REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE

       METROPOLITAN INDIANAPOLIS INTRASTATE
            AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
               Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
   National Air Pollution Control Administration

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           REPORT FOR CONSULTAJ.J.GN  ON  THE

              METROPOLITAN  INDIANAPOLIS

        INTRASTATE AIR  QUALITY  CONTROL REGION
  U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
             U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
CONSUMER PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICE
    NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
                      MAY 1969

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                       CONTENTS




PREFACE 	




INTRODUCTION	
EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS




     EMISSION INVENTORY 	     9




     AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS 	    16




EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS 	    28




THE PROPOSED REGION	    44




DISCUSSION OF PROPOSAL	    47




REFERENCES	    50




APPENDIX A	    51

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                            PREFACE

     The Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is

directed by the Air Quality Act of 1967 to designate "air quality

control regions" as an initial step toward the establishment of

regional air quality standards.  In addition to listing the major

factors to be considered in the designation of region boundaries,

the Act stipulates that the designation of a region shall be pre-

ceded by a consultation with appropriate State and local authorities.

     The National Air Pollution Control Administration, DREW, has

conducted a study of the Metropolitan Indianapolis urban area, the

results of which are presented in this report.  The boundaries of

the Region*, as proposed in this report, reflect consideration of

all available and pertinent data; however, the boundaries remain

subject to revision suggested by consultation with State and local

authorities.  Formal designation, will be withheld pending the out-

come of that consultation.

     The Administration is appreciative of assistance received "either

directly during the course of this study or during previous activities

in the Metropolitan Indianapolis area from the Indiana Air Pollution

Control Board and the Indianapolis Bureau of Air Pollution Control.
*For the purposes of this report, the word region, when capitalized,
will refer to the Metropolitan Indianapolis Intrastate Air Quality
Control Region.  When not capitalized, unless otherwise noted, it
will refer to air quality control regions in general.

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Useful data was also supplied by the Indiana Department of Commerce,



the Indiana Employment Security Division, the Metropolitan Planning
                                                    i


Department of Marion County, the Hendricks, Shelby, Boone, Johnson,



Hancock and Morgan County Plan Commissions, the Delaware-Muncie



Metropolitan Planning Commission, the Anderson City Plan Commission,



and the Carmel City Plan Commission.

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                          INTRODUCTION


                 "For the purpose of establishing ambient
            air quality standards pursuant to section 108,
            and for administrative and other purposes, the
            Secretary, after consultation with appropriate
            State and local authorities shall, to the extent
            feasible, within 18 months after the date of
            enactment of the Air Quality Act of 1967 designate
            air quality control regions based on jurisdictional
            boundaries, urban-industrial concentrations, and
            other factors including atmospheric areas necessary
            to provide adequate implementation of air quality
            standards. The Secretary may from time to time
            thereafter, as he determines necessary to protect
            the public health and welfare and after consultation
            with appropriate State and local authorities, revise
            the designation of such regions and designate
            additional air quality control regions. The Secretary
            shall immediately notify the Governor or Governors
            of the affected State or States of such designation."

                           Section 107(a)(2), Air Quality Act of 1967

THE AIR QUALITY ACT

     Air Pollution in most of the Nation's urban areas is a regional

problem. This regional problem demands a regional solution, consisting

of coordinated planning, data gathering, standard setting  and

enforcement. Yet, with few exceptions, such coordinated efforts are

notably absent among  the Nation's urban complexes.

     Beginning with the Section quoted above, in which the Secretary

is required to designate air quality control regions, the Air Quality

Act presents an approach to air pollution control involving coordinated

efforts by Federal, State, and local governments, as shown in Figure 1.

After the Secretary has (1) designated regions, (2) published air

quality criteria, and (3) published corresponding documents on control

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  HEW DESIGNATES
   AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGIONS.
 HEW DEVELOPS AND
  PUBLISHES AIR
 QUALITY CRITERIA
BASED ON'sCIENTJFic
  EVIDENCE OF AIR
POLLUTION EFFECTS.
  HEW PREPARES
  AND PUBLISHES
   REPORTS ON
AVAILABLE CONTROL
   TECHNIQUES
STATES INDICATE
THEIR INTENT
TO SET STANDARDS.
(PUBLIC
HEARINGS)
STATES SET
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS
FOR THE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL
REGIONS.
                                                                     I
                                      STATES ESTABLISH
                                      COMPREHENSIVE PLANS
FOR IMPLEMENTING
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS.
                              STATES SUBMIT
                              STANDARDS FOR
                              HEW REVIEW.
                                                               1
                                      STATES SUBMIT
                                      IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
                                      FOR HEW REVIEW.
                                                                       STATES ACT TO CONTROL
                                                                       AIR POLLUTION IN ACCORDANCE
                                                                       WITH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
                                                                       AND PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION.
              Figure 1  FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTION TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION ON A REGIONAL
                     BASIS, UNDER THE AIR QUALITY ACT.

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technology and associated costs, the Governor(s) of the States(s)




must file with the Secretary within 90 days a letter of intent,




indicating that the States(s) will adopt within 180 days ambient air




quality standards for the pollutants covered by the published criteria




and control technology documents and adopt within an additional 180




days plans for the implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of




those standards in the designated air quality control region.




     The new Federal legislation provides for a regional attack on air




pollution and, at the same time, allows latitude in the form which




regional efforts may take. While the Secretary retains approval authority,




the States(s) involved in a designated region assumes the responsibility




for developing standards and an implementation plan which includes




administrative procedures for abatement and control. Informal cooperative




arrangements with proper safeguards may be adequate in some regions,




whereas in others, more formal arrangements, such as interstate compacts,




may be selected. The objective in each instance will be to provide




effective mechanisms for control on a regional basis.






THE SIZE OF A REGION         '




     Several objectives are important in determining how large an air




quality control region should be. Basically, these objectives can be




divided into three separate categories. First a region should be self-




contained with respect to air pollution sources and receptors. In other




words, a region should include most of the important sources in the area




as well as most of the people and property affected by those sources.

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In this way, all the major elements of the regional-problem will lie




within one unified administrative jurisdiction. Unfortunately, since



air pollutants can travel long distances, it is impractical if not




impossible to delineate regions which are completely self-contained.




The air over a region will usually have at least trace amounts of



pollutants from external sources. During episodic conditions,  such




contributions from external sources may even reach significant levels.




Conversely, air pollution generated within a region and transported out



of it can affect external receptors to some degree. It would be impractical




and inefficient to make all air quality control regions large enough to




encompass these low-level effects. The geographic extent of trace effects




overestimates the true problem area which should be the focus of air



pollution control efforts. Thus, the first objective, that a region be




self-contained, becomes a question of relative magnitude and frequency.




The dividing line between "important influence" and "trace effect" will



be a matter of judgement. The judgement should be based on estimates of



the impact a source has upon a region, and the level of pollution to




which receptors are subjected. In this respect, annual and seasonal data



on pollutant emissions and ambient air concentrations are a better measure




of relative influence than short term data on episodic conditions.



     The second general objective requires that region boundaries be



designed to meet not only present conditions but also future conditions.




In other words, the region should include areas where industrial and




residential expansion are likely to create air pollution problems in




the foreseeable future. This objective requires careful consideration

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of existing metropolitan development plans, expected population growth,


and projected industrial expansion. Such considerations should result


in the designation of regions which will contain the sources and receptors


of regional air pollution for a number of years to come. Of course, region


boundaries need not be permanently fixed, once designated. Boundaries


should be reviewed periodically and altered when changing conditions


warrant readjustment.


     The third objective is that region boundaries should be compatible


with and even foster unified and cooperative governmental administration


of the air resource throughout the region. Air pollution is a regional


problem which often extends across several municipal, county, and even


state boundaries. Clearly, the collaboration of several governmental


jurisdictions is prerequisite to the solution of the problem. Therefore,


the region should be delineated in a way which encourages regional


cooperation among the various governmental bodies involved in air


pollution control. In this regard, the existing pattern of governmental


cooperation on the whole range of urban problems may become an important


consideration. Certainly the pattern of cooperation among existing air

                                I
pollution control programs is a relevant factor. In general, administrative


considerations dictate that governmental jurisdictions should not be


divided. Although it would be impractical to preserve State jurisdictions


undivided, usually it is possible to preserve the unity of county


governments by including or excluding them in their entirety. Occasionally,


even this would be impractical due to a county's large size, wide variation


in level of development, or striking topographical features.

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     To the extent that any two of the above three objectives lead to




incompatible conclusions concerning region boundaries, the region must




represent a reasonable compromise.  A region should represent the best




way of satisfying the three objectives simultaneously.




PROCEDURE FOR DESIGNATION OF REGIONS




     Figure 2 illustrates the procedures used by the National Air




Pollution Control Administration for designating air quality control




regions.




     A preliminary delineation of the region is developed by bringing




together two essentially separate studies - the "Evaluation of Engineering




Factors", and the "Evaluation of Urban Factors".




     The "Evaluation of Engineering Factors" considers pollutant source




locations and the geographic extent of significant pollutant concen-




trations in the ambient air.  An inventory of air pollutant emissions




determines the geographic location and quantities of the various




pollutants emitted from the sources in a region.  Major quantities of




pollution are emitted by automobiles and industry, and from refuse




disposal operations, power generation, and space heating.  The sub-




sequent effect of the pollution emitted into the atmosphere is deter-




mined by measuring ambient air quality.  The air quality analysis




presented in this report is divided into two major parts.  The first




part deals with the topography and meteorology of the area and




measured air quality.  The second part of the analysis describes the




results of the diffusion model applied to the Indianapolis area in

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 ENGINEERING EVALUATION

 • EMISSIONS  INVENTORY
 • METEOROLOGY
 • AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
      EXISTING AIR QUALITY DATA
      DIFFUSION  MODEL OUTPUT
        URBAN FACTORS

• Jurisdictional Boundaries

• Urban-Industrial Concentrations

• Cooperative Regional Arrangements

• Pattern and Rate of Growth

• Existing State and  Local Air
     Pollution Control Legislation & Programs
                                          Preliminary
                                          Delineation
                                              of
                                            Regions
Consultation
 with State
 and Local
  Officials
   Formal
 Designation
     by
Secretary-HEW
           Figure 2. Flow diagram for the designation of air quality control regions.

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order to predict air quality levels. Some of the basic conclusions drawn




from the model results, as they relate to the size of the proposed




Region, are outlined.




     The "Evaluation of Urban Factors" encompasses all considerat-




ions of a non-engineering nature. This evaluation consists of a




review of existing governmental jurisdictions, current air pollution




programs and legislation, demographic data, current urbanization,




and projected patterns of urbanization.




     The findings of the engineering evaluation are combined with the




results of the urban factors evaluation, and an initial proposal for




the air quality control region is made. As indicated in Figure 2, the




proposal is submitted for consultation with State and Local officials.




The report itself is intended to serve as a background document for the




formal consultation. After reviewing the official transcript of the




consultation proceedings which provides the viewpoints of the State and




local officials toward the proposal, the Secretary formally designates




the region.  Formal designation includes a notice in the Federal Register




and a notification to the Governor(s) of the State(s) affected by




the designation.

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                EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS



EMISSION INVENTORY

     A quantitative evaluation of air pollutant emissions provides the

basic framework for air conservation activities. The compilation of an

emissions inventory makes possible the correlation of pollutant emissions

with specific geographic locations. This procedure generally results in

the identification of the "core" of an air quality control region	that

is, the area where the bulk of the pollutant emissions occur. In this

study, the emissions inventory results are further utilized as input data

to a meteorological diffusion model. In this manner the spatial and

temporal distribution of the pollution emitted into the atmosphere can

be systematically predicted. For these reasons, a presentation of the

emissions inventory results serves as a logical starting point in the

engineering evaluation.

     The emission inventory for the Indianapolis area was conducted by

the Division of Air Quality and Emission Data of the National Air

Pollution Control Administration. Emissions were surveyed over the eight

county Indianapolis Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA). The

counties involved are Boone, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson,

Marion, Morgan and Shelby. This 3,080 square mile area contains 1,043,000

persons (estimated 1967), 72% of whom reside in Marion County.

     The Public Health Service rapid survey technique was used, with some

modification, for the estimation of pollutant emissions.   The emissions

were calculated from data representative of the year 1967 using Public
                                ty
Health Service emission factors.   Table I provides a breakdown of

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                                TABLE  I.   SUMMARY  OF  AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE METROPOLITAN
                                          INDIANAPOLIS  STUDY  AREA,  1967.   (Tons/Year).
COMBUSTION OF FUEL, STATIONARY
TRANSPORTATION



di
•o
g
O
•H
°
&
a
in


a
0
o
•H
IH
£
i-*
rt
*

0)
•a
•ri
X
o
0
S
n
o
JQ
K
at
o
COUNTY
Boone
Hamilton
Hancock
Hendricks
Johnson
Marion
Morgan
Shelby

TOTAL
Boone
Hamilton
Hancock
Hendricks
Johnson
Marion
Morgan
Shelby
TOTAL
Boone
Hamilton
Hancock
Hendricfcs
Johnson
Marion
Morgan
Shelby
TOTAL
MOTOR VEHICLES
60
110
60
80
130
1,700
70
70

2,350
100
180
110
140
230
2,960
130
110
3,960
9,000
18 ,500
11,630
15,320
25,200
513,500
12,600
11,500
617,250
AIRCRAFT
Neg.*
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.

Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
400
Neg.
Neg.
400
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
5,260
Neg.
Neg.
5,260
INDUSTRIAL
30
40
10
Neg.
50
32,880
20
60

33,090
10
10
Neg.
Neg.
10
7,700
Neg.
20
7,750
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
1,450
Neg.
Neg.
1,450
RESIDENTIAL
340
630
360
500
450
6,750
500
410

9,940
160
220
140
180
160
2,340
200
160
3,560
210
290
180
220
210
2,730
290
220
4,350
COMMERCIAL &
INSTITUTIONAL
30
40
10
20
10
6,200
40
80

6,430
10
20
Neg.
10
Neg.
3,370
20
30
3,460
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
3,300
Neg.
Neg.
3,300
SOURCES

STEAM- ELECT.
0
3,480
0
0
0
57,920
46 , 300
0

107,700
0
2,100
0
0
0
24,040
17,960
0
44,100
0
20
0
0
210
220
200
0
650


REFUSE DISPOSAL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
145
235
160
245
255
3,760
200
180
5,180
780
1,270
860
1,300
1,380
20,000
1,100
970
27,660

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
EMISSIONS
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
4,500
Neg.
Neg.

4,500
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
10,000
Neg.
Neg.
10,000
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
97,000
Neg.
Neg.
97,000
*Negligible

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                                                                        11
sulfur dioxide*, total particulate-and carbon monoxide emissions by

county according to source type in four general categories. These

categories are transportation, fuel combustion in stationary sources,

refuse disposal and industrial process emissions. The data presented

in this table indicates that the major portion of SC>2, CO and total

particulate emissions are attributable to sources located within Marion

County. It is also evident from this table that power plants located

in Hamilton and Morgan Counties emit significant quantities of S02 and

total particulates. Figures for the entire survey area reveal that power

plants are responsible for 667, of the total S02 emissions and 57% of

the total particulate emissions while 82% of CO emissions are attributable

to road vehicles.

     The geographic location of sources within the survey area are defined

by the use of grid coordinates based on the Universal Transverse Mercator

(UTM) System. The numbered grid system is shown in Figure 3, super-

imposed over a map of the study area. Grid squares 5 kilometers on a side

are used in the areas of most dense population and industrialization.

Grid squares 10 kilometers and 20 kilometers on a side are used in areas

of less dense urbanization.

     Figures 4, 5, and 6 are maps representing yearly average daily

emission densities for S02, CO, and total particulates respectively,

based on the grid system. The densities are computed on the basis of

emissions from both point sources and area sources within each grid
* Estimates are based on all oxides of sulfur, of which the vast majority
  is composed of SOo.

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12
431 	

m £A "•"•"~^^^— ™ ~" »^^—

BOONE CO.

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DRICKS CO.


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GAN CO.






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HAMIL


38

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32
MARION
23
19
24
20
13

39


35

33
CO.
25
21
16
14

36

34
26
22
17
15

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                                                                                                      N
                                            kilometers
                         Figure 3.   Indianapolis  grid  coordinate map.

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                                                                                                13
                                         kilometers
 SULFUR OXIDES,
 ton/mi 2-doy
n  < o.oi

[^ 0.01  - 0.05

(13 0.05 - 0.15

HJ 0.15 - 0.45

§3 0.45 - 0.90

• 0.90 - 5.0
                                                                                                    N
Figure4.  Sulfur oxide emission density from all sources in the Indianapolis study area,  1967.

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14
                                              kilometers
                                                                                       I
                                                                           CARBON MONOXIDE,
                                                                            ton/mi 2-day

                                                                           D   « °-07    |

                                                                           [^  0.07 -  0.20

                                                                           pT]  0.20 -  0.80

                                                                           Hjj  0.80 -  3.20

                                                                           fU  3.20 -  9.60

                                                                           •  9.60 -  20.00
  Figure 5.  Carbon monoxide emission density from all sources in the Indianapolis study area, 1967.

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                                                                                                15
                                                                       PARTICULATES,
                                                                       ton/mi 2-Joy
                                                                       Q < 0.01

                                                                       [2J0.01 - 0.05

                                                                       £30.05 - 0.10

                                                                       ^JO.10 - 0.25

                                                                       ^0.25 - 0.50

                                                                       • 0.50 - 2.00
                                                                                                   N
Figure 6.  Particulate emission density from all sources in the  Indianapolis study area, 1967.

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16
     zone. The areas of greatest pollutant emissions are located within and




     immediately surrounding the city of Indianapolis.  The majority of the




     S02 and total particulate emissions occur within Marion County. Also,




     significant quantities of these two pollutants are emitted from Morgan




     and Hamilton Counties. The source complexes of other peripheral counties




     emit smaller quantities of SC^ and total particulates. Total carbon




     monoxide emissions are also greatest in Marion County and are particular-




     ly dense within the city of Indianapolis.  These emissions are closely




     related to the vehicular traffic intensity and geographic distribution.




     Lesser CO emissions occur in a somewhat uniform ring around Marion




     County.  Figure 7 indicates that most major pollutant point sources




     (S02, CO and/or total particulate emissions)  are located within Marion




     County.






     AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS




     Introduction




          To facilitate the administration of an air resource management




     program, an air quality control region should include those




     jurisdictions containing the majority of air pollutant sources in a




     region as well as the majority of people and property adversely




     affected by the source emissions.  The core area of a region can be




     roughly defined on the basis of pollutant point source locations and




     relative emission densities.  However, a determination of ambient air




     quality is necessary in order that the peripheral pollutant receptor




     areas may be identified and considered for inclusion in the region.




     This procedure results in an essentially self-contained region,

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                                                                     17






















1



--* • ' -- — —



BOONE CO.



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HAMILTON CO. 1


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                                                                         N
                                    !  10
                        kilometers
o  Commercial
X Industrial
• Power  plant
FIGURE 7. MAJOR POINT SOURCE LOCATIONS.

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18
    one which includes within its  bounds  virtually the  entire pollutant




    source-receptor system for a particular area.   In this way too,  the




    possibility of pollutant transport  across  boundaries will be




    minimized.   Two alternate approaches  exist for the  determination




    of air quality in metropolitan Indianapolis.




         The first and most logical approach is to measure quantitatively




    pollutant concentrations in the ambient air.   A review and evaluation




    of such  measured data  will be  presented in the following section.




         The second approach consists of  predicting air quality,  in




    terms of concentrations of individual pollutants, by the use of  a




    meteorological diffusion model.  This technique is  particularly




    desirable in the Indianapolis  area  since existing air-sampling




    networks do not encompass large enough areas to be  useful as guides




    for the  establishment  of the Region boundaries.






    Topography,  Meteorology, and Measured Air  Quality




         Indianapolis is located in the central part of the  State of




    Indiana  and is situated on mostly level or' slightly rolling




    terrain.   The majority of the  City  lies east of the White River,




    which flows in a generally north-south direction through Marion




    County.   It is not likely that meteorological  conditions which would




    create localized air pollution or air pollution of  great severity




    would be caused directly by topographical  influences.




         The climate in Indianapolis is continental, with warm summers,




    moderately cold winters, and occasional wide variations  in temperature,




    particularly during the colder seasons. Hot,  humid weather caused

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                                                                      19
by warm air masses occurs occasionally during the summer, though


these air masses are soon replaced by cooler, drier air from the


north.  Precipitation is generally evenly distributed throughout


the year.  Prevailing winter winds are from the northwest (see


Figure A-l, Appendix A), while prevailing summer and annual winds


are from the southwest.  The greatest dilution potential for


pollutants in the atmosphere occurs during summer afternoons,


while pollutant dilution is most restricted during summer mornings.


     Air sampling in Indianapolis is conducted by the Indianapolis


Bureau of Air Pollution Control and by the Indiana Air Pollution


Control Board.  Public Health Service stations measuring gaseous


pollutants are located in the city of Indianapolis and in Monroe


County (located to the south of Morgan County).  The majority of


the sampling has been for particulate pollution.  A ten-station 1967


yearly average concentration of suspended particulates in

                         o
Indianapolis was 116 ug/m .  The PHS station  located within that


city recorded an average concentration of 132 ug/m3 for the same


time period.  The maximum concentration  of suspended particulates

                                                            o
recorded at one station in Indianapolis  in 1967 was 570 ug/m , based

                       i
on a 24-hour average.  During the same year  suspended particulate


concentrations exceeding 200 ug/m3 at individual stations (24-hour


average values) were not unusual.  Measurements taken in the city


of Anderson in Madison County produced a 1967 yearly average


concentration of 93 ug/m3.  In contrast  to these values, measurements


at the non-urban sampling site in Monroe County produced a yearly


average concentration of 51 ug/m3.  This value can be regarded as a


representative background concentration  for the Indianapolis area.

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20
     Thus,  measurements within the  cities of  Indianpolis  and Anderson




     indicate that  relatively  high  suspended  particulate  concentrations




     exist.   Diffusion model results  (see Figure 8)  indicate that




     above-background  suspended particulate concentrations  are not




     confined solely to the city of Indianapolis but affect, to  some




     degree,  the remainder of  Marion  County and portions  of Morgan,




     Johnson,  and Hendricks Counties.




         Monitoring of sulfur dioxide  concentrations in  the ambient




     air has  been limited.  Stations  exist in the city of Indianapolis




     and at the Monroe County  non-urban site.  The 1965 average  of




     biweekly 24-hour  average  SC>2 concentrations within the city of




     Indianapolis was  approximately .018 ppm.  The comparable value for




     1966 was .015  ppm, and was approximately .020 ppm for  1967.  These




     concentrations are similar to  those measurements for other  major




     cities of approximately the same size as Indianapolis  and are, as




     expected, lower in value  than  similar average SQ~ concentrations




     for larger cities such as Chicago  and Philadelphia.^  The 1966 mean




     concentration  of  S0£ at the Monroe County non-urban  site was  .004




     ppm.   This represents a rough  measure of the S02 background level




     in the Indianapolis  area. It  is clear that S02 measurements within




     the city of  Indianapolis  are significantly above this  level.




         No  1967  sampling data are available for carbon  monoxide




     concentrations in the  Indianapolis area. As a  result, no validation




     of diffusion model  results by  comparison with measured CO concen-




     trations is  possible.   Previous  applications of the  diffusion model




     to other urban areas considered  in consultation reports have  shown




     that the model generally tends to  underestimate measured CO concentrations.

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                                                                      21
Diffusion Model Results

     The meteorological diffusion model has been used to compute

suspended particulate, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide concen-

trations in the ambient air at specified receptor points.  The

model predicts these concentrations from the mathematical treatment

of pollutant emission and meteorological data.*  While the model

contains inherent limitations, it still has merit in providing

reasonable spatial distributions of long term (seasonal and
       Me
annual)   average pollutant concentrations.

     Figure 8 shows theoretical suspended particulate concentrations
       O
in ug/nr for the summer averaging time.  It is during this season

that the greatest suspended particulate concentrations occur

according to the model.  The model does not consider concentrations

of particulate matter from natural sources or from nearby urban areas

which combined to make up the background level in the area.  For

this reason, the predicted concentration values shown in Figure 8

are not considered absolute.  The model results are, however,

considered representative of suspended particulate dispersion patterns

created by emissions from the Indianapolis area source complex.

Figure 8 indicates the1 existence of a uniform pollutant diffusion

pattern centered on Indianapolis.  Significantly high concentrations

of particulates occur in Morgan County (south of Marion County) in

the vicinity of a major point source.  Source emissions are the
 *See Appendix A for a more detailed discussion.
**Averaging times are as follows:

     Winter:  December, January, and February.
     Summer:  June, July, and August.
     Annual:  All 12 months of the year

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22

                                                       0  5  10   20    30    40    50
                                                          SCALE IN KILOMETERS
            FIGURE 8. THEORETICAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS
                      IN pG/M3, SUMMER AVERAGE.

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                                                                       23
greatest for Morgan and Marion Counties (see Table I) and




ultimately affect the air quality over sizable portions of




Johnson and Hendricks Counties.




     Theoretical sulfur dioxide concentrations are shown in Figure




9.  Results for the winter season are presented since SC^ emissions




are greatest during that season and help to create the greatest




build-up of S0£ concentrations in the ambient air.  A 3-hour




half-life for sulfur dioxide is used in the model as the assumed




rate of decay of S02.  This produces values which correlate best




with measured concentrations.  The sulfur dioxide concentrations




predicted by the model appear to be overestimated on the basis of




comparison with limited air quality data.  The dispersion pattern




of above-background levels of SC^ is similar to that for suspended




particulates.  A symmetrical pattern of SO^ equal concentration




contours is predicted for Indianapolis and immediately outlying




areas.  A secondary peak of SC>2 concentrations occurs in Morgan




County at and near the site of the large point source referred to




above.  As a result, a corridor of relatively high concentrations




occurs from Indianapolis south to include a large portion of




Morgan County and part of Johnson County.




     Figure 10 shows predicted carbon monoxide concentrations based




on the summer averaging time.  It is suring this averaging time




that greatest CO emissions occur.  Partly as a result of this,




greatest CO levels are predicted to occur during the summer period.




As anticipated, concentrations are predicted to be highest in the




city of Indianapolis where vehicular traffic density is greatest.

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24
                                                    0  5 10    20   30   40    50
                                                        SCALE IN KILOMETERS
               FIGURE  9.  THEORETICAL S02 CONCENTRATIONS IN PIM, WINTER
                          AVERAGE (ASSUMED 3 HOUR HALF-LIFE).

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                                                                   25

                                          0  5  10    20    30    40   50
                                              SCALE  IN KILOMETERS
FIGURE 10. THEORETICAL CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN
           PEM, SUMMER AVERAGE.

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26
    Diffusion of carbon monoxide outward from the city of Indianapolis




    appears to be uniform in all directions.  The concentration gradient




    decreases significantly at the 0.20 ppm isopleth.  Portions of




    Boone, Hamilton, Madison, Hancock, Shelby, Johnson, Morgan, and




    Hendricks Counties are encompassed by the 0.10 ppm isopleth.




    Pollutant transport does appear to be slightly greater toward the




    northeast (Hamilton and Madison Counties) of the Indianapolis core




    however, as reflected by the slight elongation of the isopleths in




    that direction.  This is logical since prevailing summer winds




    are from the southwest.






    SUMMARY




         Specific conclusions can be reached with regard to the size




    of the Indianapolis Region based on the consideration of pollutant




    emissions and measured and predicted pollutant concentrations in




    the ambient air.  Total particulate and SC^ emissions are greatest




    in Marion, Morgan and Hamilton Counties.  Significant quantities




    of particulate matter and S02 are emitted from a variety of source




    types of Marion County.  However, the primary sources of these




    pollutants in Morgan and Hamilton Counties are power plants.  Carbon




    monoxide emissions are greatest in Marion County, and occur at




    diminished levels in those counties contiguous to Marion County




    (i.e., Boone, Hendricks, Hamilton, Hancock, Johnson, Morgan, and




    Shelby Counties) .

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                                                                      27
     Available air-sampling data are not extensive enough to be of




much aid in determining the size of the Region.  A diffusion model




has been used to predict pollutant concentrations in the ambient




air as an alternative to this lack of real air quality data.  Equal-




concentration contours for SC^ and total particulates indicate that




peak concentrations occur in Marion and Morgan Counties while sizeable




portions of Johnson and Hendricks Counties are affected by lesser




pollutant concentrations.  Peak carbon monoxide concentrations occur




in Marion County.  Diffusion of CO appears to be uniform around




Marion County so that large areas of Boone, Hamilton, Hancock,




Shelby, Johnson, Morgan, Hendricks, and Madison Counties are




affected by carbon monoxide emanating primarily from the urban core.




     In general, the air pollution problem in Indianapolis is not




confined solely to Marion County.  Instead, this problem appears to




be common to Marion County and, with varying degrees of intensity,




to the counties of Boone, Hendricks, Morgan, Johnson, Shelby, Hamilton,




Hancock, and Madison.

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28
                           VAi-uAi :.w uf URBAN FACTORS
    INTRODUCTION




         The Air Quality Act of 1967 calls for the designation of air




    quality control regions based on "jurisdictional boundaries,  urban-




    industrial concentrations,  and other factors"  in order to provide




    for the adequate implementation of air quality standards.  The




    designation of air quality  control regions must also be based on




    a consideration of existing cooperative regional arrangements,




    State and local air pollution control programs and enabling legis-




    lation,  and patterns and rates of urban growth.






    POPULATION DISTRIBUTION




         Existing and potential air pollution problems can be related




    geographically to areas harbouring present or  anticipated residential




    and industrial development.  Similarly, air pollution problem areas




    can generally be identified by studying population statistics since




    human activity is the basic cause of air pollution.  Figure 11 shows




    1968 population densities by county in metropolitan Indianapolis.




    These population density figures (per sons/ square mile) are based




    upon county land areas and  total population, as listed in Table II.




    At the present time, Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana,




    while Marion County is the  States' largest county.  Present




    population in Marion County is approximately 762,000 persons, 515,000




    of whom reside in the city  of Indianapolis.  The population of the




    8-county Indianapolis SMSA (see Figure 14) is about 1,043,000 persons.




    Thus, close to three- fourths of the total population in the 8 counties

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                                                                           29
POPULATION DENSITY IN
PERSONS/SQUARE MILE.
      >300

       100-300
  75-100

<75
0  5  10    20    30    ^0	50

   SCALE  IN  KILOMETERS
             FIGURE 11. 1965 POPULATION DENSITIES.

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                                                   TABLE II.  PRESENT AND PROJECTED POPULATION DATA AND




                                                              MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT BY JURISDICTION
JURISDICTION
(County)
Bartholomew
Boone
Brown
Clinton
Decatur
De laware
Hamilton
Hancock
Hendricks
Henry
Johnson
Madison
Marion
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Owen
Putnam
Rush
Shelby
Tipton
AREA
(Mi. )
402
427
324
407
370
398
401
305
417
400
315
453
400
410
507
406
390
490
409
409
261
1968 ESTIMATED
POPULATION
56,000
29,000
7,500
31,800
21,500
118,000
46,000
31,500
48,000
53,000
50,000
1.34,000
762,000
69,600
32,200
39,500
11,900
25,800
21,200
37,000
17,300
4 5
1980 PROJECTED
POPULATION
83,991
33,592
8,343
30,041
23,787
149,750
67,000
46,014
90,250
53,371
96,250
165,500
1,001,500
86,348
39,122
58,000
9,946
28,750
20,372
45,750
14,790
1968 POPULATION
DENSITY
(Persons/Mi.2)
140
68
23
78
58
296
115
99
115
133
159
296
1,905
170
64
97
31
53
52
90
66
I960 PROJECTED
POPULATION
DENSITY
(Persons/Ml.2)
209
79
26
74
64
376
167
151
217
133
306
365
2,500
210
77
143
25
59
BO
112
57
ADDITIONAL RESIDENTS
PER SQUARE MILE
1968-1980
71
11
3
-1
8
64
54
52
110
8
140
67
580
51
11
48
-4
6
0
22
-3
1963 MANUFACTURING
EMPLOYMENT
12,420
1,652
18
2,274
1,291
16,658
2,768
1,198
221
4,641
2,573
26,201
104,714
8,233
3,856
988
197
1,563
1,229
3,355
875
1963 MANUFACTURING
EMPLOYMENT DENSITY
(Persons/Mi.2)
31
4
*
6
3
42
7
4
*
12
8
58
260
20
8
2
*
3
3
8
3





















*Negligible

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                                                                  31

resides in Marion County, while one-half resides in Indianapolis.

Within the SMSA, and among those counties peripheral to Marion

County, total population and population densities are progressively

smaller in Johnson, Hendricks, and Hamilton Counties.  Delaware and

Madison Counties, located northeast of the Indianapolis SMSA, contain

greater populations and population densities than counties within the

SMSA with the exception of Marion County.  Over one-half of the total

population in each of these counties resides in the cities of Muncie

and Anderson, respectively.  All other counties on the periphery

of the Indianapolis SMSA contain significantly less total populations

and population densities than either Madison or Delaware Counties.

     Nineteen-eighty projected population densities by county are

shown in Figure 12.  Population projections from which these densities

were derived are shown in Table II.  In addition, Table II expresses

population growth by county, in terms of additional residents per

square mile, for the years 1968 to 1980.  Marion County is expected

to undergo the greatest growth in population, followed by Johnson

and Hendricks Counties.  Growth for these counties is projected to

be 580, 140, and 110 additional residents per square mile, respectively.

Bartholomew, Madison, Delaware, Hamilton, Hancock, Monroe, and Morgan
                   i
Counties, in that order, are projected to experience lesser though

significant increases in population.  Shelby and Boone Counties, which

border Marion County, are expected to undergo relatively small

increases in population.  Other outlying counties at present possess

relatively low population densities, and are projected to experience

only small population increases, or in some instances, population

decreases.

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32
POPULATION DENSITY IN
PERSONS/SQUARE MILE.

      > 500

        250-500
                        100-250

                      <100
0  5 10    '20    30   40   _50'

    SCALE IN  KILOMETERS
             FIGURE 12.  1980 PROJECTED POPULATION DENSITIES.

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                                                                     33
     Generally, the Indianapolis area will show considerable

growth in the next 50 years, though it is difficult to predict

exactly where this growth will occur.  It is expected, however,

that much of the growth will be in the counties bordering Marion

County.  During the early 1960's Marion County experienced slight

out-migration.  This is consistent with the trend showing that as

commuting time is decreased by better roads, people move to

surrounding areas.  This will serve to increase the interdependency

between the Indianapolis core and outlying counties.
                \

INDUSTRY

     The location of industrial activity is helpful in determining

the size of an air quality control region since industrial sources

are major contributors of air pollutant emissions.  Manufacturing

employment statistics have been used to determine the location of

industrial activity in the Indianapolis area.  Figure 13 shows

1963 manufacturing employment densities by county drawn from the

total manufacturing employment statistics presented in Table II.

The statistics indicate that approximately 105,000 persons are

employed by manufacturing firms in Marion County; 70,000 of these

are employed in Indianapolis.  Within Marion County, industrial

development has been closely associated with the transportation

network.  Industry has developed along railroad lines and along

major highways.  Also, a significant amount of industrial development

has occurred along the White River Valley where quantities of water

are available for industrial purposes.  Madison County follows

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EMPLOYMENT DENSITY IN
PERSONS/ SQUARE MILE.
 >50

25-50
                           5-25

                           <5
                                                     0  5 10    20   30   40    50
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
         FIGURE  13.  1963  MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT BY COUNTY.

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                                                                    35
Marion County in size as far as the number of manufacturing employees




is concerned.  Delaware and Bartholomew Counties also harbour




significant numbers of manufacturing employees.  All other counties




in the Indianapolis area, including those immediately surrounding




Marion County, contain relatively few manufacturing employees.






EXISTING REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS




     The prerequisite for Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas




(SMSA's) is that they contain a core city of at least 50,000




persons and the county of that core city, as well as adjacent counties




which are found to be metropolitan in character and are economically




and socially integrated with the county of the central city.  The




boundaries of the Indianapolis, Anderson, and Muncie SMSA's are




shown in Figure 14.  The 1968 estimated populations of these three




SMSA's are 1,043,000, 134',000, and 118,000 persons respectively.




The Indianapolis SMSA includes Marion County as well as seven




surrounding counties (Boone, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson,




Morgan, and Shelby).  The Anderson and Muncie SMSA's include only




the county in which those cities lie (Madison and Delaware Counties




respectively).  It appears that the social and economic influence




exerted by Indianapolis extends beyond the borders of Marion




County.  At the same time, the Anderson and Muncie metropolitan




areas are distinct from metropolitan Indianapolis and from each




other.

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36
                              INDIANAPOLIS SMSA.
                                                   0  5  10   20    30    ^0    50

                                                      SCALE IN KILOMETERS
           FIGURE  14.  STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS
                       IN  THE  INDIANAPOLIS AREA.

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                                                                      37
     Official State planning and development regions have been




established by the Governor of Indiana through Executive Order




No. 18-68.  Fourteen such regions have been established throughout




the State of Indiana.  These regions were defined by the Division




of Planning of the Indiana Department of Commerce on the basis of




physical contiguity, commuting patterns, newspaper circulation,




economic data such as income, employment and industry, as well as




upon a consideration of existing regional arrangements within the




State.  These planning and development regions were established in




order to satisfy several objectives.  First, they serve as an




organizational basis for data collection and analysis, and projection




of population, economic and social factors related to comprehensive




planning.  Second, these regions serve to relate Federal programs




requiring regional coordination with appropriate plans and programs.




Also the planning regions will facilitate program coordination among




agencies at the State level.  Finally, the planning and development




regions will provide a framework for regional planning and development




programs.  In establishing these regions it was felt that a common




set of regions would provide a basis for coordination and cooperation




among Federal, State, and local agencies.  The planning and development




region centered on Indianapolis is shown in Figure 15.  This region




consists of Marion County and seven additional counties, and is




coextensive with the Indianapolis SMSA.  Madison and Delaware Counties




are included along with five additional counties in a separate




planning and development region.

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38
                                                      0   5  10    20    30    40   50

                                                         SCALE  IN  KILOMETERS
              FIGURE 15. INDIANAPOLIS PLANNING AND  DEVELOPMENT
                         REGION.              ':

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                                                                    39
EXISTING AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS AND LEGISLATION



     In the process of defining the bounds of an air quality



control region it becomes important to consider the role of



existing State and local air pollution control programs.  It is



also important to review pertinent legislation which allows for



the promulgation of air pollutant control regulations and which



grants enforcement powers to agencies at the State and local



levels.  Such consideration of existing programs is necessary



since it is upon them that the ultimate responsibility for



implementing region-wide air quality standards rests.



     The 1961 Indiana Air Pollution Control Law (Chapter 171,



Acts of 1961) established an Air Pollution Control Board as an



independent enforcement agency, and authorized the State Board



of Health to consult with public and private groups, other States,



and the Federal Government to prevent air pollution.  The original



Act has been amended by the Indiana General Assembly as set forth



in Chapter 357 of the Acts of 1969.  The declared intention of the



Act is that primary responsibility for the control of air



pollution rests with local and air quality basin control programs.
                    \


The Act declares that this can be done most successfully by



focusing on  goals to be achieved by a maximum of cooperation among



all parties concerned.



     The Air Pollution Control Board is empowered to administer and



carry out the adjudicatory provisions of the Act and to make



investigations, consider complaints and hold hearings, and to make



such determinations as are necessary to carry out the purposes of



the Act.  The Board may adopt rules and regulations consistent with

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40
    the general intent and purposes of the Act.  Rules and regulations




    may be adopted which would create air quality basins based upon




    scientific study of geographical, topographical, and meteorological




    data.  The Board may adopt and promulgate ambient air quality




    standards for these air quality basins.




         The State Board of Health is empowered to advise, consult,




    and cooperate with other agencies of the State, towns, cities, and




    counties, industries, other States, and the Federal government in




    the prevention and control of new and existing air contamination




    sources within the State.  The Board of Health is also empowered




    to encourage authorized air pollution agencies of towns, cities, and




    counties to handle air pollution problems within their respective




    jurisdictions to the greatest extent possible.  It is also empowered




    to render technical assistance to these local agencies to further




    air pollution control.




         The Act maintains provisions for towns, cities, and counties




    to enforce local air pollution ordinances consistent with the




    provisions of the Act, and permits them to enact and enforce more




    restrictive ordinances to further the purposes of the Act.  It




    allows the board of commissioners of any county to enact and enforce




    ordinances controlling air pollution, and further allows any city




    or county within an air quality basin to administer its own air pollution




    control program in cooperation with one or more towns, cities, or




    counties.  The failure of an air quality jurisdiction to enforce




    local ordinances may prompt action by the Control Board to enforce




    applicable provisions of the State law.

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                                                                    41
     In the city of Indianapolis responsibility for the control of




air pollution rests with the Bureau of Air Pollution Control.  The




Bureau was established according to Air Pollution Control




Ordinance No. 140, dated 1951.  The jurisdiction of the Bureau




encompasses the city of Indianapolis and that area within Marion




County four miles from the corporate boundaries of the city.




General Ordinance No. 115 (1952) prohibited the emission from




any stack of pollutants which might cause injury or nuisance to




any person or property at the risk of being enjoined by the courts




or abated by the Bureau.  A new General Ordinance No. 109 dated 1967




was enacted to provide further provisions for the control of the




atmosphere in the Indianapolis area.  According to this ordinance,




the duties of the Director of the Bureau are to receive and




institute complaints, institute enforcement actions, and cooperate




with Federal, State, county, and other agencies concerned with air




pollution.  This Ordinance establishes the Indianapolis Air  Pollution




Control Board which is empowered to establish air quality objectives




and to determine the need for specific controls to achieve and




maintain the desired air quality.  The Board may make and amend




rules and regulations and set standards based on the need, technical




feasibility, and economic practicability.  It also is empowered to




achieve compliance with the rules and regulations outlined in the




Ordinance.

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42
        In summary,  it  appears  that  air pollution control  legislation




   enacted by both  the  State  of Indiana and the city of  Indianapolis




   is  based on a recognition  of the  value of cooperation between




   control agencies at  the various levels of government.   Provisions




   in  the  State Act allow for the creation of basins over  which air




   quality standards may be established.  Thus, there  is an  awareness




   at  the  State level of the  value of controlling air  pollution on a




   regional basis.   This concept is  entirely compatible  with the




   efforts of the Federal government to establish regions  over which




   the air resource may be administered.






   SUMMARY




        The evaluation  of urban factors indicates that an  Indianpolis




   Air Quality Control  Region composed of the eight counties which are




   members of a common  State  planning and development  region (Boone,




   Hamilton,  Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Marion, Morgan,  and Shelby




   Counties)  would  satisfy the  objectives for air quality  control




   region  boundaries previously outlined.  This eight  county area has




   been defined as  a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, indicating




   that these counties  are economically and socially integrated with




   the core city and county  (Indianapolis and Marion)  and  with each




   other.   This eight county  area has been established by  the Governor




   as  a State planning  and development region to provide a common




   basis for cooperation and  coordination among Federal, State, and




   local agencies.   Existing  State  air pollution control legislation




   promotes and endorses such cooperation between control  agencies at

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                                                                   43
the various levels of government and between neighboring agencies




at the same governmental levels.  It appears logical to designate




this entire eight county area for purposes of conducting a regional




effort toward air pollution control since the interdependence of




these counties has been established.

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44
                             THE  PROPOSED REGION


        Subject  to  the  scheduled  consultation, the  Secretary,

   Department of Health, Education,  and Welfare, proposes to designate

   an air quality control  region  for the metropolitan  Indianapolis

   area,  consisting of  the following jurisdictions  in  the State of

   Indiana:

             Boone  County
             Hamilton County
             Hancock County
             Hendricks  County
             Johnson County
             Marion County
             Morgan County
             Shelby County.

        As so proposed, the Metropolitan Indianapolis  Intrastate Air

   Quality Control  Region  would consist of the territorial  area

   encompassed by the outermost boundaries of the above  jurisdictions

   and the territorial  area of all municipalities located therein and

   as defined in Section 302(f) of the Clean Air Act,  42 U.S.C.

   1857h(f).   Figure 16 shows the boundaries of  the proposed Region

   while Figure  17  indicates  the  geographic  relationship of the Region

   to surrounding areas.

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                                                                     45
                                         0  5  10    20    30    ^0   50
                                             SCALE  IN  KILOMETERS
FIGURE 16. PROPOSED METROPOLITAN  INDIANAPOLIS  INTRASTATE
           AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION.

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                                                                         Niagara Frontier AQCR
Metropolitan Chicago
  Interstate AQCR
                                                                                          rMetropolitan Pittsburgh
                                                                                             Intrastate AQCR
     METROPOLITAN
INTRASTATE
  CONTROL REGION
PROPOSED
  CLEVELAND
  AIR QUALITY
                                               PROPOSED METROPOLITAN INDIANAPOLIS
                                               INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIO
                                                            Metropolitan Cincinnati
                                                            — Interstate
              Metropolitan Stl Louis
                Interstate AOOR
                                                                            West Virginia
                                                                          Figure  17    Relationship  of  Proposed
                                                                                      Metropolitan  Indianapolis
                                                                                      Air Quality Control  Region
                                                                                      to  Surrounding Areas.

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                        DISCUSSION OF PROPOSAL






     To implement a successful air resource management program, an




air quality control region should be sufficiently large so as to




encompass most pollution sources as well as most people and property




affected by those sources.  The boundaries should also encompass




those locations where present and projected urbanization and




industrialization will create significant future air pollution




problems.  Finally, the boundaries chosen should be compatible with




and foster unified and cooperative regional governmental administration




of the air resource.  The proposed Metropolitan Indianapolis Region




was designed to best satisfy these requirements.




     Designation of the eight county Indianapolis Region, as




proposed, will satisfy the objective that most pollutant sources




and receptors in a metropolitan area be included in the same air




quality control region.  Greatest quantities of sulfur dioxide,




total particulate and carbon monoxide pollution are emitted, from




Marion County.  Significant quantities of S02 and total particulates




are emitted from Morgan and Hamilton Counties.  Carbon monoxide




emissions are evenly distributed among those counties contiguous




to Marion County (i.e., Boone, Hamilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson,




Morgan, and Shelby Counties).  Outlying areas of these'peripheral




counties contribute relatively low levels of pollutant emissions.




Diffusion model results reveal that the counties contiguous to




Marion County are receptors of pollutants of various concentrations




in the ambient air.  Much of this pollution emanates from the city




of Indianapolis and from the remainder of Marion County.

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48
    A review of population statistics and industrial activity




indicates that the proposed region is sufficient to accommodate




future expansion of both population and industry.  As expected,




much of the population is and will continue to be concentrated in




Indianapolis and Marion County.  Surrounding counties, and in




particular the areas of those counties furthest from Indianapolis,




have much lower population densities and industrial activity.




    The eight-county Region proposed in this report coincides with




the Indianapolis Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.  It also




coincides with one of the States'  fourteen planning and development




regions.  Designation of this eight-county area as an SMSA and




planning region provides some indication of the interdependence of




these counties to one another and to the Indianapolis core.  This




multi-county region should not be sub-divided insofar as regional




effort toward air pollution control is concerned.




    Madison and Delaware Counties, to the northeast of Marion




County, contain two large cities (Anderson and Muncie respectively)




and a significant amount of population and .industry.  There is some




relation of these areas (especially Madison County) to the




Indianapolis area both from the economic and social point of view.




These counties are not, however, closely enough related to metro-




politan Indianapolis either through "urban" factors or through a




common link based on the air pollution problem, to be included in




the Indianapolis Air Quality Control Region.

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                                                                       49
    As is true of most efforts to draw boundaries around an area to




differentiate it from its surroundings, there is always a likelihood




of boundary conditions existing or developing.  In the case of air




quality control regions, such a boundary condition would exist where




sources of pollution on one side of the region boundary affect in




some real way air quality on the other side of the boundary.




Relocating the boundary would only rarely provide relief from this




condition.  The solution is to be found in the way in which control




efforts are implemented following the designation of an air quality




control region.  Consonant with the basic objective of providing




desirable air quality within the problem area being designated as




an air quality control region, the implementation plan that follows




the designation should have provisions for the control of sources




located close to but beyond the region boundaries.  The level of




control for such sources should be a function of, among other




factors, the degree to which emissions from sources cause air




quality levels to exceed the standards chosen for application within




the air quality control region.  The boundaries of the Indianapolis




Region were selected so as to minimize the pollutant transport




boundary problems mentioned above.




    In summary, the Region proposed is considered on the whole to




be the most cohesive and yet inclusive area within which an effective




regional effort can be mounted to prevent and control air pollution




in the Indianapolis metropolitan area.

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50
                                   REFERENCES
     1.   Public Health Service.   Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
         Community Air Pollution Emissions.   Publication No. 999-AP-29.
         U.  S.  Department of Health,  Education,  and Welfare, Division
         of  Air Pollution,  Cincinnati, Ohio,  October 1966.

     2.   Public Health Service.   Compilation of  Air Pollutant Emission
         Factors.   Publication No.  999-AP-42.  U.  S. Department of
         Health, Education,  and Welfare,  National  Center for Air
         Pollution Control,  Durham, North Carolina, 1968.

     3.   Public Health Service.   Air  Quality Data  from the National Air
         Surveillance Networks and  Contributing  State and Local Networks,
         1966 Edition.   Publication No.  APTD-68-9, U. S. Department of
         Health, Education,  and Welfare,  National  Air Pollution Control
         Administration,  Durham, North Carolina, 1968.

     4.   Rand McNally & Company. Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide,
         Ninety-Ninth Edition, 1968.   Chicago, Illinois.

     5.   Graduate School of Business, Indiana University.  Indiana
         Population Projections 1965-1985, Volume  I.  Research Report
         No. 3, September 1966.

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                                                                       51
                APPENDIX A. DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION MODEL.



     The diffusion model is based on the Gaussian diffusion equation,
                     1 9                                    O /
described by Pasquill '  and modified for long-term averages '  for

application to the multiple-source situation typical of an urban complex.

The basic equation assumed that the concentration of a pollutant within

a plume has a Gaussian distribution about the plume centerline in the

vertical and horizontal directions.  The dispersion of the plume is a

function of the emission rate, effective source and receptor heights,

atmospheric stablility and the distance from the source.  The plume is

assumed to move downwind according to the mean wind.


     The model was used to predict concentrations of SOo, and CO, and

total suspended particulates.  The averaging times were the summer and

winter seasons and the year.  In order that the theoretical pollutant

levels could be determined, it was necessary to-evaluate certain

meteorological input parameters.  These parameters are wind direction and

frequency of occurrence in each direction, effective wind speeds for each

direction, and mixing depths for various averaging times.

     Figure I-A shows the wind roses for the summer, winter, and year

for the Indianapolis area*.  They represent graphically the frequency of


occurrence of the wind from the various compass directions.  This data,

along with effective wind speeds for the respective compas directions





*U.S. Weather Bureau Data for Weir Cook Airport, 1951 through 1960.

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52
                    WINTER
                                                           SUMMER
                   ANNUAL
         (INCLUDES ALL 4 AVERAGING PERIODS)
                                              N
                                                    PER CENT FREQUENCY
                                                       OF OCCURENCE
                FIGURE 1-A.  WIND DIRECTION i'KR CENT FREQUENCY OF
                            OCCURENCE FOR VARIOUS AVERAGING TIMES.

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                                                                        53
 was used as input data to the computerized model.  The characteristic

 prevailing wind directions for each of the averaging times as depicted

 by the length of the wind rose radials,  produce a direct influence over

 the dispersion of pollutants.

      Table I-A shows average mixing depths for the winter, summer, and

 annual averaging periods*.  A significant diurnal variation in the mixing

 depth is indicated.   These mixing depths define the volume of air above

 the surface through which pollutants are allowed to mix, and are assumed

 to have no spatial variation (i.e.,  mixing depth is constant) over the

 receptor grid system.



                                 Table I-A.

             Average  Mixing Depths for Metropolitan Indianapolis
                     by Season and Time of Day (meters).

 Season            Morning Average     Afternoon Average      Average,  Morning
                                                               and Afternoon
Winter
Summer
Annual
(four seasons)
430
320
390

700
1590
1262

565
955
826.

	                                5,6
*Computed mixing depths documented by Holzworth    and by recent tabulations
furnished to the Meteorological Program, NAPCA, by the National Weather
Record Center, ESSA.

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54
         The diffusion model was used to compute the ground level




   concentrations of pollutants at 225 receptor points.  Their locations




   were defined by an orthogonal grid system with mesh points 15




   kilometers apart. This grid, 210 km. on a side, was centered in the




   city of Indianapolis.   An effective source height of  75 meters was




   assumed for all pollutant point sources,  while topographical




   features were neglected for area-source  emissions and for the 225




   receptor points.

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                                                                  55
                    APPENDIX A. REFERENCES
1.  Pasquill, F. "The Estimation of the Dispersion of Windborne
    Material," Meteorology Magazine, 90, 33-49, 1961.

2.  Pasquill, F. Atmospheric Diffusion. Van Nostrand Co., New
    York, New York, 190 pp., 1962.

3.  Public Health Service. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion
    Estimates. Publication No. 999-AP-26, Environmental Health
    Series, U.S. DREW, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
    Cincinnati, Ohio, 1967.

4.  Martin, D.O., Tikvart, J.A. "A General Atmospheric Diffusion
    Model for Estimating the Effects on Air Quality of One or
    More Sources," Paper No. 68-148, 61st Annual Meeting, APCA,
    St. Paul, Minnesota, June, 1968.

5.  Holzworth, G.C. "Mixing Depths, Wind Speeds and Air Pollution
    Potential for Selected Locations in the United States,"
    J. Appl. Meteor.,  No. 6, pp. 1039-1044, December, 1967.

6.  Holzworth, G.C. "Estimates of Mean Maximum Mixing Depths in
    the Contiguous United States," Mon. Weather Rev. 92, No. 5,
    pp. 235-242, May, 1964.
                                       U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 196S allMW BOK)

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