NEW CUMBERLAND, WEST VIRGINIA - KNOX TOWNSHIP, OHIO,
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
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T'iCi^ic.iL r.r.ro::
NEW CUMBERLAND, WEST VIRGINIA—XM TI TGIKSHIP, OHIO
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTF-- ".IY
- ERRATA -
1. Page 1 - paragraph 4, line 6: "Pollution is heaviest in the area
closest to the power plant..." should read, "Dustfall is heaviest
in the area closest to the power plant..."
2. Page 14 - Table 3: Delete footnote "a" from column 1, line 4.
3. Page 19 - Table 7, Column 6, line 4: "90.1" should read "90.5."
4. Page 20 - Figure 4: "0" on the ordinate should read "1."
5. Page 23 - paragraph 1, line 2: Add "percent" after "6.6."
6. Page 30 - paragraph 1, line 10: Delete "the right meteorological
conditions: and insert in lieu of: "suitable meteorological condi-
tions or when the plant is operated near full capacity."
7. Page 30 - paragraph 1, line 9: "probably" should read "probable."
8. Page 33 - paragraph 2, line 5: "Change" should read "changed."
9. Page 43 - paragraph 1, line 4: Change "30 to 60" to "15 to 30."
10. Page 46 - paragraph 3, line 6: After "ground l&vsl" add "from a
point at an appropriate distance upwind of the plant."
11. Page 50 - Table 24, column 4, line 12: "2555-342" should read "255-342."
12. Page 50 - paragraph 3, line 5: Delete "a."
13. Page 52 - paragraph 3, line 10: After "dry bottom" add "and wet bottom."
14. Page 55 - reference 9, "Haggen-Smith" should read "Haagen-Smit."
15. Page B-3 - Figure B-2: Bar graphs shown are not to uniform scale.
Percent frequency values indicated at end of direction bars are correct.
16. Page B-4 - paragraph 2, line 5: Delete entire sentence: "Stability
data...Ohio River Valley."
17. Page B-5 - paragraph 2, line 4: Change "20" to "24."
18. Page B-5 - Figure B-3: delete "and windspeed" from title.
19. Page B-6 - paragraph I, line 8: "8 percent of the time" should read
"on 8 percent of the cases."
20. Page B-6 - Figure B~4: Delete "and windspeec" from title.
21. Page B-7 - Figure B-5: Delete "and win:>,peed" from title.
22. Page B-15 - reference 4: "Meteorology a^-i Atomic Energy" should
read "Meteorology and Atomic Energy -- 1968."
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TECHNICAL REPORT
NEW CUMBERLAND, WEST VIRGINIA -
KNOX TOWNSHIP, OHIO
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
PRE-CONFERENCE INVESTIGATIONS
Prepared for Conference Use Only
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Durham, North Carolina
June 1969
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National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication No. APTD 69-13
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FOREWORD
This report is based on an investigation of air pollution in the New Cumberland,
West Virginia - Knox Township, Ohio area. The report is intended to assist the
governmental agencies concerned with such air pollution in their consideration of
the following:
1. The occurrence of air pollution subject to abatement.
2. The adequacy of measures taken toward abatement of pollution.
3. The nature of the delay, if any, in abating the pollution.
4. The necessary remedial action, if any.
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CONTENTS
I. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1
II. INTRODUCTION 3
History of the Problem 3
History of Abatement Activity 5
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 7
Demography 7
Topography 7
Climatology 8
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE TORONTO PLANT 11
Plant Facility 11
Plant Operation 11
Emissions 11
V. ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM 21
Air Quality Data 22
Effects of Pollution 31
VI. CALCULATED IMPACT OF TORONTO POWER PLANT ON NEW CUMBERLAND 41
VII. CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR TORONTO POWER PLANT 49
VIII. REFERENCES 55
IX. APPENDICES 57
A. Correspondence and Resolution A-l
B. Dilution Climate of Ohio Valley Near New Cumberland B-l
C. Air Pollution Opinion Survey Made by Mayor's Committee on
Air Pollution C-l
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TECHNICAL REPORT
NEW CUMBERLAND, WEST VIRGINIA -
KNOX TOWNSHIP, OHIO
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
I. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Citizens of the City of New Cumberland, West Virginia, have responded both
individually and collectively through appointed representatives in protest to the
longstanding degradation of air quality of their community by air pollutant emis-
sions from the Toronto Plant of the Ohio Edison Company in Knox Township, Ohio.
New Cumberland, population 2,076, is a residential area without appreciable
manufacturing activity. The city proper, a long and narrow area, is situated along
the Ohio river in the upper Ohio River Valley. The Toronto Power Plant is located
directly across the 1/4-mile width of the river from the southern edge of New
Cumberland. The valley walls rise steeply to form a well developed valley, 400 to
500 feet deep in the vicinity of New Cumberland.
Topography in the valley greatly influences wind flow and limits the ability of
the atmosphere to adequately disperse pollutants. Frequent inversions and restricted
lateral dispersion and weak winds allow periods of pollutant accumulation. Stronger
winds can cause a downwash of the power plant plume to ground level.
Pollutants of concern in New Cumberland are primarily particulate matter and
sulfur dioxide. The major source of air pollutants is the power plant. Levels of
dustfall, fly ash, and suspended particulate matter are excessive, compared with
values considered acceptable by the general public. Levels of sulfur dioxide,
although not generally or consistently ,high, reach short-term concentrations at
which undesirable effects are produced. Pollution is heaviest in the area closest
to the power plant, but all areas of New Cumberland and surrounding ridges are
affected.
Air pollution problems that exist in New Cumberland have reached levels that
justify serious efforts to ameliorate the situation. Undesirable effects in New
Cumberland include reduced visibility, soiling, excessive dustfall, paint damage,
vegetation damage, and irritating odors. These effects cost money, interfere with
the enjoyment of property, contribute to the deterioration of the community, and
constitute a variety of annoyances. The effect of pollution on health as inferred
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by comparison of measured levels with air quality criteria is of concern.
Adequate control of pollutant emissions can be attained, and technology required
for the solution of the problem is available. Certain measures can be undertaken
that will result in a reduction of pollutant emission, which will improve air quality
to an acceptable degree. Complete attainment of desired air quality in New Cumber-
land is unlikely, however, while other sources along the upper Ohio River valley
continue to emit large quantities of pollutants.
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II. INTRODUCTION
Air pollution has long been known to the residents of the upper Ohio River
Valley. In the past, dust and smoke were accepted as part of the industrial heritage
of the area. Industry in turn has sometimes continued to release pollutants long
after technology was available to control and collect the offending air contaminants.
HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM
After many discouraging years dating back to the establishment of electrical
power plants on the Ohio side of the Ohio River in the 1920's, the residents of New
Cumberland, West Virginia, joined together in 1950 in an attempt to seek relief
from the dust and smoke caused by the burning of coal at the Ohio Edison Company
power plant in Knox Township near Toronto, Ohio. Figure 1 shows the proximity of
the power plant to the City of New Cumberland, West Virginia.
At the inception of the New Cumberland Civic Group in 1950, an attorney was
retained to present the group's problem to officials of the Ohio Edison Company.
The company agreed to install dust collectors on the plant to reduce emissions of
fly ash. With the installation of mechanical dust collectors at the power plant,
the group ceased all activity.
The New Cumberland Civic Group was reactivated on March 30, 1966 to continue
efforts to abate increasing amounts of fly ash affecting all areas of the city.
Representatives of the Ohio Edison Company and the West Virginia Air Pollution Con-
trol Commission met with representatives of the civic group in New Cumberland on
July 14, 1966 to discuss complaints of dust and smoke descending on the city from
the Ohio Edison Toronto Plant. Officials from the Ohio Edison Company pointed out
that increased demands for power required greater use of the Power Plant.
During June 1968, Mr. Arthur Watson, mayor of New Cumberland, appointed a six-
member committee to investigate means for a solution to the problem. The Committee
conducted a city-wide survey of opinion about local air pollution; organized medical
studies of respiratory illness in the district; sponsored picketing of the Toronto
Plant; and sponsored a series of meetings with the County Medical Society, Ohio
Edison officials, and West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission representatives.
A petition signed by 688 residents requested action be taken against air pollution
caused by the Ohio Edison Company.
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Figure 1. Toronto Power Plant, across Ohio River from New Cumberland, W. Va.
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HISTORY OF ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
On February 3, 1969, a resolution was passed by the Common Council of the City
of New Cumberland formally requesting the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
to assist the residents of New Cumberland by instituting an interstate air pollution
abatement action. The resolution was concurred in by the governor of the State of
West Virginia on February 14, 1969, and by the chairman of the Air Pollution Control
Commission, State of West Virginia, on February 25, 1969. The resolution, a copy
of which appears in Appendix A, was delivered to the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare by the Commissioner of Welfare, State of West Virginia, shortly there-
after.
In 1965, as part of a national surveillance program, the Abatement Program,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, initiated an investigation to determine
the nature, source, extent, and effects of air pollution in the Steubenville, Ohio
Weirton, West Virginia - Wheeling, West Virginia interstate area. Boundaries of the
study area were those of the river valley from Powhatan Point, Ohio upriver to, and
including, the City of New Cumberland, West Virginia.
The initial investigation was conducted from October 1965 through November 1966.
During this period air quality and meteorological data and an emissions inventory
were acquired, and air pollution effects on vegetation were determined.
Following the completion of the data-gathering phase of the investigation,
significant changes in the area's industrial patterns occurred because of the ex-
pansion and relocation of existing plants and establishment of new plants. To de-
termine changes in the quantity and distribution of air contaminants in the study
area, additional air quality measurements were made and the emissions inventory up-
dated during the spring of 1968.
On April 22, 1969, following receipt of the request by the City of New Cumber-
land for an interstate air pollution abatement action under the provisions of Air
Quality Act of 1967, National Air Pollution Control Administration representatives
met with officials of the West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission and the
Ohio Department of Health concerning an abatement conference. On May 1, 1969, Com-
missioner John T. Middleton of the National Air Pollution Control Administration
announced that an abatement conference would be held in July concerning interstate
air pollution in the Knox Township, Ohio-New Cumberland, West Virginia, area shown
in Figure 2. This technical report has been prepared for use at this conference.
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WEST VIRGINIA
KNOX TOWNSHIP
TORONTO^N
POWER
PLANT
Figure 2. New Cumberland, West, Virginia - Knox Township, Ohio,
abatement activity area.
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III. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA
DEMOGRAPHY
The river community of New Cumberland, West Virginia, has a current population
of 2,076 and is the county seat of Hancock County. Nearly a century ago, New
Cumberland was the largest, wealthiest, and most influential town in the area. The
discovery of clay led to the development of New Cumberland's early fire brick
industry. Steel and coal firms and a large pottery plant were also located in the
area. Fires and repeated floods in the early part of the 20th Century, however,
eventually eliminated most of the industrial firms from the town proper. While the
city has not realized in recent years the industrial and population growth experi-
enced in other areas of the upper Ohio River Valley, it remains a pleasant residen-
tial community, many residents of which are employed elsewhere.
TOPOGRAPHY
The dominant topographic feature in the New Cumberland-Toronto area is the
Ohio River Valley, which is oriented northwest to southeast along this section of
the Ohio River. At Toronto, the river and its valley make a gentle curve to the
south and south-southwest. The river has a normal pool elevation of 644 feet above
mean sea level and is uniformly 1/4 mile wide. The flood plain or valley floor, on
which the major portions of the two communities and sources of pollution are located,
is about 60 feet above the river. The width of the valley floor is from 1/2 to 3/4
mile. The western foothills of the Appalachian Mountains rise sharply from the
flood plain. Their crests exceed 1,200 feet above mean sea level, and 500 feet
above the valley floor.
About 1.3 mile southwest of the Toronto Power Plant, Croxton Run forms a narrow
valley that breaks through the ridge on the Ohio side. The run enters the Ohio
River 1/4 mile south of the power plarit. On the West Virginia side, Hardin Run
forms a similar valley just east of New Cumberland. Hardin Run flows along the
northern periphery of New Cumberland and enters the Ohio River upstream from the
city.
In summary, this portion of the Ohio River Valley is a U-shaped trench, 400 to
500 feet deep and 3/4 to 1-1/4 mile wide. On either side of the valley, the terrain
is basically a plateau, irregularly cut by the narrow valleys of small streams.
Ridges between the streams are, like the ridges adjacent to the river, about 1,200
feet above mean sea level.
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Valleys have a significant influence on the transport and dispersion of air
pollutants. The extent of this influence depends on their shape and depth. The
valley influence is particularly important near New Cumberland because most pollution
sources and most of the population are situated adjacent to the river, within the
val 1 ey.
CLIMATOLOGY
Climatology of the area is typified by cold winters, humid summers, stormy
springs, and fair falls. The winter cold is frequently interrupted by invasions of
warm air from the Gulf of Mexico. These events are associated with frequent windy,
stormy periods that continue well into the spring. Summers are warm and humid, with
occasional incursions of cool air. The fall season is characterized by lengthy
periods of fair weather, with warm days and cool nights.
Precipitation is uniformly distributed throughout the year. About one-fourth
of the winter precipitation occurs as snow.
Sunshine occurs 50 percent or more of the time from April to October, but in
winter, storms, hilly terrain, and the nearby Great Lakes combine to produce a high
frequency of cloudiness.
The atmosphere disperses and dilutes pollutants emitted into it. The rate at
which dispersion and dilution occur is dependent on wind speed and atmospheric
turbulence. Meteorological factors that are indicators of the dilution climate are
speed and direction of the wind, atmospheric stability, and the incidence of stag-
nation. A long-term assessment of these factors is provided for the New Cumberland
area in Appendix B.
Winds are channelled and their average speed is reduced in valleys. Both
factors adversely affect the rate at which pollution is dispersed. From data
collected a few miles downstream, it is reasonable to assume that in the New Cumber-
land area:
1. Wind is most frequently parallel to the valley, from the south and south-
east and from the northwest.
2. Wind speeds in the valley average about 60 percent of the wind speed obser-
ved at ridge level, as represented by the wind speed at Wheeling West Virginia Air-
port. The difference between wind speed in the valley and on the ridge is greatest
at night.
The stability of the air, as measured by rate of change of temperature with
height, influences the rate at which contaminants are dispersed. Pollutants are
dispersed more quickly with unstable than with stable conditions. In the valley,
along the upper Ohio River, stable conditions prevail about 20 percent of the time
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and unstable conditions about 50 percent of the time. Intermediate conditions of
stability exist the remaining 30 percent of the time. Stable conditions occur least
frequently during the winter. During the nighttime hours of summer and fall, they
prevail from one-third to one-half the time.
Stagnations are prolonged periods of poor dispersion. In the New Cumberland
area, stagnations lasting 4 days or more occur about twice a year. About once in 5
years a 7-day stagnation occurs.
Problems arise when pollutants are emitted in a narrow valley below the level
of the surrounding ridges. When the wind speed at ridge level is strong and its
direction is perpendicular to the valley, complicated flow patterns may develop,
bringing a plume quickly to the ground. Because the plume reaches ground level
before dispersion processes have diluted the effluents, levels of air contamination
may be extremely high.
If a stable layer exists slightly above the level at which effluents are emitted,
and the wind below the stable layer is light and its direction parallel to the valley,
a plume is likely to be confined to the valley and in and below the stable layer,
which frequently may be near the elevation of the surrounding ridges. Because little
air is available to mix with the effluents, high pollution levels may develop.
The New Cumberland area experiences both of these weather situations and the
air quality of part, or all, of New Cumberland may be seriously degraded when they
prevai1.
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IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE TORONTO PLANT
The Toronto Power Plant is a part of the Ohio Edison Company power system. The
generating capacity of the plant is 315,750 kilowatts. It constitutes about 12 per-
cent of the Company's total generating capacity, which is reported by the Federal
Power Commission to be 2,663,340 kilowatts.
PLANT FACILITY
The power plant consists of 11 pulverized-coal-fired boilers, one of which,
unit No. 6, has been retired. The first four units were placed into operation in
1925. Additional units were added over a 24-year period. The last two units, 10
and 11, were added in 1949. Table 1 presents pertinent data on each unit. Data on
dust collectors and stacks are shown in Table 2.
The boilers are housed in a building estimated to be about 380 feet long, 180
feet wide, and 115 feet high. Each boiler has a stack. Units 1 through 9 have
stacks 134 feet high, and units 10 and 11 have stacks 171 feet high. Good engineer-
ing practice recommends that stacks be at least 2 - 1/2 times as high as the nearby
buildings to minimize aerodynamic effects of the building on the plume. Aerodynamic
effects as discussed in Appendix B can cause the plume to be caught in the lee of
the building and brought quickly to the ground. The Toronto plant does not meet
this engineering criterion. It stacks are about 1.2 and 1.5 times the height of
the building.
PLANT OPERATION
The plant is classified as a base, peaking, and standby plant. Consequently
its operations are highly variable. It annually generates about 29 percent of its
theoretical capability (Table 3). Table 4 shows monthly power generation and coal
consumption. The plant is operated more during the colder months than during the
warmer months; however, a pattern is not well established. Table 5 provides data
on plant operation when the entire system of Ohio Edison Company experiences peak
demand.
The unit cost per kilowatt-hour generated at each of the company's plants is
given in Table 6.
EMISSIONS
Gaseous air pollutants from the Toronto Power Plant include sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Solid materials discharged by the plant
11
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Table 1. TORONTO PLANT BOILER DATAC
Boi ler
number
1-4
5°
7, 8C
9
10, 11
Number of
boi lers
4
1
2
1
2
Year
instal led
1925
1927
1928
1940
1949
Manufacturer
Babcock 5
Wi Icox
Springfield
Babcock 6
Wi Icox
Babcock &
W i 1 cox
Babcock 6
W i 1 cox
Kind
of fuel
Pul veri zed
coal
Pul veri zed
coal
Pul veri zed
coal
Pulverized
coal
Pulverized
coal
Fi ri ng,
method
Wet
bottom
Wet
bottom
Wet
bottom
Wet
bottom
Dry
bottom
Rated
pressure,
psig
385
400
425
900
925
Rated steam
temperature,
°F
700
700
700
900
900
Rated steam
capaci ty ,
Ib/hr
250,000
300,000
300,000
400,000
600,000
Data taken from FPC Form 1, 19&8, and FPC Form 12, 1965.
Industrial questionnaire, Steubenvi1le-Wierton-Wheeling Abatement Activity.
Number 6 Boiler Retired, stack still in place between stacks number 5 and 7-
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Table 2. TORONTO PLANT FLY ASH COLLECTOR AND STACK DATA3
Boiler
number
1-4
5,7,8c
9
10,11
Number
of
boi lers
4
3
1
2
Col lectors
Type
Tubular
mechanical
Tubular
mechanical
Tubular
mechanical
Tubular
mechanical
Manufacturer
Aerotec
Aerotec
American
Blower
Western
Precipi tator
Year
instal led
1952-53
1952-53
1943
1949
Design
efficiency,
percent
90.5
91.1
80.0
85.0
Stacks
Height ,
feet
134
134
134
171
Exit
inside ,
diameter ,
feet
9-5/12
9-10/12
14-5/12
14
Exit gas
temperature,
0 F
460
425
350
315
Flow
vol ume,
acfm per
boi ler
135,000
150,000
220,000
282,000
Industrial questionnaire, Steubenvi1)e-Wierton-Wheeling Abatement Activity.
Telephone communication, Ohio Edison Company, June 14, 1968.
Boiler No. 6 retired, stack still in place between stacks number 5 and 7-
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include fly ash, carbonaceous compounds formed during the combustion process, and
unburned coal.
Table 3- COMPARISON OF POWER GENERATION WITH THEORETICAL
NET PLANT CAPABILITY FOR TORONTO POWER PLANT, 1965 THROUGH 1968
Annual net generation,
106 kw-hr
Theoretical net plant
capability,3 10 kw-hr
Percent of theoretical
1965
600.4
2658.7
22.6
1966
756.9
2658.7
28.5
1967
789.4
2658.7
29.7
1968
772.7
2665. 9b
29.0
Data taken from FPC Form 12, Schedule 1.
Includes February 29.
Emissions of particulate matter and sulfur oxides from the Toronto Power Plant
are estimated at 7,000 and 23,500 tons respectively for 1968. Table 7 shows par-
ticulate and sulfur-oxide emissions from individual Toronto Power Plant boilers
during operations at a net plant capability of 303,500 kilowatts. Under these con-
ditions particulate and sulfur-oxide emissions would be 2.2 and 11 tons per hour
respectively. Although there is no evidence that the plant is ever operated at the
303,500 kilowatt level it is assumed that the net plant capability rating indicates
that this is a possibility should operations be required.
Figure 3 shows a grade efficiency curve for a high-efficiency multiple-cyclone
collector and Figure 4 shows a fly ash size distribution that might be expected
from a pulverized-coal-fired boiler. Analysis of this data indicates that effi-
ciencies of the gas cleaning equipment at the Toronto Power Plant may be less than
the design values used for particulate emission estimates. Figure 4 also shows a
typical size distribution that might be expected for fly ash leaving a multiple-
cyclone collector. Soot blowing and/or malfunction of the dust collectors would in-
crease the size and quantity of particulate emissions.
14
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Table 4. MONTHLY POWER GENERATION AND COAL CONSUMPTION FOR TORONTO POWER PLANT
Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total
1965
Electricity
generated,
103 kw-hr
49,572
53,848
59,523
33,075
47,433
54,334
48,038
42,707
60,239
52,768
48,014
50,850
600,401
Coal
burned,
tons
28,380
31,201
33,548
18,969
26,506
29,672
27,096
24,728
36,173
30,996
29,821
31,5)0
348,600
1966
Electricity
generated ,
103 kw-hr
64,672
65,496
68,485
50,881
55,750
71,235
50,727
57,254
60,821
62,780
71,335
77,446
756,882
Coal
burned ,
tons
41,979
43,193
42,695
31,313
34,633
45,049
33,428
35,695
38,090
37,536
46,248
49,598
480,187
1967
Electric! ty
generated ,
103 kw-hr
67,229
67,576
71,024
56,100
55,595
62,093
50,253
60,979
61,267
82,503
82,924
71,888
789,431
Coal
burned ,
tons
45,143
43,393
44,875
34,795
34,638
42,235
31,743
39,164
36,817
53,301
53,955
47,580
507,639
1968
Electric! ty
generated ,
103 kw-hr
89,508
77,460
67,053
56,139
63,841
61,214
47,168
64,172
46,107
64,048
57,687
78,321
772,718
Coal
burned ,
tons
59,737
50,157
41,850
35,060
42,007
39,394
29,814
41,852
28,262
40,083
35,595
50,347
494,158
1969
Electricity
generated,
103 kw-hr
72,341
53,893
67,446
Coal
burned ,
tons
48,077
34,147
41,062
en
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Table 5. COMPARISON OF TORONTO POWER PLANT AND OTHER OHIO EDISON COMPANY SYSTEM POWER PLANT OPERATIONS
AT TIME OF PEAK DEMAND, 1965 THROUGH 1968^
Plant
1965
Installed generating
capacity, kw
Instal led capaci ty
connected to load,
kw
Net plant
capabi 1 i ty , kw
Net demand on
plant, kw
1966
Installed generating
capacity, kw
Installed capacity
connected to load,
kw
Net plant
capab i 1 i ty , kw
Net demand on
plant, kw
196?
Installed generating
capacity, kw
Instal led capaci ty
connected to load,
kw
Net plant
capabi 1 i ty , kw
Toronto
315,750
175,750
303,500
163,500
315,750
315,750
303,500
277,400
315,750
280,750
303,500
R.E.
Burger
544,000
544,000
516,500
501,700
544,000
544,000
516,500
524,200
544,000
544,000
516,500
Edge-
water
192,870
167,870
180,500
128,300
192,870
192,870
180,500
174,600
192,870
167,870
180,500
Gorge
87,500
87,500
87,000
83,800
87,500
87,500
87,000
87,400
87,500
87,500
87,000
Mad
River
75,000
50,000
65,500
38,600
75,000
75,000
65,500
51,800
75,000
75,000
65,500
Mahoni ng-
si de
87,420
0
81,500
0
87,420
0
81,500
0
87,420
68,670
81,500
Miles
250,000
250,000
213,000
206,600
250,000
250,000
213,000
195,100
250,000
250,000
213,000
Rockaway
13,000
0
11 ,000
0
13,000
0
11 ,000
0
13,000
0
11,000
W.H.
Sammi s
740,000
740,000
706,000
700,500
740,000
740,000
706,000
740,100
1,057,500
740,000
706,000
Scioto
40,300
0
39,500
0
40,300
0
39,500
0
40,300
0
39,500
Total
2,345,840
2,015,120
2,204,000
1,823,000
2,345,840
2,205,120
2,204,000
2,050,600
2,663,340
2,213,790
2,204,000
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Table 5 (continued)
COMPARISON OF TORONTO POWER PLANT AND OTHER OHIO EDISON COMPANY SYSTEM POWER PLANT OPERATIONS
AT TIME OF PEAK DEMAND, 1965 THROUGH 1968a
Plant
Net demand on
plant, kw
1968
Installed generating
capacity, kw
1 nstal led capaci ty
connected to load,
kw
Net plant
capabi 1 i ty , kw
Net demand on
plant, kw
Toronto
230,000
315,750
280,750
315,000
242,000
R.E.
Burger
489,000
544,000
544,000
541,000
499,000
Edge-
water
140,000
174,870
174,870
187,000
141,000
Gorge
74,000
87,500
87,500
90,000
84,000
Mad
River
36,000
75,000
75,000
69,000
57,000
Mahon ing-
side
25,000
Retired
12/30/68
84,000
0
Ni les
2)0,000
250,000
250,000
222,000
221,000
Rockaway
0
Retired
12/30/68
11 ,000
0
W.H.
Sammis
719,000
1,057,500
1,057,500
1 ,056,000
732,000
Scioto
0
Reti red
12/30/68
41 ,000
0
Total
2,504,620
2,469,620
2,616,000
1,976,000
Data taken from FPC Form 12.
-------
Table 6. OHIO EDISON PRODUCTION EXPENSES
BY PLANT, 1968a
Plant location
Toronto
R. E. Burger
Edgewater
Gorge
Mad River
Niles
Mahoningside'5
W. H. Sammis
Total production expenses,
mills/net kw-hr
5.60
3-17
i».58
5-80
8.80
3.20
12.19
2.24
aTaken from FPC Form 1 .
Operations discontinued December 30, 1968.
18
-------
Table 7. EMISSION RATE ESTIMATES FOR TORONTO POWER PLANT BOILERS AT FULL LOAD AT NET PLANT CAPABILITY
Boiler
number
1
2
3
It
5
7
8
9
10
11
Totals
Estimated
coal
consumption,3
tons/hr
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
21
30
30
193
Coal
type
Wet bottom
Wet bottom
Wet bottom
Wet bottom
Wet bottom
Wet bottom
Wet bottom
Wet bottom
Dry bottom
Dry bottom
Part iculate
emission
factor, b>c
Ib/ton
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
221
221
Uncontrol led
part iculate
emissions ,
Ib/hr
2,700
2,700
2,700
2,700
2,700
2,700
2,700
3,550
6,630
6,630
35,710
Col lector
efficiency, d
percent
90.5
90.5
90.5
90.1
91.1
91.1
91.1
80.0
85.0
85.0
Part iculate
control led
emiss ions,
Ib/hr
244
244
244
244
2^0
240
240
710
995
995
A, 396
Sulfur
oxide
emissions, b>e
Ib/hr
1,824
1,824
1,824
1,824
1,824
1,824
1,824
2,394
3,420
3,420
22,002
Based on operation at net plant capability of 303,500 kw and fuel consumption of 14,240 Btu/kw-hr.
Data taken from Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Public Health Service
publication 999-AP-42, Durham, N. C., 1968.
"Coal ash content, 13 percent.
Data taken from Table 2.
a
"Coal sulfur content, 3 percent.
-------
u
z
UJ
u
u_
z
o
u
UJ
o
u
40
60 80 100 120 140
PARTICLE DIAMETER, microns
160
180
200
Figure 3. Grade efficiency curve for a high-efficiency multiple-
cyclone collector.
100
so
<
Q
UJ
_l
o
H
cc
CL
10
CRITERIA FOR THE APPLICATION
OF DUST COLLECTORS TO COAL-
FIRED BOILERS - IGCI-ABMA, 1965
CALCULATED FROM FIGURE 3
AND CURVE 1.
0.01 0.1
0.5 1 2 5 10 20 40 60 80 95 98 99
WEIGHT PERCENT LESS THAN INDICATED VALUE
Figure 4. Particle size distribution for fly ash from a pulverized-
coal-fired boiler and a high-efficiency multiple-cyclone
fly-ash collector.
99.9 99.99
20
-------
V. ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM
As early as 1959, air quality data obtained from a survey conducted by a
private organization clearly showed excessive levels of particulate pollution in New
Cumberland.2 A summary of the data is shown in Table 8. Interstate and intercity
transport of pollution was noted in the report:
A residential town of 2,000 population, New Cumberland does almost
nothing within its own city limits to pollute the air. The strictest
town ordinance, enforced with the utmost severity, would accomplish
very little. Yet the air over New Cumberland showed more than average
pollution in dustfall, suspended-matter, and haze coefficient alike,
even when compared with other heavily polluted towns of the area?
Table 8. SUMMARY OF CONSUMERS UNION'S AIR POLLUTION DATA, UPPER OHIO RIVER VALLEY,
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1959
Location
New Cumberland, W. Va.
Dustfall ,
tons /mi -mo
178
Suspended matter,
ug/m3
Min.
72
Max.
55k
Avg
263
Soi 1 ing index,3
COHS/1000 lineal ft
k.l
Or "haze coefficient."
Based on preliminary information and observations indicating potential inter-
state air pollution problems of serious magnitude in New Cumberland and other river
communities in the area, a federally initiated survey was made in the Steubenville,
Ohio Weirton, West Virginia - Wheeling, West Virginia area. The survey was con-
ducted by the National Air Pollution Control Administration during the period Octo-
ber 1965 to September 1966 and February 1968 to June 1968.
An appraisal of air quality and effects of air pollution in New Cumberland were
included in the survey, which covered 18 communities on both sides of the Ohio River.
Air quality measurements were made at two sites in New Cumberland; the Post Office
building on Ridge Avenue and City Hall on Jefferson Street. An examination of
indigenous vegetation was made in New Cumberland in the spring of 1966, and a vegata-
tion exposure chamber to assess air pollution damage to sensitive plant varieties
was placed at the Post Office building for a 6-week period, May 17 to July 8, 1966.
The results of these tests and data from a later short-term survey applicable to
present conditions in New Cumberland are presented and discussed.
21
-------
AIR QUALITY DATA
Because of the magnitude of potential emissions from the Toronto Power Plant,
the pollutants of concern in New Cumberland include particulate matter and sulfur
oxides. The general (excluding health) effects that may be anticipated from pollu-
tion emissions of this type are soiling, lowered visibility, and damage to vegetation
and materials.
Dustfall
Heavy dustfall generally in the city and specifically in the area of New Cumber-
land nearest the power plant, is of community-wide concern. The aggravation of dust
and grit depositing on cars, porches, and laundry is among the major nuisances to
the residents.
Measurements of dustfall were made at the Post Office building and City Hall
during the NAPCA survey. The City of New Cumberland arranged to have the Steuben-
ville Air Pollution Bureau continue measurements at the two stations as part of a
regional network. Data collected by both agencies is summarized in Table 9.
Table 9. SETTLEABLE PARTICULATE (DUSTFALL), NEW CUMBERLAND, WEST VIRGINIA
Station
Post Office
City Hall
Operating
period
11/65-10/66
2/68-5/68
7/68-V693
2/68-5 68
7/68-V693
Number
samples
12
k
10
3
10
Dustfall, tons/mi 2-mo
Min.
value
33
69
75
61
51
Max.
value
98
92
170
106
2^2
Arith
mean
63
78
121
86
114
Data furnished by Steubenville Air Pollution Bureau.
Dustfall rates in New Cumberland exceed even the least stringent limits con-
sidered desirable for a residential area by a factor of 4 or 5 times. Even so, these
measured values may be conservative because they were obtained some distance away
from the area subjected most frequently to the full impact of the power plant plume.
Microscopic Analysis of Dustfall
A sample of the dustfall was obtained by Mrs. Alice Mitchell, who is a resident
of New Cumberland, and forwarded to the National Air Pollution Control Administration
for analysis. Mrs. Mitchell stated that the particulate matter had accumulated over
a 1-day period from January 6 to January 7, 1969, on the 4- by 6-foot porch of her
house at 1106 Ridge Avenue, New Cumberland, West Virginia.
22
-------
The sample weighed 81.5 grams (a large handful). It was mostly inorganic
material containing only 6.6 combustible material on a dry basis. The sample was
submitted to Mr. J. S. Ferguson of the Environmental Control Administration, Con-
sumer Protection and Environmental Health Service, for microscopic examination.
Excluding trace amounts of normal floor sweepings (fibers and wood chips), examina-
tion showed that:
1
About 10 percent of the particles by number were large, irregularly-shaped
carbon particles.
About 30 percent of the particles were magnetic black iron oxide (magnetite,
spheres.
3. About 60 percent of the particles were transparent, translucent, or opaque
glassy spheres.
Figure 5 shows a photomicrograph of a representative portion of the sample.
The magnetite and glassy spheres that make up the majority of the sample ranged from
10 to 40 microns in diameter with the greatest number ranging from 10 to 20 microns.
The carbon particles were larger, ranging from 50 to 200 microns in size. Ninety
percent of the particles by number were smaller than 50 microns and 70 percent were
smaller than 30 microns.
The high-density black and white spheres that make up the majority of the
sample are distinctly characteristic of fly ash from a pulverized-coal-burning power
plant. The irregularly shaped carbon particles in the sample resemble large,
Figure 5. Photomicrograph of settled dust sample (77X).
23
-------
partially burned fuel particles. These particles are not usually characteristic of
emissions from the routine operation of a modern pulverized-coal-fired furnace, but
may be generated in older units during frequent startup periods such as is encoun-
tered in the peaking plant operation.
On April 25, 1969, grab samples of settled particulate matter were collected at
the Mitchell residence by Division of Abatement staff during short-term air quality
and meteorological field tests. Deposited dust was readily observed in the neighbor-
hood of the Mitchell residence.
Sample specimens were removed from an outside window ledge and from the space
between the storm window and the regular window as shown in Figure 6. The composi-
tion of these samples as determined by microscopic analysis was the same as the
sample collected from the porch by Mrs. Mitchell on January 7, 1969.
Figure 6. Collection of settled dust sample.
24
-------
The dust material collected from an outside window ledge consisted of 80 per-
cent fly ash particles and 20 percent carbon particles. The sample collected from
space between the storm window contained 70 percent fly ash particles and 30 percent
carbon particles.
Although the inside and outside windows were closed, wind-blown fly ash parti-
cles had found their way around both closed windows and deposited on the inside
window sill as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Settled dust on inside window sill.
25
-------
Suspended Particulate Matter
Atmospheric measurements of total suspended particulate matter concentrations
were made at the Post Office building using regular and directional high-volume
samplers. A directional sampler programmed to operate when the wind was blowing
from the direction of the Toronto Power Plant was operated from October 1965 to
November 1966. Measurements provided by the sampler were used to determine whether
noticeable increases in particulate matter levels were recorded when conditions con-
ducive to interstate transport of pollutants existed. Data in Table 10 indicate
that the "in-sector" directional mean value was 75 percent higher than the corres-
ponding "out-sector" mean value. This data demonstrates significant impact of inter-
state pollution on the New Cumberland receptor area.
Table 10. DIRECTIONAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES,
POST OFFICE BUILDING
(1»8-HOUR SAMPLING INTERVAL)
OCTOBER 1965 NOVEMBER, 1966
Sampl ing mode
In sector
Out sector
Numbe r
samples
89
111
Concentration, yg/m^
Average
276
158
Maximum
1161
51*»
Conventional suspended particulate matter measurements were made for a limited
period during the 1965-1966 survey and during the spring of 1968. Measurements were
continued at the station by the Steubenville Air Pollution Bureau through the fall
of 1968. Table 11 summarizes the 24-hour total suspended particulate data. Table
12 gives the percent time that specific concentration levels were exceeded.
Concentrations of suspended particulate matter are high. Documentation con-
tained in Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter3 indicates that adverse health
effects may occur (increased death rates for persons over 50 years of age) when the
annual geometric mean exceeds 80 micrograms per cubic meter (yg/m3). Adverse effects
on materials were observed when the annual geometric mean exceeded 60 yg/m3 and
visibility was reduced to about 5 miles when a level of about 150 yg/m3 was exceeded.
The annual geometric mean suspended particulate matter concentration at the New
Cumberland site is 154 yg/m3. This exceeds all of the criteria values listed above.
It exceeds the value for adverse health effects by a factor of nearly 2. The con-
centration, as shown in Table 12, exceeded 150 yg/m3 over half the time on an annual
basis.
26
-------
Table 11. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF DAILY-AVERAGE SUSPENDED PARTICULATES,
POST OFFICE BUILDING
(24-HOUR SAMPLES)
Operating period
2/20/66-3/V66
1/2/68-5/30/68
8/1/68-12/30/683
2/20/66-12/30/68
Number
obs.
13
kit
18
75
Concentration, yg/m
Min
value
62
3k
6k
3k
Percent of time
concentration exceeded:
90
92
6k
69
69
75
108
88
85
100
50
145
168
118
151
25
280
280
190
235
10
338
k\2
320
345
Max Arith
value mean
352 180
560 202
346 152
560 186
Std
dev
3k
135
83
118
Geom
mean
159
161
134
154
Geom std
dev
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.9
Data furnished by Steubenville Air Pollution Bureau.
Table 12. PERCENT OF TIME SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION EXCEEDED
SPECIFIC VALUES, POST OFFICE BUILDING
Percent of time concentration exceeded:
Sampl ing period
2/20/66-12/30/68
75 yg/m3
86
100 yg/m3
74
120 yg/m3
64
150 yg/m3
51
200 yg/m3
34
ro
-------
Suspended Particulate Matter - AISI Sampler
Soiling index of participate pollutants was measured at the Post Office
building during the period February to July 1966. A frequency distribution of the
data is presented in Table 13. Soiling indices in the heavy category* (2.0 to
2.9 Cons per 1000 lineal feet) occurred more than 18 percent of the time.
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (S02) measurements were made at the Post Office in 1965 and
1966. Two-hour average concentration was measured using an automatic sequential
sampler and West-Gaeke spectrophotometric method of detection.
Frequency distribution of the 2-hour results are shown in Table 14. Concen-
trations of 0.10 part per million (ppm) or greater occurred at the site at least
10 percent of the time. The maximum concentration of 0.76 ppm obtained at the New
Cumberland station on October 31, 1966, was the highest 2-hour value encountered
in the operation of the nine-station S02 network during the 1965-1966 Steubenville
Weirton Wheeling survey.
The 2-hour concentrations were combined for each 24-hour period to obtain a
daily average. Frequency distributions of these daily results are tabulated in
Table 15.
In addition to sequential sulfur dioxide sampling, monthly sulfation rates
were obtained for varying time periods from November 1965 through April 1969 by
exposing lead peroxide candles. These results, reported in milligrams of sulfur
2
trioxide (SO,) per 100 square centimeters per day,(mg S0,/100 cm - day), are
summarized in Table 16. Applying a ratio of approximately 0.04 ppm of SOp for
each 1.0 mg SO., per day would mean that S02 levels for a long-term average would
be 0.05 to 0.06 ppm, which corresponds well with the measured S02 levels.
Concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high. Documentation contained in the
report Air Quality Criteria for Sulfur Oxides4 indicates that adverse health
effects were noted when 24-hour average levels of sulfur dioxide exceeded 0.11 ppm
for 3 to 4 days and when the annual mean level of sulfur dioxide exceeded 0.04 ppm.
The report also states that injury to some species of trees and shrubs was
noted at a concentration of 0.3 ppm for 8 hours and chronic plant injury and
excessive leaf drop may occur at an annual mean concentration of 0.03 ppm of sulfur
dioxide. At concentrations of from 0.3 to 1.0 ppm, most people can taste sulfur
dioxide and at concentrations above 3 ppm the gas has a pungent, irritating odor.
The annual mean sulfur dioxide concentration at New Cumberland is 0.05 ppm.
This exceeds the criteria listed for adverse health effects (0.04 ppm) and injury
to vegetation (0.03 ppm).
*State of New Jersey adjectival rating scale.
28
-------
Table 13. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 2-HOUR SOILING INDEX AVERAGES,
POST OFFICE BUILDING
Operating period
2/20/66-7/31/66
Number
obs
1658
Min
value
0
Soiling index, COHS/1 ,000 lineal feet
Percent of time
concentration exceeded:
90
0.3
75
0.5
50
0.8
25
1.7
10
2.6
1
it. 8
Max
value
8.2
Ari th
mean
1.2
Std
dev
1.0
Geom
mean
0.8
Geom std
dev
2.5
Table 14. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 2-HOUR SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS,
POST OFFICE BUILDING
Operating period
10/27/65-11/13/66
Number
obs
2888
Min
value
<0.01
Concentration, p'pm
Percent of time
concentration exceeded:
90
0.01
75
0.02
50
0.03
25
0.06
10
0.12
1
0.33
Max
val ue
0.76
Ari th
mean
0.05
Std
dev
0.07
Geom
mean
0.03
Geom std
dev
3-3
IS)
<£>
Table 15. CUMULATIVE PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF 24-HOUR SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS,
POST OFFICE BUILDING
Operating period
10/27/65-11/13/66
Number
obs
249
Min
value
0.01
Concentration, ppm
Percent of time
concentration exceeded:
90
0.01
75
0.02
50
0.04
25
0.06
10
0.10
1
0.22
Max
value
0.22
Ari th
mean
0.05
Std
dev
0.04
Geom
mean
0.0k
Geom std
dev
2.5
-------
Table 16. SULFATION MEASUREMENTS
Station location
Post Office
City Building
Operating
period
11/65-10/66
2/68-5/68
8/68-3/69a
11/65-3/69
2/68-5/68
7/68-3/69a
2/68-3/69
No.
obs
12
4
8
2k
3
9
12
Sulfation,
mg SO,/ 100 cm2-day
Min.
val ue
0.7
0.9
0.6
0.6
1.7
0.4
0.4
Max.
value
2.1
1.6
1.9
2.1
1.9
2.9
2.9
Arith.
mean
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.4
1.5
Data furnished by Steubenville Air Pollution Bureau.
Information provided by calculations of the contribution of the Toronto Power
Plant to the pollution of New Cumberland, suggests that the sulfur dioxide problem
is most likely the result of frequent incidents of short-term high concentration
rather than sustained high levels. Data obtained in New Cumberland from a con-
tinuous sulfur dioxide analyzer mounted in a mobile vehicle for a 2-day test
period on April 24 and 25, 1969, demonstrate this condition. Instantaneous peak
concentrations of nearly 2 ppm sulfur dioxide were recorded when elements of the
Toronto Power Plant plume were brought to the ground by brisk and varying winds
on April 25, 1969. It is probably that even higher short-term levels would occur
under the right meteorological conditions.
Opacity Observations
The Toronto Power Plant is a major source of visible emissions. Plumes from
the several stacks often merge and form a single large persistent plume that is
evident to the most casual passerby, as shown in Figure 8.
On April 24, 1969, a trained smoke observer made three observations of the
plume opacity between 2:53 p.m. and 3:51 p.m. EST. The observer took care to
insure that observations were made with the sun to his back. At the same time,
weather observations were taken at New Cumberland's little league baseball park
about 1/2 mile upriver from the power plant.
At the time the opacity observations were taken, the sky was partly cloudy.
The clouds were estimated to be 3,000 feet above the ground and from 60 to 90
percent of the sky was covered. Visibility was 10 miles in all directions except
to the south, where it was much less. The wind measured at the surface on a
CLIMET wind sensor was from the north at 7 miles per hour (mph). The weather
observer made an upper wind observation at 4:00 p.m. and found the wind at 170
30
-------
Figure 8. Visible emissions from Toronto Power Plant.
feet (about the height of the plant's taller stacks) to be from the north at
11 mph. At 500 feet elevation, the height of the surrounding ridges, the wind was
from the north at 17 mph. Weather conditions were extremely favorable for the
rapid dispersion of effluents from the plant.
The opacity of the individual plumes as shown in Table 17 ranged from 75 to
95 percent. The color of the plumes ranged from tan or light gray to black. In
general the plumes from the older units (units 1 through 4) were more opaque than
the plumes from the newer units.
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION
Plant Damage
A survey of the effect of air pollutants on vegetation was made by a plant
pathologist at New Cumberland in 1966 and early in 1969. The survey was performed
by inspecting indigenous vegetation for damage during growing seasons in 1966
and 1969 and by growing sensitive varieties of plants under controlled conditions
31
-------
CO
ro
Table 1?. RECORD OF OPACITY OBSERVATIONS FOR TORONTO PLANT BOILER STACKS, APRIL 2k, 1969
Stack number
Observation number 1
Equivalent opacity
of emiss ion, %
Color of plume
Observation number 2
Equivalent opacity
of emission, %
Color of plume
Observation number 3
Equivalent opaci ty
of emission, %
Color of plume
1
90
Light
gray
95
Light to
dark
gray
95
Black
2
90
Light
gray
95
Light to
dark
gray
95
Black
3
90
Light
gray
90
Light to
dark
gray
90
Near
black
k
80
Light
gray
90
Light to
dark
gray
90
Near
black
5
0
"•
0
-
0
-
6
0
*™
0
-
0
-
7
80
Light
gray
80
Light to
dark
gray
75
Dark
gray
8
90
Light
gray
80
Light to
dark
gray
75
Dark
gray
9
90
Light
gray
80
Dark
gray
85
Black
10
80
Light
brown
75
Light
gray
80
Tan
11
80
Light
brown
90
Tan
80
Tan
Toronto Power Plant stacks are numbered 1 through 11 from South (downriver) to North (upriver).
-------
at New Cumberland Post Office. Plants have been used extensively in air quality
5~9
monitoring programs.
The survey, which involved exposure of selected plant varieties under
controlled conditions, was performed from May 17 to July 8, 1966. Several vegeta-
tion growth chambers were located in the upper Ohio River Valley; one of these was
placed at the Post Office building in New Cumberland. All chambers were equipped
with fans that change the air in the chamber about once every minute. In a
"control" chamber located in Moundsville, West Virginia, air was first drawn
through an activated charcoal filter which effectively absorbed most contaminants.
The "ambient" chambers did not have a filter, and plants grown in them were
exposed to unfiltered air.
Tobacco Wg, pinto bean, petunia, columbine, begonia, cotton, geranium, and
gladiolus plants were exposed. All similar species were of the same age when
they were placed in the chambers. The plants were grown hydroponically in pots
of vermiculite. The pots were placed in shallow trays, to which Hoagland nutrient
solution and distilled water were added. The vermiculite was flushed with distilled
water and the nutrient solution was replaced weekly. Distilled water was added as
needed.
The plants were minutely and carefully examined each week for damage. They
also were inspected less rigorously each time they were tended, five or six times
a week.
Results of Survey - Inspections of indigenous vegetation for damage by air contami-
nants were made on June 1 and June 29, 1966 and on May 5, 1969. In 1966, severe
damage attributed to sulfur dioxide was found on forsythia, maple, climbing rose,
petunia, and geranium plants grown in New Cumberland northeast of the Toronto Power
Plant. Damage to maple leaves is shown in Figure 9. Oxidant damage was observed on
beets and petunias grown near the New Cumberland Post Office. In 1969, sulfur
dioxide damage was observed on ivy, spruce, azaleas, roses, magnolias, and tulips on
Ridge Avenue, New Cumberland. Table 18 summarizes the damage found.
No damage was observed on plants grown in the control chamber located in
Moundsville, West Virginia. Damage to plants grown in the ambient chamber in New
Cumberland was attributed to a variety of contaminants: sulfur dioxide, ozone,
peroxy acetal nitrates (PAN), and synergistic action of low concentrations of
sulfur dioxide and ozone and other pollutants. Table 19 summarizes the results
of damage to plants grown in the ambient air chamber. If type of injury could be
specifically assigned to a certain pollutant, it is attributed to that pollutant.
If the type of damage was non-specific, it is listed according to the type of
damage, such as "chlorosis."
33
-------
Figure 9. Sulfur dioxide injury to maple leaves in New Cumberland, W. Va.
In addition to the destruction of tissue, plants in the ambient air chamber
grew much less rapidly than plants in the control chamber. Table 20 presents the
percentage by which plants in the ambient air chamber were smaller than those in
the control chamber at the end of the 7-week experiment. All plants of similar
varieties were the same age. It is emphasized that all environmental factors were
identical except that the plants in the control chamber were grown in air from
which essentially all contaminants had been removed.
Table 21 presents a more detailed analysis of the damage and growth suppres-
sion observed on tobacco. Growth suppression of tobacco roots is illustrated in
Figure 10.
Summary - In addition to the cited reports of investigators, the scientific
34
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Table 18. INJURY FOUND ON INDIGENOUS VEGETATION GROWN IN VICINITY
NEW CUMBERLAND, WEST VIRGINIA
Date
5/5/69
6/1/66
6/29/66
Location
Across from Toronto
Power Plant on
Ridge Avenue
Near post office
Across from Toronto
Power Plant
Plant
variety
Engl ish ivy
Blue spruce
Azalea
Magnol ia
Rose bush
Tulip
Beet
Petunia
Forsythia
Maple
Rose bush
Petunia
Pol lutant and
degree of injury
S02 (E)
S02 (E)
S02 (M)
S02 (E)
S02 (E)
S02 (M)
Oxidant (M)
Oxidant (M)
S02 (S)
S02 (S)
S02 (S)
S02 (S)
T = trace, indicates 0 to 5 percent of leaf area injured.
M = moderate, indicates 5 to 25 percent injured.
E = extensive, indicates 25 to 50 percent injured.
S = severe, indicates greater than 50 percent injured.
Table 19. SUMMARY OF LEAF DAMAGE ON VEGETATION GROWN
IN CHAMBER AT NEW CUMBERLAND POST OFFICE, 1966
Contaminant, type
Plant and severity of damage
Tobacco
Pinto bean
Petunia
Columbine
Begonia
Cotton
Geranium
03 + S02 (E)
03 + PAN (M)
03 + suppression (M)
03 (M)
03 + chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (M)
Chlorosis (M)
T = trace, indicates 0 to 5 percent of leaf area
injured.
M = moderate, indicates 5 to 25 percent injured.
E = extensive, indicates 25 to 50 percent injured.
S = severe, indicates greater than 50 percent injured,
35
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Table 20. GROWTH SUPPRESSION OF PLANTS GROWN IN
AMBIENT AIR AT NEW CUMBERLAND POST OFFICE
MAY 17 JULY 8, 1966
Vegetation
Tobacco
Pinto bean
Petunia
Columbine
Begonia
Cotton
Gerani um
Growth suppression,3 %
45
25
20
15
25
10
15
Estimated by visual comparison. A value of 25 % in-
dicates that the growth of a plant in the ambient
chamber was 25 % less than that of a similar plant
grown in control chamber.
Table 21. GROWTH SUPPRESSION AND DAMAGE TO TOBACCO
EXPOSED FROM MAY 17 JULY 8, 1966,
AT NEW CUMBERLAND POST OFFICE
Leaf area damaged, %
Stem diameter, cm
Cross section area of stem,
2
cm
Cross section area of stem,
% less than control
Weight of root system, g
Weight of root system,
% less than control
Exposed plant
45
0.9
0.636
64
120
84
Control
-
1.5
1-767
-
770
-
literature contains many studies that relate plant damage to specific pollutants.
Thomas, Hendrichs, and Hill describe sulfur dioxide damage to plants'.0 Menser11 and
12
Heck report that when small amounts of both ozone and sulfur dioxide were present,
damage occurred even though the concentrations were below the damage-threshold for
either alone, suggesting synergistic action.
A great variety of indigenous plants growing in New Cumberland were found to
36
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NEWf JMBLR1
Figure 10. Roots of tobacco plant grown in filtered air (left) and
ambient air (right).
be damaged by sulfur dioxide. Ozone and PAN damage was also observed.
In controlled vegetation exposure tests conducted in 1966 at the New
Cumberland Post Office, plants grown in ambient air suffered damage to their
leaves that was attributed to sulfur dioxide, ozone, and PAN. Plants grown in
filtered air were undamaged and were more vigorous, were larger, had more leaves,
and had leaves of darker green than their sister plants raised in ambient air.
Results of the vegetation survey show that sufficient quantities of pollution
are present in the air over New Cumberland to injure plants and inhibit their
growth.
Property Damage
Particulate fallout in New Cumberland has compelled residents to expend
increased funds and efforts to maintain a reasonably clean and attractive home
environment. Results of a city-wide opinion survey conducted by the Mayor's Air
Pollution Committee July 24 through 30, 1968, which appear in Appendix C, indicate
that the affect of pollution on property is a major concern to the area's residents.
Among the problems cited by persons responding to the survey are decreased enjoy-
37
-------
merit of outside activities because of accumulations of dust and grit on porches,
lawns, and outside furniture; damage to building materials and painted surfaces;
damage to vegetation; and soiling of laundry.
Lawn furniture must be cleaned before use or placed under protective cover
when not in use. Inside furnishings such as drapes, hardwood floors and other
household materials must be cleaned frequently to prevent deterioration. Dustfall
stains and darkens roofs and accumulates in gutters and drain pipes, hastening
deterioration. Newly painted surfaces are quickly soiled, imparting a dingy
appearance to structures in the area.
Figure 11 shows soiling effect of particulates on a residential structure on
Ridge Avenue. To preserve the appearance and value of the property, the owner has
been washing the exterior walls every year and repainting every 2 years.
Residents also express difficulty in maintaining healthy and vigorous
ornamental plantings. Flowers and shrubbery are rendered unattractive by general
dirtiness of petals and leaves.
38
-------
Figure 11. Some soiling shown by partially cleaned exterior wall of
residence in New Cumberland, W. Va.
39
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VI. CALCULATED IMPACT OF TORONTO POWER PLANT ON NEW CUMBERLAND
The contribution of the Toronto Power Plant to the air pollution of New
Cumberland was calculated by using the diffusion equation of Pasquill, as modified
by Gifford. ' Effective plume heights were determined by means of the Holland
15
plume-rise equation. Pollutant concentrations that would occur at time periods
of about 15 to 30 minutes were calculated. Concentrations averaged for a longer
time period would be somewhat lower.
The Toronto Power Plant operates a portion of the time as a "peaking" plant,
that is, a plant that operates only during periods when the demand for power is
high or when other power plants in the system are unable to meet the demand for
power. Pollutant concentrations estimated on the basis of average annual emissions
would not represent the emissions of the plant over periods of a few days or weeks.
An equally serious misrepresentation would arise if the operation of the plant
were in some way weather-sensitive, or if it operated primarily during daytime or
nighttime or during the winter, when winds are strongest and dispersion best, or
during the fall, when stagnations are most frequent. In addition, the plant may
operate the larger units more often than the smaller units. The effective height
of the emissions is greater for the larger units than that from the smaller units;
therefore, plumes from the larger units have a somewhat better opportunity to
disperse before they reach ground-level receptors.
Calculations were made for four locations in New Cumberland: (1) south New
Cumberland, 0.5 kilometer on a bearing of 55 degrees from the plant; (2) central
New Cumberland, 1.0 kilometer on a bearing of 360 degrees from the plant; (3) the
City Building, 1.5 kilometers on a bearing of 340 degrees from the plant; (4) the
ridge above New Cumberland, 2.0 kilometers on a bearing of 355 degrees from the
plant and 290 feet above the base1 elevation of the stacks. The four locations,
shown in Figure 12, constitute representative areas of New Cumberland. The power
plant is located so close to the southern edge of the city, and the hills channel
the airflow so markedly that the impact of plant emissions on different portions
of New Cumberland varies dramatically with wind direction and atmospheric
stability.
Pollutant concentrations were calculated for each receptor point for several
typical wind speed and atmospheric stability conditions; the wind direction was
assumed to cause the plume to travel directly from the source to the receptor.
41
-------
•
X~~~"
\
Figure 12. Topography of air pollution abatement activity area and
locations for which pollutant concentrations were calculated.
42
-------
This concentration, called the "center!ine concentration," was multiplied by a
factor of 0.7 to account for the meander of the plume caused by the normal varia-
tion in wind direction. The results, presented in Table 22 for particulate matter,
are calculated pollutant concentrations for periods of about 30 to 60 minutes.
Table 22. CALCULATED CENTERLINE CONCENTRATIONS FROM TORONTO POWER PLANT
FOR VARIOUS STABILITY CONDITIONS
Receptor
South
New Cumberland
Central
New Cumberland
City Hall
Ridge
Distance,
km
0.5
1.0 '
1.5
2.0
Wind
di rection
SW
S
SSE
S
Stabi 1 ity
class
Slightly
unstable
Neutral
Stable
SI ightly
unstable
Neutral
Stable
SI ightly
unstable
Neutral
Stable
Slightly
unstable
Neutral
Stable
All units
Part, S02,
yg/m3 ppm
301 0.69
20 0.06
a b
1,629 3.39
235 0.55
a b
1,564 3.07
615 1.49
11 b
1,771 3.30
5,887 11.14
10,381 22.17
Unit 11 only
Part S02,
yg/m3 ppm
a b
a b
a b
188 0.24
a b
a b
266 0.34
31 0.04
a b
392 0.50
1,205 1.54
927 1.18
a = <10 pg/m3.
b = <0.02 ppm.
Graphs showing frequency of wind direction by speed classes (wind roses) were
constructed for warm and cold seasons and for daytime and nighttime periods. The
wind data were then related to the occurrence of various stability classes from
data available for nearby Shippingport, Pennsylvania, for comparable periods. The
frequency that each set of atmospheric conditions prevailed could then be estimated
with more reliability. These frequencies were used to weight the short-term con-
centrations calculated for each set of meteorological conditions to provide annual
mean pollution concentrations for each receptor point.
Two important additional assumptions were involved: (1) wind speeds near New
Cumberland were distributed similarly to wind speeds at Steubenville, and (2)
distribution of wind directions at Steubenville would represent the distribution
-------
in New Cumberland, if the Steubenville wind rose, shown in Figure 13, were rotated
22-1/2 degrees (one compass point) counterclockwise. The latter assumption was
made to adjust for the difference in orientation of the valley at New Cumberland
and at Steubenville - a point that is discussed in Appendix B.
The monthly coal consumption (and emissions) of the Toronto Power Plant
varies by a factor of about 2 (Table 4). Consumption tends to be greater during
the cold months, but the pattern is not highly consistent. Calculations were
therefore based on two circumstances: (1) all units operating continuously and
(2) one 66-megawatt unit operating continuously (Unit 11). Table 23 gives the
indicated annual pollutant concentrations caused by the plant under these
circumstances.
Table 23. CALCULATED POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS FROM TORONTO POWER PLANT
Receptor
South
New Cumberland
Central
New Cumberland
City Building
Ridge
Distance ,
km
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Annual
All units
Part,
yg/nP
8
75
98
748
S02,
ppm
b
0.16
0.22
1.40
Unit 11
Part. S02,
yg/m3 ppm
a b
a b
10 b
107 0.17
Max. 30-min center! ine
All units
Part.
pg/m3
301
1,629
1,564
10,381
S02,
ppm
0.69
3-39
3.07
22.17
Unit 11
Part,
yg/m3
a
188
266
1,208
S02)
ppm
b
0.24
0.34
1-54
a = <10 yg/m3.
b = <0.02 ppm.
From Tables 22 and 23, it is apparent that, on an annual basis, the contami-
nation from the plant at the valley receptors is not particularly dramatic;
however, the concentration on the ridge to the north of New Cumberland is 10 times
the annual concentration in the valley. When the plume does impact on the valley
floor, pollutant concentrations are high. The greatest short-term values in the
valley occur with slightly unstable conditions, generally during the day. The
greatest short-term concentrations on the ridge occur with neutral and stable
conditions, generally during the night.
Two types of weather conditions that do occur, but were not considered in the
foregoing analysis, are stagnation and high winds.
44
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NOVEMBER - MARCH DAY
(0700 - 1700)
NOVEMBER - MARCH NIGHT 71
(1800 - 0600)
13.4
APRIL - OCTOBER NIGHT
(1800 - 0600)
APRIL - OCTOBER DAY
(0700 - 1700)
9.6
13.8
14.7
23.7
Figure 13. Seasonal wind roses for Steubenville, W. Va., November 1965
through October 1966 - percent occurrence by direction.
45
-------
The stagnation condition is typified by an intense inversion and very light
winds. An approximation of the impact of the plant emissions during atmospheric
stagnation may be made by assuming that all pollutants are confined to the valley
by an intense inversion at ridge level and that a steady up-valley flow persists at
1 meter per second. The volume of air available to dilute the plant effluents under
these conditions is 240,000 cubic meters per second. If all units of the plant
were operating, the average particulate concentration would be 2270 micrograms per
cubic meter. If only unit 11 were operating, the average particulate concentration
would be 520 micrograms per cubic meter.
A strong wind may cause aerodynamic downwash in the lee of the plant and
force the effluent to ground level close to the plant.
An approximation of the impact of the plant during high winds on the south
New Cumberland receptor across the river from the plant can be made by assuming
the wind was from the southwest, normal to the longest dimension of the plant.
Because the plume would be quickly swept to the ground, the benefits of an ele-
vated source would be lost. For the purposes of the calculations, pollutants are
assumed to be emitted at ground level. Assuming a wind speed of 5 meters per
second and only unit 11 of the plant operating, particulate matter concentrations
exceeding 2000 micrograms per cubic meter may be expected. The downwash situation
may conservatively be anticipated 3 percent of the time.
Conservative assumptions were used in making these calculations. The ash
content of the fuel was assumed to be low for the area where it is mined. The
efficiency of the collectors was assumed to be 80 percent or better, and particles
greater than 44 microns in diameter were assumed to be removed. The plume-rise
formula and the diffusion coefficients were selected so as to attribute as little
contamination as reasonably possible to the plant. The occurrence of fumigations
was not considered because the receptor area is within 2 kilometers of the plant.
The maximum effects of fumigations are usually_more distant; however, it is likely
that the plume from the plant does fumigate the valley and New Cumberland on some
days.
The annual average contribution to degradation of air quality in New
Cumberland is appreciable. It is greatest on hills. The hills to the north of
the New Cumberland Post Office, which are higher than the stacks of the plant,
are estimated to be physically in the plume between 5 and 10 percent of the time.
i
Short-period pollution concentrations caused by the plant are very high, both
in the valley and on the hills. The short-period impact is greatest on valley
locations during the daytime. Because the plume meanders and because the area is
subject to considerable storminess, a particular portion of the city may not be
46
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subject to the plume for long periods. Some part of New Cumberland experiences
pollution from the plant or is under the plume between 40 and 50 percent of the
time.
None of these calculations indicate the impact of emissions from the plant
during intervals when "soot-blowing" is being performed, or when boilers are being
started up.
47
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VII. CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR TORONTO POWER PLANT
Selection of a technique to control pollutant emissions depends upon factors
such as the required degree of control and the economic, social, and political
ramifications of control. Techniques available for control or reduction of
emissions from air pollution sources are:
1. Shutting down operations at the source.
2. Relocating the source.
3. Cleaning the effluent.
4. Substituting a cleaner energy source.
5. Operating under good practices.
These control techniques are discussed in depth for the applicable pollutants in
16
the documents Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants and Control
Techniques for Sulfur Oxide Air Pollutants!7
SOURCE SHUTDOWN
Although source shutdown is a drastic control technique, this technique
should not be disregarded as a means to control air pollution from one power
plant in a large power-generation system. Source shutdown promptly and completely
eliminates emissions from the offending source; however, shutting down requires
consideration of many factors.
In view of the age of Toronto Power Plant equipment, high production
expenses because of the age and type of equipment, and small plant size and in
view of established power industry policy of phasing out operations at older,
less productive installations, shutdown of some or all of the boilers at the
Toronto Power Plant should be weighed carefully.
GAS CLEANING
Particulate matter and sulfur oxides can be removed from the combustion gases
of pulverized-coal-fired boilers. Mechanical collectors and electrostatic
precipitators are the devices commonly used for removal of particulate matter.
Flue gas desulfurization systems for large power plant boilers are in the advanced
stages of application, but as yet have not been proved effective for control at
commercial installations.
The design efficiencies of the Toronto Power Plant flyash collectors are the
maximum that might be expected for mechanical collectors applied to pulverized-
49
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coal-fired boilers. Although tests might show that collector design efficiencies
are not being achieved at the Toronto Power Plant, efficiency of these collectors
is not important because even the most effective type of mechanical collector would
be inadequate for Toronto Power Plant control requirements.
Devices capable of achieving higher efficiencies than those of the mechanical
collectors are fabric filters, high-efficiency scrubbers, and electrostatic
precipitators. All are capable of achieving at least 99 percent efficiency on
certain applications; however, only the electrostatic precipitator is commonly
applied to pulverized-coal-fired boilers. Costs of electrostatic precipitator
systems exclusive of stack costs are given in Table 24.
Table 2k. ESTIMATED COSTS FOR CONTROL OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
TORONTO POWER PLANT ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Boi ler
number
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
Total
Gas
vo 1 ume , a
acfm
135,000
135,000
135,000
135,000
150,000
150,000
150,000
220,000
282,000
282,000
1,774,000
Installed
equipment costs, >c
1000's of dollars
95
percent
remova 1
125-195
125-195
125-195
125-195
135-210
135-210
135-210
175-285
210-350
210-350
1500-2395
99+
percent
remova 1
195-250
195-250
195-250
195-250
210-275
210-275
210-275
285-360
350-440
350-440
2395-3065
Annual ized
operation costs, b>c
1000's of dollars
95
percent
remova 1
22-30
22-30
22-30
22-30
24-32
24-32
24-32
29-38
33-44
33-44
2555-342
99+
percent
removal
30-40
30-40
30-40
30-40
32-44
32-44
32-44
38-52
44-60
44-60
342-464
Information from Ohio Edison Company.
Information from Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D. C.,
Publication No. AP-51, January 19&9.
Does not include cost of stacks.
Selection and application of electrostatic precipitators on pulverized-coal-
fired boilers requires great care if desired efficiencies are to be realized con-
sistently. As a minimum the design should provide for:
1. Adequate transformer and rectifier capacity.
2. Sectionalization with a separate automatic power controls to facilitate
50
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optimum collection in the various dust collection zones.
3. Sufficient collecting surface area and volume to handle adequately the
dust and combustion gas load even during soot-blowing operations.
4. Provision for uniform flow distribution within the collector.
5. Automatic rapping controls, which provide for continuous or staggered
rapping.
6. Adequately sized and sloped fly-ash hoppers preferably equipped with
hopper rappers.
7. Adequately sized conveyors to handle the flyash in proportion to
collection rates in the various precipitator collection zones.
Wherever possible, the original design should provide for future changes in fuels
such as the use of low-sulfur coal. With proper design, installation, operation,
and maintenance practices, 99 percent of the particulate emissions from pulverized-
coal-fired boilers such as those at the Toronto Power Plant can be consistently
recovered.
Flue gas desulfurization systems are offered commercially for application to
power plant boilers similar to those at the Toronto Power Plant. These systems
have promise of removing more than 90 percent of the sulfur oxides from the com-
bustion gases. Applications of a limestone-based injection-type wet process are in
advanced stages on at least three power plant boilers in the 125,000- to 420,000-
kilowatt range. A sulfite-liquor-type scrubbing system has been applied recently
to a 25,000-kilowatt prototype unit as part of a plan to desulfurize flue gases
from several power plant boilers in the 190,000- to 575,000-kilowatt range. Con-
struction costs for full-scale application of the sulfide liquor process are
roughly estimated at $12 per kilowatt capacity. Other processes offered commercial-
ly or near this stage of development are limestone-based injection-type dry pro-
cesses and a catalytic-oxidation-type process. There is presently insufficient in-
formation available on any flue gas desulfurization process to class it as commercial-
ly applicable.
In view of the uncertainty regarding the effectiveness and cost of flue gas
desulfurization, any plan for this type of control at the Toronto Power Plant
should include ample time for trial of the process on a single boiler before all
plant boilers are equipped for this kind of control.
ENERGY SUBSTITUTION
Energy substitution alternatives for the Toronto Power Plant are use of low-
sulfur fuel, fuel oil, or natural gas.
Use of low-sulfur fuel reduces sulfur oxide emissions in direct proportion to
the reduction in fuel sulfur content. Coupled with good combustion practice, the
use of low-sulfur fuel oil at the Toronto Power Plant would most likely reduce
51
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visible emissions from the plant.
Since technology is not developed for accurately predicting the density of the
visible plume from oil-fired boilers in the size range of the Toronto Power Plant
boilers, an element of risk would be involved if a change to fuel oil were made to
eliminate visible plumes. Use of fuel oil would reduce particulate emissions at
full plant load from an estimated 2.2 tons per hour to an estimated 280 pounds per
hour.
Use of natural gas fuel would reduce particulate matter and sulfur oxide
emissions below significant air pollution levels.
According to 1966 U.S. Department of Interior estimates Uest Virginia coal
reserves include 61.8 billion tons of less than 2 percent sulfur content, 48.5
billion tons of less than 1.5 percent sulfur content, and 26.7 billion tons of
less than 1 percent sulfur content. There are other less substantial coal
18
reserves in Ohio and neighboring states that contain less than 2 percent sulfur.
In view of the magnitude of available reserves, a supply of coal for the Toronto
Power Plant could be found to meet specification limits of 2 percent, 1-1/2 percent,
or 1 percent sulfur content. Before selection of this alternative, a study would
have to be made of the cost and availability of grades of low-sulfur coal suitable
for use in dry bottom type boilers.
Any study of fuel substitution should also include the availability and cost
of natural gas and low-sulfur fuel oil on a complete or a partial substitution
basis.
GOOD PRACTICE
Good practice for combustion processes involves proper selection, application,
installation, operation, and maintenance of combustion equipment and related
auxiliaries. Since the Ohio Edison Company is well staffed with competent
engineers, supervisors, and operating and maintenance employees, it is assumed
that emissions cannot be reduced appreciably by improvements in plant operation
or maintenance practices related to equipment presently installed.
DISPERSION FROM STACKS
In general, stacks are used to provide for a reduction of ground level con-
centration by giving natural atmospheric turbulence an opportunity to dilute the
pollutant before it reaches receptors. Along with control of emissions, it may
be useful to use the natural dilution provided by stacks to obtain desired air
quality. The approximate cost of tall stacks is shown in Figure 14.
52
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3,000
2 2,000
1,000
o
u
<
i-
X
o
a:
o_
so°
^INSIDE DIAMETER AT TOP
•Includes foundations
300
300
400
500 600 700
STACK HEIGHT, feet
800
900
1,000
Figure 14. Approximate installed costs of stacks.
53
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VIII. REFERENCES
1. A Meteorological Survey of the PWR Site at Shippingport, Pennsylvania, Special
Projects Section, Office of Meteorological Research, U. S. Department of Com-
merce, Weather Bureau, Washington, D, C., December 1967.
2. Consumer Reports, "Pollution in the Air We Breathe," Vol. 25, No. 8, August
1960, Consumers Union, Mount Vernon, New York.
3. Air Quality Criteria for Particulates, National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration Publication No. AP-49.
4. Air Quality Criteria for Sulfur Oxides, National Air Pollution Control Admin-
istration Publication No. AP-50.
5. Heggestad, H. E. and Middleton, J. T., "Ozone in High Concentrations as Cause
of Tobacco Leaf Injury," Science, 129, 208-210 (1959).
6. Menser, H. A., Heggestad, H. E., and Street, 0. E. "Response of Plants to Air
Pollution. II. Effects of Ozone Concentrations and Leaf Maturity on Injury
to Nicotiana Tabacum," Phytopath., 53:1304-1308 (1963).
7. Middleton, J. T., Kendrick, J. G., Jr., and Darley, E. F., "Air Borne Oxidants
as Plant-Damaging Agents," National Air Pollution Symposium, Stanford Research
Institute, 1955.
8. Hindawi, I. J., Dunning, J. A., and Brandt, C. S., "Morphological and Micro-
scopical Changes in Tobacco, Bean, and Petunia Leaves Exposed to Irradiated
Automobile Exhaust," Phytopathology, Volume 55, No. 1, 27-30, January 1965.
9. Haggen-Smith, A. J., Darley, E. F., Zaitlin, M., Hull, H., and Nobile, W. H.,
1952, Investigation on Injury to Plants from Air Pollution in the Los Angeles
Area. Plant Physio!. 27:18-34.
10. Thomas, M. D., Hendricks, R. H., and Hill, G. R., "Sulfur Metabolism of Plants."
Ind. Eng. Chem., 42:2231-35, November 1950.
11. Menser, H. A. and Heggestad, H. E., Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Synergism: In-
jury to Tobacco Plants, Science, July 1966, Vol. 153, No. 3734, pp. 424-425.
12. Heck, W. W., "Factors Influencing Expression of Oxidant Damage to Plants,"
Annual review of phytopathology (in press).
13. Pasquill, F., Atmospheric Diffusion, D. Van Nostrand Co., Ltd., London, 1962.
14. Gifford, F. A., "Use of Routine Meteorological Observations for Estimating At-
mospheric Dispersion", Nuclear Safety, 2(4) June 1961.
15. Holland, J. Z., Meteorological Survey of Oak Ridge Area, United States Atomic
Energy Commission Report ORO-99, Weather Bureau, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1953.
55
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16. Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants. National Air Pollution Con-
trol Administration Publication No. AP-51, Washington, D. C., January 1969.
17. Control Techniques for Sulfur Oxide Air Pollutants. National Air Pollution
Control Administration Publication No. AP-52, Washington, D. C., January 1969.
18. De Carlo, J. A., E. T. Sheridan, and Z. E. Murphy, Sulfur Content of United
States Coals. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., Infor-
mation Circular 8312, 1966.
56
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IX. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. CORRESPONDENCE AND RESOLUTION
Letter from Mayor Arthur L. Watson to Secretary Robert Finch, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare
Resolution of Common Council, City of New Cumberland, West Virginia
APPENDIX B. DILUTION CLIMATE OF OHIO VALLEY NEAR NEW CUMBERLAND
Winds
Stability
Stagnations
Effects of Valley on Plume Behavior
APPENDIX C. AIR POLLUTION OPINION SURVEY MADE BY MAYOR'S COMMITTEE ON AIR
POLLUTION
Listing of Survey Questions
Tabulated Results of Survey
57
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APPENDIX A
City of New Cumberland
NEW CUMBERLAND, WEST VIRGINIA 26047
March 14, 1969
Honorable Robert Finch
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Washington, D. C.
Dear Secretary Finch,
The City of New Cumberland requests the federal government's inter-
vention for the abatement of interstate air pollution. We request under
Section 108 of the Air Quality Act of 1967 immediate action for the enforcement of
this Act.
We know the National Air Pollution Control Administration has collected
information including some unknown amounts of sampling data, and wind sampling
data from our area. We fully'understand that action is going forward in establish-
ing a region. Despite that activity, there is an urgent need for interstate
abatement enforcement action against the Ohio Edison power plant located near
Toronto, Ohio, without waiting for regional agency development.
We are asking high priority to this action because the air pollution is
so flagrant. The federal government has been aware of this problem so long and
the company has made so many loose promises that the City of New Cumberland, West
Virginia, is seeking your intervention with a goal of complete abatement of
interstate air pollution. Promises of a brighter future by the management of
Ohio Edison are not enough, for the people of New Cumberland have suffered this
dreaded evil too long.
Sincerely,
Arthur L. Watson
Mayor
ALWrnfs
Enclosures (7)
A-l
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RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL
OF THE
CITY OF NEW CUMBERLAND, WEST VIRGINIA
WHEREAS, many residents of the City of New Cumberland, West Virginia,
are seriously affected by discharges, causing or contributing to air pollution,
originating in or near the City of Toronto, Ohio, and these discharges are caused
by the Ohio Edison Power Plant in or near Toronto, Ohio.
WHEREAS, these discharges, causing or contributing to air pollution, are
endangering the health or welfare of many residents of the City of New Cumberland,
West Virginia, including soiling and interference with visibility.
WHEREAS, in the opinion of the Common Council of the City of New
Cumberland, it is now necessary to seek further, formalized assistance from the
federal air pollution control agency because previous lesser forms of federal
assistance have not been sufficiently effective.
AND, WHEREAS, in the best judgment of qualified air pollution control
specialists, the past actions and the promised corrective measures indicated for
the future by the Ohio Edison Power Company management provide no assurance of
prompt or comprehensively adequate improvement, even though such improvement is
available and feasible.
NOW, THEREFORE, be it resolved by the Common Council of the City of New
Cumberland that we formally request the Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare of the United States to assist the residents of New Cumberland by insti-
tuting an interstate abatement action, with full recognition that the full
procedure, if eventually required, will take many calendar months from the
beginning date of the first step.
And be it further resolved that we hereby request the Governor of West
Virginia to concur with this resolution and submit his concurrence to the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare of the United States as soon as
possible, sending a copy of his concurrence to the Council of the City of New
Cumberland.
A-2
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And be it further resolved that we hereby request the State of West
Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission to concur with this resolution and
submit their concurrence to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare of
the United States as soon as possible, sending a copy of their concurrence to the
Council of the City of New Cumberland.
Adopted by unanimous vote of the Council, this 3rd day of February, 1969.
signed by: Arthur L. Watson
Mayor
Voting Aye:
Lawrence Andrews
F. Dean Chamberlain
Hervey Swearingen
George Wei gel
Charles Woofter
Voting Nay:
None
Not Present:
.Robert Mills
ATTEST:
signed by: Nedra F. Schlee
City Clerk
flTTP_T_ signed by: Arch A. Moore, Jr.
Governor, State of West Virginia
signed by: Herbert E. Jones, Jr.
Air Pollution Control Commission,
ATTEST: State of West Virginia
A-3
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APPENDIX B - DILUTION CLIMATE OF OHIO VALLEY NEAR NEW CUMBERLAND
The atmosphere disperses and dilutes pollutants emitted into it. The rate at
which dispersion and dilution occur is dependent upon the speed of the wind and
atmospheric turbulence. Meteorological factors that are indicators of the dilution
climate are speed and direction of the wind, atmospheric stability, and the inci-
dence of stagnations. A long-term assessment of these factors for the New Cumber-
land area is discussed on the following pages.
Winds
Valleys tend to channel air flow so as to cause wind from certain directions to
occur frequently and steadily (Figure B-l). Wind speeds in the valley are somewhat
lower than those experienced at ridge level. Both channeled winds and low wind
speeds adversely affect the rate at which pollution is dispersed and are significant
considerations in assessing the dilution climate of New Cumberland.
Figure B-l. Schematic of distortion of wind flow by a valley.
(After: Meteorology and Atomic Energy - 1968)
B-l
-------
A comparison of wind roses (Figure B-2) for Wheeling Airport and for valley
locations at Steubenville, Wheeling, and Moundsville reveals the extent that the
valley channels the wind along the upper Ohio River. The ridge-level flow, repre-
sented by the Wheeling Airport wind rose, is primarily from the south and southwest.
It is least frequent from the north and east. The frequency of wind directions at
the valley stations, operated by the National Air Pollution Control Administration
during an air pollution investigation in the upper Ohio River Valley in 1965 and
1966, are markedly skewed. The most frequent directions are generally parallel to
the orientation of the valley near the location of the wind sensor.
The wind speeds in the valley are markedly less than at ridge level. The mean
wind speed at Wheeling Airport for the 12 months from November 1965 through October
1966 was 9.3 miles per hour (mph). The valley stations were considerably less
windy. The average wind speed at Steubenville was 5.1 mph; at Wheeling, 6.2 mph;
and at Moundsville, 4.6 mph. The difference between valley and ridge-level wind
speeds was greatest at night. During summer nights, average wind speeds in the
valley were only half as strong as those on'the ridge. In the winter, they
averaged about two-thirds as strong as on the ridge. In general, wind speeds in the
valley were about 0.6 of the ridge-level speed.
A speed of 7 mph is considered to be near the minimum wind speed necessary to
provide adequate dispersion in areas where emissions of pollution are not excessive.
During the 1965-1966 period, wind speeds sensed in the valley at Steubenville were
7 mph, or less, 75 percent of the time. At night, the light winds occurred over 90
percent of the time. They were particularly frequent during the summer and fall.
No wind speed data were collected by NAPCA in the valley at New Cumberland,
but it is reasonable to infer from data collected a few miles downstream that:
1. Terrain factors significantly influence wind directions in the valley.
Most frequent wind directions at New Cumberland are undoubtedly generally
parallel to the orientation of the valley, from the south and southeast
and from the northwest.
2. Wind speeds in the valley average about 60 percent of the speed observed
at ridge level. The difference between wind speed in the valley and on
the ridge is greatest during the night.
Stability
Atmospheric stability, measured by the rate of change in temperature with
height, provides indications of the rate that comtaminants are diluted in the
vertical direction. Lapse stability conditions, a rapid decrease in temperature
with height, favor rapid dispersion and are most frequent during the day, when the
sun heats the earths surface. Stable or inversion conditions, an increase in tem-
perature with height, suppress dispersion. Stable conditions occur most frequently
B-2
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WHEELING AIRPORT
STEUBENVILLE SOUTHSIDE
FIRE STATION
8.3
4.0
4.9
5.5
12.0
4.0
3.4
10.7
WHEELING MUNCIPAL
MOUNDSVILLE FEDERAL OFFICE
BUILDING
17.4
Figure B-2. Wind roses for various locations in upper Ohio River Valley.
B-3
-------
at night, particularly on clear nights, when radiation from the earth cools its
surface and the air near the surface. An intermediate stability condition, between
lapse and stable, is referred to as neutral. Neutral stability is characterized
by no change, or a slight decrease, in temperature with height. It is associated
with windy and cloudy weather.
No information on stability is available for New Cumberland itself; however,
the U.S. Weather Bureau gathered stability data near Shippingport, Pennsylvania,
about 20 miles upriver, from 1955 through 1957. Data were also collected by per-
sonnel associated with the National Air Pollution Control Administration at Steuben-
ville during the spring of 1968 and at wheeling in 1965 and 1966. Stability data
were also assembled by NAPCA as part of an air pollution investigation of the upper
Ohio River Valley.
At Shippingport, the temperature difference was measured between temperature
sensors mounted 30 feet above the valley floor and near the crest of the ridge, to
indicate valley stability.1 The ridge-level sensor was 400 feet above the sensor
in the valley. Data for 2200 LSI (10 p.m.), a typical nighttime hour, showed
inversions occurring 44 percent of the time. The Pittsburgh upper-air station
indicated inversion within 500 feet above the ridge about 32 percent of the time.
The Shippingport measurements indicated that inversions in the valley persisted for
at least 8 consecutive hours in about 30 percent of the cases, for 12 hours in about
18 percent of the cases, and for 16 hours in about 5 percent of the cases.
The hourly frequencies of inversions on an annual basis and by seasons are
presented in Figures B-3 through B-7. The distribution of lapse or slightly
unstable conditions by season and by hour is shown in Figure B-8. The summarization
of the occurrence of stability categories by season and on an annual basis is shown
in Figure B-9.1 Lapse conditions were more prevalent than neutral or inversion
conditions. They occurred about half the time during the winter nighttime hours,
and between 80 and 90 percent of the time during mid-afternoon during all seasons.
Vertical temperature-difference information obtained near Steubenville was
derived from temperature sensors on the valley floor and on a hill 325 feet above
the valley. In general, the data agreed with data for the spring season at Shipping-
port; however, the frequency of inversion hours was somewhat higher at Steubenville
with 33 percent occurrence compared to 19 percent during the springs of 1956 and
1957 at Shippingport. Several factors, such as location and observation methods,
may have contributed to the difference in inversion frequency; although it is more
likely that the difference resulted largely from dissimilarities of weather regimes
during the two periods of record. March 1968, for instance, was notably lacking in
the usual turbulent activity that marks this transitional month.2
B-4
-------
50
40
2 30
*St
tt
LU
>
z
u.
o
u
ct
20
10
24 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
HOUR
Figure B-3. Annual hourly distribution of inversions and wind speed at
Shippingport, Pa., June 1955 - May 1957.
The Wheeling data were obtained from tethered balloon soundings made periodi-
cally during 1965 and 1966. The balloon carried a temperature sensor to about 1000
feet. The soundings were made from Wheeling Island, a valley location in the middle
of the Ohio River at Wheeling, about 30 miles downstream from New Cumberland.
Measurements were made during four different periods: (1) November 16-22, 1965;
(2) March 2-7, 1966; (3) July 7-13, 1966; and (4) October 31 - November 6, 1966.
A total of 89 soundings were analyzed and classified according to four sta-
bility categories. The frequency of these stabilities is shown in Table B-l.
Stable conditions were found in 48 percent of the cases. Inversions were detected
in 20 percent of the daytime cases and 78 percent of the nighttime cases.
B-5
-------
so
40
o
u.
o
LJJ
a.
30
20
10
24 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
HOUR
Figure B-4. Hourly distribution of inversions and wind speed at
Shippingport, Pa., winter season 1955 - 1957.
The Wheeling data indicate a higher frequency of inversions than was experienced
at Shippingport in 1955 - 1957 and at Steubenville in 1968. A greater depth of the
atmosphere was sampled at Wheeling; therefore, inversions above the ridge level
were sensed. In addition, the sounding system used at Wheeling could not be
operated during periods when precipitation was occurring or when the wind speed
exceeded 15 mph. These two conditions biased the results toward stable conditions.
The data did reveal that inversions aloft, which may more affectively confine plumes
from elevated sources than ground-based inversions, occurred 8 percent of the time.
Though the sample was small, inversions aloft occurred as frequently during the day
as at night.
B-6
-------
50
40
2 30
20
10
24 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
HOUR
Figure B-5. Seasonal hourly distribution of inversions and wind speed at
Shippingport, Pa., spring season 1956 - 1957.
In summary, the stability information shows that the upper Ohio River Valley
experienced conditions that markedly suppress vertical dispersion about 20 percent
of the time on an annual basis. Lapse conditions occur about 50 percent of the
time. Inversions occur least frequently during the winter; however, during night-
time hours of the summer and fall, stable or inversion conditions pre/ail more than
one-third of the time.
Stagnations
Stagnations are prolonged periods of poor dispersion. They are caused by
large-scale weather processes in which an area of weak winds develops and moves
slowly or becomes stationary over an area. Skies are usually clear and winds very
light. The air in the stagnating cells generally subsides, warming as it descends.
B-7
-------
60
50
40
o
o:
- 30
1L
O
UJ
u
ct
20
10
24 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
HOUR
Figure B-6. Seasonal hourly distribution of inversions at Shippingport,
Pa., summer season 1955 - 1956.
This produces an inversion aloft which, in contrast to the more common surface-
based inversion, may not entirely dissipate during the daylight hours. The inver-
sion aloft may persist for several days. During such periods, pollutants may
collect beneath the "lid," and very high levels of contamination develop. Korshover
found that stagnations lasting 4 days or more occur over the upper Ohio River area
about twice a year. Those lasting 7 days or more occur about once in 5 years.
Effects of Valley on Plume Behavior
The meteorological factors that relate to the general dilution climate can be
B-8
-------
50
40
r
2 30
V)
a:
Ul
u
QL
LU
Q.
20
10
vXoi'-MvVi,
24 01 02 03 04 OS 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
HOUR
Figure B-7. Seasonal hourly distribution of inversions at Shippingport,
Pa., fall season 1955 - 1956.
applied to most pollution problems. Special considerations are appropriate, however,
when one source is the matter of concern. In the New Cumberland case, the major
concern is a plant located in a narrow valley. It emits contaminants from stacks
that are below the height of the surrounding ridges. Particular, though by no means
uncommon, problems develop when the wind is essentially perpendicular to the valley.
When the general wind direction is perpendicular to the valley, one of two
patterns of valley flow is likely (Figure B-10): (1) The pattern characterized by
lee separation of the flow at about ridge level is more likely to occur when the
atmosphere is either unstable or when a pronounced inversion is located at about
ridge level (Figure B-lOa). A complex eddy may form in the valley. Wind directions
are not closely related to the wind above the ridge. Wind speeds in the valley are
likely to be significantly lighter. (2) The pattern characterized by flow that
B-9
-------
u
cc
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
- WINTER
- SPRING
- SUMMER
U
I i
Tl
i
- FALL
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
HOUR
B-8. Hourly distribution of lapse. Lapse conditions were considered to
exist when the temperature at 400 feet minus the temperature at 30
feet was 52.1° F at Shippingport, Pa., June 1955 - May 1957.
B-10
-------
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
LAPSE
±-2.1 F
NEUTRAL
-2.0 TO 0.0 F
INVERSION
•0.1 F
LJlf
w
WSSF A WSSF A WSSF A
PERCENT OF SEASONAL HOURS
Figure B-9. Annual and seasonal percent occurrences of lapse-rate categories
at Shippingport, Pa., June 1955 - May 1957.
follows the configuration of the valley is more likely to occur under neutral or
slightly stable conditions (Figure B-lOb). The wind speed in the valley is less
than above the ridge, but the wind direction is generally similar to that of the
ridge-level wind.
The pattern the flow takes is dependent on several factors. The slope of the
valley sides, the wind speed and the atmospheric stability are among them. According
to Slade, the pattern showing lee separation (Figure B-lOa) is more likely to occur
when the lower atmosphere is unstable. "The resulting state is determined by a
B-ll
-------
Table B-1. SUMMARY OF VERTICAL TEMPERATURE SOUNDINGS AT
WHEELING, WEST VIRGINIA, BY STABILITY CLASSES
Cases
All (89)
%
Daya (49)
%
Nightb (40)
9-
•b
G round-based
i nvers ion (S)
36
40
8
16
28
70
Cond i t i ona 1 ,
i nvers ion
aloft (C)
7
8
4
8
3
8
Neutral (N)
39
44
30
61
9
22
Unstable (U)
7
8
7
14
0
0
Day - sunrise to sunset.
Night - sunset to sunrise.
balance between topographical and meteorological conditions. Moreover, if these
conditions are not strongly defined, it may be possible for the pattern to change
back and forth, as first one, then another, balance is struck among the acting
forces."" Figure B-ll represents typical plume configurations under these two
common types of cross-valley flow.
If a plant is located on the windward side of the valley and its stack does
not extend above ridge level, its plume often will be brought to the surface much
closer to the plant than if it were located on level ground (Figure B-12).
The cross-valley flow situation is particularly pertinent to the Toronto Power
Plant because its stacks are short in relation to the height of the plant and the
plant is located at the mouth of Croxton Run. This location is somewhat more
(a)
(b)
Figure B-10. Flow pattern with general wind flow perpendicular to valley.
Stability: (a) generally unstable (b) generally neutral to
slightly stable.
B-12
-------
(a)
(b)
Figure B-ll. Schematic of plume from a short stack located in a valley with
general flow perpendicular to the valley (a) unstable atmosphere,
(b) neutral or stable atmosphere.
'ifinTmnnniiiiiiiniiiiiiii,
(a)
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
(b)
Figure B-12. Schematics of plume from plant location on lee of hill (a)
and on level terrain (b). Wind speeds assumed to be average;
stability near neutral.
exposed to strong winds from the southwest than many other portions of the valley.
If winds are sufficiently strong, aerodynamic downwash occurs in the lee of the
plant. This situation is shown schematically in Figure B-13.
The distribution of contaminants emitted from a source that may produce a
downwash situation is a function of a great variety of factors. Some of them are
the geometric characteristics of the building and the terrain, the orientation of
the building to the wind, the mean wind speed, the variability of the wind direction,
atmospheric stability, the difference in temperature between the effluent and the
air, and the velocity of the effluent from the stack. When downwash occurs, the
maximum ground-level concentrations occur much closer to the source than normal.
B-13
-------
DISPLACEMENT FLOW
•BUILDING '-CAVITY
Figure B-13. Schematic of flow about a cubical building (After Halitsky).
The benefits of emitting the effluent from elevated stacks are essentially lost.
Without very detailed information concerning the meteorology near the plant
and concerning the plant-operating patterns, it is hazardous to estimate the fre-
quency that downwash may occur or the pollution concentrations that may be experi-
enced. A reasonable meteorological judgment would be that strong southwest winds
•
would occur at the plant about the same frequency that they occur on the ridge.
Wheeling Airport experiences southwest winds in excess of 5 meters per second about
3 percent of the time. It is reasonable to expect that the southern portion of New
Cumberland, which is immediately downwind of the plant, when the wind is from the
southwest, may suffer the effects of aerodynamic downwash at least this often.
If the wind is essentially parallel to the axis of the valley and the effluent
is emitted below the level of the ridge, the valley walls will inhibit the usual
horizontal spread and dispersion of the plume. When the atmosphere in the valley
is stable, or when an inversion prevails above the stack, the horizontal dispersion
is particularly inhibited. Under such circumstances, the plume and contaminants
may be confined to the valley for an extended period of time (Figure B-14).
B-14
-------
Figure B-14. Schematic of valley confining a plume. Stable conditions and
flow along valley axis. (After: ASME Recommended Guide for
the Prediction of the Dispersion of Airborne Effluents.)
Appendix B References
1. A Meteorological Survey of the PWR Site at Shippingport, Pennsylvania, Special
Projects Section, Office of Meteorological Research, U. S. Department of Com-
merce, Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. , December 1967.
2. Local Climatological Data, Annual Summary with Comparative Data, 1965, 1966,
1968. Greater Pittsburgh Airport, Pennsylvania, U. S. Department of Conmerce
Environmental Science Services Administration. Environmental Data Service.
3. Korshover, J., Climatology of Stagnating Anticyclones East of the Rocky Moun-
tains, 1936-1965. Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-34. 1967.
4. Slade, David H., ed., Meteorology and Atomic Energy. Atomic Energy Commission
(Tid-24190) Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1968.
B-15
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APPENDIX C AIR POLLUTION SURVEY
1. Name
2. Age
3. Address
4. Length of Residence
5. Home Owner or Rent.
6. Married or Single
7. Children How Many
8. Type of fuel burned?
9. Do you think an air pollution problem exists?.
10. Does it affect your health or the health of your family?
11. If so, how does it affect you or members of your family?
12. Remarks of family physician:
13. Do you experience physical discomfort, such as buring of eyes,
choking sensation, foul odors, ect. ?
14. If so, explain this discomfort.
15. Is your property affected by air pollution?.
16. If so, explain how your property is affected.
a. Paint damage
b. Gutter and downspout
c. Roof
d. Interior of house and furnishings .
e. Plant life
f. Other
17. Does the air pollution prevent you from enjoying outdoor activities ?.
I
18. If so, explain. _
19. Are you ashamed to have out of town guests visit you?
20. Have you thought of moving because of air pollution?
21. Does the air pollution prevent your children from playing out and
enjoying the outdoors ?
22. If so, explain.
23. What do you believe to be the chief cause of air pollution?.
C-l
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AIR POLLUTION SURVEY
1. Total interviews
a. Families - 391
b. Individuals - 1302
2. Date of Interviews
July 24-30
3. Home owner - 2?4
Rent - 115
If. Length of residence
a. 0 - 1 Year - 25
b. 2 - 5 Years - 68
c. 6 - 10 Years - 34
d. 11 Years and up - 250 - No Comment - 14
5. Type of fuel burned
a. Gas - 339
b. Coal - 42
c. Other - 10
6. Do you think an air pollution problem exists in N6w Cumberland?
a. Yes - 390
b. No - 0 No Comment - 1
7. Does air pollution affect your health or the health of your family?
a. Yes - 339 d. Allergies - 40
b. No - 16 e. Emphysemia - 6
f. Headaches - 7
a. Burning of eyes - 49 g. Mental - 10
b. Choking - 96 h. High blood pressure - 2
c. Sinus - Respiritory - 215
8. Is your property affected by air pollution?
a. Yes - 369 c. Roof - 255
b. No - 5 d. Interior-furnishings - 274
e. Plant life - 389
a. Paint damage - 311 f. Other - 200
b. Gutter-downspout - 219
9. Does the air pollution prevent you from enjoying outdoor activities?
a. Yes - 334
b. No - 24 No Comment - 33
10. Are you ashamed to have out of town guests visit you?
a. Yes 293
b. No - 35 No Comment - 63
11. Have.you thought of moving because of air pollution?
a. Yes - 256
b. No - 76 No Comment - 59
12. What do you believe to be the chief cause of air pollution?
a. Ohio Edison Power Plant - 370
b. Stratton - 35
c. Factories - 10
d. Roads - 5
e. Coal Burning - 1
* U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969—S'ly-'tl 0/16
C-2
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