United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA-600/7-86-002a
January 1986
&EPA Research and
Development
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF
NOX CONTROL ON A SPARK-IGNITED,
LARGE-BORE, RECIPROCATING
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE
Volume I. Technical Results
Prepared for
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Prepared by
Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of. control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-86-002a
January 1S86
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF NOX
CONTROL ON A SPARK-IGNITED
LARGE BORE RECIPROCATING
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Volume I
Technical Results
by
C. Castaldini
Acurex Corporation
Energy & Environmental Division
555 Clyde Avenue
P.O. Box 7555
Mountain View, California 94039
Contract No. 68-02-3188
Project Officer
R.E. Hall
Combustion Research Branch
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for:
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Charles Newton, chief engineer of Fairbanks Morse Division of Colt
Industries, provided Acurex with the availability of test engine, laboratory
facilities, and general program support. Gene Kasel and Lew Sura, also of
Colt Industries, provided technical direction and support throughout the test
program and during evaluation of the results. The interest and cooperation
of these gentlemen was valuable to the success of this program and is greatly
appreciated. Special recognition is also extended to the Acurex field test
crew under the supervision of Bruce DaRos, assisted by Peter Kaufmann,
Peter Render, and Gregg Nicoll. Their dedicated work and long hours
permitted the successful completion of the test program.
ii
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements 11
1 Introduction 1-1
2 Test Engine Description 2-1
3 NOX Control and Emissions Results 3-1
3.1 Engine Operating Parameters and Test Variables ... 3-1
3.2 Criteria Pollutant and Other Gas Phase
Species Emission Results 3-4
3.3 Trace Element Emission Results 3-7
3.4 Organic Emissions Results 3-11
3.4.1 Ci to C5, TCO, and Gravimetric Analyses 3-12
3.4.2 Infrared Spectra of Total Extracts 3-17
3.4.3 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis
for POM and Other Organic Compounds 3-19
3.4.4 Liquid Chromatography of Selected Sample
Extracts 3-19
3.4.5 IR Spectra of LC Fractions 3-23
3.4.6 Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis
of LC Fractions 3-25
4 Environmental Assessment 4-1
4.1 Emissions Assessment 4-1
4.2 Bioassay Analysis 4-2
4.3 Summary 4-4
Appendices
A. Sampling and Analysis Methods A-l
3. Trace Element Concentrations B-I
C. Conversion Units and Sample Calculations C-i
D. Glossary of Acronyms D-l
iii
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FIGURES
Number Page
2-1 Cross section of opposed piston spark-Ignited
Model 38DS8-1/8 engine 2-2
2-2 Cycle diagram opposed piston spark-ignited
engine 2-3
2-3 Schematic of turbo-blower arrangement 2-4
2-4 Natural gas spark ignition cell 2-6
3-l(a) Summary of organic and particulate emission
results ng/J baseline test 3-15
3-l(b) Summary of organic and particulate emission
results ng/J low-NOx test 3-16
IV
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TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Completed Tests During the Current Program 1-4
2-1 Turbocharged Spark Engine Specification 2-7
3-1 Engine Operating Parameters and Ambient
Atmospheric Conditions Spark-Ignited Engine . . 3-2
3-2 Criteria and Other Gas Species Emissions From
Spark-Ignited Engine During Baseline and Low-N0x
Test 3-5
3-3 Trace Element Flowrates 3-8
3-4 Summary of Total Organic Emissions from
Spark-Ignited Engine 3-13
3-5 Summary of Infrared Spectra of Total Sample
Extracts 3-18
3-6 Compounds Sought in GC/MS Analysis and Their
Detection Limits 3-20
3-7 POM Emission Summary for Spark-Ignited Engine .... 3-21
3-8 TCO and GRAV Results for Column Chromatography
of the Baseline Test XAD-2 Extract 3-21
3-9 TCO and GRAV Results for Column Chromatography
of the Low-N0x Test Filter Extract 3-22
3-10 TCO and GRAV Results for Column Chromatography
of the Low-N0x Test XAD-2 Extract 3-22
3-11 Summary of IR Spectra for LC Fractions of
XAD-2 Extracts 3-24
3-12 Summary of the IR Spectra for LC Fractions of
the Low NOX Test Particulate Extract 3-26
3-13 Summary of LRMS Analyses 3-27
4-1 Exhaust Gas Pollutants Emitted at Concentrations
Exceeding 0.1 of their Occupational Exposure
Limit 4-3
4-2 Bioassay Results Spark-Ignited Engine 4-4
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This report describes and presents results for a set of environmental
assessment tests performed for the Environmental Protection Agency's
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (EPA/AEERL). Research Tri-
angle Park, under the Combustion Modification Environmental Assessment
(CMEA) program, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3188. The CMEA started in 1976 with a
3-year study, the NOX Control Technology Environmental Assessment (NOX EA,
EPA Contract No. 68-02-2160), having the following four objectives:
Identify potential multimedia environmental effects of stationary
combustion sources and combustion modification technologies
Develop and document control application guidelines to minimize
these effects
Identify stationary source and combustion modification R&D
priorities
Disseminate program results to intended users.
During the first year of the NOX EA, data for the environmental
assessment were compiled and methodblogies were developed. Furthermore,
priorities for the schedule and level of effort to be devoted to evaluating
the various source/fuel/control combinations were identified. This effort
revealed major data gaps, particularly for noncriteria pollutants (organic
emissions and trace elements) for virtually all combinations of stationary
1-1
-------
combustion sources and combustion modification techniques. Consequently, a
series of seven environmental field test programs were undertaken to fill
these data gaps. The results of these tests are documented In seven
Individual reports (References 1-1 through 1-7) and In the NOX EA final
report summarizing the entire 3-year effort (Reference 1-8).
The current CMEA program has, as major objectives, the continuation of
multimedia environmental field tests initiated In the original NOX EA
program. These new tests, using standardized Level 1 sampling and analytical
procedures (Reference 1-9) are aimed at filling the remaining data gaps and
addressing the following priority needs:
Advanced NOX controls
Alternate fuels
Secondary sources
EPA program data needs
Residential oil combustion
Wood firing 1n residential, commercial, and Industrial sources
High Interest emissions determination (e.g., listed and
candidate hazardous air pollutant species)
Nonsteady-state operation
A spark-Ignited natural gas-fired stationary reciprocating internal
combustion engine (ICE) was selected for multimedia environmental tests under
the CMEA program. The objectives of the tests were to quantify multimedia
emissions from the engine operating without NOX controls and during
controlled operation with combustion modifications. Prior field tests for
multimedia emissions on ICE's using Level 1 procedures have been limited to
uncontrolled engine operation (Reference 1-10). The data presented in this
1-2
-------
report quantify the multimedia environmental impact of combustion
modification NOX controls on a large bore gas engine and identify pollutants
of concern using results from standardized sampling and analytical
procedures.
Concurrent with this test program, a compression ignition engine burning
diesel fuel was tested to evaluate the impact of NOX control on this engine
type. Results of this test are documented in another report under the
current CMEA program (Reference 1-11). Table 1-1 lists all sources tested to
date in the CMEA effort, outlining the combustion modification controls
implemented and the level of sampling and analysis performed in each case.
Results of these test programs are discussed in separate reports available
through EPA.
1-3
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TABLE 1-1. COMPLETED TESTS DURING THE CURRENT PROGRAM
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
Spark Ignited natural
gas-fired reciprocating
Internal combustion
engine
Large hore, 6-cyUnder,
opposed piston. 186 kM
(250 Bhp)/cyl. 900 rpm.
Model 38TDS8-1/8
Baseline (pre-NSPS)
Increased air-fuel
ratio aimed at meeting
proposed NSPS of
700 ppra corrected to
15 percent 02 and
standard atmospheric
conditions
Engine exhaust:
SASS
Method 5
~ Gas sample (Ci - C6 HC)
Continuous NO, NOX. CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
Lube oil
Fairbanks Morse
Division of Colt
Industries
Compression Ignition
dlesel -fired
reciprocating Internal
combustion engine
Large bore, 6-cyl1nder
opposed piston, 261-kU
(350 Bhp)/cyl. 900-rpm,
Model 38TDD8-1/8
Baseline (pre-NSPS)
Fuel Injection retard
aimed at meeting pro-
posed NSPS of 600 ppm
corrected to 15 per-
cent 0? and standard
atmospheric conditions
Engine exhaust:
- SASS
Method 8
- Method 5
« Gas sample (Cj - C6 HC)
Continuous NO, NOX, CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
Lube oil
Fairbanks Morse
Division of Colt
Industries
low-NOx residential
condensing heating
system furnished by
Karl sons Blueburner
Systems Ltd. of Canada
Residential hot water
heater equipped with
M.A.N. low-NOx burner,
0.55 ml/s (0.5 gal/hr)
firing capacity, con-
densing flue gas
Low-N0x burner design
by M.A.N.
Furnace exhaust:
SASS
- Method 8
- Method 5
Gas sample (Cj - C6 HC)
-- Continuous NO. NOX. CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
Waste water
New test
Rocketdyne/EPA
low-NOx residential
forced warm air furnace
Residential warm air
furnace with modified
high pressure burner and
firebox, 0.83 ml/s
(0.75 gal/hr) firing
capacity
Low-N0x burner design
and Integrated furnace
system
Furnace exhaust:
SASS
Method 8
Controlled condensation
Method 5
Gas sample (Cj - Cg HC)
Continuous NO, NOX, CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
New test
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TABLE 1-1. CONTINUED
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
Pulverized coal-fired
utility boiler,
Conesvllle station
400-MW tangentlally
fired; new NSPS
design aimed at
meeting 301 ng/J
NO. limit
ESP inlet and outlet,
one test
ESP inlet and outlet:
-- SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Cj - C$ HC)
Continuous NO, NOX, CO,
C02, 02
Coal
Bottom ash
ESP ash
Exxon Research and
Engineering (ER*E)
conducting cor-
rosion tests
Nova Scotia Technical
College Industrial
boiler
1.14 kg/s steam
(9,000 Ib/hr) firetube
fired with a mixture
of coal -oil -water (COW)
-- Baseline (COW)
Controlled SO?
emissions with
limestone Injection
Boiler outlet:
« SASS
Method 5
-- Method 8
Envirocon per-
formed participate
and sulfur
emission tests
Fuel
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Cj - C£ HC)
Continuous 0?, CO?.
CO, NO
Adclphl University
Industrial boiler
1.89 kg/s steam
(15.000 Ib/hr)
hot water
firetube fired with a
mixture of coal-oil-
water (COM)
Baseline (COW)
Controlled SO?
emissions with
N32C03 injection
Boiler outlet:
- SASS
Method 5
Method 8
Controlled condensation
- Gas Sample (Cj - C6 HC)
-- Continuous 62, C02. NO,
CO
Fuel
Adelphi University
Pittsburgh Energy
Technology Center (PETC)
Industrial boiler
3.03 kg/s steam
(24,000 Ib/hr) watertube
fired with a mixture of
coal-oil (COM)
Baseline test only
with COM
Boiler outlet:
- SASS
Method 5
-- Controlled condensation
-- Continuous 02, C02. NO,
TUHC, CO
N20 grab sample
Fuel
PETC and General
Electric (GE)
-------
TABLE 1-1. CONTINUED
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
TOSCO Refinery vertical
crude oil heater
2.54 Ml/day
(16,000 bbl/day) natural
draft process- heater
burning oil/refinery gas
Baseline
Staged combustion
using air Injection
lances
Heater outlet:
SASS
-- Method 5
Controlled
Gas sample
-- Continuous
CO?, HC
NgO, grab
Fuel oil
Refinery gas
condensation
(Ci - C6 HC)
0?. NO, CO,
sample
KVB coordinating
the staged com-
bustion operation
and continuous
emission monitoring
Mohawk-Getty Oil
Industrial boiler
8.21 kg/s steam
(65,000 Ib/hr)
watertube burning
mixture of refinery gas
and residual oil
Baseline
Ammonia Injection
using the noncatalytlc
Thermal DeNOx
process
Economizer outlet:
« SASS
Method 5, 17
Controlled condensation
- Gas Sample (Ci - C6 HC)
-- Ammonia emissions
-- NgO grab sample
-- Continuous Oo. NO,
CO, C02
Fuels (refinery gas and
residual oil)
New test
Industrial boiler
2.52 kg/s steam
(20,000 Ib/hr) watertube
burning woodwaste
Baseline (dry wood)
Green wood
Boiler outlet:
- SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Cj - C6 HC)
-- Continuous Oo, NO, CO
Fuel
Flyash
North Carolina
Department of
Natural Resources,
EPA IERL-RTP
Industrial boiler
3.16 kg/s steam
(29,000 Ib/hr)
firetube with refractory
firebox burning woodwaste
~ Baseline (dry wood)
Outlet of cyclone participate
collector:
~ SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Cj - Cg HC)
Continuous Oj, NOX, CO
Fuel
Bottom ash
North Carolina
Department of
Natural Resources,
EPA IERL-RTP
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TABLE 1-1. CONTINUED
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
Enhanced oil recovery
stean generator
15 MM (SO million Btu/hr)
steam generator burning
crude oil equipped with
MHI low-NOx burner
Performance mapping
Low NOX operation
Steamer outlet:
SASS
Method 5
Method 8
Gas sample (Ci - C$ HC)
Continuous 03, NOX, CO,
C0£
N?0 grab sample
Fuel
Getty Oil Company,
CE-Natco
Pittsburgh Energy
Technology Center
(PETC) Industrial
boiler
3.03 kg/s stean
(24,000 Ib/hr) watertube
fired with a mixture of
coal-water (CMM)
Baseline test only
with CUM
Boiler outlet:
~ SASS
Method 5
Method 8
Gas sample (Cj - Ce HC)
Continuous 0?, NOX, CO,
C02, TUHC
' -- N?0 grab sample
Fuel
Bottom ash
Collector hopper ash
PETC and General
Electric
Spark-ignited, natural
gas fueled Internal
combustion engine equip-
ped with nonselectlve
NOX reduction catalyst
610 kU (818 HP) Haukesha
engine equipped with
DuPont NSCR catalyst
-- Controlled with NSCR
15-day emissions
monitoring
Catalyst inlet and outlet
SASS
NH3
HCN
N20 grab sample
-- Continuous 03, C02, NOX,
TUHC
Fuel
Southern California
Gas Company
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TABLE 1-1. CONCLUDED
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
Industrial boiler
180 kg/hr steam
(400 Ib/hr) stoker fired
with a mixture of coal
and waste plastic
beverage containers
Baseline (coal)
Coal and plastic
waste
Boiler outlet
SASS
-- VOST
-- Method 5/8
- HC1
-- Continuous 02, NOX, CO,
C02. TUHC
N?0 grab sample
Fuel
Bottom ash
Cyclone ash
Vermont Agency of
Environmental
Conservation
Industrial boiler
co
7.6 kg/s steam
(fin,000 Ib/hr) watertube
retrofit for coal-water
slurry firing
Baseline test with
(CUS)
30-day emission
monitoring
Boiler outlet
- SASS
VOST
Method 5/8
~ Grab sample (Cj-Cg HC)
N20 grab sample
EPRI, DuPont
-- Continuous NOX. CO, CO?,
Fuel
02, TUHC, S02
Enhanced oil
recovery steam
generator
15 MM (50 million Rtii/hr)
steam generator burning
crude oil, equipped with
the EPA/EER low-NOx
burner
Low NOX (with burner)
30-day emission
monitoring
Steamer outlet
~ SASS
VOST
Method 5/8
Controlled condensation
-- Anderson impactors
-- Grab sample (Cj-Cg HC)
-- N20 grab sample
-- Continuous NOX, CO, CO?.
02, S02
Fuel
Chevron U.S.A.,
EERC
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REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1
1-1. Larkin, R. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Combustion Modification Controls
for Stationary Gas Turbines: Volume II. Utility Unit Field Test,"
EPA-600/7-81-122b, NTIS PB82-226473, July 1981.
1-2. Higginbotham, E. B., "Combustion Modification Controls for Residential
and Commercial Heating Systems: Volume II. Oil-fired Residential
Furnace Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-123b, NTIS PB82-231176, July 1981.
1-3. Higginbotham, E. B. and P. M. Goldberg, "Combustion Modification NOX
Controls for Utility Boilers: Volume I. Tangential Coal-fired Unit
Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-124a, NTIS PB82-227265, July 1981.
1-4. Sawyer, J. W. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Combustion Modification NOX
Controls for Utility Boilers: Volume II. Pulverized-Coal Wall-fired
Unit Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-124b, NTIS PB82-227273, July 1981.
1-5. Sawyer, J. W. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Combustion Modification NOX
Controls for Utility Boilers: Volume III. Residual-Oil Wall-Fired
Unit Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-124c, NTIS PB82-227281, July 1981.
1-6. Goldberg, P. M. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Industrial Boiler Combustion
Modification NOX Controls: Volume II. Stoker Coal-fired Boiler Field
Test Site A," EPA-600/7-81-126b, NTIS PB82-231085, July 1981.
1-7. Lips, H. I. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Industrial Boiler Combustion
Modification NOX Control: Volume III. Stoker Coal-Fired Boiler Field
Test Site B,ft EPA-600/7-81-126C, NTIS PB82-231093, July 1981.
1-8. Waterland, L. R., et al., "Environmental Assessment of Stationary
Source NOX Control Technologies Final Report," EPA-600/7-82-034,
NTIS PB82-249350, May 1982.
1-9. Lentzen, D. E. eta]., "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment (Second Edition)," EPA-600/7-78-201,
NTIS PB293795, October 1978.
1-10. Sh1h, C. C.. et al., "Emission Assessment of Conventional Stationary
Combustion Systems, Volume II: Internal Combustion Systems,"
EPA-600/7-79-029C, NTIS PB296390, February 1979.
1-9
-------
1-11. Castaldini, C., et al., "Environmental Assessment of NOX Control on a
Compression Ignition Large Bore Stationary Reciprocating Internal
Combustion Engine," EPA-600/7-86-001a/b, January 1986.
1-10
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SECTION 2
TEST ENGINE DESCRIPTION
The test program was conducted on an 1,120 kW (1,500 Bhp), two-stroke,
opposed piston spark-ignited Model 38TDS8-1/8 engine manufactured by the
Fairbanks Morse Engine Division of Colt Industries. Figure 2-1 illustrates
the piston arrangement of this spark-ignited engine which utilizes no
cylinder heads or valves. The air-fuel mixture is compressed between the two
pistons which work vertically towards each other in each cylinder. The upper
and lower pistons drive separate crankshafts interconnected by a vertical
drive. The vertical drive connection is made with the lower crankshaft
advanced in operating position ahead of the upper crankshaft. This
difference in crankshaft positions is called "Lower Crank Lead." A diagram
of piston positions in the two-cycle spark-ignited engine is shown in
Figure 2-2.
This spark-ignited engine 1s normally marketed by Colt Industries as a
blower-scavenged design. However, the test engine used for emissions
evaluation in this program was equipped with a turbine driven turbocharger
i
for improved efficiency. A schematic of the turbo-blower design of the test
engine is illustrated in Figure 2-3.
The combustion air is drawn Into the turbocharger, where it is
compressed and discharged through an air cooler to the positive displacement
lobe-type blower. The blower is driven by the upper engine crankshaft. The
2-1
-------
Figure 2-1.
Cross section of opposed piston spark-ignited
Model 38DS8-1/8 engine (courtesy of Fairbanks
Morse Division of Colt Industries).
2-2
-------
I-GAS ADMISSION
3-IGNITION
5-SCAVENGE
6-SUPERCHARGE
Figure 2-2.
Cycle diagram opposed piston spark-ignited engine
(courtesy of Fairbanks Morse Division of Colt Industries)
2-3
-------
Upper
crankshaft
Air
cooler
Compressor
(first stage)
Elower
(second stage
in series)
Exhaust ports
Exhaust
outlet
Schematic of turbo-blown arrangement
Figure 2-3.
Schematic of turbo-blower arrangement (courtesy of
Fairbanks Morse Division of Colt Industries). "
2-4
-------
air from the blower 1s then discharged directly to the cylinders through the
engine intake manifold. The Inlet air both scavanges the cylinder (sweeping
all combustion products from the compression chamber) as well as supplying
sufficient charge for the next combustion cycle. Hot exhaust gas leaving
from the lower cylinder ports serves to drive the turbine of the turbocharger
assembly.
The fuel 1s Ignited with spark ignition cells, arranged two per
cylinder. The dual cell system assures optimum cylinder firing pressure on
both sides of the engine at all engine speeds and torques. An illustration
of a spark ignition cell is presented in Figure 2-4.
Table 2-1 summarizes the'design specifications of the engine tested in
the program. As indicated, the engine has six cylinders with a displacement
of 0.017 m3 (1,037 In.3) per cylinder. The ignition timing of the Ignition
cells 1s set at 4.5 crankshaft degrees before minimum cylinder volume (BMV).
The two-stroke engine configuration indicates that the power cycle is
completed in one revolution of the crankshaft as compared with two
revolutions for a four-stroke type. In addition to the natural gas fuel, the
engine also consumes lubrication oil at a rate of one liter per 2.48 GJ
(1 gallon per 3,500 Bhp-hr). At design operating load, of 1,120 kW
(1,500 Bhp) at 900 rpm, lube oil consumption is about 1.65 1/h (0.43 gph),
representing approximately 0.6 percent of the total heat supplied to the
engine.
2-5
-------
Natural gas
injection valve
Spark plug
Cylinder wall
Natural gas spark cell
Figure 2-4. Natural gas spark ignition cell
2-6
-------
TABLE 2-1. TURBOCHARGED SPARK ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Model Designation
Serial Number
Configuration
Bore
Stroke
Number of Cylinders
Displacement/Cyl
Compression Ratio
BMEP
Bhp/Cylinder at rpm
Hours Since Overhaul
Spark Timing
Lubricating Oil
L.O. Consumption
38TDS8-1/8
889193
2 Stroke, O.P.
0.206 m (8-1/8 in.)
0.254 m (10 in.) x 2
6
0.017 m3 (1,037 in.3)
9.7:1
731 kPa (106 psi)
186 kW (250 Bhp) at 900 rpm
1050
4.5° BMV
Pegasus 485
1 1/2.48 GJ (1 gal/3,500 Bhp-hr)
2-7
-------
SECTION 3
NOX CONTROL AND EMISSIONS RESULTS
Exhaust gas emissions from the spark-ignited engine were measured during
two separate tests: (1) under baseline engine operating conditions and (2)
with NOX combustion modification controls for reducing NOX. Section 3.1
summarizes engine operating conditions, describes the combustion
modifications applied to reduce NOX emissions and other test variables, and
discusses the impact of the NOX control on engine operation. Sections 3.2
through 3.3 summarize emission results by major category of pollutants
(i.e., criteria pollutants and other gas phase species in section 3.2, trace
element species in section 3.3, and organic emissions in section 3.4).
Results of bioassay analyses of the exhaust gas sample organic extract and
discussion of the potential environmental impact of NOX control are
summarized in section 4.
3.1 ENGINE OPERATING PARAMETERS AND TEST VARIABLES
Table 3-1 lists operating parameters of the test engine for the baseline
and the controlled NOX tests. Atmospheric conditions of temperature,
humidity, and pressure are also presented as these affect the level of NOX
emitted by the engine.
Engine power output was nearly constant at a near maximum rating for the
duration of both tests. RPM and Ignition timing were set at rated settings.
As indicated in Section 2, this engine model has generally been marketed
3-1
-------
TABLE 3-1. ENGINE OPERATING PARAMETERS AND AMBIENT ATMOSPHERIC
CONDITIONS SPARK-IGNITED ENGINE
Parameter
Baseline test
NOX control test
Engine Parameter
RPM (percent rating)
kWt (Bhp) (percent rating)
kWe (percent rating)
BMEP, kPa (ps1)
Fuel How, m3/h (ft3/hr)
BSFC, g/kW-hr (Ib/Bhp-hr)
Fuel Rate, kW fuel/kU out
(Btu/Bhp-hr)
Ignition Timing
Compressor Inlet A1r Temp.,
K (°F)
Compressor Outlet Air Temp.,
K (°F)
Manifold A1r Cooling Bypass,
percent
Blower Suction Air Temp.,
K (°F)
Blower Discharge Air Temp.,
K (°F)
Blower Discharge Pressure,
kPa (pslg)
Air How, kg/s (Ib/mln)
Fuel-Air Ratio
Combined Cylinder Exhaust
Temp., K (°F)
Turbine Exhaust Temp., K (°F)
Lube Oil Consumption,
ml/s (gph)
Engine Efficiency, percent
Average Ambient Atmospheric
Conditions
Outdoor Temp. Dry bulb,
K (°F)
Barometric pressure,
kPa (in Hg)
Humidity, percent
900 (100%)
1,117 (1,498) (99.8%)
1,085 (97.8%)
731 (106)
354 (12,492)
217 (0.356)
2.91 (7,413)
4.5° BMV
302 (85)
356 (181)
16.4
331 (136)
345 (161)
60 (8.7)
2.56 (338.3)
0.0271
732 (858)
652 (715)
0.45 (0.43)
34.3
281 (46)
98.2 (29.08)
60
900 (100%)
1,123 (1,505) (100%)
1,091 (98.9%)
731 (106)
352 (12,426)
215 (0.353)
2.88 (7,340)
4.5° BMV
302 (85)
359 (187)
0
316 (110)
337 (146)
71 (10.3)
2.90 (383.4)
0.0240
699 (799)
617 (652)
0.45 (0.43)
34.7
284 (51)
98.6 (29.20)
62
3-2
-------
without the turbocharger and manifold air cooler. Turbocharging and
aftercooling increase the air-fuel ratio, generally resulting in lower NOX
levels compared to a blower-scavanged spark-ignited engine. To reduce the
effect of turbocharging during the baseline test, a portion of the combustion
air was bypassed around the manifold air cooler. The resulting increase in
combustion air temperature lowered the air mass flowrate, resulting in an
air-fuel ratio which is more representative of the blower-scavanged design.
The percent air cooler bypass during the baseline test was 16.4 percent,
determined by the air flow control limits available on this test engine.
Thus, baseline engine operation was as representative of the operation of a
typically marketed (blower-scavenged) engine as could be achieved with the
turbocharger in place.
Combustion modification NOX control during the low-NOx test consisted of
an increase in air-fuel ratio from 36.9 to 41.7 kg air/kg fuel, a 13 percent
increase from the baseline level. This increase in air-fuel ratio was
accomplished by eliminating the manifold air cooler bypass used during the
baseline test and increasing the combustion air cooling efficiency. The
difference in combustion air temperatures between both tests can be noticed
in the blower suction and discharge temperatures which measured,
respectively, 331K and 345K (136°F and 161°F) at baseline, and 316K and 336K
(110°F and 146°F), respectively, during the low-NOx test. The lower
combustion air temperature increased the mass flow of combustion air from
2.56 kg/s (338.3 Ib/m1n) to 2.90 kg/s (383.4 Ib/m1n), resulting 1n an
Increase 1n blower discharge pressure from 60 kPa (8.7 psi) to 71 kPa
(10.3 ps1).
3-3
-------
The increase 1n air-fuel ratio resulted in an increase in engine
efficiency of about 0.4 percent. In order to maintain engine rated power
output, fuel flow was reduced during the low-NOx test. Natural gas flow was
reduced from 354 m3/h (12,490 ft3/hr) to 352 m3/h (12,430 ft3/hr),
representing a reduction in heat input of 0.53 percent. The total increase
in engine efficiency resulted from the combined effect of increasing power
output from 1,498 Bhp to 1,505 Bhp and reducing fuel flowrate.
Average ambient atmospheric conditions did not vary significantly
between the two tests, each conducted on a separate day. Percent relative
humidity increased slightly from 60 to 62 percent, corresponding to an
increase of 0.004 kg water/kg air at given ambient dry bulb temperatures.
Inlet temperature to the turbocharger was artificially maintained at a
constant 302K (85°F) by means of a heat exchanger. This constant temperature
of combustion air at the compressor inlet eliminates the need to correct NOX
emissions to a standard temperature.
3.2 CRITERIA POLLUTANT AND OTHER GAS PHASE SPECIES EMISSIONS RESULTS
Table 3-2 summarizes gaseous and particulate emissions measured during
baseline and low-NOx engine operation. Gaseous species emissions were
measured with a continuous monitoring sampling system in accordance with the
exhaust emission measurement procedure published by the Diesel Engine
Manufacturer Association (DEMA) (Reference 3-1). Particulate emissions were
sampled with a High Volume Sampling System (HVSS) in accordance with EPA
Reference Method 5 procedures. Both solid and condensable particulate mass
loadings are reported. Particulate mass emissions were also calculated from
samples collected with the Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS). The
SASS train is used primarily for collection of samples for analysis of trace
3-4
-------
TABLE 3-2. CRITERIA AND OTHER GAS SPECIES EMISSIONS FROM SPARK-IGNITED
ENGINE DURING BASELINE AND LOW-NOX TEST
Pol 1utant
Baseline
Low-N0va
As measured by
continuous gas
analyzers'3:
0?, percent
COg, percent
NO, ppm
NOX, ppm
CO, ppm
CH4, ppm
TUHC, ppm as C^Q
Smoke spot (Bosch)
Corrected gaseous
emissions:
N0f
N0xf
CO
CH4
TUHC (as C3H8)
12.1
4.9
976
1,040
170
721
877
0
ppmc ng/Jd g/Bhp-hre ppmc
g/Bhp-hre
684
729
115
486
591
1,180
1,260
120
293
960
9.26
9.87
0.94
2.29
7.51
398
423
195
558
689
690
654
198
323
1,100
5,
5,
1,
2.
34
06
53
50
8.51
Parti cul ate mass
emissions:
Sol id
Condensable
Total
12.5
7.3
19.8
0.0978
0.057
0.155
16.2
7.5
23.7
0.125
0.058
0.183
aNOx control by Increased air-fuel ratio and manifold air cooling.
bAppendix A discusses continuous monitor analyzers used, calibration gases
and sample gas conditioning system.
cCorrected to 15 percent 03, dry.
dHeat input basis.
eShaft output basis.
fAlso corrected for standard atmospheric conditions of 302K (85°F) dry bulb
combustion air temperature at Inlet of turbocharger and 10.71 kg H20/kg air
(75 grains H20/lb air) humidity. Emission rates (ng/J, g/Bhp-hr) as N02.
3-5
-------
elements and organic species. Because of the more isokinetic nature and the
stack traversing procedures used with the HVSS (Method 5), particulate mass
loadings by this method are considered more accurate than results obtained
with the single point SASS sample. Equipment and sampling procedures used
for emissions measurement are described in Appendix A.
Total NOX emissions at baseline averaged 1,040 ppm as measured or
729 ppm corrected to 15 percent oxygen and standard atmospheric conditions
(9.87 g/Bhp-hr as N02). Increasing air-fuel ratio by 11 percent over
baseline conditions with increased manifold air cooling reduced NOX
42 percent to 510 ppm as measured or 423 ppm (5.06 g/Bhp-hr as N02) corrected
to 15 percent oxygen and standard atmospheric conditions. The effect of NOX
control on other criteria pollutant emissions was an overall increase in
hydrocarbons, CO, and particulate emissions. Total unburned hydrocarbons
(TUHC) increased 16 percent, Cfy increased 15 percent, and CO increased
70 percent (all on a ppm at 15 percent 02 basis). Particulate emissions
increased 20 percent (on a ng/J heat input basis). The increase in air-fuel
ratio from baseline conditions resulted in lower peak cylinder temperatures,
probably leading to an increase in combustible emissions. Exhaust gas
temperature decreased by 35K (63°F) during the low-NOx test, indicative of
increased engine efficiency at constant power output.
Snoke emissions, measured with a Bosch photo-electric meter, showed
essentially no smoke under both baseline and low-NOx operation. Total
particulate emissions, measured with the HVSS, increased 20 percent from
baseline levels. The increase may be attributed primarily to increases 1n
nonvolatile organic compound emissions collected in the sampling probe and on
the filter (solid particulate). A more detailed discussion of the potential
3-6
-------
effect of nonvolatile organics on participate emissions is presented in
Section 3.4. Condensable participate matter that collected in the impinger
section of the HVSS, also showed a 3 percent increase during the low-NOx
test.
Solid participate emissions were also measured with the SASS. For the
baseline test, SASS-col1ected particulate was only 1.33 ng/J
(0.0104 g/Bhp-hr), compared to 12.5 ng/J (0.0978 g/Bhp-hr) for the HVSS. For
the low-NOx test, SASS particulate was 6.65 ng/J (0.0515 g/Bhp-hr), compared
to 16.2 ng/J (0.125 g/Bhp-hr) for the HVSS test. These differences in
particulate emissions measured with the HVSS and SASS may be explained in
some part by the contribution of condensation of unburned hydrocarbons in the
HVSS, since this equipment operates at lower temperatures than SASS, as well
as by the fact that SASS sampling takes place at a single sampling point.
3.3 TRACE ELEMENT EMISSIONS RESULTS
A lube oil sample from the engine and the SASS train samples from the
engine exhaust were analyzed for 73 trace elements using Spark Source Mass
Spectrometry (SSMS) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis in
accordance with EPA Level 1 analysis protocol (Reference 3-2). Once the
trace element concentrations were determined by laboratory analysis, trace
element flowrates for lube oil and flue gas vapor and condensed phases could
be computed. Trace element concentrations and flowrates are presented in
Appendix B.
Table 3-3 summarizes the calculated trace element flowrates for those
elements detected in any sample corresponding to both lube oil consumption
and exhaust gas under baseline and low-NOx operation. The lube oil data,
calculated based on lube oil analysis and the engine manufacturer's estimate
3-7
-------
TABLE 3-3. TRACE ELEMENT FLOWRATES
El ement
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
Gallium
Germanium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Nickel
Niobium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Rubidium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Lube oil
(yg/s)
>15
-b
<0.080
0.40
0.16
0.12
<0.028
>40
-_
5.2
3.6
0.24
1.2
1.2
..
__
0.080
12
--
0.40
0.080
>40
0.24
<0.040
0.32
~
0.40
__
>40
19
0.028
<0.016
__a
17
Engine
Baseline
ua
0.18
<1.1
14
4.1
<0.014
1,300
0.364
0.364
18
47
550
372
1.6
0.21
0.55
~
42
0.014
21
1.8
<1.3
61
49
1.5
24
1,700
1.1
<0.18
130
730
3.6
exhaust (yg/s)
Low-N0x
44
<0.30
<1.1
11
10
9.5
<0.014
650
11
<0.22
ISO
190
65
650
46
6.2
<0.22
0.20
3,900
8.1
26
0.68
40
130
<1.4
6.6
1.1
4.6
0.41
220
>2,400
0.41
<0.20
81
810
16
?U = Unable to determine.
"Dashes Indicate that emissions were below the detectable level.
3-8
-------
TABLE 3-3. CONCLUDED
Engine exhaust (yg/s)
Element
Sodi urn
Stronti urn
Sulfur
Tantal urn
Tellurium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Lube oil
(yg/s)
>39
0.80
>40
~
0.36
3.6
0.024
__
>40
Baseline
>1,700
9.0
>2,000
--
3.6
1.8
0.55
<0.18
360
<0.18
Low-N0x
>1,900
3.3
>2,200
<2.2
1.4
0.68
44
2.4
<0.20
460
0.61
aDashes indicate that emissions were below the detectable level.
3-9
-------
of lube oil consumption, represent the only inorganic matter entering the
engine, since natural gas is essentially free of inorganic matter. Although
the fact that lube oil is consumed does not necessarily indicate that all the
trace element content in the oil will be emitted with the engine exhaust or
that these represent all of the inorganic matter emitted from the engine, the
analysis was performed to estimate the contribution of the lube oil to total
inorganic matter. As indicated in Table 3-3, trace elements accounted for by
the lube oil generally constitute only an insignificant portion of actual
emissions. High trace element emissions may also be caused by the following
four factors:
Exhaust muffler wear
Engine wear
Contamination from sampling equipment
Contamination from analytical procedures
The SASS samples were taken downstream of the engine exhaust muffler.
This muffler, which had visibly undergone numerous hours of operation, may
actually be the major cause of many of the inorganic element emissions
measured during this program. Since muffler related emissions are not
directly attributable to engine emissions, further test programs aimed at
measuring inorganic emissions from large bore ICE's should take this factor
into consideration. The contribution of engine wear may also be a
significant cause of many of the trace elements emitted, contributing to the
disparity of data between lube oil consumption and engine outlet emission
rates shown in Table 3-3. Emissions of Iron, copper, nickel, chromium, lead,
zinc, and aluminum may have been significantly affected by wear of pistons,
3-10
-------
rings, cylinder liners, air blower parts, and other parts exposed to friction
and erosion.
The other two factors affecting trace element emissions have to do with
contamination of samples inherent to the sampling and analytical procedures.
Potential contamination sources during sampling are stainless steel sampling
train parts, and tubing used in the SASS train. During analysis, Parr
bombing of XAD-2 samples prior to SSMS analysis can introduce contamination
for a number of elements, including iron, copper, nickel, chromium,
phosphorus, silicon, platinum, and cobalt. Overall, the contribution of
contaminants to most of the high concentration elements reported here may be
as significant as the contribution from both the muffler and engine wear.
3.4 ORGANIC EMISSIONS RESULTS
Organic emissions during both baseline and low-NOx tests were measured
using four methods. Continuous flame ionization detector (FID) analyses were
performed to determine TUHC and methane (Cfy) emissions. FID results are
presented in Section 3.2. Further, in accordance with EPA Level 1 analysis
protocol (Reference 3-2), volatile organic gas species having boiling points
in the Cj to C$ range (113 to 373K (-256° to 212°F)) were determined by
analyses of exhaust gas samples by gas chromatography. Volatile organic
species with boiling points in the C7 to C16 range (373 to 573K (212° to
572°F)) were determined in the laboratory by total chromatographable organic
(TCO) analysis of organic module sorbent and condensate extract samples from
the SASS train. SASS train samples were also subjected to gravimetric
analyses to measure nonvolatile organic species (>Cis) having boiling points
of >573K (572°F). Further analyses identified organic functional groups and
specified particular organic compounds using Infrared Spectrometry (IR) and
3-11
-------
gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses, respectively. A
discussion of the analytical results follows.
3.4.1 Ci to Cg, TCO, and Gravimetric Analyses
Table 3-4 summarizes organic emission results from the Cj to Cg, TCO,
and gravimetric analyses. In general, 1t is difficult to draw firm
conclusions from these data regarding the effect of low-NOx operation on
total organic emissions because of measurement problems experienced during
the test program. Volatile organic (Cj to Cg) samples, normally analyzed in
the field, were collected from the engine and shipped in sealed glass bulbs
to the laboratory for analysis because of a malfunction of the onsite Carle
i
GC analyzer. As indicated in Table 3-4, the baseline sample showed the
absence of Cj to C4 gases, while these were detected at significant levels in
the low-NOx test sample. C§ and Cg hydrocarbons were not detected in either
the baseline or low-NOx test.
Based on the continuous hydrocarbon monitor data as well as volatile
organic emission results from the low-NOx test sample, the absence of C} to
C4 hydrocarbons in the baseline sample suggests that a loss of the sample
occurred during shipping. In fact, the GC C} to Cg results for both the
baseline and low-NOx tests are suspect, based on the total unburned
hydrocarbon data from the continuous monitor shown in Table 3-2. By
converting total unburned hydrocarbon emissions obtained with continuous
monitors from ppm to mg/dscm and comparing it to the GC results,
approximately 25 percent loss of sample in the glass bulbs transported for GC
analysis of Cj to Cg volatile organics for the low-NOx test is also
suspected. A total loss of sample apparently occurred for the baseline
test.
3-12
-------
TABLE 3-4. SUMMARY OF TOTAL ORGANIC EMISSIONS FROM
SPARK-IGNITED ENGINE (mg/dscm)
Organic emissions
Volatile organic gases
analyzed by gas chromatography
cj
C4
c5
Total GI to CQ
Volatile organic materials
analyzed by TCO procedure
XAD-2 extract
Organic module condensate
Total TCO
Nonvolatile organic materials
analyzed by gravimetric
procedure
Filter + probe catch
XAD-2 cartridge
Organic module condensate
Total Grav (
Total Organics
Baseline test
NDa
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
b
2.1
0.045
2.1
<0.12
57
1.2
58
b
Low-N0x test
408
50.9
6.3
11.4
ND
ND
476
2.4
0.055
2.5
2.0
19
0.60
22
498
aND = Not detected.
"Sample loss suspected based on hydrocarbon emission data by
continuous monitors and results from the low-NOx test.
3-13
-------
Emission levels of total chromatographable organics with boiling points
In the Cy to C^ range (373 to 573K (212° to 572°F)), were approximately the
same for both tests. However, higher molecular weight organlcs, (i.e., >]£)
showed about a 60 percent decrease. These data, combined with continuous
hydrocarbon monitor data presented 1n Table 3-2, Indicate that the Increase
in air-fuel ratio and lower manifold combustion air temperature have the
effect of increasing emissions of low molecular weight volatile organlcs but
result in little change or even a decrease in emissions of semi- and
nonvolatile organic compounds.
Figures 3-1(a) and 3-l(b) illustrate organic and particulate emission
results for both the baseline and 1ow-NOx tests In terms of the measurement
temperature of the particulate samples and the boiling points of organic
compounds collected. For the baseline test, Figure 3-l(a), the loss of
sample for GI to 05 vapor hydrocarbon is indicated. Figure 3-1(a) shows that
the organic matter in the probe and filter catch of the SASS accounts for
6 percent of the total particulate weight collected (0.077 ng/J organics from
1.2 ng/J total weight). The figure also shows that 35 ng/J of gravimetric
organlcs and 1.3 ng/J of TCO organlcs were accounted for In the XAD-2 extract
and organic module condensate.
The presence of organic matter in quantities amounting to a mass
emission rate greater than that corresponding to the particulate matter
collected in the Method 5 train may have, in fact, contributed to the larger
particulate emissions measured with Method 5. Because the probe and filter
catches of the Method 5 train are not analyzed for organic content, the
contribution of organlcs condensing in the temperature range of 363 to 573K
(193° to 572°F) to the total weight catch cannot be computed. However,
3-14
-------
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20
10
110
1
1.6
[XAO-2 extract S condensate TCO
170
-150)
220
(-60)
270 300
(30) (85)
360
(193)
570
(570)
Boiling point, K (°F)
16.2
7.r
(Impinger ca ten-
Method 5)
I
(Probe & filter catch-
Method 5)
6.7
(Probe &
filter
catch
SASS)
13.5 extract
(XAD-2 condensate
Grav)
1.37 (probe & filter
catch Grav)
290 115
(60) (290)
Measurement temperature, K (°F)
190
(420)
570^580
(570)(585)
Figure 3-Kb). Summary of organic and partlculate emission results
ng/J low-NOx test
-------
because Method 5 samples are collected at lower temperature than SASS
partlculate samples, it Is possible that larger quantities of these organic
compounds may have condensed on the probe and the filter of the Method 5
train than on the probe and filter of the SASS, accounting, in part, for the
disparity of particulate emission data between the two methods.
Figure 3-1(b) illustrates similar results for the low-NOx test. Here,
emissions of Cj to 4 are indicated. Because of their low boiling points,
these compounds do not condense in particulate matter in either the Method 5
or SASS samples. Analysis of the SASS probe and filter catch indicates that
organic matter for this test accounts for 20 percent of the total SASS
particulate catch (1.37 ng/J organics, 6.7 ng/J total particulate catch). As
in the case with the baseline test, the solid particulate emissions measured
from the probe and filter catches of the Method 5 train are significantly
higher than that of the SASS train. Again, greater condensation of organics
in the probe and filter of the Method 5 train may have occurred because of
the lower measurement temperature compared with the SASS.
3.4.2 Infrared Spectra of Total Extracts
IR spectrometry was used to identify organic functional groups present
in SASS samples. The results of the IR analyses for the total extract
samples are summarized in Table 3-5. The spectra of the XAD-2 extracts and
the organic module condensate extracts for both tests were quite similar.
However, the baseline test filter extract spectrum was significantly weaker
than the low-NOx test filter extract spectrum. The spectra suggested the
presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons as primary constituents in all samples
collected by SASS in both the baseline and low-NOx tests. Absorbances
characteristic of carboxyllc add were also found in all samples, although
3-17
-------
TABLE 3-5. SUMMARY OF INFRARED SPECTRA OF TOTAL SAMPLE EXTRACTS
»-*
oo
Baseline test
Sample
Filter
XAD-2 Extract
Organic module
condensate
extract
W weak
N moderate
S » strong
Frequency
(cm-1)
No peaks
3,575 to 3.075
2,905
2,845
2,750 to 2,450
1.725
1,635
1,550
1.445
1.375
1,265
3,580 to 2,980
2.905
2,845
2,250 to 2,450
1.670
1.445
Intensity*
»«
U
S
S
W
H
U
U
U
U
U
W
S
s
N
S
W
Possible
assignment
0-H
C-H
C-H
0-H
OO
OC
Nitrate
C-H
C-H/ nitrate
C-0
0-H
C-H
C-H
0-H
C-0
C-H
Possible
compound
categories
present
Al kanes ,
alkenes,
some
carboxyllc
adds and
other
oxygenates ,
and nitrites
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons
and some
carboxyl 1c
adds
Frequency
3.575 to 3,075
2,905
2.848
2,750 to 2,450
1.725
1,445
1.375
3,575 to 3.075
2.905
2.845
2.750 to 2.450
1.725
1,635
1,550
1,445
1.325
725
3.580 to 2.980
2.905
2,845
2.750 to 2.450
1.680
Low-NOx test
Intensity*
M
S
S
U
H
H
U
H
S
S
U
M
W
U
M
U
U
W
S
S
M
H
Possible
assignment
0-H
C-H
C-H
0-H
C-0
C-H
C-H
0-H
C-H
C-H
0-H
C-0
C-C
Nitrate
C-H
C-H/nltrate
C-C
0-H
C-H
C-H
0-H
C-0
Possible
compound
categories
present
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons.
some
carboxyllc
acids
Al kanes.
al kenes ,
some
carboxyllc
acids and
other
oxygenates.
and nitrates
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons
and some
carboxyllc
acids
-------
these were weaker, suggesting that such compounds were present at lower
concentrations than the aliphatic hydrocarbons. Both XAD-2 extracts
contained absorbances characteristic of alky! nitrates, but at low
concentrations.
3.4.3 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis for POM and Other
Organic Compounds
Identification of specific organic compounds (the semivolatile organic
priority pollutant compounds) including several polycyclic organic matter
(POM) species, was performed by GC/MS analysis total sample extracts.
Table 3-6 lists the compounds sought in the GC/MS analyses and their
detection limits. Table 3-7 presents the compounds which were detected and
their respective emission levels. As indicated, only two POM isomer pairs
were found in both the baseline and low-NOx tests. The bis(2-ethylhexyl)-
phthalate levels noted are probably a result of contamination during sampling
or laboratory analysis.
POM species with known carcinogenic properties such as benzo(a)pyrene
and dibenz(a,h)anthracene were not detected. The detection limits of the
GC/MS analysis for these two compounds were 0.3 and 1.8 ug/dscm,
respectively.
3.4.4 Liquid Chromatography of Selected Sample Extracts
The XAD-2 sample extracts for both tests and the SASS partlculate
i
extract for the low-NOx test were separated via liquid Chromatography (LC)
fractlonation since these extracts contained greater than 15 mg of total
/
organic. The GRAV and TCO contents were then obtained.for each LC fraction.
Results of these analyses are given in Tables 3-8 to 3-10. For the baseline
test, almost half the organic material in the XAD-2 extract was found in the
3-19
-------
TABLE 3-6. COMPOUNDS SOUGHT IN GC/MS ANALYSIS AND THEIR DETECTION LIMITS
(ng/ul injected)
8a 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether 40a
la bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether 2a
2a bls(Z-chloroethoxy)methane 2a
8a hexachlorobutadiene 100a
40a hexachlorocyclopentadiene 8a
la Isophorone 8a
la naphthalene 8a
8a nitrobenzene 3a
4a N-nitrosodiphenylamine 2a
40a N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine 4a
3a b1s(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8a
3a butyl benzyl phthalate 4a
la di-n-butyl phthalate 20a
2a di-n-octyl phthalate 10a
2a diethyl phthalate 10a
2a dimethyl phthalate la
5a benz(a)anthracene 2a
7a benzo(a)pyrene 4a
8a 3,4-benzofluoranthene 40
8a benzo(k) fl uoranthene 40
5a chrysene b
la acenaphthylene --&
la anthracene 40
40a benzo(ghi)pery1ene 40
2a fluorene 40
la phenanthrene 40
40a dibenz(a,h)anthracene 40
1ndeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
pyrene
acenaphthene
benzidine
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
hexachlorobenzene
hexachloroethane
bi s(2-chloroethyl)ether
2-chloronaphthalene
1,2-dichlorobenzene
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,4-dichlorobenzene
3,3-dichlorobenz1dine
2,4-dinitrotcluene
2,6-dinitrotoluene
1,2-diphenylhydrazine (as azobenzene)
fl uoranthene
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
anthanthrene
benzo(e)pyrene
dibenzo(a,h)pyrene
dibenzo(a,1)pyrene
dibenzo(c,g)carbozo1e
7,12 dimethyl benz(a)anthracene
3-methyl cholanthrene
perylene
benzo(c)phenanthrene
aAuthentic standard run
bMolecular weight too high for direct analysis by base/neutral run
3-20
-------
TABLE 3-7. POM EMISSION SUMMARY FOR SPARK IGNITED ENGINE (yg/dscm)
Compound
Baseline test
Low-N0x test
Bi s(2-ethyl hexyl ) phthal ate
Chrysene/Benz( a) anthracene
Phenanthrene/ Anthracene
1,130
4
4
<8
<2
3
TABLE 3-8. TCO AND GRAV RESULTS FOR COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE
BASELINE TEST XAD-2 EXTRACT
Fraction
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
LC 4
LC 5
LC 6
LC 7
Total
TCO
(mg/dscm)
0.40
0.40
0.14
0.04
<0.004
0.02
<0.004
1.0
GRAV
(mg/dscm)
4.8
<0.4
1.6
0.60
0.96
1.2
0.84
10
(mg/dscm)
5.2
0.40
1.7
0.64
0.96
1.2
0.84
11
Total
(ng/J heat input)
3.2
0.25
1.0
0.39
0.59
0.74
0.52
6.8
3-21
-------
TABLE 3-9. TCO AND GRAY RESULTS FOR COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE
LOW-NOX TEST FILTER EXTRACT
Total
Fraction
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
LC 4
LC 5
LC 6
LC 7
Total
TCOa GRAV
(mg/dscm) (mg/dscm)
0.76
0.08
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
1.7
(mg/dscm)
0.76
0.08
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
1.7
(ng/J heat Input)
0.53
0.06
0.21
0.07
0.07
0.21
0.07
1..2
aTCO not required, sample collected at high temperature,
TABLE 3-10.
Total
TCO AND GRAV RESULTS FOR COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE
LOW-NOX TEST XAD-2 EXTRACT
Fraction
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
LC 4
LC 5
LC 6
LC 7
TCO
(mg/dscm)
0.72
0.04
0.11
0.02
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
GRAV
(mg/dscm)
<0.23
0.79
1.1
0.74
0.53
1.6
0.80
(mg/dscm)
0.72
0.83
1.2
0.76
0.53
1.6
0.80
Total
(ng/J heat input)
0.50
0.57
0.83
0.53
0.37
1.1
0.55
0.89
5.5
6.4
4.4
3-22
-------
first LC fraction, the rest being relatively evenly distributed through the
rest of the fractions. Fraction 1 generally contains aliphatic
hydrocarbons.
For the low-NOx test the elution pattern in the particulate extract and
the XAD-2 extract were different. For the particulate extract, almost half
the organic material was again in the first fraction, but the bulk of the
remainder was found in fractions 3 and 6. Fraction 3 contains aromatic
compounds and fused ring aromatics while fraction 6 generally contains
carboxylic acids and esters, alcohols, ketones, and phenols (polar
oxygenates). The material in the XAD-2 extract fractionation was fairly
evenly distributed among all seven fractions. With the exception of
fraction 1, the concentration of the XAD-2 extract organics was approximately
the same in both tests. The baseline test extract had a higher level in
fraction 1 than did the low-NOx test extract. Total organics were about
50 percent higher in the baseline test than in the low-NOx test.
3.4.5 IR Spectra of 1C Fractions
The 6RAV residues of all sample fractions obtained from LC fractionation
of the extracts were subjected to IR spectrometry analysis. Table 3-11
summarizes the IR spectra results for the XAD-2 extracts. Only fraction 1 of
the baseline test and fractions 1, 3 and 5 of the low-NOx test had spectra
strong enough to interpret. The presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons is
suggested by the LC 1 spectra of both tests. Only the presence of
hydrocarbons can be inferred in the low-NOx test LC 3 and LC 5 spectra.
3-23
-------
TABLE 3-11. SUMMARY OF IR SPECTRA FOR LC FRACTIONS OF XAD-2 EXTRACTS
Frequency
Fraction (on-1)
LC 1 2.920
LC 2 No peaks
LC 3 No peaks
LC 4 No peaks
LC 5 No peaks
LC 6 No peaks
LC 7 No peaks
Baseline test
Possible
compound
Possible categories
Intensity* assignment present
S C-H Aliphatic
hydrocarbons
._
--
..
__
..
Frequency
(cm-1)
2.920
2.840
1.640
1.440
1.370
No peaks
2,920
2.840
No peaks
2.920
No peaks
No peaks
Low
Intensity*
S
S
H
H
H
S
S
S
NOX test
Possible
assignment
C-H
C-H
C=C
C-H
C-H
C-H
C-H
--
C-H
~
«
Possible
compound
categories
present
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
aU " weak
H moderate
S » strong
-------
Table 3-12 summarizes the IR spectra of the low-NOx test partlculate
extract LC fractions. Only the spectra for LC fractions 1 through 4 were
sufficiently strong to be interpreted, and only the presence of hydrocarbons
could be inferred from the spectra.
Comparing the LC fraction spectra in Tables 3-11 and 3-12 with the total
extract spectra summarized in Table 3-5 shows that all absorbances found in
the LC fractions of a given sample were present in the total sample.
However, some bands were seen in the total extract that were not seen in the
fractions. The low recovery of the XAD-2 extract fractionation (20 and
30 percent) no doubt contributes to this.
3.4.6 Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis of LC Fractions
Several LC fractions of the XAD-2 extracts from both the baseline test
and the low-NOx test and the several combined LC fractions of the filter
extract from the low-NOx test had concentrations of organics in excess of
0.5 mg/dscm. Thus, they were subjected to low resolution mass spectrometry
(LRMS) analysis. Table 3-13 presents the results of these analyses.
As shown in the table, the material of significance was indicated to be
aliphatic hydrocarbons. Some phenolics were seen in LC 5 of the baseline
XAD-2 extract and LC 6 of the low-NOx extract, and some carboxylic acids were
identified in LC 7 of the low-NOx XAD-2 extract. Low molecular weight
polynuclear aromatics (naphthalene and alkyl naphthalenes) were identified in
LC 1 of the low-NOx XAD-2 extract.
3-25
-------
TABLE 3-12. SUMMARY OF THE IR SPECTRA FOR LC FRACTIONS OF THE
LOW-NOX TEST PARTICULATE EXTRACT
Fraction
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
LC 4 ,
LC 5 .
LC 6
LC 7
Frequency
(cm-1)
2,920
2,860
2,920
2,840
2,920
2,920
2,840
No peaks
No peaks
No peaks
Intensity3
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
~
~
Possible
assignment
C-H
C-H
C-H
C-H
C-H
C-H
C-H
Possible compound
categories present
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
~
~
aS = strong
3-26
-------
TABLE 3-13. SUMMARY OF LRMS ANALYSES
Test/Sample
Fraction3
Compound category
Low-NOy
Filter extract
XAD-2 extract
1
1
6
7
Al 1phatic hyd rocarbons
Fused alternate/nonalternate
hydrocarbons, MW 128 to 141
(naphthalene plus alkyls)
Alphatic hydrocarbons, MW <216
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenols
Carboxylic acids
Phenols
Intensityb
Baseline
XAD-2 extract
1
5
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, MW < 216
Phenol s
1
10
1
100
100
10
10
10
1
aNo compound categories identified in sample fractions other than those
noted.
^100: Major component, 10: Minor component, 1: Trace component.
3-27
-------
REFERENCE FOR SECTION 3
3-1. "OEMA Exhaust Emission Measurement Procedure for Low and Medium Speed
Internal Combustion Engines," Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, 1974.
3-2. Lentzen, D. E., et al., "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment (Second Edition)," EPA-600/7-78-201, NTIS
PB293795, October 1978.
3-28
-------
SECTION 4
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
This section discusses the potential environmental impact of the engine
tested and also discusses the results of the bioassay testing of the exhaust
gas samples collected from the engine. The potential environmental impact is
evaluated by comparing exhaust gas stream species concentrations to
occupational exposure guidelines. These comparisons are made to rank species
discharged for possible further consideration. Bioassay analyses were
conducted as a more direct measure of the potential health and ecological
effect of the effluent streams. Both these analyses are aimed at identifying
potential problem areas and providing the basis for ranking pollutant species
and discharge streams for further consideration.
4.1 EMISSIONS ASSESSMENT
To obtain a measure of the potential significance of the discharge
streams analyzed in this test program, discharge stream concentrations were
compared to indices which reflect potential for adverse health effects. For
the exhaust gas discharge, the indices used for comparison were occupational
exposure guidelines, generally either the time-weighted-average Threshold
Limit Values (TLV's) defined by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (Reference 4-1), or the 8-hr time-weighted
average exposure limits established by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) (Reference 4-2).
4-1
-------
The comparisons of the exhaust gas stream species concentrations to
these occupational exposure guidelines were only performed to rank species
emission levels with respect to potential for adverse effects. Conclusions
concerning absolute risk associated with emissions are not, and should not,
be drawn. These evaluations are only presented to place different species
emitted Into perspective and to rank them for further consideration.
Table 4-1 lists those pollutant species emitted in the exhaust gas at
levels greater than 10 percent of their occupational exposure guideline. As
noted in the table, several trace elements were emitted at levels up to three
times their occupational exposure guidelines. However, as noted in
Section 3.3, trace elements measured in the exhaust gas may be attributable
to wear of internal parts of the muffler and the engine and to contamination
introduced in the sampling/analysis procedures, although confirmation is not
possible with the available data. For comparison, emissions of the gaseous
criteria pollutant CO were at levels 4 to 5 times greater than its
occupational exposure guideline; NOX emissions were at levels several hundred
times its occupational exposure guideline. With respect to potential
environmental Impact, the greatest effect of NOX control was the reduction in
NO* emissions, based on comparison of exhaust emission levels to occupational
exposure guidelines.
4.2 BIOASSAY RESULTS
Bioassay tests were performed on the organic sorbent (XAD-2) extracts.
The bloassay tests performed on the XAD-2 extracts were health effects tests
only (Reference 4-3). These were:
Ames assay, based on the property of Salmonella typhimuriurn mutants
to revert due to exposure to various classes of mutagens
4-2
-------
TABLE 4-1. EXHAUST GAS POLLUTANTS EMITTED AT CONCENTRATIONS
EXCEEDING 0.1 OF THEIR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT
Exhaust Gas Concentration
(mg/dscm)
Pol 1 utant
NOX (as N02)
CO
Copper, Cu
Iron, Fe
Chromium, Cr
Phosphorus, P
Silver, Ag
Potassium, K
Sodium, Na
Lead, Pb
Calcium, Ca
Selenium, Se
Cobalt, Co
Nickel, Ni
Baseline
1,990
198
0.25
0.022
0.011
0.0017
>0.80
>0.80
0.020
0.59
0.059
--
0.023
Low NOX
976
295
0.27
1.6
0.079
0.090
0.0068
>0.98
>0.80
0.011
0.27
0.034
0.027
0.0019
Occupational
Exposure
Guideline
(mg/m3)3
6.0
55
0.10°
1.0
0.050
0.10
0.010
2.0C
2.0C
0.050b
2.0
0.20
0.10
0.10
aTime-weighted average Threshold Limit Value (Reference 4-1),
unless noted.
b8-hr time-weighted average OSHA exposure limit (Reference 4-2)
cCeiling limit.
4-3
-------
Cytotoxldty assay (CHO) with mammalian cells In culture to measure
cellular metabolic Impairment and death resulting from exposure to
toxicants
A detailed description of the biological analyses for health effects of
exhaust gas under baseline and low-NOx operation is presented in Volume II:
Data Supplement. The results of these assays are summarized in Table 4-2 for
the exhaust gas samples (organic sorbent module extract) for both baseline
and low-NOx tests. These results suggest that the exhaust gas, under both
baseline and low-NOx operation, 1s of moderate to high toxicity and
mutagenlclty.
4.3 SUMMARY
A spark-ignited large bore reciprocating 1C engine was tested under
baseline (uncontrolled) operation, and with Increased air/fuel ratio
operation to control NOX emissions to below the proposed NSPS limit of
700 ppm (at 15 percent 02). Accordingly, NOX emissions were decreased
42 percent from 729 to 423 ppm (15 percent 03). With increased air/fuel
ratio engine efficiency increased slightly from 34.3 to 34.7 percent. CO,
TABLE 4-2. BIOASSAY RESULTS SPARK-IGNITED ENGINE
Evaluation
Sample Test CHOa Anesb
XAD-2 extract Baseline H/M H
XAD-2 extract Low-N0x H/M M
JH High toxicity, M moderate toxicity
bH ~ High mutagenicity, M moderate mutagenicity
4-4
-------
methane, and total unburned hydrocarbon (as measured by a continuous
hydrocarbon analyzer) emissions all increased with NOX control, CO increased
from 115 to 195 ppm methane from 486 to 448 ppm, and TUHC from 591 to 689 ppm
(as propane), all corrected to 15 percent Og. Particulate emissions were
relatively constant at about 20 ng/J heat input.
Total semivolatile organic species emissions (nominally Cy to CIQ
organics) remained constant at 2.1 to 2.5 mg/dscm with NOX control. However,
total nonvolatile organic (nominally CIQ+ organics) emissions decreased from
58 to 22 mg/dscm. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the predominant compound
category comprising the organic emissions. The presence of phenols was
apparent in the exhaust gas for both tests. Carboxylic acids and aromatic
hydrocarbons were apparent in the low-NOx test exhaust.
Of the 58 semivolatile organic priority pollutants analyzed, only
phenanthrene/anthracene and chrysene/benz(a)anthracene were detected. They
were present in the baseline test exhaust at 4 pg/dscm, and at <2 to
3 ug/dscm in the low-NOx test exhaust.
4-5
-------
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4
4-1. "Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in
the Work Environment With Intended Changes for 1983-84," American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio,
1983.
4-2. OSHA Safety and Health Standards, 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart Z.
4-3. Brusick, D. J., and R. R. Young, "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment Biological Tests" EPA-600/8-81-024, NTIS
PB228966, October, 1981.
4-6
-------
APPENDIX A
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS METHODS
Emission test equipment was provided by Acurex Corporation and Colt
Industries. Continuous monitoring analyses for criteria pollutants and other
gas species emissions were provided by Colt Industries. The gas monitoring
system is used by the engineering personnal of Colt Industries in studying
NOX controls for reciprocating internal combustion engines and monitoring
their effects. Onsite equipment provided by Acurex Corporation included
particulate analysis trains (I.e., EPA Method 5 specified equipment), the
SASS train, and a gas chromatograph analyzer for volatile hydrocarbon
analysis. A laboratory area was provided by Colt Industries for equipment
preparation, sample recovery, and preliminary onsite sample analysis.
The following sections briefly describe the equipment and sample
procedures used during Level 1 source evaluation and assessment of NOX
control for the reciprocating internal combustion engine at the Fairbanks
Morse Division of Colt Industries.
A.I CONTINUOUS MONITORING SYSTEM FOR GASEOUS EMISSIONS
The continuous monitoring system for gaseous emissions conformed to the
DEMA exhaust emission measurement procedure (Reference A-l). The 11st of
analytical equipment and calibration gases used is presented in Table A-l.
The exhaust gas sample was taken upstream of the engine exhaust muffler and
the heat exchanger which served to control combustion air inlet temperature.
A-l
-------
TABLE A-l. LIST OF CONTINUOUS MONITORING ANALYZERS AND CALIBRATION
GASES USED
Continuous Monitors
Species
C02/C0
02
NO-NOX
CH4/UHC
Smoke
Species
C0/C02
N0/N02
C3H8
92
Manufacturer
Infrared Industries, Inc.
Santa Barbara, California
Serbomax (Scott Corp)
Thermo Electron Co.
Scott Corporation
Bosch - W. Germany
Calibration
Manufacturer
Air Co. Specialty Gases
A1r Co. Specialty Gases
A1r Co. Specialty Gases
Air Co. Specialty Gases
Measurement
Method
IR Spectrometer
Paramagnetic
Chemi luminescent
Flame Ion1zat1on
Light transml ssometer
Gases
Concentrations
409 ppm CO
5.21% C02
967 ppm NO
8 ppm N02
29 ppm and
765 ppm
2.0%
Model
Number
702
150
10A
215
EFAW 68A
Age
2 months
2 months
2 months
2 months
(zero air)
A-2
-------
A heated sample line, equipped with two filters (one inside the exhaust duct
and one outside) was used to draw the gas to the total hydrocarbon and
methane emission monitoring system. An unheated sample line, connected to
the heated line upstream of the hydrocarbon analyzer, served the remaining
instruments in the continuous monitoring system.
A Bosch smoke emission analyzer was also used in the test program. This
instrument remained in service throughout the test. Figure A-l illustrates
the relationship between the Bosch-0.3 liter and the Bacharach smoke
readings. The Bosch smokemeter is used widely among engine manufacturers.
A.2 PARTICULATE TESTS
Particulate mass tests were conducted in accordance with EPA Reference
Methods 1 through 5. The following sampling equipment was used:
A 316 stainless steel sampling nozzle properly sized for isokinetic
sampling
Stainless steel-lined sampling probe equipped with a thermocouple to
measure probe temperature, a thermocouple to measure stack gas
temperature, and a calibrated S-type pi tot tube to measure velocity
pressure
A teflon-coated stainless steel 142 mm (5.59 in.) filter holder
An impinger train containing four glass bottles to collect moisture
and condensible material escaping the filter
A 4.7 x 10"3 Hi3/* (10-cfm) carbon vane pump modified for very low
leakage around the shaft
A control module to monitor temperature, pressure, and flowrate
throughout the sampling train
A-3
-------
0)
I
c
01
I/I
I'fc
JC
u
3.0
2.0
2.0
2,4
2,2
2.0
1,9
1.6
1.4
1.2
1,0
0,8
0.6
0,4
0,?
0
0
8
10
Bacharach smoke number
Figure A-l. Relation of Bosch to Bacharach Smoke Numbers.
-------
Sampling Probe
A 1.52m (5-ft) heated stainless steel-lined probe was used to
isokinetlcally extract samples from the stack. The probe has a closed loop
temperature control system to keep the probe at 394K (250°F), as required by
EPA Method 5. The probe is equipped with an S-type pi tot tube to measure
stack gas velocity pressure and a thermocouple to measure stack gas
temperature.
Filter Holder
For the particulate mass tests, a 316 stainless steel, Teflon-coated
142-mm (5.59-in.) filter holder containing a glass fiber filter was used to
capture the particulates.
Impinger Train
The impinger train for the particulate mass tests was immersed in an
icebath and consisted of four glass Impinger bottles equipped with teflon
caps and 316 stainless steel stems, connector tubes, and fittings. The first
two bottles contained 400 ml of distilled water, the third bottle was empty,
and the fourth contained a known amount of silica gel.
Control Module
The control module monitors temperatures, pressures, and flowrates
throughout the sampling train. For these tests, the orifice AH 1s Indicated
on a 0-1.5 kPa (0 to 6 in. HgO) magnehelic gauge where the smallest division
Is 25 Pa (0.1 In. H£0). The velocity pressure of the stack gases is
Indicated on a 0 to 124 Pa (0 to 0.5 in. H20) or a 0 to 1 kPa (0 to 4 In.
H20) magnehelic gauge.
The control module contains a Rockwell Model 415 dry gas meter to
measure the total volume of gas sampled to the nearest 1.4 x 10~4 m3
A-5
-------
(0.005 ft3). An orifice meter (after the dry gas meter) is used to measure
the instantaneous flowrate through the sampling train to ensure sampling is
done isokinetlcally.
Finally, the control module has an eight-position thermocouple switch to
measure temperatures throughout the sampling train. Figure A-2 illustrates
all these components of the Acurex High Volume Stack Sampler used for
conducting the test program.
A.2.1 Sample Collection
Sample collection took place on the uninsulated stack above the engine
exhaust muffler. For "each test, clean filters were placed in the sealed
filter holder in the cleanup laboratory and transported to the stack for use.
Once on the stack the sample train was assembled. Leak checks were performed
before and after each test and as necessary during the test. Upon completion
of the test, the probe and nozzle were cleaned and the impinger solution
volumes were measured and recorded. The filter holder was sealed and brought
to the cleanup laboratory for reclaiming.
The particulate tests were performed at 36 sample points in accordance
with EPA Method 1. These test points are illustrated in Figure A-3. Each
point was sampled for 5 minutes, hence a 180 minute total sample time.
A.2.2 Sample Recovery
Figure A-4 illustrates the Method 5 sample recovery utilized to measure
total particulate mass collected with the HVSS train. Solid particulate
matter 1s defined as all particulate mass collected in the front half of the
train; that Is the filter, the probe, and the nozzle. Condensible
particulate matter 1s obtained from gravimetric analyses of impinger liquids
A-6
-------
25-Foot umbilical line
Oven with
cyclone
and filter
Impinger train
and ice bath
25-Foot sample hose
0 cfm vacuum pump
Pump-control unit hose
Figure A-2. Acurex high volume stack sampler.
-------
Stack diameter
.7 SI! 3J 'I 0.40 m (15.75 in.)
Location from the duct wall, m (in.)
Point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
G
0.025
0.025
0.030
0.044
0.058
0.075
0.094
0.118
0.153
(1.0)
(1.0)
(1.18)
(1.71)
(2.30)
(2.96)
(3.72)
(4.66)
(6.02)
Figure A-3. Participate sampling point locations for spark-ignited engine.
A-9
-------
IVA»OfUTl AT
COMTAMTWMKr
OMAMC
LAVCT
1 ~
MMNTt AM TO NMMBT 001«
a MBCCATt ALL tumn KM M Houra
Figure A-4. Sample analysis scheme for partlculate sampling train.
A-10
-------
and impinger rinses. The implnger solutions are treated with ethyl ether to
separate the organic matter from the liquid and solid samples.
A.3 TRACE ELEMENTS AND ORGANIC EMISSIONS
Emissions of inorganic trace elements and organic compounds were sampled
with the SASS. Designed and built for EPA's Process Measurement Branch for
Level 1 environmental assessment, the SASS collects large quantities of gas
and solid samples required for subsequent analyses of inorganic and organic
emissions as well as particle size measurement.
The SASS system, illustrated in figure A-5, is similar to the HVSS
system utilized for total particulate mass emission tests described in the
previous section with the exception of:
Particulate cyclones heated in the oven with the filter to 500K
(450°F)
The addition of a gas cooler and organic sampling module
The addition of necessary vacuum pumps
The cyclones were not used 1n this test program.
Schematics outlining the sampling and analytical procedures using the
SASS equipment are presented in figures A-6 and A-7.
Inorganic analyses of solid and liquid samples from the SASS train were
performed with SSMS for most of the trace elements. AAS was used for
analyses of mercury (Hg), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As). Quantitative
information on total organic emissions was obtained by TCO analyses and by
gravimetry (GRAY) of methylene chloride extracts of samples collected on the
filter and in the sorbent module (XAD-2) and condensate trap. GC/MS was used
for POM and selected other organic species (the semivolatile organic priority
pollutants) analyses of solid and liquid extract SASS samples. Figure A-8
A-ll
-------
Stainless
steel
sample
nozzel
Stack T.G.
Stack
velocity
AP magneheliC)
gauges
Filter-v
11/2" Teflor)
line
Isolation
tall valve
r fvi-lnnac \ ll
Organic module
Stainless steel
probe assembly
Gas temperature T.C.
1/2" Teflon line
Oven T.
Sorbent cartridge
Heater controller
W'Tefbnlihj
Condensate '
collector vess
Imp/cooler trace
element collector
Coarse adjustment
alve
Vacuum gauge
Fine adjustment
valve
Orifice AH
magnehellc
gauge
, Vacuum pumps
1(10 ft^/M each)
Ice bath
600 grains
X_s111ca gel
Heavy wall
vacuum line
| ___ Control J£
-------
SAMPLE
AQUEOUS COMOENSATE~
finer IM*INC*B
EXTRACT (./Ct^CI,
I GC ran s ft OTHER GAS
ORGANIC Ihp <100 Cl
COMIINC
SH.IT \^
S GRAMS
*\
) onv. WEIGH
1 SOXHtET EXTHACTION
^1^t^i-r
<
>
^ <^f-Jr
^
AQUEOUS *OIITION
OHGANIC EXTRACT
1
E
s
0
S e
1 3
< o £ S $
s s a 2 i
>^^_^«»
__^_^ei
^
COMIINt
... \
SVV A» «S '«V
SVVAI*H (
*
SECOND AND THIRD
IMFINGERS I
TOTALS
S 2 S
« 1
K XQVir* . l*mpl* tfc«wM M Ml tlrt* <' »»M|*M MMlVM «t Ik* Point.
'thu it** rMufrtd to define I'M totti mi« of Rteuln* oitfi if IM
MHdi 10k e< ttie toai cydene end
l.Ute umcle «ei«m >»»« te enelVM. If IM mmftt MS then 10% of the eiteii. heM m
Figure A-6. Analysis protocol for SASS samples,
A-13
-------
rillf MMMCi
]H ~'
,
rnoiii
crcioi
HINSI
IOMW
1 IMOHO
NO
M
I
(MC- 1
I
.
mie'
r
m
|
AHIICU
In
CHI
1' ' »
INOH
MIX
OBI
LAI
OAM
I
>IU
I
AMI
1
1
ttt
IO
V
cs
t
QAM1
J J 1 11
M 10 ll»Mp '10p MAO-t III tnrtAHO
tone MHMir rnuuit MODUII mnNOK IMPIMOIH
| 1
1 »[ ' j 111
I1 tOHHHI 1 "H""4*11"-
niNtr
iNunnAhtcs L « ^ J 1 I COMtiHt
. ( . .HONOAN.C I ~H OROANW ORaANIC | | WO.O.NH: |
Figure A-7. Exhaust gas analysis protocol.
-------
GC/HS Analysis
Oloxln
POH
BaP/BcP
Organic Extract
or
Host Organic Liquid
TCO* Analysis
Concentrate
Extract
Infrared Analysis
Infrared Analysis
Gravimetric
Aliquot containing
95-100 rag
Solvent
Exchange
Liquid
Chromatographlc
Separation
IMF
Seven Fractions
Mass Spectra
Analysis
Repeat TCO*
Analysis
If necessary
i
TCO*
Gravimetric
Analysis
*TCO analyses are not necessary for sample for
or collection temperatures were 200°C (4QO°F) or higher
Figure A-8. Organic analysis methodology.
A-18
-------
illustrates the organic analysis methodology followed during the current
program.
Passivation of the SASS train with 15 percent by volume HN03 solution
was performed prior to equipment preparation and sampling to produce
biologically inert surfaces. Detailed description of equipment preparation,
sampling procedures, and sample recovery are discussed in reference A-2 and
will not be repeated here. These procedures were followed in the course of
the current test program.
A.4 Cj to C6 HYDROCARBON SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Acurex used a grab sampling procedure in order to obtain a sample of
exhaust gas for C^ to GS hydrocarbon analysis. Samples of the exhaust gas
were extracted using a heated glass probe (Figure A-9). The probe was
attached to a heated 250-ml gas sampling bulb. The probe was maintained at
423K (300°F) and the gas sampling bulb at 403K (265°F). A diaphram pump was
used to pull samples through the probe and sampling bulb. This purge was
continued until all visual signs of condensation had disappeared. At that
time, the back stopcock of the sampling bulb was closed and the pump was
disconnected. Once the sampling bulb pressure had come to equilibrium with
the stack pressure, the sample was sealed and transported to the laboratory
for analysis.
The gas sampling bulbs were equipped with a septum port. A gas-tight
syringe was used to extract a measured amount of sample. Samples were
analyzed on a Gas Chromatograph (GO with a Flame lonization Detector (FID).
Both methane and rionmethane hydrocarbons were measured with each injection.
Onsite measurements were attempted using a Carle Model 8500 Gas Chromatograph
with FID. However, because of instrument malfunction onslte, actual
A-16
-------
Duct
o
cb
1. Heated glass probe
2. Teflon stopcock
3. 250-ml heated glass gas sampling bulb
4. Tubing connection
S. Sample pump
Figure A-9. GI to £5 hydrocargon sampling system.
-------
determinations were performed on a Varlan Model 3700 GC with FID, automatic
Injection loop, and an automatic linear temperature programming capability,
located at the Acurex laboratory In Mountain View, California. Table A-2
details the Instruments specifications.
The GC was calibrated before and after each test In order to determine
instrument drift. Blank samples were also run in order to quantify any
sampling equipment Interferences.
Sample data were recorded continuously on a strip chart recorder. After
the detection of the methane peak, the column was back-flushed to the
detector for analysis of the remaining nonmethane hydrocarbons. Each gas
sampling bulb was analyzed several times to ensure a representative sample
analysis.
A-18
-------
TABLE A-2. GAS CHROMATOGRAPH SPECIFICATIONS
Carle Instruments, Inc., Model 8500 gas chromatograph:
Sensitivity:
Suppression range:
Noise:
Time constant:
Gas required:
5 x 10-12 amperes for 1 mV output
10"9 amperes
0.5% peak to peak on most sensitive
range
100 milliseconds on all ranges
except "1" range which is 200
milliseconds
Carrier gas (helium)
Combustion air
Fuel gas (hydrogen)
Varfan Model 3700 gas chromatograph:
Sensitivity: 1 x 10-12 A/mV at attenuation 1 and
ranao 10-12 a/mv
Zero range:
Noise (inputs capped):
Time constant:
Gas required:
range 10-12 A/mV
-ID'11 to 10'9A (reversible with
internal switch)
5 x 10-15A; 0.5 pV peak to peak
220 ms on all ranges (approximate 1
second response to 99% of peak)
Carrier gas (helium)
Combustion air
Fuel gas (hydrogen)
A-19
-------
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX A
A-l. "DEMA Exhaust Emission Measurement Procedure for Low and Medium Speed
Internal Combustion Engines," Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association,
Cleveland, Ohio, 1974.
A-2. Lentzen, D.E., et al., "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual; Level 1
Environmental Assessment (Second Edition)," EPA-600/7-78-201,
NTIS PB293795, October 1978.
A-20
-------
APPENDIX B
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS
The following tables present sample trace element analysis results and
trace element discharge stream concentrations. The tables labeled- "ppm"
i
represent element analysis results (microgram per gram yg/g) for each sample
analyzed. Composition for the engine lube oil and all SASS train samples
(filter, XAD-2 resin, first impinger, and second and third impingers) are
noted.
The tables labeled "mass/heat input" give calculated trace element
concentrations in units of nanograms per Joules (ng/J) heat input for the
lube oil and all SASS train samples. The column labeled "flue gas"
represents the appropriate sum of SASS train samples.
The tables labeled "concentration" give the calculated flue gas
concentration (yg/dscm) of each element corresponding to each SASS train
sample, and the SASS train sum (labeled "flue gas").
The tables labeled "mass flow" give calculated element flowrates (pg/s)
corresponding to each analyzed sample. These are summed in the tables
labeled "engine mass-balance."
Symbols appearing in the tables:
DSCM Dry standard cubic meter at 1 atm and 15°C
MCG Microgram
PPM Part per million by weight
B-l
-------
SEC Second
< Less than
> Greater than
Trace elements having concentration less than the detectable limit or
having a blank value greater than the sample value were given an arbitrary
concentration of zero.
Detectability limits for the various SASS samples were the following:
Filter <0.001 yg/cn»2
Baseline <2.1 yg/g
Low-N0x ~ <3.7 yg/g
XAD-2 <0.1 yg/g
Impinger and
organic module
concentrate
-------
PF'M
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMON1
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
COLD
IODINE
IRON
DO LANTHANUM
C, LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
PPM
LUBE-OIL FILTER
>.370E+02
. 000E+00
< . 200E+00
. 100E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 400E+00
. 300E+00
<.700E-01
>.100E+03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.130E+02
.900E+01
. 600E+00
. 300E+0 1
.300E+01
. 000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 200E+00
. 300E+02
. 000E+00
. 100E+01
. 200E+00
X100E+03
. 600E+00
<.100E+00
. 800E+00
.000E+00
. 100E+01
. 000E+00
>.100E+03
. 460E+02
. 000E+00
.700E-0I
<.400E-01
. 000E+00
. 430E+02
.000E+00
> . 960E+02
.200E+01
>.100E+03
. 000E+00
.000E+00
U . 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
<.308E+01
U . 000E+00
. 000E400
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E400
. 000E+00
. 169E+03
. 000E+00
.615E+01
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
-308E+01
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 292E+03
.000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 707E+03
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+ 00
. 000E-f 00
. 000E+00
U . 000E+00
. 000E+00
U . 000E+00
. 000E+00
>.283E+05
. 000E+00
. 000E+ 00
XAD
IMPINGER 1-f-OMC
IMPINGER 2+3
.000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
.100E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 100E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.100E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
.0G0E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.200E+01
.000E+00
<.)00E+00
.560E+01
.000E+00
U.000E+00
.000E+00
.200E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
U.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.800E+00
.1I0E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
U.000E+00
.100E-02
<.100E-02
.200E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.170E-0I
.000E+00
.700E+01
.200E-02
.200E-02
.100E+00
.199E+00
.000E+00
.300E+01
.200E+00
.900E-02
.100Er02
.000E+00
.300E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.230E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.100E-01
<.900E-03
.100E-01
.000E+00
.270E+00
.800E-02
.000E+00
>.950E+01
.000E+00
.600E-02
< 100E-02
.700E+00
.400E+01
.200E-01
>.950E+01
.400E-02
>.980E+01
.000E+00
.200E-01
N 000E+00
<.600E-02
<.200E-01
N.000E+00
M.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N. 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N. 000E+00
N.G00E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+60
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N. 000E-f 00
N.000E+00
<.200E-02
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
-------
PPM
ElEMFNT
THOR11 IM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URAN11 IM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
PPM
LUBE-OIL
.000E+00
. 900E+00
900E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.600E-01
.000E+00
X100E+03
.000E+00
FILTER
.000E+00
.615E+0I
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E-I-00
. 000E+00
.584E+03
.000E+00
DO
XAD
IMPINGER 1+OMC
IMPINGER 243
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
000E+00
. 000E+00
000E+00
180E-01
.000E+0B
000E+00
000E-f00
300E-02
< 100E-02
197E+01
< 100E-02
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N. 000E4-00
N 000E+00
-------
MASS/HtAT INPUT
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
IODINE
I IRON
01 LANTHANUM
LEAP
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SI I ICON
SI l.VER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
NG/J
LUBE-OIL
> .831E+00
.000E+00
< .449E-02
.225E-81
.000E+00
.000E+00
.899E-02
.674E-02
< .157E-02
> .225E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.292E+00
.202E+00
.135E-01
.674E-01
.674E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.449E-02
.674E+00
.000E+00
.225E-01
.449E-92
> .225E+01
.135E-01
< .225E-02
.180E-01
.000E+00
.225E-01
.000E+00
> .225E+01
.103E+01
.000E+00
.157E-02
C .899E-03
.000E+00
.966E+00
.000E+00
> .216E+01
.449E-01
> .225E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
FLUE GAS
.000E+00
.506E-04 .480E+00
.000E+00
.303E-03
< .506E-04
.354E-01
.202E+00
.101E-02
> .480E+00
.250E-02
> .562E+00
.000E+00
.I01E-02
-------
MAsS/llfAT INPUT
ELEMfNl
THORIUM
TIM
TI T.IMIUM
fllNr.STEM
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
NG/J
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
LUBE-OIL
.000E+00
.202E-01
.202E+00
.000E+00
.000C+00
.135E-02
.000E+00
> .225E+01
.000E+00
FLUE GAS
.000E+00
.513E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.152E-03
< .506E-04
100E+00
< .506E-04
CO
-------
MASS/HEAT INPUT
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
IODINE
IRON
PLANTHANUM
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
NG/J
FILTER
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .380E-05
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.209E-03
.000E+00
.760E-05
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.380E-05
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.361E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.874E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
I .000E+00
.000E+00
I .000E+00
.000E+00
> .349E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
XAD
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.288E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.288E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.288E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
,000E>C0
.000E+00
.000E+00
.576E-02
.000E+00
.288E-03
.161E-01
.000E+00
000E-f00
.000E+00
.576E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E-I-00
.000E+00
. 230E-02
.317E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
IMPINGER 1+OMC
U .000E+00
.506E-04
< .506E-04
.101E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.859E-03
.000E+00
.354E+00
.101E-03
.101E-03
.506E-02
.I01E-01
.000E+00
152E+00
.101E-01
.455E-03
.506E-04
.000E+00
.152E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.I16E-0I
.000E+00
.000E+00
.506E-03
< .455E-04
.506E-03
.000E+00
.I37E-01
.404E-03
.000E+00
> .480E+00
.000E+00
.303E-03
C .506E-04
.354E-0I
.202E+00
.101E-02
> .480E+00
-202E-03
> .495E+00
.000E+00
.101E-02
IMPINGER 2+3
N .000E+00
< .773E-04
< .258E-03
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000Ei-00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .0006+00
N .OGOE+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E100
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
< 258E-04
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N .060E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N
N
N
N
N
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
FLUE GAS
.000E+00
.506E-04 .480E+00
000E+00
.303E-03
< 506E-04
.354E-01
202E+00
.101E-02
> .480E+00
.250E-02
> .562E+00
.000E+00
.I01E-02
-------
MASS/HEAT INPUT
ELEMENT
THORIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
NG/J
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
FILTER
.000E+00
.760E-05
.000E+0B
.000E+00
.000E+00
.eeeE+eo
.000E+00
.722E-W
.000E+00
XAO
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E400
.000E+00
.000E+00
.0B0E+00
. 000E-1-00
.000E+00
IMPINGER 1+OMC
000E+00
.506E-03
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.152E-03
< .506E-04
996E-01
< .506E-04
IMPINGER 2+3
N
N
N
N
N
. 0U0E+00
000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
FLUE GAS
.000E+00
.513E-03
000E400
000E+00
.000E+00
152E-03
< 506E-04
100E+00
< .506E-04
OD
00
-------
CONCENIRATION
"ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
^IODINE
I IRON
^LANTHANUM
LEAD
IITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
MCG/DSCM
FILTER XAD
U .000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .636E-02
U .000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.350E+00
.000E+00
.127E-01
.000E-I-00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.636E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.604E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.146E+01
.000£+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E400
.000E+00
U .000E+00
.000E+00
U .000E+00
.000E+00
> .585E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.482E+0I
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.482E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.482E+01
.000E+00
.600E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.964E+01
.000E+00
< .482E+00
.270E+02
.000E+00
U .000E+00
.000E+00
.964E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
U .000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.386E+0I
.530E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
IMPINGER 1+OMC
U .000E+00
.847E-01
< .847E-01
.169E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.I44E+01
.000E+00
.593E+03
.169E+00
.I69E+00
.847E+01
I68E+02
000E+00
.254E+03
.169E+02
.762E+00
.847E-0I
000E+00
.254E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
195E-I-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.847E+00
< .762E-0I
.847E+00
.000E+00
.229E+02
.677E+00
.000E+00
> 804E+03
000E+00
.508E+00
< .847E-01
.593E+02
.339E+03
.169E+01
> .804E+03
.339E+00
> .830E+03
.000E+00
.169E+01
IMPINGER 2+3
N .000E+00
< .129E+00
< 43IE+00
N .000E-I-00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+0Q
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
< .43IE-01
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E-I-00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
FLUE GAS
.000E+00
.847E-0KX< 2I4E+00
< 516E+00
.651E+01
000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
192E+0I
< 636E-02
593E+03
.169E+00
.169E+00
.847E+01
217E+02
.000E+00
.254E+03
173E-4-02
.762E+00
.974E-0I
000E+00
254E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
195E+02
.636E-02
964E+01
.847E+00
< .60IE-t-00
284E+02
000E+00
.229E+02
677E+00
11 IE+02
> 804E+03
000E+00
.508E+00
< .847E-01
.593E+02
.339E+03
.169E+0I
> .804E+03
4I9E+0I
> .941E+03
.000E+00
.169E+0I
-------
fNIRAT ION
fl EMFMT
THOR I MM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
FILTER
.000E+00
.127E-0I
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
I21E+01
000E+00
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
MCG/DSCM
XAD
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E-H00
IMPINGFR UOMC
000E+00
847E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
254E+00
<- .847E-0I
167E+03
< 847E-01
IMF'INOEk 21 )
N 000E400
N 000E<00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N OOOE HdQ
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 0B0E+00
N 000E+00
FLUE GAS
OOOEnOO
859E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
254E4-00
< 847E-01
168E+03
< 847E-0I
CO
-------
MASS FLOW
PLEMENT
AIUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMAN IUM
GOLD
IODINE
00»PON
I LANTHANUM
PLEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURf
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SCANDIUM
SFIENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
LUBE-OIL
> .149E+02
.000E+00
< .804E-01
.402E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.161E+00
. 121E+00
< .281E-01
> .402E+02
000E+00
.000E+00
.523E+01
.362E+01
.241E+00
.121E+01
I21E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.804E-01
121£+02
.000E+00
.402E+00
.804E-01
> .402E+02
.241E+00
< .402E-01
.322E+00
.000E+00
.402E+00
. 000E-1-00
> .402E+02
.185E+02
.000E+00
.281E-01
< .161E-01
.000E+00
.173E+02
.000E+00
> .386E+02
.804E+00
> .402E+02
.000E+00
.000E-f00
COL f-SPARK
BASELINE
MCG/SEC
FLUE GAS
.000E+00
. 182E+00 .173E+04
.000E+00
.I09E+OI
< .182E+00
.127E+03
.728E+03
.364E+01
> .173E+04
.902E+0I
> .202E+04
.000E+00
.364E+01
-------
COLT-SPARK
MAS:, now BASELINE
MCG/SEC
ELFMFNT LUBE-OIL FLUE GAS
THORiUM .000E+00 .eeeE+ee
TIN .362E+00 .185E+01
TITANIUM .362E+01 .000E+00
TUNGSTEN .000E+00 .000E+00
URANIUM .000E+00 .000E+00
VANADIUM .241E-0I .546E+00
VTTRIUM .000E+00 < .182E+00
ZINC > .402E+02 .361E+03
ZIRCONIUM .000E+00 < 182E+00
CO
l-«
ro
-------
MASS FLO«t-
EIEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
QERMANIUM
GOLD
IODINE
IRON
I LANTHANUM
tJLEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODVMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
MCG/SEC
FILTER XAD
U .Q00E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .137E-01
U .000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+80
.000E+00
.752E+00
.000E+00
.274E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.137E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.130E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.315E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
U . 000E+00
.000E+00
U
.000E+00
.000E+00
> .126E+03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.104E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.104E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 104E+02
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E+00
.000E+00
.207E+02
000E+00
< .104E+01
.581E+02
.000E+00
U .000E+00
.000E400
.207E+02
.000E+00
. 000E-t-00
.000E+00
. 000E4-00
.000E+00
U .000E+00
. 000E-I-00
.000E+06
.829E+01
. JME+03
.000E+00
.000E+00
IMPINGER 1+OMC
U .000E+00
.182E+00
' .182EI00
364E+01
000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
310E+01
000E+00
127E+04
.364E-I-00
.364E+00
.182E+02
.362E+02
000E+00
546E+03
.364E+02
. 164E+0I
182E+00
000E+00
546E+00
000E+00
000E+00
.419E+02
.000E+00
000E+00
182E+01
< 164E+00
.182E+01
.000E+00
.492E+02
.146E+01
.000E+00
> .173E+04
.000E+00
.109E+01
< .182E+00
.127E+03
.728E+03
.364E+01
> .173E+04
.728E+00
> .J 78E+04
.000E+00
.364E+01
IMPINGER 2-13
.000E+00
278E+00
928E4-00
.000E+00
000E+00
N
N
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N' .000E+00
N .000E+00
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
<
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
.000E+00
,000£inO
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000F+00
N .000E400
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E-I00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.928E-01
.000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.OOOE+00
FLUE GAS
.000E+00
182E+00 I73E+04
000E+00
109E+0I
< 182E+00
. 127E+03
728E+03
364E+0I
> .173E+04
.902E+01
> .202E+04
000E+00
.364E+01
-------
MASS FLOW
ELEMENT
THORIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
MCG/SEC
FILTFR XAD
. 000E+00
.274E-01
. 000E+00
000E+00
. 000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 260E+0I
. 000E+00
. 000E-f 00
.000E+00
. 000E-) 00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E100
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E-fB0
IMPINGER I+OMC
.000E+00
.182E+01
.000E+00
. 000E-I-00
.000Et00
.546E+00
< 182E+00
359E+03
< 182E+00
IMPINGER 2-1-3
N
N
N
N
N
.000E+00
.OOGE+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E-f00
N .000E+00
M .000E+00
FLUE GAS
000E-100
I85E+01
000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
.546E+00
< 182E+00
J61E+03
< 182E+00
-------
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
ELEMENT
ENGINE MASS-BALANCE
INPUT-LUBE-0IL OUTPUT-EXHAUST
TOTAL IN
TOTAL OUT
MASS BALANCE (OUT/IN)
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
IODINE
00 IRON
'LANTHANUM
tnLEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURi
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
. 149E+02
-------
COLT-SPARK
BASELINE
ENGINE MASS-BALANCE
INPUT=LUBE-OIL OUTPUT-EXHAUST
ELEMENT TOTAL IN TOTAL OUT MASS BALANCE (OUT/IN)
THORIUM
TIN 362E+00 .185E+01 t>ME+01
TITANIUM .362E+01 G00E+00
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM «
VANADIUM .241E-01 .546E+00 .226E+02
YTTRIUM X<.182E+00 »
ZINC .402E+02
-------
PPM
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
IODINE
ml RON
TUANTHANUM
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
PPM
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEOOYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SAMAR I UM
SCANDIUM
SELFNIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULfUR
TANTALUM
LUBE-OIL
X370E+02
.eeeE+ee
<.200E+00
.100E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.400E+00
.300E+00
<.700E-01
> 100E+03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.130E+02
.900E+01
.600E+00
.300E+01
.300E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.200E+00
.300E+02
.000E400
.100E+01
.200E+00
>.100E+03
.600E+00
<.100E+00
.800E+00
.000E+00
.100E+0I
.000E+00
X100E+03
.460E+02
.000E+00
.700E-01
.000E+00
<.400E-01
.000E+00
.430E+02
.000E+00
>.960E+02
.200E+01
>.100E+03
.000E+00
FILTER
U.000E+00
<.601E+00
.000E+00
. 000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.601E+02
.000E+00
<.601E+00
U.000E+00
. 000E+00
<.601E+00
.000E400
.360E+02
.000E+00
. )80E-t-02
.237E+03
.000E+00
<.601E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.120E+03
.000E+00
781E+01
.114E+02
.120E+04
.300E+01
.000E+00
.J20E+01
.000E+00
.240E+02
.000E+00
.356E+04
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
<.601E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
U.000E400
.541E+01
U.000E+00
.601E+01
>.553E+04
.000E+00
XAD
IMPINGER 1+OMC
IMPINGER 2+3
,400E-t01
000E+00
.000E+00
.100E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.800E+00
.000E+00
.000E400
.600E+02
100E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.170E+02
600E+01
410E+02
000E+00
.200E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E+00
.360E+03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.100E+01
.120E+02
<.l00E+00
.600E+00
100E+00
U.000E+00
.000E+00
.120E+02
.210E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
U.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
100E+00
.700E+01
<.200E+00
U 000E+00
000E+00
< 100E-02
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.470E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
< I00E-02
.900E+00
.190E-01
000E+00
999E+00
200E+00
.200E-01
< 100E-02
.000E+00
100E-02
000E+00
400E-01
130E+00
.200E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
<.900E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.200E-0I
200E-02
.000E+00
>.105E+02
000E+00
.200E-02
.000E+00
< 100E-02
400E+00
400E+01
800E-01
>.950E+01
.I00E-0I
>.980E+01
.000E+00
N 000E+00
< 600E-02
<.200E-0I
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N OOOE+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
<.200E-02
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
.000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
N.000E+00
-------
PPM
ELEMENT
TELLURIUM
THORIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
PPM
LUBE-OIL
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 900E+00
900E+01
.000E+00
. G00E+00
.600E-01
.000E+00
>.100E+03
.000E+00
FILTER
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 300E-I-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
415E+03
.000E+00
DO
»-
00
XAD
IMPINGER 1+OMC
IMPINGER 2+3
000E+00
000E+00
< 300E+00
400E+01
000E+00
.000E+00
200E+00
000E+00
.500E+01
000E+00
700E-02
000E+00
300E-02
000E+-00
000E+00
000E+00
108E-02
100E-02
197E+01
300E-02
N 000E+00
N.000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N.000E400
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+60
N 000E409
-------
INPUT
CLEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BAR I UM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
COLO
IODINE
00 1 RON
LANTHANUM
GLEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MfRCURi
MOI iBDENUM
NEODiMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
NG/J
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
LUBE-OIL
> .831E+00
.000E+00
(. .449E-02
225E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.899E-02
.674E-02
< .157E-02
> .225E+61
.000E+00
.000E+00
.292E+00
.202E+00
.135E-01
.674E-01
.674E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.449E-02
.674E+00
.000E+00
.225E-01
.449E-02
> .225E+01
.135E-01
< .225E-02
.180E-01
.000E+00
.225E-01
.000E+00
> .225E+01
.103E+01
.000E+00
.157E-02
.000E+00
< .899E-03
.000E+00
.966E+00
.000E+09
> .216E+01
.449E-0J
> .225E+01
.000E+00
FLUE GAS
.122E-01
< .829E-04
< .319E-03
.304E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.284E-02
.266E-82
< .402E-05
.183E+00
.304E-03
< .606E-04
.509E-01
.53IE-01
.183E-01
.181E+00
.129E-01
.174E-02
c .606E-04
.000E+00
.565E-04
.110E+01
.226E-02
.740E-02
.I89E-03
.111E-01
.365E-01
< .382E-03
.183E-02
.304E-03
.129E-02
.1I3E-03
.603E-01
> .658E+00
.000E+00
113E-03
< .402E-05
< .565E-04
.226E-0I
.226E+00
.456E-02
> .537E+0B
.910E-03
> .6I2E+00
< .609E-03
-------
MASS/HEAI INPUT
ELEMENT
TELLURIUM
THORIUM
TIN -
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
NG/J
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
LUBE-OIL
.000E+00
. 000E+00
.202E-01
.202E+00
. 000E+ 00
.000E+00
.135E-02
.000E+00
> -225E+01
.000E+00
FLUE GAS
396E-03
.000E+00
. 190E-03
-------
MASS/HE AT INPUT
E LEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BAR 1 1 JM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
IODINE
CO I RON
KJ LANTHANUM
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
S I LVER
S< >L> I UM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
NG/J
FILTER
.000E+00
< .402E-05
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.402E-03
.000E+00
< .402E-05
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .402E-05
.000E+00
.241E-03
.000E+00
.121E-03
.159E-02
.000E+00
< .402E-05
.000E+00
.000E+00
.803E-03
000E+00
.522E-04
.763E-04
.803E-02
.201E-04
.000E+00
.803E-05
.000E+00
.161E-03
.000E+00
.238E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .402E-05
.000E+00
.000E+00
I .000E+00
.362E-04
> .000E+00
.402E-04
> .370E-01
.000E+00
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
XAD
-122E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.304E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 244E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.183E+00
.304E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.517E-01
.183E-01
.125E+00
.000E+00
.609E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
110E+01
.000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
.304E-02
.365E-01
.304E-03
.183E-02
.304E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
.365E-01
.639E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.304E-03
.2J3E-01
.609E-03
IMPINGER UOMC
U .000E+00
.000E+00
< .565E-04
.000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
. 000E+00
.266E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .565E-04
.509E-01
.107E-02
.000E+C0
.565E-01
113E-0I
.113E-02
< .565E-04
.000E+00
.565E-04
.000E+00
.226E-02
.735E-02
113E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .509E-04
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 113E-02
.113E-03
.000E+00
> .594E+00
.000E+00
. 113E-03
.000E+00
< .565E-04
226E-01
.226E+00
I
452E-02 i
5 .537E+00
.565E-03
5 .554E+00
.000E+00
IMPINGER 2+3
.000E+00
.788E-04
.263E-03
.000E+00
.000E+00
FLUE GAS
N
N
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E400
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
< 263E-04
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
.000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
122E-01
829E-04
.319E-03
.304E-02
000E+00
000E+00
.284E-02
.266E-02
.402E-05
183E+00
304E-03
.606E-04
.509E-0I
.531E-01
183E-0I
181E+00
129E-01
.174E-02
.606E-04
000E+00
565E-04
.110E+01
.226E-02
.740E-02
189E-03
.111E-01
.365E-01
.382E-03
.183E-02
.304E-03
.I29E-02
.I13E-03
603E-01
658E+00
.000E+00
.I13E-03
< .402E-05
< .565E-04
.226E-01
.226E+00
.456E-02
> .537E+00
.910E-03
> 612E+00
< .609E-03
-------
MASS/HEAT INPUT
ELEMENT
IflU'S'lUM
THORI DM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSIEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
NG/J
COLT-SPARK
IOW-NOX
FILTER
000E+00
.000E400
.201E-04
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E-I-00
000C400
.277E-02
.000E+00
XAO
.000E+00
.000E+00
.913E-03
.I22E-0)
.000C+00
.000E+00
.609E-03
.000E+00
.152E 81
.000E+0P
IMPINCER 1+OMC
.J96E-03
.000E+00
170E-03
000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
565E-04
< 565E-04
111E+00
170E-03
IMPINGER t'
N
N
N
N
000E+00
000C(00
OOOE+00
.000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E-»00
N .000Ef00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
FLUE GAS
396E-03
000E+00
190E-03
ro
-------
gONSENTRAfiON
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
MCG/DSCM
FILTER XAD
00
IODINE
1 RON
I LANTHANUM
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SUI FUR
TANTALUM
U .000E+00
< .599E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E+00
.599E+00
.000E+00
< .599E-02
U .000E+00
.000E+00
< .599E-02
.000E+00
.359E+00
.000E+00
.180E+00
.237E+01
.000E+00
< .599E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.120E+01
.000E+00
.779E-01
.114E+00
.120E+02
.299E-0I
.000E+00
.120E-01
.000E+00
.240E+00
.000E+00
.355E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .599E-02
.000E+00
.000E+00
U .000E+00
.539E-01
U .000E+00
.599E-01
> .551E+02
.000E+00
.182E+02
.000E+00
. 000F.+00
.454E+01
.000E+00
. 000E-I-00
.363E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.272E+03
.454E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.771E+02
.272E+02
.186E+03
.000E+00
.908E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 163E+04
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.454E+0I
.545E+02
C .454E+00
.272E+01
.454E+00
U .000E+00
.000E+00
.545E+02
.953E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
U .000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.454E+00
.318E402
< .908E+00
IMPINGER 1-tOMC
U .000E+00
.000E+00
< .843E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.396E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
< .843E-01
.759E+02
160E+01
.000E+00
.842E+02
.169E+02
.169E+01
< .843E-01
.000E+00
.843E-01
.000E+00
.337E+01
. 110E+02
.169E+00
. 000E+00
.000E+00
< .759E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.169E+01
.169E+00
.000E+00
> .885E+03
.000Ef00
169E+00
.000E+00
< .843E-01
.337E+02
.337E+03
.674E+01
> .801E+03
.843E+00
> .826E+03
.000E+00
IMPINGER 2+3
. 000E+00
.118E+00
. 392E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
FLUE GAS
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
.000E+00
N .000E+00
N . 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N . 000E-100
N 000E4-00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000f+00
N 000E+00
< 392E-01
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N
N
N
N
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
.182E+02
.124E+00
.476E+00
.454E+01
000E+00
.000E+00
.423E+01
.396E+01
.599E-02
.272E+03
454E+00
< 903E-01
.759E+02
791E+02
.272E+02
270E+03
192E+02
.259E+01
< .903E-01
000E+00
.843E-0I
163E+04
.337E+01
I I0E+02
. 282E+00
.165E+02
.545E+02
< .569E+00
.273E+01
454E+00
.193E+01
169E+00
.900E+02
> .980E+03
.000E+00
.169E+00
.599E-02
.843E-01
.337E+02
.337E+03
.680E+01
801E+03
.136E+01
.913E+03
.908E+00
-------
(.'Mi. ENTRATION
ELEMENT
TELLURIUM
THORIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANAOIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
FILTER
.0B0E+00
000E+00
299E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.413E+01
.000E+00
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
MCG/DSCM
XAD
.000E+00
.000E+00
I36E+01
182E+02
.000E+00
000E-f 00
. 908E+00
.000E+00
.227E+02
.000E400
IMPINGER 1-fOKC
590E+00
. 000E+00
253E+00
. 000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
.843E-01
< 843E-01
IMPINGER 2+3
253E+00
N
M 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E i 00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
FLUE GAS
.590E+00
. 000E+00
283E400
-------
MASS FLOVv
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
IODINE
"IRON
ISJLANTHANUM
"'LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEOOYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SAMARIUM
S< ANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
LUBE-OIL
> .149E+02
.000E+00
< .804E-01
.402E+00
. 000E+00
.000E+00
.161E+00
.121E+00
< .281E-01
> .402E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.523E+01
.362E+01
.241E+00
.121E+01
.t21E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.804E-01
.121E+02
.000E+00
.402E+00
.804E-01
) .402E+02
.241E+00
< .402E-01
.322E+00
.000E+00
.402E+00
.000E+00
> .402E+02
.185E+02
.000E+00
.281E-01
.000E+00
< .161E-01
.000E+00
173E+02
.000E+00
> .386E+02
.804E+00
> .402E+02
.000E+00
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
MCG/SEC
FLUE GAS
.436E+02
.297E+00
.114E+01
.109E+02
. 000E-I-00
.000E+00
.102E+02
.952E+01
< .144E-01
.654E+03
.109E+0I
< .217E+00
.182E+03
190E+03
.654E+02
. 650E+03
462E+02
.623E+01
< .217E+00
.000E+00
.203E+00
.393E+04
.810E+01
. 265EH-02
.679E+00
.397E+02
.131E+03
< .I37E+0I
.657E+01
.109E-I-01
.463E+0I
.405E+00
.216E+03
> .236E+04
.000E+00
.405E+00
< .I44E-0J
< .203E+00
.810E+02
.810E+03
.163E+02
> .192E+04
.326E+01
> .219E+04
< .218E+01
-------
MASS FLOW
ELEMENT
TELLURIUM
THORIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
MCG/SEC
LUBE-OIL RUE GAS
.000E+00 M2E+01
.000E+00 .000E+00
362F+0B .680E+00 .402E+02 .464E+03
.060E+00 .608E+00
CO
ro
a\
-------
MAS* FLOW
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
IODINE
0, I RON
I LANTHANUM
£3 LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SI I ICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
FILTER
.000E+00
< .144E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.144E+01
.000E+00
< .144E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .144E-01
.000E+00
.864E+00
.000E+00
.432E+00
.569E+01
.000E+00
< .144E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.288E+01
.000E+00
.187E+00
.273E+00
.288E+02
.720E-01
.000E+00
.288E-01
.000E+00
.576E+00
.000E+00
.854E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .144E-01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.130E+00
.000E+00
. 144E-f00
> . 132E+03
.000E+00
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
MCG/SEC
XAD
.436E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.109E+02
.000E+00
.000E+00
.872E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.654E+03
.109E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.185E+03
.654E+02
.447E+03
.000E+00
.218E+01
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.393E+04
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E-f 00
.109E+02
.131E+03
< .109E+0I
.654E+01
.109E+01
U .000E+00
.000E+00
.131E+03
229E403
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
U .000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.109E+01
.763E+02
< .218E+01
IMPINGER 1+OMC
U .000E+00
.000E+00
< .203E4-00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
. 000E-f00
.952E+01
.000E+CO
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .203E+00
.182E+03
.385E+01
.000E+00
.202E+03
.405E+02
.405E+01
< .203E+00
.000E-H00
.203E+00
.000E+00
.810E+01
.263E+02
.405E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
< .182E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.405E+01
.405E+00
.000E+00
> .213E+04
.000E+00
.405E+00
.000E+00
< .203E+00
.810E+02
.810E+03
.162E+02
> .192E+04
.203E+0)
> .199E+04
.000E+00
IMPINGER 2+3
N .000E+00
< .282E+00
< .942E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N 000 E-1-00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N 000E+00
< .942E-01
N 000E+00
N .000E+00
FLUE GAS
N
N
N
N
N
000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
N .000E+00
.000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
N .000E+00
.436E+02
.297E+00
.114E+01
.109E+02
.000E+00
. 000E+00
. 102E+02
.952E+01
< . 144E-01
.654E+03
. 109E+01
< .217E+00
.182E+03
190E+03
.654E+02
650E+03
. 462E+02
.623E+0I
< .217E+00
. 000E+00
. 203E-f 00
393E+04
.810E+01
679E+00
.397E+02
.131E+03
< .137E+01
.657E+01
I09E+0)
.463E+01
. 405E+00
216E+03
> .236E+04
. 000E+00
. 405E+00
< .144E-01
< .203E+00
. 810E+02
.810E+03
.163E+02
> .192E+04
.326E+01
> .219E+04
< .218E+01
-------
MASS FLOW
ELEMENT
TELLURIUM
THORIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
MCG/SEC
FILTER XAO
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
.720E-01
.000E+60
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 993E+0 1
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
< .327E+0I
.4J6E+02
. 000E+00
. 000E+00
.218E+01
.545E+02
.000E+00
IMPINGER 1+OMC
.142E+01
. 000E4-00
608E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
.203E+00
< 203E+00
.399E+03
608E+00
IMPINGER 2+3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
. 000E-1-00
.000E+00
.000E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
.0C0E+00
.000E+00
000E+00
000E+00
.000E+00
FLUE GAS
.142E+01
.000E+00
. 680E-f00
-------
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
ENGINE MASS-BALANCE
1NPUT=LUBE-0IL 0UTPUT=EXHAUST
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
B 1 SMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
FLUORINE
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
IODINE
00 IRON
,5^ LANTHANUM
«OLEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANOANESE
MERfURi
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDIUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TOTAL IN
. 149E+02
-------
ELEMENT
TELLURIUM
THORIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
7IRCONIUM
COLT-SPARK
LOW-NOX
ENGINE MASS-BALANCE
INPUT=LUBE-OIL 0UTPUT=EXHAUST
TOTAL IN
.362E+00
.362E+01
.241E-01
402E+02
-------
APPENDIX C
CONVERSION UNITS AND SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Conversion Units
To Obtain
Watt (W)
Joules (output)
Joules
9
g/kW-hr
Pa
1/s
Kg/s
ng/J (input)
Multiply
Bhp
Bhp-hr
Btu
Ib
Ib/Bhp-hr
psi
gpm
Ib/min
lb/106 Btu (input)
g/Bhp-hr (output)
By
746
2.68 x
1,055
454
609
6,895
6.31 x
7.58 x
430
372E
106
10-2
10-3
Where E = engine efficiency
K = (°F + 460)/1.8
C-l
-------
Sample Calculations:
a)
b)
O
BSFC
CID/cyl
BMEP
= Wf (60)
" Bhp
= ir (cylinder bore
= Bhp (33000) (12)
diameter)2 x
4
stroke x 2
CID (Number of cylinders) RPM
EyT ~2~
d) BS(a)dry basis = 4.54 x 10-6 x MW (a) x NTD1 x ppm (dry) x BSFC
where:
NTD' = moles of dry exhaust products / 100 pounds of fuel
e) Correction of NOX/NO to standard atmospheric conditions of
10.71g H?0/kg air (75 gra1ns/lb air) humidity and 302K (85°F)
ambient temperature:
NOX corrected = NOX x K^
where:
K! = 1/(1- 0.00235 (H-75) + 0.00220 (T-85))
and
H = observed humidity 1n grains H20 / pound of dry air
T = observed Inlet air temperature In °F
C-2
-------
APPENDIX D
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS
AAS - Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
A/F - Air-to-fuel ratio - weight basis
Bhp - Brake horsepower
BMEP - Brake mean effective pressure
BMV - Before minimum (cylinder) volume
BS(a) - Brake specific emissions - grams of pollutant (a) produced by the
engine in developing i Bhp-hr
BSFC - Brake specific fuel consumption 1n Btu of fuel per Bhp-hr
CID/cyl - Cubic inches piston displacement per cylinder. Since opposed
piston engine has two pistons per cylinder, the total CID/cyl is
twice the displacement of each piston
DEMA - Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association
DSCM - Dry standard cubic meter
FID - Flame 1on1zation detector
GC - Gas chromatography
GC/MS - Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy
MU(a) - Molecular weight of pollutant (a)
NDIR - Nond1spers1ve infrared
POM - Polycyclic organic matter
RPM - Revolutions per minute - engine speed
SASS - Source assessment sampling system
SSMS - Spark source mass spectroscopy
Wf - Weight of fuel flow, pounds per hour
D-l
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-86-002a
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Environmental Assessment of NOx
Control on a Spark-Ignited, Large-Bore, Reciprocating
Internal-Combustion Engine; Vol. I. Technical Results
5. REPORT DATE
January 1986
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTMORIS)
C. Castaldini
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
TR-81-79/EE
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Acurex Corporation
555 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, California 94039
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
51. CONTRACT/GRANT NC.
68-02-3188
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 4/80 - 6/81
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
" SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES AEERL project officer is Robert E. Hall, Mail Drop 65, 919/541-
2477. Volume II is a data supplement.
16. ABSTRACT Volume I of this report gives emission results for a spark-ignited, large-
bore, reciprocating, internal-combustion engine operating both under baseline (nor-
mal) conditions, and with combustion modification controls to reduce NOx emissions
to levels below the proposed new source performance standard (NSPS) for such en-
gines. Exhaust gas measurements included (in addition to continuous monitoring of
criteria gas emissions) total organics in two boiling point ranges, compound cate-
gory information within these ranges, specific quantisation of semi volatile organic
priority pollutants, flue gas concentrations of 73 trace elements, and particulates.
Exhaust NOx emissions were reduced almost 50 percent, from a baseline level of
1, 260 ng/J (730 to 420 ppm corrected to 15 percent O2 dry) by increasing the opera-
ting air/fuel ratio of the engine. Accompanying this reduction was a slight increase
in engine efficiency. CO, methane, total hydrocarbon, and total semivolatile organic
compound emissions were increased from 10 to 65 percent under low-NOx operation.
However, total nonvolatile organic emissions decreased 55 percent. The organic
emissions for both tests consisted primarily of aliphatic hydrocarbons with some
carboxylic acids, phenols, and low-molecular-weight fused-ring aromatics. POMs
were detected in concentrations below 4 micrograms/dscm.
17.
KEY WCROS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
CESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. cos AT i Field/Group
Pollution
Diesel Engines
Spark-Ignition
Nitrogen Oxides
Assessments
Exhaust Gases
Combustion Control
Stoichiometry
Field Tests
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment
Combustion Modification
13B
21G
21B
07B
14B
07D
IB. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
110
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
D-2
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