REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE

       METROPOLITAN ST.  LOUIS INTERSTATE

           AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION

               (MISSOURI-ILLINOIS)
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                 Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
    National Air Pollution Control Administration

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         REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE

       METROPOLITAN ST. LOUIS INTERSTATE

           AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION

               (MISSOURI-ILLINOIS)
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                 Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
    National Air Pollution Control Administration
                   December, 1968

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                        CONTENTS










PREFACE	3




INTRODUCTION	4




EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS	12




EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS	34




THE PROPOSED REGION	45




     DISCUSSION OF PROPOSAL	45




APPENDIX A	




APPENDIX B	

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                                PREFACE



    The Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, is

directed by the Air Quality Act of 1967 to designate "air quality

control regions"  to provide a basis for the establishment of air

quality standards and the implementation of air quality control

programs. In addition to listing the major factors to be considered

in the development of region boundaries, the Act stipulates that the

designation of a  region shall be preceded by consultation with

appropriate State and local authorities.

    The National  Air Pollution Control Administration, DREW, has

conducted a study of the Metropolitan St. Louis urban area, the
                                                         •fc
results of which  are presented in this report. The Region  boundaries

proposed in this  report reflect consideration of all available and

pertinent data; however, the boundaries remain subject to revision

suggested by consultation with State and local authorities. Formal

designation will  be withheld pending the outcome of the meeting. This

report is intended to serve as the starting point for the consultation.

    The Administration is appreciative of assistance received either

directly during the course of this study or indirectly during previous
                           I
studies from the  official air pollution agencies of the affected states

and counties, the East-West Gateway Coordinating Council, and the

Southwestern Illinois Metropolitan Area Planning Commission.
*For the purposes of this report, the word region, when capitalized,
will refer to the Metropolitan St. Louis Interstate Air Quality
Control Region. When not capitalized, unless otherwise noted, it
will refer to air quality control regions in general.

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                          INTRODUCTION



         "For the purpose of establishing ambient air
      quality standards pursuant to section 108, and for
      administrative and other purposes, the Secretary,
      after consultation with appropriate State and local
      authorities shall, to the extent feasible, within
      18 months after the date of enactment of the Air
      Quality Act of 1967 designate air quality control
      regions based on jurisdictional boundaries, urban-
      industrial concentrations, and other factors including
      atmospheric areas necessary to provide adequate
      implementation of air quality standards. The
      Secretary may from time to time thereafter, as he
      determines necessary to protect the public health
      and welfare and after consultation with appropriate
      State and local authorities, revise the designation
      of such regions and designate additional air quality
      control regions. The Secretary shall immediately
      notify the Governor or Governors of the affected
      State or States of such designation."

                      Section 107 (a), Air Quality Act of 1967

    Air pollution, because of its direct relationship to people

and their activities, is an urban problem. Urban sprawls often

cover thousands of square miles; they quite often include parts

of more than one state and almost always are made up of several

counties and an even greater number of cities. Air pollution,

therefore, also becomes a regional problem, and the collaboration

of several governmental jurisdictions is prerequisite to the

solution of the problem in any given area. Air quality control

regions called for in the above-quoted section of the Air Quality

Act of 1967 are meant to define the geographical extent of air

pollution problems in different urban areas and the combination

of jurisdictions that must contribute to the solution in each.

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    The regional approach set up by the Air Quality Act is




illustrated in Figure 1. The approach involves a series of steps




to be taken by Federal, State, and local governments, beginning




with the designation of regions, the publication of air quality




criteria, and the publication of information on available control




techniques by the Federal Government. Following the completion of




these three steps, the Governors of the States affected by a




region must file with the Secretary within 90 days a letter of




intent, indicating that the States will adopt within 180 days




ambient air quality standards for the pollutants covered by the




published criteria and control technology documents and adopt




within an additional 180 days plans for the implementation,




maintenance, and enforcement of those standards in the designated




air quality control regions.




    The new Federal legislation provides for a regional attack on




air pollution and, at the same time, allows latitude in the form




which regional efforts may take. While the Secretary reserves




approval authority, the States involved in a designated region




assume the responsibility for developing standards and an




implementation plan which includes administrative procedures for




abatement and control.




    The basic objectives in the designation of an air quality




control region is that it be self-contained, i.e. that the transfer




of air pollution out of or into a region is minimized. This objective




recognizes the fact that an air quality control region cannot be




delineated in a way to make it completely independent with respect




to the air pollution problem. Because air pollutants can be carried

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                                                                                                                      0\
  HEW designates
    air quality
  control regions.
HEW develops and
publishes air
quality criteria
based on  scientific
evidence of air
pollution effects.
 HEW prepares
 and publishes
 information on
 available control
 techniques.
States hold
hearings and
set air quality
standards in the
air quality
control regions.
  HEW
 reviews
  State
standards.
                                                                            States establish plans for implementation,
considering factors such as:
  • Existing pollutant levels in the region
  • Number, location, and types of sources
  • Meteorology
  • Control technology
  • Air pollution growth trends
Implementation  plans would set forth
abatement procedures, outlining factors
such as:
  • Emission standards for the categories of
    sources in  the region.
  • How enforcement will be  employed to
    insure uniform and coordinated control
    action involving State, local, and  regional
    authorities.
  • Abatement schedules for  the sources to
    insure that air quality standards will be
    achieved within a reasonable time.

                                                                                               1
                                                           HEW reviews
                                                   State implementation  plans

                                                                I
                                                  States act to control air
                                                  pollution  in accordance with
                                                  air quality standards and plans
                                                  for implementation.
                  Figure i.  Flow diagram for State action to control air pollution on a regional basis.

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long distances, the air over a region can be subjected occasionally




or even frequently to trace amounts of pollution from other cities




and individual sources located outside its boundaries. Under specific




and episodic conditions such contributions can even reach significant




quantities. The problem of a boundary designation is further compounded




in that urban areas generally do not end abruptly but are surrounded




by activities that can contribute to the pollution of the urban area




as well as be the recipients of its generated pollution. Consideration




of all these possibilities would result in regions substantially




larger than is practical or even necessary to get to the brunt of




the problem. The primary question, therefore, becomes one of relative




magnitude and frequency.




    The boundaries of regions, however, should encompass areas that




contain sources that add significantly to the pollution load of the




air as well as the areas that are significantly and continuously




atrected by it. For this purpose, the delineation of regional




boundaries is based on evaluation of annual and seasonal air




pollutant emissions and resultant ambient concentrations rather than




those based on short-term and specific conditions.




    The selection of regionafL boundaries should not be based solely




on today's conditions and needs but, perhaps more importantly, should




give consideration to future development and growth of the area. For




this purpose, extensive consideration should be given to prescribed




metropolitan plans as well as the forecasted growth. Such considerations




should result in the designation of regions that will contain the




sources and receptors of regional air pollution for a number of years

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to come. This is not to say that the regional boundaries should




remain stationary and unchanged. Periodic review of boundaries is




desirable, and changes in the boundary should be considered if




conditions warrant.




    The delineation of region boundaries solely on the basis of source




locations and distributional patterns of ambient air pollution would




most likely result in regions that do not follow any existing




governmental boundaries,  are difficult to define, and, more importantly,




extremely difficult if not impossible to administrate. It is for this




purpose that existing jurisdictional entities are reviewed and wherein




practical the boundary lines of a region should include that combina-




tion of whole jurisdictions that encompasses the problem area. There




can be exceptions to this philosophy, however. The presence of




overly large jurisdictions, marked topographical features (mountains),




or notable differences in development within a given jurisdiction may,




in some cases, make it desirable to include only portions of some




jurisdictions.




    A region, then, will represent a balance between the various




objectives discussed so far to the extent that any two of them lead




to different conclusions. The strength of some factors over others




may lead to region boundaries which exclude some sources of pollution




that might affect the air quality of part or all of the nearby region




under certain conditions. Even though the impact of such sources




would probably be minimal, the implementation plan required under the




Air Quality Act for the region should provide a mechanism for the




control of point sources that are located just beyond the region

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boundary.-Such a provision would be consistent with the basic




objective of providing desirable air quality within an area being




designated as an air quality control region.




    Information on current industrial, commercial, and residential




land use, transportation system, and population density is of direct




value in that it illustrates generally the location of industry and




people in an urban area. Furthermore, it is through an evaluation of




estimated patterns of urbanization that the air quality control region




can be designed to provide for future growth and expansion of the




urban area.




    Figure 2 summarizes the procedure used by the National Air




Pollution Control Administration for designating air quality control




regions.




    A preliminary delineation of the region is developed by bringing




together two essentially separate studies—the "Evaluation of




Engineering Factors," and the "Evaluation of Urban Factors."




    The study of "Engineering Factors" indicates the location of




pollution sources and the geographic extent of serious pollutant




concentrations in the ambient air. Pollution sources are located by




an inventory of emissions from automobiles, industrial activities,




space heating, waste disposal, and other pollution generators.. Pollution




concentrations in the ambient air are estimated from air quality sampling




data and from a theoretical diffusion model. When it exists, air quality




sampling data is more reliable than the theoretical diffusion model




results since the data is directly recorded by pollution measuring

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  ENGINEERING EVALUATION


  • EMISSIONS  INVENTORY

  • METEOROLOGY

  • AIR  QUALITY  ANALYSIS
       EXISTING AIR QUALITY DATA
       DIFFUSION  MODEL OUTPUT
        URBAN  FACTORS

• Jurisdictional Boundaries
• Urban-Industrial Concentrations

• Cooperative Regional Arrangements

• Pattern and Rate of Growth

• Existing State and Local Air
     Pollution Control Legislation & Programs
                                           Preliminary
                                           Delineation
                                               of
                                             Regions
Consultation
 with State
 and Local
  Officials
   Formal
 Designation
     by
Secretary-HEW
           Figure 2. Flow diagram for the designation of air quality control regions.

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                                                                           11
instruments. Unfortunately, in many cases extensive air quality




sampling data is available for only one or two pollutants.




    The study of "Urban Factors" encompasses all non-engineering




considerations. It reviews existing governmental jurisdictions,




current air pollution control programs, present concentrations of




population and industry, and expected patterns of urban growth.




Other non-engineering factors are discussed when they are relevant.




As a whole, the study of urban factors indicates how large an air




quality control region must be in order to encompass expected growth




of pollution sources in the future. It also considers which group of




governmental jurisdictions will most effectively administer a strong




regional air quality control program.




    The conclusions of the engineering study are combined with the




results of the urban factors study to form the basis of an initial




proposal for an air quality control region. As shown in Figure 2, the




proposal is then submitted for consultation with State and local




officials. After reviewing the suggestions raised during the consulta-




tion, the Secretary formally designates the region with a notice in the




Federal Register and notifies the governors of the States affected by




the designation.




    The body of this report contains a proposal for the boundaries of




the Metropolitan St. Louis Air Quality Control Region and supporting




studies on engineering and urban factors. The report itself is intended




to serve as the background document for the formal consultation with




appropriate State and local authorities.

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12


                        ENGINEERING EVALUATION


     INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION STUDY

         In February 1962,  simultaneous  but independent requests  were

     made by St.  Louis  City and the city of East  St.  Louis  to the

     U.S.  Public Health Service,  Division of Air  Pollution,  for assistance

     in assessing and combating the air  pollution problem in the  St.  Louis

     area.  The  result was  the "Interstate Air Pollution Study." The study

     consisted  of two phases.  Phase I was conducted  to assess the overall

     air pollution problem in the St. Louis area  and to determine which

     activities should  receive detailed  analysis  in  Phase II.  Numerous

     papers and brochures  resulted from  Phase II  and the Phase II project

     report itself consisted of the following eight  volumes:

                             I.   Introduction
                            II.   Air Pollutant Emission Inventory
                           III.   Air Quality Measurements
                            IV.   Odors—Results of Surveys
                             V.   Meteorology and  Topography
                            VI.   Effects  of Air Pollution
                           VII.   Opinion Surveys  and Air Quality
                                    Statistical  Relationships.
                          VIII.   Proposal for an  Air Resources
                                    Management Program.

         The area under study consisted  of six counties plus St.  Louis

     City.  The  counties were St.  Louis,  St. Charles,  and Jefferson in

     Missouri,  and Madison, St.  Clair, and Monroe in Illinois.

         Several volumes prepared during the Interstate Study were drawn

     upon in preparing  this report. Some parts, however, have been

     updated in order to present current air pollution emission data and

     air quality data.

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                                                                        13
EMISSION INVENTORY

    The emission inventory used in this study resulted from a rapid

emission inventory of air pollutant sources in the St. Louis

Metropolitan area.  The objectives of the inventory were to

determine the total quantities of various air pollutants emitted
                                   o
using appropriate emission factors,  to estimate the geographical

and seasonal variation in air pollutant emissions, and to determine

any overall change in emissions from those determined during the

Insterstate Study, 1963. Accordingly, the study area was divided into

a grid coordinate system and the emission quantities were reported in

terms of tons of pollutant per grid on an average summer day, average

winter day, and average annual day.
                                                               *
    The pollutants considered in this survey are sulfur oxides,

particulates and carbon monoxide. The patterns of emissions and

concentrations of these three pollutants provide some measure of the

general geographical extent of the overall problem. Sulfur  oxides

pollution levels illustrate the impact of fuel burning activities at

stationary sources. Levels of carbon monoxide provide the best indication

of the impact of gasoline-powered motor vehicles on the regional air

pollution pattern. The particulate emission densities indicate primarily
                          i
the extent of industrial, power, incineration, and heating sources.

    Data presented herein are representative of 1967 and were

gathered mainly by state and local agencies. The area covered by the
*Sulfur dioxide constitutes the majority of sulfur oxide pollution.
 In this evaluation, sulfur oxide emissions and concentrations are
 assumed to be composed entirely of sulfur dioxide.

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14
       emission  inventory consists of St. Louis City and the counties of




       St. Louis, St. Charles, Franklin, and Jefferson in Missouri, and the




       counties  of Madison, St. Glair, and Monroe in Illinois.  (Franklin




       County was not included in the Interstate Study.)




          For the purposes of this survey, the study area was  divided into




       two separate grid systems, both based on latitude and longitude—one




       for the reporting of SOX and particulates and other for  the reporting




       of CO. Four grid sizes of 2, 4, 8, and 16 minutes were utilized for




       delineating emissions of SOX and particulates and one  grid size of




       15 minutes was used for emissions of CO. The smaller grids were used




       on the densest areas of population and industry. Figures A-l and A-2




       in Appendix A illustrate the grid system used for SOx and particulates




       and for CO respectively. Pollutant emissions are considered negligible




       in those  areas outside of the grid patterns. Tables A-l  through A-3




       in Appendix A give the emission inventory, by grid, for  average




       annual, summer, and winter days. Figure 3 illustrates the location




       of major  point sources. Figures 4 through 6 show winter  emission




       densities of the three pollutants. Concentrations of point sources and




       pollutant emissions are highest in the St. Louis-East St. Louis area




       and in the north-west corner of Madison County in the vicinity of




       Alton.




          Table 1 presents a summary of the three pollutants by source




       category. The 1967 emissions inventory was essentially an updating




       of the 1963 study.•* Major differences can be explained in terms of




       new or controlled sources, or sources which were omitted in the




       Interstate Study.

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                                                                         15
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                                             Emission Rate ~ Tons/Day



                                                   * 10 -  1001 °f
                                                   A\lnn   f single
                                                   A S IOU   J pollutant
                     Rgure  3.   Major Point Sources

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16
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JACKSON
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            10  20  30  40  50

             SCALE
                                                     SO  Density ~ (Ton/Day)/Mi
                                              N         X

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         Figure 4.    Sulfur Oxides Emission Density by Study Area Zone, Winter Average

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                                                                                17
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                                         Particulate Density~ (Ton/Day)/Mi
           I—I—I
   10  20  30  40  SO

    SCALE -N,KM
1.01  - .099
 .1 - 1
Figure 5.    Particulate Emission Density by Study Area Zone, Winter Average

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18
                  L_J"'	"	
            «H—I—I—I—I
              10   20  30  40  50
                SCALE
                                                                               2
                                                     CO Density- (Ton/Day )/Mi
                                                             • O ^ • 77
         Figure  6.    Carbon Monoxide Emission Density by  Study Area Zone, Winter Average

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               TABLE I.  SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
                          IN THE ST. LOUIS AIR
                 POLLUTION STUDY AREA, 1967 (TONS/YEAR)
                                                                           19
Source
Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Other
Combustion of Fuels
(stationary sources)
Indus try
Steam-Elec. Util.
Residential
Other
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Process
Emissions
TOTALS*
Sulfur
Oxides
1967
5,100
4,100
1,000
538,800
110,600
368,592
49 , 201
10,385
634
306
328
117,781
662,300
Particulates
1967
8,800
5,400
3,400
123,210
46,300
50,411
22,058
4,441
4,918
2,294
2,624
38,700
175,600
Carbon
Monoxide
1967
1,271,000
1,245,000
26,000
28,197
3,258
1,402
20,744
2,793
16,500
2,052
14,500
327,600
1,643,300
^Rounded to nearest 100 tons/year

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20
           The increase in emissions under transportation sources,




       especially carbon monoxide, is due to a growth in motor vehicle




       activity. Increase  in particulate and sulfur oxides emissions




       since 1963 by steam-electric utilities is due primarily to the




       addition of a major power plant which was not on line in 1963.






       AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS




           The geographical distribution of pollutant sources illustrates




       the core of the problem area. It does not, however, elucidate the




       extent of the influence of pollution sources on the people and




       property located outside the highly urbanized portion of the St. Louis




       metropolitan area. A study of air quality levels known or estimated




       to occur is useful in determining the area affected by the pollution




       sources and thus subject to inclusion in the air quality control




       region. Such analysis can be based directly on air sampling data in




       those instances where the sampling program covers a large enough area




       and has been in existence long enough to provide reliable patterns of




       air quality throughout the region under study.




           The Interstate Air Pollution Study provided a wealth of air




       quality data from the core area for two of the three pollutants




       considered in this report. Contour lines based on sampling station




       data were presented for both S02 and particulates.




           Carbon monoxide levels, however, are more difficult to analyze




       and predict. Motor vehicles are the prime emitters of CO; consequently,




       the concentrations of both emissions and air quality are closely




       related to the traffic patterns. The CAMP station in St. Louis City

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                                                                        21
was the only CO sampling station during the Interstate Study. CO


levels in the general metropolitan area can hardly be predicted


from the CO concentration values at only one station. It becomes


necessary, therefore, to develop estimates of relative air


quality. Diffusion modeling is a technique by which such estimates


can be made based on the location and quantity of pollutant emissions


and on meteorological conditions. The influence of topography on


ambient air quality levels is reflected in the results of the model,


but only to the extent that it influences meteorological conditions.


The diffusion model used in this study is treated in detail in


Appendix B.


    The diffusion model was applied for SOX and particulates as well


as for CO for average annual, winter, and summer days. Figure 7 and


Table B-l show the meteorological data required to apply the model.


Figure 7 shows the per cent frequency of occurence of wind direction


from 1951 through 1960 at Lambert Field, 12 miles from downtown.


St. Louis. The wind speed and direction data used in the diffusion


model were considered representative of the prevailing wind patterns

                                                                     4
throughout the general St. Louis area. Since the Martin-Tikvart model


used in this study attempts to show long-term rather than episodic


air-quality conditions, only average emissions and long-term average


meteorology are considered. If episodic data  (i.e.,  data with a

very low frequency of occurence) were used to aid in delineating


a region boundary, the region would be unnecessarily large. Even


the "smaller" region defined on the basis of mean conditions would

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   22
                           .4.6
        8.2
              S>.2
                    H.6
                  SUMMER
           (June,  July, August)
Figure 7.  Percent frequency
           of wind direction
           for various averaging
           times, based on
           1951-1960 data.
   12.2
              7.2
                    5.3
12.0,
                        3.2
         5.3
                          8.2
                  WINTER
      (December, January  February")
                                                                     4.4
                  3.6
                                                                           3.8

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                                                                          23
undoubtedly encompass the area of maximum concentration upon which

a reduction plan is to be developed.

    The mixing depths for the time periods are an average of the

mean morning and afternoon values, as shown in Table B-l in

Appendix B; these data were obtained from tabulations prepared

by the National Weather Records Center  (ESSA). Combined with wind

data, these data are used in the diffusion model to assess the spatial

distribution of concentrations of suspended particulates, sulfur

oxides, and carbon monoxide.


Suspended Particulates

    In previous reports proposing air quality control regions for

New York City, Chicago, and Denver, the area  within the assumed

background level contour line for suspended particulates was considered

for inclusion in the region. Background is assumed to be approximately

40 ttg/m^ in the area surrounding St. Louis. The area within this

contour, then, is considered the area most affected by emissions

in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area.

    Figure 8 shows the contour lines for suspended particulates based
                           !
on sampling results from July 1, 1963,  to July 1, 1964. The lines are

the same as those published in the Interstate Study, Volumes III and

VIII.* Incorporated on the same figure are values of sampling stations

for the period July 1, 1967, to July 1, 1968, in Missouri and for the


*Isopleths were redrawn on a map of smaller scale to show the
 relationship of the contour lines to the surrounding counties.

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Station

(Missouri)
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
(Illinois)

k
1
m
n
0
P
q
Concentration,* ppm
Geometric Mean
July 1, 1967-
July 1, 1968
61
67
89
116
93
86
127
167
150
112
1967

116
182
197
126
n.a.
154
133
Jan. 1, 1968-
July 1, 1968
123
201
208
79
118
149
148
                                                                                                               B
                                                                                                            L.
                                                                                        Madison Co.
* Values on the Missouri side were
  derived from data obtained from the
  Divisions of Air Pollution Control,
  St. Louis City and St. Louis County
  the Illinois side, data was obtained from
  the Illinois Air Pollution Control Board.
                                                                                         	J
 \
On
           _\	|
             Lines of equal  value
     i___ _Lines of probable
     I              equal value
 ^.*    ©    Sampling  location

Figure 8.  Annual geometric means
    of particulate matter measured
    with high-volume sampler;
    
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                                                                           25
period Jan. 1, 1967, to July 1, 1968, in Illinois. The recent emission

inventory showed a slight increase  in particulate emissions from

1963 to 1967. This fact, coupled with the 1967-1968 sampling data

plotted on Figure 8, indicates a slight increase in suspended

particulate levels from 1963. Assuming, however, that this trend

is very gradual and that the change from 1963-1968 is insignificant
as far as the location of the background level  (40 //g/m^) contour

line, Figure 8 might be used to assess the spatial distribution of

suspended particulate concentrations.

    Sampling stations for the Interstate Study  were mainly situated

towards the center of the urban complex, so there were not enough

points to draw a contour line for 40 /xg/nr. By  extrapolation, however,

one can see that this isopleth would probably pass through the

following counties: St. Charles, St. Louis, and Jefferson in

Missouri, and Monroe, St. Clair, Madison, Jersey, and Macoupin

in Illinois.

    Theoretical suspended particulate contour lines were produced


by the diffusion model. The results are shown in Figure 9. The

contours of Figure 9 were produced independent  of sampling data
                          I                                     „
and were based solely on emissions and meteorology. The 40 ug/mj

isopleth crosses the same jurisdictions as were mentioned above.



Sulfur Oxides

    Figure 10 is a reproduction of SC>2 contour  lines from the

Interstate Study. ^ The isopleths are based on 24- hour S02 samples

of geometric means for winter, 1964-65. On the  basis  that  SOX

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26
CRAWFORD
~L._r
A N
Y.-X"
WASHINGTON /
< STE
FRANCOIS \
1 X

^J 1
V .^^ PERRY
^-v. RANDOLPH !
--L i '•
( /
GENEVIEVE \^*'» /
/ S JACKSON
. .A X PERRY "\.
3 \
             10  20  30  40  50





              SCALE
                                                                     Part i cu late ~/jg/mv
                Figure   9.  Theoretical Participate Concentration - Annual Average

-------
                                                                              27
Figure 10. 24-hour sulfur dioxide geometric means  (ppm)  for  40-station network
                             during winter of  1964-65.

-------
28
         emissions  have not  changed significantly  in the  core  of  the  St.  Louis

         Study area,  the contours  present  a  good picture  of  the situation in

         the  St.  Louis-East  St. Louis  area.  The map  is  less  adequate,  however,

         for  aid  in delineating a  region boundary, since  there are no

         concentration  contours in the Alton area. As was pointed out

         previously,  the increase  in SC^ emissions in the whole study  area

         in 1967  is due primarily  to a power plant in St. Charles County

         which was  not  on line in  1963-64. Also, a cluster of  important

         SOx  point  sources are located in  or near Alton.

             The  theoretical diffusion model iso-intensity contours of SOx

         give a better  coverage of the general study area. Figure 11 shows

         contours based on average winter meteorology and winter  emissions

         for  1967.  A  three-hour half-life was incorporated into the model

         to allow for atmospheric  reaction of SOx into other sulfur compounds.
                                                     *
         The  values of  the contour lines were adjusted  to conform with air

         quality measurements.

             A concentration of 0.01 ppm SOx has been used as  a guide  in

         previous air quality control  region proposals as an appropriate

         level for  outlining general problem areas. The adjusted  theoretical

         0.01 ppm isopleth encompasses or  extends into the following

         jurisdictions:  St. Louis  City and the counties of St. Charles,

         St.  Louis, and Jefferson  in Missouri, Jersey, Madison, St. Clair,

         and  Monroe in  Illinois.
        *Adjustment was done as follows: a diffusion model contour line
         which corresponded closely  in geographical extent to  the 0.02 ppm
         closed contour of Figure 10 was assigned a value of 0.02 ppm.
         Remaining contours were adjusted in the same proportion.

-------
                                                                            29
 CRAWFORD   I  WASHINGTON
H—I—I—I—I
 10  20  30  40   50
  SCALE ~KM
                                                             SOy - ppm
  Figure 11. Adjusted theoretical  SOX concentration,  winter average.

-------
30
        Carbon Monoxide


            Contour lines  showing  theoretical  relative  CO  concentrations  are


        presented in Figure  12. Though winter  CO  emissions are  slightly


        greater than summer  emissions, meteorological factors  (see wind


        roses  in Figure 7) are responsible  for higher CO concentrations


        in the summer months in the  St. Louis  and Alton areas.  The diffusion


        model  output, shown  in Figure  12, indicates  that the highest.relative


        CO concentrations  appear in  the Alton  area and  in  St. Louis City


        where  traffic Volume is greatest. High CO concentrations around


        Alton  are caused by  the transport of the  pollutant from St. Louis


        by predominate  south to south-west winds  and by a  cluster of point


        sources in and  around Alton.

                    *
            Figure 13 shows  main traffic arteries (highways) in the St. Louis


        Study  Area.  Highways may be  viewed as  line sources of CO emissions.


        The highest concentrations of  traffic  arteries  are in St. Louis


        City and County, Madison and St. Glair Counties. Jefferson, Franklin,


        St.  Charles, Monroe,  Jersey, and Macoupin Counties are  much less


        affected by CO  emissions from  high  traffic volumes.
          Redrawn and produced in this report by permission of the East-West
          Gateway Coordinating Council.

-------
                                                                             31

    i	r
                                   N
10   20  30   40  30





 SCALE
      Figure  12 .  Theoretical CO Concentration - Summer Average

-------
                                                                                                      10
                                                                                                  1
Interstate, U.S., or State  \
Highway
Anticipated Highway
Figure 13.  Regional Existir
  and Anticipated Highways.
                                                             (Redrawn and reproduced by permission of
                                                              the East-West Gateway Coordinating
                                                              Council^

-------
                                                                         33
                         REFERENCES
1.  "Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating Community Air Pollution
    Emissions," PHS, Publication No. 999-AP-29, Environmental
    Health Series, USDHEW, NCAPC, Cincinnati, Ohio, October, 1966.

2.  "A Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors," Duprey, R.L.,
    USDHEW, PHS, BDPEC, NCAPC, Durham, North Carolina, 1968.

3.  "Interstate Air Pollution Study," Phase II Project Report,
    Vol. II, Air Pollutant Emission Inventory, R. Venezia and
    G. Ozolins, USDHEW, PHS, NCAPC, Cincinnati, Ohio, Revised
    December, 1966.

4.  "General Atmospheric Diffusion Model for Estimating the Effects
    on Air Quality of One or More Sources," Martin, D.O., and
    Tikvart, J.A. , Paper No. 68-148, 61 Annual Meeting, APCA,
    St. Paul, Minnesota, June, 1968.

5.  "Interstate Air Pollution Study," Phase II Project Report,
    Volume III, Air Quality Measurements, R. Venezia and
    G. Ozolins, USDHEW, PHS, NCAPC, Cincinnati, Ohio, December, 1966.

6.  "Population Projections for the East-West Gateway Study Area,"
    prepared by Hubert Williams, East-West Gateway Coordinating
    Council, September 3, 1968.

-------
34
                          EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS



           In  designing a workable air quality control region, factors


       other than pollutant emissions and air quality levels must be


       considered. Present population and population growth patterns


       are  important, since the region should encompass most of the people


       in the  vicinity of the urban complex. The pattern of industry and


       projected industrial development is equally important. Existing


       governmental structures must also receive consideration since


       the Air Quality Act specifically notes that regions must be based


       on jurisdictional boundaries. Only a combination of several


       jurisdictions or parts thereof can provide a genuine regional


       approach to the overall problem. Coordinated efforts such as councils'


       of governments and planning agencies should receive consideration.


       Consideration is also given to existing local air pollution control


       agencies in the St. Louis Area.



       Population

                   *
          Figure 14  shows the 1960 and the projected 1990 pattern of


       urbanization in the metropolitan St. Louis area.  The 1960 general


       urbanized area centers on St. Louis City, East St. Louis, and


       St. Louis County with arms extending into St. Charles, Madison, and


       St. Clair Counties. According to Figure 14, urbanization in Franklin,
      *Redrawn and produced in this report by permission of the East-West
       Gateway Coordinating Council.

-------
                                                                                        Modi son Co.
                                                                                         Sl.CTair Co.
                             I  .'•.'•:•:•:•.
             nklin Co.	/  :::x-:':--
                               \
                               \
                                 x        ••••»•
1960 General Urbanized  Area     \      ••:•.•:•>•
                                   *^k
1990 Anticipated Urbanized Area      ~1
                                        \
                         Figure  14.  Present and
                           Future  Urbanization
                  (reproduced by  permission of
/ the East-West  Gateway Coordinating Council)

-------
36
        Jefferson, and Monroe Counties is, at present, noncontiguous with the

        central core area. The possibility, therefore, that by 1990 parts of

        these counties may become engulfed by the expanding St. Louis

        metropolitan complex is significant.*

            The 1960 population density in the St. Louis metropolitan area is

        shown in Figure 15.  Table II shows population growth by jurisdiction

        from 1960 to 1990 by five-year increments.1 In 1960, St. Louis City

        had a higher population than any of the surrounding counties. But,

        as Table II points out, St. Louis City population has begun to

        decrease as the populace leaves the inner city to the surrounding

        counties. St. Louis County is and will remain the highest populated

        jurisdiction in the area.

            The rank of each jurisdiction based on present and future

        population and expected population growth is presented in Table III.

        Based on absolute growth, the counties of St. Louis, Jefferson, and

        Madison, respectively, will be the fastest growing areas. By percentage

        rate of growth, however, Jefferson, St.  Charles, and Monroe,

        respectively, will experience the most rapid growth.


        Industry
                     Q«jU*£'
            Figure 16    shows present industrial land use in the core of

        the Metropolitan St. Louis Area. Industry is dense in St. Louis City
        *The 1990 urbanization pattern is based on present random growth
         trends and reflects neither a desired urban form endorsed by the
         East-West Gateway Coordinating Council nor county-wide zoning.
        **Redrawn and produced in this report by permission of the East-
          West Gateway Coordinating Council.

-------
                                                                                               37
                                                            MADISON |  CO
                                                              ST.S{ CLAIFtTco
                                                                 <499
                                                                  500-1399
                                                                 2,000-4,999
                                                                 5,000-9,999
                                                                10,000-20,000
                                                                  20,000
                                                                                   620
400"°'  410   420   430  440   450   460   470   480   490   500""'  510   520   530   540   550
     Figure 15. Population from I960 census by 5, 000-foot grid  squares.

-------
                   TABLE II.*1 POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR ST. LOUIS METROPOLITAN AREA
                                                                                                                    00


Jurisdiction
St. Louis City
St. Louis Co.
Jefferson Co.
St. Charles Co.
Franklin Co.
Madison Co.
St. Glair Co.
Monroe Co.

Population
1960
750,000
703,500
66,400
53,000
44,600
224,700
262,500
15,500
1965
707,100
869,300
89,800
75,000
49,900
248,400
285,600
17,000
1970
668,700
1,055,000
120,200
105,000
55,200
276,800
307", 200
18,500
1975
63,700
1,275,100
159,400
145,700
70,700
308,900
331,600
23,600
1980
614,300
1,370,400
210,200
202,500
91,800
344,800
358,000
30,600
1985
603,400
1,456,700
276,600
225,000
101,800
383,200
384,300
40,000
1990
600,200
1,525,500
362,200
245,000
111,100
422,300
408,400
52,200
Population
Change
1960-1990
-149,800
+822,000
+295,800
+192,000
+66,400
+197,600
+145,900
+36,700
%
Change
1960-1990
-207.
+117%
+445%
+362%
+149%
+88%
+56%
+237%
Figures from "Population Projections for the East-West Gateway Study Area,' East-West Gateway  Coordinating  Council.

-------
TABLE III. POPULATION RANKS OF MISSOURI AND ILLINOIS
   JURISDICTIONS IN THE ST. LOUIS METROPOLITAN AREA
                                                                   39
Jurisdiction
•rl

01
•rl
SI
CO
0
•H
i—l
M
St. Louis Co.
St. Louis City
St. Charles Co.
Jefferson Co.
Franklin Co. \
Madison Co.
St. Glair Co.
Monroe Co.
1965 Pop.
1
2
6
5
7
4
3
8
1990 Pop.
1
2
6
5
7
3
4
8
Growth 1960-1990
projected absolute
1
8
4
2
6
3
5
7
Growth 1960-1990
5
8
2
1
4
6
7
3

-------
Figure 16. Present Industrial Land Use


                ^Reproduced by permission
                 of the East-West Gateway
                 Coordinating Council")

-------
                                                                         41
and in portions of Madison and St. Clair Counties. St. Louis




County, too, shows extensive industrial activity but is less




concentrated than in the aforementioned jurisdictions. Figure 16




shows some industry in Monroe, St. Charles and Jefferson Counties.




    Franklin County and most of Jefferson and Monroe Counties are




not shown in Figure 16. Coal deposits in Monroe County indicate a




potential for some industrial growth in the future. A power plant




is being built in Monroe County and a new bridge at Harrisonville




is planned. These plus the Kaskaskia River project indicate




industrial and commercial growth in the future. Jefferson County




at present has two large industrial concerns located near the




Mississippi River. Plans for two new bridges and the completion




of Interstate 95 will improve accessibility. The rural environment




of Franklin County is expected to remain for some time. A power




plant is presently being built there, but no great industrial growth




is predicted for Franklin County in the near future.






Regional Agencies




    The East-West Gateway Coordinating Council serves the Metropolitan




St. Louis Area as both a planning agency and as the St. Louis Council




of Governments. The jurisdictions included in the Council are




St. Louis City, the counties of St. Charles, St. Louis, Jefferson,




and Franklin in Missouri, and the counties of Madison, St. Clair, and




Monroe in Illinois. The primary functions of the Council include the




following:  transportation planning, development of regional plans




and programs, collection of data, reyiew of proposals by governmental

-------
42
         units,  and the fostering  of metropolitan cooperation between  local




         governments in the Metropolitan  St. Louis Area.




             The Southwestern Illinois Metropolitan Area  Planning  Commission




         handles planning  efforts  on the  Illinois  side  of the Metropolitan




         Area. The  Commission deals with  transportation,  land-use, and




         other planning programs for its  three county jurisdiction comprised




         of Madison,  St. Clair, and Monroe Counties. These efforts are then




         coordinated with  the East-West Gateway  Coordinating Council.






         Existing Air Pollution Programs




             Four air pollution control agencies have authority  to control




         air  pollution  problems in the Metropolitan St. Louis Area.  In




         Missouri,  the  Missouri Air Conservation Commission, formed  under




         the  Missouri Air  Conservation Law, has  state-wide jurisdiction




         for  administering air pollution  control.  The Commission may designate




         a certificate  of  exemption to a  local agency when the agency  adopts




         regulations at least as stringent as those set by the Commission. The




         Commission has issued such certificates to St. Louis City and to




         St.  Louis  County. In Illinois, control  of air  pollution is  vested




         in  the  Air Pollution Control Board by virtue of  the Illinois  Air




         Pollution  Control Act. The Illinois Board was  also given the




         authority  under the  Act to award certificates  of exemption  to




         effective  local agencies. To date, no certificates have been




         issued  to  air  pollution programs in  the Illinois portion of the




         Metropolitan St.  Louis Area.




             The Missouri  Air Conservation Commission has adopted  regulations

-------
                                                                           43
and standards for Jefferson, St. Louis, and St. Charles Counties,

and St. Louis City. These standards became effective on March 24, 1967,

and pertain to open burning, SO- and particulate emissions, coal

washing, control of odors, etc.

       Regional cooperation is fostered by the Air Pollution Technical

Coordinating Committee for the St. Louis Area  (APTCC). This Committee,

formed in early 1968, is composed of officials from the State of

Illinois, the City of St. Louis, St. Louis County, and the State of

Missouri. In the rules adopted April 9, 1968,  the purpose of the

Committee was outlined:

                "To strive for compatability and uniformity
                 in the technical management of air pollution
                 control among the four political entities
                 (States of Illinois and Missouri, St. Louis
                 City and St. Louis County); to designate
                 appropriate staff or  services to eliminate
                 or reduce duplication of effort among the
                 four agencies; to provide a means for sharing
                 and evaluating surveillance,  emission, and
                 other associated data necessary to conduct
                 program operations; and to provide a forum
                 for exchange of useful information."

-------
44
                                    REFERENCES
         1.  "Population Projections for the East-West Gateway Study Area,"
            prepared by Hubert Williams, East-West Gateway Coordinating
            Council, September 3, 1968.

         2.  "Interstate Air Pollution Study," Phase II Project Report,
            Volume I, Introduction, N.G. Edmisten, J.W. Sadler, F. Partee,
            and J.D. Williams, USDHEW, PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio, May, 1966.

         3.  "Industrial Land Use," April 30, 1968, Exhibit No. 7, East-West
            Gateway Coordinating Council.

         4.  "East-West Gateway Coordinating Council Report, 1968."

         5.  "An Inventory and Analysis of Existing Data, Characteristics
            and Facilities in the Illinois Portion of the St. Louis
            Metropolitan Area," Volume IV, Southwestern Illinois Metropolitan
            Area Planning Commission, Collinsville, Illinois, December, 1965.

         6.  "Air Quality Standards and Air Pollution Control Regulations
            for the St. Louis Metropolitan Area," eff. date, March 24, 1967,
            Missouri Air Conservation Commission, Jefferson City, Missouri.

-------
                                                                          45
                        THE PROPOSED REGION






    Subject to the scheduled consultation, the Secretary, Department




of Health, Education, and Welfare, proposes to designate an air




quality control region for the St. Louis metropolitan area,




consisting of the following jurisdictions:




                        In the State of Illinois




                            Madison County




                            St. Glair County




                            Monroe County






                        In the State of Missouri




                            St. Louis City




                            St. Louis County




                            St. Charles County




                            Jefferson County






    As so proposed, the Metropolitan St. Louis Interstate Air




Quality Control Region would consist of the territorial area




encompassed by the outermost boundaries of the above counties.




The proposed region is illustrated in Figure 17. Figure 18 locates




the region in relation to the rest of Missouri and Illinois and




surrounding states.






Discussion of Proposal




    To be successful, an air quality control region should meet




three basic conditions.  First,  its boundaries  should encompass most




pollution sources as well as most people and property affected by

-------
46


          iji^ijijxjxjxyxx'xoixix:;-?^	
          y::x:x:x:x:::x:::x:x&
          frx&x&x#x£^
           i'>x*>X'!'Xi^i«i«^X'X*rKi*^i'^i'KfS'X^'X*''^'rV'iii'i^^                              * * *x\'Xi

          Ij!

                                  .  r~'	?    A.      ST.
                                   JEFFERSON   i   MONROE



                                                N
       0   10  20  30  40   50




            SCALE ~KM
                                                                                       i
           Figure 17.  Proposed Metropolitan  St.  Louis  Interstate  Air

                                  Quality Control Region

-------
                                                                              Lake
                                                                            Michigan
          •>
                            Iowa
Nebraska
                 7
                 V.
Missouri
                     I
     Kansas
                        Proposed Metropolitan
                     iSt. Louis Interstate
                        Air Quality Control Region  ($
    Oklahoma
                                Arkansas
                     1
   Figure 18.  Relationship of Proposed Metropolitan
              St.  Louis  Interstate  Air Quality Control     ,
              Region to  surrounding areas.
                                                          Mississippi

-------
48
        those sources. Second, the boundaries should encompass those locations




        where industrial and residential development will create significant




        air pollution problems in the future. Third, the boundaries should




        be chosen in a way which is compatible with and even fosters unified




        and cooperative governmental administration of the air resources




        throughout the region. The "Evaluation of Engineering Factors"




        (discussion beginning with Page 12 ) discussed the first of these




        conditions, and the "Evaluation of Urban Factors" (Page 34 ), the




        second and third.




            The core area of an urban complex with respect to the engineering




        and urban factors can usually be defined with ease.  The core area




        usually has the maximum population density, maximum pollutant




        emissions, and maximum pollution concentrations. No exact boundary




        can be drawn around the core, but figures 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15,




        and 16 illustrate that the approximate area is comprised of St. Louis




        City, eastern St. Louis County, northwestern St. Clair County (East




        St. Louis) and south-western and western Madison County. Since this




        area represents the core of the metropolitan area, clearly it




        should be included in the Metropolitan St. Louis Air Quality




        Control Region.




            Inclusion of whole county jurisdictions as implied by the Air




        Quality Act of 1967 should be considered when feasible. Exceptions




        to this rule have been made in previous region designations for




        three reasons: first, in some areas of the United States, counties




        are not utilized as administrative units  (especially New England);




        second, topographical features such as a mountain range cutting




        through a county affect the meteorology in the jurisdiction,

-------
                                                                        49
producing, in effect, more than one "air shed"; and third, the

size of some counties has obviated the desirability of including
                 j^
the whole county.  These exceptions are not the rule in the St.

Louis area, so whole counties which have portions in the core area

are recommended for inclusion in the Region.

    A region, however, should provide ample area for expansion,

both industrial and residential. A buffer zone should circumscribe

the core area so that the region boundary need not be altered in

the near future. This peripheral area would also include more

people and property subjected to adverse air quality levels caused

from emissions in the core area.

    The northern tip of Monroe County  lies less than five miles

from the city limits of St. Louis City. Though sparsely populated

at present, its proximity to St. Louis provides an ideal direction

for expansion from the St. Louis area. It is anticipated that

Monroe County will be included in the SMSA** following the 1970

census. Diffusion model analysis and air sampling data (from

St. Louis City  and County) indicate that the northern part of
                                 !
Monroe County is affected by above-background levels of

particulates and adverse levels of SO^

    Jefferson County, like Monroe County, provides a buffer for

expansion to the south of St. Louis City. Percentage rate of
* For example, Arapahoe and Adams Counties in the Denver AQCR are
  both approximately 70 miles long (East-West) with urbanization
  and growth prospects only in the western 10-15 miles of the
  counties.
** Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area as defined by the Bureau
   of the Census.

-------
50
        population growth in the  next  30 years  is  anticipated to  be  the




        greatest of all  jurisdictions  in the metropolitan area. Adverse




        air  quality levels  caused by emissions  from  the  core  area are




        prevalent in the north-east corner of the  county.  And,  two major




        point sources  close to  the Mississippi  River add to the air




        pollution problem.




            Parts of St.  Charles  County are very definitely affected by




        pollution emissions  in Madison County.  All three pollutants




        discussed in this report  show adverse levels in  eastern St.  Charles




        County.  This,  coupled with its projected population figures




        (expected to be  the  2nd most rapidly growing area by  per  cent  in




        the metropolitan area)  indicate a potential  problem area  which




        should be included  in the Air Quality Control Region.




           The  last county  in  the Study Area,  Franklin,  and  the  two other




        counties mentioned  in this report, Jersey  and Macoupin, are  not




        recommended for  inclusion at the present time. Franklin,  though




        part  of  the SMSA and the  East-West Gateway Coordinating Council,




        has and  will retain its rural character in the near future.  Its




        distance from  St. Louis City makes commuting time a disadvantage.




        It is not included  in the Missouri Air  Conservation Commission's




        St. Louis Metropolitan Area which has adopted regulations and




        standards for  Jefferson,  St. Louis, and St.  Charles Counties and




        St.  Louis City;  and, at present, it is  not adversely  affected  by




        emissions from the  core area. However,  close observation

-------
                                                                         51
for possible inclusion at a later date should be made on Franklin




County as it develops in the future.




    Both Jersey and Macoupin Counties in Illinois do not contribute




to the problem but are affected by emissions in the east St. Charles-




west Madison County area. These two counties are not at present, nor




expected to become in the near future, an integral part of the




St. Louis Metropolitan complex.




    As is true of most efforts to draw boundaries around an area to




differentiate it from its surroundings, there is always a likelihood




of boundary conditions existing or developing. In the case of Air




Quality Control Regions, such a boundary condition would exist




where sources of pollution on one side of the region boundary affect




in some real way air quality on the other side of the boundary.




Relocating the boundary would only rarely provide relief from this




condition. The solution is to be found in the way in which control




efforts are implemented following the designation of an Air Quality




Control Region. Consonant with the basic objective of providing




desirable air quality within the problem area being designated as




an Air Quality Control Region, the implementation plan that follows




the designation should have provisions for the control of sources




located close to but beyond the region boundaries. The level of




coatrol for such sources would be a function of, among other factors,




the degree to which emissions from sources cause air quality levels




to exceed the standards chosen for application within the Air Quality




Control Region.




    In summary, the Region proposed is considered on the whole to be

-------
52
        the most  cohesive  and yet  inclusive area within which an effective




        regional  effort  can be mounted  to prevent and control air




        pollution in  the two-state urban area surrounding St. Louis.

-------
                                                       53
APPENDIX A.  EMISSION INVENTORY

-------
54
             r
mmmmm
I 	
WARREN
s
1



(


.
FRANKLIN
2





r*
	 /
"16
ST. CHARl
X
L

52;
i
-J

ES /
TT' 67
e°S1. LOU
4;L.w

53
EFFERSON

-f 	
'7
/ \
/ ST. r- "• - ^^
(cm/ |
F&
!7 ^,
/ 54
MONRi
v
6,1

80
"tr
79
^
>5?_^
3E \

	 !
- za
	
51
IR
T
56


             CRAWFORD
WASHINGTON
                i	r-	—	1
                                  FRANCOIS
          T



-<'  X.


 *

   STE GENEVIEVE
 \
                                                              BOND
                                    I	L
                                                             CLINTON
                                                                    ~1
                                                            WASHINGTON
                                                             ______ J
                  \

                                                  RANDOLPH
                                                  Ky
                                                               PERRY
                                                                    — H
                                                              JACKSON
                            PERRY
                                                             \
                                         N
           I	I   I	1	1—I

           0  10  20  30  40  50





              SCALE ~KM
              Figure A-l.  Sulfur Oxides and Particulate Emission Inventory Zones

-------
                                                                                55
                                      N
0  10  20   »  40   50
     SCALE
            Figure A-2. Carbon Monoxide Emission Inventory Zones

-------
56
                                       Table A-l



              Summary of  SO  and Particulate Emissions from Area Sources, Ton/Day
                          X
Grid
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Area
Sq.Km.
707.4
707.4
44.2
44.2
44.2
176.8
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.2
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
707.4
707.4
44.2
44.2
11.1
11.1
11.1

b
.01
.01
.01
.03
.43
.03
.02
.04
.46
.01
.02
.01
.03
.01
.01
.03
.09
.05
.06
.05
.55
.01
sox
w
.01
.01
.60
2.88
5.58
.33
.47
1.03
1.22
.45
.46
.51
.28
.14
.01
.96
1.87
5.07
2.94
2.27
1.05
.68
Particulate
A
.01
.01
.27
1.28
2.80
.21
.18
.48
.77
.20
.21
.23
.14
.07
.01
.44
.88
2.29
1.12
1.43
.77
.67
£>
.04
.04
.03
.08
.47
.16
.17
.05
.20
.06
.04
.03
.04
.10
.07
.13
1.39
.49
.05
.18
.38
.07
w
.04
.04
.27
1.17
2.61
.31
.33
.42
1.03
.21
.19
.24
.14
.15
.07
.49
2.02
2.47
1.09
1.06
.57
.33
A
.04
.04
.13
.50
1.41
.23
.24
.21
.23
.13
.10
.13
.09
.12
.07
.28
1.67
1.38
.52
.73
.46
.33

-------
(Continuation of Table A-l)
                                                  57
VJJ- -kU.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
fi.L ca
Sq.Rn.
11.1
176.8
707.4
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
77.2
44.2
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
44.2
44.2
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
707.4

S
.24
.03
.02
1.04
.22
.03
.96
.35
.18
.07
1.18
.43
.44
.29
.08
.03
.01
.08
.11
.76
.05
.13
:02
.06
sox
w
3.74
1.91
2.42
7.04
2.56
2.70
5.60
5.99
42.56
26.32
16.96
8.60
1.70
19.20
13.58
6.17 ,
5.12
5.48
11.92
6.14
11.65
2.60
.50
3.19
Particulate
A
1.78
.85
1.07
3.74
1.17
1.21
3.00
2.82
19.28
11.61
6.95
4.35
.86
8.66
6.02
2.76
2.26
2.89
5.31
2.83
5.15
1.21
.23
1.90
S
.40
.15
.07
2.50
.50
.50
2.20
1.08
.17
.17
.56
2.20
2.18
.74
.27
.18
.07
.40
2.72
.19
1.05
.24
.07
3.46
W
1.87
.88
1.01
4.47
1.72
1.57
4.03
3.35
17.2
10.73
6.41
5.30
2.56
7.76
5.69
2.43
2.10'
2.59
7.46
2.30
5.57
1.23
.25
1.88
A
1.02
.48
.49
3.38
.84
.97
3.02
2.11
7.68
4.83
3.15
3.75
2.35
3.84
2.66
1.20
.96
1.97
4.90
1.16
3.05
.67
.15
1.85

-------
58
                               (Continuation of Table A-l)
Grid
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Area
Sq.Km.
176.8
44.2
44.2
176.8
707.4
707.4
707.7
707.4
707.4
707.4
44.2
44.2
44.2
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
44.2
176.8
176.8
176.8
44.2
44.2
44.2

S
.15
.05
.01
.03
.03
.12
.07
.05
.01
.03
.00
.01
.02
.01
.09
.01
.02
.04
.02
.02
.06
.05
.31
.07
SO
X
W
1.13
1.02
.30
4.96
3.22
3.05
2.32
2.22
.91
1.54
.11
.91
3.03
1.34
1.89
.27
.20
3.72
.71
1.10
1.85
12.71
3.82
7.01
Particulate
A
.58
.48
.14
2.20
1.43
1.41
1.16
1.00
.43
.70
.05
.41
1.34
.68
.88
.13
.09
1.66
.32
.42
.84
5.62
1.57
3.12
S
1.09
.16
.05
.33
.07
.11
.20
.22
.02
.07
.00
.07
.08
.14
.58
.05
.03
.19
.14
.03
.04
.30
.12
1.11
W
1.44
.50
.16
2.26
1.28
1.18
1.01
1.06
.40
.61
.04
.43
1.27
1.66
1.29
.14
.19
1.65
.41
.44
.63
5.36
1.50
4.91
A
.34
.18
.11
.89
.65
.69
.58
.39
.24
.24
.15
.24
.69
.80
.28
.07
.22
.80
.17'
.22
.57
2.49
2.90
7.58

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                                                  59
(Continuation of Table A-l)
Grid
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Area
Sq. Km.
44.2
44.2
176.8
176.8
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.2
176.8
176.8

S
,11
.01
.03
.04
.02
.07
.01
.02
1.23
.03
SO
X
w
18.34
1.10
5.06
1.36
.97
.87
.76
.77
10.29
3.05
Particulate
A
8.12
.49
2.24
.62
.44
.43
.33
.35
5.21
1.36
S
.30
.07
.07
.10
.04
.12
.07
.07
.57
.15
W
7.55
.49
2.04
.55
.36
.42
1.94
.31
4.16
1.34
A
3.43
.26
.92
.26
.12
.37
.68
.16
2.09
.53

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60
                                         Table A-2
           Summary of SO and Particulate Emissions from Point Sources, Ton/Day
                        X
Grid
5
5
5
7
7
13
17
24
23
24
24
25
27
21
28
28
29
29
32
26
33
70

S
15.57
9.84
60.76
0
0
0
0
18.79
5.14
1.46
0
3.59
1.91
1.28
0
.30
6,19
6.02
0
0
1.84
6.25
SO
X
W
15.57
9.84
60.76
0
0
0
0
18.79
5.14
1.46
0
3.59
3.01
2.02
0
.30
6.19
6.02
7.65
3.90
2.9
9.88
Particulate
A"
15.57
9.84
60.76
0
0
0
0
18.79
5.14
1.46
0
3.59
2.38
1.6
0
.30
6.19
6.02
3.29
1.68
2.30
7.82
S
7.06
1.09
5.51
19.18
8.22
2.79
3.04
10.80
7.98
.15
2.98
4.58
.61
.98
2.28
2.55
.59
.56
0
0
1.64
4.77
W
7.06
1.09
5.51
19.18
8.22
2.79
3.04
10.80
7.98
.15
2.98
4.58
.96
1.54
1.66
2.55
.59
.56
6.84
.50
2.60
7.56
A
7.06
1.09
5.51
19.18
8.22
2.79
3.04
10.80
7.98
.15
2.98
4.58
.76
1.22
2.28
2.55
.59
.56
2.94
.21
2.05
5.99

-------
(Continuation of Table A-2)
                                                 61
Grid
SO
X
S W
Particulate
A
S
W
A

34
34
35
35

37
34
38
38
38
39
39
41
41
36
37
43
43
34
43
43
43
44
44
45
74
116.8 116.8
0 0
11.56 11.56
0 0
\
0 0
23.15 78.99
31.7 41.5 '
11.0 11.0
0 0
4.99 7.90
0 0
0 7.32
1.09 1.71
4.87 7.69
0 5.17
1.26 1.99
14.3 22.6
21.4 33.8
.30 .30
0 0
0 0
2.12 2.12
50.8 50.8
19.9 19.9
0 0
116.8
0
11.56
0

0
38.89
31.9
11.0
0
6.95
0
3.15
1.35
6.08
2.22
1.58
17.9
26.7
.30
0
0
2.12
50.8
19.9
0
14.91
2.04
9.05
8.0

2.48
2.95
4.02
.17
2.48
6.96
3.5
0
1.39
4.35
0
1.61
1.83
4.09
2.55
4.96
1.49
4.26
19.8
.32
2.4
14.91
1.49
9.05
8.0

1.81
10.07
5.26
.17
1.81
10.44
3.5
9.34
2.19
6.87
6.60
2.54
2.89
6.47
2.55
3.62
1.09
4.26
19.8
.32
2.4
14.91
2.04
9.05
8.0

2.48
4.98
4.05
.17
2.48
8.70
3.5
4.02
1.73
5.44
2.84
2.01
2.29
5.12
2.55
4.96
1.49
4.26
19.8
.32
2.4

-------
62
                            (Continuation of Table A-2)
Grid
74
79
54
54
6
60
61
61
68
32
68
76
76
38
76
26
74
18
76
54
54
53
54
SO
X
S W
0 0
3.17 3.17
419.0 382.4
0 0
192.08 192.08
0 0
1.63 1.63
187.5 353.1
12.0 12.0
0 0
16.5 19.9
44.0 44.0
0 0
2.11 3.33
0 0
4.53 7.16
0 11.03
3.70 3.70
0 5.80
2.93 2.93
0 0
0 3.29
232.3 232.3
Particulate
A
0
3.17
377.2
0
192.08
0
1.63
248.8
12.0
0
18.0
44.0
0
2.63
0
5.66
4.74
3.70
2.50
2.93
0
1.42
232.3
S
1.95
4.0
13.4
21.9
1.97
3.48
2.04
71.82
1.90
3.78
7.44
4.09
5.80
1.89
13.70
.86
0
.71
0
.37
5.98
0
0
W
1.95
4.0
12.2
21.9
1.97
2.54
2.04
135.2
1.90
2.76
11.7
4.09
5.80
2.98
13.70
1.36
14.04
.71
7.40
.37
5.98
.63
0
A
1.95
4.0
12.04
21.9
1.97
3.48
2.04
95.3
1.90
3.78
9.27
4.09
5.80
2.36
13.70
1.08
6.05
.71
3.19
.37
5.98
.27
0

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                                                                    63
                          Table A-3




Summary of CO Emissions from Point and Area Sources, Ton/Day
Grid
4
4
4
4
8
9
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Area
Sq.Km
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38

S
206.1
522.1
82.4
.82
3.08
89.3
1.84
18.55
18.68
62.97
163.65
18.19
19.50
108.82
2407.3
362.0
36.34
2.98
116.39
97.48
25.07
CO
W
206.1
522.1
82.4
1.55
3.08
89.3
1.68
19.46
20.04
69.13
179.5
19.60
21.37
111.09
2481.3
389.25
36.99
4.26
118.21
103.92
28.51

A
206.1
522.1
82.4
1.09
3.08
89.3
1.65
18.95
19.26
65.61
170.44
18.80
20.30
109.85
2438.99
373.67
36.62
3.53
117.17
100.24
26.54

-------
                              (Continuation of  Table A-3)
64
                                                      CO
Grid
15
16
17
18
19
Area
(Sq KM)
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
621.38
S
9.21
1.61
9.03
8.79
1.24
W
10.50
2.33
9.99
11.13
1.76
A
9.76
1.92
9.44
9.79
1.46

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                                                                             65



            APPENDIX B.  DIFFUSION MODEL DESCRIPTION



     Title I, Section 10?  (a)  (2) of the Air Quality Act of 196? (Public Law


90-148, dated November 21, 196?), calls for the designation of air quality


control regions, based on  a number of factors, including "atmospheric conditions,"


interpreted to mean that the boundaries of air quality control regions should


reflect the technical aspects  of air pollution and its dispersion.  Within this


guideline, however, the position has been taken that region boundaries cannot


be based on an extreme set of  circumstances which might have a theoretical


chance of occurrence.  Hence,  the analysis of a region's atmospheric dilution is


largely based on mean annual values, although summer and winter mean values are


analyzed with respect to reviewing seasonal variations in meteorology and


pollutant emissions.


     With the realization  that the meteorological analysis would help define


tentative boundaries only  and  that final boundaries would be developed sub-


sequently to reflect local government aspects, it was decided that the meteor-


ological assessment should be  as unpretentious as possible.  Accordingly, the


widely accepted long-term  Gaussian diffusion equation, described by Pasquill


and Turner^, has been applied  with a few modifications to accommodate certain


requirements inherent to the delineation of air quality control regions.  In
                                  )

summary, the Gaussian diffusion equation is utilized to provide a theoretical


estimate of the geographical distribution of long-period mean ground-level


concentrations of SC^, CO  and  suspended particulates.  The model used has the


necessary flexibility to utilize information on emissions from both point and


area-wide sources.


     To maintain simplicity, a 75 meter effective height for all point


sources and a 3 hour half-life for SC^ were assumed;

-------
66
    METHODOLOGY



         The diffusion model used  is based  on the  Gaussian diffusion equation^-*2,  as



    modified by Martin-^.  Essentially, the  model sums the effects  (ground-level



    concentration)  of a number  of  sources (area and point) for  a specified number  of



    receptors,  averaged over a  season or a  year.   For this study,  225 receptor



    points were used.  Their location was defined  by an  orthogonal grid  system with



    mesh points 15  kilometers apart.



         The meteorological  data input to the model is screened to determine the



    representativeness of the data.  Appropriate surface wind rose data  are  selected



    from U.S. Weather Bureau records; if necessary, special wind data tabulations



    are obtained  from the National Weather  Records Center (NWRC).   The mean  mixing



    depth for each  region, for  each respective time period (seasonal and average),



    is  determined on  the basis  of  computed  mixing  depths documented by Holzworttr^ ,




    and recent  tabulations furnished the Meteorology Program by the National Weather



    Records  Center  (ESSA.).   Table  B-l gives the mixing depth values utilized by  the



    model for computing theoretical ground  level concentrations in the St. Louis



    area.

-------
                             Table B-l
       Average Mixing Depths for the St Louis Area by Season
Season
Summer
Winter
Annual**
Morning
294
390
352
Mixing Depth, Meters
Afternoon
1689
797
1340
Average*
992
594
846
 *of morning and afternoon
**of all four seasons

-------
68


                              References  for Appendix B


    1. Pasquill, P., "The Estimation  of the Dispersion of Windborn Material,"
       Meteorology Magazine, 90, 1963, pp.  33-49.

    •2. Turner, D. B., "Workbook of Atmospheric  Dispersion Estimates," USDHEW.
       Cincinnati, Ohio, 196?.

    3. Martin, D. 0., and Tikvart, J. A.,  "General Atmospheric Diffusion Model
       for Estimating the Effects on  Air  Quality of One or More Sources," Paper
       No. 68-148, 6lst Annual Meeting, APCA, St.  Paul, Minnesota, June 1968

    4. Holzworth, G. C., "Mixing Depths, Wind Speeds and Air Pollution Potential
       for Selected Locations in the  United States,"  J. Appl. Meteor., No. 6,
       December, 196?,  pp. 1039-1044.

    5. Holzworth, G. C., "Estimates of Mean Maximum Mixing Depths in the Contiguous
       United States,"  Mon. Weather Rev.  92,  No.  5, May 1964, pp. 235-242.
                                                  * U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 19GB 3Ui-8U> (5003)

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