-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-87-012 a
March 1987
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A WOOD-WASTE-FIRED
INDUSTRIAL WATERTUBE BOILER
Volume I: Technical Results
by
/
C. Castaldini and L. R. Waterland
Acurex Corporation
Environmental Systems Division
485 Clyde Avenue
P.O. Box 7555
Mountain View, California 94039
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3188
Project Officer: R. E. Hall
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for:
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to extend their gratitude to P. B. Wainwright of the
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development and
to R. Weeks of the Ethan Allen Corporation. Their interest and cooperation
in working with Acurex are gratefully acknowledged. The cooperation of D. 6.
Harris and J. Montgomery of EPA/AEERL and R. Encke of GCA was also
Instrumental to the success of the test program. Special recognition is also
i
extended to the Acurex field test team under the supervision of B. C. DaRos,
assisted by M. Chips, R. Best, and J. Holm.
ii
-------
CONTENTS
Section Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii
FIGURES iv
TABLES . v
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2 SOURCE DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 2-1
2.1 BOILER DESCRIPTION 2-1
2.2 BOILER OPERATION 2-4
3 EMISSION RESULTS , 3-1
/
3.1 SAMPLING PROTOCOL 3-1
3.2 CRITERIA POLLUTANT AND OTHER VAPOR SPECIES
EMISSOINS 3-4
3.3 TRACE ELEMENT EMISSIONS . 3-8
3.4 ORGANIC SPECIES EMISSIONS 3-15
3.5 RADIONUCLIOE EMISSIONS 3-34
4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT . 4-1
4.1 EMISSIONS ASSESSMENT 4-1
4.2 BIOASSAY RESULTS 4-4
4.3 SUMMARY 4-5
APPENDIX A SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS METHODS A-l
APPENDIX B TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS B-l
iii
-------
FIGURES
Number Page
'2-1 Schematic of coal-fired boiler converted to wood
burning 2-3
3-1 Sampling sites and analysis matrix 3-2
3-2 CO and NOX versus Og 3-6
iv
-------
TABLES
Table page
1-1 Completed test during the current program 1-4
2-1 Original boiler design specifications 2-2
i
2-2 Summary of boiler operation and fuel 2-5
2-3 Boiler thermal efficiency 2-7
3-1 Emission measurements 3-3
3-2 Criteria and other gas species emissions 3-5
3-3 Comparative particulate emission results 3-9
3-4 Particle size distribution data, percent total particulate
(SASS) catch 3-9
3-5 Trace element concentrations test 1 3-11
3-6 Trace element concentrations test 2 3-13
3-7 Trace element and Teachable anlon concentrations in
aqueous leachate of mechanical collector hopper ash
test 1 3-16
3-8 Summary of total organic emissions in the gas stream 3-19
3-9 XAD-2 extract TCO results 3-20
3-10 Summary of total organic content of the mechanical
collector hopper ash 3-20
3-11 Summary of IR spectra of total sample extracts 3-22
3-12 Compounds sought in the GC/MS and their detection
limits 3-24
-------
TABLES (continued)
Table Page
3-13 POM and other organic species emission summary
total flue gas 3-25
3-14 Comparison of POM emission results of the wood-fired
boiler tests 3-27
3-15 GRAV and TCO results of column chromatography for
test 1 (dry wood) XAO-2 extract 3-28
3-16 GRAV and TCO results of column chromatography for
test 2 (green wood) XAD-2 extract 3-29
3-17 Summary of IR spectra for LC fractions of XAD-2
extract 3-31
3-18 Summary of LRMS analyses 3-33
3-19 Organic extract summary test 1 (dry wood) XAD-2 and
OMC extracts 3-35
3-20 Organic extract summary test 2 (green wood) XAD-2
and OMC extracts 3-37
3-21 Radiometric activity of SASS particulate and collector
ash samples 3-38
4-1 Flue gas species emitted at levels exceeding 10 percent of
their occupational exposure guidelines 4-3
4-2 Mechanical collector hopper ash species with leachate
concentrations exceeding a water quality criterion ..... 4-3
4-3 Bioassay results (Health Effects) .... 4-6
4-4 Bioassay results (Ecological Effects) . 4-7
vi
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This report describes and presents results for a set of environmental
assessment tests performed for the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory/Research Triangle Park (IERL-RTP)* of EPA under the Combustion
/
Modification Environmental Assessment (CMEA) program, EPA Contract
No. 68-02-3188. The CMEA started in 1976 with a 3-year study the NOX Control
Technology Environmental Assessment (NOX EA, EPA Contract No. 68-02-2160),
having the following objectives:
Identify potential multimedia environmental effects of stationary
combustion sources and combustion modification technology
Develop and document control application guidelines to minimize
these effects
Identify stationary source and combustion modification R&D
priorities
Disseminate program results to intended users
i
During the first year of the NOX EA, data and methodologies for the
environmental assessment were compiled. Furthermore, priorities for the
schedule and level of effort for developing emission data for the various
source/fuel/control combinations were identified. This effort revealed major
*Now known as EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL)
1-1
-------
data gaps, particularly for noncriteria pollutants (organic emissions and
trace elements) for virtually all combinations of stationary combustion
sources and combustion modification techniques. Consequently, a series of
seven environmental field test programs was undertaken to fill these data
gaps. The results of these tests are documented in seven individual reports
(References 1-1 through 1-7) and in the NOX EA final report summarizing the
entire 3-year effort (Reference 1-8).
The current CNEA program has, as major objectives, the continuation of
multimedia environmental field tests initiated in the original NOX EA
program. These new tests, using standardized sampling and analytical
procedures (Reference 1-9) are aimed at filling remaining data gaps and
addressing the following priority needs:
Advanced NOX controls
Alternate fuels
Secondary sources
* EPA program data needs
Residential oil combustion
Wood firing in residential, commercial, and industrial
sources
High interest emissions determination (e.g., listed and
candidate hazardous air pollutant species)
Nonsteady-state operations
In recent years, wood has experienced a revival as a primary or
alternate source of energy for steam raising in industrial boilers and for
space heating in the commercial and residential sector. The increase in the
use of wood waste, originating primarily from the forest products
1-2
-------
industries, has emerged due to increasing costs for the traditional fossil
fuels, oil and gas. Wood has been projected to supply as much as 5 to
10 percent of the year 2000 national energy needs (References 1-10 and 1-11).
Indeed, the U.S. Department of Energy is actively encouraging increased use
of wood for industrial, as well as utility and residential energy
requirements (Reference 1-12).
Emissions from wood combustion and associated air quality impacts have
received attention since recent studies have suggested that wood combustion
can produce significant emissions of potentially hazardous organic
/
pollutants. In response to these concerns, a small industrial watertube
boiler capable of burning wood waste, originating primarily from furniture
manufacturing facilities, was selected for testing under the CMEA program.
The objective of the tests were to quantify multimedia emissions from the
boiler burning dry wood waste (low-moisture chips and sawdust) and green wood
waste (high-moisture chips and sawdust). The data presented in this report
quantify stack and collected flyash emissions and identify pollutants of
potential concern using results from standardized sampling and analytical
procedures (Reference 1-9).
Concurrent with this test program, one other wood-fired (firetube)
boiler was tested to further evaluate the environmental impact of this fuel.
i
Test results on this unit are documented in a separate report
(Reference 1-13).
Table 1-1 lists all the tests performed in the CMEA program, outlining
the source tested, fuel used, combustion modifications implemented and the
level of sampling and analysis performed in each case. Results of these test
programs are discussed in separate reports.
1-3
-------
TABLE 1-1. COMPLETED TESTS DURING THE CURRENT PROGRAM
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
Spark Ignited natural
gas-fired reciprocating
Internal combustion
engine
Large bore, 6-cyUnder,
opposed piston, 186 kW
(250 BhpJ/cyl, 900 rpm.
Model 38TDS8-1/8
Baseline (pre-NSPS)
Increased air-fuel
ratio aimed at
meeting proposed
NSPS of 700 ppm
corrected -to 15
percent 02 and
standard atmospheric
conditions
Engine exhaust:
- SASS
Method 5
Gas sample (Ci - C6 HC)
Continuous NO. NOX, CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
Lube oil
Fairbanks Morse
Division of Colt
Industries
Compression ignition
: diesel-fired
' reciprocating internal
i combustion engine
Large bore, (-cylinder
opposed piston, 261-kH
(350 BhpWcyl, 900-rpm,
Model 38TDD8-1/8
Baseline (pre-NSPS)
Fuel Injection retard
aimed at meeting pro-
posed NSPS of 600 ppm
corrected to 15 per-
cent 0? and standard
atmospheric conditions
Engine exhaust:
- SASS
Method 8
Method 5
~ Gas sample (Cj - C6 HC)
Continuous NO, NO., CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
Lube oil
Fairbanks Morse
Division of Colt
Industries
. Low-N0x residential
! condensing heating
system furnished by
Karl sons Blueburner
Systems Ltd. of Canada
Residential hot water
heater equipped with
M.A.N. low-NOx burner,
0.55 ml/s (0.5 gal/hr)
firing capacity, con-
densing flue gas
Low-NO. burner design
by M.A.N.
Furnace exhaust:
~ SASS
Method 8
- Method 5
~ Gas sample (Cj - Cg HC)
Continuous NO, NO., CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
Waste water
New test
Rocketdyne/EPA
low-NOx residential
forced warm air furnace
Residential warm air
furnace with modified
high pressure burner and
firebox, 0.83 ml/s
(0.75 gal/hr) firing
capacity
Low-NOx burner design
and Integrated furnace
system
Furnace exhaust:
SASS
Method 8
Controlled condensation
Method 5
« Gas sample (Ci - CB HC)
~ Continuous NO, NOX, CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
New test
-------
TABLE 1-1. (continued)
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
Pulverized coal-fired
utility boiler,
Conesvllle station
400-MH tangentlally
fired; new NSPS '
design aimed at
meeting 301 ng/J
NO- limit
ESP Inlet and outlet,
one test
ESP Inlet and outlet:
SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (C\ - Ce HC)
Continuous NO, NOX, CO,
C02. 02
Coal
Bottom ash
ESP ash
Exxon Research and
Engineering (ER4E)
conducting cor-
rosion tests
Nova Scotia Technical
College Industrial
boiler
1.14 kg/s steam
(9.000 Ib/hr) fire tube
fired with a mixture
of coal-oil-water (COM)
Baseline (COW)
Controlled SO?
emissions wltn
limestone Injection
Boiler outlet:
- SASS
Method 5
Method 8
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (C} - Cg HC)
'- Continuous 02, CO?,
CO, NO
Fuel
Envlrocon per-
formed partlculate
and sulfur
emission tests
Adelphl University
Industrial boiler
1.89 kg/s steam
(15,000 Ib/hr)
hot water
flretube fired with a
mixture of coal -oil -
water (COW)
Baseline (COW)
Controlled SO?
emissions with
Na2C03 Injection
Boiler outlet:
SASS
Method 5
Method 8
Controlled
Gas Sample
Continuous
CO
Fuel
condensation
(Ci - C6 HC)
02, C02, NO,
Adelphl University
Pittsburgh Energy
Technology Center (PETC)
Industrial boiler
3.03 kg/s steam
(24,000 Ib/hr) watertube
fired with a mixture of
coal-oil (COM)
Baseline test only
with COM
Boiler outlet!
- SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
Continuous 02, CO?, NO,
TUHC. CO
N20 grab sample
Fuel
PETC and General
Electric (GE)
-------
TABLE 1-1. (continued)
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
TOSCO Refinery vertical
crude oil heater
2.54 Ml/day
(16,000 bbl/day) natural
draft process heater
burning oil/refinery gas
Baseline
Staged combustion
using air Injection
lances
Heater outlet:
~ SASS
~ Method 5
~ Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Cj - £5 HC)
Continuous 0?, NO, CO.
COg, HC
"go, grab sample
Fuel oil
Refinery gas
KVB coordinating
the staged com-
bustion operation
and continuous
emission monitoring
Mohawk-Getty Oil
industrial boiler
i
at
8.21 kg/s steam
(65,000 Ib/hr)
watertube burning
mixture of refinery gas
and residual oil
Baseline
Ammonia Injection
using the noncatalytlc
Thermal DeNOx
process
Economizer outlet:
SASS
- Method 5, 17
Controlled condensation
Gas Sample (Ci - C6 HC)
Ammonia emissions
NgO grab sample
~ Continuous Oo, NO,
CO, C02
Fuels (refinery gas and
residual oil)
Mohawk-Getty 011
Industrial boiler
2.52 kg/s steam
(20,000 Ib/hr) watertube
burning woodwaste
Baseline (dry wood)
Green wood
Boiler outlet:
- SASS
~ Method 5
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (C^ - C6 HC)
Continuous 02, NO, CO
Fuel
Flyash
North Carolina
Department of
Natural Resources,
EPA IERL-RTP
Industrial boiler
3.16 kg/s steam
(29,000 Ib/hr)
flretube with refractory
firebox burning woodwaste
Baseline (dry wood)
Outlet of cyclone participate
collector:
SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Ci - Cg HC)
Continuous 02, NOX, CO
Fuel
Bottom ash
North Carolina
Department of
Natural Resources,
EPA IERL-RTP
-------
TABLE 1-1. (continued)
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
Enhanced oil recovery
steam generator
15-MW (50 million Btu/hr)
steam generator burning
crude oil equipped with
HHI 1ow-NOx burner
Performance mapping
Low NOX operation
Steamer outlet
~ SASS
Method 5
~ Method 8
Gas sample (Cj - C6 HC)
Continuous Og, NOX> CO,
CO?
~ N?o grab sample
Fuel
Getty Oil Company,
CE-Natco
Pittsburgh Energy
Technology Center
(PETC) Industrial
boiler
3.03 kg/s steam
(24,000-lb/hr) watertube
fired with a mixture of
coal-water (CMM)
Baseline test only
with CWM
Boiler outlet
~ SASS
- Method 5
- Method 8
Gas sample (Cj - 65 HC)
Continuous 02, NOX, CO,
C02, TUHC
-- NoO grab sample
Fuel
Bottom ash
Collector hopper ash
PETC and General
Electric
Internal combustion
engine nonselectlve
NOX catalyst
818-hp Maukesha engine
equipped with DuPont NSER
catalyst
Baseline
15-day emissions
monitoring
Catalyst Inlet and outlet
SASS
-- NH3
-- HCH
Grab sample ^0
Continuous 0?, CO?, NOX
TUHC
Fuel
Southern California
Gas Company
-------
Table 1-1. (concluded)
Source
Industrial boiler
Enhanced oil
recovery item
generator
Description
7.6 kg/s steam
(60.000 Ib/hr) watertuhe
retrofit for coal water
Mixture firing
IS-MI (SO Mil lion Btu/hr)
steae) generator burning
crude oil, equipped with
Test points
unit operation
Baseline test with CHS
-- 30-day emissions
Monitoring
IOM NO, (with burner)
30-day Missions
Monitoring
Sampling protocol
Boiler outlet
- SASS
VOST
Method 5
- Method 8
Gas Sinple (CI-CB HC)
-- NjO grab sample
-- Continuous MO,, CO, C0»,
02, TUHC, SOZ
Fuel
Steamer outlet
-- SASS
- VOSF
Test collaborator
EPRI, OuPont
Chevron U.S.A.,
EERC
I
CO
burner
Method 8
Controlled condensation
Anderson Impactor
- Gas sample (C,-C6 HC)
NjO grab sample
Continuous NOK, CO, COj,
Fuel
Spark-Ignited natural*
gas-fired reciprocating
Internal combustIon
engine selective HO,
reduction catalyst
1.490-kH (2.000-hp)
Ingersoll-Rand lean-burn
engine equipped with
Englehard SCR system
low HO, (with
catalyst)
15-day missions
Monitoring
Catalyst Inlet and outlet
..SASS
-- VOST
H-0 grab sample
Continuous 0», CO*. CO,
HO, NO,. NO,»NH,
Lube oil
Southern
California Gas
Company
'Acronymns used In the table: EERC, The Energy and Environmental Research Corporation; EPA IERL-RTP, The Environmental Protection
Agency's Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park; EPRI, the Electric Power Research Institute;
He, hydrocarbons; HSCR, nonselectlve catalytic reduction; KSPS, new source performance standard; SASS, source assessment sampling
system; SCR, selective catalytic reduction; TUHC. total unburned hydrocarbon; VOST, volatile organic sampling train
-------
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1
1-1. Larkin, R. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Combustion Modification Controls
for Stationary Gas Turbines: Volume II. Utility Unit Field Test,"
EPA-600/7-81-122b, NTIS PB82-226473, July 1981.
1-2. Higginbotham, E. B., "Combustion Modification Controls for Residential
and Commercial Heating Systems: Volume II. Oil-fired Residential
Furnace Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-123b, NTIS PB82-231176, July 1981.
1-3. Higginbotham, E. B. and P. M. Goldberg, "Combustion Modification NOX
Controls for Utility Boilers: Volume I. Tangential Coal-fired Unit
Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-124a, NTIS PB82-227265, July 1981.
1-4. Sawyer, J. W. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Combustion Modification NOX
Controls for Utility Boilers: Volume II. Pulverized-coal Wall-fired
Unit Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-124b, NTJS PB82-227273, July 1981.
1-5. Sawyer, J. W. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Combustion Modification NOX
Controls for Utility Boilers: Volume III. Residual-oil Wall-fired
Unit Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-124C, NTIS PB82-227281, July 1981.
1-6. Goldberg, P. M. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Industrial Boiler Combustion
Modification NOX Controls: Volume II. Stoker Coal-fired Boiler Field
Test ~ Site A,* EPA-600/7-81-126b, NTIS PB82-231085, July 1981.
1-7. Lips, H. I. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Industrial Boiler Combustion
Modification NOX Controls: Volume III. Stoker Coal-fired Boiler
Field Test Site B," EPA-600/7-81/126c, NTIS PB82-231093,
July 1981.
1-8. Waterland, 1. R., et al., "Environmental Assessment of Stationary
Source NOX Control Technologies Final Report," EPA-600/7-82-034,
NTIS PB82-249350, May 1982.
1-9. Lentzen, D. E., et al., "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment (Second Edition),'1 EPA-600/7-78-201,
NTIS PB293795, October 1978.
1-10. "Energy from Biological Processes," Congress of the United States,
Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C., July 1980.
1-11. "Annual Report to Congress 1979, Volume Three: Projections,"
OOE/EIA-0173(79)/3, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information
Administration, Washington, D.C., 1979.
1-12. Ounwoody, J. E., et al., "Wood Combustion Systems, Status of
Environmental Concerns," DOE/EV-006, U.S. Department of Energy, Office
of Technology, Washington, D.C., January 1980.
1-9
-------
REFERENCES (concluded)
1-13. DeRosler, R., "Environmental Assessment of a Wood Waste-fired
Industrial Flretube Boiler, Volumes I and II, " EPA-600/7-87-
OlOa and -OlOb, March 1987.
1-10
-------
SECTION 2
SOURCE DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
The tests were performed on a Wlckes stoker coal-fired industrial boiler
modified to burn wood chips. The boiler, located at a furniture
manufacturing plant, was selected because of Its capability of burning both
dry and green wood chips and because it was the site of an organic emissions
evaluation program by the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development (DNR). Results, from the CMEA test program on this
unit provided additional data to the DNR program as well as duplicate data
allowing for complete environmental assessment and data validity evaluation
to the mutual benefit of both programs.
2.1 BOILER DESCRIPTION
The original Industrial boiler was rated at 6.3 kg/s (50,000 Ib/hr) of
superheated steam at 1.7 MPa (250 pslg) pressure and 338°C (640°F)
temperature when burning bituminous coal. Table 2-1 summarizes the design
specification of the original boiler. The boiler had been modified to burn
waste wood chips from the plant's manufacturing facilities and from other
local sources. Combustion of the wood waste entirely eliminated the plant's
need for oil as a plant fuel resulting In substantial savings and decreased
dependence on outside sources of energy.
Figure 2-1 illustrates the boiler configuration after the modifications
were Implemented to burn wood chips. Modifications consisted primarily of
2-1
-------
TABLE 2-1. ORIGINAL BOILER DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
Manufacturer Wickes
Fuel feed Stoker*
Boiler heating surface. m2 (ft*) 460 (4,950)
Furnace volume, ra3 (ft3) 34.7 (1,225)
Economizer surface, m2 (ft2) 168 (1,810)
Maximum steam rating, kg/s (103 Ib/hr) 6.3 (50)
Drum pressure, MPa (pslg) 1.79 (260)
Steam temperature at S.H. outlet, °C (°F) 338 (640)
Steam pressure at S.H. outlet, MPa (pslg) 1.73 (250)
Water temperature at econ. Inlet, °C (°F) 105 (220)
Water temperature at econ. outlet, °C (°F) 156 (312)
Air temperature entering the boiler, °C (°F) 27 (82)
Air temperature leaving the boiler, °C (°F) 335 (635)
Furnace draft, Pa (In. H20) -25 (-0.10)
Draft loss through boiler and S.H., Pa (In. H20) 453 (1.82)
Draft loss through collector, Pa (In. HoO) 809 (3.25)
Draft loss through economizer, Pa (1n. f^O) 660 (2.65)
Excess air, percent 30
Boiler efficiency, percent 83.7
aName plate on this unit did not specify coal feed mechanism.
It Is likely, however that a single retort underfeed stoker
was In the original design.
2-2
-------
Stack
ro
To ash bin
Primary air
to feeder
from FD fan
V
Undergrate
air duct
Access
doors
ID fan
Cyclone
dust
collector
Upper water - Steam drum
I.J..S... .JHSliSI.»!!!!!;s£i!!.sis;.(J
Firebox
(refractory)
grate
Economizer
section
Materwall
headers
OFA ports
.Lower water
drum
-- Front View
Side View
1 Figure 2-1. Schematic of coal-fired boiler converted to wood burning
(not to scale).
-------
raising the entire unit off its base by approximately 1.5m (5 ft) and
installing a refractory-lined firebox equipped with a refractory hearth in
place of the coal retort, and access ports for manual feed of dry wood for
start up and ash removal. The wood chips arid sawdust are fed to the boiler
with a single helical wood screw feeder. Air from the forced draft fan 1s
bled to the feeder to blow the wood into the firebox. The wood chips and
sawdust ignite partially in suspension but the bulk of the combustion takes
place on the grate. Two sets of air ports located approximately 0.45m
(1.5 ft) above the grate provide overfire air injection from the rear and
left side of the furnace. Orientation of these overfire air ports 1s skewed
to promote a cyclonic flow in the firebox. Primary combustion air is
injected under the hearth through 0.6-cm (0.25-in.) slots separating
refractory bricks. Modification of the boiler for wood burning resulted in a
decrease in steam capacity to about 3.2 kg/s (25,000 Ib/hr), with lower
superheater steam pressure and temperature*
2.2 BOILER OPERATION
The test program consisted of emission measurements when dry wood chip s
and sawdust were burned (Test 1) and during combustion of green wood chips
and sawdust (Test 2). Table 2-2 summarizes boiler operating data from
available boiler room meters, and ultimate analyses of the fuels as fired in
each test. Some Important aspects of boiler operation during these tests can
be summarized as follows.
Steam requirements In the furniture manufacturing plant are primarily
for the drying kilns used to "cure" the wood. The total amount of steam'
needed for the kilns varies on a daily basis according to quantity of wood in
the kiln and the ambient temperatures. Because of these varying conditions
2-4
-------
TABLE 2-2. SUMMARY OF BOILER OPERATION AND FUEL
Test parameter
Test 1
(dry wood)
Test 2
(green wood)
1.8-2.2
227-274
1.00-1.17
63-69
121-133
216-238
354-483
(14-17)
(440-525)
(145-170)
(145-155)
(250-270)
(420-460)
(740-900)
0.88-1.4
271-296
1.13-1.30
66-69
113-121
216-233
538-594
(7-11)
(520-565)
(165-190)
(150-155)
(235-250)
(420-450)
(1,000-1,100)
Boiler Operation;
Steam load, kg/s (103 ib/hr)
Superheater steam temp., *C (*F)
Superheater steam press., HPa (psig)
Economizer inlet water temp., °C (*F)
Economizer outlet water temp., °C (°F)
Stack temperature after collect., °C (*F)
Bridgewall temperature, *C (°F)
Silo A (dry wood) feed, rpnt 390-700
Silo 8 (green wood) feed, rpro
Furnace draft, Pa (In. H20) 0 to-100 (0 to-0.4)
Underfire air, Pa (In. H20) 75-200 (0.3-0.8)
Overflre air, kPa (In. H2o) 5.5-5.6 (22.0-22.5)
Pressure before collector, Pa (in. H20) 450-600 (1.8-2.4)
Pressure after collector, kPa (In. H20) 0.5-1.0 , (2.0-4.0)
Wood feed rate*, kg/s (Ib/hr) 0.29 (2,270)
Excess air, percent 387
Boiler efficiency^, percent 55.3
Wood fuel ultimate analysis
jPercent by weight as fired);
Carbon 45.27
Hydrogen 5.44
Sulfur 0.04
Nitrogen 0.12
Oxygen 37.78
Ash 0.33 .
Moisture 11.02
Higher heating value kJ/kg (Btu/lb) 17,900 (7,719)
Bulk density kg/m3 (lb/ft3) 233 (14.52)
500-620
25 to-50 (-0.1 to-0.2)
(0.5-0.7)
(22.0-22.5)
(1.3-2.0)
(2.2-3.0)
(4,310)
125-175
5.5-5.6
320-500
0.55-0.75
0.54
213
61.3
13,300
192
35.07
3.60
0.02
0.10
26.06
1.29
33.85
(5,738)
(11.95)
aAs-f1red (wet) basis (a calculated value)
''Based on heat loss method
2-5
-------
of kiln operation and ambient temperatures, combined with the absence of
sufficient steam venting capability, boiler steam load could not be
maintained constant during the test program. Table 2-2 indicates that the
steam load during Test 2 was nearly half that of Test 1. The actual steam
flowrates during each test, however, are probably not those indicated by the
boiler-room meter since its operation was deemed unreliable by the plant
personnel. In fact, steam feed rates calculated from the boiler efficiency
(based on the heat loss method) and the wood flowrate would indicate
feedrates of approximately 1.1 kg/s (8,400 Ib/hr) for Test 1 and 1.6 kg/s
(13,000 Ib/hr) for Test 2.
Wood feed rates were not recorded by boiler room equipment. Feed rates
listed in table 2-2 were instead calculated based on wood fuel ultimate
analyses, volumetric stack gas flowrates measured with pitot tube readings
and excess air levels measured with a continuous gas analyzer. Therefore,
noted wood and steam flowrates should be considered approximate rather than
actual.
Boiler efficiency, calculated using the ASME heat loss method, was
55.3 percent for Test 1 and 61.3 percent for Test 2. Table 2-3 summarizes
the heat losses as a percent of the total heat input for each test. As
indicated, the major heat loss was for the dry gas constituting about 70 and
50 percent of the total heat loss, respectively, for both tests. These high
gas losses were due to the high excess air settings used in the operation of
the boiler. Excess air was calculated to be about 390 percent for Test 1 and
210 percent for Test 2. The gain In efficiency during Test 2 was mostly due
to the lower excess air level used. This gain was partially offset by a '
larger heat, loss due to the higher moisture content of the green wood waste.
2-6
-------
Table 2-3. BOILER THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Heat loss efficiency
(percent)
Heat loss due to dry gas
Heat loss due to moisture
in the fuel
Heat loss to water from
combustion of H2 in fuel
Heat loss due to
combustibles in the
flyash*
Heat loss due to
radiation
Unmeasured losses
Total loss
Efficiency (percent)
Test 1
(dry wood)
32.2
1.7
7.8
0
1.5
1.5
44.7
55.3
Test 2
(green wood)
20.4
7.1
6.8
0.9
2.0
1.5
38.7
61.3
aPercent combustible in the flyash is discussed
in section 3.4
2-7
-------
SECTION 3
EMISSION RESULTS
The objective of this test program was to measure flue gas emissions and
pollutant concentrations In the flyash from the watertube boiler burning dry
(low moisture) wood chips and sawdust (Test 1) and to duplicate measurements
with the boiler burning green (high moisture) flood chips and sawdust
(Test 2). Emission measurements were performed in cooperation with the
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development
(DNR) whose team was onsite to perform polycyllc organic matter (POM)
emissions evaluation.
3.1 SAMPLING PROTOCOL
Figure 3-1 illustrates a schematic of the steam plant at the test
facility highlighting the flow path of the dry and green wood waste and the
sampling locations. Table 3-1 summarizes the samples taken, pollutants
measured, measurement techniques used, and the test team performing the
sampling and evaluation. As Indicated, continuous monitoring of flue gas 03,
CO, and NOX 1n the stack was performed by a team composed of EPA and GCA
Corporation personnel. Both GCA and the DNR have drafted separate reports
presenting the emission results (References 3-1 and 3-2). These results are
discussed in this report to the extent that they aid in the evaluation of the
emission data package and improve the validity of conclusions.
3-1
-------
CO
I
ro
r^h
^ ( Conveyor
Silo Silo
1 2
(dry wood) (green wood)
=51 -Tr-
m** .A \ Screw feeder
Wood chips .x'rLrl
Inlnt s' IllJ.
-J~L Stack
\)
^\Cyclone dust collectqr "~|
\S. - ,
VO" Boiler ff-\
o' PHFlyash
^ hi"
Fan
QL> Fan
Sample Location Type of Sample Analyses Test Team Member
A Silos screen feeders Grab sample Hood Proximate and ultimate, trace Acurex
elements
6 Stack Gas sample Continuous monitors NOX, 0?, CO EPA/GCA
C -- Stack Grab sample -- Modified Method 5 Parti cul ate, organics DNR
D Stack Grab sample Method 5, Participate load and size, trace Acurex
E Flyash bin chute
controlled condensation
and grab sample for onsite
gas chromatography
Grab sample Flyash from
mechanical collector
elements, organics,
Ci to C(j hydrocarbons, and
bioassay
Trace elements, anions, organics,
bioassay, and radionuclides
Acurex
Figure 3-1. Sampling sites and analysis matrix.
-------
TABLE 3-1. EMISSION MEASUREMENTS
Sample
location
Sample/pollutants
Measurement techniques3 Test team
A Wood fuel bulk composition
B Flue gas/02, co> N0x
C Flue gas/particulate
and POM
D Flue gas/gaseous
hydrocarbons Cj to 65
Flue gas/S02, $03
Flue gas/particulate
mass
Flue gas/NOx
Flue gas/volatile and
condensable organic
species, Inorganic
trace elements, and
particle size
distribution
Flyash/inorganlc
trace elements,
and Teachable
anions
Ultimate analysis Acurex
Continuous monitors EPA/GCAb
Modified Method 5 DNRC
with organic sorbent
Onsite gas Acurex
chromatography
Controlled condensation Acurex
system, (CCS)
EPA Method 5 Acurex
EPA Method 7 Acurex
Source assessment Acurex
sampling system
(SASS)
Grab sample Acurex
^Measurement and analysis techniques used are discussed in detail in
Appendix A
bA more detailed presentation,of EPA/GCA results and measurement
techniques is given in Reference 3-1
CA more detailed presentation of DNR results and measurement techniques
Is given In Reference 3-2
3-3
-------
3.2 CRITERIA POLLUTANT AND OTHER VAPOR SPECIES EMISSIONS
Table 3-2 summarizes gaseous and participate emissions measured during
both tests. Continuous monitoring equipment, including a gas conditioning
system, was used to measure Og, CO, and NOX. Flue gas 02 was quite high
during both tests, even for wood-fired boilers which normally operate with
high Og levels. The excess air level for Test 1 was 387 percent, and for
Test 2, 213 percent. Some of this excess air may have come from air leakage
into the boiler or exhaust ducts since the unit was under slightly negative
pressure, 0 to -100 Pa (0 to -0.4 in. H^O). Still, the very high CO
emissions from the unit for both tests confirm that the combustion zone was
at very high excess air.
NOX emissions, corrected to 3 percent Og, averaged 175 ppm and 194 ppm
for Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. These concentrations correspond to
108 ng/J (1.93 g/kg) and 123 ng/J (1.63 g/kg) as N02, respectively.
Emissions per unit of fuel were lower for the second test, in part because of
the lower heating value of the green wood. However, emission levels for both
tests were higher than would be expected for a wood-fired industrial boiler
as documented in AP-42 (Reference 3-3). CO emission results are of
significance because of the extremely high levels measured. CO emissions
averaged 3.69 mg/J (66 g/kg) for Test 1 and 1.08 mg/a (14.4 g/kg) for Test 2.
High emissions of CO during wood combustion are often a result of poor
air/fuel mixing, short combustion gas residence times In the furnace, and
*
rapid combustion gas cooling. As noted above, excess air levels during these
tests were quite high," leading to both short furnace residence times and
rapid combustion gas cooling downstream of the bridgewall.
3-4
-------
TABLE 3-2. CRITERIA AND OTHER GAS SPECIES EMISSIONS
Test 1 Test 2
Pollutant3 (dry wood) (green wood)
As measured by continuous
gas analyzers:
02, dry percent 15.8 to 17.5 (16.4)b 11.7 to 15.8 (13.9)
NOX, dry ppm 19 to 62 (45) 37 to 131 (78)
CO, dry ppm 996 to 3,440 (2,440) 283 to 2,260 (988)
ng/Jd g/kge ppmc ng/Jd g/kge
Corrected average gaseous
emissions:
N0xf
CO
Solid parti cu late
mass emissions:
Method 5 solid
Method 5 condensable
Method 5 total
SASS solid
175 108
9,810 3,690
204
16
220
198
1.93 194
66.0 2,810
3.64
0.29
3.93
3.55
123
1,080
267
4
271
310
1.63
14.4
3.55
0.05
3.60
4.12
aAppendix A discusses continuous monitor analyses used, calibration gases,
sample gas conditioning system, particulate sampling equipment and
procedures
lumbers in parentheses are arithmetic averages of time-interval readings
^Corrected to 3 percent 02, dry
<>0n heat Input basis as fired
eAs-fired (wet) basis; dry wood waste was 11.02 percent moisture, green
wood waste was 33.85 percent moisture
fAs N02
3-5
-------
18,000
16,000
14,000
O CO emissions dry wood test
D NO emissions dry wood test
CO emissions green wood test
NO emissions green wood test
300
o
CO
CM 12,000
>, 10,000
$-
o
8 8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
^B ^"
v.
t
o
0@
0
to
11 12 13 14 15 16
Flue gas 02, percent dry
Figure 3-2. CO and NOX versus Og.
D
D
17
CSi
o
CO
200
100
13
3-6
-------
The effect of excess air (as measured by flue gas 03) on CO emissions
during these tests 1s shown 1n Figure 3-2 which compares the CO levels In the
flue gas at various times with the corresponding flue gas 02 reading. The
figure shows that CO emissions (ppm dry at 3 percent Q£) varied from
approximately 600 to nearly 8,000 ppm with flue gas Q£ varying from about
12 to 16 percent In Test 2, and from 5,000 to over 17,000 ppm with flue gas
02 varying from 16 to 17.5 percent 1n Test 1. In fact, the CO versus 02
curves for the two tests are contiguous. This suggests that, under
conditions of these tests, the flame was being quenched by the large amount
of excess air fired, and that the added effect of fuel moisture was
Insignificant compared to the effect of high excess air*
The NOX emissions data, also shown In Figure 3-2, exhibit no definite
variation with flue gas 02 over the range In 02 of 12 to 16 percent (Test 2).
However, as flue gas 02 Increases from 16 to 17.5 percent (Test 1),
corresponding NOX emissions decrease. This behavior Is consistent with flame
quenching by high excess air.
S02 or $03 emissions in the flue gas were below a detection limit of
10 ppm using the controlled condensation system (CCS) with subsequent wet
chemical analysis. This method normally has a detection limit of below
1 ppm. However, problems encountered In the laboratory titration of samples
collected In the field (see Appendix A) resulted In an Increased detection
limit of 10 ppm. The fact that S02 and $03 emissions were below 10 ppm Is
not surprising In light of the low sulfur content of the wood. In fact,
assuming 100 percent conversion of fuel sulfur to S02» maximum S02
concentrations would be only 12 ppm for both tests at stack conditions.
3-7
-------
Participate mass emissions (summarized In Table 3-2) obtained using two
methods, the source assessment sampling system (SASS) and the multipoint EPA
Method 5, are In relatively good agreement. Table 3-3 summarizes the
Method 5 flue gas flowrate and partlculate emissions measured by Acurex and
the DNR field test teams. These Independent measurements generally agree
within 5 percent. Only the calculated partlculate emissions rates (g/kg) for
Test 1 differ by more than this. Table 3-4 summarizes partlculate size
distribution data obtained with the SASS equipment* These data show a
definite shift In particle size distribution to larger sizes for the green
wood fuel. However, based on data available In tills study, the reasons for
such a shift are not known.
3.3 TRACE ELEMENT EMISSIONS
Inorganic trace element concentrations were measured In the flue gas
samples and flyash collected by the mechanical collector. Laboratory
analyses Included atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for mercury, antimony,
arsenic, and spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) for 70 other elements.
Once concentrations 1n the samples were determined by these analyses, trace
element concentrations 1n both flue gas streams could be computed. These
concentrations are presented In Appendix B. Trace element flowrates and mass
balance estimates could not be calculated since the collected hopper ash flow
rate was not measured.
Tables 3-5 and 3-6 give trace element concentrations In the wood fuel
(wet, as fired) and the ash streams (partlculate In two size ranges and the
mechanical collector hopper ash) for Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. The
data 1n the tables Illustrate several interesting points. The first Is that
the trace element composition of the coarse (10 pm + 3 \an) partlculate Is
3-8
-------
TABLE 3-3. COMPARATIVE PARTICULATE EMISSION RESULTS
Test
1
(Dry wood)
2
(Green wood)
Sampling
team
Acurex
DNRb
Acurex
DNRb
Flue gas flowrate
dscm/s
(dscf/mln)
6.37
(13,500)
6.51
(13,800)
5.99
(12,700)'
6.28
(13,300)
Solid particulate
g/kg fuel3
(Ib/hr)
3.64
(8.25)
2.87
(6.50)
3.55
(15.3)
3.45
(14.9)
jAs-fired (wet) basis
bAverage of two runs per test (Reference 3-2)
TABLE 3-4. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION DATA, PERCENT TOTAL
PARTICULATE (SASS) CATCH
Parti cul ate cut size
Test
1
(Dry wood)
(10-pm cyclone
and probe)
i
30
10 to 3 um
(3-ym cyclone)
23
1 to 3 ym <1 ym
(1-jim cyclone) (filter)
15 32
(Green wood)
47
29
8
16
3-9
-------
similar to that of the mechanical collector hopper ash, and the composition
of both these ash samples Is somewhat different from that of the fine
(1 ym + filter) participate. This suggests that, as expected, the mechanical
collector Is removing the coarse partlculate from the flue gas more
efficiently.
Secondly, the concentrations of most elements In the fine partlculate
are less than those In the coarse partlculate. (Barium, Iron, manganese,
phosphorus, and potassium were the major constituents of both partlculate
fractions.) This Is somewhat surprising In that the opposite occurs for
efficiently operating coal-fired sources. In these an enrichment In the fine
partlculate is generally noted for several trace elements.
Comparing the data in Tables 3-5 and 3-6 shows that the trace element
composition of the two fuels is very similar. Furthermore, the composition
of the mechanical collector hopper ash for the two tests is also very
similar.
In addition to trace element analyses of the solid mechanical collector
hopper ash, analyses of a leachate prepared from the hopper ash of Test 1
were performed. The leachate was prepared following Level 1 procedures
(Reference 3-4) which specify leaching a given weight of sample in four times
this weight of water for 48 hr at 20°C. The leachate was then subjected to
SSMS analysis for trace elements and analysis for certain leachable anions
using wet chemical test kits.
Results of the leachate analysis are given in Table 3-7. Given the
similarity between the solid composition of the mechanical collector hopper
ash between Tests 1 and 2, leachate compositions are expected to be likewise
similar.
3-10
-------
TABLE 3-5. TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS TEST 1 (DRY WOOD)
Concentration 1n sample (ug/g)
Parti cul ate
Element
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Fluorine
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Hafnium
Hoi ml urn
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
Mood fuel
>4.0
21
0.04
0.4
0.03
>100
0.10
0.06
10
0.10
0.10
6.0
..
0.6
»*
<0.01
__
0.09
11
0.20
0.40
0.03
10 pm + 3 ym
>1,000
~
-.
>1,000
<0.1
_ _
190
8.0
0.70
>1,000
13
0.60
680
26
2.0
98
2.0
0.40
0.50
>1,000
1.0
7.0
0.50
O.SO
1.0
>1,000
42
41
0.30
1 um + filter
a
_.
>1,000
<0.1
<0.1
, 0.20
5.2
0.20
92
4.0
0.10
1
29
0.20
<0.10
0.10
~
0.3
0.69
0.20
0.10
0.10
>960
9.1
16
<_
Mechanical
collector
hopper ash
>1,000
_
>1,000
0.3
__
140
6.0
1.0
>1,000
20
0.60
870
4.0
3.0
52
~
._
4.0
24
2.0
5.0
0.30
0.90
"-
0.70
>1,000
16
28
5.0
aDashes Indicate trace element concentration was below the detection
Unit or had concentrations In the blank greater than In the sample.
See Appendix B for detectabflity levels applicable to each stream.
3-11
-------
TABLE 3-5. (concluded)
Concentration in sample (pg/g)
Participate
Element
Mechanical
collector
Wood fuel 10 uni + 3 ym 1 gin + filter hopper ash
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Nickel
Niobium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Praseodymium
Rubidium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
..
MOO
>45
<0.05
<0.01
<0.01
0.08
<0.01
19
>54
0.02
0.40
<0.02
0.01
MOO
0.20
Ml
7.0
>27
^
0.03
0.03
0.04
<0.01
0.05
~
0.03
0.08
0.04
29
0.07
0.10
M.OOO
M.OOO
<0.83
10
4.0
17
5.0
M.OOO
M,000
2.0
79
5.0
0.50
| 0.50
M.OOO
4.0
M.OOO
M.OOO
>1,000
0.30
1.0
__
4.0
0.10
0.4
M.OOO
0.50
1.0
17
0.90
7.0
M.QOO
6.0
<0.10
>990
<1.0
0.39
0.90
3.5
-.
>980
>980
0.90
59
0.80
3.0
_
3.9
200
>980
0.20
^^
0.10
_
0.20
<0.10
0.10
_-
5.9
<0.10
1.0
0.01
2.7
390
~
__
M.OOO
M.OOO
<0.05
2.0
4.0
60
4.0
M.OOO
M.OOO
4.0
130
3.0
0.90
, 5.0
M.OOO
>1,000
620
>1,000
^^
0.50
0.90
«...
7.0
^^
0.50
M.OOO
0.90
1.0
29
__
11
410
10
aDashes indicate trace element concentration was below the detection
limit or had concentration in the blank greater than in the sample.
See Appendix B for detectability levels applicable to each stream.
3-12
-------
TABLE 3-6. TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS TEST 2 (GREEN MOOD)
Concentration 1n sample (pg/g)
Element
Parti culate
Wood fuel
Mechanical
collector
10 pin + 3 yin 1 um * filter hopper ash
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Fluorine
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Hafnium
Holmium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
>7.0
__
36
<0.01
i
__
0.03
0.07
0.10
MOO
0.20
0.03
4.0
0.04
0.50
3.0
~
~
7.0
0.10
<0.01
0.08
..
0.04
MOO
0.20
0.30
0.05
_
MOO ,
>76
<0.05
0.07
M.OOO
__
M.OOO
0.30
0.30
150
14
3.0
M.OOO
41
1.0
880
8.0
3.0
84
3.0
0.60
0.70
55
2.0
5.0
0.40
2.0
0.80
1.0
M.OOO
72
63
22
0.20
M.OOO
M.OOO
<1.1
4.0
..a
__
__
>710
<0.07
0.29
__
' 0.14
0.22
<0.07 '
17
0.79
14
<0.07
<0.07
<0.07
<0.07
0.50
0.07
<0.07
<0.07
0.07
>700
0.86
12
0.36
<0.07
>35
<0.72
0.29
M.OOO
_
M,000
<0.10
__
130
29
1.0
M.OOO
35
0.90
190
, 38
3.0
45
3.0
0.60
0.80
100
4.0
11
0.80
0.70
2.0
3.0
M.OOO
35
61
2.0
__
M.OQO
M.OOO
<0.05
0.70
aDashes Indicate trace element concentration was below the detection
limit or had concentration in the blank greater than concentration
In the sample. See Appendix B for detectabllity levels applicable
to each stream.
3-13
-------
TABLE 3-6. (concluded)
Element
Concentration in sample (^g/g)
Particulate
Mechanical
collector
Wood fuel 10 urn + 3 urn 1 wm + filter hopper ash
Neodymium
Nickel
Niobium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Praseodymium
Rubidium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
0.02
0.30
0.10
>100
>92
0.04
3.0
~
0.01
<0.02
MOO
0.08
>19
12
>47
__
0.05
0.04
0.03
9.0
0.60
__
0.06
22
0.50
4.0
6.0
6.0
M.OOO
M.OOO
8.0
300
3.0
0.90
2.0
>1,000
<1.0
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
w
__
0.70
__
3.0
0.20
1.0
>1,000
2.0
29
2.0
13
460
22
0.29
2.5
._
>140
>39
0.07
22
0.29
0.72
__
1.4
56
>19
<0.07
._
<0.07
<0.07
0.14
<0.07
0.22
0.30
0.14
0.22
<0.07
0.07
430
0.72
4.0
14
7.0
>1,000
>1,000
6.0
290
3.0
0.80
4.0
' M.OOO
<0.2
M.OOO
860
280
«»
0.4
1.0
__
6.0
0.10
0.20
>1,000
0.70
1.0
25
0.8
20
390
39
aDashes Indicate trace elements concentration was below the detection
limit or had concentration in the blank greater than concentration
in the sample. See Appendix B for detectablllty levels applicable
to each stream.
3-14
-------
3.4 ORGANIC SPECIES EMISSIONS
Organic analyses were performed on flue gas samples and flyash according
to the EPA Level 1 protocol (Reference 3-4) as outlined in Appendix A.
Volatile gas phase organics having boiling points in the nominal C^ to Cg
range of -160* to 100'C (-260° to 210°F) were measured by multiple analyses
of flue gas samples using onsite gas chromatography. This procedure gives
total volatile organics by boiling point range only. SASS and mechanical
collector ash samples were extracted with methylene chloride in a Soxhlet
apparatus. Volatile organic matter with boiling points in the nominal Cy to
Cie range of 100° to 300°C (210° to 570eF) were determined in the laboratory
by total chromatographable organic (TCO) analysis of the organic module
sorbent (XAD-2) and condensate sample extracts. Nonvolatile organic species
having boiling points in the nominal >Ci6 range of >300°C (570*F) were
measured by gravimetric (GRAV) analysis of SASS sample extracts including
filter and cyclone catches.
Infrared spectrometry (IR) was also performed on GRAV residues to
identify organic functional groups. If total organic content in the sample
exceeded 15 mg, as determined by TCO and GRAV procedures, further analyses by
liquid chromatography (LC), with TCO, GRAV, and IR analyses of the fractions
eluted from the column, were performed. Analyses of whole extract samples or
LC fractions by low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) were performed if TCO
and GRAV results Indicated a stream organic emission concentration of greater
than 0.5 mg/dscm for the flue gas. In addition, gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of total sample extracts was performed to
identify specific polynuclear aromatic and other organic compounds (the
3-15
-------
TABLE 3-7. TRACE ELEMENT AND LEACHABLE ANION CONCENTRATIONS IN
AQUEOUS LEACHATE OF MECHANICAL COLLECTOR HOPPER ASH
TEST 1 (DRY WOOD)
Element
Concentration
(pg/ml)
Element
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Fluorine
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Hafnium
Hoi mi urn
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
0.10
__a
-
>10
_.
0.01
0.40
0.002
.>10
0.002
>10
0.10
<0.002
0.03
0.06
4.0
_
0.003
<0.001
0.80
0.05
6.0
0.003
0.08
0.01
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Nickel
Niobium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Potassium
Praseodymium
Rubidium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
0.05
0.005
0.003
__
0.02
0.20
<0.005
>10
~
>10
<0.001
__
>10
>10
>10
>10
0.09
<0.008
__
__
._
<0.009
2.0
0.090
aOashes indicate trace element concentration was below the detection
limit or had concentration in the blank greater than concentration
in the sample. See Appendix B for detectability levels.
3-16
-------
TABLE 3-7. (concluded)
Concentration Concentration
Element (yg/ml) Element (yg/ml)
Uranium
Vanadium
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
__a
0.080
<0.001
0.02
0.002
Anlons
Fluoride
Chloride
Bromi de
nitrate
Nitrite
Sulfite
Sulfate
Phosphate as P
Ammonium as N
0.20
140
10
25
59
<2
200
0.040
1.2
aDashes Indicate trace element concentration was below the detection
limit or had concentration In the blank greater than concentration
1n the sample. See Appendix B for detectablllty levels.
3-17
-------
semivolatile organic priority pollutants). A discussion of the analytical
results follows.
3.4.1 cl to C6 Hydrocarbon, TCO, and 6RAV Analyses
Table 3-8 summarizes total organic emission results from the onsite GC,
TCO, and GRAY analyses. The ranges in the emissions for volatile
hydrocarbons shown reflect the multiple onsite GC analyses performed during
each test. The dry wood test had total Cj to Cg hydrocarbon emissions
significantly greater than those from green wood test. Table 3-8 also
summarizes organic emission results from the TCO and GRAV analyses. These
organic emissions results have been compromised somewhat due to the use, in
these tests, of XAD-2 resin which had been inadvertently contaminated by
acetone between resin preparation and eventual use. Thus, several acetone
solvent contaminants and acetone polymerization products (chiefly an acetone
dimer), all of relatively low molecular weight and in the TCO boiling point
range, were introduced Into the resin. This resulted in a high TCO blank for
the XAD-2 resin for both tests. Table 3-9 shows the sample extract and field
blank TCO values from both tests, and indicates the high, contaminated
blank.
In an attempt to correct for the high blank, GC/MS analyses of the
extracts were performed to Identify and quantitate specific contaminant
species in both the blank and sample extracts. Subtracting the amount of
these contaminant species found In both sample and blank extracts from the
TCO levels of each, allowed defining a corrected TCO vaTue for both samples
and the blank. These corrected levels are also shown in Table 3-9. TCO
values listed in Table 3-8 reflect these corrected values. It should be
3-18
-------
TABLE 3-8. SUMMARY OF TOTAL ORGANIC EMISSIONS IN THE GAS STREAM
Test 1
(dry wood)
Organic emissions
Volatile organics
analyzed in the field
by GC (nominal boiling
point range)
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Total GI to Cg
Semi volatile organic
material analyzed by
TCO procedure
XAD-2 cartridge
Organic module
condensate
Total Cy to Cig
Nonvolatile organic
material analyzed by
GRAV procedure
10 ym + 3 pm cyclones
Filter + 1 pm cyclone
XAD-2 cartridge
Organic module
condensate
Total >Ci6
mg/dscm
11 to 26
20 to 52
5.4
3.2 to 15
2.4 to 15
4.7 to 7.0
47 to 120
6.0
0.23
6.2
<0.2
<0.3
9.1
0.4
9.5
g/kg fuel
as fired
0.24 to 0.58
0.44 to 1.2
0.12
0.071 to 0.31
0.053 to 0.33
0.10 to 0.16
1.0 to 2.7
0.133
0.005
0.14
<0.004
<0.007
0.020
0.086
0.21
Test 2
(green wood)
mg/dscm
0.9 to 4.1
2.5 to 7.5
0 to 4.8
0 to 17
0 to <12
<5.5 to <31
3.4 to <76
0.72
0.007
0.73
<0.3
<0.3
1.4
1.4
g/kg fuel
as fired
0.010 to 0.045
0.027 to 0.082
0 to 0.053
0 to 0.190
0 to <0.13
<0.060 to <0.34
0.037 to 0.84
0.008
0.0001
0.008
<0.003
<0.003
0.015
<0.001
0.015
Total organics
63 to 140 1.4 to 3.0
5.5 to <78 0.060 to <0.86
3-19
-------
TABLE 3-9. XAD-2 EXTRACT TCO RESULTS
Test 1 TCO Test 2 TCO
(mg) (mg)
Uncorrected
Sample extract
Blank
Sample
Corrected
Sample extract
Blank
Sampl e
250
120
130
130
0.64
130
140
120
20
20
0.64
19
TABLE 3-10. SUMMARY OF TOTAL ORGANIC CONTENT OF THE MECHANICAL
COLLECTOR HOPPER ASH
Organ ics
TCO
GRAY
Total organics
Test 1
(dry wood)
mg/kg ash
20
700
720
Test 2
(green wood)
mg/kg ash
20
650
670
3-20
-------
noted that all contamination consisted of TCO boiling range compounds so GRAY
results should be unaffected.
Based on corrected values, emissions of TCO and GRAY compounds were also
higher for the dry wood test. These results, combined with the Cj to Ce
results, confirm the continuous monitoring measurements which indicated much
higher combustible emissions for the dry wood test as evidenced by the higher
CO concentrations in the flue gas during Test 1.
The combined (corrected) TCO and GRAV content of the XAD-2 sorbent
extracts was 310 mg and 54 mg for Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. These
total organic levels were sufficient to warrant further analysis by LC
fractlonatlon followed by TCO, GRAV, and IR analyses of the eluted fractions.
Results of these analyses are presented in Sections 3.4.4 and 3.4.5.
Table 3-10 summarizes total organic content measured in the mechanical
collector hopper ash samples collected during each test. On a concentration
basis, mg/kg ash (ppm), both TCO and GRAV results indicate similar organic
contents for the ash samples from both tests.
3.4.2 Infrared Spectra of Total Sample Extracts
IR spectrometry was used to Identify organic functional groups present
in the SASS and flyash samples. The results of the IR analysis of the total
extract samples for both tests are summarized in Table 3-11. The spectra
were weak for the 10 um + 3 pm particulate extract for both tests, the filter
+ 1 pm particulate, and the organic module condensate for the dry wood test.
Only the presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons was suggested in the spectra of
the filter + 1 pm particulate extract for the green wood test and the
mechanical collector hopper ash extracts for both tests. The spectrum for
3-21
-------
TABLE 3-11. SUMMARY OF IR SPECTRA OF TOTAL SAMPLE EXTRACTS
ro
ro
Sample
Combined 10 Mm + 3 Mm
parti cul ate
Filter blank
Filter + 1 Mm
parti cul ate
XAD-2 blank
XAO-2 extract
Organic module
condensate
Mechanical collector
hopper ash
Frequency
(cm-1)
No peaks
No peaks
No peaks
Ho peaks
3,600 to 3,000
2,900
2,820
1.790
1,600
1,440
1,180
No peaks
2,900
2,820
Test 1
Intensity9
--
--
S
S
S
s
H
M
M
_
S
S
(dry wood)
Possible
assignment
--
--
0-H stretch
C-H stretch
C-H stretch
C=0 stretch
C»C stretch
C-H bend
C-0 stretch
C-C stretch
C-H stretch
C-H stretch
Possible compound
categories present1*
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons.
carboxyllc acids,
esters, ketones,
aldehydes,
alcohols
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Test 2
Frequency
(cm'1) Intensity8
No peaks
No peaks
2,900 S
No peaks
2,900 S
2.820 S
1.710 M
3,680 to 3,200 S
3,100 to 2,200 W
2,900 S
2,820 S
(green wood)
Possible
assignment
~
C-H stretch
C-H stretch
C-H stretch
C=0 stretch
0-H stretch
C-H stretch
C-H stretch
C-H stretch
Possible compound
categories present13
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons,
carboxyllc adds,
esters, ketones,
aldehydes,
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons,
alcohols
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons
'S: Strong, M: Moderate. W: Weak
"Possible compound categories present consistent with spectrum
-------
the organic module condensate for the green wood test suggested that alcohols
were possibly present.
The spectra for the XAD-2 extracts for both tests were the most complex.
These suggested the possible presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic
acids, and aldehydes for both tests. In addition, other oxygenates such as
esters, ketones, or alcohols may have contributed to the IR spectrum of the
XAD-2 extract for the dry wood test. Since IR spectra were obtained on the
GRAV residues of the XAD-2 extract, the aforementioned resin contamination
(TCO range compounds) would not have been expected to contribute to the
spectra. This is confirmed by the weak blank extract spectrum.
3.4.3 GC/MS Analysis of Total Sample Extracts
Capillary column GC/MS analyses of the extracts of the flue gas samples
collected by the SASS and the mechanical collector hopper ash were performed
to detect and quantify specific POM and other organic compounds (the
semivolatile organic priority pollutants). The compounds sought in the
analyses and their respective detection limits are listed in Table 3-12. The
results of the GC/MS analyses are summarized in Table 3-13. The POM and
other compounds listed were detected in measurable quantities essentially
only in the organic sorbent (XAD-2) extract (some phenol was measured in the
organic module condensate (OMC) for Test 2). None of the compounds sought
were detected in the mechanical collector hopper ash samples from either
test.
Results indicate that naphthalene and phenanthrene were the major POM
compounds in the flue gas during the dry wood test. For the green wood test,
acenaphthylene and phenanthrene were the major POM compounds. Overall, total
POM emissions were higher for Test 1 than for Test 2. The validity of this
3-23
-------
TABLE 3-12. COMPOUNDS SOUGHT IN THE GC/MS AND THEIR DETECTION LIMITS
(ng/Ml INJECTED)
Acid Compounds
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
p-chloro-m-cresol
2-chlorophenol
2,4-d1chlorophenol
2,4-dlmethyl phenol
5 2-nitrophenol
5 4-n1tropheno1
5 2,4-dinltrophenol
5 4,6-d1nitro-o-cresol
5 pentachlorophenol
phenol
Base Neutral Compounds
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1
1,2-dichlorobenzene 1
1,2-dlphenylhydrazlne 1
(as azobenzene)
1,3-dichlorobenzene 1
l,4-d1chlorobenzene 1
2,4-dinltrotoluene 1
2,6-dim'trotoluene 1
2-chloronaphthalene 1
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine 5
3-methyl cholanthrene 40
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether 1
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether 1
7,12-dfmethyl benz(a)anthracene 40
N-n1trosod1-n-propylam1ne 5
N~n1trosod1methylam1ne NA
N-nitrosodiphenylamine 1
acenaphthene 1
acenaphthylene 1
anthracene 1
benzo(gh1)pery1ene 5
benzldlne 20
benzo(b)fluoranthene 1
benzo(k)fluoranthene 1
benzo(a)anthracene 1
benzo(a)pyrene 1
benzo(c)phenanthrene
b1s(2-chloroethoxy)methane
b1s(2-chloroethyl}ether
b1s(2-chlorolsopropyl)ether
b1s(2-ethylhexyl)phtha1ate
butyl benzyl phthalate
chrysene
d1-n-butyl phthalate
di-n-octyl phthalate
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
dibenzo(c,g)carbazole
d1ethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate
fluoranthene
fluorene
hexachlorobenzene
hexachlorobutadi ene
hexachlorocyclopentadiene
hexachloroethane
1ndeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
isophorone
naphthalene
nitrobenzene
perylene
phenanthrene
pyrene
5
20
20
20
5
1
40
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
40
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
40
1
1
3-24
-------
TABLE 3-13. POM AND OTHER ORGANIC SPECIES EMISSION SUMMARY TOTAL FLUE GAS
Compound
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo/j+k/fluoranthenes
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Other polynuclears
Test 1
yg/dscm
_b
0.5
0.10
0.65
4.5
7.0
4.7
0.30
<0.05
(dry wood)
yg/kg fuel a
11
2.2
,
14
100
160
100
6.7
<1.1
Test 2 (green wood)
yg/dscm
0.1
5.2
0.2
0.04
0.3
~
2.0
0.96
0.2
<0.04
yg/kg fuel3
1.1
57
2.2
0.4
3.3
22
11
2.2
<0.44
akg fuel on wet basis
^Dashes indicate compound was not found to have concentration above the
detection limits of 0.05 yg/dscm for Test 1 results and 0.04 yg/dscm
for Test 2 results (more flue gas was sampled in the Test 2 SASS run
resulting in a lower detection limit)
3-25
-------
result is supported by the generally higher total organic and CO emission
levels measured during the dry wood test.
Simultaneous POM emission tests performed by DNR offered an opportunity
to validate results obtained in this program. Table 3-14 compares organic
species detected in this test program to those obtained by DNR. The sampling
equipment employed by DNR was based on the modified EPA Method 5 technique
developed by Battel1e-Columbus Laboratories (Reference 3-5). Collected
samples were analyzed by a capillary column GC/flame ionlzation detector
(FID) technique. As shown in Table 3-14, DNR recorded significantly higher
naphthalene and pyrene emissions and significantly lower phenanthrene
emissions than those determined with the SASS train. In addition, DNR
detected low levels of benzo(a)pyrene and benz(a)anthracene, while SASS
results do not show these compounds in concentrations exceeding detectability
limits of the analysis. Emission levels for other species agree reasonably
well; in most cases there was less than an order of magnitude difference
between this program's and the DNR results.
3.4.4 Column Chromatography
The XAD-2 sample extracts for both tests were separated via LC
fractionalon. GRAY and TCO content were then obtained for each LC fraction.
Results of these analyses are given 1n Tables 3-15 and 3-16. (TCO results in
these tables are corrected for blank contamination as discussed in
Section 3.4.1.) For Test 1 (Table 3-15), the LC fractlonatlon indicates a
relatively even distribution of organics In fractions 2 through 7.
For the green wood test (Table 3-16), most of the organics eluted in
fractions 1, 6, and 7. Fraction 1 generally contains aliphatic hydrocarbons
while fractions 6 and 7 generally contain polar oxygenates such as carboxylicr
3-26
-------
TABLE 3-14. COMPARISON OF POM EMISSION RESULTS FOR THE WOOD-FIREO
BOILER TESTS (yg/dscm)
Species
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo f 1 uoranthenes
Test 1 (dry wood)
DNR
This
Run 1 Run 2 study
51.7 63.9 4.5
a __ o.65
7.0
0.30
0.15
0.29 -- 0.10
Test
Run 1
21.9
0.52
3.7
0.12
0.20
__
2 (green
DNR
Run 2
44.8
0.53
4.8
0.65
__
wood)
This
study
2.0
0.20
0.30
0.20
0.04
_
7,l2-D1methyl
benz(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene <0.21 ~ -- 0.10
Perylene
3-Methylcholanthrene « 0.17
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene ~ > ~ 0.51
D1benz(a,h)anthracene
Benzo(g,h,1)perylene
Detection Limit 0.05 0.45 0.05 0.02 0.16 0.04
aDashes denote less than detection limit
3-27
-------
TABLE 3-15. GRAY AND TCO RESULTS OF COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR TEST 1
(DRY WOOD) XAD-2 EXTRACTS
Fraction
LCI
LC2
LC3
LC4
LC5
LC6
LC7
Total
TCO
mg/dscm
0.056
0.27
0.27
0.17
0.56
0.17
0.56
2.1
GRAY
mg/dscm
0.15
<0.093
0.23
0.23
0.51
0.18
5.2
6.5
mg/dscm
0.21
0.27
0.50
0.40
1.1
0.35
5.8
8.6
Total
mg/kg fuel
as fired
4.7
6.0
11
8.9
24
7.8
129
190
ng/J heat
Input
0.26
0.33
0.62
0.50
1.4
0.43
7.2
11
aResults are based on the total organics recovered In each fraction
corrected to total organics In the original sample
3-28
-------
TABLE 3-16. GRAY AND TCO RESULTS OF COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR TEST 2
(GREEN WOOD) XAD-2 EXTRACT*
Fraction
LCI
LC2
LC3
LC4
LC5
LC6
LC7
Total
TCO
mg/dscm
0.020
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.063
<0.007
.0.083
GRAV
mg/dscm
0.18
0.067
<0.037
0.092
<0.037
0.16
0.26
0.76
Total
mg/kg fuel
mg/dscm as fired
0.20
0.07
<0.04
0.09
<0.04
0.22
0.26
0.84
2.2
0.8
<0.4
1.0
<0.4
2.4
2.8
9.2
ng/J heat
input
0.16
0.06
<0.03
0.07
<0.03
0.18
0.21
0.59
aResults are based on the total organics recovered in each
fraction corrected to total organics in the original sample
3-29
-------
acids, alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, and phenols. With the exception
of LCI and LC6 which show approximately equal concentrations of organics for
both tests, organics for Test 1 exceeded those of Test 2 in all fractions.
Total organics were over an order of magnitude higher for the dry wood test
than for the green wood test.
3.4.5 IR Analyses of Fractions From Column Chromatography
IR spectra were obtained on the GRAV residue of all sample fractions
obtained from LC fractionation of the XAD-2 extracts. Table 3-17 summarizes
these IR spectra results. Only the spectra for LC fraction 3 for both tests
and LC fraction 7 for the dry wood test were strong enough to be interpreted.
The presence of alcohols 1s suggested by the LC3 spectra for both tests. The
spectrum for LC7 of the dry wood test extract is consistent with the possible
presence of carboxylic acids, esters, alcohols, aldehydes and/or ketones.
The IR spectra of the LC fractions are consistent with those of the
total extracts summarized in Table 3-11.
3.4.6. Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Total Extracts and LC
Fractions
Tables 3-8 and 3-15 noted that several XAD-2 extract LC fractions and
the OMC for the dry wood test, and the total XAD-2 extract for the green wood
test had total organic content (TCO + GRAV) corresponding to emissions
greater than 0.5 mg/dscm. In addition, Table 3-10 noted that the mechanical
collector hopper ash extract for both tests had total organic content of
greater than 1 mg/kg. Thus the green wood test total XAD-2 extracts, several
combined XAD-2 extract LC fractions for the dry wood test, and the mechanical
hopper ash extracts for both tests were subjected to low resolution mass
spectrometry (LRMS) analysis via direct insertion probe. In addition,
3-30
-------
TABLE 3-17. SUMMARY OF IR SPECTRA FOR LC FRACTIONS OF XAD-2 EXTRACT
CO
CO
Fraction
LCI
LC2
LC3
LC4
LC5
LC6
LC7
LC7
Blankc
Test 1
Frequency
(cm-1) intensity3
Ho peaks
No peaks
3,450 S
Ho peaks
No peaks
No peaks
3,230 M
2,880 M
2,810 M
1,650 S
1,190 S
3,600 to 3,300 S
(dry wood)
Possible Possible compound
assignment categories present1*
..
0-H stretch Alcohols,
carbo*y!1c acids
~
~
-.
0-H stretch Carboxyllc acids
C-H stretch esters, alcohols,
C-H stretch aldehydes,
C-H stretch ketones
C-0 stretch
C-0 stretch
C-0 stretch
0-H stretch
Frequency
(cm'1)
No peaks
No peaks
3,450
No peaks
No peaks
No peaks
No peaks
Test 2 (green wood)
Possible Possible compound
Intens.1tya assignment categories present"
~
S 0-H stretch Alcohols,
carboxyllc adds
~
~
*S = strong, M « moderate
"Possible compound categories present consistent with spectra and LC fraction
cSpectra for all other fractions for the blank XAD-2 extract had no peaks
-------
because the TCO contents of the dry wood test LC fractions and OMC were
signfleant, the selected combined fractions from this test were also
subjected to LRMS analysis via batch inlet injection.
Table 3-18 presents the results of these analyses. As shown in the
table, phenols, aldehydes, and heterocylic oxygen compounds (furan and
benzofuran) were significant components of the organics collected by the
XAD-2 sorbent and in the OMC for the dry wood test. Lower molecular weight
(<216) polycyclic organic species were also present in the dry wood test
XAD-2 extract, as well as the mechanical collector hopper ash extracts from
both tests. Various oxygenated compound categories (ethers, carboxylic
acids, and ketones) along with nitrogen containing organics (nitriles,
amines, and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds) were identified in the OMC for
the dry wood test.
In many cases, the direct insertion probe LRMS analyses Identified
different compound categories than the batch inlet analyses. However, the
molecular weight of compounds identified in the batch inlet analyses was
generally in the range that is poorly detected via direct insertion probe.
Analyzing a method standard via direct insertion showed that compounds with
molecular weight less than about 130 to 140 were lost (i.e., not recovered)
to varying degrees. This is just the range identified by the batch inlet
analyses.
As noted above, results for the XAD-2 extract and possibly for the OMC
are compromised somewhat by the fact that the XAD-2 had been contaminated
prior to use in the field. However, 6C/MS analysis of both sample and field
blank resin extracts showed the contaminant species to be acetone and acetone
polymers (primarily the dimer) with small amounts of alkyl and alkenyl
3-32
-------
TABLE 3-18. SUMMARY OF LRMS ANALYSES
Direct Insertion
Test Sample Compound category
1 (dry wood) XAD-2, LC2 + 3 CarboxyUc acids
Polynuclear aromatics,
MWO <216
XAD-2, LC4 + 5 None found
XAD-2, LC6 + 7 None found
OMC Ethers
Nitriles
Amines
Heterocycllc sulfur
compounds
Carboxyllc acids
Halogenatic aliphatlcs
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenols
Ketones
Heterocyclic nitrogen
compounds
Polynuclear aromatics,
MW <216
LRMS
Intensity3
10
1
,
100
100
100
100
100
10
10
10
10
10
1
Batch inlet LRMS
Compound category
Polynuclear aromatics.
MW <216
(naphthalene)
Aldehydes, MW 106 to 120
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenols, MW 94 to 122
Heterocycllc oxygen
compounds, MW 118 to 146
Phenols. MW 94 to 122
Heterocyclic oxygen
compounds, MW 118 to 146
Aldehydes, MW 84 to 124
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenols, MW 94 to 136
Heterocycllc oxygen
compounds, MW 68 to 146
Aldehydes, MW 96 to 120
Intensity3
100
100
10
10
10
100
10
10
10
100
10
10
Mechanical collector Polynuclear aromatlcs,
hopper ash MM <216
2 (green wood) XAD-2 total extract None found
Mechanical collector Carboxyllc acids
hopper ash Polynuclear aromatics,
MW <216
100
10
__ c
a!00 Major component, 10 »
tftW = Molecular weight
c * Analysis not performed
minor component, 1 = trace component
3-33
-------
benzenes (ostensibly XAD-2 degradation products). Thus, the compound
categories Identified In the samples and noted 1n Table 3-18 should reflect
species actually 1n the flue gas of the boiler sample (with the possible
exception of the ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons 1n the OMC) and not caused
by resin contamination.
3.4.7 Organic Emissions Summary
Tables 3-19 and 3-20 summarize organic emissions In the flue gas for
Test 1 and 2, respectively. Inferences 1n Table 3-19 for Test 1 are based
primarily on LRMS results as confirmed by IR spectra. Inferences 1n
Table 3-20 for Test 2 are based entirely on IR spectra Interpretations and
must, therefore, be viewed with strict caution. Overall, organic flue gas
emissions for Test 1 (dry wood) were about an order of magnitude greater than
those for Test 2 (green wood). The organic content of the flue gas
particulate corresponded to less than 0.3 mg/dscm for both tests. The
organic content of the mechanical collector hopper ash was about 700 mg/kg
ash for both tests.
3.5 RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS
Radiometrlc activities of the particulate catch from the SASS train and
the flyash from the mechanical collector are presented In Table 3-21. The
sun of alpha plus beta activities for the flue gas partlculate, when
converted to emission rates, corresponds to 770 pC-f/kg fuel for Test 1 and
760 pCj/kg for Test 2. By comparison, the radlonucllde emissions (excluding
radon) calculated for a coal-fired powerplant range from 170 to 800 pC^/kg of
coal (Reference 3-6). Thus, emissions from the wood-fired unit are 1n the
range of those from coal-fired powerplants.
3-34
-------
TABLE 3-19. ORGANIC EXTRACT SUMMARY TEST 1 (DRY WOOD) XAD-2 AND OMC
EXTRACTS
Total organlcs, mg
TCO, mg
GRAY, mg
Category
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Carboxyllc
acids
Polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbons,
MW >216
A1 dehydes
Ethers
N1tr1les
Amines
Heterocycllc
sul fur
compounds
Halogenated
allphatlcs
Aromatic
hydrocarbons
LCI LC2 +3 LC4 + 5 LC6 + 7 OMC
4.5 17 32 132 13
1.2 12 16 16 4.9
3.3 5 16 116 8.0
Assigned Intensity mg/dscm
LCI LC2 +3 LC4 + 5 LC6 + 7 OMC
1000.21
100.70 100-0.091
10.07 10.001
1001.2 100.5 100.009
1000.091
1000.091
1000.091
1000.091
100.009
100.1 100.5 100.009
Total
200
50
150
Total
mg/dscm
(rag/kg
fuel)
0.21
(4.6)
0.79
(17)
0.0071
(0.16)
1.8
(40)
0.091
(2.0)
0.091
(2.0)
0.091
(2.0)
0.091
(2.0)
0.009
i f\ A \
(0.2)
0.61
(13)
3-35
-------
TABLE 3-19. (concluded)
LCI
LC2 +3 LC4 + 5 LC6 + 7
OMC
Total
mg/dscm
(ng/kg
fuel)
Phenols
Heterocyclic
oxygen
compounds
Phenol
Acenaphthalene
Benzo/j+k/
fl uoranthenes
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
100.1 1004.7 1000.091 4.8
(110)
100.1 100.5 100-^0.009 0.61
(13)
Ketones
Heterocyclic
nitrogen
compounds
100.009
100.009
0.009
(0.2)
0.009
(0.2)
Specific compounds mg/dscm
0.0047
(0.10)
0.0005
(0.011)
0.0001
(0.002)
0.00065
(0.014)
0.0045
(0.10)
0.0070
(0.16)
0.0003
(0.007)
3-36
-------
TABLE 3-20. ORGANIC EXTRACT SUMMARY TEST 2 (GREEN WOOD) XAD-2 AND CMC
EXTRACTS
LCI LC2 + 3 LC4 + 5 LC6 + 7
Total organics, mg 5.4 1.8 2.5 13
TCO, mg 0.53 <0.04 <0.04 1.7
GRAY, mg 4.9 1.8 2.5 11.2
Assigned intensity mg/dscm
Category* LCI LC2 + 3 + 4 + 5/ + 6 + 7
Aliphatic 1000.20
hydrocarbons
Aldehydes 100-0.32
Carboxylic 1000.32
acids
OMC Total
0.2 23
0.2 2.3
<3.0 20.4
Total ,
mg/dscm
(mg/kg
OMC fuel )
0.20
(2.2)
1000.003 0.32
(3.5)
1000.003 0.32
(3.5)
Specific compounds mg/dscm
Phenol
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
.
Pherianthrene
Pyrene
0.00096
(0.011)
0.0001
(0.001)
0.0052
(0.057)
0.0002
(0.002)
0.00004
(0.0004)
0.0003
(0.003)
0.0020
(0.022)
0.0002
(0.002)
aSummary of organic emissions are based on IR results primarily since LRMS
did not show any organic groups
3-37
-------
TABLE 3-21. RADIOMETRIC ACTIVITY OF SASS PARTICIPATE AND COLLECTOR
ASH SAMPLES
Activity, pCj/g Ash*
Test Sample Gross alpha Gross beta
1 (dry wood) Composite particulate 16.8 ± 12.1 200.0 +_ 18.5
from cyclones and
filter catches^
Mechanical collector 17.6 _+ 4.2 119.0 _+ 38.0
hopper ash
2 (green wood) Composite particulate 21.7 _+ 9.6 161.8 _+ 30.5
from cyclones and
filter catches'5
Mechanical collector 15.6 _+ 3.9 93.3 + 35.0
hopper ash
aThe ± values are the two sigma Poisson standard deviations of the
counting error
Corrected for filter blank
3-38
-------
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3
3-1. (Deleted.)
3-2. Walnwright, P.B., et al., "A POM Emissions Study for Industrial
Wood-Fired Boilers," North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development, Raleigh, North Carolina, April 1982.
3-3. "Supplement No. 13 for Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Third Edition," AP-42, NTIS PB83-126557, August 1982.
3-4. Lentzen, D. E., et al., "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment (Second Edition),"1 EPA-600/7-78-201, NTIS
PB293795, October 1978.
3-5. Jones, P. W., et al., "Measurement of Polycyclic Organic Materials and
Other Hazardous Compounds in Stack Gases State of the Art,"
EPA-600/2-77-202, NTIS PB274013, October 1977.
3-6. "Radiological Impact Caused by Emissions of Radionuclides Into Air in
the United States Preliminary Report," EPA-520/7-79-006, NTIS
PB80-122336, August 1979.
3-39
-------
SECTION 4
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
This section discusses the potential environmental Impact of the
wood-fired Industrial boiler tested and discusses the results of the bloassay
testing of flue gas and solid waste stream samples collected from the boiler
burning both dry and green wood. The potential environmental impact is
evaluated by comparing discharge stream species concentrations to
occupational exposure guidelines or water quality criteria. These
comparisons are done to rank species discharges for possible further
consideration. Bloassay analyses were conducted as a more direct measure of
the potential health and ecological effects of waste streams. Both these
analyses are aimed at identifying problem areas and providing the basis for
ranking of pollutant species and discharge streams for further
consideration.
4.1 EMISSIONS ASSESSMENT
To obtain a measure of the potential significance of the discharge
streams analyzed in this test' program, discharge stream concentrations were
compared to indices which reflect potential for adverse health effects. For
the flue gas discharge, the indices used for comparison were occupational
exposure guidelines. Two sources of such guidelines were used:
time-weighted-average Threshold Limit Values (TLV's) defined by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists (ACGIH) (Reference 4-1) and
4-1
-------
8-hr time-weight-average exposure limits established by the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (Reference 4-2). For the mechanical
collector hopper ash, the indices used were the health-based water quality
criteria promulgated by EPA (Reference 4-3), compared to ash leachate
concentrations. For recognized carcinogens, water quality criteria are
defined corresponding to different levels of cancer risk in individuals
consuming contaminated drinking water over a lifetime. The values associated
with the lO-5 Hsk level (an increased lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 100,000)
were used here.
The comparisons of discharge stream species concentrations to these
potential adverse health indices were only performed to rank species
discharge levels with respect to potential for adverse effects. Conclusions
concerning absolute risk associated with the discharges evaluated were not,
and should not be drawn. These evaluations are only presented to place
different species dischages into perspective and to rank them for further
consideration.
Table 4-1 lists those pollutant species emitted in the flue gas
discharge stream at levels greater than 10 percent of their occupational
exposure guideline for either test performed. Emissions of carbon monoxide
and NOX were over an order of magnitude higher than their respective
occupational exposure guidelines, up to over two orders of magnitude for CO
1n Test 1. Silver, nickel, and phosphorus were emitted at levels exceeding
their respective occupational exposure guidelines for both tests.
Table 4-2 lists the concentrations of those species in the mechanical
hopper ash leachate from the dry wood test which exceeded their respective
health-based water quality criteria. Only barium had a leachate
4-2
-------
TABLE 4-1. FLUE GAS SPECIES EMITTED AT LEVELS EXCEEDING 10 PERCENT OF
THEIR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE GUIDELINES
Emitted concentrations
(yg/dscm)
Pollutant
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Silver, Ag
NOX
Nickel, Ni
Phosphorus, P
Barium, Ba
Potassium, K
Iron, Fe
Sodium, Na
Chromium, Cr
Copper, Cu
Lead, Pb
Cobalt, Co
Test 1
(dry wood)
2.8 x 106
790
8.7 x 104
120
>160
>160
>300
>190
>720
8.2
11
5.2
5.6
Test 2
(green wood)
1.3 x 106
14
1.5 x 105
290
>280
>330
>1,300
>470
>370
17
59
18
0.79
Occupational
exposure
guideline
(yg/m3)a
5.5 x 104
10
6,000
100
100
500
2,000
1,000
2,000
50
200
150
50
threshold Limit Value (Reference 4-1)
TABLE 4-2. MECHANICAL COLLECTOR HOPPER ASH SPECIES WITH LEACHATE
CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDING A MATER QUALITY CRITERION
Species
Test 1 (dry wood)
hopper ash leachate
concentrations
(yg/ml)
Water quality
criterion
fug/ml)
Barium, Ba
Chromium, Cr
Lead, Pb
Nickel, Ni
>10
0.10
0.080
0.020
1.0
0.050
0.050
0.0134
4-3
-------
concentration significantly greater than its water quality criterion. As
noted in Section 3, leachate composition data were developed only for the
mechanical collector hopper ash from the dry wood test (Test 1). However,
Section 3 also noted that the trace element composition of the solid
mechanical collector hopper ash for the green wood test (Test 2) was very
similar. Thus, similar conclusions concerning its leachate composition would
be expected.
4.2 BIOASSAY RESULTS
Bioassay tests were performed on the organic sorbent (XAD-2) extracts,
particulate flyash collected by the SASS train, and the mechanical collector
hopper ash. Bioassay results reported here are for both health and
ecological effects test (Reference 4-4). A detailed description of the
biological analyses performed Is presented in Volume II (Data Supplement) of
this report. The bioassay tests performed on the XAD-2 extracts were health
effects tests only. These were:
Ames assay, based on the property of Salmonella typhimurium mutants
to revert due to exposure to various classes of mutagens
Cytotoxiclty assay (CHO) with mammalian cells in culture to measure
cellular metabolic impairment and death resulting from exposure to
soluble toxicants
In addition to the Ames test, health effects bioassay tests performed on the
mechanical collector hopper ash and the particulate collected by the SASS
Included:
The rabbit alveolar macrophage (RAM) cytotoxiclty assay which gives
a toxicity evaluation measured by the reduction in cell viability
4-4
-------
and adenoslne triphosphate content of the cultures after several
hours exposure to the test material
The whole amnlal acute toxiclty test 1n live rodents (WAT) to
Identify ^ vivo toxicity of samples
Table 4-3 summarizes the results from the Ames, CHO, RAM, and WAT
assays. Overall, the results suggest that all samples, except the XAD-2
extracts, were of nondetectable to low toxicity and mutagenicity. The XAD-2
extracts for both tests showed high toxicity and mutagenicity. The XAD-2
extract for the dry wood test contained about an order of magnitude higher
total organic content than the XAD-2 extract for the green wood test (mg/dscm
basis). However, the relative contents of semivolatile organic priority
pollutants, including POM species, were more comparable. If these latter are
the components resulting in toxic and mutagenic responses, the fact that
there were no differences in response between the tests is understandable.
Flyash samples from the mechanical collector hopper were also tested for
acute toxicity to freshwater invertebrates (Daphnia magna), freshwater fish
(fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas) and freshwater algae (Selenastrum
capricornutum). Table 4-4 summarizes the results of these tests. Results of
these assays suggest that the samples were of nondetectable to low toxicity.
4.3 SUMMARY
Comprehensive emissions characterization tests were performed on a
watertube Industrial boiler converted to burn wood waste. Two series of
tests were performed: one with the boiler firing dry wood waste
(11.02 percent moisture), and one with the boiler firing green wood waste
(33.85 percent moisture). Flue gas NOX, CO, and particulate emissions were
measured (S02 and $03 were..sampled for, but not detected). In addition, flue
4-5
-------
TABLE 4-3. BIOASSAY RESULTS (HEALTH EFFECTS)
Test
1
(dry wood)
Bioassay
Sample Ames* CHOb RAMb
Combined part icul ate ND
(cyclones and
filter catches)
WATb
XAD-2 sorbent H/M H
extract
2
(green wood)
Flyash ND L/ND
10 pm + 3 ym ND ~ L/ND
cyclone catches
ND
1 um cyclone and ND M
filter catches
XAD-2 sorbent H H
extract
Flyash ND ND
ND
aMutagen1city test
bToxicity test
ND Nondetectable
L Low
M Moderate
H -- High
Assay not performed
4-6
-------
TABLE 4-4. BIOASSAY RESULTS (ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS)
Aquatic organisms
Test Sample Invertebrate3 Freshwater fishb Freshwater algae0
1 Flyash
(dry wood)
ND/L
ND
(green wood) Flyash
ND/L
aDaphnia magna
"Pimephales promelas
cSelenastrum capricornutum
ND Nondetectable toxicity
L ~ Low toxicity
~ Assay not performed
4-7
-------
gas emissions of 73 inorganic trace elements, total organics in three boiling
point ranges, and ROM's and selected other organic species were also
measured. The mechanical collector hopper ash was also analyzed for trace
element composition, total organic content, and Teachable trace element and
anion content.
CO emissions from the boiler were very high, averaging almost 10,000 ppm
(dry at 3 percent Og) for the dry wood test and 3,000 ppm for the green wood
test. Per unit of fuel feed, these translate to 66 and 14 g/kg fuel,
respectively. The high CO emissions were the direct consequence of the high
excess air levels at which the boiler was operated: averaging almost
400 percent for the dry wood test and over 200 percent for the green wood
test. NOX emissions for both tests were below 200 ppm (dry, at 3 percent
03), corresonding to between 1.5 and 2.0 g/kg fuel. These levels are
somewhat higher than typical for wood-fired Industrial boilers. Particulate
emissions were approximately 3.5 g/kg fuel for both tests, in the range
typical of wood-fired industrial boilers.
Paralleling the relative CO levels for the two tests, flue gas total
organic emissions for the dry wood test, at between 1.4 and 3.0 g/kg fuel,
were significantly higher than those for the green wood test at between 0.06
and 0.86 g/kg fuel. Emission levels for all three boiling point ranges of
organics analyzed (nominally Ci to Cg, Cy to Ci6, and Ci6+) as well as the
POM species determined, were higher in the dry wood (higher excess air)
test.
For both tests the trace element composition of the mechanical collector
hopper ash was similar to that of the corresponding coarse fraction (>3 \m)
participate collected. Further, the composition of the mechanical collector
4-8
-------
hopper ash was similar for both tests, paralleling a corresponding similarity
between fuel trace element composition.
Compared to coal-fired Industrial boilers 1n the same capacity range,
NOX emissions from the wood-fired unit tested were lower. Emissions from the
wood-fired boiler tested were generally less than 200 ppm (dry at 3 percent
02), corresponding to levels In the 100 ng/J heat Input range. Typical
coal-fired stoker NOX emissions are 1n the 300 to 400 ppm (dry at 3 percent
03) range, corresponding to about 200 ng/J heat Input. S02 emissions from
the wood-fired boiler were also lower than for a coal-fired unit reflecting
the relative fuel sulfur contents.
CO emissions from the wood-fired bo1ler: 1n several thousand ppm (at
3 percent 03) range, were significantly higher than the typical several
hundred ppm or less range from coal-fired units. However, the wood-fired
unit was operated at very high excess air levels, several hundred percent
excess air. Coal-fired stokers are generally operated In the 30 percent
excess air range. Total semivolatlle and nonvolatile (SASS train) organic
emissions from the wood-fired unit In the green wood test (during which the
boiler was fired at lower excess air) were comparable to corresponding
emissions from a coal-fired boiler. Total organic emissions for the dry wood
test (with the boiler fired at higher excess air) were higher.
Emissions of several POM species (acenaphthylene, acenaphthene,
anthracene, benzofluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene,
phenanthrene, and pyrene were measured in the 0.1 to 7 yg/dscm range in one
or both of the tests of this wood-fired boiler. Emissions of the same
species from industrial coal-fired boilers are often in the 0.1 to 1 pg/dscm
range. Thus, POM emissions from the wood-fired unit appear higher (up to an
4-9
-------
order of magnitude higher for some species) than from corresponding
coal-fired sources. Still, emission levels remain relatively low, and only
of POM species not regarded as being among the most hazardous.
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4
4-1. "Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in
the Work Environment with Intended Changes for 1982," American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists, Cincinnati, Ohio,
1982.
4-2. OSHA Safety and Health Standards, 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z.
4-3. "Water Quality Criteria Documents; Availability," Federal Register,
Vol. 45, No. 231, pp. 79318 to 79379, November 28, 1980.
4-4. Bruslck, 0. J., and R. R. Young, "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment, Biological Tests," EPA-600/8-81-024, NTIS PB
82-228966, October 1981.
4-10
-------
APPENDIX A
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS METHODS
Emission test equipment was provided by Acurex Corporation and the
Office of Research and Development of EPA. Continuous monitoring analyses
for 02, CO, and NOX emissions were provided by personnel from the GCA
t
Corporation contracted by EPA to operate their mobile emission monitoring
laboratory. Onslte equipment provided by Acurex Corporation Included a
sulfur oxides analysis train (controlled condensation system equipment), the
SASS train for particulate sizing and trace element and organic species
collection, EPA Method 5 sampling train for total participate emissions, and
gas chromatography with flame lonization detector (GC/FID) for gaseous (Cj to
Cg) hydrocarbon analyses. Source testing by Acurex and GCA was performed
simultaneously with polycyclic organic matter (POM) emissions testing by the
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development
(DNR). The equipment used by the DNR consisted of an EPA Method 5 sampling
train modified for the collection of semivolatile organic species as
described by Battelle-Columbus Laboratories (Reference A-l). All flue gas
emission sampling was performed at the stack. Wood fuel samples and flyash
waste streams samples were taken by Acurex.
The following sections briefly describe the equipment and sampling
procedures used by Acurex and GCA during the source evaluation of the
wood-fired industrial boiler.
A-l
-------
A.I CONTINUOUS MONITORING SYSTEM FOR GASEOUS EMISSIONS
The continuous monitors for flue gas analysis were furnished by EPA 1n
their mobile sampling van. The gas samples were taken from the stack
downstream of the Induced draft (ID) fan. One sampling probe, located at the
average centrold of the stack, was used In sampling the flue gas* Flue gas
X
02, CO, and NOX were measured using the instrumentation summarized in
Table A-l; calibration gases are listed in Table A-2. Figure A-l illustrates
the flue gas sampling system. The sampling probe is equipped with an
1n-stack filter for removal of partlculate matter. The heated interface box,
containing pneumatically operated valves, permitted the operator to transport
calibration gas to the box and compressed air for back-flushing of sampling
probe and filter. The Interface box is connected to the gas conditioning
system by self-regulated heat-traced teflon tubing. A two-stage condensation
unit removes the water vapor from the sample prior to delivery to the
distribution panel and analyses.
A.2 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
Particulate mass tests were conducted in accordance with EPA Reference
Methods 1 through 5. The Acurex High Volume Stack Sampler (HVSS) Illustrated
schematically in Figure A-2 was used in this program. A 1.52-m (5-ft) heated
stainless-steel, glass-lined probe was used to isokinetlcally extract samples
from the stack. Probe temperature was maintained at 120°C (250°F) as
required by EPA Method 5. A glass fiber filter 142 m (5.59 in.) in diameter
heated to 120eC (250°F) was used to capture the particulates. The impinger
train consisted of foam glass impingers equipped with teflon caps and 316
stainless-steel stems, collector tubes, and fittings. The first two
Impingers contained 100 ml of distilled water, the third was empty, and the
A-2
-------
TABLE A-l. MOBILE LABORATORY INSTRUMENT COMPLIMENT (REFERENCE A-2)
Analyzer
Oxygen (02)
Oxides of nitrogen (NOX)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Manufacturer
MSA
TECO
Horiba
Model
number
802
10AR
PIR2000
TABLE A-2. CALIBRATION GASES (REFERENCE A-2)
Standard
NO
NO
CO
CO
02
02
Zero
Diluent
Gas
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Compressed air
Nitrogen
Standard
concentration
148 ppm
202 ppm
258 ppm
1,020 ppm
11.1 percent
20.9 percent
Zero gas
A-3
-------
FILTER
HEATED INTERFACE BOX
HEATED
SAMPLE
LINE
WATER-VAPOR
REMOVAL v.
TO DISTRIBUTION
PANEL
AND
ANALYZERS
DRAIN
DRAIN
Figure A-l. Flue gas collection and conditioning system (Reference A-2),
A-4
-------
Sm1 th-Greenberg Impi nger
en
Stack temperature T.C.
^ «
Probe temperature
"S" type J
pitot tube
PI tot AP
magnehellc
pressure gages
AH orifice plate
7
Orifice AH
magnehellc gage
Note: T.C. = Thermocouple
Modified Smith-Greenberg
Implngers
non
100ml (each) Empty
lce bath
Fine adjustment
by pass valve
Silica gel
dessleant
Vacuum
Gauge
Coarse
adjustment
valve
K
Vacuum
line
Dry test meter
A1r tight
vacuum
pump
Figure A-2. Particulate sampling train.
-------
fourth contained a known amount of silica gel. The control module is
equipped with magnehelic gauges and digital thermocouple readouts, and a dry
gas flowmeter for monitoring pressure and temperature in the stack and total
gas sampled.
Sample collection took place on the uninsulated stack above the ID fan.
The particulate tests were performed at 48 sampling points in accordance with
EPA Method 1. Each test point was sampled for 2.5 rain, hence a 120-min total
sample time.
Figure A-3 illustrates the Method 5 sample recovery protocol utilized to
measure total particulate mass collected with the HVSS train. Solid
particulate matter is defined as all particulate mass collected In the front
half of the train; that is the filter, the probe, and the nozzle.
Condensible particulate matter Is obtained from gravimetric analyses of
/
impinger liquids and impinger rinses.
A.3 SULFUR EMISSIONS
Sulfur emissions (S(>2 and $03} were measured using the controlled
condensation system illustrated in Figure A-4. This sampling system,
designed primarily to measure vapor phase concentration of SQ$ as 1^04,
consists of a heated quartz probe, a Goksoyr/Ross condenser (condensation
coil), impingers, a pump, and a dry gas test meter. By using the
Goksoyr/Ross condenser, the gas is cooled to the dew point where $03
condenses as HgSO^ SOg Interference is prevented by maintaining the
temperature of the gas above the water dew point. Sulfur dioxide is
collected in a 3 percent hydrogen peroxide solution. A more detailed
discussion of the controlled condensation sampling system is given in
Reference A-3.
A-6
-------
FILTER
DESICCATE AND
WEIGH TO
CONSTANT WEIGHT
PROBE. NOZZLE
AND FILTER WASH
IMPINGERS
LIQUID
EVAPORATE AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE
EVAPORATE AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE
MEASURE VOLUME
TO »1 ml
DESICCATE AND
WEIGH TO
CONSTANT WEIGHT
EXTRACT WITH
3 x 25 ml
ETHYL ETHER
EXTRACT WITH
3x28 ml
ETHYL ETHER
EXTRACT WITH
3 » 25 ml
CHLOROFORM
FILTER THROUGH
47 mm TYPE A
GLASS FILTER
EVAPORATE AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE
DESICCATE AND
WEIGH TO
CONSTANT WEIGHT
FILTER THROUGH
CONSTANT WEIGHT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
CONSTANT WEIGHT
NOTES1
1) ALL WEIGHTS ARE TO NEAREST ttOlg
2) DESICCATE ALL SAMPLES FOR 24 HOURS PRIOR TO WEIGHING
Figure A-3. Sample analysis scheme for particulate sampling train.
A-7
-------
00
-1/h"
-------
Both S02 and $03 (as ^SO^ were measured by titration with a 0.02 N NaOH
using bromphenol blue and barium thorin as the indicators. Results of the
titration with bromphenol blue Indicator were considered questionable due to
pH Inbalances 1n the blanks and samples. Most of the samples analyzed
required the addition of acid to swing the Indicator color to yellow for
titration to a basic end point. Although S02 and $03 analyses using this
indicator showed concentrations in the range of 3 to 8 ppm, respectively, the
results were considered questionable because of problems associated with
plpetlng errors and varying end-points.
The results of the barium thorin titration seemed to be much more
definitive. For the most part end-points were easily determined and the
results consistent. Using this titration method, the analysis indicated that
there were no detectable oxidized sulfur species in the sampled flue gas
stream for either the dry or green wood tests.
A.4 TRACE ELEMENTS AND ORGANIC EMISSIONS
Emissions of Inorganic trace elements and organic compounds were sampled
with the source assessment sampling system (SASS). Designed for Level 1
environmental assessment (Reference A-4), the SASS collects large quantities
of gas and solid samples required for subsequent analyses of inorganic and
organic emissions as well as particle size measurement.
The SASS, Illustrated In Figure A-5, 1s generally similar to the system
utilized for total particulate mass emission tests (HVSS) with the exception
of:
Particulate cyclones heated in the oven with the filter to 230°C
(450°F)
A-9
-------
Heated oven
Filter
Stainless
steel
sample
nozzle
Stack T.C.
1/2" Teflor)
line
Isolation
ball valve
Organic module
Gas temperature T.C.
1/2" Teflon line
.aoaa/
.' Stack
velocity
AP magnehellCj
gauges
Stainless steel
probe assembly
Oven T.C
Sorbent cartridge
Heater controller
W Teflon
Condensate
collector vessejl
Imp/cooler trace
element collector
Gas meter T.C.
Coarse adjustment
alve
AH orifice plate
Vacuum gauge
Fine adjustment
valve
Implnger
1 t
Ice bath
600 grams
gel
desleant
500ml
0.2 M AgWh
0.2 H (NH4)2 S208
500 ml
30* H202
Orifice AH
magnehelic
gauge f v\
I acuum pumps
1(10 ft3/m1n each)
Heavy wal1
vacuum line
| Controljnodujlr-^l _OnrJ«t_K
Note: T.C. = Thermocouple
Figure A-5. Source assessment sampling train schematic.
-------
Ttie addition of a gas cooler and organic sampling module
The addition of necessary vacuum pumps
Schematics outlining the sampling and analytical procedures using the
SASS equipment are presented In Figures-A-6 and A-7. The following
paragraphs briefly describe analytical procedures used In measuring trace
elements and organic emissions.
Inorganic analyses of solid and liquid samples from the SASS train were
performed by spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS) for most of the trace
elements. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for analyses of
volatile mercury (Hg), antimony (Sb), and arsenic (As).
Quantitative information on total organic emissions was obtained by gas
chromatography for total chromatographable organlcs (TCO) and by gravimetry
(GRAY) of participate, sorbent module (XAD-2), and condensate trap extracts.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS)
were used for identification of organic functional groups and for determining
polycyclic organic matter (POM) and other organic species concentrations in
extract samples. Liquid chromatography (LC) into seven polarity fractions,
followed by IR, and low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) of fractions
containing >0.5 mg/dscm were performed to better quantify specific organic
species. Figure A-8 illustrates the organic analysis methodology followed
during the current program.
A.5 Ci TO C6 HYDROCARBON SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Samples of flue gas for C| to 5 hydrocarbon analysis were collected
using a grab sampling procedure. Flue gas was extracted from the stack at an
average velocity point similar to the average velocity point selected for the
SASS probe.
A-ll
-------
SAMPLE
SOR8ENT CARTRIDGE
AQUEOUS CONDENSATE
FIBST IMPINGFR
M
B z
So 2
J* afa 0
u tug <
1 5^ s x
* MU 2
I §1 * i
H »»a > x
5 u c a
u oo a >
^v.__^X' *
BT~~^^
_ ^
*so___x^ *
_/^ ^v^
*
\
/
SPUIT >y
S GRAMS
,j AQUEOUS PORTION
\ ORGANIC EXTRACT
in
S
a
^ §
J 5
^ 3
< O " K §
K O U < S
a P 3 £ 3
^
> »
COMBINE
*
J
<
a
s
9
OB
SECOND AND THIRD
IMPINGEHS COMBINED
TOTALS
S 2 5
6 1
If rtqoif«d. iimpl* ihould b« Mt aiid* for biolO9>c*l jiMlyin »t Ihb point.
Thn itra n r«guir«d to d«fin« th« total mm of p»rtMutot* eateh. If tta »mpl« txcMdi 10X ol tha total cydona and
filtar tamgl* wai^ht eroeaad to analym. If tha sarnola it Ian than 10% of tha eateh, hold in rajarva.
Figure A-6. Flue gas analysis protocol for SASS samples,
A-12
-------
FLUE SOURCE
OPACITY
GASES
1
,
I I
XAD2
MODULE
it
IMPINGER
2nd AN
IMPINGE
Figure A-7. Flue gas sample analysis protocol
-------
Organic Extract
or
Neat Organic Liquid
1
Concentrate
Extract
* t
GC/MS Analysis,
POM, and other Infrared Analysis
organic species
i
t t
Repeat TCO
Gravimetric Analysis
if necessary
Aliquot containing
15-100 mg
i
Sol vent
Exchange
I
.
Liquid
Chroma tographic
Separation
t t * 1
r M »
Seven Fractions
t
Infrared Analysis
f t
Mass Spectra
Analysis
TCO
Gravimetric
Analysis
Figure A-8. Organic analysis methodology.
A-14
-------
i
l-»
in
Heated pyrex _
lined probe A
Glass wool
J
AC line
Proportional
voltage
controller
T/C
Teflon
stopcocks
Probe
T/C
Bulb
T/C
II II
Temperature
indicator
_ Heated 300 ml
/ sample bulb
Gas
tight
spectrum
Teflon
stopcocks
Heavy wall
vacuum
line
Teflon diaphrams
vacuum pump
Figure A-9. Diagram of Cj to Cg hydrocarbon sampling system
-------
Samples for gaseous hydrocarbon analysts were collected using the
apparatus illustrated in Figure A-9. The equipment consisted of a heated,
0.64-cm (l/4-1n.) OD pyrex-llned, stainless-steel probe fitted with a glass
wool filter at the probe inlet. The outlet of the probe was directly
attached to a 300-ml pyrex sampling bulb. The bulb was equipped with teflon
gas-tight stopcocks at each end and a septum port for sample removal. The
sampling bulb was insulated with heat tape powered by a varying voltage
controller. The heating jacket kept the sample gas above the dew point to
minimize sample loss due to water condensation.
Prior to sampling, the gas bulb was purged with stack gas for 3-min and
then sealed. The trapped flue gas was then analyzed onsite with a Carle 8500
gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with flame ionization detector. Table A-3
lists the design specifications of the Carle GC. A 1.85-m (6-ft) long
0.32-cm (1/8-in.) diameter stainless-steel column packed with Porapak Q 60/80
mesh was used to separate the hydrocarbons into their respective components
(Cj to Ce). The GC was calibrated with repeated Injections of a standard gas
containing Cj to CQ hydrocarbons (each having a concentration of 15 ppm).
The chromatographlc responses for the standards and the samples were recorded
on a Hewlett Packard Model 3390A reporting integrator.
A.6 FUEL AND FLYASH SAMPLING
Wood fuel samples were collected at the outlet of the storage silos.
Multiple samples were taken over the duration of each test. The sample used
in proximate and ultimate analyses and Inorganic trace element analysis
represented a composite of all samples taken. Flyash collected by the
mechanical collector was sampled as it entered the flyash bin. As with fuel
sampling, a composite sample of the flyash was taken during each test.
A-16
-------
TABLE A-3. GAS CHROMATOGRAPH SPECIFICATIONS
Carle Instruments, Inc., Model 8500 gas chromatograph:
Sensitivity:
Suppression range:
Noise:
Time constant:
Gas required:
5 x 10-12 A for i mv output
10-9 A
0.5 percent peak to peak on most
sensitive range
100 ms on all ranges except
"1" range which is 200 ms
Carrier gas (helium)
Combustion air
Fuel^gas (hydrogen)
A-17
-------
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX A
A-l. Jones, P. W., et al., "Measurement of Polycyclic Organic Material and
Other Hazardous Organic Compounds in Stack Gases State of the Art,"
EPA-600/2-77-202, NTIS PB274013, October 1977.
A-2. (Deleted.)
A-3. Maddalone, R. and N. Gainer, "Process Measurement Procedures:
Emissions," EPA-600/7-79-156, NTIS PB80-115959, July 1979.
A-4. Lentzen, D. E., et al., '"IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment (Second Edition)," EPA-600/7-78-201,
NTIS PB293795, October 1978.
A-18
-------
APPENDIX B
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS
The following tables present sample trace element analysis results and
trace element discharge stream concentrations. The tables labeled "ppm"
represent element analysis results (yg/g) for each sample analyzed.
Compositions for the wood fuel, mechanical collector hopper ash (flyash), its
aqueous leachate, and all SASS train samples (probe wash 10 + 3 urn
participate, filter + 1 ym participate, XAD-2 resin, first impinger, and
second and third impingers) are noted.
The tables labeled "concentration" give the calculated flue gas
concentration (yg/dscm) of each element corresponding to each SASS train
sample, and the SASS train sum (labeled "stack exhaust").
Symbols appearing in the tables are:
DSCM Dry standard cubic meter at 1 atm and 20°C
MCG Microgram
PPM Part per million by weight
< Less than
> Greater than
N Element not analyzed
Trace elements having concentrations less than the detectable limit or
having a blank value greater than the sample value were given an arbitrary
concentration of zero.
B-l
-------
Detectabtlity limits for the various SASS, Ifqufd, and solid stream
samples were the following:
10 + 3 ym cyclones <0.1 yg/g
Filter <0.1 yg/g
XAD-2 ~ <0.1 yg/g
Impinger and organic
module concentrate ~ <0.1 pg/ml
Wood sample <0.1 yg/g
Mechanical hopper ash <01. yg/g
The data inputs to the computer code for calculation of trace element
flowrates were the following:
Test 1 (dry wood)
Wood flowrate =0.29 kg/s
Heating value of wood = 17,915 KJ/kg
Gas volume sampled by SASS = 21.623 dscm
N
Calculated flue*gas flowrate = 6.36 dscm/s
SASS 10 + 3 pm cyclone catch = 1.8191g
SASS 1 pm cyclone + » 1.6036g
filter catch
XAD-2 weight = 130g
SASS impinger 1 final = 630 ml
volume
SASS impingers 2 + 3 final = 1,390 ml
volume
Test 2 (green wood)
Wood flowrate = 0.54 kg/s
o Heating value of wood » 13,318 KJ/kg
Gas volume sampled by SASS = 27.065 dscm
B-2
-------
Calculated flue gas flowrate =5.97 dscm/s
SASS 10 + 3 IIRI cyclone catch = 7.1458g
SASS 1 ym cyclone + » 2.1976g
filter catch
XAD-2 weight = 130g
SASS implnger 1 final = 1,325 ml
volume
SASS 1mp1ngers 2 + 3 final = 1,340 ml
volume
B-3
-------
PPM
ELEMENT
URANIUM
THOR I UM
B ISMUTH
LEAD
THALLIUM
MERCURY
PLATINUM
TUNGSTEN
TANTALUM
HAFNIUM
LUTETIUM
YTTERBIUM
THULIUM
ERB IUM
HOLNIUN . . - .
DYSPROSIUM
TERBIUM ...
GADOLINIUM
EUROPIUM
SAMARIUM
NEOOYMIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
CERIUM
LANTHANUM
BARIUM
CESIUM
IODINE
TELLURIUM
ANTIMONY
. TIN .. ._ .
CADMIUM
SILVER
MOLYBDENUM
NIOBIUM
.. ZIRCONIUM
YTTRIUM
STRONTIUM ... -
RUBIDIUM
BROMINE
SELENIUM
ARSENIC V
GERMANIUM
GALLIUM -
ZINC
. COPPER
TEST 1
PPM
10U + 3U CYCLONES
.lOOE+Ol
400E+01
.0 E+00
.410E+02
.0 E+00
<.830E+00
.0 -E+00 .. - -
.500E+OI
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.lOOE+00
.900F+00
.100E+00
.400E+00
... .500 E+00
.200E+01
.100E+01
« 500 E+00
.500E+01
.400E+01
.I30E+02
.420E+02
>.IOOE+04
.600E+00
300E+00
N.O E+00
_ .. .400E+00.
.700E+00
.100E+02
' .500E+01
... .600E+01
.700E+01
.790E+02
.BOOE+01
.SOOE+00 - ..
N.O E+00
..500E+00 _ .
.700E+01
>.100E+0*
.980E+02
- DRY HOOD
IU + FILTER
<.985E-Ol
.197E+00
<.985E-Oi
.158E+02
.0 E+00 ...
<«985E+00
.0 E+00
591E+00
.197E+00
.0 E+00 - .
<.985E-OI
<.989E-01
<.985E-Ol
.985E-01 .. ..
. 197E+00
.9B5E-01 m _
.296E+00
.985E-01
.. ..88TE+00... _
.887E+00
.BB7F+QO
.S22E+01
.906E+01
... >.975E+03, .
.1.97E+00
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
.985E-01
.197E+00
.394E+01
.394E+00
.0 E+00
_. . . , .0 E+00
.266E+01
590E+02
.0 E+00
.296E+01 _.
N.O E+00
.197E+00
.690E+00
.386E+03
.287E+02
XAO-2 . .
.0 E+00
...0 E+00
.0 E+00
.tOOE+00
.0. E+00
. lOOE+00
. 0 .E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
...0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0. E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
...0 .6+00..
.0 E+00
j.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
...0 . E+00 .
.0 E+00
__*0 E+00
.0 E+00
<.200E+01
... 0 E+00
.200E+00
_.100E+00
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
. .0 ... E+00 .
.0 E+00
JJOE+03
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.180E+01
.0 E+00
__»0 E+00
.0 E+00
.170E+01
. .0 E+00
N.O E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.200E+01
.0 E+00
_. FIRST IMPINGES 2ND
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.170E-01
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
_ .O...E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
. .0 . ..E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
420E-OI
.0 E+00
-^. -0 E+00
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
... ...... .O...E+00..
.0 E+00
.200E+00
.192E+00
.500E-02
.290E-01
.0 E+00
.300E-02
.800E-01
.3006-01
_ . .0 E+00 _
N.O E+00
.0 E+00
<.IOOE-02
.980E+00
.500E-02
G 3RD.IMPINGFRS
N.O E+00
_,0 E+00
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
.0 E+00
<.930E-03
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
.0 E+00
.N.O_.E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
<.930E-0?
,.N.O .E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
.N.O E+00 ..
<.930E-02
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
-------
I
01
PPM
-B.EMENT
NICKEL
- COBALT
IRON
MANGANESE
CHROMIUM
VANADIUM
TITANIUM -
SCANDIUM
CALCIUN
POTASSIUM
CHLORINE
SULFUR
PHOSPHORUS
SILICON
- ALUMINUM
MAGNESIUM
- SODIUM
FLUORINE
BORON
- BERYLLIUM
LITHIUM
--FLUORIDE
CHLORIDE
BROMIDE
NITRATE
NITRITE
- SULFITE
SULFATE
PHOSPHATE
AMMONIA
ETHAN ALLEN
TEST 1 - DRV MOOD
PPM
10U + 3U CYCLONES 1U » FILTER
.170E+02
.200E+01
>.IOOE+0«
>.IOOE+0+
.260E+02
.1TOE+02
->.IOOE+0*
.500E+00
>.IOOE+04
>.100E+04
.680E+03
>«IOOE+0*
>*100E+04
>.IOOE+04
->.100E+04
>.IOOE+04
.190E+03
<. 100 E+00
.300E+01
-N.O -E+00-
N.O E+00
N .0 E+00
N.O- E+00
N.O E+00
-N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
-N.O - E+00
.345E+01
.9B5E-01
>.9S6E+03
>.985E+03
.404E+01
.197E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
U.O E+00
>.979E+03
.916E+02
->.982E+03
>.97SE+03
U.O E+00
U.O E+00
U.O E+00
U.O - E+00-
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
<.965E-01
.0 E+00
N.O- E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O
N.O
N.O
N.O
N.O
E+00
E+00
E+00
E+00
E+00
XAO-2
.190E+02
~ .900E+00
.6006*01
.0 E+00
.0 6*00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
<.100E+00
.0 E+00
.220E+02
.270E+02
-,15*E+03
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
IOOE+01
.600E+01
- -.600E+02
.0 E+00
0 E+00
- ,0 E+00
.0 E+00
N*0 -E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O - E+00
N.O E+00
-N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
-N.O E+00
- FIRST IMPINGER -
.300E-01
_0 E+00
.900E-01
.400E-02
.196E+00 -
.400E-02
.600E-01
<.100E-02
.0 E+00
.SOOE+00
.360E+00
>.990E+01
.0 E+00
>.9*OE+01
.400E-01 -
.6 70E+00
, >.94QE*OI
230E+01
.900E-02
. . ,0 E+00 ... .
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
_ . _. N.O. . E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
-N.O E+00 ---.
2ND t 3RD IMPINGERS
N.O E+00
JY.O-E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
... _N.O .E+00
N.O E+00
N.O...E+00 _
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O- E+00
N.O E+00
NTO F+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O . E+00
N.O E+00
N.n F+nn
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
-------
ETHAN ALLEN
CD
PPM
ELEMENT
URANIUM
- THORIUM
BISMUTH
LEAD
THALLIUM
MERCURY
PLATINUM
TUNGSTEN
TANTALUM*
HAFNIUM
LUTETIUN. '
YTTERBIUM'
THULIUM
ERBIUM
HOLMIUH
DYSPROSIUM
TERBIUM
GADOLINIUM
EUROPIUM
. SAMARIUM
NEODVMIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
CER IUM
LANTHANUM
BARIUM
CESIUM
- IODINE -
TELLURIUM
ANTIMONY
TIN
'CADMIUM -
SILVER _
MOLYBDENUM
NIOBIUM
-ZIRCONIUM -
YTTRIUM
-STRONTIUM
RUBIDIUM
BROMINE
SELENIUM
ARSENIC
GERMANIUM
GALLIUM
ZINC
COPPER
TEST 1 -
PPM
FUEL I DRY MOOD
<.300E-01
. . <.400E-01
.0 E+00
.400E+00
.300E-01
<.500E-Ol
- .0 -E+00
.0 E+00
.0 6*00
. . .0 E+00 ...
.0 E+00
0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 F+AQ
.0 E+00
,0 F+OO
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.. .-.<.200E-01
<.100E-01
200E-01 ....
. LOOE+00
.200E+00
. ...210E+02 . ..
.600E-01
.900E-01
.300E-01
N.O E+00
_- <.100E-01
«300E-Ol
2QOE+QO
<.100E-Ol
<.100E-01
700E-01 . .
.400E-01
.TdQFt-oi
.400E+00
400E+00
.IOOE-01 .
N.O E+00
.0 E+00 - .
100E-01
.290E+02
600E+01
DRY MOOD
FLYASH
.100E+01
.700E+OL
.0 E+00
.2BOE+02
.0 E+00
<.500E-Ol
_ .0 E+00
.900E+00
.0 E+00
.900E+00
.0 E+00
0 F.*00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
0 E+00
.0 E+00
.. ...900E+00
.200E+01
400E+00
.300E+01
.400E+01
400E+01
.200E+02
.160E+02
>.100E+0%
.600E+00
.^700E+00
.500E+00
N.O E+00
... .500E+00
. IOOE+01
~ «0 E+00
.200E+01
.400E+01
.100E+02
.110E+02
. 620E+03
.130E+03
.600E+01
.500E+01
N.O E+00
300E+00
.500E+01
.410E+03
.S20E+02
FLYASH LEACHATE
.0 E+00
. . .0 E+00
.0 E+00
.aooE-oi
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.... ---<.500E-02
.900E-01
.900E-02
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
0 E+00
.0 E+00
.600E+00
. 800E+00
.0 E+00
. . .0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
__,0 . E+00
.0 E+00
,o E+OQ
200E-02
.300E-02
>«100E+02
.0 E+00
T£nnF-nt
<.800E-02
N.O E+00
.. . <.900E-02 . .
.200E-02
.0 E+00
.300E-02
.0 E+00
4200E-02
<.IOOE-02
>. 100E+02
>.100E+02
.400E+00
.0 E+00 ...
N.O E+00
<.IOOE-02
.3006-02
.200E-01
.300E-01
-------
PPN
CLEMENT -
NICKEL
IRON
MANGANESE
CHROMIUM
VANADIUM
TITAMIIIU '
SCANDIUM
CALC IUN
POTASSIUM
CHLORINE
SULFUR
PHOSPHORUS
SILICON
- Al IIMIMIM
MAGNESIUM
SODIUM *
FLUORINE
BORON
BERYLLIUM
LITHIUM
FLUORIDE
CHLORIDE
BROMIDE
NITRATE
NITRITE
SULF 1 TE
SULFATE
PHOSPHATE
AMMONIA -
-- - - einnw-
TEST 1
FUEL! DRV NOOfT
.800E-01
- . . >i f\nf+nti
. llOE+02
>.450E+02
.1006*00 -
.800E-01
CAAC_A| , ,
.0 E+00
>.100E*03
>.S40E+02 -
.1006*02
i.?7np*n?
.190E*02
>.100E+03
>.4nnp*ni
>.IOOE+03
\ 1 lOF-t-n?
.600E*00
.400E-01
, . ,, , , to E+00
.300E-01
N.n F+nn
N.O E+00
N.O E»00
-_ N.o- E+00
N.O E+00
N*0 E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
- N«fl E+00
ALIEN
- DRV MOOD
FLYASH - - -
.600E+01
. ^nnF*nt
>.100E+04
>.IOOE+0*
.400E+01
.290E+02
v I nne ^.nx.
.900E+00
>.IOOE+04
>. IOOE+0*
.870E+03
>_ i nnC*nA.
>.IOOE+04
>.IOOE+04
>.tOAP»n4
>.100E+0«
v. innCAnA
.240E+02
.140E+03
300E+00 -
.SOOE+Ot
BOOE+flO
560E+03
400E+02
.100E+03
240E+03
<.800F*01
.800E+03
.200E+00
- - - .500E+01
FLVASH LEACH ATE
.200E-01
+ 9naF o?
.600E+01
.500E-02
. tOOE+00
.800E-01
t> nncA.ni
<. 100E-02
>.100E+02
>.100E+02
>.100E+02
>. i OOF*O?
.200E+00
>. 100E+02
. i nnp«-nn
.500E-01
>. 100E+02
.400E+01
.lOOE-01
0 E+00
. 100E-01
N. 0 F+OO
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
- N.O,. E+00
" N.O E+00
N.O F*00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O ..E+00
-------
00
00
CONCENTRATION
ELEMENT
URANIUM
THORIUM - -. -
BISMUTH
LEAD
THALLIUM
MERCURY
_ PLATINUM ._
TUNGSTEN
TANTALUM
HAFNIUM
LUTET1UM
YTTERBIUM-- .
THULIUM
ERBIUM
- HOLMIUM ...
DYSPROSIUM
TERBIUM .....
GADOLINIUM
EUROPIUM
. SAMARIUM
NEOOYMIUM
PRASCOOYHIUN
CERIUM
LANTHANUM
BARIUM
CESIUM
. IODINE
TELLURIUM
ANTIMONY
- TIN
CADMIUM
. SILVER
MOLYBDENUM
NIOBIUM
. . ZIRCONIUM
YTTRIUM
-STRONTIUM
RUBIDIUM
BROMINE
... SELENIUM
ARSENIC
GERMANIUM -^
GALLIUM
ZINC
. COPPER
- ETHAN ALL
TEST 1 -
HCG/DSCM
IOU * 3U CYCLONES
.B41E-01
- - «337E+00-
.0 E+00
.345E+01
.0 E+00
< .6986-01
.0 E+OQ
.421E+00
.0 E+00
.0 £+00 .
84U-02
-_*757E-Ol. -
841E-02
.337E-OI
.._ - .421E-01
.168E+00
TB4|p-Ot
.841E-01
.421E-01
.421E+00
.337E+00
. l&HF+ni}
.109E+01
353E+01
_ >..64LE+02
.505E-01
_ .B41E-01
.252E-01
N .0 E+00
.337E-01
. 589E-01
.337F+00
.8*1 E+00
.42 1 E+00
.- .5 05 E+00 . . .
.589E+00
> .a41F+n?
.665E+01
.673E+00
... .421E-01 .
N .0 E+00
- _. .421E-01 ....
.589E+00
> .841E+02
» . , .824E+01
EN
DRY WOOD
1U + FILTER
< .731E-02
,|&*F-Q1
< .731E-02
. 1L7E+01
0 E+00 .
< .731E-01
.n F+oo
.438E-01
146E-01
.0 E+00 . ..
< .731E-02
.731E-02
< .731E-02
< .731E-02
.731E-02 .
.146E-01
-751 P-O?
.219E-01
.731E-02
. . .65BE-01 _.
.658E-01
.A6RF-01
.387E+00
.672E+00
> .723E+02 .
.I46E-01
* 731*- 02
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
731E-02...
.146E-01
292E+00
.292E-01
.0 E+00
. .0 E+00 .
.197E+00
.14SE+02
.438E+01
.0 E+00
219E+00
N .0 E+00
.146E-01
.512E-01
.2B6E+02
213E+01
XAD-2
.0 E+00
rtf p+00
.0 E+00
.601 E+00
.0 E+00
.601 E+00
-o F,+on
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
... .0 ,E+OQ
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
..0. .E+00 -
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
0 E+00
.0 E+00
. .0. E+00 .
.0 E+00
.O E+00
.0 E+00
< .120E+02
.. .0 E+00 .
.120E+01
.601E+00
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
.0 E+00 ..
.0 E+00
.7Bt£+Q*
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.106E+02
. 0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.102E+02
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
...0 _ E+00
.0 E+00
. 120E+02
.0 E+00
FIRST IMPINGER... .2ND C
.0 E+00
.0 F+OO
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.49 5 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 . E+00
.0 E+00
.0 F+OO
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
..0 .E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
. . . . .0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.122E+01
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
.0 .E+00
.0 E+00
.S83E+01
.SS9E+01
.146E+00
. . . .B4SE+00
.0 E+00
.B74E-01
.233E+01
.874E+00
. .0.. E+00
N .0 E+00
_.0_.E+00_ .
< .291E-01
286E+02
.146E+00
3RD IMPINCFPS
N .0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
.0 F+OO
< .598F-OI
N ,0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N . ,0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N . 0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N__,0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N_.0. E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
< .598E+00
N_»0 .E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 F+OO
JJ ,0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N, .0 .E+00
< .598E+00
N_.0 . E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 F+OO
-------
CONCENTRATION
ELEMENT
NICKEL
COBALT
IRON
MANGANESE
CHROMIUM
VANADIUM
-TITANIUM
SCANDIUM
CALCIUM
POTASSIUM
CHLORINE
-SULFUR
PHOSPHORUS
SILICON
ALUMINUM
MAGNESIUM
5001 UM .... -
FLUORINE
BORON
BERYLLIUM
' LITHIUM
-FLUORIDE -- -
CHLORIDE
BROMIDE
NITRATE
NITRITE
SULFITE -
SULFATE
PHOSPHATE
AMMONIA
cinniimi.cn
TEST 1 - DRY V
MCG/OSCM
iOU + 3U CYCLONES IU *
143E+01
. l&BE+QO - --- --
> .8416+02
> .8416+02
.219E+01
.143E+01
>->B41E+02
.4216-01
> .841E+02
> .8416+02
.5726+02
- > .841E+02
> .841E+02
> .841E+02
-- . . v _ft£ic*f)9
> .84U+02
> .841E+02
. 160E+02
< .841E-02
.2526+00
N-mO ~ E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N -.0 -E+00
N .0 E+00
.n E+00 ~
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
)
5
U
J
3
U
-U
u
II
N
N
N
N
N
N
- N
mno
i- FILTER
.2566+00
.7316-02
' .7096+02
> .7306*02
.3006+00
.1466-01
- .0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
> .7266*02
.6806+01
>- .7296+02
.7236+02
.0 E+00
- .0 E+00
.0 E+00
_n F«nn
0 E+00
0 E+00
! .731E-02
.0 E+00
_n E+OQ
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.n F+OO
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
-.0 E+00
XAO-2
.1146+03
.3616+02
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
< .6016+00
.0 E+00
.1326+03
.1626+03
.9266+03
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.---- .6016*01
.3616+02
. . i«.icxna
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.._ ..o- E+00
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00 -
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N- .0 - E+00 .
FIRST IMPINGER
.8746+00
0 E+00
.2626+01
.1176+00
-.571E+01
.1176+00
175E+01
< .2916-01
.0 E+00
.L46E+02
.1056+02
>-«288E+03
.0 E+00
> .2746+03
.1176+01
.1956+02
> .274E+03
.6706+02
.2626+00
^0 E+00
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
. . ... N .0-6+00
N .0 E+00
N . 0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
. N .0 . E+00
2ND C 3RD IMPINGERS..
N .0 E+00
N .0 p*nn
N
N
N
N
N
N
N .
N
N"
N
N-
N
N
N
N--
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
... . . N
.0
.0
.0 -
.0
-.0
.0
.0
.0-
.0
..0_
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0-
.0
to
.0
.0 .
.0
.0
.0
.0
E+00
E+00
.E+00 . ...
E+00
E+00
6+00
E+00
E+00
E+00
.E+00
E+00
E+00
E+00 .
E+00
E+00
E+00
E+00
E+00
E+00
F+nO
E+00
E+00
E+00 _ - ..
E+00
F+00
E+00
E+00
E+00 ...
-------
ETHAN ALLEN
CONCENTRATION TEST 1 - DRV MOOD
MCG/OSCM
ELEMENT STACK EXHAUST
URANIUM . 841E-OKX<.914E-01
THORIUM .351E+00
BISMUTH. < .731E-02
LEAD «522E*Ol
THALLIUM .0 E*00
MERCURY- , .110E+OKXX.130E+01
PLATINUM .0 E»00 .._..
TUNGSTEN .+65E+00
TANTALUM .146E-01
HAFNIUM .0 E+00
LUTETIUN .841E-02 .158E4-03 .
CESIUM ' ,127E*Ol
.IODINE - .693E*00
TELLURIUM .252E-01
ANTIMONY' < .598E+00
TIN
CADMIUM .735E-01
-SILVER ..- .T87E*03
MOLYBDENUM .646E+01
NIOBIUM ' .566E+00
.ZIRCONIUM - - .122E4-02
YTTRIUM ' .786E*00
STRONTIUM- __> .987E+02
RUBIDIUM .134E«-02
BROMINE .118E+02
-SELENIUM . . .. ,261E»00.
ARSENIC < .598E*00
-GERMANIUM . .567E-01 . _
GALLIUM .640E*00 .I53E*03
-COPPEK- .105E+02
-------
CONCENTRATION
ELEMENT
NICKEL
-COBALT
IRON
MANGANESE
CHROMIUM
VANADIUM
TITANIUM
SCANDIUM
CALCIUM
POTASSIUM'
CHLORINF
- SULFUR
PHOSPHORUS
SILICON
-ALUMINUM
MAGNESIUM
-SODIUM
FLUORINE
BORON
BERYLLIUM
....... ......... ETHAN ALLEN -
TEST 1 - DRY HOOD
MCG/DSCM
STACK EXHAUST
.1176+03
> .194E+03
> .1576+03
.8206+01
.1566+01
X-.B59E+02'
,421E-OKX<.672E+00
> .8*16+02
> .3046+03
.237E+03
> .137E+OV-
> .1.566+03
> .3586+03
> .9136+02
> .1*06+03
> .1516*03
.1626+02
CO
LITHIUM
FLUDRIOE
CHLORIDE
BROMIDE
MITQATC
.252E+00
tO... c*ni»
.0
.0
_n..
6+00
6+00
p*.nn . . . . . _.
NITRITE
SULFITE
SULFATE
PHOSPHATE
AMMONIA
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
-------
09
I-1
ro
PPN
ELENENT
URANIUM
THORIUH
BISMUTH
LEAD
THALLIUM
MERCURY
PLATINUM
TUNGSTEN
TANTALUM
.. HAFNIUM
LUTETIUN
-YTTERBIUM ....
THULIUM
ERBIUM
- HOLM 1 UN - .. _.
DYSPROSIUM
TERBIUM
GADOLINIUM
EUROPIUM
SAMARIUM
NEODYMIUM
PRASEODYMIUM.-.
CERIUM
LANTHANUM
BARIUM - .
CESIUM
IODINE - ..
TELLURIUM
ANTIMONY
...TIN
CADMIUM
- SILVER
MOLYBDENUM
NIOBIUM
- ZIRCONIUM
YTTRIUM
..STRONTIUM
RUBIDIUM
BROMINE
SELENIUM
ARSENIC -,
GERMANIUM . -
GALLIUM
ZINC
- COPPER
ETHAN /
TEST 2
PPM
10U « 3U CYCLONES
.200E+01
.3006*01
.3006+00
.630E»02
0 6*00. -
<.ii4E+oi
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
... .200E+01
.2006+00
,?QQF*QI
.2006+00
.6006+00
.8006+00
.3006+01
.7nnF»nn
.200E+01
.7006+00
.XQOF+OI
.4006*01
.. , .SOTF+Q1
.4106+02
.7206*02
>. 1006+04
.100E*OI
T|QOF*01
.0 6*00
N.O E+00
.100E*01
.300E*Ol
<.l<»i+Qt,
.4006+01
' .6006*01
.2206*02
.1306*02
>+iaai:+a4
.3006*03
.1406*02
.2006*01 . . .
N.O 6*00
..4006*00 .
.5006*01
.4606*03
.8406*02
tLLEN
-MET MOOD
1U + FILTER.
.1446+00
.144E+00
.2886*00
.1156*02
_ <. 7196-01 .
<. 7 196*00
.0 E+QO
.3596*00
<. 7196-01
.. <.719E-01
<. 7196-01
<+7l«E-01
<. 7 19 6-01
<. 7196-01
<. 7196-01
<.719E-01
<.7I.71?F*04
<.Tl9E-Oi
.719E-01
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
.2166+00
. 1446+00
.144E+01 _
.2886+00
.0 E+00
. .7196+00
.T19E-01
.?MF*02
.215E+02
.0 E+00
.7196+00
N.O E+00
.719E-01
.5036+00
.4266+03
. . 137E+02 . -
XAD-Z_...
.0 E+00
_.0_.E+00.
0 E+00
.0 E+00
0 E+00
<. 4206-01
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
..0... E+00 ._
.0 E+00
+0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
. _...0. E+00 -
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
fa F*flO
.0 E+00
.0 E+ao
. 0 E+00
.0 E+00
.. ....300 E+00.
.0 E+00
.0 E+aa
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
, 190E+01
.6006+00
.0 E+00
.3006+00 .
0 E+00
.100E+00
.0 E+00
.1706+01
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.2206+02
. .7006+01
1ST IMPINGER __
.0 E+00
.0... E+00
.0 E+00
.7006-02
mO E+00
<. 1406-02
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
_ .0 E+00 .
.0 E+00
.O F+OO
.0 E+00
0 E+00
.0 E+OQ
.0 E+00
.0 F*nn
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
»0 E+00
.9006-02
.200E-02
.5006-02
.6006-02
. .1926+00
<. I 006-02
.0 F.+00
.0 E+00
N.O E+00
.5OOF-OI
.1006-02
.100E+00
.1006-02
.9006-02
_ __.900E-02
.1006-02
2906-01
.2006-01
.0 E+00
.1006-01
N.O E+00
.0 E+00
.6006-02
.1806+00
.450E-01 ...
2ND fi 3RD IHPINCERS
N.O E+00
N.O._E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
<.100E-02
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
.0 E+00
.N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+OO
N. 0 E+00
N.O E+00
N. 0 F*0n
N.O E+00
N.O E+OO
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
tifO E+OO
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
<. 1006-01
N.O E+00
N.O 6+00
N.O 6+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O. E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O 6+00
<.100F-Ol
N. 0 E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
... N.O 6*00
-------
PPM
- ELEMENT
NICKEL
IRON
MANGANESE
CHROMIUM
VANADIUM
TIT AM 1 1 III -
SCANDIUM
CALC IUM
POTASSIUM
CHLORINE
SULFUR - ---
PHOSPHORUS
SILICON
- ALUMINUM
MAGNESIUM
-SODIUM-
FLUORINE
BORON
- AERVLL f IIM - - ~
C3
,L LITHIUM
to . ..
^ | F1MIV
TEST 2
PPM
10U * 311 CYCLONES
.600E+01
>.100E»04
>.100E*04
.800E+OI
.290E*02
^ 1 AAC*rt& ,..-,» ,
.9006+00
>.100E*04
>.IOOE+04 -
.880E*03
>.100E+04
>.100E*04
>.100E+04
y 100E+04
IisoEtoa
- - - .3 DOE +00 - -
.220E+02
- MET HOOD
IU + FILTER
.252E+01
>.697E+03
.791E*00
.216E*00
A F+ftfl
.0 E*00
U.O E*00
. 165E+02
>.137E*03
U.O E*00
U.O E+00
U.O E*00
U.O E*00
.0 E*00
.0 E*00
<. 719E-O1
.359E*00
. _ XAO-2
.590E*02
.110E*02
I300E*01
.0 E*00
.0 E*00
. 143E*03
- .106E*03 -...
.0 E*00
100E*01
. 0 E*00
.0 E*00
.1106*02
.2006*01
.260E*01
.0 E*00
.0 E*00
.0 E*00
-1ST IMPINGER -
.500E-01
.0 E*00
.I99E*01
.290E-01
.160E-01
.300E-02
.360E+00
.0 e*oo
.350E+01
. -_>. 9906*01
.0 E*00
.0 E*00
>.940E*01
>.760E*00
.870E*00
.230E*Ol
.1 ODE- 02
-.0 E*00
.0 E*00
-2ND t 3RD IMPINGERS.
N.O E*00
N.O F.*00
N.O +00
N.O E+00
--N.O E+00 -
N.O E+00
.. N.O E+00
N. 0 E+00
N.O E+00
_ N.O.. E+00-
N.O E+00
w.o P+OO
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O F+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
N.O E+00
-------
ETHAN ALLEN
oo
PPN
ELEMENT
URANIUM
.THORIUM
BISMUTH
LEAD
THALLIUM
MERCURY
.. PLATINUM
TUNGSTEN
TANTALUM
HAFNIUM .
LUTETIUM
YTTFBPIUM
THULIUM
ERBIUM
HOLMIUM . .
DYSPROSIUM
TERBIUM
GADOLINIUM
EUROPIUM
SAMARIUM - . -
NEODYMIUM
-PRASEODYMIUM
CERIUM
LANTHANUM
. BARIUM . ...
CESIUM
- IODINE- -
TELLURIUM
ANTIMONY
.TIN
CADMIUM
.SILVER _.
MOLYBDENUM
NIOBIUM
ZIRCONIUM
YTTRIUM
STRONTIUM _ ...
RUBIDIUM
BROMINE
SELENIUM
ARSENIC
GERMANIUM .... __
GALLIUM
ZINC
COPPER
TEST
PPM
FUEL * MET HOOD
0 E+00
.0 E+00-
.0 E+00
.300E+00
; .400E-01
<.500E-01
.0 E+OQ
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.800E-01 .
.0 E+00
.0 F+nn
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0. E+00
.0 E+00
,0 E+OQ
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
. . . .0 E+00
.200E-01
400E-01
200E+00
.200E+00
360E+02
.300E-01
T4nn£_n]
500E-01
N.O E+00
.300E-01 :._
.lOOE+00
.ROQF-QI
.700E-01
* 100 E+00
500E+00
.600E-01
.i?OF»n;>
.300E+01
.700E-01
<.200E-01
N.O E+00
<.100E-01 ...
.lOOE+00
.220E+02
.300E+01
2 - MET WOOD
.FLYASH
100E+01
.600E+OL
.0 E+00
.6108+02
.0 E+00
<.500E-01
.0 E+00
.700E+00
N.O E+00
.700E+00 ._
.0 E+00
-BfifiF»nf)
.100E+00
.600E+00
.200E+01 ...
.300E+01
TlQO^*ot
.400E+01
.800E+00
. 600E+01
.400E+OI
.600^+01
.3506+02
.350E+02
>.100E+04
.900E+00
.100F+01
.400E+00
N.O E+00
.200E+00 . .
.100E+01
<.9OOF+QO
.TOOE+00
TOOE+01
.._ - . .390E+02
.200E+02
TflMiF+n3
.290E+03
.290E+02
.400E+01
N.O E+00
800E+00
.110E+02
.390E+03
.450E+02
-------
CO
PPM
ELEMENT
NICKEL
COBALT
IRON
MANGANESE
CHROMIUM
VANADIUM
TITANIUM
SCANDIUM
CALCIUM
POTASSIUM -
CHLORINE
SULFUR --
PHOSPHORUS
SILICON
-ALUMINUM
MAGNESIUM
SODIUM
FLUORINE
BORON
BERYLLIUM
LITHIUM
ETHAN ALLEN
TEST 2 - MET MOOD
PPM
FUEL 1 MET MOOD
.300E*00
.500E+00
>.100£*03
>.T60E+02
.400E-01
.600E»00
.9006*01
.100E-01
>.100E+03
>.920E*02
400E+01
>.470E+02
>.IOOE+03
>.IOOE*03
>.rooE»oi
>.100E>03
>,190E*02-
.700E*01
.300E-01
X.100E-01
.500E-01
FLY ASH
.l*OE«02
.300E*01
>.100E»(M
.380E*02
.250E*02
>.100E*04
.800E+00
>.IOOE>04
>.IOOE*0*
.190E»03
,280E*03
>.100E»04
>.IOOE*04
.IOOE*03
.130E*02
.200E+01
(71
-------
CONCENTRATION
ELEMENT
._. ETHAN ALLEN
TEST 2 - MET HOOD
MCG/DSCM
tOU * 3U CYCLONES - III * FILTER.
XAD-2
1ST IMPINGER 2ND.C 3PD IMPINGEftS.
URANIUM
. THORIUM
BISMUTH
LEAD
-THALLIUM
MERCURY
- PLATINUM
TUNGSTEN
TANTALUM
HAFNIUM
LUTETIUM
YTTERBIUM -
THULIUM
ERBIUM
- . HOLMIUM -
DYSPROSIUM
-TERBIUM
GADOLINIUM
EUROPIUM
SAMARIUM
NEODYMIUM
...PRASEODYMIUM
CERIUM
LANTHANUM
BARIUM
CESIUM
.... IODINE -
TELLURIUM
ANTIMONY
. _TIN . ...
CADMIUM
SILVER
MOLYBDENUM
NIOBIUM
ZIRCONIUM ...
YTTRIUM
STRONTIUM
RUBIDIUM
BROMINE
SELENIUM
ARSENIC v
CERMANlUM ._
GALLIUM -
ZINC
.... COPPER
.5286+00
_ . ... .7926+00 .--
.7926-01
. 166E+02
... .0 E+00 - --
< .300E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
r, .S28E+00
.528E-01
.528E-01
.158E+00
..211E+00 .
.792E+00
.528E+00
.185E+00
.106E+01
.1086+02
.190E+02
_ , > ,2*4P+fl3
.264E+00
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
. -.264E+00 ,
.792E+00
< .264E>00
.1066+01
.1586+01
.5B1E+01
.343E+01
> .2646+0?
.7926+02
.370E+01
.528 E+00
N .0 E+00
.106E+00
.132E+01
.121E+03
. . .222E+02
.117E-01
- .117E-01 -
.234E-01
.9346+00
- < .5846-02
< .584E-01
.0 E+00 - .
.292E-01
< .5846-02
. < .5846-02
< .5846-02
< .584E-02
< .5846-02
..-.< .584E-02
< .584E-02
< .5846-02
< .5846-02
.234E-01
.234E-01
.5846-02
.1756-01
.7016-01
> .5786+02. ..
< .584E-02
.5&4E-02
.0 E+00
N .0 E+00
. . . .175E-01 ....
.117E-01
.234E-01
.0 E+00
.5846-01,
.584E-02
.455F+01
.1756+01
.0 E+00
. ... .584E-01 . . .
N .0 E+00
.584E-02
.4096-01
.346E+02
.111E+01 . .
.0 E+00
. .._ ..O-.E+OO.
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
... .0 E+00
< .2026+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
0 E+00
... . 0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
,0.. E+00..
.0 E+00
.0 F*00
.0 E+00
>.0 E+00
0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
_. _.144E+Ol
.0 E+00
.0. +00
.0 E+00
N .0 :E+00
..... ..0 E+00
.0 E+00
.9136*01
.288E+01
.0 E+00
_.144E+01
.0 E+00
.480E+00
.0 E+00
.8176+01
.0 E+00.
N .0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.1066+03
.3366+02
. 0 E+00
.0 E+00
.3*3 E+00
.0 E+00
< .6856-01
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
_ , .0 E+00
1 .'
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
D E+00
.4416+00
.9796-01
.2456+00
.2946+00
940E+01
< .4906-01
.0 E+00
; .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
.2456+01
.4906-01
.4906+01
.4906-01
.4416+00
... . ..4416+00 ;
.4906-01
.1426+01
.9796+00
.0 E+00
.4906+00 '..._
N .0 E+00
.0 E+00
294E+00
.8816+01
.2206+01
N .0 E+00
N ,0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
< .4956-01
N »0 E+00
N .0 E+00
.0 E+00
N.O E+OO
N .0 E+00
N ,0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .O...E+00
N .0 E+00
N . 0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 6+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
< .4956+00
N *0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N. .0_E+00 .... .
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N. .0 .E+00
< .495E+00
N .0 6+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
N .0 E+00
-------
CONCENTRATION TEST 2
HCG/DSC
ELEMENT 10U + 3U CYCLONES
NICKEL . 158E+01
COBALT »«»*e*.«A
IRON
MANGANESE
CHROMIUM
VANADIUM
T.1TAMIIIM .-_ -
SCANDIUM
CALC IUM
POTASSIUM
CHLORINE
SULFUR
PHOSPHORUS
SILICON
Al IIMf MIM . -... .
MAGNESIUM
SODIUM
FLUORINE
BORON
-BERYLLIUM-
f LITHIUM
!_, .-
> .264E+03
. > .264E+03
.211E+01
.766E+01
238E+00
> .264E+03
~ > .264E+03 -
.232E+03
> .264E+03
> .264E+03
> .264E+03
.145E+02
.396E+02
,792E-Ol
.581E+01
Lien - - -
- MET WOOD
M
111 + FILTER
«0 E+00
> .S66E+02
> .288E+01
.642E-01 - .
.175E-01
.n F+00
.0 E+00
U .0 E+00
- - - >--«3l5E+01 - - - . -
.134E+01
> * 15BE+01
> . IllE+02
U .0 E+00
0- .0 E+00
U .0 E+00
U *0 E+00
0 E+00
.0 E+00
< .584E-02
.292E-01
XAD 2
.283E+03
0 E+00
.528E+02
.192E+01
.0 E+OO
0 E+00
.0 E+00
.687E+03
509E+03
.0 E+00
480E+01 - - 1-
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
528E+02
.961E+01
.12SE+02
.0 E+00
,0-E+OO _ - -
.0 E+00
1ST IMPINGER 2ND
.24SE+01
.974E+02
.142E+OI
.783E+00 ......
.147E+00
.0 E+00
.1TIE+03
> .485E+03 .- ,
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
> .460E+03
>...372E+02 . _. +-
.426E+02
.113E+03
.490E-01
.. .--..O-.E+OO :
.0 E+00
C 3RD. IMPINGER 5 _
N .0 E+00
N .O F«-OO
N
N
.. -N
N
N
N
N
. N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
E+00
E+00
. E+00
E+00
E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
_.0 E+00
.0 E+00
.0 E+00
..0 E+00 _. .
.0 E+00
.0 F+QO
.0
.0
.0
E+00
E+00
E+00
-------
CONCENTRATION
ELEMENT
URANIUM
.THORIUM .
BISMUTH.
LEAD
THALLIUM
ETHAN ALLEN -
TEST 2 - WET HOOD
MCG/DSCN
STACK EXHAUST
540E+00
.80+E*00.
.103E+00
.179E+02
»S8*E-02
MERCURY
PLATINUM
TUNGSTEN
TANTALUM
HAFNIUM
.678E*00
.0 E*00
.292E-01
< .S84E-02
.528E»00 .333E4-03
.264E*00
-------
00
l-«
to
CONCENTRATION
B.ENENT- ~
NICKEL
COBALT
IRON
MANGANESE
CHRONI UN-
VAN ADI UN
TITANIUM -
SCANDIUM
CALCIUM
POTASSIUM
CHLORINE
-SULFUR
PHOSPHORUS
SILICON
ALUMINUM
MAGNESIUM
SODIUM
FLUORINE-
BORON '
BERVLLIUM -
LITHIUM
-~ ETHAN ALLEN - -
TEST 2 - MET WOOD
MCG/OSCM
STACK EXHAUST
288E+03
.792E+00
> .471E+03
> .270E»03
.174E+02
.782E+OL
>-.282E*03
238E+00
> .I12E+0*
.234E«-03
> ,510E»OJ -----
> .275E+03
> .72*E+03
>-.354E*03 ----
> .316E+03
>-.37lE*03 ---- -
.397E*02
.792E-OKXC.850E-01
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-87-Ol2a
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Assessment of a Wood-Waste-Fired
Industrial Watertube Boiler, Volume I. Technical
Results
B. REPORT DATE
March 1987
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORIS)
C. Castaldini and L>. R. Waterland
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
TR-82-98/EE
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
A cur ex Corporation
P. O. Box 7555
Mountain View, California 94039
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3188
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 277U
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 3/81- 3/84
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES AEERL project officer is Robert E.
2477.
Hall, Mail Drop 65, 919/541-
i6. ABSTRACT The two-volume report gives results from rteldtests of a wood-waste-fired
industrial watertube boiler. Two series of tests were performed: one firing dry (11%
moisture) wood waste, and the other firing green (34% moisture) wood waste. Emis-
sion measurements included: continuous monitoring of flue gas emissions; source
assessment sampling system (SASS) sampling of the flue gas with subsequent labor-
atory analysis of samples to give total flue gas organics in two boiling point ranges,
compound category information within these ranges, specific quantitation of the semi-
volatile organic priority pollutants, and flue gas concentrations of 73 trace elements;
Method 5 sampling for particulate; controlled condensation system sampling for SO2
and SO3; and grab sampling of boiler mechanical collector hopper ash for inorganic
and organic composition determinations. Flue gas CO emissions from the boiler
were quite high, attributed to the high excess air levels at which the unit operated.
NOx emissions were comparable with both fuels (175-200 ppm). SO2 and SOS levels
were less than 10 ppm, in keeping with the low sulfur content of sboth fuels. Total
organic emissions decreased from 60-135 mg/dscm firing dry wood to 2-65 mg/
dscm firing green wood, in parallel with corresponding boiler CO emissions.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Wood Wastes
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Water Tube Boilers
Flue Gases
Assessments
Particles
Trace Elements
Carbon Monoxide
Organic Compounds
Polvcvclic Conanounds
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
Environmental Asses-
sment
07B
13B
11L
ISA
21B
14B
14G 07 C
06A
aUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
110
20. SECURITY CLASS {Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
B-20
------- |