AP-126
Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources
PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
A Bibliography with Abstracts
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
June 1973
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The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the
Information Services Division of the Office of Administration for the Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, to report the
results of scientific and engineering studies, and information of general interest
in the field of air pollution. Information reported in this series includes cover-
age of intramural activities and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction
with state and local agencies, research institutes, and industrial organizations.
Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations as supplies permit from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or from the Superintendent of
Documents.
Publication Number AP-126
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A, Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 6
C. Measurement Methods no entries
D. Air Quality Measurements 11
E. Atmospheric Interaction 12
F. Basic Science and Technology 13
G. Effects Human Health 14
H. Effects Plants and Livestock 17
I. Effects Materials no entries
J. Effects - Economic 20
K. Standards and Criteria 21
L. Legal and Administrative 22
M. Social Aspects no entries
N. General no entries
AUTHOR INDEX 23
SUBJECT INDEX 25
113
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
The Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards prepared, selected, and compiled the abstracts in
this bibliography. The abstracts are arranged within the categories listed in the
Contents. The abstracted documents are thought to be representative of available
literature, and no claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
The subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and
accession number. The author index lists all authors individually; primary author-
ship is indicated by an asterisk. Generally, higher accession numbers have been
assigned to more recent documents.
Current information on this subject and many others related to air pollution may be
*
found in APTIC's monthly abstract bulletin.
All of the documents abstracted by APTIC are currently on file at the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Environ
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers
outside of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency may seek the documents directly
from publishers, from authors, or from libraries.
*
Air Pollution Abstracts, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Includes more than 6300 abstracts and subject and
author indexes in each issue, and two separate cumulative indexes. Subscription
price: $27.00 per year; $6.75 additional for foreign mailing.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
03982
B. Bryk, R. Malmstrom, E. Nyholm
FLASH SMELTING OF LEAD CONCENTRATES. J. Metals
(Japan) 18, (12) 1298-9, Dec. 1966.
Encouraged by the good results of flash smelting processes,
the Outokumpu Co. has worked on developing a flash smelting
process for sulfidic lead concentrates. Beginning with laborato-
ry experiments and followed by testing the different smelter
units on a pilot-plant scale, the company was ready by 1964 to
build a pilot-plant including all units necesary for the complete
process. The process and its reactions are described. The pilot
plant equipment for drying of the lead concentrate, its
cyclone, and the air preheater are discussed.
08147
Pakhotina, N. S.
SANITARY-HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL
EMISSIONS BY A ZINC-LEAD COMBINE. In: Survey of U.
S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution an Related Occupational
Diseases. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied
Tech., Vol. 3, p. 93-97, May, 1960. 6 refs. CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The degree of atmospheric air pollution and vegetation pollu-
tion by the discharges of lead-zinc combine and the distance
over which such pollution extended was investigated.lt should
be mentioned at this point that according to N 101-54 the sani-
tary-clearance zone around lead-zinc combines must be 1000 m
wide. The lead-zinc combine under investigation had the fol-
lowing departments; a) premetallurgical production of lead
from enriched ore concentrates; b) production of zinc by the
continuous and intermittent processes of pyrite cinders
leaching and the utilization of tailings, such as zinc cakes,
sands, etc.; c) production of sulfuric acid by the contact
method from SO2 formed in the process of calcining the zinc
concentrates. Samples were collected by the sedimentation and
aspiration methods. Determinations were made for lead, ar-
senic and SO2. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, moisture
content, H2S04, and total lead and arsenic; plant samples
were analyzed for lead, arsenic and H2SO4. Samples were
taken 150 m to 5,000 m away from the emission source. For
control purposes, samples were also taken 16 km away. Indus-
trial discharges of the lead-zinc combine heavily polluted the
atmospheric air with SO2, lead and arsenic at all distances
from the combine at which samples were taken. The degree of
soil and plant pollution with lead and arsenic over the three
years of the combineOs operation considerably exceeded the
content of lead and arsenic in the soil and on plants of the
control region. Under such pollution conditions the prescribed
sanitary clearance zone of 1000 m proved inadequate as a sani-
tary protection measure.
10749
Gobson, F. W.
NEW BUICK LEAD SMELTER INCORPORATES FORTY
YEARS OF TECHNICAL ADVANCES. Eng. and Mining J.,
169(7):62-67, July 1968.
Four significant innovations in the design and operation of
lead smelters will be combined for the first time when the new
Buick complex goes on stream this year near Bixby, Mo. The
plant, designed to produce 100,000 tpy of 99.99% lead, will
feature: updraft sintering, air pollution control through produc-
tion of sulfuric acid, continuous tapping of molten lead, and
vacuum dezincing. While none of these processes is new, this
will be the first plant to utilize all four.
12074
Rohrman, F. A., and J. H. Ludwig
SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS BY SMELTERS. J. Metals,
20(12):46, Dec. 1968.
Sulfur dioxide and trioxide are emitted during the roasting and
smelting of most copper, lead, and zinc concentrates. The 32
major smelters in the U. S. account for roughly 12.2% of the
total emissions of SO2 in the country. This is a brief review of
some of the statistics.
12751
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOLUME D: APPENDICES A AND B. Contract PH
86-65-85, Rept. 993, 88p., June 1969. 72 refs. CFSTI: PB 184
885
A systems study of the primary copper, lead, and zinc smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economi factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. Sulfur oxide emissions for various types of
smelting operations are tabulated, including gas flows and
compositions and an analysis of sulfur oxides generation and
recovery. Smelter flow diagrams are presented for the control
methods of contact sulfuric acid, absorption, reduction to ele-
mental sulfur, lime wet scrubbing, and limestone wet
scrubbing. Sulfur oxide recovery processes that were in-
vestigated and rejected as not being suitable for economic
analysis are listed. Cost estimates for various control
processes are given.
12823
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOL I. Contract PH 86-65-85, Rept. 993, 188p., June
1969. CFSTI: PB 184 884
A systems study of the primary copper, zinc, and lead smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economic factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. The nature of smelting practice is described,
and potential air pollution problems in smelter areas are
revealed. Five processes for the control of sulfur oxides are
presented, including contact sulfuric acid, absorption, reduc-
tion to elemental sulfur, lime wet scrubbing, and limestone wet
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PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
scrubbing. Current sulfur oxide emissions from U. S. smelters
are given, and forseeabl emission trends are discussed. Mar-
kets for sulfur byproducts are mentioned, the costs of control
by available methods are tabulated, and control method
evaluation with plant models is considered. A research and
development program for control methods and smelting
process technology is recommended.
24285
Swain, Robert E.
SMOKE AND FUME INVESTIGATIONS. A HISTORICAL
REVIEW. Ind. Eng. Chem., 41(ll):2384-2388, Nov. 1949. 18
refs.
Several outstanding cases of injury to animal and plant life by
emanations from industrial plants at Ducktown, Tenn.,
Anaconda, Mont., Salt Lake City, Utah, and Trail, B. C. are
cited in a historical survey of atmospheric pollution and the
steps that have been taken to prevent and combat it. Sulfur
dioxide from two copper smelters was the offender in
Ducktown, reaching for 30 miles across the broad-leafed
forests of northern Georgia. A crisis came when Georgia
brought suit against Tennessee to compel it to cancel the
franchise of the smelting companies, but out of this came the
design, erection, and successful operation of an adaptation of
the lead chamber process to convert SO2 from copper smelt-
ing operations to sulfuric acid. With the installation at the
Anaconda smelter in 1910 of an enormous Cottrell system for
electrical precipitation of solids, one of the most remarkable
cases of injury to livestock by smelter smoke ever recorded
passed into history. The emissions from the low stacks of an
old plant operated at a neighboring location had killed all
vegetation, and losses of livestock by arsenical poisoning had
been heavy over the near-lying area. A new smelter was
erected with stacks over 300 feet tall, but there were still
emitted daily 2300 tons of SO2, 200 tons of sulfur trioxide, 30
tons of arsenic trioxide, 3 tons of zinc, and over 2 tons each
of copper, lead, and antimony trioxide. Lead and SO3 fumes
were soon put under complete control in Utah by liming and
bag filtration, and by electrical precipitation. About
$13,000,000 was invested at Trail in recovering airborne wastes
and converting them to marketable by-products. These were
tied together into a smoothly operating system and soon
phosphate fertilizers of several types, ammonium sulfate, and
sulfur were being produced on a large scale. Contributions of
research and diurnal fumigation are also discussed.
26441
Oglesby, Sabert, Jr. and Grady B. Nichols
A MANUAL OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
TECHNOLOGY. PART II - APPLICATION AREAS. Southern
Research Inst., Birmingham, Ala., NAPCA Contract CPA 22-
69-73, 875p., Aug. 25, 1970. 118 refs. NTIS: PB 196381
The application of electrostatic precipitators is reviewed for
the electric utility industry, the pulp and paper industry, the
iron and steel industry, the rock products industry, the chemi-
cal industry, in cleaning municipal incinerator dusts, for the
petroleum industry, and in the nonferrous metals industry.
Particular emphasis is placed on the dust and gaseous emis-
sions of the processes discussed. This is followed by a tabula-
tion of input and design parameters for precipitators operating
on various types of dust control problems and an analysis of
critical design parameters and test results. Cost data are also
presented. The electrolytic reduction of aluminum, the produc-
tion of copper, primary lead, and zinc reduction are discussed
in the area of the nonferrous metals industry. In the petroleum
industry, catalytic cracking and detarring are indicated as ap-
plication areas. Refuse properties are discussed, as well as
types of incinerators. Sulfuric acid production, the production
of elemental phosphorus, phosphoric acid, and carbon black,
warrant the use of precipitators in the chemical industry. In
the rock products industry, the manufacture of Portland ce-
ment and the gypsum industry present problems. Coke ovens,
sinter plants, blast furnaces, open hearth furnaces, basic ox-
ygen converters, electric arc furnaces, scarfing machines, and
iron cupolas are areas of application in the iron and steel in-
dustry. In the pulp and paper industry, precipitators are in-
dicated for the recovery of boiler participate emissions and
sulfate process flue gases. Fly ash precipitators are needed in
the electric utility industry.
26891
Patterson, C. C.
LEAD. Preprint, California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Div. of
Geological Sciences, 17p., 1970 (?). 37 refs.
Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, world lead produc-
tion climbed from 100,000 tons/yr in 1750 to 3,500,000 tons/yr
in 1966. The rise in production is summarized in a table of the
tons of lead smelted or burned as alkyls per yr since 1750. In-
dustrial lead, which until recently was recognized as only an
occupational health hazard, enters the oceans by rivers and by
atmospheric aerosols. Contributions from both routes
gradually increased during past centuries, but pollution from
the atmosphere increased abruptly during the last two decades
as a consequence of the increased use of leaded automotive
fuels. It is likely that man has polluted the mixed zone of
northern hemisphere oceans with industrial lead to such a
degree that most of the lead originally there has been dis-
placed. It is also probable that the average lead concentration
in these oceans has been elevated by a factor of two or three,
with a subsequent elevation of the lead body burden in higher
organisms near the ends of the food chain. Tentative estimates
of lead concentrations in the 100 meter surface layer of
northern hemisphere oceans and at 200 meters are 0.25 and
0.12 gamma Pb/kg water, respectively.
29572
Paluch, Jan and Stanislaw Karweta
AIR POLLUTION BY LEAD AND ZINC IN THE AREA OF
COMBINED METALLURGICA WORKS AND ITS IN-
FLUENCE ON VEGETATION AND SOIL. (Die Luftverun-
reinigung durch Blei und Zink im Bereich eines metallur-
gischen Kombinates und ihr Einfluss auf Vegetation und
Boden). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Humboldt Univ. Berlin
Math. Naturw. Reihe, 19(5):495-497, 1970.
A study was made for over three years in the area of a large
non-ferrous metals plant that started operations in 1966, and
which was located in a formerly very clean wooded area. Its
production includes zinc oxide and lead; by-products include
sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate. The zinc oxide melting
furnaces emit about 30 tons of gas per month, containing
about 50% zinc plus lead. Additional quantities of zinc and
lead dust in the air originate from the charging of the furnaces
with powdered raw material, from transportation and handling
of scrap material, from the sintering plant for zinc-lead ores,
and from the shaft furnace in which the metal oxides are
reduced to metals. A distinct increase in dust fall and air pollu-
tion in the areas adjacent to the plant was observed, reaching
a peak two years after start of operations, and then leveling
off. Emission of zinc- and lead-bearing dust into th air was
found to cause an accumulation of these metals in the soil and
in plants, the accumulation in the soil was observed only in
the surface layers. The emission of zinc and lead from the
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
melting units takes place mainly in the form of oxides which
are emitted together with considerable quantities of calcium
oxide. The accumulation of these three metal groups leads to
soil alkalinity. The process of assimilation of zinc and lead in
plants is far more intensive than in the soil.
30447
Nelson, Kenneth W.
NONFERROUS METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS. In: Air
Pollution. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 37, p. 171-190. 16 refs.
While sulfur dioxide from the smelting of copper, lead, and
zinc has been the principal pollutant of interest in nonferrous
metallurgy, gaseous and particulate fluorides from aluminum
smelting are also of concern. Fluoride problems first came to
attention because of adverse effects on grazing animals rather
than effects on vegetation, as with SO2. The mining, milling,
and concentrating of copper, lead, and zinc are discussed, as
well as their refining and smelting, emissions, and controls.
The mining and ore treatment of aluminum is considered, its
electrolysis, and emissions and controls. Copper, lead, zinc,
and aluminum produced from scrap are also discussed. The
production of nonferrous alloys is noted.
30647
Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo (Japan)
INSPECTION RESULTS OF CADMIUM MINES AND
REFINERIES. 1970. (Kadomyumu kanren kozan seirensho no
45 nendo kensa kekka nitsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance), 7(5):250-257, May 1971.
Mines and smelters which handle zinc, copper, or lead were
inspected. It is important to control the overall effluent so that
its cadmium concentration is within the allowable limit of (0.1
ppm). Of 62 mines inspected, two exceeded the limit with
0.542 ppm and 0.145 ppm respectively. To indicate the in-
dividual effluent condition, the maximum and minimum con-
centrations are shown in tabular form. Three other mines also
exceeded the 0.1 ppm limit with 0.125 ppm, 0.14 ppm, and
0.195 ppm, respectively. However, the overall effluent showed
less than the standard concentration. Strong supervision is
recommended to reduce the seepage from old piles and to
reduce the individual effluent at each pit and pile. Two smel-
ters exceeded the standard, with 0.175 ppm and 0.111 ppm,
respectively. The water near several mines and smelters was
sampled, and four mines exceeded 0.01 ppm. The atmospheric
cadmium concentration was also measured. Even under the
most unfavorable condition, all were within the standard of
0.88 micrograms /cu m -2.93 micrograms /cu m. The mines and
smelters which exceeded the standard were directed to close
the pit, repair defective water discharge facilities and neutral-
ize the seepage. A thorough study will be made to clarify en-
vironmental pollution by cadmium, distinguishing it from com-
plex pollution.
32567
Dean, R. S. and R. E. Swain
REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE TRAIL SMELTER AR-
BITRAL TRIBUNAL. PART 1 OPERATIONAL FEATURES
OF TRAIL SMELTER. Bull. Bureau Mines, no. 453:1-22,
1944. 5 refs.
The Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal, with powers derived from
a convention between the U. S. and Canada, was established
to determine whether fumigations from the Trail Smelter in
British Columbia were a source of vegetation damage in the
State of Washington and, if so, what indemnity should be paid
for damages incurred since January 1932. Both lead and zinc
concentrates are roasted at Trail, and nearly all the sulfur is
converted to sulfur dioxide gas during this process. In 1930,
SO2 emissions from the plant reached approximately 20,000
tons/month. Subsequently, emissions were reduced by the con-
struction of sulfuric acid plants, absorption plants, and a sul-
fur-reduction unit. A detailed description is given of the vari-
ous smelting operations at Trail and of the sulfur-recovery
operations. General topographic and climatic features of the
region are briefly reviewed together with smoke-control mea-
sures. Data on the total tonnage of sulfur discharged from the
plant per month from 1900-1939 are presented.
34068
Djuric, Dusan, Zarka Kerin, Ljubica Graovac-Leposavic,
Ljiljana Novak, and Marija Kop
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION BY LEAD FROM A
MINE AND SMELTER. Arch. Environ. Health, vol. 23:275-
279, Oct. 1971. 1 ref. (Presented at the Conference on Inor-
ganic Lead, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Nov. 28, 1968.)
The contamination of a large area in Yugoslavia by lead from
a mine and smelter is illustrated in « preliminary report by
fragmentary data obtained by the determination of lead in the
surrounding air, in the water of a river draining the area, in
the soil, and in local vegetation. A screening test (determina-
tion of the urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid) ap-
plied to groups in the population suggests that the absorption
of lead by members of the groups may be hazardous. (Author
abstract)
34788
Proctor, Paul Dean and Thomas R. Beveridge
POPULATION, ENERGY, SELECTED MINERAL RAW
MATERIALS, AND PERSONNEL DEMANDS, 2000 A. D.
Preprint, Society of Mining Engineers, AIME, N. Y., New
York, N. Y., 19p., 1971. (Presented at the American Institute
of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Annual
Meeting, New York, Feb. 26-March 4, 1971, Paper 71-H-107.)
The people of the United States currently consume 32% of the
world s energy and similarly large percentages of the world s
mineral raw materials. A minimal two percent increase per
year in the standard of living in the United States and a four
percent increase elsewhere in the world, beyond the demands
of the estimated population increases, suggest the magnitude
of the increased need for energy-mineral raw materials and the
possible crises the world will face in these areas by 2000 A.D.
Iron ore, copper, lead, and zinc, sulfur, and fertilizer con-
sumption and projections are considered. Better trained and
increased manpower needs are also indicated.
34916
Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C.
PRODUCT CLASSES VALUE SHIPPED BY ALL MANU-
FACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS: 1947, 1954, 1958, 1963 TO
1967. In: Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals and Al-
loys, p. 33C-29, 1970.
Quantities shipped by all manufacturing establishments of
copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, primary nonferrous metals, and
secondary nonferrous metals are tabulated for 1947, 1954,
1958, and 1963 to 1967. Both smelter and refined materials are
included.
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PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
34921
Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C.
MATERIALS CONSUMED, BY KIND: 1967 AND 1963. In:
Smelting and Refining of Nonferrous Metals and Alloys, p.
33C-31, 1970.
The quantity consumed in the smelting and refining of nonfer-
rous metals and alloys of aluminum ingot, aluminum and alu-
minum-base alloy scrap, copper, lead, zinc, and tin is listed
for 1963 and 1967. Delivered costs are also indicated.
35224
Halley, James H. and Bruce E. McNay
CURRENT SMELTING SYSTEMS AND THEIR RELATION
TO AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers New York and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 20p., 1970. 5 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers and Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos, Joint Meeting, 3rd, Denver, Colo., Aug.
30-Sept. 2, 1970.)
The non-ferrous smelting operations, using metallic sulfides as
feed material, are briefly described. These include copper,
lead, and zinc smelting. Conditions and the nature of waste
gas streams are discussed in relation to extraction and
recovery of sulfur. Major problems of high temperatures, un-
clean gases, and low sulfur oxide concentration are noted.
Possible changes in equipment and processes are discussed, as
well as the manufacture of sulfuric acid from relatively strong
sulfur dioxide waste gas. (Author abstract modified)
39462
Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, Mo.
PART1CULATE POLLUTANT SYSTEM STUDY. VOLUME
III - HANDBOOK OF EMISSION PROPERTIES. Air Pollu-
tion Control Office Contract CPA 22-69-104, MRI Proj. 3326-
C, 626p., May 1, 1971. 302 refs.
Details of the methodology employed to obtain data concern-
ing the kind and number of stationary particulate sources, the
chemical and physical characteristics of both the particulates
and carrier gas emitted by specific sources, and the status of
current control practices, are presented. Emission factors and
rates, chemical and physical properties of effluents, and con-
trol practices and equipment are given for stationary com-
bustion processes (power generation and furnaces); mineral
processing; agricultural operations (field burning, grain eleva-
tors, cotton gins); iron and steel manufacturing; cement manu-
facturing; forest products industry (sawmills, pulp industry);
primary nonferrous metallurgy (copper, lead, zinc, and alu-
minum smelting and refining); clay products; fertilizer manu-
facturing; asphalt; ferroalloy manufacturing; iron foundries;
secondary nonferrous metals industry; coal preparation; car-
bon black manufacturing; petroleum refining; acid manufac-
ture (sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid); and incineration. The
control equipment includes cyclones, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, fabric filters, mist eliminators, and after-
burners. Effluents include dusts, particulates, fly ash, sulfur
oxides, hydrocarbons, and other noxious gases. Costs for con-
trol equipment purchase and operation are given. This hand-
book constitutes a reference source for available information
on the distinguishing features of the various particulate pollu-
tion sources and should be of value to air pollution regulatory
agencies, control equipment manufacturers, and industrial con-
cerns.
40582
Holmes, J. A., Edward C. Franklin, and Ralph A. Gould
REPORT OF THE SELBY SMELTER COMMISSION. Bull.
Bureau Mines, no. 98:1-62,503-520, 1915. 86 refs.
A commission was established to determine whether the Selby
Smelting and Lead Co., Contra Costa County, California, was
violating court orders restraining the company from emitting
uncontrolled sulfur dioxide and smoke to the atmosphere. The
commission found that no economic damage was being done
by the relatively small daily output of sulfur (24.6-28.3 tons in
the first 4 mo of 1914). The blast furnace gave off only invisi-
ble gases, the visible part of the smoke was removed by the
blast- furnace baghouse. The parting retort stack also gave off
only invisible gases, the visible part was removed by a Cottrell
electrostatic precipitator. Visible smoke was produced, how-
ever, by the roaster stack. This smoke and the sulfur dioxide
generated during roasting operations constitute the only
nuisance effect of present smelter operations. The company
should make efforts to recover the SO2 as sulfur, sulfuric
acid, or liquid sulfur dioxide and to remove dust and fumes
from the Ropp roaster gases. Diffusion, plant damage, effects
on materials, the effects on farm animals, and the attitudes of
the residents were discussed.
42676
Ministerium fuer Arbeits, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes
Nordrheim-Westfalen, Duesseldorf (West Germany)
NONFERROUS METALLURGY. (NE-Metallerzeugung). Text
in German. In: Reine Luft fuer morgen. Utopie oder Wir-
klichkeit. Moehnesee- Wamel, West Germany, K. ron Saint
George, 1972, p. 60-65.
The present situation and future trends in the output and emis-
sions in the nonferrous metallurgy of North Rhine-Westphalia
are described. The aluminum industriy, which accounts for
more than 50% of the total output of West Germany, will ex-
perience rapid growth. The basic pollutants are gaseous
fluorine compounds (0.8-1.5 kg/t), aluminum- and fluorine-
bearing dust (9-20 kg/t), sulfur dioxide (3-15 kg/t), and carbon
monoxide. Aluminum remelting is expected to increase 100%
by 1980. Chloride aerosols, metal oxides, and gaseous fluorine
compounds are the chief pollutants. Dust separation at a rate
of 15% was applied to rotary furnaces in 1970. Dust emissions
will decrease from 1320 tons in 1970 to 680 tons in 1980 by
lowering the dust concentration to 150 mg/N cu m and 100
mg/N cu m for rotary furnaces and thermal chips treatment
facilities, respectively. Gaseous fluorine emissions, 90 tons in
1970, will be reduced to 50 tons in 1980 by applying wet-type
gas cleaning. Sulfur dioxide emissions from lead manufactur-
ing will be reduced 90% due to waste-gas desulfurization. The
efficiency of SO2 separation at sulfuric acid production facili-
ties is 98%. Lead and zinc emissions, amounting to 350 and
180 tons in 1970, will decrease to 50 tons each in 1975. Sulfur
dioxide emissions from copper manufacturing, for which a 2%
yearly rate of growth is predicted, will rise from 900 tons in
1970 to 1100 tons in 1980, the waste-gas SO2 concentration
being 0.2 g/N cu m. Hydrochloric acid emissions, now 500
tons, will decrease by 50%. While total dust emission will be
reduced from 600 to 300 tons, no further reduction in lead,
zinc, and copper emissions is possible. The dust emissions
from copper alloy manufacturing will be 10% of the 1970 level
by 1980, as an upper limit of 50 mg/N cu m will be set in 1973.
Sulfur dioxide emissions from zinc manufacturing, for which
electrolytic processes are increasingly used, will decrease from
1800 tons in 1970 to about 1500 tons in 1980. The imposition of
a maximum allowable dust emission of 50 mg/N cu m in 1973
will result in zinc and lead emissions, now 160 and 40 tons,
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
decreasing to 80 and 20 tons, respectively, despite a growth
rate of 40%.
42726
Worcester, A. and D. H. Beilstein
LEAD - PROGRESS AND PROGNOSIS. THE STATE OF THE
ART - LEAD RECOVERY. Preprint, American Inst. of Min-
ing, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, New York, Metal-
lurgical Society, 22p., 1971. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, An-
nual Meeting, 100th, New York, Feb. 26-March 4, 1971, Paper
A71-87.)
Present methods in general use to recover lead metal from its
ores, including methods for sintering, heavy smelting,
dressing, refining, and emissions control, are described.
Baghouses and electrostatic precipitators are the most com-
mon dust and fume collectors. In some emission control opera-
tions sulfuric acid, cadmium, and thallium are recovered.
Probable short and long term advances in the lead recovery
process are suggested. The history of lead smelting is briefly
reviewed. Lead consumption in the United States in 1970 was
1.267 million tons, distributed as chemicals: 278,000 tons; bat-
teries: 570,000 tons; pigments: 98,000 tons; and metal: 371,000
tons.
43271
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Office of Air Programs
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY. In: Compilation of Air Pol-
lutant Emission Factors. GAP Pub-AP-42, p. 7-1 to 7-22, Feb.
1972. 61 refs. NTIS: PB 209559
Primary and secondary metal industries are discussed. The pri-
mary industries, producing metals from ore, reviewed are:
non-ferrous operations of aluminum ore reduction, copper
smelters, lead smelters, zinc smelters, iron and steel mills, fer-
roalloy production, and metallurgical coke manufacture. Large
quantities of sulfur oxides and particulates are emitted by
these industries. The secondary metallurgical industries, which
recover metal from scrap and salvage and produce alloys from
ingot, include aluminum operations, brass and bronze ingots,
gray iron foundries, lead smelting, magnesium smelting, steel
foundries, and zinc processing. The major air contaminants
from these operations are particulates in the forms of metallic
fumes, smoke, and dust. Control methods used are: cyclones,
electrostatic precipitators, filters, and baghouses.
45858
Lukey, Michael E. and M. Dean High
EXHAUST GAS CONVERSION FACTORS. Preprint, Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16p., 1972. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Assiciation, Annual Meeting, 65th,
Miami, Fla., June 18-20, 1972-, Paper 72-88.)
The exhaust gas parameters from 76 combustion and industrial
sources are given including fuel combustion processes, refuse
incineration, mineral industries, chemical industries, metallur-
gical processes, pulp mills, and refineries. The main objective
of the study was to define a relationship of the exhaust gases
being emitted, to the process weights. Each of the 76 industrial
source factors includes a process description, the potential air
contaminants, operating time, abatement equipment, an input-
output relationship, and the exhaust gas parameters: gas flow
rate, gas temperature, gas velocity, and stack height. An at-
tempt was made to relate the exhaust gas parameters to an
input or output quantity. Thus by knowing the production rate
of a plant, one can use these exhaust gas source factors and
pollutant emission factors to obtain engineering estimates of
specific plant emission and its community inpact through
modeling. Sources include coal, oil, natural gas, and wood
combustion, incineration; burners; chemical processes such as
ammonia, carbon black, chlorine, hydrofluoric acid, paint,
phosphoric acid, plastics, ink, soap, sulfuric acid, synthetic
fibers, and rubber production; food and agricultural processes;
primary metallurgy; steel, lead, zinc, and aluminum production
including sintering, blast furnaces, electric furnaces, and open
hearth furnaces; petroleum refining, pulp mills; dry cleaning;
and surface coating.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
08562
Culhane, F. R. *
PRODUCTION BAGHOUSES. Chem. Eng. Progr., 64(1):65-
738 Jan. 1968. 1 ref.
Tests and field results are discussed for several baghouse in-
stallations associated with roasters, sintering machines, and
reverberatory furnaces in the lead, zinc, and copper industries.
Design considerations, such as air-to-cloth ratio and type of
construction, are discussed. (Authors abstract)
10558
Lange, Alfred and Werner Trinks
THE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE OF LEAD AND ZINC
COMPOUNDS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE GAS
PHASE. APPLICATIONS TO ELECTROSTATIC GAS
CLEANING. ((Der elektrische Widerstand von Blei- und Zink-
verbindungen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der
Gasphase. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der elektrischen
Gasreinigung.)) Text in German. Neue Heutte, 12(2):81-88,
Feb. 1968. 8 refs.
The use of electrofilters in dust elimination from flue gases in
nonferrous metallurgy in many cases is attended by failure due
to the poor conductivity of the dust deposited on the filter
electrodes. Hence, the determination of the electrical re-
sistance of particular dust types is of interest. The literature
on this subject is reviewed and original resistance measure-
ments are reported which utilized a specially constructed ap-
paratus permitting gas phase measurements up to temperatures
of 400 degrees C. Electrical resistance measurements of lead
oxide, carbonate and sulfide are described and illustrated by
graphs. The results of these measurements and of deposition
experiments with lead oxide and lead sulfate fly ash are
detailed. At high temperatures the resistance of lead and zinc
compounds lies below the critical limit, thus deposition in a
hot-gas atmosphere (EGR) is possible in principle; however,
larger quantities of gas and larger filters are consequently
required. The reported results suggest that lead oxide fly ash
should be deposited in the temperature range of 320 and 380
degrees C., and lead sulfate fly ash at temperatures above 350
degrees C. During the deposition of lead oxide fly ash, the
partial oxygen pressure of the gas phase should be as high as
possible, in contrast to the conditions required for zinc oxide
fly ash. In the deposition of lead sulfate fly ash, especially,
the constant presence of SO2 in the gas phase is essential.
21309
Argenbright, L. P. and Bennett Preble
SO2 FROM SMELTERS: THREE PROCESSES FORM AN
OVERVIEW OF RECOVERY COSTS. Environ. Sci. Technol.,
4{7):554-561, July 1970.
About 2.2 million long tons per year of sulfur is contained in
the sulfur oxide gases generated in the operation of copper,
zinc, and lead smelters in the western United States. Nearly
23% of this is recovered, mostly as sulfuric acid. A study was
made to identify and evaluate the technological and economic
problems associated with controlling the sulfur oxide emis-
sions of these smelting operations. Three processes for control
and by-product recovery were considered: the contact sulfuric
acid process, the Cominco absorption process, and the ASAR-
CO reduction process. All three are adversely affected by the
low percentage of sulfur in the exhaust gases. Similarly, all are
limited in optimum size, since the capital investment for larger
operations off-sets the reduction in operating cost. Of the
three processes considered, the contact sulfuric acid process is
the least costly, both in terms of initial cost and operating
cost.
22889
Haver, F. P., K. Uchida, and M. M. Wong
RECOVERY OF LEAD AND SULFUR FROM GALENA CON-
CENTRATE, USING A FERRIC SULFATE LEACH. Bureau
of Mines, Washington, D. C., Rept. of Investigations 7360,
13p., March 1970. 10 refs. CFSTI: PB 190968
As part of a program to study methods of recovering elemen-
tal sulfur from the processing of sulfide ores for both anti-pol-
lution and economic by-product purposes, a procedure is
described for recovering lead and sulfur from galena flotation
concentrate. The method consists of aqueous oxidation of the
concentrate, using ferric sulfate to convert lead sulfide to
sulfate and to give elemental sulfur; regeneration of the ferric
sulfate by electrolysi in a diaphragm cell; treatment of the
leach residue with ammonium carbonate solution to change the
lead to an acid-soluble form and to produce ammonium sulfate
as a by-product; solution of the lead carbonate in hydrofluosil-
icic acid followed by electrolysis to recover the lead as metal
and regenerate the acid for further use; and extraction of the
elemental sulfur from the final residue with an organic solvent.
About 90% of the lead can be recovered by the above method
as 99.9-%-pure metal, together with two-thirds of the sulfur,
half in the elemental form and half as ammonium sulfate.
(Author abstract modified)
23530
Lepsoe, R. and W. S. Kirkpatrick
RECOVERY OF SULPHUR FROM SULPHUR DIOXIDE.
Pulp Paper Mag. Can. (Quebec), vol. 39:20-22, 54, Jan. 1938.
(Also: Trans. Can. Inst. Mining Meet., vol. 15:399-404, 1937.)
Sulfur dioxide recovery operations to produce pure sulfur at a
lead and zinc smelting plant are outlined. The production in-
volves three main operations. The first consists of absorption
of the SO2 The roaster gas is cleaned and passed through one
or more absorbing towers in contact with a solution of am-
monium sulfite and ammonium bisulfite, concentrating the gas
to about 0.1% SO2 or less. The second step involves liberation
of the SO2 gas. The sulfite solution is passed down a packed
tower and mixed with sulfuric acid previously used to dry the
evolved SO2 gas. At the base of the tower is ammonium
sulfate solution with a small amount of SO2 included; the
latter is driven off by blowing steam directly into the solution.
The third step involved reduction of the SO2 gas to elemental
sulfur. The SO2 gas and pure oxygen enter a reduction fur-
nace; on leaving the coke-bed, the gases are mainly CO2 and
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
elemental sulfur gas, plus carbon oxysulfide and some carbon
monoxide. To this is added SO2 to react with the carbon oxy-
sulfid before it passes into the catalyst column where this
reaction takes place. From the columns, the gases pass
through waste-heat boilers where liquid sulfur is recovered;
this liquid is eventually solidified for marketing.
24321
ELEMENTAL SULPHUR. EXTRACTION AND REDUCTION
OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM ROASTER GASES AT
TRAIL. Can. Chem. Process, 26(3): 138-139, March 1942.
Methods adopted for concentrating the sulfur dioxide from
zinc and lead roaster gases, and reducing it to elemental sul-
fur, are described. In the concentration process, cleaned and
cooled roaster gas flows either countercurrent or concurrent to
a circulating solution of ammonia monosulfite and ammonium
bisulfite through four absorbing towers, reducing the SO2 con-
centration from about 6 to 0.15%. The only product of the ab-
sorption systems is a concentrated solution of ammonium
bisulfite, from which SO2 is released by two processes,
acidification or exorption. The reduction to sulfur is accom-
plished by passing the concentrated SO2 through incandescent
coke and then through catalyst columns. The gaseous sulfur is
condensed out as mist and liquid and recovered as liquid in
Cottrell treaters. After removal of any occluded carbon from
the molten sulfur, it is pumped into storage tanks where it
solidifies as a yellow mass of over 99.99% purity.
24553
Welch, Harry V.
COLLECTION OF LEAD AND ZINC DUSTS AND FUMES
BY THE COTTRELL PROCESS. Trans. AIME (Am. Inst.
Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engr.), vol. 121:304-338,
1936. 42 refs.
A review of the historical background of Cottrell precipitators
and a discussion of the theory of conditioning blast furnace
and Dwight-Lloyd gases is followed by a summary of the
design, operation, and application of various Cottrells. In-
cluded are the exposed pipe, submerged pipe, plate, rod-cur-
tain, screen, and cylindrical-rod designs. Collection of lead and
zinc dusts and fumes by the Cottrell process at a selected
number of representativ smelters is described.
25275
Nilsson, Folke and Bengt Rudling
ADJ POLLUTION CONTROL AT THE BOLIDEN COPPER
AND LEAD SMELTING PLANT, ROENNSKAERSVERKEN,
SWEDEN. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution
Prevention Associations, 36p., 1970. (Presented at the Interna-
tional Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11,
1970, Paper SU-24D.)
Factors considered when the Boliden Company's copper and
lead smelter was erected in Sweden in 1928-1930 are reviewed.
Built for smelting copper-arsenopyrite ore from the Boliden
mine, the smelter was placed on a peninsula at the Bothnian
Gulf. To utilize excess sulfur in the ore as pyrite and thereby
reduce the sulfur dioxide emission by about 50%, the ore was
concentrated. After World War II a sulfuric acid plant took
care of the roaster gases and ten years later the production
was increased three-fold by further SO2-utilization. Hereafter
no effect can be seen on forest, crop, or garden. The concen-
tration of SO2 in ambient air around the the smelter is far
beneath the official limit. The production of liquid SO2 for the
paper and pulp industry will now make it possible to utilize
over 90% of the SO2. The SO2-recovery is made by absorp-
tion in water. This process is economical when a good supply
of cold water for cooling and inexpensive surplus steam is
available. Along with diversified and increased production,
dust cleaning has been extended and modernized. The results
of these activities have been followed up by medical studies of
the population. (Author abstract modified)
25334
Bainbridge, C. A.
FUME CONTROL AND RECOVERY IN LEAD SMELTING
FURNACES. Chem. Process Eng., vol. 41:344-345, 347, 351,
Aug. 1960.
Probably the most popular type of gas-cleaning process in the
lead industry is the fabric filter because of its high efficiency,
economy of operation, and ease of maintenance; it is applied
in many forms from the old-fashioned, hand-operated, so-
called bag house, requiring a relatively large staff, to the
modern, fully automatic, multi-compartment plant run by one
man part-time. Despite careful control of the process to
produce lead from scrap materials, the high temperature in the
furnace inevitably causes some of the lead to evaporate, and
the vaporized lead when it leaves the furnace combines with
oxygen to form lead oxide. Hood and duct design, the gas-
cooling plant, filter plant, and operational experience are
discussed for the new production unit of a lead company.
Horizontal ducting was used between the furnaces, and pro-
vided with an adequate number of cleaning doors and fume
hoppers with fitted lids to facilitate regular cleaning. Final
design of the cooling section which had to dissipate over 1 mil-
lion BTU/hr consisted of a series-parallel arrangement of four
inverted *U" tubes mounted on trough section hoppers, con-
nected by a screw conveyor and an isolating valve arrange-
ment for occasions when only one furnace would be in opera-
tion. Because of the sticky nature of lead fume, cleaning doors
were put at the top of each 'U' tube and on each hopper.
Filter plant requirements location of fans, and plant instrumen-
tation are also cited.
25781
Hallows. R. L. and B. M. O'Harra
MODERN AUTOMATIC BAGHOUSES FOR COLLECTION
OF LEAD-FURNACE FUMES. Trans. AIME (Am. Inst. Min-
ing Metallurgical and Petroleum Engrs.), vol. 121:299-303,
1936.
A comparison is drawn between automatic and old style
baghouses for filtering fumes, based on operating experience
with both types in a lead smelter. The modern type is charac-
terized by its small filtering bags and frequency of shaking
• (usually every few minutes) as opposed to the old type which
uses much larger bags shaken at much longer intervals (2-12
hrs apart). Good practice for the modern baghouse calls for
only 1 sq ft of filter cloth to handle from 3-8 cu ft of gas per
minute; thus, the filtering area may be as little as one-tenth
that in the old type for handling the same volume and dust
concentration. This is the most striking differenc and probably
the greatest single advantage of the new type; others include
greater cleanliness and uniform draft conditions due to the
frequency of cleaning, more convenient repair of leaks, and
lessene danger of fire. Although initial bag equipment costs for
the new type are lower, the longer life of a bag in the old
baghouse is much longer, so the cost of bag replacement is
considerably in favor of the old type. Little trouble or expense
is experienced in maintaining the new filters. Operating details
are given.
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PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
26107
Ichijo, M.
TECHNOLOGY OF POLLUTION-CONTROL IN ZINC AND
LEAD SMELTING. (Aen oyobi nanari serien ni okeru kogai
boshi gijutsu). Text in Japanese. Kinzoku (Metals) (Tokyo),
41(1):118-121, Jan. 1 and 15, 1971.
Cadmium production by zinc smelting is a serious pollution
problem, even though the amount generated is very small
(about 1/400 of zinc). The pollutant is a source of contamina-
tion whether discharged with smelter effluent or contained in
solid waste. Though present in an even smaller proportion,
cadmium is also found in lead; and both lead and zinc produc-
tion are increasing. Flow sheets are given for both wet and dry
zinc smelting processes and lead smelting processes. Attempts
to recover cadmium and recycle it to the smelting operation
have not significantly reduced emissions. Currently the ef-
fluent is being treated with calcium carbonate or calcium
hydroxide. A process for recovering these compounds as sul-
fides is in the development stage. Other control methods under
study are ion exchange, multi-stage flush condensation, and
the Duval and cyanide methods used in copper smelting.
26600
HOMESTAKE POLLUTION CONTROL. Mining Mag. (Lon-
don), 124(l):26-27, Jan. 1971.
Among the innovations claimed for a new smelter producing
approximately 100,000 tons of lead concentrate annually is up-
draft sintering. By blowing a draught of air upward, rather
than downwar through the sintering machine, higher lead-con-
tent sinter is produced, more sulfur is removed, lead is
eliminated in windboxes, and the gas produced is suitable for
direct conversion to sulfuric acid. The sulfur dioxide gas from
the sinter machine is filtered through a six-compartment
baghouse to eliminate dust and metallic fume impurities,
cooled in a tower packed with ceramic rings to eliminate ex-
cessive water vapor, then passed through an electrostatic
precipitator where any remaining fume and dust are removed
along with any acid mist. Conversion of the purified SO2 to
SO3 takes place on a vanadium pentoxide catalyst; the SOS
produced is absorbed in sulfuric acid. In addition to dust from
the sinter machine and primary crushers, the baghouse also
handles smoke from two lead blast furnaces and a dross rever-
beratory furnace. Overall dust and fume recovery is estimated
to be in excess of 99%, and there is no visible plume from the
stack.
27597
Semrau, Konrad T.
CONTROL OF SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM PRIMA-
RY COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC SMELTERS-A REVIEW.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 39p.,
1970. 140 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970,
Paper 70-97.)
The methods of control of sulfur dioxide emissions from pri-
mary copper, lead, and zinc smelters are reviewed. The prin-
cipal barrier to control is economical rather than technical.
The processes of copper, lead, and zinc smelting are
described. Method for control and useful recovery of sulfur
oxide emissions are placed into 3 categories: systems produc-
ing sulfuric acid; systems producing concentrated sulfur diox-
ide, either for use as such or as an intermediate in production
of some other materials, such as sulfuric acid or elemental sul-
fur; and systems producing elemental sulfur. Processes
described include a conventional gas cleaning and conditioning
system for a sulfuric acid plant consisting of scrubbing towers
and a wet-type electrostatic precipitator, the Asarco DMA ab-
sorption system, the Cominco ammonia absorption system the
Lurgi Sulfacid process, the Monsanto Cat-Ox process, the Bo-
liden process, the Asarco Brimstone process, the TGS
process, and the Claus process.
27639
Bainbridge, R.
LEAD BLAST FURNACE GAS HANDLING AND DUST COL-
LECTION. J. Metals, 4(12):1302-1306, Dec. 1952. (Presented
at the American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum
Engineers Regional Meeting, Spokane, Wash., May 1952.
Paper TP3406D)
The first stage in a program of modernizing a lead smelter in-
volved the design and construction of new blast furnace clean-
ing system. The selection of equipment, the design of facili-
ties, and preliminary operating details of this system are
described. Provisions were made to cool blast furnace gas
down to 210 F by automatically controlled sprays in a two-
compartment steel tower. The cooling system uses high-pres-
sure (700 psi water sprays with tempering air. Dust is
recovered in a baghouse comprising 20 compartments of 396
Orion bags each, installed in two banks of 10 compartments.
Dust recovery in the baghouse unit has been better than 99%
and maintenance and operating costs have been reduced. How-
ever, some trouble has developed due to a change in the
characteristic of the blast furnace dust. While dust which
previously had gone to treater units was well oxidized, the
dust passing through the cooling tower to the baghouse is not
oxidized to the same degree. Some metallic fume, principally
lead, is present and the dust is rendered much more pyrophor-
ic. An early solution to the flue dust treatment problem is an-
ticipated.
32260
Lepsoe, Robert
HISTORY OF THE TRAIL SMELTING PLANTS. (Historien
om Trail smelteverk). Text in Norwegian. Tidesskr. Kjemi
Bergvesen Met., 7(2):22-25, Feb. 1947.
The history of this plant, located in the Canadian province of
British Columbia, on the Columbia River just north of the U.
S. border is reviewed. The plant produces metallic lead, zinc,
cadmium, gold, tin, elemental sulfur, and sulfur dioxide gas
(for commercial use). At an earlier period, the company had
serious problems with lead poisoning among its workers, but
the institution of regular checkups, including blood tests, of
workers in contact with lead, combined with proper medical
treatments and other personnel policies, has almost eliminated
the problem. Extensive research has been done at the plant on
the problem of recovering sulfur products from the roasting
gases. Among the absorption media tested are zinc oxide,
limestone, basic aluminum sulfate, and organic bases. Granu-
lated lead slag has been found extremely effective as an ab-
sorbing agent, but at the same time its use is not economically
profitable. The basic decision of plant management was to
recover sulfur dioxide in a form in which it could be convened'
to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid. Reducing SO2 with coke is
complicated by the fact that coke is so expensive locally. On
the other hand, there is an abundance of carbon monoxide
available from thermo electric plants, which can be substituted
for the coke.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
32319
Konopka, A. P.
PARTICULATE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY IN PRIMARY
NON-FERROUS SMELTING. Preprint, American Inst. of
Chemical Engineers and Inst. Mexicano de Ingenieros
Quimicos, 10p., 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers and Institute Mexicano de In-
genieros Quimicos Joint Meeting, 3rd, ODenver, Colo., Sept.
1970.)
The sources and nature of paniculate emissions and control
technology in the primary smelting of aluminum, copper, lead,
and zinc are described. The high dust concentrations generated
by bauxite drying and alumina calcining frequently require
multicyclones for preliminary collection, followed by electro-
static precipitation. Installed costs for the combined system
are $4.60-$2.30/CFM, at 99+% collection efficiencies. Elec-
trolytic aluminum reduction cells pose a more complicated
emission problem: moderate-energy wet scrubbers, glass filter
bags, or flushed precipitator installations are used. Representa-
tive installed costs for the three methods are $3.00/CFM,
S2.00/CFM, and $2.00/CFM, respectively. Dry electrostatic
precipitators, preceded by mechanical collectors, are univer-
sally applied in copper smelting. Installation costs for the com-
bined equipment are S6.00/CFM for 50,000 CFM flows and
S3.00/CFM for 2,000,000 CFM flows. Large lead blast fur-
naces employ electrostatic precipitators, smaller units use
fabric filters. Installation costs of vertical flow pipe-type
precipitators in the 100,000 CFM range are $6.00/CFM. Con-
tinuous baghouses for smaller volumes cost $5.00/CFM in-
stalled. Horizontal flow plate precipitators are used on new
zinc sintering machines. Mild-steel construction is common,
and installed costs for 50,000 CFM collectors are S3.50/CFM.
Emissions from flash roasting of zinc ore are also controlled
by plate-type precipitators of mild steel construction. Installed
costs are $3.50/CFM.
32760
Schulz, Ulrich and Ulf Richter
THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETER ON
THE COLLECTION EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS IN NON-FERROUS METALLURGY. (Ein-
fluss technologischer Parameter auf den Abscheidegrad von
Elektrofiltern in der NE-Metallurgie). Text in German. Neue
Huette, 16(7):385-390, July 1971. 13 refs.
Experiments were conducted with a hot gas electrostatic
precipitator to determine efficient design criteria for applica-
tion to the non-ferrous metallurgical industry. A sample flow
was drawn through the precipitator from waste gases coining
from copper, tin, zinc, and lead furnaces. Dust which had
remained in the gas after passage through the precipitator was
removed with a glass fiber reinforced asbestos paper filter. Ef-
ficiency measurements, resistance determinations, and
theoretical considerations revealed that the filter temperature
and water content of the gases influence the collection effi-
ciency by relationships which are controlled by the specific
electric resistivity of dust. In the case of dusts with a resistivi-
ty of less than 10 to th 10th power ohm/cm, temperature and
dew point influence the collection efficiency via the break-
down voltage and the gas viscosity, regardless of the dust re-
sistivity.
35296
Ichijo, Michio
JAPAN TODAY: POLLUTION-FREE METALLURGY. Min-
ing Mag. (London), 125(5):471-474, Nov. 1971. 10 refs.
A pollution-free process for recovery of various metals from
Kuroko ore is described. The ore is first separated jy a flota-
tion process to produce copper, lead, zinc, iron, and slime
bulk concentrates, plus tailings. The copper concentrate is
then treated by a dry method for extraction of crude copper.
Iron concentrate is treated by the Kohwa process to obtain he-
matite pellets. Lead and zinc dust from the copper concentrate
and vaporized copper, lead, and zinc chlorides from the iron
concentrate are treated in a gas-absorbing neutralization tank
and then separated from the transparent solution by precipita-
tion. Lead and zinc concentrates and slime bulk concentrates
are oxidized and leached with ferric chloride solution, separat-
ing the precipitate from the transparent solution. Sulfur is
precipitated as elemental sulfur, then the leached residue is
recycled to the flotation process. The transparent solution,
after leaching with ferric chloride, contains copper, lead, zinc,
and other metallic ions. High purity metals are obtained by
amalgam phase exchange in combination with amalgam elec-
trolysis.
35478
Aizenberg, B. Sh., A. G. Belikov, D. L. Bukhanovskii, G. M.
Gordon, V. P. Kovalev, G. A. Matrakhin, Ya. V. Mishurin,
and V. N. Tsessarskii
OPERATION OF A BAG FILTER WITH AIR JET FABRIC
CLEANING. Soviet J. Non-Ferrous Metals (English transla-
tion from Russian of: Tsvetn. Metal.), 42(8):44-48, Aug. 1969.
1 ref.
The operation of bag filters with air jet cleaning to control the
dust content of waste gases was tested on lead smelting shop
exhaust gases in a pilot plant study. Components of the
system, operating procedures, and variable operational factors
were examined. Test results and design criteria are included.
The experimental filters produced dust outputs of 3.20-7.50
mg/n cu m, 2.0-3.6 mg/n cu m, and 4.3-7.3 mg/n cu m under
different conditions.
37750
Schulz, Ulrich and Ulf Richter
INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE
DEGREE OF SEPARATION OF ELECTRIC FILTERS IN
NON-FERROUS METALLURGY. (Einfluss technologischer
Parameter auf den Abscheidegrad von Elektrofiltern in der
NE-Metallurgie). Text in German. Neue Huette, 16(7):385-390,
July 1971. 13 refs.
The flying dust generated in non-ferrous metallurgical furnaces
is mostly composed of oxidized particles of zinc, lead, tin, an-
timony, and arsenic. Sheet-type filters and electrostatic
precipitators are used for removal and recovery of these dust
types. Due to the generally high specific electric resistance of
the dust, the process can be carried out effectively only by ad-
hering to certain values of precipitation temperature and water
content of the gas phase. To establish design parameters for
the construction of precipitators for the non-ferrous metal in-
dustry, the precipitation rate of waste gases derived from vari-
ous metallurgical furnaces for copper, zinc, tin, and lead was
measured by a laboratory-type electrostatic precipitator. The
influence of precipitation temperature and water content of the
gas phase on the precipitation rate was investigated. The
results of measurements of precipitation rates and electric re-
sistance of the separated dust material, in combination with
theoretical considerations, lead to the conclusion that with
dust of a specific electric resistance of less than 10 to the 10th
ohm cm, the precipitation rate is influenced by temperature,
dew point of gas, viscosity of gas, and voltage of electric
field, independent of the specific electric resistance of the
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10
PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
dust. Above 10 to the 10th and up to 10 to the llth ohm cm,
the precipitation rate is related to the specific electric re-
sistance of the dust.
40760
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
CONTROL OF SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS IN COPPER,
LEAD AND ZINC SMELTING. Bureau of Mines Information
Circ., no. 8527:1-62, 1971 6 refs.
Removal of sulfur oxides from copper, lead, and zinc smelter
gases will require substantial capital investment. The copper
smelting industry anticipates expenditures of $600 million in
order to conform to a 10% standard. The lead and zinc indus-
try is expected to spend at least $100 million. According to in-
dustry specialists the smelting cost of copper may rise 4
cents/lb from current levels of 4 to 6 cents/lb. Lead is ex-
pected to increase 2 to 4 cents over the current cost of 2
cents/lb. Zinc may increase 1.5 cents/ Ib from its current price
of 6 cents/lb. Companies may find it difficult to pass the cost
on to the ultimate consumer. Controversy has arisen between
the metals industry and governmental control agencies over
the status of stack gas desulfurization processes. New markets
for sulfuric acid produced during effluent gas scrubbing must
be discovered. Air pollution regulations and emission stan-
dards are mentioned. Sulfur dioxide control methods include
tall stacks, conversion to H2SO4 by the contact method, ab-
sorption, lime and limestone scrubbing to yield sulfur com-
pounds, and reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur.
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11
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
03410
A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN MONTANA JULY 1961 -
JULY 1962. Montana State Board of Health, Helena Division
of Disease Control. 1962. 110 pp.
The principal pollutants in the air were determined with the
staff and analytical equipment available to the State Board of
Health and some idea as to the carcinogenic potential of the
materials in the air in the various cities as well as the over-all
characteristics in each of the cities were determined as a base-
line for future reference. Emission inventories are included.
07132
Zykova, A. S.
POLLUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH LEAD AND ITS
EFFECT ON THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION. U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
7:55-62, Jan. 1960. (Also published in ((Gigiena i Sanit.,))
22(2):12-17, 1957.) Translated from Russian. CFSTI: TT 60-
21049
The pollution with lead-containing discharges by accumulator
and lead smelting plants was found to be of permanent
character. Lead was found in 73-97% of the air samples tested.
The total quantity of lead liberated into the air by the
discharges of the accumulator plant under normal conditions
of production amounted to 5.7 kg/day and by the discharges of
the lead smelting plant to 14.8 kg/day. The average daily con-
centration of lead at a distance of 500 - 700 meters from the
storage battery plant was 3-4 times as great as the 0.0007
mg/cu m upper limit adopted as the allowable concentration.
At a distance of 1500 meters from the lead smelting plant the
average daily concentration of lead was 5 to 6 times as great
as the limit of allowable concentration. The lead penetrated
into the living quarters and community dwellings where its
concentration in the indoor air was 3 to 5 times as great as the
limit of allowable concentration. Analysis of the dust settled
inside living dwellings showed that lead accumulated within
living premises, creating an indoor source of lead pollution.
Polyclinic examination of a group of old inhabitants of the re-
gion showed that the frequency of occurrence of functional
neurological and gastro-enteric disturbances among them was
many times greater than among a control coming from a region
free from such pollution-68 the same was true of the frequen-
cy of occurrence of functional cardiovascular disturbances.
The quantity of lead found in the urine of persons living in the
industrially air-polluted region indicated that many inhabitants
carried within them high concentration lead deposits. Results
of a histochemical study pointed to the existence of a lead ac-
cumulating process among the residents of the industrially air-
polluted region, which progressively increased with the con-
tinued residence in such lead polluted regions.
10517
Robinson, E. and R. C. Robbins
SOURCES, ABUNDANCE, AND FATE OF GASEOUS AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS (FINAL REPORT.)Stanford
Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., SRI-P 6755, 123p., Feb.
1968. 120 rets.
An analysis of the sources, abundance, and fate of gaseous at-
mospheric pollutants is presented, considering three families
of compounds: sulfurous, nitrogenous, and organic; and two
inorganic carbon compounds: carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide. With the exception of CO2, similar patterns of
analyses of these materials a followed and rather detailed
analyses are produced. The presentati of CO2 is only a brief
review of the current state of thinking. Included are estimates
of annual world-wide emissions of pollutants SO2, H2S, CO,
NO2, NH3, and organics. The magnitudes of the natura
emanations of a variety of materials have also been con-
sidered, although the means of estimating these emissions are
very crude because so little study has been made of emissions
from other than urban air pollution sources. Sulfur com-
pounds, in the form of SO2, are currently the most topical of
the numerous air pollutants. Sulfur enters the atmosphere as
air pollutants in the form of SO2, H2S, H2SO4, and panicu-
late sulfates; and as natural emanations in the form of H2S
and sulfates. Among the various sources of CO, automobile
exhaust accounts for more than 805 of the estimated worl wide
CO emission. The major sources for the gaseous nitrogen com-
pounds are biological action and organic decomposition in the
so and perhaps in the ocean. Aerosols containing NH4 ions
and NO3 ion are formed by atmospheric reactions involving
the various gases. Major contributions of hydrocarbons in-
clude natural CH4 emissions from flooded paddy areas, ter-
pene-class organics evolved by vegetation, and pollutant emis-
sions. A brief review of present understanding of CO2 in the
atmosphere indicates a clear example of situation where pollu-
tant emissions are significant enough to cause measurable
changes in the ambient concentrations.
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12
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
12777
McKee, Arthur G. and Co., San Francisco, Calif., Western
Knapp Engineering Div.
SYSTEMS STUDY FOR CONTROL OF EMISSIONS. PRIMA-
RY NONFERROUS SMELTING INDUSTRY. (FINAL RE-
PORT). VOLUME III: APPENDICES C THROUGH G. Con-
tract PH 86-65-85, Rept. 993, 114p., June 1969. 130 refs. CF-
STI: PB 184 886
A systems study of the primary copper, lead, and zinc smelt-
ing industries is presented to make clear the technological and
economic factors that bear on the problem of control of sulfur
oxide emissions. Various sulfur oxides control methods, in-
cluding scrubbing, absorption, and reduction, are matched
with smelter models to determine optimum control and
production combinations. A precise analysis of the pollution
potential of an individual smelter requires meteorological data
for the specific smelter site. The variables that can be con-
sidered in such a topographical analysis include inversion
frequencies, monthly mean maximum mixing depths, surface
winds, and general airflow conditions. An analysis of the U. S.
markets for zinc, lead, and copper is presented, as well as
markets for sulfur byproducts. A literature review of control
methods for sulfur oxide emissions from primary copper, lead,
and zinc smelters is included.
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13
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
13534
Mackiw, V. N.
CURRENT TRENDS IN CHEMICAL METALLURGY. Can. J.
Chem. Eng., 46(1): 3-15, Feb. 1968. 52 refs.
Recent developments in hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy
are reviewed. Some processes presently in commercial opera-
tion and some in the developmental stage are presented from
the standpoint of extraction of metals and from their fabrica-
tion into useful materials. The chemical reactions of various
commerical processes are shown both graphically and chemi-
cally. New processes are presented for the treatment of Zn
Cu, and Pb concentrates, complex Pb-Zn, Cu, FeS2 bulk con-
centrates, and Zn plant residues. A combination of roasting
and hydrometallurgy for the recovery of molybdenum from
molybdenite is displayed diagramatically. Laterite treatment
and other investigations and reactions are reviewed. It is con-
cluded that new products from new processes will evolve
economically through a new technology.
13552
Oldright, G. L. and Virgil Miller
SMELTING IN THE LEAD BLAST FURNACE. Trans. AIME
(Am. Inst. Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engrs.), Vol.
121, p. 82-105, 1936. 3 refs.
Experimental work from 1931 to 1936 related to the increased
capacity of the blast furnace was reviewed. Three lead smel-
ters treating three distinctive types of lead including a rich
lead charge and a charge high in zinc were considered.
Methods of preparation for the blast furnace, as in double sin-
tering, were examined, particularly with respect to chemical
composition and size of the feed. Experiments to improve sin-
tering practice involved finding the optimum bedding on pel-
lets according to particle size, and analyzing ignition of the
bedding charge, moisture in the charge, recirculation of gases,
and size of beds. The reducing power of the blast furnace
gases was considered in terms of the producer-gas reaction,
CO2 plus C yields 2CO.
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14
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
03893
K. Tsuchiya, D. Tanaka, M. Nishimaru, K. Sho, and N. Sato
LEAD CONTENTS IN ORAL CAVITY OF LEAD WORKERS
AND LEAD INTAKE INTO THE BODIES. Japan J. Ind.
Health (Tokyo) 1,(2) 65-8, Apr. 1959. Text in Jap.
The lead content of the mouth of lead workers in a storage
battery and a lead refining plant was estimated and was com-
pared with the blood lead contents, whole blood gravity, and
coproporphyrinuria. The oral lead was estimated in samples of
the tooth calculus or coating, and also in samples of 30cc of
0.5% acetic acid solution, used as a mouth wash for the wor-
kers. It was found that the lead contents of tooth calculus and
coating was approximately 3 to 120 micrograms per 100 mg.
Little lead was recovered from saliva from the parotid gland.
The lead content of tooth calculus and coating showed no cor-
relation with that of blood lead. Therefore, it is logically as-
sumed that the oral lead of the lead workers is of environmen-
tal origin and not from the lead absorbed in the body. The lead
content of the used mouth wash solution of the workers in-
dicated a high correlation (r= -3.71) with the whole blood
gravity, which is one of the best indicators of the chronic lead
intake. The lead content of the mouth wash solution must be
directly influenced by the lead concentration of the environ-
mental air. (Author summary modified)
11630
Antal, Andrei, Jeanette Timaru, Elena Muncaci, Ecaterina
Ardevan, Ala lonescu, and Lia Sandulache
VARIATIONS OF THE ORGANISM REACTIVITY AND THE
STATE OF HEALTH OF CHILDREN IN REGARD TO TOWN
AIR POLLUTION. (Les variations de la reactivite de 1'organ-
isme et de 1'etat de sante des enfants en rapport avec la pollu-
tion de 1'air communal). Atmos. Environ., 2(4):382-392, 1968.
33 refs. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.,
Science Info. Services, 20p.
Organism reaction and state of health of the child population
in a metallurgical center where atmospheric lead concentra-
tions exceeded prevailing sanitary standards was studied in
various investigations (clinical, somatometric, capillaroscopic,
nerve reactivity, adaption disturbance, psychometric, etc.) In a
parallel manner, children in a control city where the air was
relatively pure were examined. The observations were made
on varying numbers of children, according to the kind and
character of the tests. Antropometric tests were applied to
2310 children, dynamometric to 1702, capillaroscopic to 1658,
and tests of neuropsychic activity to 258-948 children. The
data obtained indicate a decreased resistance of the respiratory
apparatus to pathogenic agents on the part of the children in
the polluted city. In particular, upper respiratory tract infec-
tions, pneumonia and bronchopneumonia, anemia, anitamino-
sis, rachitis, disorders of the digestive tract, and dental decay
were more frequent by 9 to 31%. In addition, the children ex-
hibited poorer psychical and physical development, more
frequent adjustment problems, reduced scholastic per-
formance, and greater frequency of aberrant capillaries. The
degree of air pollution reaction differences was found to be re-
lated not on the extent of pollution, but also to the degree of
development, sex, age, biological condition of the subjects,
and duration of exposure. Sensitivity was greater in girls and
preschool children, and proportional to the length of exposure
to pollutants.
20220
Gusev, M. I.
NEW STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF LOW LEAD CONCEN-
TRATIONS ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM. In: Limits of Al-
lowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. V. A.
Ryazanov (ed.), Book 5, Washington, D. C., U. S. Public
Health Service, March 1962, p. 19-28. 19 refs. (Translated by
B. S. Levine.)
In view of existing disagreements on the mechanism of
porophyrin metabolism disturbances caused by exposure to
lead, urine samples from 100 children living in the vicinity of a
cable plant and from 11 children living in the vicinity of a lead
smelting plant were analyzed for coproporphyrin. The results
were compared with coproporphyrin elimination in 100 chil-
dren living in a section of the city free of lead discharging in-
dustrial plants. Coproporphyrin eliminated in the first group of
children ranged from 3.38 to 15.80 micron, with an average of
8.19 micron per eight-hr period. The minimum coproporphyrin
elimination in the group exceeded that of the control group by
1.5 micron; the maximum, by 4.11 micron; and the average, by
1.69 micron. The average diuresis was 244 ml. Among the chil-
dren from the area of the smelter, the average diuresis was
257 ml. Corproporphyrin ranged from 3.87 to 31.07 micron,
with an average of 10.74 micron. As compared with the control
group, minium indexes rose by 2.03 to 3.87 micron and max-
imum, by 11.05 to 31.07 micron. In the control group,
coproporphyrin was 2.03 to 11.05 micron. The amount
eliminated per eight-hr periods was about 6.5 micron, with an
average diuresis of 223 ml. In further studies, the average uri-
nary lead content of 56 children residing near a lead smelter
was found to be 0.023 mg/1 as compared with 0.015 mg/1 in
control children.
20221
Shalamberidze, O. P.
LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION OF LEAD
SULFIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Limits of Allowable
Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. V. A. Ryazanov (ed.),
Book 5, Washington, D. C., U. S. Public Health Service, March
1962, p. 29-38. 12 refs. (Translated by B. S. Levine.)
Limits of allowable lead sulfide concentrations were developed
on the basis of determinations of actual concentrations present
in the air around a lead ore concentrating plant and studies of
the effect of exposure to lead sulfide in laboratory animals.
The concentrations of lead ranged from 18.8 micrograms/cu m
at a distance of 250 meters to 1.3 micrograms/cu m at 500 me-
ters; the concentrations of lead-containing dust, from 1.24
micrograms/cu m at 250 meters to 0.69 micrograms/cu m at
500 meters. Distribution of the lead sulfide was found to be in-
fluenced by wind velocity and direction, as well as by at-
mospheric piscipitatio Analysis of lead ore concentrate dust
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
15
showed that its toxic component was PbS. Rats exposed to
48.3 micrograms/cu m of ore dust six hours daily for six
months exhibited conditioned reflex shifts, which differed with
the typological characteristics of the rat's higher nervous ac-
tivity pattern. No shifts in higher nervous activity were ob-
served in rats exposed to 13.5 micrograms/cu m of lead sul-
fide. Brain tissues of exposed rats showed the presence of
dystrophic changes in isolated ganglia cells. No changes at-
tributable to lead poisoning were seen in internal organs or
blood. It is suggested that the allowable 24-hr concentration of
lead sulfide be set at 1.7 micrograms/cu m and that the lead
ore concentration plant be surrounded by a sanitary clearance
zone not less than 500 meters wide.
24428
Noweir, Madbuli H. and Emil A. Pfitzer
EVALUATION OF COPROPORPHYRIN IN URINE FROM
WORKERS EXPOSED TO LEAD. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,
31(4):492-500, July-Aug. 1970. 51 refs. (Presented at the Amer-
ican Industrial Hygiene Association Conference, Denver, Colo.,
May 11-16, 1969.)
Studies were undertaken to evaluate the urinary
coproporphyrin test as an economical routine method for
identifying individual workers absorbing excessive quantities
of lead and to evaluate the relationship between the concentra-
tion of coproporphyrin in urine and the concentration of lead
in air. Lead was determined in particulate matter removed
from 200 to 300 liters of air at a lead oxide plant, a lead sol-
dering operation in a canning plant, two lead battery plants,
and two lead smelters. Twenty-four hour samples of urine
were collected from all the exposed 171 workers, and from a
control group of 77 workers employed in an iron foundry and
in a plastics molding plant. The average concentration of
coproporphyrin in the urine of groups of workers increased
with the average concentration of lead to which they were ex-
posed. However, the correlation between atmospheric lead and
coproporphyrin levels in urine did not appear to follow any
simple curvilinear relationship, particularly for workers ex-
posed to excessively high concentration of urinary
coproporphyrin and periods of exposure. Only when the mea-
surement of lead in blood cannot be obtained, the use of the
relatively simple determination of coproporphyrin in urine and
lead in air, together, but not separately, may provide the basis
for reasonable hygienic control in the lead trades, if accom-
panied by the appropriate medical supervision. (Author ab-
stract modified)
28452
Khachatryan, M. K.
ACCUMULATION OF LEAD IN TEST ANIMALS IN,CON-
NECTION WITH ADX POLLUTION. (Nakopleniye svintsa v
organizme podopytnykh zhivotnykh v svyazi s zagryaz-
neniyem atmosfernogo vozdukha). Text in Russian. Gigiena i
Sanit., no. 1:12-16, 1955. 7 refs.
Eighteen rabbits exposed for 3 months to polluted air in the
vicinity of a nonferrous metallurgy installation were examined.
Spectral analysis of bone, liver and muscle tissue revealed in-
creased levels of lead in exposed animals. Eating food grown
in the polluted area was demonstrated as a secondary route of
heavy- metal intake.
28847
Smirnov, D. D.
X-RAY DETECTION OF LEAD-CARRIER STATE AMONG
CHILDREN LIVING IN THE VICINITY OF A LEAD
PROCESSING PLANT. (Vyyavleniye s pomoshch'yu rent-
genografii nositel 'stva svintsa u detey, prozhivayushchikh v
okrestnostyakh zavoda, pererabatyvayushchego svinets). Text
in Russian. Gigiena i Sank., 27(10):8-11, Oct. 1962. 10 refs.
X-ray examination of 511 children attending kindergartens and
nurseries in the vicinity of a lead processing plant revealed in-
filtration bands due to lead at zones of preliminary calcificatio
in thigh, shin, forearm, and hand bones in 64 cases. Significant
levels of urinary lead were found in 21 cases, trace amounts in
6. Analysis of 60 soil samples showed 0.056-0.81% lead, while
15 cabbages grown in this soil contained lead in amounts of
0.152-0.4% ash content.
31528
Engel, R. E., D. I. Hammer, R. J. M. Horton, N. M. Lane,
and L. A. Plumlee
ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD AND PUBLIC HEALTH. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N. C., Air
Pollution Control Office, APCO Pub-AP-90; 34p., March 1971.
79 refs. NTIS: PB 199058
The major public health problems associated with lead in the
environment and the respective roles of the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare and the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency are briefly summarized. A discussion of lead
metabolism and toxicology in man includes absorption, intoxi-
cation, and a presentation of areas for further research. Lead
in the diet and in consumer goods is traced to natural sources,
such as fruits, vegetables, and fish; the drinking water,
through water supplies and water pipes; and manufactured
sources, i.e., ceramic glazes, moonshine, color additives and
hair dyes, and cigarettes. Lead in the air is covered by discus-
sions on the distribution of ambient lead particles; the relation-
ship of particle size to deposition in the lungs; sources of at-
mospheric lead, such as primary and secondary lead smelters,
other industries, combustion of coal and fuel oil, incineration,
and automotive exhaust; measurement of atmospheric lead
through sample collection and analysis; and atmospheric sur-
veillance. Lead in occupational exposures, specifically small
shops operations, and its reporting for diagnosis, and lead
poisoning in children are examined. Proposed community con-
trol programs are presented.
32842
McCaull, Julian
BUILDING A SHORTER LIFE. Environment, 13(7):2-15, 38-
41, Sept. 1971.48 refs.
Cadmium pollution of the environment is reviewed with
respect to basic characteristics, emission sources, uses, con-
centration levels, and effects on human health. Cadmium dust,
fumes, and mist are emitted during the refining of zinc,
copper, and lead, as well as during extraction of cadmium.
These processes released an estimated 2.1 million pounds (45%
of total emissions) into the air in 1968. The single largest
source was the roasting and sintering of zinc concentrates. In-
cineration or disposal of cadmium-containing products con-
tributed 52% of total emissions. The processes included elec-
troplating, recycling of scrap steel, melting down scrapped au-
tomobile radiators, and incineration of solid wastes. Cadmium
concentrations in the waterways, tap water, food, vegetation,
soils, and certain commercial products (fertilizers) were deter-
mined. The toxicity of cadmium, levels of ingestion and reten-
tion in the body, and correlation with hypertension, liver
damage, bone disease, emphysema in industrial workers,
cancer, and kidney impairment are examined.
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16
PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
34709
Williams, Michael
LEAD POLLUTION ON TRIAL. New Scientist Sci. J.,
51(768):578-580, Sept. 9, 1971. 7 refs.
Because it has a long biological half-time in the body, lead is a
cumulative agent. However, this renders lead less hazardous,
for it allows time for measurement, assessment, and suitable
action, if necessary. The central nervous system may certainly
be involved in severe lead poisoning, but again there is no
evidence that it is affected by lower levels of lead absorption,
either in adults or in children. While rising lead contamination
could be a factor in mental illness, which has also been in-
dicated to be increasing particularly among the young, little ac-
tual evidence has been produced to indicate that either lead
contamination or mental illness is increasing. It is misleading
to imply that certain industrial areas have higher lead levels
due to automobile emissions than non-urban areas when indus-
tries such as a single lead smelter could be equally at fault.
34850
Myerson, Ralph M. and John E. Eisenhauer
ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION DEFECTS IN LEAD
POISONING. Am. J. Cardiol., vol. 11:409-412, March 1963. 7
refs.
Two lead smelters hospitalized with lead poisoning manifested
disturbances in atrioventricular conduction. In one patient, the
lead levels were highest. A gradual return to a normal interval
occurred during hospitalization and following edathamil calci-
um disodium (EDTA) therapy. In the second patient, ectopic
atrial pacemakers, at times associated with prolongation of the
P-R interval, dominated the electrocardiographic abnormality.
The electrocardiogram returned to normal after hospitalization
and EDTA treatment. Recurrences followed re-exposure to
lead. Increased vagal tone produced by lead appears the most
likely mechanism for the conduction effects. Blood lead values
and 24-hr urinary values during EDTA treatment are tabulated.
35704
Stoefen, Detlev
POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE WITH LEAD AND ITS
EFFECT ON PUBLIC HEALTH. (Die Verunreinigung der at-
mosphaerischen Luft mit Blei und ihr Einfluss auf die Gesund-
heit der Bevoelkerung). Text in German. Zentralbl. Ar-
beitsmed. Arbeitsschutz (Darmstadt), vol. 13:39-40, Feb. 1963.
A storage battery factory in Germany was found to emit 5.7 kg
lead into the atmosphere in 24 hours; a tin smeltery, 14.7 kg.
The median daily lead concentration 500 to 700 m from the
battery factory was four times the maximum permissible level
of 0.0007 mg/cu m; 1500 m from the tin smeltery the at-
mospheric level was six times the maximum permissible level.
High concentrations also prevail inside the plants. Persons ex-
posed for long periods of time to a lead-polluted atmosphere
manifested a higher than normal incidence of gastrointestinal,
cardiovascular, and nervous diseases. Tissue studies on
chickens have disclosed that lead is accumulated in the organ-
ism. Removal of lead from industrial emissions by electrofil-
ters must therefore be strictly enforced. Cases of lead poison-
ing of children living in the vicinity of a lead smeltery are re-
ported. In one case 100 micrograms/% lead were found in the
blood and 520 micrograms/% coproporphyrin in the urine.
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17
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
10318
C. losif
ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEAD POISONING IN CATTLE.
((L'intoxication augue et chronique par le plomb chez les bo-
bins.)) Text in French. Rec. Med. Vet. Ecole Alfort (Par- is),
142(2):95-106, Feb. 1966. 23 refs.
Three cases of acute plumbism in cows are detailed: one of a
six-year-old cow who accidentally ate about 100 gm of lead (in
1956); the second of a 12-year-old cow who accidentally ate a
packet containing about 100 gm of lead used in painting; and
the third of a three-week-old heifer who licked a freshly
painted bucket. Route of exposure to lead can be gastroin-
testinal following deposition of lead fumes (lead oxide, sulfide,
and sulfate) on pasturage and in exposed drinking water, or
respiratory following the inhalation of such fumes. The
presence of CO2 in the respiratory tract is thought to provide
a favorable situation for the dissolution of lead and the forma-
tion of soluble lead complexes. One author has calculated that
12% of respired lead is absorbed into the organism, while only
1-2% of ingested lead is absorbed. In an industrial Romanian
village, where the air is loaded with 104-125 mg of lead (by
sedimentation method), the geographic and climatic conditions
combine to pool the fumes from a lead refinery. The zone of
pollution extends 1 km N.E. and 2 km N.W. of the town.
Snow sampling reveals 0.4-7.02 mg/sq m/month of lead. The
particulate pollution is believed to be about 1,200,000 per sq m
at ground level, and up to 200,000 particles per sq m at 40 m
above the ground. Cows raised in this area are estimated to eat
26 mg of lead in 100 gm of herbage, but near the plant they
may eat 0.07-0.16% lead by weight. Poisoning (in eight chronic
cases) is exhibited as cachexia, decreased milk production,
pale mucosa, and enteritis with alternating constipation and
diarrhea. More severe cases (12) exhibit colic, muscular
twitches, and nervous complaints. Illness in these latter cases
appears in 2-4 days, while, in the former cases, it may take a
week or several months. Blood samples in two severe cases
show the red blood cell level is decreased by almost 50%, as
are the thrombocyte and hemoglobin levels. Prognosis in the
described cases is routinely unfavorable, and the animals are
sacrificed. Treatment in the severe cases is with EDTA (92
mg/150 kg body weight) as well as vitamins C and Bl. Such
therapy, used since 1963, will lower the plumbemia to 28%,
and permits an economic use of the affected animals. Atten-
tion is drawn to providing fodder which is low in lead and rich
in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins; cows should not be
pastured near lead factories and should not be watered with
contaminated lake or stream water.
11467T
Miessner, H.
DAMAGE TO ANIMALS CAUSED BY INDUSTRY AND
TECHNOLOGY. ((Schadigung der Tienvelt durch Industrie
und Technik.)) Translated from German. Deut. Tieraerztl.
Wochschr., 39, p. 340-345, 1931. 26 refs.
Pollution of the air and damage to feed plants, and the result-
ing diseases of humans and animals, are extremely frequent in
regions where ore-processing metallurgical plants are located.
The fumes being produced during roasting and melting of the
ore are usually bonded to sulfur and arsenic; consequently the
smoke contains considerable quantities of SO2 and As2O3.
This smoke most affects cattle. Acute arsenic intoxication
becomes manifest in the form of vomiting and diarrhea,
caustic injuries to the gastric mucosa, and fatty degeneration
of the liver. In chronic cases, increasing cachexia, eczema and
weakening resembling paralysis are observed. The metallic ele-
ments in the fly dust, moreover, can lead to harmful in-
digestion. During acute lead poisoning, stomach distress is ob-
served, as well as spastic movements. Chronic lead intoxica-
tion leads to a general malaise combined with abortion, lead
colic, muscular pain, epilepsy, and paralysis. The red blood
corpuscles show a partial basophilic granulation. Hydrofluoric
acid fumes from foundries and plants producing artificial fer-
tilizers dissolve the calcium in the bones, and chronic calcium
degradation and softening of the bones are the consequences.
As a result of an air pollution episode in Luttich, damage by
foundry smoke in fog caused hundreds of persons to fall ill
and 63 to die, mostly within 1 to 2 days. Hardest hit were
asthmatic and heart patients, and persons suffering from
bronchitis. Copper intoxication was observed in sheep and cat-
tle as a result of spraying orchards with lime and copper.
26276
Guss, Samuel B.
CONTAMINATION OF DAIRY FEEDS BY AIR POLLUTION.
Milk Food. Technol., 33(12):553, 561, 567, Dec. 1970.
Where industry is encroaching upon land used for production
of feed and forage crops, air pollution of forage for dairy cat-
tle is already a serious problem. In Pennsylvania, lead poison-
ing and serious metabolic disease resulting from lime plant
stack effluents have caused losses on dairy and beef cattle
farms. Dairy cattle in the vicinity of lime plants have a very
high incidence of milk fever, infertility, and bone abnormali-
ties. Brood cows in a purebread beef cattle herd experienced
ovarian cysts and osteopetrosis. Lime dust also affects the pH
of the digestive tract to a great extent limiting digestion and
absorption of some components of the diet. In two farms in
Berks County, pastures close to lead smelters contained
enough lead dust contamination on grass to kill cows. Ef-
fluents must be constantly monitored and the attitudes of the
offenders must be changed by stiff penalties. Deposition of
lead from gasoline exhaust may be an important factor in-
fluencing the health of animals living on farms along heavily
traveled highways. Molybdenum and fluorine also have been
involved in problems which have caused severe losses in a few
cattle herds. (Author abstract modified)
27118
Hammond, P. B. and A. L. Aronson
LEAD POISONING IN CATTLE AND HORSES IN THE
VICINITY OF A SMELTER. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol.
111:595-611, 1964. 10 refs.
An outbreak of lead poisoning near a smelter is described.
Fatalities in horses and cattle occurred. Data presented con-
-------
18
PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
cern the pattern and degree of contamination in animals and
vegetation. The daily intake of approximately 6-7 mg Pb/kg ap-
pears to be close to the minimum which eventually gives rise
to signs of poisoning in cattle. Horses appear to be somewhat
more susceptible. Even under conditions of chronic lead in-
take, the syndrome in cattle generally is acute or per-acute.
The concentration of lead in milk is linearly related to the con-
centration in blood cells at a ratio Pb cells/Pb milk of approxi-
mately 23. Evidence is presented indicating that relief of the
burden of lead in tissues with EDTA therapy following chronic
intake of the metal is a hazardous procedure. Data gathered by
the Minnesota State Health Department during this episode in-
dicate that people in the area and their wate supply were not
affected. (Author summary)
28948
Pelz, Eberhart, Horst Beyer, and Gerhard Bleyer
THE DIAGNOSIS AND EFFECTS OF SMOKE DAMAGE IN
THE VICINITY OF A LEAD SMELTERY. (Untersuchungen
zur Diagnose und Wirkung von Rauchschadden in der Um-
gebung einer Bleihuette). Text in German. Wiss. Z. Tech.
Univ. Dresden, 12(1):209-216, 1963. 10 refs.
The effects of extreme smoke emission from a lead smelting
plant situated 340 m above sea level with a median yearly tem-
perature of 7.7 C and an annual precipitation of 868 mm on the
surrounding woods were studied by analyzing the air using the
Liesegang method, by conimetric determination of dust emis-
sion, by soil analysis for the presence of arsenic, and by Haer-
tel's turbidity test A positive, statistically significant correla-
tion coefficient (0.83) was found to exist between the number
of dust particles per liter of air and the median sulfur content
of air samples from nine locations. The damage to vegetation
was greatest where continuous SO2 emission was compounded
by considerable As soil concentrations. Deciduous trees were
generally more resistant than conifers. Birches were most re-
sistant of all tree varieties. Severe damage was confined to a
distance of 1 km from the source.
32224
Schucht, F., H. H. Baetge, and M. Dueker
SOtt ANALYSES IN THE SMOKE DAMAGED AREA OF
THE METALLURGICAL PLANT OKER IN UNTERHARZ.
(Ueber bodenkundliche Aufnahmen im Rauchschadengebiet
der Unterharzer Huettenwerke Oker). Text in German. Land-
wirt. Jahrb., vol. 76:51-98, 1932. 39 refs.
The metallurgical plants in Oker primarily emit sulfur dioxide,
nitrous acid, and carbon dioxide. The effect of these emissions
on the soil was determined by taking soil samples, profile sam-
ples, and individual samples at 42 points. The area has primari-
ly clay soil interspersed with sand and gravel. The soil was
studied to determine the absorption, permeability, and
coherence. Hydrochloric acid extracts were analyzed to deter-
mine if changes had occurred because of the pollutants. With
prevailing west winds, an extensive area receives the emis-
sions from the metallurgical plants. In all samples, an en-
richment of the sulfates (in the form of calcium sulfate) was
found. This cannot cause soil damage since the quantities are
too small. With the influence of SO2 and CO2, the soil loses
its alkalinity. However, the soil contained so much calcium the
SO2 became bound. Iron sulfates, which form only without al-
kalinity, could not be determined. Within a belt of one to one
and one half km wide, hardly anything grew. This belt was fol-
lowed by a zone (2 km from the emission source) where the
root crops were still heavily damaged. Between three and
three and one half km from the emission source, the effect of
the pollutants was weak. Also the metals copper, lead, zinc,
and arsenic were found in the soil; they are mostly insoluble,
and thus are harmless compounds.
32736
Schmitt, Nicholas, Gordon Brown, E. Larry Devlin, Anthony
A. Larsen, E. Douglas McCausland, and J. Maxwell Saville
LEAD POISONING IN HORSES. Arch. Environ. Health, vol.
23:185-197, Sept. 1971. 13 refs.
Five elements (lead, zinc, fluorine, arsenic, and cadmium)
were investigated in the vicinity of a smelter; excessive
amounts of lead in ingested forage were considered to be the
primary cause of a chronic debilitating disorder in six horses.
The high lead levels in forage were related to the presence of
lead in surface soil accumulated from emissions of a nearby
smelter. Young horses were found to have a significantly
higher susceptibility to the effects of lead than older horses
and cattle. The role played by high concentrations of zinc in
local grasses is not fully understood. The possibility of a
synergistic effect of zinc and other trace elements on animal
health deserves further study. While elevated fluoride content
in some of the grasses tested was evident, fluorosis was ruled
out as a cause of illness in the affected animals. Testing of
local ambient air and drinking water for all five elements stu-
died showed values to be well within acceptable limits. The
same applied to the testing of most locally produced foods of
animal and vegetable origin. A few species of leafy vegetables
were the only human foodstuffs in which, occasionally, signifi-
cantly elevated contents of lead and some of the other trace
elements studied were found. However, the possibility of any
health hazard related to their consumption was considered ex-
tremely remote. Human urine specimens and cattle were also
studied.
33112
Rains, D. W.
LEAD ACCUMULATION BY WILD OATS (AVENA FATUA)
IN A CONTAMINATED AREA. Nature (London),
233(5316):210-211, Sept. 17, 1971. 12 refs.
Wild oats growing in the Benicia-Vallejo area, exposed for 70
years to lead emissions from a smelter, were examined for
lead accumulation. Initially, during the period of rapid growth
(April-June), the lead concentrations decreased, but then in-
creased substantially during ripening until autumn, when the
plants were completely air-dry. The increase continued, ac-
celerating after heavy rains in October and November, and
reached a peak in December. Lead contamination hi the new
growth (1970-1971) was similar to that in the early samples of
the 1970 season. To investigate the effect of rain, a series of
leaching experiments were conducted on dried straw. The
results of the experiments are tabulated.
33331
Guenther, Hans
FEEDING EXPERIMENTS IN HORSES AND A SHEEP WITH
FUME DEPOSITS FROM A LEAD WORKS IN GERMANY.
(Fuetterungsversuche mit Flugstaub einer MetaUhuette an
Pferden und einem Schaf). Text in German. Tieraerztliche
Hochschule, Hannover (Germany), Thesis (D. Vet. Med.),
47p., 1954.38 refs. / /
The symptoms of three colts (swollen joints, weight loss, lead
content in the liver of 0.2 mg) who grazed in the vincinity of a
lead smelter led to feeding experiments on a colt and one
sheep. Straw obtained 1100 m from the lead smelter and fly
ash with 44.79% lead, 8.20% sulfur, 0.22% arsenic, 5.21% zinc
and 5.60% chlorine was fed to the animals. The colt received
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
19
15 to 20 g fly ash per day, the sheep 2 to 24 g. The experi-
ments lasted for 3 months with the colt and for more than one
month with the sheep. Toward the end of the experimental
period, the colt suffered heavy paralysis which caused swal-
lowing difficulties and, as a consequence, pneumonia. The
lead content in the liver was significantly increased while that
of the sheep remained the same. The joints of the colt were
also damaged. In similar feeding experiments with fly ash from
another plant, the clinical symptoms of lead poisoning wer ab-
sent and only the bones of the joints were damaged. This dif-
ference occurred because fly ash from the lead smelter con-
tamed almost three times as much lead as that from the other
plant.
33362
Aronson, Arthur L.
BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF LEAD IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 61(2):110-113, 1971. 21 refs.
Sources of lead and their effects on domestic animals are
reviewed. A daily intake of six to seven mg/kg constitutes a
minimum cumulative fatal dosage of lead for cattle, represent-
ing a concentration of approximately 300 ppm lead in the total
diet. Horses grazing on pastures adjacent to a lead smelter
were poisoned by eating hay containing 2.4 mg/kg/day of lead;
the minimal toxic dose is 2 mg/kg/day. The horses, however,
eat roots as well as forage, and the soil near the smelters con-
tains more lead than the forage itself. Symptoms of lead
poisoning include derangement of the central nervous system,
gastrointestinal tract, muscular system, and hemopoietic
system. The syndrome in cattle appears as depression, anorex-
ia, colic, and maniacal excitement. Sheep exhibit depression,
anorexia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Anemia is common
during chronic ingestion. Horses knuckle at the fetlocks and
have laryngeal paralysis. The effect of lead poisoning on the
pregnant animal is discussed.
35880
Kerin, D.
DELIMITATION OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS BY MEANS
OF PLANT ANALYSIS. Protectio Vitae, 16(5):201-202, Oct.
1971. 13 refs.
Vegetation damage in areas surrounded by metallurgical and
industrial plants are mainly caused by sulfur dioxide and
fluorine compounds. Plants are much more sensitive than hu-
mans or animals to SO2. Many plant varieties show signs of
damage at a concentration of 0.3 ppm SO2. Fluorine and it
compounds are particularly injurious to cherries, grapes,
plums, various ornamental plants, and vegetables. The Ontario
variety of apples is very susceptible. Visible damage to
buildings is also caused by this group of pollutants. For deter-
mination of the effect of the above pollutants on vegetation,
needle samples were taken in September and October'in pol-
luted areas and compared to needle samples from unpolluted
regions. First and second year needles were separated.
Average samples were taken from 100 grams dried needles.
Sulfate, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese were determined.
Plants taken from the immediate vicinity of a glass work were
heavily contaminated with fluorine. Concentrations of 4.0 to 25
mg F/kg dried basis were measured. The sulfur concentration
was between 0.50 to 1.5% (natural concentration is 0.20%).
The lead concentration ranged from 24 to 1.136 mg Pb/kg
(natural concentration is 3.0 mg Pb/kg dried needles). The zinc
content ranged from 136 to 495 mg Zn/kg dried needles; in un-
polluted areas it is 28 to 75 mg Zn/kg.
39690
Ebaugh, W. Clarence
GASES VS. SOLIDS: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INJURI-
OUS INGREDIENTS OF SMELTER SMOKE. J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 29(7):951-970, July 1907. 4 refs.
The relative effects of sulfur dioxide and flue dusts in smelter
smoke upon vegetation were investigated in the Salt Lake City
area to assess the damages due to emission from lead and
copper smelters. The concentrations of SO2 were monitored,
and the effects of free SO2, sulfuric acid, SO2 in aqueous
solutions, and dilute solutions of H2S04 were individually ex-
amined. Flue dust samples were analyzed for percent content
of moisture, sulfur trioxide, iron, copper, insolubles (silicon
dioxide), lead, arsenic, and zinc. Many repeated applications
of SO2 in concentrations present in the air of a smelting dis-
trict were needed to cause injury, the degree of which was de-
pendent on humidity. Solutions of H2S04, if present to the ex-
tent of 1.38 g/1 or stronger, caused marked corrosion. Solu-
tions of flue dusts sprayed upon plants resulted in very severe
corrosion. Soil mixtures containing 20% of the flue dust, when
applied to plants, also caused very bad corrosion.
47766
Wentzel, Karl Friedrich
FINDINGS RELATING TO SMOKE DAMAGE BASED ON A
STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF DEFECT IN FILTERING AND
ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT OF A LEAD SMELTERY.
(Rauchschadenkundliche Lehren der Untersuchung von Wir-
kungen eines Ausfalles von Filter und Absorptionsanlagen
einer Bleihuette). Wiss. Z. Tech. Univ. Dresden, ll(3):581-588,
1962. 23 refs. (Presented at the Working Session of Forestry
Experts on Smoke Damage, 3rd Inter., Tharandt, West Ger-
many, May 24-27, 1971.) Translated from German. Translation
Consultants, Inc., Arlington, Va., 26p.
The research methodology of an investigation of smoke
damage to forests near a West German lead smelter is
discussed. A successful diagnosis of smoke damage to forests
is dependent on an effective combination of various diagnostic
methods. Proposals for the prevention, or at least a decrease
in damages, should be inherent in determining the degree of
damage caused by smoke to forests. A historical background
to the problem of smoke damage to forests caused by smelting
plants is presented, and installations to prevent emissions are
considered. Descriptions or photographs of typical symptoms
of damage may provide clear indications of acute effects, but
they become truly valuable only for assessing smoke damage
with regard to range, zoning, and intensity of damage, if they
can be brought into correlation with the geography of the terri-
tory and local wind frequencies which depend on meteorologi-
cal conditions. Chemical analysis of leaves, turbidity tests, soil
analysis, and analysis of the atmosphere are discussed, in ad-
dition to determination of the degree of damage and
prophylaxis and therapy.
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20
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
30696
LeSourd, D. A., M. E. Fogel, A. R. Schleicher, T. E.
Bingham, R. W. Gerstle, E. L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SPECIFIED AIR POLLU-
TION SOURCES TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. VOL. I. (FINAL REPORT).
Research Triangle Inst., Durham, N. C., Operations Research
and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA 70-60, RTI Proj.
OU-534, Kept. FR-OU-534, 395p., Dec. 1970. 328 refs. NTIS:
PB 197647
Air pollution control costs for mobile sources are presented on
a national basis and in terms of unit investment and annual
operating and maintenance costs as well as total annual operat-
ing and maintenance costs. The analyses cover the estimated
emissions and control costs for new cars for Fiscal Year 1967
through Fiscal Year 1976. Control costs for each stationary
source, except for residential heating, are shown for 298
metropolitan areas by investment and annual expenditures by
Fiscal Year 1976. The impact of control on selected industries
and the Nation are also determined. Finally, an extensive
bibliography is included. The pollutants from mobile sources
selected for analysis are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and particulates. The six pollutants for which
control cost estimates are made for stationary sources are par-
ticulates, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
fluorides, and lead. Emission standards applied are considered
stringent in comparison with many currently in use throughout
the Nation. Mobile sources include automobiles and light and
heavy-duty trucks. Stationary sources studied include solid
waste disposal, commercial and institutional heating plants, in-
dustrial boilers, residential heating plants, steam- electric
power plants, asphalt batching, brick and tile, coal cleaning,
cement, elemental phosphorus, grain handling and milling
(animal feed), gray iron, iron and steel, kraft (sulfate) pulp,
lime, petroleum products and storage, petroleum refineries,
phosphate fertilizer, primary non-ferrous metallurgy (alu-
minum, copper, lead and zinc), rubber (tires), secondary non-
ferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and varnish. Data essential
for defining metropolitan areas, emission control standards,
and relevant process and air pollution control engineering
characteristics required to support the cost analyses for each
source and the cost impact on each industrial process are
presented and analyzed in separate appendixes to this report.
(Author abstract modified)
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21
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
02010
E.A.J. Mahler
STANDARDS OF EMISSION UNDER THE ALKALI ACT.
Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. Paper
IH/12). PP. 73-6.
The evolution of standards of emission under the Alkali Act
over the past 100 years is briefly reviewed. The necessity for
considering heights of discharge of pollutants as well as their
concentration in the emissions and mass rates of discharge to
atmosphere is stressed. It is also indicated that standards
should be simply and clearly expressed in such a manner that
their due observance can readily be checked by short and sim-
ple tests. An outline is given of the principles adopted in arriv-
ing at the current standards and these, both in regard to con-
centrations in emissions and heights of discharge, are listed.
The aurhor expresses the personal view that present ten-
dencies in ever increasing size of production units and com-
plexity of operations on one site must inevitably lead to neces-
sity in the future further to reduce emissions. Because of the
cost of such a step he suggests that setting up and adoption of
international standards is a desirable end. (Author abstract)
06581
RESTRICTING DUST AND SULPHUR-DIOXIDE EMISSION
FROM LEAD SMELTERS. (Auswurfbegrenzung Bleihutten.)
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) {Commission Reinhaltung der
Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany (Sept. 1961.) 29 pp. Ger. (Tr.) (VDI
2285.)
Descriptions of installations and processes for the production
of lead which lead to the formation of sulfur dioxide and dust
are presented. Factors influencing dust and sulfur dioxide
emissions, means of reducing these emissions, and established
limits and guide values for permissible dust emissions from
new installations are discussed. A list of VDI Clean Air Com-
mittee specifications is given9
06778
(INDUSTRY AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN GREAT
BRITAIN.) Industrie et pollution atmospherique en Grande
Bretagne. Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherique, Paris, France. (1967.) 6 pp. Fr. (Rept.
No. CI 310.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.)
A summary of the basis of governmental action in Great
Britain in the struggle against industrial emissions is outlined.
The regulations imposed by the 'Alkali Act' are in most cases
based on 'the most practical means.' Standards are given for
chimney heights. Statutory limits are given for various materi-
als emitted such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, arsenic, antimony, cadmium, and
lead. The construction of tall buildings tends to reduce the
benefits obtained by tall chimneys. A better knowledge of the
effects of pollutants should be obtained so as not to burden in-
dustry with unnecessary expense in their control. It is urged
that international standards for emission be adopted.
14443
Knop, W.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN NON-FERROUS METAL IN-
DUSTRIES. II. PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
OF THE NON-FERROUS METAL INDUSTRY AND EMIS-
SION STANDARDS. (Luftreinhaltung im NE-Metall-Betrieb. II.
Staub-und gasfoermige Emissionen der NE-Metallindustrie und
die Emissionsbegrenzung.) Text in German. Metall.,
22(12):1266-1271, Dec. 1968. 21 refs.
In this review article, the West German air pollution laws and
regulations as applied to metallurgical plants are compiled and
discussed. In the aluminum industry, dust arises both in the
production of aluminum oxide from bauxite and in the elec-
trolytic furnaces. The most dangerous component of the waste
gas is fluoride of which the maximum allowable concentration
is 2.5 mg/cu m. Lead refineries emit considerable amounts of
dust, up to 15 g/cu m waste gas, which contains metal com-
pounds in the form of sulfates, oxides, sulfides, and coke
dust. The pollutants originating in the various steps of lead
production are discussed in detail. The threshold limit value
(TLV) of lead is 0.2 mg/cu m. Electrometallurgical furnaces
for iron and steel alloys emit very fine dusts (less than 0.4
micrometer), typically up to 250 kg/hr at 10,000 kva capacity.
Metal oxides predominate, especially iron and silicon oxides.
The waste gases of copper ore refineries contain mostly fly
dust and sulfur compounds. The dust contains copper, zinc,
and sulfur. Typical concentrations at various stages are listed.
The TLV of copper is 1 mg/cu m. Emissions of zinc plants are
listed, and waste gas and soot emissions of oil, coke, and coal
furnaces are discussed in detail. Special problems are posed by
scrap metal refineries, where plastics and varnishes cause air
pollution. Typical examples are cited.
-------
22
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
06863
E. A. B. Birse
ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND ANNUAL REPORT ON AL-
KALI &C. WORKS, 1965. Ministry of Housing and Local
Government, Edinburgh, Scotland, Dept. of Scottish Develop-
ment. (Feb. 28, 1966). 91 pp.
The 102nd annual report on alkali and works was given to the
Secretary of State for Wales, and to the Minister of Housing
and Local Government, also to the Secretary of State for
Scotland. The report, which is on the work done during the
year 1965, in the reduction of air pollution by industrial
processes, covers the following areas: (1) chemical and allied
industries, (2) metal industries, (3) fuel industries and, (4) a
group of miscellaneous works. Statistical information is in-
cluded in appendices.
17927
Thayer, J. M.
THE CONTROL OF GRIT, DUST, AND FUME EMISSIONS
FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. Conf. Filtration Soc.,
Dust Control Air Cleaning Exhibition, London, 1969, p. 10-15.
8 ref s. (Sept. 23-25.)
Atmospheric pollution from industrial sources in England and
Wales are controlled in part by the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and
1968 and the Alkali Act of 1906. The 1956 Clean Air Act
prescribes standards for the emission of smoke from chimneys
and prohibits smoke darker than Ringelmann 2, except for cer-
tain specified periods. The 1968 Act adds to this by prohibiting
the emission of dark smoke from industrial and trade premises
as distinct from chimneys. The 1956 Act deals with dust and
soot only in general terms. The 1968 Act, covering emissions
of grit and dust from furnaces, applies to a wide range of fur-
naces burning solid, liquid, or gaseous matter, excluding small
domestic boilers. The recommended standards for furnaces
burning fuel equivalent to 100 to 50,000 Ib per hour of coal are
illustrated graphically. Recommendations are also offered for
reducing grit and dust emissions from cold blast cupolas at
iron foundries. These involve minimizing emissions by suitable
arresters fitted at the top of the shaft or dispersing fumes
from chimneys not less than 120-ft high. The Alkali Act is a
measure to control emissions from virtually all the heavy
chemical industries, the fine chemical industry, petroleum
refining, and petro-chemicals, nonferrous metallurgy, iron and
steel production, power stations, coke and gas works, and cer-
tain ceramic and lime works. The Act provides for the
establishment of grit, dust, and fume emission standards and
requires suitable equipment for obtaining these standards. Ar-
restment to a specific standard by dispersal of waste gases at
inadequate height is given in some detail for cement works,
iron and steel works, lead works, and electricity works.
44265
Gabrisch, R.
DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECTS OF LEGAL REGULATIONS
CONCERNING METALLURGICAL PLANTS AND REMELT-
ING PLANTS. (Entwicklung und Auswirkung behoerdlicher
Auflagen fuer Metallhuetten und Umschmelzwerke). Text in
German. Preprint, Gesellschaft Deutscher Metallhuetten und
Bergleute, Clausthal-Zellerfeld (West Germany), 12p., 1972.
(Presented at the Gesellschaft Deutscher Metallhuetten und
Bergleute-Hauptversammlung, Stuttgart, West Germany, April
26- 30, 1972.)
One hundred and forty-four metallurgical plants and recasting
plants existed in the Federal Republic and West Berlin in 1971.
The total turnover was about one billion dollars, 0.8% of the
entire industrial turnover. Despite this relatively small fraction
of the total industrial turnover, the expenditures for air pollu-
tion control measures are remarkable. The new regulations
which became effective in 1971 tie the licensing of all melting
plants for non-ferrous metals to the presence of the most
modern air pollution cleaning facilities. Vacuum melting plants
and melting plants for up to 50 kg light metals or 200 kg heavy
metals and melting plants for precious metals are excluded. In
1964 the Technical Directives for the Maintenance of Clean
Air (TAL) were enacted. They demanded that the sulfur diox-
ide emissions by lead and zinc plants be reduced as far as
possible by passing the roasting and sintering gases to a sul-
furic acid production plant. The particulate emissions were
limited to 400 mg/cu m during continuous operation for waste
gases from lead blast furnaces, from lead reverberatory fur-
naces, and from zinc muffle furnaces. The particulate emission
from lead refineries and zinc distillation plants was limited to
200 mg/cu m. Emissions from copper processing could contain
as much as 500 mg/cu m dust In 1966 this limit was reduced
to 300 mg/cu m. For secondary aluminum plants a guideline is
being worked out which will recommend die limitation of the
particulate emissions from all melting aggregates to 150 mg/cu
m and from thermal degreasing plants to 100 mg/cu m. In
secondary zinc and copper plants, the maximum allowable
emission will be limited to 50 mg/cu m because of the toxicity
of zinc and copper. The metal recovery from old cables is con-
nected with emission problems which still require a solution.
At present no cable burning plant in Germany is equipped with
any dust cleaning devices.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
23
AIZENBERG B SH *B-35478
ANTALA *G-11630
ARDEVAN E G-11630
ARGENBRIGHT L P 'B-21309
ARONSON A L H-27118, "H-33362
AVER F A J-30696
B
BAETGE H H H-32224
BAINBRIDGE C A *B-25334
BAINBRIDGE R «B-27639
BEILSTEIN D H A-42726
BELIKOV A G B-35478
BEVERIDGE T R A-34788
BEYER H H-28948
BINGHAM T E J-30696
BIRSE, E A B "L-06863
3LEYER G H-28948
BROWN G H-32736
BRYK, P * A-03982
BUKHANOVSKII D L B-35478
CULHANE, F R *B-08562
HALLOWS R L 'B-25781
HAMMER D I G-31528
HAMMOND P B "H-27118
HAVER F P 'B-22889
HIGH D M A-45858
HILL E L J-30696
HOLMES J A *A-40582
HORTON R J M G-31528
ICHIJO M 'B-26107, *B-35296
IONESCU A G-11630
IOSIF, C *H-10318
K
KARWETA S A-29572
KERIN D 'H-35880
KERIN Z A-34068
KHACHATRYAN M K *G-28452
KIRKPATRICK W S B-23530
KNOP W *K-14443
KONOPKA A P *B-32319
KOP M A-34068
KOVALEV V P B-35478
o
O HARRA B M B-2578I
OGLESBY S JR 'A-26441
OLDRIGHT G L *F-13552
PAKHOTINA, N S 'A-08147
PALUCH J *A-29572
PATTERSON C C »A-26891
PELZ E "H-28948
PFITZER E A G-24428
PLUMLEE L A G-31528
PREBLE B B-21309
PROCTOR P D 'A-34788
R
R interval increased at a *G-34850
RAINS D W 'H-33112
RICHTER U B-32760, B-37750
ROBBINS, R C D-10517
ROBINSON, E 'D-10517
ROHRMAN, F A *A-12074
RUDLING B B-25275
D
DEAN R S *A-32567
DEVLIN E L H-32736
DJURIC D *A-34068
DUEKER M H-32224
EBAUGH W C "H-39690
EISENHAUER J E G-34850
ENGEL R E 'G-31528
FOGEL M E J-30696
FRANKLIN E C A-40582
GABRISCH R "L-44265
GERSTLE R W J-30696
GIBSON, F W 'A-10749
GORDON G M B-35478
GOULD R A A-40582
GRAOVAC LEPOSAVIC L A-34068
GUENTHER H *H-33331
GUSEV M I «G-20220
GUSS S B *H-26276
H
HALLEY J H *A-35224
LANE N M G-31528
LANGE, A 'B-10558
LARSEN A A H-32736
LEPSOE R *B-23530, 'B-32260
LESOURD D A *J-30696
LUDWIG, J H A-12074
LUKEY M E *A-45858
M
MACKIW V N *F-13534
MAHLER, E A J *K-02010
MALMSTROM, R A-03982
MATRAKHIN G A B-35478
MCCAULL J "G-32842
MCCAUSLAND E D H-32736
MCNAY B E A-35224
MIESSNER, H *H-11467
MILLER V F-13552
MISHURIN YA V B-35478
MUNCACIE G-11630
N
NELSON K W *A-30447
NICHOLS G B A-26441
NILSSON F *B-25275
NISHIMARU, M G-03893
NOVAK L A-34068
NOWEIR M H *G-24428
NYHOLM, E A-03982
SANDULACHE L G-11630
SATO, N G-03893
SAVILLE J M H-32736
SCHLEICHER A R J-30696
SCHMITT N 'H-32736
SCHUCHT F 'H-32224
SCHULZ U 'B-32760, »B-37750
SEMRAU K T *B-27597
SHALAMBERIDZE O P 'G-20221
SHO, K G-03893
SMIRNOV D D 'G-28847
STOEFEN D *G-35704
SWAIN R E 'A-24285, A-32567
TANAKA, D G-03893
THAYER J M 'L-17927
TIMARU J G-11630
TRINKS, W B-10558
TSESSARSKU V N B-35478
TSUCHIYA, K *G-03893
U
UCHIDA K B-22889
W
WELCH H V *B-24553
WILLIAMS M 'G-34709
-------
24 PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
WONG M M B-22889 Z
WORCESTER A *A-42726
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
25
ABATEMENT L-44265
ABSORPTION B-35296, D-10517, G-28452,
H-32224, H-47766
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) A-12751,
A-12823, A-32S67, B-23530, B-24321,
B-25275, B-27597, B-32260, B-40760,
E-12777
ACETIC ACID G-03893
ACIDS A-08147, A-10749, A-12751,
A-12823, A-26441, A-32567, A-35224,
A-39462, A-42676, A-458S8, B-21309,
B-25275, B-26600, B-27597, B-40760,
D-10517, G-03893, H-11467, H-32224,
H-39690, J-30696, K-02010, K-06778
ACUTE G-32842, H-11467, H-27118,
H-47766
ADMINISTRATION D-03410, G-31528,
L-06863
ADULTS G-34709
AEROSOLS A-26891, A-42676, D-10517
AFRICA G-24428
AFTERBURNERS A-39462
AGE D-07132, H-32736
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES H-11467
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS D-03410
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-08147, A-29572, A-30647, A-34068,
A-40582, D-03410, D-07132, D-10517,
G-20221, G-24428, H-10318, H-28948,
H-32736, H-39690
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-30647,
D-07132, G-20221, K-06778, K-14443
ALASKA D-10517
ALKALINE ADDITIVES A-12751,
A-12823, B-27597, B-40760, E-12777
ALUMINUM A-34916, A-34921, A-39462,
A-42676, A-43271, A-45858, B-32319,
J-30696, L-44265
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-26441,
A-30447, K-14443
AMINO ACIDS A-34068
AMMONIA A-45858, B-24321
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-45858,
B-22889, B-23530, B-24321
ANALYTICAL METHODS D-03410,
H-32224, H-47766
ANEMIA H-33362
ANIMALS A-24285, A-40582, D-07132,
G-20221, G-28452, G-32842, H-10318,
H-11467, H-26276, H-27118, H-32736,
H-33331, H-33362
ANNUAL G-32842
ANTIDOTES G-34850
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS A-24285,
B-37750, K-02010, K-06778
AREA SURVEYS D-03410
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-08147,
A-24285, B-37750, D-03410, H-11467,
H-28948, H-32224, H-32736, H-39690,
K-02010, K-06778, K-14443
ASIA A-30647, B-26107, B-35296,
G-03893, G-32842
ASPHALT A-39462, J-30696
ASPIRATORS A-08147, D-07132
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS D-03410,
E-12777, G-20221, H-32224
AUTOMOBILES D-03410, G-31528,
J-30696
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
J-306%
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-26891.
D-10517, G-31528, G-34709, H-26276
B
BAG FILTERS A-08147, A-10749,
A-24285, A-40582, A-42726, A-43271,
B-08562, B-25781, B-26600, B-27639,
B-32319, B-35478
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-26441
BATTERY MANUFACTURING G-03893,
G-24428, G-32842
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
D-03410
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE D-03410
BENZOPYRENES D-03410
BERYLLIOSIS D-03410
BLAST FURNACES A-10749, A-26441,
A-40582, A-45858, B-24553, B-27639,
B-32319, F-13552, K-02010
BLOOD CELLS H-10318, H-27118,
H-33362
BLOOD CHEMISTRY G-03893, G-34709,
G-34850, G-35704, H-10318
BLOOD PRESSURE G-32842
BOILERS J-30696, K-06778
BONES D-07132, G-28452, G-28847,
G-32842, H-11467, H-33331
BRICKS J-30696
BRONCHITIS H-11467
BUILDINGS H-35880
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-12751,
A-12823, A-24285, A-32567, A-35224,
A^10582, B-21309, B-22889, B-23530,
B-24321, B-25275, B-26600, B-27597,
B-32260, B-35296, B-40760, E-12777,
L-44265
CABBAGE G-28847
CADMIUM I A-30647, L-06863
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-30647,
B-26107, B-32260, G-32842, H-32736,
K-02010, K-06778, K-14443
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-29572,
H-32224
CALCIUM SULFATES H-32224
CALIFORNIA A-40582, H-33112
CANADA B-23530, B-24321, B-27639,
B-32260, H-32736
CANCER G-32842
CARBON BLACK A-26441, A-39462,
A-45858, B-08562
CARBON DIOXIDE H-32224
CARBON MONOXIDE A-42676, B-32260,
J-30696
CARBONATES B-10558
CARCINOGENS D-03410, G-03893,
K-02010
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES D-07132,
G-34850, G-35704
CATALYSIS B-23530, B-24321
CATALYSTS B-24321
CATALYTIC OXIDATION B-27597,
B-32260
CATS D-07132
CATTLE H-10318, H-11467, H-26276.
H-27118, H-32736, H-33362
CELLS H-10318. H-27118, H-33362
CEMENTS A-26441, A-39462, J-306%,
L-06863, L-17927
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-03982,
A-39462, A-43271, B-32319
CHARCOAL B-08562
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION D-03410,
D-07132
CHEMICAL METHODS H-32224
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-03982,
A-10749, A-12751, A-12823, A-26441,
A-32567, B-22889, B-23530, B-24321,
B-35296, B-40760, E-12777, F-13534
CHILDREN G-11630, G-20220, G-28847,
G-31528, G-34709, G-35704
CHLORIDES A-42676, B-35296, K-02010
CHLORINE A-45858, K-02010, K-06778
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-42676,
B-35296, K-02010
CHROMATOGRAPHY D-03410
CHROMIUM L-06863
CHRONIC G-32842, H-11467, H-27118,
H-32736, H-33362
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM D-07132,
G-34850
CITY GOVERNMENTS D-03410
CLAY A-39462, H-32224
CLOUDS D-10517
COAL A-39462, A-45858, D-10517,
G-31528, J-30696
CODES K-06778, K-14443
COKE A-26441, A-43271, B-32260
COLLECTORS A-03982, A-39462,
A-42726, A-43271, B-32319
COLORJMETRY D-03410
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY D-03410
COMBUSTION AIR A-10749
COMBUSTION GASES A-12074, A-12751,
A-12823, A-24285, A-26441, A-32567,
A-35224, A-40582, A-42676, A-45858,
B-21309, B-22889, B-23530, B-25275,
B-26600, B-27597, B-32760, B-35478,
B-40760, D-10517, E-12777, G-32842,
H-26276, H-28948, H-39690, K-06581,
K-06778, K-14443, L-17927, L-44265
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-12074,
A-12751, A-12823, A-24285, A-26441,
A-30447, A-32567, A-35224, A-40582,
A-42676, A-45858, B-21309, B-22889,
B-23530, B-25275, B-26600, B-27597,
B-32260, B-32760, B-35478, B-M760,
D-10517, E-12777, G-31528, G-32842,
H-26276, H-28948, H-39690, K-06581,
K-06778, K-14443, L-17927, L-44265
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
D-10517
-------
26
PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-26441,
A-39462, J-30696, L-06863, L-17927
CONTACT PROCESSING A-10749
CONTROL AGENCIES B-40760, G-31528
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-03982,
A-08147, A-10749, A-12751, A-12823,
A-24285, A-26441, A-30447, A-39462,
A-40582, A-42726, A-43271, B-08562,
B-10SS8, B-23530, B-24553, B-25334,
B-25781, B-26600, B-27597, B-27639,
B-32319, B-32760, B-35478, B-37750,
D-03410, D-07132, E-12777, H-35880,
H-47766, K-02010, K-06581, K-06778
CONTROL METHODS A-08147, A-10749,
A-12751, A-12823, A-24285, A-26891,
A-30447, A-30647, A-32567, A-35224,
A-40582, A-42676, B-21309, B-22889,
B-23530, B-24321, B-25275, B-25781,
B-26107, B-26600, B-27597, B-27639,
B-32260, B-35296, B-35478, B-40760,
D-07132, D-10517, E-12777, G-28452,
H-32224, H-47766, J-30696, K-06581,
L-44265
CONTROL PROGRAMS G-31528, L-06863
COPPER A-12074, A-24285, A-30447,
A-30647, A-34916, A-39462, A-42676,
A-43271, B-08562, B-21309, B-25275,
B-27597, B-32319, B-32760, B-35296,
B-37750, B-40760, D-10517, F-13534,
G-32842, H-11467, H-39690, J-30696,
L-06863, L-44265
COPPER ALLOYS A-30447, A-42676
COPPER COMPOUNDS A-03982,
A-12751, A-12823, A-24285, A-26441,
A-30447, A-35224, B-08562, B-35296,
E-12777, H-32224, H-39690, K-14443
CORROSION H-39690
COSTS A-12751, A-12823, A-26441,
A-34921, A-39462, B-21309, B-25781,
B-32319, B-40760, E-12777, J-30696,
L-44265
COTTON GINNING A-39462
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS D-03410
CRITERIA A-12823, E-12777
CROPS G-32842, H-l 1467, H-32736,
H-33112, H-33362
CUPOLAS A-26441, L-17927
CZECHOSLOVAKIA K-02010
D
DECISIONS A-40582
DECREASING L-44265
DEPOSITION A-29572, D-10517, G-31528
DESIGN CRITERIA A-10749, A-26441,
B-08562, B-24553, B-25334, B-32760,
B-35478
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
A-45858
DIAGNOSIS G-31528
DIESEL ENGINES D-03410
DIFFUSION A-40582
DIGESTION H-26276
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM D-07132, G-03893,
G-28452, G-32842, G-35704, H-10318,
H-11467, H-3333I, H-33362
DISPERSION A-32567, A-40582, H-32224
DOMESTIC HEATING D-10517, J-30696
DRUGS G-34850
DRY CLEANING A-45858
DUST FALL A-29572, H-10318, H-28948
DUSTS A-08147, A-26441, A-39462,
A-40582, A-42676, A-42726, A-43271,
B-08562, B-24553, B-26600, B-27639,
B-32319, B-32760, B-35296, B-35478,
B-37750, G-20221, G-32842, H-10318,
H-26276, H-28948, H-39690, K-02010,
K-06581, K-06778, K-14443, L-17927
ECONOMIC LOSSES A-32567, A-40582
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-26441, A-45858
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-26441, A-34788, A-39462, D-10517,
J-30696, K-02010, K-06778, L-17927
ELECTRIC PROPULSION G-35704
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-10558,
B-32760, B-37750
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE B-10558,
B-32760, B-37750
ELECTROLYSIS A-30447, A-42676,
B-22889
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-10749, A-24285, A-26441, A-39462,
A-40582, A-42726, A-43271, B-10558,
B-24553, B-26600, B-27597, B-32319,
B-32760, B-37750, D-07132, K-02010,
K-06581, K-06778
EMISSION INVENTORIES D-03410,
D-10517
EMISSION STANDARDS A-30647,
B-40760, J-30696, K-02010, K-06581,
K-06778, L-17927, L-44265
EMPHYSEMA G-32842, H-11467
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES K-06778
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-26891, D-10517,
H-26276
EPIDEMIOLOGY G-34709
EUROPE A-03982, A-08147, A-29572,
A-34068, B-10558, B-25275, B-25334,
B-26600, B-32260, B-32760, B-35478,
B-37750, D-07132, G-11630, G-20220,
G-20221, G-28452, G-28847, G-34709,
G-35704, H-10318, H-11467, H-28948,
H-32224, H-33331, H-35880, H-47766,
K-02010, K-06581, K-06778, K-14443,
L-06863, L-17927, L-44265
EXHAUST SYSTEMS B-25334, B-35478
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A-03982,
F-13534
FANS (BLOWERS) B-35478
FARMS H-26276
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS G-31528,
L-17927
FERROALLOYS A-39462, A-43271
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-24285, A-34788, A-39462
FERTILIZING A-34788, G-32842
FIELD TESTS H-32224
FILTER FABRICS A-08147, A-39462,
B-08562, B-32319, B-32760, D-03410,
H-35880
FILTERS A-08147, A-10749, A-24285,
A-39462, A-40582, A-42726, A-43271,
B-08562, B-10558, B-25334, B-25781,
B-26600, B-27639, B-32319, B-32760,
B-35478, D-03410, H-35880, H-47766
FIRING METHODS A-10749
FLOW RATES A-12751, A-45858
FLUID FLOW A-12751, A-45858
FLUORIDES A-30447, D-03410, H-32736,
J-30696, K-02010
FLUORINE H-35880
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-30447,
A-42676, D-03410, H-32736, H-35880,
J-30696, K-02010
FLY ASH A-26441, A-39462, B-10558,
H-11467, H-33331
FOG D-10517
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-39462, A-45858, J-30696
FOODS G-28452, G-31528, G-32842,
H-32736
FORESTS D-10517, H-47766
FRUITS G-31528, H-35880
FUEL ADDITIVES A-26891
FUEL GASES A-45858, D-10517
FUEL OILS A-45858, D-10517, G-31528
FUELS A-26441, A-26891, A-39462,
A-43271, A-45858, B-32260, D-03410,
D-10517, G-31528, J-30696, L-06863
FUMES A-40582, A-43271, B-24553,
B-25334, B-25781, B-26600, G-32842,
H-11467, K-02010, K-06778, L-17927
FUMIGATION A-32567
FURNACES A-10749, A-26441, A-35224,
A-39462, A-40582, A-42726, A-45858,
B-08562, B-24553, B-25334, B-25781,
B-27639, B-32319, B-32760, F-13552,
K-02010, K-06581, K-14443, L-17927,
L-44265
G
GAS SAMPLING A-08147
GASES B-27639, D-07132
GASOLINES A-26891, D-10517
GERMANY B-10558, B-32760, B-37750,
G-35704, H-11467, H-28948, H-32224,
H-33331, H-47766, K-06581, K-14443,
L-44265
GLASS FABRICS B-32319, D-03410,
H-35880
GOVERNMENTS D-03410, G-31528,
K-06778, L-06863, L-17927
GRAIN PROCESSING A-39462, J-30696
GRASSES H-11467, H-32736, H-33362
GREAT BRITAIN B-25334, B-26600,
G-34709, K-02010, K-06778, L-06863,
L-17927
H
HALOGEN GASES A-45858, H-35880,
K-02010, K-06778
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT A-34068,
D-07132, G-11630, G-31528, H-11467
HEARINGS A-32567
HEART G-34850
HEAT TRANSFER A-35224
HEIGHT FINDING K-02010
HEMATOLOGY D-07132, G-03893,
G-34709, G-34850, G-35704, H-10318
HI-VOL SAMPLERS D-03410
HIGHWAYS H-26276
HUMANS A-34068, D-07132, G-11630,
G-20220, G-24428, G-28847, G-31528,
G-32842, G-34709, G-34850, G-35704,
H-11467, H-32736 ,
HUMIDITY B-32760, B-37750, H-39690 ,
HYDROCARBONS A-39462, D-034lO, j
J-30696
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-42676,
K-06778
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-45858,
H-11467, K-06778
HYDROGEN SULFJJDE K-02010, K-06778
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
27
I
INCINERATION A-26441, A-39462,
A-45858, D-10517, G-31528, G-32842
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-40582, D-07I32,
G-11630, G-28452, G-32842, G-34709,
H-32224, H-35880, H-47766
INGESTION G-32842, H-26276, H-33331,
H-33362
INORGANIC ACIDS A-08147, A-I0749,
A-12751, A-12823, A-26441, A-32567,
A-35224, A-39462, A-42676, A-45858,
B-21309, B-25275, B-26600, B-27597,
B-40760, D-10517, H-11467, H-32224,
H-39690, J-30696, K-02010, K-06778
INSPECTION A-30647
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
D-03410
INTESTINES H-33362
INVERSION D-03410, E-12777
IRON A-34788, A-39462, A-43271,
A-45858, B-35296, G-32842, J-30696,
L-06863, L-17927
IRON COMPOUNDS A-03982, B-22889,
B-35296, H-32224, H-35880, H-39690,
K-14443
IRON OXIDES A-03982, K-14443
JAPAN A-30647, B-26107, B-35296,
G-03893, G-32842
K
KEROSENE D-10517
KIDNEYS D-07132, G-32842, H-11467
KILNS A-03982
KRAFT PULPING A-26441, A-39462,
A-45858, D-03410
LABORATORY ANIMALS D-07132,
G-20221, G-28452, G-32842
LARYNX H-33362
LEAD ALLOYS A-30447, F-13534
LEAVES A-08147, H-35880, H-47766
LEGAL ASPECTS A-32567, A-40582,
B-40760, D-03410, K-02010, K-06778,
K-14443, L-17927, L-44265
LEGISLATION D-03410, K-02010,
K-06778, K-14443, L-17927, L-44265
LEUKOCYTES H-10318
LIMESTONE H-26276
LIVER D-07132, G-28452, G-32842,
H-33331
LUNGS G-31528, H-11467
M
MAGNESIUM A-43271
MAINTENANCE A-30647, B-25781,
B-35478. J-30696
MANGANESE L-06863
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS H-35880
MAPPING D-10517
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-40582,
H-35880, H-39690
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-30647,
D-07132, G-20221, K-06778, K-14443
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-08147,
H-28948, H-39690, H-47766
METABOLISM G-20220, G-31528,
G-34709
METAL COMPOUNDS A-03982, A-08147,
A-10749, A-12751, A-12823, A-24285.
A-26441, A-26891, A-29572, A-30447,
A-30647, A-32567, A-34068, A-35224,
A-42726, B-08562, B-10558, B-22889,
B-24321, B-24553, B-25334, B-26107,
B-32260, B-35296, B-37750, D-03410,
D-07132, E-12777, F-13552, G-11630,
G-20220, G-20221, G-24428, G-28452,
G-28847, G-31528, G-32842, G-34709,
G-34850, G-35704, H-10318, H-11467,
H-26276, H-27118, H-32224, H-32736,
H-33112, H-33331, H-33362, H-35880,
H-39690, H-47766, J-30696, K-02010,
K-06778, K-14443
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-30447, A-39462, A-42726, A-45858,
B-10558, B-323I9, D-07132, G-24428,
G-32842, H-11467, J-30696, K-02010,
K-14443, L-44265
METAL POISONING A-24285, B-32260,
G-03893, G-20221, G-31528, G-32842,
G-34709, G-34850, G-35704, H-10318,
H-11467, H-26276, H-27118, H-32736,
H-33331, H-33362
METALS A-03982, A-08147, A-10749,
A-12074, A-24285, A-30447, A-30647,
A-34788, A-34916, A-34921, A-39462,
A-40582, A-42676, A-42726, A-43271,
A-45858, B-08562, B-21309, B-22889,
B-23530, B-25275, B-25334, B-25781,
B-26107, B-26600, B-27597, B-27639,
B-32319, B-32760, B-35296, B-35478,
B-37750, B-40760, D-07132, D-10517,
F-13534, G-03893, G-11630, G-20220,
G-32842, G-34850, G-35704, H-10318,
H-11467, H-26276, H-28948, H-39690,
H-47766, J-30696, K-06581, L-06863,
L-17927, L-44265
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
D-03410
METEOROLOGY A-32567, B-32760,
B-37750, D-03410, D-10517, E-12777,
G-20221, H-32224, H-33112, H-39690,
H-47766
MINERAL PROCESSING A-26441,
A-30447, A-30647, A-34068, A-39462,
A-42726, A-45858, H-11467, H-26276,
H-35880, J-30696, K-14443, L-06863,
L-17927
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-39462, H-26276,
H-32224, L-06863
MINING A-30647, A-34068, H-l 1467
MISSOURI A-03982
MISTS A-39462, G-32842
MOBILE J-30696
MOLYBDENUM F-13534
MONITORING H-39690
MONTANA D-03410
MONTHLY E-12777, H-33112
MORBIDITY D-07132
MORTALITY H-27118
MOUTH G-03893
N
NATURAL GAS A-45858, D-10517
NERVOUS SYSTEM D-07132, G-20221,
G-34709, G-34850, G-35704, H-10318,
H-33362
NITRIC ACID K-06778
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) K-06778
NITROGEN OXIDES J-30696, K-02010,
K-06778
NITROUS ACID H-32224
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-26441, A-30647, A-34788, A-39462,
D-03410, D-10517, G-31528, G-32842,
H-32736, J-30696
NON-URBAN AREAS D-10517, G-34709,
H-10318, H-26276
o
OATS H-33112
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-26891,
B-32260, G-24428, G-32842, G-34850,
G-35704
OCEANS A-26891, D-10517
OIL BURNERS A-45858
OPEN BURNING A-39462, D-03410,
D-10517
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-26441,
A-45858
OPERATING CRITERIA A-12823, E-12777
OPERATING VARIABLES A-12823,
A-35224, B-08562, B-21309, B-24553,
B-32760, B-35478, B-37750
OPINION SURVEYS A-40582
ORGANIC ACIDS G-03893
OXIDATION A-10749, B-22889, B-35296,
F-13534
OXIDES A-03982, A-08147, A-10749,
A-12074, A-12823, A-24285, A-26441,
A-29572, A-30447, A-39462, A-40582,
A-42676, A-43271, B-08562, B-10558,
B-25334, B-32260, B-37750, D-03410,
D-07132, H-10318, H-11467, H-28948,
H-32224, H-35880, H-39690, J-30696,
K-02010, K-06581, K-06778, K-14443,
L-44265
OXYGEN B-23530
PACKED TOWERS B-23530
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-45858,
G-32842
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-26441,
A-39462, A-45858, D-03410
PARTICLE SIZE B-08562, D-10517.
F-13552, G-31528
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-39462,
B-08562, D-10517, F-13552, G-31528
PARTICULATE SAMPLING A-08147,
D-03410
PARTICULATES A-03982, A-08147.
A-26441, A-26891, A-32567, A-39462.
A-40582, A-42676, A-42726, A-43271,
B-08562, B-10558, B-24553. B-25334,
B-25781, B-26600, B-27639, B-32319,
B-32760, B-35296, B-35478, B-37750,
D-03410, D-10517, G-20221, G-32842,
H-10318, H-11467, H-26276, H-28948,
H-33331, H-39690, H-47766, J-30696,
K-02010, K-06581, K-06778, K-14443,
L-17927, L-44265
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES D-07132
PENELEC (CONTACT PROCESS)
B-40760
PENNSYLVANIA H-26276
PERMEABILITY H-32224
PERSONNEL A-34788
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
B-27597
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-26441
PETROLEUM REFINING A-26441,
A-39462, A-45858, D-10517, L-17927
PH A-08147, A-29572, H-26276, H-32224
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28
PRIMARY LEAD PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-39462, A-45858
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-26441
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS H-47766
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS H-28948
PHYSICAL STATES B-27639, D-07132
PILOT PLANTS B-08562, B-35478
PLANS AND PROGRAMS D-03410,
G-31S28, L-06863
PLANT DAMAGE A-24285, A-40582,
H-28948, H-32224, H-35880, H-39690,
H-47766
PLANT GROWTH H-33112
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-08147, A-29572,
A-34068, A-40582, D-10517, G-28847,
G-31S28, G-32842, H-11467, H-27118,
H-28948, H-32736, H-33112, H-33362,
H-35880, H-47766
PLASTICS G-32842
PLATING G-32842
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-32567
PNEUMONIA H-33331
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS D-03410
POWER CYCLES K-06778
POWER SOURCES D-03410, D-10517,
G-35704
PRECIPITATION D-10517, G-20221,
H-33112
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-10749
PROTEINS A-34068
PUBLIC AFFAIRS A-40582
PULMONARY EDEMA H-11467
PYRENES D-03410
PYROLYSIS F-13534
R
RABBITS G-28452
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION G-28847
RAIN D-10517, H-33112
RATS G-20221
REACTION KINETICS B-37750
RECORDING METHODS H-47766
REDUCTION A-10749, A-12751, A-12823,
A-26441, A-32567, B-23530, B-24321,
B-40760, E-12777, F-13534
REGULATIONS B-40760, K-06778,
L-44265
REPRODUCTION H-33362
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES A-39462,
H-47766
RESIDENTIAL AREAS D-07132
RESIDUAL OILS D-10517
RESPIRATION G-l 1630
RESPIRATORY DISEASES G-11630,
G-32842, H-11467, H-33331
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS A-29572,
D-10517, G-31528
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM G-31528,
H-11467, H-33362
RETENTION D-07132, G-32842, G-35704,
H-33112, H-35880
RIVERS A-26891, A-34068
RUBBER A-45858, J-30696
RUBBER MANUFACTURING A-45858
SAMPLERS A-08147, D-03410, D-07132
SAMPLING METHODS A-08147, D-03410,
D-07132, G-24428, G-31528, H-32224
SCREEN FILTERS B-08562
SCRUBBERS A-12751, A-12823, A-39462,
B-23530, B-27597, B-27639, B-32319,
E-12777, K-06581
SEASONAL D-07132, H-33112
SEDIMENTATION A-08147, B-35296
SETTLING PARTICLES A-08147,
A-26441, A-39462, A-40582, A-42676,
A-42726, A-43271, B-08562, B-24553,
B-26600, B-27639, B-32319, B-32760,
B-35296, B-35478, B-37750, D-10517,
G-20221, G-32842, H-10318, H-26276,
H-28948, H-39690, K-02010, K-06581,
K-06778, K-14443, L-17927
SEWAGE D-10517
SEWAGE TREATMENT D-10517
SHEEP H-11467, H-33331, H-33362
SILICON DIOXIDE A-03982, B-08562,
H-39690, K-14443
SINTERING A-10749, A-30447, A-42726,
A-45858, B-08562, B-26600, B-32319,
F-13552, G-32842, K-06778, L-44265
SMOG H-11467
SMOKE SHADE A-40582
SMOKES A-32567, A-40582, A-43271,
B-26600, H-11467, H-28948, H-39690,
H-47766
SMOKING G-31528, G-32842
SNOW D-10517
SOAP MANUFACTURING A-45858
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS A-40582,
J-30696
SOILS A-08147, A-29572, A-34068,
D-10517, G-28452, G-28847, G-32842,
H-28948, H-32224, H-32736, H-33362,
H-39690, H-47766
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-26441,
D-03410, D-10517, J-30696
SOOT L-17927
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-12751, A-12823,
A-24285, A-32567, A-35224, A-40582,
B-21309, B-22889, B-23530, B-24321.
B-25275, B-26600, B-27597, B-32260,
B-40760, E-12777, L-44265
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES D-03410
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY D-03410
SPRAY TOWERS B-27639
SPRAYS D-10517
ST LOUIS A-03982
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) D-03410,
E-12777
STACK GASES A-12751, A-12823,
A-24285, A-35224, A-40582, A-42676,
A-45858, B-22889, B-25275, B-26600,
B-27597, B-32760, B-35478, B-40760,
E-12777, G-32842, H-26276, H-28948,
H-39690, K-06778, K-14443, L-17927,
L-44265
STACKS A-08147, A-24285, A-45858,
B-40760, K-02010, K-06778, L-17927
STAGNATION D-03410
STANDARDS A-30647, B-40760, D-07132,
G-20221, J-30696, K-02010, K-06581,
K-06778, K-14443, L-17927, L-44265
STATE GOVERNMENTS D-03410
STATISTICAL ANALYSES J-30696
STEAM PLANTS K-06778
STEEL A-39462, A-43271, A-45858,
G-32842, J-30696, L-06863, L-17927
STORAGE BATTERIES G-35704
SULFATES B-10558, B-22889, B-23530,
H-32224, H-35880
SULFIDES A-03982, A-10749, B-10558,
B-23530, B-24321, G-20221, K-02010,
K-06778
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-03982,
A-10749, A-34788, B-10558, B-22889,
B-23530, B-24321, B-27597, B-35296,
G-20221, H-32224, H-35880, K-02010,
K-06778
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-03982, A-08147,
A-10749, A-I2074, A-12823, A-24285,
A-30447, A-40582, A-42676, B-10558,
D-03410, D-07132, H-11467, H-28948,
H-32224, H-35880, H-39690, K-02010,
K-06581, K-06778, L-44265
SULFUR OXIDES A-03982, A-08147,
A-10749, A-12074, A-12823, A-24285,
A-26441, A-30447, A-39462, A-40582,
A-42676, A-43271, B-10558, D-03410,
D-07132, H-11467, H-28948, H-32224,
H-35880, H-3%90, J-30696, K-02010,
K-06581, K-06778, L-44265
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-12751,
A-12823, A-24285, A-32567, A-35224,
A-40582, B-21309, B-22889, B-23530,
B-24321, B-25275, B-26600. B-27597,
B-32260, B-40760, E-12777, L-44265
SULFUR TR1OX1DE A-08147, A-12074,
A-24285, H-39690, K-02010, K-06778
SULFURIC ACID A-08147, A-10749,
A-12751, A-12823, A-26441, A-32567,
A-35224, A-39462, A-45858, B-21309,
B-25275, B-26600, B-27597, B-40760,
D-10517, H-11467, H-39690, J-30696,
K-02010, K-06778
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
A-45858, J-30696
SURFACE COATINGS J-30696
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-03982,
A-26441, A-32567, A-39462, A-40582,
A-43271, B-10558, B-24553, B-25334,
B-25781, B-26600, G-32842, H-11467,
H-28948, H-33331, H-39690, H-47766,
K-02010, K-06778, L-17927
SWEDEN A-03982, B-25275
SYNERGISM H-32736
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-45858, B-08562
SYNTHETIC RUBBER A-45858
TEMPERATURE A-03982, A-45858,
B-10558, B-32760, B-37750
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
D-10517
TETRAETHYL LEAD A-26891
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-45858
TEXTILES A-45858, B-08562
TIN A-34921, B-32760, B-37750, G-35704
TIN COMPOUNDS B-32260, B-37750
TISSUES D-07132, G-28452, H-10318,
H-33362
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
A-32567, D-03410, E-12777, H-10318
TOXIC TOLERANCES G-03893, H-33362
TOXICITY A-40582, D-07132, G-31528,
G-32842, G-34850, H-10318, H-33362
TRANSPORTATION D-03410, D-10517,
G-31528, G-35704, H-26276, J-30696
TREATMENT AND AIDS G-31528,
G-34850
TREES A-08147, G-32842, H-28948.
H-35880, H-47766
TRUCKS D-03410, J-30696
TURBIDIMETRY H-28948, H-47766
URBAN AREAS A-40582, D-03410,
D-07132, D-10517, G-11630, G-28452,
G-32842, G-34709, H-32224, H-35880,
H-39690, H-47766, J-30696
URINALYSIS A-34068, D-07132, G-20220,
G-24428, G-34850, G-35704, H-32736
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USSR A-08147, B-35478, D-07132,
G-20220, G-20221, G-28452, G-28847
UTAH H-39690
V
VALLEYS H-10318
VARNISHES J-30696
VEGETABLES G-28847, G-31528,
G-32842, H-35880
VEHICLES D-03410, G-31528, H-26276,
J-30696
VENTILATION D-07132
VOLCANOES D-10517
VOLTAGE B-32760, B-37750
SUBJECT INDEX
W
WASHOUT D-10S17
WATER POLLUTION A-30647, G-31528,
G-32842, H-32736
WETTING B-37750
WINDS D-03410, E-12777, G-20221,
H-32224
WOOD A-39462, A-45858
WOOLS B-08562
X-RAYS G-28847
29
ZINC A-08147, A-12074, A-30647,
A-34788, A-34916, A-34921, A-39462,
A-42676, A-43271, A-45858, B-21309,
B-23530, B-26107, B-27597, B-32319,
B-32760, B-352%, B-37750, B-40760,
D-10517, F-13534, G-32842, J-306%,
L-06863, L-44265
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-03982, A-08147,
A-I2751, A-I2823, A-24285, A-26441,
A-29572, A-30447, A-32567, A-35224,
B-10558, B-24321, B-24553, B-32260,
B-35296, B-37750, E-12777, H-32224,
H-32736, H-35880,
«U.S. G.P.O.: 1973— 747-785/304; Region No.4
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