NATIONAL INVENTORY
OF SOURCES
AND EMISSIONS:
SELENIUM - 1969
l.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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APTD-1130
NATIONAL INVENTORY
OF
SOURCES AND EMISSIONS:
SELENIUM - 1969
by
W. E. Davis § Associates
9726 Sagamore Road
Leawood, Kansas
Contract No. 68-02-0100
EPA Project Officer: C. V. Spangler
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
April 1972
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The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by
the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and
Water Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report technical
data of interest to a limited number of T-eaders. Copies of APTD reports
are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors
and grantees, and non-profit organizations - as supplies permit - from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 or may be obtained,
for a nominal cost, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency
in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-0100. The contents of this report
are reproduced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions,
findings,and conclusions expressed are those of the author and not
necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. The report
contains some information such as estimates of emission factors and
emission inventories which by no means are representative of a high
degree of accuracy. References to this report should acknowledge the
fact that these values are estimates only.
Publication No. APTD-1130
11
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PREFACE
This report was prepared by W. E. Davis & Associates pursu-
ant to Contract No. 68-02-0100 with the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Office of Air Programs.
The inventory of atmospheric emissions has been prepared to
provide reliable information regarding the nature, magnitude,
and extent of the emissions of selenium in the United States for
the year 1969.
Background information concerning the basic characteristics
of the selenium industry has been assembled and included.
Process descriptions are given, but they are brief, and are
limited to the areas that are closely related to existing or po-
tential atmospheric losses of the pollutant.
Due to the limitation of time and funds allotted for the study,
the plan was to personally contact all of the primary pro-
ducers and about twenty percent of the companies in each
major emission source group to obtain the required infor-
mation. It was known that published data concerning emis-
sions of the pollutant were virtually nonexistent, and contacts
with industry ascertained that atmospheric emissions were
not a matter of record. The selenium emissions and emission
111
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factors that are presented are based on the summation of
data obtained from production and reprocessing companies.
Additional information was acquired during field trips to in-
spect the air pollution control equipment and observe pro-
cessing operations.
IV
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This was an industry oriented study and the authors express
their appreciation to the many companies and individuals in
the selenium industry for their contributions.
We wish to express our gratitude for the assistance of the
various societies and associations, and to the many branches
of the Federal and State Governments.
Our express thanks to Mr. C. V. Spangler, Project Officer,
EPA, Office of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, N. C.,
for his helpful guidance.
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CONTENTS
SUMMARY 1
Emissions by Source 2
Emissions by Regions 3
Emission Factors 4
MINERAL SOURCES OF SELENIUM 6
MATERIAL FLOW THROUGH THE ECONOMY ... 8
Chart 9
USES AND EMISSIONS OF SELENIUM
Mining and Milling 10
Metallurgical Processing 1Z
Selenium Secondary Production 24
End Product Uses of Selenium 25
Electronic and Electrical Equipment .... 25
Glass 28
Duplicating Machines 31
Pigments 33
Miscellaneous 35
OTHER SOURCES OF SELENIUM EMISSIONS
Coal 39
Oil 41
Iron and Steel 44
Other 45
Incineration 46
UPDATING OF EMISSION ESTIMATES 48
Vll
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TABLES
Table I Emissions by Source 2
Table II Emissions by Region 3
Table III Emission Factors 5
Table IV Selenium in Intermediate Products
of a Smelter Circuit 22
Table V Selenium Balance in Anode Residue
Plant and Selenium-Tellurium Plant ... 23
Table VI Residual Fuel' Oil Data 41
Table VII Shipments of Residual Fuel Oil in the
United States - 1969 43
FIGURES
Figure I Material Flow Through the Economy ... 9
Figure II Copper Smelter Flow Diagram 14
Figure III Silver Refinery Flow Diagram 17
Figure IV Selenium Plant Flow Dia.gram 18
VUl
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SUMMARY
The production and use of selenium in the United States has
been traced and charted for the year 1969. The consumption
was 728 tons, while primary and secondary production was
only 630 tons. Imports, principally from Canada, totaled
273 tons.
Emissions to the atmosphere during the year were 986 tons.
The emissions that resulted from the combustion of coal were
about 65 percent of total emissions, and those due to the man-
ufacture of glass were nearly 21 percent. Emissions from
metallurgical processing of nonferrous metals and the burn-
ing of fuel oil were 9 percent and 7 percent respectively,
while all other emissions were less than one percent of the
total.
Emission estimates for the manufacture of glass and metal-
lurgical processing are based solely on data obtained from
industry. Emissions due to the combustion of coal and fuel
oil are based on the analytical results obtained from rela-
tively few samples.
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TABLE I
Source Category
Mining and Milling
Metallurgical Processing
Secondary Production
End Product Uses
Other Emission Sources
TOTAL
EMISSIONS BY SOURCE
1969
Source Group
Emissions - Tons
Emissions
Electronic and Electrical
Glass
Duplicating Machines
Pigments
Miscellaneous
Coal
Oil
Incineration
N
85
1
204
N
203
N
1
N
696
630
65
1
8. 6
0. 1
20. 7
70. 6
986
100. 0
N - Negligible
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TABLE II
EMISSIONS BY REGIONS
Region No. 1
Region No, 2
Region No. 3
Region No. 4
TOTAL
Tons
77
449
220
240
986
Arizona
California
Colorado
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Region No. 1
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Oregon
Region No. 2
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
North Dakota
Ohio
South Dakota
Wisconsin
AJabama
Arkansas
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
Region No. 3
Louisiana.
Maryland
Mississippi
North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Region No. 4
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
West Virginia
District of
Columbia
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Vermont
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EMISSION FACTORS
The emission factors presented herein are the best currently
available. They were determined through a combination of
methods consisting of: (1) direct observation of emission
data, and other related plant processing and engineering data
where available; (2) estimates based on information obtained
from literature, plant operators, and others knowledgeable
in the field; (3) calculations based on experience and personal
knowledge of metallurgical processing operations; and, (4)
specific analytical results (in the case of coal and oil) where
available.
The basic data used to calculate the emission factors are
contained in the files of the Contractor. Readers of this doc-
ument are encouraged to submit data to the EPA in confirma-
tion of these factors, or additional da.ta which can be used to
further refine the factors in subsequent publications.
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TABLE III
EMISSION FACTORS
Mining and Milling
2 Ib/miUion tons of copper
ore mined
Metallurgical Processing
Secondary Production
277 Ib/ton of selenium produced
100 Ib/ton of selenium recovered
End Product Uses
Glass
Pigments
2. 8 lb/1,000 sq. ft. of colored
structural plate glass
15 Ib/ton of selenium processed
Other Emission Sources
Coal
Oil
Incineration
2.5 lb/1, 000 tons of coal burned
0.21 lb/1,000 bbls of oil burned
20 Ib/mi.llion tons of refuse
burned
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MINERAL SOURCES OF SELENIUM
Selenium (Se) is a relatively rare element that is widely dis-
tributed in nature. Usually it is a minor constituent of the
sulfide minerals of copper, iron, and lead. Occasionally it
is found in conjunction with native sulfur and in the form of
selenides of other metals. The principal ores are chalco-
pyrite, bornite, and pyrite.
Selenium is estimated to be the sixty-ninth most abundant
element in the earth's crust at an average content of 0. 09
ppm.
Copper ores are the major sources of domestic and world
supplies of selenium. More than 90 percent of the domestic
output of selenium, and more than 80 percent of the world:s
output, is as a by-product of copper refining. In the United
States selenium occurs in most of the porphyry copper de-
posits in the western mining areas. In Canada considerable
quantities are found in copper-nickel ores in Ontario, in
copper-zinc ores in Manitoba, and in copper ores in Quebec.
Mexico's reserves are generally associated with lead ores.
The la.rge reserves in other countries are usually found in
copper ores.
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Most of the selenium is recovered from the material re-
ferred to as anode mud or slime, which occurs during the
electrolytic refining of copper. About 150 to 200 tons of
copper ore are required in order to produce one pound of
selenium.
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MATERIAL FLOW THROUGH THE ECONOMY
The sources and uses of selenium in the United States during
1969 are shown in Figure I. The U. S. consumption, which
totaled 728 tons, was from primary production (62 percent),
secondary production (1. 5 percent), imports (27. 5 percent),
and industry stocks (9 percent). Approximately 265 tons were
exported.
The most important application of selenium during 1969 was
in glassmaking. About 31 percent was used as a decolori-
zer, and also as a colorant in flat glass, pressed glass, and
blown glass. The second largest quantity was for duplicating
ma.chines. Approximately 22 percent was used in xerography
to coat the metal cylinders from which the photographic im-
age is transferred by static electricity. Other uses included
electronic and electrical equipment (16 percent), pigments
(14 percent), and miscellaneous applications (17 percent).
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SOURCES
615
SELENIUM
MATERIAL FLOW THROUGH THE ECONOMY - 1969
(Short Tons - Se Content)
USES
PRIMARY PRODUCTION
^273
IMPORTS
265
EXPORTS
90
INDUSTRY STOCKS
15
SECONDARY PRODUCTION
7Z8
120
ELECTRONIC & ELECTRICAL
225
GLASS
158
DUPLICATING MACHINES
100
PIGMENTS
125
MISCELLANEOUS
CONSUMER
5___ ___ _ |
SCRAP
Figure I
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USES AND EMISSIONS OF SELENIUM
MINING AND MILLING
Since selenium recovery in the United States is principally
as a by-product of copper refining, the selenium emissions
to the atmosphere that result, from mining operations are
closely related to emissions that occur during the mining
and milling of copper-bearing ores.
Regardless of the type of mine (underground or open-pit),
the first steps in processing sulfide and non-sulfide ores
are basically the same: ore removal, ore handling, crush-
ing, and grinding. The ore is dry or sometimes damp when
removed from the mine and while crushing, but is wet dur-
ing the grinding step.
Emissions from Mining and Milling While this study was
in progress. 23 of the 25 leading coppe r--producing mines in
the United States were contacted concerning the quantity of
ore mined, its selenium content, a.nd the selenium emissions
that occur during mining and milling. The information ob-
tained from 6 companies concerning 15 mining operations
indicates there a.re slight emissions due to handling, crush-
ing, and as a wind loss from tailings.
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During 1969 there were 223, 752, 000 tons of copper ore pro-
duced in the United States / containing approximately 2, 500
tons of selenium. The selenium emissions to the atmosphere
from sources of mining and milling are estimated by the Con-
tractor at 2 pounds per million tons of copper mined, or
nearly 450 pounds for the year 1969.
1- Minerals Yearbook; Bureau of Mines; 1969.
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METALLURGICAL PROCESSING
In the United States prima.ry selenium is produced at the
following major electrolytic copper refineries: America.n
Metal Climax, Inc. , Carteret, New Jersey; American
Smelting and Refining Company, Baltimore, Maryland;
Internationa] Smelting and Refining Company, Perth Amboy,
New Jersey; Kennecott Copper Corporation, Garfield, Utah:
and Kennecott Refining Corporation, Ann Arundel County,
Ma.ryland. It is recovered principally from the anode slimes
generated by electrolytic copper refining operations.
In order to identify the sources of emissions to the atmos-
phere during the recovery of selenium, it is necessary to
start with the copper ore, then trace the selenium through
copper smelting, elect.rolytic copper refining, and precious
metal recovery. There are many components in the ore tha.t
must be separated in a relatively pure sf.ate. These may in-
clude copper, lead, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, go.ld, silver,
selenium, tellurium, and platinum group meta.ls. The opera-
tions required to carry out these separations are complex
and treatment flow diagra.ms are complicated.
Concentration of copper ores may be accomplished by flotation
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or hydrometallurgy. Flotation is the principal method used
for copper sulfide ores, which comprise the bulk of copper
ore production in the United States. Hydrometallurgy is
used for oxide ores since they cannot be effectively concen-
trated by flotation.
Current copper smelting practices in the United States are
similar with respect to the major operations. As shown in
Figure II, the ores and concentrates first enter the roaster
for removal of part of the sulfur. The calcine from the
roaster is charged to the reverberatory furnace where cop-
per matte is produced. The matte, usually containing less
than 50 percent copper, is sent to the converter. Blister
copper from the converter contains about 99 percent copper
with the remaining one percent consisting of other metals,
oxygen, and sulfur.
To refine the blister copper two steps are usually employed:
fire refining, followed by electrolytic refining. Fire refin-
ing is prima.rily for the purpose of eliminating most; of the
remaining sulfur dioxide from the metal, after which the re-
sulting product is cast int.o anodes for the electrolytic pro-
cess. During electrolysis the anodes are corroded and the
copper is deposited on the cathode. The selenium and
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COPPER SMELTER FLOW DIAGRAM
Ore
Concentrates
Lime Rock
Speiss
Slag
Fuel
ROASTER
Fume .
^ Di}st
Gas
DUST
COLLECTOR
>
Calcine
«
REVERBERATORS
FURNACE
1
(
Fume
Slag t
Gas
DUST
COLLECTOR
1 Dust
Retreated
D Dump
Cement Copper
Scrap
Silica Flux
ag
Matte
I
CONVERTERS
Gas
DUST
COLLECTOR
Fuel
T
Blister
Copper
*
I
Dust
etreated
FIRE REFINING
FURNACE
Anbde
Copper
ELECTROLYTIC
REFINING
Anode Slimes
to Treatment Plant
Refined
Copper
Figure II
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other metals in the anode collect in the slimes that are
formed during the process. Often the other metals are
the most important constituents in the slimes and more
emphasis is placed on their recovery tha.n on the recovery
of selenium. The primary purpose of slimes treatment is
the recovery of precious meta.ls.
Practices followed for treatment of slimes vary greatly
among the refineries due to the variation in composition of
the ore smelted to copper anodes and the resulting variation
in the composition of the slimes. The range of slimes com-
position is wide, but typical values are as follows: copper,
11 to 67 percent; silver plus gold, one to 32 percent; selen-
ium, 3 to 28 percent; tellurium, from a trace to 8 percent;
lead, up to 24 percent; and arsenic plus antimony plus bis-
muth, up to 14 percent.
The most important methods practiced for recovering selen-
ium from slimes are: (1) soda smelting; (2) soda roasting:
and, (3) sulfuric acid roasting. All have been used success-
fully; however, soda roasting is not feasible with high-
tellurium slimes when recovery of high-pu rity selenium is
desirable. From the standpoint of atmospheric emissions,
there appears to be no appreciable difference between the
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various treatment methods. The degree of emissions seems
to be more dependent on the type of equipment employed, its
arrangement, and its ma.intenance.
The arrangement of the equipment: used at one refinery for
the recovery of precious metals and selenium (see Figure III)
includes one furnace for drying the raw slime and a second
furnace for the sulfuric acid roast. Next, water is used for
leaching, then sodium hydroxide is added before the slime is
ready to be placed in a small reve.rberatory (Dore) furnace.
One scrubber and electrostatic p.recipitator system receives
fumes from the sulfuric acid roasting furnace and a similar
arra.ngement is provided for gases from the Dore furnace.
Solutions from the scrubbers and fumes collected in the pre-
cipitaLors are directed to the selenium purification plant
shown in Figure IV.
During purification selenium is precipitated from solutions
ining sulfur dioxide, then, it is recovered as a crude product
a.nd combined with crude selenium from the electrostatic
precipitators. The combined material, is washed, dried, and
distili-.-d in a .retort wir.h the fumes being condensed to pro-
duce refined metallic selenium.
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SILVER REFINEPY FLOW DIAGRAM
Raw Anode
Slimes
HERRESHOFF
FURNACE
Sulfuric
Acid
Dried
Slimes
Gas
Wat
PURIFICATION ^ Leach
SYSTEM Solutic
ROASTER
1
Roasted
er Slimes
J 1
LEACH
n TANK
Fume ^;r.RTTRpRR Ai\jn
COLLECTOR
I 1
Crude Solutio
Se
X /
To Se
Plant
Sulfuric
Acid
NEUTRALIZING
TANK
Leached
Caustic Slimes
Soda
^ Caustic
Solution
V 1
CAUSTIC
TANK
1
Te-Pb
Caustic
Mud
"SLAG LEACHINC
TANK
Solution
* r
- Soda
Slag
Sulfuric
Acid
SI i m e s
DORE Fur
FURNACE
!
Dore
Meta,!
Gas
t
ne ^SCRUBBER AND
COLLECTOR
1 t
Solution Mud
to Se to
TANK
1
Mud
to Te
Plant
\
Solution
to Se
Plant
to
Electrolytic
Parting of
Silver and Gold
Figure III
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SELENIUM PLANT FLOW DIAGRAM
Scrubber
Solutions
SO?
Sulfuric
1
Gas
Acid
Waste
Gas
SO2
PRECIPITATOR
S0?
Gas
S02
PRECIPITATOR
SETTLING
TANK
ACID
RECOVERY
Crude
Se
Neutralizing
Solution
CEMENTATION
TANK
Crude a_
Se
WASH
BOX
Washed
Se
1
DRIER
Dried
Se
1
RETORT
1
Metallic
Selenium
Figure IV
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Throughout processing from the ore to the final product
there are fumes, dusts, slags, a.nd residues containing se-
Jenium that are discharged from dryers, roasters, furnaces,
converters, and other equipment. In most ca.ses these selen-
ium-containing materials are collected, retreated, and re-
cycled. At one smelting and refining complex, where copper,
lead, and zinc ores are processed there are several locations
where fume is recycled. For example, fume from the copper
roaster enters an. electrostatic precipitator and the dust col-
lected is returned to the roaster. The recycling is continuous,
except periodically the dust may be directed elsewhere for re-
covery of certain materials tha.t build up in the system. Fume
from the reverberatory furnace also enters an electrostatic
precipita.tor: dust, collected is forwarded to a dust roaster and
on to the lead processing circuit. Fume from the lead blast
furnace is directed to another electrostatic precipitator and
the resulting dust .is returned to the lead circuit. Speiss from
the lead blast fi^n.ace is directed to the copper roaster.
These are only a few of the numeroxjs-recycles and inter-
changes between the copper, lead, and zinc circuits. There
it also recycling from precious metals recovery to the lead
recovery circuit. The flow of selenium at various points in
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-.20-
a, smelter circuit is shown in Table IV to indicate the large
quantities of selenium that are recycled during the produc-
tion of refined zinc, refined lea.d, and blister copper.
The flow of selenium in a precious metals recovery plant is
shown in Table V. The recovery of selenium from slimes
is indicated to be about 28 percent; however, it has been re-
ported that higher recoveries are possible, ranging up to 80
percent _/.
Emissions from Metallurgical Processing - During this
study all of the smelting and. refi.ni.p.g companies were con-
tacted about their selenium emissions to the atmosphere.
Some information was available from 3 firms regarding over-
all losses, but there were only 2 sources of reliable informa-
tion concerning losses to the atmosphere.
B.ased on data obtained from 2 sources regarding metallurgi-
es.! processing of se]eniu.m--bea.ring ores and the production
of commercial selenium, the emissions to the atmosphere dur-
ing processing are 27? pounds per ton of selenium produced.
1- Kirk, R. E. ar,d Othmer, D. F. : Encyclopedia of Chemi-
cal Technology: 2nd ed.. : Inter science Publishers; New
, "NTT. r ' 96.3.
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Du ring 1969 selenium emissions to the atmosphere in the
United States resulting from metallurgical processing
totaled 85 tons.
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TABLE IV
SELENIUM IN INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS
OF A SMELTER CIRCUIT
Selenium
1, 000 Ibs.
Input to Copper Circuit 47
Input to Lead Circuit 34
Recycle from Precious Metals Plant to Lead Circuit 5
Roaster Dust to Lead Circuit 46
Sinter Flue Dust 40
Lead Furnace Flue Dust 9
Lead Furnace Slag 6
Copper Dross 32
Lead Anodes 4
Lead Fume to Cadmium Plan* 2
Arsenic Roaster Calcine 40
Arsenic Precipitator Dust 41
Arsenic Produced I
Copper Reverbe ratory Fl.ue Dust 15
Copper Reverberatory Slag 6
Copper Converter Flue Dust 2.1
Copper Anodes 52
Blister Copper Shipped 20
Source Private communication.
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TABLE V
SELENIUM BALANCE IN ANODE RESIDUE PLANT
AND
SELENIUM-TELLURIUM PLANT
Selenium
I, 000 ]bs.
Input in Copper Slimes 52
.Input in Lea.d Slimes 2
R.ecycle to Lead Circuit. 5
Output to Antimony Plant .1
Unidentified Losses in Anode Residue Plant 23
Unidentified Losses in Selenium Plant 10
Selenium Produced IS
Source - Private communication.
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SELENIUM SECONDARY PRODUCTION
Secondary selenium is reclaimed principally from used
xerographic copying cylinders and scrap generated during
the manufacture of selenium rectifiers. It can be recovered
from burned-out rectifiers, spent car.alysts, and other scra.p
sources, but applications in chemicals, lubricating oils,
pesticides, gla.ss, and pigments normally a.re dissipative.
Selenium-coa.r;ed metal cylinders are employed in xerog-
raphy, a dry copying process. About 4 pounds of selenium
are required per .100 squa.re feet of cylinder surface, and
replacement of the selenium unit may be necessary after 're-
producing 30, 000 to 500, 000 copies. The usual practice is
to remove the worn-out cylinder from the copying machine
and return it to the factory for reconditioning.
Emissions from Secondary Production - The industrial
sources co.nta.cted during !,hi s study have iadicaied that srmll
atmospheric losses occur during the recovery of secondary
selenium; however, their e a.re no test data a -/a il.abl.e. Based
on a description of processing operTt.jon?, the Con'rac i:or has
estimated emissions t:o be noi. more 'Kan .1.00 pounds per ton
<>.! selenium processed. .In the Unir.ed S'.ates Lhe se.lenium
emissions to the atmosphere during J969 totaled I, 500 pounds.
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END PRODUCT USES OF SELENIUM
There are satisfactory substitutes for selenium in many of
its applications and its use for various purposes has varied
from year to year. Sulfur and tellurium ca.n be used as sub-
stitutes in the chemical, rubber, and steel industries. Zinc
oxide and certain organic materials can serve as photocon-
ductors in copying machines. Germanium and silicon ca.n be
utilized for rectifiers. Other important applications of selen-
ium are found in the manufacture of glass and pigments.
Since the use of selenium can vary appreciably from year to
year, emissions to the atmosphere from various sources
can also vary substantially.
Electronic and Electrical Equipment. - .Manufacturers of
electric power distribution equipment., specialty electrical
transformers, rect.ifie r s, and semiconductors have been
major users of selenium me'.al in recent, years. Together
they accounted for about 16 percent of the 1969 demand.
Over 90 percent of this amount was used in the manufacture
of dry plate metal rectifiers.
Gray, crystalline sel.en.ium is a poor electrical conductor
in the dark, but upon illumination, its cor.ductiv.it.y increa.ses
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-26..
about 3 times. Thus, selenium is used in photocells for
photographic exposure meters, detectors, electric eyes,
colorimeters, and py romete.rs. The most efficient cells
are the barrie.r-.]a,ye.r photocells in which a layer of gray
selenium is supported on one side by a metal plate, usually
steel or aluminum, and coated on the other s.ide with a trans-
lucent film of gold or another metal. This film is applied by
vacuum evaporation, by sputtering, or by sp.ra.ying. Elec
trodes are then, connected to the support strip and the me'4.1
film. The selenium is annealed to just below its melting
point, and aged to develop sensr.'.ivit.y to light.
Of more importance, gray selenium is used in metal recti-
fiers which are similar in construction to the pho'oeJect ric
cell. The rectifier consists of a layer of selenium sand-
wiched between a base plate and a counter electrode. The
rectifying action occurs between the selenium laver and the
counter electrode. During the process of manufa luring rec-
tifiers the metal base pla'e is prepared and a Nyer of selen-
ium is applied. Although several, processes can be used,
vacuum deposition of the selenium is the method currently
p-pferred by the ma..n.uf:icnjrers contacted during this study,
Whatever the application method, t.he plates are heated to
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just below the melting point, of selenium to convert, it to its
gray crystalline form in order to make it a better conductor
of electricity. This conversion procedure is followed by var-
ious treatments a.nd process steps to improve properties a.nd
finish the product.
The chief merit of the se.le.nium metal, plate rectifier is in its
simplicity and high efficiency. It is space saving, has a long
norma.l life, can withstand short periods of overloading, a.r.d
is suitable for rough treatmen'. during normal operating con-
ditions. Even though, silicon and ge rma.nium rectifiers have
been developed as replacements for selenium rectifiers, the
development: of selenium thin film devices has increased se-
Jenium usage in the power rectifier field. A disad'.antage of
selenium rect.ifiers is t.b.e proportion of defective disks man-
ufactured. Even wii.h, the best manufacturing techniques, abou'
10 to .'5 percent of '.he toti I production is lost. About 70 per -.
cen* of the selenium consumed is deposited on the product dur-
ing the vacuum plating process and most of the remainder is
deposited inside the vacuum vessel.
ATI. emission factor of 2 pounds per r,on of selenium processed
IP estimated as the average emission r^t.e during the man/;
facture of electronic and elec'r.ical equipment;. The total.
-------
-28
emissions to the atmosphere during 1969 were 240 pounds.
This emission estimate was made by the Contractor on the
basis of information supplied by the manufacturers.
Glass - Selenium finds two contrasting uses in the glass in-
dustry. One use is for the remova.) of undesirable tinges in
ordinary clear glass, and the other is in the manufacture of
colored glasses. Elemental, selenium is generally used in
glassmaking although sodium selenate, barium selenite, a.nd
sodium selenite have found some use. In decolorizing glass
the selenium is added to neutralize green tints due to an iron
impurity. This permits the manufacture of a clear glass.
A desirable pink tinge can be given 'o glass produced for
food containers by using more selenium t.han necessary to
neutralize the iron. Selenium added in larger amounts to
the glass melt yields ruby-red glass for tableware, vehicu-
lar taillig.hts, traffic and signal lens, and infrared equipment.
Colored plate glass used as an outer cohering materia.l in
modern office buildings also rontams selenium.
Currently '.he gl^ ssrrH king industry is the Largest single v.-se.r
of selenium in the United. Sta'es, the estimated consumption
by this industry being 150 tons of selenium fo.' the y
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29-
Raw materials for. glass manufacture are shipped in packages
or in bulk. Unloading may be accomplished by manual labor,
vibrator-gravity, drag shovels, or vacuum systems. Methods
of material storage vary widely, but in a large installation the
raw materials for the glass mix. are often stored in gravity
feed storage hoppers and are fed directly to t.he weighing a.nd
mixing room. Minor ingredients are usually stored in their
original containers. Gullet (waste glass or rejected ware to
be remelted) must be transported to an area where the glass
is segregated by type.
Glass bat.ch mixing systems range from full automation to
ha.nd operations. Most mixers are of the rotating-ba r re]
type which tumble the batch upon itself in a revolting drum.
Di, ring a bat.ch mixing process the material s are dry or n.ea r -
ly dry, which causes a loss by dusting. The gl.ass furnace
charging may bo done manually or automatically, and con-
tinuously or intermittently.
Basically, the manufacture of glass is a high temperatu re
conversion of raw materials into a homogeneous mel' for
fabrication im.o useful articles.
There are 3 rypes of melting units used in the glass industry.
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..30-
CJay "pots" which may be open or covered are used where
quantifies or special compositions do not. justify the use of a
ta.nk. This process involves a relatively high proportion of
manual handling. The day tank melts batches up to several
tons. Finally, most, glass is melted in large, direct-fired,
regenerative type furnaces.
Following melting there are several ways to accomplish '.he
forming of glass. The container industry generally is based
on modifications of the blowing technique. Glass also ma.y
be pressed, cast., rolled, or drawn, Glass fibers can be
made continuously by mechanical drawing, and a glass to be
pulverized is dribbled or ladled into water 1,0 produce "dry
gage" glass.
Final glass operations include finishing a.nd secondary form
irig operations. Finishing opera'.ions may include anv one or
combinations of the following: flame cu'-off, sawing, score
and break, score '.he rm^l crack off, thermal crack off, drill-
ing., grinding, polishine, engraving, acid etching, glazing,
and sea.ling. Secondary forming operations ma.y then be used
:o produce diffi.ult shapes. Before the glass becomes a fin-
ished produc', a fina.l t.rea'men'. of tempering or staining ma.y
be requi red.
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-31-
At one location where large quantities of colored structural
plate glass are produced the stack effluent has been analyzed.
A large part of the metallic selenium used in the batch com-
position is volatilized during melting. Stack effluent analysis
shows that most of it is present as the red, amorphous, se-
lenium metal. The particle size is reported to be less than
0. 35 micron.
Based upon estimates obtained from the glass industry, emis-
sions to the atmosphere resulting from the production of col-
ored structural plate glass average 2. 8 pounds per thousand
square feet of glass. During 1969 selenium emissions from
the glass industry totaled 203 tons.
Duplicating Machines - Amorphous selenium, a super-cooled
state of liquid selenium, has found extensive use in the field
of xerography since low electrical conductivity is essential.
The low conductivity of selenium permits the development
step to be carried out before the electrostatic image is de-
stroyed by electrical conduction through the plate. Selenium
also has good photoresponse (the electrical current resulting
from illumination). It is this photocurrent which selectively
discharges the xerographic plate to form an image.
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-32-
The manufacture of selenium plates and drums is generally
of a single basic design. The substrate is made of meticu-
lously cleaned, oxidized aluminum, either in sheet or drum
form, onto which high purity amorphous selenium is vacuum
plated. Overcoating of the selenium surface is desirable to
extend the xerographic plate life, but it is not generally done.
During the photoreceptor manufacture, the most important
variables to watch are the temperature of the substrate and
the coating rate during the selenium deposition in the vacuum.
The xerographic process includes 6 steps: charging, expo-
sure, image development, image transfer, image fixing, and
photoreceptor cleaning. First, a corona charging bar sprays
a positive charge on the selenium film. Next, the exposure
is made so that the photoreceptor areas corresponding to the
white areas of the original document are irradiated. After
this electrostatic image is formed, a negatively charged,
pigmented, thermoplastic powder called a "toner" is cas-
caded over the selenium surface. The toner adheres only
to the positively charged areas. Image development contin-
ues until the positive surface charge is neutralized by the
negative toner. Then, transfer of the toner to paper is done
electrostatically. The paper is placed over the powder
-------
image and the back of the paper is charged positive.lv. Most
of the toner is transferred to the paper where it is subse-
quently "fix.ed" by the addition of hear..
The principal release of selenium to the atmosphere during
'..He manufacture of xerographic equipment, occurs in connec-
tion, with th.e vacuum p.lating operation. Information, obtained
from industry indicates that selenium emissions to t-he atmos-
phere during vacuum plating average 2 pounds per ton of se-
lenium processed.
During 1969 selenium emissions to the atmosphere resulting
from the manufacture of duplicating ma.cKines to* 5 led 3J6
pounds.
Pigments - Cadmium sulfoselenide accounts for nearly a.ll.
the selenium used in pigments. During 1969 this was about
1.4 percent: of the to'.i.!. se.1er.ium demand. In color, the pig-
ments va.ry from yellow through oran.se and red to deep ma.-
ro on. They have consider a.b.le light stability, resistance 'O
heat., an.d are no* affected by sulfur gases. OriginaJ.lv these
pigmen.'s were developed for use in ceramirs, paints, enam-
els, a.nd ink, bu1. their current importance .is in the pla.stics
industry, especially in those plas'.ics cured at h.ig^ tempera
t.u res.
-------
The most popular method for preparing these pigments is
the precipitation of cadmium sulfate with, a mixed solution
of sodium sulfide and sodium sel.en.ide. This yellow precip
irate is then washed and dried. A red color ca.n be developed
by heating the precipita.te.
Cadmium-selenium pigments used in plastics are eiiher in-
corporated direcr.lv in'o the molding powder or made into a
paste and dispersed in the liquid monomer. The manufac-
turers of po.lyv.invl chloride are probably the single Urges'
users of ca.dmium selenium pigments in pl=i stirs. These pig-
ments a,re used in leather c.lo'h for cars, tabl.ec.lor.hs, shoes,
handbags, and curtains. These articles all require the use
of pigments -with lieh* and hea' s(ibihiv. In. pa.in'S, selenium
pigme.nts are used where he^t 'rei'men1 is required during
processing. Th.ev are a.lso used ir. I'reous enamels. The
piemen's are dispersed in liquid medi^., npplied by p-=i' "fQ,
spraying, screen printi.nt>;. or dipping, and fired a1 900 in
I,600 F.
Selenium pigments may be used in printing i.r.ks. SurV. an ink
is required on a poster or r^rd where durability arid brilli .
a.o.ce are sought. Soap, containing al.ki.li, would require a
red printing ink containing selenium for its prin'ed wrapper.
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-35-
During this study the ma.jor compounders of pigments were
contacted and pertinent information was obtained concerning
the quantity of selenium used, the processing mei.hods, and
the type of air pollution control equipment in service. Emis-
sion records were noi av.aila.ble, but estimates averaged 1 5
pounds selenium emissions per 'on of selenium processed.
A1J reported tha.t bag filters are used for emission con'rol.
The selenium emissions to the atmosphere during 1969
totaled 1, 500 pounds.
Miscellaneous - Of t,he 728 tons of selenium consumed i.n
'he United Sta'es during 1969 aboul 125 tons were used in
pharmaceutical produc'.s, blas'ing caps, rubber goods, steel
alloys., and various other miscellaneous applica'ions. I' is
used in a variety of metallurgical processes. I'S u<^e a? iron
selenide or fer >-o'sele.mum is of some impor'-iiTe and addition
of selenium to stainless s'eels i? most rommor. I' is em--
ploved lo improve ras'ing> fogging, and ma chirahi lit v. T|- e
selenium cor.i~e.nr of casting s'.eel allovs r-,M.sies f-r.rn 0. 0 I '<~>
0.05perrpn'., forging steel s from 0. 18 to 0.22 pe r cent, ai>H
i r ee-ma chi;,ir^ stee.s from 0. O^ !o 0. 35 perrer.'.
Sodium selenate is added >o chromium placing ba'Vs because
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-36-
its presence permit? the deposition of chromium in. a. form
that gives the plating a superior ability to protect the basic
metal against corrosion. Such chromium pl.ann.g also his 3
dull luster with decreased glare, making it desirable for pro-
tective and decorative automobile parts. Additions of selen-
ium to magnesium and magnesium alloys provides protec'io.r
from corrosion by seawater. Copper and copper alloys con-
taining some copper se.len.ide have better machinabihty and
working properties.
The rubber industry uses finely ground metallic selenium
and Selena.c with rubber «o increase the vulcanization rate
a.nd improve the aging and mechanic3] properties of low .
sulfur sr,ocks.
Selenium and its compounds may be added ro .lubri- ating CM .Is
snd greases. It helps xs ^r oxidation inhibitor and the bar-
ium, calcium, and zinc sal's of selenic acids impro e the
de'ergent qualities of l'ibric-3'ing oils.
Selenium dioxide series as a.n important, ox.idizing agen' and
rTi.-ii.yst in rhe syn?riesis of organic chemical and dn.g prod
uct.s. li. is used i.r mar-ufar tu.ri.ng cortisone and r.iacin, as
well as in a wide variety of organic reactions such as
-------
oxidation, hydrogenation, condensation, cracking, halogena-
tion, and polymer treatment.
Selenium sulfide is used in producing a fungicide to controJ
dandruff and dermatitis. Selenium in certain forms is effec-
tive in preventing muscular dystrophy in animals, white mus-
cle disease in sheep, and muscle inflammation in horses. It
has been used to lessen pneumonia, in. lambs, prevent pre-
mature still-born calves, and prevent bar.reness in ewes. In
poultry IT prevents exudative diathesis and in pigs, heparo--
sisdiaetetica.
Selenium compounds are used in photography to produce
prints with warm brown tones, a.nd in the manufacture of
supersensitive photographic dyes.
Sodium selenate is used to some extent in commercial green--
houses as an insecticide for c-3 rna.tions and chrysanthemums.
It is transformed by the plants into ,olati.l.e se.lenides which
repel red spiders, mit.es, thrips, and aphids.
Delay-action blasting caps employ selenium a.s an oxidizing
Huen.' wher. added with le^d in gas.less igni'ion charges, and
as a reducing agent wh.e.n mix.ed with barium peroxide in
gas less fuse powders.
-------
-38*
Manufacturers1 records of selenium emissions are not, avail-
able; however, the Contractor's estimate of 1,250 pounds
selenium emissions during J 969 has been, prepared a.ssuming
the average loss to be 10 pounds per ton of selenium pro-
cessed.
-------
39...
OTHER SOURCES OF SELENIUM EMISSIONS
COAL
A search has been conducted and a limited amount of infor-
mation has been found regarding the selenium content, of coal.
Some data was recorded in the literature; however, the most
recent was that obtained from the En , i r on mental Protection
Agency, Office of Ai r Programs. During 197) severa.1 coa]
samples were analyzed for (He EPA using the neutron acM -
vat.ion method to determine concentrations of several ele-
ments, including selenium. The a /erage selenium contert
of 15 samples of coal from various parts of the United States
was about 8 ppm.
During the combustion of coal, selenium is discharged with
'he ash par' with the bottom ash and part with *-h.e fly ash.
The fly ash averages about 65 percent of the total ash.
Calculations have been made b^sed on:
ia'i 516,084,001"! tons of bi'uminous a.nd anthracite coal
consumed in the Uni'ed States during 1969
(b) an a< erage selenium content of 8 ppm;
1 Minerals Yearbook Bureau of Mines 1969.
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-40-
(c) fly ash 65 percent of total ash;
(d) 85 percent average efficiency of control; and
(e) 90 percent application of control.
The selenium emissions calculated by this method total
630 tons.
516, 084, 000 x 8 x 10"6 x 0. 65 j~l - (0. 85 x 0. 90)1 = 630
-------
- 4 1 -
OIL
Until recen'l.y da',a concerning the selenium conie.nr of crude
and residua] oils was virn.illv noriexisten'. However, dur
ing 1971 seve.ra.l foreign and domestic oil samp.les were ana
lyzed for the En.vi ror>mer,'.aJ Projection Agency, Office of A] r
Programs, using neutron acM^ation analysis 'o determine
metal concentrations. The a\erage selenium content of 10
samples of foreign and domestic crude oil was 0.4 ppm. The
average for 2? samples of impor'ed residual oil was 0. 6 ppm.
The residual fuel oil used in the U.n.j'.ed St^'es during 1969,
exclusive of use jn vessels, wa s 6.3 9 million barrels. Thi s
oil containing selenium at an es'imT'ed 0.6 ppm (a>erage)
was used by industrials, elec'ric utility companies, reil-
roads, oil compa.nies, and 'he m.i h*-i r \ ,, a s well as fc r hea1
i.na (Tables VJ. and VFI).
TABLE V)
RES DUAL FUEL OIL DATA
Residual Oil Bu-ned - 1969 (hbls;, 639,048,000
Pounds per Barrel 340
Selenium Con.t.en' of Oil (ppm.1 0.6
-------
...42...
Based or the data in Table VI, the se]enjijm emissions lo
t.he atmosphere due to combustion of residual oil tot a Led 65
tons during 1 969.
-------
-43
TABLE VII
SHIPMENTS OF RESIDUAL FUEL OIL
IN THE UNf.TED STATES - J969
Use
Heating
Industrial
Electric Utilities
Military and Other
TOTAL
States
Northeast 367. 7
New York 12!. 2
Massachusetts 73.0
New Jersey 68. 8
Pennsylvania 52. 5
Connecticut 29. 3
Other 22.9
South 120.9
Florida 42. 5
Virginia 22.0
Other 56.4
P-i'-ific--Mountair. 89.7
California 53.5
W* shington 9. 5
Other 26. 7
\'or»h Central 60. 7
!! line is 25.2
Indiana 9. 3
Other 26.2
TOTAL 639.0
"SMpmen.'s of Fuel Oil & KerOrine in .1970"; Mme'il Lndusiry
Surveys; U. S. Dep'. of i.he .Ir.'erior Burf^u of Mir.es;
Ort, I. 197J.
-------
-44-
IRON AND STEEL
During this study a search was made for dat.a related to the
quantity of selenium in raw materiaJ.s used in T.he prodxvc t.ion
of iron and steel, as well as the composition of emissions from
blast furnaces, electric furnaces, cupolas, and other equip
ment. There wa.s nothing available showing selenium content.,
but there was information, on severa.l metals, including copper,
which is closely associated with, selenium.
Based on the data obtained concerning copper, t.he selenium
emissions due to the production of iron and steel, h.3. e been
roughly estimated at less than one ton per year.
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.-45-
OTHER
Many likely sources of selenium emissions have been investi-
gated, but information for emission estimates has not been
available. Such sources include incineration, pulp and paper
manufacture, sulfuric acid production, and other facilities
where sulfur is used or is contained in the raw materials
that are processed.
In Russia the main sources currently used for seJenium re-
covery are the anode slimes of electrolytic copper and nickel
refineries. Ranking nex.!. in importance are the sludges of
gas-washing equipment of the sulfuric acid and the pulp and
paper industries. Selenium is obtained by roasting selenium--
bearing pyrite concentrates or by burning met.a.Jlurgiral
sulfur.
The only information obtained from industry regarding mis-
cellaneous emission sources was a small quantity of se-
lenium reported in the effluent water from a zinc smelter.
-------
-46-
INCINERATION
Reports from 2 sources con'ain some information rega.rd-
ing selenium emissions to the atmosphere thai result, from
the incineration of solid waste. One report s'dt.es r.har house-
hold, commercial, and municipal wastes are more than 250
million tons per year, and that approximately 8 percent of
a 1.1 municipal solid waste is burned in, municipal incinera-
tors /.
The other report shows the resul.'s of a 3-day incinerator
sr.udy for the deterrmr.ation of selenium. Each d-iv abou'
245 tons of municipal solid waste was burned. Test.s i;Ke
firs', day showed '.hat s'^ck emissions ranged from 33.7 !,o
62. 6 pounds of selenium per million tons of refuse burned,
wi'.h an a-/erage of 45 pounds per mi 11 ion tons. The secord
day the average was 1.5.9 pounds per million tons a..n.d the
range was 8.9 to 22.8. The 'hird day no selerm.m emissions
were detected /.
! Black, R. J. , Muhich, A. T. , Klee, A. J. , Hickmsr,
H. L. Jr..- and Vaughn, R. D. "The National Solid Wasres
Survey, an Int.erim Report". 'Presented at the J968 Annual.
Meeting of the Institute of Solid Wast.es of the American.
Public Works Association, Miami Beach, Florida, Oc'.. 24,
1968.)
2- .loh.n.son.- Henrv: "Determination of Selenium i.n Solid
e": Environ. Sci, Tech.nol. ; 4 MO;; 850-853; Oi.'.., 1970.
-------
-47-
The incinerator tests to determine selenium emissions were
limited in number and may r.ot truly represent, a nation-wide
average; however, these 'est fieures *..re the only such data.
currently available. If we assume the national, a-.erage emis-
sion factor to be 20 poujids of selerium per million ions of
refuse burned, then emissions in 'he United SM'es are abou'.
400 pounds per year.
-------
-48 .
UPDATING OF EMISSION ESTIMATES
The emissions and emission fa.r'o.rs presented in this report,
are the result, of calculations based principally on informa-
tion obtained from industrial sources. Thev are specifically
for t.he year 1969, but may be updated at any ',ime when add]
tional information is available. Either of the 2 methods de-
scribed herein may be used for updating however, the longer
procedure, referred to as Method A. wi I.I yield results that
are much more reliable.
The procedures to be followed with Method A are esser.ua 11 v
t.he same as those used during the original study, which, are
described briefly as follows. More t.Kan 100 inquiries were
sen.' to processing and r eprocess.ing companies by mail or de-
li".ered during persona.! visits to plant sites. Some refused to
furnish, information an.d others stated i'. was not readily a-,ail"
able. However, there were E>2 companies that, fx, rnished a 1.1
or part of th.e data, requested and this wa s used as the ba=is
for emissions and emission factors se' forth, in this report.
All of the companies uhti.t produce primary selenium were
requested to provide t.he essential data requi.red for the study.
Some information, was obtained from 2 of the S producers.
-------
-49-
Th e reprocessing companies that provided information repre-
sented about 30 percent, of the industry capa.city.
RegardJess of the method selected, the first, step to be taken
when updating the emission estimates is to obtain the latest
issue of the Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook, Volume l-.T.f,
which is normally available within 16 or 18 mont.hs after the
end of the calendar year (preprints of individual sections are
visually availa.ble sooner/. This publication shows the quantity
of selenium produced in the United Slates, as well as the qua.n-
t.ity imported. Additional, informal.ion may be obtained from
the Bureau of Mines concerning the amount of selenium con-
sumed a.nd the various purposes for which it is used, and other-
wise supplement the information shown in the Minerals Yearbook.
All of the information required «. update the material flow c.hari
for selenium is a'.ailable from t>-ese 2 sources.
When using Method A 're emission factor? musi be re\ised by
contacting industry to de;er mir-.e 'he imp rovemen1 ? in air pollu
tion. collection equipment eff.icienc-y and other fac'ors affecting
selenium emissions. The 'revised emission faoors may then
be used with the production qmnti'-ie? obtained from r.he Mineral^
Yearbook or other referenced sources.
-------
.50
Method B is considerably shorter than Method A and less reli-
able. The only requirement, is to re.ise the material flow
chart a.cco.rding to the mosi recent data, a.vailable from the
Bureau of Mines and apply the emission factors shown in this
repo.rt. This method is only a. pafja.) upda.ting si.rce there is
no determination regarding improvements in air pollution con-
trol or any other considerations affecting emission factors.
To update selenium emissions from metallurgical processing
and the glass industry, il is preferable 'o use Merhod A. The
remaining emissions shown in this report m^y be upda'ed by
using Method B without introducing an. appreciable error into
the results.
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
APTD-1130
3. Recipient's Accession No.
4. Tide and Subtitle
National Inventory of Sources and Emissions: Selenium - 1969
5. Report Date
April 1972
6.
7. Author(s)
W. E. Davis
8- Performing Organization Rept.
No.
Performing Organization Name and Address
W. E. Davis & Associates
9726 Sagamore Road
Leawood, Kansas
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
11. Contract /Grant No.
68-02-0100
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. '27711
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
U.
IS. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
Information is provided regarding the nature, magnitude, and extent of the emissions
of selenium in the United States for the year 1969. Background information concern-
ing the basic characteristics of the selenium industry has been assembled and in-
cluded. Brief descriptions are given; they are limited to the areas that are closely
related to existing or potential atmospheric losses of the pollutant. The selenium
emissions and emission factors are based on data obtained from production and re-
processing companies. Additional information was acquired during field trips to in-
spect the air pollution control equipment and observe processing operations. Emis-
sions to the atmosphere during the year were 986 tons. The emissions that resulted
from the combustion of coal were about 65 percent of total emissions, and those due
to the manufacture of glass were nearly 21 percent. Emissions from metallurgical
processing of nonferrous metals and the burning of fuel oil were 9 percent and 7 oer-
c?nt respectively, while all other emissions were less than one percent of the total.
17. Key W'->rJs and Document Analysis. 17o. Descriptors
Air pollution
Selenium inorganic compounds
Inventories
Exhaust emissions
Industrial wastes
Coal
Glass
Metal industry
Fuel oils
17b. Idemifiers/Open-Ended Terms
Ue. COSATI Field/Group
13B
18. Availability Statement
FORM NTI5-S3 IREV. 3-72)
Unlimited
19. Security Class (This
Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. Security Class (This
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
21. No. of Pagi'S
57
* C. P. O. I 973 7U6-77O / 41 75
22. Price
USCOMM-DC 140S2.P72
-------
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING FORM NTIS-35 (10-70) (Bibliographic Data Sheet based on COSATI
Guidelines to Format Standards for Scientific and Technical Reports Prepared by or for the Federal Government,
PB-180 600).
1. Report Number. Each individually bound report shall carry a unique alphanumeric designation selected by the performing
organization or provided by the sponsoring organization. Use uppercase letters and Arabic numerals only. Examples
FASEB-NS-87 and FAA-RD-68-09-
2. Leave blank.
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4. Title and Subtitle. Title should indicate clearly and briefly the subject coverage of the report, and be displayed promi-
nently. Set subtitle, if used, in smaller type or otherwise subordinate it to main title. When a report is prepared in more
than one volume, repeat the primary title, add volume number and include subtitle for the specific volume.
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6. Performing Organization Code. Leave blank.
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from the performing organization.
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9. Performing Organi zotion Name and Address. Give name, street, c ity, state, and zip code. List no more than two levels of
an organizational hierarchy. Display the name of the organization exactly as it should appear in Government indexes such
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10. Project/Task/Work Unit Number. Use the project, task and work unit numbers under which the report was prepared.
11. Controct/Gront Number. Insert contract or grant number under which report was prepared.
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14. Sponsoring Agency Code. Leave blank.
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Translation of ... Presented at conference of ... To be published in ... Supersedes . . . Supplements
16. Abstract. Include a brief (200 words or less) factual summary of the most significant information contained in the report.
If the report contains n significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis, (a). Descriptors. Select from the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms the
proper authorized icims that identify the major concept of the research and are sufficiently specific and precise to be used
as index entries for cataloging.
(b). Identifiers ond Open-Ended Terms. Use identifiers for project names, code names, equipment designators, etc. Use
open-ended terms written in descriptor form for those subjects for which no descriptor exists.
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list, if any.
22. Price. Insert the price set by the National Technical Information Service 01 the Government Printing Office, if known.
FORM NTlS-39 (REV. 3-72) USCOMM-DC 14B32-P72
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