KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
PHASE II.
PRE-CONFERENCE INVESTIGATIONS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
March 1968
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KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
EUSATA S"EET
Page 3 - Figure 1: Southern border of Wyandotte County missing.
Page 13 - Figure 6: Southern border of Wyandotte County missing,
t\ *)
Page 25 - last paragraph; tons/mi -mo. should read'grams/meter -mo. in
all cases.
Page 26 - Figure. 11; units should be grams/meter2-mo, instead of tons/
mi2-mo.
Page 56 - Table 26; station sources should read stationary sources.
Page 65 - second paragraph, second line: 34 percent should read 81 per cent.
Page 70 - first paragraph, fourth line: solvents, vehicles, or raw
materials should read solvents as degreasers, thinners, or
raw materials.
Page 71 - Figure 14: designations for on-site open burning and on-site
incineration should be reversed.
Page 87 - Table 39, Spring column, Inversion row: 22 should read 21.
Page 90 - first paragraph, second line: 6.4 mph, or about 2.4 mph
should read 6.9 mph, ot about 2.5 mph,
n
Page 112 - Figure 42: values should read: > 10.0 grams/meter -mo.
_>_ 7.5 grams/meters-mo.
_>_ 5.0 grams/meter^-mo.
_<^ 5.0 grams/meter -mo.
2
Page 113 - Figure 43: values should read: > 10,0 grams/meter -mo.
>_ 7.5 grams/meter2-mo.
_> 5.0 grams/meter -mo.
_<_ 5.0 grams/meter -mo.
Page 115 - Figure 45: > 0.2 mg S03/lQ.Ocm2-day should read <0.2 mg S03/
100 cm2-day.
Page 115 - Figure 46:
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KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
PHASE II. PRE-CONFERENCE INVESTIGATIONS
Prepared for Conference Use Only
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
National Center for Air Pollution Control
Cincinnati, Ohio
March 1968
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This report is based upon an Investigation of air pollution conducted
in the Kansas City area during 1966 and 1967. The report is intended to assist
the governmental agencies concerned with such air pollution in their considera-
tion of the following.
1. Occurrence of air pollution subject to abatement.
2. Adequacy of measures taken toward abatement of pollution.
3. Nature of delay, if any, in abating the pollution.
4. Necessary remedial action, if any.
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CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
History of Abatement Activity 1
Area Description 2
Climatology 4
Project Design 12
II. RESULTS OF COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY 15
Participate Pollutants 15
Gaseous Pollutants 27
Air Pollution Effects 33
Emission Inventory 39
Meteorological Data - Representativeness of Sampling Period .... 86
III. POLLUTION IMPACT ON THE STUDY AREA 93
Pollution Roses 93
Visibility Reduction 106
Turbidity Measurements 107
Geographic Distribution of Pollutant Concentrations 108
IV. PARTICULATES AND SULFUR OXIDES EFFECTS AND STANDARDS 117
Particulate Pollution 117
Sulfur Oxides Pollution 119
REFERENCES 121
APPENDICES 123
A. Phase I. Conclusions and Recommendations 125
B. Description of Project Design 135
C. Aerometry Operation and Techniques 143
D. Emissions Inventory Procedure 153
E. Pollutant Measurement Data 169
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KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
PHASE II. PRE-CONFERENCE INVESTIGATIONS
I. INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
A two-phase Investigation of air pollution in the Kansas City Metropolitan
Area was initiated on May 23, 1966, by the Public Health Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, in cooperation with the air pollution
control agencies of the States of Missouri and Kansas and several local agencies.
The first phase of the investigation was concerned with the reduction in visibil-
ity from air pollution in the vicinities of the Kansas City, Missouri, Municipal
Airport and the Kansas City, Kansas, Fairfax Airport. Following this first
phase of the abatement activity and the subsequent abatement conference held in
Kansas City, Missouri, in late January 1967, the Phase II part of the investi-
gation dealing with the overall air pollution problem in the area was undertaken.
The official consultation concerned with initiation of the abatement
activity is described in the Phase I report,1 which was presented at the January
1967, session of the abatement conference. Recommendations of this session of
the Conference are presented in Appendix A of this report.
This report describes the activities undertaken and enumerates the data
collected during the Phase II investigations. It is for use in the second session
of the Kansas City, Kansas - Kansas City, Missouri, Interstate Air Pollution
Abatement Conference initially called by the Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare on December 28, 1966. Authority for the interstate abatement action is
provided by the Clean Air Act as amended (42 U.S.C. 1857, etseq.).
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Cooperating air pollution control agencies immediately concerned with
the Phase II investigation were:
Missouri Air Conservation Commission
Kansas State Department of Health
Kansas City, Missouri Health Department
Independence, Missouri Health Department
Kansas City-Wyandotte County, Kansas Health Department
Platte County, Missouri Health Department
Clay County, Missouri Health Department
Jackson County, Missouri Health Department
Cass County, Missouri Health Department
Leavenworth City-County, Kansas Health Department
Johnson County, Kansas Health Department
Abatement Program, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
Public Health Service
AREA DESCRIPTION
Topography
The Kansas City study area, covering approximately 3200 square miles, is
composed of seven counties in two states (Figure 1). These are Platte, Clay,
Jackson, and Cass Counties in Missouri and Leavenworth, Wyandotte, and Johnson
Counties in Kansas. The terrain surrounding this area is relatively flat, open
country, with an average elevation nearly 900 feet above mean sea level (msl).
The only significant large-scale topographic feature near Kansas City is the Ozark
Mountains in Missouri, about 75 miles to the southeast. This small range, with
highest peaks of 2500 feet msl, has little influence on the Kansas City area.
There is little change in average elevation northward from Kansas City to the
Canadian Border or southwestward toward central Texas. To the east and the
Mississippi Valley, the terrain slopes gently downward at about 1.5 feet per mile.
Toward the west, the rolling plains of Kansas rise gradually as they approach the
foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
Three shallow river valleys, dissecting the Kansas City area into four
sections, complicate the generally smooth terrain. The Missouri River moves from
west to east through the area and has formed a valley, which is 2 to 3 miles wide.
The Kansas River and the Blue River, which flow into the Missouri from the south-
west, have valleys that are 1.5 and 0.5 miles wide, respectively. The Kansas
River joins with the Missouri River near the center of the area, and the Blue
River does so 7 miles further east. The river bottomlands are at about 730 feet
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Figure 1. Kansas City study area.
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msl; and, although the river valleys are shallow, 1n some places they are flanked
by bluffs 200 feet high. These three river valleys are an important topographic
feature since the major air pollution sources of the area - industrial plants,
power generation facilities, and open-burning dumps - are located almost exclu-
sively on the river bottomlands. The effects of valleys on the transport and
dispersion of air pollutants are well documented.2
The three major business and residential areas that make up Kansas City
are located out of the valleys. Kansas City, Missouri, and its suburbs are
located south, north, and east of the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas
Rivers; Kansas City, Kansas, is to the south and west of this confluence. Inde-
pendence, Missouri, and some smaller communities are south and east of the
Missouri River - Blue River confluence. Leavenworth and Olathe, Kansas, are two
of the larger communities in the outlying area.
CLIMATOLOGY
General
The climate of the Kansas City area is typical of the Great Plains region.
Since no natural obstructions hinder the movement of weather systems, cool masses
of air from the west and north alternate freely with warm moist air from the Gulf
of Mexico in controlling the area's weather. This situation allows frequent,
and sometimes extreme,changes in weather conditions. As a result, the air mass
stagnations that plague other regions by allowing accumulation of air contaminants
seldom occur in this part of the country. In fact, in the 30 years from 1936
to 1965, the Kansas City area was affected by only one incident of an air mass
stagnation, as defined by Korshover (1967); that case lasted for 6 days and
occurred in the month of October. Therefore, the relationship of sources to
receptors and the individual meteorological elements of wind direction, wind speed,
and atmospheric stability are of more importance to this area than are the occur-
rence of stagnations.
Hind Direction. Wind Speed, and Stability
Valid climatologlcal data on wind direction and wind speed in the Kansas
City area are available for the Kansas City Municipal Airport and for the Richards
Gebaur Air Force Base at Grandvlew, Missouri. The former is located in the
Missouri River Valley near downtown Kansas City, Missouri, and the latter 1s on
open terrain about 19 miles to the south. The Municipal Airport data are for the
10-year period 1951 to 1960, and the Grandvlew data are for approximately 9 years
in the period 1954 to 1962.
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Seasonal and annual wind roses for these two locations are presented in
Figures 2 through 5. Note the difference in wind speed classifications; this
is due to a difference in the handling of the raw data by the Weather Bureau
and the U.S. Air Force. It can be seen from these wind roses that winds in this
area are predominately from the southerly directions. This is especially true
during the summer when south-southeast through south-southwest winds occur 35
to 40 percent of the time at both locations. However, for other frequently
occurring directions, there is less agreement between the open terrain (Grandview)
and the valley (Municipal Airport) locations.
At Grandview, the absence of any terrain effect is indicated by the smooth
distribution of winds through the 16 directions. In contrast to this, the wind
roses for the valley location at Municipal Airport have an irregular appearance,
apparently due to terrain effects. For example, the number of occurrences of
southeasterly winds at Municipal Airport are fewer and occurrences of south-
westerly winds are greater than those at Grandview. These differences are
accompanied by a higher frequency of northeasterly winds at the valley location,
especially in the spring and summer months. The disparity in the frequency of
various wind directions at the two locations seems to be due to a channeling effect
of the valley. Bluffs and rapidly rising terrain are located within 2 miles of
the valley airport to the southeast; also, the Missouri River Valley extends
east-northeastward from this location. This combination seems to channel more
winds along the river valley than would normally be expected. Channeling due to
the Kansas River Valley, which extends to the southwest, also appears likely.
Because river valleys in this area channel the winds, simultaneous wind
direction measurements made in the various valleys and on the high ground may
not agree, especially in cases of light winds. There is a tendency for air
contaminants emitted in a valley to be transported in a direction parallel to the
valley sides. Contaminants therefore remain in the valley. Emissions on the open
terrain are transported by the prevailing atmospheric airflow without the
disruptive influence of topographic irregularities.
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4.1
4.8
N
4.9
7.2
FALL
(September-November)
11.5
13.1
24
WINDSPEED, mph
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
i i i
OCCURRENCE, %
10.8
5.1
6.6
7.5
6.3
8.3
6.9
WINTER
(December-February)
SPRING r^i
(March-May) LJ
12.1
Figure 2. Seasonal wind roses for Richards-Gebour Air Force Base
at Grandview, Missouri - 1954-1962.
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0.0
i
5.3 4.6
4.5
4.7
9.7
4-12 13-24 °ver 24
JE
WIND SPEED, mph
5.0 10.0
15.0
20.0
OCCURRENCE, %
Figure 3. Annual wind rose for
Richards-Gebour Air Force
Base at Grandview, Missouri
1954-1962.
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3.4
6.7
7.1
5.5
13.7
1_3 4-7 8-12 13-18 OVR 18
CALM I 1 h """
FALL
(September-November)
13.0
WIND SPEED, mph
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
OCCURRENCE, %
7.3
7.0
8.4
9.8
SPRING
(March-Hay)
WINTER
12.2 (December-February)
10.2
Figure 4. Seasonal wind roses for Municipal Airport at
Kansas City, Missouri - 1951-1960.
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7.2
12.3
0.0
4.7 8-12 13-18 OVR 18
WIND SPEED, mph
5.0 10.0 15.0
20.0
I I 1 l_
OCCURRENCE,
Figure 5. Annual wind rose for Municipal Airport at
Kansas City, Missouri - 1951-1960.
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Average annual and seasonal wind speeds for the Kansas City Municipal
Airport and Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base at Grandview are given in Table 1.
Although there are variations between the two, the annual averages for both loca-
tions are about 10 miles per hour. The valleys are pronounced enough to affect
wind direction, but they do not significantly modify wind speed near the Municipal
Airport. Generally, the greater the wind speed and the fewer the calms in an area,
the better the dispersion of air contaminants. The observed wind speeds in the
Kansas City area are typical of many locations in the Midwest and along the
Mideastern seaboard.
A method suggested by Turner (1961) was used to estimate the frequency of
various classes of atmospheric stability from weather observations made at the
Municipal Airport and at Grandview, Missouri, in the period 1961 - 1963. Combining
these estimates with data from a study conducted by Hosier (1961) that determined
the frequency of low-level inversions at Topeka, Kansas (Hosier's study location
nearest Kansas City), the seasonal percent frequency of occurrence of stability
conditions (unstable, neutral, inversion) in the Kansas City area was estimated.
Inversions, defined by an increase of temperature with height, are a typical night-
time condition. They are associated with poor dispersion conditions. Neutral
stability is characteristic of cloudy and/or windy conditions, whether day or
night, and is associated with moderately good dispersion in the atmosphere. The
best dispersion conditions occur with an unstable atmosphere, characterized by
Table 1. CLIMATOLOGICAL AVERAGES FOR KANSAS CITY STUDY AREA LOCATIONS
Average wind speed at
Municipal Airport,6 mph
Average wind speed at
Grandview, Mo., 7 mph
Stability conditions,5'8
% of time
Unstable
Neutral
Inversion
Mean afternoon mixing
depth, 9 meters
Winter
(Dec-Feb)
10.1
10.2
10
50
40
800
Spring
(Mar-May)
11.4
11.4
17
55
28
1500
Summer
(June-Aug)
9.8
8.3
36
26
38
1700
Fall
(Sept-Nov)
9.9
9.8
18
37
45
1350
Annua
10.3
9.9
20
42
38
1350
10
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sunny, warm days. The percentages given in Table 1 should apply to both valley and
open terrain locations since the valleys do not notably affect stability.
The afternoon mixing depth (AMD) is a measure of the amount of vertical mix-
ing that can take place in the atmosphere. For any single wind speed, the greater
the mixing depth, the greater the volume of air available to mix with pollutants,
and the lower the resulting pollutant concentrations.
Data presented by Holzworth (1967) include seasonal mean AMD's for Columbia,
Missouri, which should be applicable to the Kansas City area. As can be seen from
Table 1, mixing depths are greater in the spring and summer than in fall and
winter.
Air Pollution Potential Climatology
If all the elements in Table 1 are considered together, an estimate of the
times of year most and least favorable for the atmospheric dispersion of air
contaminants can be made. Spring is the season of rapid weather changes, typified
by strong wind, large AMD's, low frequency of inversions, and high frequency of
neutral stability. This is the season of the year most favorable for dispersion.
Although general weather conditions are somewhat less variable during the summer
than during spring months, the high frequency of unstable conditions, large AMD's,
and dissipation of inversions soon after sunrise make summer a season for good
dispersion. In most respects, fall is considerably less favorable than other
seasons for good atmospheric dispersion; it has low average AMD's, low wind speeds,
and high frequency of inversions, all accentuated by a less-frequent passage of
weather systems than occurs in the winter and the spring. Winter also is unfavor-
able for dispersion, but it has a frequent passage of weather systems. Short-
period buildups of air contaminants may occur, but the buildup ends as the next
uncontaminated mass of cold air pushes into the area.
Although it can be concluded that the fall is the least favorable time of
year for the dispersion of air contaminants, it should be remembered that this is
not necessarily the season when the highest S02 and particulate pollutant concen-
trations will be measured.
Emissions from heavy use of fossil fuels during the winter and early spring
may more than compensate for the additional dispersing power of the atmosphere.
The highest pollutant concentrations are therefore most likely to occur in the
early months of the year.
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PROJECT DESIGN
Pursuant to the objectives and scope of the Kansas City, Kansas - Kansas
City, Missouri Abatement Activity, a project was designed to fulfill the require-
ments presented below.
An air-quality-monitoring network, depicted in Figure 6, was established
to determine the impact on receptor areas of primary area sources and point
sources. The network was oriented with the wind directions usually encountered.
A more detailed description of the network is presented in Appendix C.
An emissions inventory of sulfur oxides, particulates, hydrocarbons, and
carbon monoxide emissions from industrial, commercial, governmental, residential,
and mobile sources was conducted to:
1. Provide positive evidence of the existence of source emissions
within the study area and define their locations, magnitudes, and
relative contributions of pollutants.
2. Provide data for calculations that would demonstrate whether
interstate transportation of pollutants occurs and the magnitude
of impact of any such emissions at selected receptor sites.
Rapid survey techniques similar to those described in the Phase I technical
report were employed to provide a zone-oriented presentation. The boundaries of
the 21 zones of the Phase I report remained the same. An additional 49 zones were
selected to cover the remainder of the Phase II study area. A detailed description
of the procedure is included in Appendix D.
A system for collecting meteorological data representing river lowlands and
higher elevations in the area was established. The system provided surface wind
and other routine observations necessary for interpretation of the air-quality-
monitoring data. The meteorological data were also used to determine the
"representativeness" of the sampling period relative to past years.
A data-processing and analysis system was established to coordinate the
acquisition of all types of data generated or collected during this activity and to
summarize and analyze these data in standard format by routine techniques. This
system and the techniques utilized are described in Appendix B.
In the Initial setup of the National Interstate Surveillance Project, two
stations were placed in the Kansas City area. When the Abatement Activity began
Its study, four stations were added to provide additional coverage. A more
detailed description of these stations is presented in Appendix C.
12
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Figure 6. Kansas City air quality monitoring network.
13
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II. RESULTS OF COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY
A comprehensive survey of air pollution in the Kansas City area was
conducted during the period from October 1966 to October 1967. This survey, which
included a measurement of air quality, air pollution emissions, meteorology, and
effects of air pollutantsfwas conducted jointly by the Abatement Program, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, and state and local air pollution control
agencies. Most of the data presented in this report were generated in the course
of this comprehensive survey. Available air-quality and meteorological data for
other periods of time and from sources other than agencies participating directly
in the comprehensive survey have been used to extend the survey data and to assist
in their interpretation.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Suspended Particulate - High-Volume Sampler
Suspended particulates, as sampled by the high-volume sampler, were measured
at 16 locations. Each sample was of 24 hours duration with a starting time at .
midnight. With the exception of the Price Farm station, which was in operation for
only 5 months, all stations were in operation at least 7 months in the period from
October 1966 to October 1967.
Frequency distributions of the daily measurements were computed for all
concentration values obtained during the study period. A summary of these data
appears in Table 2. Geometric mean concentration exceeded 75 micrograms per cubic
meter (yg/m ) at 9 of the 16 sampling sites. Highest arithmetic average concentra-
tions were recorded at Morse School, 138 yg/m , and Fairfax, 131 yg/m3; both loca-
tions had maximum 24-hour concentrations exceeding 300 yg/m3. These stations
recorded concentrations of 200 yg/m3 or greater 10 percent of the days. Lowest
averages were at the Price Farm, 59 yg/m3, and Dorothy Moody School, 52 yg/m3.
The percentages of days that certain specific concentrations were exceeded
are indicated in Table 3. A level of 65 yg/m3 was exceeded more than half the days
at all but three sampling locations. Concentrations exceeding 200 yg/m more than
1 percent of the days were found at seven locations.
Suspended particulate data are summarized on a seasonal basis in Table 4.
Seasonal variations in arithmetic mean concentrations were not consistent from
15
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station to station; however, highest concentrations occurred most often 1n the
spring and the fall. Concentrations exceeding 200 wg/m3 occurred most frequently
during the spring and fall at Morse School (with frequency almost as high during
the spring at Municipal Airport South), during the summer at Fairfax, and during
the winter and spring at East Kansas City, Kansas.
Quarterly composite suspended particulate samples obtained at the Water-
works, Police Garage, and Morse School stations were analyzed for metals, sulfates,
benzene solubles, and benzo(a)pyrene content. These data appear in Table 5.
Measurable quantities of copper, iron, lead, and manganese were found in all
composite samples from all stations. Concentrations of antimony, beryllium,
bismuth, cadmium, chromium, molybdenum and titanium were below the minimum detec-
table concentration in all quarterly composite samples analyzed.
Yearly average sulfate concentrations were approximately equal (6 to 7 wg/m3)
at the three sampling sites. Yearly average concentration of benzene-soluble
materials was lowest at the Waterworks station (3.8 wg/m3), and approximately equal
at the Police Garage (6.2 wg/m3) and Morse School stations (6.8 wg/m3).
Yearly average concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was lower at the Waterworks
station (0.70 wg/1000 m3) than at the Police Garage (1.44 wg/1000 m3) or at Morse
School (1.50 wg/1000 m3). Quarterly samples ranged from 0.6 to 1.7 micrograms of
benzo(a)pyrene per gram of total suspended particulate. The atmospheric
concentration of benzo(a)pyrene was generally greater during the fall and winter
months than during the spring and summer months.
Kansas City, Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas, are included 1n the
National Air Sampling Network (NASN). NASN is operated jointly by the National
Center for Air Pollution Control of the Public Health Service and state and local
air pollution control agencies. Suspended particulate samples are obtained with
high-volume samplers on a biweekly basis. Data obtained for concentrations of
total suspended particulates and for benzene-soluble materials for Kansas City,
Kansas, and Kansas City, Missouri, are summarized in Tables 6 and 7.
16
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Table 2. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION
Station
number
1
3
4
6
8
9
10
12
14
20
23
24
27
28
29
33
Station
location
Waterworks
Municipal Airport South
Fairfax
Claycomo City Hall
Price Farm
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Fire Station No. 21
Independence Health Department
Dorothy Moody School
East KCK
F1re Station No. 14
Morse School
Turner High School
Southeast Elementary
Leavenworth
Operating
period
10/66-10/67
1/67-10/67
1/67-7/67
1/67-10/67
3/67-7/67
10/66-10/67
10/66-10/67
1/67-10/67
1/67-10/67
1/67-10/67
1/67-7/67
1/67-7/67
10/66-10/67
1/67-7/67
1/67-7/67
2/67-10/67
No
obs
171
70
57
83
22
178
180
62
120
71
53
55
148
53
50
60
Min
value
18
27
26
11
16
34
19
34
18
13
45
27
27
26
18
13
Concentration, ug/m3
Percent of days
stated value exceeded:
90
38
55
68
48
23
62
41
59
45
26
76
58
68
38
28
36
7b
57
74
91
71
41
75
54
74
63
34
87
68
94
46
46
47
50
80
106
119
96
55
95
69
85
77
48
101
86
133
61
66
68
25
103
134
159
123
78
123
87
111
96
66
127
101
165
84
84
91
10
135
175
222
157
101
155
111
162
114
82
172
125
231
104
110
107
1
220
273*
332*
205
143*
228
166
195*
141
no
225*
163
302
141*
133
133*
Max
value
269
273
332
238
143
268
195
195
181
113
225
169
325
141
202
133
Arlth
mean
85
112
131
98
59
103
73
96
80
52
112
88
138
66
70
70
Geom
mean
77
101
118
88
52
96
68
90
72
47
106
83
125
62
61
64
r! *Max1mum value used.
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Table 3. PERCENT OF TIME CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDED SPECIFIC VALUES -
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE BY HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLER
Station
number
1
3
4
6
8
9
10
12
14
20
23
24
27
28
29
33
Station
location
Waterworks
Municipal Airport South
Fai rf ax
Claycomo City Hall
Price Farm
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Fire Station No. 21
Independence Health Department
Dorothy Moody School
East KCK
Fire Station No. 14
Morse School
Turner High School
Southeast Elementary
Leavenworth
Percent of days stated value exceeded:
65 wg/m
65
84
93
77
32
88
55
84
72
25
94
84
92
40
52
53
75 yg/m3
56
74
84
69
27
75
44
74
52
13
90
60
86
32
30
40
100 pg/m3
27
56
72
46
9
46
15
34
19
4
51
25
70
11
18
15
125 wg/m3
15
31
47
23
4
24
3
18
4
0
26
7
53
4
6
3
150 ug/m3
7
17
30
12
0
13
1
10
2
0
15
4
36
0
4
0
200 yg/m3
2
7
10
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
6
0
15
0
2
0
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Table 4. SEASONAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
1
3
4
6
8
9
10
12
14
20
23
24
27
28
29
33
Stati on
location
Waterworks
Municipal Airport South
Fairfax
Claycomo City Hall
Price Farm
Police Garage ~
UMKC Campus
Fire Station No. 21
Independence Health Department
Dorothy Moody School
East KCK
Fire Station No. 14
Morse School
Turner High School
Southeast Elementary
Leavenworth
Arithmetic mean, ug/m^
Oct-Nova
1966
114
105
77
164
Dec-Feb
1966-67
80
116
139
108
_b
107
73
92
70
43
105
80
121
71
57
80
Mar-May
1967
84
120
133
100
57
109
77
106
90
59
119
91
151
70
81
76
June-Aug
1967
83
108
121
94
61
91
62
89
78
51
109
87
123
58
56
64
Sept-Oct
1967
76
98
131
91
100
82
73
77
39
-
-
-
-
-
68
Percent of days value exceeded 200 pg/m
Oct-Nova
1966
10
0
0
35
Dec-Feb
1966-67
0
2
7
0
4
0
0
0
0
8
0
3
0
0
0
Mar-May
1967
0
16
8
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
8
0
20
0
4
0
June-Aug
1967
0
0
13
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
Sept-Oct
1967
0
0
9
0
8
0
0
0
0
_
.
-
_
-
0
80nly four stations in operation.
bDash indicates insufficient data available.
-------
ro
o
Table 5. ANALYSES Of QUARTERLY AVERAGE SUSPENDED PARTICULATES - METALS, SULFATE, ORGANICS
Metals, ug/m3
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Non-metals
Sul fates, ug/m3
Sul fates, %
Organlcs
Benzene ,
solubles, ug/m
Benzene
solubles, %
Benzo (a) pyrene,
ug/1000 m3
Benzo (a) pyrene,
yg/g
Station 1: Waterworks
Oct-Dec
0.32
1.30
0.67
0.038
0.007
.
_
0.004
0.23
7.4
7.3
4.9
4.8
1.22
1.5
Jan-Mar
0.04
0.93
0.39
0.024
a
-
_
0.004
-
6.7
8.0
4.2
5.0
0.88
1.3
Apr-June
0.03
0.42
0.33
0.016
-
.
_
-
-
8.5
11.2
2.7
3.6
0.34
0.6
July-Sept
0.07
0.80
0.51
0.022
-
-
-
-
-
5.2
6.4
3.2
4.0
0.38
0.6
Average
0.11
0.86
0.48
0.025
-
-
.
<0.004
<0.15
7.0
8.2
3.8
4.4
0.70
1.0
Station 9: Police Garage
Oct-Dec
0.08
0.25
0.49
0.013
-
-
-
-
-
5.2
5.5
5.4
5.7
2.23
2.9
Jan-Mar
0.69
1.31
0.92
0.038
0.008
0.02
-
0.01
-
10.1
8.1
6.6
5.3
2.03
2.0
Apr-June
0.28
0.85
0.88
0.043
-
-
-
-
-
7.1
7.5
6.0
6.3
0.75
1.0
July-Sept
0.22
1.0
1.1
0.045
-
-
-
-
-
2.1
2.1
6.7
6.6
0.77
1.0
Average
0.32
0.85
0.85
0.035
-
-
-
0.006
-
6.1
5.8
6.2
6.0
1.44
1.7
Station 27: Morse School
Oct-Dec
0.03
1.8
0.61
0.062
-
-
-
-
-
8.8
5.7
7.9
5.1
2.06
1.7
Jan-Mar
0.04
1.6
0.48
0.048
-
-
-
-
-
8.7
4.7
6.6
3.6
1.85
1.3
Apr-June
0.02
1.2
0.44
0.037
-
-
-
-
-
4.0
3.0
5.4
4.0
1.16
1.1
July-Sept
0.02
0.97
0.45
0.031
-
-
-
-
-
6.7
4.1
7.2
4.4
0.94
0.7
Average
0.03
1.39
0.50
0.044
-
-
-
-
-
7.0
4.4
6.8
4.3
1.50
1.2
aDash Indicates concentration was below detectable limits. Lowest detectable concentrations are:'
Antimony 0.040 ug/m
Beryllium 0.0002 ug/m3
Bismuth 0.0011 ug/m3
Cadmium 0.011 ug/m3
Chromium
Cobalt
Iron
Molybdenum 0.0024
0.0064 ug/m3
0.0064 ug/m3
0.16 ug/m3
Tin 0.001
Titanium 0.0096 ug/m3
Vanadium 0.0032 ug/m3
Zinc 0.12
Nickel
0.0064
-------
Table 6. SUMMARY OF NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK DATA FOR SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
IN KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, AND KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
Location
Kansas City,
Missouri
Kansas City,
Kansas
Year
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1960
1962
1964
1966
No. samples
26
24
22
26
24
24
24
25
24
24
23
26
24
25
23
Annual concentration, yg/m3
Max value
436
345
278
343
300
227
465
310
292
156
209
203
391
328
148
Arlth mean
171
193
124
142
129
140
160
137
145
116
127
119
163
112
90
% of time value exceeded:
150 yg/m3
62
63
27
19
29
38
58
28
42
13
26
19
46
12
0
200 yg/m3
19
42
5
8
8
13
13
12
21
0
4
4
21
12
0
Quarterly concentration, yg/m3
Jan-Mar
232
242
149
177
180
184
186
160
125
118
143
119
129
138
85
Apr-June
138
180
134
135
136
114
139
123
142
124
126
104
151
78
87
July-Sept
165
209
104
122
113
122
157
114
132
113
126
126
209
107
97
Oct-Dec
167
157
112
133
87
133
152
150
183
110
93
124
169
115
87
-------
to
N>
Table 7. SUMMARY Of NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK DATA FOR BENZENE-SOLUBLE PARTICULATES
IN KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, AND KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
Location
Kansas City,
Missouri
Kansas City,
Kansas
Year
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1960
1962
1964
No. samples
26
24
22
26
24
24
24
25
24
26
24
25
Annual concentration, ug/m3
Max value
30.1
37.4
26.4
18.0
31.9
24.2
28.8
nda
nd*
21.3
31.7
nda
Arlth mean
9.6
15.9
9.6
10.9
9.6
9.3
9.7
7.6
9.4
9.0
10.7
7.2
Quarterly concentration, yg/m3
% of suspended
particulate
5.5
8.2
7.8
7.1
7.5
6.6
6.1
5.6
6.5
7.6
6.6
6.4
Jan-Mar
13.3
15.1
12.1
12.6
15.3
12.0
9.8
11.1
6.0
7.9
7.7
11.3
Apr-June
6.4
15.6
7.7
8.9
10.7
6.0
8.4
5.1
5.7
7.2
11.3
2.7
July-Sept
7.8
18.9
8.7
8.2
7.4
7.8
11.0
6.2
7.0
9.9
13.7
7.0
Oct-Dec
11.3
13.8
10.9
11.2
5.1
11.2
9.5
7.3
18.8
10.8
10.8
6.6
and - not determined, but quarterly composited samples were analyzed.
-------
Annual arithmetic mean concentrations of total suspended particulates in
Kansas City, Missouri, from 1957 to 1967 aresshown in Figure 7. Concentrations
measured in 1957 and 1958 were significantly greater than those measured from
1959 to 1967. Since 1958, there has been no significant annual trend in suspen-
ded particulate concentrations.
200
180
en
LU
£
«c
D_
LU
O
O-
00
160
140
120
100
.-
- /
;- '---. '.
'.;/^;--,
Zi'ir'tX'
';.:,
Jv:-:>!
?:"£-?
1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
YEAR
Figure 7. Annual variation in suspended particulate concentrations -
NASN data, Kansas City, Missouri.
23
-------
Suspended Parti oilate - Soiling Index
Soiling Index was measured from October 1966 to October 1967 at four
stations using AISI sequential filter paper tape samplers. Data obtained over
2-hour averaging times are reported in Cohs per 1000 lineal feet and are summarized
in Table 8. Maximum values ranged from 2.7 at Waterworks to 5.2 at the University
of Missouri Kansas City Campus. Geometric means for the entire period of observa-
tion varied from 0.2 to 0.4 Cons/1000 lineal feet.
Table 8. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 2-HOUR SOILING INDEX VALUES
Station
number
1
9
10
27
Station
location
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
Operating
period
10/66-10/67
10/66-10/67
10/66-10/67
10/66-10/67
No.
obs
3963
4023
4068
3113
Soiling Index. Cohs/1000 lineal feet
M1n
value
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Percent of time stated value exceeded:
90
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
70
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
50
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
30
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.7
16
0.5
0.7
0.5
1.1
10
0.7
0.9
0.6
1.4
1
1.5
1.9
1.4
2.6
Max
value
2.7
4.7
5.2
4.3
Arlth
mean
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.6
Geom
mean
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
Std
dev
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.5
Values exceeding 1.9 Cohs/1000 lineal feet occurred 4 percent of the time
at the Morse School and 1 percent of the time at the Police Garage (Table 9).
Seasonal variations in soiling index values are shown in Table 10. Seasonal
median concentrations varied from 0.1 to 0.4 at all stations except the Morse
School, where values of 0.7 and 0.6 were obtained for the summer and fall,
respectively. Values exceeding 0.9 Cohs/1000 lineal feet occurred most frequently
during the winter at all stations except the Morse School, where these concen-
trations occurred most frequently during the summer and fall.
Table 9. PERCENT OF TIME SELECTED 2-HOUR AVERAGE
SOILING INDEX VALUES WERE EXCEEDED
OCTOBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
Station
number
1
9
10
27
Station
location
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
Percent of time exceeding given
value in Cohs/1000 lineal feet:
0.4
25
34
20
54
0.9
5
9
3
20
1.4
1
3
1
9
1.9
-------
Table 10. SEASONAL VARIATION IN SOILING INDEX
Station
number
1
9
10
27
1
9
10
27
1
9
10
27
Station
location
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
Arithmetic mean, Cohs/1000 lineal feet
Oct'66-Nov'66
Sept'67-0ct'67
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.7
Dec '66*
Feb'67
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.5
Mar '67-
May'67
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.6
June '67
Aug '67
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.9
Median, Cohs/1000 lineal feet
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.7
% of time 2-hr concentrations exceeded 0.9
Cohs/1000 lineal feet
4
10
4
24
8
19
6
12
4
5
3
19
3
3
1
32
Settleable Parti oilate - Pustfall
Settleable particulate were collected over monthly intervals for varying
periods from January 1967 to October 1967 at 35 sampling sites using dustfall
receptacles. Data obtained are reported in tons per square mile per month
(tons/mi2-mo) and are summarized in Table 11. The highest arithmetic and geometric
means of 12 tons/mi2-mo were measured at West Independence. The maximum monthly
dustfall was 22 tons/mi2-mo. Dustfall values in excess of 15 tons/mi2-mo were
measured at 5 sampling stations; values in excess of 20 tons per square mile per
month were obtained at Price Farm and at Hickory Grove School.
25
-------
Table 11. SETTLEABLE PARTICULATE - DUSTFALL
Station
number
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Station
location
Waterworks
Municipal Airport South
Fairfax
Gladstone Water Department
Claycomo City Hall
Pleasant Valley City Hall
Price Farm
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Pleasant Valley School
Fire Station No. 21
Central Independence
Independence Health Department
South Independence
Raytown City Hall
John Hartman School
Olathe Substation
Hickory Grove School
Dorothy Moody School
North Johnson County
Bethel Fire Station
East KCK
F1re Station No. 14
Mark Twain School
Wyandotte Swim Club
Morse School
Turner High School
Southeast Elementary
Kerrville Water Station No. 4
Dearborn City Limits
West Platte County
Leavenworth
Sewage Treatment Plant
East Independence
West Independence
Operating
period
1/67- 9/67
1/67- 9/67
1/67- 9/67
2/67-10/67
1/67-10/67
2/67- 7/67
3/67-10/67
1/67- 8/67
1/67- 8/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
1/67- 8/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
1/67- 8/67
1/67- 8/67
2/67-10/67
3/67-10/67
1/67- 7/67
1/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
3/67-10/67
1/67- 8/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
1/67-10/67
2/67- 9/67
2/67- 9/67
3/67- 9/67
3/67- 9/67
3/67-10/67
3/67- 9/67
No.
obs.
8
9
9
6
9
5
8
7
7
9
8
8
7
8
8
8
9
5
7
8
7
6
10
8
8
6
9
9
9
7
5
6
6
7
6
Dustfall, tons/mi -mo
Min
3
3
3
5
4
3
1
4
2
4
5
3
2
2
1
<1
1
3
1
1
4
3
1
3
2
4
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
9
Max
10
10
13
18
7
6
21
15
8
11
9
10
10
6
14
7
6
22
6
5
7
10
7
11
5
9
11
9
4
11
6
14
8
10
19
Arith
mean
5
5
7
9
6
4
7
7
4
8
7
5
6
4
5
3
3
7
3
3
5
6
4
6
3
6
5
4
2
5
4
6
4
5
12
Geom
mean
5
5
6
9
5
4
5
7
4
8
6
5
5
5
4
4
2
3
5
3
3
5
4
5
3
6
4
4
2
4
4
5
a
'4
12
Std
dev
2
2
3
5
1
1
6
4
2
2
2
3
3
1
4
2
1
8
2
1
1
3
2
3
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
4
2
2
4
26
-------
GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
Sulfur Dioxide
Two-hour average atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations were measured at
four stations using automatic sequential samplers and the p-rosaniline
spectrophotometric method of detection. Data obtained are summarized in Table 12.
Arithmetic and geometric mean concentrations were 0.01 part per million (ppm) at
all stations. Maximum concentrations varied from 0.11 ppm at the University of
Missouri Kansas City Campus to 0.20 ppm at the Police Garage. Concentrations
exceeding 0.15 ppm, 2-hour average, occurred for less than 1 percent of the time
at all stations.
Cumulative percent frequency of occurrence of 24-hour average S02 concen-
tration is indicated in Table 13. Maximum concentrations ranged from 0.02 ppm
at the University of Missouri Kansas City Campus to 0.08 ppm at the Police Garage.
Twenty-four hour concentrations exceeded 0.05 ppm 1 percent of the time at the
Police Garage.
Seasonal variation in sulfur dioxide concentrations is indicated in Table 14.
Sulfur dioxide concentration is highest during the winter at the Waterworks and
Police Garage stations. There was no seasonal difference in arithmetic or geome-
tric mean concentrations at the University of Missouri Kansas City Campus or the
Morse School for the three seasons that measurements were available; however, the
upper percentile concentration was higher during the winter months.
27
-------
ro
CO
Table 12. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 2-HOUR SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
Station
number
1
9
10
27
Station
location
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
Opera ti ng
period
12/66-10/67
12/66-10/67
12/66- 7/67
12/66- 7/67
No.
obs.
1818
1819
1368
1438
Concentration, ppm
Min
value
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Percent of time stated value exceeded:
90
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
70
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
50
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
30
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
16
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
10
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
1
0.09
0.10
0.03
0.06
Max
value
0.14
0.20
0.11
0.15
Arith.
mean
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Geom
mean
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Std
dev
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
Table 13. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY AVERAGE SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
VARYING PERIODS - 1966-67
Station
number
1
9
10
27
Station
location
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
No.
obs
159
160
120
120
Concentration, ppm
Min
value
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Percent of time stated value exceeded:
90
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0»01
75
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
50
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
25
6.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
10
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
1
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.04
Max
value
0.05
0.08
0.02
0.04
Arith
mean
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Geom
mean
0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
-------
Table 14. SEASONAL VARIATION IN SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
2-hour samples
Station
number
1
9
10
27
1
9
10
27
1
9
10
27
Station
location
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
Waterworks
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Morse School
Arithmetic mean
Dec '66-
Feb'67
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.01
Mar' 67-
May'67
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
June'67-
Aug'67
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Sept' 67-
Oct'67
0.01
0.01
nda
nd
Geometric mean
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
nd
nd
2-hour concentrations
exceeded 1% of time
0.11
0.15
0.04
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.07
nd
nd
nd - not determined
Sulfation
Monthly average sulfatlon rates of lead peroxide candles were determined
at 35 sampling stations for varying periods from January 1967 to October 1967.
Data obtained are reported in milligrams of sulfur trioxide per 100 square
centimeters per day (mg S03/100 cm2-day) and are summarized in Table 15.
Sulfation rate, a measure of sulfur dioxide dosage, is used to estimate the
monthly average sulfur dioxide concentration. Highest average sulfation rate
(0.6 mg SOo/100 on2-day) was recorded at Municipal Airport South and Fairfax.
Mean sulfation rates were 0.3 mg S03/100 on2-day or greater at 9 of the 35 sampling
stations. Maximum monthly sulfation rates exceeding 0.5 mg S03/100 cm2-day were
measured at 10 stations (Table 16). Sulfation rates exceeding 1.0 were observed
at Leavenworth and at the Sewage Treatment Plant.
29
-------
Table 15. MONTHLY SULFATION DATA
Station
number
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Station
location
Waterworks
Municipal Airport South
Fairfax
Gladstone Water Department
Claycomo City Hall
Pleasant Valley City Hall
Price Farm
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Pleasant Valley School
Fire Station No. 21
Central Independence
Independence Health Department
South Independence
Ray town City Hall
John Hartman School
Olathe Substation
Hickory Grove School
Dorothy Moody School
North Johnson County
Bethel Fire Station
East KCK
Fire Station
Mark Twain School
Wyandotte Swim Club
Morse School
Turner High School
Southeast Elementary
Kerrville Water Station No. 4
Dearborn City Limits
West Platte County
Leavenworth
Sewage Treatment Plant
East Independence
West Independence
Operating
period
1/67-10/67
1/67-10/67
1/67-10/67
3/67-10/67
1/67-10/67
2/67- 6/67
3/67-10/67
1/67- 9/67
1/67- 9/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
1/67- 9/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
2/67- 8/67
2/67-10/67
1/67- 8/67
1/67- 9/67
2/67- 9/67
2/67-10/67
1/67- 7/67
1/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
1/67- 9/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
1/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
2/67-10/67
3/67-10/67
3/67-10/67
3/67-10/67
3/67-10/67
No.
obs
10
10
10
6
9
5
8
9
8
9
9
8
9
9
8
6
9
8
9
8
8
7
10
8
9
8
9
9
10
9
9
7
8
8
8
Concentration,
mg S03/100 cm -day
Min
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Max
0.6
1.0
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.6
1.1
0.3
0.3
Anth
mean
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.1
30
-------
Table 16. NUMBER OF MONTHS SULFATION VALUES CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDED SPECIFIC VALUES
Station
number
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Station
location
Waterworks
Municipal Airport South
Fairfax
Gladstone Water Department
Claycomo City Hall
Pleasant Valley City Hall
Price Farm
Police Garage
UMKC Campus
Pleasant Valley School
Fire Station ;No. 21
Central Independence
Independence Health Department
South Independence
Ray town City Hall
John Hartman School
Olathe Substation
Hickory Grove School
Dorothy Moody School
North Johnson County
Bethel Fire Station
East KCK
Fire Station ;No. 14
Mark Twain School
t
Wyandotte Swim Club
Morse School
Turner High School
Southeast Elementary
Kerrville Water Station !No. 4
Dearborn City Limits
West Platte County
Leavenworth
Sewage Treatment Plant
East Independence
West Independence
No.
obs
10
10
10
6
9
5
8
9
8
9
9
8
9
9
8
6
9
8
9
8
8
7
10
8
9
8
9
9
10
9
9
7
8
8
8
Sulfation, mg SOs/lOO cm2-day
0.25
8
9
9
2
2
2
0
6
3
5
3
1
4
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
3
5
3
3
3
1
4
0
0
0
1
6
1
1
0.50
1
6
5
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
0.75
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
-------
The average sulfation rate for all stations was used to indicate monthly
variation in sulfation (Figure 8). Sulfation rates were highest in January and
February decreased progressively to May, and then increased progressively from
July to October. January and February values were about 3.5 times greater than
June and July values.
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§
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MONTH
OCT
Figure 8. Monthly average sulfation rate for all stations.
32
-------
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS
Information concerning the effects of air pollution on vegetation and
materials was gathered in the survey area. Both indigenous vegetation and
vegetation grown experimentally at three locations were examined for damage.
Effects such as soiling, corrosion, and deterioration of materials were also
investigated.
Vegetation Effects
During the 1967 growing season, a botanist made three series of inspections
of indigenous vegetation in the Kansas City area. These inspection tours
consisted of observing vegetation at 15 to 20 locations. The findings of these
inspections are reported in Table 17. Severe damage means that 50 to 100 percent
of the leaf tissue is damaged; extensive means that 25 to 50 percent is damaged;
and moderate means that 5 to 25 percent is damaged.
Experimental vegetation was cultured hydroponically in vermiculite in
exposure chambers from July 17 through September 5, 1967, at the Waterworks and
Police Garage, Kansas City, Missouri, and at Morse School, Kansas City, Kansas.
In addition, a control chamber ventilated with clean air was operated at the
Waterworks. The exposure chambers were ventilated with ambient air at a rate of
about one air change per minute. The control chamber was ventilated with
filtered air, which was passed through activated charcoal. Tobacco W3, pinto
bean, geranium, petunia, begonia, and corn plants were exposed in each chamber.
The pots were kept in shallow trays with Hoagland nutrient solution; distilled
water was added as needed. Each week, the vermiculite was flushed with distilled
water and the plants were placed in fresh nutrient solution. Exposures were
arranged so that damage could be determined during the entire exposure period
and during each of the 3-week increments of the exposure period. Vegetation
was also examined for short-term damage each week when the plants were tended.
Table 18 summarizes the leaf damage found on the experimental vegetation.
The time of occurrence of the damage is designated as period 1 or 2, which
corresponds to the time intervals from July 17 to August 10 and August 11 to
September 5, 1967. In Table 18 both the type and amount of damage are listed.
When the type of injury is specific to a certain pollutant, 1t is listed according
to pollutant; however, if the type is nonspecific, it is listed according to type
of damage, such as chlorosis.
33
-------
Table 17.
INJURY FOUND ON INDIGENOUS VEGETATION GROWN AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS
IN KANSAS CITY AREA - 1967
Date
5/15
5/15
5/15
5/15
5/15
5/15
5/15
7/18
7/18
7/18
7/19
7/19
7/19
7/19
7/19
7/19
Stephenson's orchard
1/2 mile south of
Sibley power plant
Across street from
Sibley Elementary School
about 1 mile from
Sibley power plant
2 miles northwest of
Sibley power plant
3 miles west of
Sibley power plant
Near Truman Library,
Highway 24
Independence, Missouri
Sugar Creek
North River and
Brewster land
section, Independence,
Missouri
3118 North River Road
northeast of
Sugar Creek Refinery
'Fairfax Airport, Kansas
City
Fairfax Drainage Dist.
1620 Fairfax Ave.
In front of courthouse,
downtown Kansas City,
Missouri
Stephenson's orchard
1/2 mile south of
Sibley power plant
Shropshire residence near
Sibley Elementary School
1 mile from Sibley power
plant
Near Osage Honey Store
2 miles northeast of
power plant
Sibley Cemetery
1 mile north Sibley
power plant
Haynes residence
4 miles west Sibley
power plant
Park St. near Light St.
about a mile from
Sugar Creek Refinery
Plant variety
Peach trees
Rose bush
Dogwood
Red delicious apple
Clover
Spirea
Strawberry
Tomato
Peony
Petunia
Sweet peas
Hybiscus
Tomato
Petunia
Tomato
Hedge
Maple
Crab apple
Pine needle
Oak
Sweet peas
Grape vine
Apple
Tulip trees
Tomato
Alfalfa
Rasberry
Strawberry
Red bud
Petunia
Verbenia
Petunia
Maple
Ragweed
Spirea
Apple
Spirea
Sweet peas
Grass
Clover
Sugar maple
Silver maple
Virginia creeper
Clematic
Honeysuckle
Redbud
Pollutant
cause
so2
SO'
S02
S0|
so*
so*
S02
so?
so*
so|
so*
so*
SO-
SO*
so2
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Acid mist or fly ash
Add mist or fly ash
Acid mist
so2
SO*
Oxidant
so2
SO*
SO*
SO,
so*
so*
£.
so2
so?
so*
so*
so.
c.
so.
so*
so,,
add mist
Degree of damage
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Moderate
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Moderate
Extensive
Moderate
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Moderate
Extensive
34
-------
Table 18. SUMMARY OF TYPE AND EXTENT" OF LEAF DAMAGE
ON EXPERIMENTAL VEGETATION
Vegetation
Tobacco
Pinto bean
Begonia
Petunia
Geranium
Corn
Period
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Waterworks
o3b + so2c (s)
°3 (E>
PAN (M)
PAN (M)
°3 (E)
Chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (T)
Chlorosis (M)
Police Garage
03 + PANd (M)
°3
PAN (E)
None
Chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (T)
Chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (T)
Chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (T)
Chlorosis (T)
Chlorosis (T)
Morse School
o3 + so2 (s)
°3
-------
In addition to tissue destruction, the growth of all specimen plants was
suppressed. Table 19 lists the percentage by which exposed specimens were
smaller than the control specimens of the same age. A suppression value of 30
percent means that the plant growth In an exposure chamber was estimated by
visual comparison to be 30 percent less than that of a similar plant grown 1n
the Waterworks control chamber. Table 20 summarizes the air pollution effects
on the tobacco plants grown In the exposure chambers during the study period.
Table 19. GROWTH SUPPRESSION OF EXPERIMENTAL VEGETATION*
(percent less than control)
Vegetation
Tobacco
Pinto bean
Petunia
Geranium
Begonia
Corn
Waterworks
30
25
40
25
50
25
Police Garage
20
15
15
25
15
15
Horse School
30
30
40
30
50
25
Waterworks
Control
0
0
0
0
0
0
a Estimated by visual comparison
Table 20. COMPARISON OF EXPOSED AND CONTROL TOBACCO PLANT GROWTH
BETWEEN 7/17/67 - 9/5/67
Percent of leaf area damaged
Diameter of stem, In.
2
Stem cross-section area, in.
Cross-section area, percent
less than control
Root system weight, grams
Percent root system weight
less than control
Waterworks
30
0.61
0.29
30
405
30
Police Garage
20
0.62
0.30
30
428
26
Morse School
30
0.56
0.25
40
328
43
Control
0
0.73
0.42
0
576
0
36
-------
Material Effects Measurements
Six stations of the Interstate Surveillance Project were operated in the
study area during 1967. Five of these stations coincided with existing air-
monitoring stations. The other station was used only as a part of the Interstate
Surveillance Project. These stations are identified in Table C-l of Appendix C.
Zinc and steel corrosion, dye fading, rubber deterioration, silver
tarnishing, Nylon deterioration, sulfation, dustfall, and wind-blown particulates
were all measured at these stations. These results are summarized in Table 21.
The average corrosion rates in the Kansas City study area for zinc and steel
are 0.04 and 0.7 mils penetration per year, respectively. During 1966 , when
60 Interstate Surveillance Project (ISP) stations were in operation, these corrosion
rates were exceeded by 75 and 90 percent of the stations, respectively. Thus by
comparison, the corrosion rates in the study area are well below average.
Dye fading was found to be moderate in the Kansas City area. In 1967, with
about 125 ISP stations operating, 50 percent of these stations exhibited dye-fading
rates for the first 3 quarters of the year of less than 21, 19, and 22 Judd units
for the nitrogen-dioxide-sensitive fabric and 12, 19, and 23 Judd units for the
ozone-sensitive fabric. In Kansas City, the nitrogen-dioxide-sensitive fabric
faded slightly more in the downtown areas, and the ozone-sensitive fabric faded
substantially more in the suburban areas.
The rubber-cracking rate, by comparison to national averages, was found to
*
be slightly above average. In 1966 , 50 percent of the ISP stations had cracking
rates of less than 92 microns per week and 75 percent had rates of less than 171
microns per week. Rubber cracking is more severe in the suburban Kansas City area
than in the downtown locations; therefore, there is agreement between the rubber
cracking, an oxidant indicator, and the ozone dye-fading results.
In 1967, 50 percent of the ISP stations had a silver tarnishing rate of less
than 58 percent reflectance loss; 75 percent of the stations had values of less
than 76 percent. The Kansas City area values are considered to be moderate by
comparison. Results from the downtown Kansas City, Kansas, station indicate that
there is probably a source of hydrogen sulfide in this area.
Nylon deterioration is generally caused by acidic particles. During 1967,
75 percent of the ISP stations had no breaks and 90 percent averaged less than 24
1967 frequency data not available
37
-------
CO
oo
Table 21. INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT MATERIAL EFFECTS DATA - 1967
Material
Z1nc
Steel
Fabric
Fabric
Rubber
Silver
Nylon
Pb 02
Dustfall
Wind blown
parti culates
Effect
Corrosion
Corrosion
Fading
NOg-sensltive
Fadi ng
Oj-sensit1ve
Cracking
Tarnishing
Deterioration
so2
Soiling
Soiling
Units
of effect
mi 1 s penetrati on/year
mils penetration/year
Judd units/90 days
Judd units/90 days
microns/7 days
(monthly average)
percent loss of
reflectance/30 days
breaks/year/7 in2
mg S03/100 cm2-day
tons/mi 2-mo
particles/mm2
Reporti ng
description
Annual
Annual
Jan-Mar
Apr-June
July-Sept
Oct-Dec
Jan-Mar
Apr-June
July-Sept
Oct-Dec
Arith mean
Minimum
Maximum
AHth mean
Minimum
Maximum
Annual
Arith mean
Minimum
Maximum
Arith mean
Minimum
Maximum
Arith mean
Minimum
Maximum
Station number
9
0.05
0.7
19
18
24
17
9
18
23
2
82
0
161
48
30
83
8
0.4
0
0.9
17
11
42
36
12
71
10
0.03
0.7
19
17
22
15
13
22
24
13
100
0
180
41
14
59
0
0.2
0
0.4
11
6
22
20
5
55
14
0.04
0.3
18
19
21
12
14
24
28
15
135
0
229
43
22
79
1
0.3
0
0.7
14
6
28
20
7
47
20
0.03
0.7
17
16
17
13
12
25
26
11
143
0
317
34
20
55
2
0.1
0
0.3
8
3
17
17
4
56
27
-
0.8
21
16
21
15
11
20
24
16
106
0
269
40
23
76
1
0.2
0
0.6
17
11
25
41
21
70
NA
0.04
0.9
23
19
22
12
11
21
21
1
104
0
232
60
26
91
0
0.4
0
0.5
28
14
34
34
11
71
-------
breaks. The Kansas City results indicate that acid aerosols are found in the
Kansas City, Missouri, area.
In 1967, 50 percent of the ISP stations had dustfall rates of less than
14 tons/mi -mo, while 75 percent had rates of less than 22 tons/mi2-mo. The Kansas
City area results are, by comparison, moderate except for the downtown Kansas City,
Kansas, results, which are moderate to high.
In 1967, 25 and 50 percent of the ISP stations had a wind blown particulates
rate of less than 17 and 34 particles/mm , respectively. The Kansas City area
results fall within this range.
EMISSION INVENTORY
An inventory of pollutant emissions from the various sources in the seven-
county Kansas City, Kansas - Kansas City, Missouri, area was completed for cal-
endar year 1966. The pollutants inventoried were sulfurous compounds (calculated
as S02 and hereafter referred to as S0x or sulfur oxides), particulates, hydro-
carbons (calculated as methane), and carbon monoxide. The surveyed emissions
were from stationary and mobile fuel combustion sources, industrial processes,
evaporative losses, and solid-waste burning.
The air contaminants discharged to the atmosphere annually from sources in
the study area are listed in Tables 22 through 25 by source category. These
tables show that 125,000 tons of sulfur oxides, 60,000 tons of particulates,
233,000 tons of hydrocarbons, and 744,000 tons of carbon monoxide were emitted
during 1966 in the seven-county area. The major portion of these pollutants was
generated in the Kansas City core area. Sources are concentrated in the highly
industrialized Missouri, Kansas, and Blue River Valleys, and the densely populated
and commercialized districts of the city itself.
In general, the pollutant emissions by state are somewhat similar (Table
26). The patterns of fuel usage at stationary sources and mobile source movement
arc nearly the same for Kansas and Missouri portions of the study area. Most of
the process and refuse-burning emissions are generated In Kansas, and most of the
stationary fuel combustion emissions are generated in Missouri. The Missouri
portion of the study area has the larger population and most of the steam-electric
power plants.
39
-------
Table 22. SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS (AS S02) IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Residential fuel
Bituminous
coal
140
140
780
120
1,180
270
210
280
760
1,940
Distillate
oil
27
49
130
28
234
27
19
24
70
304
Residual
oil
-
3
16
-
19
-
-
-
19
Natural
gas
Nega
1
6
Neg
7
2
Neg
2
4
11
Total
167
193
932
148
1,140
299
229
306
834
2,274
Commercial and governmental fuel
Bituminous
coal
100
350
3,490
68
4,008
2,900
77
390
3,367
7,375
Distillate
oil
34
41
410
8
493
11
5
17
33
526
Residual
oil
37
98
1,980
19
2,134
230
72
44
346
2,480
Natural
gas
Neg
Neg
2
Neg
2
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
2
Total
171
489
5,882
95
6,637
3,141
154
451
3,746
10,383
"Negligible.
-------
Table 22 (continued). SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS (AS S02) IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Uyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Industrial fuel
Bituminous
coal
19
1,030
2.000
3
3,052
130
50
720
900
3.952
Distillate
oil
Nega
9
64
3
76
2
1
25
28
104
Residual
oil
4
160
2,440
1
2,605
28
11
3,070
3.109
5.714
Natural
gas
Neg
1
7
Neg
8
Neg
Neg
6
6
14
Total
23
1,200
4,511
7
5,741
160
62
3,821
4,043
9,784
Power plant fuel
Bituminous
coal
230
9,070
39,100
-
48,400
-
-
16,100
16,100
64,500
Distillate
oil
3
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
3
Residual
oil
11
-
-
11
-
-
-
-
11
Natural
gas
Neg
4
-
4
-
-
2
2
6
Total
233
9,081
39,104
-
48,418
-
-
16,102
16,102
64,520
a Negligible
-------
-£>
ro
Table 22 (continued). SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS (AS S02) IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
L eavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Total fuel
Bituminous
coal
489
10,590
45,370
191
56,640
3,300
337
17,490
21,127
77,767
Distillate
oil
64
99
604
39
806
40
25
66
131
937
Residual
oil
41
272
4,436
20
4,769
258
83
3,114
3,455
8,224
Natural
gas
Nega
2
19
Neg
21
2
Neg
10
12
33
Total
594
10,963
50,429
250
62 ,236
3,600
445
20,680
24,725
86,961
Mobile sources
Gasoline
vehicle
80
150
1,010
51
1,291
250
110
770
1,130
2,421
Diesel
vehicle
24
48
310
15
397
75
34
230
339
736
Total
motor
vehicle
104
198
1,320
66
1,688
325
144
1,000
1,469
3,157
Ai rcraf t
-
Neg
-
Neg
Neg
-
-
Neg
Neg
Neg
Railroad
diesel
14
220
320
28
582
56
42
350
448
1,030
Barge
diesel
-
7
9
12
28
-
6
3
9
37
Total
118
425
1,649
106
2,298
381
192
1,353
1,926
4,224
'Negligible
-------
Table 22 (continued). SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS (AS S02) IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
L eavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Refuse disposal
Incineration
Nega
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Open
burning
8
21
200
8
237
170
19
50
239
476
Total
8
21
200
8
237
170
19
50
239
476
Industrial
processesb
-
-
16,100
-
16,100
2,300
-
15,100
17,400
33,500
Grand
total
720
11,409
68,378
364
80,871
6,451
656
37,183
44,290
125,161
Negligible
'includes S02 from the combustion of refinery gas.
CO
-------
Table 23. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA. 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Residential fuel
Bituminous
coal
24
24
130
20
198
34
35
48
117
315
Distillate
oil
8
15
40
9
72
8
6
7
21
93
Residual
oil
-
Nega
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
Natural
gas
9
46
320
7
382
97
15
94
206
588
Total
41
85
491
36
653
139
56
149
344
997
Commercial and governmental fuel
Bituminous
coal
18
60
590
12
680
2,330
13
67
2,410
3,090
Distillate
oil
10
13
130
3
156
4
2
5
11
167
Residual
oil
3
7
69
1
80
11
5
3
19
99
Natural
gas
3
20
120
3
146
19
23
19
61
207
Total
34
100
909
19
1,062
2,364
43
94
2,501
3,563
Negligible
-------
Table 23 (continued). PARTICULATE EMISSIONS IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Industrial fuel
Bituminous
coal
19
1,030
2,000
3
3,052
130
37
720
887
3,939
Distillate
oil
Nega
3
20
1
24
1
Neg
7
8
32
Residual
oil
Neg
9
130
Neg
139
2
1
170
173
312
Natural
gas
24
53
360
6
443
13
1
320
334
777
Total
43
1,095
2,510
10
3,658
146
39
1,217
1,402
5,060
Power plant fuel
Bituminous
coal
55
650
2,000
-
2,705
-
-
2,660
2,660
5,365
Distillate
oil
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
Residual
oil
-
Neg
-
-
Neg
_
-
-
-
-
Natural
gas
2
-
79
-
81
_
-
40
40
121
Total
58
650
2,079
-
2,787
-
-
2,700
2,700
5,487
Negligible
en
-------
Table 23 (continued). PARTICULATE EMISSIONS IN KANSAS CITY. KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI.
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Total fuel
Bituminous
coal
116
1,764
4,720
35
6,635
2,494
85
3,495
6,074
12,709
Distillate
oil
19
31
190
13
253
13
8
19
40
293
Residual
oil
3
16
200
1
220
13
6
173
192
412
Natural
gas
38
119
879
16
1,052
129
39
473
641
1,693
Total
176
1,930
5,989
65
8,160
2,649
138
4,160
6,947
15,107
Mobile sources
Gasoline
vehicle
100
190 i
1,270
63
1,623
310
140
960
1,410
3,033
Diesel
vehicle
66
130
840
45
1,081
200
93
630
923
2,004
Total
motor
vehicle
166
320
2,110
108
2,704
510
233
1,590
2,333
5,037
A1 rcraf t
-
100
-
230
330
-
-
18
18
348
Rai 1 road
dlesel
38
610
870
76
1,594
150
110
950
1,210
2,804
Barge
diesel
_
24
27
33
84
.
18
10
28
112
Total
204
1,054
3,007
447
4,712
660
361
2,568
3,589
8,301
-------
Table 23. (continued). PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Refuse disposal
Incineration
Nega
13
186
Neg.
199
10
5
115
130
329
Open
burning
310
770
6,540
230
7,850
6,740
790
1,940
9,470
17,320
Total
310
783
6,726
230
8,049
6,750
795
2,055
9,600
17,649
Industrial
processes
18
1,890
5,480
-
7,388
230
490
10,500
11,220
18,608
Grand
total
708
5,657
21 ,202
742
28,309
10,289
1,784
19,283
31,356
59,665
Negligible
-------
oo
Table 24. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS (AS METHANE) IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Residential fuel
Bituminous
coal
12
12
67
10
101
23
18
24
65
166
Distillate
011
1
3
7
2
13
1
1
1
3
16
Residual
oil
-
Neg
Neg
-
Neg
-
-
Neg
Neg
Neg
Natural
gas
Nega
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Total
13
15
74
12
114
24
19
25
68
182
Commercial and governmental fuel
Bituminous
coal
9
30
290
6
335
40
7
34
81
416
Distillate
oil
2
2
21
Neg
25
1
Neg
1
2
27
Residual
oil
Neg
1
11
Neg
12
2
1
Neg
3
15
Natural
gas
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Total
11
33
322
6
372
43
8
35
86
458
Negligible
-------
Table 24 (continued). HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS (AS METHANE) IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Industrial fuel
Bituminous
coal
Nega
8
30
Neg
38
1
1
9
11
49
Distillate
oil
Neg
Neg
4
Neg
4
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
4
Residual
oil
Neg
1
23
,'leg
24
Neg
Neg
27
27
51
Natural
gas
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Total
Neg
9
57
Neg
66
1
1
36
38
104
Power plant fuel
Bituminous
coal
Neg
G
63
-
G9
-
-
2i>
25
94
Distillate
oil
Neg
-
-
-
Neg
-
-
-
-
Neg
Residual
oil
-
Neg
-
-
Neg
-
-
-
Neg
Natural
gas
Neg
-
Neg
-
Neg
-
-
Neg
Neg
Neg
Total
Neg
6
63
-
69
-
-
25
25
94
Negligible
-------
Table 24. (continued). HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS (AS METHANE) IN KANSAS CITY. KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Total fuel
Bituminous
coal
21
56
450
16
543
64
26
92
182
725
Distillate
oil
3
5
32
2
42
2
1
2
5
47
Residual
oil
Nega
2
34
Neg
36
2
1
27
30
66
Natural
gas
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Meg
Neg
Total
24
63
516
18
621
68
28
121
217
838
Mobile sources
Gasoline
vehicle
exhaust
blowby
2,860
5,580
35,500
1,860
45,800
9,010
4,000
27,400
40,410
86,210
Gasoline
vehicle
evaporation
920
1,800
11,400
600
14,720
2,900
1,290
8,820
13,010
27,730
Total
gasoline
vehicle
3,780
7,380
46,900
2,460
60,520
11,900
5,290
36,200
53,390
113,911
Diesel
vehicle
32
160
1,030
54
1,326
250
120
770
1,140
2,466
Total
motor
vehicle
3,862
7,540
47,930
2,514
61 ,846
12,150
5,410
36,970
54,530
116,376
Aircraft
_
470
-
1,150
1,620
_
-
1,650
1,650
3,270
Rai 1 road
diesel
470
750
1,130
94
2,444
190
140
1,180
1,510
3,954
Barge
diesel
-
28
34
40
102
83
23
14
120
222
Total
4,332
8,788
49,094
3,798
66,012
12,423
5,573
39,814
57,810
123,822
Negligible
-------
Table 24 (continued). HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS (AS METHANE) IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
1 Refuse disposal
Gasoline
handling
270
520
3,340
170
4,300
850
380
2,590
3,820
8,120
Incineration
Nega
3
220
Neg
223
2
1
23
26
249
Open
burning
810
1,930
14,200
670
17,610
11,700
1,350
3,360
16,410
34,020
Total
810
1,933
14,420
670
17,833
11,702
1,351
3,383
16,436
34,269
Industrial processes
Dry
cleaning
70
220
1,280
51
1,621
340
100
380
820
2,441
Solvent and
industrial
2,150
4,480
32,800
530
39,960
2,030
100
21,300
23,430
63,390
Total
2,220
4,700
34,080
581
41,581
2,370
200
21,680
24,250
55,831
Grand
total
7,656
16,004
101,450
5,237
130,347
27,413
7,532
67,588
102,533
232,880
Negligible
-------
171
PO
Table 25. CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Residential fuel
Bituminous
coal
61
59
330
50
500
120
87
120
327
827
Distillate
oil
1
3
7
2
13
1
1
1
3
16
Residual
oil
-
Neg
Neg
-
Neg
-
-
-
-
Neg
Natural
gas
Nega
1
6
Neg
7
2
Neg
2
4
11
Total
62
63
343
52
520
123
88
123
334
854
Commercial and governmental fuel
Bituminous
coal
45
150
1,460
29
1,684
160
33
170
363
2,047
Distillate
oil
2
2
21
Neg
25
1
Neg
1
2
27
Residual
oil
Neg
1
11
Neg
12
2
1
Neg
3
15
Natural
gas
Neg
Neg
2
Neg
2
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
2
Total
47
153
1,494
29
1,723
163
34
171
368
2,091
Negligible.
-------
Table 25 (continued). CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Industrial fuel
Bituminous
coal
1
24
89
Neg
114
3
3
29
35
149
Distillate
oil
Nega
Neg
4
Neg
4
Neg
Neg
1
1
5
Residual
oil
Neg
1
23
Neg
24
Neg
Neg
27
27
51
Natural
gas.
1
Neg
7
Neg
8
Neg
Neg
6
6
14
Total
2
25
123
Neg
150
3
3
63
69
219
Power plant fuel
Bituminous
coal
1
15
160
-
176
-
-
64
64
240
Distillate
oil
Neg
-
-
-
Neg
-
-
-
-
Neg
Residual
oil
-
Neg
-
-
Neg
-
-
-
-
Neg
Natural
gas
Neg
-
Neg
-
Neg
-
-
Neg
Neg
Neg
Total
1
15
160
-
176
-
-
64
64
240
Negligible.
en
CO
-------
Table 25 (continued). CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Total fuel
Bituminous
coal
108
248
2,039
79
2,474
283
123
383
789
3,263
Distillate
oil
3
5
32
2
42
2
1
3
6
48
Residual
oil
Nega
2
34
Neg
36
2
1
27
30
66
Natural
gas
1
1
15
Neg
17
2
Neg
8
10
27
Total
112
256
2,120
81
2,569
289
125
421
835
3,404
Mobile sources
Gasoline
vehicle <
23,000
44,800
285,000
15,000
367,800
75,500
32,200
221,000
328,700
696,500
Diesel
vehicle
36
72
450
24
582
110
51
340
501
1,083
Total
motor
vehicle
23,036
44,872
285,450
15,024
368,382
75,610
32,251
221,340
329,201
697,583
Aircraft
-
810
-
2,120
2,930
-
-
6,170
6,170
9,100
Railroad
deisel
21
330
500
42
893
190
140
520
850
1,743
Barge
diesel
.
13
15
18
46
83
62
6
151
197
Total
23,057
46,025
285,965
17,204
372,251
75,883
32,453
228,036
336,372
708,623
Negligible.
-------
Table 25 (continued). CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Refuse disposal
Incineration
Nega
24
1,680
Neq
1,704
21
11
490
522
2,226
Open
burning
520
1,260
11,200
370
13,350
11,800
1,400
3,490
16,690
30,040
Total
520
1,284
12,880
370
15,054
11,821
1,411
3,980
17,212
32,266
Industrial
processes
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Grand
total
23,689
47,565
300,965
17,655
389,874
87,993
33,989
232,437
354,419
744,293
Negligible
01
en
-------
Table 26. PERCENTAGE OF POLLUTANT EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTED BY EACH SOURCE CATEGORY
IN MISSOURI, KANSAS, AND TOTAL STUDY AREA, 1966
Source Category
Combustion fuels-
statlon sources
Residential
Commercial and governmental
Industrial
Power plants
Fuel subtotal
Non-combustion fuels
Industrial processes
Motor vehicles
Gasoline handling
Incineration
Open burning
Railroads
A1 rcraf t
Barges
Non-fuel subtotal
Total pollutant,
tons/year
Missouri
S0x
1.8
8.2
7.1
59.9
77.0
19.9
2.1
-
Neg
0.3
0.7
Neg
Neg
23.0
80,871
Part.
2.3
3.8
12.9
9.8
28.8
26.1
9.6
-
0.7
27.7
5.6
1.2
0.3
71.2
28,309
HC
0.1
0.3
0.1
Neg
0.5
31.9
47.4
3.3
0.2
13.5
1.9
1.2
0.1
99.5
130,347
CO
0.1
0.4
Nega
Neg
0.5
-
94.6
-
0.4
3.5
0.2
0.8
Neg
99.5
389,874
Kansas
S0x
1.7
7.7
8.3
33.1
50.8
44.8
3.0
-
Neg
0.5
0.9
Neg
Neg
49.2
44,2901
Part.
1.1
7.9
4.5
8.6
22.1
36.0
7.5
-
0.4
30.1
3.9
Neg
Neg
77.9
31,356
HC
0.1
0.1
Neg
Neg
0.2
23.7
53.2
3.7
Neg
16.0
1.5
1.6
0.1
99.8
102,533
CO
0.1
0.1
Neg
Neg
0.2
-
93.0
-
0.1
4.8
0.2
K7
Neg
99.8
354,419
Study Area
S0x
1.7
8.0
7.6
49.8
67.1
29.3
2.4
-
Neg
0.4
0.8
Neg
Neg
32.9
125,161
Part.
1.7
6.0
8.5
9.2
25.4
31.0
8.4
-
0.6
28.9
4.7
0.8
0.2
74.6
59,665
HC
0.1
0.2
0.1
Neg
0.4
28.3
49.9
3.5
0.1
14.6
1.7
1.4
0.1
99.6
232,880
CO
0.1
0.3
Neg
Neg
0.4
-
93.8
-
0.3
4.1
0.2
1.2
Neg
99.6
744,29
Negligible
-------
Sulfur oxides (97 percent of which is S02, the remainder being SO, or
sulfuric acid mist) emitted 1n the survey area are mainly generated by the com-
bustion of sulfur-bearing fuels at stationary sources. As shown in Table 26 and
Figure 9, these fuels contribute 67 percent of the S0x in the survey area. The
other 33 percent of the SOX is emitted by industrial processes (29 percent), motor
vehicles (2 percent), railroads (1 percent), and open burning of refuse (less than
1 percent).
The sulfur oxides from fuel combustion reflect fuel quantities and sulfur
contents. Area-wide average sulfur contents (Appendix D) were used for unsurveyed
fuel-burning sources. At any surveyed source, the reported fuel sulfur content
was used for emission calculations.
As shown in Table 26 and Figure 10, particulate emissions in the Kansas
City survey area are mainly generated by combustion of fuel at stationary sources
(25 percent of study area total), industrial process losses (31 percent), open
burning of refuse (29 percent), and motor vehicles (8 percent). The other 7
percent of the particulates are emitted by railroad and barge diesel fuel usage,
refuse incineration, and aircraft operations.
The 60,000 tons of particulates emitted 1n the survey area are principally
solid matter, but contain some finely divided liquid aerosols. These liquid
aerosols include oil mists from processes,such as asphalt blowing, and minute acid
particles from sulfuric acid manufacturing plants. Solid particulates include
both organic and Inorganic materials from fuel combustion; charred cellulose and
ash from refuse burning; oxidized gasoline additives (mainly lead compounds) from
automobiles; mineral dust from rock crushing and handling, asphaltic and concrete
batch plants and cement manufacturing plants; metallurgical fume; petroleum
catalyst fines; grain dust from grain milling and handling; glass fibers from glass
fiber manufacture; and various other organic and Inorganic dusts from Industrial
processes.
The particulates Inventory for combustion fuels reflects fuel quantities,
ash contents, and, in some instances, control equipment. For any surveyed source,
the reported fuel ash content and control equipment collection efficiencies or
stack sampling results were used for emission calculations. Average ash contents
(Appendix D) and control equipment efficiencies were used for the many small coal-
combustlon sources distributed throughout the area. For nearly all such area-wide
sources, 1t was assumed that no control equipment 1s used on coal-fired units.
57
-------
BITUMINOUS
COAL
60.0%
OTHER THAN STATIONARY
COMBUSTION FUELS
32.
RESIDUAL
OIL
6.
DISTILLATE OIL 0.
CONTRIBUTION OF STATIONARY
COMBUSTION FUELS TO STUDY
AREA SULFUR OXIDES TOTAL
STEAM-ELECTRIC
POWER PLANT FUEL
49.8%
COMMERCIAL
AND
GOVERNMENTAL
FUEL
8.0%
INDUSTRIAL
FUEL
7.6%
OPEN BURNING
0.4%
RAILROADS 0.8%
MOTOR VEHICLES
2.4%
RESIDENTIAL
FUEL
1.7%
Figure 9. Sulfur oxides emitted in total study area by various stationary-
combustion fuels (top) and by various sources (bottom).
58
-------
RESIDUAL OIL 0.7%n
DISTILLATE
OIL
0.5%
NATURAL
GAS
2.9%
CONTRIBUTION OF STATIONARY
COMBUSTION FUELS TO STUDY
AREA PARTICULATE TOTAL
RESIDENTIAL
FUEL
1.
OTHER THAN STATIONARY
COMBUSTION FUELS
74.6%
BITUMINOUS
COAL
21.3%
COMMERCIAL AND GOVERNMENTAL FUEL
INDUSTRIAL
FUEL
8.5%
STEAM-
ELECTRIC POWER
PLANT FUEL
9.2%
BARGES 0.2%
INCINERATION
0.6%
AIRCRAFT 0.8%
RAILROADS
4.7%
MOTOR
VEHICLES
8.4%
Figure 10. Participates emitted 1n total study area by various stationary-
combustion fuels (top) and by various sources (bottom).
-------
The particulate emissions from refuse burning were based on quantity and
type of material burned, method of disposal, and, 1f applicable, control equipment
efficiencies.
The greatest portion of the hydrocarbon emissions in the survey area emanate
from the blowby and incomplete combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel by motor
vehicles. Table 26 and Figure 11 show that these sources contribute nearly 50
percent of the area hydrocarbon emissions. The other large sources of hydrocarbon
emissions are industrial process losses (28 percent of study area total) and
open burning of refuse (15 percent). Evaporation of gasoline during handling;
railroad, barge, and aircraft operations; incineration of refuse; and use of fuels
in stationary combustion units account for the remaining 7 percent.
rINCINERATION AND BARGES - 0.2%
STATIONARY-COMBUSTION
FUELS - 0.4%
AIRCRAFT 1.4%
RAILROADS 1.7%
GASOLINE HANDLING 3.5%
Figure 11. Hydrocarbons emitted in the total study area by various
sources.
60
-------
Carbon monoxide emissions for the study area can nearly all be attributed
to the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel by motor vehicles. As is shown in
Table 26 and Figure 12, motor vehicles contribute almost 94 percent of the annual
carbon monoxide total. The other 6 percent of the carbon monoxide is emitted by
open burning and incineration of refuse, stationary fuel combustion sources, and
railroad and aircraft operations.
The emission calculations for carbon monoxide from motor vehicles are based
on amounts and types of gasoline and diesel fuel used and on the operating con-
ditions of the vehicles.
INCINERATION AND
RAILROADS 0.5%
STATIONARY-COMBUSTION
FUELS 0.4%
AIRCRAFT 1.2%
OPEN BURNING
4.1%
Figure 12. Carbon monoxide emitted in total study area by
various sources.
61
-------
Combustion of Fuel at Stationary Sources
Bituminous coal, distillate and residual oil, and natural gas were considered
to be the only fuel types with significant use in the survey area for space,
water, and process heating. Because of the proximity of various gas fields, natu-
ral gas is the principal fuel used in the area for these purposes. Petroleum
refinery gas and coke were used at various industrial and power plant sites. The
quantities of fuels burned are listed by county, fuel, and source type in Table
27, with emissions listed in Tables 22 through 25.
Annual consumptions of fuel for stationary sources are: 1.3 million tons
of bituminous coal, 48.7 million gallons of distillate oil, 67.8 million gallons
of residual oil, and 171 billion cubic feet of natural gas. The fraction of the
total heat supplied by each of these fuels is shown in Figure 13.
DISTILLATE OIL 3.1%
(6.9 x 1012 BTU)
RESIDUAL OIL 4.1
BTU)
BITUMINOUS
COAL
14.8%
(33.0 x 1012 BTU)
Figure 13. Heat supplied by principal stationary combustion
fuels in total study area.
62
-------
Table 27. FUEL BALANCE FOR KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Residential fuel
Bituminous
coal,
tons
2,450
2,350
13,400
2,020
20,220
4,660
3,490
4,750
12,900
33,120
Distillate
oil,
1000 gal
1,390
2,560
6,670
1,460
12,080
1,390
1,000
1,230
3,620
15,700
Residual
oil,
1000 gal
-
40
180
-
220
-
-
-
-
220
Natural
gas,,
10& ft3
930
4,550
32,100
740
38,320
9,720
1,470
9,390
20,580
58,900
Commercial and governmental fuel
Bituminous
coal,
tons
1,780
5,960
59,200
1,160
68,100
42,200
1,300
6,700
50,200
118,300
Distillate
oil,
1000 gal
1,750
2,160
21,500
420
25,830
590
270
870
1,730
27,560
Residual
011,
1000 gal
420
1,120
11,500
220
13,260
1,770
830
510
3,110
16,370
Natural
gas,
lOb ft3
310
2,040
12,100
268
14,718
1,870
2,290
1,880
6,040
20,758
- Insignificant
04
-------
Table 27 (continued). FUEL BALANCE FOR KANSAS CITY. KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Industrial fuel
Bituminous
coal,
tons
320
16,500
58,600a
50
75,470
2,140
1,660
18,700
22,500
97,970
Distillate
oil,
1000 gal
20
470
3,330
150
3,970
130
50
1,110
1,290
5,260
Residual
oil,
1000 gal
50
1,550
21,700
10
23,310
320
130
27,300
27,750
51 ,060
Natural
gas,
106 ft3
2,410
5,300
35,600b
600
43,910
1,280
120
32,200°
33,600
77,510
Power plant
Bituminous
coal,
tons
3,000
142,000
617,000d
-
762,000
-
255,000
255,000
1,017,000
Distillate
oil,
1000 gal
140
-
140
-
-
-
140
Residual
oil,
1000 gal
_
120
-
120
-
~
-
120
Natural
gas,
106 ft3
540
20,100
-
20,640
-
8,450
8,450
29,090
Includes 3,000 tons coke
b Includes 8012 x 106 ft3 refinery gas
c Includes 7700 x 106 ft3 refinery gas
d Includes 24,860 tons coke
- Insignificant
-------
Table 27 (continued). FUEL BALANCE FOR KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY. MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Total fuel
Bituminous
coal,
tons
7,550
166,810-
748,200
3,230
925,790
49,000
6,450
285,150
340,600
1,266,390
Distillate
011,
1000 gal
3,300
5,190
31 ,500
2,030
42,020
2,110
1,320
3,210
6,640
48,660
Residual
oil,
1000 gal
470
2,830
33,380
230
36,910
2,090
960
27,810
30,860
67,770
Natural
gas,
106 ft3
4,190
11,890
99,900
1,608
117,588
12,870
3,880
51,920
68,670
186,258
tn
-------
Tables 26 and 28 and Figures 9 through 12 show the relative contributions
of combustion fuels to pollutant emissions. The combustion of fuels at stationary
sources contributes 67 and 25 percent, respectively, of the SO and particulate
emissons of the area totals. The burning of bituminous coal is the main source
of these emissions. There is very little pollution from the combustion of fuel
oil in the study area because of the small quantities burned. The only significant
fuel oil emission is the 6 percent of the S0x generated by the burning of residual
oil. Natural gas generally contributes a very small percentage of pollutant
emissions.
Table 29 shows the largest source of pollutants from stationary combustion
fuels to be bituminous coal. The burning of this fuel emits over 84 percent of
each combustion fuel pollutant while contributing only 15 percent of the heat
generated by all the fuels (Figure 13). Residual and distillate oil combustion
produces 11 and 13 percent of the fuel SO and hydrocarbons, respectively, but
only 8 percent of the heat. Natural gas provides the remaining 77 percent of the
heat requirement, but is responsible for only 11 percent of the fuel partlculates
and negligible amounts of the other pollutants.
Utility companies operate eight large steam-electric power plants in the
study area. Five of the plants are located in the core city area and one each is
located in Missouri City, Pleasant Hill, and Sibley, Missouri.
Multiple-cyclone collectors are used on most of the coal-fired units at
these power plants. These devices have collection efficiencies for partlculates
ranging from 80 to 85 percent, by weight.
Combustion of fuels at these steam-electric power plants is a large source
of sulfur oxides and particulate pollution in the area. The sulfur oxides emitted
(64,500 tons annually) account for 50 percent of the area total; the particulate
emissions (5500 tons annually) are 9 percent of the area total.
The emissions from public utility power plants result mainly from the large
quantities of bituminous coal burned. These power plants burn nearly 80 percent
of the coal used in the study area. Large quantities of natural gas are also
burned at the plants. The plants obtain gas on an interruptible basis during the
heating months of the winter. Thus, a large portion of this gas is used in the
summer and large quantities of coal are burned during the winter months. This,
combined with emissions from fuel combustion for residential and commercial space
heating, tends to increase the pollutant levels in the winter.
66
-------
Table 28. PERCENTAGE OF POLLUTANT EMISSIONS CONTRIBUTED BY EACH FUEL TYPE IN MISSOURI AND
KANSAS PORTIONS OF STUDY AREA AND TOTAL STUDY AREA, 1966
Bituminous
coal
Distillate oil
Residual oil
Natural gas
Fuel combustion
pollutants,
tons/year
Missouri
S0x
70.0
1.0
6.0
Neg
62,236
Part.
23.4
0.9
0.8
3.7
8,165
HC
0.4
0.1
Neg
Neg
621
CO
0.5
Nega
Neg
Neg
2,569
Kansas
S0x
43.4
0.3
7.1
Neg
24,725
Part.
19.4
Neg
0.7
2.0
6,949
HC
0.2
Neg
Neg
Neg
217
CO
0.2
Neg
Neg
Neg
835
Study area
S0x
60.0
0.8
6.3
Neg
86,961
Part.
21.3
0.5
0.7
2.9
15,114
HC
0.3
Neg
0.1
Neg
838
CO
0.4
Neg
Neg
Neg
3,404
"Negligible
Table 29. PERCENTAGE OF POLLUTANT EMISSIONS DUE TO COMBUSTION FUELS AT STATIONARY SOURCES IN
MISSOURI AND KANSAS, AND TOTAL STUDY AREA. 1966
Bituminous coal
Distillate oil
Residual oil
Natural gas
Fuel combustion
pollutantst
tons /year
Missouri
S0x
91.0
1.3
7.7
Neg3
62,236
Part.
81.3
3.1
2.7
12.9
8,165
HC
87.5
6.8
5.7
Neg
621
CO
96.4
1.6
1.4
0.6
2,569
Kansas
S0x
85.5
0.5
14.0
Neg
24,725
Part.
87.4
0.6
2.8
9.2
6,949
HC
83.9
2.3
13.8
Neg
217
CO
94.5
0.7
3.6
1.2
835
Study area
S0x
89.4
1.1
9.5
Neg
86 ,961
Part.
84.1
1.9
2.7
11.3
15,114
HC
86.5
5.6
7.9
Neg
838
CO
95.9
1.4
11.9
0.8
3,404
Negligible
-------
Fuel combustion by Industrial sources accounts for 8 percent of the area
SOX emissions and 8 percent of the particulates. These emissions emanate mainly
from the large use of residual oil and from coal-fired boilers with no emission
control devices. Of the residual oil burned in the survey area, 75 percent is
used for process and space-heating by industrial plants. The burning of bitumi-
nous coal at industrial sources in boilers without emission control devices
generates almost 4,000 tons of particulates per year. This amount of particulates
is nearly the same as that emitted by the public utility power plants, yet the
power plants burn 10 times more coal.
Commercial, governmental, and residential fuel combustion emit 12,600 tons
of SO and 4,500 tons of particulate annually. As is true with industrial fuel
combustion, these SO (10 percent of area total) and particulate (8 percent of
A
area total) emissions are due mainly to the burning of residual oil and coal in
boilers not equipped with emission control devices.
Industrial and Commercial Process and Solvent Losses
Industrial and commercial process sources in the Kansas City survey area
produce large quantities of sulfur oxides, particulates, and hydrocarbon
emissions. In 1966 these sources, which are located mainly in the vicinity of
the Missouri, Kansas, and Blue Rivers and in the core city area, emitted 33,500
tons of SOX (29 percent of the area total), 18,600 tons of particulate (31 percent),
and 65,800 tons of hydrocarbons (28 percent). A summary of the larger industrial
sources and their emissions is given in Table 30.
The main sources of SOX process emissions are petroleum refineries and
sulfuric acid plants. The particulate process emissions come from various
industrial operations, which include asphalt and concrete batch operations,
cement manufacturing plants, ferrous and nonferrous metal operations, grain
handling and milling, catalyst regenerators at petroleum refineries, glass fiber
manufacture, and miscellaneous chemical manufacturing.
Collection devices for reducing emissions of particulates are provided at
various process sources. Collection efficiencies of control equipment were taken
into account when estimating process emissions. Ranges of collection equipment
efficiencies for various process industries in the survey area are listed in
Table 31.
68
-------
Table 30. SUMMARY OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL PROCESS POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
Source
Asphalt batch plants
Cement manufacturing plants
Ferrous metal operations
Nonferrous metal operations
Grain handling and milling
Glass fiber manufacture
Automobile assembly plants
Petroleum refineries
Other miscellaneous
chemical manufacturing
S0x
^a
-
-
-
-
-
30,800b
2,700
Parti cu late
430
5,420
1,840
1,960
3,860
1,990
830
780
HC
-
-
350
-
-
-
14,900
22,100
2,190
Dash indicates insignificant
Includes S02 from the combustion of refinery gas
Table 31. PARTICULATE CONTROL EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCIES AT SELECTED INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, SURVEY AREA
Source
Asphalt batch plants
Cement manufacturing
plants
Ferrous metal operations
Grain handling and
milling
Petroleum catalyst
regenerators
Parti cul ate type
Dust
Oust
Dust and smoke
Dust
Dust
Collector efficiency
range, %
0-98
« 97-99.9
0-98.5
75-99.8
99.9
69
-------
Hydrocarbon losses occur from the use of solvents in dry cleaning operations,
automobile assembly plants, metal fabricating plants, paint and)varnish industries,
ink and printing industries, and in various other industrial and commercial
operations that use hydrocarbon solvents, vehicles, or raw materials. Hydrocarbon
process emissions occur in petroleum refineries in the various stages of processing,
handling, and storing the petroleum products.
Refuse Disposal
The amounts of refuse disposed of in the Kansas City area by the various
methods are listed in Table 32. An estimated 900,000 tons of refuse is disposed
of annually, 82 percent of which is burned in some type of open-burning operation.
Disposal of refuse in incinerators and by open-burning accounts for 29 percent
of the area's particulate emissions (17,700 tons), 15 percent of the hydrocarbons
(34,300 tons), 4 percent of the carbon monoxide (32,300 tons), and less than 1
percent of the SOX (500 tons). Refuse disposal is a large source of pollutant
emissions in the area primarily because of the large quantities of refuse disposed
of by open-burning dumps and on site open-burning operations. Eighteen percent
of the refuse is disposed of in landfills (13 percent) or by on site incineration
(5 percent). The fractions of total refuse disposed of by the various methods
Table 32. REFUSE DISPOSAL IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Leavenworth
Johnson
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Landfill
4,630
Nega
25,700
Neg
30,330
8,400
540
74,000
82,940
113,270
Open- burning
dump
6,890
14,100
195,000
3,520
219,510
31 ,820
267,710
78,000
377,530
597,040
Open -burn ing
on site
7,450
20,800
89,800
7,320
125,370
1,070
15,200
3,630
19,900
145,270
Incineration
on site
Neg
1,370
18,300
Neg
19,670
500
980
23,300
23,780
43,450
Total
18,970
36,270
328,800
10,840
394,880
41 ,790
284,430
177,930
504,150
899,030
Negligible
70
-------
are depicted in Figure 14 and the breakdown by state is shown in Table 33. Some-
what more than half of the refuse is disposed of in the Kansas portion of the
study area where eight of the area's 14 largest open-burning dumps are located.
Included in the refuse disposal category are the emissions from burning
junked automobiles. The pollutant of major concern from this burning is
particulates, although there are emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
The particulate emissions from automobile burning in the Kansas City area account
for less than 1 percent of the overall particulates total. Even though this
source on an area-wide basis is small compared to other sources, it does present
a local nuisance.
ON-SITE
OPEN BURNING
16.2%
ON-SITE
INCINERATION 4
OPEN BURNING
DUMPS
66.4%
Figure 14. Refuse disposal by various methods in
total study area.
71
-------
Table 33. PERCENT OF REFUSE DISPOSED OF BY VARIOUS METHODS IN MISSOURI AND KANSAS
PORTIONS OF STUDY AREA AND TOTAL STUDY AREA, 1966
Disposal method
Landfill
Open-burning
dumps
On-site open
burning
On-site
incineration
Total refuse, tons/yr
Missouri
7.7
55.6
31.7
5.0
394,880
Kansas
16.5
74.9
3.9
4.7
504,150
Study area
12.6
66.4
16.2
4.8
899,030
Mobile Sources
The mobile source category of pollutant emitters includes motor vehicles
(gasoline and diesel powered), railroad engines, river barges, and aircraft.
The total fuel usage by motor vehicles, railroad engines, and river barges is
shown in Table 34. The emission calculations for these three types of sources
were based on these fuel use totals. Aircraft emissions calculations for the
three major airports in the area (Mid-Continent, Fairfax, and Municipal) were
based on take-off, landing, and taxi operations.
The amounts and percentages of each pollutant emitted by mobile sources
are shown in Tables 22 through 26 and Figures 9 through 12. Motor vehicles are
by far the greatest source of carbon monoxide (698,000 tons or 94 percent of the
area total) in the area. Nearly all of the carbon monoxide emitted by motor
vehicles emanates from the automobile.
Motor vehicles are also sources of half of the area's hydrocarbon
pollution (116,000 tons or 50 percent of the area total). These hydrocarbons
from motor vehicles include blow-by and exhaust emissions and evaporative
losses.
The particulate emissions from mobile sources account for 14 percent
(8,300 tons) of the area-wide particulates total. Aircraft and barges contribute
1 percent, railroads, 5 percent, and motor vehicles, the remaining 8 percent.
Mobile sources produce only 3 percent of sulfur oxides emitted in the area.
72
-------
Table 34. MOBILE FUEL FOR KANSAS CITY, KANSAS-
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, SURVEY AREA, 1966
(thousand gallons/year)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
Motor vehicle
diesel
1,200
2,400
15,100
800
19,500
3,700
1,700
1 1 ,400
16,800
36,300
Motor vehicle
gasoline
20,000
39,000
248,000
13,000
320,000
63,000
28,000
192,000
283,000
603,000
Railroad
diesel
690
11,100
16,700
1,390
29,880
2,780
2,080
17,400
22,260
52,140
Barge
diesel
0
420
500
580
1,500
0
330
210
540
2,040
Gasoline Evaporation (Handling)
This source category includes the hydrocarbon losses that occur during
the transfer of gasoline from storage tanks to tank trucks, from tank trucks
to filling station storage tanks, and from filling station pumps to vehicles.
As shown in Figure 11, it can be seen that almost 4 percent of the area-wide
hydrocarbons come from this source.
Point Sources ,
Any individual site in the survey area that emitted 100 tons or more per
year of any single pollutant was considered to be a point source. There were
70 such sources located by this survey. These sources include 8 public utility
steam-electric power plants, 44 industrial sites (fuel use, process, and refuse
emissions combined), 14 open-burning dumps, and 4 miscellaneous governmental
establishments.
On a yearly basis these 70 point sources contribute 110,000 tons of SOX
(88 percent of total), 40,000 tons of particulates (67 percent of total), 63,000
tons of hydrocarbons (27 percent of total), and 26,000 tons of carbon monoxide
(4 percent of total). Point source locations are shown on the map of Figure 15.
73
-------
INDUSTRIAL SOURCE
^ STEAM-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
OPEN BURNING DUMP
MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENTAL
SOURCE
Figure 15. Point sources that emit 100 tons or more per year of a single
pollutant.
74
-------
Variation In Pollutants Due to Space-Heating
Increased fuel burning during space-heating days results in greater
pollutant emissions than occur on days when space-heating is not required. This
is especially true of SOX and particulate emissions, since a large portion of
these emissions result from the combustion of fuel at stationary sources for
space-heating purposes. The variations in emissions for minimum, average, and
maximum space-heating days for SOX and particulates are shown in Tables 35 and 36.
The variation in SOX emission values between a minimum and maximum space-heating
day is more than threefold, while that for particulates is less than twofold.
As is seen in Table 35, space-heating at residential, commercial,
governmental, and industrial establishments and power plant fuel use cause the
large seasonal variation in SOX emissions. The power plant data reflect the
use of interruptable gas. In the winter heating months when the space-heating
natural gas demand is great, the power plants must use their standby fuelcoal
or fuel oil. The variation in particulate emissions is not as great as that for
SOX since a large portion of the particulates come from sources such as refuse
burning and industrial process losses, which are relatively constant throughout
the year.
Table 35. EMISSIONS OF SULFUR OXIDES AND PARTICULATES BY SOURCE TYPE
FOR MINIMUM, AVERAGE, AND MAXIMUM SPACE-
HEATING DAYS IN THE KANSAS CITY, KANSAS -
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, SURVEY AREA, 1966
Source type
Residential fuel
Commercial and
governmental fuel
Industrial fuel
Power plant fuel
Process emissions
Motor vehicles
Railroads
Aircraft
Barges
Refuse burning
.Area total
S0x
Min
Nega
Neg
27
86
104
7
2
Neg
Neg
2
228
Avg
10
48
72
203
104
7
2
Neg
Neg
2
448
Max
28
130
147
370
104
7
2
Neg
Neg
2
790
Particulates
Min
Neg
Neg
15
6
61
14
7
1
Neg
70
174
Avg
5
17
38
18
61
14
7
1
Neg
70
231
Max
12
42
77
36
61
14
7
1
Neg
70
320
Negligible
75
-------
Table 36. EMISSIONS OF SULFUR OXIDES AND PARTICULATES BY COUNTY FOR MINIMUM,
AVERAGE, AND MAXIMUM SPACE-HEATING DAYS IN THE
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/day)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
sox
Min
Neg
29
122
Neg
151
8
1
68
77
228
Avg
3
38
242
1
284
25
3
136
164
448
Max
9
52
432
3
496
52
6
236
294
790
Parti culates
Min
2
18
64
2
86
30
6
52
88
174
Avg
3
24
88
2
117
42
6
66
114
231
Max
4
33
124
3
164
62
7
87
156
320
^Negligible
Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions were considered to be nearly
constant throughout the year, since most of these emissions are from mobile
sources, industrial and commercial processes, refuse burning, and gasoline
handling, which have little seasonal variation. The daily emission rates of
these two pollutants are shown in Tables 37 and 38.
In Appendix E, emission densities in tons per day per square mile are
listed for SOX and particulates on minimum, average, and maximum space-heating
days for each of the emission zones in the study area (Table E-l). The listings
for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are presented on an average-day basis. These
data are plotted for areas of equal emission density by zone in Figures 16
through 23. The heavy emission density areas for these pollutants are located
along the Missouri, Kansas, and Blue Rivers and in the highly populated and
heavily traveled areas within the cities.
76
-------
Table 37. EMISSIONS OF HYDROCARBONS AND CARBON MONOXIDE
[BY SOURCE TYPE FOR AN AVERAGE DAY] IN
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
SURVEY AREA, 1966
Residential fuel
Commercial and
governmental fuel
Industrial fuel
Power plant fuel
Process emissions
Motor vehicles
Gasoline handling
Railroads
Aircraft
Barges
Refuse burning
Area total
HC
Nega
1
Neg
Neg
180
320
22
11
9
1
94
638C
CO
2
6
1
1
_b
1910
_b
5
25
Neg
88
2038C
Negligible.
Assumed to be zero.
Approximate values 1n significant figures.
Table 38. EMISSIONS OF HYDROCARBONS AND CARBON MONOXIDE BY COUNTY FOR AN AVERAGE
DAY IN KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, SURVEY AREA, 1966
(tons/day)
County
Cass
Clay
Jackson
Platte
Missouri subtotal
Johnson
Leavenworth
Wyandotte
Kansas subtotal
Area total
HC
21
44
280
14
359
75
21
190
286
645
CO
65
130
830
48
1,073
240
93
640
973
2,046
77
-------
SOX DENSITY,
o
tons/mi -day
] <0.3
| 0.3-<1.0
1.0-<2.0
Figure 16. Sulfur oxides emission densities for minimum space-heating day.
78
-------
ill 0.3-<1.0
111 1.0-<2.0
> 2.0
Figure 17. Sulfur oxides emission densities for average space-heating day.
79
-------
tons/mi -day
; ]
-------
PARTICULATE DENSITY,
tons/mi^-
<0.3
0.3-<1.0
Figure 19. Participate emission densities for minimum space-heating day.
81
-------
PARTICIPATE DENSITY,
tons/mi -day
j <0.3
| 0.3-<1.0
| 1.0-<2.0
i >:2.0
Figure 20. Particulate emission densities for average space-heating day.
82
-------
Figure 21. Participate emission densities for maximum space-heating day.
83
-------
HYDROCARBON DENSITY,
tons/mi -day
<0.5
0.5-<2.0
2.0-<3.0
2L3.0
Figure 22. Hydrocarbon emission densities for an average day.
84
-------
CARBON MONOXIDE DENSITY,
o
tons/mi -day
<0.5
0.5-<5.0
li! 5.0-<15.0
IllS.O
Figure 23. Carbon monoxide emission densities for average day.
85
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - REPRESENTATIVENESS OF SAMPLING PERIOD
For this study, the bulk of the aerometric and meteorological sampling was
done in the period November 1966 through October 1967. During this period,
meteorological observations of wind direction and wind speed were made at
Municipal Airport, University of Missouri at Kansas City Campus, and Morse School.
The Municipal Airport station,located in the Missouri River Valley, is
operated by the U.S. Weather Bureau. In addition to wind direction and speed,
other standard meteorological elements are observed at this station. Also, long-
period climatological records are available from this station for comparison with
data collected during the sampling period. Any anomalies that may have occurred
during the sampling period can thus be determined. The UMKC Campus station is
located south of downtown Kansas City, well away from the river valleys. Since
UMKC Campus is only 12 miles north of Grandview, Missouri, for which long-term
records are available, data collected at the UMKC Campus can be compared with
climatological information from Grandview. Morse School is located in the portion
of the Kansas River Valley known as the Argentine; there are no long-term meteoro-
logical records with which data from this station can be compared.
From Table 39, it can be seen that, during the study period, wind speeds at
the Municipal Airport averaged 9.4 mph, or 0.9 mph lower than the climatological
norm. In the spring months, the speed was near normal, but it was well below
normal for the other seasons, especially summer. There was a 70 percent increase
in the occurrences of calms and of speeds less than 4 mph, and there was a 50 per-
cent decrease in occurrences of speeds greater than 18 mph (Figures 24 and 5).
However, occurrences of wind speeds in the range of 4 to 18 mph, which normally
make up 85 percent of the wind speed observations, changed by less than 3 percent.
Although the average wind speed for the period was slightly below normal, this was
due to irregularities in the occurrences of extreme speeds and not due to any
significant changes in the most commonly occurring wind speeds.
This decrease in average wind speed was also apparent at the UMKC Campus
location. Here the average speed for the period was 8.1 mph, or nearly 2 mph below
the climatological norm established at Grandview. Wind speed was nearest normal in
the winter months, and well below normal the rest of the year. As was the case at
the Municipal Airport station, the decrease was due to changes in the extreme
values, that is, to an increase in occurrences of lower wind speeds, and a decrease
in the higher speeds, rather than to differences in mid-range speeds (Figures 25
and 3). There were fewer calms recorded at the UMKC Campus than is normal for
86
-------
Table 39. METEOROLOGICAL AVERAGES AND THEIR DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL DURING STUDY
NOVEMBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
Municipal Airport average wind speed, tnph
Departure from normal , mph
UMKC Campus average wind speed, mph
Departure from Grand view normal , mph
Morse School average wind speed, mph
Departure from Municipal Airport average, mph
Departure from normal number of cloudy days
Percent frequency of stability conditions
Unstable
Departure from normal
Neutral
Departure from normal
Inversion
Departure from normal
Mean afternoon mixing depth, meters
Departure from normal , meters
Municipal Airport average temperatures, °F
Departure from normal , F
Departure from normal number of degree-days
Wi nter
(Dec-Feb)
9.5
-0.6
9.1
-1.1
7.8
-1.7
+1
12
+2
55
+5
33
-7
800
0
34.1
-0.3
+6
Spri ng
(Mar-May)
11.2
-0.2
9.3
-2.1
8.1
-3.1
+10
12
-5
67
+12
22
-7
1450
-50
56.1
+1.2
-131
Summer
(June-Aug)
8.0
-1.8
6.0
-2.3
4.8
-3.2
+8
31
-5
36
+10
33
-5
1800
+100
74.8
-4.3
+14
Fall
(Sept-Nov)
9.0
-0.9
7.8
-2.0
6.7
-2.3
+6
15
-3
50
+13
35
-10
1300
-50
58.5
-0.2
-90
Annual
9.4
-0.9
8.1
-1.8
6.9
-2.5
+25
17
-3
52
+10
31
-7
1350
0
55.9
-0.9
-201
oo
-------
0.0
4.8
10.7
CALM) ]"3 [
17.3
4.7 8-12 13-18 OVR 18
i-
WIND SPEED, mph
5.0 10.0
15.0
20.0
OCCURRENCE, %
Figure 24. Wind rose for Municipal Airport, Kansas City, Missouri,
November 1966 - October 1967.
-------
4.8
5.3QE3
0.0
i
9.4
5.4
18.9
4.7 8-12 13-18 OVR 18
WIND SPEED, mph
5.0
i
10.0
i
15.0
20.0
OCCURRENCE, %
Figure 25. Wind rose for UMKC Campus, Kansas City, Missouri,
November 1966 - October 1967.
89
-------
Grandview because the wind Instrument used at the former location was more sensitive
to low wind speeds.
Average wind speeds at the Morse School location were the lowest observed in
the Kansas City area during the study period. These speeds averaged 6.4 mph, or
about 2.4 mph less than those for the same period at the Municipal Airport.
Although the two locations are affected by similar topographies, the lower average
speed at Morse School reflects the closer confines of the Kansas River Valley.
Based on observations at the other two locations, it can reasonably be concluded
that the average wind speed in the Morse School area was below normal during the
study period.
The frequencies of wind directions observed at the Municipal Airport station
during the study period (Figure 24) differ somewhat from normal (Figure 5). The
most apparent difference is the definite increase in occurrences of southerly
winds. Also, when the wind rose for UMKC Campus (Figure 25) is compared to the
normal for Grandview (Figure 3), this increase again is apparent. Thus, there was
an increase in the amount of southerly flow over the Kansas City area during the
study period.
At the Morse School location, the wind direction frequencies (Figure 26)
differed considerably from either of the other two locations. Channeling along the
east-west orientation of the Kansas River Valley was quite apparent in the frequen-
cy of these directions. The valley walls to the north and south apparently
restrict surface winds from northerly and southerly directions. Especially notable
is the much smaller frequency of occurrence of southerly winds than occur at the
other stations. The lower wind speeds and apparent channeling of winds at this
location support the judgment that the river valleys in this area, although shallow,
are pronounced enough to affect airflow.
Municipal Airport records show a definite increase over the normal amount of
daytime cloudiness during the sampling period (Table 39). Only winter had a near-
normal number of cloudy days; all other seasons had more than the normal number of
cloudy days.
The Turner (1961) method was used to determine the percent of time various
classes of atmospheric stability occurred at the Municipal Airport during the study
period (Table 39). Throughout the sampling period the number of unstable and inver-
sion conditions were fewer and the number of neutral stability conditions were
90
-------
9.2
12.0
1-3 4-7 8-12 13-18 OVR 18
CALM] 1 t
0.0
i
5.0
WIND SPEED, mph
10.0
i i
15.0
r
20.0
OCCURRENCE, %
Figure 26. Wind rose for Morse School, Kansas City, Kansas,
November 1966 - October 1967.
91
-------
greater than normal. Neutral stability usually occurs during cloudy and/or windy
conditions. Since the wind-speed analysis indicated a lower-than-normal frequency
of strong winds, the increase in neutral stability can be attributed to the general
increase in cloudiness during the sampling period.
Available data from Columbia, Missouri (Table 39), indicate that mean after-
noon mixing depths were about normal. The slight departures from normal mixing
depths varied with the seasons.
Temperatures (Table 39) for the sampling period as a whole were about 1°
below normal. The fall, winter, and spring months were near normal or slightly
above normal; the summer was 4.3° below normal. As a result of temperatures being
near or slightly above normal during the heating season, the degree-days were
slightly fewer than normal.
The temperatures and degree-days during the sampling period indicate that
requirements for space-heating during three heating seasons of the year were near
or slightly below normal. Therefore, other non-space-heating emissions being
constant, it is concluded that near normal amounts of particulates and sulfur
dioxide were emitted into the air during these seasons. The summer months were
cooler than normal; although the number of establishments with air-conditioning
may have increased, the power requirements for each air-conditioning plant were
probably less than normal. Since natural gas Is used almost exclusively in utility
power stations at this time of year and pollutant emissions are normally small,
there probably was no significant departure from normal emissions during the
summer. Therefore, sulfur dioxide and particulate emissions during the study
period should have been near normal for all seasons of the year.
Because of increases in neutral stability and decreases in unstable and
inversion cases during the study period,the dispersive capability of the atmosphere
decreased somewhat during the daylight hours and increased in the nighttime hours.
Vertical mixing as indicated by mean afternoon mixing depths was near normal.
Since wind speed during the study period was slightly below normal, this contribut-
ed to a small decrease in the dilution ability of the atmosphere. Although certain
conditions during the sampling period enhanced dispersion, and others suppressed it,
as a whole, conditions were near normal during the study. The increase in souther-
ly winds throughout the Kansas City area indicates that more than the normal amount
of pollutants should have been carried northward; therefore, locations north of
major sources of pollution may have experienced more frequent than normal air
contamination during the study.
92
-------
III. POLLUTION IMPACT ON THE STUDY AREA
POLLUTION ROSES
Pollution roses were constructed for the four continuous sampling sites in
the Kansas City area. These are "source identification" roses; they indicate the
percent of the occurrences of each wind direction accompanied by pollution concen-
trations greater than some selected level. Thus, if for a notable portion of its
occurrences, a given wind direction is associated with a significant pollutant
level, then it is probable that there is a source of that pollutant in the upwind
direction.
Sulfur Dioxide Pollution Roses
As a supplement to the actual measurements of sulfur dioxide, theoretical
diffusion models' were used to calculate short-period pollutant concentrations.
The ground-level centerline S02 concentrations that each of the identified major
sources of this pollutant can deliver to each sampling site, calculated for
wintertime emissions rates, are given in Table 40. These results assist in iden-
tifying specific pollutant sources indicated by the S02 pollution roses. During
the other three seasons of the year, the concentrations caused by most combustion
sources would be about one-fourth to one-half those listed in Table 40. Process
source emissions would not vary with the seasons.
Sulfur dioxide pollution roses for the Waterworks station show a definite
seasonal variation. Figures 27 and 28 are roses for S02 concentrations greater
than 0.05 ppm. During the winter months 0.05 ppm was exceeded in 7 percent of the
SOg samples; during the rest of the study this level was exceeded in only 2.5 per-
cent of the samples. The winter pollution rose (Figure 27) indicates that winds
from the northeast, from the east through east-southeast, and from the south-
southwest accompanied 8, 30, and 23 percent, respectively, of all concentrations
greater than 0.05 ppm. that occurred during the winter measurement period. During
the other seasons of the year easterly winds were infrequently associated!with
concentrations exceeding 0.05 ppm. The south-southwesterly direction, though,
accompanied 70 percent of all occurrences greater than 0.05 ppm during the other
seasons. The seasonal variation in the direction of S02 source areas indicates
the following:
93
-------
10
Table 40. CALCULATED GROUND-LEVEL CENTERLINE SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS FROM
SINGLE SOURCES FOR WIND SPEED OF 4 METERS PER SECOND AND
FOR A TIME INTERVAL OF ABOUT 10 MINUTES
(parts per million)
Source
Slbley Power Plant
Cameron Power Plant
Grand Avenue Power Plant
Hawthorne Power Plant
Quindaro Power Plant
Kaw Power Plant
Blue Valley 'Power Plant
Hercules Sunflower
Lake City Arsenal
Corn Products
Chemagro
Phillips Petro (combustion)
Phillips Petro (process)
American 011 (combustion)
American Oil (process)
Waterworks
Unstable
.a
-
-
0.03
0.03
0.02
-
-
-
-
-
0.02
0.07
-
0.02
Neutral
0.04
-
0.15
0.24
0.24
0.14
0.02
-
-
0.05
-
0.17
0.59
-
0.04
Inversion
0.18
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.70
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.13
0.06
0.28
0.26
0.06
-
Police Garage
Unstable
-
-
0.11
0.03
-
0.02
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.03
-
0.02
Neutral
0.03
-
0.07
0.24
0.15
0.22
0.02
-
-
0.06
-
0.11
0.46
-
0.04
Inversion
0.18
0.07
-
0.03
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.14
0.07
0.27
0.36
0.07
-
UMKC Campus
Unstable
-
-
-
0.03
-
-
0.02
-
-
-
-
-
0.03
-
0.02
Neutral
0.03
0.01
0.07
0.19
0.09
0.16
0.02
-
-
-
-
0.02
0.10
-
0.04
Inversion
0.17
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.15
0.40
0.05
-
Morse School
Unstable
-
-
-
0.04
-
0.30
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.03
-
0.02
Neutral
0.03
-
0.11
0.19
0.15
0.08
0.02
-
-
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.26
-
0.02
Inversion
0.16
0.06
0.04
0.07
0.09
-
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.22
0.43
0.05
-
aDash Indicates a concentration of less than 0.02 ppm.
-------
1. The effect of several large power plants located to the east along the
Missouri River was significant during the winter, when large quantities
of SOL were emitted.
2. During the entire year, about equal frequencies of SCL concentrations
greater than 0.05 ppm occur when the wind is from the south-southwest,
the direction of the Phillips Petroleum refinery; this indicates inter-
state transport of pollution.
3. The southerly and southwesterly pollution rose arms, which give a
stronger indication of SO^ sources during the winter than during the rest
of the year, indicate the directions of the Grand Avenue and Kaw Power
Plants, respectively.
The arm to the northeast on the winter pollution rose is not associated with any
individual major source of SOp identified in the survey; many small, local sources
situated to the northeast apparently contribute to the S02 level.
(53)
4.7
(54)
(47)
2.2
PERCENT
NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 27. Waterworks S02 pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of wind
directions accompanied by S0£ concentrations > 0.05 ppm during the
period December 1966 through February 1967. Meteorological data Is
from the Municipal Airport site. Number of hours of pollutant
sampling 1s 860. Hours of pollutant sampling with missing meteorolo-
gical data 1s 39.
95
-------
(194)
0.7 2.0
(142) (99) Q3
(118) % U '(257)
0 5 10 15 20
~PERCENT "
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 28. Waterworks S(L pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of wind
directions accompanied by S02 concentrations > 0.05 ppm during the
period March through October 1967. Meteorological data 1s from the
Municipal Airport site. Number of hours of pollutant sampling 1s
2776. Hours of pollutant sampling with missing meteorological data
1s 114.
The S02 pollution roses for the Police Garage station (Figures 29 and 30)
also show a seasonal variation. From the rose for the winter months, which is for
concentrations exceeding 0.05 ppm and includes 15 percent of the sampled S02
concentrations, it 1s possible to identify four S02 source areas:
1. North - Grand Avenue Power Plant.
2. East-northeast through east - several power plants and the American Oil
refinery along the Missouri River.
3. East-southeast through southeast - several process emission sources along
the Blue River.
4. West-southwest through west - Kaw Power Plant.
The wind directions represented by the three areas first listed above were each
responsible for about 8 percent of the occurrences of concentrations greater than
0.05 ppm; the direction for the fourth area accounted for about 17 percent of such
96
-------
concentrations. Winds from the north-northwest through northwest, the direction of
the Phillips Petroleum refinery accompanied only 7 percent of the concentrations
being considered. However, during the rest of the year, when only 2 percent of
the sampled SCL concentrations were greater than 0.05 ppm, northwesterly wind
directions were frequently accompanied by the specified S02 concentrations. Winds
from these directions accompanied 37 percent of the S02 concentrations greater than
0.05 ppm, whereas winds from the direction of the Kaw Power Plant accompanied only
2 percent. The importance of power plants in the winter, and of S0£ process
emissions the rest of the year, again is evident. It should be noted that when
emissions from either the Kaw Power Plant or Phillips Petroleum refinery affect
this location, the interstate transport of air pollutants occurs.
5 10 15
sfes
PERCENT
20
Figure 29,
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Police Garage S0? pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of wind
directions accompanied by S09 concentrations > 0.05 ppm during the
period December 1966 througfTFebruary 1967. Meteorological data is
from the UMKC site. Number of hours of pollutant sampling is 854.
Hours of pollutant sampling with missing meteorological data 1s 143.
97
-------
(157)(120)
0.8
(115)
1.8
(160)
0.7
(138)
0.8
(117)
1.6
0.2
(488)
0 5 10 15 20
PERCENT
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 30. Police Garage S02 pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of wind
directions accompanied by S02 concentrations > 0.05 ppm during the
period March through October 1967. Meteorological data is from the
UMKC site. Number of hours of pollutant sampling is 2784. Hours of
pollutant sampling with missing meteorological data is 257.
The wintertime S02 pollution rose (Figure 31) for UMKC Campus station shows
levels greater than 0.02 ppm and includes 4 percent of this station's S02 data.
This rose shows that the wind direction most frequently accompanied by the selected
S02 levels is west-northwest, the direction of the Kaw Power Plant. This wind
direction accompanied 20 percent of the concentrations greater than 0.02 ppm.
Winds from the directions northeast through east-northeast were infrequently
associated with 0.02 ppm or more SO^, and accompanied only 3 percent of these
concentrations. During the spring and summer months, winds from the northeasterly
directions were more important (Figure 32) because they accompanied 37 percent of
the selected S02 concentrations, compared to only 2 percent for west-northwest.
During these months, 0.02 ppm was exceeded by 2.5 percent of the samples. The
pollution roses indicate that, during the winter, interstate transport from the
98
-------
5 10 15
PERCENT"
20
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 31. UMKC S02 pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of wind directions
accompanied by S02 concentrations > 0.02 ppm during the period
December 1966 through February 1967. Meteorological data is from the
UMKC site. Number of hours of pollutant sampling is 708. Hours of
pollutant sampling with missing meteorological data is 99.
2.8
(142) 6.7
(89)
5 10 15
5=St==
PERCENT
20
(73) (186)
(126)
0.7
(403)
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 32. UMKC S02 pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of wind directions
accompanied by S02 concentrations > 0.02 ppm during the period March
through July 19677 Meteorological data is from the UMKC site. Number
of hours of pollutant sampling is 2028. Hours of pollutant sampling
with missing meteorological data 1s 171.
99
-------
Kaw Power Plant has a notable effect on this location and during the other months,
the industrial sources in the Blue River Valley, including American Oil refinery,
are the predominate sources.
The Morse School winter season S02 pollution rose (Figure 33) is for
concentrations exceeding 0.02 ppm and includes 15 percent of the sampled concen-
trations. When east and west-northwest through northwest winds occurred, they
were frequently associated with concentrations greater than 0.02 ppm. During the
spring and summer months (Figure 34), the latter directions were less frequently
associated with the selected S02 levels. In the winter, winds from the north-
westerly directions accompanied 18 percent of the occurrences of S02 greater than
0.02 ppm; whereas during the other months, they accompanied only 7 percent. This
variation indicates the Kaw Power Plant as a wintertime source of SOg. The source
located to the east is unidentified. During the spring and summer months, SO^
moving up the Kansas River Valley from the direction of the Phillips Petroleum
refinery is apparently reflected in the northeasterly arm of the pollution rose.
27.5 20.0
(29) (25)
10.0
5 4 (40)
(73U 6.5
11.3 6.4
(61) (78)
10 20 30
5=S2=
PERCENT
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 33. Morse School S02 pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of wind
directions accompanied by SO- concentrations > 0.02 ppm during the
period December 1966 through February 1967. Meteorological data is
from the Morse School site. Number of hours of pollutant sampling is
900. Hours of pollutant sampling with missing meteorological data is
154.
100
-------
14.0
(163)
1.4 2.4
(142) (82)
0.5
(181)
0 5 10 15 20
PERCENT
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 34. Morse School S(L pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of wind
directions accompanied by SO, concentrations > 0.02 ppm during the
period March through July 1967. Meteorological data is from the
Morse School site. Number of hours of pollutant sampling is 1976.
Hours of pollutant sampling with missing meteorological data is 486.
Soiling Index Pollution Roses
Particulate soiling index pollution roses were constructed for four
sampling locations. At these locations, there was no significant variation in the
pollution roses with season. The roses for all locations except Morse School are
for soiling index values exceeding 0.9 Coh; the Morse School rose is for values
greater than 1.9 Coh.
The soiling index pollution rose for the Waterworks station (Figure 35),
which includes 5 percent of all soiling index data for the station, indicates that
all wind directions except west through north are accompanied by soiling index
values greater than 0.9 Coh 3 percent or more of the time. South through southwest
are the most significant of these wind directions since they are accompanied by 40
percent of the soiling index values greater than 0.9 Coh. This indicates areas in
the directions of North Kansas City and in the Kansas River Valley as locations of
sources from which these soiling particulates originate.
101
-------
(1369)
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 35. Waterworks soiling index pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of
wind directions accompanied by Coh values > 0.9 during the period
November 1966 through October 1967. Meteorological data is from the
Municipal Airport site. Number of hours of pollutant sampling is
7756. Hours of pollutant sampling with missing meteorological data
is 337.
Nine percent of the soiling index values for the Police Garage are greater
than 0.9 Coh and are included in its pollution rose (Figure 36). This rose shows
west-southwest through west-northwest and northeast through east-southeast as
wind directions frequently accompanied by soiling index values greater than 0.9
Coh. These are the general directions of the Kansas River and the Blue River
Valley industrial complexes. Several open-burning operations along the Missouri
River are in a northeasterly direction from the station. These source areas
produced a total of 40 percent of the soiling index values greater than 0.9 Coh.
102
-------
17.1
(340)
19.0
(371)
12.0
(345)
8.6
(261)
3.4
(1325)
7.8
(387)
12.8
(382)
10
15)
PERCENT
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
o
OJ
Figure 36. Police Garage soiling index pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences
of wind directions accompanied by Coh values > 0.9 during the period
November 1966 through October 1967. Meteorological data is from the
UMKC site. Number of hours of pollutant sampling is 7968. Hours of
pollutant sampling with missing meteorological data is 1113.
-------
The soiling index pollution rose for the UMKC Campus station (Figure 37)
includes 3.5 percent of all soiling index data for this station. It shows that
northeast through east winds are frequently associated with soiling index values
greater than 0.9 Coh; 25 percent of such values are associated with winds from
the direction of the Blue River Valley.
2.4
2.3 (493)
(353)
3.3
(402)
4.0
(391)
9.1
(271)
5.3
(390)
1.6
(666) (512)
0.9
(1314)
10
15
PERCENT
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 37. UMKC soiling index pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences of wind
directions accompanied by Coh values > 0.9 during the period November
1966 through October 1967. Meteorological data is from the UMKC site.
Number of hours of pollutant sampling 1s 7984. Hours of pollutant
sampling with missing meteorological data 1s 905.
104
-------
The highest soiling index values recorded during the study were those
observed at the Morse School station. The soiling index pollution rose (Figure 38)
1s for values greater than 1.9 Coh. It includes 4 percent of all soiling index
data collected at this station. The rose indicates that there are significant
sources of soiling particulates east through southeast and west-southwest through
west-northwest from the school. Winds from these directions were associated with
16 percent and 25 percent, respectively, of the values greater than 1.9 Coh.
Industrial sources and open-burning dumps in the Kansas River Valley generally
lie in these directions from the station.
10 I-3
(194) (282)(246) , 8
(211)
1.5
(374)
3.6
(303)
4.9
(260)
3.1
(369)
3.2
(449)
10 20
PERCENT
( ) NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF
HOURLY AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION.
Figure 38. Morse School soiling Index pollution rose. Percentage of occurrences
of wind directions accompanied by Coh values > 1.9 during the period
November 1966 through July 1967. Meteorological data is from the
Morse School site. Number of hours of pollutant sampling is 6100.
Hours of pollutant sampling with missing meteorological data is 1471.
105
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VISIBILITY REDUCTION
The U.S. Weather Bureau makes hourly observations of visibility at Municipal
Airport. These observations indicate the visual range in miles. When less than
7 miles is reported, the cause of visibility reduction is also reported. Among the
possible causes of this reduction is smoke, either alone or mixed with haze or foq.
All reported cases of visibility reduction caused by smoke alone, smoke and
haze, or smoke and fog during the study period from November 1966 through October
1967 were tabulated. Smoke was reported to reduce visibility a total of 8.4
percent of the time. The wind direction associated with each report of smoke was
tabulated. From this, a smoke rose, which indicates the percent of smoke occur-
rences associated with each wind direction, was constructed. The smoke rose in
Figure 39 indicates that northeast through east winds were associated with 29 per-
cent of the occurrences of smoke and south through southwest winds accompanied 20
percent of the occurrences. These directions contributed to visibility reduction
2.7 percent and 1.8 percent of all time, respectively. This smoke rose is almost
identical to one obtained for the first 10 months of 1966, which was presented in
the Phase I report.
7.67
7.92
5.91
16.09
2.77
6.04
10
15
PERCENT
8.18
Figure 39. Percentage frequency of occurrence of wind directions when smoke was
reported at Municipal Airport. November 1966 through October 1967.
106
-------
The northeast through east directions indicate that the smoke was from
particulate sources in North Kansas City, Missouri, and from sources near the
confluence of the Missouri and Blue Rivers. These are the most significant direc-
tions, especially in the spring, when they produced 40 percent of the occurrences
of visibility reduction by smoke. The south through southwest directions indicate
smoke from the numerous sources in the Kansas River Valley. These directions were
especially important in the winter months when they accompanied 35 percent of the
occurrences of smoke.
TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS
Atmospheric turbidity may be considered a measure of the reduction of visible
solar radiation intensity in a cloud-free atmosphere. The reduction in intensity is
caused by attenuation, especially scattering, due to suspensoids such as smoke, dust,
and haze. In general, the smaller the turbidity, the less the attenuation and the
fewer particles there are in the atmosphere. Turbidity measurements can be used
for a quick appraisal of the air pollution envelope over an area. The measurements
may be interpreted as an indication of how "dirty" the air is.
Turbidity measurements were made regularly at Municipal Airport from Novem-
ber 1966 through November 1967. Turbidity was also measured at a number of other
locations across the United States. Two locations that can be compared with
Kansas City are St. Louis, Missouri, another mid-continent urban location, and
Huron, South Dakota, a rural or "clean" site.
In general, emissions, and the resultant atmospheric concentrations of
particulate pollutants, increase with population in an urban area. The Kansas
City area population is about one-half that of the St. Louis area. The average
turbidity values for the two locations generally reflect this size difference,
although other factors such as the location of the observing site within the city
are important. The 13-month average for St. Louis was 0.153; for Kansas City, it
was 0.123, or only 80 percent of the St. Louis value. Kansas City, though, had an
average value of twice that obtained at the rural site in Huron, South Dakota.
For the 7 months, May through November 1967, turbidity measurements were
also made in-downtown Kansas City. Average values were determined from cases when
the measurements were made at the same time at both locations. Based on 80 of
these observations, the following average turbidity values were found: Municipal
Airport, 0.135 and downtown Kansas City, 0.122. The valley location appears to be
slightly dirtier than the other site, although the difference is small. The fact
that most particulate sources are in the river valleys contributes to the higher
values observed at the airport.
107
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
The geographic distribution of average suspended particulate concentrations
is given in Figure 40. This distribution is for the averages of all data collected
at all sites for the period October 1966 through October 1967. The highest average
concentrations (>J25 pg/m ) occurred over the Fairfax and Kansas River Valley
3
industrial districts. Average concentrations greater than or equal to 100 pg/m
were generally confined to areas in or along the river valleys. Areas adjacent to
3
these valleys experienced average concentrations of less than 100 yg/m . There
was no notable variation in this geographic distribution with seasons. As an
example, the distribution during the spring months (Figure 41) is almost identical.
The geographic distribution of average settleable particulate loading
collected from January through October 1967 is given in Figure 42. The areas in
which the greatest amounts of settleable particulates were measured are along the
Blue River and north across the Missouri River through North Kansas City. This
same general pattern was seen for the spring months as evidenced by Figure 43;
however, during spring the values were generally higher because of the windy,
rainy conditions during these months. Rain causes washout of particles from the
air, and strong winds tend to re-entrain surface layers of dust.
The geographic distribution of sulfation levels in the Kansas City area is
shown in Figure 44. This distribution was obtained from the average of all
sulfation data collected at all sampling sites during the period January through
October, 1967. It can be seen that average sulfation values equal to or greater
2
than 0.5 mg SO-/100 cm -day, equivalent to an average monthly SO- level of approxi-
mately 0.02 ppm, occurred mainly near the confluences of the Kansas and Blue Rivers
with the Missouri River. Both of these locations are near several large combustion
and process sources of sulfur dioxide. The high sulfation values extend northward
from the source areas due to the prevailing southerly winds.
A geographic distribution for just the summer months (June - August, 1967)
of the sampling period (Figure 45) indicates a similar pattern with the maxima in
the same areas. Since power plant S02 emissions are relatively small at this time
of year, the highest values are believed to result mainly from process emissions
from the refinery just to the south.
As shown in Figure 46, the winter months (January-February, 1967) have a
distribution that reflects the greater SO, emissions at this time of year. Average
2
sulfation values of at least 0.5 mg S03/100 cm-day cover a large part of the study
area and are not confined to the river valleys. Further, an area of maximum
108
-------
o
sulfation values, 0.75 mg/100 cm -day, which is equivalent to an average monthly
S02 concentration of approximately 0.03 ppm, existed at the confluence of the
Kansas and Missouri Rivers.
The generally southerly shift of the area of maximum sulfation levels is due
to the winter increase in northwesterly winds and to the large seasonally oriented
SOp emissions from the power plants that surround the area. Examination of a con-
siderable amount of sulfur dioxide monitoring data, obtained in approximately ten
large urban areas over the past 5 years, reveals that when a seasonal or yearly
average of 0.03 ppm is encountered, frequency distributions of the daily averages
invariably exceed 0.10 ppm 1 to 3 percent of the time. It therefore seems reason-
able to expect that at a site in the Kansas City area where the seasonal average
approximated 0.03 ppm, at least on one occasion the daily average reached 0.10 ppm
sulfur dioxide.
109
-------
Figure 40. Geographical distribution of
average suspended participate
concentrations - October 1966
October 1967 (all data).
110
-------
PLATU
JOHNSON
,20
>.125 ug/m3
> 100 yg/m3
>. 75 ug/m3
< 75 .pg/m3
Figure 41. Geographical distribution of
average suspended particulate
concentrations - March-May 1967.
Ill
-------
.
* 10.0 tons/mi2-mo
£ 7.5 tons/mi2-
Figure 42. Geographical distribution of
settleable particulate -
January-October 1967 (all data).
2 5 tons/mi^-
> 5 tons/mi2-
112
-------
> 10.0 pg/m3
i 7.5 yg/m
Figure 43. Geographical distribution of
settleable particulate -
March-May 1967.
113
-------
JOHNSON
,20
>-Q.5 mg S03/100 cm^-day
£0.3 mg S03/100 cm2-day
£0.2 mg S03/100 cm2-day
< 0.2 mg S03/100 cm2-day
Figure 44. Geographical distribution of
average sulfation levels -
January-October 1967 (all data).
114
-------
PLATTE
CLAY
JOHNSON
,20
2.0.5 mgm S03/100 cm -day
ilijj £0.3 mgm S03/100 cm2-day
>Q.2 mgm S03/100 cm2-day
> 0.2 mgm SOs/100 cm2-day
Figure 45. Geographical distribution of
average sulfation levels -
June-August 1967.
115
-------
iiiii
£0.75 mgm S03/100 cm2-day
£0.5 mgm SOs/100 cm2-day
£0.3 mgm S03/100 cm2-day
cm2-day
Figure 46. Geographical distribution of
average sulfatlon levels -
January-February 1967.
116
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IV. PARTICULATES AND SULFUR OXIDES
EFFECTS AND STANDARDS
PARTICULATE POLLUTION
Effects
The principal effects attributed to particulate air pollution are soiling
of property and goods, deterioration of materials, restriction of visibility, and
creation of a significant psychological nuisance factor. Its adverse effects on
community health, although somewhat more subtle, are nevertheless just as
significant.
There are four areas of concern relative to the health effects of particulate
matter pollution on humans:
1. The ability of the respiratory tract to separate particulates from
inhaled air and retain them in the lungs.
2. The presence in some particulate material of metallic or mineral
substances having toxic or other physiological effects.
3. The presence in some particulate material of polycyclic hydrocarbons
having demonstrated carcinogenic properties.
4. The demonstrated ability of fine particles to enhance the harmful
physiological activity of gaseous pollutants or to convert these
to other more harmful materials when both are simultaneously present
in inhaled air. Of particular concern in this area is the ability of
certain airborne mineral substances to increase the rate at which
atmospheric sulfur dioxide is oxidized to the much more physiologically
active sulfur trioxide. Also, while sulfur dioxide gas appears to be
relatively harmless in the upper respiratory tract, it is seldom
inhaled alone. It is adsorbed on particulate matter and transported
into the sensitive portions of the lungs.
The size of airborne particles has an important bearing on whether, and to
what extent, they reach the lungs. Most coarse material, particles about 5 microns
or more in diameter, lodges in -the upper respiratory passages. Smaller particles
117
-------
are more likely to penetrate into the lungs; in the range of about 1 to 5 microns
the rate of lung deposition increases with decreasing particle size. Particles
smaller than 2 to 3 microns usually reach the deeper structures of the lungs,
where there is no protective mucous blanket. A major portion of the suspended
particulate matter in urban air falls into this latter category.
The primary effect of inert airborne solids on community welfare is soiling.
Although these particles may directly cause only minimal deterioration, the
cleaning of "soiled objects is costly and the cleaning process shortens the useful
life of many items upon which grime is deposited. A current survey of approxi-
mately 6500 families in metropolitan Washington, D. C., an area with annual
suspended particulate levels generally 10 to 20 percent lower than those in the
Kansas City area, revealed that the average per capita cost for household main-
tenance and cleaning due to polluted air is approximately $100 annually. Impres-
sive as this figure is, it represents only a relatively minor portion of the
economic impact of polluted air on the population. Items such as the cost of
health effects in terms of medical care and drugs, lost time at work, lowered
property values, agricultural damage, and accelerated corrosion were not included.
Criteria
Table 41 presents a summary of the current air quality standards for
particulates adopted for the St. Louis, Missouri, Metropolitan area.
Table 41. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR PARTICULATES FOR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
(Standard not to exceed stated concentrations.)
Suspended particulate - high-volume sampler
3
75 pg/m Annual geometric mean
2
200 wg/m 1 percent of days per year
Suspended particulate - soiling, AISI sampler
0.4 Coh/1000 lineal feet Annual geometric mean
Settleable particulate - dustfall
2
10 tons/mi -mo 3-month average above ~
background (5 tons/mi -mo)
all areas except zoned heavy
industrial
o
25 tons/mi -mo 3-month average above -
background (5 tons/mi -mo)
heavy industrial areas
118
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SULFUR OXIDES POLLUTION
Effects
There is evidence that the sulfur oxides family of pollutants, specifically,
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, their acids, and their acid salts, aggravate
existing human respiratory disease as well as contribute to the development of
some of them. As previously indicated, the effects on human health become con-
siderably more pronounced when these contaminants are found in combination with
suspended particulate matter.
The contribution of sulfur oxides pollution during disaster episodes, i.e.,
when levels of these contaminants (and others) are excessively high, has been
documented. Low-level, long-term exposure, as well as short-term fumigations affect
not only the health, but the social and economic welfare of the urban community.
The tabulation in Table 42 summarizes some of these multiple effects, which
have been determined from a significant body of scientific evidence.
Table 42. SUMMARY OF MULTIPLE EFFECTS
FROM EXPOSURE TO SULFUR DIOXIDE
Concentration and time
0.02 to 0.03 ppm
for 1 year
Increased respiratory disease death
rates in humans
Corrosion of metals becomes significant
Injury to perennial vegetation
0.1 to 0.3 ppm
for 2 to 4 days
Increases to hospital admissions and
mortality due to cardiorespiratory
disease
Increase in prevalence of rhinitis,
sore throat, cough, and eye irritation
Mild acute injury to sensitive vegetation
0.3 to 1.0 ppm
for 1 hour or less
Threshold for increased respiration and
and pulse rates of humans
Taste and odor threshold for humans
119
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Criteria
Table 43 presents a summary of current air quality standards for sulfur
pollutants adopted for the St. Louis, Missouri, Metropolitan area.
Table 43. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR SULFUR OXIDES FOR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
(Standard not to exceed stated concentration)
Sulfur dioxide
0.02 pptn
0.10 ppm
0.20 ppm
Annual average
24-hour average, 1% of days
in any 3 consecutive months
1-hour average, once in any
4 consecutive days
Sulfuric acid mist
4 vg/m
12 pg/m3
30 yg/m
Annual average
1% of time
1-hour average, 1% of time
120
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REFERENCES
1. Kansas City, Kansas - Kansas City, Missouri Air Pollution Abatement Activity.
Visibility at Municipal and Fairfax Airports. National Center for Air
Pollution Control. Cincinnati, Ohio. January 1967.
2. United States Weather Bureau, 1955, Meteorology and Atomic Energy, U. S.
Government Printing Office. 1955.
3. Korshover, J. Climatology of stagnating anticyclones east of the Rocky
Mountains, 1936 - 1965. Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-34.
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service.
National Center for Air Pollution Control. Cincinnati, Ohio. 1967.
4. Turner, D. B. Relationships between 24-hour mean air quality measurements
and meteorological factors in Nashville, Tennessee. Journal of Air Pollution
Control Association. 11:483-488. October 1961.
5. Hosier, C. R. Low level inversion frequency in the contiguous United States.
Monthly Weather Review. 89:319-39. September 1961.
6. Climatography of United States. No. 82-23. Summary of hourly observations,
Kansas City, Missouri Municipal Airport 1951 - 60. U. S. Government Printing
Office. Washington, 0. C. 1963.
7. Uniform summary of surface weather observations. Grandview, Missouri.
Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base. April 1954 - December 1962. Climatic Center,
USAF. Asheville, North Carolina. 1963.
8. Surface Weather Observations. WBAN Form 10A. U. S. Weather Bureau, Municipal
Airport, Kansas City, Missouri. 1961 - 1963.
9. Holzworth, G. C. Mixing depths, wind speeds and air pollution potential for
selected locations in the United States. Journal of Applied Meteorology,
6(6):1037-44. December 1967.
10. Gifford, F. A. Use of routine meteorological observations for estimating
atmospheric dispersion. Nuclear Safety, 2(4), June 1961.
121
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APPENDICES
Appendix A. Phase I Conclusions and Recommendations
Appendix B. Description of Project Design
Appendix C. Aerometry Operation and Techniques
Appendix D. Emissions Inventory Procedure
Appendix E. Pollutant Measurement Data
123
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APPENDIX A. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION -
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
METROPOLITAN AREA, JANUARY 1967
General Conclusions Reached by Official Participants of Kansas City, Kansas -
Kansas City, Missouri, Interstate A1r Pollution Abatement Conference
A. Occurrence of A1r Pollution Subject to Abatement Under the Clean A1r Act
A1r pollutants discharged from large industrial and refuse disposal operations
1n the State of Kansas and In the State of Missouri cause or contribute to
reduced visibility, which creates hazards to air transportation at Fairfax
Airport, Kansas City, Kansas, and at Municipal Airport, Kansas City, Missouri.
The Kansas City metropolitan area, in fact, has a common air mass, and any
pollutants discharged into that air mass from whatever sources, cause or
contribute to air pollution that may be carried indiscriminately throughout
the Interstate area, subject only to the vagaries of wind and weather.
Such interstate air pollution endangers the welfare and safety of persons in
interstate travel and, therefore, is subject to abatement under Section 105,
Title I of the Clean A1r Act (42 U.S.C. 1857, et seq.).
B. Adequacy of Measures Taken Toward Abatement of Air Pollution
It must be concluded that totally Insufficient and Inadequate action has been
taken toward abating air pollution in the Interstate area encompassing the
Fairfax and Municipal airports 1n Kansas and Missouri, respectively. In fact,
1t would be difficult to demonstrate that any effective action has been taken -
except in the very recent past, and largely since announcement of this abate-
ment action - by either the polluters or the responsible governments to cope
with the obvious air pollution problem.
C. Nature of Delays 1n Abating Pollution
The most comprehensive activity in this area has been that undertaken by the
Wyandotte County - Kansas City, Kansas, Health Department, aided by a program
grant under the Clean Air Act. Largely through the efforts of the Director of
Environmental Health, the air pollution problem has been defined in the Kansas
portion of this Interstate area, and emission standards were enacted just last
week. Their effectiveness and the vigorousness of enforcement remain to be
seen.
125
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The State of Kansas has no air pollution control law and minimal attention 1s
devoted to the problem.
The State of Missouri passed a comprehensive air pollution control law, which
became effective October 13, 1965. To date, however, the full-time professional
staff of the Air Conservation Commission consists of one persona devoted,
hard-working, dedicated individual, to be sure, but nevertheless only one per-
son. The Commission, therefore, has been unable to provide technical assistance,
comprehensive services and routine guidance to local agencies throughout the
state. It has not yet adopted standards or regulations which are applicable in
the Kansas City area.
The Kansas City, Missouri, Health Department has received a grant under the
Clean Air Act and has an embryonic program underway. Also, the Department has
attemptedunsuccessfully, so farto interest adjoining and surrounding com-
munities to join in areawide assessment of air pollution in the Missouri portion
of the interstate area.
In short, there are no effective local ordinances, regulations, or control pro-
grams; there are, as yet, no applicable state standards, regulations or compre-
hensive programs; and there is no legally constituted interstate agency with
rule-making and enforcement authority.
It must be concluded that the air pollution problem in the Kansas City, Kansas-
Kansas City, Missouri, interstate area developed and grew because of almost
total inaction. Under existing legal authority, neither state can prevent or
abate air pollution which comes from sources located in the other state. Ac-
cordingly, the air pollution problem will persist and probably grow worse until
a program with adequate regulatory and enforcement authority to deal with the
problem in both states, on a coordinated and uniform basis, 1s established and
becomes operational.
126
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RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE SECRETARY
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
It Is found that effective progress toward abatement of the air pollution discussed
at this conference Is not being made, and that the welfare and safety of persons in
Interstate travel is endangered. Therefore, requisite remedial action is recommend-
ed. It may be noted that there was unanimous concurrence in these recommendations
by all official conference participants.
127
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RECOMMENDATION I
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
It is found that:
1. Uniform enforcement of control measures 1s required to obtain a uniform
quality of air throughout the Kansas City metropolitan area, and to ensure
that no portion of the area provides a haven for sources of pollution.
2. To accomplish this result, an agency must be established and vested with
adequate legal authority.
3. Legislation by the States of Kansas and Missouri 1s needed to create such
an agency.
Therefore, it is recommended that:
1. Legislation be enacted immediately that will establish such an agency.
2. Such legislation, in addition to other appropriate authority, should pro-
vide:
a. Authority to establish uniform ambient air quality standards for at
least the six-county area involved in this abatement conference; i.e.,
Wyandotte and Johnson Counties in the State of Kansas, and Platte,
Clay, Jackson, and Cass Counties 1n the State of Missouri. Additional
authority reasonably might be provided to authorize the interstate
agency to include additional counties or to delimit as air pollution
control regions other border areas 1n both states that share an air
pollution problem, and to establish uniform air quality standards for
such other regions.
b. Adequate rule-making and enforcement authority to abate, control, and
prevent air pollution originating in the six-county Kansas City
metropolitan region (and in such other regions as the interstate air
pollution control agency may establish) to ensure the achievement of
such air quality standards.
c. Authority to establish a regional enforcement agency in the Kansas
City metropolitan region (and in any other region established by
the interstate agency), with appropriate representation of local gov-
ernments, that will meet the enforcement standards of the Interstate
agency and will be supported by local financial resources.
d. Assurance of adequate budgetary support by the states.
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e. Federal representation on the interstate agency, with the same vote
as any state, in recognition of the ultimate Federal interest in, and
responsibility for, the quality of the air as it affects the health
or welfare of any persons.
The Kansas City, Kansas-Kansas City, Missouri, Interstate Air Pollution Abate-
ment Conference shall remain in continuing session, subject to the call of the
Presiding Officer or his designated representative, until an interstate air pollu-
tion control agency with adequate legal authority, as outlined above, is established,
staffed, and effectively operational.
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RECOMMENDATION II
REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SALVAGE OPERATIONS
It 1s found that:
1. Refuse disposal by open burning accounts for approximately 20 percent of
the total partlculate emissions 1n the survey area (the area within a
four-mile radius of the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers),
and that observations made throughout the entire metropolitan area indi-
cate this practice constitutes the largest single area-wide source of air
contamination which obstructs visibility.
2. These emissions substantially add to the background of partlculate pollu-
tion which, when combined with nearby point source emissions, substantially
curtails visibility and results in hazardous flight and traffic control
conditions at Municipal and Fairfax Airports.
3. The burning of refuse and other wastes at the site of the Doepke Disposal
Service in Kansas City, Kansas, results in the frequent emission of clouds
of dense smoke which obstruct and curtail visibility for aircraft opera-
tions at the Fairfax Airport to such a degree that it constitutes an im-
minent danger to such operations.
Therefore, it is recommended that:
The disposal of refuse, or the conduct of a salvage operation, by burning
other than in a multiple-chamber incinerator whose emissions may not exceed
0.2 grains of partlculate matter per standard dry cubic foot of exhaust gas
corrected to 12 percent carbon dioxide, shall be prohibited:
a. In the survey area, no later than August 1, 1967, except that disposal
of refuse and other wastes by burning at the site of Doepke Disposal
Service in Kansas City, Kansas, shall be prohibited immediately upon
the Issuance of these recommendations.
b. In all other portions of the Kansas City Standard Metropolitan Statis-
tical Area, no later than July 1, 1968, except that such prohibition
shall not apply to individual household refuse disposal in sparsely
populated areas.
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RECOMMENDATION III
CONTROL OF PROCESS EMISSIONS
It is found that:
1. Participate emissions from industrial sources curtail visibility so as to
cause a substantial hazard to air traffic operations at Municipal Airport,
Kansas City, Missouri, and Fairfax Airport, Kansas City, Kansas, and that
they contribute to the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants causing a
reduction of visibility in considerable portions of the bi-state metropol-
itan area.
2. Technological means for eliminating or reducing these emissions generally
are available. In developing abatement schedules, it must be recognized
that techniques for control of individual emissions are at different stages
of development, the time required for application or installation of con-
trol measures may vary widely, and the impacts upon airport operations of
emissions from different sources vary in seventy.
Therefore, it is recommended that:
1. Discharges into the atmosphere from any source in the survey area shall
not exceed a density of 20 percent opacity, such opacity being that which
obscures an observer's view to a degree equal an emission designated as
No. 1 on the Ringelmann Smoke Chart or on the Public Health Service Smoke
Inspection Guide.
2. Upon the issuance of this recommendation, this limitation shall apply to
the following sources in the survey area in accordance with the following
schedule:
a. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.
Glass furnaces emissions 6 months
Forming lines emissions 12 months
Curing ovens emissions 6 months
All other emissions 12 months
b. Gustin-Bacon Mfg. Co.
Glass furnace emissions 6 months
Forming lines emissions 12 months
Curing ovens emissions 6 months
All other emissions 12 months
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c. U. S. By-Products Corp.
All process combustion emissions 6 months
All air classification emissions 6 months
All fired kiln emissions 6 months
All other emissions 12 months
d. Sonken-Galamba Corp.
All reverberatory and sweat
furnaces emissions 6 months
All fired kiln emissions 6 months
All other emissions 12 months
e. Phillips Petroleum Co.
Catalyst regeneration unit emissions 6 months
Complete instrumentation and
adjustment of safety flares
to prevent operation during
malfunction 6 months
All other emissions 12 months
f. Abex Corp.
All emissions 12 months
g. American Alloys
All emissions 12 months
h. Bartlett Grain Co.
All emissions 12 months
i. Bunge Corp.
All emissions 12 months
j. Cook Paint & Varnish Co.
All emissions 12 months
k. Corn Products Co.
All emissions 12 months
1. General Mills
All emissions 12 months
m. Grand Avenue Power Plant
All emissions 12 months
n. International Milling
All emissions 12 months
o. Kaw Power Plant
All emissions 12 months
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p. Procter & Gamble Co.
All emissions 12 months
q. Quindaro Power Plant
All emissions 12 months
r. Rodney Milling
All emissions 12 months
s. Standard Milling
All emissions 12 months
t. Wabash, Div. of Ralston Purina
All emissions 12 months
3. Companies listed in Paragraph 2 of this recommendation shall submit writ-
ten reports of progress toward accomplishment of this recommendation to
their respective state air pollution control agencies 30 days, 90 days,
and subsequently at 90-day Intervals following issuance of these recom-
mendations, until compliance is reported, and shall forward a copy of each
report to the Presiding Officer of the Conference, Abatement Program,
National Center for A1r Pollution Control, Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Washington, D. C., 20201.
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RECOMMENDATION IV
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION AT HID CONTINENT
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
It is found that:
1. The emission of atmospheric pollutants which cause reduction of visibility
in the vicinity of existing airports creates hazards to air traffic using
the airports.
2. The prevention of such reduction of visibility in the vicinity of the Mid
Continent International Airport, Platte County, Missouri, is of concern to
the Manager, Kansas City Area Office, Federal Aviation Agency.
Therefore, it is recommended that:
No new source of particulate emissions be placed in operation in the metropol-
itan area after issuance of this recommendation, unless there is adequate
assurance that such source will meet the requirement of Section I of Recom-
mendation III.
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APPENDIX B. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT DESIGN
AIR QUALITY NETWORK
Scope
The objectives of the air quality Investigation were:
1. To assess the sources, characteristics, concentrations, and Interstate
movement of air pollution that may affect the health and welfare 1n the
Kansas City area.
2. To promote the development of an effective program for abatement and
prevention of air pollution In the Kansas City area.
Criteria for Network Design
Three factors were basic in determining the criteria for network design:
1. Conference date. A general date for reconvening the conference, namely
late 1967, permitted the network to be designed for an entire year.
2. Availability of samplers. The first pieces of Public Health Service
air quality sampling equipment would remain on line from the Phase I
study, and the last of the equipment would be ready in March, 1967.
3. Sampling locations. The network must be designed to acquire data from
all seven counties.
From these factors, the following important and controlling considerations
for the network evolved:
1. The design should be integrated with the two existing National Air
Sampling Network Stations.
2. The design should evolve stations representing areas of habitation or
occupation and still others should be placed to note background
contamination levels.
135
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3. The design should be oriented to consider the predominant wind
directions. Such orientation would Increase the efficiency with which
the sampling equipment could be used. Not only should the downwind
direction be investigated, but the lateral spread of contaminants
should also be considered.
Public Health Service Sites
After due consideration, the Field Operations Activity of the Abatement
Program selected the major sampling sites. Criteria for selection of the sites
were as follows:
1. The site must represent as large an area as possible. It should not
be adjacent to a major pollution source, but it should be in a
moderately to heavily populated or traveled area, unless the station
is used as a background sampling site.
2. The site must be located so that nearly all obstructions are minimal.
If obstructions are present, the distance between the site and the
obstruction should be at least 2.5 times the difference in height
between the sample intake manifold and the height of the nearest
obstruction. If obstructions .are unavoidable, the nearest obstruction
should be to the east of the site.
3. The site should be reasonably convenient to commercial 215- to 230-volt,
100-ampere power.
4. The site should be located so that it is not obviously vulnerable to
vandalism or so that precautions against vandalism can be taken.
5. The site should be owned or controlled by persons or agencies sympathe-
tic to the objectives of the project to avoid undue complications in
negotiating for access to the site.
A number of potential sites satisfied the criteria. The Waterworks was
maintained for reasons of continuity between Phase I and Phase II. The Police
Garage was chosen as a site in the commercial area of Kansas City. The UMKC
Campus station was selected as representative of a residential area, whereas
Morse School is located in an industrial region. All four of these stations were
reasonably convenient to the downtown headquarters office.
136
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A description of the characteristics of each major sampling site and
meteorological data follows:
Station 1 - Waterworks. This site was located on the northwest corner of the
main building at the Kansas City, Missouri Water Treatment Plant. Bluffs enclose
the building to the north, but the exposure 1s excellent from west to south to
east.
Station 9 - Police Garage. This site was located on the roof of the Kansas City,
Missouri, Police Garage at 13th Terrace and Oak. This building is very low and
1s enclosed by much higher buildings to the north, west, and south. The exposure
to the east was good and the site proved to be an excellent downtown receptor.
Station 10 - UMKC Campus. This site was located on the roof of the maintenance
building at the corner of Troost Avenue and 51st on the campus of the University
of Missouri at Kansas City. This station provided good exposure in all directions
and was reasonably unobstructed.
Station 27 - Morse School. This site was located on the roof of Morse School in
the Argentine District of Kansas City, Kansas at the corner of Baltimore and Miami.
Although this site was fairly low, the exposure 1n all directions was excellent.
A listing of all stations and their sampling equipment appears 1n Appendix
C.
EMISSIONS INVENTORY
Applications
The objective of this Inventory was to locate and quantify emissions from
industrial, governmental, commercial, and residential sources for the following
applications:
1. To provide evidence of the existence of source emissions within the
study area and to define the location, magnitude, frequency, duration,
and relative contribution of these emissions.
2. To demonstrate by use of mathematical diffusion models the impact of
air pollutants on receptor areas under the variety of meteorological
conditions prevalent during the changing climatic conditions of the year.
137
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3. To provide, by correlating the diffusion estimates with actual data from
the air quality monitoring network, evidence whether Interstate trans-
port of air pollutants can and does occur, and whether It 1s of suffi-
cient Intensity and duration to endanger the health and welfare of the
population.
4. To provide background data needed to evaluate the effectiveness of
future control programs.
Technique
The technique utilized for this emissions Inventory consisted of the
following general steps.
1. Division of the survey area Into emission zones, based on similarities
1n land use, population density, fuel-use patterns, vehicular traffic
patterns, or other definable homogeneities.
2. Accumulation of data on emission sources that are generally found to
be broadly distributed within each zone. Included here are data for
residential, institutional, commercial, and industrial space and water
heating; on-s1te refuse incineration; and mobile sources.
3. Accumulation of data on major point sources located at specific sites
within each emission zone. Included here are data for major fuel users,
large refuse disposal, and industrial pollution sources.
4. Estimation of emissions of sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, particulates,
and hydrocarbons based on fuel composition and quantities, types of
processes and equipment, and appropriate emission factors. Where
control equipment Is utilized, actual or average collection efficien-
cies corresponding to the type of equipment are employed.
r
5. Calculation of the zone emissions for a minimum, average, and maximum
space-heating day to demonstrate the contribution of area space heating
and cooling demands to the total pollution load.
For this survey, the study area was subdivided Into 70 emission zones.
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DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
General
Methods of data handling and evaluation were an Integral part of the over-
all project planning. Establishment of data-handling techniques was particularly
Important in view of the number of agencies involved and the variety of data
collected.
Because many thousands of data Items would be processed during the project,
use of a computer for storage and retrieval was mandatory. Card formats were
designed or modified to permit utilization of current Abatement Program computer
programs for storage of the project data. In some Instances, hand tabulations
were necessary to transform the existing data into the required formats.
Air Quality Data
For purposes of this discussion, air quality data are all data obtained
through the sampling network, with the exception of meteorological data, which
are discussed separately.
The flow diagram (Figure B-l) depicts the major elements of the data process
from the time the sample is analyzed and a value recorded until the data are tabu-
lated by the computer and analyzed. All air quality data from the participating
agencies flowed through the Project Officer's office at the Federal Office Build-
ing. This provided central control to ensure prompt receipt of all data as
scheduled. Any manual tabulations or calculations were completed at this time,
and the data were then forwarded to Cincinnati, Ohio, for key punching and computer
storage. Computer tabulations were compiled for each pollutant by station and time.
These tabulations will be supplied to the participating agencies.
Meteorological Data
The meteorological data were processed in basically the same manner as the
air quality data, the main differences being 1n the reduction procedures. In
addition to the data collected at the UMKC Campus and Morse Schools, meteorolo-
gical data were supplied by the U.S. Weather Bureau at Municipal Airport. These
data were processed 1n the same way as the air quality data.
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TABULATIONS
PROVIDED TO
PARTICIPATING
AGENCIES
ALL DATA FROM
COOPERATING
AGENCIES
PROJECT
OFFICER
Federal Office
Building
HAND TABULATION AND
TRANSFERRAL TO CORRECT
CARD FORMATS
P.H.S.
CINCINNATI
OHIO
KEY PUNCHING
AND COMPUTER STORAGE
DATA
TABULATION
DATA
ANALYSIS
P.H.S.
TECHNICAL
REPORT
P.H.S.
Emissions Inventory Data
Data were gathered for the emissions Inventory by means of questionnaires,
plant visits, telephone survey,and historical information. These data, because
of their nature, were processed differently than the air quality or meteorological
data. Detailed description of the emission inventory procedures are given in
Appendix D.
Other Data
Additional data related to air pollution effects on the health or welfare
of the inhabitants were gathered. These included data on vegetation studies and
materials deterioration. These were manually tabulated rather than computerized.
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Data Analysis
The tabulations present the data in formats that permit manual analysis;
however, because of the large amount of data collected in this project, computer
programs were written or existing programs modified to permit rapid data analysis.
The more time-consuming and tedious tasks were given priority for computer program-
ming. For purposes of description, data analysis techniques are divided into two
classes; those involving a single pollutant or type of measurement, and those for
which two or more pollutants or types of measurements are combined to provide more
detailed information than can be obtained with one alone.
Single-Pollutant Techniques
Averages - Two measures for the average were computed: the arithmetic mean and the
geometric mean. The arithmetic mean is the sum of the measurements divided by the
number of measurements. The geometric mean is computed by finding the n*h root
of the product of all the measurements. The geometric mean should be used to
represent the data if the measurements are distributed log-normally, which is often
the case with air pollution measurements. Computation of the average is important
because it permits the use of a single number to represent a large amount of data.
Variability - As with the average, two measures of variability were computed: the
standard deviation and the standard geometric deviation. These measures indicate
the dispersion among the individual measurements. The standard deviation is used
when the underlying distribution of the data is considered normal, whereas the
standard geometric deviation is used if the measurements are distributed log-
normally.
Frequency Distribution - Frequency distributions show what percent of the total
measurements are less than a selected pollutant concentration or measurement level.
A computer program performs the analysis and prints the resulting distribution.
These distributions are valuable in that comparisons can be made with other data
or criteria to determine relative degrees of pollution.
Iso-intensIfy Maps - Iso-intensity maps were constructed to determine the geographic
distribution of specific pollutants over the Abatement Activity area. These maps
were drawn by first plotting the average pollutant dosage value for each station.
Then areas of dosages within a specified range were determined and grouped into
a single zone. The completed map then depicts zones of varying dosage levels
throughout the area.
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Combined-Pollutant Techniques
Wind Roses - Wind roses depict the percentage frequencies of wind direction and
wind speed. This information is necessary to explain transport of pollutants
and to compare present conditions with past data. A computer program provides
data for these wind roses.
Pollution Roses - Pollution roses combine meteorological data with pollution
concentrations. A completed pollution rose indicates the percent of occurrences
of each wind direction that are accompanied by a selected concentration level.
Because pollution roses designate both direction and concentration, they can be
used to indicate the locations of significant pollutant sources. These may be
either point or area sources; however, the pollution rose probably more accurately
depicts intensities of emissions from area sources than those from point sources,
Inasmuch as a small deviation in wind direction may cause emissions from any
particular point source to miss a given receptor completely. The wind factor
would not be so critical 1n the case of area emissions. Other factors affect the
validity of indications obtained from pollution roses; among these are:
1. The capacity of the air to disperse pollutants; this varies with wind
speed, which tends to differ with directions.
2. The height of emissions and distances to sources.
3. The frequency of occurrence of specific wind directions. During some
seasons certain wind directions occur infrequently; others, with great
frequency. These factors should be considered when interpreting pollu-
tion roses.
These analysis techniques provide means of presenting data so that logical
Interpretations of the results can be made. It is not possible, nor Intended, to
describe every aspect of data analysis in this report, but only to discuss briefly
some of the more general techniques employed by the Public Health Service.
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APPENDIX C. AEROMETRY OPERATION AND TECHNIQUES
INTRODUCTION
The air monitoring network designed by the Abatement Program, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, consisted of semi-automatic continuous samplers, as well
as static sampling devices. The project design took into account the ease of access,
area background, and area-wide coverage to produce a highly operational and exten-
sive data-gathering network.
AIR MONITORING NETWORK
The 36 air monitoring stations in the study area were set up and operated as
a co-operative effort by the U. S. Public Health Service and the involved agencies.
Two stations (Morse School and UMKC Campus) each were equipped with double high-
volume filter samplers, sulfur dioxide sequential samplers, AISI filer tape samp-
lers, and complete wind speed and direction measurement systems. Of the remaining
two "major" stations in the study area, both (Waterworks and Police Garage) were
equipped with double high-volume filter samplers, a sulfur dioxide sequential
sampler, and a AISI filter tape sampler. Each of these four stations was also
provided a dustfall receptacle and lead sulfation candle either as a part of the
Interstate Surveillance Project or as a separate entity. The remaining 32 stations
operated by the Public Health Service in conjunction with the various involved
local agencies were fully or partially equipped to measure and log air pollution
data. Table C-l lists the air monitoring stations and types of sampling employed
at each site. Figure C-l depicts the locations of the 36 sampling stations.
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
Ten Model 2000 H high-volume filter samplers1 were located in pairs at five
of the air monitoring stations in the study area to measure suspended particulate.
In addition, 11 single high-volume filter samplers were located at 11 other air
monitoring stations. Each double unit was equipped with an electrical timing
device on the units for operation from midnight to midnight, on a 24-hour-on, 48-
hour-off schedule; thus each pair of samplers sampled 2 days of each 3 day period.
The single units were operated in a similar fashion for 1 day, from midnight to
midnight of each 3-day period. The days that these single samplers operated coin-
cided with the period of operation for the second sampler in the double units.
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Total suspended particulate was collected on 8- by 10-Inch glass fiber
filters over 24-hour periods. Results were based on differences between the tare
weight and final gross weight of each filter and upon the volume of air sampled.
Data are reported as micrograms of total particulate per cubic meter of air.
SULFUR DIOXIDE SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
Sulfur dioxide sequential samplers were operated at the four major stations.
Monitoring for S02 took place the same 2 out of 3 days as the double high-volume
units. Analysis for SO^ was determined by the West-Gaeke technique.2
FILTER TAPES
Four AISI filter tape samplers were operated at the four major stations.
These instruments ran continuously and provided 2-hour spots for soiling analyses.
The sample tapes were collected periodically and sampling spots were evaluated by
percent light transmittance. Levels of contamination are reported in coefficient
of haze (Coh) per 1000 lineal feet of air.
WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION DATA
Wind speed and direction data were obtained at the UMKC Campus and at Morse
School. Hourly average wind speed was determined from strip-chart records of wind
speed. The "equal area" method was used to extract and tabulate data to the nearest
mile per hour. This method is a visual inspection technique by which a value of
the wind speed that divides the oscillations of the wind trace into equal areas is
selected from each time increment - in this case, 1 hour. The value selected was
considered the mean speed for the hour. Speeds of less than 0.5 mile per hour were
tabulated as calm. Calms and missing doubtful data were appropriately indicated on
tabulations for computer processing. Corrections were applied, if appropriate, for
drift of the recording and sensing system from zero.
Hourly average wind direction was determined from record traces of the
direction. A representative wind direction was ascertained for each hour by the
"equal area" method described above. Calms and missing and doubtful data were
appropriately noted on tabulation forms.
LEAD PEROXIDE SULFATION CANDLES
A lead peroxide sulfation candle network was initiated to determine an index
of the activity of S02 in the atmosphere.
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A total of 30 sulfation candle exposure stations were located in the study
area. An additional six candles were located at the six Interstate Surveillance
Project stations.
The method is based on exposing Pb02 paste in ambient air for 30 days and
measuring the sulfation caused by gaseous S02. After exposure, the material is
stripped from the candles with sodium carbonate, and the amount of sulfate is
determined by a turbidimetric procedure. The sulfation rate is reported as milli-
grams of S03 per 100 square centimeters per day. Correlation studies have shown
that multiplying the lead candle value by 0.035 gives an approximation of the aver-
age S02 concentration in ppm for the period of exposure. This factor when applied
under applicable conditions permits gross estimates of S0? values.2
DUSTFALL
A network of 30 dustfall receptacles was established to determine the settle-
able dust rates in the study area. An additional six receptacles were located at
the Interstate Surveillance Project.
All samples obtained were analyzed by Public Health Service personnel at
the Cincinnati, Ohio, laboratory, after having been exposed for 30 days.
RUBBER CRACKING
A rubber cracking network was initiated to serve as indicators of oxidant
concentration in the study area. A total of 10 rubber strip stations were located
in the study area. Six more were located at the six Interstate Surveillance
Project stations.
The rubber strips were weighted and exposed for 7 days in small shelters.
The cracks were then counted and measured in the laboratory.
SPECIAL SAMPLING
Three vegetation exposure chambers were placed at the Waterworks, Police
Garage, and Morse School from July 17 through September 5, 1967. In addition, a
control chamber with filtered air was operated at the Waterworks. These shelters
housed several different plant varieties to obtain relative data on air pollution
effects on vegetation. Weekly care for these plants included flushing the pots
with distilled water and adding fresh nutrient solution.
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Sun photometer measurements were made simultaneously at Municipal Airport,
at the New Federal Building, and at the Johnson County Health Department in Olathe,
Kansas, during May through November, 1967. These instruments supplied atmospheric
turbidity data for each station three times each day.
INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
The six Interstate Surveillance Project stations were located throughout
the metropolitan complex (Table C-l). These static sampling devices, designated
as "effects packages", gather data on dustfall quantity (the amount of large
airborne particles), particulate impingement (indicating the direction of the
particulate sources), sulfation (an indication of sulfur gases), corrosion and
tarnishing of metals, and deterioration of textiles, dyes, and rubber. These
data are used as indicators of air quality in the community and as Indices of any
trends toward increasing or decreasing local air pollution levels.
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Table C-l. SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
Station
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Station location
Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City Waterworks
North Oak Street & Highway 71
Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City Municipal Airport
North Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City Municipal
Airport on Perimeter
Kansas City, Kansas
Fairfax Airport Control Tower
Gladstone, Missouri
Gladstone Water Department
Claycomo, Missouri
Claycomo City Hall
Pleasant Valley, Missouri
Pleasant Valley City Hall
Harrisonville, Missouri
C. B. Price Farm
Kansas City, Missouri
Police Garage
13th Terrace & Oak
Kansas City, Missouri
University of Missouri
at Kansas City Campus
51st and Troost
Kansas City, Missouri
Pleasant Valley School
4300 Gardner Road
Kansas City, Missouri
Fire Station No. 21
Bennington & Independence
Roads
Independence, Missouri
Central Independence
Thriftway Food Store
2300 Liberty (Courtney)
Independence, Missouri
Independence Health
Department
Independence, Missouri
South Independence
Car Mash
U.S. 40 East
County
Clay
Clay
Clay
Wyandotte
Clay
Clay
Clay
Cass
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Sampling equipment
A,C,D,F,G,H,I
E
B.F.G
B,F,G
F,G
B.F.G.H
F.G
B.F.G
A.C.D.I.J
A.C.D.E.J
F,G
B.F.G.H
F.G.H
A,J
F,G
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Table C-l (continued) SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
Station
number
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Station location
Ray town, Missouri
Ray town City Hall
63rd Street and Raytown Road
Kansas City, Missouri
John Hartman School
81st and Oak
Olathe, Kansas
Olathe Substation
1-1/2 Mile West of
Court House on Prairie
Mission, Kansas
Hickory Grove School
Johnson Drive & Lamar
Overland Park, Kansas
Dorothy Moody School
10101 England Street
North Johnson County, Kansas
51st & Renner Road
Kansas City, Kansas
Bethel Fire Station
81st & Leavenworth Road
Kansas City, Kansas
East KCK
Holiday Inn
5th & Minnesota
Kansas City, Kansas
Fire Station No. 14
27th & Brickel
Kansas City, Kansas
Mark Twain Elementary
27th & Minnesota
Kansas City, Kansas
Wyandotte Swim Club
51st & Parallel
Kansas City, Kansas
Morse School
Baltimore & Miami
Turner, Kansas
Turner High School
55th & Turner
Kansas City, Missouri
Southeast Elementary
N.W. 56th & Norwood Road
County
Jackson
Jackson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Wyandotte
Wyandotte
Wyandotte
Wyandotte
Wyandotte
Wyandotte
Wyandotte
Platte
Sampling equipment
F,G
F,G
F,G
F.G.H
B,J
F,G
F,G
B,F,G
B.F.G.H
F,G
F,G
A,C,D,E,I,J
F.G.H
B.F.G.H
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Table C-l (continued) SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
Station
number
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
NA
Station location
North Platte County, Missouri
Kerrville Water Station No. 4
Route 92 & State Road "0"
De arb o rn , Mi s s ou r i
City Limits on State Road "Y"
Junction, Missouri
Highway 45 & 3-1/2 Miles
North on State Road "H"
Leavenworth, Kansas
521 Delaware
Sugar Creek, Missouri
Sewage Treatment Plant
North of America Oil Refinery
Independence, Missouri
East Independence
Richard's United Super
17301 E. 24 Highway
Independence, Missouri
West Independence
Morgan's Restaurant
308 Blue Ridge Boulevard
Kansas City, Kansas
Park Department
3rd & Richmond
County
Platte
Platte
Platte
Leavenworth
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Wyandotte
Sampling equipment
B.F.G
F.G
F,G
B.F.G
F,G,H
F.G.H
F,G
J
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT LEGEND
A. Suspended partlculate - double high-volume samplers
B. Suspended participate - single high-volume samplers
C. Sulfur dioxide sequential sampler
D. Suspended particulate - AISI filter tape sampler
E. Wind speed and direction equipment
F. Lead peroxide sulfation candle
G. Settlcable particulate - dustfall
H. Rubber strip exposure
I. Vegetation exposure
0. Interstate Surveillance Project
149
-------
Figure C-l. Kansas City air quality monitoring network.
150
-------
APPENDIX C. REFERENCES
1. Jutze, G. A. and K. E. Foster. Recommended standard method for atmospheric
sampling of fine participate by filter media - High-Volume Sampler TR-2-
Air Pollution Measurements Committee. J. Air Poll. Cont. Assoc., Volume 17,
No. 1 (Jan. 1967).
2. Hochheiser, S. Methods of measuring and monitoring atmospheric sulfur dioxide.
PHS Publ. No. 999-AP-6. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Division of A1r Pollution. August 1964.
151
-------
APPENDIX D. EMISSIONS INVENTORY PROCEDURE
Various means were used to quantify the pollutants (sulfur oxides, partic-
ipates, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide) released from sources in the study
area. Where emissions were of significant magnitude, efforts were made to obtain
exact figures, usually by direct interview or mail questionnaire. For the vast
number of small sources - automobiles, trucks, medium to small residences, and
small industrial, commercial, and governmental establishments - it was not
possible to contact each source separately. To obtain accurate figures on the
latter categories, it was necessary (1) to employ traffic study data and census
figures on population, dwelling units, and manufacturing and commercial operations
and (2) to ascertain fuel usage by typical users in the area from local sources
and national publications.
The initial data for the report were collected during the 6-month period
from February through July 1967. The data collected for the Phase I Kansas City,
Kansas - Kansas City, Missouri, Abatement Activity! was also used in this report.
The Public Health Service rapid survey technique for emission inventories was
used.2 The inventory consisted of evaluating the consumption of gasoline, diesel
fuel, coal, fuel oil, and natural gas and of determining emissions from refuse
incineration, open burning, process industries, automobile burning, aircraft
flights, and evaporative losses. Emissions were determined directly from the
fuel input to the equipment for both mobile and stationary sources. Where
applicable, control equipment was taken into account for emissions from coal
combustion process sources and refuse incineration. Emission factors and average
sulfur and ash contents for the general area sources are listed in Table D-l.
Emission factors used for both area and point sources were obtained from Public
Health Service and New York State publications3' ' and from various Public
Health Service staff estimates.
Annual consumption of all fuels, refuse disposal practices, and their
emissions and annual process emissions in each zone were determined for the year
1966. These zone emissions were then summed for county, state, and study area
totals. Daily emissions were calculated for minimum, average, and maximum space-
heating days for sulfur oxides and particulates. Average daily emissions were
calculated for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. These daily totals were reported
as tons of pollutant per square mile and are listed in Table E-l of Appendix E.
153
-------
POINT SOURCES
Each residential site, governmental or commercial establishment, industrial
site, open-burning dump, etc., from which 100 or more tons of any single pollutant
were emitted per year was considered a point source. There were 70 such sources
in the study area. Emissions for nearly all point sources were based on data
obtained from management officials on their fuel consumption, process losses,
refuse disposal practices, and stack tests. Much of the data for the point sources
in the Phase I report^ were used in this presentation.
MOBILE SOURCES
The principal sources of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are from mobile
sources. The greatest percentages of these totals, of course, come from the
combustion of motor fuel by gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles.
GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL USAGE
To determine the amount of gasoline used in the area, it was necessary to
obtain state-wide gasoline sales.6 A proportion of these sales for Kansas and
Missouri were then distributed to the various counties in the states on the basis
of service station sales. It was assumed that the ratio of gasoline sales to
total service station sales is constant within the states; thus a direct ratio
may be used.
Gasoline sales in county =
Service station sales in county ($) x gasol-ne Sflles . statfi (gallon$)i
Service station sales in state ($)
It was then estimated that any gasoline sold in a specific county was consumed
there, which assumes that the inflow of gasoline into the county equals the
outflow.
The amount of gasoline consumed in each zone was a percentage of the county
total based on traffic counts, vehicle miles, type of road, and average vehicle
speed.8
154
-------
Table D-l. GENERAL EMISSION FACTORS
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
STUDY AREA, 1966
(tons/unit3)
Source
Residual oil
Distillate oil
Bituminous coal
(residential, commercial,
governmental )
Bituminous coal
(industrial)
Natural gas
(excluding power plants)
Gasoline
(pre-1963 vehicles)
Gasoline
(post 1963 vehicles)
Diesel oil
Aircraft
Open-burning dump
Municipal incinerator
Residential, industrial
commercial , governmental
incinerator
On-site open burning
Automobile burning
Gasoline evaporation
(automobile)
Gasoline evaporation
(handling)
Solvent losses
(dry cleaning)
soxb
0.0872d
0.0192d
0.059d
0.059d
0.0002
0.004
0.004
0.020
f
0.0006
0.001
0.0002
0.006
Negligible
_
_
-
Parti culates
0.006
0.006
0.010e
0.059e
0.010
0.0055
0.0055
0.055
f
0.024
9
0.010
0.020
0.005
_
.
-
Hydrocarbons0
0.001
0.001
0.005
0.0005
Negligible
0.164
0.113
0.068
f
0.040
0.001
0.0025
0.0725
0.0015
0.046
0.0135
1.95
Carbon monoxide
0.001
0.001
0.025
0.0015
0.0002
1.15
1.15
0.030
f
0.043
0.0005
0.022
0.030
0.0062
-
-
-
"Fuel oil, gasoline, and diesel oil, 1000 gallons; coal,
tons; natural gas, 106 cubic feet; refuse, tons; automobile
burning, cars; dry cleaning, 1000 people.
bAs S02
°As methane
Dependent on sulfur content of fuel; residual oil 1.10X S;
distillate oil, 0.24X S; bituminous coal, 3.102 S.
Dependent on ash content of bituminous coal (9.1* A), type
of firing unit, and type of control.
fDependent on type of aircraft - see references 3, 4, and 13
of this appendix.
Dependent on type of control - see reference 3 of this
appendix.
155
-------
It was necessary to account for the reduction In blow-by hydrocarbon
emissions from automobiles built since 1963. It was assumed that a device in-
stalled in all the post-1963 automobiles, controlled blow-by emissions by 80
percent over the pre-1963 automobiles. It was estimated that 41 percent of the
cars in the Kansas City study area are post-1963.28
The consumption of motor vehicle diesel fuel in the study area is minor by
comparison with consumption of gasoline. Motor vehicle diesel fuel sales were
available for the States of Kansas and Missouri6. This diesel fuel was then
proportioned to the counties and emission zones using the same percentages that
were used for the gasoline distribution. In addition to the pollutant emissions
from the actual operation of a motor vehicle (including evaporative losses from the
gas tank and carburetor), there are hydrocarbon losses due to the transfer of
gasoline from: (1) storage to tank truck, (2) from tank truck to filling station,
and (3) from filling station to motor vehicles tanks. A standard emission factor
was applied to the total gasoline sales in the area to account for the hydro-
carbon losses listed in Table D-l.
RAILROAD DIESEL USAGE
Railroad diesel usage was divided into two types: (1) that used by
switching diesels in railroad yards and (2) that used by train traffic in and
out of the city.
Daily diesel fuel usage for yard traffic was obtained for each yard. If
these data were unavailable, the number of switchers working in the yard was
obtained, and it was assumed that each of the switchers used 200 gallons of diesel
fuel each day.9 The amount of fuel used in a yard was proportioned into the
emission zones by track densities.
The diesel fuel used by train traffic in and out of the city was based on
150 trains per day having an average of three diesel units pulling them with
9 10
each unit using 100 gallons of diesel fuel each hour when under full load.
Using these data plus average train speeds and distances traveled, it was
assumed that 90,000 gallons per day of railroad diesel fuel was consumed. This
fuel usage was then proportioned to emission zones by track densities.
156
-------
BARGE DIESEL FUEL USAGE
It was assumed that it takes 0.01 gallon of diesel to push 1 ton of barge
1 mile.11 Knowing the total tonnage transported on the portion of the Missouri
River in the study area during 196612 and using the above figure, it was estimated
that nearly 26,000 gallons per year of diesel fuel is used per mile of river.
Barge diesel fuel usage was then calculated for each emission zone based on river
miles in that zone.
AIRCRAFT
The pollutant emissions from aircraft operations at three major airports
in the study area were estimated from data supplied by the Federal Aviation Agency
for the year 1966. These data included numbers of takeoffs and landings by the
various types of commercial and itinerant planes. Emission factors '' were
then applied per aircraft flight depending on the type and number of engines on
the plane in question.
PROCESS SOURCES
Emissions from industrial processes (grain milling and handling, asphalt
and concrete batch operations, cement manufacture, soap and detergent manufacture,
paint and varnish manufacture, fertilizer manufacture, petroleum refining, fiber
glass manufacture, ferrous and nonferrous foundries, and other miscellaneous
chemical manufacturing) were determined from plant visits and information solicited
from company officials. Data obtained on many sources for the Phase I investi-
gation1 were used for the Phase II inventory with necessary updating of the
information. Sources were selected for investigation by type and size of industry
from local and national industrial directories. Included in this category are
the hydrocarbon emissions from evaporative losses, such as from dry cleaning and
solvent operations and printing establishments. In most cases process emissions
were estimated by Public Health Service engineers since no stack data or company
estimates were available from plant officials.
REFUSE DISPOSAL
The amount of refuse disposed of in the study area was estimated on the
basis of information gained from local officials, and supervisory personnel at
landfills, open-burning dumps, auto-burning sites, and on-site commercial, govern-
mental, Industrial, and residential incinerators.
157
-------
The above surveyed types of disposal accounted for the greater part of the
estimated refuse generated 1n the study area (1660 pounds per capita per year). '
The difference between the refuse surveyed and that assumed to be generated In the
study area was estimated to be on-site Incineration and open-burning.
To allow for that part of the refuse that Is not combustible, It was assumed
that 40 percent of the difference In rural areas Is open burned either in burning
barrels or openly on the ground. In urban areas 10 percent of the difference
was assumed to be incinerated in single-chamber incinerators and 20 percent open
burned. Emission calculations on surveyed refuse disposal practices took into
account type of disposal and control equipment.
COMBUSTION FUELS BURNED AT STATIONARY SOURCES
Sources were delineated in terms of fuel type and user types to determine
the quantity of the various combustion fuels burned during different times of the
year. Bituminous coal, coke, distillate and residual oil, natural gas, and refinery
gas are the only fuels used in significant quantities in the study area. Fuel
sources were listed as residential, commercial and governmental, industrial
and steam-electric power plants. Residential sources included all dwellings
from one-family homes to multistory high-rise apartment buildings.
The portions of fuel burned for space-heating and that burned on a steady
day-to-day basis throughout the year were determined. Essentially, all commercial,
much residential, and some Industrial fuel were burned for space-heating purposes.
The type and quantity of fuel used at the steam-electric power plants varies with
the time of year based on the interrupt!ble status of natural gas and the electric
load requirements. The operating characteristics of each plant were taken into
account in the calculation of daily emissions. The variable use of fuel for space
heating determines the differences in emissions on minimum, average, and maximum
space-heating days.
The fuel totals for the study area broken down by county were determined by
various methods depending on the fuel type and source category. Overall study
area fuel totals were obtained from data supplied by various local fuel dealers,
natural gas suppliers, local public utility officials, and national and
local publications.17>18'19'20
158
-------
RESIDENTIAL FUEL USAGE
Fuels consumed by residential sources were determined from information
available on population, dwelling units, and the relative use of coal, oil, and
21 22
natural gas. ' Smaller residential units were assumed to use natural gas,
distillate oil, or bituminous coal for heating. Larger apartment buildings, i.e.
50 units or more, that used oil were assumed to use residual oil.
POPULATION AND DWELLING UNITS
Census data from 1964 for the counties and most of the census tracts in
the study area were listed in a Kansas City, Missouri planning department publica-
tion.23 Along with this data and the 1960 census and dwelling unit data21'22'24
it was possible to estimate 1966 population and dwelling units by census tract.
The census tract data was then transferred to the emission zones.
Dwelling units built since 1960 were assumed to use either natural gas or
electric heat. It was determined that 98 percent of these new dwelling units had
natural gas as a heating fuel while only 2 percent had electric heat. Wherever
there had been a decrease in dwelling units since 1960 due to demolition and urban
renewal, a proportioned decrease in dwelling units using coal or oil was made.
This was done since most of these units that are razed are older buildings, which
tend to burn the dirtier fuels.
RESIDENTIAL USE OF COAL
The number of area-wide occupied dwelling units using coal in 1960 was
developed using Bureau of the Census data. These data list by county and large
cities those dwelling units using coal for heating purposes. It was estimated that
the dwelling units using coal 1n 1960 still used coal 1n 1966, except in those \s
areas where there was urban renewal and the old coal-burning buildings had been
torn down.
Based on degree-days and rooms per unit, the amount of coal per dwelling
unit used for heating purposes in various subdivisions of the study area is shown
1n Table D-2. It was assumed that all coal used residentially was only for space-
heating.
159
-------
RESIDENTIAL USE OF FUEL OIL
The number of 1960 and 1966 area-wide dwelling units burning fuel oil for
heat was determined in the same manner as the number burning coal. Residential
structures of more than 50 dwelling units that use fuel oil were assumed to use
22
residual oil. From data in the 1960 Census of Housing, it was possible to
estimate the total number of dwelling units in structures of 50 or more units.
Table D-2 lists the estimated fuel oil used by an average dwelling unit
22
using fuel oil for heating. It was determined from census data that very little
fuel oil in the Kansas City area is used for cooking and hot water heating; thus
it was assumed that essentially all residential fuel oil was used for space-
heating.
RESIDENTIAL USE OF NATURAL GAS
The number of dwelling units in 1960 using natural gas for heating purposes
was determined from the 1960 census in the same manner as that described for coal
and fuel oil. Updating these data to 1966 was accomplished by adding to the 1960
figures 98 percent of the new dwelling units built since 1960.
Table D-2 lists the estimated natural gas used by a residential dwelling
unit using natural gas for heating. Actual usage totals furnished by natural gas
suppliers for each county in the study area indicated larger overall figures than
can be estimated from the data listed in Table D-2. These larger figures reflect
the natural gas used for water heating and cooking, not only in the natural-gas-
heated homes, but also in those homes heated with coal or oil. This differential
amount of gas was allotted to the emission zones in proportion to the number of
dwelling units using gas for heating. This estimate can be made since there is
probably a reasonably equal distribution of both types of natural-gas users in the
emission zones.
COMMERCIAL AND GOVERNMENTAL FUEL USE
Federal, state, and local governmental agencies and large private institu-
tions were surveyed through interviews, questionnaires, and information from local
fuel dealers and natural gas suppliers. The fuel data and control equipment
information obtained from these known sources were used to estimate their emissions
and to determine whether they should be considered as point sources. These fuel-
use data and the resulting emissions were placed in the emission zones correspond-
ing to the location of the source in question.
160
-------
The homogeneous coal and oil usage by commercial and governmental establish-
ments was determined as the difference between estimated totals for each county and
the surveyed fuel as listed above. The commercial and governmental coal and oil
totals for each county were estimated from Bureau of Mines data for Kansas and
Missouri.
17,18
The estimates for each county were based on a population and
Table D-2. AVERAGE SPACE-HEATING FUEL USAGE FOR
RESIDENTIAL DWELLING UNITS
Area
Independence, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Kansas
Cass County
Clay County
(Urban, other than Kansas City)
Clay County
(Rural)
Jackson County
(Urban, other than Kansas City
or Independence)
Jackson County
(Rural)
Platte County
(Rural)
Leavenworth County
Johnson County
(Urban, other than Kansas City)
Johnson County
(Rural)
Wyandotte County
(Urban, other than Kansas City)
Wyandotte County
(Rural)
Coal,
(tons/year)
5.4
5.1
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.4
5.4
5.3
6.0
5.6
6.0
5.6
Oil,
(gallons/year)
815
760
800
815
850
815
850
815
815
800
900
850
900
850
Natural gas,
(ft3/year)
101 ,700
95,500
99,700
101,700
105,900
101,700
105,900
101 ,700
101 ,700
99,700
112,100
105,900
112,100
105,900
161
-------
25
commercial proportioning basis. The surveyed coal and oil were then subtracted
from the overall totals, and the difference was apportioned to the emission zones
based on knowledge of the area, U. S. Geological Survey topographical maps, land-
use maps, and information obtained from local officials. Natural gas data were
supplied by gas utilities and apportioned in the same manner.
INDUSTRIAL FUEL USE
Industrial users considered to be possible point sources were contacted.
The fuel data, along with their process and refuse emissions, were used to deter-
mine whether they would be considered point sources. The emissions and fuel data
were placed in the proper emission zone corresponding to the location of the plant
in question.
It was also necessary to estimate the amount of fuel used by the smaller
industrial sources not surveyed. State-wide data for industrial use of oil and
18
coal in Kansas and Missouri were obtained from Bureau of Mines and Census
20
Bureau publications. These data were then proportioned to the counties of the
?fi
study area according to the number of manufacturing employees. Natural-gas usage
15
by industrial consumers was obtained from the gas utilities. In each county the
surveyed industrial fuel data were subtracted from the estimates for the total
county. The remaining homogeneous background industrial fuel figure was then
distributed over the emission zones within the county in proportion to the degree
of industrialization. U. S. Geological Survey topographical maps, land-use maps,
and knowledge of the area were used to estimate the degree of industrialization in
each zone.
STEAM-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Fuel-use figures were obtained directly from the utilities in the study
area. Amounts of fuel oil, bituminous coal, and natural gas used at all power-
generating stations were provided together with sulfur and ash contents, type of
firing units, control equipment and seasonal variation in operation characteris-
tics.
162
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DAILY VARIATIONS IN POLLUTANTS RESULTING FROM SPACE-HEATING
Sulfur oxides and particulate emissions were determined for minimum, average,
and maximum space-heating days to show the variation in emission rates due to
increased fuel usage on heating days in the fall, spring, and winter. For each
zone, the emissions were divided into a variable fraction resulting from space-
heating and a steady fraction resulting from operations that are essentially
constant throughout the year. The variable emissions were assumed to consist of:
1. All commercial and governmental fuel combustion emissions.
2. 25 percent of the industrial fuel emissions.
3. A portion of the residential fuel emissions (see previous section on
residential fuel burning.
4. Emissions from steam electric power plants (variable because of
differences in electric loads and the interruptible status of gas
usage, which are dependent on seasons of the year).
Steady day-to-day emissions consist of:
1. All process emissions.
2. 75 percent of the industrial fuel emissions.
3. A portion of the residential fuel emissions, I.e., those emanating from
cooking and water heating (see previous section on residential fuel
burning).
4. All refuse disposal emissions.
5. All mobile source emissions.
On a minimum heating day, it was assumed that there was no space-heating;
therefore, emissions are represented by the above-mentioned steady pollutant
figures. Average and maximum space-heating day totals were determined by adding
steady emissions to variable emissions during respective days. Meteorological data
acquired from the U. S. Weather Bureau were used to determine these fractions of
the yearly variable pollutants emitted during average and maximum space-heating
days. The following formulas were used to calculate daily sulfur oxides and
particulate emissions.
Minimum day = steady emissions, tons per day
Average day = minimum day + variable emissions (tons/year)(21/4614)
Maximum day = minimum day + variavle emissions (tons/year)(56/4614)
163
-------
The factor 21/4614 represents the fraction of annual degree-days occurring on the
average heating day. The value 21 is the mean degree-days for all days of the year
with average temperatures less than 65°F, the value 4,614 is the cumulative degree-
days for the year 1966. The factor 56/4614 represents the fraction of annual
degree-days occurring on coldest days; the value 56 is the normalized average
degree-days for the 4 coldest days of the year. Daily tonnages were divided by
the zone areas to yield emission densities in terms of tons of emissions per
square mile.
Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission densities were only calculated for
an average day, since the greatest portion of these emissions are steady through-
out the year. The variation in fuel usage due to space heating has very little
effect on these emissions since their emissions rates from fuel combustion are
small.
164
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APPENDIX D. REFERENCES
1. Kansas City, Kansas - Kansas City, Missouri Air Pollution Abatement Activity,
USDHEW, PHS, NCAPC, Cincinnati, Ohio. January 1967.
2. Rapid survey technique for estimating community air pollution emissions.
Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-29, Environmental Health
Series. USDHEW, NCAPC, Cincinnati, Ohio. October 1966.
3. Mayer, M. A compilation of air pollution emissions factors for combustion
processes, gasoline evaporation, and selected industrial processes.
USDHEW, PHS, DAP, TAB, Cincinnati, Ohio. May 1965.
4. Duprey, R. L. Compilation of air pollutant emission factors. USDHEW, PHS,
NCAPC, ACP, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1967 (unpublished).
5. Procedure for conducting comprehensive air pollution surveys. New York State
Department of Health, Bureau of Air Pollution Control Services. Albany,
New York. August 18, 1965.
6. Analysis of motor-fuel usage in calendar year 1966. Tables MF-21 and MF-25.
U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of
Public Roads. June 1967.
7. U. S. Department of Commerce. Census of Business, Retail Trade, Kansas and
Missouri. 1963.
8. McMichael, W. F. and Rose, Jr. A. H. A comparison of automotive emissions
In cities at low and high altitudes. USDHEW, DAP, Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center. Presented at APCA meeting, Toronto, Canada. June 1965.
9. Private communication: Union Pacific Railroad.
10. Private communication: Kansas City Terminal Railroad.
11. Private communication: Sioux City-New Orleans Barge Lines.
12. Summary of Missouri River Navigation. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers.
165
-------
13. Lozano, E. R., et.al. Air pollution emissions from jet engines. Presented
at the APCA meeting, Cleveland, Ohio. June 1967.
14. Municipal Refuse Disposal. American Public Works Association. Chicago, 111,
1966.
15. Personal communications:
Cities Service Gas Company
Kansas Power and Light Company
Greeley Gas Company
Gas Service Company
Associated Natural Gas Company
Union Gas System, Inc.
16. Personal communication:
Missouri Public Service Company
Northwest Electric Corporation
Kansas City Power and Light
Independence Power and Light
Board of Public Utilities
17. Bituminous coal and lignite distribution, calendar year 1965. Bituminous
Coal and Lignite Distribution Quarterly. U. S. Department of Interior,
Bureau of Mines. March 1966.
18. Shipments of fuel oil and kerosene in 1965. Fuel Oil Shipments Annual.
U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines. August 9, 1966.
19. Minerals Yearbook. Volume II, 1962 and 1964. U. S. Department of Interior,
Bureau of Mines.
20. Fuels and electric energy consumed in manufacturing industries. 1962.
U. S. Department of Commerce. 1963 Census of Manufacturers MC 63(1)-7.
21. U. S. Bureau of Census. Census of population and housing, PHC(1)-70.
U. S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D. C. 1960.
22. U. S. Bureau of Census. Census of housing, Missouri and Kansas, HC(l)-27
and HC(1)-18. U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 1960.
166
-------
23. Population, Kansas City Studies 1964-1190. Community renewal report No. 1.
City Planning Department. Kansas City, Missouri. December 1964.
24. U. S. Bureau of Census. Census of population, general population
characteristics, Missouri and Kansas. PC(1)-27B and PC(1)-18B. U. S.
Department of Commerce. Washington, D. C. 1960.
25. U. S. Bureau of Census. Census of business, retail and wholesale trade for
Kansas and Missouri. U. S. Department of Commerce. Washington, 0. C. 1963.
26. U. S. Bureau of Census. Census of manufacturing area reports, Kansas and
Missouri. U. S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D. C. 1963.
27. Kaiser, E. R. Chemical analysis of refuse components. 1966 National
Incinerator Conference.
28. 1967 Automobile facts and figures. Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.
Detroit, Michigan.
167
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APPENDIX E. POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT DATA
This appendix contains tables and figures pertinent to the Technical Report.
Included are the following:
1. Emission inventory zone map.
2. Emission densities for pollutants by counties in study area.
3. Frequency distribution of suspended particulates (high-volume
samplers) data.
4. Frequency distributions of suspended particulates (AISI soiling
index samplers) data.
\
5. Frequency distributions of sulfur dioxide data.
169
-------
Figure E-l. Emissions Inventory zone map for Kansas City study area.
170
-------
Table E-l. EMISSION DENSITIES FOR COUNTIES
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
STUDY AREA, 1966
(tons/ml2-day)
Emission
zone
Cass
CA-1
Clay
C-l
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
C-9
Jackson
JA-1
JA-2
JA-3
JA-4
JA-5
JA-6
Area
ml2
698.0
10.3
4.6
1.9
8.7
17.8
7.2
51.0
26.5
278.0
0.9
2.8
1.2
1.8
1.3
2.8
Sulfur oxides
space-heating days
M1n
Neg
Neg
0.6
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.4
Avg
Neg.
0.1
1.5
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.1
Neg.
12.2
0.2
1.2
1.5
0.8
1.3
Max
Neg.
0.3
3.0
Neg
0.2
Neg
0.2
Neg
0.1
Neg
30.4
0.5
2.4
3.3
2.2
2.8
Parti culates
space-heating days
M1n
Neg.
0.1
2.4
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.9
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.8
Avg
Neg.
0.1
3,2
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.1
Neg
3.8
1.5
1.2
1.3
0.5
1.4
Max
Neg.
0.2
4.5
Neg
0.1
0.1
0.1
Neg
0.1
Neg
7.9
1.6
2.1
2.3
0.8
2.3
Hydrocarbons
average day
Neg.
0.4
2.1
1.5
0.3
0.1
0.4
Neg
0.6
Neg
7.1
2.2
4.3
4.9
4.3
3.8
Carbon monoxide
average day
0.1
1.7
6.5
4.4
1.4
0.4
1.7
0.2
0.9
0.2
31.6
10.0
17.8
19.8
21.6
12.8
-------
ro
Table E-l.(continued). EMISSION DENSITIES FOR COUNTIES
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
STUDY AREA, 1966
(tons/ml^-
Emission
zone
JA-7
JA-8
JA-9
JA-10
JA-11
JA-12
JA-13
JA-14
JA-15
JA-16
JA-17
JA-18
JA-19
JA-20
JA-21
JA-22
JA-23
JA-24
JA-25
JA-26
Area
mi2
1.4
2.0
1.3
1.4
3.8
2.7
2.2
11.7
8.4
15.0
9.7
25.0
29.3
9.4
22.6
3.6
3.1
3.4
6.6
3.5
Sulfur oxides
space-heating days
Win
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.1
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Avg
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
5.0
0.4
Neg
0.2
Neg
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
Max
3.2
2.0
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.3
1.5
11.8
0.8
0.1
0.4
Neg
Neg
0.3
Neg
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
Parti culates
space-heating days
Min
Neg.
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
1.4
0.5
Neg
0.1
Neg
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.8
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
Avg
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.6
1.7
0.6
0.1
0.2
Neg
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.9
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
Max
1.4
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
2.0
0.8
0.1
0.2
Neg
Neg
0.2
Neg
1.2
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
Hydrocarbons
average day
4.4
3.3
4.3
4.1
1.7
2.3
2.8
2.0
3.3
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.1
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.1
2.1
Carbon monoxide
average day
20.1
14.1
21.6
20.1
7.5
10.4
12.8
3.4
3.6
1.0
2.3
3.4
0.7
1.5
0.3
6.6
7.0
8.3
4.3
10.3
-------
Table E-l (continued). EMISSION DENSITIES FOR COUNTIES
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
STUDY AREA, 1966
p
(tons/ml -day)
Emission
zone
JA-27
JA-28
JA-29
JA-30
JA-31
JA-32
JA-33
Platte
PL-1
PL-2
PL-3
Johnson
JO-1
JO-2
JO-3
JO-4
JO-5
JO-6
Area
ml2
1.9
4.6
8.0
32.8
7.5
159.0
218.0
19.8
63.5
335.0
10.8
20.0
51.0
127.2
99.5
168.0
Sulfur oxides
space-heating days
M1n
0.2
10.5
Neg '
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.3
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Avg
0.8
12.1
0.1
0.3
0.3
Neg
0.3
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.1
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.1
Neg
Max
2.0
15.1
0.3
0.8
0.7
Neg
0.4
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.2
0.1
Neg
Neg
0.4
Neg
Parti culates
space-heating days
M1n
Neg
2.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.1
Neg
0.5
Neg
Neg
Neg
Avg
0.8
2.6
0.1
0.1
0.3
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.1
0.1
0.5
Neg
0.1
Neg
Max
1.3
3.0
0.2
0.2
0.5
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.2
0.1
0.5
Neg
0.3
Neg
Hydrocarbons
average day
3.1
11.3
0.8
0.1
1.2
Neg
Neg
0.2
0.1
Neg
0.8
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.1
Neg
Carbon monoxide
average day
11.5
6.0
3.6
0.7
4.8
Neg
Neg
0.7
0.3
Neg
3.7
2.0
1.4
0.3
0.3
0.1
-------
Table E-l (continued). EMISSION DENSITIES FOR COUNTIES
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI,
STUDY AREA, 1966
n
(tons/ml -day)
Emission
zone
Leavenworth
L-1
L-2
L-3
Wyandotte
H-l
W-2
M-3
H-4
H-5
W-6
W-7
W-8
W-9
W-10
w-n
H-12
W-13
W-14
W-15
Area
ml2
18.2
219.6
229.0
1.7
1.4
3.6
2,4
1.0
2.6
1.9
0.7
2.7
1.8
4.2
17.2
12.8
23.4
69.5
Sulfur oxides
space-heating days
M1n
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.1
0.1
0.2
61.1
0.2
Neg
0.7
0.6
Neg
0.1
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Avg
0.1
Neg
Neg
13.8
0.1
0.2
0.5
72.5
0.5
0.8
1.3
10.7
0.8
0.3
0.1
Neg
Neg
Neg
Max
0.2
Neg
Neg
31.3
0.1
0.4
1.0
91.7
1.0
1.6
2.4
23.8
1.5
0.6
0.2
0.1
Neg
Neg
Partlculates
space-heating days
M1n
0.3
Neg
Neg
5.5
0.2
0.1
0.3
4.1
0.2
Neg
5.7
1.2
2.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
Neg
0.2
Avg
0.3
Neg
Neg
8.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
5.5
0.4
0.7
6.1
2.9
2.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
Neg
0.2
Max
0.3
Neg
Neg
12.1
0.2
0.2
0.7
7.8
0.7
1.2
6.8
5.4
2.8
0.5
0.2
0.2
Neg
0.2
Hydrocarbons
average day
0.8
Neg
Neg
15.2
3.3
2.3
4.1
27.9
4.4
6.4
13.9
5.9
8.4
3.5
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.1
Carbon monoxide
average day
3.7
0.1
0.1
26.4
12.9
12.5
18.8
44.9
21.7
29.7
64.0
21.6
31.3
13.4
26.2
1.8
0.9
0.3
-------
1,000
800
600
, 1)00
-III III MI I II I I I T
-STATION 001: WATERWORKS
I OCTOBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
"3. 300 -
51
uj" 200
100
80 -
60
40
30
20
10
1 IT
1
I I
I I I
I I I I I I I I II
0.01 0.1 OS 1 2 5 10 20 'too
"3. 300
uT 200
o
P 100
I 80
S 60
I '1°
I 3°
20
10
= 111 i i i n i i i i i i i rn rr
-STATION 006: CLAYCOMO CITY HALL
- JANUARY - OCTOBER 1967
I I I I I I I I lllllllll.il
001 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 AO 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
Figure E-2. Frequency distributions of suspended participates - by high-volume
samplers - for stations 001, 003, 004, and 006.
-------
1,000
800
600
1)00
S
ov 300
= l I I III \\ I I I I II I
-STATION 008: PRICE FARM
ul MARCH - JULY 1967
«t
3
200
100
80
60
40
30
20
10
I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I II
0.01 O.I 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
1,000
800
600
« 400
oi 300
51
uj* 200
100
80
60
40
30
20
-MI 111 n niiiM i
=STATION 010: UMKC CAMPUS
=OCTOBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
10
III II-
MINI I I
I I I I II
0.01 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
1,000
800
600
, 400
& 300
51
a 200
100
80
60
40
30
20
-111 i i i in i i i i i i i rr
-STATION 009: POLICE GARAGE
=OCTOBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
10
111 i i i i i i i i i i i i
II LI
0.01 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
1,000
800
600
, 400
D> 300
Si
u" 200
100
80
60
40
30
20
10
= 111 i i i i i i i i i M i M n r
=STATION 012: FIRE STATION NO. 21
-JANUARY - OCTOBER 1967
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I
0.01 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
Figure E-3. Frequency distributions of suspended particulates - by high-volume
samplers - for stations 008, 009, 010, and 012.
-------
1,000
800
600
«. 'DO
ol 300
5.
uj" 200
§
3
o
i± 100
| 80
S 60
1 1)0
I 30
t/j
20
10
i 11 111 ini i i i i i i n n IT
-STATION 014: INDEPENDENCE HEALTH
DEPARTMENT
-JANUARY - OCTOBER 1967
0.01 0.1 0.5 1 2 S 10 20 1)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
1 ,000
800
600
<^ 'CO
"& 300
=1
uT 200
100
80
60
1)0
30
20
10
- n i M i i i i i i i i i i n r
-STATION 023: HOLIDAY INN
~JANUARY - JULY 1967
I I -
J_L
0.01 O.I 05 I 2 5 10 20 1)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
1,000
800
600
, 400
=
S 300
*
u" 200
100
80
60
1)0
30
20
10
= 111 i i i i i i i M i i i n n IT
=STATION 020: DOROTHY MOODY SCHOOL
-JANUARY - OCTOBER 1967
I I
II I I I I I I I II II
0.01 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 1)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
1,000
800
600
, 1)00
E
ro 300
=1
u" 200
J
_i
3
J
: 100
J 80
3 60
I 1)0
3 30
n
20
10
III III M I I I I I I I \\ M
-STATION 024: FIRE STATION NO. 14
- JANUARY = JULY 1967
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I
QOl 0.1 0.5 } 2 5 10 20 1)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
Figure E-4. Frequency distributions of suspended partlculates - by high-volume
samplers - for stations 014, 020, 023, and 024.
-------
00
1,000
800
600
E
oi 300
uj 200
100
80
60
40
30
-STATION 027: MORSE SCHOOL
=OCTOBER 1966 - JULY 1967
20
10
1 II 1 1
1 1 II
I I I I II I
JL
0.01 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
I,
<
3
,000
800
600
400
300
200
100
80
60
1)0
30
20
i-1 I I I I I I I MM III II M II
-STATION 029: SOUTHEAST ELEMENTARY
ZJANUARY - JULY 1967
10
I I I
I I
0.01 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 1(0 60 80 90 35 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
1,000
800
600
, 400
S 300
5
u" 200
t
-i
3
- 100
I 80
I 60
Z 1)0
3 30
/I
20
10
_m MInn TI ni i i M n
-STATION 028: TURNER HIGH SCHOOL
"JANUARY - JULY 1967
I I -
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
QOl 0.1 a? 1 2 S 10 20 <)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
1,000
800
600
,_ 400
& 300
31
u 200
x
j
3
: 100
\ 80
3 60
I 40
3 30
o
20
10
h- I I II I I I I I I I I I I I
-STATION 033: LEAVENWORTH
:i FEBRUARY - OCTOBER 1967
T
I I -
MM II I I I I I I I II II
0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
99.99
Figure l-B. Frequency distributions of suspended partlculates - by high-volume
samplers - for stations 027, 028, 029, and 033.
-------
£'°t i 11 11 i i i i M 111 i n rr
' -STATION 001: WATERWORKS
i ' -OCTOBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
S 3.0 -
2.0
^ i.o
S 0.8
x~ 0-6
5 0.4
5 °'3
I °'Z
0.1
111 11 i ii i
I LL
0.01 0.1 OS 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
10.0
8.0
w 6.0
8!
3 3.0
I I I I M I I I II I
-STATION 010: UMKC CAMPUS
-OCTOBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
g
J2
1.0
0.8
0.6
O.I
JLL
0.01 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
j£ 1.0
S 0.8
x" 0.6
= 111 i i i i i i i 111 i i n rr
- STATION 009: POLICE GARAGE
-OCTOBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
O.I
LJJ LL
0.01 0.1 as 1 2 5 10 20 1)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
10.0
8.0
w 6.0
-------
00
o
g.
o.
w
CM
s
1 . V
0.8
0.6
O.I)
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.01
'-MINIM 1 1 1 II II II II II-
- STATION 001 : WATERWORKS
-DECEMBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
-
-
i
~ /
= / -
/
/
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 II
0.01 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 1)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
0.10
0.08
0.06
O.Qll
0.03
0.02
0.008
0.006
0.00'lf
0.003
0.002
i 11 i i i n i i Mii
-STATION 010: UMKC CAMPUS
-DECEMBER 1966 - JULY 1967
0.001
I I I I I II
-LI I I
0.01 0.1 05 1 2 5 10 20 1)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.1)
0.3
0.2
o.i
0.08
0.06
O.Ol)
0.03
0.02
-MINI I I I I I I I I 1 TT
- STATION 009: POLICE GARAGE
-DECEMBER 1966 - OCTOBER 1967
0.01
M
111 I I I I I I I I I I
JJ M
001 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 1)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.1)
0.3
0.2
O.I
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.01
-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II
-STATION 027: MORSE SCHOOL
-DECEMBER 1966 - JULY 1967
MINI 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 I/I . 1 II
1 1 -
-
1 1
0.01 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 <)0 60 80 90 95 99
PERCENT LESS THAN GIVEN CONCENTRATION
9999
Figure E-7. Frequency distributions of sulfur dioxide for stations 001, 009, 010,
and 027.
------- |