AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
OF NORTHWEST INDIANA
A PRELIMINARY SURVEY
1966
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
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AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
OF NORTHWEST INDIANA
A PRELIMINARY SURVEY
1966
by
G. Ozolins
C. Rehmann
CONDUCTED FOR NORTHWEST INDIANA
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
Durham, North Carolina
April 1968
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National Center for Air Pollution Control Publication APTD-68-4
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FOREWORD
The Northwest Indiana Air Resource Management Program is a. cooperative
effort initiated in March, 1965, by the cities of Gary and East Chicago, the
State of Indiana, and the U. S. Public Health Service. The primary purpose
of this program is to assist and strengthen local agencies in developing and
implementing an area-wide air resource management plan. This study was
prepared at the request of the Program Executive Committee. Its purpose
is threefold: (1) to provide a preliminary but comprehensive inventory of
the air pollutant emissions from the entire area; (2) to help initiate the air
resource management programs in Hammond and Whiting, Indiana; and
(3) to provide guidelines for future, more detailed surveys, similar to those
presently conducted by the cities of Gary and East Chicago.
This report is the result of a joint effort by the air pollution control
agencies and health departments of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, Whiting,
and the National Center for Air Pollution Control. As in all emission surveys,
the data presented here are estimates and should not be interpreted as actual
values. They are, however, of sufficient accuracy and validity to allow their
use in developing and improving an air resource management program.
111
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ABSTRACT
Sources of air pollutant emissions were surveyed to quantify the total pollution
load emitted to the air over the Northwest Indiana communities of East Chicago,
Gary, Hammond, and Whiting. The emissions are reported on an annual basis
and subdivided into the five major pollutants: particulates, sulfur oxides, nitro-
gen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. The four major source cate-
gories that were utilized in reporting emissions from area and point sources are:
fuel combustion in stationary sources, fuel combustion in mobile sources, com-
bustion of refuse, and industrial process losses. The results of this survey are
reported by city and illustrated on the grid system established by the Northwest
Indiana Air Resource Management Program.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
STUDY AREA 2
SUMMARY OF RESULTS 6
Emissions by Category 3
Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 8
Industry 13
Steam-Electric Utilities 13
Residential 14
Other 15
Fuel Combustion in Transportation Vehicles 15
Combustion of Refuse Material 15
Industrial Process Emissions 18
Steel Manufacturing 21
Oil Refineries 21
Chemical Industry 21
Cement Manufacturing 21
Foundries 21
Emissions by Geographical Area 22
SUMMARY 34
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AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
OF
NORTHWEST INDIANA
A PRELIMINARY SURVEY
1966
INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of a rapid emissions inventory of air pollu-
tant sources in Northwest Indiana. The objectives of this study are to determine
the total quantities of the various air pollutants emitted and to estimate, as
accurately as possible, the geographical variation in air pollutant emissions.
To accomplish this, the study area was divided into a grid system and the emission
quantities are reported in terms of tons of pollutant per grid on an annual basis.
The pollutants considered in this survey carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and particulates - are those emitted in large
quantities from the variety and multitude of sources dispersed throughout the
area. The emissions of pollutants not considered herein are generally associated
with a specific process or operation and, in general, are not distributed through-
out the community.
The sources of air pollution, as used in this report, are subdivided into the
following four categories:
1. Fuel combustion in stationary sources.
2. Fuel combustion m transportation vehicles.
3, Combustion of refuse material.
4.- Industrial process emissions.
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STUDY AREA
The study area, shown on Figure 1, includes the Northwest Indiana com-
munities of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and Whiting. The total land area
involved in the study is approximately 85 square miles. The 1960 population
was 355, 824.
According to census figures the population in the study area has increased
by 24. 6 percent from 1950 to I960, and in the Gary-Hammond-East Chicago
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Lake and Porter Counties,
the population has increased by 40. 5 percent. The population of the area outside
the central cities has increased by 70. 5 percent. Of the four cities, Gary has
had the largest increase in population, 33 percent, and Whiting has the only
decrease in population, 15. 8 percent. Figure 2 shows the distribution of the
population of the study area by grids.
The area included in this study has a variety of industries, but three large
steel mills and four large petroleum refineries located near or on the shores of
Lake Michigan dominate the industrial complex. Other industries in the area
tend to be support activities for the steel and petroleum industries. Foundries,
steel fabricators, and chemical plants are the largest group of support industries
while two large power utilities and a large cement manufacturing plant make up
the large single industries not directly supported by these two major industries.
The study area also includes some industry that is divorced from the
petroleum and steel industries. The printing and publishing, grain, soap,
textile, and building material industries are well represented. Various types of
small manufacturing plants are also located in the four communities.
Almost 200 of the 400 industrial plants-in-_the area .employ more than 20
employees. The total number of employees in the study area is approximately
100, 000; approximately 60 percent of them are in the primary metals industry,
and 9 percent are employed in both the petroleum and metal fabrication industries.
The automobile traffic in the study area is handled by a number of major
arteries. The Indiana toll road and the Tri-State Highway, which bound the study
area on the north and south, handle most of the east-west traffic, Indianapolis
Boulevard, Calumet Avenue, Kennedy Avenue, Grant, and Broadway handle a
large portion of the north-south traffic.
2
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380 385 390 395
LAKC CJ>LUHir
1530
1525
1515
CAIUMET
CITY
1505
1500
1495
1490
1485
1480
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
1505
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
1470
1465
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 1. Location map of study area.
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380 385 390 395
1
Ltff C4iUMfT
CALUMET
CITY
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
POPULATION DENSITY,
persons/mi^
[ ;[ 1,000 -" 5,000
5,000 - 10,000
10,000 - 15,000
385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
1470
1465
450 455 460 465
1475
HOBART
1470
1465
I
N
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 2. Population densities in Northwestern Indiana communities.
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In the development of the Northwest Indiana Air Resource Management
Program, the Executive Committee adopted a grid system encompassing the
entire study area covered in this report. The grid system consists of 10, 000-
foot squares designated on the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey maps
of the Northwest Indiana Area. The grid system used throughout this report
is the same grid system as that adopted by the Northwest Indiana Air Resource
Management Program except that this grid system is subdivided into 5, 000-
foot squares.
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SUMMARY OF RESULTS
The following is a brief summary of pollutant emissions and sources in the
study area:
1. Particulate matter is emitted primarily from industrial processes, coal
combustion, and refuse disposal. Particulate emissions from industrial processes
contribute 76 percent, from coal combustion contributes 20 percent, and from
refuse disposal contributes 1 percent of the total emissions.
2. The burning of fossil fuels contributes approximately 86 percent of the
total amount of sulfur oxides emitted in the study area. The combustion of coal
accounts for 66 percent, and the combustion of fuel oils contributes 19 percent
to the total amount of sulfur oxides emitted. Industrial process emissions account
for 14 percent of the total amount of sulfur oxide emissions, but lack of data on
certain industrial processes does not give a complete picture of this source.
3. Oxides of nitrogen are emitted primarily from two sources, combustion
of fuels and transportation. The combustion of coal accounts for 38 percent of
the total emissions and the combustion of fuel oils accounts for 40 percent of the
total. The combustion of natural gas accounts for 13 percent, and the combustion
of gasoline in automobiles accounts for 8 percent of the total amount of nitrogen
oxides emitted.
4. The emission of hydrocarbons is accounted for in three major sources
industrial processes, transportation, and refuse disposal. Industrial processes
account for 58 percent of the total emissions, the motor vehicle accounts for 24
percent, and the disposal of refuse contributes 15 percent to the total emission of
hydrocarbons.
5. Industrial process emissions account for 24 percent of the total amount
of carbon monoxide emitted, and motor vehicles account for 72 percent of the
total.
The emissions of pollutants discharged in the study area are listed in Table
1. The accuracy of the results depends on the accuracy and applicability of the (
available emission factors and the information available concerning the specific
processes in which large quantities of pollutants are emitted. The emission
factors, for the most part, represent the average emission rates for a particular
6
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Table 1. SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN NORTHWEST INDIANA
(tons/year)
Partic-
Source category ulates
Transportation
Combustion of fuels
Stationary sources
Industry
Steam-electric utilities
Residential
Other
Subtotal
Refuse disposal
City dumps
On-site burning
Subtotal
Industrial process
emissions
Totals
780
39,260
13,390
1, 520
1,170
60,340
280
2,680
2,960
208,800
272,880
Sulfur
oxides
630
138,960
149,500
10,180
2,320
300,960
10
50
60
49,000a
350,650a
Nitrogen
oxides
7,910
58,930
25,330
2,920
430
87,610
--
30
30
840
96,390
Hydro-
carbons
27,700
1,080
230
610
230
2, 150
1,680
15,960
17 , 640
66,800
114,290
Carbon
monoxide
204,000
2,000
570
2,840
1, 120
6,530
500
4,785
5,285
66,800
282,615
Does not include sulfur oxide emissions from 3 refineries.
industry or fuel group. Because of the differences in emissions rates among the
plants or fuel users within a given category, the application of the emission
\
factors, as applied to an individual plant, could result in a considerable dis-
crepancy between the actual and calculated emissions.
The incompleteness of data relating to pollutant emissions from some
processes and fuel uses has resulted in the omission of some air pollutants and
air pollution sources in the area. These omissions have primarily been confined
to area sources or to sources contributing a relatively small amount of pollu-
tants. The emissions inventory should therefore be fairly representative of
total area emissions of the principal pollutants.
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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
For purposes of compiling basic data and calculating emission quantities,
the air pollution sources are grouped into four categories:
1. Fuel combustion in stationary sources.
2. Fuel combustion in transportation vehicles.
3. Combustion of refuse material.
4. Industrial process emissions.
Each of these categories is, in turn, subdivided in a number of subgroups
some according to type or size to allow estimates of the geographical variation
in pollutant emissions. In the following discussion the various information
sources are documented, assumptions made are cited, and the resulting emission
quantities are summarized.
Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources
The combustion of fuels is one of the principal sources of air pollutant
emissions in urban areas. The combustion of fuels releases various products
that deteriorate the quality of the urban air.
The major fuels used in the study area are coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and
process gas. The primary consumers of the three major fuels are: industry,
steam-electric utilities, and residential dwellings.*
Table 2 summarizes the annual fuel consumption for the study area, and
Table 3 subdivides the annual fuel consumption into use category and political
subdivisions. The fuel consumption data for the study area were obtained
through the use of a variety of techniques and from numerous information
sources. Where possible, data have been cross-checked by using different
techniques and other sources of information. The annual consumption of
natural gas was furnished by the local utility, and Bureau of Census data for
1962 were used for annual consumption of coal and fuel oil.
*To more accurately define the sources of pollution and provide better estimates
of emissions, a fourth category, Other Consumers, was used. Included in this
category are commercial sources that primarily use fuel for space heating.
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Table 2. ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION IN NORTHWEST INDIANA
Fuel
Coal, tons /yr
Fuel oil, gal/yr
Gas, million ft /yr
Consumer category
a
Industry
Steam-electric utilities
Residential
Other
Total
Industry
Steam-electric utilities
Residential
Other
Total
Industry
Steam -electric utilities
Residential
Other
Total
Annual
consumption
1,306, 000
2,290,000
111,000
45,000
3,752,000
271,656,000
54,600,000
b
na
326,256, 000
79,445
12,461
9,534
4,487
105, 927
Percent
of total
34.8
61.0
3.0
1.2
100.0
83.3
--
16.7
b
na
100.0
75.0
11.8
9.0
4.2
100.0
aAn additional 12, 488, 000 tons is used in the production of coke.
na - Information not available or not reported.
Table 4 specifically locates the major fuel consumer categories in the study
area and gives total consumption of each of the specific fuels used in both process
|
heating and area or space heating. The steam - electric utilities, the major
users of coal, consume 61 percent of the area total annually. Industry consumes
83 percent of the fuel oil and 75 percent of the natural gas. Industry, consuming
35 percent annually, is also the second largest user of coal.
The Mid-West Coal Producers Institute provided the quantities of coal of
Midwestern origin that was shipped into this area. Table 5 shows the distribu-
tion , usage, and chemical composition of this coal. This information was not
made available until after the calculations were completed. The sulfur and ash
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Table 3. ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION BY POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS
OF NORTHWEST INDIANA, 1966
Fuel
Coal, tons/yr
Fuel oil,
gal/yr
Gas, million
ft3/yr
Jurisdiction
Hammond
East Chicago
Gary
Whiting
Totals
Hammond
East Chicago
Gary
Whiting
Totals
Hammond
East Chicago
Gary
Whiting
Totals
User category
Industry
115,870
726,060
308,850
125,000
1,275,780
3,798,700
308,247,400
96, 886,300
9,430,000
418,862,400
4,334
48, 178
22,407
4,526
79,445
Steam -electric
plants
1,161,000
1, 129,000
2,290,000
--
--
11,561
900
12,461
Residential
33,520
25, 900
47,630
3,950
111,000
15,558,000
8, 030,000
30,070,000
942,000
54,600,000
3,273
1, 103
4,963
195
9,534
Other
15,000
7,000
22,000
1,000
45,000
na
1,311
775
2,288
113
4,487
Totals
3,752, 000
326,256,000
105,929
na - Information not available or not reported.
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Table 4. MAJOR FUEL CONSUMERS IN STUDY AREA
BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY
City
East Chicago
Gary
Hammond
Whiting
Category
Chemical and allied products
Stone, clay, glass products
Primar y_metals industries
Petroleum and coal products
Totals
Chemical and allied products
Stone, clay, glass products
Primary metals industries
Transportation equipment
Power utilities
Totals
Chemical and allied products
Stone, clay, glass products
Primary metals industries
Power utilities
Food and kindred products
Printing and publishing
Paper and allied products
Totals
Petroleum and coal products
Chemical and allied products
Totals
Area totals
Annual fuel consumption
Coal,
tons
92, 500
5, 561
628,000
726, 061
280,000
34,856
1, 129,000
1,443,856
5,876
1, 161,000
110,000
1,276,876
125, 000
125, 000
3,571,793
Fuel oil, gallons
Residual
211,800
63, 900
242,270, 000
64, 364, 000
306, 909, 700
520, 000
2, 000, 000
91,389,700
392, 000
94,301, 700
389, 200
1, 725, 000
854, 000
400, 000
3, 368,200
9,500, 000
430, 000
9, 930, 000
414, 509, 600
Distillate
31,700
1, 306,000
1,337,700
4, 585, 000
4,585,000
388,000
42, 500
430, 500
— —
--
6, 353,200
Gas, 106ft3
Natural
1, 307
412
36,617
38,336
3
921
22,557
900
24, 381
1, 585
264
912
11, 561
170
310
14,802
4
2, 500
2, 504
80, 023
Process
43, 000
26,460
69,460
382,931
382,931
--
16, 000
2, 000
18, 000
470, 391
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Table 5. MIDWEST COAL ASSOCIATION SUMMARY OF
MIDWESTERN COAL SHIPPED TO NORTHWEST INDIANA AREA
To Whiting from:
Western Kentucky
Southern Illinois
Western Kentucky
Total and Averages
To Hammond from:
Southern Illinois
Indiana
Fulton County
DuQuoin
Indiana
Western Kentucky
Belleville and
South Illinois
Total and Averages
To Gary from:
Central Illinois
Southern Illinois
Indiana
Western Kentucky
Danville
Belleville
Southern Illinois
Indiana
Western Kentucky
Belleville
DuQuoin
Total and Averages
To East Chicago from:
Fulton County
Central Illinois
Belleville
Southern Illinois
Indiana
Western Kentucky
Southern Illinois
Total and Averages
a
Use
RT
IN
IN
RT
RT
IN
IN
IN
IN
UT
RT
RT
RT
RT
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
UT
UT
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
MT
Coal shipped,
tons
101
36, 900
165,814
252,815
108
1,453
6,234
371
2, 098
1,469
1, 673, 944
. 1,685,677
54
306
576
584
13,619
52,864
32, 117
79,236
121,821
996,987
249,424
1,547, 588
101,570
6, 146
633
44, 175
5,834
18, 078
351, 632
528, 068
Moisture, %
10. 10
7.90
8.34
8. 19
7.22
13.00
14.78
10.00
13.77
8.34
13.66
13.66
12.00
7.22
13.00
10. 10
13.35
10.68
7.90
13.77
8.34
10.60
9.80
10.43
14.74
13.40
10.68
7.90
13.77
8.34
9.20
10.23
Ash, %
6.00
7.84
6.36
6.87
7. 90
7.50
7.03
8.60
6.47
6.36
10.26
10.24
8. 10
7. 90
7. 50
6. 00
7. 51
9.71
7.84
6.47
6.36
9.93
15. 10
10.23
7. 18
8. 60
9.71
7.84
6.47
6. 36
5. 90
6.37
Sulfur, %
2.95
1.88
2.91
2.56
1.86
2.72
2.77
2. 72
2.29
2.91
3.38
3.38
3.44
1.86
2.72
2.95
2.67
3.27
1.88
2.29
2.91
2. 87
2. 60
2.79
2.52
3.40
3.27
1.88
2.29
2.91
1.03
1.50
aRT coal used for retail purposes; IN - coal used for industrial purposes;
UT - coal used for electric utility purposes; MT coal used for metallurgical
purposes.
12
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contents of the coal were assumed when they were not made available by the parti-
cular consumers of coal, and the sulfur contents of the residual and distillate
fuel oil were also assumed and used under the same circumstances. A sulfur
content of 2. 7 percent and an ash content of 10 percent for coal, and a sulfur
content of 0. 4 percent for distillate (number 1 and 2 oil) and a sulfur content of
1. 5 percent for residual (numbers 4 and 5 oil) fuel oil were assumed for the fuels
that did not have their composition reported. A weighted average of all the re-
ported fuels with their respective compositions was calculated to estimate the
assumed composition of the other fuels. Pollutants should be recalculated to be
comparable with the analysis as stated in Table 5.
Air pollutant emissions from fuel combustion in stationary sources are
summarized in Table 6 by user category. The combustion of coal accounts for
over 70 percent by weight of all the pollutants emitted from this source category.
Coal combustion accounts for 99 percent of the carbon monoxide, 93 percent of
the particulates, 77 percent of the sulfur oxides, 42 percent of the nitrogen oxides,
and 77 percent of the hydrocarbons emitted from fuel combustion. Fuel oil
accounts for 23 percent of the sulfur oxides and 44 percent of the nitrogen oxides
emitted. Gas accounts for only 14 percent of the nitrogen oxides emitted from
fuel combustion.
Industry - Industry consumes 1, 306, 000 tons of coal, 271, 656, 000 gallons of fuel
oil (mostly residual), and 79,445 million cubic feet of gas for process heat,
power generation, and space heating and 12, 488, 000 tons of coal for coking
annually. The emissions from the combustion of fuel amount to 39, 260 tons
of particulates, 138, 965 tons of sulfur oxides, 58, 930 tons of nitrogen oxides,
2, 000 tons of carbon monoxide, and 1, 080 tons of hydrocarbons annually. The
following percentages of the total amount of pollutants emitted from fuel combus-
I
tion in the study area are attributed to industrial fuel combustion:
particulate 65 percent
sulfur oxides 46 percent
nitrogen oxides 67 percent
hydrocarbons 50 percent
carbon monoxides 30 percent
Steam-Electric Utilities Utilities are the major user of coal; they consume
2, 290, 000 tons annually. They also consume 12, 460 million cubic feet of gas
13
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Table 6. AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION OF FUELS
IN STATIONARY SOURCES IN NORTHWEST INDIANA
(tons/year)
Fuel
Coal
Fuel oil
Gas
User category
Industrial
Steam-electric
Residential
Others
Totals
Industrial
Steam- electric
Residential
Others
Totals
Industrial
Steam-electric
Residential
Others
Totals
Total emissions
Carbon
monoxide
2, 000
570
2,780
1, 120
6,470
5
--
55
--
60
n
n
2
n
2
6, 532
Hydro-
carbons
650
230
560
225
1,665
430
--
55
--
485
n
n
n
--
n
2, 150
Nitrogen
oxides
13,060
22,900
400
180
36,540
36,490
—
1,970
—
38,460
9,380
2,430
550
245
12,605
87,605
Sulfur
oxides
74, 150
149, 500
6, 750
2, 320
232, 720
64,800
--
3,430
--
68,230
15
2
2
n
19
300, 970
Particulates
35,625
18, 300
1, 100
1, 125
56, 150
2,920
--
330
--
3,250
715
90
90
40
935
60,335
n Negligible.
annually as a secondary fuel. The use of electrostatic precipitators in both of
the power plants reduces the emission of particulates to 18,390 tons annually.
Steam generating plants are one of the major sources of sulfur oxides, however,
with annual emissions of 149,500 tons. The amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxides, and hydrocarbons emitted annually from, fuel combustion for power
generation are, respectively, 25,330 tons, 570 tons, and 230 tons.
Residential - The combustion of fuels in residential dwellings accounts for
111, 000 tons of coal, 54, 600, 000 gallons of fuel oil (mostly distillate), and
9, 500 million cubic feet of gas. Annual emissions from the combustion of this
14
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fuel are: 1, 545 tons of particulates, 10, 180 tons of sulfur oxides, 2, 610 tons of
nitrogen oxides, 620 tons of hydrocarbons, and 2,840 tons of carbon monoxide.
Others The commercial establishments use 45, 000 tons of coal and 4, 500
million cubic feet of gas primarily for space heating. The quantity of fuel oil
consumed by commercial establishments is not available from the sources con-
tacted. This quantity of fuel should be defined to complete the fuel balance for
the study area. The amount of pollution from this source is not as great in
quantity as from residential fuel combustion; but the concentration of the
commercial sources is confined to specific areas within the four cities and their
contribution is, therefore, significant. Pollutants from commercial sources
amount to 1, 170 tons of particulates, 2, 320 tons of sulfur oxides, 425 tons of
nitrogen oxides, 225 tons of hydrocarbons, and 1, 120 tons of carbon monoxide
emitted annually.
Fuel Combustion in Transportation Vehicles
The transportation sources of air pollution include any vehicles that are
powered by the combustion of fuels. The lack of traffic surveys and the lack of
data on gasoline and dies el fuel consumption limited this category to automobile
emissions in the total study area.
The total emissions from automobiles were estimated by using gasoline
sales in the area and converting this figure to gallons of gasoline. Although only
an estimate, the results correlated well with similar surveys conducted in other
areas.
Automotive exhaust is estimated to contribute 204, 000 tons of carbon mo-
noxide, 27,700 tons of hydrocarbons, 7, 910 tons of nitrogen oxides, 630 tons of
sulfur oxides, and 780 tons of particulates. This amounts to 72 percent of the
total emission of carbon monoxide and 24 percent of the total emission of hydro-
carbons from all sources in the study area.
Since traffic flow maps were not available for the entire area, no attempt
was made to distribute the emissions from transportation throughout the study
area.
Combustion of Refuse Material
Most of the refuse generated in the study area is disposed of in three ways:
city-controlled landfills, industrial dumps, and on-site burning. On-site means
15
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that the refuse is disposed of on the premises on which it is produced. Certain
industries, large apartments, and some commercial establishments are equipped
with incineration facilities; but this factor was not considered because of the
lack of specific data.
Municipal landfills are subject to intermittent burning, which along with
on-site burning, constitutes a substantial source of pollution. Estimating air
pollutants emitted annually from open burning and incineration of refuse was
difficult because accurate data on the quantities of refuse burned was unknown.
To estimate air pollutants from solid wastes, information from local sani-
tation and health agencies was gathered to determine the amount of wastes
generated. This total amount was subdivided among the different modes of
disposal.
Certain assumptions and estimates had to be made in order to determine
the quantity of refuse generated and disposed in the area. National averages of
1. 0 pound per capita per day for noncombustible and 3. 5 pounds per capita per
day for combustible 'were used to determine the quantity of refuse generated in
the four communities. As shown in Table 7, the total quantity was estimated
to be 290, 500 tons of refuse per year. The refuse is composed of 227, 000 tons
of combustible refuse and 63, 500 tons of noncombustible refuse.
The location of this refuse in the communities was accomplished by using
information received from the local sanitation agencies. From this information
the amount of refuse disposed of by on-site burning was estimated by taking the
difference between the amount of refuse generated in the area and the amount
of refuse taken to the city dumps. On-site disposal was assumed to be exclusive-
ly by burning.
The amount of refuse burned openly in the city landfills is unknown. Calcu-
lation of the pollutants emitted from the city landfills was based on burning of an
estimated 10 percent of the combustible material received. This estimate is an
arbitrary assumption and should be interpreted as such.
Table 8 shows the amounts of pollutants emitted from the burning of refuse
from the different modes of disposal. Disposal by on-site burning accounts for
approximately 40 percent of the total refuse generated in the study area. This
method of disposal accounts for over 80 percent of the pollutants emitted in each
16
-------
Table 7, REFUSE DISPOSAL IN NORTHWEST INDIANA
"
Location
Hammond
E. Chicago
Gary
Whiting
Population
111, 648
57,669
178, 320
8, 137
Total Refuse
Types and quantities of
refuse generated
Type
Combustible
Noncombustible
Combustible
Noncombustible
Combustible
Noncombustible
Combustible
Noncombustible
Quantity,
tons/yr
71, 000
20,000
37, 000
10, 000
114,000
32,000
5, 000
1, 500
290, 500
Mode of disposal
City dump
Landfill
28, 000
20,000
27, 000
10,000
43, 000
32,000
3,000
1, 500
164,500
Burned
3, 000
--
3, 000
--
5, 000
--
1, 000
--
12,000
On-
c
site
40,000
--
7,000
--
66,000
--
1, 000
--
114,000
Quantities of refuse generated were based on observed national averages of 3. 5
pounds per capita per day for combustibles and 1.0 pound per capita per day for
noncombustible.
Quantities of refuse taken to city dumps are based on estimates from local
^sanitation agencies.
"On-site quantity was taken as the difference between refuse generated and de-
posited at city dumps.
Table 8. AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM REFUSE BURNING
Location
Hammond
E. Chicago
Gary
Whiting
Totals
Source
City dump
On-site
City dump
On-site
City dump
On-site
City dump
On-site
Pollutants, tons/yr
Particulates
70
9,40
70
20
120
1,550
20
20
2,810
Sulfur
oxides
2
16
2
3
3
26
n
n
52
Nitrogen
oxides
n
10
n
1
1
16
n
n
28
Hydro-
carbons
420
5,600
420
980
700
9,240
140
140
17,640
Carbon
monoxide
125
1,630
125
295
210
2,770
40
40
5,285
n Negligible.
-------
category from refuse burning. The amounts of each pollutant from on-site burn-
ing were distributed by population densities throughout the study area. Since
these totals were obtained by differences, any error in the assumed per capita
generation or in the quantities handled at the collective disposal sites will be
reflected in these figures.
Although 60 percent of the total refuse is estimated to be disposed at the
city landfills, only approximately 10 percent of the total pollutants are ascribed
to this method of disposal. The amounts burned at these locations is only an
estimate, and the air pollution estimates are, therefore, thought to be conservative.
Additional information on amounts of refuse burned at the landfills at
specific industrial dumps, and at commercial and domestic incinerators is
needed to refine the emission quantities from refuse disposal. Emissions from
refuse disposal are small in comparison with most of the other types of sources,
but the proximity of these sources (on-site disposal) to the individual citizen can
cause irritation and concern.
Industrial Process Emissions
The quantities of the various pollutants discharged to the atmosphere from
industrial and commercial establishments are generally attributable to two types
of operations, the combustion of fuels and industrial processes. Unfortunately,
emission factors are available for only a small number of processes and industries.
Data relating to the industrial processes and the materials handled in these
processes were collected through questionnaires distributed by local air pollu-
tion agencies and by personal contact with a number of industrial groups.
Several smaller sources did not have the necessary information, and these
exceptions are noted where applicable.
In the Northwest Indiana area the two predominant types of industry are
petroleum refining and steel manufacturing. Allied industries in the area are
chemical plants, foundries, and metal fabricators. As stated previously, the
petroleum and steel industries employ approximately 60 percent of the 100, 000
workers in the study area. A summary of the emissions from the industrial
processes in the study area is shown in Table 9. Because of insufficient data,
not all existing industrial processes are listed in this table. The data on this
table are subject to change when more specific process information is available..
18
-------
Table 9. SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSIONS
IN NORTHWEST INDIANA, 1966
(tons/yr)
Pollutant and sources
Particulates
Refineries
Cement plants
Chemical plants
Foundries
Steel
Grey iron
Other
Other sources
Steel mills
Blast furnace
Open hearth
Basic oxygen furnace
Sintering plant
Coke plant
Total
Sulfur oxides
Refineries
Sulfuric acid manu-
facturing
Other sources
Total
Hydrocarbons
Refineries
Storage
Slowdown system
Waste water
separator
Leakage
Catalytic cracking
Vacuum distillation
Other sources
Total
Carbon monoxide
Refineries
Total
S.Chicago
900
na
-_
na
na
--
3, 380
40,600
36, 400
6, 050
87, 300
na
18, 000a
18,000
--
20,075 i
8,400 '
9,860
2,560
2, 190
1,095
6,220
50,400
60,200
60, 200
Gary
26,600
182
1,420
—
na
3,800
26, 900
450
53, 100
7, 500
120,000
--
--
--
--
—
--
--
--
--
Hammond
~ ™*
__
10
20
20
--
50
na
18,000
18,000
--
--
--
--
--
--
Whiting
1,500
-_
—
--
--
1,500
13,000
--
13,000
16,400
--
--
16,400
6,600
6,600
Study area
2,400
26,600
182
1,420
10
20
17
7, 180
67, 500
450
88,500
13,550
208,800
13,000
36,000
49,000
16,400
20,075
8,400
9,860
2,560
2, 190
1,095
6,220
66,800
66,800
66,800
aEstimated figure.
na - Information not available or reported.
19
-------
Steel Manufacturing Three major steel plants within the boundaries of the study
area operate a full line of equipment including: blast furnaces, oxygen-lanced
and nonoxygen-lanced open hearths, sintering plants, coke plants, basic
oxygen furnaces, and individual power plants. As shown in Table 10, the steel
manufacturing industry emits 186, 780 tons of particulates per year, which
amounts to 89.4 percent of the total particulates from industrial processes and
68. 5 percent of the total particulates emitted in the study area.
Oil Refineries The study area has four complete oil refineries and a number
of storage and distribution centers. The most important air pollution consider-
ations with respect to refinery emissions are crude oil processing capacity, the
processing techniques employed, types of fuels used and their composition,
maintenance and housekeeping, and the air pollution control measures used.
Hydrocarbons, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and odors are
the primary pollutants emitted from these operations.
Table 11 shows the different sources and amounts of pollutants emitted
from the petroleum refineries. Of the hydrocarbons emitted in the study area,
62 percent are from the industrial processes of the refineries.
Chemical Industry - A number of large chemical plants are located in the study
area, but lack of emission factors and production data for most of the plants
make it impossible to estimate emissions from the chemical industry's opera-
tions. Sulfuric acid is produced at two of the chemical plants. Information for
one plant permitted an emission estimate of 18,000 tons of sulfur dioxide per
year.
Cement Manufacturing - A large cement manufacturing plant in the area has an
annual capacity of 8. 3 million barrels. By the nature of this process, particu-
late material is the pollutant of prime concern. The amount of particulate matter
emitted from the cement kilns was estimated by applying emission factors and
control efficiency information from the local air pollution agency. An estimated
26, 600 tons of particulate is discharged annually from this plant.
Foundries - The lack of process information on area foundries makes it virtually
impossible to estimate their total emission contribution. Data were available
for two foundries; one, a steel foundry, emitted approximately 1,420 tons of
particulates annually, and the second, a grey iron foundry with a capacity of
20
-------
Table 10. AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM STEEL INDUSTRY
IN NORTHWEST INDIANA (tons/yr)
Operation
Blast furnaces
Open hearths
Basic oxygen furnaces
Sintering plants
Coking plants
Combustion of fuel
Total
Number
of units
23
101
3
5
3
--
Pollutants
Particu-
lates
7, 180
67, 500
450
88, 500
13,550
9,600
186,780
Sulfur
oxides
--
--
--
--
--
77,850
77,850
Nitrogen
oxides
--
--
--
--
--
54, 000
54, 000
Hydro-
carbons
--
--
--
--
-•-
820
820
Carbon
monoxide
--
--
--
--
--
920
920
Table 11. POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM PETROLEUM
REFINERIES IN NORTHWEST INDIANA (tons/yr)
Pollutant source
Storage
a
General Processes
Catalytic cracking
b
Auxiliary equipment
Fuel combustion
Total
Partic-
ulates
--
--
2,240
--
1,050
3,290
Sulfur
oxides
--
13, 000
--
--
51,990
64,990
Nitrogen
oxides
--
--
840
--
14,860
15, 700
Hydro-
carbons
20, 070
23,720
2,200
20,840
--
66,830
Carbon
monoxides
--
--
66,825
--
--
66,825
General processes include vacuum distillation, loading, cooling towers, etc.
Auxiliary equipment includes blowdown systems, waste water separators, leak-
age, etc.
21
-------
12,500 tons of material per year, emits only 10 tons per year because of control
equipment. More data should be collected because of the significant nature of
this process in the quantities of pollutants emitted.
EMISSIONS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
The Northwest Indiana communities of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and
Whiting are geographically interrelated to the extent that each community
borders two or more of the other communities. This factor adds to the com-
plexity of the air resource management program because air pollution does not
respect municipal boundaries.
Figures 3 through 13 indicate the geographical locations of point and area
source emissions. Point sources are those specific industries with total
emissions above a particular figure, and area sources are domestic, com-
mercial, manufacturing, and refuse burning sources that are below a specified
amount of emissions and are reported in tons per year per grid. Not all sources
that could be listed in the point source category are included on these maps
because of the lack of specific data, mostly on process capacities, that would
make it possible to calculate their emissions.
The location of the point sources in the study area are illustrated on
Figures 3, 4, and 5. Figure 3 shows the location of point sources that annually
emit 250 tons or more of particulates. This map locates 20 such sources with
a range of emissions from 250 tons per year to 92, 000 tons per year. Because
of the location of these point sources, all but three of them could influence the
air pollution problem in all of the four communities located in the study area.
Sulfur oxide emissions from point sources are located in Figure 4. This
map shows 17 point sources with a range of 250 to 75, 000 tons per year.
Figure 5 shows the point sources that emit more than 250 tons of nitrogen
oxides per year. The map locates 13 such sources; these emissions are in the
range of 250 to 23, 000 tons per year.
The Northwest Indiana study area includes over 400 manufacturing plants,
over 102,000 domestic dwelling units, and numerous commercial establishments.
Figures 6 through 12 illustrate the estimated geographical location of the pollu-
tant emissions from these sources. The area manufacturing sources include
22
-------
t-Aff CALUHCT
380 385 390 395
1530 TT "^^" 40° 405 41° 415
Illfe Ny-^ .
1525
1525
LAKE MICHIGAN
1515
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
JL
HAMMOND
TRI-STATE
CALUMET L
CITY 1505 -
1500
1495
1490.--
1485
1480
PARTICIPATES, 380 385 390 395 40Q 405 4,Q 415
tons/yr
250 - 1,000
1,000 - 5,000
5,000 - 10,000
OVER 25,000
-1505
1470
1465
450 455 460 465
1475
HOBART
1470
1465
1
N
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 3. Particulate emissions from point sources.
-------
tv
itft tumuli
CALUMET
CITY
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
1505
HAMMOND
TRI-STATE
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
SOX, tons/yr
250 - 1,000
1,000 - 10,000
10,000 - 20,000
20,000 - 50,000
OVER 50,000
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 4. Sulfur oxide emissions from point sources.
-------
380 385 390 395
»• :
Hire CALUHCT
1530
1525
CALUMET
CITY
1515
15KI
1505
1500
1495
1490-
1485
1480
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
470 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
JL
i i
NOX EMISSIONS, tons/yr
• 250-1,000
• 1,000 - 5,000
0 5,000 - 10,000
10,000 - 20,000
OVER 20,000
HAMMOND
TRI-STATi
,
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 5. Nitrogen oxide emissions from point sources.
-------
rv
CT-
380 385 390 395
LttXl CALUUET
1530
I 1525
f
CALUMET
CITY
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
PARTICIPATES,
tons/yr
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
50 - ' Ik
! 75-99
100 - 199
200 - OVER
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 6. Participate emissions from area sources.
-------
380 385 390 395
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
CALUMET
CITY
1505
SO EMISSIONS, 38° 385 39° 395 4°° 405 41° 41S 42°
1470
, .. 1465
tons/yr
3 50 - 99
100 - 299
300 - 600 .
OVER 600
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 7. Sulfur oxide emissions from area sources.
IN,
-------
00
380 385 390 395
LtKC CiLVUtl
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
CALUMET L
CITY 1505
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
NOX, tons/yr
50 - 7k
OVER 200
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 8. Nitrogen oxide emissions from area sources.
-------
380 385 390 395
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
1495
1490-
1485
1480
PARTICULATES,
tons/yr
n~-~i 50 - ik
75 - 99
100 - 200
OVER 200
H A MM ON D
TRI-STATE
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
425 430 435 440 445
MUES
Figure 9. Particulate emissions from commercial and area manufacturing sources.
-------
U)
o
380 385 390 395
1330
1S25
1515
CALUMET
CITY 1505
1500
1495
1490-
1485
1480
SOX, tons/yr
I I 50 - 99
100 - 199
200 - 299
OVER 300
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
470 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
HAWMOND
TRI-STATE
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 10. Sulfur oxide emissions from commercial and area manufacturing.
-------
380 385 390 395
1530
1515
CALUMET
CITY
1505
1500
1495
1490
1485
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
PARTI CULATES,
tons/yr
"7~| 50 - Ik
HI. 75 - 99
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
1470
1465
450 455 460 465
1475
HOBART
1470
1465
I
N
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
mim 100 - 200
OVER 200
Figure 11. Particulate emissions from domestic heating and on-site burning.
-------
N
380 385 390 395
1,4*1 C4LVHI'
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
CAIUMJT
cirr
•as*
450 455 460 465
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
1470
1465
£0X, tons/yr
425 430 435 440 445
MILES
Figure 12. Sulfur oxide emissions from domestic heating and on-site burning.
-------
380 385 390 395
400 405 410 415
LAKE MICHIGAN
420 425 430 435 440 445 450 455 460 465
HAMMOND
tUl-StATf
NITROGEN OXIDES,
tons/yr
50 - 7k
75 - S3
100 - 130
OVER 130
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
425 430 435 440 445
Figure 13. Nitrogen oxide emissions from domestic heating and on-site burning.
-------
those plants that were not considered as point sources, and the pollutants ascrib-
ed to these sources were distributed by finding a percentage of the employees in
the particular grids and assigning that particular percentage of the total pollutant
load from area manufacturing to that grid or by actual location of the particular
plant. The emissions from commercial sources were calculated, and this
amount was distributed to the downtown sections of each of the four communities.
There is probably notable error in this distribution; but since detailed data on
commercial sources were not available, this method of distribution was used to
incorporate this source of pollutant emissions.
The domestic source of pollutant emission was distributed in the following
manner. The census tracts in this Standard Statistical Metropolitan Area were
available with information on the number of dwellings using specific fuels (see
Table 12). These numbers were distributed into the grid system, and a percent-
age of the total amount of dwellings for each fuel was taken. This percentage
was then applied to the total emissions from this source and added to the partic-
ular grid in question. Another source of pollution, on-site burning of refuse,
was also distributed in a like manner.
Table 12. SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC HEATING BY NUMBER OF
DWELLING UNITS IN NORTHWEST INDIANA, 1960
All occupied units
Heating fuel
Utility gas
Fuel oil, kerosene,
etc.
Coal or coke
Electricity
Bottled, tank, or
LP gas
Other fuel
None
East
Chicago
16,837
4, 855
7,839
3,772
59
100
173
39
Gary
50,283
12,692
29,283
6,935
296
780
251
46
Hammond
32,997
12,271
15,272
4,881
59
470
20
24
Whiting
2,569
1, 035
929
575
--
30
--
--
Study
area
102,686
30,853
53,323
16, 163
414
1,380
444
109
Percent
of total
100. 0
30. 1
52. 0
15.7
0.4
1. 3
0.4
0. 1
34
-------
Figures 6, 7, and 8 show the geographical variation of particulates, sulfur
oxides, and nitrogen oxides, respectively, for area sources. Included in these
area sources are area manufacturing and commercial, domestic and on-site
burning.
A breakdown of the geographical area source emissions is given in Figures
9 through 13. The commercial and area manufacturing sources in Figures 9 and
10 show emissions of particulates and sulfur oxides, respectively. Figures 11,
12, and 13 locate the emissions from domestic fuel combustion and on-site burn-
ing throughout the study region. These figures show the amounts of particulates,
sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides and their distribution throughout the study
region. It should be noted that I960 census figures were used in the calculation
of the domestic emissions and that the amounts of fuels used for domestic heating
were up-dated to 1965 when the figures were available.
SUMMARY
The results of the emission inventory show the need for further study in
certain areas. The fuel consumption by industries has been defined well in some
areas and poorly in others. The consumption of coal and of natural gas have
been defined to a fairly accurate degree from figures provided by area -wide
associations. The lack of such an organization to provide fuel oil data has left
an emission category that still must be evaluated. Also, as stated in the report,
recalculation of some of the coal figures could be performed when more informa-
tion on the chemical composition of the coal is received. This would help to
increase the accuracy of the inventory.
An inventory should be made to determine the locations of commercial
establishments and the exact quantity of fuel burned at each. This information
would complete the fuel combustion inventory.
Comprehensive traffic flow maps of the four-city area are needed to com-
pute the emissions from transportation on a vehicle-mile basis. Since emissions
from transportation are approximately 25 percent of the total emission in this
area, geographical distribution of these emissions is important and should be
studied further.
A detailed study is also needed to determine industrial process emissions.
The lack of process information that can be used to estimate the emissions re-
35
-------
suiting from these sources impaired establishing an accurate inventory.
Foundries, chemical plants, sulfuric acid manufacturing, and refineries are
a few of the processes requiring collection of more detailed information.
The last area of concern is refuse disposal. The quantities of refuse
burned at the city dumps should be more accurately defined because of the size
of this source of pollution. An inventory of the industrial and commercial
incinerators should be made to define the on-site burning more precisely.
36
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