AP-125
Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
!
A Bibliography with Abstracts
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
June 1973
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The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the
Information Services Division of the Office of Administration for the Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, to report the
results of scientific and engineering studies, and information of general interest
in the field of air pollution. Information reported in this series includes cover-
age of intramural activities and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction
with state and local agencies, research institutes, and industrial organizations.
Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or from the Superintendent of
Documents.
Publication Number AP-125
11
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 6
C. Measurement Methods 17
D. Air Quality Measurements 18
E. Atmospheric Interaction 19
F. Basic Science and Technology 20
G. Effects - Human Health 22
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock 24
I. Effects Materials no entries
J. Effects Economic 27
K. Standards and Criteria 28
L. Legal and Administrative 30
M. Social Aspects no entries
N. General 32
AUTHOR INDEX 33
SUBJECT INDEX 35
111
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards prepared, selected, and compiled the abstracts in
this bibliography. The abstracts are arranged within the categories listed in the
Contents. The abstracted documents are thought to be representative of available
literature, and no claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
The subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and
accession number. The author index lists all authors individually; primary author-
ship is indicated by an asterisk. Generally, higher accession numbers have been
assigned to more recent documents.
Current information on this subject and many others related to air pollution may be
found in APTIC's monthly abstract bulletin.
All of the documents abstracted by APTIC are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers
outside of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency may seek the documents directly
from publishers, from authors, or from libraries.
*
Air Pollution Abstracts, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Includes more than 6300 abstracts and subject and
author indexes in each issue, and two separate cumulative indexes. Subscription
price: $27.00 per year; $6.75 additional for foreign mailing.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
12074
Rohrman, F. A., and J. H. Ludwig
SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS BY SMELTERS. J. Metals,
20(12):46, Dec. 1968.
Sulfur dioxide and trioxide are emitted during the roasting and
smelting of most copper, lead, and zinc concentrates. The 32
major smelters in the U. S. account for roughly 12.2% of the
total emissions of SO2 in the country. This is a brief review of
some of the statistics.
12751
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOLUME II: APPENDICES A AND B. Contract PH
86-65-85, Rept. 993, 88p., June 1969. 72 refs. CFSTI: PB 184
885
A systems study of the primary copper, lead, and zinc smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economi factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. Sulfur oxide emissions for various types of
smelting operations are tabulated, including gas flows and
compositions and an analysis of sulfur oxides generation and
recovery. Smelter flow diagrams are presented for the control
methods of contact sulfuric acid, absorption, reduction to ele-
mental sulfur, lime wet scrubbing, and limestone wet
scrubbing. Sulfur oxide recovery processes that were in-
vestigated and rejected as not being suitable for economic
analysis are listed. Cost estimates for various control
processes are given.
12823
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOL I. Contract PH 86-65-85, Rept. 993, 188p., June
1969. CFSTI: PB 184 884
A systems study of the primary copper, zinc, and lead smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economic factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. The nature of smelting practice is described,
and potential air pollution problems in smelter areas are
revealed. Five processes for the control of sulfur oxides are
presented, including contact sulfuric acid, absorption, reduc-
tion to elemental sulfur, lime wet scrubbing, and limestone wet
scrubbing. Current sulfur oxide emissions from U. S. smelters
are given, and forseeabl emission trends are discussed. Mar-
kets for sulfur byproducts are mentioned, the costs of control
by available methods are tabulated, and control method
evaluation with plant models is considered. A research and
development program for control methods and smelting
process technology is recommended.
13294
McKerrow, G. C.
A 14 X 32 FT. CONVERTER AT THE NORANDA SMELTER.
In: Pyrometallurgical Processes in Nonferrous Metallurgy, J.
N. Anderson and P. E. Queneau (eds.), Metallurgical Society
Conferences vol. 39, Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and
Petroleum Engrs., 1967, p. 247-258. (Symposium sponsored by
the Extractive Metallurgy Div. of the Am. Inst. Mining, Metal-
lurgical, and Petroleum Engrs., Pittsburgh, Pa., Nov. 29- Dec.
1, 1965).
Construction of a new 14 ft converter at Noranda Mines Ltd.
to increase copper production was started after reviewing the
possibilities of the use of 02-enriched air, adding a sixth con-
verter, and replacing the 12 X 30 ft converter with a larger
one. The new converter is equipped with a water-cooled hood
and breeching to avoid fusing the flue dust. Water circulates in
a closed circuit between the water jackets and a heat
exchanger which maintains the water temperature between 90
and 120 F. The area of the water jackets is 550 sq ft and an
average of 120,000 Btu/min are removed from the gases while
the converter is blowing. Better fitting of the hood and
breeching have reduced the volume of converter gas going to
the cottrells below the level from the 12 ft converter. Flux is
fed through the hood, since the normally-employed Garr guns
could not feed flux fast enough. Fifty automatic punchers, in
two banks of 25 each, are sequentially fired, with a 20 to 30
sec interval between banks. The tuyeres are reamed manually
at least once every 24 hrs. Air volume to the converter was in-
itially 32,000 scfm with 8 psig at the blast valve. This dropped
below 25,000 scfm at 15 psig after several days. Increasing the
diam of the punch bars and reaming rods by 0.125 in. in-
creased the volume to 28,000 to 30,000 cfm. The converter is
initially charged with six 200 cu ft ladles of matte, 2 ladle
skulls and 50 tons of flux. Four or five ladles of slag are
skimmed and four more ladles of matte are charged after 75
min, with subsequent 2 ladle additions made. About three
hours are required to finish a 140 ton charge of copper from
white metal, giving a net production of 110 to 115 tons.
17471
Knop, Wilhelm
INDUSTIRAL DUSTS AND WASTE GASES. (Industri-
estauebe und-abgase). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(2):63-66, Feb. 1970. 22 refs.
The most dangerous and annoying pollutants emitted by vari-
ous industries are enumerated. Steel mills emit primarily iron
oxides and fluorine compounds. Half of the original fluorine
input is emitted; the other half goes into the slag. The iron
oxide emissions, primarily the small particles below 5 micron,
form the brown smoke. The non-ferrous metal fabricating and
finishing plants emit metal oxides (cadmium oxide). When in-
haled, the latter may be extremely harmful. The TLV
(threshold limit value) is 0.1 mg/cu m air. In aluminum produc-
tion, dust-laden waste gases develop, despite the wet process.
The aluminum oxide dust content in the rotary furnace is 300-
400 g/standard cu m. In electrolytic reduction of aluminum ox-
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PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
ide, cryolite also dissociates. As a consequence, hydrogen
fluoride and dusts of fluorine compounds are found in the
waste gas. The TLV for fluorides is 2.5 mg/cu m; for hydrogen
fluoride, 2 mg/cu m. In lead plants 3 to 3.5 cu m waste gases
per kg sinter develop in the sintering and roasting station.
They contain 1.5 to 5% by volume SO2 and up to 15 g/cu m
dust. The dust contains lead, zinc, sulfur, and small amounts
of other elements. Considerable amounts of metal vapors
develop. In the fly dust of the shaft furnaces, cadmium oxide
or sulfate, arsenic, zinc, and thallium compounds may be
found. In copper smelting plants, the waste gases contain fly
dust and SO2. In zinc refining, fly dust (0.1 g/standard cu m)
and SO2 are emitted to the waste gas. In ferro-alloy produc-
tion, dusts of various kinds are carried along in the waste
gases. The waste gas quantity of a 10 MW furnace amounts to
70,000-250,000 cu m/h; the dust content, to 0.25-2.5 g/cu m.
18184
Leroy, J., and P. J. Lenoir
HOBOKEN TYPE OF COPPER CONVERTER AND ITS
OPERATION. Preprint, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy,
London, lip., 1967. (Presented at the Advances in Extractive
Metallurgy Symposium, London, April 17-20, 1967. Paper 15.)
Copper converting gives off large quantities of sulfur gases.
With standard converters blowing in a hood, serious dilution
of gases is unavoidable, and the sulfur is only partially
recovered. The siphon converter was developed to eliminate
dilution of gases by maintaining a constant zero draught at the
converter mouth by means of a variable-speed fan and
adequate dampers. The dampers are electrically intercon-
nected, as are the fans and the dampers. This insures that
gases containing SO2 cannot be released directly into the
stacks. Disadvantages of the siphon converter are a greater ini-
tial capital outlay, the greater amount of ground space
required, and a fairly heavy counterweight that is used to com-
pensate for the weight of the siphon. Mathematical com-
parisons are made between a conventional converter and a
siphon converter.
18306
Pings, W. B., and Earl L. Rau
RECENT TRENDS IN COPPER METALLURGY. Mineral In-
dustries, 2(4): 18p., July 1968. 86 refs.
Two major sources of copper are sulfide ores and oxide ores.
The predominant CuS minerals are chalcopyrite, chalcocite,
bornite, enargite, and covellite. The chief oxidized minerals
are chrysocolla, malachite, and azurite. Sulfide ores are
treated by concentrating, smelting, and refining. Oxidized ores
are treated by leaching followed by precipitation or elec-
trowinning. Recent trends in leaching have been aimed at
higher Cu recovery from given ores, or the production of Cu
from ores that could not be processed economically in the
past. Bacterial, pressure, and cyanide leaching are covered.
Cone type and V-trough precipitators use iron to precipitate
Cu from CuSO4 solutions. Sponge iron is being incorporated
in these processes to give faster precipitation. Precipitation
from aqueous solutions by reduction with H,S and SO2, and
HCN and SO2 are discussed. Advances in solvent extraction
have increased Cu recovery to better than 98%. Estimated in-
stalled plant cost for a liquid ion exchange solvent extraction
plant is between $500 and $600/gal/min. A new electrolytic cell
(CCS process) is more efficient than standard cells, produces
smooth cathode deposition, and operates at lower costs. In
situ leaching following nuclear blasting shows promise as a
new mining technology The WORCRA and Normanda
processes are relatively new pyrometallurgical techniques
which increase smelting efficiency. Continuous converting and
smelting in converters with oxygen have reduced the number
of steps in copper production with attending decreases in
capital and operating costs. Scrap metal can now be success-
fully stripped of copper by dipping in molten barium chloride
at 1250 C. Iron and steel are not affected by the bath, and the
usual trapped puddle problem is eliminated.
21617
Fachvereinigung Metallhuetten und Umschmelzwerke E. V.,
Emissionsausschuss and Gesellschaft Deutscher Metallhuetten
- und Bergleute E. V., Hue Hendusschuss fuer Kupfer und
Alknliche Metalle
RESTRICTION OF EMISSION COPPER-ORE MILLS.
(Auswurfbegrenzung Kupfererzhuetten). VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2)01, Sept. 1966. 14 refs. Translated
from German by D. Ben Yaakov, Israel Program for Scientific
Translations, Jerusalem, 13p. CFSTI: TT 68-50469/7
The technology of copper mills is reviewed with respect to
dust separation methods and factors affecting dust content for
the various operations in the production cycle: roasting fur-
nace, sintering grate, shaft furnace, reverberatory furnace,
copper-matte converter, copper refining (anode) furnace,
copper electrolysis, and wirebar furnace. Engineering means
of reducing emissions from each of these processes, except
electrolysis which does not produce any dust-bearing gases,
are described: cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, dust cham-
bers, multicyclones, and fabric filters. Factors affecting the ef-
ficiency of various dust collectors are outh'ned. For newly con-
structed copper mills and new units, an emissions limit of 0.3
g/cu m STP is established for the various processes. In addi-
tion, new roasting furnaces, sintering machines, and conver-
ters must be designed to ensure that all S02-bearing flue gases
from these units are used in sulfuric-acid manufacture, and
stack-height regulations must be followed. It is noted that dust
control is of economic as well as environmental interest, since
the dust emitted from a copper mill constitutes a loss of valua-
ble metals such as zinc, tin, lead, and copper.
23036
Haywood, J. K.
INJURY TO VEGETATION BY SMELTER FUMES. U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bur. Chem., Bull. 89, 23p. 1905. 4 refs.
Investigations were conducted to determine whether fumes
from a copper smelter were injurious to vegetation and, if so,
how large an area was affected. About 60 samples of trees,
water, soil, and ore were taken from distances one to three
miles from the smelter and subjected to chemical analysis,
from which very definite results were obtained. Of 26 groups
of trees examined, the percentage of sulfur trioxide in leaves
was higher in injured trees than in uninjured. In most cases,
the increased sulfur trioxide concentrations were attributable
to sulfur dioxide fumes. The sulfur trioxide concentrations I
f f
varied with distance from the smelter, and high concentrations
were correlated with prevailing wind direction. The sulfur, con-
tent of the ore in the area was found to average 41.48%. It is
assumed that 90% of the sulfur is liberated by the extraction
of copper and that the plant gives off 748 tons of sulfur diox-
ide a day. Water in a creek running by the smelter was not
only very acid but contained traces of arsenic and dissolved
copper. Injury to vegetation in the area is expected to continue
unless the smelter fumes are condensed.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
23287
Hay wood, J. K.
INJURY TO VEGETATION AND AMIMAL LIFE BY
SMELTER WASTES. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.
C., Bureau of Chemistry, Bull. 113 (Rev.), 63p., July 7, 1910.
22 refs.
The injurious effects which wastes from sulfur-bearing copper
ore smelting operations have on animal and plant life are con-
sidered. Sulfur contained in the ore is given off as sulfur diox-
ide and sulfur trioxide. Arsenic, which is often present in the
ore, is given off in fumes which settle out and deposit on the
crops surrounding the smelter. Waste water containing copper
can percolate through the ground and reach streams. Particu-
lates discharged through the stack settle out, causing injury to
plant life. Mechanisms of damage to plants are discussed, and
thresholds for SO2 are given. Results of field investigations to
determine the extent of damage to plants are reported. Trees,
corn, wheat, and other plants are injured to varying degrees.
Studies of the arsenic content of crops and soils prove that
cattle deaths are attributable to arsenic poisoning. Methods of
analysis used on plants, soils, water, and ores are described.
24285
Swain, Robert E.
SMOKE AND FUME INVESTIGATIONS. A HISTORICAL
REVIEW. Ind. Eng. Chem., 41(ll):2384-2388, Nov. 1949. 18
refs.
Several outstanding cases of injury to animal and plant life by
emanations from industrial plants at Ducktown, Tenn.,
Anaconda, Mont., Salt Lake City, Utah, and Trail, B. C. are
cited in a historical survey of atmospheric pollution and the
steps that have been taken to prevent and combat it. Sulfur
dioxide from two copper smelters was the offender in
Ducktown, reaching for 30 miles across the broad-leafed
forests of northern Georgia. A crisis came when Georgia
brought suit against Tennessee to compel it to cancel the
franchise of the smelting companies, but out of this came the
design, erection, and successful operation of an adaptation of
the lead chamber process to convert SO2 from copper smelt-
ing operations to sulfuric acid. With the installation at the
Anaconda smelter in 1910 of an enormous Cottrell system for
electrical precipitation of solids, one of the most remarkable
cases of injury to livestock by smelter smoke ever recorded
passed into history. The emissions from the low stacks of an
old plant operated at a neighboring location had killed all
vegetation, and losses of livestock by arsenical poisoning had
been heavy over the near-lying area. A new smelterj was
erected with stacks over 300 feet tall, but there were still
emitted daily 2300 tons of SO2, 200 tons of sulfur trioxide, 30
tons of arsenic trioxide, 3 tons of zinc, and over 2 tons each
of copper, lead, and antimony trioxide. Lead and SO3 fumes
were soon put under complete control in Utah by liming and
bag filtration, and by electrical precipitation. About
$13,000,000 was invested at Trail in recovering airborne wastes
and converting them to marketable by-products. These were
tied together into a smoothly operating system and soon
phosphate fertilizers of several types, ammonium sulfate, and
sulfur were being produced on a large scale. Contributions of
research and diurnal fumigation are also discussed.
26441
Oglesby, Sabert, Jr. and Grady B. Nichols
A MANUAL OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
TECHNOLOGY. PART II -- APPLICATION AREAS. Southern
Research lost., Birmingham, Ala., NAPCA Contract CPA 22-
69-73, 87Sp., Aug. 25, 1970. 118 refs. NTIS: PB 196381
The application of electrostatic precipitators is reviewed for
the electric utility industry, the pulp and paper industry, the
iron and steel industry, the rock products industry, the chemi-
cal industry, in cleaning municipal incinerator dusts, for the
petroleum industry, and in the nonferrous metals industry.
Particular emphasis is placed on the dust and gaseous emis-
sions of the processes discussed. This is followed by a tabula-
tion of input and design parameters for precipitators operating
on various types of dust control problems and an analysis of
critical design parameters and test results. Cost data are also
presented. The electrolytic reduction of aluminum, the produc-
tion of copper, primary lead, and zinc reduction are discussed
in the area of the nonferrous metals industry. In the petroleum
industry, catalytic cracking and detailing are indicated as ap-
plication areas. Refuse properties are discussed, as well as
types of incinerators. Sulfuric acid production, the production
of elemental phosphorus, phosphoric acid, and carbon black,
warrant the use of precipitators in the chemical industry. In
the rock products industry, the manufacture of Portland ce-
ment and the gypsum industry present problems. Coke ovens,
sinter plants, blast furnaces, open hearth furnaces, basic ox-
ygen converters, electric arc furnaces, scarfing machines, and
iron cupolas are areas of application in the iron and steel in-
dustry. In the pulp and paper industry, precipitators are in-
dicated for the recovery of boiler participate emissions and
sulfate process flue gases. Fly ash precipitators are needed in
the electric utility industry.
30447
Nelson, Kenneth W.
NONFERROUS METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS. In: Air
Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed.. New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 37, p. 171-190. 16 refs.
While sulfur dioxide from the smelting of copper, lead, and
zinc has been the principal pollutant of interest in nonferrous
metallurgy, gaseous and particulate fluorides from aluminum
smelting are also of concern. Fluoride problems first came to
attention because of adverse effects on grazing animals rather
than effects on vegetation, as with SO2. The mining, milling,
and concentrating of copper, lead, and zinc are discussed, as
well as their refining and smelting, emissions, and controls.
The mining and ore treatment of aluminum is considered, its
electrolysis, and emissions and controls. Copper, lead, zinc,
and aluminum produced from scrap are also discussed. The
production of nonferrous alloys is noted.
34916
Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C.
PRODUCT CLASSES - VALUE SHIPPED BY ALL MANU-
FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS: 1947, 1954, 1958, 1963 TO
1967. In: Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals and Al-
loys, p. 33C-29, 1970.
Quantities shipped by all manufacturing establishments of
copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, primary nonferrous metals, and
secondary nonferrous metals are tabulated for 1947, 1954,
1958, and 1963 to 1967. Both smelter and refined materials are
included.
35224
Halley, James H. and Bruce E. McNay
CURRENT SMELTING SYSTEMS AND THEIR RELATION
TO AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers New York and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 20p., 1970. 5 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers and Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos, Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo., Aug.
30-Sept. 2, 1970.)
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PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
The non-ferrous smelting operations, using metallic sulfides as
feed material, are briefly described. These include copper,
lead, and zinc smelting. Conditions and the nature of waste
gas streams are discussed in relation to extraction and
recovery of sulfur. Major problems of high temperatures, un-
clean gases, and low sulfur oxide concentration are noted.
Possible changes in equipment and processes are discussed, as
well as the manufacture of sulfuric acid from relatively strong
sulfur dioxide waste gas. (Author abstract modified)
39462
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME
III - HANDBOOK OF EMISSION PROPERTIES. Air Pollu-
tion Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-
C, 626p., May 1, 1971. 302 refs.
Details of the methodology employed to obtain data concern-
ing the kind and number of stationary particulate sources, the
chemical and physical characteristics of both the participates
and carrier gas emitted by specific sources, and the status of
current control practices, are presented. Emission factors and
rates, chemical and physical properties of effluents, and con-
trol practices and equipment are given for stationary com-
bustion processes (power generation and furnaces); mineral
processing; agricultural operations (field burning, grain eleva-
tors, cotton gins); iron and steel manufacturing; cement manu-
facturing; forest products industry (sawmills, pulp industry);
primary nonferrous metallurgy (copper, lead, zinc, and alu-
minum smelting and refining); clay products; fertilizer manu-
facturing; asphalt; ferroalloy manufacturing; iron foundries;
secondary nonferrous metals industry; coal preparation; car-
bon black manufacturing; petroleum refining; acid manufac-
ture (sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid); and incineration. The
control equipment includes cyclones, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters, mist eliminators, and after-
burners. Effluents include dusts, participates, fly ash, sulfur
oxides, hydrocarbons, and other noxious gases. Costs for con-
trol equipment purchase and operation are given. This hand-
book constitutes a reference source for available information
on the distinguishing features of the various particulate pollu-
tion sources and should be of value to air pollution regulatory
agencies, control equipment manufacturers, and industrial con-
cerns.
40085
Grey, Donald C., Mead LeRoy Jensen, and Henry L.
Dequasie
ATMOSPHERIC FLUIDS PROVENANCE USING STABLE
ISOTOPES. Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, Lab. of Isotope
Geology, Public Health Service Grant 1 RO1 AP00627, Trans.
01051441, Rept. 5242, 51p., Sept. 1971. 23 refs.
The technique of isotopic fingerprinting has proven useful in
the Salt Lake Valley for determining the source of sulfur pol-
lution. The several sources of atmospheric sulfur compounds
in the area are isotopically characteristic, and their effluents
can generally be distinguished, and their relative contributions
to the general levels in the atmosphere determined. In the Salt
Lake Valley, the major source of atmospheric sulfur com-
pounds is a large copper smelting operation. Bacteriogenic
hydrogen sulfide appears to be the second largest source.
Petroleum refineries and a coking operation were minor con-
tributors. Increasing levels of carbon dioxide were fossil fuel
consumption by metal smelters in the Salt Lake City area and
were often seven or eight times the mean level for the free at-
mosphere. Metal smelters produce larger quantities of CO2
than sulfur dioxide. Routing and rapid sampling for isotopic
analysis is now possible using a particle filter, followed by a 3
angstrom sieve dehydrator, followed in turn by a smaller
volume 4 angstrom sieve on which the sample was collected.
A 70 cfm blower drawing air at about 12 cfm powered the
unit. The motors used were high speed units designed for 110
vac and were run on inverters for field use. (Author abstract
modified)
40284
Morita, Clyde B.
PHOENIX-TUCSON METROPOLITAN AREA AIR POLLU-
TANT EMISSION INVENTORY. National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration, Durham N. C., Air Quality and Emission
Data Div., Office of Air Programs Pub-APTD-0827, 51p., Oct.
1969. 13 refs.
Estimates are provided of total emissions of oxides of sulfur,
oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and par-
ticulate matter. The emissions of these pollutants are
delineated with respect to source type, season of the year, and
geographical distribution. Source categories considered were
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid waste
disposal, industrial process losses, organic solvent evapora-
tion, and agricultural operations. Facilities that emitted large
quantities of pollutants were considered individually. The
predominant source (99.7%) of the more than 2 million tons of
sulfur oxides emitted in 1967 was the copper smelting industry.
Various source types, including transportation, industrial
process, and agricultural operations contributed to the 34,300
tons of particulate matter. Motor vehicles accounted for 94%
of 535,000 tons of carbon monoxide. The two largest sources,
contributing 57% and 28% respectively, of the 125,000 tons of
hydrocarbons were motor vehicles and organic solvent
evaporation. Motor vehicles also contributed more than 55%
of the 62,400 tons of nitrogen oxides.
41681
Foard, James E. and Russell R. Beck
COPPER SMELTING. CURRENT PRACTICES AND FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS. Preprint, American Inst. of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, (AIME), New York,
N. Y., 51p., 1971. 42 refs. (Presented at the American Institute
of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Annual
Meeting, New York, Feb.-March 1971.)
The current structure of the copper smelting industry is re-
ported in terms of the number, distribution, type, and value of
smelters in the United States and abroad. The balance between
U. S. smelting capacity and domestic concentrate production is
examined. The cost of smelting and the pollution abatement
factors which affect it are analyzed. Currently practiced smelt-
ing methods include reverberatroy furnace, flash furnace, elec-
tric furnace, blast furnace, and shaft furnace smelting, con-
verting operations, gaseous deoxidation of molten copper, and
slag flotation. Areas of process and equipment development .in
which there has been much activity but which have not yet
reached the state of complete commercial feasibility include:
continuous smelting, oxygen top blowing, cyclone smelting,
separate melting of precipitates, charge preparation, and
recovery of metal values from slag. A copper smelter designed
to meet the future requirements of effective pollution abate-
ment, continuous smelting, conservation of fuel and power,
simplification, improved working conditions, and economic
feasibility is described. 0
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
42676
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrheim-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
NONFERROUS METALLURGY. (NE-Metallerzeugung). Text
in German. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wir-
klichkeit. Moehnesee- Wamel, West Germany, K. ron Saint
George, 1972, p. 60-65.
The present situation and future trends in the output and emis-
sions in the nonferrous metallurgy of North Rhine-Westphalia
are described. The aluminum industriy, which accounts for
more than 50% of the total output of West Germany, will ex-
perience rapid growth. The basic pollutants are gaseous
fluorine compounds (0.8-1.5 kg/t), aluminum- and fluorine-
bearing dust (9-20 kg/t), sulfur dioxide (3-15 kg/t), and carbon
monoxide. Aluminum remelting is expected to increase 100%
by 1980. Chloride aerosols, metal oxides, and gaseous fluorine
compounds are the chief pollutants. Oust separation at a rate
of 15% was applied to rotary furnaces in 1970. Dust emissions
will decrease from 1320 tons in 1970 to 680 tons in 1980 by
lowering the dust concentration to 150 mg/N cu m and 100
mg/N cu m for rotary furnaces and thermal chips treatment
facilities, respectively. Gaseous fluorine emissions, 90 tons in
1970, will be reduced to 50 tons in 1980 by applying wet-type
gas cleaning. Sulfur dioxide emissions from lead manufactur-
ing will be reduced 90% due to waste-gas desulfurization. The
efficiency of SO2 separation at sulfuric acid production facili-
ties is 98%. Lead and zinc emissions, amounting to 350 and
180 tons in 1970, will decrease to 50 tons each in 1975. Sulfur
dioxide emissions from copper manufacturing, for which a 2%
yearly rate of growth is predicted, will rise from 900 tons in
1970 to 1100 tons iii 1980, the waste-gas S02 concentration
being 0.2 g/N cu m. Hydrochloric acid emissions, now 500
tons, will decrease by 50%. While total dust emission will be
reduced from 600 to 300 tons, no further reduction in lead,
zinc, and copper emissions is possible. The dust emissions
from copper alloy manufacturing will be 10% of the 1970 level
by 1980, as an upper limit of 50 mg/N cu m will be set in 1973.
Sulfur dioxide emissions from zinc manufacturing, for which
electrolytic processes are increasingly used, will decrease from
1800 tons in 1970 to about 1500 tons in 1980. The imposition of
a maximum allowable dust emission of 50 mg/N cu m in 1973
will result in zinc and lead emissions, now 160 and 40 tons,
decreasing to 80 and 20 tons, respectively, despite a growth
rate of 40%.
43271
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY. In: Compilation of Air Pol-
lutant Emission Factors. GAP Pub-AP-42, p. 7-1 to 7-22, Feb.
1972. 61 refs. NTIS: PB 209559
Primary and secondary metal industries are discussed. The pri-
mary industries, producing metals from ore, reviewed are:
non-ferrous operations of aluminum ore reduction, copper
smelters, lead smelters, zinc smelters, iron and steel mills, fer-
roalloy production, and metallurgical coke manufacture. Large
quantities of sulfur oxides and particulates are emitted by
these industries. The secondary metallurgical industries, which
recover metal from scrap and salvage and produce alloys from
ingot, include aluminum operations, brass and bronze ingots,
gray iron foundries, lead smelting, magnesium smelting, steel
foundries, and zinc processing. The major air contaminants
from these operations are particulates in the forms of metallic
fumes, smoke, and dust. Control methods used are: cyclones,
electrostatic precipitators, filters, and baghouses.
45387
Lavrov, N. V. and S. F. Evlanov
PREPARATION OF REDUCING GAS WITH HIGH
HYDROGEN CONTENT BY THE PYROLYSIS OF NATURAL
METHANE IN MELTS. (Polucheniye nosstanovitel nogo gaza
s nysokim soderzhaniyem nodoroda pirolizom prirodnogo
metana v rasplavakh). Text in Russian. Tsvetn. Metal.,
45(3): 12-14, 1972. 6 refs.
Natural gas was bubbled through liquid copper, iron, and tin at
1200-1500 C to decompose the hydrocarbons. The hydrogen
concentration of the pyrolyzed gas increased with temperature
to greater than 90% volume at greater than 1400 C. The pyrol-
ysis degree increased more than the temperature rise than with
the decreasing gas flow rate. Addition of an equal volume of
steam to natural gas decreased the carbon black formation, but
formed approximately 15% carbon monoxide by volume. The
results are useful for copper refining with natural gas.
48296
Grey, D. C. and M. L. Jensen
BACTERIOGENIC SULFUR IN AIR POLLUTION. Science,
177(4054): 1099-1100, Sept. 22, 1972. 6 refs.
On a yearly basis, copper smelters are the dominant source of
atmospheric sulfur compounds in and near Salt Lake City,
Utah. Isotopic studies suggested that the next most important
source is bacteriogenic sulfur released by anaerobes from
river-bottom muds and marshes near Great Salt Lake. Bac-
teriogenic sulfur amounts to about 10,000 t/yr, or 10% of sul-
fur released annually by smelters. On a seasonal basis, the
bacteriogenic source of sulfur may rival or exceed smelter
contributions.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
00163
Fink
ANTIPOLLUTION PROGRAM AND MEASUREMENT
EQUIPMENT FOR CHECKING ON THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF THIS PROGRAM IN THE ENTERPRISE. (Luftreinhaltung
und Messtechnische Moglichkeiten Ihrer Innerbetrieblichen
Uberwachung.) WIR-Die Werkzeitschrift der Duisburger Kup-
ferhutte 10, (19) 15-21, Apr. 1965.
A general assessment of air pollution technologies required to
set up an effective air control system is presented. The salient
point of the paper centers around an alternating light photome-
ter which the Duisburg Copper Smelting Plant has been suc-
cessfully using. The concentration measurements made with
this home-made photometer are based on the fact that gases
reveal a radiation absorption in certain wave length ranges
which depends on the gas concentration. By measuring this
radiation absorption at a certain wave length or in a certain
wave length range, the percentage of the harmful gas after
calibration of the photometer with gas-air mixtures of varying
concentrations can be indicated directly.
04567
D. J. Robertson
FILTRATION OF COPPER SMELTER GASES AT HUDSON
BAY MINING AND SMELTING COMPANY, LIMITED. Can
Mining Met. Bull. (Montreal) 53, 326-35, May 1960. (Presented
at the Annual Western Meeting, Winnipeg, Canada, Sept.
1959.)
The gas filtration treatment which was installed in 1957, using
glass cloth media to recover the dust burden is described. The
associated problem of its treatment for recovery of zinc and
cadmium is discussed. After a discussion of the plant and its
development, the roaster fans, baghouse, and pneumatic dust
conveying system are discussed.
06569
RESTRICTING DUST EMISSION FROM COPPER-ORE
SMELTERS. (Staubauswurfbegrenzung Kupfererzhutten.)
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany. (VDI 2101.) (Jan. 1960). 30
pp. Ger. (Tr.)
This specification treats the occurrence and reduction of dust
emission in those units of copper-ore smelters which represent
the principal sources of dust. The purposes are: to describe
the installation creating dust; to characterize the influences
leading to the creation of dust; to point out measures for the
reduction of dust emission; to give indications on the selection
of suitable dust-removal installations; and to establish guide
lines on restricting permissible dust emission from new instal-
lations. The dust emitted from a copper-ore smelter represents
a loss of valuable metal (copper, silver, gold). Consequently,
the interest of copper-ore smelters in keeping these losses as
low as possible is equally as great as the desire to guaranty pu-
rification of the air. The factors to be considered in specifying
cloth filters, centrifugal separators, electrostatic precipitators,
and stacks are reviewed.
07925
Beighton, J.
THE SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. Roy. Soc. Health
J. (London). 87(4):215-218, July-Aug. 1967. 2 refs. (London)
The air pollution problems of a group of industries which
produce: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, petroleum and petrochemi-
cals, iron and steel, copper, aluminum, gas, ceramics and elec-
tric power are reviewed. The basic technical approach is to
avoid the formation of the emission by design of the process,
then to require the treatment of any unavoidable emission, and
finally to require adequate dispersal of any residual amount
which has to be discharged. The legislation is designed to com-
promise between safeguarding of public health and amenities
and providing for a realistic acceptance with adequate control
of special processes. Although the loss of gases in the manu-
facture of sulfuric acid is limited to 2% of the sulfur burned,
the loss from a contact acid plant with a 500-ton-per-day
capacity may be considerable so that chimney heights as high
as 450 ft may be required. Acid mist from contact plants burn-
ing sulfur is a special problem as it is difficult to control and
its occurrence is unpredictable. There are two nitric acid
plants in Britain equipped with catalytic tail-gas reduction
units which should solve the problem of brown nitrous fume
emission to the air. The use of special flares is required to
control H2S and mercaptans emitted by oil refineries. In the
steel industry the development of the Fuel-Oxygen-Scrap
process is regarded as an alternative to the electric arc fur-
nace. It is claimed that melting and refining can be carried out
without exceeding a fume level of 0.05 grains per cu ft.
08562
Culhane, F. R.
PRODUCTION BAGHOUSES. Chem. Eng. Progr., 64(1 ):65-
738 Jan. 1968. 1 ref.
Tests and field results are discussed for several baghouse in-
stallations associated with roasters, sintering machines, and
reverberatory furnaces in the lead, zinc, and copper industries.
Design considerations, such as air-to-cloth ratio and type of
construction, are discussed. (Authors abstract)
11146
Anon.
SULPHUR. A HIDDEN ASSET IN SMELTER GASES. PART
4. Eng. Mining 169(8):59-66, Aug. 1968.
Smelter and converter gases and their contained sulfur are a
specialized problem which may be turned into an asset for
profit. The worldwide application of technology to this
problem is reviewed Process description and applications are
discussed.
13026
Minoura, J.
ON THE NOVEL METHOD OF COPPER REFINING WITH
THE AIM OF PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY
MINERALS. (Kogai-boshi o mokuteki toshlta atarashii do-
seiren-ho ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat En-
gineering, Tokyo), 21(5):12-16, May 1969.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
A novel copper refining method, using 'The Auto-blast fur-
nace' developed in Finland, is becoming predominant in Japan.
It has three notable advantages: (1) easy re-absorption of SO2
by means of compressed flue gas; (2) low cost, because of less
investment for the facilities and equipment for pollution
prevention; and (3) production of more by-product H2SO4.
The refining process can be briefly summarized as follows: (1)
preliminary process, in which the minerals are dried; (2) melt-
ing and refining; and (3) handling of flue gas. A significant
aspect of this method is that controlling the temperature and
pressure within the furnace and cyclone enables almost perfect
re- absorption of SO2 emitted and production of a considera-
ble amount of H2SO4.
14638
Ushakov, K. I., O. V. Nadinskaya, I. G. Dobrochiver, and S.
P. Zharova
REDUCTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE BY COKE UNDER
CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO COPPER-SULFUR SMELT-
ING. (Vosstanovleniye sernistogo gaza koksom primentil'no k
usloviyam medno-sernoy plavki). Text in Russian. Sb. Nauchn.
Tr., Cos. Nauchn.- Issled. Inst. Tsvetn. Metal., no. 26:168-177,
1967. 16 rets.
A laboratory study of the reduction of sulfur dioxide by coke
was carried out for the purpose of making separate determina-
tions of SO2, H2S, CO, CO2, COS, and CS2 contents in the
gas phase using gas-liquid chromatography. These studies were
directed toward optimizing the production of elemental sulfur
during copper-sulfur smelting. Experiments were made with a
charge containing 10% coke and 90% quartz at 100-deg inter-
vals from 700 to 1200 C. The coke contained 74% carbon and
11.5% ash; its porosity was 32.5%, and specific gravity was
1.67. The incoming gas mixture was 10% SO2 and 90% N2;
contact time was 4 sec. Additional tests were made at 1200 C
with a charge of 100% coke for various SO2 contents in the
starting gas (4.4-11.9%) and with various contact times 4.4-5.0
sec). Reduction of SO2 began at 800 C and increased with
temperature and the amount of coke present, reaching 83% at
1200 C with 10% coke, and 92.1% with 100% coke. Increasing
contact time above 4 sec had practically no effect on the
degree of reduction. It is recommended that the SO2 content
of the furnace gas be 2.5-3.0% with an optimized coke content.
14642
IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO THE RECOVERY OF
SULPHUR DIOXIDE. (Electrolytic Refining and Smelting Co.
of Australia, Pty. Ltd., Port Kembia) Australian Pat. 164,272.
5p., July 22, 1955. (Appl. Jan. 27, 1953, 9 claims).
A method is described for recovering sulfur dioxide contained
in low concentrations from metallurgical and industrial flue
gases. The apparatus used in carrying out the method includes
a vertical, cyclindrical reaction tower containing a porous bed
of reactive material, preferably metallic copper and/or a
copper alloy or copper ore, in the form of wire, thin strips, or
shavings. A solution of water and ammonia is supplied to the
tower at a controlled rate; its strength is progressively in-
creased by recirculating it through the porous bed. When gas
is circulated upward through the bed, sulfur dioxide and the
reactive material are dissolved in the liquid. Sulfur is
recovered in the form of metallic salts or sulfuric acid.
15304
Gerlach, J., H. G. Kleist, and K. Mager
THE SPEED OF PHASE TRANSITION OF GASEOUS SUL-
FUR DIOXIDE IN LIQUID COPPER. (Die Geschwindigkeit des
Phasenuebergangs von gasfoermigem Schwefeldioxid in flues-
siges Kupfer). Text in German. Metal!. (Berlin), 19(11):1163-
1167, 1965. 22 refs.
Experiments for determining the solution speed of sulfur diox-
ide in a copper melt were conducted in a vacuum apparatus
consisting of a bulb-shaped reaction chamber. A certain
amount of gaseous SO2 is passed over liquid copper. The SO2
quantity retained by the liquid copper can be determined by
measuring the pressure drop in the gas phase. From the
results, the diffusion constant for sulfur was computed to be
0.06 cm/sec and 0.013 cm/sec for oxygen. In practical terms,
the results of these experiments show that in the copper refin-
ing process, all the sulfur from the SO2 discharged by the fur-
nace is retained by the copper bath. If the furnace is fired with
heavy fuel oil, the copper bath retains 18 g S/t Cu within five
minutes. Even if the phase boundary is 0.005 cm thick and the
sulfur enters by diffusion only, the sulfur content of the
copper bath increases in 2 hrs by 10 g/t Cu. The collision effi-
ciency was found to be 0.001.
16711
BAG LIFE EXTENDED AT COPPER REFINERY. Air Eng.,
11(1):18-19, Jan. 1969.
Conversion from glass fiber fabric lo a filter fabric made of
DuPont's high temperature fiber, Nomex nylon has increased
the effective life of copper refinery filters by at least a factor
of 14. The requirement was for a material which could
withstand continuous exposure to 350 F, the abrasion of an
inert oxide dust, and the flexing resulting from periodic shak-
ing to drop the accumulated cake from the interior of the bags
to the collecting bins below.
21309
Arganbright, L. P. and Bennett Preble
SO2 FROM SMELTERS: THREE PROCESSES FORM AN
OVERVIEW OF RECOVERY COSTS. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
4(7):554-561, July 1970.
About 2.2 million long tons per year of sulfur is contained in
the sulfur oxide gases generated in the operation of copper,
zinc, and lead smelters in the western United States. Nearly
23% of this is recovered, mostly as sulfuric acid. A study was
made to identify and evaluate the technological and economic
problems associated with controlling the sulfur oxide emis-
sions of these smelting operations. Three processes for control
and by-product recovery were considered: the contact sulfuric
acid process, the Cominco absorption process, and the ASAR-
CO reduction process. All three are adversely affected by the
low percentage of sulfur in the exhaust gases. Similarly, all are
limited in optimum size, since the capital investment for larger
operations off-sets the reduction in operating cost. Of the
three processes considered, the contact sulfuric acid process is
the least costly, both in terms of initial cost and operating
cost.
22930
Bulgakov, M. V.
AN EXPERIMENT IN CREATING PROTECTIVE
PLANTINGS IN THE CITY OF KRASNOURAL'SK. In: Amer-
ican Institute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution
Literature. Effects and Symptoms of Air Pollutes on Vegetation;
Resistance and Susceptibility of Different Plant Species in Vari-
ous Habitats, In Relation to Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts
and as Biological Indicators. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.)> vol. 2,
Silver Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1969,
p. 79-84. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR Ural. Filial. Ural. Cos. Univ.
-------
8
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
Im. A. M. Gor'kogo. Okhrana prirody na Urale (Sverdlovsk),
vol. 4:189,195, 1964.)
Krasnoural'sk is a large center of copper smelting and chemi-
cal industry in the Central Urals. Large amounts of sulfur
dioxide and fluorine, which are harmful to vegetation and
man, are discharged to the atmosphere. The local natural
forest was destroyed by SO2, and as a result the city became
unattractive and dusty. An arboreal nursery was established to
aid in the selection of trees and shrubs adapted to local en-
vironmental conditions. An assortment of gas-resistant species
for city plantings was developed, including poplar, birch,
cedar, larch, maple, elm, Siberian pea shrub, elder, dogwood,
sweetbrier, and others. Siberian pea shrubs from the local
nursery and from another nursery were planted in a city park.
The leaves on the plants from the local nursery remained nor-
mal in appearance, while those from the other nursery were
severely damaged by SO2. This confirms the fact that the
trees and shrubs for gas-polluted areas should be exclusively
local, raised in the same noxious medium where they are to
continue their growth. If frost-resistance is also desired, the
plants should be raised under rigorous, spartan conditions. The
establishment of parks and plazas, and the great number of
trees and shrubs along the streets have made the air of the city
cleaner and resulted in a milder microclimate.
23032
Hall, William A.
PROCESS OF PREVENTING THE ESCAPE OF SULFUR
DIOXID IN SMELTING SULFID ORES. (Assignee Not
Given.) U. S. Pat. 1,134,846. 5p., April 6, 1915. 3 refs. (Appl.
June 30, 1913, 9 claims).
A process is described for the recovery in elemental and com-
mercial form of the sulfur evolved from pyrites in the opera-
tion of smelting copper, and for preventing the discharge of
noxious sulfur dioxide fumes from the furnace into the at-
mosphere. A reducing gas flame is introduced into the upper
level of the furnace, capable of reducing a part at least of the
sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur, while preventing the access
of air to oxidize any considerable quantity of the elemental
sulfur. The preferred temperature to be maintained may be
about 700 C. Under certain conditions, such as the employ-
ment of a reducing gas poor in hydrogen, a certain amount of
steam or water vapor is admitted along with the reducing gas.
23378
Potts, H. R. and E. G. Lawford
RECOVERY OF SULPHUR FROM SMELTER GASES BY
THE ORKLA PROCESS AT RIO TINTO. Trans. Inst. Mining
Met., vol. 58:427-516, 1949. 8 refs.
A process which recovers sulfur from copper-smelting fumes
is described. The process operates by containing the sulfur
dioxide produced in the combustion of the ore in a closed fur-
nace, thus preventing the SO2 from being burned itself in at-
mospheric air. Then, the SO2 is sent through a column of solid
carbon, where a reduction reaction separates the sulfur out as
a vapor. Upon cooling, the crude solid sulfur can be removed.
The process as described is used at the Rio Tinto mine in
Brazil, but it originated at the Orkla Co. in Norway, where it
got its name. The Rio Tinto plant operation is described in
detail. Catalysts are not used because the ore contains sub-
stantial amounts of arsenic, which greatly complicates cata-
lytic activity. Improvements needed in the process include
better oxidation of the ore and greater reduction of SO2,
possibly by going to higher operating temperatures.
23939
Nagibin, V. D.
SMELTING CONCENTRATES IN CONVERTERS AND
PRODUCTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE FOR SULFURIC ACID
MANUFACTURE. Soviet J. Non-Ferrous Metals (English
translation from Russian of: Tsvetn. Metal.), vol. 9(10):39-42,
Oct. 1968.
Industrial tests were performed on the converter smelting of
copper matte in an air blast enriched with up to 24-27% ox-
ygen. The output capacity of converters increased propor-
tionally to the percentage of oxygen in a blast. The tempera-
ture of the molten charge in converters increased sharply as a
result of the heat of exothermic reactions; this permitted the
processing of cold additions in the form of ore, concentrate,
and other copper- containing materials. Concentrations of sul-
fur dioxide in the waste gases of the converter increased by
1.5-2.5% (in absolute value), varying during the second blow-
ing period by 5-10%. The operating regime of the converters
decreased markedly when enriched blasts were used during the
first and second blowing stages. On the basis of these findings,
programs were developed for the smelting of pelletized copper
concentrates and for the production of sulfuric acid from con-
verter waste gases alone. The latter process is based on a
starting concentration of about 4% SO2 in converter waste
gases fed to a contact-reaction vessel and on special condi-
tions for matte blowing. At least two converters are con-
tinually on blast, the blast consumption of each varying
between 30,000 to 45,000 cu m/hr. Before being passed to the
sulfuric acid production plant, the exhaust gases are pressure
fed by a blower to electrostatic dust separators. An automatic
switching system for changing the direction of the gases from
the sulfuric acid units to stack exhaust makes it possible to
stabilize the content of sulfur dioxide being shipped to the
former.
24724
Lamoreaux, W. F.
THE FELD SCRUBBER FOR CLEANING METALLURGICAL
SMOKE. Eng. Mining J., 113(5):198-207, 1922.
A description is provided of a spray tower counterflow
scrubber use to clean the flue gas of a copper smelter. Unique
application of this unit is that the participates recovered are
reprocessed for their zinc content and the gas is processed for
elemental sulfur. A brief history is given of the failures ex-
perienced with dry centrifugal cleaning, wet baffle cleaning,
bag filters, and electrostatic precipitation. The Feld scrubber
with which success was finally achieved is a seven layer
system in which primary washing is performed in the lower
three chambers, separation in middle section, and cooling and
dehumidification is performed in the upper three chambers,
although this may be varied at the will of the operator. Wash
water is admitted at the selected level and atomized by the ro-
tary motion of the perforated central cones and again by im-
pact with the outer wall. Rim speed of the cones is approxi-
mately 2000 fpm. Gas is admitted at the bottom and passes up-
ward through the mist of wash water. Capacity of the unit is
200,000 cfh with wash water recirculated at a rate of 65 gpm.
During initial operation some SO2 is lost by disolving into the
wash water, but when the water becomes saturated, effective-
ly all of the SO2 is available to the sulfur reduction unit, and
the saturated wash water apparently does not inhibit the par-
ticulate recovery. Purity of the reduced flowers of sulfur is
99.2%. The scrubber operates on a 24 hour day, seven days a.
week basis, requiring only lubrication to keep it in operation
which can be applied without stopping the equipment.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
25275
Nilsson, Folke and Bengt Rudling
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AT THE BOLIDEN COPPER
AND LEAD SMELTING PLANT, ROENNSKAERSVERKEN,
SWEDEN. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 36p., 1970. (Presented at the Interna-
tional Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11,
1970, Paper SU-24D.)
Factors considered when the Boliden Company's copper and
lead smelter was erected in Sweden in 1928-1930 are reviewed.
Built for smelting copper-arsenopyrite ore from the Boliden
mine, the smelter was placed on a peninsula at the Bothnian
Gulf. To utilize excess sulfur in the ore as pyrite and thereby
reduce the sulfur dioxide emission by about 50%, the ore was
concentrated. After World War II a sulfuric acid plant took
care of the roaster gases and ten years later the production
was increased three-fold by further SO2-utilization. Hereafter
no effect can be seen on forest, crop, or garden. The concen-
tration of SO2 in ambient air around the the smelter is far
beneath the official limit. The production of liquid SO2 for the
paper and pulp industry will now make it possible to utilize
over 90% of the SO2. The SO2-recovery is made by absorp-
tion in water. This process is economical when a good supply
of cold water for cooling and inexpensive surplus steam is
available. Along with diversified and increased production,
dust cleaning has been extended and modernized. The results
of these activities have been followed up by medical studies of
the population. (Author abstract modified)
26142
Leaver, Edmund S. and R. V. Thurston
FERRIC SULPHATE AND SULPHURIC ACID FROM
SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND AIR. Bureau of Mines, Washing-
ton, D. C., Rept. of Investigations 2556, 7p., Dec. 1923. 2 refs
During the development of a sulfur dioxide leaching process
for treating 'mixed' copper ores, the pulp from the treatment
of roaste cupriferous pyrite with sulfur dioxide gases and
water showed an unexpected amount of sulfuric acid. This was
due to iron in the solution; the iron tended to oxidize to the
ferric state if the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the roaster
gases did not rise above a certain figure. The percentage of
iron present was sufficient to cause an entirely different set of
conditions from those of the original sulfur dioxide leaching
process and to promise a much wider application of the
general idea. It is possible that ferric sulfate and sulfuric acid
solutions, prepared from a cheap form of sulfur dioxde, will
be utilizable for the treatment of all oxidized copper minerals
and for the recovery of copper from concentrator tailing
where the copper is present both in oxidized minerals and in
sulfides or native state which can be attacked by ferric sulfite.
Preparation of the solutions is reviewed. (Author introduction
modified)
26589
POLLUTION CONTROL IN WORCRA SMELTING. Mining
Mag. (London), 124(1):5, 7, Jan. 1971.
The Worcra copper-smelting process is claimed to make a sig-
nificant contribution to air pollution control since the furnace
delivers a steady stream of gas containing approximately 10%
sulfur dioxide. Because of this high concentration, the gas
volume/unit of the contained sulfur is relatively small and
economies can be achieved in the capital and operating cost of
gas cleaning and purification equipment associated with sul-
furic acid recovery. Pilot plant observations indicate that the
solids content of gas emission from the Worcra furnace would
be 2-6% of the weight of the feed material. The nature of the
gas from the furnace is also considered suitable for the
recovery of liquid sulfur or elemental sulfur.
27597
Semrau, Konrad T.
CONTROL OF SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM PRIMA-
RY COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC SMELTERS--A REVIEW.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 39p.,
1970. 140 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970,
Paper 70-97.)
The methods of control of sulfur dioxide emissions from pri-
mary copper, lead, and zinc smelters are reviewed. The prin-
cipal barrier to control is economical rather than technical.
The processes of copper, lead, and zinc smelting are
described. Method for control and useful recovery of sulfur
oxide emissions are placed into 3 categories: systems produc-
ing sulfuric acid; systems producing concentrated sulfur diox-
ide, either for use as such or as an intermediate in production
of some other materials, such as sulfuric acid or elemental sul-
fur; and systems producing elemental sulfur. Processes
described include a conventional gas cleaning and conditioning
system for a sulfuric acid plant consisting of scrubbing towers
and a wet-type electrostatic precipitator, the Asarco DMA ab-
sorption system, the Cominco ammonia absorption system the
Lurgi Sulfacid process, the Monsanto Cat-Ox process, the Bo-
liden process, the Asarco Brimstone process, the TGS
process, and the Claus process.
28595
Semrau, Konrad T.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF NEW SULFUR OXIDE CONTROL
PROCESSES FOR APPLICATION TO SMELTERS AND
POWER PLANTS. PART I: THE MONSANTO CAT-OX
PROCESS FOR APPLICATION TO SMELTER GASES.
(FINAL REPORT). Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park,
Calif., NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-78, SRI Proj. PMU-7923,
54p., 1969 (?). 20 refs. NTIS: PB 197166
The Monsanto Cat-Ox system for sulfur oxides recovery is es-
sentially an adaptation of the contact process for sulfuric acid
manufacture. The gas containing both SO2 and oxygen is
passed through a fixed bed of catalyst at an appropriate tem-
perature, and most of the SO2 is oxidized to SO3. The gas is
then passed through an absorption tower, where the SO3 is ab-
sorbed in recirculated sulfuric acid. Though developed primari-
ly for use with power plant flue gases, the Cat-Ox system can
be used on dilut gas streams (such as smelter gases) containing
2% or less SO2. In the present study, cost estimates were ob-
tained for application of the Cat-Ox system to hypothetical
copper and zinc smelters of varying sizes and producing 2
-------
10
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
one unit are being developed to control pollution. In the
Noranda Mines Ltd. process, concentrates and feed are in-
troduced in one end of the reactor which is similar in cross-
section to a Peirce-Smith converter. Smelting takes place at
the feed end, while matte and slag flows are controlled as they
move slowly to tapping ports. Oxidizing gas is introduced into
the matte to oxidize the iron sulfide. Continued injection of
the gas into the resulting white metal gradually oxidizes the
cupric sulfide to metallic copper. Advantages claimed for the
Noranda process include ready recovery of sulfur for the
production of sulfuric acid, savings in fuel costs, lower labor
requirements, and an improved plant environment for workers.
In the WORCRA continuous bath-smelting process, invented
at Conzinc Riotinto of Australia Ltd., metal is produced
directly from concentrates in one unit. Most of the exothermic
oxidation reactions are generated and continue in the liquid
bath, while turbulence is generated in the smelting and con-
verting zones by lance-injected oxygen-containing gas. Slag
moves countercurrent to matte and metal flow in the convert-
ing zone. Furnace gases rich in SO2 can be cooled and cleaned
for waste heat utilization and production of sulfuric acid; or
because of low oxygen content, the gases can be used to
produce elemental sulfur.
29327
Bridgstock, Guy
HOW TO LIMIT SO2 EMISSIONS WITH THE FLASH
SMELTING PROCESS. Eng. Mining J., 172(4): 120-123, April
1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers Meeting, Chicago, 111., Dec. 1970.)
While most off-gases from copper smelting operations have a
concentration of sulfur dioxide so low as to preclude their use
in processes which would permit the recovery of SO2, the
Flash Smelting Process can produce a high SO2 content gas
stream that can be further treated for SO2 removal by existing
chemical methods. Developed by Outokumpu Oy in Finland,
flash smelting consists of mixing finely divided dried concen-
trates with preheated air at the top of the reaction shaft of the
furnace in a specially designed concentrate burner. The heat
energy released by exothermic reactions of oxidation of the
sulfur and iron in the concentrates performs the smelting.
These oxidizing reactions continue as the suspended concen-
trates descend in the shaft of the furnace. The smelted materi-
al settles in a molten state in the settler section at the bottom
of the furnace as matte and slag while SO2-bearing gases flow
out an uptake shaft near the opposite end of the furnace into a
heat and dust recovery system. Commercial experience with
flash smelting and its advantages are indicated.
29622
Argenbright, Lee P.
SMELTER POLLUTION CONTROL-FACTS AND
PROBLEMS. Mining Congr. J., 57(5):24-28, May 1971.
Copper smelters produce the largest total volume of the non-
ferrous metals and have some of the greatest problems in
recovery of sulfur oxides. The major sulfur recovery from
smelters is in the form of sulfuric acid at the present time, but
the problem lies in the lack of consumers for the acid within
practical access of the smelting facilities. It has been suggested
that sulfur oxide gases be reacted with lime to produce a
disposable material which is primarily gypsum, an insoluble
and relatively inert product. Unfortunately, the best lime for
such use will not be pure and some soluble substances will
also be produced. With the advent of rainfall, a stream pollu-
tion problem of substantial proportions may exist. There are
several proven processes for reducing sulfur oxides to sulfur
from high concentration gases. To take advantage of these
processes there has been and is continuing, a considerable ef-
fort to concentrate weak gases to suitable strength. Implemen-
tation of any new control process requires the very minimum
time of five years. System capability and reliability must be
considered, as well as economic factors. In the future, smel-
ters will tend to use continuous rather than batch processes.
30121
Dunn, Richard L.
TFE-FLUOROCARBON FIBER FILTER BAGS-IT COSTS
MORE TO GO FIRST CLASS. Plant Eng., 25(ll):56-57, May
27, 1971.
Typical properties of TFE-fluorocarbon (teflon) filters are
summarized and discussed. Among the properties that would
seem to make the filters ideal for baghouse use are their re-
sistance to chemicals and high temperatures and their cleaning
ease. In practice, the application of the filters is limited by
their high initial cost. Their use appears economically justified
for copper smelters, clay manufacturing operations, terphthalic
acid production, and carbon black collection. Other companies
are obtaining some of the benefits of fluorocarbon fiber by
using cuffs of the material on the bottoms of glass fiber bags.
31826
Joyce, R. S., R. T. Lynch, R. F. Sutt, and G. S. Tobias
EFFECTIVE RECOVERY OF DILUTE SO2. Preprint, Amer-
ican Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, N. Y. and
Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros Quimicos, Mexico City, 24p.,
1970. 6 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers and the Institute de Mexico Ingenieros Quimicos,
Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo., Aug. 30-Sept. 2, 1970.)
The feasibility of a continuous process for the carbon cata-
lyzed oxidation of sulfur dioxide in gas streams was demon-
strated on a bench scale. The product is a sulfuric acid solu-
tion up to 15% by weight. In a series of factorial experiments
controlling variables in the process were the oxygen/802 mol
ratio and gas contact time. Temperature also has an effect on
the reaction rate although this cannot always be controlled.
The relationship of the percent of SO2 oxidation to the
O2/SO2 ratio and contact time was established, and optimum
operating conditions were predicted. Advantages of the
process were high conversion efficiencies for dilute SO2
streams, catalyst longevity, and simplicity. Using the bench
scale data, economic projections for two potential applications
were made. These applications were the reduction of SO2
emissions from copper smelting reverberatory furnaces and
abatement of SO2 in stack gas from contact sulfuric acid
plants. In both cases the projection showed the carbon process
to be economically feasible and capable of significant SO2
abatement. (Author summary)
32237
Bridgstock, Guy and Rauno Seeste
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL THROUGH THE USE OF
FLASH SMELTING. Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers, New York, 6p., 1970. (Presented at the American
Institute of Chemical Engineers, Annual Meeting, 63rd,
Chicago, 111., Dec. 1970.)
The problem of atmospheric pollution caused by sulfur dioxide
in furnace gases resulting from the smelting of sulfide copper
ores and concentrates is reviewed. A recently developed flash
smelting process reduces the SO2 effluent by increasing the
SO2 content of the process off-gases to enable the significant
recovery of sulfuric acid or sulfur. Flash smelting, which com-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
11
bines in one operation the roasting and smelting methods for
treating sulfide copper concentrates, consists of mixing finely
dried concentrates with preheated air at the top of the reaction
shaft of the flash furnace in a specially designed concentrate
burner. The smelting, concentrate preparation, formation of
matte and slag disposition, gas and dust control, matte
tapping, converting, fuel economics, and high SO2 content of
the gas stream are individually treated. The gas, treated in
contact acid plants, produces sulfuric acid and reduces at-
mospheric pollution from SO2 to a negligible level. A com-
parison of the reverbatory smelting and flash smelting
processes indicates that although initial installation costs of the
flash smelting process are higher, they are offset by the lower
operating costs and higher metal recovery.
32319
Konopka, A. P.
PARTICIPATE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY IN PRIMARY
NON-FERROUS SMELTING. Preprint, American Inst. of
Chemical Engineers and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 10p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers and Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos Joint Meeting, 3rd, ODenver, Colo., Sept.
1970.)
The sources and nature of paniculate emissions and control
technology in the primary smelting of aluminum, copper, lead,
and zinc are described. The high dust concentrations generated
by bauxite drying and alumina calcining frequently require
multicyclones for preliminary collection, followed by electro-
static precipitation. Installed costs for the combined system
are $4.60-$2.30/CFM, at 99+% collection efficiencies. Elec-
trolytic aluminum reduction cells pose a more complicated
emission problem: moderate-energy wet scrubbers, glass filter
bags, or flushed precipitator installations are used. Representa-
tive installed costs for the three methods are S3.00/CFM,
S2.00/CFM, and S2.00/CFM, respectively. Dry electrostatic
precipitators, preceded by mechanical collectors, are univer-
sally applied in copper smelting. Installation costs for the com-
bined equipment are S6.00/CFM for 50,000 CFM flows and
S3.00/CFM for 2,000,000 CFM flows. Large lead blast fur-
naces employ electrostatic precipitators, smaller units use
fabric filters. Installation costs of vertical flow pipe-type
precipitators in the 100,000 CFM range are S6.00/CFM. Con-
tinuous baghouses for smaller volumes cost S5.00/CFM in-
stalled. Horizontal flow plate precipitators are used on new
zinc sintering machines. Mild-steel construction is common,
and installed costs for 50,000 CFM collectors are S3.50/CFM.
Emissions from flash roasting of zinc ore are also controlled
by plate-type precipitators of mild steel construction. Installed
costs are S3.50/CFM.
32760
Schulz, Ulrich and Ulf Richter
THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETER ON
THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS IN NON-FERROUS METALLURGY. (Ein-
fluss technologischer Parameter auf den Abscheidegrad von
Elektrofiltern in der NE-Metallurgie). Text in German. Neue
Huette, 16(7):385-390, July 1971. 13 refs.
Experiments were conducted with a hot gas electrostatic
precipitator to determine efficient design criteria for applica-
tion to the non-ferrous metallurgical industry. A sample flow
was drawn through the precipitator from waste gases coming
from copper, tin, zinc, and lead furnaces. Dust which had
remained in the gas after passage through the precipitator was
removed with a glass fiber reinforced asbestos paper filter. Ef-
ficiency measurements, resistance determinations, and
theoretical considerations revealed that the filter temperature
and water content of the gases influence the collection effi-
ciency by relationships which are controlled by the specific
electric resistivity of dust. In the case of dusts with a resistivi-
ty of less than 10 to th 10th power ohm/cm, temperature and
dew point influence the collection efficiency via the break-
down voltage and the gas viscosity, regardless of the dust re-
sistivity.
32888
CITRIC ACID SWALLOWS SO2. (Citronensaeure schluckt
SO2). Text in German. Chem. Ind. (Duesseldorf), 23(9):624,
Sept. 1971.
A new method of desulfurization with citric acid, based on the
reaction of sulfur dioxide in the waste gas in aqueous solution
with the citrate ions under formation of a bisulfite-citrate com-
plex is examined. The complex is decomposed again by
hydrogen sulfide; sulfur is separated, and the citrate ions are
liberated again. Approximately one third of the liberated ulfur
is converted to hydrogen sulfide and used for liberation of the
sulfur from the bisulfite citrate complex. Constructon costs fr
cening 285,000 cu ft/min of SO2-containing waste gas from a
copper plant with an annual throughput of 100,000 short tons
would amount to 13 million dollars. The SO2 content of the
waste gases is about 2%. At a sulfur yield of 95%, about
114,000 tons sulfur/year would be obtained.
33157
Belousova, A. E., L. I. Mekler, A. A. Egizarov, and E. A.
Simkin
HYDROMETALLURGICAL TREATMENT OF DUSTS FROM
DRY ELECTROFILTERS AT COPPER SMELTERS. Soviet J.
Non-Ferrous Metals (English translation from Russian of:
Tsvetn. Metal.), 10(6):37-39, June 1969. 1 ref.
A technology was developed for treating the dusts from dry
electrofilters at copper smelters for the production of a sul-
fide-Iead concentrate, a. zinc-cadmium intermediate product, a
copper-calcium cake, and ammonium perrhenate, thus increas-
ing the comprehensive use of raw material. By subsidization of
the lead cakes, a concentrate which contains over 60% Pb can
be obtained. Copper is extracted in the form of an inter-
mediate product, containing 10-15% Cu with a final recovery
of about 70%. Rhenium is sorbed from solutions with the sub-
sequent obtainment of ammonium perrhenate and about a 90%
recovery. Through precipitation with soda, it is possible to
separate from solutions a zinc-cadmium intermediate product
which contains 40-45% Zn, 0.7-0.9% Cd, and to 0.008% thalli-
um. (Author conclusion)
34944
Milliken, Clint L.
COPPER SMELTER DESIGN FOR THE SEVENTIES.
Preprint, Kaiser Engineers, Oakland, Calif., Metallurgical Pro-
jects Dept., 6p., 1970 (?). 5 refs.
The copper smelter will require drastic design changes to meet
the stiffening local and national environmental codes with
respect to sulfur dioxide emission. The industry has been sur-
veyed to determine an optimum smelter design based on a high
concentration of effluents for the economical removal of SO2
from waste gases. As described herein, the optimum concept
involves a combination of two modified processes: a variance
of the Outokumpu-type flash furnace, followed by a stationa-
ry, top-blown converter. Two significant features of this com-
bination are the continuous overflow of slag and the continu-
-------
12
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
ous underflow of very high grade matte - essentially white
metal. This means that the slag-blowing operation is virtually
completed in the flash furnace, permitting the use of a top-
blown converter for the copper blow. (Author abstract
modified)
35295
Dayton, Stan
WET SCRUBBING OF WEAK SO2 GETS A TRIAL AT NEW
MCGILL PILOT PLANT. Eng. Mining J., 172(12):66-68, Dec.
1971.
Preliminary results are reported for a pilot plant limestone
scrubbing system installed at a copper smelter. Designed to
handle both dilute reverberatory gas (0.2 to one percent sulfur
dioxide) and concentrated converter gas (four percent or more
SO2), the pilot plant uses ground wet limestone to fix sulfur as
a calcium sulfate. Primary reactors are a venturi scrubber and
a turbulent contact absorber (TCA). Prior to limestone
scrubbing, smelter gas is cooled and cleaned with a water
wash in a cooler scrubber. All low-magnesium limestones
tested appear equally reactive and, in general, more reactive
than high-magnesium limestone. About eight pounds of
limestone are required per pound of sulfur treated. This raises
a problem for smelters at a distance from a concentrator, since
they have no readily available tailing pond. Operating on 0.4%
SO2 gas, sulfur recovery efficiency is 70%. On a gas feed of
0.7% SO2, the conversion factor is only 50%. Neither figure
would permit an existing smelter with an acid plant for con-
verter gas and a limestone scrubbing unit taking gas from a
tightly hooded reverberatory to achieve the 90% sulfur
recovery standard legislated by several states.
35296
Ichijo, Michio
JAPAN TODAY: POLLUTION-FREE METALLURGY. Min-
ing Mag. (London), 125(5):471-474, Nov. 1971. 10 refs.
A pollution-free process for recovery of various metals from
Kuroko ore is described. The ore is first separated by a flota-
tion process to produce copper, lead, zinc, iron, and slime
bulk concentrates, plus tailings. The copper concentrate is
then treated by a dry method for extraction of crude copper.
Iron concentrate is treated by the Kohwa process to obtain he-
matite pellets. Lead and zinc dust from the copper concentrate
and vaporized copper, lead, and zinc chlorides from the iron
concentrate are treated in a gas-absorbing neutralization tank
and then separated from the transparent solution by precipita-
tion. Lead and zinc concentrates and slime bulk concentrates
are oxidized and leached with ferric chloride solution, separat-
ing the precipitate from the transparent solution. Sulfur is
precipitated as elemental sulfur, then the leached residue is
recycled to the flotation process. The transparent solution,
after leaching with ferric chloride, contains copper, lead, zinc,
and other metallic ions. High purity metals are obtained by
amalgam phase exchange in combination with amalgam elec-
trolysis.
37750
Schulz, Ulrich and Ulf Richter
INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE
DEGREE OF SEPARATION OF ELECTRIC FILTERS IN
NON-FERROUS METALLURGY. (Einfluss technologischer
Parameter auf den Abscheidegrad von Elektrofiltern in der
NE-Metallurgie). Text in German. Neue Huette, 16(7):385-390,
July 1971. 13 refs.
The flying dust generated in non-ferrous metallurgical furnaces
is mostly composed of oxidized particles of zinc, lead, tin, an-
timony, and arsenic. Sheet-type filters and electrostatic
precipitators are used for removal and recovery of these dust
types. Due to the generally high specific electric resistance of
the dust, the process can be carried out effectively only by ad-
hering to certain values of precipitation temperature and water
content of the gas phase. To establish design parameters for
the construction of precipitators for the non-ferrous metal in-
dustry, the precipitation rate of waste gases derived from vari-
ous metallurgical furnaces for copper, zinc, tin, and lead was
measured by a laboratory-type electrostatic precipitator. The
influence of precipitation temperature and water content of the
gas phase on the precipitation rate was investigated. The
results of measurements of precipitation rates and electric re-
sistance of the separated dust material, in combination with
theoretical considerations, lead to the conclusion that with
dust of a specific electric resistance of less than 10 to the 10th
ohm cm, the precipitation rate is influenced by temperature,
dew point of gas, viscosity of gas, and voltage of electric
field, independent of the specific electric resistance of the
dust. Above 10 to the 10th and up to 10 to the llth ohm cm,
the precipitation rate is related to the specific electric re-
sistance of the dust.
38648
ASARCO DEDICATES HAYDEN ACID PLANT. Mining
Congr. J., 58(3):28-29, March 1972.
The American Smelting and Refining Company s new $17 mil-
lion sulfuric acid plant at its Hayden, Arizona, copper smelter
cuts sulfur dioxide emissions from the smelter in half and also
removes dust and particulate matter from the converter smoke
stream. Asarco s new plant is the first in the United States to
employ the Chemiebau-Zieren process. The process starts at
the Hayden smelter s five converters, where sulfur is removed
from the copper by converting it into sulfur dioxide through
oxidation. The product of this operation is blister copper. Gas
leaving each converter is cooled in a water-cooled hood; fol-
lowing this, copper-rich dust drops out of the gas stream and
is returned to the smelter. Flues 5 ft in diameter leading out of
the converters direct the gas flow into cyclone banks and,
from the cyclone banks, the gases discharge into a common
header for four 3-stage Chemiebau hot-gas electrostatic
precipitators. The clean gas, still relatively hot, then passes
through a weak acid tower where the minor amounts of sulfur
trioxide formed in the converters are made into a weak sul-
furic acid. Remaining gas, mostly sulfur dioxide, is cooled and
washed in another series of towers. Four parallel two-stage
Chemiebau wet-gas electrostatic mist precipitators take out
any remaining dust and particulates. Acidic scrubber water
plus the weak acid is used later to make a salable 75% acid.
Moisture-laden sulfur dioxide gas is dried in a tower, irrigated
with 94% sulfuric acid, and sent by two 2500 hp single-stage
centrifugal blowers into the contact plant.
38823
Bender, Rene J.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: ITS IMPACT ON THE METAL
INDUSTRIES. Power, 116(4):56-60, April 1972. I ref.
While the control of air pollution can be accomplished readily
in a reasonable period of time by the larger steel, aluminum,
and nickel producers, and with a little greater effort by the lar-
gest copper and copper-derivative companies, it can have dis-
astrous consequences upon small, low-capital enterprises. One
of the most difficult problems in the steel industry is to
eliminate emissions while loading and unloading coke ovens.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
13
The basic oxygen process, bag houses, and other steps being
taken by the steel companies to modernize their equipment to
maintain a clean environment are mentioned. Tall chimneys
and electrostatic precipitators are being utilized by the nickel
industry, while a new molten aluminum fluxing process and a
chemically coated filter-bag system are under development for
the aluminum industry. The effect of strict emission regula-
tions on the copper industry and the plight of small foundries
are mentioned. Costs for pollution cleanup are given.
39456
Drobot, W., S. Finkler, and D. R. Whitlock
EVALUATION OF THE ATOMICS INTERNATIONAL MOL-
TEN CARBONATE PROCESS. Singmaster and Breyer, New
York, N. Y., National Air Pollution Control Administration
Contract CPA 70-76, 207p., Nov. 30, 1970. 11 refs. NTIS: PB
207190
The Molten Carbonate Process for the removal of sulfur ox-
ides from power plant stack gases was evaluated for the base
case of an 800 MW plant operating with coal containing 3%
sulfur and for the alternate cases of 400 and 1000 MW stations
burning fuel with 1-6% sulfur. In essence, the process consists
of scrubbing flue gas with a molten mixture of lithium, potas-
sium, and sodium carbonates, followed by the successive con-
version of the recovered oxides to sulfides and hydrogen sul-
fide. The final step, not included in the evaluation, is the
production of elemental sulfur from the H2S gas by the Claus
process. The evaluation of the base case resulted in an esti-
mated capital cost of $13.4 million to achieve a 95% reduction
in sulfur oxide emissions. The capital cost was equivalent to
approximately S17/KW of station capacity. This capital cost
was equivalent to approximately S17/KW of station capacity.
The estimated annual operating cost was about 0.9 mills/sta-
tion KWH. Operating unit costs at 800 and 1000 MW plant
capacity were essentially unchanged for a given coal sulfur
content. The unit costs at 400 MW capacity increased signifi-
cantly. Preliminary cost estimates were also obtained and are
given for the removal of sulfur oxides from reverberatory fur-
nace off-gas at a copper smelter. Six major process and en-
gineering problem areas still requiring demonstrated solutions
are identified and discussed.
39634
POLLUTION CONTROL AT A COPPER SMELTER. NORD-
DEUTSCHE AFFINERIE BUILDING THE LARGEST
SMELTER ACID PLANT IN EUROPE. Sulphur, no. 95:45-46,
Aug. 1971.
Apart from the oxide ores, which are less important as sources
of copper, the output from most copper mining operations is
in the form of the sulfide minerals: chalcopyrite, chalcocite,
and bornite. Most concentrates supplied to the copper smelters
also contain some pyrite. The conventional pyrometallurgical
process for producing copper involves two stages. First, the
concentrates are smelted in a reverberatory furnace to copper
matte, which is a mixture of iron (II) sulfide and copper (I)
sulfide. In the second stage of the process, copper matte from
the reverberatory is treated in a converter for the production
of blister copper, which may be refined further, either by heat
treatment or by electrolytic reduction. A German firm roasts
the concentrates to remove some of the sulfur content prior to
the reverberatory smelting stage. Now under construction, the
new facilities of the firm will incorporate a flash-smelting fur-
nace, in which the roasting and smelting processes are effec-
tively combined into one operation. Another advantage of the
flash-smelting furnace is that its closed design enables all the
furnace gas to be channelled to the sulfuric acid plant. The
sulfuric acid plant operates on the Bayer double-catalysis
process.
40006
Dayton, Stan
WET SCRUBBING OF WEAK SO2 GETS A TRIAL AT NEW
MCGILL PILOT PLANT. Eng. Mining J., 172(12):66-68, Dec.
1971.
Wet scrubbing of smelter gases is used as a control method in
a new pilot plant at the McGill reduction plant of Kennecott
Copper Corp. s Nevada Mines Division near Ely, Nevada.
Preliminary results were revealed by the Smelter Control
Research Association. Test results are analyzed by computer.
Limestone scrubbing require about 8 Ibs limestone per pound
sulfur treated, raising a problem for custom smelters or those
located far from the concentrator because of lack of a tailing
pond. At such locations, wet scrubbing systems can be viewed
as trading an air pollution problem for a solid waste problem.
40073
Harkins, W. D. and R. E. Swain
PAPERS ON SMELTER SMOKE. (FIRST PAPER). THE
DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC AND OTHER SOLID CON-
STITUENTS OF SMELTER SMOKE, WITH A STUDY OF
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH STACKS AND LARGE CON-
DENSING FLUES. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 29(7):970-998, July
1907. 15 refs.
The amount of arsenic expelled from the greatest of the world
s smelters—a plant which has a capacity of ten thousand tons
of ore per day, and the output of which for 1906 was esti-
mated as eleven and one half per cent of the world s produc-
tion of copper-was estimated. The smoke and the grasses of
the district were found to contain considerable arsenic, while
small quantities of this element were found in the organs of
herbivorous animals living in the vicinity of the smelter. As a
result of the operation of the new smelter, the losses of stock
in the valley during the year 1902 were so heavy, and the hay
and grass, on analysis, showed so much arsenic, that a great
system of flues was built in order to settle the copper and to
condense the arsenci trioxide. Velocity determinations, mea-
surement of temperature, velocity measurements for smoke
samples, and the collection and determination of the total
weight of the solids were undertaken to ascertain the efficien-
cy of the flues and stack. General effects of the high stack are
indicated, and measurement methods are discussed in detail.
40760
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
CONTROL OF SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS IN COPPER,
LEAD AND ZINC SMELTING. Bureau of Mines Information
Circ., no. 8527:1-62, 1971 6 refs.
Removal of sulfur oxides from copper, lead, and zinc smelter
gases will require substantial capital investment. The copper
smelting industry anticipates expenditures of $600 million in
order to conform to a 10% standard. The lead and zinc indus-
try is expected to spend at least $100 million. According to in-
dustry specialists the smelting cost of copper may rise 4
cents/lb from current levels of 4 to 6 cents/lb. Lead is ex-
pected to increase 2 to 4 cents over the current cost of 2
cents/lb. Zinc may increase 1.5 cents/ Ib from its current price
of 6 cents/lb. Companies may find it difficult to pass the cost
on to the ultimate consumer. Controversy has arisen between
the metals industry and governmental control agencies over
the status of stack gas desulfurization processes. New markets
for sulfuric acid produced during effluent gas scrubbing must
-------
14
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
be discovered. Air pollution regulations and emission stan-
dards are mentioned. Sulfur dioxide control methods include
tall stacks, conversion to H2SO4 by the contact method, ab-
sorption, lime and limestone scrubbing to yield sulfur com-
pounds, and reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur.
41540
Haver, F. P. and M. M. Wong
MAKING COPPER WITHOUT POLLUTION. Mining En-
gineering, 24(6):52-53, June 1972.
A proposed method for the treatment of copper concentrate
appears to be well suited to a continuous operation on a large
scale in locations having regulations controlling air and water
pollution. Mixtures of copper concentrate and lime were
brought to the ignition point, 400 C, and the reaction was al-
lowed to proceed with no external heating. An amount of lime
equivalent to the sulfur present in the concentrate is necessary
to avoid air pollution. After 3 hr roasting, the mixture was
leached with 20% hydrochloric acid. Under optimum condi-
tions, the leach solution contained 99% of the copper, 96% of
the molybdenum, and 87% of the iron present in the concen-
trate. Molybdenum was removed from the solution with ac-
tivated carbon, and the copper was reduced with sponge iron.
Hydrochloric acid was regenerated for further use, and iron
oxide was a byproduct. The residue from roasting was 82% an-
hydrite from which gold was removed bycyanidization. The
chief expenses in an industrial scale installation would be for
lime, sponge iron, and HC1 regeneration. The concentrate used
in the test yielded cement copper, molybdenum trioxide, gold,
silver, and ferric oxide plus an amount of calcium sulfate
equivalent in weight to the concentrate treated.
42216
Momoda, Ryokichi, Nobuo Tsutsumi, and Shinichi Higuchi
ON THE DIRECT SMELTING OF COPPER CONCEN-
TRATES BY BLAST FURNACES ACCOMPANIED WITH
SULPHURIC ACID PRODUCTION. Preprint, American Inst.
of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME),
New York, N. Y., 15p., 1971. 2 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers
Annual Meeting, New York, Feb. 26-March 4, 1971.)
A direct smelting process makes it possible to charge copper
concentrates directly into a blast furnace without complicated
preliminary treatment. The process simplifies smelting opera-
tion, and the exhaust gases are used for the production of sul-
furic acid. Advantages of the process over conventional blast
furnace operation are the following: complex preliminary treat-
ment of copper concentrates is not required; sulfuric acid is
produced at high yield; slag fall, flue dust, and Cu grade of
slug are low, so that the yield of Cu can be heightened; the
combustion heat of both sulfur and iron contained in the con-
centrates can be utilized effectively within the furnace to
result in saving fuel consumption; as the operational systems
are simplified, both manpower and electric power can be
saved; and sulfur dioxide pollution is avoided. The process has
certain restrictions as to the ratio of lumps and fines to charge
into the blast furnaces, and also special sandy concentrates.
The process has been adapted for an oil injection method.
42282
SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS TO POLLUTION
PROBLEMS. Eng. Mining J., 173(6): 178-183, June 1972.
Hydrometallurgical processes have often been suggested as an
attractive alternative to the pollution prone smelting
techniques. Chalcocite has been treated by acid pressure
leaching to yield elemental sulfur and a copper sulfate solution
from which the copper may be recovered electrolytically.
Nitric acid also has been suggested for reaction with copper
sulfides to yield sulfur, and the old technique of using ferric
chloride solution to leach copper sulfides is being re-examined.
Early in 1971 the eight major copper companies which account
for all the U. S. primary copper smelter production announced
the formation of a new research association; its objective is
the development of improved methods for removing sulfur ox-
ides and particulates from smelter off-gases. Over 100
processes or variations were reviewed by the new organiza-
tions, the Smelter Control Research Association, before select-
ing wet 1 :mestone scrubbing as a candidate for pilot plant stu-
dy. The cost to the copper industry of pollution control is
cited. The deSeversky Hydro Precipitol process, which in-
volves ammonia injection and a granular bed device, can be
used to remove both sulfur dioxide and fly ash simultaneously.
The reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur, reverberatory smelt-
ing modifications, continuous smelting and converting
processes, the Monsanto Cat-Ox process, the Wellman-Power
Gas SO2 recovery process, acid mine water treatment, ion
exchange removal of mercury, and the combination of pollu-
tion control with production of some salable by-product are
discussed.
43298
Agarwal, J. C. and J. R. Sinek
APPLICATION OF PROCESS ENGINEERING TO ENVIRON-
MENTAL CONTROL IN METALLURGICAL PLANTS.
Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petrole-
um Engineers (AIME), New York, N. Y., 13p., 1971.
(Presented at the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical
and Petroleum Engineers, Annual Meeting, 100th, New York,
Feb. 26-March 4, 1971.)
The objectives of process engineering are: to analyze the op-
tions that are technically feasible for the solution of a given
pollution problem; to rank these options in the order of
preference, according to economic criteria; and to present
those options to management, with the cost information pecu-
liar to each option. The approaches to environmental control
are twofold, to take the process as is and clean the effluents,
or to design the system to eliminate pollutants. The, most
profitable method is to institite changes at the plant design
stage. Case histories of process engineering improvements are
presented as examples to stimulate creative approaches. Par-
ticulate loading in blast furnace top gas has been controlled by
pelletizing the ore charge and installing venturi scrubbing. This
allowed temperature increases to nearly 2000 F, cut coke fuel-
ing in half, and cleaned top gas to less than 0.02 gr/scf. Five
methods and their relative merits are discussed for top gas
cleaning. The elimination of acid plumes has been accom-
plished by the Japanese copper smelting industry by rigidly air
admission and gas temperature. Environmental control can
only be dealt with by forming a cadre of process engineers
versed in process and cost engineering.
43877
Worner, Howard K.
WORCRA METALLURGY LOOKS PROMISING FOR POL-
LUTION CONTROL IN COPPER PLANTS. Eng. Mining J.,
172(8):64-68, Aug. 1971. 4 refs.
WORCRA pyrometallurgy is summarized as it applies to
copper production. The differences between the WORCRA ap-
proach and the traditional methods of reverberatory converter
and blast furnace converter are depicted. Continuous smelting,
converting, and slag cleaning by conditioning and settling are
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
15
combined in a single furnace by the WORCRA process. WOR-
CRA smelting.converting produces metal, rather than matte,
directly from concentrates. Most of the exothermic oxidation
reactions are generated and continued within the liquid bath,
hence the description bath smelting. The bath in the smelting
and converting zones is turbulent and continuously flowing.
Turbulence is due to the injection of oxygen-containing gas
from lances. In the converting zone, slag moves under gravity,
generally counter-current to matte and metal. Copper-in-slag is
reduced to throw-away levels as the slag flows through the
smelting zone and slag cleaning zone; there is no revert slag,
nor the necessity for separate copper recovery treatments. The
sulfur dioxide bearing gases generated in the smelting and con-
verting stages combine and leave the single furnace continu-
ously at a rich tenor via one gas offtake. Rich in SO2, the fur-
nace gases can be treated for waste heat utilization and dust
recovery in conventional gas cooling and dust collection equip-
ment, prior to venting through a stack or treatment in a sul-
furic acid plant. Since the gases are low in oxygen content,
their processing for elemental sulfur recovery could also be at-
tractive. Possible furnace shapes, pilot-plant trials, a semi-
commercial installation, and WORCRA s role in pollution con-
trol are discussed.
44134
Themelis, N. J., G. C. McKerrow, P. Tarassoff, and G. D.
Hallett
THE NORANDA PROCESS. J. Metals, 24(4):25-32, April
1972. 7 refs. (Presented at the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, The Metallurgical
Society, Annual Meeting, 100th, Feb. 26-March 4, 1971.)
The Noranda Process offers an alternative to conventional
reverberatory and converter smelting of copper concentrates.
It reduces fuel consumption by making full use of the exother-
mic heat of the converting reactions in a single furnace. The
size of the smelter building and of such auxiliary equipment as
waste heat boilers, flues, and Cottrells are reduced. Unlike
conventional smelting, the copper content in the slag is not
geared to the concentrate grade. Slag of variable composition
can be successfully treated by milling, to produce a high grade
copper concentrate which is recycled, and a low copper tailing
which is discarded. Of particular importance is the fact that
the process generates a continuous flow of high strength sulfur
dioxide gas which is suitable for the manufacture of sulfuric
acid. The technical feasibility of the Noranda process was
established in a large scale pilot plant. The process is
described, including operation of the pilot plant, development
work, results, and scale-up to an industrial plant. (Author con-
clusions modified) -
44367
Ichijo, Michio
ZINC, COPPER, AND CADMIUM REFINERIES. (Aen, do,
kadomiumu seirenjo). Text in Japanese. Kinzoku Zairyo
(Metals in Engineering), 12(5):20-26, May 1972. 14 refs.
A general discussion is given of the present status of pollution
control in various metal refineries. In 1969, only 30.7% of the
total sulfur dioxide from zinc, copper, and cadmium refineries
in the U. S. was recovered, the other 69.3% being released to
the atmosphere. A control policy has since been formulated.
Sulfur dioxide in flue gas is usually recovered as sodium
sulfite, ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, gypsum, or high con-
centrated SO2. There is a wide range of dust-generating
sources. The problem is being gradually solved through use of
cyclones, bag filters, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, and
other control equipment. The treatment of waste water and
sludges, and the removal of mercury and arsenic, are also
described. Processes for the removal of mercury from flue gas
and the wet treatment of pyrites are illustrated in flow charts.
45131
Thompson, R. and E. B. Butler
HISTORY OF SULFURIC ACID PRODUCTION FROM CON-
VERTER GAS AT THE KENNECOTT COPPER CORPORA-
TION S UTAH SMELTER. J. Metals, 20(7):32-34, July 1968.
A review of 57 years of experience of sulfuric acid manufac-
ture acquired by Kennecott Copper Corp. of Magna, Utah, is
presented, and the improvements brought to its six acid plants
are described, including the air pollution control devices in-
stalled. In 1936 the company constructed the first contact
plant, designed to produce 100 ton/day of sulfuric acid on a
100% basis from 7% sulfur dioxide roaster gas. The desirabili-
ty of using the sulfur in the copper concentrate resulted in
construction of a small gas-cleaning plant. The plant consisted
of two multicyclones, and air-to-gas cooler, and a hot plate-
and-wire electrostatic precipitator ahead of scrubbing towers
and mist precipitators. Gas flow was obtained with a hot gas
fan and two intermediate fans in parallel. A third sulfuric acid
plant was constructed in 1950, followed by a gas-cleaning plant
in 1951. A new hot electrostatic precipitator capable of treating
the total volume of smelter converter gas, was connected to
the converter flue by a 600-feet long balloon flue. With its 22-
foot diameter, this flue served as a settling chamber for dust,
and provided a large surface for heat radiation. Multicyclones
and gas coolers were no longer needed. A fourth acid plant
was constructed in 1953, followed by a fifth acid plant in 1956,
designed for 250 ton/day. For each new plant, the gas cleaning
facility was enlarged by adding an intermediate fan, scrubbers,
and mist precipitators. The sixth plant, for production of
copper, was completed in 1967. Theoretical strengths of sulfur
dioxide evolved are 14% during the slag blow, and 21% in the
end stage, but this is diluted by air leakage into the hoods, the
flue system, and the gas-cleaning process, so that gas from a
single copper converter can vary from zero to 8% sulfur diox-
ide. The seventh acid plant under consideration, with a capaci-
ty of 500 ton/day, would enable the smelter to use virtually all
of the converter gases for the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
The production of sulfuric acid is desirable, because it
minimizes stack emissions.
45183
Rodolff, Dale W. and Earl R. Marble, Jr.
INSPIRATION S NEW LOOK. J. Metals, 29(7):14-24, July
1972.
As part of its plans to comply with new state emission stan-
dards, an Arizona copper smelter is replacing its gas-fired
reverberatory furnace with an electric furnace and Peirce-
Smith converters with siphon converters. These changes will
ensure that the optimum gas volume and concentration of sul-
fur dioxide are delivered to the sulfuric acid plant that is also
planned for the smelter. Charge for the 35-foot-wide by 117-
foot-long electric furnace will first be dried in a rotary dryer to
reduce its moisture content to 0.3%, then transported to the
furnace through totally enclosed drag conveyors. Because an
electric furnace eliminates dilution of gases by the large
volume of combustion products resulting from burning of fuel
in a reverberatory furnace, the SO2 content of the exit gases
will average 4.0-8.0% vs the present 0.5-1.5%. Furnace and
converter gases will be cooled to 850 F and 900 F, respective-
ly, in radiation-convection coolers and passed through electro-
static precipitators for paniculate recovery. Subsequently, the
furnace and converter gases will be combined and further
-------
16
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
cooled and purified in venturi scrubbers, packed towers with
countercurrent flow, and electrostatic mist precipitators. A
double absorption contact plant, with four vanadium pentoxide
catalyst beds, will provide the desired degree of SO2 recovery
from the cleaned gas. The plant will have the capacity for
producing 93% or 98% acid.
46560
Petrushov, V. P., G. M. Gordon, and D. F. Aptekar
MEASURES APPLIED TO REDUCE THE AGGRESSIVITY
OF WASTE GASES AND TO IMPROVE THE WORKING
CONDITIONS FOR BAG FILTER TISSUES. (O merakh po
snizheniyu agressivnosti gazov i uluchsheniyu usloviy raboty
tkani rukavnykh fil trov). Text in Russian. Tsvetn. Metal., no.
7:29-31, July 1972.
Measures applied to reduce the aggressivity of the waste gases
and to improve the working conditions for the bag filters at a
copper melting plant processing dusts with high sulfur content
and ashes from thermal power plants are described. The waste
gases to be treated contained up to 3.5% of sulfur dioxide and
up to 0.2% of sulfur trioxide. To reduce the aggressivity of the
waste gases, powdered lime was added into the charge at a
rate of 3-4%, or to the waste gas in an emergency as soon as
the SO2 content exceeded 0.4 g/N cu m. Sulfur trioxide is
neutralized by means of partly oxidized residues from the
separating chamber and cyclones before the bag filter, which
are added to the dust charge at a rate of 10%. The replacement
of mazout by diesel fuel resulted in a decrease in the SO2 con-
tent to 0.08- 0.15 g/N cu m. Flannelette filters were replaced
by Nitron fiber filters to reach operating temperatures of 135-
140 C and a filter resistance of 8-120 mm water column.
Dedusting is done by periodic knocking with air counterflow at
80-100 C temperature. As a result of the above measures, the
bag filter efficiency was above 99%, and the waste gases en-
tering the bag filter contained 0.28-0.7 g of SO2 and 0.0056-
0.0112 g of SO3/cu m. The raw gas composition was automati-
cally controlled by variation of the charge temperature, was
neutralized with powdered lime, and had increased air intake.
It was thus possible to increase the life of the tissue filter to
11.5-12 months.
46931
Milliken, C. L.
COPPER MELTING PLANTS OF THE SEVENTIES. (Kup-
ferschmeizanlagen der Siebziger Jahre). Text in German.
Metall (Berlin), 26(11): 1105-1107, 1972. 5 refs.
The conventional copper melting plants are in difficulty
because of the increasingly stringent regulations concerning
environmental pollution. The greatest problem these plants
face is the reduction of the emission of sulfur dioxide. The
number of experimental plants for the recovery of the SO2 in
form of elemental sulfur from the waste gases is large. In
some instances waste gas cleaning plants were attached to the
copper melting plants, in some cases the melting process itself
was modified. An example for the first method is the
Onahama plant of the Mitsubishi Metal Mining Company. This
plant uses stainless steel flues leading from the converter to a
waste heat boiler for reducing the gas temperature. An electro-
static precipitator is followed by a Lurgi double catalyst sul-
furic acid plant. The Outokumpu Oy plant in Finland uses
flash melting with waste gases containing about 14 to 15%
SO2. Through the higher SO2 concentration these gases can be
more economically treated for sulfur recovery. The best melt-
ing process would combine the Outokumpu flash furnace with
a stationary top-blasted converter. A flue, tightly connected to
the converter, would lead to a heat exchanger and to the gas
cleaning plant. The flue could be water cooled and designed so
that it becomes part of the heat exchanger.
48423
Weisburd, Melvin I.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY NON-FERROUS SMELTING
AND REFINING. In: Field Operations and Enforcement
Manual for Air Pollution Control. Volume III: Inspection
Procedures for Specific Industries. Pacific Environmental Ser-
vices, Inc., Santa Monica, Calif., Office of Air Programs Con-
tract CPA 70-122, Rept. APTD-1102, p. 7.8.1-7.8.50, Aug. 1972.
6 refs.
The smelting and refining of non-ferrous metals are primarily
concerned with the production of copper, lead, zinc, and alu-
minum ingots and alloys. Primary smelters usually constitute
large, difficult to control single sources of air pollution, are
usually located outside of urban areas, and can be significant
sources of visible emissions and plant damage. Secondary
smelters are commonly found in industrial and urban areas,
close to sources of scrap and other raw materials generated by
population centers. They are significant sources of pollution,
as well as local public nuisance problems. Sources of emis-
sions, processes, and inspection points are discussed for pri-
mary and secondary non-ferrous smelting and refining. Roast-
ing, reverberatory furnaces, converters, and contaminants
emitted are included for copper production. Sintering, blast
furnaces, refining, and contaminants emitted are included for
lead production. Roasting, sintering, extraction, and contami-
nants emitted are included for zinc production. Operations and
equipment for reclaiming metals from scrap, drosses, and slag
are considered, for brass and bronze, lead, zinc, and alu-
minum. Smoke, dust, fumes, sulfur oxides, fluxing, and
degreasing agents are typically emitted.
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17
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
01098
E. H. Dudgeon and E. V. Evans
THE RAPID, CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SULPHUR
DIOXIDE IN THE FLUE GAS FROM A COPPER CON-
VERTER. National Research Council of Canada Ottawa (On-
tario), Div. of Mechanical Engineering Nov. 1965. 54 pp.
(Mechanical Engineering Kept. MT-55 DDC: AD 479 876
The sulphur dioxide concentration of the gas emitted from a
copper converter has been measured on a continuous time
basis with an over-all time lag of less than 10 seconds. An in-
frared analyser was used as the detection unit. The sulphur
dioxide level was used to predict the end point of the copper
blow phase of the conversion operation, independently of any
sampling of the melt or other observations. (Author summary)
03203
E. H. Dudgeon.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE SULPHUR DIOXIDE CON-
TENT OF COPPER CONVERTER GASES AS AN AID TO
CONVERTER CONTROL. Can. Mining Met. Bull. Montreal
59, (655) 1321-8, Nov. 1966.
The SO2 level in the flue gas released from a copper converter
was measured by infrared analysis with a Beckman Instrument
Model IR315. The experiment was designed to determine
whether this method could be used to determine the end point
in the converter operation automatically instead of manually.
Variations in the SO2 level of the flue gas during normal con-
verter operation were recorded. It was conlcuded that the
method is practical, however, some modifications will have to
be made before it will be completely accurate.
28492
Fineman, I., K. Ljunggren, H. G. Forsberg, and L.-G. Erwall
ACTIVATION ANALYSIS FOR SELENIUM IN ORE CON-
CENTRATES, SLAGS AND WASTE GASES OBTAINED IN A
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY. Intern. J. Appl. Radiation
Isotopes, vol. 5:280-288, 1959. 17 refs.
Various methods for the activation analysis of selenium in
ores, slags, and metallurgical waste gases were investigated.
When the ratio of selenium gamma-activity to gamma-activity
of higher energy was higher than about 0.01, spectrometric ac-
tivation analysis was possible. A chemical activation analysis
of materials containing 0.001-0.1% selenium is easily per-
formed if the materials are soluble. Both Se(75) and Se(81m)
can be used for the spectrometric method but only Se(75) for
the chemical method. Selenium data obtained by both methods
are given for three materials from different stages of copper
production: slag, an arsenic concentrate, and a copper concen-
trate. Only the chemical method gave accurate values for all
materials. The use of a special spectrometric activation analy-
sis method using the gamma-cascades of selenium was also in-
vestigated. Spectrometric activation analysis was additionally
applied to the analysis of selenium in waste gas from one stage
of copper production. Only an upper limit (50 micrograms Se/1
for the selenium content could be established.
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18
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
05145
J. L. Sullivan
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF POLLUTION BY METAL-
LURGICAL INDUSTRIES IN PORT KEMBLA (PART I OF
AIR POLLUTION BY METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES).
Australia Dept. of Public Health, Sydney, Division of Occupa-
tional Health. 1962. 62 pp.
Air pollution was surveyed in a metallurgical town, Port Kem-
ble, located on the coast of Australia. Iron and copper ores are
smelted and the major emissions consist of solid participates
and sulphur dioxide gas. The presence of the latter is most
noticeable in the wake of the plume of the stack of the copper
smelter during the north-east winds which prevail in summer.
In winter the prevailing winds cause industrial pollution to be
blown seawards. Tests for sulphur dioxide were made by daily
volumetric sampling instruments and a Thomas automatic
recorder. The section of the town most severely affected con-
sisted of a swathe of about 200 yards wide and extending to a
point where habitation ceased about 0.6 mile from the 200 feet
high stack of the copper smelter. Daily readings of the gas
were not spectacular and the highest result was 0.62 part per
million. During a little more than three years 24 hour readings
of 0.2 part per million or more were measured on 39 days.
However, a different picture was obtained from the continu-
ous recorder. This showed that high concentrations of sulphur
dioxide tended to occur in episodes of a few hours each.
Peaks of greater concentration than 5 parts per million were
recorded on numerous occasions and the maximum for the
sampling period was 13.5 parts per million at a point 0.45 mile
from the source. Complaints of respiratory distress were made
frequently and most householders had ceased to try to grow
vegetables. Dust-fall rates measured as water insoluble solids
by a deposit gauge consisting of a six inch diameter conical
glass funnel and bottle were high by normal standards.
Average annual rates varied between 17.9 and 86.1 tons per
square mile per month. In some locations within a half mile
from the edge of the steel industries summer dust-fall rates
were found to exceed 100 tons per square mile per month. At
one point a mile and a half from the steel industries the
monthly rate during 1960 varied between 13.6 and 43.4 tons
per square mile. Smoke densities were found to be low by
comparison with other cities in New South Wales despite
frequent evidence of haze. The introduction of oxygen lancing
on open-hearth furnaces, without control measures, had little
or no effect on smoke density levels. (Author abstract
modified)
10517
Robinson, E. and R. C. Robbins
SOURCES, ABUNDANCE, AND FATE OF GASEOUS AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS (FINAL REPORT.)Stanford
Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., SRI-P 6755, 123p., Feb.
1968. 120 refs.
An analysis of the sources, abundance, and fate of gaseous at-
mospheric pollutants is presented, considering three families
of compounds: sulfurous, nitrogenous, and organic; and two
inorganic carbon compounds: carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide. With the exception of CO2, similar patterns of
analyses of these materials a followed and rather detailed
analyses are produced. The presentati of CO2 is only a brief
review of the current state of thinking. Included are estimates
of annual world-wide emissions of pollutants SO2, H2S, CO,
NO2, NH3, and organics. The magnitudes of the natura
emanations of a variety of materials have also been con-
sidered, although the means of estimating these emissions are
very crude because so little study has been made of emissions
from other than urban air pollution sources. Sulfur com-
pounds, in the form of SO2, are currently the most topical of
the numerous air pollutants. Sulfur enters the atmosphere as
air pollutants in the form of SO2, H2S, H2SO4, and particu-
late sulfates; and as natural emanations in the form of H2S
and sulfates. Among the various sources of CO, automobile
exhaust accounts for more than 805 of the estimated worl wide
CO emission. The major sources for the gaseous nitrogen com-
pounds are biological action and organic decomposition in the
so and perhaps in the ocean. Aerosols containing NH4 ions
and NO3 ion are formed by atmospheric reactions involving
the various gases. Major contributions of hydrocarbons in-
clude natural CH4 emissions from flooded paddy areas, ter-
pene-class organics evolved by vegetation, and pollutant emis-
sions. A brief review of present understanding of CO2 in the
atmosphere indicates a clear example of situation where pollu-
tant emissions are significant enough to cause measurable
changes in the ambient concentrations.
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
12777
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOLUME III: APPENDICES C THROUGH G. Con-
tract PH 86-65-85, Rept. 993, 114p., June 1969. 130 rets. CF-
STI: PB 184 886
A systems study of the primary copper, lead, and zinc smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economic factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. Various sulfur oxides control methods, in-
cluding scrubbing, absorption, and reduction, are matched
with smelter models to determine optimum control and
production combinations. A precise analysis of the pollution
potential of an individual smelter requires meteorological data
for the specific smelter site. The variables that can be con-
sidered in such a topographical analysis include inversion
frequencies, monthly mean maximum mixing depths, surface
winds, and general airflow conditions. An analysis of the U. S.
markets for zinc, lead, and copper is presented, as well as
markets for sulfur byproducts. A literature review of control
methods for sulfur oxide emissions from primary copper, lead,
and zinc smelters is included.
32255
Heck, Werner J.
RELATIONSHIP OF WIND VELOCITY AND STABILITY TO
SO2 CONCENTRATIONS AT SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Salt Lake
City, Utah, Scientific Services Div., NOAA NWSTM WR-61,
21p., Jan. 1971. 2 refs. NTIS: COM-71-00232
Air pollution, with special attention to sulfur dioxide, is
discussed for Salt Lake City, Utah. Continuous sources of
SO2 emission were a copper smelter, located 15 miles west of
the city, oil refineries, five miles to the north, steel refineries,
30 miles to the south, and motor vehicles within the
metropolitan area. Intermittent sources included the burning of
tires, oil, and scrap automobiles in dumps around the city. The
relationship between wind velocities and SO2 concentrations
during late fall and winter and a high pollution episode for the
relationship between day-to-day SO2 concentrations and mix-
ing depth were studied. Sulfur dioxide concentrations in-
creased rapidly in downtown Salt Lake City during morning
hours with the transition from south-southeast drainage winds
to north-northwest up-valley winds. Pollutants were suffi-
ciently diffused throughout the afternoon so as not to produce
another SO2 maximum with the transition back to the drainage
wind in the early evening. A north-northwest wind was not,
however, necessary for a rapid increase of hourly SO2 con-
centrations. Sulfur dioxide concentrations increased signifi-
cantly under a stagnant high-pressure system with rapidly
decreasing mixing depths. Winds were an important factor in
the increase of hourly SO2 concentrations, while the mixing
depth affected the increase of average daily SO2 concentra-
tions.
46342
Reynolds, George W.
THE CLOUD SEEDING POTENTIAL OF SALT LAKE VAL-
LEY AIR POLLUTION - COLD SEASON. Preprint, Colorado
State Univ., Fort Collins, p. 39-40, 1970. (Presented at the Na-
tional Conference on Cloud Physics, Fort Collins, Colo., Aug.
24-27, 1970.)
Horizontal and/or vertical samplings of the number of ice
nuclei were conducted during 21 flights on 11 days during Feb.
and March 1970 in a pilot study over Salt Lake Valley, Utah.
The area is within 20 mi of the 4000 to 5000-foot-high face of
the Wasatch Range, with possible wind and precipitation impli-
cations. Ice nuclei were estimated by visual counting using a
modified MRI cold box. All counts were at 20 C. The highest
count was 6000/1 and counts of at least 1000/1 were noted at
one or more levels on 70% of the flights. There was no clear
evidence that time of day exerts a consistent control of the
number of ice nuclei during daylight hours. The Garfield
copper smelter was a primary source of ice nuclei; steel mills
also appeared to be a source under some circumstances.
Further evidence is needed on the contributions of large
refineries and/or heavy traffic near Salt Lake City. The high
concentrations tended to occur in layers 1000-4000 ft thick; the
bases of these layers were generally more than 1000 ft above
the valley floor.
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20
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
10032
Reuss, J. L. and M. M. Fine
NONPYRITIC SMELTING OF COPPER CONCENTRATES.
Dept. of Interior, Washington, D.C., Bureau of Mines, RI-
7119, 10p., April 1968. 12 refs.
The technical feasibility of smelting copper concentrates con-
taining chalcocite (Cu2S) and native copper using nonpyritic
sulfur-bearing materials to aid matte formation was in-
vestigated. The procedure consisted of combining various pro-
portions of commercial chalcocite concentrate, smelter slag,
fluxes, and matte forming constituents to produce charges of
comparable compositions. The mixtures were charged in fire-
clay crucibles and smelted in an induction furnace at 1,300
deg.C. The research proved that either sulfur or gypsum can
replace pyrite as a matte-forming material, an that gypsum
produces and exceptionally high-grade copper matte. Th addi-
tion of small quantities of metallic iron to the nonpyritic smelt-
ing charge furthers the removal of sulfur, improves the recove
of copper, and makes it possible to utilize gypsum as the ex-
clusive flux and matte-forming ingredient, thereby eliminating
the necessit of adding limestone. Factors influencing the loss
of sulfur, as SO to the atmosphere are discussed. (Authors'
abstract, modified)
13534
Mackiw, V. N.
CURRENT TRENDS IN CHEMICAL METALLURGY. Can. J.
Chem. Eng., 46(1): 3-15, Feb. 1968. 52 refs.
Recent developments in hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy
are reviewed. Some processes presently in commercial opera-
tion and some in the developmental stage are presented from
the standpoint of extraction of metals and from their fabrica-
tion into useful materials. The chemical reactions of various
commerical processes are shown both graphically and chemi-
cally. New processes are presented for the treatment of Zn
Cu, and Pb concentrates, complex Pb-Zn, Cu, FeS2 bulk con-
centrates, and Zn plant residues. A combination of roasting
and hydrometallurgy for the recovery of molybdenum from
molybdenite is displayed diagramatically. Laterite treatment
and other investigations and reactions are reviewed. It is con-
cluded that new products from new processes will evolve
economically through a new technology.
13936
Davtyan, O. K. and Ye. N. Ovchinnikova
CHEMISORPTION AND OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
ON SOLID CATALYSTS AT NORMAL TEMPERATURE. (O
khemisorbtsii i okislenii sernistogo angidrida na tverdykh
katalizatorakh pri normal'noy temperature). Text in Russian.
Dokiady Akad: Nauk SSSR, 104(6):857-860, 1955.
An attempt was made to explain the catalytic oxidation of sul-
fur dioxide on the basis of a theory proposed by O. K. Dav-
tyan. The following catalysts were studied: spongy platinum
applied to porous phosphorus through reduction from a solu-
tion of chloroplatinic acid, activated charcoal, vanadium pen-
toxide obtained by coagulation of a colloidal solution in the
form of a powder (without carrier), powdered graphite, pow-
dered chromium trioxide, and powdered ferric oxide (listed in
order of decreasing activity). In all cases, chemisorption was
found to proceed with sufficiently high rate at room tempera-
ture, the oxidation products being readily removed as sulfuric
acid by washing with water. Curves of total adsorption and
chemisorption rates as a function of time were plotted. It is
noted that the presence of water vapor on the catalyst surface
usually increases the maximum quantity of oxidized sulfur
dioxide.
14572
Tikhonov, A. I. and I. T. Sryvalin
THERMODYNAMICS OF THE BASIC REACTIONS OF
CHLORINATION ROASTING. (Termodinamika osnovnykh
reaktsiy khloriruyushchego obzhiga). Text in Russian. Tr.
Ural'sk. Politekhn. Inst., no. 98:33-40, 1960. 11 refs.
Results from thermodynamic calculations of the most impor-
tant reactions of chlorination roasting over the range 573-973 C
are presented. These reactions may be represented for the
metals Na, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu by the generalized formulas:
Me plus C12 yields MeC12; 2MeS plus 2C12 yields 2MeC12 plus
S2; 2MeO plus 2C12 yields 2MeC12 plus O2 and its reverse;
MeO plus C plus C12 yields MeC12 plus CO: MeO plus CO
plus C12 yields MeC12 plus CO2; MeS plus 2O2 yields MeSO4;
and MeSO4 plus 2NaCl yields Na2SO4 plus MeC12. The
values for standard isobaric potential and equilibrium con-
stants tabulated were derived from data taken from both U. S.
and USSR sources and may be used to study the mechanism
of the process and to select process conditions.
14745
Ingraham, T. R.
THERMODYNAMICS OF THE THERMAL DECOMPOSI-
TION OF CUPRIC SULFATE AND CUPRIC OXYSULFATE.
Trans. AIME (Am. Inst. Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
Engr.), 233(2):359-363, Feb. 1965. 20 refs.
The thermal decomposition of cupric sulfate and cupric ox-
ysulfate was examined by determining the equilibrium gas
pressure generated over each pure compound. The equilibrium
data were used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of
both compounds. The results were combined with previously
published data to establish a predominance-volume diagram
for the Cu-S-O system over a normal range of roasting tem-
peratures and gas compositions used in the treatment of
copper minerals. It was found that copper oxysulfate reicrystal-
lizes at 1100 K with an apparently irreversible endothermic
heat requirement of approximately 2.9 kcal per mole. (Author
abstract modified)
15430
Gadalla, A. M. M. and J. White
EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS IN THE SYSTEM CuO-
Cu2O-MgO. Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc., 63(3):119-134, 1940. 7
refs.
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
21
Following similar studies on the systems CuO-Cu2O-SiO2 and
CuO-Cu2OhA12O3, phase equilibrium relationships in the
system CuO-Cu2O-MgO were investigated as a function of
temperature and oxygen pressure (0.21 to 1.0 atm) using a
thermobalance. From the observed relationships, the existence
of an extensive range of MgO-rich solid solutions which can
contain both Cu(2+) and Cu(+) ions was established. An inter-
mediate compound was shown to exist at a composition ap-
proximating 2CuO.MgO. No evidence was found or reported
of the existence of the compound CuO.MgO. Two invariant
points on the liquidus surface of the ternary diagram were
located in terms of oxygen pressure, temperature and com-
position, and a diagram showing the sub-solidus relationships
in the ternary system CuO-Cu2O-MgO was constructed. From
the oxygen pressure/temperature relationships established for
the monovariant transitions occurring in the solid state, ex-
pressions were derived, within the limits of accuracy of the
experimental data, for the standard free energies of the cor-
responding reactions. Recent work indicates that this system
may be of particular interest in the refractories field, since it
has been found that attack by copper oxides is an important
factor in the failure of magnesite refractories in copper anode
melting-furnaces and copper converters. (Author abstract
modified)
20043
Oya, Shigeo and Hideya Shimizu
GAS ABSORPTION IN COPPER AND COPPER-BASE AL-
LOYS IN THE LIQUID STATE. (Do oyobi do-gokin yoto no
gasu kyushu). Text in Japanes Imono (Foundry), 38(l):33-49,
Jan. 1966. 103 refs.
The absorption of gas from molten copper and copper-base al-
loys is performed by air within the hearth. This air includes
O2, N2, H2, H2O, CO, CO2, SO2, and hydrocarbons, and the
amount of each component varies with the type of hearth or
its driving technique. The absorption of H2 by the melting
copper rapidly increases above 1,100 C with an increase in
temperature and by the adding of small amounts of nickel (Cu
100 grams vs. Ni 20 to 30 grams) and decreases slightly by ad-
ding Sn or Al. The large molecular compounds such as H2O,
SO2, CO, and CO2 may not exist easily within the melting
copper or its alloys, and can cause bubbling of these gases
when the partial pressure of the gas reaches the atmospheric
pressure. The H2O and SO2 gas are produced within the pu-
rified copper or CU-Sn alloy, H2O, CO, and SO2 gas within
the Cu-Ni alloy. The absorption of SO2 slowly increases with
an increase in the temperature and internal pressure of the
hearth. The H2 and H2O gases in the hearth air play the most
important role in the quality of copper or copper- base alloys.
This aspect should further be advanced.
43792
Ichida, Norimitsu
THE DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OF THE REVERBERATORY
FURNACE WITH EFFECTIVE FACILITIES AT NAOSHIMA
NEW COPPER SMELTER AND REFINERY. (Konoritsu setsu-
bi o kanbi shita hansharo-ho ni yoru Naoshima shin-seirenjo no
sekkei narabi ni kensetsu). Text in Japanese. Nippon Kogyo
Kaishi (J. Mining Met. Inst. Japan), 87(1001):S09- 514, July
1971.
The new copper metallurgical complex of the Mitsubishi Metal
Mining Company was designed for a monthly production of
7000 tons of electrolytic copper, which was achieved in March
1970. Smelting and refining processes, tonnages, and assays of
products are described. Particular emphasis is given to the par-
tial roasting fluidized bed process for copper concentrate, the
reverberatory furnace with deepbath operation to introduce
hot calcine charge with Wagstaff Gun, side stream cell circula-
tion system in the tank house, and environmental quality in
the plant.
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22
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
03659
T. Toyama, H. Kondoh, and K. Nakamura
PULMONARY PEAK FLOW RESPONSE TO ACID
AEROSOLS AND BRONCHODILATOR IN INDUSTRIAL
WORKERS. Japan. J. Ind. Health (Tokyo) 4(8):15-23, Aug.
1962. Text in Japanese.
Hydrogen chloride mists (ca. 6 microns in diameter) in an elec-
tric appliance factory and sulfuric acid mists (ca. 3 microns in
diameter) in a copper smelting industry were inhaled by 22
workers. Their pulmonary ventilatory peak flow rate was com-
pared with 15 control subjects who were not used to such irri-
tant mists. Peak flow rate readings were taken by Wright's
flow meter before exposure, after 1 hr of exposure during
work, and after bronchodilator (Isoproterenol) inhalation. It
was found that the peak flow rate of the controls decreased
9% for the HC1 aerosols of 8.68 mg/cu m and 2% for H2SO4
aerosols of 1.88 mg/cu m while the accustomed workers
showed no change due to the period of working experience
and their tolerance. The decrease in the HC1 aerosol was
greater since the particles were larger. The bronchodilator ef-
fects during acid exposure created a greater increase of peak
flow rate in the control group (16% for HC1 and 5% for
H2SO4 increase from the level of bronchoconstriction than the
aerosol workers (2% rise for HC1 and 1-3% rise for H2SO4).
Considering such factors as droplet size, chemical property,
duration of working experience and behavior by bronchodila-
tor, it is concluded that H2SO4 aerosols of submicron size act
more persistently as a bronchial irritant and result in more
chronic damage to respiratory tracts than larger size HC1
aerosols to which mainly the upper part of the airway is ir-
ritated in an intense and momentary way. (Author summary
modified)
05146
A. Bell
THE EFFECTS ON THE HEALTH OF THE RESIDENTS OF
EAST PORT KEMBLA (PART II OF AIR POLLUTION BY
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES). Public Health Dept., Syd-
ney, Australia, Div. of Occupational Health, 1962. 153pp.
948 residents East Port Kerabla were asked a. standardized
questionnaire in order to determine the prevalence of chronic
bronchitis. Smaller numbers of people underwent a pulmonary
function and sputum test. Individual findings for the regions of
high and low pollution were compared. Residents were specifi-
cally questioned to determine the prevalence of nasal catarrh,
whether head colds 'settled on the chest', number of times
they were confined to bed because of chest illnesses, wheeze,
cough, phlegm, and dyspnoea. Out of the 471 people who
agreed to participate in the tests designed to determine how
many have sputum, 333 were found to be so affected. The na-
ture of the samples returned suggests that the bronchitis
present in the area is of a mild type. The results of the pulmo-
nary function tests did not show important differences
between the residents in the separate areas. It does not appear
that the longer a person lives in any of the three areas, the
more likely he or she may develop a lower pulmonary function
value. Of the people examined in January, 160 were requested
to undergo a second lung test in August. The results found on
the two occasions differed very little. Out of the people inter-
viewed 6.7% were diagnosed as suffering from chronic
bronchitis.
22118
Bell, Alan and John L. Sullivan
AIR POLLUTION BY METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES.
Public Health Dept., Sydney (Australia), Air Pollution Control
Branch, 203p., 1962. 83 refs.
Tests for sulfur dioxide were made in Port Kembla, Australia,
where iron and copper ores are smelted, and 947 residents
were sent a questionnaire to determine the prevalence of
chronic bronchitis, with smaller numbers undergoing a pulmo-
nary function and sputum test. An eastern section of town, in
the vicinity of the copper smelter, was the major source of
SO2. Gas readings were not spectacular by daily volumetric
sampling and an automatic recorder, but a continuous recorder
showed that high concentrations of SO2 occurred in episodes
of a few hours each. The highest result was 0.62 ppm by the
former method, while peaks of concentrations greater than 5
ppm were recorded by the latter approach. Prevailing winds
produced higher concentrations during the summer months
when they blow frequently from a north-east direction, while
pollution is blown seawards during the winter months when
westerly winds prevail. When measured as water insoluble
solids by a deposit gauge consisting of a six inch diameter
conical glass funnel and bottle, summer dust-fall rates ex-
ceeded 100 tons per square mile/month within a half mile from
the steel industries, but smoke densities were low by com-
parison with other cities in New South Wales despite frequent
evidence of haze. A larger percentage of people living in the
area of high pollution considered that they were suffering from
either chronic bronchitis or bronchial asthma than in the case
of the low pollution area, and only a few people complained of
symptoms unrelated to the respiratory tract. Differences
between the findings for the two areas were statistically sig-
nificant, 7 times for women and 3 times for men, when
questioned to the prevalence of nasal catarrh, whether head
colds settled on the chest, number of times they were confined
to bed because of chest illnesses, wheeze, cough, phlegm, and
dyspnea. A higher percentage of men wheezed and were af-
fected by cough and phlegm tha was the case for a small
group of Englishmen who never worked in the dusty occupa-
tions, although this was not the situation when compared with
English foundry employees. Out of the 333 sputa collected in
East Port Kembla, 84.7% were mucoid and 15.3% of a mu-
copurulent nature, while pulmonary function tests showed no
statistically significant differences between the two areas, ex-
cept for females aged 70-84. Dental evidence suggested that
some external influence might be exerting a harmful effect on
the gingival tissues of young people living in the area of high
pollution.
32841
METALS FOCUS SHIFTS TO CADMIUM.
Technol., 5(9):754-755, Sept. 1971.
Environ. Sci.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
23
Environmental pollution due to cadmium is reviewed with
respect to basic characteristics, consumption, sources of emis-
sions, effects on human health, and research needs. Cadmium
occurs chiefly as greenockite in various zinc, lead, and copper
ores. Nearly all the cadmium produced in the world is a by-
product of zinc smelting. Domestic consumption of cadmium
was more than 15 million tons in 1969, a 13% increase over the
figures for 1968. The largest single use of cadmium was the
electroplating industry; cadmium was also used for pigments,
plastics stabilizers, alloys, and batteries. The sources of most
cadmium emissions were mining and metallurgical processing,
incineration, recycling of ferrous scraps, and consumptive
uses (rubber tires, motor oil, fertilizers, and fungicides). Am-
bient air contains only small amounts of cadmium, but in the
vicinity of certain factories concentrations can be much
higher. Excessive exposure can damage the liver, kidneys,
spleen, or thyroid. Cadmium is absorbed by either inhalation
or ingestion. Only 5% of the ingested cadmium is absorbed by
the body; absorption of inhaled cadmium may reach 40%. Peo-
ple who smoke as few as 10 cigarettes daily are exposed to
concentrations of cadmium 10-100 times greater than those in
the ambient air; smoke from smoldering tobacco that is not in-
haled contains more cadmium than the mainstream. Research
needs and indicated study programs are discussed.
32842
McCaull, Julian
BUILDING A SHORTER LIFE. Environment, 13(7):2-15, 38-
41, Sept. 1971.48 refs.
Cadmium pollution of the environment is reviewed with
respect to basic characteristics, emission sources, uses, con-
centration levels, and effects on human health. Cadmium dust,
fumes, and mist are emitted during the refining of zinc,
copper, and lead, as well as during extraction of cadmium.
These processes released an estimated 2.1 million pounds (45%
of total emissions) into the air in 1968. The single largest
source was the roasting and sintering of zinc concentrates. In-
cineration or disposal of cadmium-containing products con-
tributed 52% of total emissions. The processes included elec-
troplating, recycling of scrap steel, melting down scrapped au-
tomobile radiators, and incineration of solid wastes. Cadmium
concentrations in the waterways, tap water, food, vegetation,
soils, and certain commercial products (fertilizers) were deter-
mined. The toxicity of cadmium, levels of ingestion and reten-
tion in the body, and correlation with hypertension, liver
damage, bone disease, emphysema in industrial workers,
cancer, and kidney impairment are examined.
36517
Babushkina, L. G., N. P. Sterekhova, and F. S. Kuzmina
SOME INDICES OF LIPID METABOLISM IN THE BLOOD
OF WORKERS ENGAGED IN COPPER WORKS. (Nekoto-
ryye pokazateli lipidnogo obmean v krovi " rabochikh
medeplavilnykh proizvodstv). Text in Russian. Terapevt.
Arkh., 43(9): 100-104, 1971. 26 refs.
Indices of lipid metabolism were determined in the blood of 94
copper smelter workers with toxico-chemical hepatitis pneu-
mosclerosis (in the presence or absence of hepatitis developing
due to a chronic action of sulfur dioxide), and in the blood of
silicosis patients and donors. All patients showed a significant
increase of total lipids content compared to donors. Patients
with hepatitis and silocosis showed a moderate increase in
Beta-lipoproteids; other patients showed a tendency toward in-
creased levels. The content of Beta-lipoproteids, total lipids,
and Beta-lipoproteidipase activity in blood serum correlated
with the extent of sclerosis in the lungs and with the inclusion
of liver disease in the patholpgical process. Total cholesterol
levels were normal in all patients, but there was a tendency
toward increased estherified cholesterol.
42205
Pinto, Sherman S. and B. M. Bennett
EFFECT OF ARSENIC TRIOXIDE EXPOSURE ON MOR-
TALITY. Arch. Environ. Health, 7(5):583-591, Nov. 1963. 36
refs.
The causes of death were studied on a copper smelter among
present and pensioned employees dying in the period 1946-
1960. The influence of arsenic trioxide exposure was specifi-
cally reviewed. Previous work had indicated men in this plant
not exposed to arsenic excreted an average of 0.13 mg ar-
senic/1 urine; those exposed excreted an average of 0.82 mg ar-
senic/1 urine. There was no evidence that chronic arsenic triox-
ide exposure of the amount described is a cause of systemic
cancer in humans or has any measurable effect on fatal car-
diovascular disease. Neither arsenical dermatitis nor perfora-
tion of the nasal septum by arsenic-containing dusts in men-
tioned, since the dermatitis is considered to be a measure of
personal hygiene and not a measure of the amount of arsenic
absorbed. (Author summary modified)
47635
Likhacheva, E. I. and F. S. Kuz mina
INTRAHEPATIC HEMODYNAMICS IN PATIENTS WITH
CHRONIC SULFUROUS GAS POISONING. (K voprosu o
sostoyanii vnutripechenochnoy gemodinamiki u bol nykh s
khronicheskoy intoksikatsiyey seraistym gasom). Text in Rus-
sian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, 16(2):15-19, 1972. 10
refs.
Intrahepatic hemodynamics in 50 31-45-years-old workers of
copper melting plants with at least 10 years chronic occupa-
tional exposure to sulfur dioxide was investigated. Twelve of
the patients showed no clinical symptoms of hepatic lesions,
27 had toxic hepatitis, and 11 had hepatitis with cholecystitis
and cholangitis. Other symptoms such as chronic bronchitis
and gastritis were detected. The changes observed in the in-
trahepatic hemodynamics in patients with clinical picture of
toxic hepatitis were apparent in 25% of all cases, even in the
absence of other manifestations of toxic lesions of the liver.
Such rheohepatographic changes are not a reflection of general
circulatory insufficiencies, but may be ascribed to the toxic ef-
fect of SO2 on the vascular system of the liver.
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24
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
24326
Nikolaevskiy, V. S.
THE EFFECT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON WOODY PLANTS
UNDER THE ENVIRONMENTA CONDITIONS PREVAILING
IN THE SVERDLOVSK REGION. In: American Institute of
Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Vol.
III. The Susceptibility or Resistance to Gas and Smoke of
Various Arboreal Species Grown Under Diverse Envinorn-
mental Conditions in a Number of Industrial Regions of the
Soviet Union. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), Silver Spring, Md.,
American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1970, p. 58-67. 20 refs.
Translated from Russian. (Also: Okhrana Prirody na Urale, no.
4:123-132, 1964.)
A study of gas resistance .of woody plants investigating
photosynthesis and respiration, water conditions, pH, Eh, and
rH2 o cell sap, the movement of stomata, and the quantity of
readily oxidizable substances is reported. Also studied were
the anatomica properties of leaves and the dynamics of then-
susceptibility to injury in woody plants growing under condi-
tions of the copper smelting industry of the Central Urals
(Krasnoural'sk, Kirovgrad, and Revda), as well as in a labora-
tory gas chamber where cut branches of plants were used. The
physiological indices were studied for five species: balsam
poplar, dwarf apple, European white birch, aspen, and box
elder. The investigation was carried out under conditions of in-
termittent gassing (200 m from smelter) and under conditions
free of gases (trees in a forest glade of abou 500 m diameter
and at a distance of 7 km from the smelter). In the forest glade
study the naturally growing aspen and European white birch
were utilized. In addition there were planted balsam poplar,
dwarf apple, and European white birch. Under the influence
of acid gases, and particularly under simultaneously acting
urban condition the five investigated species: box elder, bal-
sam poplar, aspen, European white birch, and dwarf apple,
showed a distinct reduction in the openings of their stomata in
autumn; the extent of this reduction differed for the different
species. In the absence of gassing, the reverse was true. The
smallest opening of the stomata during the vegetative period
was observed in the box elder. This could be the reason for
the decrease in the rate of gas exchange, which is conducive
to a reduction in the vulnerability of the leave to noxious
gases. High concentration of sulfur dioxide causes considera-
ble narrowing of the stomata of the leaves of woody specie
and upsets the normal course of physiological processes. Thus,
the intensity of photosynthesis drops and respiration is ob-
served in daylight. In addition, acidification of cell sap and a
decrease in the quantity of oxidizable matter is also observed.
The greater damages, which manifest themselves in apprecia-
ble acidification of the cell protoplasm and in an extensive
disturbance of photosynthesis, are observed in the less re-
sistant species - dwarf apple and birch. These disturbances ap-
pear to a lesser extent in the more resistant species - poplar
and lilac.
24734
Kulagin, Yu. Z.
GAS RESISTANCE OF PINE AND BIRCH. In: American In-
stitute of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Litera-
ture. Volume III. The Susceptibility or Resistance to Gas and
Smoke of Various Arboreal Species Grown under Diverse En-
vironmental Conditions in a Number of Industrial Regions of
the Soviet Union. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.) Silver Spring, Md.,
American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1970, p. 51-57. 10 refs.
(Also: Okhrana Prirody na Urale, vol. 4:115-122, 1964.)
Smoke injury to forests and their destruction under the condi-
tions existing in the Southern Urals are intimately connected
with the zonal climatic conditions, and, above all, with the
weather during the growth season. European white birch and
partly Scotch pine can thrive satisfactorily under conditions of
intermittent severe sulfur dioxide attacks of short duration.
Their gas resistance is conditioned by the occurrence of these
attacks in the second half of the vegetative season. Normally,
rainy weather, together with changeable winds and low
barometric pressure, occurs in July and pushes the noxious
gases down close to the ground. Westerly winds prevail in the
area under consideration, in the environs of the city of
Karabash and its copper smelter. The growth and formation of
shoots is almost complete during May and June; the absence
of the so-called biological gas resistance but high drought and
frost resistance of defoliated birch and pine shoots insures
their viability in late summer, autumn and winter, and resur-
gence of vegetative processes the following season.
27945
Heaney, Robert J., James R. Fletcher, and Alton W. Huffaker
EVALUATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE INJURY TO
ECONOMIC CROPS. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 21p., 1970. 6 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis,
Mo., June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-131.)
When the Utah Copper Division of Kennecott Copper Cor-
poration purchased a copper smelter from the American
Smelting and Refining Company, it organized the Agricultural
and Meteorological Research Department to monitor.the at-
mospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide and other pollu-
tants, as well as to evaluate any damage to vegetation that
could be attributed to the smelter operations. One of the prime
responsibilities of the new organization was to maintain good
communications with the farmers in the area and continue the
policy of crop damage payments that has been established by
the American Smelting and Refining Company. Background in-
formation is given on the development of the injury payment
program and its scientific basis. Evaluation of SO2 injury to
vegetation is carried out by using a diagonal sampling pattern
across a given field and taking a ten-stem sample at regular in-
tervals to make a total sample which will be representative of
th whole field. Ten representative stems are selected from the
sample having SO2 injury, and a total leaflet count is made on
these ten stems. The estimated percent of leaflet area injured
is reported o one hundred leaflets and the average is reported.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
25
Total injury is calculated by multiplication of the three re-
ported percentages: the percentage of stems with SO2 injury,
leaflets having injury, an the amount of leaflet area injured.
These data are applied to the total yield of the crop obtained
from available records or estimate taken at the time of har-
vest. Statistical analysis of the injury data has been utilized to
develop a regression equation for calculating economic crop
loss as a function of marked stems or the product of marked
stems and marked leaflets. Data are also presented on the total
annual economic value paid out for crop injury and the effect
of emission controls in the reduction of economic loss by crop
owners. (Author abstract modified)
34867
Bischoff, O. and Fr. Haun
POISONING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS THROUGH COPPER
AND ARSENIC CONTAINING FLY DUST. Deut. Tieraerztl.
Wochenschr., 17(28):442-447, July 15, 1939. 8 refs. Translated
from German. 19p.
Several weeks after reactivation of a copper smelter on the
border between the states of Hesse and Westphalia, cattle,
horses, chickens, and sheep in the area exhibited symptoms of
poisoning. Subsequently, many animals died or had to be
slaughtered. The poisoning was traced to the copper- and ar-
senic-containing fly dust emitted by the smelter and deposited
on plants and grasses in grazing pastures, particularly in the
presence of dew and fog. Early clinical symptoms of poisoning
included conjunctivitis, stomach and intestinal catarrh, secre-
tion of saliva, miscarriages, emphysematose foeti, retention of
afterbirths, and reduction or complete stoppage of milk
production. Autopsies of deceased or slaughtered animals
revealed considerable enlargement of the liver. Liver copper
concentrations were 80 mg/kg in cattle and horses and 75-250
mg/kg in sheep. Plant fly dust contained 2.5% copper and 23
mg arsenic trioxide (As203). Symptoms first appeared in
animals 0.5-1.5 km from the smelter, but animals grazing as far
away as 4.5-5 km were also affected. Of 2100 cattle in the four
communities closest to the smelter, 520 animals perished. Milk
production in the four communities was reduced by about
75%. Copper levels in animals and animal organs (liver, Kid-
ney, spleen, heart, blood) are tabulated.
36968
Wullstein, L. H. and Kristen Snyder
ARSENIC IN THE ECOSYSTEM. Preprint, 4p., 1970. 24 refs.
(Presented at the International Air Pollution Conference,
1970.)
The effects of arsenic on rates of mineralization in soil were
investigated using samples subjected to pollution from a
copper smelter. The samples contained up to 245 ppm arsenic
compared with control samples containing 10 ppm arsenic.
Mineralization was studied by adding a constant amount of
peptone to the samples and comparing the rates of ammonifi-
cation, nitrosofication, and nitrification. Then concentrations
of 50, 150, and 250 ppm arsenic were added to the control
samples and similar mineralization rates were determined. Am-
monification rates of the polluted and control samples
amended with both peptone and arsenic were similar; how-
ever, rates at which ammonium was oxidized differed.
Nitrosofication and nitrification rates of the polluted samples
were reduced compared to those of the control samples. Field
methods of soil sampling, laboratory procedures, including
determination of moisture, pH, total and gaseous arsenic, total
nitrogen, and soil respiration, and complete test results are
discussed. (Author abstract modified)
38017
Guderian, R., H. van Haul, and H. Stratmann
PLANT-DAMAGING HYDROGEN FLUORIDE CONCENTRA-
TIONS. (Pflanzenschaedigende Fluorwasserstoff-Konzentra-
tionen). Text in German. Umschau (Berlin), 71(21):777, 1971. 2
refs.
Because of increased emissions of fluorine-containing gases
from plants manufacturing aluminum, copper, superphosphate,
glass, or cement, tests were conducted to determine the effect
of various concentrations of atmospheric hydrogen fluoride on
a variety of plants. Varying harmful effects were noted with
concentrations of 0.85-4.2 micrograms/cu m in air, but no
definite conclusions regarding allowable concentration limits
were reached.
39690
Ebaugh, W. Clarence
GASES VS. SOLIDS: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INJURI-
OUS INGREDIENTS OF SMELTER SMOKE. J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 29(7):951-970, July 1907. 4 refs.
The relative effects of sulfur dioxide and flue dusts in smelter
smoke upon vegetation were investigated in the Salt Lake City
area to assess the damages due to emission from lead and
copper smelters. The concentrations of SO2 were monitored,
and the effects of free SO2, sulfuric acid, SO2 in aqueous
solutions, and dilute solutions of H2S04 were individually ex-
amined. Flue dust samples were analyzed for percent content
of moisture, sulfur trioxide, iron, copper, insolubles (silicon
dioxide), lead, arsenic, and zinc. Many repeated applications
of SO2 in concentrations present in the air of a smelting dis-
trict were needed to cause injury, the degree of which was de-
pendent on humidity. Solutions of H2S04, if present to the ex-
tent of 1.38 g/1 or stronger, caused marked corrosion. Solu-
tions of flue dusts sprayed upon plants resulted in very severe
corrosion. Soil mixtures containing 20% of the flue dust, when
applied to plants, also caused very bad corrosion.
39718
Lipman, C. B. and Frank H. Wilson
TOXIC INORGANIC SALTS AND ACIDS AS AFFECTING
PLANT GROWTH. Botan. Gaz., 55(6):409-420, JJune 1913. 10
refs.
The physiological effects of copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, man-
ganese sulfate, and sulfuric acid emitted from smelter
processes on plant growth were investigated. The plants were
actually stimulated by quite considerable quantities of the
toxic salts, indicating a much greater tolerance than previously
assumed. The limits of toxicity, therefore, must be studied in
greater detail to determine what concentrations of the toxic
salts will inflict injuries.
39933
Formad, Robert J.
THE EFFECT OF SMELTER FUMES UPON THE
LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY IN THE NORTHWEST. Dept. of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C., Pathological Div., Bureau of
Animal Industry Kept. 25, p. 237-268, 1908. 54 refs.
The effects of copper smelter fumes on the livestock industry
in Deer Lodge Valley, Montana were investigated. Pastures,
soil, water supply, hay, sheds, and stables were examined
along with the physical conditions of the animals. Large
amounts of arsenic were determined in grass, hay, leaves, and
tree bark. Livestock losses were estimated from records; of a
total 2447 horses in 1902, only 423 remained in 1906, and the
losses in cattle were even greater. Animal experiments with ar-
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26
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
senic poisoning were conducted to compare the experimental
results with the clinical symptoms of the Deer Lodge vally
livestock. The symptoms varied with the kind of forage con-
sumed by the animals, but included as an effect of the fumes a
failure to conceive, abortion, and finally sterility. Losses due
to failure to conceive and abortion ranged within 30-60%.
Pathological examinations on post mortems showed lesions of
chronic catarrhal inflammation of the stomach, intestines,
lungs, and kidneys and inflammatory cell proliferation in the
mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines, the liver,
the lung, and the kidneys.
40581
Harkins, W. D. and R. E. Swain
THE CHRONIC ARESENICAL POISONING OF HER-
BIVOROUS ANIMALS. (PAPERSO ON SMELTER SMOKE,
THIRD PAPER). J. Am. Chem. Soc., 30(6):928-946 June 1908.
16 refs.
An outbreak of arsenical poisoning occurred among cows, hor-
ses, and sheep in the district surrounding Anaconda, Montana,
during the year 1902-1903. Operation of the Washoe smelter at
Anaconda and autopsies of a large number of animals are
discussed. The amounts of arsenic present in the organs of the
animals is in many cases small, yet no smaller than might
reasonably be expected in chronic arsenical poisoning follow-
ing the repeated and regular administration of moderate doses
of arsenic. In order to see how the results of autopsy would
compare with those obtained from animals killed by arsenic,
and also to secure data as to the poisonous dose, horses were
fed upon arsenic in different forms. The elimination of arsenic
probably begins very early and persists during the whole
period of its absorption. The proof of posioning is considered.
Symptoms of chronic arsenical poisoning include proliferation
of the connective tissue cells, degeneration and desquamation
of the tubules in the kidneys, congestion or diapedesis, the oc-
currence of hemorrhagic areas, and occasionally a total disin-
tegration of the cells. Other symptoms are described, as well
as the results of an experiment in which sheep were exposed
to arsenic trioxide.
42250
Costesque, L. M. and T. C. Hutchinson
THE ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SOIL POLLU-
TION BY METALLIC DUST FROM THE SUDBURY SMEL-
TERS. Inst. of Environmental Sciences, Mt. Prospect, 111.,
Proc. Inst. Environ. Sci., Annu. Tech. Meet., 18th, New York,
1972, p. 540-545. 16 refs. (May 1-4.)
The ecological consequences of heavy metal damage are
probably being masked by the damage due to sulfur dioxide
emitted by the metal smelters of Sudbury, Ontario in Canada.
Soil and vegetation east and south of the source, plant leaves,
and dust and rainfall were sampled for analysis of copper,
nickel, cobalt, zinc, manganese, lead, and iron content.
Elevated levels of nickel were detected up to 31 mi from the
smelters and toxic water levels extended to 10 mi. The soil
contamination has a pattern indicative of an airborne smelter
source. A significant reduction of pH occurred in the soil
within 1 1/2 mi of the smelter. A pH of 2.2 was recorded in
one instance, suggesting the presence of free sulfuric acid.
Nickel levels were 2835 ppm at 0.5 mi from the smelter, 1522
ppm at 4-5 mi, 306 ppm at 12 mi, and 83 ppm at 31 mi. Copper
followed the same pattern from 1528 ppm to 31 ppm; cobalt
decreased from 127 ppm to 19 ppm. Average soil levels should
be 40 ppm for Ni, 20 ppm for Cu, and 8 ppm for Co. (Author
summary modified)
43787
Wu, Lin and A. D. Bradshaw
AERIAL POLLUTION AND THE RAPID EVOLUTION OF
COPPER TOLERANCE. Nature (London), 238(5360):167-169,
July 21, 1972. 10 refs.
The copper tolerances of 30 individual genotypes of each of
four populations of the grass Agrostis stolonifera from the
area of a metal refining industry emitting large amounts of
copper dust and two populations from uncontaminated grass-
land were measured. In the population on the boundary of the
refinery area there is a considerable increase in the occurrence
of tolerence, yet this population is more or less continuously
distributed and there are several other species; this supports
the idea that selection of different genotypes for copper
tolerance from an original non- tolerant population is only oc-
curring now. Tolerances of populations from a dune grassland
and a park at some distance from the refinery had uniformly
low tolerance. In a separate experiment, seeds were collected
from the dune grassland, a zinc and lead mine, a normal
pasture, another lead mine, boundary grassland at the refinery,
and grassland near a canteen at the refinery. The seeds were
sown on toxic soil from the refinery containing 10,260 ppm
Cu. After 10 weeks, mean height and percentage of rooted
seedlings were determined in samples of 2000 seeds for each
population. There was no difference in the height and the per-
centage of rooted seedlings between the four seed populations
collected from sites not contaminated by copper when grown
on refinery soil; but there was a significant increase in the
mean height and percentage of rooted seedlings in the two
refinery populations. Although most of the seedlings from un-
contaminated sites died after the experiment, some survived
well. These seedlings seem to be tolerant and may give rise to
a tolerant subsequent generation.
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27
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
30696
LeSourd, D. A., M. E. Fogel, A. R. Schleicher, T. E.
Bingham, R. W. Gerstle, E. L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SPECIFIED AIR POLLU-
TION SOURCES TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. VOL. I. (FINAL REPORT).
Research Triangle Inst., Durham, N. C., Operations Research
and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA 70-60, RTI Proj.
OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, 395p., Dec. 1970. 328 refs. NTIS:
PB 197647
Air pollution control costs for mobile sources are presented on
a national basis and in terms of unit investment and annual
operating and maintenance costs as well as total annual operat-
ing and maintenance costs. The analyses cover the estimated
emissions and control costs for new cars for Fiscal Year 1967
through Fiscal Year 1976. Control costs for each stationary
source, except for residential heating, are shown for 298
metropolitan areas by investment and annual expenditures by
Fiscal Year 1976. The impact of control on selected industries
and the Nation are also determined. Finally, an extensive
bibliography is included. The pollutants from mobile sources
selected for analysis are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and particulates. The six pollutants for which
control cost estimates are made for stationary sources are par-
ticulates, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
fluorides, and lead. Emission standards applied are considered
stringent in comparison with many currently in use throughout
the Nation. Mobile sources include automobiles and light and
heavy-duty trucks. Stationary sources studied include solid
waste disposal, commercial and institutional heating plants, in-
dustrial boilers, residential heating plants, steam- electric
power plants, asphalt batching, brick and tile, coal cleaning,
cement, elemental phosphorus, grain handling and milling
(animal feed), gray iron, iron and steel, kraft (sulfate) pulp,
lime, petroleum products and storage, petroleum refineries,
phosphate fertilizer, primary non-ferrous metallurgy (alu-
minum, copper, lead and zinc), rubber (tires), secondary non-
ferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and varnish. Data essential
for defining metropolitan areas, emission control standards,
and relevant process and air pollution control engineering
characteristics required to support the cost analyses for each
source and the cost impact on each industrial process are
presented and analyzed in separate appendixes to this report.
(Author abstract modified)
35321
EMISSIONS CONTROVERSY ENTERS PHASE II. Eng. Min-
ing J., 172(12):78-81, Dec. 1971.
The copper industry contends that almost insurmountable
economic-enginerring problems stand between it and com-
pliance with the 90% sulfur control standard adopted by vari-
ous states. Producers in Washington and Arizona are currently
petitioning for lower standards. Sulfuric acid production, the
only well-established method for removing sulfur oxides from
smelter gases, will not of itself yield 90% sulfur control. New
technology is required for the smelting, handling, and concen-
trating of normally dilute gases from reverberatory furnaces.
Estimated capital costs for copper smelters to meet the 10%
emission limit in the required time limits range from $600 mil-
lion to one billion. Given time to develop adequate new
technology, the collective cost to the industry could be $345
million. Further cost data should become available this year
with the release of a cost control study contracted by the En-
vironmental Protection Agency. The 10% emission limit for
sulfur is not a part of federal law. Several smelters may ap-
proach or meet federal primary and secondary ambient air
standards due to location, meteorological conditions, feed sul-
fur content, and smelting practice.
46282
Falk, George B., Anthony W. Yodis, and William D. Hunter,
Jr.
SULFUR RECOVERY FROM SMELTERS--A CHEMICAL
POINT OF VIEW. Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical En-
gineers, New York and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 19p., 1970. 3 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers and Institute de Ingenieros
Quimicos Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo., Sept. 2, 1970,
Paper 45a.)
Reduction of sulfur dioxide to sulfur by methane is effectual
only when feed gas is steady in flow and composition and low
in oxygen. Interposing a dimethylaniline (DMA) sorption
system before methane reduction will increase the SO2 con-
centration, eliminate the oxygen content, and level the highly
variable flow and composition of copper smelter gases. The
costs involved in this process are discussed. The DMA con-
centrator can accept both reverb and converter gases, so no
portion of the stack gas needs to be neutralized. Sulfur credits
can, therefore, be maximized. A DMA plant, sized to handle
130% of a smelter s average gas flow, is estimated to cost
$12.5 million. The operating cost comes to S32/NT sulfur.
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28
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
14443
Knop, W.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN NON-FERROUS METAL IN-
DUSTRIES. II. PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
OF THE NON-FERROUS METAL INDUSTRY AND EMIS-
SION STANDARDS. (Luftreinhaltung im NE-Metall-Betrieb. II.
Staub-und gasfoermige Emissionen der NE-Metallindustrie und
die Emissionsbegrenzung.) Text in German. Metall.,
22(12):1266-1271, Dec. 1968. 21 rets.
In this review article, the West German air pollution laws and
regulations as applied to metallurgical plants are compiled and
discussed. In the aluminum industry, dust arises both in the
production of aluminum oxide from bauxite and in the elec-
trolytic furnaces. The most dangerous component of the waste
gas is fluoride of which the maximum allowable concentration
is 2.5 mg/cu m. Lead refineries emit considerable amounts of
dust, up to 15 g/cu m waste gas, which contains metal com-
pounds in the form of sulfates, oxides, sulfides, and coke
dust. The pollutants originating in the various steps of lead
production are discussed in detail. The threshold limit value
(TLV) of lead is 0.2 mg/cu m. Electrometallurgical furnaces
for iron and steel alloys emit very fine dusts (less than 0.4
micrometer), typically up to 250 kg/hr at 10,000 kva capacity.
Metal oxides predominate, especially iron and silicon oxides.
The waste gases of copper ore refineries contain mostly fly
dust and sulfur compounds. The dust contains copper, zinc,
and sulfur. Typical concentrations at various stages are listed.
The TLV of copper is 1 mg/cu m. Emissions of zinc plants are
listed, and waste gas and soot emissions of oil, coke, and coal
furnaces are discussed in detail. Special problems are posed by
scrap metal refineries, where plastics and varnishes cause air
pollution. Typical examples are cited.
26721
RESTRICTION OF EMISSION: COPPER-SCRAP SMELTING
PLANTS AND COPPER REFINERIES. VDI (Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure) Duesseldorf (West Germany), Kommission Reinhal-
tung der Luft, Richtlinien 2101, Oct. 1966. 13 refs. Translated
from German. Israel Program {or Scientific Translations,
Jerusalem, 8p. NTIS: TT-68-50469/9
The sources of dust emissions in contemporary copper extrac-
tion processes are indicated, together with suitable methods of
restricting the emissions. The processes considered include
smelting of copper-containing waste and scrap in shaft fur-
naces; blowing of black copper to crude copper in converters;
refining of converter copper in refining furnaces; the electroly-
sis of anode copper; and the melting of copper cathodes in
wirebar furnaces. Fabric filters are recommended for collect-
ing the dust contained in flue gas from shaft furnaces and con-
verers, while cyclone separator are recommended for treat-
ment of emissions from copper-anode and wirebar furnaces.
Recommended standards for maximum emissions from each
furnace are presented.
29376
Swan, David
STUDY OF COSTS FOR COMPLYING WITH STANDARDS
FOR CONTROL OF SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM
SMELTERS. Mining Congr. J., S7(4):76-85, April 1971.
(Presented at the National Industrial Pollution Control Council
meeting, Washington, D. C., March 8, 1971.)
The concentration of copper smelters in the U. S. is indicated
and sulfur dioxide emissions from these smelters are related to
the ambient air quality requirements of the Clean Air Act
Amendements of 1970. Capital costs, derived from computer
studies of smelters representing 88% of the U. S. copper-
smelting capacity, are presented for technological alternatives
for meeting primary ambient air standards or 90% emission
control standards. The various alternatives using existing
technology applied on an industry-wide basis would cost $500
million to $1.2 billion. For instance, the choice of production
curtailment, air dilution, and sulfuric acid plants would require
an investment of about $572 million. This system would meet
the 24-hr ambient requirement but not the 90% emission stan-
dard. Replacing smelters using acid plants as the primary SO2
recovery method would cost $1.2 billion. This would meet the
annual ambient and the 90% emission standard. Of the
technology now being tested commercially, limestone scrub-
bers would meet the annual and 24-hr ambient requirements
but not the 90% emission limit. The would require an industry
investment of $293 million. If the scrubber were followed by a
caustic scrubber, the investment cost would increase to $345
million. This equipment would meet the annual ambient stan-
dard and the 90% emission limit, but would introduce a by-
product disposal problem. It is suggested that the 90% emis-
sion requirements be eliminated and that the time allowance
for development of new processes to meet the Clean Air Act
requirements be extended.
31917
Muth, Robert J.
ORIGINS AND CURRENT STATUS OF SULFUR OXIDE
EMISSION STANDARDS FOR NONFERROUS SMELTERS.
Mining Congr. J., 57(8):63-70, Aug. 1971. 24 refs.
Federal and state air pollution agencies and the copper smelt-
ing industry are at odds over the requirement that copper
smelters be permitted to emit no more than 10% of the sulfur
contained in materials processed. This requirement, generally
referred to as a 90% emission control standard, is forcefully;
advocated by the Air Pollution Control Office. It has,been
adopted by the states of Montana, Arizona, and Nevada, and
by the Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency in Washing-
ton. However, a combination of economic and technical fac-
tors make implementation of the standard impossible for al-
most all existing smelters. Compliance with the standard by
converting sulfur dioxide in the more concentrated gas streams
to sulfuric acid would produce enormous amounts of acid for
which no ready markets exist. The more dilute gases, which
can account for 25% or more of total sulfur dioxide produced
in the smelting process, are not amenable to conventional
-------
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA 29
treatment. Thus, existing smelter processes may have to be over half a billion dollars, based on present costs. Since non-
replaced with new processes capable of generating more con- ferrous metals are international commodities, the domestic in-
centrated gas streams. The capital costs for new process dustry would be unable to recoup increased costs by increas-
equipment and pollution control equipment are estimated at ing prices.
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30
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
00694
T. W. Barrett
THE USE OF ARBITRATION PROCEDURES IN THE SET-
TLEMENT OF CLAIMS OF DAMAGE TO VEGETATION
CAUSED BY INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS. Preprint. (Presented
at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-94.)
On 18 May 1955 the United States District Court for the Dis-
trict of Arizona issued a decree (No Civ. 790-TUCSON) that
provided to those farmers of the Sulphur Springs Valley,
Cochise County, Arizona, who so desired, a means of settling
their claims of crop damage by arbitration rather than by court
action. The damage to their crops resulted from sulfur dioxide
produced by a copper smelter operating in this area. The
provisions of the decree and the functions of the Arbitration
Committee are all designed to insure prompt, just and
adequate compensation to the farmer for any damage
sustained by his crops. Arbitration procedures are particularly
adaptable to smelter smoke damage to growing crops and have
been available over the past nine years to farmers in the
Sulphur Springs Valley of Arizona. (Author abstract)
22045
Guccione, Eugene
HOW POLLUTION WATCHERS IGNORE FACTS IN
COPPER INDUSTRY'S SO2 EMISSIONS. Eng. Mining J., vol.
171:98-101, Aug. 1970. 6 refs.
New and stringent air-pollution control regulations have been
passed in Utah, Montana, Arizona, and Washington requiring
copper companies to limit sulfur emissions from smelters'
smokestacks to 10% of the total sulfur present in the concen-
trate ore. As if technology could be created by majority vote,
it is objected that the procedure of setting standards via public
hearings will continue to produce unreasonable regulations that
will leave pollution unabated while greatly harming industry.
Industry's frustration regarding anti-pollution regulations, in
the case of copper companies, is that it can operate only
within the limits of existing technology. The Arthur G. McKee
and Co. report of 1969 is cited as having pointed out to HEW
the difficulty in recovering sulfur oxides from smelter gases. It
is suggested that while technology takes its course, a good
place to begin solving the problems of pollution is in the ju-
diciary branch of government, not in the legislative and execu-
tive branches. Lack of agreement between the various
methods for sulfur dioxide measurement is also pointed out, as
well as the difficulty in establishing a clear-cut cause and ef-
fect relationship between air pollutants and impairment of
health.
32808
Dayton, Stan
TREASURY READIES A NEW TIME BOMB. Eng. Mining J.,
49(16):80-81, July 1971.
As originally conceived, the expected tax on sulfur would
operate under a formula that would charge one cent a Ib on
sulfur emitted into the atmosphere in the first year and esca-
late an additional one cent a Ib each year thereafter to a max-
imum of 100 a Ib in the tenth year. One company estimates
that the sulfur tax could drain copper producers of $144 mil-
lion a year. The Fluor Utah report concluded that present
proven technology can achieve ambient air quality standards
but cannot satisfy an allowable emission rate based on 10% of
smelter feed. This report points out that it might be possible to
achieve standards using only limestone scrubbing in series
with acid production, but modeling results for this method
were considered so marginal as to be inconclusive.
36879
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan) and
Okayama Prefecture (Japan)
REPORT ON THE SECOND CONFERENCE ON THE
MIZUSHIMA AREA AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. (Dainiji
Mizushima chiku taiki osen boshi taisaku kyogikai chosa
hokokusho). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public
Nuisance), 7(12):709-723, Dec. 1971.
Okayama prefecture and Kurashiki city formed the Mizushima
Area Air Pollution Control Council in Sept. 1967 and began a
comprehensive study of the area s air pollution conditions with
the general development plan of the coastal industrial complex
in the Kurashiki-Mizushima area. A pollution monitoring
center was constructed at a central location and the pattern of
pollution and transition were studied since then. In spite of the
fact that the total emission of sulfur dioxide increased between
1967 and 1971 from 2,751.84 N cu m/hr to 7,981.75 N cu m/hr,
the total pollution index has not increased in the area. Up to
1969, high stack emission sources were increased without
decreasing the emission amount from low sources, and no im-
provements had been made on systems at sources. After 1970,
collectivization of low emission sources and the use of low-
sulfur oil progressed and some measure of pollution control
was achieved. As part of the planning for the future develop-
ment, an air pollution prediction was made upon the projected
plan for an area to be newly developed by landfill. Factory
layout, possible industrial classifications, production scales,
and locations were designed; projected classifications were oil
refining, petroleum chemicals, copper refining, aluminum
manufacturing, copper wire stretch formation, special steel,
glass manufacturing, and shipbuilding. Of these eight indus-
tries, three to six were combined, forming four different com-
binations for simulation tests. Wind tunnel tests were con-
ducted with considerations for seasonal, climatic, fuel, emis-
sion gases. If the average sulfur content in fuels is kept under
0.8%, even with the combinations of multi-industries and with
the conditions of already functioning industries in the sur-
rounding area, the environmental standard could be main-
tained.
44265
Gabrisch, R.
DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECTS OF LEGAL REGULATIONS
CONCERNING METALLURGICAL PLANTS AND REMELT-
ING PLANTS. (Entwicklung und Auswirkung behoerdlicher
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
31
Auflagen fuer Metallhuetten und Umschmelzwerke). Text in
German. Preprint, Gesellschaft Deutscher Metallhuetten und
Bergleute, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (West Germany), 12p., 1972.
(Presented at the Gesellschaft Deutscher Metallhuetten und
Bergleute-Hauptversammlung, Stuttgart, West Germany, April
26- 30, 1972.)
One hundred and forty-four metallurgical plants and recasting
plants existed in the Federal Republic and West Berlin in 1971.
The total turnover was about one billion dollars, 0.8% of the
entire industrial turnover. Despite this relatively small fraction
of the total industrial turnover, the expenditures for air pollu-
tion control measures are remarkable. The new regulations
which became effective in 1971 tie the licensing of all melting
plants for non-ferrous metals to the presence of the most
modern air pollution cleaning facilities. Vacuum melting plants
and melting plants for up to SO kg light metals or 200 kg heavy
metals and melting plants for precious metals are excluded. In
1964 the Technical Directives for the Maintenance of Clean
Air (TAL) were enacted. They demanded that the sulfur diox-
ide emissions by lead and zinc plants be reduced as far as
possible by passing the roasting and sintering gases to a sul-
furic acid production plant. The paniculate emissions were
limited to 400 mg/cu m during continuous operation for waste
gases from lead blast furnaces, from lead reverberatory fur-
naces, and from zinc muffle furnaces. The paniculate emission
from lead refineries and zinc distillation plants was limited to
200 mg/cu m. Emissions from copper processing could contain
as much as 500 mg/cu m dust. In 1966 this limit was reduced
to 300 mg/cu m. For secondary aluminum plants a guideline is
being worked out which will recommend the limitation of the
paniculate emissions from all melting aggregates to 150 mg/cu
m and from thermal degreasing plants to 100 mg/cu m. In
secondary zinc and copper plants, the maximum allowable
emission will be limited to 50 mg/cu m because of the toxicity
of zinc and copper. The metal recovery from old cables is con-
nected with emission problems which still require a solution.
At present no cable burning plant in Germany is equipped with
any dust cleaning devices.
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32
N. GENERAL
05114
Johnson, Ralph K.
THE NEW HAYDEN SMELTER - ITS UNIQUE DESIGN FEA-
TURES. J. Metals, p. 376-381, June 1959.
The smelter's ultra-modern design features are described. The
plant is impressive; it is scrupulously clean and well laid out.
It was reported that 131 men were being used on the three-
shift operation, which is in marked contrast to the 170-man
force at another smelter of comparable size. The charging
system of the furnace permits easy handling of the concen-
trates and their efficient introduction into the furnace. The
preheater for the air for the furnace burners results in higher
operating temperatures in the furnace and hence an increase of
some 40 pet in the furnace output. It is estimated that reverb
furnace output may be increased by as much as 8 pet by using
drier concentrates. The reverberatory and converter flue gases
are treated for final dust separation in a four-chamber, 60 gas
duct, three-field-type, electrostatic precipitator. The capacity
of the precipitator is 300,000 cfm at 10 pet moisture and 500
degree F. All dust rappers are of the pneumatic type, and the
dust is collected and transported to the pug-mill by screw con-
veyors. The fields are energized by six, 30-kva, double-half-
wave, selenium power units. From the precipitator, the gases
are channeled by a brick by-pass flue to the 600-ft high, brick-
lined, reinforced-concrete stack where they exhaust to at-
mosphere.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
33
LYNCH R T B-31826
AGARWAL J C 'B-43298
ANON 'B-11146
APTEKAR D F B-46560
ARGENBRIGHT L P *B-21309, »B-29622
AVER F A J-30696
B
BABUSHKINA L G 'G-36517
BARRETT, T W 'L-00694
BECK R R A-41681
BEIGHTON, J 'B-07925
BELLA 'G-22118
BELL, A *G-05146
BELOUSOVA A E 'B-33157
BENDER R J 'B-38823
BENNETT B M G-42205
BINGHAM T E J-30696
BISCHOFF O «H-34867
BRADSHAW A D H-43787
BRIDGSTOCK G 'B-29327, *B-32237
BULGAKOV M V 'B-22930
BUTLER E B B-45131
COSTESQUE L M 'H-42250
CULHANE, F R 'B-08562
D
DAVTYAN O K »F-13936
DAYTON S 'B-35295, *B-40006, *L-32808
DEQUASIE H L A-40085
DOBROCHIVER I G B-14638
DROBOT W 'B-39456
DUDGEON, E H 'C-01098, 'C-03203
DUNN R L 'B-30121
EBAUGH W C 'H-39690
F.GIZAROV A A B-33157
ERWALL L G C-28492
EVANS, E V C-01098
EVLANOV S F A-45387
FALK G B 'J-46282
FINE, M M F-10032
FINEMAN I 'C-28492
FINK, *B-00163
FINKLER S B-39456
FLETCHER J R H-27945
FOARD J E 'A-4I68I
FOGEL M E J-30696
FORMAD R J 'H-39933
FORSBERG H G C-28492
GABRISCH R *L-44265
GADALLA A M M *F-15430
GERLACH J 'B-15304
GERSTI.E R W J-30696
GORDON G M B-46560
GREY D C 'A-40085, 'A-48296
GUCCIONE E 'L-22045
GUDF.RIAN R -H-38017
H
HALL W A 'B-23032
HALLETT G D B-44134
HALLEY J H 'A-35224
HARKINS W D 'B-40073, 'H-4058I
HAUN F H-34867
HAVER F P 'B-41540
HAYWOOD J K 'A-23036, »A-23287
HEANEY R J 'H-27945
HECK W J 'E-32255
HIGUCHI S B-42216
HILL E L J-30696
HUFFAKER A W H-27945
HUNTER W D JR J-46282
HUTCHINSON T C H-42250
ICHIDA N 'F-43792
ICHIJO M »B-35296, 'B-44367
INGRAHAM T R *F-14745
JENSEN M L A-40085, A-48296
JOHNSON, R K 'N-05114
JOYCF. R S 'B-3I826
I K
KLEIST H G B-15304
KNOP W »A-17471, *K-I4443
KONDOH, H G-03659
KONOPKA A P 'B-32319
KULAGIN YU Z 'H-24734
KUZ MINA F S G-47635
KUZMINA F S G-36517
LAMOREAUX W F *B-24724
.AVROV N V 'A-45387
-AWFORD E G B-23378
.EAVER E S 'B-26142
LENOIRPJ A-18184
.EROY J *A-18184
.ESOURD D A *J-30696
JKHACHEVA E I 'G-47635
JPMAN C B 'H-39718
LJUNGGREN K C-28492
LUDWIG. J H A-12074
M
MACKIW V N 'F-13534
MAGER K B-15304
MARBLE E R JR B-45183
MCCAULL J 'G-32842
MCKERROW G C *A-13294, B-44134
MCNAY B E A-35224
MEKLER L I B-33157
MILLIKEN C L 'B-34944, 'B-46931
MINOURA, J 'B-13026
MOMODA R *B-42216
MORITA C B 'A-40284
MUTH R J "K-31917
N
NADINSKAYA O V B-14638
NAGIBIN V D 'B-23939
NAKAMURA, K G-03659
NELSON K W 'A-30447
NICHOLS G B A-26441
NIKOLAEVSKIY V S "H-24326
NILSSON F 'B-25275
O
OGLESBY S JR 'A-26441
OVCHINNIKOVA Y N F-13936
OYA S 'F-20043
PETRUSHOV V P 'B-46560
PINGS W B 'A-18306
PINTO S S 'G-42205
POTTS H R 'B-23378
PREBLE B B-21309
R
RAU E L A-18306
REUSS, J L 'F-10032
REYNOLDS G W "E-46342
RICHTER U B-32760, B-37750
ROBBINS, R C D-10517
ROBERTSON, D J 'B-04567
ROBINSON, E 'D-10517
RODOLFF D W 'B-45183
ROHRMAN, F A 'A-12074
RUDLING B B-25275
SCHLEICHER A R J-30696
SCHULZ U 'B-32760, 'B-37750
SEESTE R B-32237
SEMRAU K T 'B-27597, 'B-28595
SHIMIZU H F-20043
SIMKIN E A B-33157
SINEK J R B-43298
-------
34
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
SNYDER K H-36968
SRYVALIN I T F-US72
STEREKHOVA N P G-36517
STRATMANN H H-38017
SULLIVANJL G-22118
SULLIVAN, J L 'D-05145
SUTT R F B-31826
SWAIN R E 'A-24285, B-40073, H-40581
SWAN D »K-29376
TIKHONOV A I "F-14572
TOBIAS G S B-31826
TOYAMA, T 'G-03659
TSUTSUMI N B-42216
U
USHAKOV K I 'B-14638
w
WHITE J F-15430
WHITLOCK D R B-39456
WILSON F H H-397I8
WONG M M B-41540
WORNER H K *B-43877
WU L 'H-43787
WULLSTEIN L H "H-36968
TARASSOFF P B-44134
THEMELIS N J 'B-44134
THOMPSON R "B-45131
THURSTON R V B-26142
VAN HAUT H H-38017
YODIS A W J-46282
z
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
35
ABATEMENT L-22045, L-36879, L-44265
ABSORPTION B-00163, B-35296, D-10517,
F-20043, H-36968
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) A-12751,
A-12823, B-13026, B-15304, B-25275,
B-27597, B-40006, B-40760, B-45183,
B-46560, E-12777
ACETYLENES B-07925
ACIDS A-12751, A-12823, A-17471,
A-26441, A-35224, A-39462, A-42676,
B-07925, B-11146, B-14642, B-21309,
B-23939, B-25275, B-26142, B-26589,
B-27597, B-28595, B-29199, B-29622,
B-30121, B-31826, B-32237, B-32888,
B-38648, B-39634, B-40760, B-42216,
B-42282, B-43298, B-44134, B-45131,
B-45183, D-05145, D-10517, G-03659,
H-38017, H-39690, H-39718, H-42250,
J-30696, J-35321, K-29376, K-31917
ACUTE G-32842
ADAPTATION B-22930
ADMINISTRATION A-40284, B-29622,
B-42282, D-05145, L-36879
AEROSOLS A-42676, B-00163, D-10517,
G-03659
AFRICA B-45183
AFTERBURNERS A-39462, B-07925,
B-23032
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-40284, D-05145,
L-36879
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-40085, A-40284, D-05145, D-10517,
E-32255, E-46342, G-22I18, H-39690,
H-42250, L-36879
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS J-35321,
K-14443, K-29376, L-32808, L-36879
AIRCRAFT E-46342
ALASKA D-10517
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS A-45387,
B-07925, J-46282
ALKALINE ADDITIVES A-12751,
A-12823, B-27597, B-29622, B-35295,
B-39456, B-40006, B-40760, B-41540,
B-46560, E-12777, L-32808
ALTITUDE E-32255, E-46342
ALUMINUM A-17471, A-34916, A-39462,
A-42676, A-43271, B-07925, B-323I9,
B-38823, B-48423, H-38017, J-30696,
L-36879, L-44265
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-26441,
A-30447, B-07925, F-10032, K-14443
ALUMINUM OXIDES A-17471, F-10032
AMMONIA B-14642, B-42282, H-36968
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS B-14642,
B-33157, B-42282, H-36968
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-23287,
B-00163, B-14638, C-28492, D-05145,
H-36968
ANIMALS A-23287, A-24285, B-40073,
G-03659, G-32842, H-34867, H-39933,
H-40581
ANNUAL A-48296, B-39456, G-32841,
G-32842
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS A-24285,
B-37750
AREA SURVEYS A-40284, D-05145,
L-36879
ARIZONA A-40284, L-00694, N-05114
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS B-07925
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-23036,
A-23287, A-24285, B-23378, B-37750,
B-40073, B-44367, C-28492, G-42205,
H-34867, H-36968, H-39690, H-39933,
H-40581, K-14443
ASHES B-07925, D-05145
ASIA B-13026, B-35296, B-42216, B-44367,
F-20043, F-43792, G-32842, L-36879
ASPHALT A-39462, J-30696
ASTHMA G-05146, G-22118
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS B-00163,
D-05145, E-12777, E-32255, G-22118,
H-24734
AUSTRALIA B-14642, D-05145, G-05146,
G-22118
AUTOMATIC METHODS C-OI098,
C-03203, G-22118
AUTOMOBILES J-30696
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
J-30696
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-40284,
D-10517
AUTOPSY H-40581
B
BACTERIA A-18306, A-48296
BAG FILTERS A-24285, A-43271,
B-04567, B-07925, B-08562, B-16711,
B-30121, B-32319, B-38823, B-46560
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-26441,
B-07925, B-38823
BATTERY MANUFACTURING G-32841,
G-32842
BELGIUM A-18184
BENZENES B-07925
BERYLLIOSIS, B-00163, C-01098, C-03203
BIO-ASSAY H-40581
BLAST FURNACES A-26441, B-13026,
B-23939, B-32319, B-42216, B-43298,
B-48423
BLOOD CELLS H-34867
BLOOD CHEMISTRY G-36517
BLOOD PRESSURE G-32842
BLOOD VESSELS G-47635
BOILERS B-07925, B-44134, B-46931,
J-30696
BONES G-32841, G-32842
BREATHING G-03659, G-05146
BRICKS J-30696
BRONCHITIS G-05146, G-22118, G-47635
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION G-03659
BRONCHODILATORS G-03659
BUBBLE TOWERS B-00163, B-07925
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-12751,
A-12823, A-18184, A-24285, A-35224,
B-04567, B-III46, B-13026, B-14638,
B-14642,
B-23939,
B-26589,
B-29622,
B-33157,
B-39456,
B-42216,
B-44367,
E-12777,
K-31917,
B-21309,
B-24724,
B-27597,
B-31826,
B-35295,
B-39634,
B-42282,
B-45131,
J-35321,
L-44265
B-23032
B-25275
B-28595
B-32237
B-35296
B-40760
B-43877
B-45183
J-46282,
B-23378,
B-26142,
B-29199,
B-32888,
B-38648,
B-41540,
B-44134,
, B-46931,
K-29376,
CADMIUM B-44367
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-17471,
B-04567, G-32841, G-32842, K-14443
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS B-33157,
B-35295
CALCIUM SULFATES B-35295
CALIBRATION METHODS C-01098
CANADA A-13294, B-04567, B-29327,
B-32237, B-44134, F-14745. H-42250
CANCER G-32842, G-42205
CARBIDES B-30121
CARBON BLACK A-26441, A-39462,
A-45387, B-08562, B-30121, B-31826
CARBON DIOXIDE A-40085, B-14638,
F-20043
CARBON DISULFIDE B-07925, B-14638
CARBON MONOXIDE A-40284, A-42676,
A-45387, B-14638, F-20043, J-30696
CARBONATES B-39456
CARBON YLS B-14638
CARCINOGENS C-01098, C-03203
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES G-42205
CATALYSIS B-14638, B-39634, B-45183,
F-13936
CATALYSTS B-45183, F-13936
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS B-07925
CATALYTIC OXIDATION B-26142,
B-27597, B-28595, B-31826, B-46931,
F-13936
CATTLE A-23287, H-34867, H-39933,
H-40581
CELLS H-34867, H-39933
CEMENTS A-26441, A-39462, H-38017,
J-30696
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-21617,
A-39462, A-43271, B-06569. B-32319,
B-38648, B-45131. K-2672I
CERAMICS B-07925
CHAMBER PROCESSING B-07925,
D-05145
CHARCOAL B-08562, F-13936
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION H-42250
CHEMICAL METHODS B-00163, C-28492
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-12751,
A-12823, A-26441, A-45387, B-14638.
B-23032, B-23378, B-24724, B-29199,
B-29327, B-29622, B-31826, B-35296,
B-38648, B-40760, B-43877, B-44134,
E-12777, F-10032, F-13534,F-13936,
F-14745, H-36968
CHLORIDES A-42676, B-35296, F-14572
-------
36
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
CHLORINE F-14572
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-42676,
B-00163, B-35296, F-14S72
CHROMATOGRAPHY B-14638
CHROMIUM OXIDES F-13936
CHRONIC G-32842, G-36517, G-4220S,
G-47635, H-40581
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM G-47635,
H-34867
CLAY A-39462, B-30121
CLEAN AIR ACT B-07925, K-29376
CLOUD SEEDING E-46342
CLOUDS D-10517
COAL A-39462, B-07925, B-39456,
D-10517, J-30696
COBALT COMPOUNDS F-14572, H-42250
CODES B-34944, K-14443
COKE A-26441, A-43271, B-07925,
B-14638, B-38823
COLLECTORS A-21617, A-39462,
A-43271, B-06569, B-32319, B-38648,
B-43877, B-45131, K-26721, N-05114
COLORIMETRY D-05145
COMBUSTION AIR B-23939
COMBUSTION GASES A-12074, A-12751,
A-12823, A-21617, A-23287, A-24285,
A-26441, A-35224, A-42676, B-04567,
B-07925, B-14642, B-15304, B-21309,
B-23032, B-23378, B-23939, B-24724,
B-25275, B-26142, B-26589, B-27597,
B-28595, B-29199, B-29327, B-29622,
B-31826, B-32237, B-32760, B-32888,
B-34944, B-35295, B-38648, B-39456,
B-40073, B-40760. B-42216, B-42282,
B-43877, B-44LS-I, B-44367, B-45183,
B-4693I, C-01098, C-03203, C-28492,
D-05145, D-10517, E-12777, G-32841,
G-32842, H-34867, H-38017, H-39690,
J-35321, J-46282, K-14443, K-26721,
L-22045, L-32808, L-36879, L-44265,
N-05114
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-12074,
A-12751, A-12823, A-21617, A-23287,
A-24285, A-26441, A-30447, A-35224,
A-42676, B-04567, B-07925, B-14642,
B-15304, B-21309, B-23032, B-23378,
B-23939, B-24724, B-25275, B-26142,
B-26589, B-27597, B-28595, B-29199,
B-29327, B-29622, B-31826, B-32237,
B-32760, B-32888, B-34944, B-35295,
B-38648. B-39456, B-40073, B-40760,
B-42216, B-42282, B-43877, B-44134,
B-44367, B-45183, B-46931, C-01098,
C-03203, C-28492, D-05145, D-10517,
E-12777, G-32841. G-32842, H-34867,
H-38017, H-39690, J-35321, J-46282,
K-14443, K-26721. L-22045. L-32808,
L-36879. L-44265, N-05114
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-38648, B-40006,
L-00694
COMMON COLD G-05I46, G-22II8
COMPLAINTS L-00694
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
D-05145, D-10517, H-34867
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-26441,
A-39462, H-38017, J-30696
CONTACT PROCESSING B-07925,
B-28595. B-31826, B-32237, B-38648,
B-45131
CONTINUOUS MONITORING B-00163,
B-07925, B-29622, B-31826, B-43877,
C-01098, D-0514S, E-32255, G-22118
CONTROL AGENCIES B-40760, K-319I7
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-12751,
A-12823, A-I8I84, A-21617, A-24285,
A-26441, A-30447, A-39462, A-43271,
B-00163, B-04567, B-06569, B-07925,
B-08562, B-167II, B-23032, B-23939,
B-24724, B-27597, B-28595, B-30121,
B-32319, B-32760, B-33157. B-35295,
B-37750, B-38648, B-38823, B-39456,
B-40006, B-43298, B-43877, B-44134,
B-44367, B-45131, B-45183, B-46560,
B-46931, B-48423, C-01098, E-12777,
H-38017, K-26721, K-29376, L-32808,
L-36879, N-05114
CONTROL METHODS A-12751, A-12823,
A-18184. A-24285, A-30447, A-35224,
A-42676, A-45387, B-00163, B-04567,
B-07925, B-I1146, B-13026, B-14638,
B-14642, B-15304, B-21309, B-23032,
B-23378, B-23939, B-24724, B-25275,
B-26142, B-26589, B-27597, B-28595,
B-29199, B-29327, B-29622, B-31826,
B-32237, B-32888, B-33157, B-34944,
B-35295, B-35296, B-38648, B-38823,
B-39456, B-39634, B-40006, B-40073,
B-40760, B-41540, B-42216, B-42282,
B-43298, B-43877, B-44134, B-44367,
B-45131, B-45183, B-46560, B-46931,
B-48423, D-10517, E-12777, F-13936,
F-20043, H-36968, J-30696, J-35321,
J-46282, K-29376, K-31917, L-32808,
L-44265
CONTROL PROGRAMS L-36879
COOLING B-45183
COPPER ALLOYS A-30447, A-42676,
B-14642, F-20043
CORN A-23287
CORROSION H-39690
COSTS A-12751, A-12823, A-26441,
A-39462, A-41681, B-21309, B-28595,
B-30121, B-31826, B-32237, B-32319,
B-32888, B-38823, B-39456, B-40760,
B-42282, B-43298, E-12777, J-306%,
J-35321, J-46282, K-29376, K-31917,
L-44265
COTTON L-00694
COTTON GINNING A-39462
COUGH G-05146
CRITERIA A-12823, E-12777
CROPS A-23287, B-40073, G-32842,
H-27945, H-39933, H-43787, L-00694
CUPOLAS A-26441, B-07925
CYANIDES A-18306
CZECHOSLOVAKIA C-01098, C-03203
D
DECISIONS L-00694
DECOMPOSITION A-45387, F-14745
DECREASING L-44265
DEPOSITION B-06569, D-10517, H-34867
DESIGN CRITERIA A-13294, A-18184,
A-21617, A-26441, B-07925, B-08562,
B-11146, B-13026, B-14642, B-23032,
B-24724, B-32760, B-34944, B-39456,
B-42282, B-43877
DIAGNOSIS G-05146, H-40581
DIFFUSION A-40085, E-32255, H-42250
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM G-05146, G-32841,
G-32842, G-36517, G-47635, H-34867,
H-39933
DIOLEFINS B-07925
DISPERSION A-40085, B-06569, D-05145,
E-32255, H-42250, L-00694
DIURNAL E-32255, E-46342, G-32841
DOMESTIC HEATING D-10517, J-30696
DROPLETS B-00163
DRUGS G-03659
DRYING B-38648
DUMPS E-32255
DUST FALL D-05145, H-42250
DUSTS A-17471, A-21617, A-26441,
A-39462, A-42676, A-43271, B-00163,
B-04567, B-06569, B-07925, B-08562,
B-16711, B-29327, B-32237, B-32319,
B-32760, B-33157, B-35296, B-37750,
B-38648, B-43877, B-44367, B-46560,
B-48423, D-05145, G-22118, G-32842,
H-34867, H-39690. K-14443, K-26721,
N-05114
DYE MANUFACTURING G-32841
ECONOMIC LOSSES H-27945, L-00694
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-26441,
B-07925, B-45183, F-10032
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-26441, A-39462, A-40284, B-07925,
B-39456, B-46560, D-10517, J-306%
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-32760,
B-37750, H-42250
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE B-32760,
B-37750
ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY ANALYZERS
D-05145
ELECTROLYSIS A-18306, A-30447,
A-42676
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-21617, A-24285, A-26441, A-39462,
A-43271, B-04567, B-06569, B-07925,
B-23939, B-27597, B-323I9, B-32760,
B-33157, B-37750, B-38648, B-38823,
B-44134, B-45131, B-45183, B-46931,
N-05114
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-40284,
D-10517
EMISSION STANDARDS A-21617,
B-35295, B-38823, B-40760, J-30696,
J-35321, K-26721, K-29376, K-31917,
L-22045, L-32808, L-44265
EMPHYSEMA G-32842
ENGINE EXHAUSTS D-10517
ENGINEERS B-43298
ENZYMES G-36517
EPIDEMIOLOGY G-42205
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS A-21617
ETHYLENE B-07925
EUROPE A-17471, A-18184, A-21617,
A-45387, B-06569, B-07925, B-14638,
B-15304, B-22930, B-23939, B-25275,
B-26589, B-32237, B-32760, B-32888,
B-33157, B-37750, B-39634, B-46560,
C-01098, C-03203, C-28492, F-13936,
F-14572, F-15430, G-03659, G-36517,
G-47635, H-24326, H-24734, H-34867,
H-38017, H-43787, K-14443, K-26721,
L-44265
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-18184, B-04567,
B-38648
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT F-13534
EXPOSURE METHODS H-40581
FANS (BLOWERS) B-04567
FARMS H-27945, L-00694
FEASIBILITY STUDIES B-28595,
B-31826, B-39456, B-44134
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS B-07925,
J-35321, K-31917
FEMALES G-05146
FERROALLOYS A-39462, A-43271
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-24285, A-39462, H-38017
FERTILIZING G-32841, G-32842
FIELD TESTS L-00694
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
37
FILTER FABRICS A-21617, A-39462,
B-00163, B-04567, B-08562, B-167U,
B-30121, B-32319, B-32760, B-46560,
H-38017, L-36879
FILTERS A-21617, A-2428S, A-39462,
A-43271, B-00163, B-04567, B-06569,
B-07925, B-08562, B-16711, B-30121,
B-32319, B-32760, B-38823, B-46560,
C-01098, H-38017, K-26721, L-36879
FIRING METHODS B-07925, B-23939,
B-32237, B-34944
FLAME AFTERBURNERS B-07925,
B-23032
FLARES B-07925
FLOW RATES A-12751, B-40073,
C-01098, G-03659, J-46282
FLUID FLOW A-12751, B-40073, C-01098,
G-03659, J-46282
FLUORIDES A-17471, A-30447, H-38017,
J-30696
FLUORINE B-22930
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-17471,
A-30447. A-42676, B-07925, B-30121,
H-38017, J-30696
FLY ASH A-26441, A-39462, B-07925,
B-42282, B-46560, H-34867
FOG D-10517, H-34867
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-39462, A-40284, J-30696
FOODS G-32842, H-34867
FORESTS D-10517, H-24734
FUEL EVAPORATION A-40284
FUEL GASES A-45387, B-07925, D-10517
FUEL OILS B-07925, B-42216, D-10517,
G-32841
FUELS A-26441, A-39462, A-40284,
A-43271, A-45387, B-07925, B-14638,
B-38823, B-39456, B-42216, D-10517.
G-32841, J-30696. L-36879
FUMES A-23036, A-23287, A-43271,
B-00163, B-07925, B-34944, B-48423.
G-32842, H-39718, H-39933
FUMIGATION L-00694
FURNACES A-I8184, A-21617, A-26441.
A-35224, A-39462, A-41681, B-06569,
B-07925, B-08562, B-13026, B-23032,
B-23939, B-31826, B-32237, B-32319,
B-32760, B-34944, B-38823, B-39456,
B-39634, B-42216, B-43298, B-43877.
B-44134, B-45I83, B-46931, B-48423,
F-10032, F-20043, F-43792, K-14443,
K-26721, L-44265, N-05114
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY B-14638
GAS SAMPLING D-05145
GASOLINES D-10517
GERMANY A-17471. A-21617. B-06569,
B-15304, B-32760, B-32888, B-37750.
H-34867, H-38017, K-14443. K-26721,
L-44265
GLANDS G-32841
GLASS FABRICS B-04567, B-30121,
B-32319, H-38017, L-36879
GOVERNMENTS B-07925. J-35321.
K-319I7. L-22045
GRAIN PROCESSING A-39462, J-30696
GRASSES B-40073, H-39933, H-43787
GREAT BRITAIN B-07925, B-26589,
B-39634, F-I5430, H-43787
H
HALOGEN GASES B-22930, F-14572
HAZE D-05145
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT G-05146
HF.ART H-34867
HEAT OF COMBUSTION B-42216
HF.AT TRANSFER A-35224, B-38648,
B-43877, B-44134, B-45183, B-46931
HEIGHT FINDING B-40073
HEMATOI.OGY G-36517, G-47635
HOURLY E-32255, G-221I8
HUMANS G-03659, G-05146. G-32841,
G-32842, G-36517, G-47635
HUMIDITY B-00163. B-32760, B-37750.
H-34867, H-36968, H-39690
HYDROCARBONS A-39462, A-40284,
A-45387, B-07925, F-20043, J-30696,
J-46282
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-42676,
G-03659
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-17471,
H-38017
HYDROGEN A-45387, H-38017
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-40085, B-07925,
B-14638, B-32888, B-39456
ICE E-46342
INCINERATION A-26441, A-39462,
D-10517, G-32841, G-32842
INDUSTRIAL AREAS B-22930, D-05145,
G-32842, H-24326, H-39933, H-42250,
H-43787, L-36879
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY C-01098,
C-03203
INGESTION G-32841, G-32842, H-34867,
H-40581
INORGANIC ACIDS A-12751, A-12823,
A-17471, A-26441, A-35224, A-39462,
A-42676, B-07925, B-11146, B-I4642,
B-21309, B-23939, B-25275, B-26142,
B-26589, B-27597, B-28595, B-29199,
B-29622, B-31826, B-32237, B-38648,
B-39634, B-40760, B-42216, B-42282,
B-44134, B-45131, B-45183, D-05145,
D-10517, G-03659, H-38017, H-39690,
H-39718, H-42250, J-30696, J-35321,
K-29376, K-31917
INSPECTION B-48423
INTESTINES H-39933
INVERSION E-12777, E-32255
IONS A-18306, B-32888
IRON A-17471, A-39462, A-43271,
B-07925, B-3S296, B-38823, D-05145,
E-32255, E-46342, G-05146, G-22118,
G-32842, J-30696, L-36879
IRON COMPOUNDS B-07925, B-23032,
B-26142, B-35296, B-42216, B-44367,
F-10032, F-14572, H-39690. H-42250,
K-14443
IRON OXIDES A-17471, B-07925,
F-13936, K-14443
ISOTOPES A-40085, A-48296, C-28492
JAPAN B-13026, B-35296, B-42216,
B-44367, F-20043, F-43792, G-32842.
L-36879
K
KEROSENE D-10517
KIDNEYS G-32841, G-32842, H-34867,
H-39933
KILNS B-07925, B-41540. B-46560
KRAFT PULPING A-26441, A-39462
LABORATORY ANIMALS G-03659,
G-32842
LABORATORY FACILITIES L-36879
LAKES A-48296
LANDFILLS L-36879
LEAD A-12074. A-30447, A-34916,
A-39462, A-42676, A-43271, B-08562,
B-21309, B-25275, B-27597, B-32319.
B-32760, B-35296, B-37750, B-40760,
B-48423, D-10517, F-13534, G-32841,
G-32842, H-39690, J-30696, L-44265
LEAD ALLOYS A-30447, F-13534
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-12751, A-12823.
A-24285, A-26441, A-30447, A-35224,
B-08562, B-33157, B-35296, B-37750,
E-12777, H-39690, H-42250, H-43787.
J-30696, K-14443
LEAVES B-22930, H-27945, H-39933,
H-42250, L-00694
LEGAL ASPECTS A-21617, B-00163,
B-07925, B-34944, B-38823, B-40760,
K-14443, K-29376, K-31917, L-00694,
L-22045, L-36879, L-44265
LEGISLATION B-00163, B-07925,
K-14443, K-29376, L-44265
LIME B-41540, B-46560
LIMESTONE B-29622, B-35295, B-40006,
B-42282, F-10032, L-32808
LIPIDS G-36517
LIQUIDS B-14642, B-15304, B-39456
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS B-39456
LIVER G-32841, G-32842, G-36517,
G-47635, H-34867, H-39933
LOWER ATMOSPHERE E-32255, E-46342
LUNGS H-39933
M
MAGNESIUM A-43271
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS F-15430
MAINTENANCE B-46560, J-30696
MALES G-05146
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS H-39718,
H-42250
MAPPING D-10517
MATERIALS DETERIORATION H-39690
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION K-14443,
L-32808
MEASUREMENT METHODS B-00163,
B-07925, B-29622, B-31826, B-40073,
B-43877, C-01098, C-03203. D-05145.
E-32255, E-46342, G-22118, H-39690
MEETINGS L-36879
MERCAPTANS B-07925
MERCURY COMPOUNDS B-42282,
B-44367
METABOLISM G-36517, H-40581
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-17471, A-30447, A-39462. B-07925,
B-32319, B-38823, E-32255, G-32842,
J-30696, K-14443, L-36879, L-44265
METAL POISONING A-23287, A-24285,
G-32841, G-32842, H-34867, H-40581
METEOROLOGY A-18306, B-00163,
B-22930, B-32760, B-37750, D-05145,
D-10517, E-12777, E-32255, E-46342,
G-22118, H-24734, H-34867, H-36968.
H-39690, H-42250
METHANES A-45387, J-46282
MICROMETEOROLOGY B-22930
MICROORGANISMS A-18306, A-48296.
B-46560
MILK H-34867
-------
38
PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
MINERAL PROCESSING A-18306,
A-26441, A-30447, A-39462, B-07925,
B-30121, G-32841, H-380I7, H-43787,
J-30696, K-14443, L-36879
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-39462, B-29622,
B-30121, B-35295, B-40006, B-42282,
C-28492, F-10032, H-36%8, L-32808
MINING A-18306, G-32841, H-43787
MISTS A-39462, B-07925, G-32842
MOBILE J-30696
MOLYBDENUM F-13534
MONITORING B-00163, B-07925,
B-29622. B-31826, B-43877, C-01098,
D-OS14S, E-32255, G-22118, H-39690
MONTANA H-39933
MONTHLY D-05145, E-12777
MORTALITY A-23287, G-42205, H-34867,
H-39933
MOUNTAINS E-46342, H-24734
MOUTH G-05146
N
NATURAL GAS A-45387, D-10517
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
C-28492
NICKEL B-11146, B-38823
NICKEL COMPOUNDS F-14572, H-42250
NITRIC ACID B-07925, B-42282
NITRITES H-36968
NITROGEN F-20043. H-36968
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) D-05145
NITROGEN OXIDES A-40284, B-07925,
D-05145, J-30696
NITROSO H-36968
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-26441, A-39462, A-40284, A-48296,
B-44367, D-10517, E-32255, G-32841,
G-32842, H-39933, J-30696, K-29376,
L-36879
NON-URBAN AREAS D-10517, H-27945,
H-39933, H-43787, L-00694
NUCLEATION E-46342
NYLON B-16711
o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH G-03659,
G-32842. G-36517, G-42205, G-47635
OCEANS D-10517
ODORS B-00163
OLEFINS B-07925
OPEN BURNING A-39462, D-10517,
E-32255
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-26441,
F-20043
OPERATING CRITERIA A-12823, E-12777
OPERATING VARIABLES A-12823,
A-21617, A-35224, B-08562, B-21309,
B-24724, B-31826, B-32760, B-34944,
B-37750, B-39456, B-39634, B-42282,
B-48423. F-20043
ORGANIC ACIDS B-30121, B-32888
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
J-46282
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
B-07925
ORLON B-04567
OXIDATION B-23378, B-29199, B-29327,
B-31826, B-35296, B-38648, B-43877,
F-13534. F-I3936, H-36968
OXIDES A-I2074, A-12823, A-17471,
A-18184, A-18306, A-2I6I7, A-23036,
A-23287, A-24285, A-26441, A-30447,
A-39462, A-40085, A-40284, A-42676,
A-43271, A-45387, B-00163, B-04567,
B-07925, B-08562, B-14638, B-22930,
B-26142, B-37750, B-40073, B-45183,
B-46560. B-46931, B-48423, C-01098,
C-03203, D-05145, E-32255, F-10032,
F-13936, F-14572, F-15430, F-20043,
G-05146, G-22118, G-36517, G-42205,
G-47635, H-24326, H-24734, H-27945,
H-39690, H-40581, H-42250, J-30696,
K-14443, K-29376, K-319I7, L-00694,
L-22045, L-36879, L-44265
OXYGEN B-31826, B-43877. F-20043,
J-46282
OXYGEN LANCING B-26589, B-29199
PACKED TOWERS B-00163, B-35295,
B-45183
PAINT MANUFACTURING G-32842
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-26441.
A-39462
PARTICLE COUNTERS E-46342
PARTICLE SIZE B-08562, D-10517
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-39462,
B-08562. D-10517
PARTICULATES A-17471, A-21617,
A-23036, A-23287, A-26441, A-39462,
A-40284, A-42676, A-43271, B-00163,
B-04567, B-06569, B-07925, B-08562,
B-16711, B-26589, B-29327, B-32237,
B-32319, B-32760, B-33157, B-34944,
B-35296, B-37750, B-38648, B-40073,
B-42282, B-43298, B-43877, B-44367,
B-45183, B-46560, B-48423, D-05145,
D-10517, G-03659, G-22118, G-32842,
H-24734, H-34867. H-39690. H-39718,
H-39933, H-40581, J-30696, K-14443,
K-26721, L-00694, L-44265, N-05114
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES H-39933
PENELEC (CONTACT PROCESS)
B-40760, J-3532I
PERSONNEL B-43298
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
B-27597, B-39456
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-26441,
B-07925
PETROLEUM REFINING A-26441,
A-39462, A-40085, B-07925, D-10517,
E-32255, E-46342, L-36879
PH H-36968, H-42250
PHOSPHATES D-05145
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-39462
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-26441,
D-05145
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS B-00163
PHOTOSYNTHESIS H-24326
PHTHALIC ACID B-30121
PHYSICAL STATES B-14642, B-15304.
B-39456, E-46342
PHYTOTOXICANTS G-32841
PILOT PLANTS B-08562, B-26589,
B-35295, B-40006, B-43877, B-44134
PLANNING AND ZONING L-36879
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-40284,
D-05145, L-36879
PLANT DAMAGE A-23036, A-23287,
A-24285, B-22930, D-05145, H-24326,
H-24734, H-27945, H-38017, H-39690,
H-42250, L-00694
PLANT GROWTH H-24326, H-24734,
H-39718, H-43787
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-23036, A-23287,
B-22930, B-40073, D-10517, G-32842,
H-24326, H-24734, H-27945. H-34867,
H-39933, H-42250, H-43787, L-00694
PLASTICS B-30121, G-32841, G-32842
PLATING G-32841, G-32842
PLATINUM F-13936
PLUME BEHAVIOR D-05145, L-00694
PNEUMOCONIOSIS G-36517
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS B-39456
POULTRY H-34867
POWER SOURCES D-10517
PRECIPITATION A-18306, D-10517,
H-24734, H-42250
PRESSURE A-18306
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) E-46342,
H-24734
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-45387,
B-07925, B-23939, B-32237, B-34944,
B-38823, B-43298, B-45183, K-29376
PUBLIC AFFAIRS L-00694
PULMONARY FUNCTION G-05146,
G-22118
PYROLYSIS A-45387, F-13534
QUESTIONNAIRES G-05146
R
RADIATION COUNTERS B-00163
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
B-00163
RAIN D-10517, H-24734
RAPPING B-46560
REACTION KINETICS B-31826, B-37750
REACTION MECHANISMS B-32888
REDUCTION A-12751, A-12823, A-26441,
B-14638, B-23032, B-23378, B-24724,
B-29622, B-40760, E-12777, F-13534
REFRACTORIES F-15430
REGULATIONS A-21617, B-38823,
B-40760, K-31917, L-00694, L-22045.
L-44265
REPRODUCTION H-34867, H-39933
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES A-39462
RESEARCH PROGRAMS B-29622,
B-42282
RESIDENTIAL AREAS G-05146, H-24326
RESIDUAL OILS D-10517
RESPIRATION H-24326, H-36968
RESPIRATORY DISEASES G-03659,
G-05146, G-22118, G-32842, G-36517,
G-47635
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS B-06569,
D-10517, G-03659, G-05146, G-22118,
H-34867
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM G-05146,
H-39933
RETENTION G-32842
RUBBER G-32841, J-30696
SALTZMAN METHOD D-05145
SAMPLING METHODS A-40085, B-40073,
C-01098, C-03203, D-05145, H-27945,
H-36968
SAMPLING PROBES C-01098
SCREEN FILTERS B-08562
SCRUBBERS A-12751, A-12823, A-39462,
B-00163, B-07925, B-24724, B-27597,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
39
B-28595, B-32319, B-35295, B-38648,
E-39456, B-40006, B-43298, B-45131,
B-45183, E-12777, K-29376, L-32808
SEASONAL A-40284. A-48296, D-05145,
E-32255, E-46342, G-22I18, H-24734
SEDIMENTATION B-35296
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS C-28492
SETTLING CHAMBERS B-06569, B-45131
SETTLING PARTICLES A-17471,
A-21617, A-23287, A-26441, A-39462,
A-42676, A-43271, B-00163, B-04567,
B-06569, B-07925, B-08562, B-16711,
B-29327, B-32237, B-32319, B-32760,
B-33157, B-35296, B-37750, B-38648,
B-43877, B-44367, B-46560, B-48423,
D-05145, D-10517, G-22118, G-32842,
H-34867, H-39690, K-14443, K-26721,
N-05114
SEWAGE B-44367, D-10517, K-29376
SEWAGE TREATMENT D-10517
SHEEP H-34867, H-40581
SHIPS L-36879
SILICON DIOXIDE B-08562, F-10032,
H-39690, K-14443
SILICOSIS G-36517
SINTERING A-17471, A-21617, A-30447,
B-06569, B-08562, B-32319, B-48423,
G-32841, G-32842, L-44265
SLUDGE B-44367, K-29376
SMOKES A-43271, B-00163, B-07925,
B-40073, B-48423, D-05145, H-24734,
H-39690, H-40581, L-00694
SMOKING G-05146, G-32841, G-32842
SNOW D-10517
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS B-38823,
J-30696, J-35321, J-46282, K-31917
SODIUM CARBONATE B-39456
SODIUM COMPOUNDS B-39456, F-14572
SOILS A-23287, D-10517, G-32842,
H-36968, H-39690, H-39933, H-42250
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-26441,
A-40284, D-10517, E-32255, J-30696,
L-36879
SOLIDS E-46342
SOLVENTS A-40284
SOOT B-00163
SOURCE SAMPLING B-40073, C-01098,
C-03203
S02 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-12751, A-12823,
A-24285, A-35224, B-13026, B-I4638,
B-14642, B-15304. B-21309, B-23032,
B-23378, B-23939, B-24724, B-25275.
B-26589, B-27597, B-28595, B-29199,
B-29327, B-29622, B-31826, B-32237,
B-32888, B-34944, B-35295, B-38648,
B-39456, B-40006, B-40760, B-41540,
B-42216, B-42282, B-43877, B-44134,
B-44367, B-45183, B-46560, B-46931.
E-12777, J-35321, J-46282, L-32808,
L-44265
SPECTROMETRY C-01098, C-03203,
C-28492
SPRAY TOWERS B-00163, B-24724
SPRAYS B-00163, D-10517
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) E-12777,
E-32255
STACK GASES A-12751, A-12823,
A-21617, A-23287, A-24285, A-35224,
A-42676, B-04567, B-07925, B-14642,
B-23032, B-24724, B-25275, B-26589,
B-27597, B-28595, B-31826, B-32760,
B-32888, B-34944, B-35295, B-38648,
B-39456, B-40073, B-40760, B-42216,
B-42282, B-43877, B-44134, B-44367,
B-45183, B-46931, C-01098, C-03203,
C-28492, D-05145, E-12777, G-32841,
G-32842, H-34867, H-38017, H-39690,
J-35321, J-46282, K-14443, L-22045,
L-36879, L-44265, N-05114
STACK SAMPLING B-40073, C-01098,
C-03203
STACKS A-24285, B-06569, B-07925,
B-38823, B-40073, B-40760, D-05145,
L-36879
STAGNATION E-32255
STANDARDS A-21617, B-35295, B-38823,
B-40760, J-30696, J-35321, K-14443,
K-26721, K-29376, K-31917, L-22045,
L-32808, L-36879, L-44265
STATE GOVERNMENTS J-35321,
K-31917
STATISTICAL ANALYSES G-05146,
G-42205, H-27945, J-30696
STEAM PLANTS B-07925
STEEL A-17471, A-39462, A-43271,
B-07925, B-38823, D-05145, E-32255,
E-46342, G-05146, G-32842, J-30696,
L-36879
STERILIZATION H-39933
STOMACH H-39933
SULFATES B-14642, B-26142, B-42282,
F-14745, H-39718
SULFIDES A-18306, A-40085, B-07925,
B-14638, B-23032, B-32888. B-33157,
B-39456, B-42282, F-10032, F-14572
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-18306,
A-40085, A-48296, B-07925, B-11146,
B-14638, B-14642, B-23032, B-24724,
B-26142, B-26589, B-27597, B-29199,
B-32888, B-33157, B-35296, B-39456,
B-42216, B-42282, F-10032, F-14572,
F-14745, H-39718, J-35321, J-46282,
L-32808
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-12074, A-12823,
A-17471, A-18184, A-21617, A-23036,
A-23287, A-24285, A-30447, A-40085,
A-42676, B-00163, B-07925, B-14638,
B-22930, B-26142, B-46560, B-46931,
C-01098, C-03203, D-05145, E-32255,
F-10032, F-13936, F-20043, G-05146,
G-22118, G-36517, G-47635, H-24326,
H-24734, H-27945, H-39690, H-42250,
K-31917, L-00694, L-22045, L-36879,
L-44265
SULFUR OXIDES A-12074, A-12823,
A-17471, A-18184, A-21617, A-23036,
A-23287. A-24285, A-26441, A-30447,
A-39462, A-40085, A-40284, A-42676,
A-43271, B-00163, B-07925. B-14638,
B-22930, B-26142, B-46560, B-46931.
B-48423, C-01098, C-03203, D-05145,
E-32255, F-10032, F-13936, F-20043,
G-05146, G-22118, G-36517, G-47635,
H-24326, H-24734, H-27945, H-39690,
H-42250, J-30696, K-29376, K-31917,
L-00694, L-22045, L-36879, L-44265
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-12751,
A-12823, A-18184, A-24285, A-35224,
B-13026, B-14638, B-14642, B-15304,
B-21309, B-23032, B-23378, B-23939,
B-24724, B-25275, B-26589, B-27597,
B-28595, B-29199, B-29327, B-29622,
B-31826, B-32237, B-32888. B-34944,
B-35295, B-38648, B-39456, B-39634,
B-40006, B-40760, B-41540, B-42216,
B-42282, B-43877, B-44134, B-44367,
B-45183, B-46560, B-46931, E-12777,
J-35321, J-46282, K-29376, L-32808,
L-44265
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-12074, A-23036.
A-23287, A-24285, B-46560, H-39690
SULFURIC ACID A-12751, A-12823,
A-26441, A-35224, A-39462, B-07925,
B-11146, B-14642, B-21309, B-23939,
B-25275, B-26142, B-26589, B-27597,
B-28595, B-29199, B-29622, B-31826,
B-32237, B-38648, B-39634, B-40760,
B-42216, B-44134, B-45131, B-45183,
D-05145, D-10517, G-03659, H-39690,
H-39718, H-42250, J-30696, J-35321,
K-29376, K-31917
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
J-30696
SURFACE COATINGS J-30696
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-23036,
A-23287, A-26441, A-39462, A-43271,
B-00163, B-07925, B-34944, B-40073,
B-42282, B-46560, B-48423, D-05145,
G-32842, H-24734, H-34867, H-39690,
H-39718, H-39933, H-40581, L-00694
SWEDEN B-25275, C-01098, C-28492,
G-03659
SYNTHETIC FIBERS B-04567, B-08562,
B-16711
TAXATION L-32808
TEFLON B-30121
TEMPERATURE A-45387, B-23378,
B-31826, B-32760, B-37750, B-40073,
B-46560, F-10032
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
B-22930. D-10517, E-32255
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT E-32255
TESTING FACILITIES L-36879
TEXTILES B-04567, B-08562, B-16711
THERMODYNAMICS F-14572. F-14745.
F-15430
THRESHOLDS A-23287. H-39718
TIN B-32760, B-37750
TIN COMPOUNDS B-37750
TOLUENES B-07925
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
E-12777, E-32255, E-46342
TOXIC TOLERANCES B-22930, H-24734.
H-38017, H-39718, H-40581, H-43787
TOXICITY G-32842, G-36517. G-47635.
H-38017, H-39718, H-39933, H-42250
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS B-00163
TRANSPORTATION A-40284. D-10517,
E-32255, E-46342, J-30696, L-36879
TREATED FABRICS B-00163
TREATMENT AND AIDS G-03659.
G-05146, H-40581
TREES A-23036. A-23287. B-22930,
G-32842, H-24326. H-24734. H-39933
TRUCKS J-30696
U
UNITED STATES B-44367, B-45183
URBAN AREAS A-40085, A-40284,
A-48296, B-22930, D-05145. D-10517,
E-32255, E-46342, G-05146, G-32842,
H-24326, H-39690, H-39933, H-42250.
H-43787, J-30696, L-36879
URINALYSIS G-42205
USSR A-45387, B-14638, B-22930,
B-23939, B-33157, B-46560, F-13936.
F-14572, G-36517, G-47635. H-243:t>,
H-24734
UTAH A-40085, A-48296, E-32255,
E-46342, H-39690
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PRIMARY COPPER PRODUCTION
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS B-45183,
F-13936
VARNISHES J-30696
VEGETABLES G-32842
VEHICLES A-40284, E-32255, E-46342.
J-30696
VENTILATION (PULMONARY) G-03659
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-35295,
B-43298, B-45183
VOLCANOES D-10517
VOLTAGE B-32760, B-37750
w
WASHOUT D-10517
WATER B-14642
WATER POLLUTION B-44367, G-32842,
H-39933
WEATHER MODIFICATION E-46342
WET CYCLONES B-00163
WETTING B-37750, B-38648
WHEAT A-23287
WIND ROSE D-05145, E-32255
WINDS B-00163, D-05145, E-12777,
E-32255, G-22I18, H-24734
WOOD A-39462
WOOLS B-08562
X
XYLENES B-07925
ZINC A-12074, A-17471, A-34916,
A-39462, A-42676, A-43271, B-21309,
B-27597, B-28595, B-32319. B-32760,
B-35296, B-37750, B-40760, B-44367,
B-48423, D-10517, F-13534, G-32841,
G-32842, J-30696, L-44265
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-12751, A-12823,
A-24285, A-26441, A-30447, A-35224,
B-04567, B-24724, B-33157, B-35296,
B-37750, E-12777, H-39690, H-39718,
H-42250,
.S. G.f.O.i 1973—'747-785/305 , Region No. 4
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