condition of the engine, and in particu-
lar the condition of the feed and ignition systems. Mass-
produced Soviet-made automobiles were tested by statistical
survey for carbon monoxide exhaust at idling speeds and the
possibility of reducing the CO content was evaluated. Results
revealed that over 50% of the vehicles in operation emit more
than 4.5% CO in the idling speed mode. It is desirable to ad-
just the idling speed and to tune the ignition system at max-
imum vacuum in the intake manifold because this reduces CO
emission and results in fuel economy. The use of catalytic
neutralizers, installed in transportation equipment in place of
mufflers and providing for the flameless afterburning of CO,
aldhydes, and hydrocarbons contained in the exhaust gases of
gasoline and diesel engines is promising. Tests made of experi-
mental models of neutralizers under vehicle operating condi-
tions show that the efficiency of the neutralizers remains prac-
tically the same over runs of up to 20,000 km.
41221
Hungarian People s Republic, Ketucki Group
INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS FOR REDUCING THE
TOXKTTY OF EXHAUST GASES FROM VEHICLES WITH
GASOLINE ENGINES. Council for Mutual Economic Aid
(CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Sniz-
heniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami
Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. Translated from Russian.
9p.
The monitoring of engine parameters when different types of
emission control devices are installed on * vehicle is impor-
tant. These devices can function efficiently only under definite
conditions, within a limited range of engine operation parame-
ters. Operations carried out when servicing vehicles include
checks of the condition of the cylinder and piston assembly,
gas distribution mechanisms, feed system, and ignition system.
The condition of the ignition system and particularly the feed
system of the carburetor engine are basic in determing the
quality with which the combustion process evolves. Instru-
ments used for technical diagnostics of an engine are enu-
merated.
41268
Central Scientific Research Inst. of Automobiles and
Automobile Engines (USSR)
THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE PROBLEM OF REDUCING
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY AUTOMOBn^E EXHAUST
GASES. Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yu-
goslav Socialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Voz-
dukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc.
Symp., 2nd, 1971. Translated from Russian. 6p.
Toxicity of exhaust gases depends on the technical condition
of the automobile, and on observing requirements for adjust-
ments. Increased attention is being given to monitoring, main-
tenance, and adjustment of the feed systems. Careful attention
to fuel system adjustments reduces emissions as much as 40%
compared with unmonitored automobile operation. Improve-
ment in existing processes and the development of new operat-
ing processes for automobile engines are also helpful. Work is
underway on direct gasoline injection. Other projects include
the design of catalytic neutralizers for automobiles working in
quarries and closed spaces, equipment for conversion to
liquified gas, and use of new fuels.
-------
24
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
41271
Hungarian People s Republic, Ketucki Group
CERTAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING REDUCTION IN THE
EJECTION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES WITH THE EXHAUST
GASES FROM GASOLINE ENGINES. Council for Mutual
Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated
Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlop-
nymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. Translated
from Russian. 9p.
The effect of mixture composition on the content of toxic sub-
stances in automobile exhaust gases was investigated. The
beginning of the increase in carbon monoxide concentration
corresponds to minimum specific fuel consumption. Thus,
fewer toxic substances are ejected when the engine is running
on economical mixtures. An improperly operating carburetor
can be one of the causes of a high content of toxic substances
in the exhaust gases. The average percentage indices for con-
tent of toxic substances, power, and specific fuel consumption
are given. A similar reduction in the ejection of toxic sub-
stances is noted under partial load conditions. The most
desirable approach to reducing the toxic emissions under par-
tial load conditions is to set a higher low idling speed than or-
dinary (600-800 rpm) and use a leaner mixture, or reduce the
amount of it, until rpm do not decrease. The effect of ignition
advance, fuel octane number, and coolant temperature were
also investigated.
41272
Adolph, H. and D. Jachner
THE CARBON MONOXIDE CONTENT IN THE EXHAUST
GASES FROM ENGINES OF THE SKODA-1000 MB PAS-
SENGER CAR. Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA)
and Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye
Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Av-
tomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 3 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian. I6p.
The effect of idling speed adjustment on the content of carbon
monoxide and the actual content of CO in the engine exhaust
gases from Skoda-1000 MB automobiles were investigated.
Parameters determined for a hot engine in terms of carburetor
adjustment were fuel consumption, air consumption, idling
speed rpm, and exhaust CO content. Instruments used were a
volume fuel flow meter, rotary gas counter, electronic
tachometer, and infrared gas analyzer. The uniformity of dis-
tribution of the mixture to the cylinders at idling speed, the
content of CO and fuel consumption in the positive idling
speed mode, and the possibility of reducing the CO content by
carburetor adjustment were determined. Optimum results for
the test engine were obtained when the angle of opening of the
adjustment screw was 4 deg. Results showed that the mixture
distribution is not uniform. Carbon monoxide and fuel con-
sumption increase during the positive idling speed mode. A
reduction in CO content and in fuel consumption in the idling
speed mode can be provided for by adjusting idling speed for
small angles of opening of the throttle valve. Carbon monoxide
emitted by vehicles checked prior to adjustment exceeded
similar indices for new vehicles. Exhaust gas CO from 90 new,
mass-produced Skoda automobiles was between 0 and 8.6% by
volume. Adjusting the carburetor in 10 of the vehicles reduced
the CO to a value not in excess of 3% by volume.
41274
Huenigen, E. and I. Yaskulla
EMISSION OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN TERMS OF
CARBURETOR IDLING SPEED ADJUSTMENT WHEN
TESTING AUTOMOBILES USING THE EUROPEAN DRIV-
ING CYCLE. Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and
Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz.
Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc.
Symp., 2nd, 1971. 3 refs. Translated from Russian. lOp.
Tests of various automobiles widely used in eastern Europe
are described which show that adjustment of the idling speed
of a carburetor type engine for minimum toxicity is the most
economical way to reduce automotive air pollution. The max-
imum permissible value adopted by the Council for Mutual
Economic Aid for the concentration of carbon monoxide in
exhaust gases at idling speed is equal to 4.5% by volume. The
idling speed adjustment instructions should include the use of
a CO gas analyzer. Measurement of fuel consumption cannot
be used by itself to obtain the most favorable idling speed ad-
justment, despite the fact that such measurement is cheaper
than CO measurement. Exhaust gas CO content is a very sen-
sitive index of optimal engine adjustment. This is particularly
true in the region of low fuel consumption where a great
change in CO takes place for a small change in fuel consump-
tion. A linear relationship between fuel consumption and ex-
haust gas CO content at idling speed was found.
41276
Dvorzhachek, I. and F. Zhalud
REDUCTION IN THE CONTENT OF HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES IN THE EXHAUST GASES FROM THE SKODA
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. Council for Mutual
Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated
Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlop-
nymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 4 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. 19p.
The emission of toxic substances by Skoda car engines was
reduced during the first stage of investigation to values with
the limits established by the U.K. Economic Commission for
Europe (carbon monoxide less than 4.5% of exhaust) by
changing the carburetor design. Changes are in progress to
further reduce toxic emissions by Skoda car engines by heat-
ing the intake line, replacing a combined intake system with
individual intake lines for each cylinder, the use of combustion
chambers with new shapes, and changing the ignition system.
A gasoline injection system is also being developed. Causes of
the formation of toxic substances during mixture burning are
being investigated to improve the combustion process through
design changes.
41282
Manusadzhyants, Zh. G.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF THE TECHNICAL
CONDITION AND OF SOME OF THE ADJUSTING
PARAMETERS FOR CARBURETORS ON THE CONTENT
OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN VEHICULAR EXHAUST
GASES UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS. Council for
Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist
Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh
Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2ndj 1971.
Translated from Russian, lip.
A total of 5000 vehicles were checked to obtain a sample of
the actual CO content in the exhaust gases. Analysis revealed
that the statistical distribution obtained agreed well with the
normal distribution law hypothesis. The CO content in the
majority of vehicles checked was between 2.5 and 3.5%. It is
known that the mixture prepared by the carburetor is the most
influential of the factors governing the CO content in the ex-
haust gases. A plot of the idling characteristics showed that
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
25
CO in the exhaust gases can change from 0.5 to 8.0% over the
range of idling speeds lor engines with carburetors in different
technical conditions. Further study revealed that carburetor
idling speed adjustment influenced change in the CO in the ex-
haust gases when the engine was running at low idling speed,
but had virtually no effect at high idling speeds.
41283
Varshavskiy, I. L. and R. V. Malov
HOW TO NEUTRALIZE AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES.
In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air
Pollution Literature. The Toxic Components of Automobile
Exhaust Gases: Their Composition Under Different Operating
Conditions, and Methods of Reducing Their Emission. M. Y.
Nuttonson (ed.). Vol. 10, Silver Spring, American Institute of
Crop Ecology, 1971, p. 1-105. 23 refs. (Also: Moscow, Trans-
port Publishing House, 1968, p. 3-126. NTIS: PB 204362
The effects of exhaust gases from gasoline and diesel engines
on the human organism are briefly reviewed together with
chemical methods of analysis for exhaust components and the
theoretical evaluation of the specific toxicity of exhaust gases.
Reduction of toxic exhaust components by modification of en-
gine operating conditions, use of vacuum regulators or fuel ad-
ditives, mixture leaning out, ignition with a high-energy spark,
and flame ignition is considered. Devices for neutralizing en-
gine exhausts are evaluated including liquid neutralizes, flame
afterburners, catalytic neutralizers, and thermocatalytic
neutralizers, and three forced crankcase ventilation systems
lor control of crankcase gases are described. The operating
principles of improved power sources now under development
are also discussed, including piston-type internal combustion
engines, rotor (volumetric) internal combustion engines, gas-
turbine engines, jet engines, Stirling engines, and nonmechani-
cal energy converts, i.e., magnetohydrodynamic, thermoelec-
tric, and thermionic generators; and storage batteries and fuel
cells.
41447
levlev, V. V., V. I. Litvinenko, and S. N. Lazorin
SULPHUR LOSSES IN SULPHUR REMOVAL PLANTS.
Coke Chem. (USSR) (English translation from Russian of:
Koks i Khim.), no. 10:49-51, 1971. 5 refs.
Both the arsenic-soda process and the vacuum-carbonate
process to extract hydrogen sulfide from coke-oven gas need
further development to reduce the level of air and water pollu-
tion produced and increase the output of sulfur and sulfuric
acid. The liquid effluent produced by an arsenic soda plant is
rich in sulfur- containing sodium salts and is reused in the
quenching of coke. The coke thus produced is enriched in sul-
fur 0.1% and enriched in ash 0.4%. In the arsenic-soda
process, 9000 t of sulfur and 31,000 t of sodium thiosulfate,
sulfate, and thiocyanate are lost annually. Equipment to
reclaim these saleable compounds from salts in the effluent
would also increase the value of the coke by reducing the sul-
fur and fly ash content. In the vacuum-carbonate process, SO2
and SO3 loss is mainly due to inefficient oxidation in the wet
catalytic plant. Improved catalytic oxidation, more intense
spray irrigation in the condensation towers, and improved
electrostatic precipitators are needed.
41456
Laskowski, W.
A THERMAL METHOD OF ACTIVATING ALLOY-STEEL
ELECTRODES USED ON ELECTROFILTERS. Air Conserv.
(English translation from Polish Of Ochrona Powietrza),
3(1):10-17, 1969. 8 refs. NTIS: TT 70-55123/1
Previous attempts to modify alloy-steel electrodes in electrofil-
ters involved a two step thermochemical method. The elec-
trodes were heated, cooled, and painted with a barium oxide
suspension. This method can be replaced by a thermal method
limiting the activation process to a single function. Electrodes
are drawn through a 1000 C chamber containing oxides of cal-
cium, strontium, and barium. Emission efficiency was mea-
sured before and after activation by recording the anode cur-
rent. The spacing of the anode plates and the emission elec-
trodes was 300 and 180 mm, respectively. The emission values
for Ca, Sr, and Ba are 2.76, 2.35, and 2.29 eV.
41479
Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd., Arabian Oil Co., Ltd.
(Japan), and Mitsubishi Chemical Machinery Mfg. Co., Ltd.
(Japan)
CONCERNING THE PLANS FOR PUTTING INTO OPERA-
TION THE WELLMAN LODE SMOKE DESULFURIZATION
EQUIPMENT. (Ueruman rodo shiki haien datsuryu sochi no
jisshi keikaku ni tsuite). Translated from Japanese. Leo
Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 17p., Sept. 1971.
A joint venture by a fuel supplier, a plant builder, and a fuel
user to build » set of boiler smoke desulfurization equipment
at a synthetic rubber plant is described. The ground plans,
plant outline and operation, control equipment, and costs of
the venture are reviewed. The method is based on the princi-
ple of the wet type absorption of sulfur dioxide on a dense
aqueous solution of sodium sulfite. The exhaust gas containing
SO2 is washed by the prescrubber and the solids in the gas
and most of the sulfur trioxide are removed by the drain
water. The washing-absorbing and regeneration-recovery
processes are described. The SO2 recovered has an extremely
high purity and is processed by sulfuric acid manufacturing
equipment of a new design. Market potentials for possible by-
products from the process, including concentrated sulfuric
acid, elementary sulfur, gypsum, Glauber s salt, sulfite soda,
ammonium sulfate, and liquefied SO2, are tabulated.
42083
Daiichi Industries, Ltd. (Japan)
CLEAN ADR. THE PRESENT DAMAGES BY SULFUR DIOX-
IDE GAS AND AIR PURIFICATION DEVICE BY ALKALINE
FILTER MATERIAL. (Ea kurin. Aryusan gasu ni yoru shogai
no jittai to arukari rozai ni yoru kuki seijo sochi). Text in
Japanese. 19p., Sept. 1, 1970.
The development of a new air-purification device (Air Clean)
is described together with the results of experimental field
tests. Preliminary experiment was carried out using unwoven
cloth, 10 mm thick and treated with alkali, for the adsorption
of eight JIS test participates at concentrations of 20 ppm and
at surface wind velocity of 0.2 m/s. Conductivity measure-
ments showed that sulfur dioxide collection efficiency was al-
most constant at gas concentrations from near zero to 100
ppm. At higher wind velocity, the efficiency decreased. At
45% relative humidity (RH) or higher, the efficiency remained
constant; it decreased significantly at RH 30%. The filtering
material had a germicidal effect on bacillus coli and
staphylococcus. Device Air Clean P was tested for adsorption
of SO2 and other harmful gases. The SO2 collection efficiency
was plotted against the filter life and the curve was used to
estimate the life of the filter. The collection efficiency reached
99% over a certain period of time, then started to decline. Col-
lection efficiencies for other gases were 56% for nitrogen diox-
ide at wind velocity 0.3 m/s and RH 80%; 52% for carbon
dioxide at wind velocity 0.5 m/s; 40% for carbon monoxide at
wind velocity 0.2 m/s; and 85% for hydrogen fluoride at 0.5
m/s. Paniculate collection efficiency was 45 to 67%. Extended
-------
26
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
field tests in Nagasaki confirmed the efficiency of the filter.
Air Clean models A and F are graphically illustrated.
42747
Belokon, S. M., N. V. Lebed ko, and Yu. A. Petrov
THE PLANNING OF EQUIPMENT FOR PRELIMINARY
DUST REMOVAL FROM SINTERING MACHINE GASES.
Metallurgist (USSR) (English translatio from Russian of Metal-
lurg.), no. 1-2:16-19, Jan.-Feb. 1970.
One method for increasing the overall effectiveness of gas
cleaning systems is to improve the operation of equipment for
preliminary dust removal from sintering machine gases. The
dynamics of removing dust along the length of the sintering
grate of various types of sintering machines has been studied.
Several examples of the dust removal efficiency of different
methods and types of equipment are given. A proposed gas-
outlet method for sintering machines, with and without cooling
of the sinter on the grate, is shown. This method provides a
rational use of the collector as a settling chamber, since the
maximum rate of gas flow is in those portions of the collector
where the smallest amount of dust is received.
43130
Auer, Werner
THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GASES BY PARTIAL
OXIDATION AT HIGH PRESSURE. (Herstellung von
Synthesegasen dutch partielle Oxydation unter hohem Druck).
Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg), 24(3): 145-149, March 1971. Trans-
lated from German. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif.,
14p., Dec. 1971. (Presented at the German Society for Mineral
Oil Science and Coal Chemistry, Annual Meeting, 21st, Stutt-
gart, West Germany, Oct. 7, 1969.)
The operation of a commercial scale plant using synthesis gas
for ammonia production is reviewed. The individual process
steps include gasification of heavy fuel oil with oxygen in a
Texaco generator at a pressure of 82 atm, with separation of
the soot and recycling to the generator; carbon monoxide con-
version; carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide removal; liquid
nitrogen wash for the removal of CO, methane, and argon;
and compression and NH3 synthesis. The advantages of high
pressure for the processes and experiences with soot removal,
corrosion, and burner development are reviewed. In the
production of synthesis gas for the oxo or methanol synthesis,
i.e., the production of alcohols from propylene and CO-
hydrogen mixtures, the gas must have a CO:H2 ratio of
0.81:0.83. The process route consists of gasification and CO2
or sulfur wash. The gasification can be carried out industrially
in the same way as for NH3 production. The production of
hydrogen for hydrogenation consists of gasification with
quenching; conversion in three steps; CO2/H2S wash; and
methanization.
34142
Frauenfelder, A.
NEW DEVELOPMENT IN CLEANING EQUIPMENT FOR
FUMES EMANATING FROM FERROSILICON ELECTRIC
FURNACES. Tidsskr. Kjemi Bergvesen Met, 23(5): 110-114,
May 1963. 3 refs.
Two different gas cleaning installations for ferrosilicon electric
furnaces are described; the respective efficiencies and capital
and working costs are compared. The Hydrex precipitator,
though twice as expensive to buy, has 50% lower running
costs than the Solivore washer because of its lower water con-
sumption. The difference could even be higher when water
and electrical energy are not as cheap as in Valmoesa, Swit-
zerland, and when the pressure loss of the Solivore washer is
greater. Gas cleaning installations for ferrosilicon plants are
expensive, but since the smoke nuisance must be eliminated in
populated areas, the plants must consider the respective costs.
Depending on the requirements, different cleaning installations
can be chosen, but the capital costs must be compared with
the operating costs, maintenance, safety of operation, and
cleaning efficiency.
43233
Zuykova, E. Yu.
FILTRATION AS A METHOD OF REMOVING MICROBES
FROM THE AIR. Gigiena i Sanit., 24(6):72-73, 1959. 13 refs.
Translated from Russian. Dept. of the Army, Frederick, Md.,
Fort Derrick, 3p., July 1968. NTIS: AD 680489
Filtration is one of the simplest and more perspective methods
of removing microorganisms from the air. The filtration
capacities of FP-5 filters and membrane filters were compared.
Two series of investigations were conducted. The first was
conducted in one of the laboratory rooms, with the natural
microflora of the air; the second, in an experimental chamber
into which a 0.1 ml culture suspension of Bacterium
prodigiosum was diffused. In the tests conducted in the labora-
tory room, the filtration capacity of the FP type filters ranged
from 99.8 to 100%. The filtration capacity of the membrane fil-
ters was also high; it ranged within the limits of 99.89 to 100%.
In the tests conducted in the experimental chamber, in 19 out
of 20 cases, the FP filters retained 100% of the diffused cul-
ture, and in one case retained 99.995%. The membrane filters
retained 99.978% of the culture. The filters possess a high fil-
tration capacity with regard to a bacterial aerosol in dust or
droplet phase. The FP type filters are more convenient and
simple to use than the membrane filters, and are recommended
for air purification from microorganisms.
43287
Matejski, R., I. P. Mukhlenov, and E. Y. Tarat
OPERATION EFFICIENCY OF TRICKLE FOAM AP-
PARATUS SIEVE PLATES OF A NEW TYPE. (Skutecznosc
dzialania przeciekowych aparatow z polkami otworowymi i
szczelinowymi nowego typu). Air Conserv. (English translation
from the Polish of: Ochrona Powietrza, 4(15):43-55, 1970 13
refs. NTIS: TT 70-55124/1
A study of the hydrodynamics of the dust collection process in
foam apparatus with confusor perforation has been generalized
using dimensionless equations to define the collection efficien-
cy of these new type plates. The study concentrated on the ef-
fect of sieve plates with hole or slot perforation angles from 0
to 30 degrees. The angle is related to foam building efficiency
in dust collectors. The optimum angle at gas velocities from
1.5 to 3.0 m/sec and liquid rates of 0.8 to 1.4 cu ml sq m/hr is
20 degrees for circular perforations and 15 degrees for slots.
The capabilities of these new plates qualify them fully, for
wide use on a commercial scale in foam apparatus as absor-
bers of readily soluble gases, as highly efficient dust collec-
tors, heaters or coolers of liquids or gases, and in gas wetting
or drying operations. (Author conclusions modified)
43614
Aureille, R. and P. Blanchot
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF
DIFFERENT PARAMETERS ON THE SEPARATION EFFI-
CIENCY OF AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR. Stau
Reinhaltung Luft (English translation), 31(9):23-28 Sent 1Q71
3 refs. NTIS: TT 71-50113/09 '
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
27
A semi-industrial pilot plant was built in which a homogenous
mixture of cold air and fly ash from a power station was used
as the waste gas. Upstream and downstream of the precipita-
tor two measurement stretches are arranged, enabling: the
local gas velocities to be measured and the entire waste-gas
throughput to be determined; and specific samples to be taken,
on the basis of which the spatial distribution of the dust con-
centration is determined. Apart from the already known ef-
fects of gas velocity, velocity profile of the gases at the
precipitator inlet, the relative waste gas humidity, and the volt-
age polarity, the drift velocity can also be changed by: altering
the distance between discharge and collecting electrodes,
selecting a suitable type of discharge electrode, and producing
a concentration distribution at the precipitator inlet, which is
nonuniform, having a maximum at the lower part of the
precipitator. This inhomogeneous concentration distribution is
obtained independently of the waste- gas velocity distribution
which should be as uniform as possible.
43665
Kawanaka, Shoji and Hiroshi Azuma
THE CHEMICO TYPE STACK GAS DESULFURIZATION
SYSTEM. (Chemico shiki haien datsuryu setsubi). Sekiyu to
Sekiyu Kagaku (Petrol. Petrochem.), 15(12):48-53, 1970 (?).
Translated from Japanese. 20p.
Stack gas desulfurization based on a magnesium oxide system
and on a calcium system is discussed. Three processes were
developed for the MgO system stack gas desulfurization equip-
ment so that they could be applied to various stack gas condi-
tions. The MgO slurry process is suitable for the desulfuriza-
tion of stack gases containing no minute solids. The MgO clear
liquor process is applied to desulfurizing and dust-removal of
stack gas containing minute solids such as fly ash. The two
stage MgO process is also suitable for processing stack gas
containing minute solids. Since the MgO slurry process is
basic to all three processes, it is described in detail. It consists
of five processes, namely, absorption in a venturi scrubber,
centrifugation, drying, calcination, and slaking. Two processes
have been designed for stack gas desulfurizing equipment
using calcium compounds as the absorbent. They are the
Chemico-type throw-away process and the gypsum manufac-
turing process, both of which uses a venturi scrubber. The
results of pilot plant testing and cost estimates are also in-
cluded.
43741
Sakabe, Tsutomu
DESULFURIZATION TECHNIQUES OF HEAVY OIL AND
FLUE GAS. (Juyu oyobi haien datsuryu gijitsu). Text in
Japanese. Ryusan (J. Sulfuric Acid Assoc., Japan), 24(2):64-78,
Feb. 1972. 120 refs.
A number of the heavy oil and flue gas desulfurization
techniques are reported. The hydrodesulfurization process
considered most promising for heavy oil desulfurization is
described to explain the basic mechanism and flow of the
process. Introduced under the direct desulfurization techniques
are the RCD Isomax Method developed by Universal Oil
Products Co. and the RDS Isomax Method by Chevron
Research Co., both a fixed catalyst bed type. Also discussed
under this category is the H-Oil Process, a floating catalyst
bed type developed by Hydrocarbon Research Inc. and City
Service Oil Co. The flue gas desulfurization techniques are
classified into four types, wet-type absorption, dry-type ab-
sorption, adsorption by activated carbon, and sulfuric acid gas
oxidation. The first, under the wet-type process, uses a
suspension of lime as the absorbent, the most well known of
which is the process put in practice at the Battersea and Bank-
side power plants of London. Another example of this type is
the process separately developed by Combustion Engineering
Inc. and Universal Oil Products Co. in which lime or dolomite
is put into the combustion chamber and the flue gas then
scrubbed. The other wet type absorption methods include one
using ammonia water solution as the absorbent, another using
high-concentration potassium sulfite solution, and another
using a suspension of magnesium manganate. Introduced under
the dry-type absorption method are the process in which lime
or dolomite is added into the furnace, another using an al-
kaline absorbent, another using manganese oxide as the absor-
bent, and the last using an organic compound as the absorbent.
Discussed under the activated carbon method are the Reinluft,
Bergbau- Forschung, and Lurgi techniques. Representative of
the sulfurous acid gas oxidation method is the Monsanto-
Penelec Process.
-------
28
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
06962
W. Leithe and G. PetschI
COMPARATIVE ABSORPTION TESTS FOR DETERMINA-
TION OF GASEOUS AIR CONTAMINANTS IN WASH BOT-
TLES. (Vergleichende Absorption-sversuche zur Bestimmung
gasformiger Luftverunreinigungen in Waschflaschen.) Z. Anal.
Chem. 226 (4), 352-61 (1967). Ger.
Comparative gas-absorption tests are described using air con-
taminated with CO2, HC1, NH3% SO2, and air samples from
production plants containing fluorides. The concentrations
were in the range of the Maximum Allowable Concentrations
and below. Three kinds of gas washing bottles have been em-
ployed: 1) Impinger washing bottles, recently recommended
for air analyses; 2) ordinary Drechsel washing bottles; 3)
washing bottles with porous glass discs containing a foam for-
mation agent. The effect of the Impinger equalled that of the
Drechsel type. With HC1, NH3, and SO2 there was no dif-
ference between Impinger and foam absorption bottle, but
with CO2 and air samples containing fluorides foam absorption
showed up to ten times higher absorption efficiencies. Cor-
responding analyses of open-air samples containing fluorides
are being conducted. (Author summary)
07081
Spumy, K., M. Polydorova, and Z. Starcuk
ANALYTIC FILTERS OF ORGANIC MICROFTBERS AND
THEIR USE IN DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF
AEROSOLS AND DUST. Text in Czech. Pracovni Lekar.,
14(8):369-375, Oct. 1962. 12 refs. Engl. transl. by Technical
Library Research Service. 18p., 1963. AEC: ORNL-TR-779
The filtration properties of Czechoslovak analytic filters made
of organic microfibers are described. A total of 15 different
kinds were examined, some of which were equal in quality to
similar filters of foreign production. The screening properties
of these Czechoslovak analytic filters made of organic
microfibers, their clogging by industrial atomized aerosols and
their applicability for determining the concentration of radioac-
tive aerosols are described. Pressed filter materials made of
synthetic microfibers (chlorinated PVC) prepared in
Czechoslovakia were tested along with analytic filters made of
synthetic fibers in Moscow, filters made in Germany and
diaphragm-filters. The filters made of synthetic microfibers all
contained fibers in the thickness ranging from d = 0.3 to 3.75
microns, porposity 75 to 97%, average distance between fibers
around 40 microns, and total thickness of filter 300 to 2000
microns. Both American filters (Millipore Filter AA and SM)
and Czechoslovak filters (Synthesia AUFS) were used as
diaphragm-filters. The nature of clogging, filtering efficiency,
and absorption of alpha-radiation were studied. Fine blast fur-
nace dust was used for the study of clogging. The efficiency
of the filters was measured by the retention method of blast
furnace dust aerosols labeled by the decay products of radon.
The penetration of aerosol particles into a filter and the ab-
sorption of alpha-radiation by a filter were studied with the
use of natural radioactive aerosols, i.e., by atmospheric air,
labeled by the decay products of radon.
14435
Holzhey, Joachim and Horst Demmrich
A RADIOMETRIC DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS CONTROL
OF FLUE DUST CONCENTRATION. (Bin radiometrisches
Geraet zur kontinuierlichen Kontrolle des Gichtstaubanfalls).
Text in German. Neue Huette, 14(4):198-201, April 1969. 2
refs.
A radiometric method based on radiation absorption which can
be used for determining the flue dust concentrations in fur-
naces is described. Gamma or X-rays are used for the mea-
surements. The equipment consists of a radiation transmitter
on one side of the flue duct and radiation detector on the
other side. Since the ducts are rather thick-walled, drillings of
8 and 25 mm in diameter are necessary; they are sealed by
windows. The measurements were conducted with a radiation
energy of 10 keV, and with an anode current of 1mA. The
results are graphically illustrated by a plot of the radiation ex-
tinction as a function of the dust concentration. Since the dust
composition was unfavorable with respect to the mass extinc-
tion coefficient, absorption of the X-rays was minor. Disre-
garding the fact that insufficient individual measurements were
taken, a dust measurement error of roughly plus or minus 5
g/cu m was obtained. These measurements were taken on an
experimental set-up, where air was drawn through a pipe to
which certain quantities of dust were added. To illustrate the
method in practical use, measurements were also taken in the
downward flue a furnace. Aside from dust deposition at the
radiation inlet window, no problems were encountered,
although a final conclusion must be witheld, since test mea-
surements are still being made.
16298
Fiala, Ernst and Ernst-Georg Zeschmann
ANNOYANCE CAUSED BY ODOROUS EXHAUST GASES.
(Laestigkeit von Abgasgeruch). Text in German. VDI (Ver.
Deut. Ingr.) Z. (Duesseldorf), 109(24): 1139-1141, 1967. 5 refs.
The intensity of odors caused by automobile exhaust gases
was evaluated by measuring the odor intensity of dilutions of
the exhaust gas with fresh air that exceeded the odor
threshold. The tests were performed with a water-cooled four-
cylinder, four- stroke Otto engine. The measurements were
based on the following considerations. At low traffic density
i.e., on well-ventilated streets, the exhaust gas odor is not
noticeable; the odor threshold is not reached. With increasing
traffic density, i.e., less ventilation, odor threshold is ex-
ceeded. The mass flows emitted under the latter condition
were indicative of the dilution which was the measure for the
odor intensity. The results showed the familiar independence
of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentrations from en-
gine operating state. Test personnel could smell the exhaust
gas independently of the operating state at 800- to 1000-fold
dilution. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentra-
tions at the moment the odor threshold was exceeded were
between 1 and 100 ppm and 0.6 to 8 ppm, respectively. Addi-
tion of air in the exhaust system reduced the concentrations
but increased the odor intensity.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
29
17549
Fischer, Robert
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC PROCEDURE FOR A QUICK
ESTIMATION OF THE AMOUNT OF POLYCYCLIC ARO-
MATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SOOT SAMPLES. (Spek-
trophotometrisches Verfahren zur raschen Beurteilung von
Russen auf ihren Gehalt an polycyclischen, aromatischen
Kohlenwasserstoffen). Text in German. Z. Anal. Chem.,
249(2): 110-115,1970. 5 refs.
The amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a soot
sample can be estimated by soxhlet extraction, purification of
the extract on alumina, and determination of ultraviolet ab-
sorbance. The distinct values measured at 7 wave lengths are
used for calculating the absorbance numbers (referred to 100
ml measuring volume, 1 cm irradiated layer, and 1 kg soot).
The average value of the absorbance numbers, called chief ab-
sorbance number, characterizes the amount of polycyclic aro-
matic hydrocarbons of a soot extract. Chief absorbance-num-
bers below 1 are classified as extremely small; between 1 and
10, as small; and between 10 and 100 as moderate concentra-
tion. The reproduceability of the absorbance numbers is
generally good with the exception of soots with non-uniform
surface structure. Extraction is the most difficult operation of
the process. Fine-grained soot poses no problems for extrac-
tion; pulverized soot is extremely difficult to extract. The
results of 6 soot analyses are listed in a table. The chief ab-
sorbance number reflects the decreasing summarized concen-
trations of the 16 polycyclic substances satisfactorily. Devia-
tions occur in the presence of compounds with extremely high
or low substance specific factors.
20899
Aleksandrov, N. N., N. A. Panichev, M. A. Rzhaksinskaya,
and Yu. I. Turkin
SPECTRAL METHOD OF DETERMINING A NUMBER OF
EF,EMENTS IN ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS. (Spektral'nyy
metod opredeleniya ryada elementov v atmosfernykh
aerozolyakh). Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Lenin-
grad), no. 234:196-204, 1968. 3 refs.
A method of spark discharge spectral analysis was used to
measure the content of aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium
(relative concentrations of 0.1-10%), manganese, nickel, zinc,
copper, and lead (relative concentrations of 0.01-1%) in sam-
ples of atmospheric aerosols. This method also detects trace
amounts of chromium, beryllium, baruim, and strontium. Such
determinations, together with meteorological data, provides a
means of identifying pollution sources and studying at-
mospheric diffusion.
22446
Hughes, James R. and Ralph H. Torborg
A NEW EXHAUST EMISSIONS ANALYZER FOR AUTOMO-
TIVE SERVICE APPLICATIONS. Preprint, Society of Au-
tomotive Engineers, Inc., N York, 6p., 1970. 3 refs. (Presented
at the Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Mich., Jan.
12-16, 1970, Paper 700100.)
An exhaust emissions analyzer, developed for use in the au-
tomotive dealership service environment, presents an accurate
determination of the carbon monoxide concentration in the ex-
haust of any engine at a steady-state test condition. It also
presents an indication of the unbumed hydrocarbon concentra-
tion relative to "normal* for any reciprocating spark ignition
emission controlled engine at a steady-state curb idle test con-
dition. Its utility as a field service tool is thus twofold: used as
a diagnostic device, it enables a technician to decide if an en-
gine has a carburetion problem or » malfunction in the com-
bustion process; and used as an adjustment device, it aids in
setting the proper carburetor idle mixture adjustment on emis-
sion controlled automotive engines. The device operates on an
ultraviolet light sensing principle. (Author abstract modified)
24638
Yanagjhara, S.
MEASUREMENT OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS.
(Jidosha haishutsu gasu no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 6(9):522-531, Sept. 25, 1970. 8
refs.
Until completely exhaust-free automobiles are in general use,
the measurement of exhaust gas is a technological necessity.
Although there is still a great gap between the U. S. and Japan
in the field of practical measurement, Japan is getting close to
the American level. Conditions for running automobiles, in-
cluding the U. S.'s 7-mode, new American trial run conditions,
the Japanese 4-mode hot start, and the European 4-cycle cold
start methods are described. Various sampling methods for ex-
haust gas, such as bag sampling, total bag sampling, constant
volume sampling, ratio sampling, non-dispersive infrared con-
tinuous analysis method, and use of the hydrogen flame
ionization detector are described. These methods present some
problems, since they are not the best methods in obtaining the
average density of exhaust. Data must be treated on-line;
digitalized tape can be treated by a computer later; or a digital
method using a mini-computer must be adopted. The above are
only part of the methods in use, and there will be many more
changes. In Japan, it is important to measure oxides of
nitrogen and hydrocarbons in the analysis of diesel exhaust.
Evaporation loss must also be measured.
25535
Sugawara, V. and V. Yamazaki
THE DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN DUST-
FALL BY ATOMIC-ABSORPTION- SPEC-
TROPHOTOMETRY. (Genshi kyuko bunsekiho niyoru koka
baijinchuno junkinzoku no teiryo). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(2):182-187, Nov.
1970. 14 refs.
Atomic-absorption-spectrometry was used for the determina-
tion of metals in several materials. In one application, the ele-
ments of iron, copper, lead, and zinc in dustfall (ash) were
determined. For this purpose, the extraction or addition of or-
ganic solvents or dilutants was used, since analysis sensitivity
is enhanced. The results of a dilution experiment are
presented. Dustfall was treated with nitric, hydrochloric, and
perchloric acids and mixtures of the acids. Treatment with
hydrochloric acid was the most successful. Experiments in-
volving alkali fusion are discussed. The two detection methods
adopted were the calibration curve method and the standard
addition method. The calibration method is easier to operate,
but the addition method is more reasonable to protect against
interference. Metal absorption is measured by the addition
method was not always high. (Author abstract modified)
27517
Endo, Ryosaku, Tatsunori Oyake, and Tetsutaro Kongo
STUDD2S ON THE STANDARDIZATION FOR THE MEA-
SUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTANTS. PART L ON THE
DYNANIC CALIBRATION OF SO2 ANALYZER AN ITS IN-
TERFERING FACTORS WITH THE MEASUREMENT OF
SO2. (Taiko osensnitsu sokuteiho no hyojunka ni kansuru
kisoteki kenkyu. Dai 1 ho. Aryusan gasu jidosokutei sochi no
doteki kentei narabini sokutei bogai inshi ni kansuru kenkyu).
-------
30
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Text in Japanese. Hokkaido Ritsu Eisei Kenkyushoho, no.
20:191-200, June 1970. 6 refs.
The electroconductivity analyzer for analysis of sulfur dioxide
was calibrated dynamically by standard low concentration of
sulfur dioxide to be generated from Teflon permeation tubes.
The wWest- Gaeke method too was calibrated by the same
method. The permeation tubes were placed in the calibration
apparatus, in which the temperature was controlled at 25 plus
or minus 0.1 C. Periodically the permeation tubes were rapidly
weighed with a semimicro balance. The weight loss of the
tubes per minute was almost constant. The average values of
the SO2 concentrations measured by the electroconductivity
analyzer were reduced by 1.9-3.4% from the average values
for the tube computed from the gravimetric data. Th average
values of the SO2 concentrations measured by the West-Gaeke
method were reduced by 1.3-4.0% from the gravimetric
calibration for the tube. When the humidity was less than 20%,
the adsorptions of the new glassfiber filters for SO2 (Gelman
A type) were larger than any other fiber papers. The new
glassfiber filters adsorbed 22.4% in 0.2 ppm of the SO2 con-
centrations, but by using continuously, the adsorption of glass-
fiber filters was reduced gradually. The filter papers (Toyou-
roshi No. 1) adsorbed about 10% and Whatman No. 4 about
2% hi 0.2 ppm of the SO2 concentration. The adsorption of
new filter papers was almost the same as older filter papers.
Their adsorption rates were lower in the high concentration
than in the low concentration in the case of three kinds of fil-
ters. When the humidity was 60%, the adsorptions of the new
glassfiber filters, (Gelman A type) for SO2 were markedly
large. They adsorbed 60.4% in 0.1 ppm of the SO2 concentra-
tion, 44.6% in 0.2 ppm and 27.2% in 0.5 ppm. The new Toyou-
roshi No. 1 and Whatman No. 4 adsorbed about 10%. Then-
adsorption rates were higher in high humidity than in low hu-
midity. The adsorption of Teflon pipes was lower than any
other kind of pipes. In low humidity, glass pipes adsorbed al-
most the same degree as Teflon pipes, but in high humidity,
glass adsorbed 15-24% of the SO2 concentration. Teflon was
no influenced by humidity. The vinyl chloride pipes did not
adsorb, but increased the measurement values The interfering
substances with the measurement by the electroconductivity
analyzer were generated from the new vinyl chloride pipes.
The measurement values were higher than the real values, ac-
cording to a loss in quantity of absorbing solution by babbling.
In the case of low humidity, low adsorbing solution, and abun-
dant air flow, this error was increased.
27542
Kurabayashi, Toshio, Tetsuya Nakazawa, and Takao
Karasawa
ON MEASUREMENT OF SMOKE DENSITY BY THE PAPER
FILTERING SMOKE METER AND THE DETERMINATION
OF CARBON QUANTITY. (Roshishiki haiki nodokei niyoru
haiki nodo no sokuteiho to kabon no teiryo nitsuite) Text in
Japanese. Jidosha. Gijutsu (Automobile Eng.), 24(4):341-346
April 1970. 6 refs.
The process of smoke-particle deposition on filter paper was
theoretically analyzed. The theory of probability was applied
to calculate the white area when a certain amount of carbon
particles had been deposited on the filter. The relation
between the meter reading and the white area percentage was
obtained and was employed to derive a formula giving the
amount of carbon from the meter reading. To check the validi-
ty of the theory, an experiment was conducted using a steady-
smoke generator and photoelectric color meter. Smoke was
produced by the incomplete burning of propane. A diagram of
the sampling apparatus is shown, as is a sample holder design.
Six kinds of filters were employed to catch the carbon parfi-
cles. The thicker the filter, the more stable the light reflection.
The derived formula was valid. The carbon content of the
combustion gas was quantitatively determined by the meter
reading if the carbon concentration on the filter was within a
certain range. Beyond this, the error increased rapidly. The ef-
fect of filter characteristics on the meter reading was incon-
siderable. The Bosch smoke meter was chosen as a typical,
commercially available meter of the filter paper type. It was
checked by the photoelectric color meter; correlation was
satisfactory.
28165
Kamiyama, Hiroaki
RELIABILITY OF THE METHODS FOR MEASURING SUL-
FUR DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Taiki chuno nisanka
iou sokuteiho ni kansuru shinraisei nitsuite). Text in Japanese.
Bunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst) (Tokyo), 19(11):1601, Nov.
1970.
The disagreement between sulfur dioxide values obtained with
an air pollution (AP) meter and the rosalinine method was stu-
died. A high-recision, large-scale standard gas generator and a
condenser-collector of polluted air were designed and built for
a microanalysis of pollutant components. The gas generator
prepared SO2 concentrations of 0.05-0.20 ppm with an accura-
cy of 95%, or within the plus or minus 0.02 ppm confidence
range. The sulfite standard rosalinine method gave an SO2
value 10% lower than the AP meter. Nitrogen oxides up to 0.2
ppm, carbon monoxide up to 40 ppm, and hydrochloric acid
up to 0.2 ppm did not affect the AP reading. No differences in
AP values due to location were observed in field tests, nor did
the effect of atmospheric salt depend on locality. The effect of
salt on AP meter readings was about 0.01 ppm. No other com-
ponents of air affected meter values except ammonia, which
lowered the value. It is concluded that the higher SO2 value
measured with the AP meter is due to the loss of the absor-
bent in the meter.
28291
Oura, Masahiro and Motoo Komagata
NON-DISPERSIVE INFRARED ANALYZER. (Hibunsankei
sekigaisen bunseki kei). Text in Japanese. Denshi Kagaku
(Electronic Sci.), 21(2):23-27, Feb. 1971. 5 refs.
The non-dispersive infrared analyzer was developed for indus-
trial applications but has recently been widely used in the
quantitative analysis of automobile exhaust fumes and indus-
trial waste gases. It utilizes measurement of the molecular
dipole moment to determine the amount of infrared energy ab-
sorbed by a gas sample. The use of such physical phenomena
provides rapid response, high selectivity, and simple main-
tenance. Applications of the NDIR analyzer include the deter-
mination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in air; car-
bon monoxide, nigrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons in automo-
bile exhaust gases; and sulfur dioxide in stack gases. By com-
parison to the NDIR, a dispersive-type infrared analyzer'has a
complicated optical system and is not effective for long-term
analysis. Two basic forms of the NDIR are the negative filter
type and positive filter type. The former has a nonselectiv de-
tector while the latter is selective with respect to specific wave
lengths for specific sample gases. Brief discussion is provided
concerning the condenser microphone used as a detector for in
the positive filter NDIR. The noise elimination characteristics
of the two common amplifiers used are compared. Response
time of detectors are insignificant in contrast to the response
time of indicator devices. The linearity of output and the auto-
matic calibration circuitry are also discussed.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
31
28450
Polozhayev, N. G., V. V. Girina, and T. Ye. Laktionova
MICROMETHODS OF DETERMINING HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. (Mikrometody
opredeleniya vrednykh veshchestv v atmosfernom vozdukhe).
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 8:15-20, 1951.
Microanalytic nephelometric and colorimetric methods for
determining a number of air pollutants are described. Detec-
tion sensitivities are as follows: chlorine, 0.002 mg; hydrogen
sulfide 0.0002 mg; sulfur dioxide, 0.002 mg; lead, 0.001 mg;
and mercury, 0.00005 mg. Air microsamplers are also
described.
29269
Laffort, Paul
BIVALENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OLFACTORY
THRESHOLDS OF 50 PURE SUBSTANCES AND SOME OF
THEIR MOLECULAR PROPERTIES. (Relation biunivoque
entre les seuils olfactifs de cinquante corps purs et certaines
de leurs proprietes moleculaires). Text in French. Compt.
Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 162(2):1704-1712, July-Dec. 1968. 12
refs.
A mathematical formula is derived from a study of 50 sub-
stances, mostly organic, which permits the calculation of the
olfactory threshold in man from certain physicochemical data.
The important parameters in the equation are the apolarity (A)
derived from the molecular volume, the hydrogen bond index
(H), and the volumetric polarizability of the octet. The group
of 50 substances examined includes aliphatic hydrocarbons,
common alcohols, some esters of ethyl alchol, common or-
ganic acids, ammonia, bromine, carbon disulfide, and
hydrogen sulfide.
29436
Kiyoura, Raisaku, Hiroshi Mizusawa, Kunio Imai, Haruo
Kuronuma, and Yoshisuke Uenishi
REVIEW OF DIRECT MEASUREMENT METHOD OF SUL-
FURIC ACID MIST IN ATMOSPHERE. (Taiki chu no ryusan
misuto no chokusetsu sokuteiho no kento). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Chemical Society, Tokyo, lp., 1971. 1 ref.
(Presented at the Japan Chemical Society Annual Meeting,
24th, Tokyo, March 1971, Paper 3406.)
The establishment of a measurement method for sulfuric acid
mist, has been desired. So far, such methods as trapping sul-
furic acid mist with filtering paper, measurement of the electri-
cal conductivity of the liquid, or diffusing, have been re-
ported, but none a selective, accurate quantitative analysis, or
simple to handle. An attempt was made to trap the dust con-
taining sulfuric acid mist by dry impinger method. The method
adopted by Scaringelli et al. was reviewed, and the modified
method has been proposed. After dried nitrogen gas is let
through fuming sulfuric acid, and is contacted with the air,
with a certain steam pressure, the sulfuric acid mist is
generated. It is then let in the device connecting the dry imp-
inger and filter. The slide set under the nozzle of the impinger
impacts and traps sulfuric acid mist. The untrapped mist is
trapped by the filtering paper later. The trapping effectiveness
of the impinger was checked, by changing the nozzle diameter,
-------
32
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
30634
Tanaka, Masao
ON MEASURING INSTRUMENTS FOR SULFUROUS ACID
GAS IN EXHAUST SMOKE. (Haien chu no aryusangasu
sokutei kiki ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nenryo oyobi nensyo
(Fuel and Combustion), no. (2):25-31, Feb. 1971.
The basic mechanism of a non-dispersion infrared-type (N-
DIR) gas analyzer and the gas sampling system for the
analyzer are introduced. Any gas composed of different ele-
ments such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia,
water, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, or benzene,
shows its own specific pattern of infrared ray absorption in
the range of 2-15 micron. When a particular gas flows into the
beams of infrared rays, the intensity of infrared rays of
specific wavelength, having passed through the gas, changes
according to the density of the gas. The intensity of a specific
infrared ray is then detected by an infrared ray detector for
the measurement of the gas density. A positive-type NDIR
analyzer was used as an example to further describe the basic
construction and mechanism of the NDIR analyzer. The in-
frared ray beams from the light sources are interrupted inter-
mittently at an interval of 2-15 Hz by a rotary shutter, and go
through the measuring tank and comparison tank to reach the
detector. Nitrogen, or a similar gas, that does not absorb the
infrared ray is sealed in the comparison tank, while the gas
constitutent to be measured is sealed in the detector equipped
with a membrane condenser inside. The membrane partitions
the interior of the detector into two and intermits the lights
from the measuring tank and comparison tank simultaneously.
The energy difference between the two lights is thus detected,
since the light coming through the measuring tank has become
weak according to density of the gas. When sampling gas for
the analyzer, the gas should be pretreated before being fed
into the analyzer. The sampling process usually consists of
sampling, removal of dust, separation of condensate, removal
of interference substances, and pumping. Although some of
the S02 is dissolved in the condensate water during the gas
sampling, the amount lost is theoretically negligible.
31924
Baba, Yoshio
MEASUREMENT/ANALYSIS OF ODOR AND TECHNIQUES
OF OFFENSIVE ODOR PREVENTION. (Shuki no sokutei
bunseki oyobe akushu boshi gijutsu). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Smaller Enterprises Promotion Corp. (Japan), 60p.,
1971. (Presented at the Public Nuisance Prevent. Tech.
Seminar, Japan, 1971.)
Odors can be measured by a human panel procedure or with
analytical apparatus; the former method is used primarily to
determine the intensity of an odor and/or kinds of odors, while
the latter method is more often used for the analysis of sub-
stances giving a particular smell. Odorants which exist in ex-
tremely small quantities can now be detected by gas chromato-
graphic analysis. However, it is still difficult to correlate the
detected odorants and the unpleasant odor they are believed to
cause. Various olfactory tests are cited. Deodorizing
techniques include combustion, scrubbing, adsorption, oxida-
tion, masking, neutralization, and a chemical deodorization
method. The preventive measures implemented at the source
of odor generation are cited for oil refineries, Kraft pulping,
petrochemical processes, chemical processes, painting and
printing industries, slaughterhouses, pig and poultry fanning,
and diesel or jet engine exhaust. The analysis methods are
given for acrolein, formaldehydes, acetaldehyde, mercaptans,
benzenes, hydrogen chloride, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide.
32100
Kamiyama, Horoaki, Toshi Tomizawa, and Teruo Yatabe
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SUL-
FUR OXIDE MEASUREMENT METHODS. (Taiki chu no iwo
sankabutsu sokuteiho ni kansuru sogoteki hyoka). Text in
Japanese. Karyoku Hatsuden (Thermoelectric Power Genera-
tion), 22(3):265-275. March 1971. 11 refs.
The AP Meter (an automatic conductivity analyzer/recorder) is
specified as the permanent monitoring device for atmospheric
sulfur oxides (sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide) under the En-
vironmental Standards. It does not always yield values agree-
ing with those obtained by other methods. To clarify this
point, analyses were made of pollutants in the atmosphere,
pollutants in the absorbent solution of the AP Meter, and
problems involving proper use of the measuring instrument.
The mass spectrometric method, having no relationship with
the AP Meter and Rosaniline methods, was used to detect pol-
lutant gases in the atmosphere, to examine the reliability of
the other two methods, and to detect pollutants other than
SO2. The low temperature concentration method using
liquefied oxygen was used for the quantitative analysis of at-
mospheric SO2, whose density is usually very low. A chemical
analysis of the AP Meter s absorbent solution clarified its
component substances to determine if the atmospheric pollu-
tants could be transformed into electroconductive substances
when absorbed by the solution. An experimental device
prepared a large quantity of accurate standard gas and deter-
mined the bias and variation errors of the AP Meter and
Rosaniline methods. Following laboratory experiments, field
tests were conducted. Generally, the values indicated by the
AP Meter were higher than those indicated by the Rosaniline
method. This was not due to other pollutant gases, but to
evaporation loss of the absorbent solution. This trend was
greater when temperature, humidity, and SO2 density were
lower. Thus, the AP Meter tends to indicate values higher than
the actual value in winter, when temperature and humidity are
low. With corrections for these factors, the AP Meter values
differ by 10% or less from those obtained by the Rosaniline
method. No gaseous pollutant notably affected the AP Meter s
values. Nitrogen oxides of a few hundred ppb or less hardly
affected the AP Meter. When ammonia was present in the at-
mosphere, AP Meter values were on the negative side. Salt
caused an 0.01 ppm difference in the meter.
32731
Matsumura, Yoshimi
EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS METHOD OF
SULFURIC ACID MIST FOR AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen
seibun to shiteno ryusan misto no kagaku bunsekiho no kento).
Text in Japanese. Rodo Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann Kept
Natl. Inst. Ind. Health), 1971:48-49, July 1971.
An analysis method for sulfuric acid mist was evaluated with
respect to the filter paper used for collecting the mist, various
chemical analyses methods, and the interference of titanium,
vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, zinc, copper]
cadmium, and lead. The analysis methods examined wer/al-
kalinity of the sulfuric acid solution, reverse titration, pH titra-
tion curve measurement, turbidity test, Thorin measurement
method, and the chloranilic acid barium method. The glass
fiber filter, efficient and resistant to ventilation, was suitable
for particle collection. The membrane filter, followed by the
cellulose filter, was best for the extraction of collected acids
The alkalinity method created difficulties in determining the
coexistence of other acids or neutral sulfur. The sensitivity
limit of sulfuric acid volume measurement was approximately
5 micrograms/20 ml water. The measurement of the titration
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
33
curve distinguished between strong and weak acids. The coex-
istence of other metal ions interfered in the measurement of
the sulfate ion and slightly in the method of Thorin and the
chloranilic acid barium method.
32946
THE DETECTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS WITH TUNABLE
LASERS. (Der Nachweis von Luftfremdstoffen mil abstimm-
baren Lasern). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Z.
(Duesseldorf), 113(B):988-989, Sept. 1971. 4 refs.
Several lasers are now available which can be tuned to any
wavelength in the infrared region. Diode lasers are made of a
lead-tin-tcllerium semiconductor and, depending upon the
amount of tin and lead present, the wavelength emitted can be
adjusted between 6.5 and 32 micron. With the exception of
nitric oxide and carbon monoxide whose absorption bands do
not fall within the appropriate wavelengths, such diode lasers
can be used for the determination of air pollutants. The elec-
trons in a spin-flip Raman laser, which is tunable between 2.5
and 16 micron, act as scattering centers. The nitric oxide con-
tent of an air sample in the range of 0.1 to 10 ppm was deter-
mined with a spin-flip Raman laser. Measuring time was four
seconds.
33373
Naito, Keikichi
LIDAR FOR AIR POLLUTION MEASUREMENT. (Taiki osen
kansoku-yo raida). Text in Japanese. Kisho Kenkyusho Nyusu
(Meteorol. Res. Inst. News), no. 4:4-5, April 1971.
Lidar can be utilized to detect inversion layers, mingled
layers, and the interface of sea and land breezes, volume dis-
tributions of suspended particulates, and dispersion patterns of
high stack smokes. At present, ruby crystals are used as ele-
ments causing oscillation. Ruby crystals are stable and durable
but have the disadvantage of yielding slow pulse repeats (once
in 5 sec). Faster pulse repeats and an energy output of a cer-
tain degree are desirable. One of more recently developed
laser oscillation elements is YAG, a crystal of yttrium, alu-
minum and garnet, which creates a 1.06 micron wave length
and a pulse repeat of approximately 1000 Hz. The wave length
1.06 micron presents a problem in photoelectric conversion,
which can be solved if the wave length can be changed to 0.53
micron by using certain crystals with nonlinear transmission of
light. This laser refraction is called SHG (Second Harmonics
Generation), and some of practical crystals with excellent
SHG are KDP and BNN. For the time being, the combination
of SHG and YAG seems to be the best solution for air pollu-
tion lidar.
36260
Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.
MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYZING METHODS FOR
AEROSOLS. 1955 (?). Translated from Russian (?), 62p.,
March 1957. NTIS, BDC: AD 682557
Bacteriological and mycological methods of analyzing aerosol
and aerogels are presented. During bacteriological analysis of
an aerosol, determination of the general quantity of bacteria in
a unit of a volume of aerosol (general dispersion) seldom limits
the testing. Besides the general dispersion, the quantitative
characteristic of microflora is determined. Sedimentation
methods (spontaneous sedimentation, the Shafir and Krotova
methods) and filtration techniques (Mironov, Milyavski,
Dyakonova, and Shtrauss methods) are reviewed. Analysis of
the characteristics of the microflora of the air can take three
directions: determination of the sanitary-indicative microorgan-
isms, of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, (by
mycological analysis of the aerosols) and of the presence of
fungus microorganisms. The microbiological study of aerosols
is also discussed, and methods of studying the entrance of
aerosols into the human organism during breathing and of con-
ducting a biological experiment in the field of aerosols are also
reported. The application of dust chamber methods, dust mask
method, and the intratracheal introductions of suspensions of
dust particles are included. A method of obtaining artificial
smoke is also reported.
36826
Kolmeschate G. J. van and Vos R. H. de
MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT - TECHNIQUES OF
ANALYSIS. (Analysetechnieken voor kwik in bet milieu).
Text in Dutch. TNO Nieuws, 26(7):415-418, July 1971.
Methods of analysis of mercury are divided into two catego-
ries: those which determine the total mercury content and
those which specify the organic mercury compounds. A classi-
cal method of determining total mercury content is the spec-
trophotometric dithizon method. This is described with exam-
ples. The other methods are atomic absorption and neutron ac-
tivation analysis. For the organic mercury compounds, gas
chromatography is used. Research institutes are mentioned. As
a detection system, the electron capture detector is very suita-
ble for routine analysis. Neutron activation analysis is speedy,
accurate, and very adaptable to remote control on large scale
applications.
36838
Tsuji, Kusuo
STUDIES OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATES IN Am (4).
(Taikichu no fuyu funjin ni kansuru kenkyu (daiyonpo)). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):81, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
A method to determine selenium in the air, which might have
increased due to mass production of semi-conductors as well
as dyes and alloys, was tested. Generally, selenium is deter-
mined by means of colorimetry. In this study, after treating
the sample with aqua regia or a mixture of hydrochloric acid
and potassium chlorate, chlorine is eliminated. Then, selenic
acid is converted to selenious acid by heating with hydrochlc
ric acid and polarography is used to determine the selenium.
36840
Honma, K., K. Oikawa, K. Himi, T. Muramatsu, T. Tanaka,
and R. Ogawa
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THIMBLE-FILTER FOR MEA-
SURING METAL CONTENT IN STACK GAS NO.2 COLLEC-
TION EFFICIENCY OF THIMBLE FILTER. (Endo baigasu-
chu kinzoku seibun bunsekiyo ento roshi no tokusei, damiho,
kakushu ento roshi no ryudobetsu roka tokusei ni tsuite). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):79, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Filtering characteristics of thimble filters for determining cad-
mium and lead in flue gas provided in JISK0097 were ex-
amined. Using the suction velocity for a sampling nozzle, 7.5
to 20 I/nun, corresponding to 5 to 20 m/sec, flow velocity of
the flue gas, the initial pressure drop and filtering collection
efficiency by fineness for lead fume with a particle diameter
range from 0.07 to 0.2S micron were measured. As a rule,
thimble filters made of quartz glass fiber are recommended
since they show lowest pressure drop and good collection effi-
ciency. The one made of cellulose is not recommended.
-------
34
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
36841
Oikawa, K., K. Himi, T. Muramatsu, T. Tanaka, K. Honma,
and R. Ogawa
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THIMBLE-FILTER FOR MEA-
SURING METAL CONTENT IN STACK GAS. NO. 1 STUDY
ON THE IMPURITY METAL IN THIMBLE FILTER. (Endo
haigasu chu kinzoku seibun bunsekiyo ento roshi no tokusei,
daiippo, kakushu ento roshi no kinzoku seibun ni tsuite). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):78, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Thimble filters of three different materials (which are
presented in JISK0097 for the analysis of cadmium and lead in
flue gas) were examined in order to meet the requirement that
they should include the least possible metals as impurities).
Cellulose fiber, available for chemical analysis, borosilicate
glass fiber and silica glass fiber were examined. The second
and last ones are made after treating both glass fibers with
dilute hydrochloric acid for one full day. Metal ingredients in
these filters were analyzed by means of atomic absorption
spectroscopy after low temperature ashing and heated extrac-
tion by hydrochloric acid and oxygenated water of the filters.
Physical properties, such as weight, thickness, air penetration
rate, tensile strength, and yield stress were examined.
36859
Sato, Shizuo
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SO2 ON NO2 MEASURE-
MENTS. (NO2 sokutei-chi ni oyobosu SO2 no eikyo ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 6(1):66, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting
of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29,
1971.)
The effect of sulfur dioxide on the determination of nitrogen
dioxide was examined. First, sulfur dioxide solutions of
several different concentrations were added to the nitrogen
dioxide solution, the rate of light absorption of which is 0.315;
the light absorption rates were measured. The more concen-
trated the sulfur dioxide and the more time elapsed after the
mixing, the less was the rate of absorption. When nitrogen
dioxide gas and sulfur dioxide gas are mixed at the ratio of
from 1 to 1 to 1 to 10 (1 to 2 in average, for the air in a mea-
surement) by means of permeation tubes, no effect is seen for
ratios of 1 to 1 and 1 to 1.5 after 24 hr and for a ratio of 1 to
10 after 4 hr.
36959
Grimmer, Gernot
CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE ENVDJON-
MENT OF MAN. (Cancerogene Kohlenwasserstoffe in der
Umgebung des Menschen). Text in German. Erdoel Kohle
(Hamburg), 19(8):578-583, Aug. 1966. 10 refs. (Presented at the
Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Mineralolwissenschaft und
Kohlechemie, Annual Meeting, 17th, West Germany, Oct. 7,
1965.)
A method for determining 0.1 microgram per g of carcinogenic
hydrocarbons in foods or dusts is described in which samples
are extracted with solvent systems such as methanol-cyclohex-
ane or cyclohexane-dimethylformamide-water. The extract is
then enriched by silicagel column chromatography and
preparative two-phase paper chromatography. Separation of
individual hydrocarbons occurs on aluminum oxide columns.
Analysis of 3,4-benzpyrene and other aromatic hydrocarbons
in lettuce, curly kale, spinach, and tomatoes using this method
showed the highest 3,4-benzpyrene levels in curly kale leaves.
Lettuce contained 2.8 to 12.8 microgram/g and curly kale, 12.6
to 24.5 microgram/kg. Tomatoes had the lowest benzpyrene
content (0.22 microgram/kg), because of their smooth surface.
Cereal grains contained 0.2-4.1 microgram/kg levels almost
completely preserved in the flour and bread samples prepared
from these grains. Washing the samples with water produced
only minor reductions of the benzpyrene levels because of the
low water solubility of the surface soot layer. Cereal samples
from the Ruhr region had hydrocarbon levels 10 times greater
than samples from non-industrial areas. Air samples froip
Bonn, Duesseldorf, and Bochum showed 3,4-benzpyrene
levels of 133, 125 and 244 microgram/1,000 cu m in February.
Assuming that a person utilizes 10 cu m air/24 hr, the daily in-
take of 3,4-benzpyrene would be 1.0-3.0 microgram for an in-
habitant of these cities.
37066
Ciuhandu, Gheorghe and Gheorghe Krall
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF CAR-
BON MONOXIDE IN HYDROGEN. (Photometrische Bestim-
mung von Kohlenmonoxydspuren in Wasserstoff). Text in
German. Z. Anal. Chem., 172(2):81-87, Jan. 1960. 8 refs.
A sensitive method for the quantitative determination of car-
bon monoxide traces in an excess of hydrogen passes the gas
through an ice-cooled alkaline solution of the silver salt of p-
sulfamidobenzoic acid. Under these conditions, the reducing
power of hydrogen towards the silver salt is completely
neutralized, while that of CO persists even at very low tem-
perature and is manifested by a yellow or brown coloring. The
CO concentration is derived at constant pressure from the
volume of the gas sample passed through the reagent solution
and from the extinction module of the silver salt formed.
Photometric determination of the intensity of light absorption
takes place approximately at 420 millimicrons. Trace quantities
of 0.001-0.5% CO can thus be determined.
37107
Malakhina, A. Ya., M. I. Til kov, and Yu. K. Shaposhnikov
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF POLYNUCLEAR ARO-
MATIC HYDROCARBONS. (Bumazhnaya khromatografiya
poliyademykh aromaticheskikh uglevodorodov). Hyg. Sanit.
(English translation from Russian of: Gigiena i Sanit), 36(1-
3):97-100, Jan.-March, 1971. 7 refs. NTIS: TT 71-50122
Acetone, benzene, or octane extracts of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) in dusts at three aluminum works were
separated by paper chromatography and analyzed by thin-layer
chromatography or fluorometric spectroscopy. The following
PAH were determined in dusts deposited in ventilation pipes
during the manufacture of electrolytic aluminum: 20-
methylcholanthrene, 3,4-benzypyrene, 1,2-benzpyrene, 1,2-
benzanthracene, 1,3,3,4-dibenzanthracene, 9,10-dimethyl-l,2-
bezanthracene, and anthracene. The compounds were quantita-
tively determined by cutting out chromatogram spots and elut-
ing them into a solution followed by fluorometric analysis. The
3,4-benzpyrene concentrations in 1-gram dust samples from
the three plants were 0.051, 0.039, and 0.042 mg, respectively.
The method is also applicable to investigations of PAH in
gaseous discharges and effluents.
37232
Mizutani, Hiroo and Morihiko Hayakawa
EFFECTS OF OTHER GASEOUS ATMOSPHERIC POLLU-
TANTS ON S02 VALUE BY PBO2 METHOD. (Nisankaen-ho
ni yoru SO2-chi ni okeru ta no taiW osen busshitsu no eikyo ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J Japan Soc
Air Pollution), 6(1):61, 1971. (Presented at the National Coun-
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
35
cil Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The effects of atmospheric gaseous pollutants, such as
nitrogen oxides and hydrogen sulfide, which react with lead
dioxide to reduce the rate of collecting sulfur dioxide, on sul-
fur dioxide concentration obtained by the lead dioxide method
were examined. After sample cylinders of lead dioxide, which
had been exposed to nitrogen dioxide or hydrogen sulfide as
well as unpolluted cylinders were left at polluted sites for a
month, the amounts of sulfate, nitrate, and sulfide formed
were determined. The more the samples reacted with nitrogen
dioxide, the less sulfur oxides were caught by the cylinders.
As a result, approximately an average of 10% in the collection
rate could be reduced for the air in this area. The more the
samples reacted with hydrogen sulfide, the more lead sulfate
was found. Thus, hydrogen sulfide increases the sulfur dioxide
concentration determined by lead dioxide method.
37253
Bavika, L. I. and L. S. Shinkarenko
DETERMINATION OF SULFURIC ACID IN AIR BY A
VANADATE METHOD. (Opredeleniye sernoy kisloty v voz-
dukhe vanadatnym metodom). Text in Russian. Neftepererab.
Neftekhim., 9:40-41, 1971. 5 refs.
Sulfuric acid in air was determined by passing air (0.5-1 1/min)
through distilled water to which an 0.5% ammonium vanadate
solution was added. The vanadate solution reacted with H2S04
to form a yellow color whose intensity was a linear function of
H2S04 concentration and was stable for longer than 10 days.
The sensitivity was 0.005 mg H2S04 in 5.5 ml solution and the
average error was 9.3%.
37342
Yamazaki, H. and T. Hasegawa
DETERMINATION OF ACROLEIN BY THE 4-HEXYL-
RESORCINOL METHOD. (4-Hekishiru rezorushinoru-ho ni
yoru akurorein nodo no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):56, 1971. (Presented
at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th,
Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The acrolein concentration in a foundry was measured by the
4-hexyl-resorcinol method. Samples were directly absorbed
into a 40% ethanol solution of 4-hexyl-resorcinol, a 3.0%
ethanol solution of mercuric chloride, a saturated
trichloroacetic acid solution and ethanol, and were measured
by colorimetry. The measurement at room temperature was
made out two to three hours after the sampling, since the max-
imum absorbancy was attained during this period. The acrolein
concentrations at the various locations inside the foundry were
0.04 to 1.06 ppm. The maximum acrolein concentration mea-
surable by this method was 5.0 ppm, indicating the adequacy
of the method.
37443
Puzie, Kimika
THE LUNDGREN IMPACTOR FOR DETERMINATION OF
AEROSOL PARTICLES. (Lundgren inpakuta ni yoru
earozoru no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):100, 1971. (Presented at the Na-
tional Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya,
Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The determination of aerosols by a Lundgren impactor has
been used to obtain data on particle concentration as a func-
tion of particle size and components. This impactor, which has
been developed for the U. S. Public Health Service, is cylin-
drical with 4 steps of collecting drums. Teflon film of 0.3 mm
thick coated with silicon grease DC 200 is used for collection.
According to Lundgren, particle sizes of 50% cut point at 4
cfm flow velocity and 2 g/cu cm particle density, are 10, 3, 1
and 0.3 micron for 4 steps. The flow velocity can be changed
from 0.5 to 7 cfm; 24 hrs sampling at 5 cfm for 150 micro-
grams/cu m of air collects approximately 30 mg of particles.
37446
Izawa, Y., T. Shioyama, Y. Hirakawa, H. Higuchi, and T.
Tanaka
DETECTION OF AIR POLLUTION BY LASER RADAR.
(Reza reda ni yoru taiki osen gasu no kenshutsu). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):104, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
A method to determine the distribution of sulfur dioxide, nitric
oxide, and carbon monoxide in the air by means of laser radar
utilising resonance dispersion was developed in order to
replace the existing chemical method which requires a long
time for determination and does not allow remote measure-
ment. This laser radar utilizes pigment laser which allows
oscillation over whole wavelengths from violet to infrared by
using different kinds of pigments and selection of appropriate
wavelength through the use of prism and diffraction grating.
For sulfur dioxide, ethanol solution of rhodamine 6 G is used
to obtain laser beam with 100 kw of peak output and 100 n sec
of plus width. The signal receiver uses a multiplier correcting
signal strength, analysis of pulse amplitude by comparison of
electric potential, and time measurement by clock pulse to
determine the concentration and the location of the gas in-
stantly.
37477
Schaad, Rainer E.
CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CARCINOGENIC POLYCYCLIC
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. (Chromatographie (Kar-
zinogener) Polyzyklischer Aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe).
Text in German. Chromatogr. Rev., 13(1):61- 82, 1970. 114
refs.
Methods of extracting carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons from soot and airborne dust samples are briefly
described, and procedures for separation of the components in
the extract by column, paper, thin layer, and gas-liquid chro-
matography are reviewed.
37513
Graeve, J. de
THE USE OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION IN ADJ POLLUTANT
ANALYSIS. (L utilisation de 1 activation neutronique a 1
analyse des polluants de 1 air). Text in French. Cent. Beige
Etude Doc. Eaux, 24(337):535-546, Dec. 1971. 5 refs.
General principles of radioactive pollutant analysis, and exam-
ples of its utilization are described. In the irradiation, neutron
sources delivering slow neutrons with a mean energy of 1 EV
are applied. The counting system consists of a detection
system including a scintillation counter, a semi-conductor
counter, and an analyzer system. The advantages involved in
the neutron activation are adjustable sensibility, high selectivi-
ty, and the possibility of automation. No chemicals are
needed, and non- destructive analysis is possible in most
cases. To determine the dispersion and evolution of air pollu-
tants, a radioactive isotope, mostly antimony powder, is in-
jected into the flue gas leaving the stack. The dilution coeffi-
cient can be determined from samples taken by means of fil-
-------
36
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
ters. Problems and possible solutions in neutron activation
techniques are described on examples. In one case, the
32S/24S ratios were determined to detect and identify the pol-
lutant. Air pollution monitorings were carried out, using metal-
lic elements (Japan, Cincinnati (Ohio)). In Columbia (Missou-
ri), concentrations of different elements were determined in
samples of 7-20 cu m. Fully automatic detection and identifica-
tion of 33 elements present in air was carried out in a compu-
terized system in the U. S. A.
37514
Oka, K. and T. Fujii
ON THE CONTENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC ORGANIC LEAD
IN URAN AREA. (Taikichu no yukien no sokutei). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):97, 1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the National Council Meeting
of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29,
1971.)
A method to determine atmospheric organic lead, such as
tetraethyl lead used as an anti knock agent was examined.
Samples were collected at 10 1/min for 5 to 7 days to suck ap-
proximately 100 cu m, of the air into activated carbon of 30 to
60 mesh in a scrubber. Inorganic lead particles were eliminated
by glass fiber and membrane filters with a pore size of 0.45
micron. After wet oxidation extraction, lead was determined
by the dithizone-benzene method. When lead fume, which is
released by heating metal lead, was applied to this sampler,
glass fiber and membrane filters collected 100% of paniculate
lead. The collection of organic lead by these two filters was
negligible when the air involving organic lead, which is made
from lead added to gasoline, was tested. An example of the
measurements in Tokyo is given.
37515
Okita, Toshiichi, Hirosni Ogino, Masaki Mori, and Jinkichi
Miyai
AN ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN FLUORIDE RECORDER
ON THE FLUORIDE ION ELECTRODE. (Taikichu fukka
suiso jido kirokukei - Fusso ion denkyoku ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):98, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The characteristics of the electrode potential of the fluoride
ion electrode, which is a probe for an atmospheric hydrogen
fluoride recorder, was examined. With an increase in the con-
centration of the pH buffer solution, which is used to buffer
the effect of sodium carbonate collecting hydrogen fluoride,
the potential tends to be more stable, although its response
becomes slower. When the ion strength is increased by the ad-
dition of sodium chloride, more stable potential and more
rapid response are obtained. Carbonate ion of sodium car-
bonate does not interfere with the measurement. Ethyl alcohol
is recommended for cleaning the electrode, the performance of
which has deteriorated during its use.
37517
Yamamoto, H., Y. Hashimoto, S. Yanagizawa, and K. Oikawa
ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC PARTICULATE MATTER. NO.
1. DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM AND MANGANESE.
(Taikichu no muki seibun ni kansuru kenkvu (daiippo). Ku-
romu, mangan bunseki no zenshori ni kansuru kento). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):95, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Pretreatment of samples for determining chromium and man-
ganese in air-borne dust by means of either emission spec-
troscopy or atomic absorption spectroscopy was examined.
Addition of oxygenated water increases the rate of extraction
of these metals by strong acids. Thus, extraction by nitric or
hydrochloric acids with oxygenated water and extraction after
solution of samples in alkali are compared. In addition, sam-
ples are collected by a low volume sampler with membrane fil-
ters of cellulose acetate. The dust on the filters is washed into
sample solution by a supersonic washer using alkaline solu-
tion, such as 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, which gives better
result of washing. In conclusion, the extraction after solution
of samples into alkali is better than the extraction by acid,
even with addition of oxygenated water.
37519
Kuper, Gerhard
LASER-LTDAR, WHAT CAN IT REALLY ACCOMPLISH?
(Laser-LJdar, was kann es wirklich)? Text in German. Umwelt
(Duesseldorf), 2(1):«M3, Feb./March 1972. 5 rets.
The most important task of the light detection and ranging
system (lidar) apart from meteorological measurements is the
analysis of air pollutants. It is used for spotting polluters. In
order to determine whether the returning signal has been
produced by soot, aerosols, or inversion layers and in order to
determine how much of a smoke plume is harmless water
vapor and how much is pollutant, two laser beams are emitted
shortly after each other. The frequency of one laser beam is
shifted by temperature regulation of the ruby to the absorption
band of hydrogen. Water vapor absorbs this laser beam more
than the other. The difference of the two signals is a measure
of the water vapor fraction. For qualitative and quantitative
analysis of the gaseous components, the Raman effect is used.
Since the quantum yield of the Raman laser is so low, the
measurement of concentrations which represent the tolerance
limit for man is not feasible. The simplest version of the laser-
lidar comprises a laser as transmitter and a receiver with a
photodiode or multiplier and a recording unit. For simple
distance measurements up to about 10 km a pulse power of 5
to 10 MW suffices. Maximum pulse powers of 100 MW at a
beam diameter of 10 mm are now achievable.
37552
Bourbon, P., R. Malbosc, M. -J. Bel, F. Roufiol, and J. -F.
Rouzaud
CONTRIBUTION TO SPECIFIC DETERMINATION
SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Contribution
a la determination specif ique dans 1 atmosphere du dioxyde de
soufre). Text in French. Pollut Atmos. (Paris), 13(52):271-275,
Oct./Dec. 1971. 7 refs.
A method is described for determining sulfur dioxide in the
presence of acids (sulfur trioxide, nitrous vapors, hydrochloric
acid); sulfur (hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptans); and al-
kalines (ammonia). The method is based on the Bodecker reac-
tion which permits the characterization, through a brick-red
precipitate, of sulfites in the presence of potassium nitroprus-
siate and zinc salts. In the method, SO2 is absorbed by a
molar solution of zinc acetate deposited on a dry filter and
then determined by one of two colorimetric methods. Use of
the zinc acetate solution enables the specific determination of
H2S as well as SO2 in polluted air. The sensitivity of the
method is 2.5 micrograms SO2 in 10 ml of solution, while the
precision of the colorimetric determination is 3%. Results ob-
tained by this method at several industrial and urban sites are
compared with those of other methods.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
37
37600
Muramatsu, Fumio and Yasuji Himi
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS IN ATMOSPHERIC
SUSPENDED DUST (REPORT 2) DETERMINATION OF MM,
CA BY FLUORESCENT X-RAY ANALYSIS USING VACUUM
EVAPORATION STANDARD. (Fuyu baijinchu no jukinzoku
no bunseki (dainiho) Shinku joki hyojun shiryo o mochiita Mn,
Cu no keiko X-sen bunseki). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):92, 1971. (Presented
at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th,
Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Determination of manganese and copper in air-borne dust by
means of fluorescent X-ray analysis was performed. Standards
were made by attaching film of manganese and copper,
through evaporation in vacuum, on glass fiber filters used for
high volume air samplers. Calibration curves for both metals
were obtained, using a fluorescent X-ray analyzer; they
showed good stability. In addition, both metals in the stan-
dards were determined by means of atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry. Comparisons between actual measurements of
both metals in Kanagawa-Prefecture using this method and
atomic absorption spectrophotometry were made to see that
both values were in good agreement.
37608
Okubo, Y., K. Oikawa, and J. Kimura
ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC PARTICIPATE MATTER NO.
3. MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE
MATTER AND ITS METAL CONTENTS. (Taikichu muki
seibun ni kansuru kenkyu. Daisanpo. Fiyu funjin sokuteiho
betsukinzoku seibun nodo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):93, 1971.
(Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollution
Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
A short time collection method by a high volume air sampler
was compared with a long term collection method by low
volume sampler in order to find a better method to determine
metal content in air- borne dust and to establish pollution pat-
terns in an area. Samples were collected for 30 days; 24 hour
collection by low volume sampler and 10 day collection by
high volume sampler were performed. Filter papers on which
samples were taken, were ashed in low temperature and un-
derwent several acid treatments to produce sample solution,
which were analyzed by means of atomic absorption spec-
trophotometry for cadmium, lead, manganese, and copper.
Using the average values of 10 days for samples obtained by
the high volume samplers, the amount of dust collected was
higher in the samples by the high volume sampler. However,
the concentration percentage of metals to the amount of dust
was higher with the low volume sampler.
37689
Taguchi Keisuke and Nobuko Akashi
SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES BY
ANDERSEN AIR SAMPLER. (Andasen sanpura ni yoru
taikichu fuyu funjin no syudo bunpu). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):83, 1971. 2
refs. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of Air Pollu-
tion Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Size distribution of dust and heavy metals in the air was deter-
mined by means of an Andersen sampler. The sample was col-
lected at a velocity of 1 cfm for 3 to 7 days from March to
July, 1971, into separators with 8 steps. Size distribution of
dust was determined by weighing. Metals, expecially lead, cad-
Mum, and copper were determined by atomic absorption spec-
trqscopy after treating the sample with acid. Size distribution
of both dust and heavy metals showed a logarithmic normal
distribution. Respirable dust (less than 3.3 micron) ranged from
50 to 70%, and the heavy metals occupied approximately 70 to
80% of the respirable dust.
37690
Oikawa, K., H. Maruyama, T. Iwai, and A. Murase
STATE ANALYSIS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
MATTER. NO. 1: ANALYSIS BY X-RAY SPECTROMETRY.
(Taikichu fuyu ryushi busshitsu no jotai bunseki ni kansuru
kenkyu. Daiippo: X-sen kaisetsu no oyo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):85, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Crystalline phase of metals in air-borne dust were determined
by means of X-ray diffraction in order to consider the effect
of metals on the environment and the origin of the dust. Sam-
ples were collected at 3 points in Kawasaki City for 3 to 4
consecutive days, mainly in Feb. 1971 by means of high-
volume air samplers with glass fiber filters. Qualitative analy-
sis of elements was carried out by a fluorescent X-ray spec-
trometer, and the chrystalline phase was determined by an X-
ray diffractometer. Silicon dioxide alpha-quartz, sodium alu-
minasilicate, and hydrated calcium sulfate were abundant. In
addition, alpha-ferric oxide, ammonium chloride, ferrosoferric
oxide, and calcium carbonate were found.
37693
Yamashita, Eiji and Shunsaku Jikihara
RESEARCH ON MEASUREMENT OF THE PARTICULATES,
REPORT n. (Taikichu fuyu funjin sokutei ni kansuru kenkyu
II). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
Pollution), 6(1):89, 1971. (Presented at the National Council
Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The FKS type low-volume air sampler as a collection device
for air-borne particulates was examined. The amount collected
by this sampler was compared with that collected by a filter-
holder type-C to find a relationship between them. When
several of these samplers were used at the same time, varia-
tion in the total air flow rate was 1.7 to 2.6% and measured
value of dust varied from 2.6 to 5.4%. Using this sampler, total
dust and metals, such as iron, copper, manganese, and lead in
the dust were determined at several points in Amagasaki-city.
37728
Japan Public Health Assoc.
THE RESULTS OF COMPARABLE ESTIMATIONS OF THE
CONCENTRATION OF FLOATING PARTICULATE SUB-
STANCES IN THE AIR BY MEANS OF LIGHT SCATTER
ING, TAPE AIR SAMPLER, AND FILTER WEIGHT
METHODS. (Hikari sanran ryushi nodo ho, tepu ea sampura
ho, roshi juryo nodo ho ni yoru taikichu fuyu ryushijo busshit-
su nodo no hikaku sokutei kekka). Text in Japanese, lip., 1970
(?).
Values estimated by means of the filter weight method
(selected as the standard estimation method for paniculate
substances in the air), light scattering, and tape air sampler
methods were compared. The estimation was made continu-
ously in Tokyo, Osaka, Icbihara, and Kobe. From the data ob-
tained, the correlation between the particulate weight concen-
tration and the number of counts in light scattering methods,
and between particulate weight concentration, transmittance,
and reflectance of the filter tape air sampler was calculated.
Transmittance was expressed by Log I/Io, where lo stands for
-------
38
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
incident light and I for transmittant light. Reflectance was cal-
culated from the (Xo - X)/(Xo - D) formula, where Xo stands
for the reflectance of the filter that does not collect particu-
lates and D stands for the reflectance of standard black filter.
From the above comparison, it was clear that the best was the
correlation between the number of counts by the light scatter-
ing method and paniculate weight concentration, followed by
correlation between transmittance through a filter of a tape air
sampler and the paniculate weight concentration, and the
worst was the correlation between the reflectance of the filter
of a tape air sampler and the participate weight concentration.
38778
Frigieri, Paolo, Renato Trucco, Renato Anzani, and Eraldo
Caretta
SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTS PRESENT IN
AIRBORNE MATERIALS. (Analisi spettroscopica di element!
present! nel pulviscolo atmosferico). Text in Italian. Chem.
Ind. (Milan), 54(1):12-17, Jan. 1972. 8 refs. (Presented at the
Seminar on Spectrochemistry, 16th, Sirmione, June 9-12,
1971.)
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was applied to develop a
procedure for the direct quantitative analysis of airborne
dusts. Dust samples were collected by volume measuring
aspirators on millipore filters. Qualitative analysis revealed the
presence of vanadium, chromium, lead, manganese, aluminum,
iron, titanium, nickel, zinc, silicon, sulfur, sodium, calcium,
bromine, potassium, chlorine, and copper in the above sam-
ples. Calibration curves for quantitative X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry were developed using external standards and tak-
ing into account the variation of spectral response with the
dust layer thickness (for same amount of analyzed element).
Related background corrections (blank) were made. Standard
samples for quantitative emission spectrography were prepared
mixing spectroscopicaUy pure oxides of the related elements
with Ringsdorff graphite and gallium oxide as an internal stan-
dard. Analytical samples were prepared by dissolving the mil-
lipore filter, carrying the dust sample, in acetone. An aliquot
of the centrifuged paniculate matter phase was then treated
with graphite and Ga2O3. A graphite rod was used as an op-
posite electrode. Comparison of the two analytical methods in-
dicated X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to be a valid
technique to be applied for the direct analysis of air pollution.
39244
Adamiak, J.
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CYCLOHEX-
ANONE IN THE PRESENCE OF ACETONE IN AIR. (Kolo-
rymetryczne oznaczaniecykloheksanonu w obecnosci acetonu
w powietrzu). Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 13(4):895- 900, 1968. 8
refs. Translated from Polish. National Leading Library for
Science and Technology, Yorkshire (England), Russian Trans-
lating Programme, 9p.
The colorimetric determination of cyclohexanone in the
presence of acetone in air is described. Both cyclohexanone
and acetone are used in the paint and lacquer industry as a
solvent for nitro and polyvinyl paints, and both occur simul-
taneously in solvent-polluted air. The method is based on the
coupling of cyclohexanone with a diazonium salt of hydrogen
acid in an alkaline medium of sodium hydroxide and sodium
sulfite or bisulfite. Absorption determinations are carried out
by spectrophotometry.
39383
Hasegawa, Toshio and Kazuhiro Kuwata
DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCUC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN (AIRBORNE) P ARTICULATE. (Funjin
chu no takanhokozoku tankasuiso no sokutei ho ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Kagaku No Ryoiki (J. Japan. Chem.),
25(10):905-920, Oct. 1971. 81 refs.
A general review on the methods of determination of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in participates is
presented. Sampling, extraction, separation, identification, and
quantitative determination are discussed. A high volume sam-
pler is usually used for continuous sampling of 1000-14,000 cu
m of air for 24 hr. Solvent extraction-liquid phase partition and
vacuum sublimation methods are commonly used in extrac-
tions of the samples. Vacuum sublimation is carried out at .01
mm Hg and 300 C for 30 rain, and sublimates are taken to 20-
100 ml of benzene for thin layer chromatography or to 0.5 to 1
ml of benzene for gas chromatography. A combination of
column chromatography and paper chromatography is needed
for a sample which contains many kinds of polynuclear aro-
matic compounds. However, thin layer chromatography has
been applied more, since it requires less sample and gives a
better separation. Rf values of the major hydrocarbons on
various kinds of absorbents are reproduced. The absorption
and fluorescence characteristics are also listed. Recently, high
resolution mass spectra were used in the determination of
hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. The resolution powers of the
mass spectrometers are usually more than 10,000. Examples
are given for the determinations of the major aromatic
hydrocarbons in particulates.
39399
Chatot, G., M. Jay, W. Jequier, and R. Pontages
PURIFICATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLYCYCLIC ARO-
MATIC HYDROCARBONS BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOG-
RAPHY. (Purification des hydrocarbures aromatiques poly-
cycliques de 1 atmosphere par chromatographie sur couches
minces). Text in French. Chim. Anal. (Paris), 52(11):1264-1269,
Nov. 1970. 18 refs.
A technique for the separation of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons from atmospheric dust by thin-layer chromatog-
raphy is described. The four different systems of thin-layer
chromatography were checked by gas chromatography and
mass spectrography. The 800 mg organic fraction, obtained
from a dust sample of 20 g by Soxhlet extraction, was com-
posed of aromatic polycylic, heterocyclic, and aliphatic
hydrocarbons. The total of the fluorescent polycyclic
hydrocarbons was separated, and a considerable proportion of
aliphatic hydrocarbons was eliminated in the first system
(preparative chromatography; adsorbent: silicagel-cellulose;
solvents: pentane-ethylether). The fluorescent hydrocarbons
were then separated in two zones in the second system
(bidimensional chromatography; adsorbent: silicagel-cellulose;
solvents: pentane-ether and dimethylformamide- water, respec-
tively). The polycyclic aromatic fraction from the above
separation was further purified in the third system (bidimen-
sional chromatography; adsorbent: aluminum oxide-cellulose
acetate; solvents: pentane and ethanol-toluene-water, respec-
tively). Gas chromatography revealed a considerable propor-
tion of aliphatic hydrocarbons being eliminated. Despite the
massive elimination of the above hydrocarbons in the fourth
system (preparative chromatography; adsorbent: silicagel-cellu-
lose; solvents: pentane-ether), paraffin traces, probably long-
chain alkylbenzenes, were detected by mass spectrography.
The total output of the above separation technique can be re-
garded as satisfactory as the outputs from the four respective
systems were 260, 90, 8, and 6 mg.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
39
39719
Keinitz, H.
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF GAS ANALYSIS. Z.
Anal. Chem., vol. 192:160-189, 1963. 29 refs. Translated from
German by G. A. MacDonald, British Iron and Steel Industry
Translation Service. London (England), 36p., Dec. 1970.
The basic chemical reactions used for gas analysis are
reviewed with respect to method for detection and determina-
tion and sample preparation. Analytical methods for hydrogen,
fluorine compounds, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine compounds,
hydrogen chloride, oxygen, ozone, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur
dioxide, sulfur compounds, nitrogen, ammonia, nitrous oxide,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, phosphorus compounds, arsenic
compounds, antimony compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, carbonyl sulfide, silicon com-
pounds, zinc compounds, lead compounds, boron compounds,
and hydrocarbons, e.g., paraffins, olefins, acetylenes, formal-
dehyde, ethers, ketones, mercaptans, methanes, nitrites, and
amines include colorimetry, volumetric techniques, iodimetric
methods, spectrophotometry, coulmetry, polarographic
methods, electrochemical methods, mass and ultraviolet spec-
trometry, flame ionization detectors, and turbidimetry.
39721
Shurkhal, V. A.
THE CALCULATION OF THE CONSUMPTION OF AIR AND
THE AMOUNT OF WASTE GAS DURING SINTERING OF
IRON ORE MIXES. Izv. Vysshekh. Uchebn. Zavedenii Cher-
naya Met., 12(10):26-29, 1969. Translated from Russian. British
Iron and Steel Industry Translation Service, London (En-
gland), 6p., Jan. 1971.
A method for calculating the consumption of air and the
amount of waste gas formed, based on a chemical analysis of
the latter, is examined. Values calculated from the chemical
composition of waste gases include rate of air flow, volume of
waste gas in the sinter bed and in the leaked air, and the com-
bustion reaction. Under actual operating conditions, the waste
gases contained carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, and nitrogen; the total amount of air used in sinter-
ing the charge was 445,850 cu m/hr.
39903
Guerin, H.
APPLICATION OF PHYSICAL METHODS TO GAS ANALY-
SIS. Chim. Anal. (Paris), 47(10):495-501, Oct 1965. 14 refs.
Translated from French by G. A. MacDonald, British Iron and
Steel Industry Translation Service, London (England), 14p.,
Aug. 1970.
Methods for gas analysis based on physical measurements are
particularly suitable for continuous measuring and for deter-
mining trace elements. Regarding such methods not employing
separation, the following are discussed: determination of den-
sity or associated properties, measurements of thermal con-
ductivity, exploitation of electrical and, in particular, magnetic
properties, and spectroscopy. The gas-density type measuring
instruments may operate in *> variety of ways, such as the
balancing of a thrust of gas by an electrostatic force, the cool-
ing by a carrier gas of two hot-wire flowrmeters inserted on
both sides of a wheatstone bridge, or the measuring of the
phase difference resulting from sounds made by different
gases of unequal density. Thermal conductivity analyses de-
pend essentially on the speed at which the heat released by a
filament is transmitted to the wall of a gas-filled cell by con-
duction. Such instruments are strictly suitable for binary gas
mixtures with the exception of a device called the Thermatron,
which is capable of analyzing ternary mixtures. Applications
using magnetic susceptibility are limited in practice to oxygen
determination. There are two types of equipment based on this
principle: those which make direct measurements of the force
produced by the magnetic field and those which utilize the
resultant magnetic wind. Spectroscopic analysis, utilizing visi-
ble and ultra-violet light make possible the determination from
0.005 to 0.25% chloride or nitrogen dioxide, and by using a
quartz filter (3050 to 3200 A), corresponding contents of sulfur
dioxide analyzers are also mentioned. Physical separations
may involve either a change of state or a chemical reaction.
These include gas chromatography, various hygrometers,
colorimetry, the Phillips cell, devices based on frequency
variation in a quartz crystal, trace analysis of chlorine, SO2,
or hydrogen sulfide, absorption methods, conductivity or
colorimetry methods, and electric analyzers. A process for the
difficult determination of indirect traces of hydrogen in elec-
trolytic chloride is mentioned. Other methods utilizing reaction
and conductivity, absorption and coulometry, and pyrolysis of
the product to be determined (or its reaction with a suitable re-
agent) along with measurement of ionic conductivity are also
described.
39976
Pomazova, E. N. and E. Ya. Heidorf
EXTRACTION-PHOTOMETRIC METHOD OF DETERMIN-
ING TRIETHYLAMINE IN THE AIR. (Ekstraktsionno-
fotometricheskiy metod opredeleniya trietilamina v vozdukhe).
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., 37(2):56-58, 1972. 3 refs.
A method of determining triethylamine in the air, based on the
reaction of organic bases with acid colorants, is described. The
colored salts obtained are extracted by means of chloroform.
The air sampling was made at a rate of 0.5 1/min by means of
two series absorbers containing 0.01-hydrochloric acid. The
sample thus obtained was transferred into a colorimetric tube
to which 0.01 n-hydrochloric acid and 0.1% bromphenol blue
were added. The pH value was adjusted to 4.0 by means of an
acetate buffer. Maximum reproducibility was obtained when
cooling was applied. The absorption maximum was 420 nanom,
and Lambert-Beer s law was valid. The sensitivity of the
method for spectrophotometric and visual determination was
0.5 micrograms and 2 micrograms, respectively. The control
with o-nitrophenol showed good accordance of both methods.
Ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, and
diethylamine in amounts up to 1-2 mg had no disturbing effect
on the triethylamine determination.
40060
Takagj, Shinji, Kazuhiko Endo, and Kazuma Kumai
STUDIES ON THE ERRORS IN THE DETERMINATION OF
SULFUR DIOXIDE IN ATMOSPHERE BY WEST-GAEKE
METHOD. (Pararosanilin ho ni yoru kukichu no nisanka io
sokutei no bunseki gosa no kento). Text in Japanese. Bunseki
Kagaku (Japan Analyst) (Tokyo), 20(9): 1097-1102, Sept. 1971.
8 refs.
Errors in the determination of sulfur dioxide by the West and
Gaeke method were investigated to determine necessary im-
provements. The reproducibility of the conventional West-
Gaeke method was 6.4% in coefficient of variation, but im-
provements in sampling and spectrophotometric processes
reduced this value to 2.0%. Results on a standard gas sample
by using absorbing solution of 30 C indicated that values by
the conventional method were approximately 9% lower than
the calculated values. The collection efficiency of sulfur diox-
ide was 100%; the difference was due to the oxidation of sul-
fur dioxide by aeration in the absorbing solution. Effect of
nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, iron, or copper
-------
40
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
was avoidable. Sulfur dioxide in atmosphere was determined
by the improved field method with errors of 1.3%. Improve-
ments in the procedure included elimination of bias with
calibration using standard gas; precise measurement of gas
volume with a wet-type gas meter; and precise control of tem-
perature in the spectrophotometric analysis. (Author abstract
modified)
40117
Dams, R., R. Heindryckx and K. van Cauwenberghe
CHEMISTRY AND ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTION. PART
D. (Scheikunde en analyse van luchtpollutie). Text in Dutch.
Ind. Chim. Beige, 37(2): 101-124, 1972. 165 refs. PART I. Ibid,
36(7-8):589-626, July-Aug. 1971.
Physical and chemical properties of and various analytical
methods for paniculate pollution aerosols are reviewed. Parti-
cle size, shape, and weight of pollution aerosols are described
with special regard to air constituent ions, Aitken .particles,
and the fraction above 0.1 micron radius. Particle size deter-
mination can be made by measuring the electric mobility in
ionized air. Decrease in the conductivity in polluted air due to
the increased number of large ions was determined. Aitken
particles can be partially analyzed by neutron activation analy-
sis. The human effect on the Aitken particles concentration is
shown. While Aitken particles account for about 10-20% of the
total mass of natural and anthropogenic aerosols, the largest
fraction lies in a range of 0.01-0.1 micron. The particle size of
aerosols formed by dispersion from liquids and solids is larger
than a 1 micron radius. Some 70-80% of such samples from
Central Europe consisted of insoluble substance. Aerosols can
be formed from industrial and combustion gases by condensa-
tion as well. Aerosols can be removed from the atmosphere by
sedimentation, coagulation, cloud formation, and washout. A
relationship between precipitation, sunshine, and industrial ac-
tivity was established. Chemical properties of pollution
aerosols and possible reactions are described. Halogenous
aerosols can be formed from seawater, fly ash, fuel oil, and
exhaust gas. Various sampling methods such as impaction,
sedimentation, electrostatic and thermal precipitation, centrifu-
gation, and filtration are described. Analytical methods such as
smoke and dust measurements, gravimetry, titrimetry,
colorimetry, spectrophotometry, emission spectrometry, flame
photometry, atomic absorption, polarography, ring oven
technique, and neutron activation analysis are reviewed. The
organic composition of aerosols is detailed (neutral fraction,
benzenes, naphthalenes, polyaromatic, acid and basic
hydrocarbons).
40481
Gladen, R.
THE DETERMINATION OF CARCINOGENIC POLYCYCLIC
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AUTOMOBILE EX-
HAUST GASES BY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY. (Die
Bestimmung cancerogener polycyclischer aromatischer
Kohlenwasserstoffe im Kraftfahrzeugabgas durch Saeulen-
Chromatographie). Text in German. Chromatographia, vol.
5:236-241, 1972.11 refs.
A process is described for determining 12 polycyclic hydrocar-
bons in automobile exhaust gases by separation in a chromato-
graphic column and subsequent quantitative ultraviolet
photometry. In contrast to other methods, no special purifica-
tion of the condensed exhaust components is necessary. The
solution of the test specimen in cyclohexane is merely treated
with potash solution to remove acid components. The chro-
matography is carried out in a Sephadex LH 20 column with
isopanol as the eluting agent. The unwanted exhaust gas com-
ponents are eluted before the polycyclic hydrocarbons to be
determined, the latter being distributed between eight frac-
tions. The important benzo(a)pyrene forms a fraction by itself
and is very well separated from benzo(g,h,i) perylene.
Benzo(g,h4)perylene possesses an extremely similar ultraviolet
spectrum and could, therefore, interfere with the determina-
tion of benzo(a)pyrene. An application of the method, the
separation and quantitative determination of polycyclic
hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases of a small single cylinder
test engine is demonstrated. (Author summary modified)
40699
Pinigina, I. A.
USE OF 2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE FOR DETER-
MINING CARBONYL COMPOUND IN THE AIR.
(Primeneniye 2,4-dinitrofenilgidrazina dlya opredeleniya kar-
bonil nykh soyedineniy v vozdukhe). Text in Russian. Gigiena
i Sanit, 37(4):78-81, 1972. 6 refs.
Problems of the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine for the
determination of low carbonyl compounds in the air are out-
lined. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to be used for such pur-
poses should be of high purity. The purification was made by
distillation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine from purified
ethylacetate, followed by twofold recrystallization. As the
total sample volume to be analyzed by chromatography should
be concentrated to 0.05-0.1 ml, the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
was dissolved in an acid medium, from which the hydrazones
were eliminated by means of an organic solvent such as isooc-
tane, benzene, chrloroform, or cyclohexane. A method for the
selective determination of C1-C4 aldehydes by means of pu-
rified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was elaborated. The optium
conditions of the determination were: threefold excess of 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazine, compared to the acetaldehyde; a reac-
tion time of 3 hours; 50%-solution of dimethylformamide in
ethanol as stationary phase; hexane as mobile phase; and an
anaylsis time of 3-4 hours. The quantitative determination was
made by means of 20- basic solution added to the eluate. The
absorption maxima were 440-450 nm. The sampling for C1-C4
aldehydes was made by a series of three absorbers containing
0.001 M-solution of 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine in a 2n-
hydrochloric acid solution, at an aspiration rate of 0.5 1/min.
The sensitivity was determined to be 0.5 micrograms. Ketones
interfered with the determination.
40720
Dmitriev, M. T. and L. D. Pribytkov
lONIZATION-CHROMATOGRAPHY DETERMINATION OF
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
(lonizatsionno-khromatograficheskoye opredeleniye aro-
maticheskikh uglevodorodov v atmosfernom vozdukhe). Text
in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., 37(4):74-78, 1972. 9 refs.
A method developed for the selective ionization-chromato-
graphic determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in the
presence of highly saturated hydrocarbon contents iri the at-
mosphere is described. Highly polar stationary phases, con-
taining cyanoethyl groups, were applied for the determination,
while nitrilopropionitrile gave the best results. The selectivity
coefficient for the above substance was 29.9. Aromatic
hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n- and
m-xylenes, and o-xylene in a chemical plant atmosphere were
determined on a chromatograph (column length 2 m, diameter
4 mm), provided with a flame-ionization detector. Brick grains
of 0.25-0.5 mm were impregnated with 20% of
nitrilopropionitrile. The optimim conditions of the determina-
tion were: thermostat temperature of 100 C, carrier gas
(nitrogen) flow rate 40 ml/min, hydrogen flow rate 40 ml/mini
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
41
air flow rate 200 ml/min, air sample volume 5-10 1, sampling
rate 0.5 1/min, and an analysis time of about 25 min. The sen-
sitivity was 1 microgram/cu m. Saturated hydrocarbons up to
n-dodecane did not interfere with the determination. A sam-
pler, suitable for the simultaneous collection of eight samples,
and for the concentration of the mixtures, was developed.
41178
Etablissements Gourdon Versailles (France)
THE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CONTROL APPARATUS
A.F.G. (Appareil de controle de pollution atmospherique
A.F.G.) 1968 (?). Translated from French. 5p.
A device is described that continuously measures the amount
of sulfur dioxide in the air. The air to be analyzed is pumped
at a constant flow rate across a filter paper, water bottle, and
flow indicator. The washing device is furnished with a 2%
solution of oxygenated water with pH 4.5 to avoid the inter-
ference of weak acids. Sulfur dioxide passes into solution and
is retained as sulfuric acid. Gradually, and in proportion to the
retention of acid in the washing device, a metering pump in-
jects quantities of sodium borate into the solution in order to
maintain the 4.5 pH. The motor of the metering pump is con-
trolled by a pH-metering regulating system, the rates of SO2
pollution are given, to an approximate factor, by the sodium
borate consumption, or by the displacement of the moveable
component of the metering pump. Display of the information
is given in numerical form, locally or at a distance by means
of telephone lines.
41180
Beyermann, Klaus
THE ANALYTICAL BEHAVIOR OF MINUTE CHROMIUM
QUANTITIES. PART 2. (Das analytische Verhalten kleinster
Chrommengen). J. Inst. Inorg. Chem. Nucl. Chem. Job. Guten-
berg Univ. (Mainz), vol. 191:346-367, 1962. 55 refs. Translated
from German. 38p.
With the aid of radioactive chromium, it is shown that, through
extraction by means of isopropylacetone, and through agita-
tion with acetylacetone and addition of butylamine, it is possi-
ble to separate Cr in minute quantities. Simultaneous precipita-
tion into hydroxides permits an enrichment from diluted solu-
tion. In separating very small amounts of Cr, losses caused by
the use of the isotope dilution method must be kept under con-
trol. Suitable means for determining minute Cr quantities are
provided by colorimetric analysts in capillary cells and by
biamperometric measurement with the aid of gold electrodes.
Small quantities of Cr can also be detected by means of emis-
sion spectrography. flame photometry, X-ray emission spec-
trography, and polarographic analysis. (Author summary
modified)
41190
Breuer, Hans
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
IN THE MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF SUSPENDED
DUST IN COAL MINING. Staub (English Translation from
German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 29(3): 22-32, March 1969.
15 refs.
The particle size of coal dust particles, which has a decisive
influence upon the deposition and retention in the lungs and
alveoli was measured. The instrument separated nonrespirable
dust by a cyclone and was used for determining the charac-
teristic value for fineness of suspended dust and of its com-
ponents. This characteristic value showed the influence of par-
ticle size distribution on the scattered light intensity for fine
dust, measured by a Tyndall cone and on the scattered light
intensity for konimeter dust samples, measured photometri-
cally. The measured value for dust, obtained by gravimetric
dust measuring instruments during different preliminary
separations, comprises the different particle size distributions
of suspended dust and the different separation characteristics
of the preliminary separators. In the case of suspended dust
precipitation from an air current by water drops and in the
case of dust removal by suction and precipitation in dust
removal installations, the particle size distribution has essential
influence on the separation efficiency. (Author summary
modified)
41192
Kurchatova, G.
BERYLLIUM AND ITS DETERMINATION. (Za beriliya i
opredelyaneto mu). Khigi. Zdraveopazvane, no. 14:303-307,
1971. 68 refs. Translated from Bulgarian. 12p.
Beryllium is widely used as an alloy with other metals, par-
ticularly aluminum and copper. Its slow atomic weight, high
neutron dispersal coefficient, and resistance to radiation and
high temperatures permit its use as a retardant and a reflector
of delayed neutrons. Metallic Be and all its alloys have a
rather high toxicity and can cause acute and chronic sickness.
The toxicity depends greatly on the dispersion of the Be parti-
cles. Beryllium and its compounds cause conjunctivitis, con-
tact dermatitis, and have a carcinogenic effect. Beryllium is
found in atmospheric air when coal and petroleum containing
Be compounds are burned or as exhaust from industrial enter-
prises. Serious pollution from Be oxide occurs during the
cleaning of electric filters by plants using coal dust with a high
Be content. Methods of determining Be are reviewed, includ-
ing spectrographic methods, fluorometric methods with morin,
and chromatographic, polarographic, and colorimetric
methods.
41216
Kurov, B. A., V. F. Kutenev, and I. V. Ignatovich
EVALUATION OF THE TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTAINED
IN THE EXHAUST GASES FROM AUTOMOBILE CARBU-
RETOR ENGINES. Council for Mutual Economic Aid
(CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Sniz-
heniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami
Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. Translated From Russian.
lip.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Regulation
No. 15 establishes three types of tests for use with new mass-
produced car models. Type I tests establish the quantity of
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons emitted in exhaust gases
during the driving cycle simulating heavy city traffic after a
cold engine start. Type II tests monitor the concentration of
CO in the exhaust gases at idling speed. Type in tests monitor
crankcase emissions of hydrocarbons at idling speed and when
the vehicle is moving at 50 km/hr. Among the requirements
which make the tests difficult are that the vehicle be kept at a
temperature of between 20 and 30 C for 6 hr prior to the test
and that the toxicity of the gasoline be evaluated. An expen-
sive test stand with running rollers and changeable flywheel is
required. The results of the tests permit the selection of op-
timum adjustment, show what effect engine and parts design
have on toxicity, and make a comparative evaluation of con-
trol devices. The ECE test methods are evaluated on the basis
of tests conducted on 12 different model vehicles using the
ECE cycle. Universal characteristic curves, constructed for
load characterises, provide a graphic comparison of engines in
terms of toxicity.
-------
42
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
41270
Hungarian People s Republic, Ketucki Group
A TEST STAND FOR EVALUATING THE EMISSION OF
TOXIC SUBSTANCES WITH THE EXHAUST GASES OF
GASOLINE ENGINES. Council for Mutual Economic Aid
(CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Sniz-
heniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami
Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. Translated from Russian.
15p.
Driving cycles simulating average real conditions of city
vehicular movements were developed for the investigation of
harmful automotive exhaust emissions. The test stand com-
prises running rollers, devices simulating the inertial mass of
the vehicle, a braking device for simulating the force of re-
sistance to movement, and signal systems. The characteristics
of the hydraulic brake are determined by five factors: the mo-
ment coefficient, the strength characteristics, the maximum
quantity of heat that can be carried off, the maximum per-
missible revolutions, and the brake idling speed. Factors af-
fecting the brake moment in addition to diameter and revolu-
tions are blade shape, quality of blade surface, quality of the
blades and their thickness, the angles at which the blades are
installed, the dimensions of the slots between rotor and staler
blades, and the density of the fluid used. Design criteria for
the test stand are given.
41277
Kochnev, K. V. and A. S. Shadrin
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS OF DETERMINING
THE ACROLEIN CONTENT IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINE EX-
HAUST GASES. CouncQ for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA)
and Yugoslav Socialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye
Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Av-
tomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 4 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian. 9p.
Several analytical methods for determining the content of
acrolein in automotive exhaust gas were developed by using an
artificial gas mix (acrolein and air), followed by using the ex-
haust gases from gasoline and diesel engines. A comparative
analysis was made of samples of the gas mix investigated
simultaneously by the fuchsin sulfurous acid method and by
spectrophotometric procedures using 4-hexyl resorcinol and
thiosemicarbazide. The 4-hexyl resorcinol method is recom-
mended as the most specific, while the thiosemicarbazide
method can be used to arrive at an overall determination of
the unsaturated aldehydes (of acrolein and its derivatives).
41279
Sokolovskiy, D. V., G. K. Alekseyeva, and Ye. Ye. Mekeyev
THE USE OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY TO DETERMINE
CONCENTRATIONS OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN. Councfl
for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist
Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh
Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 20
refs. Translated from Russian. 13p.
Different variants of the chromatographic determination of the
components of a gaseous mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, nitric
oxide, and carbon monoxide were developed. Analysis time is
reduced and reproducible results are obtained. The detector
was a katharometer. The detector current was 140 mA. Argon
was used as the carrier gas with a flow rate between 40 and
100 ml/min. Columns used included silica gel, molecular sieves
type CaA, and molecular sieves of the NaX type. A gas reac-
tion chromatography method was also developed for determin-
ing the concentration of nitrogen oxides in gaseous mixtures
containing oxygen. The method yields separate and summed
determination of oxides and peroxides of nitrogen first
reduced to molecular nitrogen. Nitrogen is determined chro-
matographically. Reduction of the oxides of nitrogen can be
carried out with catalyzers at elevated temperature in the
presence of a gas reducer. Catalyzers include Pd by A1203, or
CuO-Cr203 by A1203. Carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and gase-
ous hydrocarbons can be used as the gas reducer. The gas
reducer can be delivered with the oxides of nitrogen.
41457
Zarebska-Joszt, E.
A METHOD OF OBTAINING A STANDARD DUST IN STEEL
MILLS. Air Conserv. (English translation from Polish of:
Ochrona Powietrza), 3(1):18- 31, 1969. 15 refs. NTIS: TT 70-
55123/1
A safer, less expensive, more accessible method of obtaining
iron oxide dust in an electric arc was used to obtain dust that
would correspond in physical and chemical properties to the
steel mill dust obtained in converters. The carbon electrodes
contained a 50% core of carbonyl iron and 50% ceylon gra-
phite. The binder was an alcoholic solution of phenol-formal-
dehyde resin of 1.09g/cc density. Oxygen was fed to the arc
zone. The industrial dust samples were collected from a chim-
ney being evaluated, from a one ton L-D converter, and from
the scrubbing water of an arc furnace during puddling. The
specific density, the dust size, the size distribution, the
specific electrical conductivity, and the ability of the particles
to undergo contact electrification were defined.
41495
Kainz, G.
MODERN METHODS OF GAS ANALYSIS. Oesterr,
Chemiker Zeit. 59(3/4): 45-51, Feb. 1968. 12 refs. Translated
from German. British Iron and Steel Industry Translation Ser-
vice, London (England), 17p., Aug. 1970.
Several important physical measuring and separation processes
in gas analysis which have contributed to extensive automation
in this field of analysis are discussed. Methods based on mag-
netic susceptibility where the gas sample is introduced into a
homogeneous or nonhomogeneous magnetic field are useful
for distinguishing paramagnetic and diamagnetic gases and
identifying gases by their magnetic permeabilities. Measure-
ment of the paramagnetic susceptibility is mainly used for
determining oxygen concentrations, providing no other
paramagnetic gases are present. Methods employing thermal
conductivity (i.e., the number of calories which in the
presence of a gas pass between two plates 1 sq cm in size, 1
cm apart, with a temperature difference of 1 C.) are primarily
applicable to binary gas mixtures such as hydrogen or
nitrogen. Such methods may be used for determination of car-
bon dioxide in flue gas and for indirect determination of car-
bon monoxide. Mass spectrometer methods, where positively
charged gaseous ions are separated by a magnetic field accord-
ing to their specific mass, are very useful for determination of
the lower hydrocarbons and for analysis of natural gas and
cracked gases. Optical methods, based on the principle that
the component to be determined is absorbed in the ultraviolet
or infrared range of the spectrum, are frequently used for the
trace analysis of gases and much more frequently for the anal-
ysis of vapors such as those from mercury and organic sol-
vents. Infrared absorption methods find considerably wider ap-
plication for trace analysis than do ultraviolet, since they are
more specific. Since the above- mentioned conditions for
direct physical gas analysis cannot always be met, physical
methods of separation are also discussed. Of these, absorption
and desorption analyses represent a considerable advance.
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
43
Several types of chromatographic methods are described in
detail along with the procedures and evaluative aspects of
chromatograms. Of special significance are chromatographic
methods employing thermal conductivity cells which, after
suitable electronic amplification, can be coupled direct to a
recorder device.
41618
Julian, A.
VARIOUS VERTICAL SAMPLING DEVICES FOR
AEROSOLS. (Etude des differents dispositifs de prelevement
en altitude des aerosols). Toulouse Univ. (France), Thesis
(Ph.D.), 1970, 86p., 33 refs. Translated from French by Trans-
lation Consultants, Inc., Arlington, Va., 61p., Jan. 1972. NTIS:
N72-15571
The vertical distribution in the atmosphere of the long-lived
radioactive elements (7Be, 32P, 90Sr, 210Pb, and 210Po) and
the stable elements (Na, Br, Fe, P, Mn, and Cl) was studied
with a particular emphasis on the suitability of several dif-
ferent sampling devices and the atmospheric physics problems
involved with them. Several commercial filters were studied
from the point of view of effectiveness, loss of pressure-head,
and content of impurities. For collection of radioactive
aerosols, the dynamic sensor performed better than other
devices due to the great flow rates which it allows. For stable
aerosols, the combined system (dynamic sensor-turbine) gives
the best performance, although the dynamic sensor is likewise
advantageous for aircraft speeds better than 80 m/sec. The
design and performance of the experimental MACRO and
MACROJUDO apparatus for collection of radioactive particles
is also described.
41644
Khalyapin, S. A. and A. E. Mironov
RADIOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR IN
GASES. Coke Chem. (USSR) (English translation from Rus-
sian of: Koks i Khim.), no. 10:52-54, 1971. 4 refs.
A radiometric method for the determination and in-process
control of sulfur in streams of gases generated by coke and
chemical plants is described. The radiometry principle is based
on the relationship between soft gamma-ray absorption and the
atomic number of the absorbing element. The on-stream gas
analyzer for sulfur determinations is based on the use of a
compensating source and beam amplitude modulation. Radia-
tion from two sources passes through the working and com-
parison channels in the analyzer. The working channel in-
cludes an on-stream gas cell, while the comparison channel in-
cludes a compensating slide. The rotating shutter alternately
exposes the single detector, which consists of a scintillation
counter and a photoelectric multiplier, to the two beams.
When the beam intensities in the working and comparison
channels are different, the alternation produced by the shutter
leads to an alternating current signal at the output of the
system controlling a reversible motor. The amplitude of the
signal driving the meter is proportional to the sulfur content o'f
the gas to be analyzed. A prototype analyzer was tested at a
coke and chemical works and the instrument readings were
evaluated by comparing them with the results of simultaneous
chemical analyses on the sample gas. A t-test was applied to
confirm that there was no systematic difference between the
two sets of results. The trial results obtained with the proto-
type analyzer were fully in accordance with the theoretical
principles on which the procedure was based.
41910
Nakaoka, Akira and Toshi Tomizawa
PREPARATION OF STANDARD GAS CONTAINING SUL-
FURIC ACID AEROSOL. (DETERMINATION OF
MICROAMOUNTS OF SULFUR TRIOXIDE IN AT-
MOSPHERE, PART I). (Ryusan misuto o fukumu hyojun
gasu no chosei. Taiki osen seibun to shite no sansanka io no
sokuteiho no kento (sono ichi)). Text in Japanese. Tokyo Chuo
Kenyusho Gijutsu Daiichi Kenkyusho Hokoku (Tech. Lab.
Central Res. Inst., Elec. Power Ind., Rept.), no. 71044:1-19,
Oct. 1971. 17 refs.
The generator of a sulfuric acid aerosol was designed and con-
structed to study the determination of the atmospheric concen-
tration of Sulfur acid aerosol. In order to sample and measure
the atmospheric concentration of H2SO4 aerosol, it is necessa-
ry to produce it under the same conditions as in the at-
mosphere. The apparatus consists of two parts: a container for
liquid sulfur trioxide with a capillary tube to take out S03 gas
and clean the system to purify nitrogen gas; and a system to
produce an aerosol by the reaction of S03 with moisture and
to dilute to the appropriate concentration of the aerosol. The
capillary method was the best to permit the stable generation
of S03 gas at low concentrations. By this method, the ap-
paratus was operated at 51.3 or - 3.5 micrograms H2S04/cu m
for 25 hr. The measurement of concentration of H2S04 aerosol
in this experiment is in the range of 95.5 to 98.6% of the
theoretical estimation value, under the condition of humidity
20 to 67%. The millipore filter had a 99% sampling efficiency
for the S03 gas and the H2S04 aerosol. The gas cleaning jar
did not work well for H2S04 aerosol.
42727
Vnukov, A. K., A. A. Goikhman, L. G. Madoyan, and Yu. A.
Migalin
DETERMINATION OF UNBURNT CARBON WHEN BURN-
ING FUEL OIL. Thermal Eng. (English translation from Rus-
sian of: Teploenergetika), 13(9):61-64, 1966. 5 refs.
Two methods for determining unbumed carbon from fuel oil
are discussed. In the VTI method the amount of unbumed car-
bon is determined by the residual weight after calcining an
ash-free filter through which a measured volume of furnace
gases is passed, pre-washed in vessels filled with water and
kerosene. The essence of the new ORGRES method is
eliminating the effect of the quantity and properties of the ash,
presence of sulfuric acid, and the variations in weight of the
filter in the VTI method. Unbumed carbon is determined by
the amount of carbon dioxide obtained from calcining an
asbestos filter through which a measured amount of flue gas is
passed for 15 min. Neither method can be used effectively in
practice since the duration of determination by the VTI and
ORGRES methods is approximately 2 hr and 1 hr, respective-
ly. Operating conditions giving rise to increased unbumed car-
bon and dangerous deposits of soot can be allowed only for a
short time. To insure the required safety of operation, a
method of continuous and rapid determination of unbumed
carbon is necessary.
43242
Effenberger, Ernst
COMPARABILITY OF MEASUREMENT RESULTS FROM
THE MOST IMPORTANT INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURE-
MENT OF PARTICULATE PRECIPITATIONS. Staub (En-
glish translation from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft),
31(12):31-38, Dec. 1971. 8 refs. NTIS: TT 71-50113/12
-------
44
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The most important criteria to be met by a standard instru-
ment for the measurement of paniculate precipitation are
reviewed. The measured paniculate precipitation should be as
close as possible to the absolute value of dust fall. Two mea-
surement methods and results of determination were compared
to determine the most accurate method of converting the par-
ticulate precipitation measurement results of one instrument to
the result of the standard instrument. The marked disparity
between the conversion factors depends on the considerable
variations in measuring results, which may change from one
measuring point to the other and with respect to time as a
result of weather conditions. For approximate conversions, the
followig factors are sufficient: measuring result (st) equals 1.40
times measuring result (L); and measuring result (st) equals
1.09 times measuring result (H).
43247
Krupnov, A. F., L. I. Gershtein, V. G. Shustrov, and V. V.
Polyakov
SUBMILLIMETER MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY OF
FORMALDEHYDE. Opt. Sprectry (USSR) (English transla-
tion from Russian of: Opt. i Spektrokopiya), 28(3):257-260,
March 1970. 16 refs.
Microwave spectroscopic methods were used to study the
rotational spectrum of the formaldehyde molecule in the 330-
580 GHz range. The frequencies of 29 lines belonging to
transitions of the R branch with different K values were mea-
sured. The centrifugal constants collected on the basis of ex-
perimental data made it possible to calculate the spectrum of
formaldehyde in the submillimeter range giving an agreement
with the experimental spectrum with a relative mean square
error of 3 times 10 to the negative 6th power, and also to
further refine the rotational constants. The apparatus and ex-
perimental technique are described.
43642
Pustovoit, V. D., Yu. I. Sanaev, and S. A. Chelyshev
MEASUREMENT OF THE DUST CONTENT OF GASES.
Meas. Tech. (USSR) (English translation from Russian of: Iz-
meritel. Tekhn.), 14(8): 1262-1264, 1971. 1 ref.
An apparatus consisting of a set of instruments mounted on a
panel was developed for measuring gas velocity in dust; gas
sampling; measuring temperature at a rheometer; determining
filter resistance; measuring pressure before and after gas pu-
rification and atmospheric pressure; and determining humidity
of an air-dust mixture within tests on dust collector efficiency.
Apparatus design and operation, instrumentation, calibration,
and calculations are reviewed.
44435
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan)
RESEARCH REPORTS. In: Report No. 13 on Survey of Air
Pollution in Kanagawa Prefecture. (Kanagawa-ken taiki osen
chosa kenkyu hokoku Dai-13-po). 1971, p. 219-271. 2 refs.
Translated from Japanese. Scientific Translation Service Inc.,
Santa Barbara, Calif., 52p.
Four research reports are presented. (1) The atomic absorption
photometry method for estimating atmospheric mercury makes
use of the tendency of mercury to evaporate easily. Mercury
salts are reduced by stannous chloride into mercury metal. Air
is circulated between the cell and a sample bottle, thus
producing mercury vapor. When equilibrium is reached, the
absorbance is measured. (2) Studies of nitrogen oxide mea-
surement methods showed that the NO2-NO2(-1) conversion
coefficient differs considerably from the experimental value,
and that in measuring NO by means of the automatic recorder,
values including NO2 could be obtained. (3) Studies were
made of the equipment for collecting gas samples for analyz-
ing the nitrogen monoxide and the nitrogen dioxide content in
flue exhaust gas. It is possible to obtain good results by using
a gas collecting bottle of the sealed liquid substitution method,
which is simple and requires no power source, and an injec-
tion cylinder connected to the capillary tubes. (4) Detectors
tubes for carbon monoxide measurements on city streets
showed errors of 4 ppm when the value is 10-30 ppm, and 2
ppm when the value is 0-10 ppm CO.
-------
45
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
09403
Dardanoni, L., A. Gullotti, and R. Spano
FURTHER STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN PALERMO IN
RELATION TO METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS. ((Ul-
teriori studi sull'inquinamento atmosferico a Palermo in rap-
porto alle condizioni meteorologiche.)) Text in Italian, Riv.
Ital. Igiene (Pisa), 27(l-2):29-44, Jan. -April 1967. 11 refs.
Dustfall was determined using the English deposit gauge, SO2
levels determined using the lead peroxide methods, and
meteorological conditions noted during 1962-1964. Data are
tabulated. Results confirm conclusions made previously, that
air pollution is not heavy, with the exception of limited areas
with rather heavy Paniculate levels. Vertical atmospheric dif-
fusion in the Palermo area is good, while horizontal diffusion
is less efficient. The Palermo weather basin, being surrounded
by a semicircular mountainous ring, is equally polluted in all
areas. Thus, industry should be prohibited within the basin,
and the number of central heating units should be increased.
12604
Larsen, Ralph I., William W. Stalker, and Charles R. Claydon
THE RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
SOURCE STRENGTH AND CONCENTRATION IN NASH-
VILLE. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 6p., 1961. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control
Association, Annual Meeting, 54th, New York, June 11-15,
1961, Paper 61-8.)
In 1958-59, the Public Health Service and the School of
Medicine of Vanderbilt University conducted a study in Nash-
ville, Tennessee, to investigate possible relationships between
air pollution and health and to obtain information on a number
of the engineering and meteorologic phases of air pollution.
Sulfur dioxide was studied intensively, from a detailed emis-
sion inventory to ambient air measurements using several sam-
pling techniques. Seasonal Source strength and ambient levels
of SO2 reported in terms of sulfation, using lead peroxide can-
dles, are discussed as a function of radial distance from the
center of Nashville. A simple mathematical model is presented
to relate the emission pattern to the resulting sulfation pattern.
16495
Mitrovic, Ljiljana, Lj. Simeonov, and H. Udzvarlic
AIR POLLUTION AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN
SARAJEVO. (Aerozagadenje i hronicni bronhitis u sarajevu).
Text in Croatian. Med. Arhiv., 22(l-2):31-43, 1968. 14 refs.
The degree of air pollution and the prevalence of chronic
bronchitis in Sarajevo was determined. Measurements of sul-
fur dioxide and fumes at three locations showed that there was
a high degree of pollution in the center of the town. The peak
concentration was in January and the lowest was in July. The
prevalence of bronchitis was determined with questionnaires.
Two groups of the population were included, the first being in
the polluted part of town, and the second in the relatively
clean part of town. Each person lived for 5 years in the area.
The results for 663 males were tabulated according to the
place of residence, age, and smoking habits. The rate of
chronic bronchitis was 11-15% in the 25-34 age group, and 32%
in the 45-54 age group. Smokers suffered chronic bronchitis
more than non-smokers. There was no significant differences
between prevalence rates in polluted and non-polluted areas. It
was concluded that the prevalence rate is not an exact mea-
sure in determining the role of air pollution in causing chronic
bronchitis. A long term investigation was recommended.
(Author summary modified)
17712
Son'kin, L. R.
ANALYZING METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF
HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTION IN CITIES. (Analuz
meteorologicheskikh uslobiy opasnogo zagryazneniya vosduk-
ha v gorodakh). Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ.
(Leningrad), no.234:60-68, 1968. 25 refs.
Data gathered from several cities are used to examine synoptic
situations related to strong and weak air pollution conditions.
Special attention is given to the repeatability of three types of
synoptic situations, designated as follows: 1) gradientless baric
field; 2) intermediate field; 3) cyclone, as recorded at three
fixed points in Magnitogorsk. Studies were based on sulfur
dioxide and dust measurements and may be used to predict the
distribution of impurities in city air under stagnation condi-
tions. The results presented have been and will continue to be
used to assure air purity in Soviet cities.
22218
Petrilli, F. L., G. Agnese, and S. Kanitz
THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION: STUDY
OF THE RELATIONS TO HEALTH. (Aspetti practici degli
inquinamenti atmosferici: lo studio dei rapporti con la salute).
Giorn. Igiene. Med. Prevent (Genoa) vol. 3:3-23, 1962. 14 refs.
Translated from Italian. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 32p., (Presented at
the Symposium organizzato dall union! europea di medicina
sociale, San Remo, Italy, Feb. 1962.)
A study of the relationship between air pollution and respirato-
ry diseases is discussed. Evaluation of morbidity and mortality
data is the first factor to be considered. Also, the data on air
pollution must be used in a way that is efficient and meaning-
ful in a study of possible relations to health. Appropriate mea-
surement instruments must be used, and coefficients of error
and the number of samples needed for sufficient data must be
established. By the use of a deposit gauge, lead peroxide can-
dles, volumetric instruments and titration devices, determina-
tions were made of the levels of soot fall, sulfur dioxide,
suspended particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and
hydrogen sulfide in industrial and residential zones in Genova,
Italy. Policemen, truck drivers, and school children were ex-
amined with regard to respiratory diseases. The mortality of
drivers from malignant lung tumors was higher than that in
other occuaptional categories, while respiratory diseases were
most frequent in policemen. The agreement of observations
made in policemen and school children under different circum-
-------
46
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
stances indicate that air pollution may influence the incidence
of some respiratory diseases, particularly bronchitis.
22537
Saruta, Namio, Nobu Ishinishi, Yasushi Kodama, Eisaburo
Kokubu, and Yoko Shikatori.
AIR POLLUTION AND RELATED DISEASE OF INDUSTRI-
AL DISTRICTS IN NORTHERN KYUSHU. (Kita Kyushu ko-
gyochiiki no taikiosen to mitsuinshippei no chosa kenkyu).
Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan J. Public
Health), 16(14):913-920, Nov. 15, 1969.
The results of long-term measurements of atmospheric pollu-
tants derived largely from adjacent industrial sites in Northern
Kyushu are reported in the form of tables and brief comments
on related diseases, which are typically prevalent in industrial
areas, although definite relationsip between those diseases and
the air pollution are not conclusively demonstrated because of
the lack of data on cigarette smoking. The northern parts of
Kyushu are grouped to five districts and the five districts are
also classifie by the regional differences; industrial, business,
and residential. Each of the average values obtained from the
measurements covering nine years shows the dust fall of 23.04
g/sq m /month at Yahata-ku, 21.19 g/sq m/month at Tobata-ku,
21.39 g/sq m/month at Wakamatsu-ku, 14.53 g/sq m/month at
Kokura-ku, and 14.43 g/sq m/month at Moji-ku; with sulfur
oxides by use of PbO2 method 0.619 mg/100 sq m/month at
Yahata-ku, 1.045 mg/100 sq m/month at Tobata-ku, 1.011
mg/100 sq m/month at Wakamatsu-ku, 0.714 mg/100 sq
m/month at Kokura-ku, and 0.637 mg/100 sq m /month at
Moji-ku. Analysis of dust fall with respect to the type of area
indicates a dust fall of 27.4 t/sq km/month in the industrial
area, 18.35 t/sq km/month in the business area and 13.56 t/sq
km/month in the residential area and with sulfur oxides of
1.060 mg/100 sq m/month, 0.745 mg/100 sq m/month, and 0.603
mg/100 sq m/month respectively. Analysis of the related dis-
eases indicates that prevalences of chronic bronchitis, respira-
tory system disease, and eye diseases are found highest in the
industrial area in accord with the level of atmospheric pollu-
tants with some exceptions of bronchial asthma, nasal catarrh
and lung cancer. In connection with lung cancer occurrences,
3.4-benzpyrene concentrations were also measured and tabu-
lated.
26372
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo (Japan), Public
Nuisance Section
STUDY OF POLLUTION FROM ANNAKA ZINC SMELTER.
6p., Nov. 1969. Translated from Japanese. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 7p., March 27, 1970.
The results of a survey in May 1969 of emissions from a zinc
smelter are presented. Typical daily averages of sulfur oxides
were 0.02-0.03 ppm. Suspended participates were measured at
250 mg/cu m for one 24-hour period, going up to a high of 300
mg/cu m on another day. The daily average cadmium concen-
tratio was 0.03-0.19 mg/cu m. Particulates decreased with in-
creasing distance from the smelter, as did cadmium concentra-
tion to a very marked degree. Data collected in the survey are
given in tabular form for 13 stations.
28648
Fukushima, Tetsuji, Takeshi Ohno, Katsumi Saruta, and
Etsuo Yoneyama
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE
URBAN AHl. (Issanka tanso no shigaichi ni okeru bunpu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 5(1):224, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Carbon monoxide was sampled by means of a Mylar bag at a
busy traffic intersection (12,000 cars/day) in Yokohama. Sam-
pling was conducted at 36 locations within 100-m radius of the
intersection. Carbon monoxide was then analyzed by » non-
dispersive infrared analyzer. The maximum concentration was
found not at the corner of the intersection, but at a location
about 30 m away where traffic was most congested. The infil-
tration of pollution to the general area is such that in the up-
wind direction, the concentration is reduced to half within 30
m, whereas in the downwind direction, the distance is about
twice as much. Another set of samples taken at the central lo-
cation of Yokohama showed that when the carbon monoxide
at ground level is only a few ppm in concentration, there is
not much change in concentration up to about 14 m above
ground. However, when the concentration is over 10 ppm,
concentration is halved at the distance of about 10 m from the
ground.
29250
Odaira, Toshio, Saburo Fukuoka, Mitsuru Udagawa, and
Masahilto
THE ACTUAL STATE OF WEATHER SURVEY FROM AIR
POLLUTION IN TOKYO. (Tokyo-to ni okeru kogai kisho no
kansoku gyomu no genkyo). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J- Pollution Control), 7(3):233-240, March 1971. 7
refs.
The activities of air pollutants in the atmosphere such as diffu-
sion, dilution, removal, residence and qualitative change de-
pend on meteorological conditions such as wind direction,
wind velocity, atmospheric stability, insolation, and rainfall.
Observations of wind direction, wind velocity and atmospheric
stability were conducted. At the Tokyo Tower, wind direction
and velocity are measured at 3 different altitudes (25m, 107m,
and 250m) and the temperature at 6 different altitudes (2m,
64m, 103m, 169, 221m, and 250m) while at the NHK Tower,
the direction and velocity are measured at 2 different altitudes
(5m and 180m) and the temperature at 6 altitudes (5m, 45m,
90m, 135m, 225, and 313m). In addition, a horizontal observa-
tion network consisting of 10 observation stations was set up
to measure wind direction, wind velocity, temperature, hu-
midity, ultraviolet rays, and visible rays. The data are auto-
matically fed into a central system by telemetry and teletyped
every 15 minutes. The monitoring system is also used to
receive computerized meteorological information. The air pol-
lution prediction system developed from the meteorological
studies of the Tokyo s air pollution is now underway. Under
the system, sulfur dioxide density and photochemical smog are
predicted for daily and for the following day. When predicting
the SO2 density for next day, high SO2 density prediction is
indicated if moving high pressure prevails over the Kanto Dis-
trict; the Kanto District is situated behind the high pressure
zone; the distribution of atmospheric pressure is higher to the
west and lower to the east with a low pressure area over the
Sea of Japan; and the atmospheric pressure distribution is
higher to the south and lower to the north with a south wind.
32721
SURVEY ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. (Kogai kankei
kensa (Taiki osen)). Text in Japanese. Kyoto-shi Eisei Ken-
kyusho Eiken Nenpo (Annu. Kept. Kyoto City Inst. Public
Health), no. 37:48-64, July 1971.
A survey of pollution in Kyoto City in 1970 included estima-
tions of soot and dust deposit; suspended soot and dust; sulfur
oxides in the air; polycyclic aromatic diisocyanate compounds.
-------
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
47
classified by soot and dust particle diameter; metal concentra-
tion in the air; and oxidants in the air over the streets. Instru-
ments used and results of the survey are included.
36412
Vlodavets, V. V.
MOLD FUNGI IN THE AIR OF MOSCOW. Priroda
(Moscow), no. 12:95-97, 1956. Translated from Russian. Fort
Detrick, Fredrick, Md., Technical Information Div., 4p., July
1,1968. NTIS, DDC: AD 673310
During 1955, a quantitative and qualitative analysis was con-
ducted on the mold fungi in the air of Moscow. Samples were
taken twice weekly, between two and three p.m. A total of 96
samples were taken. The two methods used for bacteriological
analyses were Krotov s slit sampler and Koch s dish method.
Each investigation consisted of seeding the air onto two dishes
containing beer won agar, both by the slit sampler and the
sedimentation method. The air samples were taken at a height
of one meter 20 centimeters above ground level. The deter-
mination of the number of colonies of mold fungi and their
identifications was made after incubation of the Petri dishes
for five days at 22-24 C. Of the mold fungi found in the air,
those most frequently detected were Cladosporium, Penicilli-
um, Alternaria, and Aspergillus. The mold-fungi spore content
in the air is affected strongly by meteorological factors. The
study showed that in the various seasons of the year, there are
significant quantitative and qualitative flucuations in the con-
tent of mold-fungi spores in the air.
37306
Violet, P., G. Dumarchey, and F. Jourdan
AIR POLLUTION AND METEOROLOGY. (Pollution de 1 air
et meteorologie). Text in French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris),
13(50:201-207, July-Sept. 1971.
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and dust
measurements were taken in Lyon, France, on three days of
exceptional pollution in Nov. 1970. Simultaneous meteorologi-
cal observations revealed an important temperature inversion
whose effects on the concentration and dispersion of pollu-
tants are discussed. Although pollution level measurements
may succeed in giving the first warning of a pollution episode,
meteorological observations are necessary to describe the
evolution of the episode and to give a forecast of its occurring
at a certain time.
37516
Hashimoto, Y., T. Ro, and S. Yanagisawa
SELENIUM IN THE ATMOSPHERE (4). (Taikichu no seren
no bunseki (4)). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):96, 1971. (Presented at the Na-
tional Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya,
Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Selenium concentration and the ratio of selenium to sulfur
were determined in Japanese cities, including Tokyo, in order
to compare with existing data for other cities, such as Boston.
Fresh snow was collected, melted, filtered, and added to nitric
acid to make samples. These samples were concentrated,
dried, and radiated with neutrons. After about 3 weeks, seleni-
um was separated from samples through distillation and ex-
traction, and was determined by means of an 800 channel
gamma-ray spectrometer. Sulfur was determined by the barium
sulfate method. The ratio of selenium to sulfur was about two
times that of the data obtained in Boston.
37518
Oikawa, K., Y. Okubo, and J. Kimura
ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC PARTICULATE MATTER NO.
2. METAL CONCENTRATION OF EACH SIZE. (Taikichu
muki seibun ni kansuru kenkyu. Dainiho. Ryudobetsu kinzoku
sosei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):94, 1971. (Presented at the National
Council Meeting of Air pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya,
Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
Collection of air-borne dust by size group and metal content in
each size group were carried out as preparation for an in-
vestigation of the effect of fine particles on the human body.
Samples were collected at 4 points in Tokyo at a velocity of 1
cu ft/min for 3 to 4 days by means of a 6-stage Andersen Sam-
pler with an additional and final stage made of an 0.8 micron
membrane filter. Collected samples underwent a series of acid
treatments to produce sample solution, which was analyzed by
means of atomic absorption spectroscopy for cadmium, lead,
zinc, manganese, iron, chromium, and nickel. There were two
relative maximums for air-borne dust at the diameter of 3 to 6
micron and at smaller than 0.8 micron. More smaller particles
exist for lead, and larger particles for iron; manganese has a
fairly constant distribution.
38481
Varkonyi, T. and M. Kertesz-Saringer
A SMOG SITUATION IN BUDAPEST ON JANUARY 22 AND
23 1970. (Eine smog-Situation in Budapest am 22 und 23.
January 1970). Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. Hire. Grenz-
gebiete (Berlin), 17(12):887-888, Dec. 1971.
Each year the air pollution in Budapest rises to particularly
high concentrations three or four times during the months
from November to February. One such condition prevailed on
Jan. 22 to 23, 1970. The individual stages of the smog develop-
ment were studied by means of the measurement of the sulfur
dioxide concentration. Early in the morning of January 22, the
SO2 concentration rose to 3.30 mg/cu m which is 16 times as
high as the maximum allowable long-term concentration of
0.20 mg/cu m and five times as high as the maximum allowable
short-term concentration of 0.60 mg/cu m. This extremely high
concentration began to subside at 1 pm. The smog began to lift
on January 23 at 9 pm. The average SO2 concentrations were
measured again on January 25. Measurement of the nitrogen
dioxide concentration by the Saltzmann method yielded the
following data: on Jan. 22 at 10 am, 0.10 mgN02/cu m and at 8
pm 0.06 mg/cu m; Jan. 23 at 8.30 am, 0.05 mg/cu m, at 10 am
0.06 mg/cu m, and at 12.30 pm, 0.03 mg/cu m. The maximum
concentration was measured on Jan. 22 at 5.30 am with 0.25
mgN02/cu m. The dust concentration rose likewise from 0.30
to 0.40 mg/cu m to 0.74 mg/cu m on Jan. 22 and to 0.84 mg/cu
m on Jan. 23. The sick calls rose parallel with the SO2 concen-
tration.
43170
Garber, K.
AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTION OF HAM-
BURG AND ITS EFFECT ON VEGETATION. (Die Luft-
verunreinigung im Hamburger Industriegebiet und ihre
Auswiskung auf die Vegetation). Jahresber. Staatinst. Angeu.
Bot., Hamburg, vol. 83/84:158-173, 1966. 19 refs. Translated
from German, 26p.
Three-year tests were conducted in the industrial section of
Hamburg to ascertain the amount of atmospheric pollutants
and their effect on vegetation. In addition, the results from
other institutes were evaluated. The highest sulfur dioxide
-------
48
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
average values were .4-.S mg SO2/cu m from a SW and WSW
direction. The effect of emissions on vegetation was deter-
mined by means of plant tests in containers with uniform soil
compared to control tests in nonindustrial areas. Chemical
analyses showed test plants in industrial areas had sulfate con-
tents 10 times as high as in nonindustrial areas while chloride
and fluorine contents were only twice or three times as high.
(Author abstract modified)
44419
Fernandez, M. de Mingo, P. Anechina Catalan, and B.
Sanchez Fernandez Murias
A CASE OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION WITH
MERCURY. (Un caso de contamination atmosferica por mer-
curic). Rev. San. Hig. Pub., vol. 40:325-336, July-Sept. 1966. 7
refs. Translated from Spanish. 16p.
Air samples were obtained from Almaden, Spain, where mer-
cury mines are located. Battery-operated triple-effect samplers
were situated at three points forming an arc extending from
north to south to represent a theoretical screen through which
the effluents of the mining-industrial complex must pass to
reach the city. Apparatus included a thermometer, barometer,
and hygrometer. Analytical determination was made with an
aqueous solution of iodine in potassium iodide. Levels of con-
tamination were high and covered the entire city, thus con-
stituting a constant source of atmospheric contamination with
mercury outside of a closed area. It is very likely that this
constitutes a unique case in the world.
-------
49
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
02444
H. W. Georgii and S. Beilke
ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL- AND TRACE-GAS-WASHOUT
(FINAL SCIENTIFIC REPT.). Frankfurt Univ. (West Ger-
many). Institut fur Meteorologie und Geophysik. 58 pp., Mar.
1966. CFSTI.DDC AD 634907
The results of detailed investigations in the laboratory on
washout and rainout of SO2 by droplets of known size dis-
tribution and concentration are summarized. The results show
clearly the effect of drop size, intensity and of the chemical
composition (pH-value) of rain and fog on the scavenging effi-
ciency. The results of the experiments were used as basis of a
model calculation of the effect of washout and rainout by
natural precipitation at a given vertical distribution of SO2.
The circumstances under which the rainout and washout
mechanisms respectively become predominant for the chemi-
cal composition of rainwater at the ground are demonstrated.
(Author abstract modified)
06775
M. Brun
(DIFFUSION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
METHODS OF CALCULATING THE HEIGHT OF INDUS-
TRIAL CHIMNEYS IN EFFECT IN GERMANY, UNITED
STATES, GREAT BRITAIN, HOLLAND AND RUSSIA.) Diffu-
sion des pollutants dans I'atmosphere. Methodes de calcul de la
hauteur des cheminees industrielles en vigueur en AHemagne,
EUts-Unis, Grande-Bretagne, Hollande, Russie. Centre Inter-
professionnel Technique d'Etudes de la Pollution At-
mospherique, Paris, France. (1967.) 31 pp. Fr. (Rept. No. CI
271.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.)
A comparison is made of the methods of calculating the height
of industrial chimneys in the various countries involved. In
principle, all of the methods are applications of Sutton's
dispersion formulas, although the choice of meteorological
parameters may be made arbitrarily. Differences appear when
the elevation of the plume is used rather than the actual height
of the chimney. Different values for the permissible concentra-
tion at ground level adopted by different countries also causes
a divergence. A comparison is given of the effect on each of
the methods of the power of the installation, the sulfur content
of the fuel, the velocity of the smoke at emission, the wind
velocity, and the background pollution. Numerous table s are
given comparing the different methods of calculation and the
reasoning in back of them. THE HEIGHT OF INDUSTRIAL
CHIMNEYS IN EFFECT IN GERMANY, UNITED
STATES, GREAT BRITAIN, HOLLAND AND RUSSIA.
Diffusion des pot- lutants dans I'atmosphere. Methodes de cal-
culation de la hauteur des cheminees industrielles en vigeur en
AUemagne, Etats-Unis, Grande-Bretagne, Hollande, Russie.
M. Brun. Centre Inter- professional Technique d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherique, Paris, France. (1968.) 31 pp. Fr.
(Rept. No. CI 271.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.) AT-
MOSPHERIC INTERACTION: Stacks, Plume behavior. Dif-
fusion models A comparison is made of the methods of calcu-
lating the height of industrial chimneys in the various countries
involved. In prin- ciple, all of the methods are applications of
Sutton's dispersion formulas, although the choice of
meteorological parameters may be made arbitrarily. Dif-
ferences appear when the elevation of the plume is used rather
than the actual height of the chimney. Dif- ferent values for
the permissable concentration at ground level adopted by dif-
ferent countries also causes a divergence. A compa- risen is
given of the effect on each of the methods of the power of the
installation, the sulfur content of the fuel, the velocity of the
smoke at emission, the wind velocity, and the background
pollu- tion. Numerous tables are given comparing the different
methods of calculation and the reasoning in back of them.
07179
G. Hemming
COMPUTATIONAL CHARTING OF RELATIVE VALUES OF
SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE NIEDERLAUSITZ INDUSTRIAL
AREA. Rechnerische Kartierung von Schwefeldioxyd-Relativ-
werten im Industriegebiet Niederlausitz. Angew. Meteorol. (Ber-
lin) 5(5):137-140 (1965). Ger.
A survey chart of the mean SO2 distribution over the Nieder-
lausitz industrial area was established. The investigation was
based upon the formula by Sutton as modified by Holland and
Maede-Pasquill. Not only existing sources but also industrial
emitters planned for this area were taken into account. Dif-
ferences of height of terrain were taken into account. The
computed chart is reproduced and some of its features are
discussed. The effect of deposition is much more favorable in
the Niederlausitz area with the smoke damages being less
pronounced than on the Dubener Heide which was previously
studied. Finally, smoke damage problems are discussed in
general. Attention is drawn to the fact that strips of woodland
can be quite effective in reducing damages to forests due to
sulfur dioxide. This is due to a maxing action.
10220
Goroshko, B. B.
SOME PECULIARITIES OF THE PROPAGATION OF POL-
LUTANTS FROM HIGH SOUR CES, DEPENDENCE UPON
SYNOPTIC-METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS. (Nekotory
osobennosti rasprostraneniya vrednykh primesei ot bysokikh
istochnikov v zavisimosti ot sinoptiko-meteorologicheskikh
faktorov Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad),
No. 207:69-7 6 refs.
Experimental data on SO2 concentrations obrained in the
vicinity of a large thermal electric power plant with 100 m high
stacks in t Shchekinsk region were processed to study relation-
ships between meteorological conditions and air pollution.
Graphs of SO2 ground concentrations up to 14 km from the
sources were plotted under cyclone, anti-cyclone and inter-
mediate conditions. SO2 ground concentrations at different
distances from the sources were plotted as a function of tem-
perature. Vertical SO2 concentration profiles versus tempera-
ture were also plotted at distances of 1, 2, 4 and 10 km from
the source. Horizontal SO2 concentrations profiles as a func-
tion of wind velocity were obtained. The SO2 concentration on
the ground was found to be at most only about 0.4 mg/cu m at
-------
50
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
a wind velocity of 0-2 m/sec, while at velocities of 3-6 m/sec it
reached maximum of 1.8 mg/cu m at a distance of 4-8 km from
the source. Th situation is explained by the effect of the wind
on the direction o the smoke plume. Relationships between the
turbulent transfer coefficient on the ground and the ground
concentration were also studied. The ground concentration in-
creased with increasing transf coefficient. Low transfer coeffi-
cients in winter were always accompanied by low SO2 concen-
trations. It appears that variations the transfer coefficient can
be used for predicting air pollution.
12218
Georgii, H. W., D. Jost, and H. J. Schaefer
THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF SUL-
FUR DIOXIDE AND SULFATE AEROSOLS IN THE LOWER
TROPOSHERE. (Ueber die raeumliche und zeitliche Ver-
teilung von Schwefeldioxid und Sulfataerosolen in der unteren
Troposphaere). Frankfurt Univ. (West Germany). Institut fur
Meteorologie und Geophysik, Contract T483-J-203, 88p.. Feb.
1968. 21 refs. Translated from German. Franklin Inst.
Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 84p.
The vertical distribution of sulfur dioxide and sulfate ion in
the open atmosphere was measured from an airplane. A con-
tinuously operating Woesthoff Ultragas-III SO2 measuring unit
was inadequate, despite several technical modifications. It was
insensitive, showed interferences of water vapor, and was not
suited for measuring from an airplane. Therefore, the West-
Gaeke obsorption method was used. At a sampling speed of
1200 1/hr, at least 96% of the total SO2 drawn through the re-
agent was absorbed. For measuring SO4(2-), the sampled air
was drawn through Delbag Mikrosorban filters. If two filters
were placed behind each other, the amount of SO4(2-) found
in the second filter was less than 10% of the total collected
SO4(2-). The data from the flights showed vertical distivii-
tions which were strongly influenced by the prevailing stability
of the atmospheric layering. The measured vertical SO2 dis-
tributions were explained by theory which represents the con-
vective movements in the atmosphere as ascending thermal
bubbles originating in the area of SO2 emission. Measurements
of the SO4(2-) concentrations indicated only a small vertical
decrease. The vertical SO4(2-) distribution was fairly indepen-
dent of the prevailing stability of atmospheric layers. While
the SO4(2-)/SO2 ratio in surface layers is below 1, it becomes
larger than 1 in loftier altitudes. An investigation into SO4(2-)
producing processes and sources showed that the SO2 -NH3
water reaction is considered the primary contributor of SO4(2-
) in the atmosphere. (Author summary modified)
14793
Vadot, L.
APPLICATION OF A HYDRAULIC ANALOGY TO AT-
MOSPHERIC DIFFUSION PROSPECTS AND RESULTS OB-
TAINED IN THE' STUDY OF POLLUTION. (Application
d'une analogic hydraulique a la diffusion atmospherique. Pos-
sibilites et resultats obtenus dans 1'etude de la pollution). Text
in French. Meteorologie, 1(2):259-271, 1967.
Scale models of fume emission at hundreds of degrees are
desirable for study of air pollution. Air as a model does not
provide enough information. However, the use of water to
study aerodynamics is classical. It is possible to show that the
vertical adiabatic exchanges which are accompanied in the at-
mosphere by volume changes not represented in water entail
only a slight error at heights of general interest for pollution.
To avoid using great quantities of salt solution, the model is
inverted; rising light gas in cooler air being represented bv
denser falling brine in pure water. Stable stratification is
represented by pure water lying over denser salt concentra-
tions. A coloring agent such as fluorescein added to the incom-
ing jet allows direct observation of motions. Conductivity
probes maintain instantaneous salt concentrations, providing a
complete model. Heat conduction is not correctly modelled but
is negligible compared to dissipation by turbulent mixing. A
model of flow from a chimney into a windy atmosphere was
particularly accurate for angles of motion and pollutant con-
centrations. It was possible to determine for each case the
value for plume elevation and height at which one can apply
Sutton's classical scheme of diffusion and descent, i.e., the
meteorological phase. Models of plume behavior during at-
mospheric temperature inversion permitted determination of
the plume exit variables (diameter, velocity, temperature)
necessary to allow the plume to pierce the inversion layer. A
model including a hill downwind from the plume indicated a
lowering of the inversion layer there, creating a pollution trap.
A study of groups of buildings showed the existence of a par-
ticular relationship of height to distance between buildings
which promotes maximum pollution in the vicinity. Short
chimneys chosen for aesthetic reasons are poor dispersers of
waste gas and can promote pollution around the very building
they serve. The capture of a plume by sun-warmed rising air
was also shown. Even in the absence of wind, the plume can
be directed toward and captured by this wanned air and
caused to descend on a previously unpolluted area.
16554
Fukuoka, Saburo and Toshio Odaira
AIR POLLUTANTS AND METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS AT
THE SMOG ALERT ISSUANCE IN TOKYO. (Tokyoto ni
okeru sumoggu chuiho hatsureiji n osenshitsu nodo to kishyo
jyoken). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku, (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 2(ll):757-766, Dec. 1966.
Ten smog alerts issued in Tokyo during the past four years are
analyzed in meteorological terms. Two levels of pollution
status prescribed in the issuance standard are smog caution,
which is issued when sulfur dioxide concentrations at two ob-
servation centers simultaneously exceed 0.2 ppm for two to
three hours and smog alert, which is issued when SO2 concen-
trations measured at the main observation center exceed 0.5
ppm. In all cases, the smog alert was given between 9 a.m. and
11 a.m. This is probably attributable to the fact that high SO2
concentrations are emitted by industry in the first three hours
of the workng day. The duration of the alarms averaged 6
hours and 40 minutes. This means the high concentrations of
SO2 lasted for about 10 hours. There were exceptional cases
which showed a significant relationship between weather con-
ditions and SO2 concentrations. The peak of SO2 pollution
was reached between 4 and 5 p.m. and followed by a slow
descent. Analysis of wind and temperature data reveals that
southern winds are closely related to the occurrence of high
SO2 concentration and their diffusion, especially south-
southeast winds. It is conjectured that some of gaseous, pollu-
tants originating in the Tokyo-Yokohama industrial area are
carried directly to the Tokyo sky, while the remainder are first
carried aloft over Tokyo Bay and then blown back by sea
breezes.
17678
Bezuglaya, E. Yu.
DETERMINATION OF AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL. (K
opredeleniyu potentsiala zagryazneniya vosdukha). Text in
Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad) no 234-69-79
1968. 19 refs.
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
51
Work in the U. S. on air pollution potential forecasting and
Soviet efforts along these same lines are reviewed. For
forecast purposes, the territory of the USSR is divided into
four regions: 1) a major portion of Eastern Siberia, where at-
mospheric stagnation is observed up to 25 days of the winter
months; 2) the western European sector and northern foothills
of the Urals, where moderate repeatability of atmospheric
stagnation is observed; 3) the northeastern European sector
and forest region of Western Siberia, where atmospheric stag-
nation is observed only in spring and winter; and 4) an area
comprising Kazakhstan, Povolzh'ya, the northern section of
Middle Asia, a large part of Western Siberia, and the shores of
marginal seas where stagnation almost never occurs (1-2 times
in 5 years).
20627
Nakano, M. and T. Narukawa
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
(Konodo osen no kisho kaiseki). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1): 12, 1969.
(Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, 1969.)
When the influence of gradient wind is small in Osaka, around
10-11 am with the early morning easterly land wind shifting
into the westerly patter, dense smog covers the central area.
When the westerly sea breeze starts blowing in the afternoon,
the pollution spreads out eastward, and the concentration
becomes low. The pollution becomes a problem when the con-
centration is high throughout the daytime. Heavy pollution is
usually limited to days with little wind, and meteorological
data for smog warning days between 196S and 1969 were
analyzed to see under what atmospheric pressure arrangement
in conjunction with the local wind pattern the high concentra-
tion occurs. In addition, checksheets were drawn up to find
the general atmospheric pattern that would serve as a key to
forecasting severe pollution a day earlier.
25811
Lebedinskiy, A. B.
CONCERNING INDIRECT DETERMINATION OF THE RE-
PEATABILITY OF LARGE-SCALE NEAR-GROUND INVER-
SIONS IN CITIES OF SIBERIA. (K voprosu o kosvennom
podschete povteryaemosti moshchnykh prizemnykh inversiy v
gorodakh Siberi). Text in Russian. Tr. Nauchn. Issled. Inst.
Aeroklimatologii, 54(4):55-60, 1968. 11 refs.
Data on the repeatability of near-ground and 'hazardous' in-
versions as determined for a number of Siberian cities (Bar-
naul, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Kolpashevo, Nizhneudinsk,
Zhigalovo, Kurensk, and Erbogachen) are presented, together
with the computational basis used for making these determina-
tions. It is possible to make sufficiently accurate determina-
tions of average and maximum repeatability of 'hazardous' in-
versions for locations with similar physicogeographic condi-
tions using wind-vane data alone.
26845
Fukoka, Saburo
ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN WEATHER MAPS AND
HIGH LEVEL SO2 CONCENTRATION IN TOKYO. (Kiatsu
haichi patan to Tokyo-to ni oker SO2 konodo osenbi no shut-
sugen keiko ni tsuite.). Text in Japanese. Tokyo-to Kogai Ken-
kyusho-ho, (Ann. Rept. Tokyo Metropol. Res. Inst. Environ.
Protection), Sect. 1:51-64, Jan. 1970. 1 ref.
The relationship between the atmospheric pressure arrange-
ments and high pollution concentrations was investigated by
means of a computer, based on the classification of pressure
patterns in and around Japan and the pollution conditions cor-
responding to each pattern. Detailed data are listed for the
frequency of occurrence of high concentrations of sulfur diox-
ide pollution (over 0.1 ppm/ day) for different atmospheric
pressure patterns in each of the fou seasons. The data range
from 1964 to 1967. The pressure patterns that bring high con-
centrations of sulfur dioxide to Tokyo are South High type
and mobile anticyclones, and the former especially cause high
concentrations during winter with high probability. The effec
of the cyclone and the front on sulfur dioxide concentration is
not as clear-cut. Forecasting based on the pressure patterns of
high sulfur dioxide concentrations seem to be still quite dif-
ficult in view of the result of the investigation. Further clas-
sifications of patterns and inclusion of more data in the future
are necessary.
27194
Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Protection Research Inst.
(Japan)
ON THE PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG IN TOKYO. (Tokyo-to
ni okeru kokagaku sumogu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. 40p.,
1970. 2 refs.
The characteristics of air pollution when the photochemical
smog episode took place in Tokyo from March 1967 to July
1970 are reported, together with an outline of the method of
oxidant measurement and the essential studies on the
photochemical smog forecast. The situation under which the
high concentration took place in the Municipal Hygienic
Laboratory was as follows for conditions where the oxidant
high concentration was decided more than 0.15 ppm per hour:
there were 12 days in 1967, 14 days in 1968, nine days in 1969,
and 15 days in 1970 (till the end of July) there was a tendency
for the days and hours of occurrence to increase by year ex-
cept 1969. The occurrences of the concentration higher than
0.15 ppm were most in the daytime, but the continuing hours
were very short. The change of the oxidant concentration cor-
responded to the change in solar ultraviolet ray strength. The
concentration of nitrogen dioxide showed the same movement
as that of oxidant, but it had another peak from evening to
night. The concentration of nitrous oxide generally had a ten-
dency to become lower in the daytime and lower at night. The
biggest weather factor which produced high oxidant concentra-
tions was the amount of sunshine (ultra-violet rays). The
forecast of photochemical smog consisted of atmospheric pres-
sure which brings the amount of strong sunshine, together
with atmospheric conditions and the strength of winds as sup-
plementary factors.
28609
Tamura, Kunio and Shinichi Nomoto
FORECASTING METHOD OF SO2 BY MULTIPLE REGRES-
SION EQUATIONS DEVELOPED BY SCREENING
PROCEDURE. (Jukaikishiki (senbetsuho) ni yoru SO2 no
yosoku). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 5(1):216, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan
Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Multivariate statistical analysis was performed on the relation-
ship between meteorological data, such as atmospheric pres-
sure patterns, wind speed, and atmospheric stability, and sul-
fur dioxide levels up to 10 hrs after the meteorological mea-
surements. By feeding a forecasting equation to an electronic
computer and giving it the meteorological data inputs, the con-
centration of SO2 several hours hence can be predicted. The
forecasting equation was constructed by means of screening
procedures, which assume that the factor to be predicted can
-------
52
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
be expressed as a linear polynominal equation of the
meteorological factors, and that the coefficients for those fac-
tors can be calculated in order to maximize the multiple cor-
relation coefficient. For the multiple regression equations, ten
to 20 factors were optimal. Some of the factors taken into con-
sideration were wind direction and speed, atmospheric pres-
sure and temperature, dew point differential, stability, conver-
sion, and relative vorticity. A total of 259 days were analyzed
betweeen October 1965-March 1966 and October 1966- March
1967.
28616
Nogami, Junji, Tsuguo Mizoguchi, Hideyuki Nomoto,
Yoshinori Ishikawa, and Akiko Miyao
AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL FORECASTING. (Taiki osen
potensharu yoho n tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):219, 1970. (Proceedings
of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth,
1970.)
When sulfur dioxide concentration continuity is made to cor-
respond to air pollution potential, the positions of migratory
anticyclones and extra-tropical cyclones that appear in western
Japan between late autumn and winter are of interest. A
method is described whereby air pollution potential can be
determined, with the aid of computer, from the forecasting
weather map published by the Meteorological Agency. Criteria
for a day of high potential pollution are as follows: Osaka is
within 6 mb from the center of the anticyclone; atmospheric
air pressure differential is within 6 mb in the region 30-40 N,
130-140 E; a cold front is closing in fro the Sanin area; a sta-
tionary front exists north of 30 N; and Osaka is between two
cyclones. Similar qualifications are given for days of low
potential and intermediate potential. A test run based on sets
of data obtained at 9 am of the day prior to the forecast
showed that for most cases, the accuracy was over 80%.
29219
Nakano, Michio
AIR POLLUTION OVER LARGE AREA AND
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS. (Koiki taiki osen to
kisho). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 7(3):205-212, March 1971. 9 refs.
Concentrations of air pollutants in the Osaka region were stu-
died in relation to area weather conditions, with the hope that
weather patterns would be detected for the prediction of smog
and pollution episodes. Diagrams of the realtionship between
wind velocity, sulfur dioxide concentration, and suspended
dust indicate that concentrations increased when the wind
velocity was less than 2 m/sec. Two cases of sustained high-
density air pollution which took place during 1970 were
analyzed in terms of the weather conditions recorded for those
days. The behavior of atmospheric pressure during pollution
episodes is mentioned. The high-density smog of Dec. 16-18,
1970, occurred when a comparatively high atmospheric pres-
sure hovered over all of Japan, slowly moving eastward.
29636
Saychuk, V. I. and O. G. Narskikh
FORMATION OF FOG ON THE NUCLEI OF HUMIDITY
CONDENSATION. (Obrazovaniye iskusstvennogo tumana na
yadrakh kondensatsii vlagi). Text in Russian. Kolloidn. Zh.,
2(9-10):801-806, 1936. 15 refs.
Laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the possibility
of mist formation on hygroscopic nuclei of humidity condensa-
tion. The stability of mist formed and the effect of humidity
on it were studied. The laboratory results were applied in the
open air. It was possible to form a mist on hygroscopic nuclei
of condensation at a relative humidity much lower than satu-
rated. The following gases proved to be active in humidity
condensation: sulfur trioxide, phosphorous pentoxide, nitrogen
dioxide, nitrous oxide, and hydrochloric acid. The stability of
mist formed is connected with the chemical nature of active
condensation nuclei. Gases with considerable affinity to water
form mist with large droplets. Stability of the mist depends on
the size of droplets and is highest for medium-size droplets.
The results showed that under certain conditions it is possible
to form a mist on hygroscopic nuclei of condensation.
30589
Benarie, M.
INVESTIGATION OF THE SYNOPTIC FORECASTING OF
POLLUTION BY A STRONG ACID IN THE ROUEN RE-
GION. (Essai de prevision synoptique de la pollution par 1
acidite forte dans la region Rouennaise). Text in French. At-
mos. Environ., 5(5):3l3-326, May 1971. 18 refs.
Two synoptic criteria are defined for the prediction of high
sulfur dioxide concentrations in the Rouen region of France: a
period of 24 hours during which the mean wind velocity is less
than 3.0 m/sec, and a forecast of a similar situation for the
next day. At the present time, the proposed method, which
uses only information contained in the daily forecast of the
Meteorological Office, is the only practical method. The
mathematical diffusion models and the empirical diffusion for-
mulas need numerical weather data, which are not available
for the next day. Thus, they cannot be effectively used in a
particular forecast; they can only be verified in retrospect. The
proposed empirical method allows pollution forecasting in
calm periods. The mathematical diffusion models and empiri-
cal correlation formulas have singularities when the wind
velocity approaches zero, and, therefore, cannot be used for
calms. The r.m.s. error of the present method is less than that
of mathematical models, even when calculated for days of the
highest pollution in the winter. The principle of the proposed
forecasting method is valid for other towns and regions, but
the numerical data given only apply to the Rouen region.
(Author abstract modified)
30691
Nakano, Michio and Jiro Narikawa
FORECASTING OF HEAVY SMOG IN OSAKA. (Konodo
taiki osen no yoho). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):106, 1970. (Proceedings of The
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo,
Japan, 1970.)
Smog warnings are issued in Osaka at present after heavy pol-
lution becomes apparent and nothing effective can be done
toward its solution. Studies were conducted as to the accuracy
of early forecasting as well as the characteristics of smog in
Osaka in order to permit anti-smog measures. According to the
past two-year records of forecasts made on the day before, ac-
curate results were obtained generally in fair weather when:
migratory high pressure covered the air and high pressure
stayed behind and the low pressure approached from the
Kyushu area. Predictions were often inaccurate when: the
protrusion of high pressure was weak; Osaka was in the
trough of pressures; or when the cold front was approaching.
Accurate results can be obtained by the forecast made on the
same day on all items except the last. The prevailing two types
of smog are: a heavy smog in the morning and evening, caused
by weak pressure inclination and by the land and sea breeze in
the Osaka Plane; and day-time or morning smog caused by
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
53
rain or gradient winds growing strong during the previous
night.
30692
Nakajima, Chotaro
METEOROLOGICAL STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION (BROAD-
SCALE FORECASTING). (Taiki osen no kishogakuteki ken-
kyu (koikiyoho). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):107, 1970. (Proceedings of The
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo,
Japan, 1970.)
Broad-scale, long-term weather and pollution forecasting is
necessary to effectively prevent pollution. An extremely early
prediction may not be possible, but a forewarning by at least
several days of weather susceptible to heavy smog is desira-
ble. The weather and smog patterns of each industrial area are
different; for instance, long waves of air circulation passing
near Japan seem to be closely connected with the pollution
and atmospheric stability of Kyoto during winter. A long-term
prediction is different from a short-term one in which a pollu-
tant is assumed to diffuse endlessly into the atmosphere. The
purpose of broad-scale forecasting must take in the possibili-
ties of the appearance of pollutants at the least expected geo-
graphic areas. A prediction covering about a month requires a
definition of types of dispersion according to the weather and
types and volumes of daily pollutants. In a study of at-
mospheric circulation, pollutants serve as tracers; further stu-
dies must be made concerning their roles in energy-balance
and absorption, reflection, and diffusion of various radiation
by pollutants.
30796
Graaf, H. de
SMOG: A DISCUSSION OF ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY TO
AN ALTITUDE OF MORE THAN 30 AND LESS THAN 100
METERS FOR PERIODS OF 24 HOURS AND LONGER AND
THE CORRESPONDING GROWTH OF SO2 AND SMOKE
CONCENTRATION IN URBAN COMPLEXES. (Crondmist:
Een beschouwing over stabiele luchtopbouw tot meer dan 30
en minder dan 100 meter gedurende perioden van 24 uur en
langer, en de daarij behorende aangroei van de SO2 en rook-
concentraties in stedelijke agglomeraties). Text in Dutch.
Chem. Weekblad, 67(23): 10-12, June 4, 1971. 20 refs.
Data on smog conditions in London and Rotterdam are com-
pared, and the characteristics of this phenomenon are
discussed. During the London pollution disaster of December
5-9, 1952, when mortalities were about 4000 above the normal
death rate, the blanket of smog was only 75 m on the south
side of London and 120 m on the north side, with an altitude
of 45 m at Blackheath. The smokestacks of the power plant at
Battersea were above the smog layer, and the plume was
blown by an appreciable wind. The maximum diurnal smoke
concentration was 4500 micrograms, and the sulfur dioxide
concentration was 3600 micrograms per cubic meter. During
the same period in Rotterdam, the fog was also heavy, but
SO2 measurements were not made, although there were com-
plaints of unpleasant odors to the Soil, Water and Air Com-
mission. Studies of mortality rates, in which cardiovascular
symptoms were treated separately, gave negative results when
compared with the previous month. Studies were also made of
the three-day smog incident that began January 29, 1959. Stu-
dies revealed an extremly stable atmospheric condition, SO2
readings of 650 micrograms per cubic meter and 140 micro-
grams of sulfuric acid. The maximum smoke concentrations
for readings taken every hour were 500-550 micrograms.
Another weather condition of the same type occurred on
December 5, 1962 over Rotterdam. Sulfur dioxide measur-
ments in five citie- varied between 1000 and 1500 micrograms,
while dust readings were between 400 and 450. Simultaneous
SO2 readings in London, Paris, and even Milan were about
5000 micrograms per cubic meter. In this case, a study of
medical statistics indicated some increased mortality during
the smog epidemic; this was a little more evident when only
the cardiovascular symptoms were considered. During the last
week of February 1970, unusual weather conditions occurred,
but no fog. High SO2 readings were obtained at Rotterdam,
Vlaardingen, and Maassluis, but not at Amsterdam or The
Hauge. This problem is discussed from the standpoint of fuels
used in domestic heating and to power automotive vehicles,
with a recommendation for greater use of natural gas and bot-
tled gas, the latter both for heating and for vehicles.
30954
Study Group on Broad-Area Air Pollution Control (Japan)
REPORT OF AN INVESTIGATION INTO A PLAN FOR CON-
TROLLING AIR POLLUTION - WEATHER AND AIR POL-
LUTION OF OSAKA BAY AND ITS ENVIRONS. (Taikiosen
kanri keikaku ni kansuru kenkyu hokokusho - Osakawan shu-
hen no kisho narabini taikiosen). Text in Japanese. 83p.,
March 1970.
To forecast the future levels of air pollution by noting the spe-
cial characteristics of wide-spread air pollution, observations
were made of temperature, wind direction, and wind speed at
the summits of Mt. Dcoma and Mt. Rokko, and of the air pol-
lution level on the roof of the Osaka Prefectural Office using
Laser radar. The distribution of the sources of pollution and of
the temperature were made by aerial survey. Using these ob-
servations (Dec. 1969 - Jan. 1970), the relation between the in-
version layer and the distribution of atmospheric pressure and
the relation between the wind and the distribution of pollution
were investigated. The temperatures at the summits of Mt.
Ikoma and Mt. Rokko are representative of the temperature of
the upper air covering a wide area (at the height of the sum-
mit). Using the temperature difference between the summits
and the plain, it is possible to presume the intensity, if any, of
an inversion layer. During the generation of an inversion layer,
air pollution intensified. Using laser radar, the position of the
inversion layer, the change of structure, and the intensity were
estimated quantitatively. The rate of the decreasing tempera-
ture gradient was high under conditions of mobile high-pres-
sure air masses and was low in the winter and the level of pol-
lution corresponds to these results. When the weather condi-
tions were stable, there was a relation between the release of
pollution and the wind direction. Also, the wind direction in
the early morning was likely to be controlled by the influences
of the temperature on the surface of the earth and in the at-
mosphere. By macroscopic observations and photographic ob-
servations from the air, spatial-, time-, and local-distributions
and the changing trends in air pollution were obtained.
31984
Japan Meteorological Assoc. (Japan)
REPORT ON METEOROLOGICAL SURVEY AND ANALY-
SIS OF AIR POLLUTION IN AND AROUND OMACHI CITY.
(Omachi-shi taiki osen kisho chosa kaiseki hokoku). Text in
Japanese. 45p., Dec. 1969
The meteorological conditions in and around Omachi City
were surveyed for seven days (Sept. 15-21, 1969) to enable
forecasting of potential air pollution from factories to be con-
structed in the industrial zone south of the city. Vertical dis-
tribution of wind direction and atmospheric temperature,
velocity, horizontal and vertical distributions of ground-sur-
-------
54
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
face wind, and general ground weather conditions (tempera-
ture, humidity, insulation, and stability) were determined.
Weather maps for all Japan were used as references. The wind
was generally either from the north or south. The average
wind velocity was 1.9 mi/sec. Nineteen (16%) of the total
hours were calm. Wind direction was checked continuously
during selected 30-minute periods for deviation from normal
course. Wind within and outside a factory were compared, and
the characteristics of wind in the upper stratum of the at-
mosphere were examined. Tabulated survey results, maps, and
charts are included.
33927
Rondia, D.
CLIMATIC FACTORS AND AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN
CENTERS. (Facteurs climatiques et pollution de 1 air en
milieu urbain). Text hi French. World Met. Org. Tech. Note
(Geneva), 108:238-247, 1970. 3 refs.
The direct and indirect influence of various climatic factors on
emissions are discussed on the basis of air quality measure-
ments made in biege, Belgium, and its suburbs in 1958-1959.
The average differences between the hot and cold seasons pro-
vide an objective assessment of the amount of pollution from
industrial and urban causes. For certain pollutants, such as
carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons, the differences are
highly pronounced. The daily concentrations of the pollutants
and their correlation with climatic conditions indicate the basic
importance of meteorologic and topographic factors in disper-
sion. These facts indicate important approaches to abatement
planning, and particularly to the development of forecasting
and emergency systems. Certain forms of pollution are directly
associated with population density. The wide dispersion area
of industrial effluents is defined and the role of green spaces
in the Liege area is assessed on a quantative basis.
33939
Fortak, Heinz G.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL
DISTRIBUTIONS OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION CONCEN-
TRATION. National Air Pollution Control Administration,
Research Triangle Park, N. C. and North Carolina Consortium
on Air Pollution, Proc, Symp. Multiple-Source Urban Diffu-
sion Models, Chapel Hill, N. C., 1969, p. 9.1-9.34, 14.8. 20
refs. (Oct. 27-30.) (APCO Pub. AP-86) NTIS: PB 198400
A multiple-source diffusion model for the simulation and pre-
diction of long-term (climatological) ground-level sulfur diox-
ide concentrations in urban areas is described. The computer
input consists of data from an emission source inventory
together with statistics on relevant diffusion parameters.
Because of the capacity of available computers, only a limited
number of the largest emission sources can be treated in-
dividually. Smaller industrial emission sources are treated as
residential sources. These are represented by a large number
of stacks of the same dimensions for which the mean area
omissions have been estimated. The meteorological input con-
sists of data on wind direction, wind speed, and stability. The
program also uses corresponding statistics for urban boundary
layer depths and values for parameters affecting absorption at
the earth s surface. The diffusion model used is basically
Gaussian. It is modified, however, such that turbulent diffu-
sion is restricted exclusively to the depth of the urban bounda-
ry layer. The rate of decay of sulfur dioxide is also taken into
account. The model calculates fields of steady-state ground-
level concentrations that correspond to a given spatial distribu-
tion of emission sources and to any possible combination of
relevant meteorological diffusion parameters. Knowledge of
frequency distributions of these meteorological diffusion
parameters permits the derivation of frequency distributions of
ground-level concentrations for any location within or outside
of the metropolitan area. The computerized experiments simu-
late frequency distributions of ground-level concentrations foi
a great number of regularly arranged grid points (up to 2500
with a mesh size of 500 by 500 meters) and for a variety of
time periods (months, heating period, seasons of year). Experi-
ments to validate the model were conducted during the heating
period in 1967-68 at four continuous monitoring stations that
had been installed at special locations within the limits of the
metropolitan area of Bremen. (Author abstract)
34191
Itoo, K.
METEOROLOGY AND AIR POLLUTION, IN PARTICULAR
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INVERSION STRATA. (Taiki osen
to kisho, koto ni gyakutenso no igi). Text in Japanese. Naika,
21(S):820-822, May 1968.
The relationship between meteorological factors and air pollu-
tion is investigated. With periods of atmospheric stability, an
inversion stratum acts as a cover and retains the pollution un-
derneath, causing heavy smogs. Inversions in Japan occur dur-
ing the winter, in periods of rain fronts or migratory pressure,
and with wind velocity of less than 3 m. Stacks high enough to
break through the inversion strata would enable the emitted
pollutant to dilute before reaching the environmental at-
mosphere. The height of the inversion strata, however, cannot
be accurately measured and the pattern of diffusion in the un-
stable air above the strata is unknown. Weather and pollution
forecasting demand accurate data. Present smog warnings are
issued too late, do not enforce the elimination of pollutants,
and affect only the use of low-sulfur content fuels.
34751
Lyapina, O. A., Yu. N. Ogol, and N. N. Romanov
ATMOSPHERIC TURBIDITY AT THE FOOT-HILLS AND IN
THE MOUNTAINS OF THE WESTERN EXTENSION OF
TIEN SHAN ACCORDING TO HELICOPTER OBSERVA-
TIONS. (Atmosfernyye zamutneniya po nablyudeniyam s ver-
toletr v predgoryakh i gorakh zapadnykh otrogov tyan-shanya).
Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Leningrad), no.
189:154-159, 1966. 8 refs.
The dusty haze above the river network of the western Tien
Shan at altitudes ranging between 100 and 1500 m and 1500
and 3000 m was explored by means of 17 helicopter expendi-
tions performed during the July and August months of 1964.
The haze distribution over the investigated region was graphi-
cally illustrated. The most intense turbidity was observed over
the city of Tashkent. This turbidity was referred to as the
aerosol lens because of its specific shape. The natural origin of
this haze appeared to be combined with the industrial aerosols
produced in the urban area of Tashkent. Local transfer of
haze due to mountain and valley air currents were seen. The
Northern and North-Westem regions of the valley were less
dusty than those of the South or South-Western regions. Both
local and incoming haze stagnated within the lower 2-3 km al-
titude above the Fergana Valley due to the weakness oi
summer winds.
35037
Dezso, Szepesi
THE ROLL OF METEOROLOGY IN THE PRESERVATION
OF THE CLEANLINESS OF THE ATMOSPHERE. (A
meteorologia szerepe a levegotisztasag vedelmeben). Text in
Hungarian. Idojaras (Budapest), vol. 74:513-530, 1970. 20 refs. I
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
55
The most important role of meteorology in air pollution con-
trol work is the prediction of the frequency and amount of
ground level emissions. Inventories of emission sources and a
turbulent diffusion model are used on digital computers to pro-
vide three dimensional flow and temperature distributions and
their variations as a function of time. The model uses a year s
observed data. Input data includes the wind profile (based on
five years), the stability (based on eight years), and the
thickness of the mixing layer. A first approximation of the air
pollution model for Budapest was calculated in 1969-1970
using the theoretical and experimental values. Peak values of
two to twelve times the allowable norm were found in the
inner city of Budapest for sulfur oxides, chlorides, nitrogen
oxides, settling dust, and smoke. Predictions regarding the
planned expansion of the Danube Thermal Power Station were
presented; the influence of different stack geometries were ex-
plored. During the next few years, smog predictions will be
made for Budapest.
35357
Fett, Walter and Erdwin Lahmann
EXTRAORDINARY CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRA-
TIONS IN THE AIR OF MAJOR CITIES. (Aussergewoehn-
liche Kohlenmonoxid-Konzentrationen in Grosstadtluft). Text
in German. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, 13(S):59-62, 1970. 10 refs.
During a 10-month period of continuous air pollution in a
lightly-traveled street 3 km from the center of Berlin, the
median half-hour carbon monoxide level of 8 ppm rose sud-
denly on Dec. 9, 1969 to very high levels, characterized by
two peaks of 23 ppm. This high lasted for nine hours. The
simultaneous half-hour S02 concentration was 1.03 mg/cu m
and the median three-hour dust fall was 0.47 mg/cu m. This
episode coincided with the advent of a cold arctic air mass
over Germany which spread over Berlin on December 9 and
brought all air movement to a standstill. This extreme
phenomenon indicates that under conditions of weather inver-
sion emission clouds can form, possibly with their own circu-
lation in which condensation processes and irradiation may
play a stabilizing role. Under such circumstances, the at-
mosphere itself can erect barriers leading to a local accumula-
tion of pollutants which otherwise are formed only by topo-
graphic interactions.
35420
Chirakadze, G. I.
THE CLIMATE OF TIBILISI AND OF ITS NEW BOUNDA-
RIES. (Klimat Tbilisi v novykh granitsakh. Text in Russian.
Tr. Zakavkaz. Nauch.-Issled. Gidrometeorol. Inst., 26(32):3-75,
1967. 23 refs.
A tentative analysis of the climatic conditions of the city of
Tbilisi and its surrounding areas is presented. Temperature,
humidity, wind, sunshine and fog are being considered among
the main meteorological factors affecting the air pollution of
the city. The inversion phenomena developing in the lower
section of the city, which is part of the Kura valley, lead to a
weakening of the exchange processes and preclude the effects
of turbulence on the ventilation of the city. Humidity affects
the microclimatic condition of the city in that the existence of
suspended dust particles (due to poor road conditions) in its
air constitute the condensation nuclei for the formation of fog.
Fogs are formed under conditons of 90% humidity, whereby a
considerable increase in industrial waste gas concentrations in
observed. Haze is considered to be the most specific fog for
Tbilisi and is therefore being used as an indirect parameter in
'he assessment of the air pollution of the city. Rainfall and
ventilation are considered to be the meteorological factors
determining the removal of aerosols. Both, however, are com-
promised by long periods of lack of precipitation, ranging
between 30-60 days during the summer or winter season and
by the orographic features of the city. A program of intense
research in the fight of air pollution due to local factors such
as coal heating, industrial pollution, poor road conditions and
waste accumulations from building activities, is recommended.
It includes problems such as the sources of pollution, the
chemical composition of aerosols, the admissible standards of
pollution, the effect of aerosols on the biological and corrosive
processes and the role of pollution for further urbanistic
developments of the city.
35702
Bapseres, P. and J. Molenat
DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS AND THE MICROCLI-
MATE AT LACQ. (Dispersion des polluants et microclimat a
Lacq). Text in French. Ann. Mines (Paris), no. 11:21-30, Nov.
1970.
The natural gas discovered at Lacq in 1951 and exploited since
1956 is a mixture of hydrocarbons, CO2, and water vapor con-
taining 15% hydrogen sulfide. Waste gas emitted into the at-
mosphere from the desulfurization of this gas and by-product
recovery of sulfur contains 0.6% SO2, which under certain
meteorological conditions causes widespread damage to feed
crops, viticulture, and orchards surrounding Lacq. It was
found that not the prevailing SO2 pollution level but rather the
coincidence of several meteorological conditions characterized
the days on which damage occurred. By analyzing tempera-
ture, humidity, wind direction and velocity, precipitation, and
insolation and by correlating their levels with the damage to
vegetation on certain days, criteria were defined which are
helpful in forecasting weather conditions likely to cause
damage to crops. When such conditions occur (fog, haze, in-
version), an advisory is issued by the Regional Meteorological
Center at Bordeaux to the station at Lagor which in turn ad-
vises the plant at Lacq. The plant then reduces operations
temporarily to minimize damage to crops.
36062
Gedeonov, L. I. and O. A. Rys yev
USE OF COSMOGENIC RADIOISOTOPE MIGRATION PAT-
TERNS IN THE STUDY OF THE PROPAGATION OF
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
1967 (?). 16 refs. Translated from Russian in: USSR Reports
on Natural and Fallout Radioactivity, p. 263-287. Atomic Ener-
gy Commission, New York, Health and Safety Lab. NTIS:
AEC-TR-7128
Concentrations of beryllium(7), phosphorus(32), and sulfur(35)
in surface air and in fallout were sampled by filter at a Lenin-
grad station for four years from 1963 to 1966. Radioisotope
concentrations varied with the season, reaching a maximum at
the end of May and a minimum in October of each year.
These patterns changed, however, with increasing precipitation
or intensified deposits of cosmogenic radioisotopes from the
stratosphere. S(35) fallout in 1963 included a sizable contribu-
tion from experimental explosions. Both S(35) and Be(7)
showed a high correlation with theoretical estimates of mean
annual fallout based on the rate of formation of cosmogenic
radioisotopes during periods of minimal solar activity. A sharp
deviation from the theoretical was observed for P(32). An
analytical formula was derived for the annual course of the
three cosmogenic radioisotopes in surface air and a curve was
obtained showing the boundary between the interval of
decrease and the interval of increase of concentration.
Matching of stratospheric replenishments of concentrations
against synoptic special features showed that altitude cyclones
-------
56
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
are one of the fundamental causes for the penetration of sig-
nificant masses of stratospheric air.
36142
Aleksandrov, E. L., L. M. Levin, and Ju. S. Sedunov
ON THE GROWTH OF DROPLETS BY CONDENSATION ON
HYGROSCOPIC NUCLEI. Tr. Inst. Eksp. Meteorol., no. 6:16-
96, 1969. 9 refs. Translated from Russian by C. Long, National
Lending Library for Science and Technology (England), 7p.
Numerical calculations made so far do not give a detailed pic-
ture of the growth of small particles since they take no ac-
count of factors such as the structure of a nucleus and the
amount of soluble matter in it. Because these factors are im-
portant in the study of the condensation stage in the develop-
ment of cloud spectra, detailed calculations were made on the
basis of an equation describing the growth of droplets by con-
densation on hygroscopic nuclei. The results show that the
growth of droplets on hygroscopic nuclei is appreciable even
at humidities of 80-90% and that very small changes in relative
humidity can play a significant role in the subsequent growth
by condensation of nuclei from O.S-one micron. Even when the
necessary conditions for cloud or fog formation are absent,
nuclei can increase their radii by a factor of two or three and
produce great changes in atmospheric optical properties. If hu-
midity departs by 0.01% from 100%, growth of O.S-one micron
particles may either cease because the equilibrium radius is
reached or may continue indefinitely.
36176
Fuquay, J. J. and Ch. L. Simpson
USE OF METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR PRE-
DICTING DISPERSION FROM RELEASES NEAR GROUND
LEVEL. Commissariat a 1 Energie Atomique, Saclay (France),
Centre d Etudes Nucleaires, Pollut. Radioact. Milieux Gazeux,
Proc. Symp., Saclay, France, 1963, p. 115-122. 16 refs. (Nov.
12-16.)
Meterological measurements were conducted for predicting
dispersion from releases near ground level. The theoretical
basis for summarization of exposure data in terms of travel
time are reviewed. Results are presented for the decrease of
maximum exposure and horizontal plume growth as a function
of travel time. Prediction parameters are developed from
meteorological measurements of vertical temperature profiles
in the boundary layers and the wind speed and direction near
release height. The local Richardson Number and the product
of the wind speed and standard deviation of wind direction
correlate well with the experimental data. A method is
described for predicting exposures from protracted releases in
which multimodal, flattened, or skewed distributions are often
observed. (Author abstract modified)
36238
Mammarella, Luigi
ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY AND AEROSOL POLLUTION.
(PROPOSAL OF A SIMPLE METHOD FOR EVALUATING
THE CONDITIONS OF AIR STABILITY. Consiglio Nazionale
delle Richerche, Rome (Italy), Inst. di Fisica dell Atmosfera,
Rept. 36, 9p., Jan. 1971.
Atmospheric stability is essentially a function of temperature,
relative humidity, and air movements. Static thermal inver-
sions arise from a compression of the air masses at 600-1500
meters, while radiation inversions which can form at lower
levels are more important with regard to pollution. In order to
evaluate atmospheric stability, the entire day may be subdi-
vided into four quadrants: night hours, sunset or sunrise, four
hours after sunrise or sunset, and noon. The quadrants are as-
signed coefficients of zero, one, two, and three respectively
Next, the factors deriving mainly from the hygrometic state ol
the air are characterized by visibility and cloudiness, also with
coefficients ranging from zero to three. The hygrometric state
of the ground is defined as frozen (zero), wet (one), moist (t-
wo), and dry (three). The wind can be defined with velocities
less than or equal to two ml sec, one m/sec, eight m/sec, and
16 m/sec, with coefficients from zero to three, respectively.
By adding up the final coefficients, the atmospheric stability
conditions may be deduced: between zero and four, inversion;
four to eight, neutrality; and eight to twelve, conversion.
36305
Seki, K.
METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENT AND TOPOGRAPHICAL
ELEMENT ABOUT LOCAL APPEARANCE OF OXDDANT.
(OX hasseichi kara mita chikei joken to kisho joken). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1): 118, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The daily range of temperature at Kanto plain was prepared,
which corresponded remarkably to the wind pattern in the
area. A certain correlation was found between the location
with a high daily range of temperature and the location with
frequent occurrences of high oxidant concentration. As the
case of photochemical smog in Tomakyuryo, the topographical
conditions which affect the local weather condition such as the
development of descending currents are important factors of
photochemical smog. Aside from a suitable amount and ratio
of pollutant components and high ultraviolet intensity, the
local meteorological conditions suitable for the development of
descending currents, situated around the meteorological pollu-
tant source created by the sea-land breeze convection, are
necessary conditions for the development of photochemical
smog.
36307
Nomoto, H., Y. Kumazawa, T. Mizoguchi, Y. Ishikawa, and
S. Maki
AN ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTION AND METEOROLOGI-
CAL ELEMENTS IN OSAKA. (Osaka no taiki osen jokyo no
ichikosatsu). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1):124, 1971. (Presented at the National
Council Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya
Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
During the winter of 1970, high pollutant concentrations lasting
for three days occurred twice. The meteorological elements
during these periods were examined with respect to the pres-
sure pattern. The altitudes of 500 mb plane of the northern
hemisphere were analyzed in comparison with the weather
map on the ground surface. The variation in sulfur oxides con-
centration, wind direction and speed, and the amount) of in-
solation during these three days are also shown by a diagram.
36428
Boeer, W.
THE APPLICATION OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA IN
TOWN PLANNING, IN RELATION TO PROBLEMS ON AIR
POLLUTION. (Die Anwendung meteorologischer Unterlagen
bei der Stadtplanung in Hinsicht auf Problem der Luftverun-
reinigung). Text in German. International Union of Air Pollu-
tion Prevention Associations, Intern. Clean Air Congr. Proc
London, England, 1966, p. 79-81. 3 refs. (Oct. 4-7 Paper
in/14.)
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
57
rhe application of meteorological data to the problem of air
pollution in towns is reviewed. Air resource management and
air pollution forecasting are examined with respect to statisti-
cal analyses of temperature inversions at ground level, struc-
ture of the wind field, and diffusion models.
36492
Ikeda, Y., M. Hiroaoka, and H. Todaka
AIR POLLUTION OF URBAN SCALE AND METEOROLOGI-
CAL FACTOR. (Toshi sukeru no taiki osen to kisho yoso ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 6(1):127, 1971. (Presented at the National Coun-
cil Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The high atmospheric pollutant concentration is often as-
sociated with the atmospheric stagnation causing the pollutant
accumulation. Based on meteorological data and sulfur oxides
concentration recorded in Osaka City, the relationship
between the atmospheric purification effect and meteorological
conditions was quantified by classifying atmospheric pressure
distribution patterns into eight types. The derivation of mathe-
matical equations for the purification effect as functions of
wind and time is discussed.
36494
Ootaki, Atushi, Kiyoshige Shiozawa, Shuichi Furuzono, and
Shinichi Okamoto
STUDIES ON THE PREDICTION OF AIR POLLUTANT
CONCENTRATION (II) - BASED ON METEOROLOGICAL
FACTORS. (Taiki osen busshitsu no yosoku ni kansuru (II) -
ichinichi go no nodo yosoku no kokoromi). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 6(1): 125,
1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the National Council of Air Pollu-
tion Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
The prediction of pollutant concentration is made based on the
amount of pollutant released into the atmosphere, meteorologi-
cal factors, and topographical factors. The prediction model
based on the meteorological factors is discussed. The necessa-
ry conditions for this model are that the change in pollutant
concentration is dependent on the concentration at a certain
prior time, and that corrections are made with changes in
meteorological factors. The statistical prediction formula
which satisfies these condition is used for the prediction. The
meteorological factors are relative humidity, wind direction,
wind speed, visibility, atmospheric pressure, and temperature.
36495
Nakajima, Chotaro and Hideo Tagawa
PREDICTION OF AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL IN
KYOTO. (Kyoto bonchi no taiki osen yoho ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
6(1):126, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meeting of
Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29, 1971.)
According to the wind diagram of Kyoto basin indicating the
wind speed and direction at different times of the day, rela-
tively strong north-western wind is dominant in the afternoon
while milder morning wind is mostly southernly. To investigate
the effect of Osaka City on the air pollution in Kyoto, the
change in sulfur dioxide concentration with time at six loca-
tions between Osaka and Kyoto city was measured during the
period of Jan. 11 to 13, 1971. The SO2 concentration peak was
shifted from Osaka toward Kyoto as the time of the day
progressed. The geographical distribution map of SO2 concen-
tration measured at two hour intervals indicates that the SO2
concentration is the highest in Osaka in the morning, in
Yahata area in the afternoon, and in Kyoto city in the evening.
However, the mode of pollutant migration is not clarified.
36501
Okita, Toshiichi, Kikuo Oikawa, and Yasumasa Ihara
OXIDATION OF SO2 BY PARTICULATES COLLECTED ON
FILTERS. (Firuta ni hoshu shita biryushi ni yoru SO2 no san-
ka). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air
Pollution), 6(1):247, 1971. (Presented at the National Council
Meeting of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct.
27-29, 1971.)
The effect of paniculate matter on the catalytic oxidation of
sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere was studied by oxidation ex-
periments. A glass fiber filter with paniculate matter collected
using a high-volume air sampler at various stations in Japan
was immersed in distilled water, and a gas containing 10 ppm
of SO2 was passed through at the flow rate of 3.5 1/min for
one hour. A definite correlation was found between the
amount oxidized and the concentration of some participate
matter; the correlation coefficient for sulfate equals 0.778;
vanadium, 0.747; manganese, 0.667. The correlation coeffi-
cients of cadmium, lead, zinc, iron, and copper were extreme-
ly small.
36954
Lujanas, V. and S. Salavejus
DETERMINATION OF VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF AIR
MASSES USING THE RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES.
(Opredeleniye vertikal nykh pevemeshcheniy vozdyshnykh
mass pri pomoshchi radioaktivnykh izotopov). Text in Russian.
Academy of Sciences, Lithuanian SSR, Inst. of Physics and
Mathematics, Investigations of Atmospheric Self-Scavenging
Processes from Radioactive Isotopes, Proc. Conf.. Palanga,
Lithuania, 1966, p. 37-41. 2 refs. (July 7-9.)
Vertical air displacement was determined using the radioactive
tracers sodium(22) and beryllium(7). On several occasions in
May 1965, the ratio of sodium(22)/beryllium(7) reached values
characteristic of stratospheric air. A special coincidence-spec-
trometer was used to determine sodium(22) concentrations,
while beryllium(7) was measured at the 478 kev gamma-line.
37024
Israel, H.
ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY. VOLUME I: FUNDAMEN-
TALS, CONDUCTIVITY, IONS. (Atmosphaerische Elek-
trizitaet). Probl. Kosm. Phys. (Germany), vol. 29, 1957. 841
refs. Translated from German by D. Ben Yaakov and Baruch
Benny. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem,
317p., 1970. NTIS: TT-67-51394-1
The physics of gaseous ions and submicroscopic suspensions
are reviewed from the standpoint of laboratory and field ex-
perience. Normal and other utilization processes and the mo-
bility, adsorption, diffusion, and recombination of ions are
discussed. Processes occurring in an ionized gas under the in-
fluence of an externally applied electric field are indicated.
Current-voltage characteristics and the electrode effect are
considered. The motion of ions is noted and the phenomenon
of nonselfsustaining discharge at reduced pressure is
discussed. Luminescent phenomena are described. Charge car-
riers, types of discharge, and ignition are discussed for self-
sustaining discharge. The conductivity of the atmosphere and
its origin, and electrostatic measuring devices and measuring
techniques for conductivity, ions, suspensions, and radioactivi-
ty are considered.
-------
58
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
38609
Caspar, J. W.
THE IMPORTANCE OF METEOROLOGICAL PARAME-
TERS FOR QUESTIONS OF AIR POLLUTION. (Die Bedeu-
tung meteorologischer Parameter fuer Fragen der Luft-
verschmutzung). Text in German. Preprint, Deutscher Wetter-
dienst, Offenbach/Main (West Germany), 9p., March 1972.
(Presented at the Fachtagung Umweltverschmutzung, Frank-
furt/Main, March 21-24, 1972.)
The dilution of emissions depends on the wind and on the tem-
perature layering. The pollution in the immediate vicinity of a
pollution source is higher during weaker winds. With stronger
winds the pollutants are carried to more distant areas, so that
lower concentrations are found in the immediate vicinity. With
high temperature lapse rates, e.g., 1 C per 100 m height, the
turbulence is high and the pollutants are carried to higher al-
titudes by intense vertical exchange. The lowest vertical pollu-
tant transport occurs during temperature inversions. An illus-
tration of plume behavior during various temperature lapse
rates and at inversion is given. The knowledge of meteorologi-
cal conditions for air exchange is important in two fields, for
the smog alert service and for the creation of master plans for
industrial centers and residential areas. In the Federal
Republic of Germany all meteorological paramaters which are
important for evaluation of the degree of pollution on the
ground level are monitored by the Deutschen Wetterdienst.
Various states of the Federal Republic of Germany have a
smog alert service. North Rhine Westphalia has provided such
service ever since April 1964. It is important to know the ven-
tilation conditions prior to the creation of master plans. This
knowledge helps to prevent the erection of a new residential
section on the leeward side of an emission source.
39203
Stoenescu, S. M. and M. Dragusia
SOME CONSIDERATIONS REFERRING TO THE TEN-
DENCY FOR VARIATION OF AIR TEMPERATURE AS AN
EFFECT OF THE DEGREE OF URBANISATION OF
BUCHAREST. Meteorol. Hidrol. Gospod. Apelor, vol. 13:659-
664, 1968. 2 refs. Translated from Rumanian by J. Grindley.
6p.
With population growth and increased industrial activity, there
has been a systematic reduction in the transparency of the at-
mosphere in Bucharest because of the large concentrations of
opaque suspended particulates. At the end of the last century,
the annual duration of bright sunshine exceeded 2300 hr, while
in the first decades of the 20th century the duration had fallen
to 2200- 2100 hr. Average monthly air temperatures in
Bucharest show a systematic increase. Temperatures in the
urban center, at the northern periphery of the city, and in a
rural area are compared.
39223
Siskin, N. S.
ON THE (ELECTRICAL) CHARGING OF CLOUD
DROPLETS AND FOG DROPLETS BY DIFFUSION. Dokl.
Akad. Nauk. SSSR, vol. 176:1288-1291, 1967. 6 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by P. A. J. Graham. 6p.
Electrical charging of cloud droplets and fog droplets by diffu-
sion is investigated, and possible mechanisms are cited to ex-
plain the experimental data. Atmospheric ions approaching the
surface of a droplet by virtue of diffusion give up their charge
principally to the neutral molecules of water on the surface of
the layer. When a neutral molecule of water is converted to a
positive ion the double layer prevents the migration of the ion
into the interior of the liquid. The determination of the con-
centration of atmospheric ions in an equilibrium state is calcu-
lated.
39225
Pivovarova, Z. I.
THE LONG-TERM VARIATION OF INTENSITY OF SOLAR
RADIATION ACCORDING TO OBSERVATIONS OF AC-
TINOMETRIC STATIONS. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Observ. (Lenin-
grad), no. 233:17-37, 1968. 54 refs. Translated from Russian by
T. C. Marwick. 31p.
The long-term variation of mean annual intensity of direct
solar radiation measured at eight geophysical observatories in
the USSR and four pyrheliometer observatories in the
northeastern United States are analyzed. The change with time
of maximum radiation was also investigated. This parameter
corresponds to great transparency of the atmosphere, i.e.,
favorable conditions for the passage of solar radiation through
the atmosphere. In addition to a tendency towards a decrease
in radiation measured at all the stations, the variations in
specific years are in agreement. The transparency of the at-
mosphere and the solar radiation associated with it observed at
the surface of the earth decrease from north to south in con-
formity with increasing moisture content and dustiness of the
atmosphere towards southern latitudes.
39416
Oden, Svante
THE ACIDIFICATION OF AIR AND PRECIPITATION AND
ITS CONSEQUENCES ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
(Nederbordens och luftens forsurning - dess orsaker, forlopp
och verkan i oilka miljoer). Swedish Natural Science Research
Council, Stockholm, Ecology Ecological Research Committee,
Bull. 1, May 28, 1968. Translated from Swedish. Translation
Consultants, Inc., Arlington, Va., 117p.
Measurements were taken of the chemical composition of the
air and of precipitation throughout Europe. Concentration in
the atmosphere and precipitation analyses of sodium, potassi-
um, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, ammonium, and sulfates
were determined. The acidification of precipitation, specifi-
cally with respect to increased concentrations of sulfur as well
as saltpeter and salt acid, was tested and correlated with
known meteorological and climatic conditions. Causes of the
acidification are examined. The effects of acidification or.
lakes and rivers, soil and vegetation, fisheries, materials, and
buildings, biological conditions in forestry and agriculture, and
the economic results of acidification are reviewed. Data on the
acidity of yearly precipitation in Europe, various pH values,
and trends and areal distributions for the values are included.
39538
Matveyev, A. A. and O. I. Bashmakova
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERIC
PRECD7ITATION IN SOME REGIONS OF THE USSR. Sov.
Hydrology, Selected Papers, no. 5:480-491, 196 35 refs. (Also:
Gidrokhim. Materialy, vol. 42:3-16, 1967.)
Compiled maps of the average annual mineral composition of
precipitation, chemical composition, and the precipitation of
salts with atmospheric precipitation per unit area, give an idea
with an accuracy of plus or minus 15-45% of these values for
various regions of the USSR. Mineral composition of/
precipitation in the USSR varies respectively from 10 mg/1 to }
tons/sq km in the northern and northwestern regions to 6Q
mg/1 to 50 tons/sq km in the southeast. The concentration ofi
marine salts varies from 60% in the north to 15% in the cenMl
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
59
part of the country of the total mineral composition in the
precipitation. The influence of continental factors is greatest in
the regions south of SO deg N. The following ions were mea-
sured: chloride, sodium, sulfate, bicarbonate, calcium, mag-
nesium, and potassium. (Author conclusions modified)
39897
Berlyand, M. E.
ON HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC POL-
LUTION FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES. Tr. Gl. Geofiz.
Observ. (Leningrad), vol. 185:15-25, 19 11 refs. Translation
from Russian by B. F. Bulmer. 14p.
The initial ascent of fumes released from chimneys, and its de-
pendence on the coefficient of turbulent exchange and the at-
mospheric temperature gradient, are considered. Conditions
are indicated in which the initial ascent may be small in the
event of a temperature inversion. In cases where such condi-
tions are accompanied by low wind speeds, particularly
hazardous situations arise in which the surface concentration
of the fumes reaches a maximum value.
40069
Dmitriyev, M. T., N. A. Kitrosskiy, and V. Z. Alperin
CITY HIGHWAY AIR POLLUTION, AS AFFECTED BY
TRAFFIC AND BY BUILDING HEIGHT AND DENSITY.
(Zavisimost toksikatsii vozdukha avtomagistraley gorodov ot
intensivnosti dvizheniya, vysoty i plotnosti zastroyki). Text in
Russian. Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved., Stroit. Arkhitek.,
14(3):120-124, 1971. 1 ref.
Automobile exhaust constitutes a basic source of air pollution
in large city centers. Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
xylene, crotonic aldehyde, methylethylketone, ethylene,
acetylene, phenol, toluene, benzene, and propylene constitute
its main ingredients. Automobile exhaust toxicity increases
during the warm season which is associated with higher ul-
traviolet radiation intensity and enhanced photochemical
processes. Thus ozone concentrations of 0.22 mg/cu m in-
crease the exhaust toxicity by 260%, including the generation
of additional pollutants such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde,
acrolein, methanol, acetone, nitromethyl, propene, organic
peroxides, epoxides, nitrates, and nitriles. Tentative computa-
tion of atmospheric toxicity occurring in front of 50 m high
apartment buildings located along 50 m wide main traffic
routes are presented. Attempts to compute a figure for per-
missible automobiles per time unit, assuming certain exhaust
figures, speed conditions, wind, building height, and density
are made. Buildings 50-70 m high should be alternated with
low buildings and be located to create a zig-zag on both sides
of the road to provide better ventilation conditions of the main
traffic roads. Buildings of the main roads oriented from eaSst
to west decrease the concentration of atmospheric photooxi-
dants. Tall buildings should be located on the southern portion
of the main traffic roads, and keeping the traffic low during
the noon hours would contribute to a decrease in photooxida-
tion products. Green areas and wetting of roads during the hot
hours of the day, as well as other means applied to increase
the atmospheric humidity decrease the atmospheric toxicity.
However, these measures alone cannot provide sufficient air
quality protection unless new, improved engines are
developed.
40184
Kravchenko, 1.1., S. O. Lekhtmakher, and L. S. Ruzer
CALCULATION OF DIFFUSIONAL DEPOSITION OF
AEROSOL PARTICLES OF LOGNORMAL SIZE DISTRIBU-
TION IN CYLINDRICAL CHANNELS. Colloid J. (USSR)
(English translation from Russian of: Kolloidn. Zh.), 33(6):774-
775, May 1972. 2 refs.
Formulas for diffusional deposition of monodisperse aerosol
particles were taken from the literature. The integration was
performed on a computer with error not exceeding 1%, for
which it is sufficient to take r sub g times beta sub g to the
minus 3rd power and • sub g times beta sub g to the 3rd,
where r sub g is the mean geometric radius, and beta sub g is
the standard geometric deviation, as the lower and upper size
limits. Neighboring families of curves virtually coincide when
shifted along the t axis; it is therefore possible with the aid of
the diagram to obtain curves for intermediate radius values by
moving the nearest family, corresponding to r sub g minus
delta, through the distance: delta t equals log of D times the
quantity r sub g minus delta, divided by D times r sub g,
where D is the diffusion coefficient of the particles, in sq
cm/sec.
40661
Borisenko, M. M. and M. V. Zavarina
FEATURES OF THE WIND CONDITIONS OCCURRING IN
THE LOWER ATMOSPHERIC LAYER ABOVE AN URBAN
AREA. (Osobennosti vetrovogo rezhima v nizhnem sloye at-
mosfery nad gorodom). Text in Russian. Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Ob-
serv. (Leningrad), no. 283:12-21, 1971. 8 refs.
The effect of the urban character on the wind conditions was
studied in the lower 200-meter layer of the atmosphere above
cities and their environs. Variations of the maximum wind
speed as a function of height above urban areas, differences
between maximum wind speeds at 200 m above urban areas
and their environs as well as vertical wind profiles at high
wind speeds were calculated. Investigations of the wind profile
as a function of the wind speeds measured in the lower (24-32
m) and upper levels (167-180 m) revealed that variations of the
wind profile parameter in strong surface wind with nearly
neutral stratification are primarily due to surface roughness.
While the variations in the wind speed maxima as a function
of height above urban areas were nearly linear, a slight in-
crease in speed even in strong surface wind was observed. The
wind profile parameter for maximum surface wind speed is
two to four times that for maximum wind speed on the upper
level of the 200-meter layer. The above parameter was 0.3 for
highrise structures and 0.1 for slightly rugged urban areas. The
maximum wind speeds 200 m above urban areas and their
respective environs had differences of 4-5 m/sec, maximum.
As strong winds on the upper level of the 200-meter layer
mostly correspond to stable stratification with varying degrees
of stability, the degree of roughness could not be charac-
terized by the wind profile parameter.
40687
Benarie, M., D. Badellon, T. Menard, and A. Nonat
USE OF MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS FOR DEFINITION OF
BASIC LEVEL OF URBAN POLLUTION AND ITS SHORT-
TERM FORECASTING. (Emploi des regression multiples
pour la definition du niveau de fond de la pollution urbaine et
pour sa prevision a court terme). Text in French. Follut. At-
mos., 14(53):29-41, Jan.-March 1972. 8 refs.
The use of multiple regressions for the determination of the
basic pollution level in the Rouen area, as well as general
aspects of the method are described. Data obtained from
systematic observations of high acid and smoke pollution at 10
stations, as well as meteorological data were used for the cal-
culations. The variables applied for the calculation of the mul-
-------
60
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
tiple linear regression equations separately for the winter and
summer periods, were the season, wind speed and direction,
mean temperature, absence or duration of fogs, precipitation,
solar radiation, turbulence coefficient, and wind gradient.
While the partial correlation factor for the wind vector was
fairly high, those for the mean temperature, fog, precipitation,
and sunshine durations, as well as temperature and wind
gradients were both usually low and different, depending on
the season. The representation of pollution data by multiple
regression equations, and examples of calculations and obser-
vations for the Rouen area are described. The approximation
was sufficient by using only four variables (season, wind
direction, wind speed and mean temperatures), and the error
for logarithmic and linear regression was the same. A forecast
test gave a forecast-observation correlation factor of 0.64 at a
significance level of 0.01. The method of the multiple regres-
sion equations can be applied for new emission sources, a
posteriori forecasts, the detection of exceptional emissions, as
well as for a priori forecasts, while days with high degree of
wind variability as well as calms (arithmetic means from eight
3-hour wind speed readings are below 0.125 m/sec) are not
covered.
41498
Nonaka, H., S. Izumikawa, Y. Sato, S. Kurashina, and S.
Suzuki
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN AIR POLLUTANTS. (Taiki
osen busshitsu-kan no sokansei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):11, 1969.
(Presented at the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meet-
ing, 10th, 1969.)
The correlations among air pollutants were calculated from the
records of the National Air Pollution Monitoring Station in
Tokyo. Correlations of pollutant measurements for 30 hr when
the carbon monoxide concentrations were over 30 ppm and
less than 30 ppm were of special interest. High correlations
(index of more than 0.70) were noted between sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen dioxide, and hydrocarbons, dust and CO, and
temperature and humidity. The highest correlation was
between SO2 and humidity when CO concentration was less
than 30 ppm. The arrangement of pollutants were grouped.
When the CO concentration was more than 30 ppm, groups
formed among temperature and humidity; NO2, SO2, dust and
CO; and nitric oxide and HC. When the concentration was less
than 30 ppm, groups were formed among NO2, SO2, humidity,
and NO; dust CO, temperature; and HC only. Correlation in-
dices were corrected by multiplication of 100 in order to get
the absolute figures.
41499
Tanizawa, H., A. Watanabe, S. Wakamatsu, and K. Itsui
ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION CONCENTRATION FACTORS.
(Nodoji keiretsu no kaiseki). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen
Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):13, 1969. (Presented
at the Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th,
1969.)
The measurement records of sulfur dioxide and suspended
particulates from six cities (17 monitoring stations) were used
to analyze factors influencing pollution concentrations. In this
report, emission quantity and emission source distribution
were specially investigated. The effect of the concentration at
emission sources upon quantitative distribution was examined.
The winter season data were separated into those from week-
days and Sunday-holidays. The urban-type pollution such as
that found in Sapporo or Tokyo shows a clear differentiation
in distribution between weekdays and holidays. Fewer emis-
sion sources operate over holidays and the quantity distribu-
tion is less. In industrial cities such as Muroran and Kita-
Kyushu, there is almost no difference between holiday and
weekday distributions. In industrial city pollution, the distribu-
tion pattern is determined by the position of emission sources
and seasonal wind direction frequency. In urban-type pollu-
tion, the fluctuation of the emission quantity at the emission
sources determines the distribution pattern. Linear relation-
ships were arrived at mathematically, by obtaining variants of
average values, correction, and dispersion.
41974
Ito, Mashashi, Sabro Fukuoka, and Toshio Ohira
CONDITION ON MEASUREMENT OF LOCAL WIND IN
URBAN DISTRICT. (Toshi ni okeru kyokusho no sokutei ni
taisuru kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Tokyo to Kogai Kenkyusho
Nenpo (Annu. Kept. Tokyo Met. Res. Inst. Environ. Prot.),
3(3):27-32, 1972. 7 refs.
Wind characteristics and turbulent flow in closely built-up
areas were observed by sonic anemometer, and performance
of various kinds of anemometers was compared. Results of
observation by three kinds of anemometers (sonic, cup, and
propeller types) agreed under the condition of 2 m/sec wind
velocity. But when the wind velocity was below 1 m/sec, cup
and propeller anemometers were inadequate for measurement.
In urban districts, wind velocity and wind direction were quite
different at each measuring place. Stagnation in air flow oc-
curred on the leeward of buildings. In a light wind, small ed-
dies took part in the changes of wind velocity.
42799
Funabashi, Motohisa, Makoto Shioya, Tsuyoshi Sakanishi,
and Koichi Haruna
PREDICTION OF AIR POLLUTION. (Taiki osen yosoku shu-
ho). Text in Japanese. Hitachi Rev. (English translation from
Japanese of: Hitachi Hyoron), 54(6):65-70. June 1972. 10 refs.
A prediction method of air pollution caused by sulfuric acid is
discussed. The pollution phenomenon has a complex multi-
phase structure, each phase requiring its own method of pre-
diction, which hitherto have been used making reference to a
statistical study and simulation study using physical models,
and citing suitable methods of prediction and model study for
each type of pollution or each type of prediction purpose. The
concept of model in the study of pollution prediction is
clarified and the direction to which future model studies will
proceed is suggested. (Author summary modified)
44418
Georgii, Hans-Walter
INVESTIGATIONS OF RAINOUT AND WASHOUT OF AT-
MOSPHERIC TRACE SUBSTANCES BY CLOUDS AND
PRECIPITATION. (Untersuchungen ueber ausregnen und
Auswaschen atmosphaerischer Spurenstoffe durch Wblken
und Niederschlag). Ber. Deut. Wetterdienstes (Frankfurt),
14(100):1965. 36 refs. Translated from German. 75p.
The chemical composition of individual rainfalls analyzed at
several stations at different altitudes in Germany is discussed.
The concentration of trace substances in rainwater and the
amount and intensity of precipitation are reported. The varia-
tions in trace substance concentrations during the course of in-
dividual rainfalls were also investigated. Washout of panicu-
late and gaseous trace substances and their incorporation into
cloud and precipitation elements are discussed, as well as the
budget of trace substances in precipitation. (Author abstract
modified)
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
61
44429
Ministry of Transportation, Magny-Les-Hameaux (France),
Turbulence in the Lower Layers Div.
DISPERSION AND SCATTERING OF WASTES EXPELLED
BY THE CONEMAUGH AND SEWARD HEATING PLANTS
IN THE JOHNSTOWN REGION (PENNSYLVANIA, USA).
(Dispersion et diffusion des effluents rejetes par les centrales
thermiques de Conemaugh et de Seward dan le region de John-
stown (Pennsylvania U.S.A.). Oct. 1971. Translated from
French. Translation Consultants Inc., Arlington, Va., lip.
The probable concentrations near ground leval of sulfur diox-
ide emitted from two power plants were calculated with condi-
tions of neutral atmosphere. The great influence of rough ter-
rain on the behavior of effluent plumes as well as on the scat-
tering of pollutants was demonstrated in scale-model hydraulic
tests. A very slight variation of general flux leads to a con-
siderable modification of the distribution of concentrations at
ground level, while a fluctuation in wind velocity radically
modifies the scattering of the waste products on the site with
rough terrain. Only a precise knowledge of the fine charac-
teristics of the atmosphere (fluctuation of the vertical and
lateral turbulent velocity and of the vertical thermal gradient)
in the immediate vicinity of the points of emission for a 3-hr
emission period could allow a valid approximation of what ac-
tually takes place on the terrain. Isoconcentration maps are
presented which display the probable distribution of SO2 near
ground level in the Johnstown, Pa., region for an adiabatic-
type atmosphere (taking into account emission characteristics
used and the orography) as well as for winds considered ex-
tremely stable in direction and velocity under the conditions of
similarity used for the tests. (Author conclusions modified)
44432
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan)
METEOROLOGY OF THE KEIHIN INDUSTRIAL AREA. In:
Report No. 13 on Survey of Air Pollution in Kanagawa Prefec-
ture. (Kanagawa-ken taiki osen chosa kenkyu hokoku Dai-13-
po). 1971. Translated from Japanese. Scientific Translation
Service Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif, 28p.
Results of a study of the meteorology of the Keihin industrial
area in 1969 are given. Abnormal weather conditions prevailed,
beginning with abnormally high temperatures of January.
There was much smog during the year. Southern winds make
up 60% of the total wind during summer and northern winds
make up 60% during winter. During the past year there was a
gradual increase in the eastern components. The regions with
strong average wind speeds were about 0.5-1.0 m/sec stronger
than most years, and the regions with weak average wind
speeds were weaker by 0.5 m/sec than most years. Winds were
generally weak during August and December. The occurrence
of smog was also greater than in the other months, and days
when there was a high concentration of pollution by sulfur
dioxide made up half the months. The customary reversals of
temperature in Januray and February did not occur. Visibility
was worse in February and November than in the other
months, and thick haze occurred more frequently.
-------
62
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
14391
Kiselev, A. V.
NATURE OF HYDROCARBON ADSORPTION ON GRA-
PHITE, OXIDES, HYDROXIDES, AND CHEMICALLY
MODIFIED SURFACES. (Priroda adsorbtsii uglevodorodov na
grafite, okisyakh, gidrookisyakh i khimicheski modifitsirovan-
nykh poverkhnostyakh). Text in Russian. Gaz. Khromatogr.,
Tr. Pervoi vses. Konf., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1959, p.
45-80. 61 refs.
Considerations necessary for a better theoretical and practical
understanding of chromatographic separation of hydrocarbons
are presented. Topics examined are: absorption energy of
hydrocarbons on graphitized carbon black and magnesium ox-
ide; absorption energy of hydrocarbons on hydroxides; adsorp-
tion isotherms for individual hydrocarbons on a uniform sur-
face; effect of chemical modification of absorbent surface on
the absorption of hydrocarbons; effect of geometrical modifi-
cation of absorbents—creation and alteration of surf ace—on the
absorption of hydrocarbons. It is recommended that further
work center on the following items: theory of adsorption
forces, calculation of adsorption energy, measurement of heat
of adsorption at different temperatures; statistical theory of
adsorption equilibria, measurement of heat capacity of adsorp-
tion systems; investigation of the state of surface chemical
compounds and adsorption complexes using infrared spectra
and other new methods; investigation of the geometric struc-
ture of adsorbents and structure modification; investigation of
the chemical structure of surfaces and their chemical modifica-
tion; investigation of adsorption equilibria for gas mixtures,
especially by the vacuum circulation method using new adsor-
bents.
16572
Sugiyana, Kozo and Takehito Takahashi
PRODUCTION OF CHLORIDE GAS BY OXIDIZING POTAS-
SIUM CHLORIDE AND SULFUR WITH PYRITE. (Enka-kari-
umu, pairaito oyobi yuo no sanka ni yoru enso seisei hanno).
Text in Japanese. Kogyo Kagaku Zasshi (J. Chem. Soc.
Japan), 68(3):433-437, 1965. 9 refs.
In the production of chloride (C12) by oxidizing KC1 and S, the
addition of pyrite (FeS2) increased the reaction velocity by
maintaining a high temperature; it also increased the sulfur
source as FeS2 and produced Fe3(SO4)3 as a catalyzer to ox-
idize SO2. The pyrite included 42.4% Fe and 42.9% S. The
KCL and S were placed in a quartz cylinder, the internal
volume of which was 212 cu cm, and oxygen gas was sent into
this cylinder to oxidize materials, after which the materials
were heated by an electric hearth at 500 to 800 C. The higher
temperature showed larger reaction velocity (the reaction
velocity at 700 C was twice as much as that at 500 C). There
was little influence of the particle sizes of KC1 and FeS2 on
the production of C12. The reaction increased rapidly between
70 to 100 minutes after it began. The amount of sulfur to
produce C12 was maximum when the weight ratio between
pyrite and S was one to one, and it increased with the small
amount of material compound when the compound had a
definite weight ratio of KC1, S, and pyrite. Eventually the
production ratio of CI2 from KC1 was 55 to 80% when the
weight ratio of pyrite to KC1 was 10 to 30%, the reaction tem-
perature was 600 to 700 C, and the reaction time was 2 to 3
hours. This process produced K3Fe(SO4)3 and a mixture of
K3Fe(SO4)3 and KC1, as determined by roentgenological anal-
ysis of rapidly frozen intermediate products.
17364
Wickert, K.
TESTS ON FORMATION OF FECL2 AND FECL3 BY REAC-
TIONS BETWEEN FE, FE304, FE203 AND HCL-CONTAIN-
ING GASES. (Versuche zur Bildung von FeCl2 und FeCI3 aus
Fe, Fe304, Fe203 und HCl-haltigen Gasen). Text in German.
Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbesitzer, 49(6):449-52, Dec. 1969. 5 refs.
The reaction of hydrogen chloride containing gases with pul-
verized Fe, Fe304, and Fe203 was studied with respect to tem-
perature. Moreover, the influence of water vapor and oxygen
in the HC1- containing gases on the raction with the above
mentioned substances was studied with respect to temperature.
For each experiment, 0.3 g of the pulverized substances were
heated in the presence of pure nitrogen. Each experiment
lasted 4 hours. The HC1- containing gas (100 cu cm/min) was
passed with a speed of 0.44 cm/sec through the reaction
chamber at a temperature of 22 C. The reaction products were
cooled to room temperature and the weight changes of the
substances were determined. The reaction of Fe203 with N2
containing 5% by volume HC1 forms FeC13. The fraction of
solid FeC13 decreases with increasing temperatures while the
volatile FeC13 increases with the temperature. Below 320 C,
volatile and solid FeC13 are formed. The reaction of Fe with
the gas forms FeC12. Above 670 C, no solid FeC12 is found.
Above 580 C, FeC12 is increasingly sublimated. The reaction
with Fe304 forms FeC12 and Fed3. The former develops
primarily at low temperatures. The maximum FeC12 formation
takes place between 200 and 250 C. The FeC13 is sublimated at
300 C. The reaction of Fe304 with N2 containing 10% H2O
and 5% HC1 forms solid FeC12 up to 550 C. No reaction takes
place between 550 and 700 C. Above 300 C, FeC13 and FeC12
form which are immediately converted to Fe203 through the
influence of water vapor. The reaction with Fe forms no
Fe203 only Fe304. Oxygen in the gas like the water vapor im-
pairs the HC1 reaction with Fe, Fe203, and Fe304. The
presence of water vapor in addition to HC1 form volatile and
non-volatile chlorides but to a much lesser extend than,'in the
presence of HC1 alone in the gas. Oxygen further reduces
chloride formation.
17437
Padberg, Karl-Heinz
DETERMINING THE PERMEABILITY FOR AIR OF TEX-
TILES. (REMARKS TO DIN S3 887). (Bestimmung der Luft-
durchlaessigkeit von textilen Flaechengebilden (Bemerkungen
zu DIN 53 887)). Text in German. Melliand Textilber
47(12):1377-1380, 1966. 9 refs.
Any method to determine the air permeability of textiles must
take into account that the majority of materials are not
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
63
homogeneous. If a maximum confidence interval of plus or
minus 5% to plus or minus 10% and a statistical certainty of
95% is required, a measurement with five individual values (as
recommended by DIN 53 887) is not sufficient. A two-way
variance analysis must be performed to determine the disper-
sions. Only when the homogeneity of the material is confirmed
is it advisable to combine measured values for evaluation. The
measuring units as well as the personnel can be checked by
preparing test fibers. Evaluation of the results is carried out by
means of a t-test.
17921
Reppe, Walter, August Spaeth, and Hans Krzikalla
METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC SULFUR
COMPOUNDS. (Verfahren zur Herstellung von organischen
Schwefelverbindungen). Text in German. Farbenindustrie (I.
G.) A. G., Frankfurt, Germany, W. German Pat. 742, 741. 2p.,
Oct. 27, 1939. 1 ref. (1 claim).
For producing organic sulfur compounds by conversion of
hydrocarbons or halogen containing hydrocarbons with a
halogen and sulfur dioxide in the presence of catalysts, it is
advantageous to use those halides as catalysts which favor the
halogenation to carbon. The following halides can be used: the
chlorides of iron, copper, nickel, tin, titanium, zirconium,
bismuth, boron, antimony; phosphorus iodide; and the halogen
compounds as sulfur. Saturated paraffins such as cetan can be
used for hydrocarbons, those obtained at the catalytic
hydrogenation of the oxides of carbon at normal or increased
pressure, those which arise at the separation of water from ox-
ygen containing products of the catalytic hydrogenation of the
oxides of carbon and hydrogenated, or polymerized olefins.
The temperature of the process should not exceed 50 C.
31598
Renzi, C. and P. Perini
OXIDATION OF KHELLIN BY SELENIUM DIOXIDE. Far-
maco, Ed. Sci., no. 24:1073-1081, Dec. 1969. 18 refs. Trans-
lated from Italian. Mundus Systems, McGregor, and Werner,
Washington, D. C., 12p.
The oxidation of khellin by selenium dioxide yielded 4.9
dimethoxy-5-oxo-5H-furo-(3.2-g)(l)-benzopyran-7-carboxylic
acid and small amounts of the corresponding aldehyde. The in-
termediate produced from the reaction between the iodide of 1
((4.9-dimethoxy-5-oxo-5H-furo-(3.2-g)(l)-benzopyran-7-
il)methyl) pyridinium iodide and p-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline
was the nitrone, not the anvil reported in the literature. The
reaction between alkaline hydroxides and the acid caused the
Y-pironic ring to open along with the formation of the so-
called khellinones or 5-acetil-4.7-dimethoxy-6-hydroxybenzofu-
ranic in position three (or five) of the pyrozolic ring.
36086
Undintseva, V. S. and G. I. Chufarov
KINETICS OF THE REACTION BETWEEN SO2 AND H2S.
Khim. Prom. (Moscow), 17(3):24-28, 1940. 5 refs. Translated
from Russian. Central Electricity Generating Board, London
(England), Information Service, 12p.
The kinetics of the reaction between sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide within the range 250-350 C, occurring in the
contact apparatus of sulfuric acid plants and the effect of
reaction vessel surface and type of wall surface on the reac-
tion rate were studied. The reaction proceeds exclusively on
the walls of the reaction vessel. Within the pressure and tem-
perature range studied, the reaction rate in a glass vessel is
directly proportional to the sum of the partial pressures of an
equivalent mixture of the reagent gases. The ratio of the quan-
tities of H2S and SO2, reacted in a unit of time and was equal
to the ratio of the surfaces of the vessels in vessels of dif-
ferent dimensions. The reaction was sensitive to the state of
the reaction vessel surface and the reaction rate varied widely
in response to changes in the state of the surface. The cover-
ing of the surface of the glass reaction vessel with metal films
of iron, copper, and aluminum and the exposure of films of
these materials to H2S and SO2 mixtures, showed that in all
cases the reaction is retarded by comparison with glass sur-
faces. However, with a film containing aluminum, the reaction
proceeds more rapidly than with all the other films and ap-
proximates the rate on a pure glass surface.
36320
Sutugin, A. G.
COAGULATION CONSTANTS OF AEROSOLS AT KNUD-
SEN NUMBERS OF THE ORDER OF 1.0. Colloid J. (USSR)
(English translation from Russian of: Kolloidn. Zh.), 29(6):633-
634, Nov.-Dec. 1967. 5 refs.
A flow method was used to determine the coagulation constant
of uncharged dioctyl sebacate aerosol with an average particle
radius of 100 A (Knudsen aerosol number approximately 2).
The average value of the constant was 13.4-10 to the minus
10th power cu cm/sec This result is in satisfactory agreement
with the Fuks equation for the coagulation constant in the in-
termediate range. The role of molecular forces in coagulation
of dioctyl sebacate aerosol with an average particle radius of
100 A is not large. (Author conclusions)
37582
Ustinov, V. I. and V. A. Grinenko
THE ISOTOPE EFFECT IN THE ELECTRON BOMBARD-
MENT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE MOLECULES. Russ. J. Phys.
Chem. (English translation from Russia of: Zh. Fiz. Khim.),
45(7):935-937, July 1971. 12 refs.
The fractionation of oxygen isotopes in the dissociation of sul-
fur dioxide by electron impact was studied with a mass spec-
trometer modified for precision isotope analysis. An isotope
separation factor of 1.046 was calculated from the ratios of
ionic current with M/e equal to 48, 50, 64, and 66 for SO2 with
natural isotope content SO2 enriched with 02(18). The experi-
mental separation value was in satisfactory agreement with
theoretical separation factors calculated by the Franck-Condon
and Bigeleisen methods. The separation data imply that, on
dissociation of SO2 by electron impact, the S-O bonds are not
distorted in the resulting transition complex. This is consistent
with the hypothesis that the energy of the bombarding electron
is not distributed among all the bonds and leads solely to the
dissociation of an individual bond.
39289
Kolosov, M. A., A. V. Sokolov, L. V. Fedorova, and R. A.
Shirey
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSOLUTE ATTENUATION OF
LASER BEAM INTENSITY AND THE CONCENTRATION OF
DROPLETS IN MISTS. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSS (English trans-
lation from Russian of: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 188:21-24,
1969. 8 refs.
The optical transparency of a mist was measured with laser
beams at the same time as its microstructural parameters were
measured photoelectrically. An electronic aerosol meter was
developed that is capable of simultaneously measuring seven
droplet-size fractions, ranging in radius from 0.5 to 14 micron.
The meter will produce reliable measurements of both the
-------
64
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
spectra and the absolute concentration of the droplets. The
relative complexity of the equipment is compensated for by
the total automation of microstructural measurements. The
equipment will function under both artificial and natural condi-
tions. The relation between laser-beam attentuation and
droplet concentration complied with the single-scattering
theory in the optical mist- thickness range below seven. This
indicates that the attenuation of coherent laser radiation by the
mist in the spectral range of 0.63 to 3.39 micron does not
differ from that of ordinary noncoherent radiation emanating
from thermal sources.
39420
Artem ev, A. V.
ALLOWED REGIONS OF MOTION OF CHARGED PARTI-
CLES NEAR THE EARTH. Sol. Syst. Res. (English transla-
tion from Russian of: Astron. Vestn.), 4(2):94-99, April-June
1970. 11 refs.
An energy intergral in a rotating coordinate system is used to
derive the surface of zero relative velocity which restricts the
motion of charged dust particles in the magnetic field of the
gravitational dipole. The properties of these surfaces are ex-
amined, as are their changes resulting from transformation to
different coordinate systems. Dynamic equilibrium solutions
are found. The classical approximation is used. (Author ab-
stract modified)
39522
Konovalov, G. S., A. A. Ivanova, and T. Kh. Kolesnikova
RARE AND DISPERSED ELEMENTS (MICROELEMENTS)
IN THE WATER AND IN THE SUSPENDED SUBSTANCES
IN RIVERS OF THE EUROPEAN TERRITORY OF USSR.
(Redkiye i rasseyannyye elementy (microelementy) v vode i vo
vzveshennykh veshchestvakh rek yevropeyskoy territorii SSSR).
Gidrokbim. Materialy, vol. 42:94-111, 1966. 14 rets. Translated
from Russian. 29p.
Vanadium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molyb-
denum, silver, tin, lead, and bismuth concentrations were
determined in river waters of the USSR, both in dissolved and
suspended states. Water samples were filtered under vacuum
in the laboratory. Suspended substances collected on the filter
were dried, ground, and chemically prepared for spectral
determination. Bismuth was not discovered in either dissolved
or suspended form. Lead, tin, silver, and cobalt were found
only in suspended substances, but not in all rivers. Other ele-
ments were distributed in the following increasing order of oc-
currence in dissolved form: V, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cu.
39528
Reinders, W. and A. Cats
OXIDATION OF AMMONIA INTO NITRIC OXIDES. (De ox-
ydatie van ammoniak tot stikstofoxyden). 1911. 14 refs. Trans-
lated from Dutch. 16p.
Using either platinum or ferric oxide as a catalyst, 80-90% of
the ammonia can be oxidized into nitric acid and nitrous acid.
In addition to the form in which the catalyst is used, the
velocity of the gas current has a considerable influence on the
reaction. The most favorable reaction temperature was found
to be 600 C for platinum-asbestos and platinum-glass, and 650-
700 C for ferric oxide. Reaction kinetics and mechanisms are
discussed, as well as the experimental arrangement. (Author
summary modified)
39529
Kinumaki, Jo and Hitoshi Tominaga
CONCERNING THE SPEED OF REACTION BETWEEN
NITROGEN OXIDE AND HYDROGEN SULFTOE. (Sanka
chisso to ryuka suiso to no hanno sokud ni tsuite). Nippon
Kagaku Zasshi (J. Chem. Soc. Japan), vol. 52:215-221, 1931. 7
refs. Translated from Japanese. 14p.
The reaction between nitrogen oxide and hydrogen sulfide oc-
curs not in the prefectly dry state, but rather in the presence
of water. The reaction accelerates with a rise in temperature.
The rise in pressure at the end of the reaction may be caused
by the discharge of H2S dissolved in the colloidal sulfur which
has been produced. Test apparatus and reaction kinetics are
described. (Author summary modified)
40676
Privalov, A. M., SL. G. Karpov, and F. I. Vilisov
PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE PHOTOLYSIS OF
02 AND 02 PLUS M MIXTURES, WHERE M EQUALS HE,
AR, XE, N2, CO2. Khim. Vysokik. Energiy), 5(5):388-392,
1971. 28 refs. Translated from Russian. John Crerar Library,
Chicago, HI., National Translations Center, 7p., 1971.
On the basis of published results, an analysis is made of reac-
tions possible in the photolysis of oxygen plus M mixtures in
the domain of the Schumann-Runge continuum. A mechanism
is proposed which permits calculation of the magnitude of the
absolute quantum yield of ozone formation for its low concen-
trations, and the value of the ozone concentration for
photochemical equilibrium of the mixture 02 + 03 + M. The
mechanism proposed for low ozone concentrations is verified
for pure oxygen, and Oxygen plus M mixtures, where M
equals helium, argon, xenon, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
Good agreement is obtained with experimental results.
406%
Generalov, M. A., G. I. Kozlov, and I. K. Selezneva
ON THE POPULATION INVERSION OF CO2 MOLECULES
IN EXPANDING GAS FLOWS. Prikl. Mekh. Tekh. Fiz., no.
5:24-34, 1971. 17 refs. Translated from Russian. John Crerar
Library, Chicago, m., National Translation Center, 13p., 1971.
The system of hydrodynamic equations was solved numeri-
cally in combination with the kinetic equations of excitation of
the vibrational degrees of freedom of molecules, which
describes the process of escape of a carbon dioxide-nitrogen-
helium, water mixture from a nozzle. Under definite condi-
tions a population inversion of the CO2 molecules relative to
the transition 00.1 - 10.0 will originate at the nozzle exit, and
its magnitude will depend on both the nozzle configuration and
the initial values of the gas temperature and pressure. For a
given nozzle configuration there exist optimal values of these
parameters for which the population inversion of/ CO2
molecules will reach approximately 10 to the 15th power cu
40810
Barbieri, R. and G. Faraglia
RESEARCH ON WACKENRODER S REACTION. NOTE H.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE FORMATION OF INTER-
NAL SULFUR IN POLYTHIONIC ACIDS. (Indagini sulla
reazione di Wackenroder. Note H. Sul meccanismo di for-
mazione dello zolfo interno deli acidi politionici). Ric. Sci.,
2(l):660-675, 1962. 16 refs. Translated from Italian. Translation
Consultants, Inc., Arlington, Va., 22p.
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
65
Investigations made with S(35) to determine the mechanism of
the formation of internal sulfur in thiosulfuric acids produced
by Wackenroder s reaction are presented. The assumption that
the first intermediate reaction is asymmetrical thiosulfurous
acid, HSSO2H, was investigated. Previous research resulted in
a determination of the nature of polythionic acids produced by
hydrogen sulfide plus sulfur dioxide and of the origin of the
sulfur atoms of the products with respect to those of the re-
agents. It was possible to accept the succesive formation of
thiosulfuric and polythiosulfuric acids as intermediate products
of the Wackenroder reaction. This provided the basis for
proposing various possible reaction mechanisms with respect
to the formation of elemental sulfur and of polythionic acids
with internal sulfur with the same formation of elemental sul-
fur. The reaction that produces polythionic acids with internal
sulfur formations of 50% from the sulfur of both reagents was
still obscure under different experimental conditions. The in-
vestigations were made to clarify the chemical reaction in
order to propose a plausible reaction mechanism. Moreover,
information was derived to clarify in part the course of the
reaction hi its first phases. The results of the investigations
were very useful in arriving at the proposed probable
mechanism. (Author summary modified)
41173
Tsukamoto, H., S. Makisumi, H. Hirose, T. Kojima, H.
Fukumoto, K. Fukumoto, M. Kuratsune, M. Nishizumi, M.
Shibata, J. Nagai, Y. Yae, K. Sawada, M. Furukawa, H.
Yoshimura, K. Tatsumi, K. Oguri, H. Shimeno, K. Ueno, H.
Kobayashi, T. Yano, A. I to., T. Okada, K. Inagami, T. Koga,
Y. Tomita, T. Koga, Y. Yamada, M. Miyaguchi, M. Sugano,
K. Hori, K. Takeshita, K. Manako, Y. Nakamura, and N.
Shigemori
THE CHEMICAL STUDIES ON DETECTION OF TOXIC
COMPOUNDS IN THE RICE BRAN OILS USED BY THE PA-
TIENTS OF YUSHO. Fukuoka Igaki Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta
Med.), vol. 60:496-512, 1969. 14 refs. Translated from
Japanese. 39p.
The particular brand of rice bran oil thought tobe a possible
cause of Yusho (chlorobiphenyl poisoning) was studied by
several chemical means to determine if it contained any toxic
compounds. The possibility that Yusho might be arsenic or
pentachlorophenol (PCP) intoxication were ruled out because
the arsenic and PCP contents in the oils used by the patients
were negligible. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that the
oils contained a large amount of a mixture of chlorobiphenyls
which was used in a purification process of the rice bran oils
as a heat transfer agent. Chemical and activation analysis in-
dicated organic chlorine content in the oils of 1000 to 1500
ppm. Gas chromatography peaks, which agree with
cblorobiphenyl components, were found in the fatty tissues of
patients. Gas chromatographic analysis of extractions from pa-
tient placentas and fetuses also showed the presence of
chlorobiphenyl components; it is assumed that these com-
ponents transfer from mother to fetus. These findings were
also supported by animal experiments. (Author abstract
modified)
41175
Neumann, Bernhard and Herta Rose
THE CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF AMMONIA INTO
NITRIC ACID. Z. Angew. Chem (Weinheim), vol. 1:45-48, 51-
55, Feb. 24, 1920. Translated from German. 27p.
A series of experiments on the oxidation of ammonia into
nitric oxide were conducted with various contact substances
including platinum, iron oxide, iron oxide mixtures, chromium
oxide, copper oxide, and vanadium oxide. The results of theie
tests are discussed and compared with the findings of other
researchers. The possible and actual reaction equations are
discussed, and the influence of ammonia concentration, flow
velocity, and temperature are studied. The best yields were
obtained with platinum, giving a 96% conversion at 500 C; iron
oxide, 90% conversion at 670 C; and iron-bismuth oxide, 95%
conversion at 600 C. Phase diagrams of the gas composition
for temperatures from 300 to 700 C are given for these three
catalysts. On the basis of the gas composition ascertained, the
reaction temperature for several gas mixtures is calculated,
and shows that under certain conditions the continuous con-
version of ammonia into nitric oxide is possible without an ex-
ternal supply of heat. (Author summary modified)
41179
Tuan, Pham-Dinh
PROBLEM OF MULTIPLE LINEAR HYPOTHESES TEST IN
ANALYSIS OF THE VARIANCE. Rev. Statist Appl., 19(1):
1971. 3 refs. Translated from French. McGregor and Werner
Inc., Washington, D. C., Mundus Systems, lOp.
A purely mathematical treatment of the problem of a multiple
linear hypotheses test in analysis of the variance is presented.
The case of a factorial plane with two factors is considered.
Equations are given for the test of multiple hypotheses and
power function. Several tables are included showing the
decentering parameter at a point where the test determines the
hypothesis. Power functions are also shown in tabular form.
41367
Stopperka, K. and F. Kilz
COMPOSITION OF THE GAS PHASE OVER THE LIQUID
SYSTEM H20-H2SO4 AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE.
(Die Zuscammensetzung der Gasphase ueber dem fluessigen
System H2O-H2SO4 in Abhaengigkeit von der Temperatur). Z.
Anorg. Allgem. Chem., vol. 370:49-55, 1969. 8 refs. Translated
from German. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 10p.,
Dec. 1971.
A study of the composition of the gas phase over the liquid
system water-sulfuric acid as a function of temperature is
presented. Using silicon windows, the infrared spectra of the
gas phase over 78 to 100% sulfuric acid were recorded from 30
to 250 C. In order to be able to positively prove all of the
qualitative and quantitative changes over the H2O-H2SO4
system, the steps of concentration passed through during the
investigation of the entire system were small. Since in the
presence of sulfur dioxide, due to characteristic individual ab-
sorption, the contours of the absorption bands of sulfuric acid
and sulfur trioxide are disturbed and falsified, the sulfuric acid
was thoroughly purged of SO2 prior to taking measurements.
The resulting data indicated bands at 550/ cm which were cor-
related with SO2 deformation vibration of H2SO4. Also ob-
served was an absorption band in the infrared spectra of the
gaseous phase over oleum solutions at 548/cm which was coor-
dinated with SO3. An SO2 rocking vibration at 570/cm ap-
peared as a distinct shoulder on the absorption flank. At a
temperature of 100 C, it was possible for the first time to de-
tect molecular H2SO4 in the gaseous phase. The composition
of the gaseous phase was conclusively determined by the
molecules appearing in the liquid phase given for measuring.
While a maximum sulfuric acid partial pressure occurred at all
temperatures over a 100% H2SO4, the concentration of gase-
ous H2SO4 diminished considerably at the transition to the
oleum range. For the in part considerable quantities of sulfur
trioxide in the gaseous phase, the thermal decomposition of
the sulfuric acid was primarily responsible. Evaluation of the
-------
66
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
spectra yielding information on the equilibrium over the
system, is presented in the form of tabular and graphical data.
41446
German, N. G., A. I. Kovalev, and V. I. Eremenko
THE POSSIBILITY OF DETERMINING THE SULPHUR
CONTENT OF COAL BY X-RADIOMETRY. Coke Chem.
(USSR) (English translation from Russian of: Koks i Khun.),
no.!0:18-19, 1971.
The ZAR X-radiometric ash meter uses soft X-rays in the 7-16
keV energy band. The ash meter is based on the relationship
between X-ray scattering and the effective atomic number of
the coal substance. The presence of a constant amount of sul-
fur can be determined easily. Unlike conventional ash deter-
minations, the ash meter measures all the sulfur present. Con-
firmatory experimental data were obtained in the laboratory
and in commercial tests. The accuracy, when compared with
the usual procedures, falls well within the commercial
tolerance limits. X-radiometry avoids many time-consuming
stages involved in the standard procedures with an intrinsic
error on only 0.19%.
41484
Avramenko, L. I. and R. V. Lorentso
REACTIONS OF HYDROXYL WITH MOLECULES OF DIF-
FERENT GASES. II. REACTIONS OF FREE HYDROXYL
WITH HYDROGEN AND CARBON MONOXIDE. (Reaktsii
gidroksila s molekulami razlichnykh gazov. II. Reaktsii
svobodnogo gidroksila s vodorodom i okis yu ugleroda). Zh.
Fiz. Khim., 24(2):207-212, 1950. 8 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian. 13p.
A new, more general, and more exact formula was derived for
calculating the rate constants of elementary reactions of
hydroxyl. Based on spectrographic measurements, the rate
constants for the reaction of hydroxyl with hydrogen and with
carbon monoxide were computed. (Author abstract modified)
43131
Barbieri, R., S. Rossi, and A. Bucca
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE REACTION H2S PLUS SO2.
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR SEPARATING AND
BREAKING DOWN MACROQUANTITIES OF SULFUR
COMPONENTS IN RESEARCH WITH S3S. (Indagini sulla
reazione H2S + SO2. Procedimenti analitici di separazione e
demolizione di macroquantita di compost! solforati in indagini
con S35). Ric. Sci., no. 10:1509-1517, Oct. 1960. 15 refs. Trans-
lated from Italian. Translation Consultants, Inc., Arlington,
Va., 15p.
Methods developed for the fractionation of polythionic acids
to obtain various solutions of sulfur ions corresponding to the
two types of sulfur atoms contained in the molecule of
polythionic acid are reviewed. The single components were
separated using paper chromatography. The reaction between
sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide was studied. Experimental
procedures, solvent efficiency, and test reactions and results
are discussed. The modalities for obtaining measurable quanti-
ties of the indicated substances were also determined.
43132
Barbieri, R. and S. Sosi
ON THE REACTION OF H2S AND SO2: THE INFLUENCE
OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS ON THE MECHANISM
OF THE FORMATION OF H2SXO6 AND H2S2O3. (Sulle
reazioni di H2S con SO2: Influenza delle condizioni sperimen-
tali sul maccanismo di formazione di H2SxO6 e H2S2O3).
1961. 9 refs. Translated from Italian. Translation Consultants,
Inc., Arlington, Va., 12p.
The Wackenroder reaction mechanism of hydrogen sulfide and
sulfur dioxide using S35 was investigated to determine the in-
fluence of experimental conditions on the mechanism of the
formation of thionic acid and thiosulfuric acid. Sulfur atoms
with an oxidation number of 6 in SxO6(2-), synthesized by the
Wackenroder reaction, were fully formed from the sulfur in
SO2; those with an oxidation number of 2 were formed from
the sulfur in both reagents. The reaction of H2S diluted by
highly excessive quantities of an inert gas caused the sulfur
atoms with an oxidation number of 2 in SxO6(2-) to form ap-
proximately 50% from the sulfur in H2S and 50% from the sul-
fur in sulfur dioxide with no variations in reaction correlated
with variations in temperature, acidity of reactants, or nature
of the dilutant gas. The elemental sulfur originating from the
Wackenroder reaction in this way always formed approximate-
ly 66% from the S2S and 33% from the SO2. For H2S reac-
tions with a dilute solution of SO2 in water (5-20 mg/ml), the
sulfur atoms with an oxidation number of 2 in S2O3(2-):
S2O3(2-) equals S3O6(2-):SxO6(2-) and the elemental sulfur
formed approximately 33% from the sulfur in the SO2 and
66% from that in H2S. (Author summary modified)
43246
Masek, V.
SOOTS FROM SOLID FUELS. (Sazhi ot tverdykh topliv).
Hyg. Sanit. (English translation from Russian of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 35(7):106-109, July 1970. 11 refs. NTIS: TT 70-50048/3
To obtain detailed information on the composition of soot
produced by the combustion of solid fuel, several samples of
the soot discharged by furnaces around the city of Ostrava
were collected. The 12 samples of raw soot which were
analyzed included two samples each from the combustion of
coke, bituminous, and brown coal, and three each from the
combustion of brown coal briquets and wood. The soot con-
tained considerable amounts of noncombustibles, one-half of
its total amount being silicon dioxide, 2-9% iron, and 0.3-0.6%
sulfur, with a small amount of arsenic. The specific surface of
samples of raw soot is not large, indicating the presence of
substances with a small specific surface. The lowest content of
3,4-benzpyrene was discovered in soot from coke, and the
highest content in soot from wood and bituminous coal.
43400
Modzalevskaya, M. L. and A. G. Blokh
INFLUENCE OF THE SPECTRUM OF SOOT PARTICLE
SIZES ON THE RADIATION OF LUMINOUS FLAMES.
Thermal Eng. (English translation from Russi of: Teploener-
getika), 18(3):91-97, March 1971. 22 refs.
One of the important parameters which determine the radiating
capacity of luminous flames is the effective absorption cnjss
section of the soot particles formed in the flame during fuel
combustion. To determine this quantity, it is necessary to
know the spectral absorption coefficients and the particle size
distribution of the soot To examine the nature of the size dis-
tribution of soot particles on the effective spectral absorption
cross section and scattering, the particle size composition of
soot in the flames of light liquid fuel was examined under dif-
ferent combustion conditions. The excess air factor was varied
from 1.04 to 1.35 and the mean furnace volumetric heat release
was 600 times 1000 kcal/(cu m/hr). Helical and register burners
were used in the test. The vane angle of the latter was 55 deg
and the lap was varied from 0.98 to 1.39. The soot was sam-
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
67
pled by a special probe at different distances from the burner
unit. Based on these investigations, a generalized relation was
established for the size distribution in the flame of soot parti-
cles, encompassing diverse conditions of combustion of liquid
fuel. The feasibility of calculating the effective absorption
cross section for real polydisperse compositions of soot parti-
cles in luminous flames according to the mean square particle
diameter is demonstrated.
43517
DESCRIPTION OF PROCESSES FOR TREATMENT OF
COPPER MINERALS. (Description de los procesos de
tratamiento de los minerales de cobre). 1971 (?). Translated
from Spanish. 32p.
The lixiviation of copper oxides and flotation processes for
copper sulfides are described. In lixiviation, copper is ex-
tracted from crushed minerals by taking advantage of its solu-
bility in some type of solution such as sulfuric acid. The
mineral can be lixiviated in the mine or in open pits. Lixivia-
tion is accomplished by percolation or by agitating the fine-
ground mineral with the lixiciating agent. Flotation is, the
process of concentration which permits the recovery of useful
minerals from an ore composed of different materials, and is
based on the properties of sulfurous minerals of copper, which
permit the adherence of particles of the sulfurous minerals to
air bubbles when the mineral is mixed in a water pulp and air
is made to bubble from the bottom of the receptacle.
43526
Grigor yev, A. I., L. N. Reshetova, and A. V. Novoselova
PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION OF BERYLLIUM DIOX-
YHEXAACETATE. (Polucheniye i svoystva dioksigeksaatseta
berflliya, BeS02(OCOCH3)6). Dok. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol.
202:85-87, 1972. 5 refs. Translated from Russian. 7p.
A new beryllium dioxyacetate compound was synthesized for
the first time: Be502(OCOCH3)6. Interplanar distances in the
crystal lattice of this compound are given and band assign-
ments are made for its infrared spectrum. The compound was
obtained by heating 3 g beryllium dioxyoctaacetate for 30 min
at 200 deg in a sealed ampule. After cooling the ampule was
opened, connected to an oil pump, and heated for 2-3 hr at
about 200 C and a pressure of 0.05 mm Hg.
44414
Sigel, H. and H. Ch. Curtius
SPECIFIC STRUCTURAL DEGRADATION OF POLYPEP-
TIDE METAL COMPLEXES ffl. DEGRADATION OF Ni( ++)
ANGIOTENSIN D COMPLEXES BY H202. (Struktur-
spezifischer Abbau von Polypeptid-Metall-Komplexen HI.
Abbau des Ni(2+) -Angiotensin II-Komplexes durch H202).
Experientia, 22(10):649-650, 1966. 18 refs. Translated from
German. 6p.
The Val-angiotensin II Asp-beta-amide was examined with re-
gard to its degradation by hydrogen peroxide when complexed
with nickel (++), respectively with copper (++). With nickel
a degradation occurs; with copper, no degradation takes place,
presumably because an active ternary peroxo complex cannot
be formed, making this system catalytically inactive. (Author
abstract modified)
-------
68
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
03235
T. Toyama and S. Harashima
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF EXPOSURE TO
CS2 THROUGH ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS.
Japan. J. Ind. Health (TOKYO) 4, (2) 13-7, FEB. 1962.
A study was made of spinning room workers by surveying the
average CS2 concentration, expired CS2 concentration during
and after shifts, urine CS2 level the following day before
work, and clinical signs including subjective complaints. When
the threshold limits of average CS2 concentration exceeded 15
ppm on an 8-hour basis, the three CS2 concentration in the
morning urine showed a threshold level, and the expired CS2
immediately after the shift was above 2 micrograms; various
clinical signs and complaints could be observed in several wor-
kers. The authors conclude that analyses of such surveys are
useful in evaluating industrial hygiene practice and control in
the viscose rayon industry.
08611
Bankl, H. and K. JeUinger
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DAMAGE AFTER FETAL
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. ((Zentralnervose
Schaden nach fetaler Kohlenoxyd- vergiftung.)) Text in Ger-
man. Beitr. Pathol. Anat. (Jena), Vol. 135, p. 350-376, 1967.
((83)) refs.
After a short review of the effects of carbon monoxide ihtox-
ica- tion on the fetus, including a table detailing autopsy
findings in nine cases, a report is given on a case of fetal CO
poisoning due to a gas accident suffered by a 23-year-old
mother in the 24th week of her pregnancy. She was uncon-
scious for 3102 hours. Six weeks later the child was bom
spontaneously. It breathed spontaneously, but died 1 1/2 hours
later. Postmorten examination revealed severe damage, almost
ubiquitous in distribution, to the gray matter, manifesting itself
in widespread necroses of the cerebral cortex, the nuclei of
the brains tern, the midbrain nuclei, the pontine peduncular and
the tegmental neclei. The extent of the necrotic involvement of
the cerebral white matter and the spinal cord is discussed. The
cerebellar cortex, as well as inferior olivary bodies were rela-
tively unaffected.
10348
Drozdowska, Stanislawa
EFFECT OF CARBON DISULFIDE ON THE HUMAN EYE.
((WPLYW dwusiarczku wegla na oko ludzkie.)) Text in Polish.
Klin. Oczna (Warsaw), 36(4):555-559, 1966. 17 refs.
Reports on eye illnesses of workers in the artificial fiber in-
dustry have been published in medical literature for some
time. Periodic check-ups by specialists and neurologists are in-
sufficient for the early diagnosis of CS2 poisoning. Adequately
equipped plant clinics and consultation with eye specialists are
absolutely necessary. Part of the CS2 present in viscose fiber
production escapes into air and accumulates, thus creating
toxic dangers. Although the gas shows a particular affinity to
the nervous system and particularly the retinal nerves, it also
attacks the vascular system and tissues. Tests on animals have
shown that cell degeneration is more pronounced in young
animals. Maximum safe concentration has been set in Poland
at 0.01 mg./l. Examinations of 656 workers of the Polish rayon
industry were undertaken to determine the symptoms of
chronic carbon disulfide intoxication. Examinations were per-
formed with a binocular ophthalmoscope and ophthal-
modynamometers. From observations gathered in this prelimi-
nary report, it appears that vascular changes in the fundus are
the first signs of chronic CS2 poisoning.
10349
Kamraj-Mazurkiewicz, Krystyna
EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING IN
PREGNANCY ON THE FETAL CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM BASED ON A CASE OBSERVATION. ((Wplyw
zatrucia tlenkiem wegla w okresie ciazy na osrodkowy uklad
norwowy plody na podstawie obserwowanego przypadku.))
Text in Polosh. Ginekol. Polska (Warsaw), 38(3):291-294, 1967.
8 refs.
Little is known about the effect of transitory CO poisoning of
an expectant mother on the development of the unborn child.
A few reported German and Polish cases are discussed where
expectant mothers suffered CO poisoning with periods of un-
consciousness ranging from 30 min. to 5 hr. In the Polish case,
the mother was poisoned in the seventh month of pregnancy.
While the mothers did not show any neurological symptoms
after regaining consciousness, the carbon monoxide in each
case exerted a damaging and lasting effect upon the fetus or
neonate. Fetal effects included brain damage, retardation, idio-
cy, and severe and vast necrosis in the central nervous
system, leading to death within a few hours or days. The
severity of the damage appears to be related to the month of
pregnancy, with the fetus being particularly vulnerable shortly
before parturition. It is not resolved whether carbon monoxide
acts directly through the circulatory system on the fetal ner-
vous system or whether the mother's oxygen deficiency
brought about by carbon monoxide poisoning causes seconda-
ry damages to the fetal brain. A Caesarean delivery should be
effected in order to permit the child to exhale CO through the
lungs.
11942
Babayants, R. A.
INFLUENCE OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION ON THE
HEALTH OF INHABITANTS. Vestn. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
14(12):3-12, 1959. 15 refs. Translated from Russian. ISp.
A survey of the influence of air pollution in general and of
several air pollutants (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
fluorides, aerosols) on the health of humans in the U.S.S.R., is
given. The first study dates back to 1933 and has become im-
portant primarily for the method used. The first broad study
was conducted in 1948- 1949 where relationship between the in-
cidence of lung, throat and tonsil pathology and air pollution
was established as 1.5 to 8.1 times higher in the polluted area
than in the control area. Subsequentiy, a clear relationship
between eye disease and air pollution could be established. A
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
69
study of school children in polluted and non-polluted areas
revealed that changes of the lung image were five times as
common among the children in the polluted area. In later stu-
dies, catarrhs, tensilities, influenza and bronchitis were related
to air pollution. A regional investigation conducted in Baku in
1955 revealed a correlation between bronchitis and laryn-
gotracheitis and air pollution by aerosols. Similar results were
obtained in a study in 1954-1955 in the Ukraine. A study of the
influence of CO on traffic officers revealed that 68% of the
officers exposed to concentrations of 25 mg CO/cu m had a
carboxyhemoglobin of 11%. Tests in gas-heated apartments
revealed a similar high incidence of CO intoxication. An in-
vestigation of the effects of SO2 on animals revealed that
respiratory disturbances began to develop at 2 mg/cu m. The
increase of lung cancer is attributed to carcinogenic pollutants
such as 3,4-benzpyrene. A higher number of persons with mot-
tled teeth from the effects of fluorine emissions were found
close to the source than at more remote distances from the
source.
13114
Gotz, Hans and Norbert Kluken
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE SKIN. STU-
DIES IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS. (Uber den Einfluss von Lnft-
verunreinigungen auf die Haut. Untersuchungen mit Immis-
sionsstotfen im Industriegebiet). Text in German. Muench.
Med. Wochschr. (Munich), 111(18):1021-1027, May 2, 1969. 41
refs.
To test the effects of air pollution on the skin, dust jars and
vaseline-greased foil were set up in various industrial cities of
West Germany to obtain representative dust samples. From all
the samples, four were selected which were thought to be
most characteristic of the chemical composition of aerosols of
various areas. The sulfates in the four samples ranged from 5.9
to 25.08%, the chlorides from 0.78 to 4.33%, and ammonia
from 1.06 to 1.56%. The air pollution concentrations measured
in the four areas differed considerably from each other. The
hydrogen ion concentration varied tremendously, not only
among the four zones, but also at the same sampling station.
To determine whether air pollutants irritate the skin, the epicu-
taneous skin testing method was used. Two groups of test per-
sons were formed: one to see the reaction (if any) after 24
hours, the second to determine the effects after 48 hours of
skin exposure to the air pollutants. Over a period of 2 years, a
total of 11,922 individual tests were performed. None of the
test subjects had eczema prior to the experiments. Skin irrita-
tion in the form of inflammatory erythema and follicular
swellings in healthy persons did occur as a result of the effect
of the air pollutants. The probability of skin irritation of some
kind was higher at higher sulfate, chloride, and ammonia con-
centrations. With psoriasis patients, psoriasis efflorescence
seen as Kobner's irritation phenomenon developed in skin
areas which came into contact with the air pollutants. Among
the numerous tests, however, no single case of allergy oc-
curred.
14682
Horn, K.
ON THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE POPULA-
TION. A NEW REVIEW. (Ueber die Auswirkung der Luft-
verunreinigung auf die Bevoelkerung. Eine neuere Uebersicht).
Text in German. Z. Ges. Hyg. (Berlin), 14(6):410-413, June
1968. 24 refs.
A review of the known effects of air pollution on human
health is presented. In polluted areas, the mortality rate from
diseases of the respiratory tract is nine times higher than in
rural areas. A linear relationship was found to exist between
the smoke content of the atmosphere and diseases of the
respiratory tract and the circulatory system. The disease rate
of female employees of radio stations in five U. S. cities also
showed a relationship between diseases of the respiratory tract
and air pollution. A connection between the physical condition
of school children and the content of free silicon dioxide in at-
mospheric dust was found in the USSR. Japanese studies also
confirm an increased occurrence of diseases of the respiratory
tract and the eyes in polluted areas. In an industrial area with
heavy smoke and dust pollution but low SO2 pollution, Czech
scientists found lower hemoglobin concentrations but con-
siderably higher alkaline phosphatase concentrations and a
high incidence of rickets in children. In a heavily SO2-polluted
area of northern Bohemia, children had considerably higher
numbers of erythrocytes but less hemocrit. According to other
Czech studies, the bone development of children living in
heavily polluted areas was retarded.
16177
Uno, A.
THE MORTALITY OF THE AGED IN AN AIR-POLLUTED
AREA IN JAPAN. (Taiki osen chiku ni okeru rojin shibo).
Text in Japanese. Nichidai Igaku Zasshi (Nichidai Med. J.),
27(5):584-612, May 1968. 81 refs.
The correlation between respiratory and cardiovascular dis-
eases and atmospheric conditions (temperature and humidity)
and smoking was investigated by examining the death rate
(1962-1964) from the diseases in longtime residents of
Kawasaki city, 60 years and older. The collection ratio of the
data was 74%. The mortality figures for persons who had lived
in polluted areas of the city longer than five years were 345
males (81.59%) and 281 females (77.55%); the figures for re-
sidents of the nonpolluted area were 210 males (70.48%) and
208 females (68.15%). The death rate was high in winter and
increased even more in summer when SO2 concentrations
were highest (in 1963, the maximum SO2 concentration in the
industrial district between July and September was 6.405 mg
SO2/day/100 sq cm PbO2). In the polluted area, there was an
increase in deaths from cardiovascular diseases, expecially
vascular damage to the central nervous system, and pulmonary
tuberculosis. Deaths attributed to respiratory diseases had
decreased. In the nonpolluted area, there was an increase in
deaths from neoplasm in the respiratory organs and from
bronchial asthma. Among smokers the incidence of death from
neoplasm in the respiratory organs, arteriosclerotic heart dis-
ease, and bronchial asthma was highest in the polluted areas.
The deaths are correlated with high humidity, low tempera-
ture, and reduced visibility.
17001
Kapalin, V. and H. Janackova
DEPENDENCE OF THE RED BLOOD CELL PICTURE ON
AGE, SEX AND SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
(Zavislost cerveneho krevniho obrazu na veku, pohlavi a nek-
terych zivotnich podminkach deti). Cesk. Pediat. (Prague),
19(2):171-180, 1964. 34 refs. Translated from Czechoslovakia^
Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info.
Services. 17 p.
Basic conclusions on evaluations of the blood cell pictures ob-
tained by examining more than 5000 healthy Czech children
during 1953 to 1961 are presented. The basic reference level
was obtained for children aged 3-14. In the first period, the
evaluation covered the correlation between the red blood cell
picture and age and sex of the children. Later stages included
comparisons with growth characteristics, diet, atmospheric
-------
70
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
contamination, and physical activity. It was concluded that the
values of the red blood cell picture are an objective image of
the adjustment of the child's system to the conditions of exter-
nal environment and the prevailing way of life. In more
favorable conditions, an equal increase is evidenced in the
values of the blood cell numbers and hemoglobin. Even though
the red blood cell picture is influenced to a small extent by the
sex and age of the child, this dependence is much smaller than
that on the living conditions, except for the periods of pre-pu-
berty and puberty growth acceleration. The pattern of living
conditions is mostly associated with the quality of diet (espe-
cially animal proteins and vitamins) and the atmosphere.
Under conditions of suitable diet, higher numbers of Ery and
high values of hemoglobin are found in children who are more
active and grow faster. The response to changes of living con-
ditions is substantially faster in hemoglobin than in the number
of Ery which changes rather slowly. To ensure satisfactory ox-
ygen balance in an environment with a higher level of sulfur
dioxide in the atmosphere, the numbers of red blood cells in-
crease without a simultaneous increase in hemoglobin. The
volume of individual cells decreases and microcytosis appears.
The organism thus ensures an increased activity of the blood-
forming elements even without increasing the hemoglobin con-
tent.
19939
Umezawa, T.
AIR POLLUTION AND BLOOD GAS. (Taiki osen to ketsueki
gasu). Text in Japanese. Naika, 21(5):836-840, May 1968.
Chemical substances as air pollutants are carbon fly ash, sul-
fur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, aldehydes, car-
bon hydrates, tar, radioactive gases, aerosols, etc. Gas poison-
ing cases reported in Japan during a 2-year period between
1956 and 1957 were as follows: CO, 126; NO2, 45; SO2, 45;
H2S, 12; CN, 11; and CS2, 7. SO2 and CO are the most im-
portant air pollutants observed within the exhaust gas of facto-
ries and automobiles, respectively. CO enters the human body
only through respiratory organs, and SO2 through both
respiratory and digestive organs. Discomfort occurs when the
CO concentration is 1000 to 1200 ppm (after 1 hour's inspira-
tion) or when CO toxicity ratio (ppm x hour) is more than 600.
Mortality may occur when CO concentration is 1500 to 2000
ppm (after 1 hour's inspiration) or when CO toxicity ratio is
more than 1500, or when carboxyhemoglobin concentration is
60 to 80%. CO concentration in the ambient air is not always
parallel to COHb concentration in the blood, and the latter is
influenced by age, sex, condition of health, smoking, or re-
sidence. Symptoms of CO toxicity were shown. Harmful ef-
fects of SO2 on human bodies are irritation, especially to mu-
cosal membranes, (eyes, respiratory tract, esophagus,
stomach, etc.), and acidosis due to the decrease of alkaline
reserve within the blood due to H2SO3, causing disturbances
of bone growth in children or myocardial degeneration in
adults.
21336
Grosser, Peter-Juergen
THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS
FOR COMMUNITY HYGIENE DEMONSTRATED AT THE
EXAMPLE OF THE HYGIENE OF AIR POLLUTION. (Di
Bedeutung epidemiologischer Methoden fuer die Kommunal-
hygiene, dargestellt am Beispiel der Lufthygiene). Text in Ger-
man. Wiss. Z Humboldt-Univ. Berlin Math. Naturw. Reihe,
18(l):69-74, 1969. 38 refs.
The concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is generally
low (1 ppm and less). The pollutants are either solid, gaseous,
or liquid. They vary qualitatively and quantitatively with time
and space, so that long-term measurements are required to ob-
tain an ide of the extent of pollution. Because of this variabili-
ty, it is difficult to assess the actual danger to humans. The in-
creased mortality during the smog episode in London of 1952
became apparent only weeks after the catastrophe at a routine
evaluation. The normal death rate was exceeded by 4000.
Study of the life- expectancy of humans revealed that it is
sometimes 4 to 5 years les in heavily polluted industrial cen-
ters. For instance, in the industrial center of Most (Bohemia),
the life-expectancy for men is lower by 4 years than in other
Bohemian areas. Study of the mortality rate showed that a
close relationship exists between diseases of the respiratory
tract and air pollution in general, and smoke and sulfur dioxide
specifically. Significant correlations were found between
bronchitis and pneumonia and the concentration of smoke and
SO2. The German Democratic Republic plans to erect a mea-
surement grid for air quality measurements over the entire
Republic. In connection with the study of the health records of
various groups of the population, it will be feasible to deter-
mine the correlation between air pollution and the health of
the population.
21787
Saruta, N., S. Ishinishi, E. Kunitake, and Y. Katori
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND
ASTHMATIC DISEASES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL
CHILDREN IN KITA-KYUSHU CITY (3RD REPORT):
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS. (Kitakyushu-shi no okeru
gakudo no zensoku-yo shikkan to taiki osen tono kankei (dai
3-po): rikagaku-teki kensa seiseki kara). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1)55, 1969.
(Presented to the Japan Soc. Air Pollution, 10th Annu. Meet.,
1969.)
Intradermal allergenic reactions (to house dust and Candida)
and respiratory function tests were performed on elementary
school pupils from both non-polluted and polluted areas in
Kita-Kyushu-city. Positive allergic reactions to house dust as
well as to Candida were more frequently noted among
asthmatic pupils in the non-polluted area. Positive allergic
reactions were much less observed among normal pupils in
both areas. Respiratory function tests showed lower values
among mild asthmatic pupils with only stridor, in the polluted
area. The asthmatic reaction to air pollution may be con-
sidered somewhat different from the real bronchial asthma.
22152
Coin, Louis
DETECTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTION DUE TO DOMESTIC HEATING PLANTS IN
PARIS. (Detection et epidemiologie de la pollution at-
mospherique due au chauffage des locaux a Paris). Text in
French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), vol. 12:33-42, May 1970.
A review of the activities of the Laboratory for hygiene of the
City of Paris in the fields of air pollution and mortality
statistics since the year 1874 to the present time, is presented.
Early work related to pollution of city air by germs of various
diseases and its correlation with increased incidence of these
diseases. In 1900, the effect of travel in congested metro trains
on the propagation of tuberculosis was scrutinized. Systematic
air-pollution measurements in a network of air-sampling sta-
tions were begun in 1957 as a result of the notorious smog dis-
aster in London in 1952. On the basis of data collected in 1957
and 1958, it was estimated that about 52% of the air pollution
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
by sulfur dioxide in Paris was due to domestic heating plants
numbering about 20,000. Information is presented on graphic
representation of air pollution data by spots of different colors
and diameters located at the sampling-station sites, by iso-pol-
lution curves, by echinograms and by iso-exposure time,
required for certain toxic effects to become manifest. A time
sequence of an iso-exposure time graph is shown. The idea of
using the absenteeism of kindergarten-age children as an in-
dicator of the effect of air pollution on the health of a segment
of the population is mentioned. A very sensitive indicator of
the biological effects of air pollution is deformation of the cell
structure in a cytotoxic atmosphere, a technique originated (in
1964) and developed by the Laboratory of Hygiene of the City
of Paris.
22426
Ordonez, Blanca Raquel
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION.
(Aspectos epidemiologico de la contaminacion atmosferica).
Text in Spanish. Gac. Med. Mex., 100(3):266-279, March 1970.
34 refs.
The tools of epidemiology are applied to the study of relation-
ships between pollution and health problems, with special at-
tention to Mexico City and the Distrito Federal. Illnesses
resulting from dramatic incidents of pollution where permissi-
ble limits are exceeded are relatively easy to study. More dif-
ficult to assess ar the alleged connections between such dis-
eases as chronic bronchitis emphysema, and primary cancer of
lungs and a long-term exposure to pollution at lower concen-
trations. The most serious pollution problem areas in Mexico,
outside the metropolitan area of Mexico City, are Guadalajara,
Monterrey, and Tepic. Since 1967 the Mexican Department of
Health has been setting up stations for continuous sampling in
the area around the capital (Valle de Mexico), where panicu-
late matter, sulfur dioxide, and total sulfur content of the at-
mosphere can be determined. A study conducted by the Pan
American Bureau of Health (OSP) July 1967 June 1968
makes possible a comparison of pollution measurements in the
Mexico City area with those of other Latin American cities.
Dust measurements indicate that Mexico has the most serious
problems of any of the countries in the group studied (Argen-
tina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Peru). In the case of Chile (San-
tiago) and Argentina (Buenous Aires), the factors created by a
temperate climate (which introduces the problem of domestic
heating) makes comparison difficult. Average values for Mex-
ico City from October 1967 to June 1968 were 158.2 micro-
grams/cu m while from November 1968 to October 1969 the
amount had been reduced to 131.8 microgram Both of these
figures were higher than those obtained in London and in the
United States. Mexico City also has the highest sulfur dioxide
rate for Latin America. Measurements from October 1967 to
June 1968 showed an annual average of 95 micrograms/cu m
for Mexico City, and 133 micrograms from November 1968 to
October 1969, while during the same period the figure for New
York City was from 560 to 840 micrograms. Acute respiratory
illnesses decreased by 29.4% in urban areas outside the Dis-
trito Federal between 1964 and 1968, and by 23.5% in rural
areas, while in the Distrito Federal there was an 18.7% in-
crease. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma showed
increased in all areas: 12.7% in urban Mexico 18.9% in rural
areas 34.8% in the Distrito Federal.
23102
Nose, Yoshimasa, Kazuko Yoshizaki, Junichi Mise,
Yoshimitsu Nose, Takashi Sakurai, Takashi Nakanishi,
Shinkichi Nishimura, and Toshiaki Miyoshi
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND
RESPIRATORY DISEASES. PART D. STUDIES ON THE OB-
STRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES IN THREE CITIES
OF UBE, TOKUYAMA AND ANAYO. (Taiki osen to kodyu-
kikei shikkan. Dainiho. Ube, Tokuyama, Nanyo santoshimin
no heisokusei haishikkan). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Ken-
kyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):47, 1969. (Proceedings
of the Japan Society of Air Pollution 10th, Annual Meeting,
1969.)
A table showing the percentage death rate due to
bronchitis/asthma, pneumonia and heart disease for the
periods 1960-61 and 1962-63 for three age brackets over 40 in-
dicates that the increase in sulfur dioxide in Ube since 1962
had been accompanied by an increase in death rate due to
bronchitis and asthma. A random sampling of 3000 patients of
the Internal Medicine Division of the Yamaguchi University
Medical School revealed that since 1962 the number of non-tu-
berculosis type respiratory disease cases has increased rapidly.
The percentage increases were 3.0% in 1960 and 4.1% in 1963.
The average annual concentrations of settling dust particles
and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere are tabulated over three
recen years for Tokuyama, Nanyo and Ube. In Tokuyama and
Nanyo, by using the British Medicine Research Council
method, questionnaire surveys were conducted, and sub-
sequently more precise physical examinations were performed.
Precise data are tabulated, and respiratory disease cases
requiring hospitalization are listed by sex, %VC, %MBC and
FEV 1.0/EVC.
23148
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Nobuko Tokojima
ON THE YEARLY ANALOGY OF AIR POLLUTION
BETWEEN UBE-ONODA REGION AND TOKUYAMA-
NANYO REGION. (Ube-Onoda chiku to Tokuyama-Nanyo
chiku taiki osen no tsuinen no ruijika ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Yamaguchi Idai Sangyu Igaku Kenkyusho Nenpo
(Ann. Report Res. Inst. Ind. Med., Yamaguchi Med. School),
no. 16:217-220, 1969. 5 refs.
Mining-industrial cities Ube and Onoda are known as the cites
of dust pollution, and Tokuyama and Nanyo of the
petrochemical industry are polluted by gaseous pollutants.
However, the recent trend in the soluble and non-soluble com-
ponents of the pollutants, the seasonal wind direction, the
decline in the use of coal in Ube and Onoda, and the general
tendency in the industry to use more and more petroleum,
have all contributed toward the increasing similarity in the na-
ture of pollution in the two groups of cities. In addition, the
similarity of the rates of chronic bronchitis affliction in the
two general areas indicate that it is related to the similarity of
the proportions of soluble components in the settling dusts,
especially the pH values, in Ube and Nanyo, and Tokuyama
and Onoda. This can be seen in the regression line of the
bronchitis affliction rate versus the pH of soluble components,
the data points being taken from all four cities and other major
bronchitis-prone cities as Yokkaichi and London.
23606
Kimura, Kikuzi
ON THE PENETRATION RATE OF GASEOUS MATTER OF
INHALED GAS-AEROSOL MIXTURES IN SIMPLE
RESPIRATORY MODEL. (Ryujobutsu no kyozonga gasujo
-------
72
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
osenbutsu no kidonai shinnyu ni oyobosu eikyo ni tsuiteno
mokeishiken). Text in Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (J. Sci. Labour,
Tokyo), 46(9):S44-554, Sept. 10, 1970. 18 refs.
The synergism of gas and aerosol was investigated by means
of a simple model of a respiratory tract consisting of a vinyl
tube with the inside moistened and a wet tube with the inside
moistened under a constant condition. The gases used were
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. For participates, dusts in
ordinary outdoor air as well as black smoke resulting from the
combustion of benzene were used. The penetration rate of
SO2 increased with an increase in the flow rate of air through
the wet tube or a decrease in concentration. In both cases, the
addition of particulates further increased the sulfur dioxide
penetration rate. For nitrogen dioxide, the change in the con-
centration or the flow rate of air did not have any appreciable
effect on the penetration rate; the presence of paniculate
matter also did not have any influence on the penetration rate.
The aspiration of air through a glass fiber filter for a dustme-
ter showed that within an hour after aspiration, the sulfur
dioxide in air had the penetration rate of about 100%, but after
20 hours, the rate declined appreciably. Together with the
change in value observed due to change in humidity, the ob-
served phenomena indicate that sulfur dioxide gas was ab-
sorbed by the sulfuric acid mist to form small particles, which
were subsequently trapped by the glass fiber filter.
24154
Yamamoto, Kimihiro
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE RAT RESPIRATO-
RY ORGAN EXPOSED TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE. (Aryusan-
gasu Kyunyu daikoku nezumi kokyuki no byori soshikigaku-
teki kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Nara Igaku Zasshi (J. Nara
Med. Assoc.), 21(3):267-281, Sept. 14, 1970. 20 refs.
Pathological changes were observed in the respiratory organs
of rats exposed to 50-100 ppm or 700-1000 ppm of sulfur diox-
ide for periods of one day to 25 weeks. Extensive pathological
observation were made in airways and alveoli by horizontal
longitudinal section of the total lungs with the trachae. In addi-
tion, histological typ of airway epithelium were classified. Air-
way epithelim of exposed rats exhibited disappearance of cilia,
erosion, increase of mucous cells, squamous cell metaplasia,
and hyperplasia. Also observed was elongation of epithelial
cells from terminal bronchiole to alveolar walls. Infiltration of
small round cells and proliferatio of collagen fiber were found
in peritracheae, peribronchi, and peribronchioles. There was
also perivascular infiltration and congestion in alveoli capilla-
ries, and infiltration of small round cells in alveolar walls and
alveoli. Abscesses progressed from bronchus were noted in the
lungs of rats exposed to 700-1000 ppm SO2. In general, there
were no marked differences between pathological changes fol-
lowing exposure to 50-100 ppm SO2 and those following expo-
sure to 700-1000 ppm.
24230
Nada-Ku Medical Assoc., Kobe (Japan), Higashinada-Ku
Medical Assoc., Kobe (Japan), and Kobe Municipal Office
(Japan), Bureau of Public Health
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EFFECTS OF AIR POL-
LUTION IN THE EAST AREA OF KOBE CITY. (Kobe-shi
tobu ni okeru taiki osen ekigake chosa ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Ishikai Zasshi (J. Japan Med. Assoc.),
63(10):1339-1346, May 1970. 9 refs.
The difference in incidences of common cold, bronchitis,
bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema, lung cancer, and
pneumonia between polluted and nonpolluted areas in
Higashinada and Nada wards of Kobe were studied. Medical
practitioners in the district selected the patients to be studied
from their medical charts, and completed the questionnaires
on the epidemiological survey of air pollution in Higashinada
and Nada Wards. These two districts were divided into three
areas according to the degree of air pollution. Area-AI had a
sulfur dioxide concentration of more than 1.0 mg and an
average amount of settling dusts of more than 20 I/month. In
Area-AIJ, the SO2 concentration was the same as in Area-AI;
the amount of settling dusts was 10-20 t. In area -B, SO2 was
less than 1.0 mg and the amount of sedimented dusts was
under 10 t/month. This district was assumed to be nonpolluted.
The returned questionnaires were 67,483 for the first survey
and 18,274 for the second survey. The sulfur dioxide concen-
tration of less than 1.0 mg is not likely to influence the mor-
bidity of respiratory diseases, but for women over 40 who live
in the same area for a long time, there might have a slight ef-
fect. The data show that even at this low level of sulfur diox-
ide gas, the combination with dusts does have an effect on
human health. Comparing the polluted and non-polluted areas,
the only symptoms that manifest any significant difference
were cold-related, and there was no significant difference in
the frequency of asthma in the two areas.
24235
Grosser, Peter-Juergen
THE METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY OF AIR POLLU-
TION ON SMALL PARALLEL GROUPS OF CHILDREN.
(Ein Beitrag zur Methodik der Untersuchung von Kinderparal-
lelgruppen unter lufthygjenischen Aspekten. Text in German.
Z. Aerztel. Fortbild., 64(9):463-466, May 1970. 19 refs.
Children are especially suited as subjects for the study of the
effects of air pollution because they are not yet encumbered
with the effects of the smoking habit, anamnesis is not yet a
factor as in adults, and the selection of nearly identical test in-
dividuals is simpler as a result of little differentiated ways of
life. In selecting sites for study, areas of identical or similar
socio-economic characteristics should be chosen; the emission
levels of all relevant pollutants must be known, and the areas
must manifest great differences in pollution levels. The paral-
lelism of groups of children is expressed by the criteria used in
the selection of matched pairs (i.e., by age, sex, number of
siblings, the person per room index, and the number of ap-
pliances in the family as an indicator of socio-economic stan-
dard. The 30 characteristics to be determined include
anthropometric data, pulse and blood pressure, erythrocyte
and leukocyte counts, alkaline serum phosphatase activity,
serum properdin level, and vital capacity. Many of these
characteristics manifest statistically significant changes as a
result of the effect of pollutants. The above recommendations
are based on recent experience gained in East Germany with a
group of 340 children and a control group of 250 children.
25255
Granata, A., M. Barbara, and L. Maturo
TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE EFFECT OF CADMI-
UM ON HUMAN BLOOD CELLS IN VITRO. (Aspects tox-
icologiques de 1'action du cadmium sur les cellules sanguines
humaines in vitro). Text in French. Arch. Mai. Prof. (Paris),
31(7-8):357-364, July-Aug. 1970. 5 refs. (Presented at the
Societe de Medecine et d'Hygiene du Travail Meeting, May
10, 1969.)
The toxic effect of cadmium sulfate on the elements of human
venous blood was studied in vitro, using 5 different concentra-
tions of the powdered substance (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg per ml
of whole blood). The presence of the metal leads to cvtophagic
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
73
phenomena, i.e., phagocytosis of red cells and thrombocytes
by polymorphs and monocytes. This behavior of cadmium
sulfate demonstrates one of the more typical manifestations of
heavy metal toxicology, that of cytophagia, since these are the
same types of phenomena observed in studies of zinc, copper,
and silver poisoning. A peculiarity of the cadmium-induced
condition is multiple cytophagia, i.e., phagocytosis of two or
more bodies by a single phagocyte. There are also alterations
in cell composition, in particular a Karyo plasmatic alteration
of the phagocytic bodies, which is observed in the form of
'bicycle wheel shadows', caused by chromatin residues sur-
rounding an erythrocyte that has been phagocytosed and dis-
tributed as 'fringes' as the result of the traumatic action in-
duced by preparing the slide. The toxic action of cadmium can
also be attributed to its action on certain enzymes whose
molecule contains a sulfhydryl radicals. This view is supported
by the fact that the erythrocytes attacked by the other cells
are those with a high concentration of the thiol radical.
26305
Imai, Masayuki, Hidehiko Oshima, Yoshikazu Takatsuka,
Masayoshi Kitabatake, and Katsumi Yoshida
PRESENT STATE OF AIR POLLUTION IN YOKKAICHI
AND VARIOUS MEDICAL PROBLEMS ABOUT IT. (Yok-
kaichi-shi ni okeru taiki osen no genkyo to igakuteki shomon-
dai). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Igaku Kenkyusho Gyosekishu
(Report Inst. Ind. Med.), no. 3:48-55, June 1969. 16 refs.
Conditions of air pollution, epidemiological investigations, the
findings of medical examinations of the inhabitants and school
children and the state of the patients connected with air pollu-
tion in Yokkaichi city were reported. Falling dust has
decreased with every year or remains on the same level; how-
ever, a proportion of soluble components is much more than
that of other cities, and soluble components have been
icidified constantly with every year since 1961. Sulfur dioxide
increased rapidly from the end of 1961 to early 1962, and
remained on the same level afterwards; however, the trend of
increase has been observed since 1965. Nitrogen dioxide is
below about one tenth compared with SO2. Sulfuric acid is de-
tected from the air almost constantly. The incidence rates of
various diseases were observed by means of receipts of the
National Health Insurance for 4 years from 1961. The diseases
which were recognized to be very related to air pollution were
common cold, bronchitis, front ophthalmopathy, bronchial
asthma, and pharyngitis There was high correlation between
the diseases and SO2 rather than falling dust. Furthermore, a
high correlation was observed among infants and children in
pharyngitis, and among aged people in bronchial asthma. The
investigation by means of questionnaires was carried out on
the inhabitants of over 40 years of age in contaminated areas
chosen with different pollution levels. The number of people
suffering from chronic bronchitis and asthma-like attacks in-
creased with the height of the degree of pollution with SO2 in
the area. Medical examinations in junior high schools in con-
taminated areas also showed the tendency to obstructive
disturbances. Half of the recognized patients by the Environ-
mental Pollution Relief Law were seen in Shiohama district, a
high contaminated area. The people who had moved to outside
the city or non-contaminated area showed clinical improve-
ment or healing at a high rate after moving out.
26340
Pelech, L.
RETARDATION OF SKELETON AGE OF THE CHILDREN
PROM URBAN AND RURAL AREAS WITH INCREASED AT-
ftkoSPHERIC POLLUTION. (Verzoegertes Knochenalter bei
Stad- und Landkindem in Geibieten mil vermehiter Luftverun-
reinigung). Text in German. Fortschr. Med., 88(12): 510-516,
1970. 11 refs.
Comparative study of the difference between the chronological
and skeleton age of the children was done as pan of a com-
plex research program on the effect of atmospheric pollution
by chemical industry on child development. The method is
described with the aid of which the osseous development in
the left hand of 157 boys and 173 girls of the age 10-11.5 years
was studied. The origin of the children (urban or rural) as well
as degree of air pollution of their living place were taken into
account in the study. Both in urban and rural areas with con-
siderable atmospheric pollution by chemical industry, a
statistically significant retardation in the osseous development
of the children can be observed unlike the children from areas
without air pollution. The dependence of skeleton age on pol-
lution is more pronounced with boys than girls. According to
the study, the effect of polluted air on child's osseous
development is more significant than influence of different so-
cial environment in rural or urban areas. The results indicate
that skeleton age can be used as an indicator of the effect of
atmospheric pollution in the complex analysis of living condi-
tions in childhood.
26516
Nose, Yoshikatsu
AIR POLLUTION AND INFANTILE RESPIRATORY DIS-
EASES. (Taiki osen to shoni kokyuki shikkan). Text in
Japanese. Shonika Rinsho (Japan J. Pediat.), 23(4):471-482,
April 1970. 32 refs.
In 1969, 30,000 school-children in five cities in Yamaguchi Pre-
fecture were given questionnaires in order to clarify
epidemiologically the relationship between air pollution and in-
fantile respiratory disease. Common epidemiological
phenomena were observed between asthma, asthmatic
bronchitis, and bronchitis; it was not clear from the question-
naires alone whether the similarities were due to the defini-
tion, diagnosis, or classification of illnesses, or because the
three diseases are actually related. Various statistical analyses
are presented for such items as the correlation between sulfur
dioxide concentration and asthma, bronchitis, and asthmatic
bronchitis, past history of school children regarding the three
types of ailments, and the frequency distribution of past histo-
ry of the illnesses with age. In order to clarify the relationship
between the diseases and air pollution, more multi-factorial
studies have to be made with the emphasis on the environ-
ment, cause of illness, and the carrier, based on the correct
understanding and diagnosis of the respiratory symptoms.
26530
Joint Group for Air Pollution Research (Japan)
EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDY OF THE EF-
FECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM. (Taiki osen no kokyuki ni oyobosu jikken narabi ni
rinshoteki kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Kokuritsu Kekkaku
Ryoyojo Kyodo Kenkyu Nenpo (Ann. Kept. Joint Studies
Natl. Tuber. Sanatoria), vol. 5:97-104, 1968.
In order to study pathologically the effect of sulfur dioxide gas
o the human respiratory system and to shed some light on the
development mechanism of respiratory disorders, dogs were
studied and clinical experiments were conducted. At high con-
centrations (30-300 ppm) of SO2, the dogs all died within 3-30
days and bronchitis, blood congestion in the lungs, and lung
edema were observed. At low concentration (2 3 ppm).
thickening of alveoli walls with pneumatosis and interstitial
-------
74
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
pneumonia were diagnosed, and there was no bronchitis. With
respect to smoke concentration at a Ringelmann chart level of
2-3, the dogs had a high degree of blood congestion of the
lungs and died within 2 - 5 days. Sulfur dioxide gas increased
the resistance of the human respiratory tract over time, but
the phenomenon was reversible. The degree of resistance in-
crease was larger for non-smokers. There was no definite cor-
relation between the infant bronchial asthma and infant tu-
berculosis and suspended particulates. The examination of the
Yokkaichi asthma patients showed that there was a marked
decrease in one-second rates and the appearance of pulmonary
P.
26558
Amagasaki Medical Assoc. (Japan)
PRESENT RATES OF AIR POLLUTION AND RESPIRATO-
RY DISEASES IN AMAGASAKI. THE 1ST REPORT. (IN-
VESTIGATION IN 1969). (Amagasaki-shi ni okeru taikiosen
to kokyuki shikkan no genkyo. Dai 1 po. (Showa 44 nendo
chosa)). Text in Japanese. 64p, 1970. 7 refs.
Investigations of the living environment and respiratory dis-
ease were carried out on 5284 patients who visited medical or-
ganizations in Amagasaki for a main complaint with respirato-
ry symptoms on August 27, 1969. Results showed an affirma-
tive opinion to the present states as 57.6% and a negative
opinion as 41.7%. According to a residential analysis between
highly polluted and lowly pollute districts, the negative opinion
was 73.0% in a highly polluted district and 19.2% in a lowly
polluted district among the over 40 age group. The rate of the
patients per 100,000 inhabitants over 40 years old was 1442.7
in a highly polluted district and 693.1 in a lowly polluted dis-
trict, and there was a marked difference betwee the two dis-
tricts. The inquiry by a round-postcard with questionnaires
was performed with respect to 1285 persons over 40 years old
who were the inhabitants of Kuise-Kajigashima and Tsukiji
districts where the concentrations of sulfur dioxide were high
(the former was 3.89 mg/day/100 sq cm; the latter, 4.80
mg/day/sq cm), in order to find a crude prevalence rate of
chronic bronchitis. The return rate of the questionnaire post-
cards was almost 100%, an the crude prevalence rate of symp-
toms was 9.0% at Kuise-Kajigashima district and 11.1% at
Tsukiji district. The prevalence of symptoms in males was
considerably higher than in female. However, no clear causal
relation could be found as to the frequencies by age and the
smoking habit. Oral test based on the BMRC standard
questionnaire was carried out on the patients who complained
of coughing and sputum in the questionnaires; the rate of
agreement between the results of the oral test and question-
naire was 95%. The corrected prevalence rates of symptoms
were obtained from crude prevalence by correcting the gap
between distributions of the patients by sex, age, and smoking
habit. These corrected prevalence rates were 9.1% at Kuise-
Kajigashima district and 11.0% at Tsukiji district. Physical ex-
amination, respiratory function test, roentgenographic ex-
amination, examination of sputum, and electrocardiography
were carried out in order to justify the above investigations.
26764
Shirai, Junzo
A CLINICAL STUDY ON CHRONIC NON-SPECIFIC LUNG
DISEASE IN YOKKAICHI AIR-POLLUTED AREA. CLINI-
CAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOKKAICHI ASTHMA. (Yok-
kaicbl-shi ni okeru mansei hitokuisei kokyuki shikkan no
rinshoteki kenkyu. Iwayuru Yokkaichi Zensoku no rinshozo ni
tsuile). Text in Japanese. Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi (J.
Japan Assoc. Thoracic Surg.), 8(1):1-1«, May 1970. 41 refs.
A study was undertaken to analyze clinical characteristics of
so- called 'Yokkaichi asthma' and clarify the disease state of
chronic non-specific lung disease frequently observed in the
Yokkaichi area This area is a center of petroleum industry and
known to be highly air-polluted with sulfur dioxide and other
unknown irritating gases The study was based on 120 patients
who were referred for respiratory symptoms during the period
June 1967 to December 1968. These patients had been re-
sidents at the highly air-polluted area for more than 3 years
and had symptoms of chronic obstructive lung disease. One
hundred twenty patients consisted of 59 males and 61 females.
The age ranged from 16 to 83 years, but the majority of the
patients (95 out of 120) were older than 40 years old. Symp-
toms of chronic bronchitis were noted in 55.8% of the cases,
these of asthma attack in 70.8%. And symptoms of these two
disorders coexisted in 35.0% of the cases. The increased in-
cidence of these patients seemed to be closely related to the
elevation of air pollutants at the area. Seasonal exacerbations
of symptoms are also noted when the area is more air-pol-
luted. Thirty nine out of 120 patients had a previous history of
allergic disorders and 26 had allergic family history. Allergic
skin reaction (using house dust) were positive in 18 among 119
cases tested. These figures are lower than seen in patients with
bronchial asthma in other areas. Increased eosmophils in blood
and sputum were noted in 33 out of 104 and 25 out of 87,
respectively. Fifty eight out of 107 patients had sputum expec-
toration of more than 10 ml for 24 hours. Acetylcholine inhala-
tion test (using 1000 micrograms or less) was positive in 10 out
of 51 patients when judged by EFV1 only and in 31 out of 55
patients when judged by EFV1 and/or respiratory resistance.
In chest roentgenogram, inflammatory and emphysematous
changes were frequently noted. In pulmonary function tests,
many cases showed an obstructive pattern, an elevated
respiratory resistance and a poor response to bronchodilator.
Based on the above clinical observations and diagnostic stan-
dards of chronic nonspecific lung disease stated by the Amer-
ican Thoracic Society of 1962, 'Yokkaichi asthma' can be clas-
sified into 4 groups of known disease categories 1) 55 cases of
bronchial asthma; 2) 36 cases of chronic bronchitis, 3) 21 cases
of bronchial asthma with chronic bronchitis; 4) 8 other cases.
In younger age groups, bronchial asthma (group 1) was
predominant. In groups older than 40 years of age, bronchial
asthma (group 1), chronic bronchitis (group 2) and coexistence
of these (group 3) were observed in 38, 31 and 20 cases,
respectively.
27653
Watanabe, Hiroshi and Fusa Kaneko
EXCESS DEATH THROUGH THE AIR POLLUTION IN
OSAKA CITY. PART D. (Taiki osen ni yoru shiboshasu zodai
ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.
Air Pollution), 4(1):59, 1969. (Proceedings of the Japan Society
of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
In the period 1962-1967, the daily variation of death rate in
Osaka Prefecture was investigated. 'Excess deaths' was
defined as the number of deaths when the three-day average
death rate was higher than the 15-day average plus one stan-
dard deviation. Data were studied to see if there were any ex-
cess deaths in the outlying agricultural area within the three-
day period in which there were excess deaths in Osaka (city).
When there were no such excess deaths, then the deaths in the
city were termed the metropolitan type. Other terminologies
were similarly developed for different types of deaths, in all
cases comparing the agricultural and metropolitan sectors.
Statistical analyses were performed to find the various correla-
tions between continuous three-day long pollutio due to sulfur
dioxide over 0.15 ppm or suspended dusts over 0.75 mg/cu m
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
75
and excess deaths in that period. Looking at the deaths by
various types of illnesses, deaths due to circulatory ailments
fluctuate similarly to the deaths due to illness in general. But
deaths due to respiratory diseases do not always follow the
pattern. Respiratory illness deaths other than TB and
neoplasms are not always covariant with total deaths, but they
frequently increase in periods when excess deaths are ob-
served in one or more of the three sectors of the Osaka
metropolitan area.
28351
Shimizu, Tadahiko and Yoshizo Tsunetoshi
EQUATION OF THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC
BRONCHITIS—EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. (Man-
seikikanshien yushosharitsu no hoteishiki—taikiosen no eikyo
no okisa). Text in Japanese. Seijinbyo (Adult Dis.), 10(1):61-
70, Sept. 1969.
The prevalence of chronic bronchitis 13,100 persons 40 years
of age or more who lived in six districts in Osaka was theoreti-
cally examined. The equation of the prevalence was derived
from age, amount of cigarettes smoking, and degree of air pol-
lution. Values calculated from the equation were compared
with actual ones. The diagnosis of chronic bronchitis was
based on Fletcher's definition. The equation derived from
amount of smoking and age was y equals 0.0001 .3N(x minus
20) squared (I) where N is the amount of smoking per day; x,
the age; and y, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis(%). The
equation derived from sulfur trioxide content, as measured by
the PbO2 method, was y, equals 1.94 alpha plus 0.71 (II)
where alpha is SO3 content; y the corrected prevalence. To
exclude the influence of smoking and age on the prevalence of
chronic bronchitis, these values were corrected to standard
values, and the prevalence calculated from them was
designated corrected prevalence. The equation of the
prevalence of chronic bronchitis, y equals 0.0001 .3.N(X-20)
squared plus 1.94 alpha minus 3.18, was calculated from equa-
tions I and II where for female nonsmokers N equals 4; for
male nonsmokers equals N equals 8; for 1-10 cigarettes;day; N
equals 10; for 11-20 cigarettes/day, N equals 20; more than 21
cigarettes per day N equals 30. The difference between calcu-
lated and actual values was 0.2%. The minimum value of alpha
is discussed.
28559
Chiba Prefecture (Japan), Pollution Countermeasures Section
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AND
WATER POLLUTION ON MEN. (Taiki osen oyobi suishitsu
odaku no jintai ni ataeru eikyo chosa kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. 104p., 1969.
With the cooperation of Chiba University, the Chiba Prefec-
tural Government has been carrying on overall research on the
public hygiene aspect of pollution. The studies cover chronic
respiratory diseases and malignant lung tumors is citizens of
Ichihara City; the photochemical reaction of sulfur dioxide and
organic compounds; the photodecomposition reaction of
nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere; lesions in respiratory or-
gans caused by air pollutants; statistical studies of the relation-
ship between respiratory diseases and air pollution; basic stu-
dies on methods of eliminating small amounts of harmful
gases, actual air pollution levels in urban areas; medical sur-
vey of children three years old and less in Ichihara City; and
epidemiological and clinical studies of bronchial asthma of
children in Chiba Prefecture. Children in polluted areas tended
to have more frequent colds than those in control area, espe-
cially one-yr olds and three-yr olds. The difference was signifi-
cant. In the control area, children caught fewer colds as they
grew older. This was not true of pollution areas. Among pri-
mary school children in Ichihara City, 3.3% of the boys and
2.6% of the girls (total, 2.95%) had asthma. In Chiba City,
0.75% of the boys and 0.36% of the girls (total, 0.56%) had
asthma in 1964. In 1968 the figures were 1.56% for boys and
0.76% for girls, (total 1.17%).
28714
Toyama, Toshio and Shiro Adachi
DAILY DEATH AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT (IN TOKYO).
(Kankyo to toshi no shibogensho (Tokyo-to ni okeru). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 26(1): 15^
April 1971. (Presented at the Japanese Society for Hygiene,
Annual Meeting, 41st, Tokyo, Japan, April 3-4, 1971.)
Daily death figures from April 1966 to March 1969 were ob-
tained from 23 wards of Tokyo. Delta death-15dma (the dif-
ference between the daily deaths and the 15 days moving
average (15 dma), used to eliminate seasonal variables was cal-
culated. Then the correlation coefficient of delta death-15dma
vs temperature and the degree of air pollution (sulfur dioxide
concentration and floating dust) was investigated. Analysis of
the data revealed that the correlation between daily deaths and
the degree of air pollution was not high in general; no marked
monthly tendency was present in the correlation between 15
dma and the degree of air pollution. On the other hand, a sig-
nificant correlation was observed between daily deaths and
temperature; the highest correlation was observed in August
between 15dma and temperature. There was no significant dif-
fernce between the correlation of delta death -15dma vs tem-
perature and the degree of air pollution for the same day, for
one day, two day, and three day lag.
28733
Tokyo Metropolitan Public Nuisance Research Inst. (Japan)
REPORT OF SURVEY ON EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
ON MEN - ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORTALI-
TY AND DISEASES WITH AIR POLLUTION - 1966-1968.
(Taiki osen jintai eikyo chosa hokokusho - Tokyo tokubunai ni
okeru shibo to shippei no taiki osentono kanren ni tsuite
Showa 41-43 nendo). Text in Japanese. 112p., March, 1970.
Tokyo is unique in that its population density is the greatest in
the world; that 25 years ago, when home-heating was not de-
pendent upon coal, there was no air pollution, and that air-pol-
lution is now on an unprecedent scale. Information was col-
lected from daily death records and a correlation with air pol-
lution indicators (sulfur dioxide and dust) was sought. The Air
pollution index in Tokyo equals 9.056 times SO2 concentration
(pphm) power 0.631 + 5 times dust concentration (mg/cu m).
Among people over 50 there are more deaths in winter than in
summer. This seasonal change in mortality rate suggests that
temperature is the biggest factor among environmental condi-
tions. Daily mortality rate had only low correlation with fac-
tors of air pollution (SO2, dust, air pollution index) and no
result suggesting a causal relationship was obtained. There is a
positive correlation between mortality rate and high tempera-
ture, but it could not be established how much air pollution
contributed to winter mortality rates. Further research is
necessary on direct cause of death, contributing cause of
death, the area where death occurred, and residence. In addi-
tion, representative measuring cites should be established
throughout Tokyo to determine the relation between SO2 and
dust and other pollutants and other meteorological factors.
-------
76
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
28752
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Yoshimitsu Nose
Affi POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES. PART IV.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROPERTIES OF AIR POLLU-
TION AND OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES IN
SEVERAL CITIES IN YAMAGUCHI PREFECTURE. (Taiki
osen to kokyuki shikkan. Dai-4-po. Yamaguchi shotoshi no
taiki osen no seijo to heisokusei haishikkan). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):130,
1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution, An-
nual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Residents over 40 years of age hi the five cities of Ube,
Onoda, Mine, Tokuyama, and Nanyo of Yamaguchi Prefecture
were surveyed according to the BMRC method. In the primary
survey, for all cities except Mine, a positive correlation was
observed between sulfur dioxide concentration (mg/lOOsq cm
PbO2) and the frequency of one type or another of respiratory
illness, pulmonary function, and SO2 concentration. Similar
results were obtained for settling dusts and chronic bronchitis.
In addition a study of smokers and nonsmokers showed that
smoking is not unrelated to respiratory diseases. However, in
the secondary survey, there was a significant difference for
respiratory illness of one kind or another between smokers
and nonsmokers, but no significant difference for those having
pulmonary damage. For polluted and nonpolluted areas, there
was a significant difference between the three types of in-
dividuals: those having one type or another of respiratory dif-
ficulty, those having pulmonary function damage, and those
having chronic bronchitis. It is concluded that the effects of
air pollution cannot be satisfactorily described by comparison
of polluted and nonpolluted districts alone; at individual dif-
ferences in smoking habits must be taken into account.
28753
Takahashi, H. and Toshiro Nakajima
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH IN TSU-
RUSAKI DISTRICT OF OITA CITY. (Oita-shi Tsurusaki
chiku ni okeru taiki osen no kenko ni oyobosu eikyo ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 5(1):131, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Residents of the Tsurusaki industrial complex area in Oita City
were studied for the relationship between health and air pollu-
tion caused by the complex since its establishment in 1964,
Based on National Health Insurance records for the residents,
statistics were compiled on the common cold, bronchitis,
bronchial asthma, pneumonia, laryngitis and pharyngitis, ton-
silitis, and emphysema. Tsurusaki industrial area (0.03 ppm
SO2, annual average) had a much higher incidence of respira-
tory illnesses than an unpolluted area 4 km away.
28765
Yoshida, Katsumi, M. Takatsuka, M. Kitabatake, H. Oshima,
and M. Imai
INHALATION EXPERIMENT OF SULFURIC ACID
AEROSOL TO GUINEA PIGS. (Morumotto ni yoru ryusan
misto kyunyu jikken). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1):149, 1970. (Proceedings of the
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
The effects on guinea pigs of a long-term repetitive exposure
(46 times over 23 weeks) to sulfuric acid mist were in-
vestigated. Sulfur trioxide evolving from heated acid was
diluted by moist air and aerosols over 1 micron in size were
removed by an impactor with an impinger. The average con-
centration measured by an electroconductivity method was 8,5-
mg SO3/cu m. Albumin was given to some of the animals.
Pneumatograms were recorded by means of a kymograph, and
changes in the number of acidocytes in 500 leukocytes of
blood samples was noted. The pneumatograms showed that for
some animals, dyspnea became more severe as the number of
exposures increased. For those given albumin, anaphylactic
dyspnea was observed. An increase in acidocytes was also ob-
served, although there were individual differences. Blood con-
gestion in lungs as a result of SO3 exposure was also noted.
29235
Nakajima, Toshiro and Ichiro Hata
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION EF-
FECTS EM SAGANOSEKI TOWN. (Oita-ken Saganoseki-cho
ni okeru taiki osen no kenko ni oyobosu eikyo ni tsuiteno
ekigakuteki kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.
Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 5(1): 132, 1970. (Proceedings of the
Japan Society of Air Pollution, Annual Meeting, llth, 1970.)
Residents of the commercial-residential area of Saganoseki,
adjacent to a copper refinery with a 295-m stack, were inter-
viewed according to the BMRC method. The sample was 1257
residents, excluding highschool students and younger children;
the response rate was 82.9%. Items on the questionnaires per-
tained to protracted (about three months) annual coughs;
coughing and phlegm occurring since two or more years ago;
bronchial afflictions in the last three years and past and
present asthmatic attacks. The response rate for each item was
classified according to sex. The results show that many people
are suffering from the respiratory symptoms due to sulfur
dioxide gas, and that morbidity in the area in almost as high as
in Osaka or Kobe.
29284
Stupfel, M.
EXPERIMENTAL BRONCHITIS PRODUCED BY VARIOUS
AIR POLLUTANTS. (Bronchites experimentales par drivers
polluants atmospheriques). Text in French. Bull. Physio-
Pathol. Respir. (Nancy), vol. 5:485-504, 1969. 70 refs.
A study conducted in England with workers over 45 years of
age showed that absenteeism and mortality due to bronchitis
occurred at a higher rate with increased sulfur dioxide pollu-
tion. These studies also indicated a relationship between mor-
tality from bronchitis and the dust content in the air. Another
study conducted with English postal employees working out-
doors, revealed an increased incidence of bronchitis during
periods of fog and cold weather. Other aggravating circum-
stances in connection with bronchitis include tobacco smoking,
and exposure in industrial plants to toxic gases and chemical
irritations, such as chlorine, ammonia, and sulfurous an-
hydride. T determine the ill effects of air pollution on the
respiratory system, tests were made with animals in whom ex-
perimental bronchopneumopathies were induced under con-
trolled conditons. Two identical chambers were used into
which an equal number of * species of animals of the same
age sex and weight were placed for a period of time. The in-
side temperature and humidity in the chambers were kept at
equal values. In one chamber a normal atmosphere is main-
tained whereas pollutants are introduced into the other cham-
bers. Both groups of animals are periodically examined. The
dusts and chronic effects of the exposure of various animals
to seven groups of pollutants were reported. The animals used
were rats, mice, dogs, rabbits, hamsters, and guinea pigs. The
seven pollutant groups were sulfur dioxide, various nitrogen
oxides, ozone, dust, tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust
gases, and aerosols. A great variation of effects of the same
air pollutant on different species of animals studied was found.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
77
29423
Kiyoura, Raisaku
PROBLEMS ON AIR POLLUTION IN JAPAN. (Wagakuni no
taiki osen no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Jidosha Gijutsu (J.
Soc. Automot. Engrs. Japan), 25(3):209-213, March 1971.
When sulfuric acid gas emissions increased due to increased
consumption of petroleum fuels, the problem of suspended
dust was overlooked although it is emitted in great quantities
from the burning of such fuels. The dust is 0.1-10 microns in
diameter, and stays aloft in the atmosphere from a few hours
to a few years. When heavy oil is burned 48-95% of the dust is
less than 10 microns in size. About 62-80% of the dust from
automobile exhaust gas is less than 2.0 microns. The 0.1-1.0
micron particles are likely to be inhaled into the lungs and
retained there. The rate of deposition is reported to be about
53%. It is also reported that when dust is 200 micrograms/cu m
for the 24 hour average, there is a high incidence of respirato-
ry disease complaints the following two days. Even when sul-
furic acid gas is about 0.01 ppm, if the dust concentration is
also high, ther are many complaints from respiratory disease
patients. When smog continued for four days in December
1962 in Osaka, the dust concentration averaged more than
1000 microgram/cu m a day, and there was and an increase in
the mortality rate. The sulfuric acid gas during this period was
lower than the period before of after. When there is a high
concentration of unsoluble substances in the dust, the mortali-
ty rate from bronchitis increases. When measures are taken to
decrease the concentration, the mortality rate decreases mar-
kedly.
29453
Schaer, Meinrad
THE MAN AS BENEFICIARY AND THE PRAY OF TECHNI-
CAL DEVELOPMENT. (Der Mensch als Nutzniesser und
Opfer der technischen Entwicklung). Text in German. Staed-
tehygiene (Uelzen/Hamburg), 22(4):77-81, 1971.
With the random selection of high and low air pollution areas,
a higher rate of chronic bronchitis is always found in highly
polluted areas. In non-polluted areas, the rate of chronic
bronchitis among male nonsmokers is 1% and among smoker
15%; in heavily polluted areas, it is 7% for non-smokers and
20% for smokers. As a study in Philadelphia shows, the mor-
bidity rate is correlated with the wind direction, wind speed,
smoke content, paniculate concentration, and components of
sulfur oxides. A negative correlation exists between air tem-
perature and morbidity. However, none of these factors alone
correlates with the morbidity. Sulfur dioxide affects the
bronchi only in extremely high concentrations. Workers can
inhale 5 ppm SO2 for eight hours per day without effect, while
1 ppm SO2 in the atmospheric air causes an increase of the
bronchitis rate. A clear relationship also exists between the
rate of lung cancer and the degree of air pollution. Carbon
monoxide which is known as a dangerous toxic is present in
the atmosphere in only small concentrations, even with heavy
air pollution caused by smoke and automobile exhausts.
Another disease which is strongly correlated with air pollution
is asthmatic bronchitis. Some cities are known because of their
high bronchial asthma morbidity, such as New Orleans asthma
and Yokohama disease. The frequency of asthmatic attacks
depends on the concentration of pollen and also on the content
of sulfur oxides in the air. It is not influenced by pressure,
temperature, or humidity of the air.
29571
Ardelan, I., M. Cucu, and E. Andronache
STUDIES OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DUSTS AND GASES
FOR THE PATHOLOGY OF INFECTIONS OF THE
RESPIRATORY TRACT. (Untersuchungen ueber di Bedeu-
tung von Staeuben und Gasen fuer die Infektionspathologie
des Atemtraktes). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Humboldt Univ.
Berlin Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):455-456, 1970.
Experiments were made to study the effect of dust and irritat-
ing gases on infections of the respiratory tract induced by ex-
perimentally introduced pneumococci and influenza viruses in
white male mice. Silica dust, carbon dust, and calcium car-
bonate dust respectively were introduced into the nostrils
together with the infectious agent. Only the infectious agents
were applied to a control group. The dust caused extended du-
ration of disease and an increased mortality rate. Of the three
types of dust applied, silica had the most damaging effect. In
another set of tests, mice were exposed for 7 hrs a day to 16
mg/cu m sulfur dioxide and 4 mg/cu m chlorine. After 21 days
the same infectious agents were applied. Control animals were
not exposed to the irritating gases. This influence of the gases
was less pronounced in pneumococcal infections than in viral
infections, where they produced an intensified occurrence of
protracted pneumonia, and increased mortality. The effect of
chlorine in this respect was stronger than that of SO2.
29575
Maziarka, S. and E. Mros.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR POLLUTION AND
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION IN
POLISH TOWNS. (Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Luft-
verunreinigung und Morbiditaet sowie Mortalitaet der Bevoel-
kerung in polnischen Staedten). Text in German. Wiss. Z.
Humboldt Univ. Berlin Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):483-484,
1970.
Statistical data were compiled in three large cities in Poland to
study any relationship between the concentration of air pollu-
tants and the incidence of illness or death; meteorological fac-
tors were also compared. As a rule, highest concentrations
were observed to occur on calm days, whereas winds tend to
dissipate pollutants. The number of recorded patients during
favorable conditions of weather and purity of air were com-
pared with those who fell ill during more polluted conditions.
During the latter period the number of persons in Katowice
and Chozov who developed diseases of the respiratory tract
wen: up by 40%, and for cardiovascular diseases, by 13%. In
Krakow the increase was 90% for patients with respiratory
complaints, and 17% for patients with cardiac. A distinct risft
in number of deaths in Krakow was observed on days of in--
creased sulfur dioxide. When SO2 exceede a daily average of
0.2 mg/cu m, and the dust content at the same time was above
0.3 mg/cu m, the number of deaths rose by 32% during one
test period. When the SO2 concentration rose above 0.3 mg/cu
m, the mortality rate levelled off and no further increase was,
observed.
29925
Funabashi, Shigeru, Tatsuya Hayashi, Toshiya Nishimuta,
Yukitake Fumy a, Torn Takayama, Masaru Mizoguchi,
Nobukiyo Sakurai, Keiji Kishimoto, Yoshiko Muramatsu,
Yosnio Takayama, Ryotaro Tochigi, Sekka Ryu, Shu
Terashima, Junichi Ito, Tsuyoshi Toba, Misako Murata, and
Masatsugu Kubo
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION AND BRONCHIAL
ASTHMA. REPORT 1. (Taikiosen to kikanshizensoku ni
-------
78
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
tsuite. Dai 1 po). Text in Japanese. Nippon Shonika Gakukai
Zasshi (Acta Paediat. Japan, Tokyo), 75(2):90-91, Feb. 1971.
(Presented at the Japan Pediatric Society, Annual Meeting,
73rd, Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 22-23, 1970.)
The relationship between air pollution, especially sulfur diox-
ide and bronchial asthma was investigated on the basis of
health examinations of school children conducted since 1968 at
Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefecture. The city was divided into sec-
tions, of high, medium, and low pollution according to graphs
of SO2 levels. The morbidity rate for bronchial asthma was
2.42% in sections of high pollution, 1.5% in sections of medi-
um pollution, and 0.88% in sections of low pollution. A similar
correlation was shown in detection rates of 5 diseases of the
upper respiratory tract. In the sections of high pollution graphs
of the monthly average of the frequencies of asthmatic attack
and levels of SO2 were almost parallel. The rates of recovery
of asthmatic children were low in the sections where there was
high pollution, and were in general in inverse proportion to the
levels of SO2.
30148
Steiger, Herbert and Arthur Brockhaus
STUDY CONCERNING THE MORTALITY IN NORTH
RHINE WESTPHALIA DURING THE INVERSION
WEATHER CONDITIONS OF 1962. (Untersuchungen zur
Mortalitaet in Nordrhein-Westfalen waehrend der Inversion-
swetterlage Dezember 1962). Text in German. Staub, Reinhal-
tung Luft, 31(5):190-192. May 1971. 8 refs.
During the inversion weather conditions of December 1962,
which were accompanied by an increase in particulate and sul-
fur dioxide concentrations, an increase of the mortality in the
Ruhr Valley occurred. It was assumed that the higher mortali-
ty rate was connected with the higher air pollution. For confir-
mation of this assumption, the mortality rate outside the Ruhr
Valley was studied for the same period of time, namely for
December 3 to 15, 1962. A significant, but a relatively lower
increase, was only found in the Duesseldorf and Cologne re-
gions. Further division according to districts did not give any
clear results. A division according to areas of different popula-
tion densities has shown an increase in the mortality rate in
the densely populated areas. The results indicate that the
higher death rate was due to the higher concentration of air
pollutants.
30167
Miyamoto, Terumasa
ATMOSPHERE - SULFUR DIOXIDE. (Taiki - aryusangasu).
Text in Japanese. Naika, 27(5):823-826, May 1971.
This report is concerned with the effects of sulfur dioxide on
plants, animals, and humans. Sulfur dioxide enters plants
through the stomata of leaves, damages cellular tissue, and
turns leaves brown and ivory. Sulfur dioxide causes tissues to
die and ciliary movement in bronchial tubes to stop in humans
and animals. The long-term exposure of animals to 10 ppm
SO2 slows down ciliary movement. High concentrations are
very toxic, and SO2 effects the bronchi and lung more 24 hrs
after exposure than right after the exposure. There is insuffi-
cient data on the effect of long-term exposure to SO2. How-
ever, it is known that the vitamin C content in digestive or-
gans, the kidney, and the liver decreases and life expectancy
decreases as the concentration increases. One ppm of SO2 in-
creases the frequency of respiration and pulse; 10-20 ppm of
SO2 irritates the throat (pharynx); and 300-500 ppm of SO2
causes toxic symptoms even for a short-term exposure. Re-
gional epidemiologic studies have attempted to show quanta-
lively that deterioration of lung function is due to air pollution.
However, no significant difference in lung function for re-
sidents of polluted and nonpolluted areas was found.
30237
Nose, Yoshikatsu, Hiroo Uenol, and Masako Nakayama
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SYMPTOMS OF THE
PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE RESPIRATORY DIS-
EASES AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR
SULFUR OXD3ES. (Heisokusei kokyuki kanja no shojo to
iosankabutsu no kankyokijun tono kankei). Text in Japanese.
Japan Industrial Medical Society, Japan Ind. Med. Soc. Meet.
44th, Tokyo, Japan, 1971, p. 154-155. (April 3-4.)
Since 1950, five cities in Yamaguchi prefecture (Ube, Onoda,
Mine, Tokuyama, and Shinnanyo) have applied the Ube
Method to control pollution sources based on mutual agree-
ment of the regional society in accordance with the scientific
data. In 1969, pollution was below 0.05 ppm/hr for 73.8% of
the total hours throughout the year at Ube, 82.5% at Onoda,
and 84.5% at Tokuyama. Although prefecture! government
authorities take a serious view of the ambient air quality stan-
dard for sulfur dioxide, they treat the effect of pollution due
to fine particles lightly. According to epidemiologic investiga-
tions in some cities of the prefecture, the effects of pollution
on the human body are apparent even when the sulfur oxide
levels are below the standard. This indicates that not only the
single effect of SO2 gas, but also the arithmetic or geometrical
effects of SO2 gas and fine particles should be considered,
and that the establishment of an air quality standard for fine
particles is an urgent problem.
30310
Takayama, Otohiko
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
(Taikiosen no kokyuki ni oyobosu eikyo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Nichidai Igaku Zasshi (Nichidai Med. J.), 30(2):83-
88, Feb. 1971. 23 refs.
Histological studies were made of the effects of air pollution
on the trachea, the lung, and the upper respiratory tract. An
epidemiologic study of the effect of air pollution on the upper
respiratory tract was also conducted. Either phagocytal inflam-
mation of the alveoli of the lung occurs, or the phagocytes ac-
cumulate in the pulmonary intestice, if particles remain in the
alveoli when dust is inhaled. Whenever dust remains in the al-
veoli and the bronchioli, it brings about proliferation of the
fiber. The extent to which contaminant particles remain in the
lung is affected by various factors. In the case of an aerial
contaminant, it varies according to the amount inhaled. Aller-
gic contamination causes typical asthma-like changes.
Pathological changes in the upper respiratory tract due to air
pollution were observed; the effect of dust increased accord-
ing to the order of the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, and
the lung. The effect of sulfur dioxide increased in the order of
the pharynx, the trachea, the larynx, and the lung. With
respect to objective findings observed macroscopicaUy in the
epidemiological investigation, the incidence of paranasal
sinusitis, laryngitis, and pharyngitis were significantly higher in
a polluted district than in a nonpolluted district Also observed
were the parts of the larynx and the pharynx where lesions
were apt to occur more often. Finally, the movement of gar-
gling water was observed by roentgeno-cinematography to
determine whether gargling water could make the surface of
the mucosa clean and which part of the pharyngeal cavity it
reached.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
79
30353
Yoshida, Katsumi
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN BODY.
(Taikiosen no jintai eikyo). Text in Japanese. Kyoto Igakkai
Zasshi (J. Kyoto Med. Assoc.), 20(2):19-25, March 1971.
(Presented at the Kyoto Medical Association, Scientific Lec-
ture Meeting, Sept. 19, 1970.)
A review of the health effects of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen diox-
ide, and carbon monoxide is presented. Sulfur dioxide is a a
representative contaminant in Japan today. As a result of long-
term exposure to SO2 at the present atmospheric concentra-
tion, an increase of inflammation, mainly bronchitis, has been
reported by epidemiological and experimental research. Inhibi-
tion of ciliar movement of the epithelium cells in the bronchial
wall is indicated as a reason for this increase. Also, the SO2
has a high degree of deposition and retention in the lungs.
There are not many areas where nitrogen dioxide is the
overwhelming contamination factor, its epidemiological effects
are not clear. From long-term exposure experiments using
minute amounts of NO2, it was concluded that this pollutant
may cause obstructive lung disease in the same way SO2 does.
The influence of carbon monoxide is completely different
from that of SO2 and NO2. Carbon monoxide has a strong af-
finity for the hemoglobin in the blood. Once CO has combined
with hemoglobin, it is very difficult to release; it inhibits the
action of Hb, thereby causing cerebral disorders. Carbox-
yhemoglobin is also harmful to the patient with ischemic heart
disease. The environmental standard of CO should be made
taking these factors into consideration.
30396
Miyamoto, Terumasa
AIR POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES.
(Taikiosen to kokyukishikkan). Text in Japanese. Sanfujinka
no Sekai (World Obstet. Gynecol.), 23(4):351-354, April 1971.
Historical examples of air pollution damage, various respirato-
ry diseases influenced by air pollution, and the relationships
between constitution and air pollution are described. Bronchial
asthma, chronic bronchitis, vesicular emphysema, pneu-
moconiosis, and lung cancer are increasing in Japan and
abroad. Among these diseases, bronchial asthma and chronic
bronchitis are easily influenced by air pollution; the rise and
fall of these symptoms are related to sulfur dioxide concentra-
tion and to dust fall. Chronic bronchitis has a connection with
smoking, like vesicular emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis.
The incidence of pneumoconiosis and lung cancer is higher in
those who have many ooportunities for inspiring dust than it is
in others. Allergies are also easily influenced by air pollution.
In animal experiments if an antigen is inspired after the in-
spiration of air pollutants, sensitization via the airways is easi-
ly established. Though it is noted that alpha 1 - antitrypsin in
the blood may take pan in the crisis of vesicular emphyseam,
the relationship between its quantity and the basic factor easi-
ly influenced by air pollution has not been clarified.
306S4
Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo (Japan) and Osaka
Prefectural Government (Japan)
INVESTIGATION ON THE INFLUENCE OF SMOKE AND
SOOT DUST AND OTHERS IN 1967. (Showa 42-nendo baien-
to eikyo chosa). Text in Japanese. 171p., 1968 (?).
The influence of atmospheric pollution on school children was
investigated. An elementary school in Osaka City was selected
to represent a polluted area and an elementary school in Ikeda
City was selected as the control school. A total of 528 children
of the fourth and sixth grades from both schools were the sub-
jects of the investigation. To have medical and otorhinolaryn-
gological examinations three times a year, and to examine the
relationship between the daily change of pollution and that of
respiratory functions, investigations were made for five suc-
cessive days. The amount of floating dust and sulfur dioxide in
the air was measured since the day before the examination
began. Three days prior to the examination, questionnaires
were distributed and absences were noted. The parents of the
children in the polluted area were mostly blue-collar workers,
and those of the children in the contrasting school were mostly
white-collar workers. A high rate of conjunctivitis and
trachoma was observed among the children in the polluted
area. No difference was found in absences. A high rate of sore
throats, headache, and coughs was observed among the chil-
dren in the polluted area. Concerning height and weight, the
children in the polluted area were inferior, but no difference
was found in growth rate. The examination of respiratory
function, by means of a Vitalor, indicated no significant dif-
ference between groups of the same height. The examination
of vital capacity showed no difference for one second; but
children in the polluted area had lower capacity for 0.75 and
0.5 sec. The children of the polluted area showed an obviously
lower rate of breathing capacity. The value of respiratory re-
sistance showed a noticeable difference between the same
grade children. The over-all five-day examination, however,
showed no distinctive difference between the two groups.
31665
Yoshizaki, Kazuko
TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH OF THE CITIZEN IN
PETROLEUM CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CITIES AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. PART 2. ECOLOGICAL
STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TREND OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT OF
INHABITANT TOKUYAMA CITY FROM A VIEWPOINT OF
MORTALITY BY MAJOR CAUSES. (Sekiyukagakuko-
gyotoshimin no hokendoko to kankyoosen. Dai 2 hen.
Shuyoshiinbestu shiboritsu kara mita Tokuyamasimin no
hokendoko to seikatsukankyo tono kankei ni tsuiteno
seitaigakuteki kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi Sangyo
Igaku Nenpo (Ann. Kept. Soc. Yamaguchi Ind. Health), no.
17:52-78, Dec. 1970. 19 refs.
Death records for 70,000 residents of Tokuyama City were
analyzed to determine death rates for two categories of dis-
eases: endogeneous, constitutional diseases (cerebral
hemorrhage, cancer, and heart disease) and ectogeneous, in-
fectious diseases (pneumonia and bronchitis). Further, the
death rate for each category was compared with national death
rates for the periods 1958-1969 and 1962-1965. The relationship
between death rates and quality of soil, water, and air was
considered. In Tokuyama City and throughout Japan, deaths
attributable to ectogeneous, infectious diseases are declining
while those due to endogenous, constitutional diseases are in-
creasing. The tendency is especially noticeable in Tokuyama
City. In all years, decrease in air pollution was associated with
decreased mortality from pneumonia and bronchitis in two
sensitive groups: infants and children up to four years of age
and adults over 40 years. With respect to their influence on
death rates, dust fall and sulfur dioxide are in direct propor-
tion to each other.
-------
80
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
31963
Kondo, Heiichiro, Mitsugu Kondo, Kimio Takeda, Cho
Matsuoka, Toshio Kitamura, and Isao Tahara
ON THE HEALTH INJURY FOR THE INHABITANT IN THE
VICINITY OF CHROMATE PRODUCING FACTORY. (Ku-
romusan seizokojo shuhen jumin no kenkoshogai ni kansutu
chosa kekka ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Tokushima-ken Eisei
Kenkyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Tokushima Pref. Inst. Public
Health, no. 10:45-65, 1971. 6 refs.
A chromate manufacturing plant in the Tachibana area of
Anan City began operations in May 1969. Eleven months later,
following a rise in complaints of pharyngo-laryngeal symptoms
among area residents, measurements were made of chromic
acid and dust fall in the air in the vicinity of the plant and of
the chromate content of plants. Group medical examinations
of inhabitants were also undertaken. The atmospheric concen-
tration of chromic acid along the boundary of the plant
premises was 1.5 microgram/N cu m below the provisional
prefecture! standard. Dust fall was within 10 t/sq km/month of
the permissible concentration. Chromate compounds in plants
were a little higher than in the general area, and necrotic punc-
ta were observed. Although cases of chronic pharyngitis and
laryngitis were identified, there were no patients with medium
or advanced degrees of disease. Blood and urine analyses
yielded no specific findings. Chromate in urine, as determined
by supermicroanalysis, was apparently higher than normal in
plant workers, but no differences in concentration existed
between area residents and those in a control area. Among ele-
mentary and junior high school students there was no increase
hi principal complaints or findings indicative of pharyngitis
and laryngitis. Thus, there is no definite health injury due to
environmental pollution by chromic acid in the Tachibana
area.
32914
Momose, Masato
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION: EFFECT
OF SO2 ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RESPIRATORY INFEC-
TION. (Taiki osen ni kansuru jikken telci kenkyu. Kokyuki kei
saikin kansen ni taisuru SO2 no eikyo). Text in Japanese.
Chiba Igakkai Zasshi (J. Chiba Med. Soc.), 47(2):145-154, July
1971. 30 refs.
Guinea pigs raised hi a germ-free and conventional environ-
ment were used for experimental studies on the effects of air
pollution. Two groups were exposed to 40 ppm of sulfur diox-
ide and treated with infectious bacteria (staphylococcus au-
reus). The number of bacteria inhaled into the lungs as an
aerosol and eliminated were determined. The lung revealed a
slight or middle interstitial inflammation. The guinea pigs
developed symptoms of hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia. A
group of guinea pigs inhaled silica particles prior to treatment
with bacteria and exposure to SO2. The number of silica parti-
cles and their residue due to SO2 exposure increased in the
wall of the alveorus pulmonis. Germ free animals were ef-
fected more than conventional animals, indicating an adaptive
response.
33109
Osaka Municipal Office (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLU-
TION TO HUMAN BODIES. (PART 2). (Taiki osen jintai
eikyo chosa. (Sono 2)). Text in Japanese. 27p., March 1970.
The effect of air pollution in Osaka on human health was in-
vestigated with respect to rates of absence for school children,
mortality rate, and examinations of peak flow value and
forced vital capacity. Sulfur dioxide and dust concentrations
were determined. No correlation was determined between data
on absenteeism at schools in industrial, commercial, and re-
sidential districts and the degree of pollution in the districts.
The fluctuation of the number of absentees due to respiratory
diseases (cough, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma) corresponded
with that of total absentees, but was not correlated with sulfur
dioxide concentrations. The mortality rate, modified with
respect to age, was calculated and compared for each district.
Mortality decreased annually. A higher than average rifcte was
determined at a seaside industrial district and infant mortality
and deaths due to pneumonia and bronchitis were frequent.
33123
Nakamura, Ryuichi
AIR POLLUTION AND FEMALE - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
STUDY OF EFFECT ON MOTHERS AND THEIR NEWBORN
OF AIR POLLUTION IN YOKKAICHI CITY. (Taikiosen to
josei - Yokkaichi-shi no taikiosen ga boji ni oyobosu eikyo ni
kansuru ekigakuteki kento). Text in Japanese. Sanka To Fujin-
ka (Obstet. Gynecol.), 38(8):1029-1036, Aug. 1971.
Certain areas in Yokkaichi City were designated as polluted
areas with high concentrations of sulfur dioxide which in-
creased annually. Obstetric and gynecological studies were
made with respect to respiratory diseases (colds and
bronchitis) during pregnancy, nausea, late gestational toxico-
sis, determination of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, amount of
hemmorrhage at delivery, frequency of obstetrical operations,
rate of premature deliveries, placenta weight, and rate of still
births. The new born children were examined to determine
body weight, asphyxia, jaundice, abnormal body temperature,
mortality, and malformation. The results differentiated signifi-
cantly between cases from the polluted area and the non-pol-
luted area. Respiratory infections during pregnancy, serious
jaundice of the new born child, premature births, and still
births had a high and significant incidence in the cases from
polluted areas. Of high incidence but not statistically signifi-
cant in the polluted area cases were anemia during pregnancy,
premature deliveries, pyrexia and asphyxia of the new born
child, malformations, and an increase in placenta weight.
33345
costing, P. E.
THE REACTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT ON EX-
OGENOUS STIMULI. H. (De reactie van de ademhaling-
swegen op exogene prikkels II). Text in Dutch. Tijdschr Soc.
Geneesk., no. 49:463-469, 1971. 20 refs.
The reactions of the respiratory tract to exogenous stimuli
were examined. The response of the respiratory tract and
lungs to inhaled particles was mainly dependent on the area of
deposition and retention. The effect of the stimuli was deter-
mined greatly by particle size and number. Inhaled particles
and gases may interact; the effect of sulfur dioxide would be
largely determined by the presence of other aerosols.; The
evoked response could be as nondirect as a sequela of resorp-
tion in the nasopharynx. Sequential exposure and smoking had
a deteriorating influence on adequate physiological reactions.
33372
Horiuchi, Kazuya and Shunichi Horiguchi
A TRIAL TO ASSUME ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF
LEAD IN THE HEALTHY JAPANESE POPULATION (RE-
PORT 1). (Ippan kenko nihonjin no enshush suitei no
kokoromi (sono 1)). Text in Japanese. SangyoZggaku (Jap. J.
Ind. Health), 13(5):64-65, Sept. 1971. 10 refs.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
81
Based on previously reported data, tables of human lead in-
take from food and drink and lead content in human urine are
presented; a graphic analysis of lead content in urine and lead
absorption through the digestive tract, all classified according
to various age groups is given. The amount of lead obtained by
subtracting lead content via digestive system from the total
lead content in urine may be assumed to be the amount which
has been inhaled from the air without causing deposition of
lead (lead surplus). Assuming that 50% of the lead quantity
from the inhaled air was absorbed, a reverse calculation can
be made in order to estimate the lead concentration in the air
that does not cause deposition in the human body. Assuming
the average air intake of the adult Japanese per day is 10 m3
and that of a child is 5 m3, cumulative air intake of each age
group was used to divide the lead surplus and multiplied by
two. According to this calculation, 1.5 to 4.4 micrograms/m3 is
the amount of lead concentration in the air that does not cause
lead deposition in the human body of adult Japanese between
the ages of 40 and SO.
33447
Makhinya, A. P.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND
PHENOL WHEN SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT ON THE
HUMAN AND ANIMAL ORGANISM UNDER EXPERIMEN-
TAL CONDITIONS. (Biologicheskoye deystviye sernistogo
gaza i fenola pri ikh sovmestnom prisutstvii na organizm
cheloveka i zhivotnykh « ek perimentals nykh usloviyakh).
Text in Russian. In: Vop. Gig. Atmos. Vozdukha Naselennykh
Mest. 1968. A. P. Shitskova (ed.), Moscow, Nauchno-Iss-
ledovatel skii Inst. Gigieny, 1968, p. 57-61.
The minimum sulfur dioxide and phenol concentrations sensed
by olfactory organs when only one of them was present in the
atmosphere were .87 mg/cu m and .022 mg/cu m, respectfully
and .33 mg/cu m SO2 and .011 mg/cu m phenol when both
were present simultaneously. The minimum concentration ef-
fecting light sensitivity of an eye and electric activity of brain
was .44 and .011 mg/cu m SO2 and phenol, respectively. Com-
bined effects of SO2 and phenol are close to sum of their in-
dividual effects. Thus when both SO2 and phenol are present
in the atmosphere, their maximum instant concentration ex-
pressed as sum of fractions of maximum permissible concen-
trations of isolated substances, should be less than one. The
resorptive effect of low concentrations of SO2 in the presence
of phenol on white rats was studied by three months of con-
tinuous intoxication by inhalation. The atmosphere containing
1.5mg/cu m SO2 and .5 mg/cu phenol and .5 mg/cu m SO2 and
•05 mg/cu m phenol caused considerable pathomorphological
changes in white rats organism. Hence, when SO2 and phenol
are present simultaneously in the air, the maximum permissi-
ble average daily concentration of SO2 and phenol expressed
in fractions of the average daily maximum permissible concen-
trations of isolated substances is recommended to be less than
one.
33903
Lob, Marc
ON LEADED GASOLINE II. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON
THE LEVELS OF LEAD IN THE BLOOD, URINE, NA
DPORPHYRINURIA IN VARIOUS POPULATION GROUPS
OF LAUSANNE (OFFICE WORKERS, GARAGE WORKERS,
POLICEMEN). (A propos de la benzine au plomb. II. Etude
comparative de la plombemie, de la plomburie et de la por-
phinurie chez divers groupes de la population lausannoise (em-
ployes de bureau, garagistes, agents de police). Text in
French. Z. Praeventivmed., 10:172-179, May-June 1965. 20
refs.
The lead content in blood and the lead and porphyrin content
in urine of office workers (40 individuals), and of garage wor-
kers (50 individuals) was compared with respective levels in
identical worker groups ten years ago (1955/56). The median
lead content in the blood of the two population groups was 29
gamma % and 37 gamma %, respectively. In ten especially ex-
posed policemen, 38 gamma % lead was in the blood, however
this group was not tested 10 years ago. The levels in office
and garage workers exceeded respective levels found 10 years
ago by approximately 15 gamma %. Porphyrinuria was not
diagnosed in any of the tested individuals. Median lead urine
levels found were 24.5 gamma/1 in office workers, 37 gamma/I
in policemen, and 36 gamma/1 in garage workers. The maximal
permissible level for urine is 80 gamma/1, 50 to 80 gamma/100
cu cm for blood.
34148
Schlipkoeter, H. W.
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH.
REPORT ON THE PRESENT STATUS OF RESEARCH. (Wir-
kung von Luftverunreinigungen auf die menschliche Gesund-
heit. Bericht ueber den Gegenwaertigen Stand der Forschung).
Text in German. Ministerium fuer Arbeit, Gesundheit, und
Soziales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West
Germany), 20p., 1970. 18 refs.
Fine atmospheric suspended dust reduces ultraviolet radiation
and thus reduces its ability to destroy carcinogenic substances
and to stimulate synthesis of vitamin D in the human body.
Fine dust can itself contain carcinogenic 3,4-benzopyrene and
can adsorb chemical substances from the atmosphere and
transport them into the lungs. An accumulation of fine dust in
the atmosphere can therefore lead to acute impairment of
health, as proven by increased mortality during smog episodes
(1952, 1962). Measurements have shown that fine particulates
increased in concentration in the Ruhr region the 1965-1969
period. A comparison of two groups of children, one living in
the polluted atmosphere of Gelsenkirchen and the other in the
unpolluted atmosphere of Westerland/Sylt, showed retarded
bone maturation, especially in the Gelsenkirchen girls.
Whether this is attributable to the tenfold concentration of
SO2 and H2SO4 in Gelsenkirchen or to the climate has not
been determined. In another study, persons exposed to low
concentrations of dichloromethane manifested a considerably
reduced ability to concentrate compared with a control group.
Some noxious substances like derivatives of ethyleneimines
cause genetic damage by increasing the spontaneous rate of
mutation, considerably exceeding such damage caused by
radiation. Such substances causes chromosomal damage at
concentrations far below their toxic threshold concentrations.
34443
Schlipkoeter, H. W., J. Bruch, A. Brockhaus, and G. G. Fodor
THE EFFECTS OF SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS POLLU-
TANTS ON THE LUNGS. (Die Lunge als Aufnahmeorgan
fuer feste, fluessige and gasfoermige Immissionen). Text in
German. Praxis Pneumol., 25(9):505-518, Sept. 1971. 19 refs.
Regulations stipulating maximal permissible concentrations of
solid, liquid, and gaseous pollutants must take into considera-
tion whether the pollutants are deposited in the lung, absorbed
into the blood stream or cause direct damage to the pulmonary
system. Animal experiments and electron microscopic ex-
amination of the submicroscopic structure of pulmonary tis-
sues are described designed to determine the parameters in-
fluencing pulmonary resorption. Epithelial-alveolar cells are of
crucial importance in these studies. In one experiment, the
pulmonary resorption of a fine oil aerosol, designed to sunn-
-------
82
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
late the behavior of particles soluble in benzene, was deter-
mined by determining silicon dioxide in the lung and the
mediastinal lymphatic nodes 16 hours, five days, and four
weeks following inhalation. Pulmonary resorption was a very
complex phenomenon which depends on the penetration power
of the particles, their deposition in alveoli their bronchial and
lymphatic elimination, particle solubility, and their cytotoxici-
ty. About 95-98% of the sulfur dioxide is retained by the al-
kaline mucus of the upper respiratory tract; it penetrates into
the lung only when adsorbed on the surface of dust particles
or when it is catalytically converted to a sulfate-ion aerosol.
Non-reactive gases and vapors penetrate the lung by diffusion
with the resorption degree proportional to the gas concentra-
tion and duration of exposure. Carbon monoxide is also men-
tioned.
34528
Kandus, J. and Z. Jurica
THE INFLUENCE OF SO2 ON THE INCIDENCE OF LOWER
RESPIRATORY WAYS DISEASES. (Vliv kyslicniku siriciteho
na incidenci chorob dolnich cest dychacich). Text in Czech.
Cesk. Hyg. (Prague), 16(4/5):135-140, 1971. 34 refs.
The relationship between respiratory disease morbidity rate
and degree of sulfur dioxide pollution was studied in a sample
comprising 3547 men and women. The acute respiratory mor-
bidity rate was significantly higher not only on the days with
increased levels of SO2 concentration, but also during the two
days following the exposure. A relationship was not found
between morbidity rate and outdoor temperatures. High con-
centrations of SO2 were recorded during November and
December, which were in agreement with high morbidity rates.
(Author summary modified)
35134
Blundi, Edmundo
AIR POLLUTION AND ITS ACTION UPON THE RESPIRA-
TORY SYSTEM. (Poluicao atmosferica: acao sobre o
aparelho respiratorio). Text in Portuguese. Rev. Brasil. Med.,
28(6):247-251. June 1971.
The impact of air pollution upon the population and measures
to be taken in fighting air pollution are discussed. Industrial
emission sources, automotive vehicles, and open air burning of
refuse are the main contributing factors to air pollution in
Brasil. No scientific proof defining specific diseases induced
by air pollution had been found so far. However, air pollution
may worsen pre-existing conditions in patients with bronchitis,
asthma, emphysema or cardiopulmonary conditions which con-
stitute the major part of victims due to pollution. Graphs
representing the parallelism between smoke and sulfur dioxide
concentrations in the air and the exacerbation of pulmonary
disease in groups of patients held under control are
reproduced. A program of preventive measures including early
diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disease should be
developed. Complex teams including clinical physicians, lung
specialists, allergists, and specialists in nuclear medicine
should be established to prevent air pollution-induced
episodes. Technical measures should be taken to prevent in-
dustrial, automotive, and other burning emissions.
35153
li-izumi, Osamu and Yutaka Mori
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PARANASAL
SINUSES OF GERM-FREE GUINEA PIG EXPOSED TO SUL-
FUR DIOXIDE GAS (SO2). (Aryusan gasu (SO2) bakuro
mukin shiiku morumotto no hara fukubiku no byori
soshikigaku teki kenkyu). Text in Japanese. Nihon Jibi Inkoka
Gakkai Kaiho (Jap. J. Nephrol.), 74(9):1358-1362, Sept. 1971.
Germ free guinea pigs were used for an experiment to study
the effect of sulfur dioxide on the upper respiratory tract,
especially paranasal sinuses. Ten germ-free guinea pigs were
continuously exposed to 40 ppm of SO2 for two to 18 days
from 10 days after birth. Their pathology of paransal sinuses
was compared with that of 11 germ-free pigs reared under con-
ventional conditions. Mucous membranes of paranasal sinuses
of the guinea pigs not exposed to SO2 were in a static or silent
state, which proved that no reaction occurred against stimulus.
Since pus was seen in all the nasal sinuses of guinea pigs ex-
posed to SO2, and desquamation of epithelium was observed
in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, the mucous
membrane probably undergoes necrosis from higher concentra-
tions of SO2. Hyperemia and congestion of blood vessels and
neutrophils were observed which proved acute inflammation.
Hyperplasia of mucous membrane, increase of inmature cells,
and infiltration under mucous membrane were not seen. A
long-term experiment under low concentrations is necessary
for a more accurate air pollution study. Changes were found in
the respiratory tract; no difference was seen in the paranasal
sinuses of the two groups of guinea pigs. Although the mucous
membrane of human sinuses is anatomically different form
that of guinea pigs, SO2 would probably be toxic to human
bodies, judging from the fact that acute inflammation is
caused by SO2 and that patients with paranasal sinuses dis-
eases frequently come from contaminated districts.
35154
Funabashi, Shigeru, Tatsuya Hayashi, Toshiyuki Nishimuta,
Nobukiyo Sakurai, Masaru Mizoguchi, Keiji Kishimoto, Toru
Takayama, Yoshiko Muramatsu, Ryotaro Tochigi, Yoshio
Takayama, Katsumi Yamada, Akira Sato, Sekka Ryu, Shu
Terashima, Tsuyoshi Toba, Junichi Ito, Misako Murata,
Suzuko Uehara, Seiji Kubo, Masao Matsumura, Kozo Ito,
Motoaki Adachi, Ken Motomiya, and Ryo Yoshida
AIR POLLUTION AND INFANTILE BRONCHIAL ASTHMA.
REPORT 1. ON THE PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA IN A POL-
LUTED AREA. (Taikiosen to shoni kikanshizensoku. Sono 1:
osenchiku no zensoku hindo ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Shonika Shinryo (J. Pediat. Pract.), 34(11): 1422-1428, Nov.
1971. 41 refs.
Health examinations were undertaken on infants and
schoolchildren in Fuji City, a highly polluted area in Shizuoka
prefecture. The correlation between the prevalence of infantile
asthma and air pollution is discussed. According to sulfur
dioxide levels, Fuji City was divided into a highly polluted
area (SO2 mean concentration in a year was 0.05-0.07 ppm), an
intermediate area (0.03 - 0.05 ppm), and a low pollution area
(below 0.03 ppm). Schoolchildren were selected elementary
schools in the three areas by a questionnaire or nurse-teacher,
and diagnosis of asthma was ascertained by detailed examina-
tions. Fujinomiya City, adjacent to Fuji City, was selected as
the control area. The prevalence value of asthma in schoolchil-
dren in 1968 was high in the highly polluted area; however, a
statistically significant difference was not recognized between
this area and the other two areas. The prevalence of asthma in
children in the highly polluted area in 1970 was about three
times that in the lowest polluted area, and its difference was
significant. The prevalence of asthma in the intermediarily pol-
luted area showed a medium value between the highes and
lower polluted areas. A significant difference was statistically
reocognized between the highly and intermediarily polluted
areas. The prevalence of asthma curve in the lowly polluted
area intended to become lower as the grade increased, whi|e
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
83
the curve in the highly polluted area showed two peaks in the
third and fourth grades. The difference between low and high
values was remarkable. The prevalence of infantile asthma
was investigated on 325 infants in two highly polluted districts
in Fuji City. Its prevalence was five or ten times that in the
Ichihara district in Chiba prefecture. Thus, the prevalence of
asthma in each grade of children in Fuji City is highest in the
polluted area, and it has a tendency to keep pace with SO2
concentrations.
36259
Frontczak, Andrzej
THE EFFECT OF THE KIND OF RESPIRATION AND OF
THE AIR IRRITATING THE RESPIRATORY TRACT ON
THE VITAL CAPACITY OF THE LUNGS. (Zachowanie sie
pojemnosci zyciowej pluc w zaleznosci od rodzaju oddychania
orz w srodowisku powietrza drzniaccgo drogi oddechowe).
Preprint, Third Clinic of Internal Diseases A. M., Lodz (Po-
land), p. 592-593, 1961. (Presented at the TIP, 21st Meeting,
Warsaw, Poland, Sept. 14-16, 1961. Translated from Polish.
Scientific Translation Service, Santa Barbara, Calif., 6p.
Vital capacity of the lungs was determined by a Barnes
spirometer in a group of 88 healthy persons, 58 men and 22
women, between 18 and 30 years of age. Three methods were
employed: the vital capacity of the lungs was measured in the
classical way, with the open nose; with a closed nose; and
while the person investigated made the deepest inhalation
through his nose while having his mouth closed, and the
deepest exhalation through his mouth, having his nose closed.
The vital capacity of the lungs determined by Method II was,
on the average, smaller by 360 cu cm than the capacity deter-
mined by the classical procedure. In another part of the ex-
periment, fifty healthy men were exposed to an environment
which contained hydrogen sulfide before calculating vital
capacity. The observed reduction of the lung vital capacity in
an environment of air irritating the respiratory tract is real and
statistically significant.
36809
Nose, Yoshikatsu, Sekio Ueno, and Masako Nakayama
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND ITS EVALUATION OF
THE SEVERAL CITIES IN YAMAGUCHI PREFECTURE.
(Yamaguchiken shotoshi no taiki osen taisaku to sono hyoka).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 6(1):199, 1971. (Presented at the National Council Meet-
ing of Air Pollution Studies, 12th, Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 27-29,
1971.)
The effect of air pollution on human health was evaluted from
the viewpoint of immunogenetics. Data obtained at several ci-
ties in Yamaguchi Prefecture during 1945-1969 were analyzed
in terms of the pollutant concentration and mortality rate. The
components of the deposited particulate matter were classified
into two groups, soluble and insoluble substances, and
analyzed in relation to the mortality rate by bronchitis,
asthma, and heart diseases. The plottings of the corrected
mortality rate versus the year and the amount of soluble or in-
soluble substances showed remarkable correlation. The mor-
tality rate was also analyzed in relation to the degree of at-
mospheric pollution (SO3 in deposited particulate
matter/square root of the amount of precipitation). Using the
data obtained during 1960-1969.
36812
Council for the Living Environment (Japan), Div. of Public
Nuisance
DETERMINATION OF AIR POLLUTION BY PARTICULATE
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR EFFECT ON MAN. (Fuyu-
ryushijo busshitsu ni yoru taiki osen no sokutei to hito eno
eikyo). Text in Japanese. 106p., June 1971. 122 refs.
Environmental contamination by particulate substances was
studied including the condition of air pollution by particulates,
their effects, and their measurement methods. The particulate
substances studied were less than 10 micron in diameter. Prin-
cipal reports of studies on particulate substances, the concen-
tration of particulate substances, the effects of co-existing
substances, and environmental standards in foreign countries,
were studied based on the literature. The concentration of par-
ticulate substances should always be determined under the
conditions: the average value for 1 hr in 24 hr is below 100
micrograms/cu m; and the value for any 1 hr is below 200
micrograms/cu m. These conditions should be regularly
checked and amended according to the result. The effects of
sulfur dioxide are also discussed.
36923
Plotnikova, M. M.
BASIC INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
THE LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE ACROLEIN CONCENTRA-
TION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Con-
centrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov (ed.),
Book 4, Washington, D. C., U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 1960,
p. 59-72. 10 refs. (Translated by B. S. Levine.) NTIS: TT61-
11148
Threshold levels of acrolein perception were determined to
help in setting maximum allowable limits of concentration. The
threshold level of its odor perception was 0.8 mg/cu m for
most sensitive persons. The thresholds of acrolein reflex effect
on optical chronaxy was at 1.75 mg/cu m, on rhythm and am-
plitude of respiratory movement at 1.5 mg/cu m, and on eye
sensitivity to light at 0.6 mg/cu m. Based on these data, the
proposal for maximum allowable concentration in the ambient
air was set at 0.3 mg/cu m. The present level established for
working areas (two mg/cu m) caused irritation of the conjunc-
tive and nasal mucosa, lowered eye sensitivity to light, and
elicited changes in the rhythm and amplitude of respiratory
movements. Air quality measurements in the area around oil
drying plants determined concentrations of acrolein in excess
of the allowable limits even at 1000 m from the plant. (Author
conclusions modified)
36927
Bushtueva, K. A.
THRESHOLD REFLEX EFFECT OF SO2 AND SULFURIC
ACID AEROSOL SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN THE
AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric
Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov (ed.), Book 4, Washington, D. C.,
U. S. Dept. of Commerce, 1960, p. 72-79. 6 refs. (Translated
by B. S. Levine.) NTIS: TT61-11148
The threshold reflex effect of simultaneous sulfur dioxide and
sulfuric acid aerosol exposure was investigated to recheck the
standard limits for the simultaneous presence of two or more
pollutants. The simultaneous inhalation of SO2 and H2SO4
aerosol in above-threshold concentrations elicited reflex
changes in eye sensitivity to light and in optical chronaxy
which approximately equaled the sum of changes resulting
from individual exposure to the pollutants. The simultaneous
effect in concentrations equal to the allowable concentrations
-------
84
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
(O.OS and 0.03 mg/cu m) on the curves of adaptation to dark-
ness or in the optical chronaxy curve on man was nil. The
synergistic effect of simultaneous exposure was active only in
concentrations exceeding the maximum allowable limits.
(Author conclusions modified)
36928
Borisova, M. K.
MATERIALS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LIMITS OF
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF DICHLOROETHANE
IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Concentra-
tions of Atmospheric Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov (ed.). Book
4, Washington, D. C., TJ. S. Dept. of Commerce, 1960, p. 49-
59. 26 refs. (Translated by B. S. Levine.) NTIS: 1761-11148
The effect of dichloroethane on human health was investigated
with respect to threshold concentrations to determine values
for maximum allowable concentration limits. Dichloroethane
vapor threshold odor perception was 23.2 mg/cu m for most
persons and 17.5 mg/cu m for highly sensitive persons. The
threshold effect of the vapor concentration on the functional
state of the optic analyzer was 60 mg/cu m; concentrations of
6.0, 9.0, 12, 17.5, 23.2, 25, 30, and 50 mg/cu m lowered the
sensitivity of the optical analyzer to stimulation by light. Tests
of the threshold effect of dichloroethane on vascular reactions
and respiration (6.0 mg/cu m) determined the maximum al-
lowable concentration at 4.0 mg/cu m. (Author conclusions
modified)
37337
Kaburagi, Sukekata, Gen-ichi Tokita, and Misa Matsumura
RELATION BETWEEN RESPIRATORY DISEASE AND AIR
POLLUTION IN FUJINOMIYA DISTRICT OF SHIZUOKA
PREFECTURE. (PART I). (Shizuoka-ken Fujinomiya chiku ni
okeru kokyuki kei shikkan to taiki osen tono kankei ni tsuite
no chosa (Dai 1 po). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei
Zasshi (Japan. J. Public Health), 18(10):423, 1971.
Patients which colds, acute bronchitis, asthma bronchiale,
bronchitis with asthmatic attacks, chronic bronchitis, pharyn-
gitis, and allergic rhinitis in Fujinomiya City and Shibakawa-
cho were examined during March 1969 and February 1970.
These two districts are contiguous to Fuji City where serious
air pollution is caused by many paper manufacturing factories.
During the investigation, monthly average concentration of
sulfur dioxide was 0.023 - 0.037. Morbidity of acute bronchitis
in these districts was lower than that of Fuji City, but
bronchitis with asthmatic attacks was the same as in a non-
polluted district of Fuji City. Though the effect of air pollution
of Fuji City was clearly observed in Fujinomiya City a cor-
relation between meteorological conditions, observed at the
same time, and occurrence of respiratory diseases was not
found.
37504
Oshima, Hidehiko, Masayuki Imai, and Fukiko Kawagishi
AIR POLLUTION AND MORTALITY IN YOKKAICHI DIS-
TRICT. (Yokkaichi chiiki ni okeru taiki osen to shiboritsu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J.
Public Health), 18(10):424, 1971.
Deaths in Yokkaichi District from 1961 to 1969 were classified
according to death certificates by year, area, cause, age, and
sex; comparison between polluted and non-polluted areas and
the correlation with air pollution were investigated. In the pol-
luted area compared to the non-polluted areas, the mortality
due to malignant neoplasm tended to be high; the mortality
due to damage on blood vessels of the central nervous system
tended to be low. In mortalities due to total heart diseases,
total tubercular diseases, and pneumonia, the difference
between both areas was not clear. While the mortality due to
bronchial asthma decreased year after year since about 1966 in
the non-polluted area, it tended to increase year after year in
the polluted area; on the average in 1967 and 1968, a signifi-
cant difference at 5% risk was evident. The correlation
between mortality due to obstructive respiratory diseases and
sulfur dioxide from 1967 to 1969 was significant at a risk of
5%.
37505
Tsunetoshi, Yoshizo, Tadahiko Shimizu, Ryuichiro, Suzuki,
Miyoko Ueda, Noriko Nakayama, Yasuyo Yamagata, Katsumi
Yoshida, Hidehiko Oshima, Masayuki Imai, Tom Yoshida,
Motoaki Adachi, Fumihiko Akai, and Katsuhiko Tsujioka
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION TO SCHOOL CHILDREN.
PART I. (Taiki osen no gakudo ni taisuru eikyo. (Dai 1 po)).
Text in Japanese. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi (Japan. J. Public
Health), 18(10):420, 1971.
The effects of smoke and dust were investigated for five years
since 1965 with respect to school children in Chiba, Mie, and
Osaka (nine schools with a total number of children of 23,048)
and the data were examined. Respiratory function tests with
children of non-polluted schools (average value of sulfur diox-
ide) measured by the lead dioxide method from January 1964
through April 1968 was below 0.3 mg/day/100 sq cm) in each
prefecture were determined for forced vital capacity (Y) mea-
sured by Vitalor as indicated by the following formula where
body height is expressed as X and age as Z: Y equals (0.44 +
3.01Z)X - 345.22Z + 1379.88 in boys, and Y equals (0.44 +
3.01Z)X - 345.33Z + 1244.12 in girls. The difference between
the values obtained from the above calculation and actual
measurements was within the range of observational errors
both in boys and girls. It was found that 1, 0.75, and 0.5
second rates decreased with the increase of height in all grades
and both sexes. Mean values of SO2 measured by PbO2
method as an index of pollution were divided into four groups
such as 1.0, 0.5 - 0.9, 0.1 - 0.4 and below 0.1 mg/day/100 sq
cm. As a result of calculation in each group, the difference
between actual and expected values of forced vital capacity
became larger and the frequency of values below the expected
one increased with an increase of pollution level. The dif-
ference of mean values of timed vital capacity corrected for
height between polluted and non-polluted schools became
larger with an increase of pollution in the case of pollution
level over 0.1 mg/day/100 sq cm.
376200
Fel dman, Yu. G. and T. I. Bonashevaskaya
ON THE EFFECTS OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF FOR-
MALDEHYDE. (O deistvii malykh kontsentratsii formal
degida na organizm). Hyg. Sanit. (English translation from
Russian of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 36(5): 174-180, May 1971J1S refs.
NTIS: TT 71-50122/2 |
Human subjects were tested for the effects of brief exposure
to formaldehyde, and albino rats were tested for the effects of
long-term exposure. Reflex changes in the human organism
were evaluated by determining olfactory thresholds and the ef-
fects on cerebral biopotentials (with electroencephalograms).
In 7 of 15 subjects, the minimum detectable and subliminal
formaldehyde concentrations were 0.0073 and 0.054 mg/cu m,
respectively. The remaining subjects had higher thresholds. In
five of the subjects with the lower thresholds, 0.04 mg/cu m
formaldehyde had no effect on cerebral bioelectric activity.
However, 0.053 mg/cu m formaldehyde produced statistically
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
85
reliable changes in all five subjects. Inhalation of 1 mg/cu m
. (the maximum permissible concentration in industrial air) and
3 mg/cu m formaldehyde by abino rats for three months
produced mild cytological and cytochemical alterations in the
liver and brain against a background of moderate hyperemia.
There was also a syndrome of intensified functional activity of
the thyroid gland and adrenals, which is the morphological
equivalent of the development of adaption processes in an or-
ganism exposed to adverse environmental factors. Exposure to
0.012 mg/cu m formaldehyde (the mean diurnal MFC for at-
mospheric air) produced no detectable changes in the animals.
39500
Siess, M. and H. -E. Glomme
RATE OF C(14)-GLUCOSE AND C(14)-HEXANOATE
DECARBOXYLATION IN ISOLATED GUINEA-PIG AURI-
CLES AS A FUNCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTRATE
CONCENTRATION, THEIR COMPETITION, AND THE
DIRECT ACTION OF DRUGS. (Die Decarboxylierung-
sgeschwindigkeit von C(14)-Glucos und C(14)-Hexanoat im
isolierten Meerschweinchenherzvorhof in Abhangigkeit von
der extrazellularen Substratkonzentration, ihrer Konkurrenz
sowie der direkten Einwirkung von Pharmaka). Arzneinuttel-
Forsch., 18(11):1357-1368, 1968. 39 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. 3Sp.
Regulation of energy production in isolated atria of guinea pigs
was investigated by continuously measuring the decarboxyla-
tion rate of carbon-14-labelled glucose and of C(14)-labelled
hexanoate together with the mechanical work of contraction.
If oxygen supply was in excess, the decarboxylation rate rose
with external concentrations according to Michaelis-Menten
kinetics. The same concentrations of hexanoate which in-
creased the decarboxylation rate of hexanoate inhibited the
decarboxylation rate of glucose competitively by 50%. Glucose
had no effect upon the decarboxylation rate of hexanoate in
arrested atria, while the decarboxylation rate in beating atria
rose with the spontaneously increasing frequency caused by
the addition of glucose. Hydroxybutyrate inhibited the decar-
boxylation rate of glucose, and strophanthin increased the
decarboxylation rate of glucose. Epinephrine had no effect
upon the decarboxylation rate of either substrate in arrested
atria. Triiodothyronine or thyroxine enhanced the decarboxyla-
tion rate of glucose in beating atria and reinforced the effect
of strophanthin upon the decarboxylation rate of glucose. Im-
plications of these results are discussed. (Author abstract
modified)
39501
Siess, M., K. Mueller, and U. Peter
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF THE DECARBOXYLA-
TION RATE OF C(14)-LABELLED SUBSTRATES IN FAT
AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN ISOLATED
GUINEA PIG AURICLES AND SIMULTANEOUS DETER-
MINATION OF CONTRACTION POWER AS A METHOD
FOR TESTING CARDIAC DRUGS. (Die kontinuierliche Mes-
sung der Decarboxylierungsgeschwindigkeit 14(C)-markierter
Substrate des Fett- und Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels in isolier-
ten Meerschweinchenherzvorhoefen unter gleichzeitiger
Bestimmung .der Kontraktionsleistung als Methode zur
Pruefung Herzwirksamer Agentien). Arzneimittel-Forsch.,
18(10):1245-1255, 1968. 14 refs. Translated from German. 34p.
A method is described which allows the continuous measure-
ment of the rate of carbon-14-labelled carbon monoxide
production by isolated heart auricles and other muscle
preparations after incubation with the C(14)-labelled sub-
slrates. The efficiency of energy production as measured by
substrate consumption can be compared quantitatively under
defined conditions with the simultaneously measured mechani-
cal work of contraction. The ratio between the basic metabolic
rare and the functional rate of glucose and hexanoate depen-
dence on the mechanical work of contraction and was about
1:1. Decarboxylation of glucose and hexanoate was completely
inhibited by anoxia. In contrast to the metabolism of bacteria,
no decarboxylation of C(14)-labelled glucose via the pentose-
phosphate-shunt was found in heart muscle during anoxia. No
leakage of decarboxylating enzymes from the heart auricles
into the external solution was observed during anoxia or dur-
ing an aerobic incubation time of 14 hr. Hydroxybutyrate has a
rate of decarboxylation similar to that of hexanoate and glu-
cose, while acetone is not decarbosylated by atria of guinea
pigs. (Author abstract modified)
39502
Yamaguchi, Atsuko, Yoshimura Takesumi, and Kuratsune
Masanori
INVESTIGATION CONCERNING BABIES BORN FROM
WOMEN WHO CONSUMED OIL CONTAMINATED WITH
CHLOROBIPHENYL. (Enka bifeniru osenyu wo sessh shite
ninpu yori umareta ko ni kansuru shosa). Fukuoka Igaku
Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta Med.), 62(1):117-122, 1971. 9 refs.
Translated from Japanese. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City,
Calif., 17p., Jan. 1972. (Presented at the Japan Public Health
Association, 27th Congress, Oct. 1969.)
Mothers who ingested rice oil contaminated with chlorinated
biphenyls were observed to give birth to a high percentage of
babies with unusually dark skin pigmentation and other abnor-
mal clinical manifestations. In 11 out of 12 cases, the weight at
time of birth was less than average, and four cases were smatt-
for-date babies. The chlorinated biphenyls probably inhibited
growth during the prenatal period. Black skin symptoms un-
proved within two or three months of birth and the initially
below-average birth weights, increased more or less parallel to
the standard growth curves, especially in the males. There
were no deformities and no retardation of motor or mental
functions. (Author conclusions modified)
39507
Duperrat, B. and J. -N. Lamberton
ALLERGY TO NICKEL (200 SKIN REACTIONS). (Allergic
au nickel (200 epidermo-reactions). Preprint, Societe de
Dermatologie et Syphilographe (France), 1962. 7 refs.
(Presented at the Societe de Dermatologie et Syphilographie,
Paris, France, March 8, 1962.) Translated from French. 7p.
A solution of 5 g nickel sulfate in 100 g distilled water was
used in patch tests to determine the allergic effect of nickel on
100 men and women. In the male group, nickel caused 13
cases of dermatitis in nickel-platers, 1 wrist-watch dermatitis,
and 4 positive reactions in cement-makers. In the nine positive
observations in the group of women two occurred in nickel-
platers, while one indicated an intolerance to external medica-
tion caused by cobalt. In tests of cement makers, cobalt also
seems to have both a greater frequency of positive response
and a greater intensity.
39508
Goto, Masayasu and Kentaro Higuchi
THE DERMATOLOGICAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF OIL
DISEASE. (CHLORINATED BIPHENYL POISONING).
(Yusho (Enka bifueniru chudokusho) no hifukagakuteki
shokoron). Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta Med.), vol.
60:409-431, 1969. 25 refs. Translated from Japanese. 56p.
-------
86
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The symptomatology of dermatologic disease due to
chlorinated biphenyl poisoning is elucidated through clinical
and laboratory investigation of 138 patients. The particular
brand of rice oil involved in these cases is manufactured by a
process which includes extraction from rice bran with hexene,
deproteinizing, deoxidizing, dewaxing, decoloring, deodoriz-
ing, cooling, and filtering. Most of the oil used by the patients
was manufactured on three days, and 1900-2000 ppm of
Kanechlor 400, primarily cetrachlorobiphenyl, was detected in
this oil. The quantity of oil used was stated to be 1.8 liters per
family per month, and the oil used by the patients contained
more than 10 times the quantity of peroxide than recently mar-
keted oil. Many of the patients complained of swelling of the
upper eyelids, an increase in eye discharge, anorexia, a loss of
strength in the four limbs, edema in the arms and legs,
discomfort, vomiting, pain in the joints, pigmentation of the
lips, and other symptoms. Various kinds of skin disease were
observed, manifested by chloracne associated with follicular
keratosis. Ophthalmic and dermatologic findings are discussed.
Skin changes seemed to be due to hyperkeratinization as-
sociated with abnormal lipid metabolism. Increased serum al-
kaline phosphatase was observed, with increased serum glu-
tamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic
transaminase in very severe cases. The relation between age
and outbreak of the disease is considered.
39509
Bienvenu, Pierre, Claude Nofre, and Andre Cier
TOXICOLOGY - GENERAL COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY
OF METALLIC IONS. RELATION TO THEIR PERIODIC
CLASSIFICATION. (Toxicologie - Toxici generate comparee
des ions metalliques. Relation avec la classification
periodique). Acad. Sci. (Paris), vol. 256-1043- 1044, Jan. 21,
1963. 10 refs. Translated from French. 4p.
Acute toxicities of 42 cations were evaluated in terms of lethal
dose following their intraperitoneal injection into mice. A
periodicity in cation toxicity was observed as a function of
atomic number. It seems possible to relate the periodic dis-
tribution of toxicities to the electronic structure of the ele-
ments.
39510
Bertrand, Gabriel and M. Macheboeuf
BIOCHEMISTRY - THE PRESENCE OF NICKEL AND
COBALT IN ANIMALS. (Chimie biologique - sur la presence
du nickel et du cobalt chez lex animaux). C. R. Acad. Sci.
(Paris), vol. 180:1380-1383, 1925. 3 refs. Translated from
French. 7p.
Nickel and cobalt concentration were determined in various
organs of turkeys, chickens, Whiting and Smelt fish, silk-
worms, lobsters, mussels, clams, tunicata, humans, bulls,
cows, calves, and mice. Extremely small quantities of nickel
and even smaller quantities of cobalt were found in animal tis-
sues. In man and in the higher animals, the liver is a relatively
rich organ in nickel; keratinous tissues also contain a great
deal of the metal. Aside from muscular and fatty tissues,
nickel was found in every other part of the organism which
was examined. The pancreas of the bull showed an unexpec-
tedly high nickel content.
39511
Fidarov, A. A.
NICKEL AND COBALT CONTENT IN THE BLOOD SERUM
OF PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS. (Soderzhaniye nikelya i
kobalta v syvorotke krovi bol nykh psoriazom). Vestn.
Dermatol. Venerol., vol. 42:46-48, Aug. 1968. 6 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. 6p.
The nickel and cobalt content in blood serum of healthy per-
sons is quite variable among persons between 20 and 39 years
of age. With an increase in age, both elements decrease
somewhat. Observations of patients with psoriasis showed a
lowered level of cobalt in the blood serum and an increased
nickel content. Nickel and cobalt levels approached the norm
as the health of the patients improved with treatment.
39512
Dervillee, P., B. Quintard, Et. Dervillee, and M. Tardivel
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ACTION OF POWDERED
NICKEL INTRODUCED VIA THE DIGESTIVE TRACT.
(Etude experimentale sur 1 action du nickel pulverulent in-
troduit par voie digestive). Arch. Maladies Profess. Med. Trav.
Securite Sociale (Paris), vol. 25:247-248, April-May 1964.
Translated from French. 4p.
Acute poisoning may result from the ingestion of nickel and its
salts. In industrial pathology, nickel dermatitides have been
established, and nickel may also cause certain tumors, at-
tacking in particular the nasal mucosae or the lungs. Groups of
guinea pigs were given 10 mg to 1 g of nickel per kg of animal
weight in order to determine the lethal dose. Behavior of the
animals, length of life, hematologic variations, and the results
of autopsies were studied. The action of nickel was also stu-
died at sublethal doses in rabbits. The length of life of the
guinea pigs varied inversely as a function of the ingested dose,
indicating a lethal dose of about 5-25 mg/kg body weight.
While the general condition of the exposed rabbits was excel-
lent after seven months of experimentation, leucocytosis with
lymphocytosis could be noted.
39513
Bourasset, A. and G. Galland
CANCER OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND EXPOSURE
TO NICKEL SALTS. (Cancer des voies respiratoires et ex-
position aux sels de nickel). Arch. Maladies Profess. Med.
Trav. Securite Sociale (Paris), vol. 27:227-229, Jan.-Feb. 1966.
Translated from French. 8p.
Experimental pathology and personal observations are
presented which illustrate the carcinogenic action of nickel
powders. Published observations concerning cancers in the
nickel industry relate either to the metallurgy of this metal or
to its electrolytic refining. In the case described, the worker
performed electrolytic nickel plating, and thus was exposed to
vapors or to fine droplets of nickel salts. Unclean premises
and inadequate ventilation favor the carcinogenic action of
nickel.
39514
Bertrand, Gabriel and Hirosi Nakamura
RESEARCH ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF
NICKEL AND COBALT (1). (Recherches sur 1 importance
physiologique du nickel et du cobalt). Soc. Sci. Hyg. Aliment.,
vol. 24, 1936. 6 refs. Translated from French. 8p.
Thirty-five mice from five litters were divided into two
groups: one was fed a mixture of purified organic and inor-
ganic materials and the other the same mixture with very small
amounts of nickel and cobalt added. The average survival time
of the mice fed without nickel and cobalt was 19.7 days, com-
pared with an average 23.1 days for the mice receiving nickel
and cobalt. A few hundredths of a milligram of these two
metals is sufficient to increase the survival of the experimental
animals by about 17%. Nickel and cobalt affect the aggregate
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
87
of nutritive processes. Only a portion of the nickel and cobalt
ingested was retained by the organism.
39515
Guliy, M. F. and V. V. Sushkova
EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, MG(2+), MN(2+)
AND ZN(2+) ON INCORPORATION OF C(14) FROM
RADIOACTIVE ACETATE INTO PROTEINS, LIPIDS,
GLYCOGEN OF THE LIVER AND INTO PROTEINS OF
BLOOD SERUM IN CHICKENS OF DIFFERENT AGE. (V-
pliv bikarbonatu natriyu, Mg(2+), Mn(2+) i Zn(2+) na
vklyuchyennya C(14) z radioaktivnogo atsetatu v bilki, lipidi y
glikogen pechinki ta v bilki sirovatki krovi u kurey riznogo
viku). Ukr. Biokhim. Zh., no. 4:484-488, 1970. 18 refs. Trans-
lated from Ukrainian. 8p.
The effect of a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, magnesium,
manganese, and zinc sulfates with water on the incorporation
of carbon-14 from radioactive acetate into proteins, lipids,
liver glycogen, and blood serum proteins was studied in
roosters aged 1, 3,6, and 18 mo. Stimulation of the carbon
dioxide fixation processes intensifies the metabolic processes
and causes more rapid isotope label elimination in birds fed on
the sail mixture. The difference between specific radioactivity
of the albumins, lipids, liver glycogen, and albumins of the
blood serum increased with the age of the chickens.
39517
Belobragina, G. V. and L. V. Pokrovskaya
PULMONARY CHANGES CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO
METALLIC FERROCHROME. (Izmeneniya v legkikh ot voz-
deystviya metallicheskogo ferrokhroma). Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya, no. 11:53-55, June 1967. 8 refs. Translated from
Russian. 7p.
A single intratracheal introduction of a chrome-iron alloy into
white rats caused the pulmonary development of poorly
formed cellular dust foci with slight fibrosis, catarrhal desqua-
mative dust bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. Chronic deforming
bronchi with numerous centers of bronchiectasia, marked
hyperplasia of the peribronchial lymph nodes, emphysema,
slowing progressing diffuse sclerotic changes, and sclerotic
processes in the muscle layer of the vessels occurred sub-
sequently. The nature of the changes occurring in the lungs
with the introduction of the dust from the chrome-iron alloy is
determined by the action of the chromium. The alloy con-
tained 61.38% chromium, 1.2% silicon, and the remainder iron.
Eighty-three percent of the particles were less than 5 micron
in diameter and 2.4% were greater than 10 micron. (Author
summary modified)
39518
Schleittwein-GseU, Daniela and Sibylle Mommsen-Straub
TRACE ELEMENTS IN FOODS. V. NICKEL. (Spurenele-
mente in Lebensmitteln. V. Nickel). Int. Z. Vitaminforsch.,
vol. 41:429-437, 1971. 19 refs. Translated from German. 14p.
Evidence for a physiological role of nickel is accumulating,
and measurements of serum nickel may prove useful in diag-
nosis of acute myocardial infarction. Average daily exposure
to nickel can show great variation depending on diet. All
cereals, vegetables, and fruits naturally show a more or less
high content of nickel, while very small values have been
found in the muscle of fishes and mammals and in eggs and
milk. Certain foods may also require nickel during processing.
The nickel content of various foods is presented, as well as a
survey of the authors who have performed nickel analyses and
information on the methodology and the source of the foods
Studied. (Author summary modified)
39523
Rockstroh, H.
ON THE ETIOLOGY OF BRONCHIAL CANCER IN AR-
SENIC PROCESSING NICKEL SMELTING PLANTS. Arch.
Geschwulstforsch., vol. 14:151-162, 1959. 45 refs. Translated
from German. 22p.
During an 11-year period, 45 cases of bronchial carcinoma
were observed in an average labor force of 111 in a nickel-
smelting plant. Two workers contracted a skin carcinoma, and
a defect of the nasal septum was diagnosed in 39 cases. Nearly
all workers had hyperkeratoses of the hands and feet, whereas
arsenic melanoses could be detected in only three cases. Rock
dust as a mechanical irritant factor, sulfuric acid, and
hydrochloric acid vapors as well as chlorine gas, together with
carbon monoxide plus carbon dioxide, produce the
prerequisite for cancer formation in the form of a chronic ir-
ritative bronchitis. Under the influence of arsenic, which is
present in nearly all phases of nickel extraction, bronchial
cancer develops. Case histories are presented. (Author summa-
ry modified)
39524
Starovoytov, I. M. and I. V. Duda
CONCENTRATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE BLOOD
OF PATIENTS WITH CANCER AND PRECANCEROUS
CONDITIONS OF THE UTERINE CERVIX. (Kontsentratsiya
mikroelementov v krovi bol nykh rakom i predrakovymi
sostoyaniyami sheyki matki). Vopr. Onkol., vol. 16:14-18,
1970. 14 refs. Translated from Russian. 9p.
Victims of uterine cervical cancer exhibit a reliable decrease in
the concentration of manganese and an increase in blood
chromium concentration. The nickel content does not signifi
cantly increase. In the cancerous tumor and in adjacent uterine
tissues the content of those trace elements studied is higher
than normal. Abnormal concentrations of these elements are
already detectable in precancerous states of the uterine cervix.
Blood analysis of patients with this form of cancer 6-12 mo
after treatment revealed a normal Mn content and an
unchanged level of nickel; Cr content remained high. (Author
summary modified)
39525
Shukhtina, A. M. and A. N. Butts
INCIDENCE OF NEPHRITIS (BASED ON POLYCLINIC OB-
SERVATIONS). (O zabolevayemosti nefritom (po dannym
poliklinicheskikh nablyudeniy). Sov. Med., vol. 27:125-130,
Sept. 1963. Translated from Russian. Up.
Data from the records of a Leningrad hospital indicate that the
incidence of acute nephritis per 1000 persons in the adult
population in 1959 was 0.62 (0.67 for men and 0.58 for
women). The greatest incidence of disease was observed
among individuals 18-19 years of age (1.16 per 1000). Acute
nephritis was preceded by angina in 46% of the patients, and
by flu and upper respiratory inflammation in 36%. In 34.2%
the disease was observed to take a chronic course. No conclu-
sions were possible concerning the frequency of affliction with
nephritis in relation to occupation. However, body supercool-
ing and prolonged and systematic confinement in moist rooms
during their work was noted for 52 of the 152 victims of acute
nephritis. Treatment of nephritis is noted.
40295
Lehnert, G., H. Mastall, D. Szadkowski, and K. H. Schaller
VOCATIONAL LEAD CONTAMINATION BY AUTO EX-
HAUST GASES ON CITY STREETS. (Berufliche
-------
88
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Bleibelastung durch Autoabgase in Grossstadtsstrassen). Deut.
Med. Wochschr., vol. 95:1097-1099, May 15, 1970. 21 refs.
Translated from German. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City,
Calif., lip., Dec. 1971.
A study on 158 employees of the vehicle pool of the city of
Frankfurt/Main (79 garbage men and 79 street cleaners) was
performed to investigate the possibility of lead poisoning due
to air pollution originating from the use of leaded gasoline.
Determination of the blood lead level and the delta-amino-
evulinic acid deposit in the urine resulted in the following
statistically warranted findings: Both occupational groups ex-
hibited a larger lead accumulation than the general population.
The mean blood lead level was higher for street cleaners than
for garbage men. The degree of poisoning, based on the
deposit of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the urine, must be re-
garded as no longer acceptable from the medical fitness-for-
work standpoint for 16% of those examined. Tabular data con-
sisting of mean values and deviations from standard of the
delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) deposit in urine and variance
analytical comparisons between the test group and a control
group for blood lead level and ALA deposit in the urine are
presented along with point correlation diagrams for the rela-
tionship between the ALA deposit in the urine and the blood
lead level and for the relationship between the blood lead level
and the length of employment.
40342
Beritic, T., Dunja Beritic, Ana Markicevic, and D. Dimov
ALLERGIC ALVEOLITIS. (Alergicni alveolitis). Arhiv Hig.
Rada i Toksikol. (Yugoslavia), vol. 20:319-384, 1969. 175 refs.
Translated from Serbo-Croatian. Leo Kanner Assoc; Redwood
City, Calif., 102p., Dec. 1971.
The current immunological divisions of the allergic affections
of the bronchopulmonary system are examined. The elements
of the four basic types of allergies are reactions of the specific
cells, antigens, antibodies, complements, and mediators or
agents of the reactions. The four classes of allergic reactions,
i.e., type I or anaphylactic reactions, type II or cytotoxis reac-
tions, type III toxic complex syndrome, and type IV late or tu-
berculin reaction, are examined in detail. Allergic alveolitis is
presented as a pathogenetic entity which includes a variety of
etiologically different occupational diseases. Data on 12
etiological variants of allergic alveolitis are presented, with
specific emphasis on farmer s lung disease as a pathogenetic
model for the other variants. (Author abstract modified)
41171
Kojima, Tobru
CHLOROBIPHENYLS IN SPUTA AND TISSUE. Fukuoka
Igaki Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta Med.), 62(l):25-29, 1971. 7 refs.
Translated from Japanese. 9p.
A study was conducted to determine if the sputum of patients
with chlorobiphenyl poisoning contained any of the chemical.
The sputum samples were collected intermittently between
December 1969 and July 1970. They were analyzed by gas
chromatography, together with tissue samples from the pa-
tients. Components of chlorobiphenyls with late retention
times were always detected in the sputa before May 1970 and
rarely in the samples after June. However, the components
showed markedly in the fatty tissue of the patients. Based on
these results, it is assumed that chlorobiphenyls deposited in
fatty tissue do not pass into the blood; therefore,
chlorobiphenyls are rarely found in the sputum, even after a
long period of intoxication. (Author abstract modified)
41172
Taki, Ichiro, Sachio Hisanaga, and Yoshihiko Amagase
STUDY OF CHLORO-BIPHENYL POISONING OF
PREGNANT WOMEN AND THEIR FETUSES. Fukuoka Igaki
Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta Med.) 60(6):471-474, 1969. Translated
from Japanese. 1 Ip.
Chloro-biphenyl poisoning in nine pregnant women, who had
used rice oil during pregnancy, and their fetuses was studied.
The women complained of edema of the legs and arms, colora-
tion of the nails, numbness of the legs and arms, an increase
in the sticky secretion in the eyes, bloodshot eyes, eyelid
edema, skin eruptions, blackening of the pores, and itchiness,
which are the common symptoms of chlorobiphenyl poisoning.
The characteristic grayish, dark brown staining of the skin was
found in all the fetuses, two of which were stillborn. A
parchment-like desquamation was observed on the skin of all
live fetuses. An uneven protuberance and brown staining were
observed on the gums, and the nails also showed similar stain-
ing. The coloration of the babies faded within several months
after birth. These symptoms are believed to be caused by the
use of rice bran oil during pregnancy. The term chlorobiphenyl
poisoning neonatorum is used in describing the symptoms of
the babies, in contrast to chloro- biphenyl poisoning in adults.
(Author abstract modified)
41174
Kuroiwa, Yoshigoro, Yoshiyuki Murai, and Tetsuji Santa
NEUROLOGICAL AND NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY
STUDIES ON 23 PATIENTS WITH CHLOROBIPHENYLS
POISONING. Fukuoka Igaki Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta Med), vol.
60:462-463, 1969. Translated from Japanese. 4p.
In 23 patients with chronic chlorobiphenyl poisoning, neu-
rologic examinations and measurements of nerve conduction
were conducted. Of the 23 cases, 10 showed symptoms of sen-
sory neuropathy such as numbness, pain, and hypoesthesia,
and one revealed areflexia. Motor functions were intact in all
cases. Slowing of sensory nerve conduction velocities of radial
and/or sural nerve were observed in nine cases, in contrast
with motor nerve conduction velocities of ulnar and tibial
nerves, which decreased in two cases. It is concluded that the
sensory nerve fiber is predominantly involved in chlorobiphen-
yls- polyneuropathy. (Author abstract modified)
41176
Soubrier, R., J. Nesmoz, and M. Genevois
NICKEL ALLERGY AND CUTANEOUS MYCOSES. (Allergic
au nickel et mycoses cutanees.) Arch. Maladies Profess. Med.
Trav. Securite Sociale (Paris), 27(45):720-723, 1966. Translated
from French. 6p.
Four cases of dermatitis are discussed in relation to its
development in persons sensitized to nickel, and the correla-
tion which may exist between cutaneous mycoses and nickel
sensitivity. The first case involves a woman who operates
baths in an electrolytic nickel plating shop. Within a year ecze-
matous lesions appeared on her hands and forearms. After the
primary lesions disappeared, various allergenic symptoms ap-
peared. It is believed that nickel sensitization triggered the ap-
pearance of these symptoms. In the other three cases, the sub-
jects were all involved in some type of work with nickel, and
all developed eczematous lesions. The initial appearance of the
lesions is that of a mycotic eczema. Li two observations, these
lesions did not react to anti-fungal treatment. They were, how-
ever, favorably influenced by cessation of work. Tests con-
ducted on all three subjects showed a sensitization to nickel.
Analysis of these observations indicates that the influence of
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
89
mycolic infection on nickel sensitization can be either to favor
or modify its development. Eczematous lessions of a mycotic
character, which resist anti-fungal treatment, may be caused
by an industrial allergen; if so, then all contact with this aller-
gen must be avoided.
41191
Tsuchiya, Kensaburo
CHRONIC POISONING AND OCCUPATIONAL CANCER.
(Mansei chudoku to shokyugyo gan). Sogo Igaku (Compr.
Med.), 20(1):86-90, Jan. 1963. 7 refs. Translated from Japanese.
16p.
Careful medical and statistical observations should be made of
workers who handle known and classified industrial car-
cinogens and that clinical and industrial physicians carefully
examine the new chemical substances that are being in-
troduced into industry to determine their carcinogenicity.
Clinical and statistical methods of detecting occupational
cancer are reviewed. Clinical signs for skin cancer, cancer of
the bladder, and cancer of the lung and airways are presented.
The occupational history is particularly important. In the
statistical analysis, by comparing the relative frequency with
that of the general population, it is possible to determine
whether or not there is a relatively high frequency of a
specific cancer in a given industry or occupation. A high value
suggests the presence of some factor requiring separate and
supplementary studies. In actuality, the number of reports on
occupational cancer in Japan are low compared with other ad-
vanced countries, but one reason may be a failure to detect
such cases.
41194
Ryzhkova, M. N., G. N. Cherepanova, and R. L. Blekh
EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MANGANESE POISON-
ING. (K voprosu o panney diagnostike khronicheskoy intok-
sikatsii margantsem). Tr. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 31:34-
43, 1954. 7 refs. Translated from Russian. 16p.
Symptoms for the early diagnosis of chronic manganese
poisoning are reviewed. Functional disorders which can be
discovered in the cerebral cortex in the initial stages of Mn
poisoning are manifested by mental sluggishness, lack of in-
terest, and a decrease in awareness of one s own condition.
The latter should be taken into consideration in conducting
periodic examinations. Symptoms of dystonia or hypotonia
also appear. Disorders in the function of the motor analyzer,
of its cortical part in particular, play a significant role in the
developmental mechanism of motor disturbances which
predominate in the pathology of this ailment in the early
stages. Disturbed sleep, increased fatigability, and increased
salivary secretion are also observed in the initial stages. These
early stages are reversible if discovered in time. Favorable
therapeutic effects are obtained in the initial stages by injec-
tions of eserine, proserine, and the intravenous administration
of novocaine.
41196
Franz, Rolf-Dieter
TOXICITY OF SOME TRACE METALS. (Toxicitaeten
einiger Spuremetalle). Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol., vol.
244:17-20, 1962. 5 refs. Translated from German. 5p.
Lethal doses (LD1, LD50, and LD99) of eight different trace
metallic salts (as chlorides were given to white mice by in-
traperitoneal injection. Toxicities of trace metal mixtures were
also determined. For each metallic salt, six to eight doses in-
creasing logarithmically were tested on 8-16 white mice. Solu-
tion concentrations were 0.06 to 0.001 molar. The metal ions
were toxic in the following increasing order: molybdenum
(+ + + + ++), chromium (+ ++), manganese (++) iron (++),
cobalt (++), zinc (++), nickel (++), and copper (++). This
series corresponds with the Irving Williams Rule which states
that the stability of the complexes of the bivalent ions of the
first period of the transition metals increases until copper and
decreases again at zinc independent of the respective combina-
tion. It was found that intra-peritoneal injections of the in-
dividual metallic salts over a period of several weeks at inter-
vals of 2-3 days can be tolerated well with injections of the
respective half dose of the lower LD1 probability limit and can
be utilized for tests where the animals are meant to remain for
a longer time under a high level of the respective metal.
41197
Saita, G. and S. Lussana
LATE CORONARY-CEREBRAL SYNDROME OF ACUTE
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. (Sindrome coronaro-
cerebrale tardiva da intossiczione ossicarbonica acute). Med.
Lavoro (Milan), 62(4):185-195, April 1971. 18 refs. Translated
from Italian. 17p.
A 71-year old woman showed coronary changes with an elec-
trocardiographic pattern of ischemia lesion and decreased
blood pressure for 24 hr (13 days after complete recovery
from coma due to acute carbon monoxide poisoning). Psychic
dullness and cerebral coma followed. The patient died in spite
of quick reversion to normal of the blood pressure and evident
improvement of the electrocardiographic changes. The case
was diagnosed as a late coronary-cerebral syndrome from
acute CO poisoning. The anatomic-pathologic pattern is
described with particular reference to the histologic findings of
the encephalon, which showed a clear-cut prevalence of reac-
tive-inflammatory phenomena on the degenerative changes
most commonly reported in similar cases. No focal lesions
were found. The irreversibility of cerebral coma in spite of the
transient signs of myocardial ischemia lesion and the absence
of peripheral circulatory failure is emphasized. This particular
course differentiated the present coronary-cerebral syndrome
from those with the usual vascular pathology, where exitus oc-
curs because of the severity of the collapse, or due to exten-
sive focal cerebral lesions. The coronary lesion would
probably not have induced such severe and irreversible
cerebral changes in the absence of preexistent damage induced
by acute CO poisoning. (Author abstract modified)
41198
Mueller, R. and G. Breucker
COBALT AS AN OCCUPATIONAL ECZEMATOGEN AND
AS COUPLING ALLERGEN WITH CHROMIUM AND
NICKEL. (Kobalt als arbeitsbedingtes Ekzematogen und als
Koppelungsallergen mil Chrom und Nickel). Dermatol.
Wochenschr., 154(12):276-282, March 23, 1968. 45 refs. Trans-
lated from German. 12p.
Patch tests were performed on 1006 test subjects with
suspected contact eczemas during 1964-66. In 92 (9.1%) of
these patients, a cobalt allergy was demonstrated by positive
test results. The test substances included cobalt nitrate in a 2%
solution, nickel sulfate in a 5% solution, and potassium in a
0.2% and 0.5% solution. With 26 of the test subjects, a
bivalent hypersensitivity existed toward the three test sub-
stances. In four patients the sensitization could be traced back
to contact with cattle fodder which contained cobalt In addi-
tion, the occurrence of combined sensitization towards cobalt,
nickel, and chromium in the individual occupational groups
was investigated, where the dependence of sensitization of ex-
-------
90
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
posure emerged as evidence in support of the theory of
coupling allergy. (Author summary modified)
41199
Bayer, O.
ARTICLE ON THE TOXICOLOGY, CLINIC AND
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF NICKEL TETRACARBON-
YL POISONING. (Beitrag zur Toxikologie, Klinik und
pathologischen Anatomic der Nickelkarbonylvergiftung). Arch.
Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg.. vol. 9:592-606, 1939. 12 refs.
Translated from German. 21p.
The results of clinical observations and two autopsies indicate
that nickel carbonyl acts as an inhalation poison on the entire
surface of the respiratory epithelium and leads to a picture of
toxic pneumonia with all parts of the lung equally affected. It
is difficult to judge to what extent the frequently observed
cerebral hemorrhages can be traced back to resorbed nickel
carbonyl or to what extent they must be regarded as asphyxia-
tion hemorrhages. Consequently, in the clinical picture, dysp-
nea, irritative cough, and pains along the costal arch are
foremost. In pathological-anatomical terms the condition is
characterized by a peculiar coagulation process in both lungs
which is distinguished histologically by the lung alveoli being
occupied by a fibrin deposit with an almost complete lack of
cellular blood elements. In the treatment of nickel carbonyl
poisoning, success was obtained with the intravenous adminis-
tration of large quantities of a high percent glucose solution as
well as medications of calcium, strophantin, and camphor cir-
culatory agents. (Author summary modified)
41201
Humperdinck, K.
CADMIUM AND LUNG CANCER. (Kadmium und Lungen-
krebs). Med. Klin. (Munich), vol. 63:948-952, June 14, 1968. 15
refs. Translated from German. lOp. (Presented at the European
Cancer Meeting, Vienna, Austria, July 3-5, 1967.)
Data on possible cancerogenic effects of cadmium and its
compounds, obtained from animal experiments and from a sur-
vey at a plant manufacturing cadmium hydroxide-nickel
hydroxide alkaline dry cells, are reviewed. Six tables which
compare observed and expected deaths, age and sex, and age
and period of exposure are presented. Results of the review
indicate that there is insufficient evidence to link cadmium as
a cause of lung cancer (Author abstract modified)
41202
Chaumont, A. J. and J. J. Himmelsbach
THE OCCUPATIONAL NICKEL DERMATOSIS. (Die
berufliche Nickeldermatose). Berufsdermatosen Aulendorf,
vol. 9:316-320, 1961. Translated from German. 5p. (Presented
at the Joint Meeting of the Normannische Gesellschaft fuer
Arbeitsmedizin and the Werkaerzte Bayerns, Munich, Ger-
many, May 13, 1961.)
Nickel dermatoses were studied in three different galvanizing
workshops. Of 25 workers who had direct contact with nickel
solutions, seven were taken ill with a nickel dermatosis. Nickel
baths with temperatures of 60 C seemed to trigger skin damage
more than those at 35 C. Silicone ointments are a poor means
of prevention. Ointments produced from ion exchangers (che-
lates) yield better results.
41203
Leonov, A., I. K. Gurskaya, V. I. Medvedeva, and M. V.
Chichko
DISTURBANCES IN MN, NI, CR, CU AND MO EXCHANGE
BETWEEN MOTHER AND FETUS IN LATE PREGNANCY
TOXICOSES. (Narusheniya obmena Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu i Mo
mezhdu mater yu i plodom pri pozdnikh toksikozakh beremen-
nosti). Dokl. Akad. Nauk Beloruss. SSR, 15(7):656-657, 1971. 6
refs. Translated from Russian. 4p.
Disturbed manganese, nickel, chromium, copper, and molyb-
denum exchange between mother and fetus during pregnancy
toxicoses was studied by determining the metal exchange in
the blood of 25 new mothers suffering toxicoses in the first
half of pregnancy, in 26 of their newborn infants, in the blood
of 120 new mothers with late pregnancy toxicoses, and in 124
of their newborn infants. As a control group, 110 new mothers
with normal pregnancy and delivery and their 112 newborn in-
fants were examined. It was established that the amount of
Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, and Mo does not change in the blood of new
mothers and infants in connection with toxicoses in the first
half of pregnancy. A significant increase was revealed in the
amount of copper in the blood of new mothers suffering tox-
icoses in later pregnancy and a decrease in the amount of that
element in the blood of infants. With greater severity of the
toxicosis, the concentration of copper in the blood of new
mothers is increased and that of molybdenum decreases.
41218
Shabad, L. M.
THE PROBLEM OF CANCER PREVENTION AND THE POS-
SDJILITY OF REDUCING THE CONTENT OF CAR-
CINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN THE EXHAUST GASES
FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. Council for
Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist
Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh
Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971.
Translated from Russian. 8p.
Epidemiologic and other evidence Unking air pollutants with
increased lung cancer evidence is discussed. The first step in
investigating the importance of many of pollutants is to deter-
mine their presence in atmospheric air, water, soil, and to
establish their sources and methods of dispersal. Principal
sources of carcinogenic hydrocarbons are heating systems,
emissions from industrial plants, and exhaust gases from inter-
nal combustion engines. The literature shows that there is a
relationship between the quantity of benzopyrene in the ex-
haust gases and the completeness of the combustion process,
operating conditions, load, and engine adjustment. A sampling
procedure has been developed where a predetermined sample
of exhaust gas is passed through a cooled benzene trap, fol-
lowed by spectral and fluorescent investigation. The procedure
calls for a high degree of sensitivity in the analysis but
recovering is significantly more complete than with conven-
tional methods.
41356
Tardivel, M., P. Brunet-Antigny, and E. Dervillee
NEW EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF
NICKEL POWDER INTRODUCED INTO THE DIGESTIVE
TRACT. ELECTROPHORETIC CHANGES IN THE RABBIT.
(Nouvelles recherches experimentales sur la toxicite de la
poudre de nickel introduite par voie digestive. Modifications
de 1 electrophorese chez le lapin). Arch. Maladies Profess.
Med. Trav. Securite Sociale (Paris), vol. 26:263-264, April-May
2966. Translated from French. 3p.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
91
Studies were conducted on two sets of rabbits poisoned with
nickel for a period of nine months. The first group consisted
of 10 animals who received daily doses of 5-20 mg powdered
nickel/kg body weight. The second group of 10 animals
received daily doses of 100-500 mg pure nickel powder/kg
body weight. Hematologic studies of the first group revealed
leucocytosis with lymphocytosis, varying from 9000 to 18,000
leucocytes with an average of 60-80% lymphocytes. He-
matological tests on the second group showed a normal he-
matocrit, quantitatively and qualitatively normal erythrocytes,
and leucocytosis between 15,000 and 20,000 elements/ cu mm.
Electrophoretic study of the blood serum showed marked
changes at the level of the electrophoretic diagram. These
changes were found regularly in all of the experimental
animals, and related exclusively to the distribution of globu-
lins. The alpha- 1 globulins increased appreciably, while the
alpha-2 and gamma globulins diminished considerably by fac-
tors of 50-75% of their normal values. It is concluded that the
hematologic and electrophoretic changes correlate with the ad-
ministration of nickel; this metal can cause certain biological
disturbances in the organism.
41357
Uzawa, Haruo, Yasuo Ito, Akimitsu Notomi, and Shibanosuke
Katsuki
HYPERGLYCERIDEMIA RESULTING FROM INTAKE OF
RICE OIL CONTAMINATED WITH CHLORINATED
BIFHENYLS. Fukuoka Igaki Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta Med.),
60(6):449-454, 1969. 13 refs. Translated from Japanese, lip.
The concentrations of the serum lipid classes were determined
in 24 cases of the so-called rice oil disease, which is induced
by the oral intake of rice oil contaminated with chlorinated
biphenyls, known as Kaneclor. The rice oil was used as a
cooking oil for several months, and the study was conducted
after the cessation of intake of the contaminated rice oil. Ab-
normally elevated serum triglyceride levels, ranging from 200
to 600 mg, were observed in 12 of the 24 cases, while the total
serum cholesterol remained unchanged and the phospholipids
tended to be somewhat lowered. The results of urinalysis, liver
and renal function tests, and hematological examinations were
not significant. Agarose Gel electrophoresis of the serum from
several patients revealed faint alpha, dense pre-beta, no tailing
behind beta, and no chylomicron at the origin, indicating that
the elevated triglyceride was of an endogenous origin. Prelimi-
nary animal experiments were conducted with female rabbits
by the daily oral administration of 1% Kaneclor in olive oil, at
the rate of 2 ml/kg body weight for 10 days. Lipemia was con-
sistently induced within several days, reached its peak within
several days after the cessation of the Kaneclor administra-
tion, and returned to the previous level several weeks after the
end of the administration. Elevation of the serum triglyceride
was highest in a rabbit having had a marked reduction of food
intake during and after the experiment.
41368
Schlipkoeter
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BONE MATERIAL BY
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. (Blei-
Bestimmung in Knochenmaterial durch Atomabsorptionsspek-
trophotometrie). Preprint, Medizinisches Inst. fuer Lufthygiene
und Silikoseforschung, Duesseldorf (West Germany), 1968 (). 2
refs. Translated from German. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood
City, Calif., 8p., Dec. 1971.
Lead measurements for determination of lead in bone material
were conducted with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer
Perkin-Elmer model 303. The photometer is equipped with a
lead hollow cathode lamp, a Bowling burner, an amplifier, and
an absorption recorder. The measurements were conducted at
a wave length of 283 nm. With an acetylene-air mixture, zero
absorption is adjusted with methyl isobutyl ketone. Each solu-
tion is atomized for 15 sec. After each second sample solution,
the calibration solution is measured with a suitable lead con-
centration as a reference value. After determination of the ex-
tinctions, the values of the sample calibration solutions are
corrected on hand of the control extinctions; and, sub-
sequently, the mean values of duplicate and multiple measure-
ments are established. The concentration is read on a calibra-
tion curve and recalculated with the help of the sample volume
to the quantity of lead per organ. Direct atomization and mea-
suring of the aqueous solution of the samples is in most cases
not possible due to the high salt content, since deposited salts
clog up atomization nozzles and burner slots. In addition, scat-
tering effects of the particles cause an erroneous absorption
signal. The treatment of the material under investigation takes
place through wet ashing with nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and
perchloric acid. The salts present after ashing are soluble by
boiling in a high-percentage ammonium citrate solution. By
means of extraction, metals can be converted and concen-
trated from a large volume of aqueous solution into a small
volume of organic solution. Such a concentration is required
because of the low lead concentrations expected. Informaiton
concerning reagents and solutions along with details on the
laboratory procedure required are given at the end of the arti-
cle.
41480
Joetten, K. W., H. Reploh, and G. Hegemann
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MANGANESE
PNEUMONIA AND BASIC SLAG PNEUMONIA. (Experimen-
telle Untersuchungen ueber die Manganpneumonie und ihre
Beziehungen zur Thomasschlackenpneumonie). Arch. Gewer-
bepathol. Gewerbehyg., vol. 9:314-336, 1939. 13 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Scientific Translation Service, Inc., Santa
Barbara, Calif., 27p.
The etiological mechanism of manganese pneumonia and basic
slag pneumonia as a typical occupational disease found among
manganese workers was investigated in animal experiments to
determine the pathological changes caused by the dust and the
effects of climatic factors, additional influences, and infection
with pneumoncocci in the onset of the disease. In the first se-
ries of tests, 32 rabbits were dusted with brownstone dust
daily for 1 hr. After 19 days, 28.1% of the animals were dead.
With one exception, they all showed infected lung changes
which had progressed to extensive broncho-pneumonial cen-
ters. Of the remaining animals, 16 were infected with pneu-
mococci Type II intranasally, along with 4 control animals; 8
of these were also exposed to wind for 15 minutes daily. Man-
ganese dust by itself caused a mortality rate to 57% and more
strongly developed pulmonary changes, while additional infec-
tion during the same period increased the mortality rate to
75% and caused considerably more lung tissue damage. Addi-
tional ventilation increased mortality to 87% and caused very
extensive pneumonic pulmonary changes. The four rabbits in-
fected with pneumococci only showed no pathological
changes. A second experimental series of tests were run with
mice to determine the pathogenetic significance of the added
effect of pneumococci. The severest pneumonia was produced
by damaging the respiratory tract with ether anesthesia and in-
troduction of inactivated pneumococci in addition to
brownstone inhalation. The relationship between the etiology
of manganese and basic slag pneumonia was investigated in a
third series using limestone because of the approximately
equal content of calcium oxide as found in basic slag dust.
-------
92
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Even 10% manganese dust caused confluent pneumonia in rab-
bits and considerable primary mortality, while limestone dust-
ing resulted in a very minor overall mortality and only one
regular pneumonia, thus confirming the role of manganese in
basic slag as the damaging agent. The damaging nature of man-
ganese dust was further investigated with regard to particle
size, chemical effect, and histological lung changes.
41481
Reploh, H.
INDUSTRIAL DUST AND PNEUMONIA. (Gewerbestaub und
Lungenentzuendung). Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. (Munich), vol.
131:16- 21, 1943. 12 refs. Translated from German. Leo
Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 10p., July 1971.
The lung-damage potential of various industrial dusts in con-
junction with infection with pneumococci was investigated.
Mice which were pretreated by inhaling killed pneumococci
and eight days later were infected with live pneumococci
placed in their noses or throats showed strong lung damage
after inhalation of various dusts. Mice which were not
pretreated generally showed little or no lung damage after ex-
posure to dust. The dusts used in the experiments were man-
ganese dioxide, Siemen-Martin oven dust with a 7-9% man-
ganese content, Thomas slag dust (containing silicates and sil-
icon dioxide), aluminum dust, and calcium sulfide dust.
(Author summary modified)
41485
Miyaji, Kazumi and Hideo Kashiwagi
AIR POLLUTION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN THE
YOKKAICHI DISTRICT. THE NATURE OF YOKKAICffl
ASTHMA. (Yokkaichi chiike ni okeru taiki osen to kokyu
shikkan. Iwayuru Yokkaichi zensoku no byokei ni tsuite). Nip-
pon Kyobu Rinsho (Japan. J. Chest Diseases), 28(4): 250-261,
1969. 25 refs. Translated from Japanese. Translation Con-
sultants, Incl., Arlington, Va., 28p.
The relationship between air pollution and respiratory diseases
was epidemiologically investigated in the Yokkaichi district of
Japan. The Yokkaichi region is industrial in nature, with
several petrochemical combines; the major pollutant, there-
fore, is sulfur dioxide with a recent emphasis on sulfur triox-
ide mist. Air quality measurement data on SO2 and SO3 mist
concentrations as a function of season, winds, and area were
correlated with outbreaks of asthmatic diseases, i.e., chronic
bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema, and other respirato-
ry diseases. The clinical signs of the Yokkaichi asthma were
studied for determinations of diagnostic standards, lung func-
tions and disease types, distribution by disease and age, and
the interrelationship between disease types. The emphysema in
Yokkaichi was a transition from bronchial asthma rather than
from chronic bronchitis; this is probably due to the relatively
pure nature of the pollution caused by the petroleum fuels,
principally heavy oils.
41685
Sadilova, M. S., E. G. Plotko, and L. N. Yelnichnykh
NEW DATA FOR THE VALIDATION OF THE MEAN DAILY
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Amer-
ican Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution
Literature. A Second Compilation of Technical Reports on the
Biological Effects and the Public Health Aspects of At-
mospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver
Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 24-
32. Translated from Russian. (Also: Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk
SSSR, vol. 11:5-15, 1968.) NTIS: PB 209478
The effects of hydrogen fluoride on the human organism were
investigated to validate the basis for a standard maximum al-
lowable concentration. Certain problems of the mechanism of
the action of fluoride ions and the phosphorus-potassium
metabolism using isotopic tracing were also studied. Two
month old female rats were subjected to five-month continu-
ous exposures to 0.10, 0.03, and 0.01 mg/cu m HF. Concentra-
tions of 0.10 and 0.03 mg/cu m caused inhibition in the central
nervous system, decreased the activity of a number of en-
zymes, impaired the phosphorus-calcium metabolism, and
caused the accumulation of fluorine in the body and damage to
the internal organs and bone tissue. The effects of the 0.01
mg/cu m were changes in the phosphorus metabolism only (in-
hibition of alkaline blood phosphatase and a delayed inclusion
of radiophosphorus in bone tissue, liver, and blood at the end
of the five-month exposure). A reduction in the mean daily
maximum permissible concentration of hydrogen fluoride in
the air of populated areas from 0.01 to 0.005 mg/cu m is sug-
gested.
41686
Sadilova, M. S. and E. G. Plotko
SANITARY EVALUATION OF FLUORIDES READILY
SOLUBLE IN BIOLOGICAL MEDIA. In: American Institute
of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Ai Pollution Literature. A
Second Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological
Effects and the Public Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollu-
tants. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md.,
American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 33-41. Translated
from Russian. (Also: Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 11:16-
26, 1968.) NTIS: PB 209478
The biological effects of fluoride salts, the solubility of dif-
ferent fluorides in biological media, and toxic thresholds of
readily soluble fluorides were examined to establish a basis for
a standard maximum allowable concentration. The highest
solubility was displayed by sodium fluoride. Experimental data
permitted the assumption that the NaF retained in the body
dissolves completely in certain biological fluids. Aluminum
fluoride, cryolite, and calcium fluoride will not dissolve
completely in biological fluids and therefore may have a lesser
toxic effect than hydrogen fluoride or OaF. Light sensitivity sf
the eye among subjects exposed to concentrations of 0.07
mg/cu m increased; 0.05 mg/cu m concentration affected one
person only. Chronic continuous exposure of rats over the
course of five months to NaF concentrations of 0.10 and 0.03
jg/cu m determined a generally toxic effect and caused the ac-
cumulation of fluorine in the bone tissue. The extent of the
changes was dependent upon the NaF concentration in the air.
Because of the neutral properties of NaF dust and its in-
complete absorption in the body after penetration through the
respiratory organs, its toxic influence is less than that of
similar hydrogen fluoride concentrations. The highest single
NaF concentration in the air of populated areas should not ex-
ceed 0.03 mg/cu m, and the mean daily concentration should
not exceed 0.01 mg/cu m.
41687
Sadilova, M. S.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF POORLY POLUBLE
FLUORIDES. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey
of USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compilation of
Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Publi-
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute sf Crop
Ecology, 1972, p. 42-47. Translated from Russian. (Also- Izv
Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 11:26-32, 1968.) NTIS: PB
209478
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
93
The biological effects of poorly soluble fluorides were studied
to establish a basis for a standard maximum allowable concen-
tration. Aluminum fluoride, a typical representative of poorly
soluble fluorides, was selected for the study. The experiments
were carried out with a condensation aerosol of A1F3 at a
sublimation temperature of about 700 C. An A1F3 concentra-
tion of 0.3 mg/cu m caused a reliable increase of the light sen-
sitivity of the eye in all the subjects. Chronic continuous expo-
sure of iwo month old white female rats over the course of
five months to [concentrations of 0.10 and 0.03 mg/cu m
established a slight but statistically reliable prolongation of the
chronaxies of extensors. The heavier concentration inhibited
the activity of the blood cholinesterase. On the whole, expo-
sure to both concentrations had only a slight toxic effect. In
the atmosphere the highest single maximum permissible con-
centration of fluorides sparingly soluble in biological media is
recommended at the level of 0.2 mg/cu m, with the mean daily
value at 0.03 mg/cu m.
41688
Sadilova, M. S.
MATERIAL FOR STANDARDIZATION OF THE MAXIMUM
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN
FLUORIDE IN THE AIR OF POPULATED AREAS. In:
American Institute yf Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollu-
tion Literature. A Second Compilation of Technical Reports on
die Biological Effects and the Public Health Aspects of At-
mospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver
Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 48-
60. Translated from Russian. (Also: Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk
SSSR, vol. 10:186-201, 1967.) NTIS: PB 209478
The influence of varying concentrations of hydrogen fluoride
on human subjects and on rats was studied and threshold
levels were determined to establish a basis for a standard max-
imum allowable concentration. For the majority of subjects,
the minimum olfactory perceptible concentration was 0.03
mg/cu m. In order to determine the effect of HF on the central
nervous system via the receptors of the upper respiratory
tract, the change in light sensitivity of the eye of three persons
with normal vision was studied and determined the threshold
concentration at 0.03 mg/cu m. Chronic continuous exposure
of white female rats to 0.10 qnd 0.03 mg/cu m HF caused a
number of disturbances in the animals, including the
phenomena of inhibition in the central nervous system. A 0.10
mg/cu m concentration caused irreversible destructive changes
in the nerve cells; changes in the phosphorus-calcium metabol-
ism; accumulation of fluorine in the bone system; and
histopathological changes in the teeth, bone system, and
viscera. The 0.01 mg/cu m concentration caused no change in
the experimental animals. The highest single concentration of
HF, therefore, should not exceed 0.02 mg/cu m, and the mean
daily concentration should not exceed 0.01 mg/cu m.
41689
Takhirov, M. T.
REFLEX EFFECT ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM OF LOW
CONCENTRATIONS OF ACETIC ACID AND ACETIC AN-
HYDRIDE PRESENT SEPARATELY AND TOGETHER IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology
Survey USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compilation
of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1972, p. 61-76. Translated from Russian. (Also: Izv.
Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 11:73-91, 1968.) NTIS: PB
209478
In order to determine the highest single maximum permissible
concentration of acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the at-
mosphere, the threshold levels of acetic acid vapors in 30 per-
sons were determined. The threshold of olfactory perception
in the most sensitive persons was 0.60 mg/cu m for acetic acid
and 0.49 mg/cu m for acetic anhydride. A concentration of
0.48 mg/cu m of acetic acid vapors caused a statistically relia-
ble increase of the light sensitivity in two of three persons.
For acetic anhydride, changes in light sensitivity of the eye in
two of the subjects were noted at a concentration of 0.36
mg/cu m. The threshold of effect of acetic acid and acetic an-
hydride vapors on the electrical activity of the brain was also
examined. Biocurrents were recorded from the temporal and
occipital parts of both cerebral hemispheres of five persons
with normal function of the olfactory system and distinct
alpha rhythms. The threshold of electrocortical reflex was 0.29
mg/cu m for acetic acid and 0.18 mg/cu m for acetic an-
hydride. The proposed highest single maximum permissible
concentrations are, therefore, 0.2 mg/cu m for acetic acid and
0.1 mg/cu m for acetic anhydride. During the combined action
of acetic acid and acetic anhydride vapors, an effect of
complete summation occurs. The threshold mixture in elec-
troencephalographic tests consisted of 0.15 mg/cu m acetic
acid and 0.087 mg/cu m acetic qnhydride with a total concen-
tration index of 0.99. When acetic acid and acetic anhydride
vapors are jointly present in atmospheric air, their total con-
centration expressed in fractions of the adopted maximum per-
missible concentrations of each of the substances should not
exceed'1.3. 0
41692
Ubaydullayev, R.
DATA FOR A SANITARY ASSESSMENT OF METHANOL IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology
Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compila-
tion of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the
Public Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nut-
tonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of
Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 93-100. Translated from Russian. (Al-
so: Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 10:65-74, 1967.) NTIS:
PB 209478
Threshold levels of methanol and effects on the human organ-
ism were examined to establish data for a standard maximum
allowable concentration. Air around surveyed hydrolysis plants
producing methanol was polluted by vapors at distances of up
to 200 m. In the most sensitive persons, the threshold of olfac-
tory perception of methanol was 4.5 mg/cu m, the threshold of
reflex change of the light sensitivity of the eye was 3.35 mg/cu
m, and the threshold of action of electrical activity of the
brain was 1.17 mg/cu m. The highest single maximum permissi-
ble concentration of methanol, therefore, should be no higher
than 1 mg/cu m. Chronic continuous exposure of white male
rats to methanol at a concentration of 5.3 mg/cu m over the
course of 90 days caused changes in the normal ratio of
chronaxy of antagonist muscles, activity of whole blood
cholinesterase, excretion of coproporphyrin with the urine,
and protein fractions of the blood serum in the experimental
rats. The mean daily maximum permissible concentration of
methanol which can be recommended is 0.5 mg/cu m.
41693
Sayfutdinov, M. M.
DATA FOR THE VALIDATION OF THE MAXIMUM PER-
MISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF AMMONIA IN AT-
MOSPHERIC AIR. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology
Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compila-
-------
94
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
tion of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the
Public Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nut-
tonson (ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of
Crop Ecology, 1972, p. 101-112. Translated from Russian. (Al-
so: Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 10:108-122, 1967.) NTIS:
PB 209478
The effect of atmospheric ammonia on the human organism
was studied to establish a basis for a standard maximum al-
lowable concentration. Air quality at major emission sources
was also measured to determine existing concentrations. The
threshold of olfactory perception of ammonia in the most sen-
sitive persons was 0.5 mg/cu m, with subthreshold concentra-
tion at 0.45 mg/cu m. Light sensitivity of the eyes of two out
of three subjects after short-term inhalation of ammonia at a
concentration of 0.45 mg/cu m decreased. In three of five sub-
jects, 0.35 mg/cu m had a substantial effect on the electrical
activity of the brain. The subliminal concentration of ammonia
which did not cause a change in the biopotentials of the brain,
equal to 0.2 mg/cu m, is therefore, proposed as the highest sin-
gle maximum permissible concentration. Continuous chronic
exposure of white rats to 20 mg/cu m caused a shortening of
the time of the reflex response, a depression of cholinesterase
activity and oxidation-reduction function of the blood, and an
increase in the excretion of coproporphyrin and ammonia in
the urine. Ammonia in concentrations of 2 mg/cu m only
depressed the oxidation-reduction function of the blood serum.
A concentration of 0.2 mg/cu m had no effect and is recom-
mended as the mean daily maximum permissible concentration
in atmospheric air. Histopathological examinations showed no
changes in the internal organs and central nervous system in
animals of any of the experimental groups as compared to the
control group.
41694
Ubaydullayev, R.
POLLUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH VAPORS OF
HYDROLYTIC ETHYL ALCOHOL AND ITS EFFECT ON
THE ORGANISM. In: American Institute Crop Ecology Sur-
vey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compilation
of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.), Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1972, p. 113-122. Translated from Russian. (Also:
Izv. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 10:74-86, 1967.) NTIS: PB
209478
The biological effects of exposure to hydrolytic ethyl alcohol
vapors with respect to setting air quality standards were ex-
amined. The air around surveyed hydrolysis plants was slightly
polluted with vapors of hydrolytic ethanol. A study of the
biological effect of hydrolytic ethanol vapors established the
threshold of olfactory perception in the most sensitive persons
at 7.1 mg/cu m, the threshold of change of the light sensitivity
of the eyes at 6.97 mg/cu m, and the threshold of the reflex
activity of the cerebral cortex at 6.1 mg/cu m. The maximum
inactive concentration according to the most sensitive test was
4.9 mg/cu m. The highest single maximum permissible concen-
tration of hydrolytic ethanol, therefore, may be established at
a level of 5 mg/cu m. Chronic continuous exposure of experi-
mental rats to ethanol vapors at a concentration of 29.95
mg/cu m for 90 days'caused changes in the normal ratio of the
chronaxy of flexors and extensors, cholinesterase activity,
excretion of coproporphyrin with the urine, and in the relative
amounts of the protein fractions of the blood serum. Ethanol
in concentrations of 5.59 mg/cu m did not affect the rat organ-
ism. The mean daily permissible concentration of hydrolytic
ethanol in the atmosphere, therefore, may be set at the level
of the highest single concentration, i.e., 5 mg/cu m.
42392
Malorny, Guenther
GENERAL REVIEW ON THE ACTION OF CARBON
MONOXIDE ON MAN. STATE OF THE ARTS OF THE CAR-
BON MONOXIDE EFFECTS RESEARCH GROUP ACTIVITY.
(Allgemeiner Ueberblick ueber die Wirkung von Kohlen-
monoxid auf den Menschen. Stand der Forschungsarbeiten in
der Arbeitsgruppe Kohlenmonoxid-Wirkung. Text in German.
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 32(4):131-142, April 1972. 25 refs.
(Presented at the VDI (Verein Dcutscher Ingenieure) Clean Air
Maintenance Committee, Carbon Monoxide, Symposium,
Duesseldorf, West Germany, Oct. 28-29, 1971.)
Results of pharmacological, lexicological, neurological,
biochemical, and neuropathological investigations into the ef-
fects of carbon monoxide, particularly in low concentrations,
on man and animals are reviewed. The CO effect was directly
proportional to the product of CO concentrations and expo-
sure time. Considerable impairment of the muscular and physi-
cal performance of rats and mice due to 100-300 ppm of CO
and decrease of the spontaneous motility of mice after or dur-
ing exposition to 84 and 100 ppm were observed. The reaction
latency increased by about 15% with 10% of carbox-
yhemoglobin. Both conditional and unconditional flight reac-
tions of rats were suppressed after intermittent exposures to
150-250 ppm over 10 weeks. Excitatory effect of 60 ppm of
CO on monosynaptic and poiysynaptic reflexes of cats was
observed. Tissue hypoxia due to hypocapnia was determined,
while hypoxia due to oxygen deficiency and CO effect was
different. Increase in the alpha 2-globulin content due to acute
poisoning and reduced albumin as well as increased gamma-
globulin content due to chronic exposure in the serum and
brain proteins were detected. Electroencephalographic tests
revealed reduced brain current frequency due to CO. The
results indicate that values of 8 ppm (24 hour mean) and 40
ppm (1 hour mean) should be selected as limits for the max-
imum allowable CO concentration in ambient air.
42395
Hansen, Ove, Harald Wilke, Guenter Malorny, and Manfred
Goethert
ABSORPTION AND RELEASE OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN
SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS DURING THE INHALA-
TION OF LOW CO CONCENTRATIONS. (Aufnahme und
Abgabe von Kohlenoxid waehrend Einatmung niedriger CO-
Konzentrationen bei Rauchern und Nichtrauchern). Text in
German. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 32(4):167-169, April 1972. 9
refs. (Presented at the VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure)
Clean Air Maintenance Committee, Carbon Monoxide Sym-
posium, Duesseldorf, West Germany, Oct. 28 and 29, 1971.)
Differences in the carbon monoxide absorption and release by
smokers and nonsmokers was tested. The persons tested (21
females, 57 males, aged 19-40 years) were exposed to concen-
trations of 50 or 200 ppm over 3.5 hours. Equilibrium between
alveolar CO content and blood carboxyhemoglobin content
was observed. Rapid CO saturation at the start of the test fol-
lowed by sharp decrease in the absorption was determined.
Since the alveolar air CO concentration did not reach the CO
concentration in the inhaled air, no complete saturation to dif-
fusion equilibrium was reached. The absorption curves ob-
tained for nonsmokers and smokers (the alveolar air CO con-
centration in the latter was 24 ppm prior to the test) were dif-
ferent even at the end of the 3.5 hour test. Extended tests
showed that the equilibrium conditions were reached at largely
the same time by smokers and nonsmokers alike exposed to
200 ppm, while tests with 50 ppm revealed smokers to reach
equilibrium conditions considerably earlier than nonsmokers.
Carbon monoxide release tests (2.5 hours) furnished different
I
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
95
curves for smokers and nonsmokers, indicating higher CO
concentrations in the exhaled air for smokers than for non-
smokers at the end of the test. The higher the volume of CO
absorbed prior to the tests (with tobacco smoke, for example),
the lower the volume absorbed during the test. A certain CO
saturation in the organism, necessary for the toxic effect to
appear, is more readily reached in smokers than in non-
smokers.
42396
Groll-Knapp, Elisabeth, Hannelore Wagner, Helger Hauck,
and Manfred Haider
THE ACTION OF LOW CARBON MONOXIDE CONCEN-
TRATIONS ON THE ALERTNESS AND COMPUTER-
ANALYZED BRAIN POTENTIAL. (Auswirkung geringer
Kohlenmonoxid-Konzentrationen auf Vigilanz und compu-
teranalysierte Hirnpotentiale). Text in German. Staub, Reinhal-
tung Luft, 32(4): 186-188, April 1972. 33 refs. (Presented at the
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Clean Air Maintenance
Committee, Carbon Monoxide Symposium, Duesseldorf, West
Germany, Oct. 28-29, 1971.)
The effects of different carbon monoxide concentrations (50,
100, and 150 ppm) on human brain function were studied in an
acoustic vigilance test with simultaneous lead-off of slow (4-
second) brain potentials (expectancy waves) analyzed by com-
puter. The test persons were exposed to a total of 200 critical
acoustic signal pairs spaced at 1.1-second intervals over 1.5
hours. The number of responseless critical sound pairs (35 for
50 ppm, 40 for 100 ppm, and 44 for 150 ppm) increased with
the CO concentration. The impairment in the performance was
particularly high during the second half of the test period, and
was accelerated by the CO effect. The expectency waves
(potential buildup after the first and drop after the second
acoustic signals) varied with the CO concentrations. Linear
relationship between the amplitude and the CO concentration
was determined. The results indicate statistically significant
impairment of the vigilance due to the inhalation of CO even
in a concentration of 50 ppm.
42397
Schlipkoeter, Hans-Werner
CONCLUSIONS. (Schlussbemerkungen). Text in German.
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 32(4):193-194, April 1972. (Presented
at the VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Clean Air Main-
tenance Committee, Carbon Monoxide Symposium, Duessel-
dorf, West Germany, Oct. 28-29, 1971.)
Results presented at the Carbon Monoxide Symposium are
reviewed and general conclusions are drawn. The results in-
dicate that the effect of carbon monoxide is not simply due to
oxygen deficiency, and that the inhibition of tissue enzyme ac-
tivity is probable. The CO effects are best evaluated from the
blood carboxyhemoglobin content which is dependent on con-
centration, exposure time, tidal volume, and barometric pres-
sure. The central nervous system and the cardiovascular
system were the main targets of CO. Reduced oxygen partial
pressure in cat brains due to 100 ppm and impaired learning
ability in rats were observed. Reduced vigilance of people ex-
posed to a CO concentration corresponding to 5% COHb was
determined. The effect of CO in concentrations corresponding
to 5% COHb was detected. Impaired myocardial function with
5-9% of COHb was observed. Influence of CO on the decom-
position of benzo(a)pyrene in the lung was determined, while
cumulative effects are a possibility. Maximum allowable con-
centrations should be determined on the basis of the above in-
vestigations, in introducing an appropriate safety factor. Ap-
plying a safety factor of five would result in values of 6 ppm
(8-hour mean) and 30 ppm (1-hour mean) as maximum allowa-
ble concentrations.
42414
Zorn, Hans
THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN OCCURRING IN
BRAIN AND LIVER TISSUES UNDER CONDITIONS OF
SUBTOXIC CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS. (De
Sauerstoff-Partialdruck im Himgewebe und in der Leber bei
subtoxischen Kohlenmonoxid-Konzentrationen). Text in Ger-
man. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 32(4):151-155, April 1972. 13
refs.
The effect of moderate carbon monoxide concentrations on
the oxygen partial pressure on the surfaces of brain and liver
as well as in the cerebral tissues of rats, rabbits, and cats was
studied using platinum electrodes. The measurements substan-
tiated a distinct inverse relation between the oxygen tension
and the carboxyhemoglobin values between 3 and 30%. Even
low CO concentrations under adverse conditions may lead to
crucial oxygen partial pressure values in tissue.
42698
Mappes
DIRECTIONS FOR LEAD DETERMINATION IN BLOOD
AND URINE WITH DITHIZONE. (Vorschrift zur Bleibestim-
mung in Blut and Urin mil Dithizon). Preprint, Staatliche
Gewerbearzt fuer Westfalen (West Germany), 1968. Translated
from German. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 6p.,
Dec. 1971.
A detailed description of the determination of lead in blood
and urine by the use of dithizone is given. The wet ashing is
performed with sulfuric acid, nitric acid and perchloric acid. In
the continued course of the analysis, precipitation through
citrate is avoided and other dithizon metals are masked by
potassium cyanide for tin, indium, bismuth, and thallium,
which do not interfere for a variety of reasons. A detailed
description of the determination of lead in dust which also
contains soot and sulfate is given. Possibly present tetra-valent
lead is reduced to bi-valent lead by heating the sample of dust
with hydrochloric acid. The final sample solution may be
diluted with addition of ammonium citrate according to the
lead content.
42699
Grushko, Ya. M.
OCCUPATIONAL POISONING AND DISEASES CAUSED BY
CHROMIUM. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. (O profes-
sional nykh ortavleniyakh i zabolevaniyakh pod vliyaniyem
khroma. Obzor literatury). Sov. Med., vol. 27:125-130, 1963. 41
refs. Translated from Russian. Translation Consultants Inc.,
Arlington, Va., 15p.
The literature on occupational diseases caused by chromium is
reviewed. The upper respiratory passages, particularly the
nasal mucous membranes, are frequently damaged when
chromium is present in the air of working areas. Chromium
can also exert an influence on the deeper parts of the respira-
tory passages, causing such diseases as pneumonia, acute and
chronic bronchitis, and asthmatic bronchitis. There are indica-
tions of a possibility of the development of lung cancer in in-
dividuals exposed to chromium compounds. According to
published data, in most cases workers at chromium plants
have bronchial cancer, whereas insoluble chromium com-
pounds are found in the lungs, tracheo- bronchial glands, and
nasal septum. Skin damage, such as dermatitis and chronic ec-
zema, pathologic changes in the kidneys, and toxic effects on
-------
96
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
the digestive organs and heart are frequently observed. Mea-
sures for preventing these occupational diseases include isola-
tion, mechanization and automation of production processes,
individual precautions, therap utic diet, and periodic examina-
tion of workers.
42759
Moeschlin, Sven
INORGANIC POISONS. METALS. LEAD (PB). In: Poisoning.
Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, Grune and Stratton,
1965, p. 45-71. 139 refs. Translated from German by Jenifer
Bickel.
The toxic effects of lead in humans are reviewed. As with
other metals, the toxic effect of the lead atom is most likely
due to its integration into different cellular enzymes. The
disturbance of normal porphyrin metabolism appears to play a
significant part. An early sign of lead poisoning is the blockage
of porphobilinogen synthesis through inhibition of the com-
bination of two molecules of delta-aminolevulinic (ALA) acid.
A high level of ALA in the urine is one of the best indicators
of early lead hazard. The most common subjective symptoms
of lead poisoning are weakness, anorexia, tiredness, ner-
vousness, tremor, nausea, loss of body weight, headache, and
gastric pain. Objective symptoms include constricted ar-
terioles, loss of weight, increased delta-aminolevulinic acidu-
ria, porphyinuria, constipation, blood and bone marrow
changes, lead line along the margin of the gums, and weakness
of extensor muscles. Lead encephalopathy is also considered.
Specific and symptomatic treatments for chronic lead poison-
ing are described. 2-1125 Smith, I. C. Laws and Regulations A
alifornia Prevention sposal
42885
Semenova, V. N., S. S. Kazanina, and B. Ya. Ekshtat
THE TOXIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHYLENE
CHLOROHYDRIN IN THE AIR OF WORKING PREMISES.
(K toksikologicheskoy kharakteristike etilenkhlorgidrina v voz-
dukhe rabochikh pomeshcheniy). Text in Russian. Gigiena i
Sanit., 36(6):37-40, June 1971. 4 refs.
The toxic properties of ethylene chlorohydrin were examined
in a series of acute and chronic exposure experiments with
laboratory animals. The upper parameters of its toxicity and
the maximum allowable concentration, i.e., threshold value,
for a single administration were determined. The effect of
ethylene chlorohydrin on various functions and systems of the
body and on the hereditary structure of bone marrow cells was
investigated. Like most chlorinated hydrocarbons, ethylene
chlorohydrin is a hepatropic poison causing chemotoxic lesions
in the liver and affecting the central nervous system.
42973
Yoshimura, Takesumi
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF YUSHO PATIENTS
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEX, AGE CLINICAL
GRADES, AND OIL CONSUMPTION. (Yusho ni oker
jushodo no kaiseki narabi ni sesshu yuryo chosa). Fukuoka
Igaki Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta Med.), 62(1):104-108, 1971. 12
refs. Translated from Japanese. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood
City, Calif., ISp.
An epidemiologic analysis was made of 421 patients with
Yusho (chlorobiphenyl poisoning) with regard to sex, age, and
clinical grade. A total of 146 persons who consumed the
canned rice oil contaminated with chlorobiphenyls were also
examined to determine any relationship between the amount of
rice oil consumed and their clinical grade, and to estimate the
amount of chlorobiphenyls ingested. No difference was found
between male and female patients with regard to clinical grade.
The clinical grades were not uniform for all age groups; most
cases were mild in ages 0-12, while most were serious for ages
13-29. A definite dose-effect relationship was noted between
the amount of rice oil consumed and the clinical grades of the
patients. The average amount of chlorobiphenyls ingested was
estimated to be about 2 g per patient. (Author abstract
modified)
42992
Tatarskaya, A. A.
OCCUPATIONAL CANCER OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY
PASSAGES IN THE NICKEL INDUSTRY. (K voprosu o
professional nom rake verkhnikh dykhatel nykh putey na
proizvodstavakh polucheniya nikelya). Gigiena Tnida i Prof.
Zabolevaniya, vol. 9:22, 1965. 19 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., lOp.
Previous efforts to identify carcinogenic substances used in
the carboxyl method of nickel refining are reviewed. Some
authors consider that nickel carbonyl is capable of causing
cancer, while others believe that arsenic may be the causative
agent. Two case histories are presented of patients with can-
cers in the eye and nose region which developed after some
years of working in electrolytic nickel refining shops. In the
first case, in spite of constant observation by doctors, the
malignant neoplasm was not diagnosed and deadlines for an
operation were let pass. Histologic analyses gave no indication
of malignant neoplasm. The tumor grew vigorously after
polypotomy. In the second case, the tumor developed without
symptoms and was discovered only when there were destruc-
tive changes. The presence of a fistular passage that had
stimulated a boil led to incorrect treatment. Workers in elec-
trolytic refining shops should be examined annually by an oto-
laryngologjst. Several other measures are also recommended to
aid in the diagnosis of malignant growths.
43133
Ulmer, W. T., G. Reichel, A. Czeike, and A. Leuschner
REGIONAL INCIDENCE OF UNSPECIFIC RESPIRATORY
TRACT DISEASES. (Regionale Haeufigkeit unspezifischer
Atemwegserkrankungen). Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed., vol. 27:73-
109, 1970. 60 refs. Translated from German. Scientific Transla-
tion Service Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif., 39p.
An epidemiological study was conducted in 1962-1968 among
men and women in the Duisburg, Bocholt, and Borken dis-
tricts of Germany. Subjective symptoms of bronchitis, e.g.,
cough, sputum, dyspnoea, and other catarrhal related symp-
toms, were compared to demonstrate that air pollution in the
Ruhr area could not be correlated with nonspecific respiratory
diseases when the age and smoking habits of the subjects were
considered. Airway resistance, in fact, was lower in the indus-
trial areas than in the rural areas. The incidence of bronchitic
symptoms was exceptionally high at 25-81%. (Author abstract
modified)
43168
Yoshimura, T.
A STUDY OF GROWTH IN JUVENILES AND STUDENTS
WITH OIL DISEASE. (Yusho jido, seito no hatsuiku chosa).
Fukuoka Igaki Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta Med.), 62(1):109-116,
1971. 9 refs. Translated from Japanese by Translation Con-
sultants, Ltd., Arlington, Va.
School children with Yusho, chlorinated biphenyl poisoning,
were compared with their matched control groups of healthy
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
97
children in height and body weight for 1967, 1968, and 1969.
The gain in height or in body weight which each sick child had
before the poisoning from 1967 to 1968 and thereafter from
1968 to 1969 was compared with the distribution of the cor-
responding gains seen in his or her control group. Height and
body weight gain of the boys with Yusho significantly
decreased after the poisoning. This statistical analysis could
not be applied to the girls, because it was not shown in their
control groups that the gain before the poisoning is indepen-
dent of that after the poisoning. But 16 of 19 cases after the
poisoning showed a smaller gain than the average noted for
the control groups. No certain relationship could be found
between the clinical severity of the cases and their decrease of
gain, because of the small number of cases available for the
analysis. It is not known whether the noted disturbance in
growth was caused primarily by the chlorobiphenyls poisoning
or not. Additional studies, particularly a more detailed ex-
amination on the endocrine systems of the children and a
further follow-up survey on their growth, seem to be necessa-
ry for the precise evaluation of the present findings. (Author
summary modified)
43174
Okumura, M. and S. Katsuki
A CLINICAL STUDY OF OIL DISEASE (CHLORINATED
BIPHENYL POISONING) PARTICULARLY THE INTERNAL
MEDICAL SIGNS. (Iwayuru Yusho (Enka Bifueniru Chu-
doku) no rinshoteki kenkyu tokuni naikateki shoken ni tsuite).
Fukuoka Igaki Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta Med.), 60(6):440-446,
1969. 17 refs. Translated from Japanese by Translation Con-
sultants, Ltd., Arlington, Va.
The 24 subjects examined were divided into adults and ju-
veniles using the age of IS as the boundary. The 18 adults
were divided on the basis of the seriousness of the disease,
using the dermatological findings, into nine subjects in the
serious group and nine subjects in the medium and lighter
group. Among the adults, in addition to the characteristic eye
symptoms and acneiform eruptions, fatigue, loss of weight,
abnormal menstruation, and fever were observed in a large
number, the frequency of these signs being higher in the seri-
ous group. One subject had delivered a stillborn infant with
skin symptoms and one had delivered a new-born baby with
strong skin pigmentation. A comparison of the various test
findings between the two groups showed that there were more
in the seriously ill group who tended towards anemia, in-
creases in leukocytes, accelerated blood cell precipation rate,
a slight increase in the alkali phosphatase and BSP accumula-
tion, abnormalities in serum protein fractions, abnormal serum
metals, and an increase in the serum chlorine value. Although
no correlation with the seriousness of the symptoms could be
observed, it is characteristic of this condition that there is an
increase in serum lipids, particularly triglyceride. This trend
was particularly marked in the juvenile subjects. The effect of
secondary infection of the skin eruptions on the clinical pic-
tures is not yet certain. (Author summary modified)
43423
Ikui, Hiroshi, Kenji Sugi, and Shigekazu Uga
OCULAR SYMPTOMS IN OIL DISEASE PATIENTS AND
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE HISTOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN
OIL DISEASE PATIENT S CONJUNCTIVA. (Yusho kanja no
ganshojo oyobi yusho kanja ketsumaku no denshi kenbikyo
sosikigakutekk shoken). Fukuoka Igaki Zasshi (Fukuoka Acta
Med.), 60(6):432-439, 1969. 5 refs. Translated from Japanese.
Translation Consultants Inc., Arlington, Va., 14p.
The ocular symptoms of 218 patients with chronic
chlorobiphenyls poisoning are described. The main symptoms
are hypersecretion of the meibomian gland and abnormal pig-
mentation of the conjunctiva. In the typical cases, a cystic
swelling of the meibomian gland filled with yellow infarct-like
contents was observed. The lid margin, where the gland acini
open, becomes irregular. The abnormal pigmentation of the
conjunctiva is believed to be caused by melanin deposited in
the tissue. The pigmentation is noticed especially in the pal-
pebral conjunctiva of the lower lid, the lower nasal half of the
palpebral conjunctiva of the upper the lower fornix and the
limbal conjunctiva. Transient visual disturbance is caused by
the oily precotneal film due to the hypersecretion of the
meibomian gland. No particular lesion is observed in the in-
traocular tissues. Pieces of pigmented bulbar and fomix con-
junctivas were excised from two patients and examined under
the electron microscope. A large number of melanin granules
were seen in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells, especially in
that of basal cells of the conjunctiva. Many tiny electron-
dense particles with diameters of 300-400 angstroms were dis-
tributed diffusely in the cytoplasm of the basal cells. The na-
ture of these particles is unknown.
43458
Turrian, H., E. Grandjean, and V. Turrian
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND MEDICAL STUDIES IN MER-
CURY PLANTS. (Industriehygienische und medizinische Un-
tersuchungen in Quecksilberbetrieben). Schweiz. Med.
Wochenschr., 86(38): 1091-1096, 1956. 9 refs. Translated from
German. 26p.
In a rectifier plant, a thermometer plant, and a chemical plant,
the mean concentrations of mercury in the air at various work
places were determined. At the same time, the health of 58
mercury workers was studied, including mercury analyses of
blood and urine. Investigations of the work sites showed that
the mercury content of the air varies considerably. The actual
ventilating conditions, the amount of mercury impurities on
the ground floor, and proper manipulation are the determining
factors. The mean mercury concentrations in the air were 10 -
60 micrograms/cu m in one part and 50-230 micrograms/cu m
in the rectifier filling area of the rectifier plant, 300-600 in the
thermometer plant, and 300-1000 in the chemical plant. The
urine and blood analyses of mercury showed no satisfactory
correlation either to the mean exposure to mercury vapors or
to the clinical symptoms. These analyses cannot be used for
the evaluation of the exposure or of the health condition of a
mercury worker. Nevertheless, 15 of 58 workers studied had
characteristic symptoms of chronic mercury poisoning such as
tremor, gingivitis, poor dentition or dentures and subjective
complaints of nervous disturbances and autonomic disorders.
The frequency of these symptoms showed a significant cor-
relation to the degree of exposure. Many workers had a ten-
dency to hyperchromic anemia, which was more frequent
among the more exposed workers. (Author abstract modified)
43459
Hermann, Joseph
STUDIES ON DISEASE FORMS IN IDRIA. (Studien ueber
Krankheitsformen in Idria). Wien. Med. Wochschr., 8(40):697-
700, Oct. 2, 1858; Ibid., 8(41):713,717, Oct. 9, 1858; Ibid.,
8(42):732-735, Oct. 16, 1858; and Ibid., 8(43):750-751, Oct. 23,
1858. Translated from German. 27p.
Symptoms attributed to mercury poisoning (mercurial cachex-
ia, dyspepsia, pytyalism, scrophula, anemia, neuralgias, mer-
curial gout, mercurial tremors, and caries) were found in 122
of 516 mercury miners and workers at metallurgical and cin-
-------
98
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
nabar plants in the Idria Valley at Krain during the year of
1857. Examination of workers and townspeople showed the
following disorders prevalent amongst the examinees: pharyn-
gitis, with severe inflammation of parts of the gums and throat
and slackness and swelling of the mucosa; scrophula; dyspep-
sia; changes in liver function, especially intumescence and
congestion; neuralgias, such as gastralgia, ischialgia, and facial
pain; and, osteopathies, particularly periosteitis, osteitis, exos-
tosis, necrosis, and caries. The most effective, fastest, and
most successful methods of treatment prescribed were long
periods of increased sweating and the inhalation of clean air or
potassium iodide. Mercury is the only etiological factor which
could account for the above symptoms, and these symptoms
are not related to syphillis.
43485
Merville, R., J. Dequidt, and J. -M. Haguenoer
EXPERIMENTAL BERYLLIUM DISEASE IN RATS. DIS-
TRIBUTION - ELIMINATION. (A propos de 1 intoxication
experimentale par le berylliunm chez le rat repartition
elimination). Bull. Soc. Pharm. Lille, vol. 2:103-110, 1967. 2
refs. Translated from French. lOp.
Beryllium sulfate was given by ictraperitoneal injection to in-
duce both acute and chronic beryllium disease in rats. Five se-
ries of experiments were conducted to determine the distribu-
tion of beryllium in the organs and its elimination in the urine.
Substantial concentrations of beryllium were observed in the
spleen and liver. Workers in beryllium metallurgy are exposed
to the inhalation of harmful dusts or vapors at different stages
of manipulation, from grinding and crushing of the ore to its
processing thereof, where accidents are aided by the volatility
of certain intermediate products. In these cases, the disease is
primarily acute. The chronic form of the disease occurs as a
result of accidents in the fluorescent lamp industry, during the
manufacture of fluorescent powders and their introduction into
the tubes, and during the accidental or voluntary breaking of
defective tubes. In the acute disease, rapid breathing, cyano-
sis, dermatoses ulcers, and ulcerative granuloma are observed.
In the long-term disease, berylliosis, lung symptons accom-
panied by general disorders, skin infections, kidney lesions,
and joint infections are observed.
43487
Potapova, I. N.
CHANGES IN THE LUNGS AND BIFURCATED LYMPH
NODES IN EXPERIMENTAL BERYLLIOSIS. (Ob iz-
meneniyakh v legkikh i bifurkatsionnykh limfaticheskikh
uzlakh pri eksperimental nom berillioze). Arkh. Patol.,
29(8):61-68, 1967. 49 refs. Translated from Russian. 18p
Changes occuring in experimental berylliosis are subdivided
into two periods: during the first period (up to 1 month) the
toxic effect of the agent manifests itself, and during the
second (1-12 months) there are processes of sclerosing and
elimination of beryllium oxide from the lungs with the lymph
flow. Beryllium granulomas begin to form from the 2nd day,
sclerosis being developed in them from the 7th day. Pneu-
monitis processes and desquamation of alveolar epithelium are
explained by changes in the basal membrane structure in the
alveolar septi. Replacement of eosinophilia by plasmatization
in the lungs confirms the significance of the allergic factor in
berylliosis. In intravenous injection to rabbits, granulomas are
chiefly formed in the vascular system of the lung. (Author ab-
stract)
43488
Rozenberg, P. A. and A. A. Orlova
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF CHRONIC BERYLLIOSIS.
(Biokhimicheskiye issledovaniya pri khronichoskom berillioze).
Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zablovaniya, ll(12):33-37, 1967. 9 refs.
Translated from Russian. lOp.
Biochemical analyses carried out in 77 persons who had been
exposed to the effect of metal beryllium, beryllium oxide, and
beryllium bronze are reported. The examined persons had not
handled these substances for 3 to 15 yrs. Persons who showed
no clinical roentgenological symptoms of the disease but had
been exposed to the effects of beryllium and its compounds
(the contact group), as well as a number of patients suffering
from chronic berylliosis, were found to have oxidation
processes disturbed. This derangement is characterized by an
increased acid production rate, and augmented passage of
amino acids with the urine, and reduced sulfhydryl groups in
the blood serum. In berylliosis patients, the activity of the
blood serum. In berylliosis patients, the activity of the blood
serum alkaline phosphatase is higher than in subjects in the
contact and control groups. (Author abstract modified)
43489
Ozerva, V. V.
FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN
BERYLLIOSIS. (Funktsional noye sostoyaniye kory nad-
pochechnikov pri berillioze). Klinich Med., 44(ll):30-35, Nov.
1966. 16 refs. Translated from Russian, lip.
Functional investigation of the adrenal cortex by the method
of three-day stimulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)-zinc- phosphate was carried out in 31 patients suffer-
ing from chronic berylliosis of the first, second, and third
stages, and in 13 persons working with beryllium. In the
majority of patients with chronic berylliosis, there was a nor-
mal excretion of 17- oxycorticesteroids; functional investiga-
tion of the adrenal cortex after the introduction of 40 units of
ACTH showed a reduction of its present and potential
reserves. In healthy persons working with beryllium, there was
normal function of the adrenal cortex. In persons working with
beryllium and manifesting individual symptoms suspicious of
chronic berylliosis, there was a normal discharge of 17-oxycor-
ticosteroids and a decrease of potential glycocorticoid reserves
of the adrenals. An investigation of the androgenic function of
the adrenal cortex revealed a normal excretion of 17-ketoste-
roids in all women working with beryllium and in patients with
chronic berylliosis, as well as its decrease in comparison with
control data in men suffering from chronic berylliosis and in
men manifesting individual symptoms suspicious of chronic
berylliosis. (Author abstract modified)
43519
Potapova, I. N.
MORPHOLOGY OF INITIAL CHANGES IN THE LUNGS
DURING EXPERIMENTAL BERYLLIOSIS. (K morfologii
nachal nykh izmeneniy v legkikh pri eksperimental nom beril-
loze). Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, vol. 13:49-51,
March 1969. Translated from Russian. 5p.
White rats were given intratracheal injections of 'beryllium
oxide in doses of 5 mg; they were killed 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, and 90
days after injection. The material was fixed in acid and neutral
formalin, Zenger and Carnot fixatives, and alcohol. Slices
were stained with hemotoxylin-eosin and Sudan HI. Beryllium
oxide dust and lungs of rats were studied by electron
microscopy three months after the start of the test. Beryllium
granulomae appeared in the lungs in the first days of the test.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
99
Their center is formed of beryllium-protein complexes. The
cellular composition of the granulomae is polymorphous. Col-
lagenous fibers appear from the 7th day and their number
gradually increases. Eosinophilia in the lungs and bifurcated
lymph nodes, alternating with plasmatic tissues, indicate the
presence of allergic reactions and immunologic shifts during
berylliosis. Electron microscope data indicate disturbances to
mitochondrial structure in cellular elements, partially explain
the desquamation of alveolar epithelium, and confirm in-
creased proliferation processes and the early development of
sclerosis in the lungs.
43520
Kharlamova, S. F.
PROTEIN FRACTIONS OF BLOOD SERUM IN EXPERI-
MENTAL BERYLLIUM INTOXICATION. (Belkovye fraktsii
syvorotki krovi pri eksperiment noy intoksikatsii berilliem). Gi-
giena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, 12(ll):58-59, 1968. 9 refs.
Translated form Russian. Sp.
The globulin fraction content change in the blood was studied
during beryllium intoxication. In the first series of tests, white
male rats weighing 100-250 g were given intramuscular injec-
tions of 0.5 ml 0.2 M aqueous beryllium sulfate. Animals were
sacrificed at 2 wk, 1, 2, 3, and 5 mon after the start of the
test. In the second series, rats were given intratracheal injec-
tion of 10 mg beryllium oxide in a 0.5 ml physiologic solution.
Animals were studied in 2 wk, 1, 2, and 6 mon after dusting.
Changes in the amount of protein fractions in Series Two rats
occur later than when soluble compounds are injected. After a
month, in the animals of both series, the greatest disturbances
are observed in relation to the protein fractions of blood
serum. Shifts in the protein formula of blood serum in both se-
ries of tests are due to changes in the amount of albumins and
alpha and beta globulin fractions, which are formed primarily
in the liver. At later dates, (5-6 mo) the most pronounced
disturbances of protein fractions are seen only in the series of
tests with beryllium sulfate and appear as gamma-globu-
linemia, whereas in the series of tests with beryllium oxide,
changes in the gamma globulin content at later dates are unre-
liable.
43521
Orlova, A. A. and P. A. Rozenberg
OXIDATIVE PROCESSES IN PRONOUNCED FORMS OF
BERYLLIOSIS. (Sostoyanie okislitel nykh protessov pri
vyrazhennykh formakh berillioza). Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya, vol. 13:22-25, April 1969. 6 refs. Translated
from Russian. 7p.
The dynamics of the oxidative processes in pronounced forms
of chronic berylliosis and the characteristics of the biochemi-
cal deviations were studied. Three patients with pronounced
berylliosis were observed. To judge the presence of
disturbances in oxidative processes, the acidogenic factor
(ratio of amount of organic acids to total nitrogen) in the daily
amount of urine was used. A normal acidogenic factor is 3.9 -
7.0. Prolonged dynamic observations showed that aggravation
or complication of the disease is accompained by a
disturbance of oxidative processes, indicated by a sharp in-
crease in the acidogenic factor. At the same time, the excre-
tion of amino acids increases. In an especially severe case,
when large-vesicular emphysema, massive pleurodiaphragm
concretions, atelectasis and cirrhosis of the lungs were formed
against a background of granulomatous changes, and a high
erythrocyte content and viscosity were noted in the peripheral
blood, the pathologic course of oxidative processes was main-
tained for several months. In patients with a severe condition,
the acidogenic factor and the amount of organic acids were in-
creased in proportion to the severity of the disease.
43522
Mukhina, S. T.
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM ON OXIDATIVE PROCESSES IN
RAT LIVER AND LUNG HOMOGENATES AS A RESULT OF
EXPERIMENTAL BERYLLIUM INTOXICATION. (VTiyaniye
magniya na protsessy okisleniya v gomogenatakh pecheni i leg-
kikh krys pri eksperimental noy berilliyevoy intoksiktatsii). Gi-
giena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, ll(l):43-46, 1967. 17 refs.
Translated from Russian. 8p.
Beryllium and magnesium salts in solution were administered
to three groups of rats in different combinations. The first
group included rats receiving only BeSO4; the second group
included rats administered MgSO4, 0.7 g/kg, immediately be-
fore investigation of oxidative processes; the third group was
composed of rats receiving magnesium simultaneously with
beryllium in equimolar amounts. Magnesium to some degree
reduces the toxic effect of Be on the enzymes of the tricar-
boxylic cycle. Competitive relationships between Be and Mg
found in experiments in vitro occur also in the intact organism.
The administration of Mg partially alleviates the toxic effect of
Be on the processes investigated.
43525
Kharlamova, S. F. and I. N. Potapova
BERYLLIUM CONTENT AND ITS CELL FRACTIONS
DETERMINED EXPERIMENTALLY. (Soderzhaniye berilliya
v pecheni i yeye kletochnykh fraktsiyakh, ustanovlennoye v
eksperimente). Farmakol. i Toksikol. (Moscow), vol 31:357-
360, 1968. 3 refs. Translated from Russian. 6p.
Beryllium oxide was administered intratracheally at the rate of
3.6 mg Be per rat. Beryllium sulfate was given intramuscularly
at the rate of 0.9 mg per rat. The animals were studied 2 wk 1,
2, 3, and 5-6 mo after the administration. When soluble salts
of Be are administered (BeS04-4H20), 0.07-0.61 microgram
Be/g tissue is retained in the liver for 2 wk to 5 mo. The Be is
detected in all cell fractions, with the predominant content in
the nuclei. When insoluble compounds of Be are administered
(BeO), 0.01-0.05 microgram Be/g tissue is detected in the liver
for periods of investigation from 1 to 6 mos the Be was con-
tained mainly in the nuclei. Even slight amounts of Be in the
liver caused distinct disruptions of organ structure, manifested
in changes in the nucleus configuration, disorganization of the
endoplasmic network, increased count of lyzosomes and fatty
inclusions, and breakdown of mitochondrial structure.
43527
Yunusova, Kh. K. and S. K. Khanafeyeva
CASES OF ACUTE INTOXICATION BY SEWER GASES.
(Sluchai tyazhelogo otravleniya kanalizatsionnymi gazami). Gi-
giena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, 13(9):46-47, 1969. Translated
from Russian. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 4p.
Two chemical plant workers were intoxicated with sewer gases
containing hydrogen arsenide. Symptoms included hematologic
and liver effects. Sewer lines in the plant shop of the workers
were found to be missing hydraulic traps, and zinc dust and
arsenic were periodically being dumped into the sewer connec-
tions. Work activities close to the shop floor, where sewer gas
concentration was highest, led to the intoxication of the two
workers. (Author abstract modified)
-------
100
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
43664
Maeda, Satoshi
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ACTION OF BERYL-
LIUM IN BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS. (Beryllium no
seitainai sayo kijo ni kansuru jikkenteki kenkyu). Nagoya
Shiritsu Daigaku Igakkai Zasshi (J. Nagoya City Univ. Med.
Assoc.), 16(4):1153-1179, 1966. 45 refs. Translated from
Japanese. 56p.
To study the in vivo action mechanisms of beryllium, tests
were performed on rabbits with intravenous and subcutaneous
inoculations of beryllium sulfate and intramuscular inocula-
tions of beryllium oxide plus Freund adjuvant. Measurements
were made of serum protein and a comparative study was
made of other types of biological reactions. In the intravenous
and intramuscular BeS04 groups, a decrease in albumin and
an increase in gamma globulin was observed. The albu-
min/globulin ratio dropped, and these changes were propor-
tional to the quantity administered. Weight reduction and
anemia proportional to the quanity administered was also ob-
served. The principal damage was a reduction in liver function
and degeneration and necrosis of liver tissue, all of which cor-
responded with changes in the serum protein. In the BeO plus
Freund adjuvant intramuscular inoculation group, a charac-
teristic increase in gamma globulin and an associated increase
in total proteins was observed during the 7th-8th week after
the beginning of the tests. No weight reduction, changes in
peripheral blood, or liver damage was noted. An acceleration
of reticuloendothelial functions in the liver and spleen was ob-
served. The beginning of positive reactions in the skin patch
test coincided with the period of increased gamma globulin.
The changes in the serum protein were caused by beryllium
sensitization. There are two aspects in the in vivo mechanisms
of beryllium: poisoning and sensitization centering in liver
damage. (Author conclusions modified)
43666
Rushkevick, O. P.
GREATER CIRCULATION HEMODYNAMICS IN SILICOSIS
AND CHRONIC BERYLLIOSIS PATIENTS. (Gemodinamika
bol shogo kruga krovoobrashcheniya u bol nykh silikozom i
thronicheskim berilliozom). Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya, vol. 12:55-57, April 1968. 5 refs. Translated
from Russian. 7p.
A study was conducted to investigate the greater circulatory
hemodynamics in silicosis and chronic berylliosis patients. The
peculiarities in the change in hemodynamics and the depen-
dence of the observed changes on the clinical course of the
disease and the state of respiratory function were also studied.
Eighty-seven people were examined; 59 were silicosis patients
and 28 were chronic berylliosis patients at different stages.
Changes in greater circulation hemodynamics in silicosis pa-
tients are expressed by an increase in systolic and minute
volumes, a heightening of the average and true systolic arterial
pressure, and an increase in the elastic tension of vessel walls.
Change in basic hemodynamic indices in silicosis patients has
an effect on their regular connection with respiratory function
and with the degree of cardiac compensation. In chronic beryl-
liosis, as in silicosis, changes in greater circulatory
hemodynamics are characterized by an increase in minute
volume, a heightening of the average and true systolic arterial
pressure, and a heightening of vessel rigidity. In chronic beryl-
liosis, basic hemodynamic indices were changed in the initial
stages of the disease. A dependence of these changes on pul-
monary insufficiency and on the severity of the disease was
revealed.
43667
Arkhipova O. G., T. Ya. Medved, M. V. Rudomino, and M. I.
Kabanchik
ACCELERATION OF A BERYLLIUM EXCRETION BY
PHOSPHYCIN. (Uskoreniye vyvedeniya beruliya fosfitsinom).
Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, vol. 11:19-23, March 1967.
6 refs. Translated from Russian. 8p.
A study was conducted to investigate the protective properties
of phosphycin, a disodium salt of ethylene-diamino-bis-
isopropylphosphenic acid, in regard to beryllium. The effects
of phosphycin and ammonium salts of aurin tricarbonic acid
were also compared. Experiments were conducted on 25 al-
bino mice and 15 albino rats. Beryllium (7) was used for the
research; it was administered in the form of Be(7)C12. After
administration of Be(7)C12, 0.3 ml of a 10% phosphycin solu-
tion and 0.4 ml of a 1% solution of ammonium salts of aurin
tricarbonic acid were given to the animals. The activity of the
animals bodies was measured by gamma radiation, by a com-
parison with the original activity as measured immediately
after administration of Be(7)C12. Phosphycin forms a stable
complex with beryllium and accelerates excretion of Be(7)
from the organism. The increased excretion causes a lowering
of the Be(7) content in the internal organs and bones.
Phosphycin does not chelate calcium in the organism; this at-
tests to its high selectivity. The beryllium-aurin tricarbonic
acid complex was unstable and split apart in the organism.
43668
Lyubetskiy, Kh. Z., D. G. Krasil shchikov, and T. Ye.
Reshetova
GRANOSAN FOOD POISONING CASES. (K voprosu o
pishchevykh otravleniyakh granozanom). Gigiena i Sank.,
26(3):68-71, March 1961. 6 refs. Translated from Russian. Leo
Kanner Assoc., Redwood, Calif., 8p., April 1972.
Four cases of family intoxication caused by eating bread
products made from flour containing granosan are discussed.
Granosan is a mixture of ethylmercuric chloride and talc. Due
to its high fungicidal and bacterial properties, granosan has
gained very wide acceptance as a seed dressing agent used to
control rust, fusariosis, and other causative agents of plant
diseases. It can be used in seed dressing of cereal, legume, in-
dustrial, and vegetable crops. Granosan is highly toxic to man
and animals when ingested with food or inhaled. The four case
histories discussed have several features that are typical of
granosan food poisoning. The first signs of poisoning appeared
only 5 to 26 days following the consumption of the bread con-
taining granosan. Small children became ill first, followed by
older children, and adults last. Intoxication usually involved
groups or families and affected only those who had eaten
bread. The first symptoms were complaints of poor health, ap-
petite loss, emaciation, and constant severe thirst. Later symp-
toms included damage to the internal organs, such as ulcerous
stomatitis, disorders of the digestive organs, paralysis and, in
some cases, death. Granosan food poisoning is characterized
by a high mortality rate. The underlying mechanism of the
food poisoning is the mercury blockage of thiol enzymes,
resulting in a disruption of intermediary metabolism. The most
effective means of treating granosan victims is with unithiol
and dicaptolquinione preparations.
44412
Hatem-Champy, Simone
CANCEROLOGY: THE AFFINITY OF FOLIC ACID FOR
NICKEL AND CANCERS FROM NICKEL. (Cancerologie: af-
finite de 1 acide folique pour le nickel et cancers du nickel). C.
R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), vol. 254: 1177-1180, 1962. 4 refs. Trans-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
101
lated from French. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City Calif
5p., April 1972.
The sensitivity of cyclic basic nitrogen to carcinogenic sub-
stances and the repercussions of this sensitivity on neurohor-
monal growth as well as on diverse agents of tissue respiration
were studied. Blocking of the glutamic acid fraction of folic
acid was accomplished with the aid of histamine in the ratio of
two molecules to one molecule of folic acid. The compound
formed presents the pteroic acid group of folic acid and the
two free imidazole nuclei of histamine. Nickel hydroxide was
exposed to the folic acid-histamine system. Spectral examina-
tion by gravimetric determination revealed that the complexing
of folic acid with nickel occurred.
44413
Mietkiewski, K. and L. Malendowicz
CHANGES OF SOME HISTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF
THE ADRENAL CORTEX AFTER INTRODUCTION OF
BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. (Veraenderungen einiger
histochemischer Reaktionen der Nebennierenrinde nach Ein-
fuehrung von Berylliumchlorid). Acta Histochem., vol. 23:259-
275, 1966. 22 refs. Translated from German. 22p.
Changes in the adrenal cortex of 60 male albino rats were stu-
died following single injections of 3 mg beryllium chloride as
well as a 12-day administration of a total dosage of 1.2 mg. An
acute poisoning caused increased activities of the acid and al-
kaline phosphatase, non-specific esterases, a decrease in the
lipid content and the khanolkar reaction and a morphokinetic,
progressive transformation of the adrenal cortex. Chronic
poisoning produced morphokinetic regressive transformation
and decreased activity of the hydrolases and lipids and
degeneration of some cell particles in form of cytolysomes.
(Author abstract modified)
44415
Gel fon, I. A. and A. A. Orlova
BLOOD SERUM PROTEIN FRACTIONS DURING BERYL-
LIOSIS. (Belkovyye fraktsii syvorotki krovi pri belilloize). Gi-
giena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, 8(12):16-22, Dec. 1964. 7
refs. Translated from Russian. 12p.
The content of protein and its fractions in the blood serum of
humans exposed to the effects of beryllium and its compounds
is discussed. Of 46 occupationally exposed males and females
examined, 14 showed no signs of berylliosis (contact group),
whereas 22 had this disease in its first stage and 10 others in
the second and third stages. Protein fractions were analyzed
by paper electrophoresis and the total protein by refractomet-
ric procedures. Berylliosis patients present an increased total
protein and higher globulins (chiefly gamma globulins), a lower
albumin-globulin coefficient and corrosive mercuric chloride
test value, as well as a positive formol test. These changes in-
crease as the disease progresses. A higher gamma-globulin
level and an insignificant fall of the corrosive mercuric
chloride test value were revealed not only in the presence of
well-defined disease, but even in individuals of the contact
group. (Author abstract modified)
44416
Mestwerdt, W. and W. Gusek
HISTOMORPHOLOGY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF EX-
PERIMENTAL BERYLLIUM GRANULA IN THE SKIN OF
GUINEA PIGS. (Histomorphologie und Cytochemie von ex-
perimentellen Berylliumgranulomen in der Meerschweinhaut).
Hautarzt Z., 19(2):56-61, Feb. 1968. 31 refs. Translated from
perman. 16p.
Comparative histomorphological, histochemical, and enzyme
(ferment) histochemical investigations were carried out on the
subcutis of guinea pigs after application of different doses of
beryllium. Findings showed that beryllium compounds have a
proliferating effect and that subcutaneous injections of berylli-
um oxide produce mainly a polymorphous cellular granulation
tissue with giant cell formations and nodular foci. (Author ab-
stract modified)
44417
Przezdziecki, Zdzislaw, Jolanta Bankowska, Wieslawa
Komorowska- Malewska, and Teresa Janicka
STUDIES OF THE CHRONIC SHORT-TERM TOXICITY OF
ZINEB, MANEB, AND KAPTAN. (Bandania toksycznosci pr-
zewleklej, krotkookresowej Zinebu, Manebu i Kaptanu). Rocz
Pzh., 20(1):133-140, 1969. 13 refs. Translated from Polish. Leo
Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 13p., March 1972.
Studies were conducted of chronic short-term (7 mo) toxicity
of the fungicides Zineb, Maneb, and Kaplan on female rats of
the Wistar family. Reduced consumption of food and decrease
of growth and body weight were observed in animals poisoned
with these preparations in their feed, as well as a significant
hypoglycemic effect and a lowered glycogen content in the
liver (Author abstract modified)
44421
Tseretile, M. N. and R. P. Mandzhavidze
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ACUTE CARBONYL
NICKEL POISONING. (K klinike ostrovo otravleniya kar-
bonilom nikelya). Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, vol
13:46-47, 1969. Translated from Russian. Scientific Translatioi
Service, Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif., 3p.
Thirty-six persons suffering acute poisoning by carbonyl nickel
fumes from an accidentally opened container, were examined.
The initial reaction, of burning and running eyes, tickling in
the throat, headache, dizziness, and feelings of intoxication
and fear developed within 15-20 min after the fumes were in-
haled and was over quickly. After the prodromal period ended
(2-8 hrs), 28 victims developed a fever with subsequent rise in
temperature, pressure on the rib cage, an agonizing dry cough,
difficulty in breathing, and a feeling of suffocation. In medi-
um-severe poisoning, shortness of breath and palpitation
developed not only upon physical exertion but also during con-
versation. Coughing was accompanied by the expectoration of
mucous phlegm. Disturbed sleep, loss of balance, and ability
to .work were also observed.
44422
Sorinson, S. N., A. P. Kornilova, and A. V. Artem yeva
THE NICKEL CONTENT OF THE BLOOD AND URINE OF
CARBONYL NICKEL PRODUCTION WORKERS. (Dannye o
soderzhanii nikelya v krovi i moche u rabochikh proizvodstva
karbonik novo nikelya). Gigiena i Sank., 23(9):69-72, 1958.
Translated from Russian. Scientific Translation Service, Inc.,
Santa Barbara, Calif., 6p.
The nickel content in 68 healthy workers in a carbonyl nickel
factory was determined. Workers were between 20 and 40 yrs
of age and were examined 18 mo after beginning their jobs.
Average carbonyl nickel concentration in the air of the factory
was 0.0036 to 0.0045 mg/1. As a control, 30 healthy persons
with no occupational contact with nickel were also examined.
In the control group the nickel content in the blood was
between 0.0 and 0.34 mg%, and in the urine, between 0.03 and
0.1 mg/1. The established levels of nickel in the blood of ex-
amined workers were within the normal limits. The increase in
the nickel content of urine was high: 0.67, 0.8, and 1.78 mg/1.
-------
102
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
44423
Hatem, Simone
THE COMPLEXING OF HISTAMINE BY NICKEL,
COBALT, CHROMIUM AND GLUCINIUM. (Complexion de 1
histamine par le nickel, le cobalt, le chrome et le glucinium).
Chimia, vol. 14:130-133, 1960. 12 refs. Translated from French.
Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 9p., April 1972.
The reactivity of histamine with organic carcinogens was
demonstrated with mineral carcinogenic substances.
Nickel(++) yields crystallized complexes (NiHi2) 2+ and
(NiHi3) 2+. Cobalt (++), chromium (+ + +), and beryllium
(++) yield soluble complexes (MeHi2)++ where Me is the
metal characterized by Job s method. (Author abstract
modified)
44424
Hatem, Simone
CANCEROLOGY: CANCERS FROM NICKEL AND NICKEL
SALT-HISTAMINE COMPLEXES. (Cancerologie: Cancers du
nickel et complexes histamine-sels de nickel). C. R. Acad. Sci.
(Paris), vol. 246:2423-2426, 1958. 21 refs. Translated from
French. Leo Kanner Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 5p., April
1972.
The formation of complexes by histamine with nickel salts was
demonstrated by Job s method involving continuous variations.
Since the application of nickel causes cancer to appear at the
very site of deposition, formation of such salts would explain
the birth of these tumors. The amine was placed in contact
with the chloride, the nitrate, and the nickel sulfate. Examina-
tion of equimolecular solutions, sampled at constant volume,
revealed very marked deviation from the law of additivity in-
dependent of the wavelength chosen and the concentrations
utilized.
44425
Festy, B., Jf. B. Le Peq, C. Paoletti, and R. Truhaut
STUDY OF THE INTERACTION OF BERYLLIUM (BESO4)
WITH DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) AND THE
NEUTRAL PANCREATIC DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC-DESOX-
VRIBONUCLEASE SYSTEM (DNASE) IN VITRO. (Etude de
1 interaction du beryllium (BeSO4) avec 1 acide desox-
yribonucleique (DNA) at le systeme acide desox-
yribonucleique-desoxyribonuclease neutre pancreatique (D-
nase) in vitro). Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris), vol. 23:37-44, Jan.-Feb.
1965. 16 refs. Translated from French. Scientific Translation
Service Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif., lip.
The addition of beryllium sulfate to a solution of DNA from a
calf thymus in sufficient concentration leads to changes of this
polymer, showing an increase in the specific viscosity, then an
aggregation of particles and finally, a precipitation on the
macromolecule. These changes, studied by viscosimetry,
photogonio-diffusionmetry, and analytical centrifugation, show
a prolongation in the inhibition of the neutral pancreatic DNA-
DNase system of Kunitz by the beryllium ion. The mechanism
of this inhibition is explained by the formation of a DNA-
beryllium complex which is the real inhibitor of the enzyme.
Under the conditions studied, the enzyme suffers an inhibition
of 50% in a concentration of BeSO4 of the order of 0.0001 M.
(Author abstract modified)
44433
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan)
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. In: Report No. 13 on Sur-
vey of Air Pollution in Kanagawa Prefecture. (Kanagawa-ken
taiki osen chosa kenkyu hokoku Dai-13-po). 1971. 35 refs.
Translated from Japanese. Scientific translation Service Inc.,
Santa Barbara, Calif., 42p.
In the first of two studies reported, the lead content in road-
side trees and in the dust adhering to the leaf surfaces was
measured by atomic absorption photometry. The effects of
hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric acids on the absorbance were
investigated. Results showed that hydrochloric acid is suitable
for dissolving incinerated plant samples. The amounts of lead
contained in the leaves of roadside trees (gingko, platanus,
sultan s parasol, and horse chestnut) were also investigated.
The amounts were found to be 49 ppm in gingko, 25 ppm in
platanus, and 50-60 ppm in sultan s parasol and horse chest-
nut. Large amounts of lead were contained in the gingko trees
along the prefectural highway from Ogimachi to the Kawasaki
station and in the horse chestnuts along the Isogo-Daikoku
highway. There was a tendency for the amount of lead to in-
crease seasonally in June and July. In a second study health
survey questionnairies were distributed to 41,584 kindergarten
children living in each of the five Yohohama areas selected for
study. No relationship was found between a tendency to colds
and sulfur trioxide concentration. There was a relationship
between SO3 concentration and complaints of sore throats,
eye trouble, incidence of asthma attacks, and proneness to ec-
zema and urticaria. There was also an increase in complaints
as SO3 concentration increased.
-------
103
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
14489
Kobayashi, J., F. Morii, S. Muramoto, and S. Nakashima
EFFECTS OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION BY HEAVY
METALS (CD PB AND ZN) ON AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS CAUSED FROM A MINE REFINERY IN
GUMMA PREFECTURE. (Gumma-ken ka no bo kozan seiren
go no hai gas niyoru nosaku motsu nado no gukinzoku osen
(Cd, Pb, Zn) ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku
Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):67, April 1969.
Pollution of plants growing on a hill by cadmium, zinc, and
lead present in waste gases from a mine refinery was deter-
mined by atomic absorption spectrophotomelric analysis of the
elements following their extraction from dried and ashed plant
samples. Plant distance from the refinery ranged from 400 to
2500 m, and plant content of metals varied with distance. Cad-
mium levels ranged from 17 to 3.3 ppm and zinc from 2590 to
360 ppm in mulberry leaves. The cadmium content of moss,
greens, and eggplant leaves collected at 700 m from the
refinery varied from 41 to 61 ppm and the zinc content from
2620 to 7010 ppm. Values were lower in corn, tomatoes,
pumpkins, and persimmons. Taro, carrots, Welsh onions and
burdochs showed medium values.
19461
Guderian, Robert
METHODS TO DETERMINE SO2 TOLERANCE LIMITS
FOR AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY CULTURES IN
THE OPEN COUNTRYSIDE EXPERIMENTS IN BIERSDORF
(SIEG). Zur Methodik der Ermittlung von SO2 Toleranz-
grenzen fur land- und fur stwirtschaftliche Kulturen im Frei-
landversuch Biersdorf (Sief).) Staub (Duesseldorf), 20(9):334-
337, 1960. 12 refs. Translated from German by Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo.
In the area surrounding an iron ore roasting plant, an experi-
ment was conducted in the open countryside to determine
tolerance limits for rating sulfur dioxide emissions and as-
sessing their effect on vegetation. Investigations were con-
ducted on the relationship between SO2 content of the air and
its damaging effects on agricultural and forestry cultures.
Macroscopic and microscopic observations were made to
determine acute and chronic damage. Growth and yield obser-
vations were also made. Kind and degree of damage were
determined; characteristic damage pictures, and the time span
between the SO2 effect and the appearance of the first
damage are listed. Sulfur dioxide emissions were measured
and continually registered by an ultragas-3-instrument. The
final values will be given after all the experimental results
have been obtained.
19551
Vogl, Michael
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
TO SMOKE DAMAGE RESEARCH. (Physiologische und
Biochemische Beitrage zur Rauchschadenforschung). Biol.
Abl., no. 5:587-594, 1964. 19 refs. Translated from German,
Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo., 13p., May 6, 1970.
The assimilation and acceptance of sulfur dioxide was mea-
sured in three year old potted pines. The SO2 absorption and
carbon dioxide metabolism of the plants were measured con-
tinuously and simultaneously by an ionoflux and a URAS in-
strument. Gasification with SO2 initially lead to a depression
of the net assimilation and the SO2 absorption. For slightly
physiologically damaged needles, darkening led to a strong
depression of SO2 acceptance; however, it was not completely
stopped. If gasification was discontinued, * fast recovery of
assimilation took place. In more severely damaged needles, the
SO2 absorption occurred independent of the net assimilation
for young pines. The assimilation was retarded only by true,
visible damage to the needles. (Author summary modified)
21667
Boertitz, Siegfried
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CONTRIBUTIONS
TO SMOKE DAMAGE RESEARCH. PART I. INVESTIGA-
TIONS INTO THE INDIVIDUALLY DIFFERENT EFFECTS
OF SO2 UPON ASSIMILATION AND SOME SUBSTANCES
OF NEEDLES OF SPRUCE TREES (PICES ABIES (L.)
KARST.) BY VESSEL GASIFICATION OF SOME
BRANCHES IN AN OPEN AREA EXPERIMENT.
(Physiologische und biochemische Beitrage zur Rauchschan-
denforschung. Untersuchungen ueber die individuell un-
terschiedliche Wirkung von SO2 auf Assimilation und einige
Inhaltsstoffe der Nadeln von Fichten (Piceaabies (L.) Karst)
durch Kuevettenbegasung einzelner Zweige im Freilandver-
such). Arbeitsgemeinschaft forst. Rauchschadenforschung
Tharandt, 4(15), 1964. 27 refs. Translated from German. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., 20p., April 16, 1970. Experi-
ments were conducted to determine the differing reaction
potentials of single spruce to sulfur dioxide by cell gasification
on location. The gasifications were connected with gas
metabolism and biochemical investigations. Predominantly 12
year old, closely adjacent spruce were chosen for the experi-
ments. Gasification was performed on single branches under
open area conditions. Two branches of the same whorl were
covered with a cell of PVC foil. An SO2-air-mixture was
passed through one, and pure air through the other. For an
SO2 concentration of 1 ppm, the assimilation decreased. After
a few hours, no further decrease was observed for a long
period of time. An SO2 concentration of 3 ppm results in a
stronger assimilation decrease, and may cause acute damage in
the more sensitive trees. When gasification was interrupted for
several days, clear phases of regeneration and redamage ap-
peared. The sensitivity of individual trees to these reactions
differed. In the area of chronic damage, no changes in coal
hydrate, amino acid levels in the sap, or pH appeared for rela-
tively short duration gasification.
23772
Guderian, Robert and Heinrich Stratmann
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
ON PLANT LIFE BY FIELD EXPERIMENTS. PART I.
METHODOLOGY AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS. (Frei-
-------
104
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
landversuche zur Ermittlung von Schwefeldioxydwirkungen
auf die Vegetation. I. Tell: Uebersicht zur Versuchsmethodik
und Versuchsauswertung). Text in German. Forschungsber.
Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, no. 1118, 102p., 1962.
The relationship between atmospheric sulfur dioxide levels and
their phytotoxic effects was studied in five experimental sta-
tions and one control station which differed only by their at-
mospheric SO2 content on 15 agricultural and horticultural
plants, on 4 fruit cultures, 2 fruit-bearing shrubs and 5 silvicul-
tural plants. Sulfur dioxide concentrations were registered con-
tinuously by Woesthoff instruments, and their median levels
for certain time periods were determined as were the plant
reactions at various stages of their development. Acute and
chronic damage caused by the various emission levels was
demonstrated on the potato plant, the gooseberry shrub, and
the larch tree. Young and old leaves of potato plants were
much more susceptible to SO2 damage than leaves of median
age. The SO2 effect on potatoes was manifested both by a
decrease in size as well as in the number of tubers. Leaves of
gooseberries manifested intercostal necroses, then fell off; the
berry yield was almost nil. Generally the resistance of plants
and cultures to SO2 varied widely not only between species
but also between developmental stages and emission levels.
The fungicidal effect of SO2 on plant pests Microsphaera
quercins, Taphrina deformans, and Rhizoctonia solani was
confirmed. The phytotoxic effects of the inorganic fungicide
Cupravit Ob 21 depended on SO2 emission levels.
24084
Guderian, Robert
INVESTIGATION OF THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN SULFUR IN PLANTS AND THE SULFUR DIOX-
IDE IN THE AIR. PART 2. DIURNAL VARIATION IN SUL-
FUR NEAR UNAFFECTED AND GAS-ATTACKED PLANTS.
(Untersuchungen ueber quantitative Beziehungen zwischen
dem Schwefelgehalt von Pflanzen und dem Schwefeldiox-
idgegalt der Luft. Teil 2. Tagesgang im Schwefelgehalt bei un-
beeinflussten und begasten Pflanzen). Text in German. Z.
Pflanzenkrankh Pflanzenschultz, 77(6):289-308, June 1970. 61
refs. PART I. Ibid., 77(4-5), April-May 1970. PART III. Ibid.,
77(7), July 1970.
Fumigation of plants at different hours of the day reveals
distinct diurnal changes in sulfur accumulation which exhibits
a certain relation to intensity of photosynthesis, but does not
coincide with the degree of leaf sensitivity. Apparent
photosynthesis and sulfur accumulation reach their maxima in
the late morning hours while leaf injury is most intense in the
early morning hours. The decrease in leaf sensitivity during
the light period seems to be associated with, among others, the
formation of assimilates; further possible causes are discussed.
Sulfur is also accumulated during the night hours, which may
amount to about one-third of the highest daily values. Sulfur
content of unfumigated plants also shows a distinct diurnal
variation. These diurnal variations result from changes in dry
substance. Level of sulfur accumulation varies considerably
with the stage of plante growth. Degree of leaf injury on
plants of different age does not show a distinct dependence
upon the quantity of accumulated sulfur. Sulfur absorption by
leaves of the same age decreased with increasing plant age.
Fully developed leaves having the greatest photosynthetic gas
exchange also had the greatest sulfur accumulation. The rela-
tionships in the degree of injury of different aged leaves
change in respect to each other with level of concentration.
Under exposure conditions of low concentration but of suffi-
cient length to result in injury, older leaves are, in general, in-
•ired before younger ones. With increasing concentration, ef-
fects shift over to the younger leaves until finally, at high con-
centrations, the degree of injury on just fully developed leaves
correlates with sulfur accumulation and apparent photosynthe-
sis. Conifers also show distinct, age dependent differences in
sulfur dioxide uptake and in the degree of injury. The youn-
gest needles absorb the most sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide ab-
sorption and also degree of injury increases with increasing
growth of the new shoot, while the preceding year's needles
show an inverse tendency. Dissimilar sulfur dioxide exposures
may shift the natural relations in sulfur content. Long lived
crops show an increase SO2 content with leaf age while older
leaves on short lived plants often have a lower sulfur content
than younger ones. Strictly comparable samples have to be
taken when proving sulfur dioxide effects with the help of
chemical leaf analysis. (Author summary modified)
24434
Guderian, R.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SULFUR CONTENT IN
PLANTS AND SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTENT IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE. (Untersuchungen ueber quantitative Beziehun-
gen zwischen dem Schwefelgehalt von Pflanzen und dem
Schwefeldioxidgehalt der Luft). Text in German. Z. Pflanzen-
krankh. Pflanzenschultz, 77(4/5):200-220, April-May 1970. 80
refs.
Field experiments conducted with monocotyledons,
diocotyledons, and conifers in the vicinity of a sulfur dioxide
source and gasification experiments conducted in the laborato-
ry to determine the correlation between SO2 emission (concen-
tration and exposure time) and plant sulfur content disclosed
that while the absorption of SO2 at high concentrations was
relatively small, sulfur accumulation in plants increased with
decreasing SO2 concentration and with increasing exposure
time. The old assumption that sulfur content in plants was an
indication of only chronic SO2 emissions but not of acutely
damaging SO2 concentrations was disproved. Under practical
conditions, high concentrations do not occur by themselves
but always together with low concentrations. In uniform plant
material, sulfur accumulation determined by chemical plant
analysis is a reliable indicator of SO2 emission levels at which
deleterious effects on yield or quality are no longer discerni-
ble. In discontinuous exposure to SO2, sulfur accumulation
first increases with the number of exposures and their duration
and then levels off. Photosynthetic measurements disclosed
that the recovery during emission-free periods affected SO2
absorption.
28475
Bovay, Ernest
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS. (Effets
de la pollution de 1'air sur les plantes). Text in French. In:
Probleme der Luftverunreinigung durch die Industrie. Switzer-
land, Vogt-Schild S. A., 1969, p. 1-19. 126 refs.
A review is presented of sources of SO2, methods of measur-
ing it in the atmosphere, maximal permissible SO2 levels, its
mode of action on plant tissues, contributory factors, sensitivi-
ty of species and plant organs and methods of evaluating
damage caused by SO2, including inspection, air analysis,
analysis of the affected tissues, microscopic examination, and
turbidimetric tests. Some of the same subjects are also
discussed for fluorine emissions. Damage from these and other
pollutants, including chlorine, hydrochloric acid, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, zinc oxide dust, dust from cement plants,
compounds of arsenic and molybdene, coal tar fumes, automo-
bile emissions, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and smog, to a
variety of plants is described.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
105
29597
Nakagawa, Yoshihiro, Shozo Matsuda, Masamichi Kara,
Tahachiro Koyama, and Kokei Takada
ON DAMAGE TO PLANTS BY FLUORIDES IN EXHAUST
GAS FROM TILE MANUFACTURING FACTORY. (Uwagu-
surigawara seize kojo haigasu chu fukkabutsu ni yoru shoku-
butsu higai ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Hyogo Prefecture,
Kobe (Japan), Environmental Science Inst., Kept. 2, p. 11-16
Feb. 1971. 9 refs.
Crop damage occurred in the limited vicinity of glazed tile
manufacturing plants in Hyogo Prefecture. The material clay
for the tile contained fluorides, and damage to the carnation
and rice plants was chiefly the withering of the leaf tips.
Fluorides in the material clay, exhaust gas from the firing kiln,
the atmosphere around the factories, and the damaged plants
were examined. Fluoride in the material clay was 296-306 ppm.
About 30% of the fluoride in the clay volatilized during the
baking process. Also, the fluoride in the baked tile was about
208-214 ppm and in the exhaust gas was 1.7-4.4 ppm. Fluoride
was 0.020-0.043 ppm in the environmental atmosphere, 52.3-
54.3 ppm in the injured carnations and 179.3 ppm in the
onions. The metal content in the exhaust gas was also
analyzed, since the pigment used with about 80% of the manu-
factured tiles was copper oxide. The copper volatilizing during
the baking process was measured as 10.6-66.8 microg/N cu m.
Assuming it becomes diluted to 1 to 200 by atmospheric diffu-
sion (about 200 m away from the source), the density will be
about 0.05- 0.34 microg/N cu m, which can hardly affect the
plants. Unlike lead, copper does not accumulate in living tis-
sues, so it does not cause chronic poisoning. Total sulfide in
the stack gas was estimated at 4.8-5.9 ppm. Taking into ac-
count the dilution of sulfide by atmospheric diffusion, the den-
sity is too low to adversely affect the plants. Therefore, the
primary cause for damage to the plants was fluoride. How-
ever, possible geometric or arithmetric effects of various air
pollutants may have to be further studied in connection with
plant damage.
32334
Donaubauer, Edwin
SECONDARY DAMAGE IN REGIONS OF AUSTRIA EX-
POSED TO POLLUTION. DIFFICULTIES IN DIAGNOSIS
AND ASSESSMENT. (Sekundaerschaeden in Oester-
reichischen Rauschschadensgebieten. Schwierigkeiten der
Diagnose und Bewertung). Text in German. Polska Akademia
Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych Gornoslaskiego Okregu Pr-
zemyslowego, Mater. Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zaniec-
zyszczen Powietrza na Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p.
277-284. 10 refs. (Sept. 9-14.)
Secondary damage from pollution most frequently occurs
through sunburn on peripheral susceptible tree stands in
clearings of wooded areas. Such trees, damaged by the sun,
attract pests and die. This applies especially to pine stands. In
the pollution- exposed areas of Aichfeld near Judenburg and
Gailitz-Arnoldstein, needles of mature pine stands suddenly
turned brown in 1963 following the appearance of an addi-
tional pollutant (hydrofluoric acid) into the already sulfur diox-
ide-polluted atmosphere (first area) and intensification of SO2
emission (second area). A contributing factor was an ex-
ceedingly cold winter with temperatures 4 to 5 C below the
long-term average. Pollution- exposed stands are more
susceptible to infestation with the fungus Armillaria mellea
which causes great damage in Austria to pine, spruce, and
deciduous tree stands. Other pests which proliferate in pollu-
tion-damaged stands are Pissodes piceae, Cryphalus piceae,
Ips typographus, and Pissodes harcyniae. Generally it is not
easy to prove a causal relationship between emission and
secondary damge: detection of damage in a pollution-exposed
area is not sufficient proof. The task is easier where identical
or similar stands in unpolluted areas are available for com-
parison.
32336
Ilmurzynski, E.
ATTEMPT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF CERTAIN NORTH
AMERICAN TREE SPECIES TO FOREST PLANTATIONS IN
INDUSTRIAL REGIONS. Polska Akademia Nau Zaklad
Badan Naukowych Gornoslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego,
Mater. Miedzynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zanieczyszczen
Powietrza na Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p. 415-425.
(Sept. 9-14.)
Cultures (0.28 ha in size) of white pine, red oak, Douglas fir,
northern white cedar, and eastern hemlock of North American
origin were planted experimentally in many localities of Poland
including the Upper Silesian, Dabrowa, and Krakow industrial
basins to study the effect of various biotic and abiotic environ-
mental factors, including air pollution, pest infestation, and
fungus diseases. Results obtained over a four-year observation
period were encouraging with respect to the possibility of
using some American tree species to replace susceptible
domestic species which cannot withstand the effects of pollu-
tion in industrial areas. The relatively good health of white
pine stands surrounded by dying domestic Scots pine trees
was a case in point. Insect infestation was lower than in
domestic species and the rapid healing of wounds caused by
the Hylobius beetle demonstrated the superior regenerative
power of the white cedar. Results obtained previously with the
western red cedar and the western hemlock were also promis-
ing.
32342
Schnaider, Zbigniew and Zbigniew Sierpinski
FOREST CONSERVATION PROBLEMS IN THE UPPER
SILESIAN INDUSTRIAL REGION. (Probleme des
Forstschutzes im Oberschlesischen Industriebezirk). Text in
German. Polska Akademia Nauk, Zaklad Badan Naukowych
Gornoslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego, Mater. Mied-
zynarodowej Konf., Wplyw Zanieczyszczen Powietrza na
Lasy, 6th, Katowice, Poland, 1968, p. 45-62. 11 refs. (Sept. 9-
14.) 36159 Nikolayevskiy, V. S. PHYSIOLOGICAL-
BIOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE GAS RESISTANCE
OF PLANTS. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey
of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Resistance of Plants
with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry and to the Ef-
fects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.). Vol. 9,
Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1971,
p. 1-27. 126 refs. Translated from Russian. (Also: Uch. Zap.,
no. 222:5-33, 1969.)
Principal advances in research pertaining to the gas resistance
of plants are reviewed. The influence of toxic compounds on
the anatomical-morphological structure of leaves and the
physiological-biochemical characteristics of plants is con-
sidered. Also, the species of plants resistant to various com-
pounds in different physico-geographical zones have been
ascertained. Investigators have undertaken detailed studies of
the chemistry of injuries to plants by acid gases, as well as the
chemical mechanism of transformation of sulfur dioxide in
plants and its influence on the metabolism of carbon com-
pounds, with the aid of isotopic techniques. Considerable at-
tention has been given to the development of methods for stu-
dying gas resistance of plants. Of major importance for a suc-
cessful diagnosis and study of the gas resistance of plants is
the establishment of direct indicators characterizing the degree
-------
106
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
of plant resistance. The effects of ammonia, mercury, acids,
fluorine, chlorine, and other pollutants on plants are described.
36161
Yatsenko, V. M. and V. S. Nikolayevskiy
EFFECTS OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON CERTAIN
PHYSIOLOGICAL-BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AND GAS RESISTANCE OF FORAGE GRASSES. In: Amer-
ican Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution
Literature. Gas Resistance of Plants with Special Reference to
Plant Biochemistry and to the Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M.
Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md., American In-
stitute of Crop Ecology, 1971, p. 34-49. 20 refs. Translated
from Russian. (Also: Uch. Zap., no. 222:69-84, 1969.)
The feasibility of regulating the gas resistance of plants by
means of mineral nutrition was established. Forage grasses ex-
posed to sulfur dioxide were more resistant when treated with
nitrogen and potassium. The positive effect of nitrogen is ap-
parently due to its important role in protein metabolism, and
that of potassium, to its role in the regulation of the permea-
bility and ionic behavior of the protoplasm. Oxidizability,
ascorbic acid, water-holding capacity, and oxidation-reduction
potential can be used to indicate species differences in the gas
resistance of forage grasses. Under the influence of fertilizers,
the change of these indicators does not always coincide with
the change in gas resistance. This makes it necessary to postu-
late that the indicators are connected only indirectly with the
mechanism of plant resistance. (Author conclusions modified)
36162
Nikolayevskiy, V. S. and A. G. Miroshnikova
EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF THE BIOCHEMOLU-
MINESCENCE METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING THE GAS RE-
SISTANCE OF PLANTS. In: American Institute of Crop
Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Re-
sistance of Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemis-
try and to the Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.). Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1971. p. 50-53. 3 refs. Translated from Russian. (Al-
so: Materialy Pervoy Ukrainskoy Konferentsii, Kiev, 1968, p.
115-120.)
The development of a biochemiluminescence method opens up
new opportunities for the study of the interpretation of the
biochemical aspects of the oxidation processes in plants under
the influence of sulfur dioxide. A set of electronic instruments
with a high sensitivity photomultiplier were used to record
spontaneous and induced oxidation processes. Etiolated plants
of forage grasses were more resistant to sulfur dioxide than
green plants, requiring concentration 10 times higher than
those required for green plants to produce damage. Under the
influence of sulfur dioxide, the luminescence in etiolated
plants increases. The activity of the luminescence is more
pronounced in the resistant species, fescue, and less
pronounced in timothy grass. Concentrated sulfur dioxide
depresses the luminescence of both species. In etiolated plants
there is no relationship between the amount of substances ox-
idized and the vulnerability of plants to sulfur dioxide. (Author
conclusions modified)
36163
Nikolayevskiy, V. S. and A. T. Miroshnikova
GAS RESISTANCE AND CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF ETIOLATED AND GREEN PLANTS
OF FORAGE GRASSES. In: American Institute of Crop
Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Re-
sistance of Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemis-
try and to the Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.), Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1971, p. 54-68. 30 refs. Translated from Russian. (Al-
so: Uch. Zap., no. 222:115-131, 1969.)
Etiolated and green plants of the meadow fescue and timothy
show statistically significant differences in their vulnerability
to sulfur dioxide at nearly all ages, thus making it possible to
use the biochemiluminescence method for studying the gas re-
sistance of plants. A direct relationship was observed in etio-
lated and green plants of both species between the amount of
oxidizable substances, ascorbic acid, and vulnerability to sul-
fur dioxide. The degree of influence of sulfur dioxide on the
ultrafaint luminescence of plants depends on their age, with
the greatest effect observed at the age of greatest physiologi-
cal activity. Sulfur dioxide causes a luminescence flash which
is greater in the meadow fescue than in the timothy. (Author
conclusions modified)
36164
Firger, V. V. and T. B. Karpova
EFFECT OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON THE METABOL-
ISM OF CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS AND ON GAS RE-
SISTANCE OF FORAGE PLANTS. In: American Institute of
Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas
Resistance of Plants with Special Reference to Plant
Biochemistry and to the Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y.
Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md., American Institute
of Crop Ecology, 1971, p. 69-81. 14 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian. (Also: Uch. Zap., no. 222:85-97, 1969.)
Following a 10-second and S-minute exposure to carbon-14
tagged sulfur dioxide, meadow fescue and timothy showed
practically no differences in metabolism of the main groups of
organic compounds. Under the influence of fertilizers, during
a 5-minute exposure with C( 14)02, the polymerization rate of
carbohydrates was somewhat higher in the fescue than in the
timothy; the percentage of the labeled carbon was higher in
the starch and lower in sucrose. Changes in the chemistry of
photosynthesis may be attributed both to the indirect effect of
fertilizers, to species characteristics, and weather conditions.
In the meadow fescue, in the presence of increased solar
radiation, improvement in gas resistance under the influence
of fertilizers is associated with an increase in synthesis of su-
gars and a reduction in the synthesis of amino acids and or-
ganic acids; in the timothy, on the contrary, an increase in the
synthesis of the latter compounds is observed. (Author conclu-
sions modified)
36165
Nikolayevskiy, V. S., V. V. Firger, and G. A. Vaseva
METABOLISM OF CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS IN FORAGE
GRASSES AND THE EFFECT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE pN IT.
In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air
Pollution Literature. Gas Resistance of Plants with Special
Reference to Plant Biochemistry and to the Effects of Mineral
Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 9, Silver Spring, Md.,
American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1971, p. 82-91. 18 refs.
Translated From Russian. (Also: Uch. Zap., no. 222:57-67,
1969.)
Forage grasses differing in gas resistance to sulfur dioxide also
differ in their content of oxidizable substances and ascorbic
acid. Meadow fescue, a resistant species is characterized by a
reduced content of oxidizable substances and ascorbic acid.
Under the influence of sulfur dioxide, an increase in the con-l
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
107
tent of oxidizable substances is sometimes observed. The
meadow fescue as compared with timothy is characterized by
a reduced intensity of photosynthesis and a lower rate of ab-
sorption of sulfur dioxide. Under the influence of sulfur diox-
ide, definite changes in the metabolism of carbon in forage
plants are observed which are attributable to their gas re-
sistance. (Author conclusions modified)
36166
Nikolayevskiy, V. S. and V. V. Suslova
EFFECT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON PIGMENTS OF
FORAGE GRASS. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology
Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Gas Resistance of
Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry and to the
Effects of Mineral Nutrition. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Vol. 9,
Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1971,
p.92-106. 22 refs. Translated from Russian. (Also: Uch. Zap.,
no. 222:99-114, 1969.)
The forage grasses meadow fescue and timothy, which differ
in gas resistance to sulfur dioxide, are also markedly different
during the tillering stage from the standpoint of the nature of
the changes in their vulnerability in relation to gas concentra-
tion. The fescue is characterized by an almost directly propor-
tional dependence, and the timothy, by a logarithmic depen-
dence. During the ontogeny of the timothy, regular decrease of
gas resistance occurs, and a decrease of the sublethal and
lethal sulfur dioxide concentrations results from intensification
of the physiological-biochemical processes with the onset of
the productive stage. During ontogeny, timothy shows a
general increase in the concentration of the pigments without
any appreciable change in their proportions. Under the in-
fluence of sulfur dioxide, certain differences in the destruction
of individual pigment systems are observed in the plant spe-
cies studied during their tillering stage. Low sulfur dioxide
concentrations apparently cause an intensification of the enzy-
matic oxidation of the pigments, while high sulfur dioxide con-
centrations, by inactivating the enzymes, cause a stabilization
of the content of the pigments. (Author conclusions modified)
36993
Haul, H. van and H. Stratmann
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE UPON VEGETATION. (Experimentelle Unter-
suchungen ueber die Wirkung von Schwefeldioxyd auf die
Vegetation). Forschungsber. Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, no.
884:1-63, 1960. 33 refs. Translated from German. Leo Kanner
Assoc., Redwood City, Calif., 73p., Aug. 1971.
Plants were exposed to sulfur dioxide concentrations in test
chambers in order to determine the effects of the following
parameters upon the causation of damage: concentration and
exposure time, stage of development, climatic factors, and
nutritional factors. These effects are considered for agricul-
tural plants, flowers, deciduous trees, and conifers. Results
from the environmental chamber studies cannot be applied
directly to field conditions, but they provide important
reference information for the determination of tolerance limits
in field experiments and thus for the evaluation of an emission
level with regard to the danger to vegetation which it engen-
ders.
41193
Blattny C. and J. Break
THE THREAT TO FODDER PLANTS BY SMOG AND POA
ANNUA AS AN INDICATOR OF THIS SOURCE OF
DAMAGE. (Die Bedrohung der Futterpflanzen durch Smog
und Poa annua als Indikator dieser Schadquelle). Wiss. Z.
Karl-Marx Univ. Leipzig Math.-Natur. Reihe, I1(1):111-1I3,
1962. 13 refs. Translated from German. 9p. (Presented at the
Symposium on Diseases and Destructive Agents of Fodder
Grasses, Phytopathological Institute, East Germany.)
Poa annua plants were placed 130 cm from an automobile tun-
nel to detect the presence of smog. The first nine plants were
removed 54 hr after exposure, an additional nine plants after
102 hr, and the last nine plants after 126 hr of continuous ex-
posure. After 54 hr, three plants showed yellowish-white
stripes across the leaf blade. The symptoms corresponded to a
smog concentration of 1.5 ppm. After 102 hr, symptoms were
present on all plants. After 126 hr, all nine plants showed
symptoms on many leaves; almost entire leaves were white-
yellow in color or exhibited stripes of light tissue running
across the leaves. The sensitivity of plants to smog is depen-
dent not only on the intensity of exposure and temperature.
Decreased water consumption increases the plant resistance.
The damaging effect of smog occurs even at very low concen-
trations; a concentration of 0.1 ppm causes destruction of the
green tissues. The formation of chlorophyll and the auxin ef-
fect are retarded with concentrations as low as 0.01 ppm.
41482
Pfeffer, Anton
INSECT PESTS ON FIRS IN AIR POLLUTION AREAS. (In-
sektenschaedlinge an Tannen im Bereich der Gasexhalationen).
Z. Angew. Entomol., vol. 51:203-207, 1962/1963. 9 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Scientific Translation Service, Inc., Santa
Barbara, Calif., 7p.
The effect of fluorine emitted into the air on insect pests in fir
groves was investigated in center Czechoslovakia. Before the
first signs of injuries, an attack of dark beetles often appeared
along with occasional snout beetles. Weak damage from the
larvae of the fir leaf roller could also be observed. The fir
bark lice appeared only in isolated instances. In the course of
several years, the fir trees slowly sickened and died. Primary
monophagous bark beetles of the genus Pityokteines Fuchs
disappeared. Only small numbers of Pissodes piceae 111. and
the bark beetle species living in twigs (Cryphalus piceae Rtzh.,
Cryphalus abietis Rtzb., and Pityophthorus pityographus
Rtzb.) were observed. In contrast, Dreyfusia piceae Rtzb.,
Dreyfusia nuesslini C.B., and the polyphagous wood wasp liv-
ing in the wood (Paururus juvencus L.) increased in popula-
tion. (Author summary modified)
42954
Knabe, W.
AIR POLLUTION - FOREST SITE FACTOR OR EVIL
WHICH CAN BE KEPT OFF? - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
THE DETECTION AND CONTROL OF FUME DAMAGE IN
A FOREST-RANGE. Forstarchiv, 42(8/9): 172-179, 1971.
Translated from German. 29p.
Ways in which the forest ranger can assess the effects of
fumes on the forest trees are suggested. In judging these ef-
fects three cases must be distinguished: single sources, con-
gested areas, and long-range effects. The plant damage that
may result from each of these cases is described in detail.
Three field methods to clarify suspicion of fume damage in a
forest range are described. The first of these involves testing
the needles of pine branches for the degree of needle foliage,
degree of pollution, needle color, and distribution of damage
to the needles. Evaluation of the lichen vegetation on tree bark
can also provide information about fume damage. Lichens are
killed off by very small concentrations of sulfur dioxide.
-------
108
AIR POLLUTION' TRANSLATIONS
hydrogen fluoride, and hydrochloric acid. The third field
method involves determining the pH value of precipitation.
The following values are given to aid in evaluating the pH
readings: 2.0-3.0 - suspicion of strong effects from acid fumes;
3.1-4.0 - suspicion of slight effects from acid fumes; 4.1-6.0 -
no indication for acid or alkaline fumes; 6.1-7.0 - suspicion of
slight effects from alkaline fumes; and 7.0 suspicion of
strong effects from alkaline fumes. It is noted, however, that
the most reliable proof of fume damage is a matter of scien-
tific investigation by trained experts.
42974
Comeau, G. and F. LeBlanc
THE INFLUENCE OF OZONE AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE ON
THE REGENERATION OF FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA
HEDW. LEAVES. (Influence de 1 ozone et de 1 anhydride sul-
fureux sur la regeneration des feuilles de Funaria hygrometrica
HEDW). Natur. Can., vol. 98:347-358, 1971. 25 refs. Trans-
lated from French. Scientific Translation Service, Inc., Santa
Barbara, alif., 13p.
The regenerative power of Funaria hygrometrica leaves after
exposure to various concentrations of sulfur dioxide and
ozone for different lengths of time was studied. With O3 the
percentage of regenerations is inversely proportional to the
length of exposure and to the concentration for fumigations of
6 and 8 hr. With SO2 the percentage of regenerations is inver-
sely proportional to the length of exposure and to the concen-
tration for fumigations of 4, 6, and 8 hr. Ozone has a stimulat-
ing effect when administered for short periods. Leaves coming
from the upper part of the stem have a higher percentage of
regeneration than those of the lower part.
43129
Knabe, W.
AGRICULTURE AND FOREST MEASURES TO REDUCE
DAMAGE FROM IMMISSION. (Pflanzenbauliche Massnah-
men zur Verminderung von Immissionsschaeden). Landwirt.
Forsch. Sonderh., 26(l):41-54, 1971. 86 refs. Translated from
German. Scientific Translation Service Inc., Santa Barbara,
Calif., 21p.
Measures for reducing damage to plants due to ground level
emissions of pollutants from various industrial plants are con-
sidered. The measures chosen must necessarily depend on the
region and the economy of the situation. Some measures might
include a change of crop species; growing relatively resistant
types; breeding emission-resistant plants; soil improvement,
fertilization, and irrigation; protective plantings and develop-
ment of emission-resistant stands; and plant protection mea-
sures, e.g., chemical agents. Emission regions, i.e., injury or
danger zones, may be demarcated on the basis of vegetation
surveys, symptom mapping, yield estimation, measuring grids
with biological indicators, soil and water mapping, and emis-
sion concentration and rate determinations.
43420
Guderian, R.
EFFECT OF NUTRIENT SUPPLY ON THE ABSORPTION OF
SULFUR DIOXIDE FROM THE AIR AND ON PLANT
SUSCEPTIBILITY. (Einfluss der Naehrstoffversorgung auf
die aufnahme von Schwefeldioxid aus der Luft und auf die
Pflanzananfaelligkeit). Landesanstalt fuer Immission und
Bodennutzungsschutz des Landes Nordrhein-West falen,
Essen (Germany), 1970 Annual Report, no. 23, p. 51-57, 1971.
26 refs. Translated from German. Translation Consultants,
Inc., Arlington, Va., 20p.
The effect of various quantities of soil and differing treat-
ments with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium on
the susceptibility of plants to sulfur dioxide was studied. The
degree of SO2 absorption was determined. Whereas the addi-
tion of nitrogen had differing effects on the level of natural
sulfur content depending on the type of plant, specific ten-
dencies were noted in the case of other nutrients. The sulfur
content of plants increased with an increasing supply of calci-
um and phosphorus, while it became lower with potassium.
Nitrogen fertilization was not uniform in its effect on SO2 ab-
sorption from the air. Depending on the soil and type of plant,
the sulfur concentration was at times higher and at times lower
than in the case of unfertilized plants. In general, nitrogen fer-
tilization increased plant resistance to SO2. A compensated
calcium-balance in the soil raised the resistance significantly,
with only slight reductions in SO2 absorption. Potassium addi-
tions had no effect on SO2 absorption but did increase plant
resistance. With increasing phosphorus additions, sulfur con-
centration and the extent of leaf damage increased. (Author
summary modified)
43455
Jancarik, Vlastislav
OCCURRENCE OF WOOD-DAMAGING FUNGI IN THE
SMOKE DAMAGED KRUSNA HORA REGION. (Vyskyt
drevokaznych hub v kourem poskozovane oblasti Krusnych
hor). Lesnictvi, 7(7):677-692, 1961. 14 refs. Translated from
Czech. 27p.
Studies were conducted in the Krusna Hora region during the
fall of 1957, 1958, and 1960 and the spring of 1959 at the test
sites of VUejsov, Cervena Jama, and Mnisek to determine the
main fungus diseases which contributed to the reduced quality
and deterioration of the health of growths in this region
damaged from smoke gases. The fungi, which caused the
decay of standing trees, stumps, broken crowns, and remnants
after the trees were felled or uprooted, were determined
primarily by fecundity or by permanent determinable signs
such as rhizomorphs or mycelium. Tests show that in spruce
growths in the region the most important fungus diseases are
red rot and in weaker trees, white rot. Results indicate that
wood-damaging fungi are comparatively not as important as
other harmful agents, since the contribution from fungus
damage to economic losses is far less than that attributed to
smoke exhalations and non-biotic factors. Fungi caused more
damge on trees felled by smoke than by trees felled by other
causes.
43461
Taube, Chr., H. Fiedler, and N. Hartmann
INHIBITION OF BLOOD COAGULATION IN RABBITS
AFTER PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION OF COBALT (II)
COMPOUNDS. (Versuche ueber die Hemmung der Blutgerin-
nung bei Kaninchen nach parenteraler Verabreichung von
Kobalt (Il)-verbindungen). Acta Biol. Med. Ger., vol. 19:683-
690, 1967. 15 refs. Translated from German, lip.
Changes in the coagulation system of rabbits due to the biolog-
ical effects of parenterally administered cobalt (II) salts and
cobalt (II) amino acids have been investigated. In the dose
range of 2 to 5 mg Co/Kg, complete inhibition of coagulation
was produced over a time period from about 1 to 10 hr follow-
ing injection. Partial or even total gelatinization of the plasma
did occur, but the transparency of the plasma was not ap-
preciably changed by this process. One hour after injection,
fibrin could no longer be precipitated, the transparent deposit
being gelatinized homogeneously. The retractility of the fibrin
clot was reduced in all cases just 10 to 30 min after the ad-
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
109
ministration of 1 to 5 mg Co/kg and was still deficient even
after 24 hr, in spite of the fact that fibrin values had been nor-
malized again. None of the cobalt (II) compounds studied
manifested appreciable differences in the inhibition of blood
coagulation. The state of incoagulability of the blood could be
induced several times. When the intervals between individual
injections were shortened to 8 to 10 hr, the blood remained in-
coagulable for several days. The activities of asparatate and
alanine aminotransferases in the plasma remained essentially
unchanged following one-time subcutaneous injection of cobalt
(II) salts. Results show a symptomatic similarity with the in-
hibition of coagulation by salts of the rare earths with an in-
terpretation of the action of cobalt as the inhibition of fibrin
polymerization.
43491
Eichorst, Erika and Kurt Garber
MICROSCOPIC AND MICROCHEMICAL STUDIES WITHIN
THE FRAMEWORK OF SO2 SMOKE DAMAGE DIAGNOSIS.
(Mikroskopische und mikrochemische Untersuchungen im
Rahmen der SO2-Raushechachendiagnostik). Mikroskopie, vol.
25:237-242, 1969. 13 refs. Translated from German. 9p.
Corrosions on leaves caused by acid smoke of factories and
the anatomical changes of cells are described. Corrosions
caused by soot and sulfuric acid in experiments are compared
with corrosions observed in industrial areas. Application of the
Bredemann and Radeloff method to detect sulfur dioxide in
leaves by precipitation of barium sulfate demonstrated that
SO2 is often present in leaves far away from factories, since
air in wide areas contains SO2. Better results can be obtained
by determining the content of sulfate in leaves. The results of
the qualitative method agree with the results obtained by quan-
titative analysis of plant material. (Author summary)
43492
Garber, K.
STUDIES AND EVALUATION OF SMOKE DAMAGES. (Un-
tersuchung und Begutachtung von Rauchschaeden). Jahresber.
Staatinst. Angew. Bot., Hamburg, vol. 76/78:119-127, 1961. 13
refs. Translated from German. 12p.
A summary is presented of 666 studies and evaluations con-
ducted in the field of smoke damage to vegetables, ornamental
plants, fruit and other trees, and bushes. A large number of
plants are categorized based on their individual sensitivity to
hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide gases. Depending on their
chemical composition, dusts can have damaging effects on
both plants and soil fertility. The calcium oxide content in soil
in the vicinity of a cement plant was studied. Plant damage is
traced to chlorine- containing fumes in conjunction with
amonia from a zinc extrusion plant and to sulfur-containing
exhaust gases from warm slag used to repair sidewalks. High
amounts of molybdenum in plants can be toxic to ruminants.
43493
Garber, K.
STATE AND ATTAINMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMI-
CAL AND AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
(Stand und Leistung agrikulturchemischer un agrabiologischer
Forschung). Landwirtsch Forsch., no. 20:116-118, 1966. 6 refs.
Translated from German. 5p.
The increased fluorine content in plants in regions of fluorine
emission was investigated to ascertain whether this increase
might also be due to absorption from the soil. The fluorine
content in different plant types in different soils, the effect of
single or split application of fluorine on the growth and F con-
tent of plants and the extent of increased F content in the soil
on plants was researched. The findings proved that the F con-
tent in plants does not run parallel to the natural F content of
the soil. Fine, sandy, marshy and clay soils were tested. Bush
beans were the experimental plants. (Author abstract modified)
43494
Novak, Vladimir
A STUDY OF THE SUCCESSION OF BARK AND WOOD-
BORING INSECTS ON TREES DAMAGED BY INDUSTRIAL
SMOKE IN THE KRUSNA HORA REGION. (Vyzkum suk-
cese podkomiho hmyzu na stromech chradnoucish vlivem pru-
myslovych exhalaci v Krusnych horach). Lesnictvi, 8(5):329-
342, 1962. 13 refs. Translated from Czech. 27p.
The results of observations on the activity of beetles (notably
Trypodendron lineatum, Pityogenes chalcographus, Polyg-
raphus poligraphus, Hylurgops palliatus, and Dryocoetes hec-
tographus) in plots of smoke-damaged spruce in the Krusna
Hora region of Czechoslovakia are discussed. Suggestions are
made for sanitation felling and setting of trap logs, and the
principal external symptoms of attack are described. (Author
abstract modified)
43495
Przybylski, Zdzislaw
RESULTS OF OBSERVATION OF THE EFFECT OF SO2,
SO3, AND H2S04 ON FRUIT TREES AND SOME HARMFUL
INSECTS NEAR THE SULFUR MINE AND SULFUR
PROCESSING PLANT AT MACHOW NEAR TARNOBRZEG.
(Wyniki obserwacji nad dazalaniem gazow i par SC2, SO3 i
H2S04 na Drzeiwa Owocowe i niektore szkodliwe owady w
rejonie kopalni i zakladow przetworczych siarki w Machowie
k/Tarnobrzega). Postepy Nauk Rolniczych, no. 2:111-118,
1967. Translated from Polish. lOp.
The effects of sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, and sulfuric acid
generated by a sulfur-processing plant on fruit trees, insect
pests, and their natural enemies were studied at distances of
0.5 to 3 km in all directions from the plant. The most negative
action of SO2, SO3, and H2SO4 gases and vapors on the life
of plants and insects appeared on the northeast, east, nonh,
and southeast sides of the sulfur processing plants. The harm-
ful action of these gases is observed to a small degree in a
radius up to 3 km from the north side of the plants. Shields in
the form of buildings or resistant trees clearly influenced the
improvement of environmental conditions in certain orchards.
A ring of trees resistant to SO2 (for example, poplars) in a
radius of 2 km around the plant would to a certain extent
brake the transmission of plant gases to greater distances. The
fruit tree pest most sensitive to the gases is the red fruit spider
(European red mite). This pest constitutes to a certain extent
an indicator for SO2, SO3, and H2SO4 gas and vapor concen-
tration. Apple tree aphids are exceptionally resistant to the
harmful action of the gases and their quantity was larger at ob-
servational points located 0.5 km from the plant. This would
be evidence of lack of possibility of survival in this environ-
ment of the natural enemies of this pest.
43496
Ninova, Dafina
ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMOKE RE-
SISTANCE IN SOME WOODY PLANTS. (Vurkhu
anatomichnite pokazateli za dimoustoychivost pri nyakoi dur-
vesni rasteniya). Gorskostop. Nauka, 12(4):9-18, 1970. 13 refs.
Translated from Bulgarian. 13p.
-------
110
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The role of the anatomical structure of leaves in smoke re-
sistance and the effects of poison gases on those structures
are described. Leaves of red oak, honey locust, white mulber-
ry, Canadian poplar, Persian walnut, apple, and pear trees
growing in the region around a copper mining combine were
examined. The woody species with the greatest smoke re-
sistance, red oak, honey locust, and mulberry, in the vicinity
of the copper mining plant have the largest number of stomata
per square millimeter of leaf surface, and the smallest stoma.
These anatomical features occasionally are smoke resistance
indicators. Comparison of the stomatic apparatuses of experi-
mental and control variants extablished the fact that the
number of stomata in the experimental variants of the smoke
resistant species is greatly increased, an indication of the
strengthening of the xeromorphic characteristics of plants
when subjected to the effects of sulfur gas, as well as an indi-
cation of the considerable ecological pliancy of different
smoke resistant species, and of the weaker ecological pliancy
of the fruit tree species investigated. Analysis of the quantita-
tive anatomical indices of blades failed to confirm the progres-
sive increase in the numerical coefficient found in the litera-
ture; the coefficient of correlation between palisading and
sponginess of tissue, and the regular decrease in the percent-
age of transventilation with increase in the smoke resistance of
plants. Only in the mulberry do the xeromorphic indices corre-
late with the corresponding stomatic apparatus indices. The
presence of gas causes the degree of transventilation to
decrease in each of the species. There is a tendency to strong
cutinization, and to consolidation of palisade cells, when sul-
fur gas is present.
43528
Knabe, Wilhelm
AIR POLLUTION AND FORESTRY. THE EFFECT UPON
FORESTRY RESEARCH. State Inst. for Immission Control
and Soil Conservation, Essen (West Germany), (Luftveru-
neinigungen und Waldwirtschaft Konsequenzen fuer die
forstliche Forschung). 1972. 110 refs. Translated from German.
37p.
Suggestions for future research on the relationship of air pollu-
tion and forestry are presented. Air pollution constitutes a sig-
nificant location factor for forestry activities. References given
include survey reports, conference minutes, manuals, and
documentation for magazine articles. The status of research is
described for certain fields. The spread of damage, diagnosis,
determination of economic losses, measures to reduce damage
demarcation of the emission area, air quality criteria, and
damage mechanisms are discu»?ed. Starting points for forestry
research in the field of emission control are described. Topic-
oriented research and development of new methods are
needed. On the basis of the emission situation in North Rhine-
Westphalia, it is obvious that a long-term solution of the
problem is only possible if the rule of economic growth is
replaced by a dynamic state of equilibrium. (Author summary
modified)
43663
Jamrich, V.
IS CHLOROPHYLL STABILITY A FACTOR IN THE
POWER OF RESISTANCE AGAINST FUMES? (Je stabilita
cblorofylu faktorom odolnosti proti dymu?). Zbornik Vedeckych
Prac Lesnickej Fakulty Vysokej Skoly Lexhickej a Drevarskij
Vo Zvolene, vol 1:7-14, Oct. 1968. 14 refs. Translated from
Czech. 14p.
The relationship between the intensity of the effects of gase-
ous fluorine compounds, in the form of industrial emissions,
and the degree of chlorophyll destruction in two species of
trees was studied. Alnus glutinosa was selected to represent
the resistant species, and Quercus patraea to represent the
species of low resistance. Each species was exposed to a
definite amount of fluorine, and the degree of depigmentation
was expressed in terms of the differences in the total
chlorophyll and the differences found in the components,
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The degree of chlorophyll
destruction is directly proportional to the intensity of exposure
to fluorine; the degree of depigmentation is also dependent on
the strength of the chlorophyll bonds in the plastid structures.
Depigmentation is continuous with changes in the ratio of
chlorophyll components, and chlorophyll b is relatively more
stable than chlorophyll a. (Author summary modified)
44411
Bossavy, J.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS: THEIR EFFECTS ON
VEGETATION. (Les polluants atmospheriques. Leurs effets
sur la vegetation). Text in French. Rev. For. Fra., 22(5):533-
543, 1970.
After a 10-year period of observations in France on the effects
of industrial wastes on vegetation, an in-depth examination
was conducted on symptoms of fluorine and sulfur dioxide
pollution, on certain measurement methods, on types of stu-
dies conducted over a 3-year period in the Alps, and on the
principal features of the territory where damage information
was gathered. Measurements were made using lime-im-
pregnated paper to determine concentration of fluorine
deposits on vegetation. It was established that fluorine not
metabolized by vegetation penetrates the cells of the
parenchyma of leaves and is transferred and retained in the
extremities of edges of the limb. Depending upon the vegeta-
tion, fluorine damage (burns) is evident on leaves in the form
of various tints such as light brown, black, or brick red. Cau-
tion is recommended in order that late frost damage not be
confused with pollution damage. Ozone damage is charac-
terized by small brown spots on the upper surfaces of leaves;
photochemical smog produces silver-white spots on the bottom
of leaves. Peroxide acetyl nitrate produces a vitreous or metal-
lic silver-white tint on the bottom of leaves. Little is known
about the effects of nitrogen oxides. Research findings are
described and discussed according to specific effects of pollu-
tants on specific types of vegetation by regional measure-
ments. (Author abstract modified)
44420
Mrkva, R.
INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION ON THE
QUALITY OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. SEED IN THE RE-
GION OF THE BRECLAV FOREST ENTERPRISE (S.
MORAVIA). (Einfluss der Immissionen auf die Saatgutguete
der Kiefer (Pinus Silvestris L.) im Gebiet des Forstbetriebes
Breclav (Suedmaehren)). Acta. Univ. Agr. Brno Fac. Silvicult.,
38(4):345-360, 1969. 19 refs. Translated from German. 27p.
Stands subjected to sulfur dioxide pollution over a long period
and containing trees relatively resistant to injury were studied
to determine their use as seed sources for the selection of
seedlings possibly having genetically determined resistance.
Trees at various distances in a straight line from the pollution
source were examined to assess cone yield and size and shape
of cones, and seed and seedling quality were tested. Results
showed a decrease in cone yield (most marked in codominant
and suppressed trees), cone length, seed yield and 1000-seed
weight with increased SO2 concentration, but germinative
capacity and energy and the growth and development of 1-year
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
111
seedlings raised from these seeds were not significantly af-
fected. (Author abstract modified)
44426
Ewert, E.
THE PHYTOTOXIC COMPONENTS IN THE EMISSIONS OF
SALT COAL COMBUSTION INSTALLATIONS. (Die
phytotoxischen Bestandteile in den Exhalaten von Salzkohl-
everbrennungsanlagen). Aerial Technol. Cryog., 1969:144-146,
1969. 9 refs. Translated from German. Translation Consultants,
Inc., Arlington, Va., 13p.
The exhaust gas components from salt coal combustion instal-
lations include sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride, sodium
chloride, and sodium sulfate. Germinating tests conducted with
oats and rye as test substances showed that sodium chloride
possesses the greatest phytotoxic effect of all components of
the ash under study. The germ-inhibiting and growth-obstruct-
ing effect of sodium sulfate is considerably weaker. Growth
experiments also showed that sodium chloride is a more in-
hibiting agent than sodium sulfate. In another series of dusting
tests on the surfaces of needles and leaves, sodium chloride
was again more toxic. None of the plants treated with sodium
sulfate died. In comparison with sodium chloride effects the
leaf necroses and physiological weakening were insignificant.
44427
Enderlein, Horst and Michael Vogl
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SO2 SENSITIVITY
OF THE NEEDLES OF VARIOUS CONIFERS. (Experimen-
telle Untersuchungen ueber die SO2-Empfindlichkeit der
Nadeln verschiedener Koniferen). Arch. Forstw., 15(11-
12):1207-1224, 1966. 11 refs. Translated from German. 23p.
Different species of conifers were exposed to sulfur dioxide in
an experiment conducted from 1963 to 1965, and the smoke re-
sistance of their assimilative organs was compared. Sulfur
dioxide concentrations ranged from 0.08 ppm to 0.3 ppm. Visi-
ble damages to the needles were classified and invisible
physiological injuries were determined by investigating the gas
metabolism. Both methods indicate that experimental in-
vestigations of SO2 resistance of assimilative organs are in-
adequate for deriving scales of resistant power across the
limits of a genus. As far as species of one genus were com-
pared, the results confirmed practical knowledge. Within the
species Pine, P. nigra, P. montana, and P. peuce were
distinctly more resistant than P. silvestris. OThis was not the
case with P. strobus. Picea sitchensis and Picea pungens are
more resistant than Picea abies, which could not be proved
with Picea omorica. Larix leptolepis was much more smoke re-
sistant than Larix decidua. Experiments are reported which in-
dicate that differences in smoke resistance can occur between
specimens of the same origin or variety. (Author abstract
modified)
44428
Gisiger, L.
ON THE FLUORINE CONTENT OF SOILS AND ITS AB-
SORPTION BY PLANTS AND ANIMALS. (Ueber den Gehalt
der Boden an Fluor und dessen Aufnehmbarkeit durch Pflanze
und Tier). Text in German. Schwiez. Landwirt. Monatsh.,
44(6):221-230, June 1966. 3 refs.
Soil samples in Fricktal in the Canton of Aargan, Switzerland,
were studied to determine if a fluorine increase on the soil sur-
face was traceable to the emissions of an aluminum plant.
Guided by the literature and a similar study made in 1962 to
investigate the influence of the clay content of soil on its F
content, the soil was examined in accordance with the domi-
nant wind direction from the aluminum plant. Soil was studied
at depths of 0. to 2.5 cm and 2.5 to 10 cm. Examination of F
content in representative vegetation evidenced no recognizable
dependence from 26 to over 100 mg% of the soil samples stu-
died. Among the many results of the research discussed and
presented in tabular format are the findings involving feeding
hay to sheep and determining F retention and absorption by
analyzing their urine and excrement. Fluorine toxicity of the
soil yielded a sodium fluoride equivalence of approximately
two-thirds. The specific phases of the research discussed are:
solubility of F in soil, absorption of F by plants in soils of dif-
fering F content, and F resorption through pollution as mea-
sured in ruminants. (Author abstract modified)
-------
112
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
41150
Becker, G.
WEATHERING TESTS ON HOT GALVANIZED, ELEC-
TROLYTICALLY GALVANIZED AND HOT ALUMINIZED
WIRES OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS IN INDUSTRIAL,
RURAL AND SEA ATMOSPHERES. Stahl Eisen (Duessel-
dorf), vol. 90:559-566, May 1970. 11 refs. Translated from Ger-
man. British Iron and Steel Industry Translation Service, Lon-
don (England), 19p., Nov. 1970.
The weathering behavior of hot dip and electrolytically gal-
vanized wires and hot aluminized wires of various diameters in
sea, rural, and industrial atmospheres was investigated over
three years. Whereas the effect of the type of galvanizing
upon weathering resistance was slight, the effect of the
geometrical form of the wire itself was significant. The zinc
deposit on wire of about 0.85 mm. diameter weathered more
than six times faster than that on plain sheet at the same test
station. Tests on galvanized steel wire in New York at-
mosphere revealed that corrosion was greater with thinner
than thicker wire. More severe weathering is considered possi-
ble with thinner wire since with this the air change, and hence
the supply of sulfur dioxide, is more rapid than with thicker
wire. The rate of corrosion of zinc was, as expected, much
lower in rural atmospheres than in industrial atmospheres.
Seasonal variations were demonstrated with less corrosion in
summer months than in winter, the differences being depen-
dent on the higher content of sulfur dioxide in winter months.
Sea atmospheres also contributed to an increase in weathering
over that of rural atmospheres.
-------
113
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
26431
POLLUTED AREAS: ESTIMATION OF ECONOMIC
DAMAGES CAUSED BY POLLUTION. (I settori inquinati:
stima dei danni economic! prodotti daH'inquinamento). In:
Public Campaign Against Pollution: A Summary. (L'intervento
pubblico contro 'inquinamento Rapporto di sintesi). Text in
Italian. Gianni Scaiola (ed.), Italy, June 1970. p. 74-85, 3 refs.
Discussed in economic terms are the damages caused by air
and water pollution. The principal categories of damage are to
human health, to the nation's cultural heritage (architecture,
painting, sculpture, etc.), to agriculture and animal husbandry,
and to atmospheric visibility. With respect to health, a list is
given of IS illnesses definitely associated with pollution. The
economic damage in this area for the year 1966 was calculated
as 84.2 billion lire, including medical and hospital care, loss of
work, etc. Damage in the cultural area for 1968 was calculated
at 36 billion lire, 27 billion of which refers to archeological
monuments and medieval and modern works of art, the
balance being allocated to museums, libraries, archives,
churches, etc. Agricultural damage, based on the study of
2,620,000 hectares of productive land, was estimated at 68,000
lire, assuming a 19% loss, due to pollution, of the crops
produced on Italy's arable land.
26432
RESULTS OF THE 1968 ESTIMATE. (I risultari della stima
per il 1968). In: Public Campaign Against Pollution: A Summa-
ry. (L'intervento pubblico contro 1'inquinamento: Rapporto di
sintesi). Text in Italian. Gianni Scaiola (ed.), Italy, June 1970.
p. 85-107, 9 refs.
The economic damage to the tourist trade in Italy is concerned
mainly with water pollution problems (damage sustained by
those who earn their income from bathing beaches, lake
resorts, and the recreational use of inland waters, such as fish-
ing). Figures are also given on the damage to drinking water
and water for industrial use, damage to ecology, real estate,
buildings, and automobiles. The extra cost of housecleaning
and of extra power needed for lighting (due to decrease in-
cidence of sunlight) are also estimated. The city of Genoa was
chosen for studies of this type of damage.
-------
TT4
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
25087
AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE PUBLIC NUISANCE
CONTROL MEASURES OF NIPPON CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRIES, LTD., TOKUYAMA WORKS. (Nippon kagaku kogyo
tokuyama kojo no kogai taisaku ni kansuru kakuyakusho).
Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
6(9):743-747, Sept. 15, 1970.
The city of Tokuyama in Yamagucbi Prefecture reached an
agreement with Nippon Chemical Industries, Ltd. concerning
the emission of chromium compounds from its factory. Aside
from the various agreement terms on the pollution prevention,
monitoring, and control, the emission standard for the chromi-
um pollutants in air and water is recorded. The maximum al-
lowable concentrations (24-hour average) are 0.0015 mg/ N cu
m as chromium trioxide in the atmosphere and 2 ppm (as
valence six ion) in water. Some of the measures taken are:
relocation of the sodium dichromate kiln stacks, improvement
of the electric dust collectors, and indirect drying process. In
addition to the agreement the followin data are supplemented:
the environmental standards for chromium in various coun-
tries, the method of calculating the emission standard, the ef-
fects of chromium on humans and plants, various water quali-
ty standards for chromium ions, effects of chromium on fish,
and the construction plan of the chemical company for pollu-
tion control facilities. Lastly, the hearings of the technical sub-
committee of the public nuisance committee of the city and
the answers given by the Nippon Chemical Industries are sum-
marized. The main issues were the height and the position of
th stacks, electric dust collectors, wet dust collectors, filter
type collectors, discharge waters, control measures of chromi-
um ion discharges, sulfur dioxide emission in the atmosphere,
and noise.
30164
MEASUREMENTS OF AIR AND WATER IMPURITIES ARE
BEING STANDARDIZED. (Matningar av luftoch vatten-
fororeningar standardises). Text in Swedish. Tek. Tidsk.,
100(16):58, Oct. 1970.
The International Organization for Standardization has created
two new committees concerned with air pollution and water
pollution. Their purpose will be to create internationally ap-
plicable methods of pollution measurement and control, to
form the basis of legislation in the various countries. It has
been estimated that 4000 tons of sulfur dioxide descend on
Sweden daily, much of it being derived from such European
regions as the Ruhr in West Germany. There are also cases
where water pollution crosses national boundaries, so that
there is a need for the seventy member nations of the IOS to
have technically feasible principles for international control of
these problems. The existence of pollution regulations that
vary from country to country has in some cases been a stum-
bling block to international commerce. Thus, standarization
will also benefit this area of human endeavor. The decision to
create the committees was made at the recent ISO meeting in
Ankara, Turkey, at which representatives of 50 nations were
present.
39526
Cyrankiewicz, J.
ORDINANCE OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF SEP-
TEMBER 13, 196« ON THE ALLOWABLE CONCENTRA-
TION OF SUBSTANCES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Rozpor-
zadzenie rady ministrow z dnia 13 wrzesnia 1966 r. w sprawie
dopuszczalnych stezen substancjiw powietrzu atmosferycz-
nym). Dziennik Ustaw (Warsaw), no. 42:403-404, Oct. 8, 1966.
Translated from Polish. 4p.
Maximum allowable concentrations are designated under nor-
mal and special conditions for sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid,
nitrous anhydride, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide,
gasoline, and non-toxic particulates. A specially protected area
includes resorts, national parks, and land preserves. Protected
areas include the remaining lands of the country, excluding
land occupied by factories and other sources of pollution. The
average daily allowable concentration for SO2 in protected
areas is 0.35 mg.cu m; 0.1 mg.cu m, H2SO4; 0.2 mg/cu m,
N2O3; 0.02 mg/cu m, H2S; 0.015 mg/cu m; carbon disulfide;
and 0.2 mg/cu m, non-toxic paniculate smaller than 20 micron
in diameter.
41217
Huenigen, E. and W. Prietsch
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONTENT OF HARMFUL SUB-
STANCES IN THE EXHAUST GASES OF AUTOMOBILE EN-
GINES. Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yu-
goslav Socialist Federated Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Voz-
dukha Gorodakh Vykhlopnymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc.
Symp., 2nd, 1971. 4 refs. Translated from Russian, lip.
Standards for the emission of toxic substances in exhaust
gases should be established in accordance with three basic
requirements: the method used to make the evaluation should
reflect the actual share borne by the automobile in pollution;
the test method should be simple; and emissions standards
should ensure the maintenance of air quality at a level
established in maximum allowable concentrations. Thus, Eu-
ropean are driving cycle list data of carbon monoxide exhaust
emissions should be analyzed systematically with results of air
quality measurements to develop a basis for CO emission stan-
dards. Similar procedures should be followed for other pollu-
tants. Present standards in effect in the German Democratic
Republic are given and the emissions standards proposed in
1968 by the U.N. Economic Commission for Europe are evalu-
ated.
41269
Sachse, I. and E. Huenigen
EXPERIENCE IN THE INTRODUCTION OF STANDARDS
FOR MEASURING AND LIMITING THE SMOKING OF AU-
TOMOBILE DIESEL ENGINES. Council for Mutual
Economic Aid (CEMA) and Yugoslav Socialist Federated
Republic, Snizheniye Zagryaz. Vozdukha Gorodakh Vykhlop-
nymi Gazami Avtomob., Proc. Symp., 2nd, 1971. 1 ref. Trans-
lated from Russian. 6p.
-------
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
115
The general contents of 1969 legislation establishing smoke
density limits for diesel-engined vehicles in the German
Democratic Republic was enacted are described. Measure-
ments have shown that modern diesel engines when properly
adjusted can meet the norms set forth in the standard.
Tightening of adjustment tolerances for mass production
results in a very significant reduction hi diesel engine smoking.
Smoke density can also be used as a criterion for testing and
approving new engine models.
41682
Ryazanov, V. A. (ed.)
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF NOX-
IOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF POPU-
LATED AREAS. In: American Institute of Crop Ecology Sur-
vey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. A Second Compilation
of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. M. Y. Nuttonson
(ed.). Vol. 11, Silver Spring, Md., Qmerican Institute of Crop
Ecology, 1972, p. 1-5. Translated from Russian. (Also Izv.
Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, vol. 11:201-204, 1968.) NTIS: PB
209478
The maximum allowable concentrations approved by the
Assistant Chief Public Health Physician of the USSR are
listed. Maximum single and mean daily concentrations of 94
noxious substances are presented, including standards for
nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocar-
bons, ketones, ammonia, organic nitrogen compounds, al-
cohols, phosphorus compounds, organic and inorganic acids,
vanadium compounds, sulfur and organic sulfur compounds,
manganese compounds, cyanates, arsenic compounds,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, mercury compounds, soot, lead
compounds, nontoxic dusts, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
fluorine compounds, chlorine compounds, gasoline, and
chromium compounds. Concentration limits for specific com-
binations of substances are also described.
-------
116
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
23608
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
OSAKA AREA. (Osaka chiiki ni kakawaru kogaiboshikeikaku
sakutei no kihon hoshin. An). Text in Japanese. Yosui to
Haisui (J. Water Waste), 12(9):759-767, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program is presented which is to be effective
throughout Osaka Prefecture which has long been developing
as a large industrial area; the enormous economic activity has
added much to the pollution problem. Air pollution is severe in
the central and Hanshin coastal industrial district, and water
pollution is significant in Yodo, Kanzaki, Neya and Yamato
Rivers. Water quality in Osaka Bay has deteriorated to the ex-
tent of ruining the fishing industry. The ground settling
problem in East-Osaka, and the noise from Osaka Interna-
tional Airport have invited many complaints. The pollution
levels are to be lowered to within the tabulated limits by 1980.
There are many necessary control measures, but the following
are especially emphasized in view of the national planning pri-
orities. They are the control measures against stationary air
pollution sources, purification of coastal waters and rivers and
streams, control of nuisances accompanying automobile traf-
fic, treatment measures for metropolitan and industrial wastes,
and the control of airport noises. In addition, surveillance and
measurement systems as well as cooperation with th neighbor-
ing prefectures are indispensible. Detailed tables are given on
the target maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
for cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorous, cadmium,
lead, chromium, arsenic, and mercury in general for water pol-
lution. Values for pH, BOD, SS, DO and colifonn bacteria
counts are also given. The maximum allowable noise levels for
daytime, morning and evening are also listed.
23610
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
TOKYO AREA. (Tokyochiiki ni kakawaru kogaiboshikeikaku
sakutei no kihonhoshin. An). Text in Japanese. Yosui to Haisui
(J. Water Waste), 12(9):750-758, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program to be effective throughout the Tokyo
metropolitan area other than islands in the Pacific Ocean
under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan government is
presented. The area is a megalopolis with 11.5 million people,
and the industrial and economic activities are increasingly ex-
acerbating the pollution problem. Air pollution from automo-
biles and factories is severe. It originates from the central and
Joto areas as well as from factories along the Arakawa River
and Sumida River. Water pollutio in Sumida, Naka, and Tama
Rivers is also intense. The pollution levels are to be lowered to
within the tabulated limits by 1980. The necessary control
measures are numerous, but the following are especially
emphasized in view of the national planning priorities. They
are the control measures against stationary air pollution
sources, purification of sea water in the coastal areas and
fresh water in rivers and streams, control of nuisances accom-
panying automobile traffic, control of ground settling (in some
areas as deep as four meters), and treatment measures for
metropolitan and industrial wastes. In addition, the establish-
ment of nuisance monitoring and measurement system is
necessary, and close cooperation with the neighboring prefec-
tures is indispensable. Detailed tables are given on the target
maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorus, cadmium, lead,
chromium, arsenic, mercury in general and pH, BOD, SS, DO,
and colifonn bacteria values for water pollution. The max-
imum allowable noise levels for daytime, morning and
nighttime are also listed.
24214
Public Nuisance Control Committee (Japan)
BASIC POLICY REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
PUBLIC NUISANCE CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE
KANAGAWA AREA. (Kanagawa chiiki ni kakawaru koga
boshikeikaku sakutei no kihon hoshin. An). Text in Japanese.
Yosui to Haisui (J. Water Waste), 12(9):768-776, Sept. 1, 1970.
A control program to be effective in the area East of Sagami
River within Kanagawa Prefecture is presented. This area
serves as the mainstay of the Japanese economy, industries
such as electric power, steel, petroleum, chemicals and heavy
automobile traffic have contributed to the chronic pollution
problems. Air pollution in the Taishi and Tajima areas and
water pollution in Tama, Tsurumi, and Katabira Rivers as well
as Tokyo Bay are extremely severe. The pollutant levels are to
be lowered to within the tabulated limits by 1980. There are
many necessary control measures, but the following are espe-
cially emphasized in view of the national planning priorities.
They are the control measures against stationary air pollution
sources in Kawasaki, especially purification of coastal waters
and rivers and streams, control of nuisances accompanying au-
tomobile traffic, and treatment measures for metropolitan and
industrial wastes. In addition, surveillance and measurement
systems as well as cooperation with the neighboring prefec-
tures are indispensable. Detailed tables are given on the target
maximum allowable concentrations of sulfur oxides,
suspended particulates, and carbon monoxide in air as well as
cyanides, alkyl mercury, organic phosphorus, cadmium, lead,
chromium, arsenic, mercury in general, and pH, BOD, SS, DO
and coliform bacteria values for water pollution. The max-
imum allowable noise levels for daytime, morning and evening
are also listed.
24218
Froboess, Ulrich
MEASUREMENTS OF KEEPING THE AIR CLEAN IN GER-
MANY WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION TO RAILROAD
OPERATIONS. (Die Massnahmen zur Reinhaltung der Luft a
Deutschland unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung des Eisen
bahnbetriebes). Text in German. Glaser Ann., 94(8):272-276,
Aug. 1970. 2 refs.
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
117
During reconstruction of the German industry, it became ap-
parent approximately around 1955 that drastic legal and techni-
cal measures had to be taken to put a stop to air pollution
caused by industry, domestic firing systems, and traffic. The
overall directives were created by Federal law with the Law
for Air Pollution Control, the amendments to the Factory Act
and the German Civil Code, and with the 'Technical Instruc-
tions for Air Pollution Control', while the enactment of the
various provisions and supervisory control fall under the
responsibility of th« 'Laender'. The technical details are
elaborated by the VDI Committee for Air Pollution Control
whose rules are officially recognized by all air polluting
branches of industry. The legally permissible limit values for
air pollution are binding, but the rule applies that every
producer of emissions is obliged to provide for purification as
far as technically practicable and economically feasible in orde
to remain below these official values as far as possible. Ap-
proximately 30 to 45% of the air pollution over cities is caused
by private households (the lower value applies when large dis-
trict heating systems are available), 35 to 45% by industry and
20 to 25% by automobiles. Processes for extracting sulfur
dioxide from waste gas produced by large oil firing systems
are still under test.
39527
LAW OF APRIL 21, 1966 ON THE PROTECTION OF AT-/
MOSPHERIC AIR FROM POLLUTION. (Ustawa z dnia 21
kwietnia 1966 r. o ochronie powietr atmosferycznego przed
zanieczyszczaniem). Dziennik Ustaw (Warsaw), no. 14, 1966. 1
ref. Translated from Polish. 2p.
The protection of atmospheric air from pollution is intended to
enforce maximum allowable concentrations while gradually
reducing the quantities of pollutants emitted by factories,
motor vehicles, waste dumps, and other sources. The Council
of Ministers will issue further ordinances on allowable concen-
trations, variances, and administrative arrangements. The
overall aim is to protect human health, vegetation, animals,
forests, water, climate, and prevent other losses to the na-
tional economy.
41204
Mexico Secretariat of Health and Welfare
FEDERAL LAW FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. REGULATIONS FOR
THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR CONTAMINA-
TIONS CAUSED BY SMOKE AND DUST EMISSIONS.
-------
118
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
44434
Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan)
MEASURES TO PREVENT AIR POLLUTION. In: Report
No. 13 on Survey of Air Pollution in Kanagawa Prefecture.
(Kanagawa-ken taiki osen chosa kenkyu hokoku Dai-13-po).
1971. 1 ref. Translated from Japanese. Scientific Translation
Service Inc., Santa Barbara, Calif., 36p.
Data are reported on operating conditions at facilities generat-
ing soot and smoke in Kawaski and Yokohama Cities. The
number of facilities prescribed under current air pollution con-
trol legislation is 1899. About 51% are boilers, 23% are metal
heating-furnaces. 10% are petroleum heating furnaces, and 9%
are drying furnaces. Monthly records of fuel use are collected
from all factories every quarter. The amount of healvy oil
used increased 26% while the amount of coal declined 6% over
the preceding year. However, the average sulfur content in the
heavy oil decreased from 2.52% in 1966 to 2.3% in 1967, 1.96%
in 1968, and 1.55% in 1969. Sodium sulfite recovery using a
technique of exhaust smoke desulfurization in the sulfuric acid
manufacturing process is successful and the recovered materi-
al can be made into a commerical product. The results of
desulfurization tests of boiler exhaust smoke are reported, in-
cluding costs. The air pollution forecasting program of the pre-
fecture is described.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
119
ADACHI M 'G-35154, G-37505
ADACHI S G-28714
ADAMIAK J 'C-39244
ADOLPH H 'B-41272
AGNESE G D-22218
AIZAWA K 'B-35496
AKAI F G-37505
AKASHI N C-37689
ALEKSANDROV E L *E-36I42
ALEKSANDROV N N 'C-20899
ALEKSEYEVA G K C-41279
ALLAVERDYAN E SH B-36151
ALPERIN V Z E-40069
AMAGASE Y G-41172
ANDREYEV V I 'A-41213
ANDRONACHE E G-29571
ANZANI R C-38778
ARDELAN I *G-29S71
ARKHIPOVA O G 'G-43667
ARTEM E A V "F-39420
ARTEM YEVA A V G-44422
ASTAKHOV V A A-36533
AUCLAIR J B-33167
AUER W 'B-43130
AURE1LLE R 'B-43614
AVRAMENKO L I 'F-41484
AVVAKUMOV G A L-41220
AZUMA H 'B-43665
B
BABA Y 'C-31924
BABAYANTS R A *G-11942
BADELLON D E-40687
BAEVSKII V A B-37544
BANKL, H 'G-08611
BANKOWSKA J »G-44417
BAPSERES P 'E-35702
BARBARO M G-25255
BARBIERI R 'F-40810,'F-43131,
•F-43132
BARONI A A-13789
BASHMAKOVA 0 I E-39538
BAUER H D 'B-28392
BAVIKA L I 'C-37253
BAYER O *G-41199
BECKER G '1-41150
BEILKE, S E-02444
BEL M 1 C-37552
BELIN F T 'B-39751
BELOBRAGINA G V 'G-39517
BELOKON S M 'B-42747
BENARIE M 'E-30589, 'E-40687
BERGART YA M B-39751
BERGER U A-39635
BERITIC D G-40342
BERITIC T 'G-40342
BERLYAND M E 'E-39897
BERTRAND G 'G-39510, '0-39514
BEYERMANN K 'C-41180
BEZUGLAYA E Y 'E-17678
BIENVENU P 'G-39509
BLANCHOT P 'B-43614
BLATTNY C *H-4I193
BLEKH R L G-41194
BLEYZ N G 'B-41210
BLOKH A G 'F-43400
BLUNDI E 'G-35134
BOEER W »E-36428
BOERTITZ S 'H-21667
BONASHEVASKAYA T I G-37620
BORISENKO M M 'E-40661
BORISOVA M K *G-36928
BOSSAVY J 'H-44411
BOTHE R 'B-23245, 'B-23246
BOURASSET A 'G-39513
BOURBON P -C-37552
BOVAY E 'H-28475
BOYADJIEV C B-36987
BRANDT H *B-19523
BRAUER H 'B-37709
BRCAK I H-41193
BREUCKERG G-41198
BREUER H »C-41190
BROCHKHAUS A G-34443
BROCKHAUS G-30148
BRUCH J G-34443
BRUN, M 'E-06775
BRUNET ANTIGNY P G-41356
BUCCA A F-43131
BUERKHOLZ A «B-3I%7
BURKAT V S *B-37544
BUSHTUEVA K A 'G-36927
BUTTGEREIT CH A-39635
BUTTS A N G-39525
CARETTA E C-38778
CASPAR J W *E-38609
CATALAN P A *D-44419
CATS A F-39528
CERNYAK B YA A-41273
CHARYKOV A A A-41209, B-41212
CHATOT G "C-39399
CHAUMONT A J "G-41202
CHELYSHEV S A C-43642
CHEREPANOVA G N G-41194
CHERNYAK B YA A-41213
CHERNYAK L M B-37115
CHERTKOV B A *B-13898
CHICHKO M V G-41203
CHINARSKI R B-36987
CHIRAKADZE G I «E-35420
CHIZHIKOVA G I B-34609
CHUFAROV G I F-36086
CIER A G-39509
CIUHANDU G "C-37066
CLAYDON C R D-12604
COIN L *G-22152
COMEAU G 'H-42974
CUCU M G-29571
CURTIUS H C *F-44414
CYRANK1EWICZ J 'K-39526
CZEIKE A G-43133
DAMS R 'C-40117
DARDANONI. L 'D-09403
DELANNOY G *B-35015
DEMIDOVA L N B-23079
DEMMRICH H C-14435
DEQUIDT J 'G-43485
DERBAREMDIKER N D B-41210
DERVILLE E G-41356
DERVILLEE E G-39512
DERVILLEE P 'G-39512
DEZSO S "E-35037
DIANA L A-13789
DIMOV D G-40342
DMITRIEV M T 'C-40720
DMITRIYEV M T 'E-40069
DMITRIYEVSKIY A V 'A-4I273
DOBRYAKOV G G 'B-37324
DONAUBAUER E *H-32334
DRAGUSIA M E-39203
DROZDOWSKA, S 'G-10348
DUDA I V G-39524
DUMARCHEY G D-37306
DUPERRAT B 'G-39507
DUZHIKH F P B-37553
DVORZHACHEK I 'B-41276
EFFENBERGER E 'C-43242
EFIMOVA T A A-36533
EICHORST E 'H-43491
EISEN P *B-25420
EISNER J H 'B-25139, 'B-26593
EKSHTAT B Y G-42885
ELENKOV D -B-36987
ELISEEV O I B-39751
ELNICKI W 'B-24197
ENDERLEIN H *H-44427
ENDO K C-40060
ENDO R 'C-27517
ENGSTROM S *A-30327
EREMENKO V I F-41446
EWERT E -H-44426
FARAGLIA G F-408IO
FEDOROVA L V F-39289
FEL OMAN YU G 'G-37620
FERNANDEZ M D M 'D-44419
FESTY B 'G-44425
FETT W "E-35357
FIALA E *C-16298
FIDAROV A A 'G-39511
FIEDLER H 'H-43461
FINK F 'B-34604
FIRGER V V 'H-36164, H-36165
FISCHER R *C-17549
FLEISCHHAUER P B-38190
FLEMMING, G 'E-07179
FODOR G G G-34443
FOMIN A A 'B-41215
FONTAGES R C-39399
FORTAK H G "E-33939
FRANKE W 'B-34337
FRANZ RD 'G-41196
FRANZKY U 'A-21887, 'B-31078
FRAUENFELDER A 'B-43142
-------
120
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
FRIGIERI P 'C-38778
FROBOESS U 'L-24218
FRONTCZAK A 'G-36259
FUJII T C-37514
FUKOKA S 'E-26845
FUKUMOTO H F-41173
FUKUMOTO K F-41173
FUKUOKA S D-292SO, »E-16554,
E-41974
FUKUSHIMA T 'D-28648
FUNABASHI M 'E-42799
FUNABASHI S 'G-29925, *G-35154
FUQUAY J J *E-36176
FUREN E L 'B-40189
FURUKAWA M F-41173
FURUYA Y G-29925
FURUZONO S E-36494
FUZIE K "C-37443
GALLAND G G-39513
GALSTER G M 'A-24093
GARBER K 'D-43I70, 'H-43491,
•H-43492, »H-43493
GAVRILOV A A 'A-13246
GEDEONOV L I 'E-36062
GEL FON I A 'G-44415
GENERALOV M A «F-406%
GENEVOIS M G-41176
GEORGII H W 'E-12218, 'E-44418
GEORGII, H W «E-02444
GERMAN N G 'F-41446
GERNET D V B-40189
GERSHTE1N L I "C-43247
GIRINA V V C-28450
GLADEN R 'C-40481
GLOMME H E G-39500
GOETHERT M G-4239S
GOIKHMAN A A 'C-42727
GOROSHKO, B B -E-10220
GOTO M 'G-39508
GOTZ H -G-13114
GRAAF H D 'E-30796
GRAEVE J D "C-37513
GRANATA A 'G-25255
GRANDJEAN E •G-43458
GRIGOR YEV A I *F-43526
GRIMMER G 'C-36959
GR1NENKO V A F-37582
GROLL KNAPP E 'G-42396
GROSSER P J 'G-21336, *G-24235
GRUSHKO YA M 'G-42699
GUDERIAN R »H-19461, 'H-23772,
•H-24084, 'H-24434, 'H-43420
GUERIN H 'C-39903
GUGEVICH N A A-38768
GULIY M F 'G-39515
GULLOTTI, A D-09403
GURSKAYA I K G-41203
GUSAROV A P 'B-412I2
GUSAROV B G B-34609
GUSEK W -G-44416
H
HAGEMANN G G-41480
HAGUENOER J M G-43485
HAIDER M G-42396
HANSEN O 'G-42395
KARA M H-29597
HARASHIMA, S G-03235
HARTMANN N H-43461
HARUNA K E-42799
HASEGAWA T C-37342, "C-39383
HASENCLEVER D 'B-36413
HASHIMO • Y C-37S17. 'D-37516
HATA I G-29235
HATEM CHAMPY S "G-44412
HATEM S *G-44423, *G-44424
HAUCK H G-42396
HAUT H V 'H-36993
HAYAKAWA M C-37232
HAYASHIT G-35154
HEEK K H V *B-41200
HEIDORF E YA C-39976
HEINDRYCKX R C-401I7
HERMANN J -G-43459
HIGUCHI H C-37446
H1GUCHI K G-39508
HIMI K C-36840, C-36841
HIMI Y C-37600
HIMMELSBACH J J G-41202
HIRAKAWA Y C-37446
HIRAOKA M E-36492
HIROSE H F-41173
HISANAGA S G-41172
HOLZHEY J 'C-14435
HONDA A 'B-33122
HONMA K 'C-36840, C-36841
HORI K F-41173
HORIGUCHI S G-33372
HORIUCHI K 'G-33372
HORN K *G-14682
HOSHIKA Y -B-26014
HUENIGEN E 'B-41274, "K-41217,
K-41269
HUGHES J R "C-22446
HUMPERDINCK K 'G-41201
I
ICHIKAWA M B-35033
IEVLEV V V «B-41447
IGNATOVICH I V C-41216
IGNATOVICH N I A-41273
IHARA Y E-36501
II IZUMI O 'G-35153
1IJIMA H B-35496
IIJIMA K 'B-34314
IINOYA K B-13731
IKEDA Y »E-36492
IKUI H 'G-43423
ILMURZYNSKI E 'H-32336
IMAI K C-29436
IMAI M 'G-26305, G-28765, G-37504,
G-37505
INAGAM1 K F-41173
ISHIGURO T B-26014
ISHH T "B-32798
ISHIKAWA Y E-28616. E-36307
ISHINISH1 N D-22537
ISHINISHI S G-21787
ISRAEL H "E-37024
ITO J G-29925, G-35154
ITO K G-35154
ITO M D-29250, *E-41974
ITOO K 'E-34191
ITSUI K E-41499
IVANOV D B-40007
IVANOVA A A F-39S22
IWAIT C-37690
IWATA Y *B-19234
IZAWA Y *C-37446
IZUMIKAWA S E-41498
JACHNER D B-41272
JAMRICH V »H-43663
JANACKOVA H G-17001
JANCARIK V *H-43455
JANICKA T G-44417
JELLINGER, K G-08611
JEQUIER J W C-39399
JIKIHARA S C-37693
JOETTEN K W *G-41480
JOOSTING P E *G-33345
JOST D E-12218
JOURDAN F D-37306
JULIAN A 'C-41618
JURICA Z G-34528
K
KABANCHIK M I G-43667
KABURAGI S *G-37337
KAINZ G 'C-41495
KAMENEV V F A-41273, B-41211
KAMIYAMA H *C-28165, 'C-32100
KAMRAJ MAZURKIEWICZ, K 'G-10349
KANDUS J 'G-34528
KANEKO F G-27653
KANIT2 S D-22218
KAPALIN V *G-17001
KARASAWA T C-27542
KARL A *B-34683
KARPOV L G F-40676
KARPOVA E I B-34609
KARPOVA T B H-36164
KARTASHOV YE S B-41210
KASHIWAGI H G-41485
KATORI Y G-21787
KATSUKI S G-41357, 'G-43174
KAWAGISHI F G-37504
KAWANAKA S 'B-43665
KAZANINA S S 'G-42885
KEINITZ H 'C-39719
KEMKA R "C-29953
KERTESZ SARINGER M D-38481
KHALYAPIN S A 'C-41644
KHANAFEYEVA S K *G-43527
KHARLAMOVA S F *G-43520, 'G-43525
KHOLIN B G *B-37115
KHOVAKH M S B-41206
KILZ F F-41367
KIMURA J C-37608, D-37518
KIMURA K 'G-23606
KINUMAK1J *F-39529
KISELEV A V *F-14391
KISHIMOTO K G-29925, G-35154
KITABATAKE M G-26305, G-28765
KITAMURA T G-31963
KITROSSKIY N A E-40069
KIYOURA R "C-29436, 'G-29423
KL1NKNER H G B-28392
KLUKEN N G-13114
KNABE W «H-42954, *H-43129, 'H-43528
KNOP W -B-21874
KOBAYASHIJ "H-14489
KOCHNEV K V *C-41277
KODAMA Y D-22537
KOGAT F-41173
KOHGO T C-27S17
KOJIMA T F-41I73, 'G-41171
KOKUBU E D-22537
KOLESNIKOV S A B-37115
KOLESNIKOVA T KH F-39522
KOLMESCHATE G J V *C-36826
KOLOSOV M A "F-39289
KOMAGATA M C-28291
KOMOROWSKA MALEWSKA W
G-44417
KONDO H 'G-31963
KONDO M G-31%3
KONDO S B-29792
KONOVALOV G S 'F-39522
KORENENSKAYA F V *B-40187
KORNILOVA A P 'G-44422
KOROL, D «B-02931
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
121
KORSHUN, M N *A-08489
KOSMIDER S *B-26138
KOVALEV A I F-41446
KOYAMA T H-29597
KOZLOV G I F-40696
KRALL G C-37066
KRASIL SHCHIKOV D G *G-43668
KRAVCHENKO I I 'E-40184
KRIEGEL E 'B-4I195
KRUPNOV A F 'C-43247
KRZIKALLA H F-17921
KUBO M G-29925
KUBO S G-3S154
KUMAI K C-40060
KUMAZAWA Y E-36307
KUN1TAKE E G-21787
KUPER G 'C-37519
KURABAYASHIT 'C-27542
KURASHINA S E-41498
KURATSUNE M F-41173
KURCHATOVAG 'C-41192
KURITA S B-33616
KUROIWA Y 'G-41174
KURONUMA H C-29436
KUROSAWA K 'B-32846
KUROV B A 'C-41216
KUTENEV V F *A-41209, B-41212,
C-41216
KUWATA K C-39383
KUZ MIN U P B-23079
KWAN T B-33616
LAFFORT P 'C-29269
LAHMANN E E-35357
LAKHTMAKHER S O E-40184
LAKTIONOVA T YE C-28450
LAMBERTON J N G-39507
LARSEN R I -D-12604
LARSSON L 'C-30199
LASHIN YU N B-41210
LASKOWSKI W 'B-41456
LAZORIN S N B-41447
LE PEQ i B 'G-44425
LEBED KO N V 'B-42747
LEBEDINSKIY A B 'E-25811
LEBLANC F 'H-42974
LEHNERT G *G-40295
LEITHE, W 'C-06962
LEONOV A *G-41203
LEUSCHNER A G-43133
LEVENETS N P 'A-39729
LEVIN L M E-36142
LINDVALL T 'A-43661
LISOVSKY P V B-34609
LITV1NENKO V I B-41447
LOB M 'G-33903
LOPUKHOV G A A-39729
LORENTSO R V F-41484
LUDWIG G 'B-19616
LUDYGA K B-26138
LUJANAS V 'E-36954
LUKASH V P 'A-41532
LUSSANA S G-41197
LYAPINA 0 A 'E-34751
LYUBETSKIY KH Z 'G-43668
M
MACHEBOEUF M G-39510
MADOYAN L o c-42727
MAEDA s «o-43664
MAKHINYA A P '0-33447
MAKHOV V Z *B~4I206
MAKI S E-36307
MAKISUMI s F-4H73
MALAKHINA A YA 'C-37107
MALAKHOV V N A-41214
MALBOSC R C-37S52
MALENDOWICZ L 'G-44413
MALORNY G 'G-42392, G-42395
MALOV R V B-41283
MAMMARELLA L *E-36238
MANAKO K F-41173
MANDZHAVIDZE R P *G-44421
MANUSADZHYANTS ZH G 'B-41282
MAPPES 'G-42698
MARKICEVIC A G-40342
MARKOVSKH A V A-38768
MARUYAMA H C-37690
MASANORI K G-39502
MASCARELLO J M 'B-33167
MASEK V 'F-43246
MASH1TA T 'B-33971
MASTALL H G-40295
MATEJSKI R 'B-43287
MATSUDA S H-29597
MATSUMURA M G-35154. G-37337
MATSUMURA Y 'C-32731
MATSUNO K 'B-13731
MATSUOKA C G-31963
MATSUZAKI K *B-29792
MATURO L G-25255
MATVEYEV A A 'E-39538
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCE
•K-41682
MAZIARKA S 'G-29575
MEDAETS J 'A-39506
MEDVED T YA 'G-43667
MEDVEDEVA V I G-41203
MEKEYEV YE YE C-41279
MENARD T E-40687
MERVILLE R 'G-43485
MESTWERDT W 'G-44416
MEWES D B-37709
MIETKIEWSKI K 'G-44413
MIGALIN YU A C-42727
MIKHALSKAYA L I A-36533
MIKHELEV B M B-41210
MINAKAMI M B-37164
MIRONOV A E C-41644
MIROSHNIKOVA A G H-36162
MIROSHNIKOVA A T H-36163
MISE J G-23102
MITROVIC L 'D-16495
MIYAGUCHI M F-41173
MIYAIJ C-37515
MIYAJI K 'G-41485
MIYAMOTO T 'G-30167, -G-30396
MIYAO A E-28616
MIYOSHIT G-23102
MIZOGUCHI M G-29925, G-35154
MIZOGUCHI T E-28616, E-36307
MIZUSAWA H C-29436
MIZUTANI H 'C-37232
MODZALEVSKAYA M L 'F-43400
MOESCHLIN S 'G-42759
MOLENAT J E-35702
MOMMSEN STRAUB S G-39518
MOMOSE M 'G-32914
MORI M C-37515
MORI Y G-35153
MORH F H-14489
MORISHIMA, N *B-088I1
MOROZOV K A A-41213, A-41273
MORTSTEDT S E «A-43661
MOTOMIYA K G-35154
MRKVA R 'H-44420
MROS E G-29575
MUELLER K G-39501
MUELLER R '0-41198
MUHKLENOV I P 'B-43287
MUHLRAD W 'B-39519
MUKHINA S T 'G-43522
MUKHLENOV Y P B-164I9
MURAI Y G-41174
MURAMATSU F 'C-37600
MURAMATSU T C-36840. C-36841
MURAMATSU Y G-29925. G-35154
MURAMOTO S H-14489
MURASE A C-37690
MURATA M G-29925, G-35154
MURIAS B S F D-44419
N
NAGAI J F-41173
NAGIEV A M 'B-36151
NAITO K *C-33373
NAKAGAWA Y B-37164, 'H-29597
NAKAJIMA C 'E-30692, 'E-36495
NAKAJIMA T G-28753, 'G-29235
NAKAMURA H G-39514
NAKAMURA R 'G-33123
NAKAMURA Y F-41173
NAKANISHI T G-23102
NAKANO M 'E-20627, 'E-29219,
•E-30691
NAKAODA A 'C-41910
NAKASHIMA S H-14489
NAKAYAMA M G-30237, G-36809
NAKAYAMA N G-37505
NAKAZAWA T C-27542
NARIKAWA J E-30691
NARSK1KH O G E-29636
NARUKAWA T E-20627
NEDOGIBCHENKO M K "L-41220
NESMOZJ G-41176
NEUMANN B 'F-41175
NIETZOLD I "B-30606
NIKOLAEV N N B-39751
NIKOLAYEVSKIY V S H-36159,
H-36161, 'H-36162, 'H-36163,
•H-36165, 'H-36166
NINOVA D 'H-43496
NISHIMURA S G-23102
NISHIMUTA T G-29925, G-35154
NISHIZUMI M F-41173
NIVIN P I B-25791
NIZHNIK S S A-38768
NOFRE C G-39509
NOGAMI J 'E-28616
NOMOTO H E-28616, 'E-36307
NOMOTO S E-28609
NONAKA H 'E-41498
NONAT A E-40687
NOSE Y G-23102, G-23102, 'G-23148,
•G-26516, 'G-28752, G-28752,
•G-30237, 'G-36809
NOTOMI A G-41357
NOVAK V 'H-43494
NOVOSELOVA A V F-43526
O
ODAIRA T 'D-29250, E-16554
ODEN S 'E-39416
OGAWA I B-37164
OGAWA R C-36840, C-36841
OGINO H C-37515
OGOL Y N E-34751
OGURI K F-41173
OHIRA T E-41974
OHNO T D-28648
OIKAWA K C-36840, 'C-36841, C-37517,
C-37608, 'C-37690, 'D-375I8, E-36501
OKA K 'C-37514
OKAMOTO S E-36494
OKITA T 'C-37515, 'E-36501
OKUBO Y 'C-37608, D-37518
-------
122
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
OKUMURA M *G-43174
OOTAKI A 'E-36494
OOTE S *B-37164
ORDONEZ B R *G-22426
ORLOVA A A *G-43488, "G-43521,
'G-444IS
OSHIMA H G-26305, G-28765, 'G-37504,
G-37505
OSHIMA M 'B-30534
OURA M 'C-28291
OYAKE T C-27517
OZEROVA V V *G-43489
OZERSKIY A S 'B-41211
PADBERG K H 'F-17437
PANFILOV V T B-41210
PANICHEV N A C-20899
PAOLETTIC G-44425
PARDIN1 J B-29639
PATTERSON C C 'A-26891
PELECH L 'G-26340
PERIN G 'A-13789
PERINI P F-31598
PERSH1NA L M B-40187
PETER U G-39S01
PETRILLI F L 'D-22218
PETROV YU A B-42747
PETSCHL, G C-06962
PFEFFER A 'H-41482
PICHA F A-36783
PINIGINA I A *C-40699
PIVOVAROVA Z 1 'E-39225
PLOTKO E G 'G-4I68S, "G-41686
PLOTNIKOVA M M 'G-36923
POKROVSKAYA L V G-39S17
POLOZHAYEV N G 'C-28450
POLYAKOV V V C-43247
POLYDOROVA, M C-07081
POMAZOVA E N 'C-39976
POTAPOVA I N 'G-43487, 'G-43519,
•G-43525
POZIN M Y *B-I64I9
PRIBYTKOV L D C-40720
PRIETSCH W K-41217
PRIVALOV A M *F-40676
PRZEZDZIECKI Z 'G-44417
PRZYBYLSKI Z "H-43495
PUHR WESTERHEIDE H 'B-37448
PUSTOVOIT V D *C-43642
QUINTARD B G-39512
R
RADOEVA G B-40007
RAUSA G A-13789
RAYKOV I YA 'A-41205
REICHEL G 'G-43133
REINDERS W 'F-39528
RENZI C "F-31598
REPLOH H G-41480. 'G-4I481
REPPE W *F-17921
RESHETOVA L N *F-43526
RESHETOVA T YE G-43668
RIHA K *B-40308, 'B-41151
RIKHTER L A "B-375S3
RO T D-37516
ROCKSTROH H 'G-39523
ROMANOV N N E-34751
RONDIA D 'E-33927
ROSE H F-41175
ROSSI S "F-43131
ROUFIOL F C-37552
ROUTSCHKA G *A-39635
ROUZAUD J F C-37552
ROZENBERG P A "G-43488, *G-43521
ROZOVSKII A YU B-40187
RUDOMINO M V G-43667
RUEB F *B-25033
RUSHKEVICK O P "G-43666
RUZER L S E-40184
RYAZANOV V A "A-41683, "K-41682
RYCHKOV V P B-37324
RYS YEV O A E-36062
RYU S G-29925, G-35154
RYZHKOVA M N *G-4I194
RZHAKSINSKAYA M A C-20899
SACHSE I 'K-41269
SADILOVA M S *G-41685, 'G-41686,
•G-41687, 'G-41688
SAITA G 'G-41197
SAKABE T B-35033, *B-43741
SAKANISHI T E-42799
SAKURAI N G-29925, G-35154
SAKURAI T G-23102
SALAVEJUS S E-36954
SAMARIN A N A-39729
SANAEV YU I 'C-43642
SANTA T G-41174
SARUTA K D-28648
SARUTA N 'D-22537, 'G-21787
SATO A G-35154
SATO M *B-33616
SATO S 'C-36859
SATO Y E-41498
SAW ADA K F-41173
SAYCHUK V I -E-29636
SAYFUTDINOV M M 'G-41693
SCHAAD R E -C-37477
SCHAEFER H J E-12218
SCHAER M *G-29453
SCHALLER K H G-40295
SCHLEITTWEIN GSELL D *G-39518
SCHLIPKOETER 'G-41368
SCHLIPKOETER H *G-42397
SCHLIPKOETER H W "G-34148,
•G-34443
SCHMIDT E *A-340%
SCHNAIDER Z *H-32342
SEDUNOV JU S E-36142
SEKI K 'E-36305
SELEZNEVA I K F-40696
SELIN A N 'B-25791
SEMENOVA T A B-40189
SEMENOVA V N *G-42885
SEREBRYAKOV B-37324
SHABAD L M 'G-4I218
SHADRIN A S C-41277
SHAPIRO S YA B-39751
SHAPOSHNIKOV YU K C-37107
SHCHERBINA E I 'A-36533
SHIBATA M F-41173
SHIGARA M *B-33995
SHIGEMORI N F-41173
SHIGETA Y 'B-29601
SHIKATORI Y D-22S37
SHIM1ZU T "G-28351, G-37505
SHINKARENKO L S C-372S3
SHIOYA M 'E-42799
SHIOYAMA T C-37446
SHIOZAWA K E-36494
SHIRAI J 'G-26764
SHIREY R A F-39289
SHISHKOV D *B-40007
SHMIGIROVSKAYA M P B-40189
SHTEYNBERG A S "A-41207
SHUKHTINA A M *G-39525
SHURKHAL V A *C-39721
SHUSTROV V G C-43247
SIERPINSKI Z H-32342
SIESS M *G-39500, «G-39501
SIEWERT R M 'B-37252
SIGAL I YA "A-38768
SIGEL H *F-44414
SIMEONOV L D-16495
SIMPSON C L E-36176
SINYAK G S *B-34609
SISKIN N S 'E-39223
SMAYLIS V I 'B-41208
SOKOLOV A V F-39289
SOKOLOVSKIY D V *C-41279
SON KIN L R *D-17712
SORINSON S N 'G-44422
SOROKIN YU L 'B-23079
SOSI S 'F-43132
SOUBRIER R «G-41176
SPAETH A F-17921
SPANO, R D-09403
SPURNY, K 'C-07081
STALKER W W D-12604
STARCUK, Z C-07081
STAROVOYTOV I M *G-39524
STEIGER H *G-30148
STOENESCU S M 'E-39203
STOPPERKA K 'F-41367
STRATMANN H H-23772, H-36993
STUPFEL M 'G-29284
SUGANO M »F-41173
SUGAWARA V 'C-25535
SUGI K 'G-43423
SUGIYAMA K "F-I6572
SUSHKOVA V V G-39515
SUSLOVA V V H-36166
SUTUGIN A G -F-36320
SUZUKI R G-37505
SUZUKI S *B-35026, E-41498
SZADKOWSKID G-4029S
TAGAWA H E-36495
TAGUCHI K 'C-37689
TAHARA I G-31963
TAKADA K H-29597
TAKAGI S *C-40060
TAKAHASHI H *G-28753
TAKAHASHIT F-16572
TAKATSUKA M G-28765
TAKATSUKA Y G-2630S
TAKAYAMA N B-33616
TAKAYAMA O 'G-30310
TAKAYAMA T G-29925, G-35154
TAKAYAMA Y G-29925, G-35154
TAKEDA K G-31963
TAKESHITA K F-41173
TAKESUMI Y 0-39502
TAKHIROV M T *G-41689
TAKI I 'G-41172 '
TAMORI Y 'B-30526, 'B-35033
TAMURA K *E-28609
TANAKA M 'C-30634
TANAKAT C-36840, C-36841, C-37446
TANIZAWA H *E^41499
TARAT E Y B-43287
TARAT E YA B-37544
TARDIVEL M G-39S12, *G-4I3S6
TATARSKAYA A A "G-42992
TATSUMI K F-41173
TAUBE C 'H-43461
TENENBAUM A E A-36533
TERASHIMA S G-29925, G-3S154
TETSUO, Y B-08811
THEODORE L 'B-29639
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
123
TIL KOV M I C-37107
TOBA T G-29925, G-35154
TOCHIGI R G-29925, G-35154
TODAKA H E-36492
TOKITA G G-37337
TOKOJIMA N G-23148
TOMINAGA H F-39529
TOMITA Y F-41173
TOMIZAWA T C-32100, C-41910
TOPUNOV V N A-41209
TORBORG R H C-22446
TOYAMA T 'G-28714
TOYAMA, T 'G-03235
TRUCCO R C-38778
TRUHAUT R G-44425
TSERETILI M N 'G-44421
TSUCHIYA K 'G-41191
TSUJI K 'C-36838
TSUJIOKA K G-37505
TSUKAMOTO H 'F-41173
TSUNETOSHI Y G-28351, *G-37505
TSURENKO M T B-37544
TUAN P D -F-41179
TURKIN Y I C-20899
TURRIAN H *G-43458
TURRIAN V G-43458
u
UBAYDULLAYEV R 'G-41692, 'G-41694
UDAGAWA M D-29250
UDZVARL'IC H D-16495
UEDA M G-37505
UEHARA S G-35154
UENISHI Y C-29436
UENO S G-36809
UENOL H G-30237
UGA S G-43423
ULMER W T 'G-43133
UMEZAWA T 'G-19939
UND1NTSEVA V S -F-36086
UNO A *G-16177
USTINOV V I *F-37582
UZAWA H 'G-41357
VADOT L *E-14793
VAN CAUWENBERGHE K C-40117
VARKONYI T *D-3848l
VARSHAVSKIY I L *B-41283
VASEVA G A H-36165
VASILESKU L S B-I6419
VIESSMAN W 'B-35650
V1LISOV F I F-40676
VIOLET P 'D-37306
VITASHKINA M A B-34609
VLODAVETS V V 'D-36412
VNUKOV A K -C-42727
VOGL M 'H-19551, "H-44427
VORON1N E M B-37544
VOS R H D C-36826
W
WAGNER H 'G-42396
WAKAMATSU S E-41499
WATANABE A E-41499
WATANABE H 'G-27653
WICKERT K 'F-17364
WILKE H 'G-42395
WITTE E 'B-36460
WOHLWILL M 'BJ0379
YAE Y F-41173
YAHASHI T G-29925
YAMADA K G-35154
YAMADA Y F-41173
YAMAGATA Y G-37505
YAMAGUCHI A 'G-39502
YAMAMOTO H 'C-37517
YAMAMOTO K 'G-24154
YAMASHITA E 'C-37693
YAMAZAKI H *C-37342
YAMAZAKI V C-25535
YANAGI F "B-28146
YANAGIHARA S 'B-36204, 'C-24638
YANAGISAWA S D-37516
YANAGIZAWA S C-37517
YASKULLA I B-41274
YASUO I G-41357
YATABE T C-32100
YATSENKO V M "H-36161
YELNICHNYKH L N G-41685
YONEYAMA E D-28648
YOSHIDA K G-26305, *G-28765,
•G-30353, G-37505
YOSHroA R G-35154
YOSHIDA T G-3750S
YOSHIMURA H F-41173
YOSHIMURA T 'G-42973, -G-43168
YOSHIZAKI K G-23102, 'G-31665
YUNUSOVA KH K *G-43527
ZABLOTSKY L L B-34609
ZAREBSKA JOSZT E 'C-41457
ZASEDATELEV I B B-37553
ZAVARINA M V E-40661
ZAYICHEK Z *A-41275
ZDRAZIL J "A-36783
ZESCHMANN E G C-16298
ZHALUD F B-41276
ZIMMERMANN L 'B-38190
ZOLOTAREVSKIY L S A-41273
ZORN H *G-42414
ZUYKOVA E YU *B-43233
ZVONOV V A "A-41214
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
125
ABATEMENT A-41654, A-41655, K-2S087.
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-24218,
L-39527, L-41204. L-41220, L-4135S,
L-41483, L-44434
ABSENTEEISM G-29284, G-30654,
G-33I09
ABSORPTION A-41532, B-08811, B-2S033,
B-31078, B-33I22, B-33971, B-33995,
B-34683, B-37115. B-43287, C-06962,
C-30199. C-39383, C-41495, F-43400,
G-23606. G-33372, G-39515, G-4239S,
H-19551, H-24434, H-36165, H-43420,
H-43493, H-44428
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-13898,
B-34683. B-35033, B-36151, B-36987,
B-37448, B-41479, B-43665, B-43741
ACETALDEHYDE B-26014, C-31924
ACETIC ACID G-41689
ACETONE C-37107, C-39244, E-40069
ACETYLENES C-30634, C-39719, E-40069
ACID SMUTS B-34604
ACIDS B-02931, B-16419, B-26593,
B-30S26, B-31967, B-32099, B-33995,
B-34683, B-37164, B-37544, B-39751.
B-41447, B-41479, B-42083, C-06962,
C-29269, C-29436, C-30199, C-31924,
C-32731. C-37253, C-37515, C-39719,
C-40060, C-41178, C-41910, C-42727,
E-30796, E-39416, E-40687, E-42799,
F-17364. F-31S98, F-39528, F-40810,
F-41175. F-41367. F-43131, F-43132,
G-26305, G-28765, G-29423, G-31963,
G-34148, G-36927, G-39500, G-39S23,
G-41685, G-41686, G-41688, G-41689,
G-43521, G-44412, G-44433, H-28475,
H-32334, H-36IJ9, H-42954, H-43491,
H-43492, H-43495, H-44426, K-39S26,
K-41682
ACROLEIN B-26014, C-31924, C-37342.
C-41277, E-40069, G-36923
ACUTE C-41192, G-10349, G-22426,
G-29284, G-34528, G-37337, G-37620,
G-39512, G-39525, G-41197, G-42392,
G-4288S. G-43485, G-43527, G-44413,
G-44421, H-19461, H-23772
ADAPTATION G-32914, G-37620
ADMINISTRATION B-35015, B-3S060,
B-4121S, B-41268, B-41276, B-41479,
C-44435, D-26372, D-29250, D-36412,
D-38481, E-30954, G-22152, G-24235,
G-28752, G-29235, G-30237, G-33109,
G-35134, G-35154, H-43528, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-41220. L-41355,
L-44434
ADSORPTION B-19234, B-21874, B-29601,
B-31078, B-33122. B-35650, B-40187,
C-27517, C-31924, F-1439I
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) B-34314,
B-35026. B-3S033, B-42083, B-43741
ADULTS C-29953, G-10348, G-10349,
G-11942. G-23102, G-26305. G-26530,
G-28351. 0-28752, G-29235. G-29284.
0-31665, 0-31963, G-33372, G-33903,
G-34148. G-36259, G-43174, G-43458,
G-43488, G-43489
AEROSOL GENERATORS B-25420,
B-29792, C-36260, C-41910
AEROSOLS A-26891, B-25420, B-30606,
B-35015. B-43233, C-07081. C-20899.
C-36260. C-37443, C-37519, C-40117,
C-41618, C-41910, E-02444, E-12218,
E-35420, E-40184, F-36320, G-11942.
G-23606. G-28765, G-29284, G-32914,
G-33345, G-34443, G-36927, G-41687
AFRICA B-02931
AFTERBURNERS A-21887, B-34337,
B-36204, B-39751, B-41215, B-41283
AGE D-16495, G-10349, G-17001. G-26340,
G-26516, G-26558, G-26764, G-28351,
G-28559, G-28733, G-28752, G-31665,
G-33109, G-33372, G-36259, G-37504,
G-37505, G-39508, G-39511, G-39525,
G-41201, G-42395, G-42973, G-43133,
H-36163
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
B-35650
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES D-37306,
D-38481, E-165S4, E-27194, E-29219,
E-30796, E-35357, E-35702, E-36307,
E-38609, G-21336, G-22426, G-30148,
G-35134, L-44434
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
D-17712. D-29250, D-37306, E-10220,
E-17678. E-20627, E-25811. E-26845.
E-27194, E-28609, E-28616. E-29219,
E-30589. E-30691, E-30692, E-30954,
E-31984, E-33927, E-33939, E-34191,
E-35037, E-35420, E-35702, E-36176,
E-36238, E-36428. E-36494, E-36495,
E-38609, E-40687, E-42799, L-44434
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA E-35702,
G-33903. G-36923
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS D-26372, D-29250,
D-36412. D-38481, E-30954, G-22152,
G-28752. G-2923S, G-33109, G-35154,
L-23608. L-23610, L-24214, L-41220
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-08489, A-35953, A-416S4, A-41655,
B-32099, C-20899, C-25535, C-27542.
C-29269. C-29953, C-36959, C-37107,
C-37342, C-37513, C-375I4, C-37600,
C-37608, C-37690, C-37693, C-37728,
C-38778, C-39383, C-39721, C-40117,
C-41192, C-41457, C-43242, D-09403,
D-12604, D-16495, D-17712, D-22537,
D-26372, D-28648, D-32721. D-36412,
D-37306, D-37518, D-38481. D-43170,
D-44419. E-26845, E-27194, E-29219,
E-30589. E-30796, E-30954, E-33927,
E-33939, E-3475I, E-35357, E-36062,
E-36142, E-36238, E-36307. E-36492,
E-36494, E-36495. E-39203, E-39416,
E-39538. E-41498. E-41499. E-44432,
G-22426, G-23102, G-24230. G-26305,
G-26516, G-26558, G-276S3. G-28351,
G-28559, G-28752, G-287S3. G-30237,
G-30396, G-306S4. G-31963, G-33109,
G-34443, G-34528, G-35154, G-36809,
G-36812, G-36923, G-37337, G-37505,
G-41485, G-41692, G-41693, G-41694,
G-43458, H-23772, H-24434, H-29597,
J-26431
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-08489,
B-33995, D-38481, G-10348, G-30237,
G-31963, G-33447, G-33903, G-34443,
G-36812, G-36923, G-36927, G-36928,
G-37620, G-41685, G-41686, G-41687,
G-41688, G-41689, G-41692, G-41693,
G-41694, G-42885, K-39526, K-41682,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-39527
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
E-36428, E-38609
AIR-FUEL RATIO A-41209, A-41213,
A-41214, A-41273, B-41210, B-41271,
B-41283
AIRCRAFT C-31924, C-41618
AIRPORTS L-23608
AITKEN COUNTERS C-40117
ALCOHOLS B-36151, B-43130, C-29269,
E-40069, G-33447, G-41692, G-41694,
K-41682
ALDEHYDES A-41205, A-41273, B-26014,
B-41210, C-31924, C-37342, C-39719,
C-40699, C-41277, C-43247, E-40069,
F-31598, G-36923. G-37620. K-41682
ALERTS E-16554, E-35702, E-38609,
L-44434
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS B-34609.
B-35015, B-36151, B-41200, B-43130,
C-29269, C-30634, C-37107, C-39399,
C-39719, E-40069, F-17921, K-41682
ALKALINE ADDITIVES A-34096,
B-32846, B-33167, B-33321. B-35033,
B-37448, B-41479, B-42083, B-43665,
B-43741
ALLERGIES G-21787, G-26764, G-30396.
G-39507, G-40342, G-41176, G-41198.
G-43487
ALPHA PARTICLES C-07081
ALTITUDE D-28648, E-06775. E-10220,
E-12218, E-25811, E-30796, E-30954,
E-31984. E-33939, E-34751, E-35037,
E-35420, E-36062, E-36176, E-36238,
E-36307, E-36428, E-36954, E-38609,
E-39225, E-39416. E-40661, E-44429.
H-43129
ALUMINUM B-28320, B-37544, C-37107,
F-36086, H-44428, I-4U50
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS B-34314,
B-39519, C-38778, G-41481, G-41687
ALUMINUM OXIDES B-28320, B-33616
ALVEOLI G-30310, G-32914, G-34443,
G-42395, G-43487
AMIDES F-44414, G-44417
AMINES B-26014, B-32099. C-39719,
C-39976
AMINO ACIDS A-35953, F-44414,
G-40295. G-43488, G-43521, H-21667.
H-36164, H-43461
AMMONIA B-26014, B-26138, B-30534,
B-33122. B-33167, B-33321, B-43130,
B-43741, C-06962, C-29269, C-30634,
-------
126
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
C-31924, C-32100, C-39719, F-39S28,
F-41175, G-13114, G-29284, G-41693,
H-28475, H-36159, H-43492, K-41682
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE C-37690
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS B-26014,
B-26138. B-30534, B-32099, B-33122,
B-33167, B-33321. B-36987, B-41479.
B-43130, B-43741, C-06%2, C-29269,
C-30634, C-31924. C-32100, C-37253,
C-37690, C-39719, E-39416, F-39528,
F-41175, G-13114, G-29284, G-41693,
G-43667, H-28475, H-36159, H-43492,
K-41682
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-36533,
B-32099, B-37164, B-43130, C-17549,
C-20899, C-22446, C-24638, C-25535,
C-27517, C-28165, C-28450, C-29953,
C-30199, C-30634, C-31924, C-32100,
C-32731, C-36260, C-36826, C-36838,
C-36859, C-36959, C-37066, C-37107,
C-37253, C-37342, C-37477, C-37513,
C-37514, C-37515, C-37517, C-37552,
C-37600, C-37608, C-37689, C-39244,
C-39383, C-39399, C-39719, C-39903,
C-39976, C-40060. C-40117, C-40481,
C-40699, C-40720, C-41180, C-41192,
C-41277, C-41279, C-41495, C-43247,
D-22S37, D-37S16, D-37518, E-12218,
E-44418, F-14391, F-39S22, F-41173,
F-43131, F-43246, G-39510. G-39518,
G-39524, G-41171, G-41203, G-41368,
G-43488. H-14489, H-43491, L-41483
ANEMIA G-33123, G-43174, G-43458,
G-43664
ANEMOMETERS E-41974
ANIMALS B-26138, E-39416, F-41173,
G-03235. G-24154, G-26530, G-28765,
G-29284, G-29571, G-30167, G-303%.
G-32914, G-33447, G-34443, G-35153,
G-37620. G-39500, G-39501, G-39509,
G-39510, G-39512, G-39514, G-39515,
G-39517, G-41196, G-41201, G-41356,
G-41357, G-41480. G-41481, G-41685,
G-41686, G-41687, G-41688, G-41692,
G-41693, G-41694, G-42392, G-42397,
G-42414, G-42885, G-43485, G-43487,
G-43519, G-43520. G-43522, G-43S25,
G-43664, G-43667, G-44413, G-44416,
G-44417, H-41482, H-43461, H-43494,
H-44428, J-26431
ANNUAL E-33939, E-35420, E-36062,
E-39203, E-39225, E-39416, G-28753,
G-31665, G-33109, G-37504
ANOXIA G-39501
ANTHRACENES C-17549, C-37107,
D-32721
ANTIBODIES G-40342
ANTICYCLONES E-10220, E-2684S,
E-28616
ANTIDOTES G-43522, G-43667, G-43668
ANTIGENS G-40342
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS C-39719,
F-17921
AREA SURVEYS D-26372, D-36412,
D-38481, E-30954, G-22152, G-28752,
G-29235, G-33109, G-35154
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS B-25420,
B-35026, C-30634, C-31924, C-36959,
C-37107, C-39399, C-40117, C-40481,
C-40720, F-41173, G-41171, G-41172,
G-41174, G-41357, G-42973, G-43168,
G-43174, G-43423, K-41682
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS B-41447,
C-39719, F-43246, G-39523, G-43527,
H-28475, K-41682. L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
ASBESTOS F-39S28
ASIA B-08811, B-13731, B-19234, B-26014,
B-28146, B-29601, B-29792, B-30526,
B-30534, B-32099, B-32798, B-32846,
B-33122, B-33616, B-33971, B-33995,
B-34314, B-35026. B-35033, B-35060,
B-35496, B-36204, B-37164, B-41479,
B-42083. B-43665, B^»3741, C-24638,
C-25535, C-27517, C-27542, C-28165,
C-28291, C-29436, C-30634, C-31924,
C-32100, C-32731, C-33373, C-36838,
C-36840, C-36841, C-36859, C-37232,
C-37342, C-37443, C-37446, C-37514,
C-3751J, C-37517, C-37600. C-37608,
C-37689, C-37690, C-37693, C-37728,
C-39383, C-40060, C-41910, C-44435,
D-22537, D-26372, D-28648, D-292SO,
D-32721, D-37516, D-37518. E-16554,
E-20627, E-2684S, E-27194, E-28609,
E-28616, E-29219, E-30691, E-30692,
E-30954, E-31984, E-34191, E-36305,
E-36307, E-36492, E-36494, E-36495,
E-36501, E-41498, E-41499, E-41974,
E-42799, E-44432, F-16572, F-39S29,
F-41173, G-03235. G-16177, G-19939,
G-23102, G-23148, G-23606, G-24154,
G-24230, G-26305, G-26516, G-26530,
G-26558, G-26764, G-27653, G-28351,
G-28559, G-28714, G-28733, G-28752,
G-287S3, G-28765, G-29235, G-29423,
G-29453, G-29925, G-30167, G-30237,
G-30310, G-30353, G-30396, G-30654,
G-31665, G-31963, G-32914, G-33109.
G-33123, G-33372, G-35153, G-35154,
G-36809, G-36812, G-37337, G-37S04,
G-37505, G-39502, G-39508, G-41171,
G-41172. G-41174, G-41191, G-41357,
G-41485, G-42973, G-43168, G-43174,
G-43423, G-43664, G-44433, H-14489,
H-29597. K-25087, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-41355, L-44434
ASPHALT B-19523, B-34314, B-36951
ASPHYXIATION G-33123
ASPIRATORS C-38778, C-41618
ASTHMA D-22537, G-21787, G-22426,
G-23102, G-24230, G-26305, G-26516,
G-26530, G-26764, G-28559, G-28753,
G-29235, G-29453, G-29925, G-303%,
G-33109, G-35134, G-35154, G-36809,
G-37337, G-37504, G-41485, G-42699,
G-44433
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS B-42083,
D-09403. D-28648, D-29250, D-43170.
E-06775, E-10220, E-12218, E-14793,
E-16554, E-20627. E-25811,E-26845,
E-27194, E-28609, E-28616,E-29219,
E-30589, E-30691, E-30692, E-30954,
E-31984,E-33939, E-34191, E-34751,
E-35037, E-35420, E-36176, E-36238,
E-36305, E-36307. E-36428, E-36494,
E-36495. E-36954. E-38609, E-39416,
E-398S7, E-40069, E-40661, E-40687,
E-41499, E-41974, E-44429, E-44432,
G-23148, G-29453, G-29575, G-41480,
G-41485,1-41150
ATTACK RATES D-38481. G-29925,
G-3952S, G-41191, G-43133
AUTOMATIC METHODS D-32721,
F-39289
AUTOMOBILES A-30327, A-35953,
A-37527, A-41207, B-41274. C-16298,
C-24638, G-35134, K-41217, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-24218
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-24093, A-37527, A-41205, A-41209,
A-41213, A-41214, A-41273, A-41654,
A-43661, B-36204, B-37252, B-41208,
B-41210, B-41211, B^>1212, B-41215,
B-41221, B-41268. B-41271, B-41272,
B-41274, B-41276, B-41282. B-41283.
C-22446, K-41269
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-24093,
A-26891, A-30327, A-35953, A-37527,
A-41205, A-41207, A-41209, A-41213,
A-41273, A-41275, A-416S4, A-41655,
A-41683, A-43661, B-36204, B-37252,
B-41208, B-41210, B-41212, B-41215,
B-41271, B-41272, B-41274, B-41276,
B-41282, B-41283, C-16298, C-22446,
C-24638, C-28291, C-40481, C-41216.
C-41270, C-41277. D-22218. D-22537.
D-28648, E-40069, G-29284, G-29423,
G-29453, G-33903, G-4029S, G-41218,
H-28475, K-41217, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-24218, L-41220, L-41483
AUTOPSY G-08611, G-39512, G-41197,
G-41199
AZO DYE C-29953
B
BACTERIA B^»3233, G-29571, G-32914.
G-41480. G-41481
BAFFLES B-23079
BAG FILTERS B-33995
BALLOONS C-41618
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-39729
BATTERY MANUFACTURING G-41201
BELGIUM A-39506, B-28392. C-37513,
C-40H7, E-33927
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
G-34443, G-36809
BENZENES C-30634, C-31924, C-37107.
C-40117, C-40720
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE A-36783, C-36959,
D-22218, D-22537, F-43246, G-11942,
G-34148, G-42397
BENZOPYRENES A-36783, A-41209,
C-17549, C-36959, C-37107, C-40481,
D-22218, D-22537, F-43246, G-11942,
G-34148, G-41218, G-42397
BERYLUOSIS C-41192, E-06775,
G-03235, G-43485, G-43487, G-43488,
G--I3489, G-43519, G-43520, G-43521,
G-43664, G-43666, G-44415
BERYLLIUM C^«192
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS C-41192,
E-36062, E-36954, F-43526, G-43485,
G-43487, G-43488, G-43489, G-43520,
G-43522, G-43525, G-43664, G-43666.
G-43667, G-44413, G-44423, G-4442S
BERYLLIUM OXIDES G-43520, G-43525,
G-43664. G-44416
BESSEMER CONVERTERS C-41457
BIOCLIMATOLOGY G-23102, G-34528,
G-41480, G-41485, H-36164
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS F-17921,
F-39522
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION B-32798
BLAST FURNACES B-23246! C-07081,
C-1443S ' |
BLOOD CELLS G-17001, G-25255,
G-2876S, G-33123, G-37620, G-41356,
G-41357, G-41685, G-41687, G-41692,
G-41693, G-43174, G-43487, G-43488
BLOOD CHEMISTRY G-24235, G-31963,
G-33903, G-39508, G-39511, G-39515,
G-39518, G-39524, G-40295, G-42698,
G-42759, G-43458
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS G-19939
BLOOD PRESSURE G-2423S, G-41197,
G-43458, G-43666
BLOOD VESSELS G-10348, G-35153,
G-43666
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
127
BODY FLUIDS G-41692, G-41694,
G-43174, G-43487, G-43488, G-43520
G-44415
BOILERS A-38768, B-32846, B-36204,
B-39751, B-41479, L-23610, L-44434
BONES G-14682, G-26340, G-41368,
G-41685, G-41686, G-41688, G-42885
BORON COMPOUNDS C-39719, F-17921
BREATHING C-36260, G-28765, G-30167,
G-44421
BREATHING APPARATUS G-36259
BRICKS A-34096
BROMINE C-29269
BROMINE COMPOUNDS C-38778,
C-41618
BRONCHI G-21336, G-29453, G-30167,
G-30310, G-30353, G-42699
BRONCHIAL CANCER G-39523, G-42699
BRONCHITIS D-16495, D-22537, G-U942,
G-21336, G-22426, G-23102, G-23148.
G-24230, G-26305, G-26516, G-26530,
G-26558, G-26764, G-28351, G-28752,
G-28753, G-29235, G-29284, G-29423.
G-29453, G-30353, G-30396, G-31665,
G-33109, G-33123, G-35134, G-36809,
G-37337, G-39523, G-41485, G-42699,
G-43133
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA G-32914
BUBBLE TOWERS B-41195
BUILD-UP RATES H-24434
BUILDINGS A-08489, E-40069, E-41974
BUSES A-37527
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY B-20379,
B-25791, B-32846, B-33167, B-34604,
B-35033, B-37448, B-39751, B-41447,
B-41479, B-43130, E-35702, L-44434
CADMIUM D-26372
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS c-32731,
C-36840, C-36841, C-37608, C-37689,
D-32721, D-37518, G-25255, G-41201.
H-14489, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-34096,
B-13898, B-28146, B-33167, B-33321,
B-43665, C-37690, C-38778, E-39416,
E-39538, G-29571, G-41480, G-41481,
H-43420, H-43492
CALCIUM SULFATES B-13898, B-33167,
B-33321, C-37690
CALIBRATION METHODS c-27sn,
C-38778, C-40060, C-41457, C-43242.
C-43642, G-41368
CANADA H-42974
CANCER 0-22537,0-11942,0-22426,
G-24230, G-28559, G-29453, G-303%,
G-31665, G-37504, G-395I3, G-39523,
G-39524, G-41191, G-41201, G-41218,
G-42699, G-42992, G-44412, G-44424
CARBON BLACK A-39729, B-33122,
B-35033, B-356SO. B-41206, C-27542,
C-42727, F-14391, G-29571, H-36164,
H-36165
CARBON DIOXIDE A-41532, B-34683,
B-41200, B-41271, B-42083, B-43130.
C-06962, C-39719, C-39721, C-41495.
C-42727, D-37306, F-40696, G-39515,
G-39523, H-19551
CARBON DISULFIDE A-13789, B-21874,
B-2S791, C-29269, G-03235, G-10348,
G-19939
CARBON MONOXIDE A-37S27. A-39729,
A-41205, A-41207, A-41213. A-41273,
A-41654, B-34609, B-36204, B-40007,
B-40187. B-40189, B-41200, B-41210,
B-41211, B-41212, B-41215, B-41271,
B-41272, B-41274, B-41276, B-41282.
B-42083, B-43130, C-16298, C-22446,
C-30634, C-37066, C-37446, C-39719,
C-39721, C-41216, C-41495, C-44435,
D-22218, D-22537, D-28648, D-37306,
E-35357, E-41498, F-40676, F-41484,
G-08611, G-10349, G-11942, G-19939,
G-29453, G-30353, G-34443, G-39501,
G-39523, G-41197, G-42392, G-42395,
G-42396, G-42397, G-42414, K-39526,
K-41217, K-41682, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-41355, L-41483
CARBONATES A-34096, B-41447,
C-37690, E-39538, G-29571
CARBONYLS C-39719, C-40699, G-41199,
G-42992, G-44421, G-44422
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN G-11942,
G-19939, G-30353, G-42392, G-42395,
G-42397, G-42414
CARBURETION A-24093, A-4120S,
A-41209, A-41273, B-41210, B-41212,
B-41215, B-41271, B-41272, B-41276,
B-41282, C-22446
CARCINOGENS A-36783, B-41210,
B-41211, C-36959, C-37477, C-40481,
C-41192, D-22218, E-02444, G-03235,
G-34148, G-41191, G-41218, G-42992,
G-44412, G-44423
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES E-30796,
G-14682, G-16177, G-23102, G-29575,
G-30353, G-31665, G-3S134, G-36809,
G-37504, G-39518
CASCADE SAMPLERS B-31967, C-31689,
D-37518
CATALYSIS B-25033, B-33616, B-34314,
B-34609, B-35026, B-35060, B-39751,
B-40007, B-40189, B-41200, B-43741,
C-41279, F-17921, F-41175
CATALYSTS B-25033, B-33616, B-34314,
B-34609, B-35026, B-40007, B-40189,
B-43741, C-41279, F-17921, F-41175
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY B-33616,
B-34314, B-3S060, B-39751, B-40007,
B-40189
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS B-36204,
B-41215
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-21887,
B-21874, B-25033, B-29601, B-30534,
B-32798, B-34609, B-35650, B-40189.
B-41447, E-36501, F-16572, F-39528,
F-41175
CATS G-42392. G-42397, G-42414
CELL GROWTH G-26340, G-33123,
G-39S02, G-43168, G-43664
CELL METABOLISM G-40342, G-42885
CELLS G-17001, G-24154, G-25255.
G-28765. G-30167, G-303S3, G-33123,
G-34443. G-35I53, G-37620, G-40342,
G-41356, G-41357, G-41685, G-41687,
G-41688, G-41692, G-41693. G-42885,
G-43174, G-43487, G-43488, G-43S19.
G-43525, G-44416, H-43491
CEMENTS B-38190, G-23148, G-39507,
H-43492
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS B-23246,
B-30526, B-33995, B-34337. B-35033,
B-35496, B-43665, C-41190
CERAMICS B-37553, H-29597
CHARCOAL B-30534, B-35650
CHEMICAL BONDS B-34683, F-37582
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION C-20899,
C-29269, C-37107, C-38778. C-39383.
C-39721, C-40117, C-41457, E-39416.
E-39538, G-34443, G-36809
CHEMICAL METHODS A-36533,
C-30199, C-36838, C-37515, C-39383,
C-39719. C-39903, C-40117, C-41180,
C-41192, G-43488, H-43491
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-39729,
A-41214, B-13898, B-16419, B-26014,
B-30534, B-31078, B-33122, B-34609,
B-34683, B-40007, B-41200, B-43130,
C-29436, C-3I924, C-37066, C-39719,
C-40060, C-40117, E-3630S, E-39416,
E-40069. F-17364, F-17921, F-31598,
F-37582, F-40676. F-40810, F-41367,
F-44414, G-28559, G-33345, G-39500,
G-39501, G-41694, G-43488, G-43521,
G-43522, G-44423, H-36162, H-36163.
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166
CHEMISTS A-41683
CHILDREN G-11942, G-17001, G-21787,
G-22152, G-24235, G-26305, G-26340,
G-26516, G-28559, G-29925, G-30654,
G-31665, G-31963, G-33109, G-33372,
G-34148, G-35154, G-37505, G-43168,
G-43174. G-44433
CHLORIDES B-38525, D-43170, E-35037.
E-39538, F-16572, F-17364, F-17921,
G-13114, G-41196, G-43667, G-43668,
G-44413
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
F-41173, G-34148, G-36928, G-39502,
G-39508, G-41171, G-41172, G-41174,
G-41357. G-42885, G-42973, G-43168,
G-43174, G-43423, K-41682
CHLORINE B-30534, C-28450, C-39903,
F-16572, G-39523, H-28475, H-36159,
H-43492
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS B-38525,
C-38778, C-39719, C-40060, C-41618,
D-43170, E-35037, E-39416, E-39538,
F-16572, F-17364, F-17921, G-13114,
G-29284. G-29571, G-41196, G-43667.
G-43668, G-44413, H-36159, K-41682
CHLOROPLASTS H-43663
CHROMATES G-31963
CHROMATOGRAPHY B-32099, C-24638,
C-31924, C-36826, C-36959, C-37107,
C-37477, C-39383, C-39399, C-39719,
C-39903, C-40481, C-40699, C-40720,
C-41192. C-41279, C-41495, F-14391,
F-41173, F-43131, G-41171
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS B-34609,
B-39519, B-40189, C-32731, C-37517,
C-38778, C-41180, D-32721, D-37518,
G-31963, G-39517, G-39524, G-41196,
G-41198, G-41203, G-42699, G-44423,
K-41682. L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
CHROMIUM OXIDES K-25087
CHRONIC C-41192, D-16495, G-22426,
G-23148, G-26305, G-26558, G-26764,
G-28351, G-28559, G-28752. G-28765.
G-29284. G-29453. G-30396. G-31963.
G-37337. G-37620. G-39512, G-39525.
G-41174, G-41191, G-4I194. G-41485,
G-41686. G-41687, G-41688. G-41692.
G-41693, G-41694, G-42392, G-427S9,
G-42885, G-43423, G-4348S, G-43488,
G-43489, G-43521, G-43666, G-44413,
G-44417, H-19461, H-23772
CHRYSENES D-32721
CILIA G-24154, G-30167, G-30353
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM G-10348.
G-30353, G-34443, G-35153, G-36928,
G-39500, G-39501, G-41197, G-42397,
G-42699, G-43666
CITIZENS GROUPS G-33903
CITY GOVERNMENTS K-25087
CLAY A-39635, H-29597
-------
128
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
CLOUDS C-40117, E-36142, E-36238,
E-39223, E-44418
COAL A-38768, A-39506, B-02931,
B-19616, B-28392, B-33321, B-35015,
B-36951, C-41190, E-06775, E-39416,
F-41446, F-43246, G-23148, H-44426
COAL CHARACTERISTICS B-1%16,
F-41446, H-44426
COAL PREPARATION A-13246, B-02931,
B-19616, B-28392, B-35015, B-37448,
B-41200, B-43130, L-413JS
COAL TARS B-35015, H-28475
COBALT COMPOUNDS B-33616,
B-34314, B-34609, C-299S3, F-39522,
G-39507, G-39510, G-39511, G-39S14,
G-41196, G-41198, G-44423, H-43461
COFFEE-MAKING A-21887
COKE A-13246, B-19616, B-35015,
B-39751, B-41447, C-41644, E-39416,
F-43246
COLLECTORS B-19523, B-23079,
B-23245, B-23246, B-28146, B-29792,
B-30S26, B-31078, B-33995, B-34337,
B-35033, B-35496, B-42747, B-43287,
B-43665, C-41190, C-43642. K-25087
COLLOIDS F-39529
COLORIMETRY B-37164, C-27517,
C-28450, C-32100, C-32731, C-368S9,
C-37253, C-37342, C-37514, C-37552,
C-39244, C-39719, C-39903, C-39976,
C-40060, C-40117, C-41180, C-41192,
C-41277, D-22537, E-12218
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY C-36959.
C-37477, C-39383, C-40481
COMBUSTION A-38768, A-39506,
B-29601, B-39751, B-41206, C-31924,
F-43400
COMBUSTION AIR A-38768, A-41214.
A-41273, B-40308, B-411S1, B-41208.
B-41210, C-39721
COMBUSTION GASES A-38768, A-39729,
B-02931, B-16419, B-23246, B-25139,
B-26138, B-28146, B-30534, B-31078.
B-32846, B-33167, B-33321, B-33995.
B-34604. B-34609, B-34683, B-35015,
B-35033, B-35496, B-35650, B-36151,
B-36951, B-36987, B-37164, B-37324,
B-37448, B-37544, B-39751, B-41195,
B-41479, B-42083, B-43142. B-43665,
C-14435, C-27542, C-28291, C-33373.
C-36840, C-36841, C-37513. C-39721,
C-40117, C-41457, C-41644, C-42727,
C-43642, C-44435, D-09403, E-06775,
E-10220, E-14793. G-22152, G-26764,
G-29235. G-37337, H-14489. H-29597,
H-43492, H-43495, H-44426, L-24218.
L-44434
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-38768,
A-3963S. A-39729, A-41532, B-02931,
B-16419, B-23246. B-25139, B-26138,
B-28146, B-30534, B-31078, B-32846.
B-33167, B-33321, B-3399S, B-34604.
B-34609, B-34683, B-35015. B-35033,
B-35496, B-35650, B-36151, B-369S1,
B-36987, B-37164. B-37324, B-37448,
B-37544. B-39751, B-41195, B-41479.
B-42083, B-43142, B-43665, C-14435,
C-27542, C-28291, C-33373, C-36840,
C-36841, C-37513, C-39721, C-40117,
C-41457, C-41644, C-42727, C-43642,
C-44435, D-09403. D-22537, E-06775,
E-10220, E-14793, E-39416, F-43246,
G-22152, G-23148, G-26764, G-29235,
G-29423, G-37337, H-14489, H-29597,
H-43492, H-43495, H-44426, K-25087,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214. L-24218,
L-44434
COMMERCIAL AREAS D-22537, E-06775,
G-29235, G-33109
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT A-13246,
B-41479
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-41479
COMMON COLD G-24230, G-26305,
G-28S59, G-287S3, G-33123, G-37337
COMPLAINTS G-31963
COMPLIANCE G-23I02. G-36259
COMPRESSED GASES B-41268
COMPUTER PROGRAMS B-37709
COMPUTERS E-26845, E-28609, E-28616,
E-35037, E-40184, G-42396
CONCRETE B-37553
CONDENSATION B-26014, B-29792,
B-31078, B-33971, B-38525, C-40117,
C-40481
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-40117, D-09403, E-02444, E-2%36,
E-30796, E-34751, E-35420, E-36142,
E-36238, E-39223. E-40687, E-44418,
E-44432, G-29284
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-34096,
B-19523, B-34314, B-36460, B-36951,
B-37553, B-38190, G-23148, G-39507,
H-43492, 1-41150
CONTACT PROCESSING B-31967,
F-36086
CONTINUOUS MONITORING B-30606,
B-32798, B-3S015, C-27J17, C-32100,
C-36826, C-39903, C-41178, E-33939,
F-41175, G-26558, G-30167, G-30353,
G-33447, G-39501, G-41685, G-41686,
G-41687, G-41688, G-41692, G-41693,
G-41694, G-43458. G-43459. H-23772,
H-41193
CONTROL AGENCIES L-41355
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-21887,
A-24093, A-36783, B-08811, B-13163,
B-13731, B-19523, B-23079, B-23245,
B-23246, B-25033, B-25139, B-25420,
B-26014, B-26593, B-28146, B-28320,
B-2%39, B-29792, B-30526, B-30534,
B-30606, B-31078, B-31967, B-32099,
B-32846, B-33122, B-33167, B-33971,
B-33995, B-34337, B-34604, B-34683,
B-35015, B-35033, B-35496, B-35650,
B-36204, B-36413, B-36951, B-36987,
B-37115, B-37324, B-37448, B-37J44,
B-37709, B-38190, B-38525, B-39S19,
B-39751, B-41195, B-41215, B-41283,
B-41447, B-41456. B-41479, B-42083,
B-42747, B-43142, B-43233, B-43287,
B-43614, B-43665, B-43741, C-07081,
C-27517, C-27542, C-31924, C-32731,
C-36840, C-36841, C-37514, C-37690,
C-37693, C-41190, C-41618, C-42727,
C-43642. F-17437. F-36086, F-39528.
G-23606, K-25087, L-44434
CONTROL METHODS A-13246, A-21887,
A-24093, A-26891, A-34096, A-37527,
A-38768, A-39729, A-41205, A-41209,
A-41213, A-41214, A-41273, A-41275,
A-41532, A-41654, A-41655, A-43661,
B-02931, B-08811, B-13898, B-19234,
B-19616, B-20379, B-21874, B-25033,
B-25139, B-25791, B-26014, B-26138,
B-28392, B-29601, B-29792, B-30534,
B-31078, B-32099, B-32798, B-32846,
B-33122, B-33167, B-33321, B-33616,
B-33971, B-33995, B-34314, B-34337,
B-34604, B-34609, B-34683, B-35015,
B-35026, B-35033, B-35060, B-35496,
B-35650, B-36151, B-36204, B-36413,
B-36987, B-37115, B-37164, B-37252,
B-37448, B-37553, B-39751, B-40007,
B-40187, B-40189, B-40308, B-41151,
B-41200, B-41206, B-41208, B-41210,
B-41211, B-41212, B-41215, B-41221,
B-41268, B-41271, B-41272, B-41274.
B-41276, B-41282, B-41283, B-41447,
B-41479, B-42083, B-43130, B-43142,
B-43287, B-43665, B-43741, C-06962,
C-22446, C-27517, C-30199, C-31924,
C-39383, C-39721, C-40117, C-41495,
D-36412, E-35702, E-36501, F-14391,
F-16572, F-39528, F-41175, F-43400,
G-23606, G-33372, G-39513, G-39515,
G-42395, G-43458, H-19551, H-24434,
H-36165, H-43129, H-43420, H-43493,
H-43528, H-44428, K-41269, L-24218,
L-41220, L-41355, L-41483, L-44434
CONTROL PROGRAMS B-41479,
E-30954, G-30237, G-35134, L-23608,
L-23610. L-24214, L-41220, L-44434
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES B-35650
CONVECTION (ATMOSPHERIC) E-12218
COOLING B-19234, B-37448, B-38525,
B-42747, G-39525, G-41218
COOLING TOWERS B-41447
COPPER B-38525, C-41192. F-36086,
G-29235, H-43496
COPPER ALLOYS B-38525, C-41192
COPPER COMPOUNDS B-34609, C-25535,
C-32731, C-37600, C-37608, C-37689,
C-37693. C-38778, C-40060, D-32721,
F-17921, F-39522, F-43517, F-44414.
G-41196, G-41203, H-29S97
CORROSION B-30S26, B-31967, B-35026,
B-37553, B-43130, E-39416, 1-41150
COSTS A-41654, A-41655, B-24197,
B-29601, B-30534, B-32099, B-33167,
B-33995, B-35026, B-35060, B-41479.
B-43142, B-43665
COUGH G-29235, G-30654, G-33109,
G-44421
COUNTER CURRENTS E-36305
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS A-41209,
B-41283, C-41216
CRITERIA B-30606, B-35015, B-41283,
E-35702, G-33903, G-36923, K-30164,
L-41483
CROPS C-36959, E-35702, G-39502,
G-39508, H-14489, H-23772, H-29597,
H-36161, H-36162, H-36163, H-36164,
H-36165, H-36166, H-41193, H-43129,
H-44426
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE F-43526
CUMULATIVE METHODS C-37232,
D-09403, D-12604, D-22537, G-37505
CYANATES B-41447, D-32721, K-41682
CYANIDES G-19939, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
CYCLIC ALKANES C-39719
CYCLONES (ATMOSPHERIC) E-10220,
E-28616
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-36783, A-41275,
B-33321, B-40308, BMllSl, B-41276,
C-07081, C-29953, E-06775, F-43246.
G-17001, G-26340, G-34528, H-41482,
H-43455, H-43494, H-43663, H-44420
D
DATA ANALYSIS E-10220, E-33939,
E-35037
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS B-37709,
D-29250, E-10220, E-33939, E-35037
DECOMPOSITION A-41214, B-33122,
B-34683, E-39416, F-44414
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
129
DENSITY B-30526, B-37544, C-30634,
C-32100, C-37443, C-41457, G-29453
K-41269
DEPOSITION B-33616, C-27542, C-41I90,
E-40184, G-23606, G-30310, G-30353
G-33372, G-34443
DESIGN CRITERIA A-30327, B-23079,
B-23245, B-24197, B-25033, B-28146,
B-29639, B-33971, B-35496, B-37115,
B-37553, B-41195, B-41211, B-41456,
B-43287, C-41270, C-41618, C-43642
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
A-13246, B-02931, B-19616, B-28392,
B-33616, B-34314, B-3S015, B-35026,
B-35060, B-37448, B-41200, B-43130,
B-43741, E-35702, L-41355
DIAGNOSIS G-08611, G-10348, G-13114,
G-23102, G-31963, G-33123, G-35134,
G-35154, G-37620, G-39507, G-39S08,
G-39512, G-39518, G-41191, G-41194,
G-41I97, G-4H98, G-41199, G-41485,
G-42698, G-42992, G-43664, G-44421,
H-42954
DIESEL ENGINES A-37527, A-41654,
A-43661, B-41206, B-41208, B-41215,
C-24638, C-31924, K-41269
DIFFRACTION C-37690
DIFFUSION B-08811, B-33616, B-40189,
C-37513, D-09403, D-29250, E-0677S,
E-07179, E-10220, E-I2218, E-14793,
E-16554, E-30589, E-30692, E-33939,
E-34191, E-34751, E-35037, E-36428,
E-36492, E-36495, E-38609, E-39223,
E-39538, E-40184, E-41499, E-42799,
G-34443, H-29597
DIFFUSION MODELS E-06775, E-14793,
E-30589, E-33939, E-35037, E-36428,
E-36492, E-40184, E-42799
DIGESTERS B-32798
DIGESTION G-39514
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM G-30167, G-33372,
G-39510, G-39515, G-41356, G-41685,
G-42414, G-42699, G-42885, G-43485,
G-43522. G-43525, G-43527, G-43664,
G-43668, G-44417
DIGITAL METHODS C-24638
DIPHENYLS F-41173, G-41171, G-41172,
G-41174, G-41357, G-42973, G-43168,
G-43174, G-43423
DISPERSION B-08811, B-33616, B-40189,
C-20899, C-33373, C-36260, C-37513,
C-40117, D-09403, D-12604, D-28648,
D-292SO, D-37306, E-06775, E-07179,
E-10220, E-12218, E-14793, E-16554,
E-30589. E-30692, E-30954, E-31984,
E-33927, E-33939, E-34191, E-3475I,
E-3S037, E-36176, E-36428, E-36492,
E-36495, E-36954, E-38609, E-39223,
E-39416, E-39538, E-39897, E-40184,
E-41499, E-42799, E-44429, G-34443,
G-41685, H-29597
DISPERSIONS F-39529
DISSIPATION RATES C-37513
DISSOCIATION F-37582
DISTILLATE OILS B-36151
DIURNAL C-37608, D-26372, D-3848I,
E-27194, E-28616, E-30589, E-30691,
E-30796, E-36238, E-40069, E-41499,
G-28714, G-28733, G-30148, G-30654,
G-33447, G-37505, H-24084, K-41682,
L-41220
DOGS G-26530, G-29284
DOMESTIC HEATING D-09403, E-30796,
G-22152, L-24218
DROPLETS B-08811, B-19234, B-23079,
B-2S139, B-31967, B-33971, B-43233,
E-02444. E-36142, E-39223, F-39289
DRUGS G-39500, G-39501, G-41194,
G-41199, G-43459, G-43522, G-43667,
G-43668
DRYING A-39506, B-28146, B-34337
DUST FALL C-25535, C-43242, D-09403,
D-22537, D-32721, E-30796, E-35357.
G-23102, G-26305, G-287S2, G-30396,
G-31963
DUSTS A-13246, B-08811, B-19523,
B-23245, B-23246, B-25420, B-26S93,
B-28392, B-29792, B-30526, B-30606,
B-31078, B-33971, B-33995, B-34604,
B-35015, B-35033, B-36413, B-36951,
B-37324, B-37448, B-38190, B-38525,
B-39519, B-40308, B-4115I, B-42747,
B-43233, B-43287, B-43665, C-14435,
C-36260, C-36959, C-37107, C-37477,
C-37517, C-37600, C-37608, C-37689,
C-37690, C-37693, C-38778, C-39399,
C-41190, C-41192, C-41457, C-43642,
D-09403, D-17712, D-32721, D-37306,
D-37518, E-06775, E-29219, E-34751,
E-35037, E-35420, E-41498, F-39420,
G-13114, G-14682, G-21787, G-23102,
G-23148, G-23606, G-24230, G-28714,
G-28733, G-29284, G-29423, G-29571,
G-29575, G-30310, G-30654, G-31665,
G-33109, G-34148, G-34443, G-41480,
G-41481, G-44433, H-32342, K-41682,
L-41204
ECONOMIC LOSSES E-35702, E-39416,
H-43455, J-26431, J-26432
ELECTRIC CHARGE E-39223, F-39420
ELECTRIC FURNACES B-34604,
B-37324, B-39519, B-43142, C-41457
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-38768, B-13163, B-25139, B-33167,
B-33321, B-37448, B-37553, B-43614,
C-31924, E-10220, E-307%, E-35037,
E-44429, L-23610, L-24214
ELECTRIC PROPULSION A-37527.
B-36204, B-36460, B-41283
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
E-37024
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-30526,
B-41456, B-43614, C-41457, E-37024,
E-39223, E-44418, F-39420
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE B-30526
ELECTRICITY (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-40117, E-37024, E-39223
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
A-36533, C-36838, C-37515, C-39719,
C-39903, C-40117, C-41180, C-41192
ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY ANALYZERS
B-32798, C-27517, C-32100, C-36826,
C-39903
ELECTROLYSIS A-08489, C-37515,
G-42992
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY G-34443,
G-43423, G-43519
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
B-19523. B-23245, B-23246, B-25139,
B-26593, B-28320, B-29639, B-30606,
B-31078, B-33995, B-34337, B-35033.
B-37544, B-38190, B-41447, B-41456,
B-43142, B-43614, C-41618, K-25087
EMISSION INVENTORIES D-12604,
E-33939
EMISSION STANDARDS A-34096,
A-37527. A-41654, B-19523, B-33995,
B-36204, B-36951, K-25087, K-41217,
K-41269, L-24218, L-41204, L-41483
EMISSIVITY A-41532, B-41206, F-43400
EMPHYSEMA G-22426, G-24230,
G-28753, G-30396, G-35134, G-41485
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES L-41204,
L-44434
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
A-37527, A-41654, B-41210, B-41211,
B-41276
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-24093, A-26891,
A-35953, A-37527, A-41205, A-41207,
A-41209, A-41213, A-41273, A-41275,
A-41654, A-41683, A-43661, B-36204,
B-37252, B-41208, B-41210, B-41212,
B-41215, B-41271, B-41272, B-41274,
B-41276, B-41282, B-41283, C-16298,
C-22446, C-24638, C-28291, C-40481,
C-4I216, C-41270, C-41277, D-22218,
E-40069, G-29423, G-29453, G-41218,
K-41217, L-41220
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES A-43661,
B-41210, B-41211, B-41212, B-41215,
B-41271, B-41272, B-41274, B-41282.
L-41483
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
A-24093. A-41205, A-41209, A-41213.
A-41214, A-41273, A-41654, B-37252,
B-41208, B-41210, B-41211, B-41212,
B-41215, B-41271, B-41272. B-41274,
B-41276, B-41282, B-41283, C-22446,
K-41269
ENZYMES A-35953, B-26138, G-24235,
G-25255, G-30396, G-39501, G-41685,
G-41687, G-41692, G-41693, G-41694,
G-42397. G-42759, G-43174, G-43488.
G-43522, G-43668, G-44413, G-44425,
H-36166
EPIDEMIOLOGY D-16495. D-22218,
E-307%, G-11942, G-14682, G-21336,
G-22152, G-22426, G-23102, G-23148,
G-24230. G-24235. G-26305, G-26516,
G-26764. G-28559. G-28752, G-28753,
G-29235, G-29423, G-30167, G-30237,
G-30310, G-30353, G-30654, G-33123.
G-35134, G-36812, G-37505. G-39523.
G-40342, G-41218, G-41480, G-41485,
G-42392, G-42973. G-43133
EPITHELIUM G-43423
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA B-30606,
B-41283
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS C-32100
ERYTHEMA G-13114
ESTERS C-29269
ETHERS C-39719
ETHYL ALCOHOL G-41694
ETHYLENE C-30634
EUROPE A-08489, A-13246, A-13789,
A-21887, A-30327. A-34096. A-35953.
A-36533, A-36783, A-37527, A-38768,
A-39506. A-3%35, A-39729. A-41205,
A-41207, A-41209, A-41213, A-41214,
A-41273, A-41275, A-41532, A-416S4,
A-41655, A-41683, A-43661, B-13163,
B-13898, B-16419, B-19523. B-19616,
B-20379, B-21874, B-23079, B-23245,
B-23246, B-25033, B-25139, B-25420.
B-25791, B-26138, B-26593, B-28320,
B-28392, B-30606, B-31078, B-31967,
B-33167, B-33321, B-34337, B-34604,
B-34609. B-34683, B-35015, B-36151,
B-36413, B-36460, B-36951, B-36987,
B-37115, B-37324, B-37448, B-37544,
B-37553, B-37709, B-38190, B-38525,
B-39519, B-39751, B-40187, B-40189,
B-403Q8, B-41151, B-41195, B-41200,
B-41206, B-41208, B-41210, B-41211,
B-41212, B-41215, B-41221, B-41268,
B-41271. B-41274. B-41276. B-41282,
-------
130
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
B-41283, B-41447, B-42747, B-43130,
B-43142, B-43233, B-43287, B-43614,
C-06962, C-07081, C-14435, C-16298,
C-17549, C-20899, C-28450, C-29269,
C-29953, C-30199, C-32946, C-36260,
C-36826, C-36959, C-37066, C-37107,
C-37253, C-37477, C-37S13, C-37519,
C-37552, C-38778, C-39244. C-39399,
C-39903, C-39976, C-40117, C-40481,
C-40699, C-40720, C-41178, C-41180,
C-41192, C-41216, C-41270. C-41277,
C-41279, C-41495, C-416I8, C-41644,
C-43242, C-43247, C-43642, D-09403,
D-16495, D-I7712, D-22218, D-36412,
D-37306, D-38481, D-43170, D-44419,
E-06775, E-07179, E-10220, E-12218,
E-14793, E-17678. E-25811, E-29636,
E-30589, E-30796, E-33927, E-33939,
E-34751, E-35037, E-35357, E-35420,
E-35702, E-36062, E-36142, E-36238,
E-36428, E-36954, E-37024, E-38609,
E-39203, E-39223, E-39225, E-39416,
E-39S38, E-39897, E-40069, E-40184,
E-40661, E-40687, E-44418, E-44429,
F-14391, F-17364, F-17437, F-17921,
F-31598, F-36086, F-36320, F-37582,
F-39289, F-39420, F-39522, F-39528,
F-40676, F-40810, F-4117S, F-41179,
F-41367, F-41446, F-41484, F-43131,
F-43132, F-43246, F-43400, F-43526,
F-44414, G-08611, G-10348. G-10349,
G-11942, G-13114, G-14682, G-17001,
G-21336, G-22152, G-24235, G-25255,
G-26340, G-29284, G-29453, G-29571,
G-29575, G-30I48. G-33345, G-33447.
G-33903, G-34148. G-34443, G-34528,
G-36259, G-36923, G-36927, G-36928,
G-37620, G-39500, G-39501, G-39507,
G-39509, G-39510. G-39511, G-39S12,
G-39513, G-39S14, G-39515, G-39517,
G-39518, G-39523, G-39524, G-39525,
G-40295. G-40342. G-41176, G-41194,
G-411%, G-41197, 0-41198, G-41199.
G-41201, G-41202. G-41203, G-41218.
G-41356, G-41368, G-41480, G-41481,
G-41685, G-41686, G-41687, G-41689,
G-41692, G-41693, G-41694, G-42392,
G-42395, G-42397, G-42414, G-42698,
G-42699, G-42759, G-4288S, G-42992,
G-43133, G-43458, G-434S9, G-43485,
G-43487, G-43488, G-43489, G-43519,
G-43520, G-43521, G-43522, G-43S25,
G-43527, G-43666, G-43667, G-43668,
G-44412. G-44413, G-44415, G-44416,
G-444I7, G-44421, G-44422, G-44423,
G-44424, G-44425. H-19461, H-19S51.
H-21667, H-23772, H-24084, H-24434,
H-28475, H-32334, H-36159, H-36161,
H-36162, H-36163, H-36164, H-36165,
H-36166, H-36993, H-41193, H-41482,
H-42954, H-43I29, H-43420, H-43455,
H-43461. H-43491, H-43492, H-43493,
H-43494, H-43495, H-43496, H-43528,
H-43663, H-44411, H-44420, H-44426,
H-44427, H-44428, J-26431, J-26432.
K-30I64, K-39S26, K-41217, K-4I269,
K-4I682, L-24218, L-39527, L-41220,
L-41483
EVAPORATORS B-32798
EXCESS AIR A-38768, A-41214, A-41273,
B-41208
EXCRETIONS G-33903, G-41171,
G-42759. G-43667, H-44428
EXHAUST SYSTEMS B-25033, B-31078,
B-37324
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT C-40060,
G-41368
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS B-43614,
C-39244, C-40699, C-43247, C-43642,
F-36320, G-41368, H-36162
EXPLOSIONS A-39506
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS B-43233,
H-24434. H-36993
EXPOSURE METHODS B-26138,
G-32914, G-33345, G-33447, G-34443,
G-35I53, G-36259, G-37620, G-39509,
G-39512, G-39517, G-41480, G-41481,
G-42395, G-42396, G-43664, H-36161.
H-36993, H-43663
EYE IRRITATION C-41192, D-22537,
G-11942, G-14682, G-19939, G-30654.
G-39508. G-41694, G-43174, G-43423,
G-44421, G-44433
EYES G-10348, G-l 1942, G-33447,
G-36923, G-36927, G-36928, G-41172.
G-41686, G-41687, G-41688. G-41689,
G-41692, G-41693, G-42992, G-43174,
G-43423
FALLOUT E-36062
FANS (BLOWERS) B-37324
FARMER'S LUNG G-40342
FARMS C-36959, E-39416
FEASIBILITY STUDIES H-32336,
H-36161
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS J-26431,
L-24218
FEMALES G-10349, G-26340. G-26558,
G-26764, G-28351, G-28559, G-29235.
G-33123. G-34528, G-36259, G-37504,
G-37505. G-39507, G-41172, G-41197,
G-41201, G-41203, G-42395, G-42973,
G-43133, G-43168
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
B-32099, B-37115
FERTILIZING B-13163. E-39416, H-36161,
H-36164. H-43129, H-43420
FIELD TESTS C-32100, C-41644, H-24434
FILTER FABRICS A-36783, B-28320,
B-30606, B-33995, B-34337, C-27517,
C-32731, C-36840, C-36841, C-37S14,
C-37690, F-17437, F-36086, F-39528,
G-23606
FILTERS A-24093, A-36783. B-13731,
B-19523, B-23245, B-23246, B-25033,
B-28146. B-28320, B-30606, B-31078,
B-31967, B-32846, B-33995. B-34337,
B-35496, B-36413, B-38190, B-41195,
B-41456. B-42083. B-43233, C-07081,
C-27S17, C-27542. C-32731, C-36840,
C-36841, C-37514, C-37690, C-37693,
C-41618, C-42727, C-43642, F-17437,
F-36086, F-39528, G-23606, K-25087
FIRING METHODS A-38768, A-39729,
A-41214. A-41273, B-35015. B-35496,
B-39751, B-40308, B-41151, B-41208,
B-41210, C-39721
FLAME AFTERBURNERS B-34337,
B-36204
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
C-24638, C-39719. C-40720
FLOW RATES B-24197, B-30526, B-30606,
B-31967, B-33971, B-37324, B-37544,
B-37709, B-41195. B-43287, C-07081,
C-37443, C-37689. C-37693. C-40720,
C-41618, C-43642, E-06775, E-40661,
F-39528, F-41175
FLOWERS H-29597, H-36993
FLOWMETERS C-41178
FLUID FLOW B-24197, B-30526, B-30606,
B-31967, B-33971, B-35496, B-37324,
B-37544, B-37709, B-41195. B-42747,
B-43287, C-07081. C-37443, C-37689,
C-37693, C-40720, C-41618, C-43642,
E-06775. E-40661, F-39420, F-39528,
F-40696, F-41175
FLUORANTHENES C-17549, D-32721
FLUORENES D-32721
FLUORESCENCE C-37107, C-37600,
C-37690, C-38778. C-39383. C-39399,
G-41218, H-36162, H-36163
FLUORIDES B-28320. B-33971, B-37164,
B-37544, C-06962, G-11942, G-41686,
G-41687, H-29597, H-44428
FLUORINE A-34096. A-39635, H-36159,
H-41482. H-44411, H-44428
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS B-28320,
B-33971, B-37115, B-37164, B-37544,
C-06962, C-39719. D-43170, G-11942,
G-41686, G-41687, H-28475, H-29597,
H-36159, H-43493, H-43663, H-44428,
K-41682
FLY ASH B-28146, B-41447, B-43614,
B-4366S. C-25535, C-40117
FOG E-02444, E-29636, E-30796, E-35420,
E-36142, E-39223, E-40687, E-44432,
G-29284
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-21887, B-32099, C-31924
FOODS F-41173, G-17001, G-39518,
G-41172, G-41357, G-42973, G-43668
FORESTS E-07179, E-39416, H-32334,
H-32336, H-32342, H-41482, H-42954,
H-43129, H-43455, H-43494, H-43528,
H-44420
FORMALDEHYDES C-31924, C-39719,
C-43247, E-40069, G-37620
FRACTIONATION F-37582. F-43131
FRANCE B-33167, B-35015, B-39519,
B-43614, C-29269, C-37552, C-39399,
C-39903, C-41178, C-41618, D-37306,
E-14793, E-30589, E-35702, E-39416,
E-40687, E-44429, F-41179, G-22152,
G-29284, G-39S07, G-39509, G-39S10,
G-39512, G-39513, G-39514, G-41176,
G-41356, G-43485, G-44412, G-44423,
G-44424, G-44425, H-44411
FREE RADICALS F-41484
FROTH FLOATATION B-02931, B-19616
FRUITS H-14489, H-23772, H-43492,
H-43495, H-43496
FUEL ADDITIVES A-26891, A-41655.
B-37164, B-41151, B-41206, L-41220
FUEL CELLS B-36460
FUEL CRITERIA L-41483
FUEL EVAPORATION C-24638
FUEL GASES A-36783, A-37527. A-38768,
B-41447, E-30796, E-35702, G-08611
FUEL OIL PREPARATION B-33616,
B-34314, B-35026, B-35060, B-43741,
L-4135S
FUEL OILS A-36783, B-33616J B-34314,
B-35026, B-35033, B-35060, B-36151,
B-38S25, B-43130, C-40117, C-42727,
E-06775, E-39416, G-23148, G-4148S,
L-23608, L-44434
FUEL STANDARDS B-35026
FUELS A-13246, A-26891, A-359S3,
A-36533, A-36783, A-37527, A-38768,
A-39506, A-41532, A-41654, A-41655,
A-43661, B-02931, B-l%16, B-28392,
B-33321, B-33616, B-34314, B-35015,
B-35026, B-35033, B-35060, B-36151,
B-36951, B-38525, B-39751, B-41268,
B-41447, B-43130, C-40117, C-4119,0,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
131
C-41192, C-41644, C-42727, E-06775,
E-30796, E-35702, E-39416. F-41446,
F-43246, F-43400, G-08611, G-23148.
G-29423, G-4029S, G-41485, H-44426,
K-39526, K-41682, L-23608, L-41483
L-44434
FUMES A-39729, B-40308, B-411S1,
B-43142, C-36840, D-16495, E-07I79
E-39897. H-42954, H-43663
FUNGI D-36412, G-21787, G-41176,
H-32334, H-43455
FURNACES A-39729, B-23246, B-25139,
B-34604, B-35015, B-35060, B-37324,
B-38525, B-39519, B-40308, B-41151,
B-43142, C-07081. C-14435, C-29436,
C-41457, F-43246, L-44434
G
GAMMA RADIATION C-14435, C-41644,
E-36954
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY B-32099,
C-24638, C-31924, C-36826, C-37477,
C-39399, C-39719, C-39903, C-40699,
C-40720, C-41279, F-41173, G-4I171
GAS SAMPLING C-06962. C-29436,
C-30634, C-39719, C-40060, C-40699,
C-40720, C-41178, C-43642, C-44435,
G-221S2. G-41218
GAS TURBINES A-41207, B-41283
GASES B-23079, B-25139. B-31078,
B-35650, B-37S44, B-41268, B-42083,
C-39903, G-29571, G-33345, G-34443,
G-43527
GASIFICATION (SYNTHESIS) B-37448.
B-41200, B-43130
GASOLINES A-26891, A-35953. A-36533,
A-41654, A-43661, B-36151, G-40295,
K-39526, K-41682
GENETICS G-33I23, G-34148, H-44420
GERMANY A-21887, A-34096, A-35953,
A-37527, A-39635, B-19523, B-19616,
B-20379. B-21874, 8-23245, B-23246,
B-25033, B-25139, B-26593, B-28320,
B-30606, B-31078, B-31967, B-34337,
B-34604. B-34683, B-36413, B-36460,
B-36951, B-37448, B-37709, B-38I90,
B-38525, B-41195, B-41200. B-41274,
B-43130, C-06962, C-14435, C-16298,
C-17549, C-32946, C-36959, C-375I9,
C-40481, C-41180, C-41495, C-43242,
D-43170, E-06775, E-07179, E-12218,
E-33939, E-35357, E-36428, E-37024,
E-38609, E-39416, E-44418, F-17364,
F-17437, F-I7921, F-41175, F-41367.
G-08611, G-10349, G-13114, G-14682,
G-21336, G-24235, G-30148, G-34148,
G-34443, G-39500, G-39501, G-39523,
G-40295, G-41196, G-41198, G-41199,
G-41201. G-4I202, G-41368, G-41480.
G-41481, G-42392, G-42395, G-42397,
G-42414, G-42698, G-43133, G-44416,
H-19461, H-19551, H-21667, H-23772,
H-24084, H-24434, H-36993, H-41193,
H-42954, H-43129, H-43420, H-43461,
H-43491, H-43492, H-43493. H-43S28,
H-44426, H-44427, K-41217. K-4I269.
L-24218
GLANDS G-37620, G-43423, G-43489,
G-44413
GLASS FABRICS A-36783, C-27517,
C-32731, C-36840, C-36841, C-37S14,
C-37690, F-36086, F-39528, G-23606
GOVERNMENTS J-2643I, K-25087.
L-24218, L-41355
GRANTS L-41355
GRASSES H-36161, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166, H-41193,
H-44426
GREAT BRITAIN E-06775, E-30796,
E-39416
GROUND LEVEL D-28648, E-10220,
E-25811, E-30954, E-31984, E-33939,
E-35037, E-35420, E-36062, E-36176,
E-36428, E-39225, E-39416, E-44429,
H-43129
GUINEA PIGS B-26138, G-28765,
G-29284, G-32914, G-3S153, G-39500.
G-39501, G-39512, G-44416
H
HALOGEN GASES A-34096, A-39635,
B-30534, C-28450, C-29269, C-39719,
C-39903, C-40117, F-16S72, G-39523,
H-28475, H-36159, H-41482, H-43492,
H-44411, H-44428
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
F-41173, G-34148, G-36928. G-39502,
G-39508, G-41171, G-4H72, G-41174,
G-41357, G-42885, G-42973, G-43168,
G-43174, G-43423, K-41682
HAMSTERS G-29284
HARBORS D-09403, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214
HAZE E-34751. E-35420, E-44432
HEADACHE G-11942, G-30654, G-44421
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT G-11942,
G-30167, G-30353, G-31%3, G-33123,
G-33447, G-34148, G-41171, G-41172,
G-43458. G-43459, G-43668, G-44433
HEALTH STATISTICS D-22537, G-11942,
G-22152. G-26305, G-26764. G-28559.
G-28714, G-28733, G-28753, G-34148.
G-36809, G-37504, G-43133. G-43459
HEART G-30353, G-39SOO. G-41197,
G-42699, G-43666
HEAT TRANSFER A-41532, B-19234,
B-24197, B-35496, B-37448, B-37709,
B-38525, B-39751, B-41200, B-42747,
G-39525, G-41218
HEIGHT FINDING E-06775
HEMATOLOGY B-26138, G-11942,
G-17001, G-19939, G-24235, G-30353,
G-31963, G-33123, G-33903, G-39508,
G-39511, G-39512, G-39515, G-39518,
G-39524, G-40295, G-41197, G-41203,
G-41356, G-41357. G-42392, G-42395,
G-42397. G-42414, G-42698, G-42759,
G-43458, G-43520, G-43527, G-43666,
G-44412, G-44415, G-44417, G-44422,
H-43461
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS
G-33123, G-41197, G-44412
HI-VOL SAMPLERS C-37608, C-37690,
C-39383, E-36501
HIGHWAYS A-35953, E-40069, G-44433,
L-41220
HISTAMINES G-44412, G-44423, G-44424
HORMONES G-43489
HOURLY E-16554, E-27194, E-30954,
E-36495
HUMANS B-33995, C-29269, C-29953,
D-16495, D-22537, E-30796, F-41173,
G-03235, G-08611, G-10348, G-10349,
G-11942, G-13114, G-14682, G-16177,
G-17001, G-21336. G-21787, G-22152,
G-23102, G-23148, G-24235, G-25255.
G-26305. G-26340, G-265I6, G-26530.
G-26558, G-26764, G-27653, G-28351,
G-28559. G-28714, G-28733, G-28752,
G-28753. G-29235, G-29284, G-29423,
G-29453, G-29575, G-29925, G-30148.
G-30167, G-30237, G-30310, G-30353,
G-30396, G-30654, G-31665, G-31963,
G-3M09, G-33123, G-33372, G-33447.
G-33903, G-34148, G-34528, G-35134,
G-35153, G-35154, G-36259, G-36809,
G-36812, G-36923, G-36927, G-36928,
G-37337, G-37504, G-37505, G-37620,
G-39502, G-39507, G-39508, G-39510,
G-39511, G-39525, G-40342, G-41172,
G-41174, G-41194, G-41197, G-41199,
G-41201, G-41203, G-41357, G-41481,
G-41485, G-41685, G-41686, G-41687,
G-41688, G-41689, G-41692, G-41693,
G-42392. G-42395, G-42396, G-42397,
G-42759, G-42973, G-43133, G-43168,
G-43174, G-43458, G-43459, G-43488,
G-43489, G-43666, G-44415, G-44422,
G-44433. H-36163, K-25087
HUMIDITY B-19234, B-35650, B-42083,
C-27517, C-32100, C-43642, E-28609.
E-29636, E-31984. E-35420, E-36142,
E-36238. E-36494, E-40069, E-41498,
G-23606, G-29453
HYDRAZINES C-40699
HYDROCARBONS A-24093, A-36783,
A-37527, A-41205, A-41207, A-41209,
A-41213, A-41273, A-41654, B-2S420,
B-34609, B-34683, B-35015, B-35026,
B-36151, B-36204, B-372S2, B-41200,
B-41211, B-41212, B-41271, B-43130,
C-16298, C-17549, C-22446, C-24638,
C-29269, C-30634, C-31924, C-36959,
C-37107, C-37477, C-39383, C-39399,
C-39719, C-40117, C-40481, C-40720,
C-41216, C-41495, D-22218, D-22537,
D-32721, E-33927, E-40069, E-41498,
F-I4391, F-17921, F-41173, F-43246.
G-11942, G-34148, G-41171, G-41172,
G-41174. G-41218, G-41357, G-42397,
G-42973, G-43168, G-43174, G-43423,
K-41682, L-41355, L-41483
HYDROCHLORIC ACID B-26593,
C-06962, C-31924, C-39719, C-40060,
F-17364. G-39523, G-44433, H-28475,
H-42954, H-44426
HYDROCYANIC ACID B-34683, C-39719
HYDRODESULFURIZATION B-33616,
B-34314, B-35026, B-3S060, B-43741
HYDROFLUORIC ACID B-37164,
B-37544, B-42083, C-37515, C-39719,
G-41685, G-41686, G-41688, H-32334.
H-42954, H-43492
HYDROGEN B-34609, B-37544, B-43130,
C-39719, C-39721, C-41495, F-41484,
F-44414, G-43527
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-13789, B-20379,
B-21874. B-25791, B-26014, B-32798,
B-33122, B-34683, B-37448, B-39751,
B-41447. B-43130, C-28450, C-29269,
C-31924. C-37232, C-37552, C-39719,
C-39903, D-22218, E-39416, F-36086,
F-39529. F-40810, F-43131, F-43132,
G-19939, G-36259, H-28475
HYDROGENATION B-41200, B-43130
HYDROLYSIS G-41694
HYDROXIDES F-14391, F-41484, G-44412
HYGROSCOPICITY B-30S26, B-33995,
E-36142
HYPERSENSITIVITY G-39508, G-41176
HYPOXIA G-42392
IMMUNOLOGY G-40342
-------
132
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
IMPINGERS C-06962, C-29436, C-37443,
C-3-7728
INCINERATION B-24197, B-28146,
B-34604, B-34609, B-35015, B-354%,
G-29423
INDOOR G-43458
INDUSTRIAL AREAS D-09403, D-22537,
E-06775, E-2S811, E-44432, G-14682,
O-16177, G-21336. G-26340, G-26S58,
G-26764, G-28753, G-33109, G-34I48,
G-35134, G-37337. G-41485, G-43133,
H-29597, H-32336, H-32342, 1-41150.
K-2SQ87, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
INERTIAL SEPARATION B-33995
INFANTS G-08611, G-I0349, G-26305,
G-26530, G-3166S, G-33109, G-33123,
G-35154, G-39502, G-41203
INFECTIOUS DISEASES G-29571,
G-3166S, G-32914
INFLUENZA G-11942
INFRARED RADIATION C-32946
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY C-24638,
C-28291, C-30634, C-39903, C-41495.
F-41367, F-43S26
INGESTION G-32914, G-33372, G-39502.
G-39508, G-39512, G-39514. G-39515,
G-4ri72, G-41357, G-42973, G-44417
INHALATION THERAPY G-43439
INHIBITION G-39500, G-39S02. G-41685,
G-41687, G-41688, G-42397, G-4442S,
H-36166, H-43461, H-44426
INORGANIC ACIDS B-02931, B-I6419.
B-26593. B-30526, B-31967, B-37164,
B-37544, B-39751, B-41447, B-41479,
B-42083, C-06962, C-29436. C-30199.
C-31924, C-32731, C-372S3. C-375IS,
C-397J9, C-40060, C-41178, C-41910,
C-42727, E-30796, E-39416. E-42799,
F-J7364, F-39528, F-40810, F-41175,
F-41367, F-43131, F-43132. G-2630S,
G-28765, G-29423. G-34148, G-36927.
G-39523, G-4168S, G-41686, G-41688,
G-44433, H-28475, H-32334, H-429S4,
H-43491, H-43492, H-43495, H-44426.
K-39526, K-41682
INSPECTION L-41483, L-44434
INSTRUMENTATION B-4I22I, C-28291,
C-36826, C-38778, C-40720, F-39289,
G-41368
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-24093, A-37527, A-41213, A-41214,
A-41273, A-4127J. A-41654, A-43661,
B-36204, B-41206, B-41208, B-41211,
B-41212, B-41215. B-4I221, B-41271,
B-41272, B-41276, B-41282, B-41283,
C-22446, C-24638, C-31924, C-41216,
E-40069, G-41218, K-41269. L-41483
INTERNATIONAL C-41216, K-30164.
K-41217
INVERSION B-39519, C-33373, C-37519,
D-37306, E-14793, E-25811, E-30954,
E-34191, E-35357, E-3S420, E-36238,
E-36428, E-38609, E-39897, G-30148
IODIMETRIC METHODS C-39719
IONIZATION E-37024, F-43I3I
IONS B-33122, C-32731, C-40I17, E-37024,
E-39223, F-43131. G-39509. G-411%,
G-41685, K-2J087
IRELAND E-39416
IRON A-39729, B-23245, B-26593,
B-30534, B-34604, B-37324, B-37553,
B-40308, B-41151, C-37690, C-39721,
C-41457, F-36086, 1-41150. L-23608,
L-24214
IRON COMPOUNDS B-16419, B-19616,
B-38525, B-39519, B-40189, B-40308,
B-43142, C-2553S, C-32731, C-37693,
C-38778, C-40060, C-4I618, D-22218,
D-32721, D-37518, F-16S72, F-17364,
F-17921, F-43246. G-39517, G-41I96,
H-19461
IRON OXIDES B-26593, B-28I46,
B-41151, C-41457, F-17364, F-39528,
F-41175
ISOTOPES C-37513, C-41180, E-36062,
E-36954. F-37582, F-43132, G-39501,
G-41685. H-36164. H-36165
ITALY A-13789, B-13163, C-38778,
D-09403, D-22218, E-36238, E-39416,
F-31598, F-40810, F-43131, F-43132,
G-252S5, G-41197, J-26431, J-26432
JAPAN B-08811, B-13731, B-19234,
B-26014, B-28146, B-29601, B-29792,
B-30526. B-30534, B-32099. B-32798,
B-32846, B-33122, B-33616, B-33971,
B-33995, B-34314, B-35026, B-35033,
B-3S060, B-35496, B-36204, B-37164,
B-41479. B-42083, B-43665, B-43741,
C-24638, C-25535, C-27517, C-27542,
C-28165, C-28291. C-29436, C-30634,
C-31924, C-32IOO, C-32731, C-33373,
C-36838. C-36840, C-36841, C-36859,
C-37232, C-37342, C-37443, C-37446,
C-37514, C-37515, C-37S17. C-37600,
C-37608, C-37689. C-37690. C-37693,
C-37728, C-39383, C-40060, C-41910,
C-44435, D-22537, D-26372. D-28648,
D-29250, D-32721, D-37516, D-37518,
E-16554, E-20627, E-26845, E-27194,
E-28609. E-28616, E-29219, E-30691,
E-30692, E-30954. E-31984, E-34191,
E-36305, E-36307, E-36492. E-36494,
E-36495. E-3650I, E-41498, E-41499,
E-41974. E-42799, E-44432, F-16572,
F-39529. F-41173, G-03235, G-16177,
G-19939, G-23102, G-23148. G-23606,
G-24154, G-24230, G-26305, G-26516,
G-26530, G-26558, G-26764, G-27653,
G-28351, G-28S59, G-28714, G-28733,
G-28752, G-28753, G-2876S, G-29235,
G-29423, G-29453, G-29925, G-30I67,
G-30237, G-30310, G-303S3, G-30396,
G-30654, G-3I665, G-31963. G-32914.
G-33109. G-33123, G-33372, G-35153,
G-35154, G-36809, G-36812, G-37337,
G-37504. G-37505. G-39S02, G-39508,
G-41171, G-41172. G-41174, G-41191,
G-41357, G-41485, G-42973, G-43168,
G-43174. G-43423, G-43664. G-44433,
H-14489, H-29597, K-25087, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-41355, L-44434
JET AIRCRAFT C-31924
K
KANAGAWA PREFECTURE C-44435,
E-44432, G-44433, L-44434
KEROSENE B-36I51
KETONES C-37107, C-39244, E-40069,
K-41682
KIDNEYS G-30167, G-37620. G-39525,
G-42699. G-43489. G-43667
KILNS A-34096, B-19523, B-2SI39,
B-32846, B-33321, B-35033, B-37164,
H-29597. K-25087
KONIMETERS B-36413, C-41I90
LABORATORY ANIMALS B-26138,
F-41173, G-03235, G-24154, G-26530,
G-28765, G-29284, G-29571, G-30396,
G-32914, G-33447, G-34443, G-35153,
G-37620, G-39SOO, G-39501, G-39509,
G-39S12, G-39514, G-39517, G-41196,
G-41201, G-41356, G-41357, G-41480,
G-4I481. G-41685, G-41686, G-41687,
G-41688, G-41692, G-41693, G-41694,
G-42392, G-42397, G-42414, G-42885,
G-43485, G-43487, G-43519, G-43520,
G-43522, G-43525, G-43664, G-43667,
G-44413, G-44416, G-44417, H-43461
LABORATORY FACILITIES A-4I655,
B-43233
LAKES E-39416
LAPSE CONDITION E-38609
LARYNGITIS D-22537. G-H942, G-28753,
G-31963
LARYNX G-31963
LASERS C-32946, C-33373. C-37446,
C-37519, E-30954, F-39289
LATIN AMERICA L-41204
LAUNDERING (COAL) B-19616, B-28392
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-26S91, A-35953,
A-41654, B-25033, B-36204, C-25535,
C-28450, C-32731, C-36840, C-36841,
C-37514, C-37608, C-37689, C-37693.
C-38778, C-39719, D-22218, D-32721,
D-37518, F-39522, G-33372, G-33903,
G-40295, G-41368, G-42698, G-42759,
G-44433, H-14489, K-41682, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLE C-37232,
D-09403, D-I2604, D-22537, G-37505
LEAVES C-36959, G-30167, G-44433,
H-19551, H-21667, H-24084, H-29597,
H-32334, H-36J59, H-41193, H-429S4,
H-42974, H-43420, H-43491. H-434%,
H-44411, H-44426, H-444I7
LEGAL ASPECTS A-41654, A-41655,
B-30526, B-33995, B-3695I, E-36428,
E-38609, E-40069, G-34443, K-30164,
K-39526, K-41269, L-24218, L-39527,
L-41204, L-41220, L-41483, L-44434
LEGISLATION B-30526, B-33995,
K-39526, K-41269, L-24218, L-39527,
L-41204, L-41483, L-44434
LEUKOCYTES G-28765, G-41356,
G-43174
LIFE SPAN G-30167
LIGHT RADIATION C-22446, C-32946,
C-40117, C-40481, E-27194, E-35420,
E-36062. E-36305, E-36307, E-39225,
E-40069. G-3414S, G-36928, H-36162,
H-36164
LIGHT SCATTERING C-37728, C-41190,
F-39289
LIME B-32846, B-33321, B-35033
LIMESTONE B-32B46, B-37448, B-41200,
G-41480
LIPIDS G-39501, G-39S08, G-39515,
G-41357, G-43174, G-44413
LIQUIDS A-41532, B-088U, B-23245,
B-31078, B-33971, B-36151, B-38190,
C-30634, F-39529, F-41367, F-43400,
G-34443, J-26432
LIVER G-30167, G-39510, G-39515,
G-41685, G-42414, G-42885, G-43485,
G-43522, G-43525. G-43527, G-43664,
G-44417
LONDON E-30796
LOUISIANA G-29453
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
133
LOWER ATMOSPHERE D-28648,
E-06775, E-12218, E-30796, E-31984,
E-34751, E-4066I
LUBRICANTS A-41205
LUNG CANCER D-22537, G-11942,
G-22426, G-24230, G-28559, G-29453.
G-30396, G-41191, G-4U01, G-41218
G-42699
LUNG CLEARANCE G-30353
LUNGS C-41190, G-21336, G-28765,
G-30167. G-30310, G-30353, G-32914.
G-33345, G-34443, G-41480, G-41481,
G-42395, G-42397, G-42699, G-43487,
G-43S19, G-43522. G-43666
LYMPHOCYTES G-41356
M
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS A-34096,
B-43665, B-43741, E-39416, E-39538,
F-14391, G-39515, G-43522
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES C-41495
MAGNETIC SEPARATION B-19616
MAINTENANCE A-4127S, B-3I078,
B-33971, B-33995, B-34337, B-41221,
B-41268, B-41282, B-43142
MALES D-16495, G-26340, G-26558,
G-26764, G-28351, G-28559, G-29235,
G-29453, G-34528, G-36259, G-37504,
G-37505, G-39507, G-41201, G-42395,
G-42973, G-43133, G-43168
MANGANESE G-41480
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS B-34609,
B-39519, B-43741, C-30199, C-32731,
C-37517, C-37600, C-37608, C-37693,
C-38778, C-41618, D-32721, D-37518,
E-36501, F-39522, G-39515, G-39524.
G-41194, G-41196. G-41203, G-41480.
G-41481, G-444I7. K-41682
MANGANESE DIOXIDE (JAPANESE)
B-35033, B-43741
MAPPING E-07179, E-17678, E-39538,
H-43129
MASS SPECTROMETRY C-32100,
C-38778, C-39383, C-39399, C-397I9,
C-41495, F-37582
MASSACHUSETTS D-37516
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-41275,
B-30526, B-31967, B-35026, B-37553,
B-43130, E-39416, F-36086, 1-41150
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-41532.
B-0881I, B-13731, B-29639, B-33616,
B-36413, B-37709, B-43287, C-29269,
C-39721, C-43242, C-43247, C-43642,
E-06775. E-07179. E-14793, E-25811,
E-33939, E-35037. E-36062, E-36142.
E-36176, E-36494, E-37024. E-40687,
E-44429, F-39420, F-40696, F-41179,
F-41484, F-43400. G-283S1,G-33372
MATHEMATICAL MODELING A-41532.
B-29639. B-33616, B-36413, B-43287,
C-39721, E-06775. E-07179. E-14793,
E-35037. E-36062, E-36494
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-08489,
B-33995, D-38481, G-10348, G-33447,
G-33903, G-34443. G-36923, G-36927,
G-36928, G-37620. G-41685, G-41686,
G-41687. G-41688, G-41689, G-41692,
G-41693, G-41694. G-42885. K-39526.
K-41682, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-39527
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-43661.
B-25420. B-30606. B-32099, B-32798,
B-33995, B-350IS, B-35650, B-36413,
B-41206, B-41221. C-06962. C-14435,
C-27517, C-27542, C-28165, C-28450,
C-29269, C-31924, C-32100, C-32731.
C-32946, C-36826, C-37066. C-37232,
C-37446. C-37513, C-37519, C-37728,
C-38778. C-39719, C-39721, C-39903,
C-40117, C-40481, C-41178, C-41180.
C-41190, C-41216, C-41495, C-41644,
C-42727, C-43242, C-43642, C-44435,
D-09403, D-12604, D-22218, D-22537,
D-29250, D-32721, D-37516, E-33939,
E-34751, F-39289. F-41175, F-41446,
G-22152, G-26558, G-30167, G-30353,
G-33447. G-36259, G-36812. G-36928,
G-37505, G-37620, G-39501, G-41685.
G-41686, G-41687, G-41688, G-41692,
G-41693, G-41694, G-43458, G-43459,
G-43488, G-44433, H-23772, H-36162,
H-36163, H-41193, L-41483
MEDICAL PERSONNEL G-35134
MEETINGS K-30164
MEMBRANE FILTERS B-43233, C-27517,
C-32731, C-37514, C-37S17, C-37728,
C-38778, C-41910, D-37518
MEMBRANES G-35153, G-43423
MERCAPTANS A-13789, A-36533.
B-26014, B-32099, B-32798, C-31924,
C-39719
MERCURY A-08489, G-43458, G-43459
MERCURY COMPOUNDS A-08489,
C-28450. C-30199, C-36826, C-44435.
D-44419, G-43458, G-43459, G-43668,
H-36159, K-41682, L-23608, L-23610.
L-24214
METABOLISM B-26138, G-39500,
G-39501, G-39508, G-39515, G-41203,
G-41685, G-41688, G-42759, G-42885,
G-43667, G-43668, H-19S51, H-2I667,
H-36159, H-36161, H-36164, H-36165,
H-36166
METAL COMPOUNDS A-08489. A-26891,
A-34096, A-35953, A-41654, B-13898,
B-15419, B-19616, B-25033, B-28146,
B-32846, B-33167, B-33321, B-33616,
B-34314, B-34609. B-35026, B-35033,
B-36204, B-38525, B-39519, B-40187,
B-40189, B-40308, B-41479, B-43142,
B-43665, B-43741, C-20899, C-2S535,
C-28450, C-29953, C-30199, C-32731,
C-36826. C-36840, C-36841, C-37253.
C-37514, C-37517, C-37600, C-37608.
C-37689. C-37690, C-37693, C-38778,
C-39719, C-40060, C-41178, C-41180,
C-41192, C-41618. C-44435, D-22218,
D-32721, D-37518, D-44419, E-36062,
E-36501. E-36954. E-39416, E-39538,
F-14391, F-16572, F-17364, F-17921.
F-39522, F-43246, F-43517. F-43526,
F-44414, G-25255. G-29571, G-31963,
G-33372, G-33903, G-39507, G-39509.
G-39510, G-39511, G-39512, G-39S13.
G-39514, G-39515. G-39517, G-39518,
G-39523, G-39524. G-40295, G-41176,
G-41194, G-41196, G-41198, G-41199,
G-41201, G-41202, G-41203, G-413S6,
G-41368, G-41480, G-41481, G-41686,
G-41687, G-42698, G-42699, G-42759,
G-42992, G-43458, G-43459, G-43485,
G-43487, G-43488, G-43489, G-43520,
G-43522, G-43525, G-43664, G-43666,
G-43667, G-43668, G-44412, G-44413,
0-44417, G-44421, G-44422, G-44423,
G-44424, G-44425, G-44433, H-14489.
H-19461, H-28475, H-29597, H-36159,
H-36161. H-43420, H-43461, H-43492.
H-44426, K-41682, L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-44434
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
B-26593. B-30534, B-39519, G-29235,
G-41202, G-42992, H-44428
METAL POISONING A-35953. G-25255.
G-39512. G-40295, G-41176. G-41194.
G-41196. G-41199, G-41356. G-42699.
G-42759, G-43458, G-43459, G-43485.
G-43487, G-43488, G-43489, G-43664.
G-43666, G-44421
METALS A-08489, A-39729, B-23245.
B-26593, B-28320, B-30534, B-34604,
B-34609, B-37324, B-37544. B-37553,
B-38S25, B-40308, B-41151, C-37107,
C-37690. C-39721, C-41192. C-41457.
D-26372. F-36086, F-39528, F-41175,
G-29235, G-41480, G-43458, G-43459,
H-43496, H-44428, 1-41150, L-23608,
L-24214
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
C-41618, E-36176, E-41974
METEOROLOGY B-19234, B-35650,
B-42083, C-27517, C-32100, C-40117,
C-43642, D-09403, D-28648, D-29250,
D-36412, D-37306, D-37516, D-43170,
E-02444, E-06775, E-10220, E-12218,
E-14793, E-16554, E-20627, E-25811,
E-26845, E-27194, E-28609. E-28616,
E-29219, E-29636, E-30589, E-30691,
E-30692, E-30796, E-30954, E-31984,
E-33927, E-33939, E-34191, E-34751,
E-35037, E-35420, E-35702, E-36062,
E-36142, E-36176, E-36238, E-36305,
E-36307, E-36428, E-36492, E-36494,
E-36495, E-36954, E-38609, E-39203,
E-39223, E-39225, E-39416, E-39538,
E-39897, E-40069, E-40661, E-40687,
E-41498, E-41499, E-41974, E-44418,
E-44429, E-44432, G-23148, G-23606,
G-28714, G-28733, G-29284. G-29453,
G-2957S. G-34528, G-37337, G-39525,
G-41480. G-41485. H-36993, H-42954.
1-41150
METHANES B-34609, B-35015, B-41200.
B-43130, C-30634, C-39719
MEXICO L-41204
MICE G-29284, G-39509, G-39514,
G-41196, G-41480, G-41481, G-42392,
G-43667
MICROMETEOROLOGY E-35420,
E-35702, E-39416, H-36993
MICROORGANISMS B-43233, C-36260,
D-36412, G-21787, G-29571, G-32914,
G-41176, G-41480, G-41481, H-32334,
H-43455
MICROSCOPY H-19461
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE E-34751,
E-36062. E-36954
MINERAL PROCESSING A-36783.
A-39506, B-19616, B-25139, B-35015,
B-36951, B-37164, B-38190, C-29953.
D-44419, F-43517, G-23148, G-39507,
G-43459, G-44422, H-14489. H-29597,
H-43492, H-43495, H-43496
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-39635, B-19523,
B-32846. B-36413, B-36951. B-37164,
B-37448, B-41200, C-37690, E-39538,
F-39528. G-41480, H-29597, H-36161
MINING B-19616, B-35015, D-44419.
G-23148, G-43459, H-43495, H-43496
MISSOURI E-02444
MISTS B-19234, B-29792, B-30606,
B-41195, C-29436, C-32731, E-07179,
E-29636, F-39289, G-2876S, G-41485
MOBILE E-30954
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS B-33616.
B-34314, F-39522, G-41196, G-41203,
H-2847S. H-43492
-------
134
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
MONITORING B-30606, B-32798,
B-35015, B-41221, C-27517, C-32100,
C-36826. C-37513, C-37519. C-39903,
C-41178, C-412I6, D-29250. E-33939,
F-41175, G-26558, G-30167, G-30353,
G-33447, G-39501, G-4168S, G-41686,
G-41687, G-41688, G-41692, G-41693,
G-41694, G-43458, G-43459, H-23772,
H-41193
MONTHLY D-32721, E-33939, E-36062,
E-39203, E-39416, E-44432, G-28714,
G-30148, G-37337
MORBIDITY D-22218, D-22537, G-1I942,
G-21336, G-23102, G-23148, G-26305,
G-26558, G-28351, G-29235, G-29453,
G-29575, G-29925. G-30396, G-34528,
G-35134, G-35154, G-37337, G-43I33
MORTALITY B-26138, D-22218, E-30796,
G-16177, G-21336, G-22152, G-23102,
G-27653, G-28714, G-28733. G-29284,
G-29423, G-29571. G-29575, G-30148,
G-31665, G-33109. G-33123, G-34148,
G-36809, G-37504, G-39512, G-39514,
G-41196, G-41201. G-41480, G-43668
MOUNTAINS D-09403, E-30954, E-34751.
H-43494
N
NAPHTHALENES C-40117
NASHVILLE D-12604
NATURAL GAS A-37527, A-38768,
E-35702
NAUSEA G-33123
NERVOUS SYSTEM A-35953, C-29269,
G-08611, G-10349, G-30353, G-33345,
G-33447. G-36923. G-36927, G-36928,
G-37620, G-41174, G-41194, G-41197,
G-41685, G-41688, G-41689, G-41692.
G-41693, G-41694, G-42392, G-42396.
0-42397, G-42414, G-42885, G-43458,
G-44421
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
C-36826, C-37513, C-40117, C-41180
NEW JERSEY E-06775
NEW ORLEANS G-29453
NEW YORK CITY 1-41150
NEW YORK STATE 1-41150
NICKEL COMPOUNDS B-33616, B-34314,
B-35026, C-29953, C-32731, C-38778,
D-32721, D-37518, F-17921, F-39522,
F-44414, G-39507. G-39510, G-39511,
G-39512, G-39513, G-39514, G-39518,
G-39523. G-39524, G-41176, G-41196.
G-41198, G-41199, G-41202, G-41203,
G-41356, G-42992, G-44412, G-44421,
G-44422, G-44423. G-44424
NITRATES C-37232, E-39416, E-40069.
G-41198. H-28475. H-44411
NITRIC ACID F-39528, F-41175, G-44433
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) B-30534. B-36204,
B-37252, C-32946. C-37446. C-39719,
E-41498. F-41175
NITRILES E-40069
NITRITES C-39719
NITROGEN B-30534, C-39719, C-39721,
C-41495, C-44435, F-17364, F-40676,
H-36161, H-43420
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) B-30S34,
B-42083, C-36859, C-37232. C-39719.
C-39903. C-40060. C-41279, C-44435,
D-38481, E-27194, E-41498, G-I9939,
G-23606. G-26305, G-30353, K-41682
NITROGEN OXIDES A-37527, A-38768.
A-41205. A-41207, A-41213, A-41214,
A-41273, A-41654, B-30534, B-35015,
B-36204, B-37252, B-39751, B-41208,
B-42083, C-24638, C-32100, C-32946,
C-36859, C-37232, C-37446, C-39719.
C-39903, C-40060, C-41279, C-44435,
D-22218, D-38481, E-27194, E-35037,
E-41498, F-39529, F-4117S, G-19939,
G-23606, G-26305, G-28559, G-29284,
G-30353. K-39526, K-41682, L-41355
NITROGEN TRIOXIDE (NO3) B-39751
NITROUS ACID F-39528
NITROUS ANHYDRIDE (N2O3) K-39526
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) B-30534,
C-39719, E-27194
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
B-13163, B-28146, B-28320, B-34609,
B-35496. D-09403, E-30796, E-39416,
G-08611, G-22152, G-35134, G-43527,
H-36161, H-36164, H-43129, H-43420,
H-43455, H-43494, J-26432, K-25087,
L-23608. L-23610, L-24214, L-24218,
L-41204
NON-URBAN AREAS C-36959, E-06775,
E-39203, E-39416, G-17001, G-22426,
G-24230, G-26340, G-27653, G-28752,
G-28753, G-30167, G-30654, G-34148,
G-37504, G-37505, G-43133, H-43129,
1-41150, J-26432
NOSTRILS G-33345, G-36923, G-42699,
G-42992
NUCLEATION B-19234, E-2%36, E-36142
NUCLEIC ACIDS G-44425
o
OATS H-44426
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-08489,
A-26891, B-35015, D-22218, G-03235,
G-10348. G-31%3. G-33903, G-36923.
G-39507, G-39513, G-39517, G-39523.
G-39525. G-40295. G-40342, G-41176,
G-41191, G-41198, G-41201, G-41202,
G-41480, G-42699, G-42885, G-42992,
G-43458. G-43459, G-43485, G-43488,
G-43527, G-43666, G-44415, G-44422
OCEANS A-26891, 1-41150
OCTANES C-37107
ODOR COUNTERACTION A-21887.
B-26014, B-29601, B-32099, B-32798,
B-33122, B-35496, B-35650, C-31924
ODORIMETRY A-43661, B-32099,
B-32798. B-35650, C-29269, C-31924,
G-33447, G-36928, G-37620
ODORS A-30327, A-43661, B-24197,
B-26014, B-28146, B-29601, B-32099,
B-32798, B-33122, B-35496, B-35650,
B-36951, C-16298, C-29269, C-31924,
E-30796. G-33447, G-36923, G-36928,
G-37620, G-41688, G-41689, G-41692,
G-41693, G-41694, L-23608, L-23610
OLEFINS B-43130, C-30634, C-39719,
E-40069
OPEN BURNING G-3S134, H-43455
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES B-40308,
B-41151
OPERATING CRITERIA B-3S015, L-41483
OPERATING VARIABLES A-24093,
A-38768, A-39506, A-39635, A-39729,
A-41205, A-41213, A-41214, A-41273,
A-41275. B-19616, B-23245, B-25033,
B-30526, B-30606, B-34314, B-3S033,
B-37544, B-37709, B-40187, B-40308,
B-41151. B-41195, B-41210, B-41211,
B-41215, B-41268, B-41271, B-41274,
B-41282. B-41456, B-41479, C-32100.
C-32946. C-33373, C-36841, C-37232,
C-37515. C-37517. C-39721, C-40720,
C-41180, C-41270, C-43242, C-43642,
F-43400, G-41218
OPINION SURVEYS G-26558
ORGANIC ACIDS B-32099. B-34683.
C-29269, C-39719, F-31598, G-39SOO,
G-41689. G-43521, G-44412, K-41682
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
B-26014, B-32099. C-39719, C-39976,
E-40069, F-44414, G-34148, G-44412.
G-44417, K-41682
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
A-13789, A-36533, B-19616, B-26014,
B-32099, B-32798, C-31924, C-37066,
C-39719, F-17921, G-25255, H-24434,
K-41682
ORGANIC WASTES B-34609, B-35496
ORGANOMETALLICS C-36826, C-37514,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
OXIDANTS D-32721, E-27194, E-36305,
L-41355
OXIDATION A-39729, B-13898, B-16419.
B-31078, B-33122, B-41200, B-43130,
C-31924, C-40060, F-31598, G-43488,
G-43521, G-43522, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36165, H-36166
OXIDES A-34096, A-37527. A-38768,
A-39729, A-41205, A-41207, A-41213,
A-41214, A-41273, A-41532, A-41654,
B-16419, B-20379, B-23245, B-26138,
B-26593, B-28146, B-28320, B-30534,
B-33616, B-33971, B-34314. B-34609,
B-34683, B-35015, B-36204, B-36987,
B-37252, B-39751, B-40007, B-40187,
B-40189, B-41151, B-41200, B-41208,
B-41210, B-41211, B-4I212, B-41215,
B-41271, B-41272, B-41274, B-41276,
B-41282, B-41479, B-42083, B-43130,
B-43665. C-06962, C-16298, C-22446,
C-24638, C-27517, C-28I65, C-28450,
C-29436, C-30634, C-32100, C-32946,
C-36859, C-37066, C-37232, C-37446,
C-37552, C-37690, C-38778, C-39719,
C-39721, C-39903, C-40060, C-41178,
C-41216, C-41279, C-41457, C-41495,
C-41910, C-42727, C-44435, D-09403,
D-12604, D-16495, D-17712, D-22218,
D-22537, D-26372, D-28648, D-29250,
D-32721, D-37306. D-38481, D-43170,
E-02444, E-06775, E-07I79, E-10220,
E-12218, E-16554, E-26845, E-27194,
E-28609, E-28616, E-29219, E-30589,
E-30796, E-33927, E-33939, E-35037,
E-35357, E-35702. E-36307, E-36492,
E-36495, E-3650I, E-39416, E-40069,
E-41498, E-41499, ET44429, E-44432,
F-14391, F-17364, F-17921, F-36086,
F-37582, F-39528, F^39529, F-40676,
F-40696, F-40810, F-41175, F-41367,
F-41484, F-43131, F-43132, F-43517,
F-44414, G-08611, G-10349, G-11942,
G-14682, G-16177, G-17001, G-19939,
G-21336, G-22152, G-22426, G-23102,
G-23148, G-23606, G-24154, G-24230,
G-26305, G-26516, G-26530, G-26558,
G-26764, G-27653, G-28351, G-28559,
G-28714, G-28733, G-28752, G-28753,
G-29235, G-29284, G-29453, G-29571,
G-29S75, G-29925, G-30148, G-30167,
G-30237, G-30310, G-30353, G-30396,
G-30654, G-31665, G-32914, G-331f9,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
135
G-33123, G-33345, G-33447, G-34148,
G-34443, G-34528, G-35134, G-35153,
G-35154, G-36809, G-36812, G-36927,
G-37337, G-37504, G-37505, G-39501,
G-39508, G-39S15, G-39523, G-41197,
G-41480, G-41481, G-41485, G-42392,
G-42395, G-42396, G-42397, G-42414,
G-43520, G-43525, G-43664. G-44416,
G-44433, H-19461, H-19551, H-21667,
H-23772, H-24084, H-24434. H-28475,
H-29597, H-32334, H-32342, H-36159,
H-36161, H-36162, H-36163, H-36164,
H-36165, H-36166, H-36993, H-42954.
H-42974, H-43420, H-43491. H-43492,
H-43495, H-44411, H-44420, H-44426,
H-44427, 1-41150, K-25087, K-30164,
K-39526, K-41217, K-41682, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-413S5, L-41483
OXYGEN B-26593, C-39719, C-39721,
F-37582, F-40676, F-41484, G-39500
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION B-41151,
G-43521, G-43522
OXYGEN DIFFUSION G-42414
OXYGEN LANCING B-40308, B-41151
OZONE B-29601, B-32798, C-39719,
E-40069, F-40676, G-29284, H-28475,
H-42974, H-44411
PACKED TOWERS B-23079, B-25420,
B-28320, B-33995
PAINT MANUFACTURING C-31924,
C-39244
PAINTS B-25033, B-41195
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY C-37107,
C-37477, C-39383, F-4313!
PARIS G-22152
PARTICLE COUNTERS B-25420,
B-36413, C-40117, C-41190
PARTICLE GROWTH B-28146, B-30526.
B-31078, B-33971, B-33995, C-40117,
E-36142, F-36320
PARTICLE SHAPE B-30526, C-40117
PARTICLE SIZE A-39729, B-08811,
B-19234, B-19616, B-25420, B-28392,
B-30526, B-31078, B-31967, B-33971,
B-34314, B-36413, B-395I9, C-36840,
C-37443. C-37689, C-40117, C-41190,
C-41457, D-32721, D-37518, E-06775,
E-36142, E-40184, F-36320. F-39289,
F-43400, G-29423, G-33345, G-36812,
G-39517, G-41480
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-39729,
B-08811, B-19234, B-19616, B-25420,
B-28392, B-30526, B-31078, B-31967,
B-33971, B-34314, B-36413, B-39519,
C-36840, C-37443, C-37689, C-40117,
C-41190, C-41457, D-32721, D-37518,
E-06775, E-36142, E-40184, F-36320.
F-39289. F-43400, G-29423, G-33345,
G-36812, G-39517, G-41480
PARTICULATE SAMPLING C-07081,
C-37517, C-37728, C-39383, C-41457,
C-41910, C-43242, C-43642, D-09403,
F-43246
PARTICULATES A-13246, A-26891,
A-39729, A-41275, A-416S4, B-08811,
B-19234, B-19523, B-23079, B-23245.
B-23246, B-25033, B-25I39, B-25420.
B-26593, B-28146, B-28392, B-29792,
B-30526, B-30606, B-31078, B-31967,
B-33971, B-33995, B-34337, B-34604,
B-35015, B-35033, B-35496, B-35650,
B-36413, B-36951, B-37324, B-37448.
B-37709. B-38190, B-38525. B-39519,
B-40308, B-41151, B-41195, B-41206,
B-41447, B-41479, B-42083, B-42747.
B-43130, B-43142, B-43233, B-43287,
B-43614. B-43665, C-07081, C-14435,
C-17549, C-20899, C-2553S, C-27542,
C-29436. C-32731, C-33373, C-36260,
C-36838, C-36840, C-36959, C-37107,
C-37443, C-37477, C-37517, C-37519,
C-37600. C-37608, C-37689, C-37690,
C-37693, C-37728, C-38778, C-39383,
C-39399, C-40117, C-41190, C-41192,
C-41457, C-41618, C-41910, C-42727,
C-43642, D-09403, D-16495, D-17712,
D-22218, D-22537, D-26372, D-29250,
D-32721, D-37306, D-37518, D-38481,
E-02444, E-06775, E-07179, E-12218,
E-16554, E-20627, E-27194, E-29219,
E-29636, E-30691, E-30692, E-30796,
E-33927, E-34191, E-34751, E-35037,
E-35420, E-36142, E-36305, E-36501,
E-38609, E-39223, E-39S38, E-39897,
E-40184, E-40687, E-41498, E-41499,
E-44432, F-36320, F-39289, F-39420,
F-43246, F-43400. G-11942, G-13114,
G-14682, G-21336, G-21787, G-22426,
G-23102, G-23148, G-23606, G-24230,
G-28714, G-28733, G-28765, G-29284,
G-29423, G-29453, G-29571, G-29575,
G-30148, G-30237, G-30310, G-30654,
G-31665, G-32914, G-33109, G-33345,
G-34148, G-34443, G-35134. G-36809,
G-36812, G-36927, G-39SV3, G-41480,
G-41481, G-41485, G-41687, G-44433,
H-21667. H-28475, H-32342, H-4I193,
H-42954, H-43455. H-43491, H-43492,
H-43494, H-43496, H-43663, H-44427,
K-39526, K-41269. K-41682, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-41204, L-41355
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
G-24154, G-26530, G-28765, G-30310.
G-33447. G-35153, G-39517, G-41199,
G-41480
PENELEC (CONTACT PROCESS)
B-43741
PENNSYLVANIA E-44429, G-29453
PERMEABILITY F-17437, H-36161
PERMITS L-41483
PEROXIDES E-40069, F-44414, G-39S08
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE H-28475,
H-44411
PEROXYACYL NITRATES H-28475,
H-44411
PERSONNEL A-41683, G-31963, G-35134,
G-35154, G-37505, 0-42458
PERYLENES C-17549, C-40481, D-32721
PEST CONTROL H-43494
PESTICIDES G-43668
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
B-37448
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION B-13163,
G-23148, G-26764, G-36923
PETROLEUM REFINING C-31924,
G-31665, G-41485
PH B-26138, B-32846, B-37164, C-32731,
C-37515, C-39976, C-41178, E-02444,
E-39416, G-23148, H-21667, H-42954.
H-43491
PHENOLS B-36151, G-33447
PHENYL COMPOUNDS B-25420,
F-41173, G-41171, G-41172, G-41174,
G-41357, G-42973, G-43168, G-43174,
G-43423
PHENYLS B-2S420
PHILADELPHIA G-29453
PHOSPHATES B-37115
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS B-25033,
B-37115, C-39719, E-36062, G-43667,
H-43420, K-41682
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
E-36305, E-40069, F-40676, G-28559
PHOTOELECTRIC PHENOMENA
B-41206, F-37S82
PHOTOLYSIS F-40676
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS C-37066,
C-37519, C-37728, C-40117, C-40481,
C-41180, C-41190, C-41495, C-44435.
F-39289, G-44433, H-36162, H-36163
PHOTOOXIDATION E-40069
PHOTOSYNTHESIS H-24084, H-24434,
H-36161, H-36164, H-36165, H-36166
PHYSICAL STATES A-08489, A-41532,
B-08811, B-23079, B-23245, B-25139,
B-26593. B-29792, B-31078, B-33971,
B-34604. B-34609, B-35650. B-36151,
B-36951, B-37544, B-38190, B-41268,
B-42083, C-30634, C-39903, F-39529,
F-41367, F-43400, G-29571. G-33345,
G-34443, G-36928, G-39513, G-4I689,
0-41694, G-43527, J-26432
PHYTOTOXICANTS H-23772, H-44426
PILOT PLANTS B-33167, B-37544,
B-41195, B-43614, B-43665
PLANNING AND ZONING A-41654,
A-41655, E-36428, E-38609, E-40069,
K-39526, L-41220
PLANS AND PROGRAMS B-41479.
D-26372, D-29250, D-36412, D-38481,
E-30954, G-22152, G-28752, G-29235,
G-30237. G-33109, G-35134, G-35154,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-41220,
L-41355, L-44434
PLANT DAMAGE E-07179. E-35702,
E-39416, G-30167, H-14489, H-19S51,
H-21667. H-23772, H-24084, H-28475,
H-29597, H-32334, H-32336, H-32342.
H-36159, H-36161, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36993, H-41193, H-41482, H-42954,
H-42974, H-43129, H-43420, H-43455,
H-43491, H-43492, H-43494, H-43495,
H-43528, H-43663, H-44411, H-44426,
H-44427, J-26431
PLANT GROWTH E-39416, H-23772.
H-24084. H-24434. H-36161, H-36164,
H-36165, H-36166, H-36993, H-42974,
H-43493, H-44420, H-44426
PLANT INDICATORS H-19461, H-24434,
H-41193, H-42954, H-43528
PLANTS (BOTANY) C-36959, D-43170,
E-07179, E-3S702, G-30167, G-31963,
G-39502, G-39508, G-44433, H-14489,
H-I95S1. H-21667, H-23772, H-24084,
H-24434. H-29597, H-32334, H-32336,
H-32342, H-36159, H-36161, H-36162,
H-36163. H-36164, H-36I6S, H-36166,
H-36993, H-41193, H-41482, H-42954,
H-42974, H-43129, H-43420, H-43455,
H-43491, H-43492, H-43493, H-43494,
H-43495, H-43496, H-43663. H-44411,
H-44420, H-44426, H-44427, H-44428,
K-25087
PLASTICS C-27517
PLATING G-39507, G-39513, G-41176
PLATINUM B-34609, F-39528, F-41175
PLUME BEHAVIOR E-06775, E-10220,
E-14793, E-36176, E-38609, E-39897,
E-44429
PNEUMOCONIOSIS G-30396, G-40342,
G-43666
PNEUMONIA G-21336, G-23102, G-24230,
G-26530, G-28753. G-29571, G-31665,
G-33109, G-37504, G-41480. G-41481.
G-42699
-------
136
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
POINT SOURCES E-10220
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS C-36838,
C-39719, C-40117. C-41180, C-41192
POLLENS G-29453
POLYMERIZATION H-36164
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS A-36783,
A-41209, C-17549, C-36959, C-37107,
C-37477, C-39383, C-39399, C-40117,
C-40481. D-22218, D-22537, D-32721,
F-43246, G-11942, G-34148, G-41218,
G-42397
PORTABLE C-30I99
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS B-43741,
C-30199, C-38778, C-41618, E-39416,
E-39538. F-16S72. G-41198, H-36161,
H-43420
POTATOES H-23772
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS A-36533.
C-39719, C-39903
POULTRY G-3951J
POWER SOURCES A-24093, A-30327,
A-37S27, A-41207, A-4I213, A-41214,
A-41273, A-41275, A-41654, A-41683,
A-43561. B-25139, B-36204, B-36460,
B-41206, B-41208, B-41211, B-41212,
B-4I215, B-41221, B-4I271, B-41272,
B-41276, B-41282, B-41283, C-22446,
C-24638, C-31924, C-41216, E-40069,
G-41218, K-41269, L-41483
PRECIPITATION C-40117, D-09403,
D-37516, E-02444, E-30691, E-34191,
E-35420, E-36062, E-39416. E-39538,
E-40687, E-44418, H-42954
PRESSURE A-41S32, B-30526, B-33971,
B-34683, B-37553, B-37709, B-41195,
B-43130. B-43142, C-07081, C-43642,
F-36086, F-39529, F-40696, G-42414
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) C-43642,
D-29250, E-20627, E-2684S, E-27194,
E-28609, E-28616, E-29219, E-30691,
E-30954, E-34191, E-36307, E-36492,
E-36494. G-29453
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-21887, A-26891,
A-39729, B-23245, B-25139, B-28320,
B-30534, B-37324, B-37544, B-38525,
B-39519, B-40308, B-41151, C-29953,
C-37107, C-37342, C-41457, D-26372,
G-39523. G-41480, G-42992, G-43459,
H-19461, L-23610, L-24214
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-38768,
A-39729, A-41214, A-41273, B-25139,
B-31078, B-35015, B-35496, B-37164,
B-39751, B-40308, B-41151. B-41208,
B-41210. C-39721
PROPENES B-43130, E-40069
PROTEINS A-35953, B-26138, F-44414,
G-39515, G-40295, G-41692, G-41694,
G-42392, G-43174, G-43488, G-43520.
G-43521, G-43664, G-44415, H-21667,
H-36161, H-36164, H-43461
PUBLIC AFFAIRS G-26558, G-31963.
G-33903
PULMONARY EDEMA G-26530
PULMONARY FUNCTION G-21787,
G-24235, G-26530, G-26764, G-28752.
G-30654, G-33I09, G-36259, G-37505,
G-42395, G-42414, G-43I33
PULMONARY RESISTANCE G-26530,
G-26764, G-43133
PULSE RATE G-24235. G-30167
PYRENES A-36783, A-41209, C-17549,
C-36959, C-37107, C-40481, D-22218.
D-22537, D-32721, F-43246. G-11942,
G-34148. G-41218, G-42397
PYROLYSIS B-26014, B-34609
QUARTZ B-36413, C-37690
QUENCHING B-43130
QUESTIONNAIRES G-23102, G-26516
RABBITS G-39512, G-413S6, G-41357,
G-41480, G-42414, G-43487, G-43664,
H-43461
RADIATION COUNTERS B-36413
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
B-36413, C-41644, F-41446, G-43488
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION B-28320,
B-30606, B-33616, B-36413, C-07081,
C-I4435, C-37513, C-37600, C-37690,
C-38778. C-41618, C-41644, E-36062,
E-36954, E-37024. G-39501, G-39515,
G-43667
RADIOACTIVE TRACERS B-30606,
B-36413. C-07081, C-37513, E-36954,
G-39501, G-39515, G-43667
RADIOGRAPHY C-41644
RADON C-07081
RAIN D-09403, E-02444, E-30691,
E-34191, E-35420
RATS G-24154, G-29284, G-29571,
G-33447, G-37620, G-39517, G-41685,
G-41686, G-41687, G-41688. G-41692,
G-41693, G-41694, G-42392, G-42397,
G-42414, G-43485, G-43519, G-43520,
G-43S22, G-43525, G-43667, G-44413,
G-44417
REACTION KINETICS B-13898, B-33616.
B-34314, B-34609, C-39719, F-36086,
F-39528, F-39529, F-40696, F-41175,
F-41484, G-39500
REACTION MECHANISMS B-33122,
C-39719, C-40117, E-39223, F-16572,
F-17364, F-31598, F-36086, F-39528,
F-40676, F-40810, F-43131, F-43132
RECORDING METHODS C-24638
RECREATION AREAS G-34148, J-26432
REDUCTION B-30534, B-33122, B-40007,
C-29436, C-37066
REGULATIONS A-41654, B-36951,
G-34443, K-30164, L-24218, L-41204,
L-41483
REINLUFT PROCESS (ADSORPTION)
B-43741
RENDERING A-21887, B-26014, B-29601
REPRODUCTION F-41173, G-33123,
G-39502, G-41172, G-41203, G-43174,
H-36166
RESEARCH INSTITUTES B-35015,
B-41268, C-36826
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES B-19234,
E-06775, F-41179, G-24235, G-41191
RESEARCH PROGRAMS B-35015,
B-35060, B-41215, B-41268, B-41276,
C-44435, G-24235, H-43528, L-41220
RESIDENTIAL AREAS D-09403, D-22537,
E-06775, E-35357, E-38609, G-16177,
G-26558, G-29235, G-33109
RESIDUAL OILS B-33616, B-34314,
B-35033, B-35060, B-43130, E-06775,
G-41435
RESPIRATION G-36928, H-21667
RESPIRATORY DISEASES D-16495,
D-22218, D-22537, E-30796, G-11942,
G-14682, G-16177, G-21336, G-21787.
G-22426, G-23102, G-23148, G-24230,
G-26305. G-26516, G-26530, G-26558,
G-26764, G-276S3. G-28351. G-28559.
G-28752, G-28753, G-29235, G-29284.
G-29423. G-29453, G-29571, G-29575.
G-29925, G-30237, G-30310, G-30353.
G-30396, G-30654, G-31665, G-31963,
G-32914, G-33109, G-33123, G-34528,
G-35134, G-35154, G-36259, G-36809,
G-37337, G-37504, G-39523, G-39525,
G-40342, G-41199, G-41480, G-41481,
G-41485, G-42699, G-43133, G-43459,
G-43666, G-44421, G-44433
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS B-26138,
B-33616, B-41151, C-27542, C-36260,
C-41190, E-40184, G-21787, G-23102,
G-23606, G-24235, G-26530, G-26764,
G-28752, G-28765, G-30167, G-30310,
G-303S3, G-30654, G-33109, G-33345,
G-33372, G-34443, G-36259, G-36923,
G-36928, G-37505, G-41480, G-41481,
G-41485, G-42395, G-42414, G-43133,
G-43521. G-43522, G-43666. G-44421
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM C-41190,
D-22537, G-11942, G-19939, G-21336,
G-23606, G-24154, G-26530, G-28765,
G-29453, G-30167, G-30310, G-30353,
G-31963, G-32914, G-33345, G-34443,
G-35134, G-35153, G-36923, G-39517,
G-40342, G-41199, G-41480, G-41481,
G-41688, G-42395, G-42397, G-42699,
G-42992, G-43459, G-43487, G-43519,
G-43522, G-43666
RETENTION A-35953, C-41190, G-30310,
G-30353, G-32914, G-33345, G-34443,
G-39514, G-41171, G-41368, G-41686,
G-43485, G-43525, H-14489, H-43493,
H-44428
RIVERS A-26891, E-34751, E-39416,
F-39522. L-23608, L-23610, L-24214
RUBBER B-41479
RUBBER MANUFACTURING B-41479
SAMPLERS B-31967, B-43233, C-06962,
C-07081, C-27517, C-28450, C-29436.
C-32731, C-36840, C-36841, C-37443,
C-37514, C-37517, C-37608, C-37689,
C-37690, C-37693, C-37728, C-38778,
C-39383, C-40117, C-40720, C-41618,
C-41910, D-36412, D-37518, E-36501
SAMPLING METHODS A-41214, B-31967,
B-32099, B-35015, B-43233, B-43614,
C-06962, C-07081, C-24638, C-27517,
C-28450, C-29436, C-30634, C-32731,
C-36840, C-36841, C-37443, C-37514,
C-37517, C-37608, C-37689, C-37690,
C-37693, C-37728, C-38778, C-39383,
C-39719, C-39976, C-40060, C-40117,
C-40699, C-40720, C-41178, C-41457,
C-41618, C-41910, C-43242, C-43642,
C-44435, D-09403, D-36412, D-37518,
E-12218, E-36501, F-43246, G-22152,
G-41218, L-41483 ;
SCANDINAVIA A-41654, A-41655,
A-43661, E-39416
SCATTERING (ATMOSPHERIC) E-36142,
E-39203, E-39225 ,
SCREEN FILTERS B-31%7, B-41195
SCRUBBERS B-08811, B-19523, B-23079.
B-23246, B-25420, B-26014, B-28320,
B-30534, B-32846, B-33122, B-33167,
B-33971. B-33995, B-34337, B-34604.
B-34683, B-35015, B-35033, B-35496,
B-36987, B-37115, B-37324, B-37448,
B-37544, B-37709, B-38190. B-38525,
B-41195, B-41479, B-43142, B-43665,
B-43741, C-31924, L-44434
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
137
SEA BREEZE D-09403, E-16554, E-20627,
E-36305, 1-41150
SEA SALTS E-39538
SEASONAL C-32100. D-12604, D-36412,
D-38481, D-43170, E-10220, E-17678,
E-26845, E-28616. E-30S89, E-30692,
E-309S4, E-33927. E-33939. E-34191,
E-34751, E-35420. E-36062. E-36307,
E-40069, E-40687. E-41499, E-44432,
G-16177, G-22426, G-26764, G-28714,
G-28733, G-34528, G-41485, G-44433
1-41150
SEDIMENTATION B-33995, B-3M13,
C-401I7, D-36412
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS C-36838,
D-37516
SETTLING CHAMBERS B-30526,
B-31078, B-33995, B-42747
SETTLING PARTICLES A-13246,
A-4I654, B-08811, B-19523, B-2324S,
B-23246, B-25033, B-25420. B-26593,
B-28392, B-29792. B-30526, B-30606,
B-31078, B-33971, B-33995. B-34604,
B-35015, B-35033. B-J5496, B-36413,
B-36951, B-37324. B-37448, B-38190,
B-38525, B-39519, B-40308, B-41151,
B-41195, B-42747, B-43130, B-43233,
B-43287, B-43665, C-14435. C-17549,
C-36260, C-36959, C-37107, C-37477,
C-37517, C-37519, C-37600, C-37608,
C-37689, C-37690, C-37693, C-38778,
C-39399, C-40117, C-41190, C-41192,
C-414S7, C-42727. C-43642, D-09403,
D-17712, D-22218, D-32721, D-37306,
D-37518, E-06775, E-29219, E-34751.
E-35037, E-35420, E-39538, E-41498,
F-39420, F-43246. F-43400, G-131I4,
G-14682, G-21787, G-23102, G-23148.
G-23606, G-24230. G-28714, G-28733.
G-29284, G-29423, G-29571. G-29S75,
G-30310, G-30654, G-31665, G-33109,
G-34148, G-34443, G-36809, G-41480,
G-41481, G-44433. H-32342. H-43491,
K-41682, L-41204
SEWAGE B-28146, B-34609, G-43527
SEWERS G-43527
SHEEP H-44428
SILICATES C-37690, G-41481
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-36783,
B-30606, B-39519, B-43142, C-37690,
C-38778, C-39719, F-43246, G-29571,
G-39517, G-41481
SILICON DIOXIDE C-37690, G-14682,
G-32914, G-34443, G-41481
SILICOSIS G-43666
SILVER COMPOUNDS F-39J22
SIMULATION B-29639, C-41270, E-14793,
E-33939, E-42799, E-44429, G-23606,
G-34443
SINTERING A-3963S. B-42747, C-39721
SINUSES D-22537, G-35153
SKIN A-35953, C-41192, G-13114,
G-39502, G-39508, G-39511, G-41172,
G-41176, G-41198, G-41202, G-42699,
G-43174, G-43423, G-43664, G-44416,
G-44433
SKIN CANCER G-41191
SKIN TESTS G-13114, G-39507, G-41198,
G-43664
SLAUGHTERHOUSES A-21887. C-31924
SLUDGE B-28146
SMOG D-292SO, D-38481, E-16554,
E-20627, E-27194. E-29219, E-30691.
E-30692, E-30796, E-34191, E-35037.
E-35420, E-36305, E-38609, E-44432.
G-29423, G-34148, H-28475. H-41193
SMOG INDEX E-30796
SMOKE SHADE C-27542, C-40117
SMOKEMETERS C-27542, C-37728,
C-40117
SMOKES A-41275, B-29792, B-34337.
B-354%, B-39519, B-41206, B-41479.
C-27542, C-36260, C-37519, E-06775,
E-07179, E-30796, E-35037, E-40687,
G-14682, G-21336, G-29453. G-30654,
G-35134, H-21667, H-4345S, H-43491,
H-43492, H-43494, H-43496, H-44427,
K-41269, L-41204
SMOKING D-16495. G-26530, G-26558,
G-28351, G-28752, G-29284. G-29453,
G-30396. G-33345, G-42395, G-43133
SNOW D-37516
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS B-32099,
G-24235, J-26431, J-26432
SODIUM CARBONATE B-3S033, G-39515
SODIUM CHLORIDE A-08489, E-39416,
H-44426
SODIUM COMPOUNDS A-OS489,
B-32846. B-35033. B-41479, C-37690,
C-38778. C-41178, C-416I8, E-36954,
E-39416, E-39538, G-39515, G-41686,
H-44426, L-44434
SODIUM HYDROXIDE B-32846
SODIUM SULFTTE B-32846, B-41479,
L-44434
SOILS E-36238. E-39416, H-43129,
H-43420, H-43492, H-43493, H-44428,
L-41204
SOLAR RADIATION C-40117, E-35420,
E-36062. E-36307, E-39225, H-36162,
H-36164
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL B-34609,
B-35496, L-41204
SOLIDS B-31078. B-37544. G-34443
SOLVENTS B-24197, B-25033. C-39244,
C-41495
SOOT A-41654. B-35033, B-35496,
B-43130. C-17549. C-36959, C-37477,
C-37519, C-42727, D-22218, D-32721,
E-35420, F-43246, F-43400, G-30654,
H-43491. K^tl682
SOOT FALL E-30796
SOURCE SAMPLING C-44435
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-34096, B-13898,
B-26138. B-32846, B-33167, B-33321.
B-34314, B-34683, B-35026, B-35033,
B-36151, B-36987, B-37448, B-41479,
B-42083, B-43665, B-43741, L-24218.
L-413S5. L-44434
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES A-24093,
C-22446
SPARK TIMING A-24093. A-41214,
B-41283
SPECTROMETRY C-24638, C-28291,
C-30634, C-32100, C-36826, C-37107,
C-38778, C-39383, C-39399, C-39719.
C-39903, C^Win, C-41180, C-41495.
D-37516. E-369S4. F-37582, F-39522,
F-41367. F-41484, F-43526, G-41218
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY B-43130,
C-17549, C-20899, C-25535, C-29953,
C-36826, C-37517, C-37600, C-37608,
C-37689, C-39244, C-39719, C-39976,
C-40060, C-W1I7, C-40699, C-41192,
C-41277, C-43247, D-37S18, G-41368.
H-14489
SPORES D-36412
SPRAY TOWERS B-2S420, B-37544,
B-37709, B-38190, B-41195
SPRAYS B-25033. B-25420. B-41195
ST LOUIS E-02444
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) B-39519,
C-33373, C-37519, D-09403, D-17712,
D-37306. E-12218, E-14793, E-17678,
E-25811, E-28609, E-30589, E-30692,
E-30796, E-30954, E-31984, E-33939,
E-34191, E-34751, E-35037, E-35357,
E-35420, E-36176, E-36238, E-36428,
E-36492, E-38609, E-39897, E-W661,
E-40687, G-30148
STACK GASES B-16419, B-23246,
B-30534, B-31078, B-32846, B-33167,
B-33321, B-33995, B-34683, B-35033,
B-35496, B-35650, B-36151, B-36987,
B-37324, B-37448, B-37544, B-39751,
B-41195, B-41479, B-42083. B-43142,
B-43665, C-14435, C-28291, C-33373,
C-36840, C-36841, C-37S13. C-40117,
C-41457, C-41644, C-42727, C^»3642,
C-44435, E-06775, E-10220, E-14793,
G-22152, G-26764, G-29235, G-37337.
H-43492, H-43495, L-24218
STACKS A-34096, B-37553, C-41457,
E-06775, E-10220. E-14793, E-30796,
E-33939, E-34191, E-35037, G-29235,
K-25087
STAGNATION D-09403, D-17712,
E-17678, E-30796, E-34751. E-35357,
E-35420, E-36492
STANDARDS A-08489, A-34096, A-37527
A-41654, B-19523. B-30526, B-33995,
B-35026, B-36204, B-36951. C-32100,
D-38481, G-10348, G-30237, G-31963,
G-33447, G-33903. G-34443, G-36812,
G-36923, G-36927, G-36928. G-37620,
G-41685, G-41686, G-41687, G-41688,
G-41689, G-41692, G-41693, G-41694,
G-42885, K-25087, K-30164, K-39526.
K-41217, K-41269, K-41682, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-24218, L-39527,
L-41204, L-41483
STATISTICAL ANALYSES A-13789,
B-33995, B-41215, E-28609, E-33939,
E-35037, E-36428, E-40661, E-40687,
E-42799, F-17437, F-41179, G-16177.
G-26516, G-27653, G-28714, G-28733,
G-28753, G-29575, G-31665, G-33123,
G-34528, G-35154, G-36259, G-40295,
G-41191, G-43168, H-36163
STEAM B-26593. B-29792
STEAM ENGINES A-30327. B-36204
STEAM PLANTS B-13163, B-25139,
E-10220. E-44429
STEEL A-39729, B-26593. B-30534,
B-37553, B-40308, B-41151, C-41457,
1-41150, L-23608, L-24214
STONE B-19523
STORAGE BATTERIES A-37527. B-36204.
B-36460
STREETS A-35953, A-41654. A-41655,
B-369S1. B-41211, D-28648. D-32721.
E-35357, E-40069. G-40295. L-41220
STUDENTS G-31963, G-35154, G-37505
STYRENES B-25420
SULFATES B-16419, B-33167, B-41447,
B-41479, C-32731, C-37232, D-43170,
E-02444, E-12218, E-36501. E-39416.
E-39538, G-13114, G-25255, G-34443,
G-39515. G-41198, G-43520, G-43S25.
G-43664, G-44425, H-44426
SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS G-2525J
SULFIDES A-13789, A-36S33, B-20379,
B-21874. B-25791, B-26014, B-32798,
B-33122. B-34683, B-36151. B-37448.
B-39751. B-41447, B-43130. C-28450.
C-29269. C-31924, C-37232, C-37552,
C-39719, C-39903. D-22218. E-39416,
-------
138
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-16572. F-36086, F-39529, F-40810,
F-43131, F-43132, F-43517, G-O323S,
G-10348, G-19939, G-362S9, G-41481,
H-28475, H-29597, K-39526
SULFITES B-33I67, B-35033, B-36987,
B-41479, B-43741, C-37552
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-13789,
A-36S33, B-02931, B-16419, B-19616,
B-20379, B-21874, B-2S791, B-26014,
B-32798, B-33122, B-33167, B-34683,
B-35033, B-35060, B-36151, B-36987,
B-37448, B-39751, B-41447, B-41479,
B-43130, B-43741, C-28450, C-29269,
C-31924, C-3273J, C-37232, C-37S52,
C-38778, C-39719, C-39903, C-41644,
D-22218. D-37516, D^I3170. E-02444,
E-12218, E-36062, E-36501, E-39416,
E-39538, F-16572, F-36086, F-39529.
F-40810. F-41446. F-43131. F-43132.
F-43246. F-43517. G-03235, G-10348,
G-13114, G-19939. G-25255, G-34443,
G-36259, G-39S15, G-41198, G-41481,
G-43520, G-43525, G-43664, G-44425,
H-2847S, H-29597, H-43492, H-43495,
H-44426, K-39526, K-41682
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-34096, B-16419,
B-20379, B-26138, B-33971, B-34314.
B-36987. B-41479, C-06962, C-27517,
C-28165, C-28450, C-29436, C-30634.
C-32100, C-368S9, C-37232, C-37446.
C-37552, C-39719, C-39903, C-40060.
C-41178. D-09403, D-12604, D-16495,
D-17712, D-22218, D-29250, D-37306,
D-38481. D-43170, E-02444, E-06775,
E-07179, E-10220, E-12218, E-16554,
E-26845. E-28609. E-28616, E-29219,
E-30589, E-30796, E-33927, E-33939,
E-35357, E-35702. E-36495, E-36501,
E-39416, E-41498, E-41499, E-44429,
E-44432, F-17921, F-36086, F-37582,
F-40810, F-41367, F-43131, F-43132,
G-11942, G-14682, G-16177, G-I7001,
G-19939, G-21336, G-22152, G-22426,
G-23102, G-23I48, G-23606, G-24154,
G-24230, G-26305, G-26516, G-26530,
G-26558, G-26764. G-27653. G-28559,
G-28714. G-28733, G-28752. G-287S3.
G-29235, G-29284, G-29453, G-29571,
G-29575. G-29925, G-30148, G-30167.
G-30237, G-30310, G-30353. G-30396,
G-30654, G-31665. G-32914, G-33109,
G-33123. G-33345. G-33447. G-34148,
G-34443. G-34528. G-35134, G-35153.
G-35154. G-36812. G-36927, G-37337.
G-37504, G-37505, G-4148S. H-19461,
H-19551, H-21667, H-23772, H-24084,
H-24434, H-28475, H-32334, H-32342,
H-36159, H-36161, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166, H-36993,
H-42954, H-42974, H-43420, H-43491,
H-43492, H-44411, H-44420, H-44426,
H-44427, 1-41150, K-25087, K-30164,
K-39526, K-41682, L-23610, L-24214,
L-41355
SULFUR OXIDES A-34096, B-16419,
B-20379, B-23245, B-26138, B-33971,
B-34314, B-36987, B-39751. B-41479,
C-06962, C-27517, C-28165, C-28450,
C-29436, C-30634, C-32100, C-36859,
C-37232, C-37446, C-37552, C-39719,
C-39903, C-40060, C-41178, C-41910,
D-09403, D-12604. D-16495, D-17712,
D-22218, D-22537, D-26372, D-29250,
D-32721. D-37306, D-38481, D-43170,
E-02444, E-06775, E-07179, E-10220,
E-12218, E-16554, E-26845. E-28609,
E-28616, E-29219, E-30589, E-30796,
E-33927, E-33939, E-35037, E-35357,
E-35702, E-36307, E-36492, E-36495,
E-36S01, E-39416, E-41498, E-41499,
E-44429, E-44432, F-17921, F-36086,
F-37582, F-40810, F-41367, F-43131,
F-43132, G-11942. G-14682, G-16177,
G-17001, G-19939, G-21336, G-22152,
G-22426, G-23102, G-23148, G-23606.
G-24154. G-24230, G-26305, G-26516,
G-26530. G-26558. G-26764, G-27653,
G-28351. G-28559. G-28714, G-28733,
G-28752, G-28753, G-29235, G-29284,
G-29453, G-29571, G-29575. G-29925,
G-30148, G-30167, G-30237. G-30310.
G-30353. G-30396, G-30654, G-31665.
G-32914, G-33109, G-33123, G-33345,
G-33447, G-34148, G-34443, G-34528,
G-35134, G-35153. G-35154, G-36809.
G-36812, G-36927, G-37337, G-37504,
G-3750S, G-41485, G-44433, H-19461,
H-19551, H-21667, H-23772, H-24084,
H-24434, H-28475, H-32334, H-32342,
H-36159, H-36161, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166, H-36993,
H-42954, H-42974, H-43420, H-43491,
H-43492, H-43495, H-44411, H-44420,
H-44426, H-44427, 1-41150, K-25087,
K-30164, K-39526, K^»1682, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-41355
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-13246.
A-34096. B-02931, B-13898, B-19616,
B-26138, B-28392, B-32846, B-33167,
B-33321, B-33616, B-34314. B-34683,
B-3S015, B-35026, B-35033, B-35060,
B-36151, B-36987, B-37448, B-41200,
B-41479, B-42083, B-43130, B-43665,
B-43741, E-35702, L-24218, L-41355,
L-44434
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-34096, B-39751,
B-41479, C-29436, C-32100, C-41910,
F-41367, G-28351, G-30237, G-36809,
G-41485, G-44433
SULFURIC ACID B-02931, B-16419,
B-30526, B-31967, B-39751, B-41447,
B-41479, C-29436, C-30199, C-32731,
C-37253, C-41178, C-41910, C-42727,
E-30796, E-39416, E-42799, F-40810,
F-41367, F-43132, G-26305, G-28765,
G-29423, G-34148, G-36927, G-39523,
G-44433, H-43491, H-43495, K-39526
SUPERCOOLING B-19234, G-39525
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
B-41195
SURFACE COATINGS B-25033, B-41195,
C-39244, F-36086
SURFACE PROPERTIES B-30526,
B-33616, B-34314, B-40187, B^>0189,
F-14391, F-36086, F-43246
SURFACTANTS A-13246, B-28392
SURVEY METHODS G-22152
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-39729,
A-41275, B-08811, B-19234, B-23079,
B-25139, B-28146, B-29792, B-30606,
B-31967, B-33971, B-34337, B-354%,
B-39519, B-40308, B-41151, B-41195,
B-41206, B-41447, B-41479, B-43142,
B-43233, B-43614, B-43665, C-25535,
C-27542, C-29436, C-32731, C-33373,
C-36260, C-36838, C-36840, C-37519.
C-40117, D-09403, D-16495, D-22218,
D-26372, D-29250, D-38481, E-02444,
E-0677S, E-07179, E-16554, E-20627,
E-27194, E-29219, E-29636, E-3069I,
E-30692, E-30796, E-34191, E-35037,
E-35420, E-36142, E-36305, E-38609,
E-39223, E-39897, E-40687, E-41499,
E-44432, F-39289, G-14682, G-21336,
G-28765, G-29423, G-29453. G-30654,
G-34148, G-35134, G-41485, H-21667,
H-28475. H-41193, H-42954, H-43455,
H-43491, H-43492, H-43494, H-43496,
H-43663, H-44427, K-41269, L-23608,
L-23610, L-24214, L-41204, L-41355
SWEDEN A-30327, A-41654, A-41655,
A-43661. C-30199, E-39416, K-30164
SYNERGISM G-23606, G-30237, G-33345,
G-33447, G-36812, G-36927, G-39523,
G-41481, G-41689, K-41682
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-08489, A-13789,
G-03235
SYNTHETIC RUBBER B-41479
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES K-30164
TEFLON C-27517
TEMPERATURE A-08489, A-34096,
A-38768, A-39635, A-41214, A-41532,
B-24197, B-25033, B-25139, B-26593,
B-28146, B-30526, B-33122, B-33995,
B-34609, B-34683, B-354%, B-35650.
B-36204, B-37544, B-38525, B-39751,
B-WOffJ, B-40187, C-40060, C-40720,
C-43642, F-17364, F-36086, F-39528,
F-39529, F-40696, F-41175, G-33123
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
B-19234, C-32100, D-29250, D-37306,
E-10220, E-16554, E-30954, E-31984,
E-35420, E-36238, E-36305, E-36494,
E-39203, E-39897, E-40687, E-41498.
E-44432, G-28714, G-28733, G-29453.
G-34S28, G-39525
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT E-30954,
E-35037, E-35420, E-36176, E-38609
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS C-43642
TENNESSEE D-12604
TEST ENGINES A-41655, B-37252,
C-40481, C-41216
TESTING FACILITIES A-41655, B-37252,
B-43233, C-40481, C-41216, C-41270,
H-24434, H-36993
TETRAETHYL LEAD A-26891, A-35953.
C-37514
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-08489,
A-13789, B-13163, B-21874, B-25791,
B-34337, G-0323S. G-10348
TEXTILES A-08489, A-13789, F-17437,
G-03235
THERMAL RADIATION A-39506,
B-24197, B-41206
THERMODYNAMICS B-41206, F-14391
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
C-37107, C-37477, C-39383, C-39399
THRESHOLDS A-43661, C-29269,
G-03235, G-36923, G-36927, G-36928,
G-37620, G-41685, G-41686, G-41687,
G-41688, G-41689, G-41692, G-41693,
G-41694, G-42885, H-21667
TIN B-38525
TIN COMPOUNDS F-17921, F-39S22
TISSUES F-41173, G-30167, G-35153,
G-37620, G-41171, G-41685, G-42392,
G-42397, G-42414, G-44413, G-44416
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS C-32731,
C-38778, F-17921
TOKYO C-37514, C-37608, D-29250,
D-37516, D-37518, E-16554, E-26845.
E-27194, E-41498, E-41974, G-28714,
G-28733, L-23610
TOLUENES C-40720
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
139
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
B-39S19, E-07179, E-17678, E-33927,
E-34751, E-35420, E-36305, E-36494,
E-39538, E-40069, E-41974, E-44429
TOXIC TOLERANCES G-03235, G-32914,
G-33447, G-39509, G-39512, G-41685,
G-41686, G-41687, G-41688, G-41689,
G-41692, G-41693, G-4I694, G-42392,
G-42397, G-42885, G-43459, G-43664,
H-19461, H-23772, H-32336, H-32342,
H-36159. H-36I61, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166, H-36993,
H-41193, H-43I29, H-43420, H-434%,
H-43528, H-43663, H-44420, H-44427
TOXICITY A-35953, A-41207, A-41213,
A-41655, A-41683, B-26I38, B-30526,
B-31078, B-41221, B-41283, C-41192,
C-41216, F-41173, G-086I1, G-10349,
G-19939, G-24154. G-25255, G-26530,
G-28765, G-29453, G-30167, G-33123,
G-33447, G-34443, G-351S3, G-36812,
G-36923, G-36927, G-36928, G-37620,
G-39509, G-41I71, G-41172, G-41174,
G-41176, G-41191, G-41196, G-4I197,
G-41199, G-41203, G-41356, G-41357,
G-4I480, G-41481, G-41686, G-41687,
G-42392, G-42395, G-42397, G-42699,
G-42759, G-42885, G-42973, G-43168,
G-43174, G-43423, G-43458, G-43459,
G-4348S, G-43487, G-43488, G-43489,
G-43520, G-43522, G-43527, G-43664,
G-43668, G-44417, H-23772, H-36159,
H-36993, H-43492, H-43663
TRACE ANALYSIS C-20899, C-28450,
C-37066, C-39903, C-41180, C-41495,
E-44418, F-39522, G-39510, G-39518,
G-39524, G-41203, H-14489
TRACERS G-41685
TRACHEA G-30167, G-30310, G-31963
TRANSPORT E-347S1, E-38609, E-39416
TRANSPORTATION A-24093, A-30327,
A-35953, A-37527, A-41205, A-41207,
A-41213, A-41214, A-41273, A-41275,
A-41654, A-41655, A-41683. A-43661,
B-25139, B-36204, B-36460, B-41206,
B-41208, B-4I211, B-41212, B-4I215,
B-41221, B-41271, B-41272, B-41274,
B-41276, B-41282, B-41283, C-16298,
C-22446, C-24638, C-31924, C-41216,
C-41618, D-28648, E-307%, E-40069,
G-35134, G-41218, K-41217, K-41269,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-24218,
L-41204, L-41483
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) C-29436.
G-41218
TREATMENT AND AIDS C-41644,
G-08611, G-10348, G-13114, G-23102,
G-31963, G-33123, G-35134, G-351S4,
G-37620, G-39500, G-39501, G-39507,
G-39508, G-39511, G-39512, G-39518,
G-41191. G-41194, G-41197. G-41198,
G-41199, G-41202, G-41485, G-42698,
G-42759, G-42992, G-43459, G-43522,
G-43664, G-43667. G-43668, G-44421,
H-42954
TREES E-07179, G-44433, H-19551,
H-21667, H-23772, H-24084, H-24434,
H-32334, H-32336, H-32342, H-36993,
H-41482, H-42954, H-43455, H-43492,
H-43494, H-43495. H-434%, H-»3663,
H-44420, H-44427
TRUCKS B-36460
TUBERCULOSIS D-22537, G-l 1942,
G-26530, G-37504
TUMORS C-41192, G-42992
TUNNELS H-41193
TURBIDIMETRY C-28450, C-32731,
C-39719, C-41190. E-34751
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
E-06775, E-10220, E-33939. E-35420,
E-36062, E-39897, E-40687, E-41974
TVA D-09403
TYNDALLOMETER C-41190
U
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION C-22446,
C-40481, E-27194, E-36305, E-40069,
G-34148
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
C-39719, C-39903, C-41495
UNITED STATES B-41200, E-39225,
L-41355
UPPER ATMOSPHERE E-30954
URBAN AREAS A-35953, A^»654,
A-41655, B-41211, C-36959, C-37514,
C-37608, C-37690, C-37693, C-37728,
D-09403, D-12604, D-16495, D-17712,
D-22537, D-28648, D-32721, D-36412.
D-37516, D-37518, D-38481. D-43170,
D-44419, E-06775, E-16554, E-20627,
E-25811, E-26845, E-27194, E-28616,
E-29219, E-30691, E-30692, E-30796,
E-30954, E-31984, E-33927, E-33939,
E-35037, E-35357, E-35420, E-36307,
E-36428, E-36492, E-36495, E-38609,
E-39203, E-39416, E-40069, E-40661,
E-40687. E-41499. E-41974, E-44432,
G-14682, G-16177, G-170Q1, G-21336,
G-22426, G-23102, G-24230, G-2630S,
G-26340, G-26516, G-26558, G-26764,
G-27653, G-28351, G-28559, G-28714,
G-28733, G-28752, G-28753, G-29235,
G-29573, G-29925, G-30148, G-30167,
G-30310, G-30654, G-31665, G-31963,
G-33109, G-33123, G-34148, G-35134,
G-35154, G-36809, G-37337, G-37504,
G-37505, G-40295, G-41485, G-43133,
H-29597, H-32336, H-32342, 1-41150,
K-25087, L-23608, L-23610, L-24214,
L-24218, L-41220
URINALYSIS B-26138, C-29953, G-31%3,
G-33372, G-33903, G-40295, G-41357,
G-41692, G-41693, G-41694, G-*2698,
G-42759, G-43458, G-43485, G-4352I,
G-44422
USSR A-08489, A-13246, A-36533,
A-38768, A-39729, A-41205, A-41207,
A-41209, A-41213, A-41214, A-41273,
A-41532, A-41683, B-13898, B-16419,
B-23079, B-2S791, B-34609, B-36151,
B-3711S, B-37324, B-37544, B-375S3,
B-39751, B-40187, B-40189, B-41206,
B-41208, B-41210, B-41211, B-41212,
B-41215, B-41268, B-41282, B-41283,
B-41447, B-42747, B^»3233. B-43287,
C-20899, C-28450. C-36260, C-37107,
C-37253. C-39976, C-40699, C-40720.
C-41216, C-41277, C-41279, C-41644.
C-43247, C-43642, D-17712, D-36412,
E-06775, E-10220, E-17678, E-25811.
E-29636, E-34751, E-35420, E-36062,
E-36142, E-36954, E-39223, E-39225,
E-39S38, E-39897, E-40069, E-40184,
E-40661, F-14391, F-36086, F-36320,
F-37582, F-39289, F-39420, F-39522,
F-40676, F-41446, F-41484, F-43400,
F-43526, G-l 1942, G-33447, G-36923.
G-36927, G-36928, G-37620, G-39511,
G-3951S, G-39517, G-39524, G-3952S,
G-41194, G-41203, G-41218, G-41685,
G-41686, G-41687, G-41689, G-41692,
G-41693, G-41694, G-42699, G-42885,
G-42992, G-43487, G-43488, G-43489,
G-43519, G-43520, G-43521, G-43522,
G^3S25, G-43527, G-43666. G-43667.
G^»668. G-44415. G-44421, G-44422,
H-36159, H-36161, H-36162, H-36163,
H-36164, H-36165, H-36166, K-41682,
VALLEYS E-347S1. E-35420
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS B-33616,
B-34314, B-35026, C-32731, C-37253,
C-38778, E-36501, F-39522, K-41682
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS B-25033,
B-33971
VAPORS A-08489, A-41532, B-23079.
B-26593, B-29792, B-33971, B-34604,
B-34609, B-35650, B-36951, G-36928,
G-39513, G-41689, G-41694
VEGETABLES H-14489, H-23772,
H-29597, H-43492
VEHICLES A-30327, A-35953, A-37527,
A-41205, A-41207, A-41654, A-41655.
B-36460. B-41274. C-16298, C-24638,
D-28648, E-307%, G-35134, K-41217,
L-23608, L-23610, L-24214, L-24218,
L-41483
VENTILATION A-41209, B-25033,
B-35650, B-37553, G-39513, G-43458
VENTILATION (PULMONARY) G-23102,
G-41480
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-08811,
B-23246, B-30534, B-33971, B-33995,
B-35033, B-36987. B-38525, B-4366S
VIRUSES G-29571
VISIBILITY E-34751. E-36142, E-36238,
E-36494, E-39203, E-44432, J-26431
VOLATILrTY A-39506, H-29597
VOLTAGE B-43614
W
WASHOUT C-40117, E-02444, E-35420,
E-44418
WATER A-41532, B-08811, B-23245,
B-33971, B-38190, C-30634, F-39529,
F-41367, J-26432
WATER POLLUTION B-28320, E-39416,
J-26432, K-25087. L-23608, L-23610,
L-24214, L-41204
WEATHER FORECASTING E-25811.
E-30589, E-34191. E-40687
WEATHER MAPS E-20627, E-26845,
E-28616, E-31984, E-36307
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD C-27517,
C-40060, E-12218
WET CYCLONES B-23246, B-33995
WETTING B-25420. B-28392, B-29792
WINDS B-42083, D-09403, D-28648,
D-43170, E-06775, E-10220, E-14793,
E-16554, E-20627, E-2S811, E-27194,
E-28609, E-29219, E-30S89, E-30691,
E-30954, E-31984, E-33939, E-34191.
E-34751, E-35037, E-35420, E-36176,
E-36238, E-36305, E-36307. E-36428,
E-36494, E-36495, E-38609, E-39416,
E-39897, E-40069, E-40661, E-40687.
E-41499, E-41974, E-44429, E-44432,
G-23148, G-294S3, G-2957S, G-41480,
G-41485, 1-41150
WOOD H-43455
-------
140 AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
X Y ZINC B-38525, D-26372, 1-41150
ZINC COMPOUNDS B-38525, B-40187,
X-RAYS B-33616, C-I4435, C-37600, YOKOHAMA D-28648, G-29453 C-25535, C-32731, C-38778, C-39719,
C-37690, C-38778 D-37518, F-39522. G-39515, G-41196.
XYLENES C-40720 Z G-44417, H-14489, H-28475, H-43492
-------
ADDITIONAL TRANSLATIONS ON AIR POLLUTION TOPICS
AVAILABLE THROUGH
THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
FROM THE RUSSIAN
Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. U. S. S. R. Levine, B. S.
(trans, and ed. ). 5 volumes.
Volume NTIS Number
I, 1952 TT 59-21173
U, 1955 TT 59-21174
III, 1957 TT 59-21175
IV. I960 TT 61-11148
V, 1962 TT 62-11605
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. U. S. S. R. Levine, B. S.
(trans, and ed. ). 18 volumes. 1960-1968.
Volume NTIS Number Volume NTIS Number
I TT 60-21049 X TT 64-11767
U TT 60-21188 XI TT 65-61965
III TT 60-21475 XII TT 66-61429
IV TT 60-21913 XIII TT 66-62191
V TT 61-11149 XIV TT 67-60046
VI TT 61-21982 XV PB 179-140
VII TT 62-11103 XVI PB 179-141
VIII TT 63-11570 XVII PB 180-522 T
IX TT 64-11574 XVIII PB 180-523 T
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases and Limits of Allowable Concen-
trations of Atmospheric Pollutants, U. S. S. R. An Index. 1966. TT 66-62162.
Survey of U. S. S. R. Air Pollution Literature. American Institute of Crop Ecology. Nuttonson,
M. Y. (ed. ). 21 volumes.
Volume
I Atmospheric and Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution. December 1969.
PB 198-061.
II Effects and Symptoms of Different Plant Species in Various Habitats, in Relation to
Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts and as Biological Indicators. December 1969.
PB 198-062.
Ill The Susceptibility or Resistance to Gas and Smoke of Various Arboreal Species
Grown under Diverse Environmental Conditions in a Number of Industrial Regions
of the Soviet Union. December 1969. PB 198-063.
jY Meteorological and Chemical Aspects of Air Pollution; Propagation and Dispersal
of Air Pollutants in a. Number of Areas in the Soviet Union. January 1970.
PB 198-064.
V Effects of Meteorological Conditions and Relief on Air Pollution: Air Contaminants
Their Concentration, Transport, and Dispersal. January 1970. PB 198-410.
YJ Air Pollution in Relation to Certain Atmospheric and Meteorological Conditions
and Some of the Methods Employed in the Survey and Analysis of Air Pollutants.
January 1971. PB 198-527.
141
-------
VII Measurements of Dispersal and. Concentration, Identification, and Sanitary Evalua-
tions of Various Air Pollutants, with Special Reference to the Environs of Electric
Power Plants and Ferrous Metallurgical Plants. January 1971. PB 200-996.
VIII A Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public Health
Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. July 1971. PB 201-459.
DC Gas Resistance of Plants with Special Reference to Plant Biochemistry and to the
Effects of Mineral Nutrition. January 1971. PB 203-504.
X The Toxic Components of Automobile Exhaust Gases: Their Composition under
Different Operating Conditions and Methods of Reducing Their Emissions. January
1971. PB 204-362.
XI A Second Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. January 1972. PB 209-478.
XII Technical Papers from the Leningrad International Symposium on the Meteorologi-
cal Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution. Parti. January 1972. PB 210-381.
XIII Technical Papers from the Leningrad International Symposium on the Meteorologi-
cal Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution. Part 2. April 1972. PB 210-653.
XIV Technical Papers from the Leningrad International Symposium on the Meteorologi-
cal Aspects of Atmospheric Pollution. Part 3. May 1972. PB 209-945.
XV A Third Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and the Public
Health Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. 1972. PB 211-074.
XVI Some Basic Properties of Ash and Industrial Dust in Relation to the Problem of
Purification of Stack Gases. 1972. PB 211-466.
XVII A Fourth Compilation of Technical Reports on the Biological Effects and Health
Aspects of Atmospheric Pollutants. 1972,
XVIII Purification of Gases through High Temperature Removal of Sulfur Compounds,
1972. PB 212-736.
XIX Environmental Pollution with Special Reference to Air Pollutants and to Some of
Their Biological Effects. January 1973. PB 214-264.
XX Catalytic Purification of Exhaust Gases. February 1973.
XXI Atmospheric Pollutants in Relation to Meteorological Conditions: A Procedure for
Calculating the Atmospheric Dispersal of Pollutants and the Feasibility of their
Study by Means of Satellites. February 1973.
Uzhov, V. N. Sanitary Protection of Atmospheric Air. Purification of Industrial Discharge
Gases from Suspended Substances. Levine, B. S. (trans, and ed. ). Medgiz, U. S. S, R.
1955. 152 translated pages. TT 59-21092.
FROM THE GERMAN
VDI-Richtlinien (Association of German Engineers-Standards). Dlisseldorf, Germany. 38
monographs:
VDI
Number
2066 Performance Measurements at Dust Collectors. May 1966.
2090 Sources of Air Pollution Substances. December 1961.
2091 Restricting Dust Emissions from Forced-Draft Boiler Installations, Capacity 10
ton/hr and Over, Hard-Coal Fired with Mechanical Grates. November 1961.
2092 Restricting Dust Emission from Forced-Draft Boiler Installations, Capacity 30
ton/hr and Over, Hard-Coal Dust Fired with Dry Ash Removal. November 1961.
142
-------
2093 Restricting Dust Emission from Forced-Draft Boiler Installations, Capacity 30-60
ton/hr and over, Hard-Coal Dust Fired with Liquid Ash Removal. November 1961.
2094/? Restriction of Emission Portland Cement Works. February 1967.
2095 Emission Control, Blast Furnace Operation, Ore Sintering Plants (Induced-Draft
(Rev) Pan and Moving-Grate Installations). February 1963.
2098 Restricting Dust Emission from Natural-Draft Steam Generators, Capacity 25 ton/hr
and less, Lignite-Fired with Stationary or Mechanical Grates. July 1958.
2099 Restricting Dust Emission in Blast Furnace Operation. February 1959.
2101/2 Restriction of Emission Copper-Ore Mills. September 1966.
2102/2 Restriction of Emission Copper-Scrap Smelting Plants and Copper Refineries.
October 1966.
2103 The Restriction of Chlorine Gas Emission. January 1961.
2104 Definitions of (German) Terms, Air Pollution Control. September 1966.
2105 Permissible Concentrations of Nitrous Gases. May I960.
2106 Permissible Emission Concentrations of Chlorine. September I960.
2107 Permissible Emission Concentrations of Hydrogen Sulfide. April I960.
2108 Permissible Emission Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide. November 1961.
2109 Restricting Emissions of Hydrogen Sulfide and other Sulfur-Containing Compounds,
Except Sulfur Dioxide, from Gas Generators in Coke, Gas, and Coal-Constituent
Processing Plants. May I960.
2110 Restricting Emission of Sulfur Dioxide from Coke Ovens and Gas Plants. August
I960.
2111 Dust Emission Control in Calcium Carbide Production. December 1965.
2112 Dust Emission Control, Steel Works (Brown Smoke) Oxygen-Blown Steel Processes,
Converter. June 1966.
2115 Restricting Emission of Dust from Manually Operated Central-Heating Boilers,
Capacity 600,000 kcal/hr and less, Fired with Solid Fuels. June 1961.
2262 Dust Control at the Working Place. May 1966.
2264 Operation and Servicing of Dust Collection Plants. May 1966.
2281 Restricting the Emission of Fumes from Diesel Engine Vapors. November 1961.
2282 Control of CO-Emission in Vehicles Powered by Otto Engines. May 1967.
2283 Restriction of Emission Pretreatment and Mixing Plants for Road-Surfacing Aggre-
gates with Bituminous Binder. July 1967.
2284 Restricting Emission of Dust and Sulfur Dioxide in Zinc Smelters. September 1961.
2285 Restricting Dust and Sulfur-Dioxide Emission from Lead Smelters. September
1961.
2290 Restricting Emission from Gas Generators in Coke and Gas Plants. June 1962.
2291 Restriction of Sulfur Dioxide Emission from Cracking Plants for City-Gas Produc-
tion Coking Plants and Gasworks. December 1966.
2292 Restriction of Dust Emission in Anthracite Briquette Factories. October 1961.
2293 Restricting Emission of Dust in Anthracite Processing Installations. October 1961.
2301 Restriction of Emission from Waste Incineration in Plants with Throughput of up to
1500 kg/hr. February 1967.
143
-------
2302 Restricting Emission of Dust. Tar Mist, and Gas when Charging Coke Ovens.
June 1962.
2303 Restriction of Dust Emission in Coke Quenching Coking Plants and Gasworks.
November 1966.
COVER-TO-COVER TRANSLATIONS OF JOURNALS
Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation). Ministry of Health of the U. S. S. R. Monthly 1964.
Quarterly 1965 through 1971.
Staub-Reinhaltung der Luft. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure. Dusseldorf, Germany. Monthly
1965 through 1972.
Ochrona Powietrza (Air Conservation). Metallurgical Engineers and Technicians Association.
Katowice, Poland. Bimonthly translations beginning with Volume 3, 1969. Copies for 1969 and
1970 are available.
U. •. GOVERNMENT PAINTING OFFlCBl f»7a 74077O/4I71
144
------- |