EPA-660/2-74-068
July 1974
Environmental Protection Technology Series
a
Losses of Fertilizers and Pesticides
from Claypan Soils
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five broad
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development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
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1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
U. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY ; series. This series
describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental
degradation from point and non-point sources of
pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.
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does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
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nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
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EPA-660/2-7U-068
July
LOSSES OF FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES FROM
CLAYPAN SOILS
By
George E. Smith
University of Missouri
Department of Agronomy
Columbia, Missouri 65201
and
Fred D. Whitaker
H. G. Heinemann
U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service
North Central Region Watershed Research Unit
Columbia, Missouri 65201
Project R-801-666
Program Element 1B2039
Roap/Task 21 AYP lU
Project Officer
Arthur Burks
Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, Georgia 30601
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20it60
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.45
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ABSTRACT
Nitrates, ammonia, phosphates and pesticides have been
determined in the runoff and sediment under field conditions
from a claypan, cornbelt soil. The North Central Watershed
Research Unit, U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service
operates an extensive facility on the Midwest Claypan
Experiment Station near Kingdom City, Missouri, where runoff
and erosion are measured from instrumented field plots. The
study was modified in 1970 to include wider variation in
fertilizer rates, cropping systems, tillage methods and
ground cover as variables. Samples for laboratory analyses
were provided from 33 plots, by individual storms during the
1971, 1972 and 1973 seasons. The soil is a claypan and is
representative of more than 4 million hectares [10 million
acres] in the mid-continent area. In addition there are more
than 16 million hectares [40 million acres] of glacial soils
with low subsoil permeability, where the results would be
applicable. Corn and soybeans are the principal row crops.
Chemical fertilizer additions were varied from amounts that
were inadequate for satisfactory crop yields, to quantities
in excess of crop requirements. In the three growing seasons
precipitation varied, with heavy runoff and soil loss, to
conditions of moisture shortages and where limited
supplemental irrigation was applied to summer crops to reduce
drouth damage. The results provide information under
different seasonal conditions on losses of fertilizers and
pesticides that may occur under different practical methods
of production of crops. The data obtained show the methods
that can be employed to obtain optimum crop yields, with the
use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The results
point to methods that can minimize erosion and losses of
nutrients in runoff.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of project number R-
801-666. The study was a cooperative effort between the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,
North Central Watershed Research Unit, and the University of
Missouri. Partial financial support of the Environmental
Protection Agency was provided to the Agricultural Experiment
Station, Missouri College of Agriculture. The work supported
by the Environmental Protection Agency was initiated June 1,
1971 and completed as of December 31, 1973.
11
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract ii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgments vii
Sections
I Conclusions 1
II Recommendations 3
III Introduction 4
Chemical Fertilizers in Crop Production 4
Herbicides and Insecticides 6
Objectives 7
Location 7
IV Research Procedure 12
Field Plot Layout 12
Collecting Samples 14
Harvesting 14
Large Plots 14
Adding Water 17
Treatment Variables 17
Laboratory Methods 28
V Results and Discussion 30
iii
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Crop Yields 31
Losses Soil, Water and Nutrients 37
Runoff 37
Soil Loss 39
Nitrate and Ammonia Nitrogen in Runoff Water 39
Phosphorus in Runoff 40
Nitrogen Fertilizer Effect on Runoff and Erosion 43
Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Nitrogen Loss 43
in Runoff Water
Soluble Phosphorus in Runoff from Continuous Corn 46
Total Nitrogen in Sediment 47
Phosphorus in Runoff from Continuous Corn 49
Available Phosphorus in Sediment 52
Pesticides in Runoff 54
Aldrin 58
Dieldrin 5.8
Lasso 58
Atrazine 59
Furadan 60
Pesticide Loss Summary 61
VI References 62
VII Glossary 65
VIII Appendices 67
iv
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FIGURES
NO. Page
1. Extent of Claypan Soils in the Mid-continent Area 8
and Location of the McCredie Experiment Field
2. Plot Layout, McCredie 9
3. Aerial View of Runoff and Erosion Plots 11
4. Tanks and Equipment Utilized for Collecting Runoff 13
and Sediment from Experimental Plots
5. Preparing Runoff for Sampling 15
6. Triplicate Samples of Runoff Being Collected for 16
the Determination of Sediment Content
7. Planting Corn in "chopped stalks" with a "no-till" 18
Planter
8. Applying a Pesticide Where Corn has Been Seeded With 19
a no-till Planter
9. Cultivation of Corn on Runoff Plot 22
10. Corn Growing in Small Grain 24
11. Average Corn Yields Where Different Rates of 34
Nitrogen Fertilizer were Applied
12. Corn Yields by Years on No-till and Conventional 35
Soil Management, Where Different Rates of
Nitrogen Fertilizer were Applied
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TABLES
NO. Pages
1. Rates of Nitrogen Applied to Corn 21
2. Phosphorus Applications to Continuous Corn 25
3. Nitrogen Fertilizer Applied to Continuous Meadow 26
4. Cropping Systems for Tillage and Mulch Cover Study 27
5. Monthly Precipitation and Temperature 32
6. Corn Yields as Affected by Rates of Nitrogen and 33
Phosphorus Treatments
7. Runoff, Soil and Nutrients (in water) Lost From 38
Seven Representative Plots
8. Runoff and Soil Loss from Continuous Corn Receiving 41
Different Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization
9. Nitrate and Ammonia Nitrogen in Runoff Water From 42
Continuous Corn Receiving Different Rates of
Nitrogen Fertilizer
10. Soluble Phosphorus in Runoff Water From Continuous 45
Corn Receiving Different Rates of Nitrogen
11. Total Nitrogen in Sediment Lost from Continuous Corn 48
Receiving Rates of Nitrogen Fertilizers
12. Phosphorus in Runoff from Continuous Corn Receiving 50
Different Rates of Phosphorus Application
13. Available Phosphorus in Sediment Lost from Continuous 53
Corn, Receiving Different Rates of Phosphate
Fertilizer
14. Pesticides in Runoff from, .a Claypan Soil, 1971 55
15. Pesticides in Runoff from a Claypan Soil, 1972 56
16. Pesticides in Runoff from a Claypan Soil, 1973 57
vi
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was a joint effort of the Agronomy Department,
Missouri College of Agriculture, the U.S.D.A., Agricultural
Research Service, North Central Regional Research Unit and
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Many individuals
were interested in this practical study and made
contributions.
Special acknowledgment is due Dr. Robert W. Blanchar, who
served as consultant and supervised technicians, (Mary
Monzyk, Tom Morton and Ronald Hess) who made determinations
for ammonia, nitrate and phosphate compounds. Field work and
collection of sediment and runoff samples were the
responsibilities of H. A. Krueger and J. L. McCowan. Their
long experience provided accurate data, that when combined
with laboratory measurements made possible the calculations
reported.
Dr. James 0. Pierce of the Missouri Trace Substance
Laboratory served as consultant for pesticide analyses.
Special thanks are given to Dr. Corazon R. Hastings, Dr.
Walter Aue and Mr. Tom Cleavenger, who provided the
laboratory data on pesticides in runoff.
The cooperation of Mr. Arthur Burks, project officer, and Dr.
George Bailey both of the Southeast Environmental Research
Laboratory, Athens, Georgia in conducting this project is
greatly appreciated.
vii
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
The rate of nitrogen applications to corn in this study
varied from less, to more than has been regularly used in
mid-continent crop production. The smallest addition was
insufficient to produce satisfactory yields of corn. In
three seasons 163 kilograms of N per hectare [145 Ib/a]
produced optimum yields of corn. Where minimum tillage was
practiced yields were slightly increased by higher rates of
nitrogen application. There was a slight reduction in yield
from high rates of nitrogen with conventional tillage.
Losses of nitrogen in runoff were only slightly higher where
the application rates were sufficient for satisfactory crop
production, than where yields were limited by a nitrogen
deficiency.
Total rainfall, storm intensity, and crop development were
important factors in losses of N and P in runoff and in
sediment. In the low rainfall seasons of 1971, 1972 and 1973
losses from experimental field areas were small.
Precipitation in the growing seasons of these three years was
below average. In the "start-up" year of 1970, when rainfall
was near the 100 year frequency, and in experiments conducted
in the past under higher rainfall conditions, erosion and
runoff were considerably higher. It is probable that average
losses during most 10 year periods would be greater than
during the three years (1971-1973) this study was conducted.
The application of ammonium nitrate at rates which produced
the highest corn yields, with conventional tillage, produced
nitrogen losses in runoff water of 7-8 percent of the applied
nitrogen.
Where the amount of chemical nitrogen applied to corn was
approximately that removed in the crop, losses in runoff were
little higher than where most of the nitrogen was derived
from decomposition of crop residues or from the
mineralization of soil organic matter. Addition of chemical
nitrogen in excess of plant need or absorption resulted in an
increase of nutrients in runoff.
Soil treatments that promoted early and vigorous crop growth,
and provided soil cover, resulted in less loss of nitrogen
and phosphorus from some storms than where little treatment
was applied.
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The colloidal fraction of claypan soils has a high "fixing
capacity" for phosphates. Where phosphate was incorporated
in the soil the total loss of phosphorus was associated with
the amount of erosion. Where the phosphate was surface
applied on no-till type of planting, phosphorus losses were
higher, although soil loss was negligible.
A cover crop (rye) was effective in reducing both runoff and
sediment loss. Where rye in the heading stage was killed by
a herbicide and left standing there was an increase in
phosphorus in the runoff water from some rains. This could
be the result of leaching from the dead tissue. Where soil
moisture is near field capacity the phosphorus is apparently
carried from the field rather than being adsorbed on the soil
complex.
Losses of nitrate and ammonia in runoff water was much
greater from surface applications to a wet soil than where
treatments had been plowed down earlier. The methods and
time of fertilizer application can effect absorption by crops
and the amount of nutrients that may be lost in runoff.
Concentration of a number of pesticides, applied at
recommended rates, in runoff water was low. There was little
natural runoff in any of the three seasons, in the 2-4 weeks
following application. A major portion of the pesticide
compounds in runoff water can be attributed to the addition
of supplemental irrigation.
Application of sound soil and crop management practices can
reduce losses of farm chemicals in runoff. Good soil cover
(both residues and the growing canopy) can reduce erosion.
Only where soil was bare was there substantial erosion.
These results indicate farm chemicals can be applied to
claypan soils without significant increase in nutrient losses
to surface waters.
The results from this three-year field study indicate that
losses of N and P and a number of pesticides when applied at
recommended rates, the loss to surface water supplies was not
great. Losses were lower than has been found where chemical
fertilizers have been added to small areas and where
simulated rainfall has been added to rapidly saturate a soil
and produce runoff in a short period(1).
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
Measurements of nutrient losses were made in three seasons
when the rainfall in the period following planting, and
during the summer growing season was low and below the long-
time average. Studies of this type should be conducted over
a longer period to include seasons when rainfall is above
average. From past experience, on this same facility where
runoff and erosion were measured, it can be expected that the
results obtained and reported in this study are below those
that would be found over a longer period.
This study was conducted on a claypan soil. Effort should be
made by qualified scientists to extrapolate this data to
other soils of the mid-continent area where similar runoff
and ersoion data are available. Similar type studies are
needed on other major soil groups where liberal fertilizer
applications are made to row crops.
Prices of foods are increasing. Agricultural exports are
wanted to assist with U.S. balance of payments. Currently
there is demand for increased grain production. Fertilizer
addition is an essential crop production practice. The
supply is inadequate to satisfy demand. Substantial
quantities of natural gas are required for the synthesis of
nitrogen fertilizers. Efficient use of fertilizer is
required to produce the needed crops and conserve petroleum
supplies.
Research and education programs are needed that will:
(a) Cause the amount of fertilizer applied to crops to
be the kind and amounts that will produce optimum yields.
(b) Insure that methods of fertilizer application be followed
that will result in efficient utilization by crops,
with a minimum amount lost in runoff and in sediment.
(c) Adopt soil and crop management practices that will
provide soil cover to minimize erosion and prevent
the runoff of limited precipitation.
(d) Reduce or prohibit the use of chemical fertilizers
on non-food producing lands.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS IN CROP PRODUCTION
The use of chemical fertilizers for grain and forage
production has increased during the same period there has
been awareness of degradation of quality of the nation's
water supplies. There has been speculation that high nitrate
content in many rural water supplies is caused by the
addition of nitrgoen fertilizers to agricultural land.
Losses of both phosphates and nitrogen compounds from farm
fields are frequently considered the major source of
nutrients responsible for eutrophication in many lakes and
slow-moving, clear streams. Some popular writers have made
little distinction between plant nutrients and pesticides
when discussing runoff and water pollution from agriculture.
Chemical fertilizers are considered now to increase yields of
crops in the United States more than one third (2). The
World Food and Agriculture Organization has reported that one
ton of fertilizer will make available up to 8 tons of food
production (3). It is not possible to secure absolute
figures and it is difficult to generalize, however, the
United States figure is accepted by agronomists for the grain
and meat producing region of the midwest. An estimated
increase in yields of 30% from chemical fertilizers is
probably too low on the more highly leached soils in the
humid sections of the county and possibly too high in the
drier areas where there is little runoff and nitrogen is
usually the only added element that will give consistent
increased crop growth. This added agricultural production is
a major factor in providing an ample food supply for the
United States. Export of agricultural products is an
important contributor to maintenance of balance of payments.
Anhydrous ammonia, or some derivative, is the principal
chemical nitrogen material applied to farm crops in the
United States. During the past 25 years nitrogen fertilizer
used in the United States has increased from about a million
tons annually to more than 8 million tons in 1972 (4).
Currently about 80% of the anhydrous ammonia produced in this
country is utilized for direct application to farm crops or
conversion to oth.er chemical fertilizers.
Natural gas Has supplied tfie hydrogen required in tFLe
synthesis of anhydrous ammonia. About 11,300 hi3[40,000
ft3] of gas is required to produce one ton of NH3(about one
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kg of gas per kg of ammonia). Most ammonia plants have been
owned or controlled by natural gas producers. The ammonia
plants have provided an outlet for gas in the summer months.
Petroleum producers were interested in nitrogen production
when a greater economic return could be obtained from the
conversion of natural gas to ammonia than could be realized
from other uses. During the past decade the application of
these nitrogen materials has become standard practice on most
U.S. farms in humid areas, and coupled with favorable seasons
has greatly stimulated crop production. Plant capacity for
production of fertilizers in the decade preceding the 1973
season was in excess of demand. Retail prices were
depressed. For some years chemical fertilizers were the
lowest cost input in crop production. Many good farm
managers have made liberal applications. Although on a
national basis crop removal of nutrients has been in excess
of additions, there are areas where the rate of treatment has
been in excess of crop needswhich could lead to excesses
reaching surface or ground water.
Fertilizer use changed with the 1973 crop season. Foreign
purchases of grain in 1972 removed surpluses. Prices of all
grains greatly increased. Domestic price ceilings and
devaluation of the U.S. dollar stimulated export demand for
nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer from U.S. producers. A
combination of these factors made the demand for fertilizers
greater than production capacity. All government acreage
controls were removed in 1973 and full production was
encouraged to meet food demands. Price ceilings on
fertilizer were removed. Costs of fertilizers to farmers
have advanced, but demand is greater than supply. During the
period July through December 1973 fertilizer tonnage reports
from Missouri (5) indicated the amount shipped was more than
one-third higher than during the same period in 1972.
Currently the low carry-over of grains and the energy
shortage have diverted emphasis from losses of nitrogen and
phosphorus from crop land, to need for all-out production of
food. Since the nitrogen industry is geared to the use of
natural gas as the supply of hydrogen, major effort (6) is
being made to secure allocations of gas for ammonia
synthesis. Crop forecasts predict lowered food production
unless adequate chemical fertilizers are produced.
Public attitudes toward the role of farm fertilizers has
changed since this study was initiated in 1971.
Environmental concern for nutrients lost from land has been
largely replaced by concern for soil fertility methods that
will provide adequate food for domestic use and for export.
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The source and amount of nutrients in water originating from
farmland has received much attention since environmental
quality has been of major public concern. A recent review by
the Smithsonian Information Exchange (7) lists more than 140
current research studies relating to "Nitrates in Soils."
Opinions and conclusions on the importance and extent of this
problem vary, because of lack of specific information. Some
ecologists (8) have expressed opinions that chemical
fertilizers are a threat to the environment. A committee on
nitrate accumulation of the National Academy of Sciences has
recently reviewed the role of nitrate and related nitrogen
compounds in the environment (9). Recent hearings (10) in
Illinois concluded that there was some evidence that the
nitrate content of drainage water from heavily fertilized
cornfields had increased, but there was no cause for
regulation of fertilizer use at this time. The following
references provide a review of research concerning the
reactions of nitrogen compounds and phosphates applied to
land as soil amendments (11, 12, 13, 14).
HERBICIDES AND INSECTICIDES
Organic pesticides, largely herbicides and insecticides, are
widely used in the production of field crops. Herbicides are
extensively used in crop production on claypan soils. These
compounds have been particularly useful on poorly drained
soils in controlling unwanted vegetation when mechanical weed
control is not possible. These materials have made possible
the use of minimum or no-till row crop production. This type
of soil management gives greater protection from beating
rains and a reduction of sediment loss through erosion. The
use of insecticides has made possible the use of monocultures
(continuous corn and soybeans in the mid-continent area)
which has increased food production.
Pesticides in common use vary in rate of degradation. The
fate of these materials in different soils has received much
research attention. The following references discuss the
possible environmental contamination of pesticides and
provide reviews of current information (15, 16, 17).
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OBJECTIVES
1. Determine under practical field conditions the
amount of nitrogen and phosphorus transported in runoff
water and sediment from claypan agricultural land where
optimum to excessive rates of inorganic fertilizers are
applied. Treatment with inadequate fertilizer
application are included.
2. Determine the quantity of herbicides and other
pesticides carried in runoff from land producing corn
and soybeans, and where recommended amounts of
chemicals are applied.
3. Determine the effect of reduced tillage, no-till
planting, and chemical weed control on runoff and
erosion and the comparative losses of nitrogen,
phosphorus and chemicals from a claypan agricultural
soil.
LOCATION
This study was conducted on a claypan (Mexico silt loam) soil
near Kingdom City (McCredie) in Central Missouri. The soil
is derived from loess, but the high colloidal content of the
claypan retards water movement and the subsoil is poorly
drained. The slope will average about three percent, and may
have lengths of more than 450 meters [1500 ft]. The soil was
originally covered with tall grass prairie vegetation.
Erosion losses have removed much of the topsoil (18). The
Mexico silt loam is generally considered more productive than
other claypans with less slope, and not as well drained. The
Mexico silt loam is usually darker in color and not as highly
leached as the more level types. This soil is closely
related to more than 4 million hectares [10 million acres] in
Missouri, Eastern Kansas, and Oklahoma, Southern Iowa,
Illinois and Indiana and Ohio (Figure 11. The results from
this investigation can also Be applied to an additional 16
million hectares [40 million acres] of glacial soils of the
midwest, with slowly permeable subsoils.
There is probably no group of soils in the United States that
has changed as much in crop output and value as h.ave th.ese
claypans since cHemical fertilizers and herbicides have
become a standard management practice in the mid-continent
area. Formerly tRe major crops on these soils were small
grains and hay. Slow internal drainage and warming in the
spring limited mineralization of organic nitrogen. When the
soil was wet in the spring added phosphorus was rapidly fixed
by soluble iron, manganese and aluminum. Legume growth,
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NORTH CENTRAL WATERSHED RESEARCH CENTER
CENTRAL CLAYPAN SOIL RESEARCH LOCATIONS
mssouRi ^f~
Figure 1. Extent of claypan soils in the mid-continent
area and location of the McCredie Experimental Field.
There are more than 4 million hectares (10 million acres)
of this type of soil.
8
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SCALE: 1 CM = 12 M
Figure 2
PLOT LAYOUT
KINGDOM CITY (MC CREDIE)
MISSOURI
NORTH CENTRAL REGION
WATERSHED RESEARCH UNIT
COLUMBIA., MISSOURI
USDA - ARS
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including soybeans, was limited by need for lime and
phosphorus. Availability of chemical nitrogen fertilizers
has stimulated crop growth in cool wet seasons. Herbicides
have reduced the hazards of weed competition when early
cultivation is not possible. Adoption of complete soil
fertility and crop management practices have made this soil
group a major food production area, with corn and soybeans
major crops. Livestock production has been stimulated as a
result of abundant feed supplies. Claypan soils have a lower
moisture holding capacity than many of the dark glacial
prairie soils or the open loessal soils of the cornbelt.
Adequate nutrient levels have made limited supplies of
moisture more effective (19) and in seasons with good
rainfall distribution the soils are now well above average
for productivity in the United States. Because of shortages
of precipitation in summer months, supplemental irrigation is
developing on the better managed farms with this type of
soil.
10
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Figure 3. Aerial view of runoff and erosion plots, McCredie
Field. Thirty-three of the small plots (center of photo)
were utilized in this study. The two areas in the lower right
.405 hectares each (one acre) are instrumented and utilized
to obtain runoff and erosion data from a larger area.
11
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SECTION IV
RESEARCH PROCEDURE
Field Plot Layout; A 41 plot facility (33 included in this
study) has been in operation on the Midwest Claypan
Experiment Station for more than 30 years. It is probably
the most extensive facility in the country for measuring
runoff and sediment losses under practical field conditions.
The layout and experimental techniques are refinements of the
original method developed by Duley and Miller (20) and widely
adopted as a means of measuring runoff and erosion. Evidence
obtained with this type of experiment in past years has been
used in securing basic data for soil conservation programs.
The data obtained with this type of facility is more
realistic and applicable than where small, bare, or mulch
covered plots are utilized under non crop conditions, with
artificial rain equipment. Results from small watersheds may
only apply to the area where measurements were made. Various
cooperative studies involving crop and soil management
practices have been conducted on these plots in past years by
the U.S.D.A., Agricultural Research Service, North Central
Regional Watershed Research Unit and the Missouri
Agricultural Experiment Station. Of particular value is the
skill of the U.S.D.A. supervisor F. D. Whitaker and
technicians who have worked with this facility for many years
and have developed the techniques essential to minimize
experimental errors in studies of this kind.
A description of the soil and results of some past
experiments have been summarized in U.S.D.A. Technical
Bulletin 1379 (21). This publication also provides an
extensive review of research in applicable soil and water
loss studies. The experimental field plots (Figure II) are
located on a three percent slope. Individual plots are 3.2 x
27.4 meters [10.5 x 90 ft], surrounded by metal dividers
placed sufficiently deep in the soil to prevent lateral loss
or interflow of runoff water. The runoff measuring equipment
for each plot consists principally of two volumetrically
calibrated tanks connected by a nine-slot divisor unit. All
of the runoff and sediment from a plot flows into the first
catchment tank that holds about 1 cm [1/3 inch] of runoff
from the plot. A container with a capacity of about 0.57 hi
[2 cu ft ] is located in the first tank under the conduit
that delivers the runoff and sediment from the plot to the
tanks. This container retains runoff from very small flows.
When the first tank is full, one-ninth of the water and
suspended sediment is directed into a second tank and the
remainder is wasted into drains. About 15.24 cm [6 inches]
12
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Figure 4. Tanks and equipment utilized for collecting
runoff and sediment from experimental plots. This facility
can provide accurate data on storms where the total runoff
can be more than 15 cm (6 inches). Note the irrigation
pipe in place. The addition of water can reduce drouth
damage and can raise soil moisture to produce runoff in
seasons when precipitation would be absorbed.
13
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of runoff from a single rain can be measured before the final
tank overflows.
Collecting Samples; After each rain the catchment tanks are
emptied and cleaned. The volume is measured. Sediments and
water collecting from the experimental areas are thoroughly
mixed and triplicate samples collected to determine sediment
content. Additional samples are taken in glass bottles,
immediately cooled and stored at 0°C [32°F] until laboratory
determinations are made on the liquid portion. The sediment
is removed from the liquid by filteration, dried and stored
for later phosphate and ammonia determinations. On some
plots with heavy mulch cover there was so little sediment in
the runoff that about 20 liters [about 5 gallons] were
removed and allowed to settle. The clear liquid was decanted
and the sediment retained, filtered and dried to obtain a
sufficient amount for laboratory determinations. In some
runoff events, and where there was heavy residue cover, the
runoff contained insufficient sediment for measurements.
There is a 2.13 meter [7 ft.] border area between plots.
This permits the planting of two outside border rows of a
crop such as corn or soybeans, or 1.07 meter [3.5 ft.] of
small grains or grasses. This planting outside of dividers
minimizes border effect variations that are inherent with
small plots. Tillage operations are conducted with an
appropriate equipped farm tractor. Methods of soil
preparation, seeding, fertilizer application cultivation and
pesticide applications are similar to those on large farm
acreages. The farm technicians have had long experience in
operating this equipment. Their skill insures uniformity
across all plots. Damage to dividers, to crops and measuring
equipment, and elimination of rodent tunnels, that can cause
errors in the data collected is minimal.
Harvesting; Small grains and soybeans are harvested with a
self propelled combine. Yields of corn and meadow crops are
obtained by a combination of machine and hand methods. In
past experiments on this facility soil amendments have been
applied mostly by hand. However, in the course of this
study, machinery has been modified to apply both fertilizers
and pesticides by methods regularly employed in large scale
cropping. The plot operation permits the securing of
accurate field data of runoff, sediment loss and yields from
a number of variable (and partly replicated) treatments.
Large Plots; In addition to the 3.2 x 27.4 meter plots
[10.5 x 90 ft.], two fields, 31.6 meters wide and a length of
128 meters [103.7 x 420 ft.] are cropped on the contour to a
rotation of corn and soybeans. These larger areas are shown
14
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Figure 5. Preparing runoff for sampling. The container
being emptied collects the runoff when the amount is small.
When the quantity exceeds this volume the contents are mixed
with the overflow.
15
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PLOT 22
CONT CORN
LL FERTILITY
HV. TILLAGE
LOW-SPRIHC
Figure 6. Triplicate samples of runoff being collected
for the determination of sediment content. Separate samples
are collected and refrigerated for laboratory determinations
of nutrients and pesticides.
16
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as P-2 and P-3 in Figure 2. These two different sized plots
permit comparisons of results under a minimum tillage system.
Water level recorders and flumes are used to measure the
volume of runoff on these larger plots. Coshocton runoff
sampling wheels are used to secure representative samples for
measurement of sediment losses and of both water and sediment
for laboratory analyses. These two plots provide data to aid
in the extrapolation of data on the small plots to fields or
small watersheds.
Adding Water; Supplemental water is provided by sprinkler
irrigation equipment that is set up after corn and soybeans
are planted. Nozzles are on a 9.14 x 10.7 meter [30 x 35
ft.] spacing and are left in position throughout the growing
season. This equipment is designed to provide uniform
distribution of water at a rate of about 1.9 cm [.75 inch]
per hour. This equipment is not designed to apply artificial
rainfall. However, sprinkling can be used to raise soil
moisture content, so runoff will occur in some seasons when
precipitation is below average, but rains do fall on moist
soil. This permits securing data in some seasons when there
would be little natural runoff. Also, there may be short
periods when drouth may damage summer crops early in the
season. This added water can permit normal crop development
so meaningful soil and water loss experimental data can be
obtained in the latter part of the growing season.
Treatment Variables; The plots utilized in this study have
in the past provided information on erosion and runoff under
different cropping practices and soil management systems that
are applicable in the region (21). Experience has shown that
past soil differences that may have developed are small and
will be overcome in one or two seasons with new systems.
Residual differences are minor. Organic matter and physical
property variations are usually small and difficult to detect
by laboratory procedures. Soil tests have been performed on
all plots and any differences in calcium or other mineral
nutrients that could effect crop growth were applied in 1970
to balance nutrient differences and provide uniformity- The
study was changed in 1970 and a new set of variables
established. Soil and crop management practices as outlined
in this section were initiated.
In this "change-over" season all treatments were applied
according to plan and operations were only slightly modified
in the following seasons that are reported. In 1970 rainfall
approached the 100 year frequency. Only a portion of the
laboratory data was obtained, but agreement on losses on
replicated plots was generally good and indicated little
17
-------
PLOT-5
CONTINUOUS CORN
FULL FERTILITY
NO-TILL PLANTING
NITROGEN-300LBS AC
Figure 7. Planting corn in "chopped stalks" with a "no-till1
planter on a runoff plot. A complete fertilizer is applied
in bands separate from the seed.
18
-------
Figure 8. Applying a pesticide where corn has been seeded
with a "no-till" planter. Note the metal dividers that
separate the plot areas from borders. Borders minimize
climatic effects on small plots.
19
-------
effect of past history. In 1970 experience was modified and
improved. Hand applications of fertilizer, for example, was
replaced by machine placement, which is similar to methods
used on commercial farms. The results obtained in 1971, 1972
and 1973 indicated only minor effects of previous cropping
practices.
The investigation can be divided into two major portions, (a)
where different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus are applied
to continuous corn, grown with conventional tillage
operations, or where residues remain on the surface and corn
is grown with a no-till system. Meadow plots receiving two
rates of nitrogen are also included in this portion of the
study; and (b) where adequate uniform applications of
fertilizer is applied to corn and soybeans grown under
different crop and soil management systems.
Soil Treatments and Crop Management.
1. Fertilizer Applications
a. Basic application; according to soil tests (23)
provided the following levels in plow layer
(all other essential nutrients present in
adequate amounts for optimum crop growth).
P-98 kg per ha [200 Ibs P205per/al
K-2.4 percent base saturation
Ca-80 percent base saturation
b. Variable fertilizer treatments - see tables 1, 2 and
3.
c. Nitrogen and starter fertilizer treatments (in
addition to basic treatment) where fertilizer
application rate is not an experimental variable.
Corn
1. Ammonium nitrate at 336 kg per ha [300 Ibs/a]
applied on surface before plowing,
or banded in soil with no-till or field
cultivator tillage systems.
2. Starter fertilizer; 224 kg per ha
of 6-10.5-39.9 CN-P-KI [200 Ibs./a 6-24-24]
banded near row at planting.
3. Ammonium nitrate at 224 kg per h.a [200 Ibs
per a] side dressed wSen. corn was about
30 cm tall (12 inches).
Soybeans
Starter fertilizer; 224 kg per ha [200 Ibs./a]
of 6-10.5-19.9 CN-P-K) [200 Ibs./a 6-24-24]
banded near row at planting.
Grass
See Table 3.
20
-------
TABLE 1 Rates of nitrogen fertilizer applied to continuous
corn, grown (A) with conventional plowing, planting and culti-
vation, and (B) where crop residues remain on the surface and
no-till practices are followed.*
Conventional
(A)
Plot
12
17
4
8
15
No-Till
(B)
Plot
14
10
21
16
5
Total**
kg/ha
15
89
163
237
348
Nitrogen Applied Annually***
kg/ha
Before planting
0
37
74
148
222
Sidedressed
0
37
74
74
111
* Phosphorus, potassium and calcium maintained at optimum levels
according to Missouri Soil Tests (22).
** Starter fertilizer applied annually at planting, equivalent to
245 kg/ha of 6-10.5-19.9 (NPK).
*** Solid ammonium nitrate (33-34% N).
21
-------
Figure 9. Special equipment and care is required to cultivate
corn on small runoff and erosion plots. Damage to stand or
dividers can influence results. Note the upright sprinkler.
in place that can add water in the event of a dry season.
22
-------
Small^ Grain (for winter cover)
1. Ammonium nitrate at 112 kg per ha [100 Ibs./a]
after corn is removed for silage and
tilled into surface soil before seeding small
grain.
2. Row fertilizer of 168 kg per ha
of 6-10.5-19.9 (N-P-K) [150 Ibs./a 6-24-24] at seeding.
3. Ammonium nitrate at 112 kg per ha [100 Ibs./a]
after soybean harvest.
2. Crop Variables
a. Continuous Corn
b. Continuous Soybeans
c. Corn-Soybean Rotation
d. Continuous Grass
3. Tillage Variable
a. Seed bed prepared by conventional plowing,
discing and harrowing with cultivation for
weed control.
b. "No-till" planting in chopped residues of previous
season or in cover crops; weed control with
herbicides.
c. Field Tiller; residues chopped and seed bed prepared
by cultivator that did not incorporate organic
material.
4. Mulch Variable
a. None; all residues shredded and plowed under in fall
or spring.
-b. Crop residues in or near surface; residues shredded;
soil worked with field tiller.
c. Crop residue on surface; shredded in fall and crops
planted with no-till planter.
d. None; corn removed for silage.
e. Soybean residue and winter cover crop (rye)
on soil surface at soybean planting; herbicide
used to kill cover crop.
f. Cover crop (rye) seeded after removal of corn
for silage; corn planted directly in cover
crop, using herbicide to kill the growing cover crop.
5. Planting Rates
Corn - planted about 20 cm (8" spacing) in 76 cm
[30"] rows, - approximately 64,000 plants per ha
[26,000 plants/a].
Soybeans - seeded 56 kg per ha (50 Ibs per acre)
23
-------
p-32 CONT. CORN*
FULL FERTILITY
NO-T\LL PLANTING
CHEM.WEED CONTROL
HARV. FOR SILAGE
WINTER COVER .
Figure 10. Corn growing in small grain that has been killed
by a herbicide. This mulch is most effective in reducing
erosion. The paper bags contain weighed amounts of ammonium
nitrate to be applied to runoff plots, by hand, as a side
dressing.
24
-------
TABLE 2 Phosphate applications to continuous corn grown with
(A) conventional plowing, planting and cultivation and (B) where
crop residues remain on the surface and no-till practices are
followed.*
Conventional No-Till
(A)" (B)
Plot
12
15
13
Plot
14
5
7
Phosphorus Treatment
P - kg/ha
Starter**
25.7
25.7
25.7
Broadcast
0
To Soil Test***
To Soil Test***
+ 98 kg P/ha
* Plots 5, 7, 13 and 15 received adequate potassium and lime, and
348 kg/ha of nitrogen. Plots 12 and 14 received only starter
fertilizer.
** 245 kg/ha of 6-10.5-19.9 (NPK).
*** Reference (22).
25
-------
TABLE 3 Nitrogen applied annually to continuous meadov* (kg/ha)
Plot
2
23
Total N
112
22U
DATE OF APPLICATION
March 1
37
7U
May 1
37
75
June 1
38
75
* Solid ammonium nitrate - lime, phosphorus and potassium
available in adequate quantities, according to soil tests (22)
26
-------
TABLE h Cropping Systems for Tillage and Mulch Cover Study.*
Plots Crop Tillage Crop Use
6-19
30-37
22-28
'27
31-33
32-3U
.36-39
3-35
29-38
P-2-P3
Corn
11
ii
ii
it
it
Soybeans
n
it
Rotation
Corn-Soybeans
No-Till - no cultivation
Field Cultivator
Spring Plow-Cultivated
Fall Plow-Cultivated
No-Till - no cultivation
it n n
ti it n
n it n
Field Cultivator
No-Till - no cultivation
Grain
Residues Returned
n ii
it it
it n
Silage
Silage
Rye Cover Crop**
Grain
Residues Returned
Grain
Rye Cover Crop**
Grain
Residues Returned
Grain
Residues Returned
All areas received lime, phosphorus and potassium
fertilizers to provide adequate levels as shown by
soil tests ( 22) . All corn received 185 kg/ha (165
Ibs/a) N as solid ammonium nitrate with 60% plowed
down or applied before planting and 40% side dressed.
A 6-10*5-19.9 (N-P-K) starter fertilizer at 245 kg/ha
was applied to both corn and soybeans at planting.
* *
Cover crops received 37 kg/ha N. Cover crop on
plots 32 and 34 received 168 kg/ha, 6-10.5-19.9, at
seeding.
27
-------
in 76 cm (30") rows, approximately 2.5 cm
[1" spacing].
Small grain for winter cover
a. One hundred kg per ha, (six pecks per acre)
broadcast before harvest of soybeans.
b. One hundred kg/ha (six pecks per acre) drilled
after corn is removed for silage.
6. Pesticides
Herbicdes and insecticides were applied at
rates recommended for this particular soil, by the
manufacturers. Aldrin, Atrazine, Lasso, Furadan, and
Paraquat were applied to specific plots. (See Tables
14, 15 and 16).
Laboratory Methods:
Nitrate and ammonia in water
(and ammonia in sediment) determined by the magnesium
oxide-Devarda alloy steam distillation method of
Bremner (23) . The work of Bremner and evaluations
in the laboratory of the principal investigator
have shown this method to be reliable.
Ammonia: Magnesium oxide is added to a measured
sample and distilled with ammonia free steam into a
boric acid solution using a mixed indicator. The
ammonia evolved is measured by titration of the boric
acid.
Nitrate; After removing ammonia, Devarda's Alloy
prepared by ball-milling a good quality alloy until it
will pass a screen with 100 openings per cm is added
to the residue in the flask from the ammonia
determination. The ammonia produced from the
reduction of the nitrate ions in the samples are
distilled into boric acid and the nitrates calculated
from the titration.
Total Nitrogen; Total nitrogen in sediment is determined
on acidified samples (taken to dryness) by the standard
Kjeldahl method, excluding nitrates.
Water Soluble Phosphorus; Soluble phosphates were
determined by the molydenum blue methods as outlined
by Olson and Dean (24). Where the phosphorus content in
water was below 25 ppb modification of the method
by absorption on exchange resins, for concentration and
extraction was used.
Active Phosphorus; The dried sediments
were extracted with 0.01N-HC1 and 0.025 NH^F C22).
Determination of phosphorus was made with ammonium
molybdate-stannous chloride reagents measuring the
color photometrically using 6PO mu incident ligHt.
28
-------
Organic Pesticides; Samples of water were collected in
glass bottles after storms, placed in ice chests, and
held at 0°C [32°F] until determinations were made.
Determination of pesticide compounds were made by
gas chromatographic analysis by the University of
Missouri Environmental Trace Substance Center
Laboratories. Personnel from both the Trace
Substance Center and the Agricultural Experiment
Station Laboratories served as consultants on
this phase of the study.
In 1971 and 1972 all determinations were made on filtered samples.
In 1973 analysis for Aldrin and Dieldrin were made on filtered
water, but the remainder of the determinations (Lasso, Atrazine and
Furadan were made on unfiltered water.
29
-------
SECTION V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Temperature variations and rainfall distribution during
summer months are critical factors in crop production in the
mid-continent region. The period from seed bed preparation
until a crop canopy is grown is the critical time for maximum
sediment and water loss. On claypan soils a mild shortage of
rainfall in the period immediately after planting usually is
favorable to crop growth. Plant needs for moisture during
the early stages of growth are not high. When rainfall is
heavy before the crop provides ground cover, erosion and
runoff can be high. In July and August the effect of storms
is not as conductive to erosion. A good growth breaks the
force of the rain drops, and where crops have depleted soil
moisture there is storage capacity and less runoff.
Temperatures in the three seasons this study was conducted
(1971, 1972 and 1973) were near normal and had no major
influence on the production of corn, soybeans or meadow
grasses. The temperatures given in Table 5 show an average
of 12.5°C (54.5°F) for the 12 month period. The average
temperatures for the three years that this study was
conducted showed departures from this mean of 0.4°C (.7°F).
April and May of 1973 were slightly cooler than the long time
average, but other months during the growing seasons in all
three years were near normal.
Rainfall for the last 80 years in this locality was 96.16 cm
[37.86 in]. In both 1971 and 1972 the total precipitation
was considerably below this amount (Table 5). In 1973 March
rainfall was nearly four times the average, which delayed
planting of row crops. However, in May and June available
moisture was actually below the amount for optimum crop
growth. There were no severe storms during the period that
corn and soybeans were making early growth. Erosion and
runoff from all plots were less than has been obtained from
these same plots in previous years and with somewhat similar
cropping systems. In 1973, with the above normal
precipitation, much of this extra rainfall came in March,
July and the fall months when the soil was protected by
residues or a growing crop.
The absence of above normal rainfall in April through June in
all of these three seasons would suggest that the reported
erosion, nutrient and pesticide losses would be lower than in
seasons with above average precipitation. Experiments (21)
conducted on this same field in previous years have shown
that storms of above average amount and intensity caused more
30
-------
runoff and soil loss than was measured from individual events
during this three year period. Damage is most severe in the
spring months from time of seed bed preparation until the
crop provides ground cover. There have been occasions on
this claypan soil when storms in two or three months of a
single year have caused greater erosion and runoff than may
have occurred over a period of years. Weather is seasonal at
this mid-continent location. It is suggested that losses
from most of the management systems used in this study would
be greater in seasons when spring and early summer rainfall
is above average.
Crop Yields
The corn yields obtained from the different treatments in the
three years of these measurements ranged from below the state
average (low nitrogen application) to amounts that were
almost double the yields for the state according to crop
reporting services. The amount of fertilizer applied in this
study varied from considerably less to an excess of the
quantity regularly used by commercial farms.
Table 6 and Figures 11 and 12 give the yield of corn grain
(15 percent moisture) on selected plots receiving different
rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Yields are
included for both no-till and conventional cultivation
practices. The average yield for the state for the three
year period was 5,582 kg/ha [88.9 bu/a]. In 1971, where only
15 kg N/ha [13 Ibs/a] were added, yields were slightly higher
than the state average. In both 1972 and 1973 the
application of only nitrogen in starter fertilizer produced
yields considerably lower than the average yield reported for
the state.
The highest yields of corn produced with both conventional
and no-till systems were nearly two times the state averages
for the three years. More nitrogen was required where no
tillage was practiced. 'The highest average yield, 10,476
kg/ha [167 bu/a] was produced on no-tillage corn that had
received ammonium nitrate to supply 348 kg N/ha [310 Ibs/a].
In all seasons the yield of corn increased on the no-till
plots as additional nitrogen was applied.
Where land was cultivated (conventional) the highest yields
were obtained with 163 kg of N/ha [145 Ibs/a]. The yields
from the 163 kg/ha rate was substantially greater than where
only 89 kg/ha [79 Ibs/al were applied. Additional nitrogen
above the 163 kg/ha rate reduced yields. This relationship
31
-------
TABLE 5 Monthly Precipitation and Temperature During 1971, 1972
and 1973 at the Midwest Claypan Experiment Farm, Kingdom City
(McCredie) Missouri.
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average
Mean
30 year
average .
-1
1
6
12
18
22
2k
2U
20
lU
6
12
.2
.1
.0
.9
.0
.5
.9
.1
.1
.k
.7
.8
.5
Temperature
1971,
-3.1*
-.5
5.6
lU.i
16.8
2l*.7
23.1
23.1
21.9
17-5
7.8
3A
12.7
19J2
-1.7
.1
7.5
13.3
17.9
22.6
2U.U
2l*.9
21.9
13.3
h.6
-1.7
12.3
C°
1973
-0.5
0.7
9.5
11.6
17.0
23.2
21*. 1*
21*. 1*
20.7
16.8
8.1*
-.7
12.9
Rainfall
80 year
average
1*.78
U. 32
7.19
9.63
11.76
11.91
9-07
8.38
10.52
8.03
5.79
u.ao
96.16
1971
3.30
5.03
1.73
3.30
11. U3
If. 98
8.56
3.89
6.58
k.ok
5.36
11.25
69 M
- cm
1972
1
1
7
10
7
1
5
3
13
6
12
6
.75
.02
93
.29
.U2
.98
.77
.35
.56
.35
.22
.10
77'. 72
1973
6.
3.
26.
6.
10.
5.
19-
2.
lU.
9.
6.
8.
121.
55
76
U7
93
90
33
53
7^
58
73
55
15
22
32
-------
Table 6. Corn Yields as Affected by Rates of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Applications
N Applied Annually
kq/ha
18
89
163
237
348
P Applied Annually
kg/ha*
25.7**
25.7+ to Soil Test
25.7+ to Soil Test
+98 kg/P/ha
No-Till
Plot
14
10
21
16
5
14
5
7
1971
5,802
9,132
10,782
11,064
11,697
4,802
11,697
10,349
Yield -
1972
3,443
6,259
7,539
8,078
9,226
3,443
9,226
8,235
STATE
kq/ha
1973
1,857
6,203
9,427
10,430
10,506
1,857
10,506
9,320
AVERAGE
3 yr.
Average
3,701
7,198
9,249
9,857
10,476
3,701
10,476
9,301
Conventional
plot
12
17
4
8
15
12
15
13
Yi
1971
5,958
9,690
11,741
11,515
11,095
5,958
11,095
11,641
5,519
eld -
1972
3,826
6,793
9,301
8,913
8,292
3,826
8,292
9,163
5,709
ka/ha
1973
2,841
7,087
10,242
9,571
8,906
2,841
8,906
9,671
5,519
3
yr.
Average
4
7
10
10
9
4
9
10
5
,208
,857
,428
,000
,431
,208
,431
,158
,582
*A11 plots received a starter fertilizer of 245 kg/ha of 6-10.5-19.9 (N-P-K) at planting.
**Plots 14 and 12 received only 15 kg/ha of nitrogen in starter fertilizer; plots 5, 7,
13 and 15 received 348 kg/ha of N as ammonium nitrate.
-------
100 -
w
*»
o
o
90 -
80 -
70 -
x. 60 -
50 -
40 -
89
-^ conventional
O no-till
State Average
163
237
348
150
200
250
300
350
Figure 11.
,50 100
kg N/ha
Average corn yields for three years where different rates of nitrogen
fertilizer were applied to crop produced with conventional seed bed
preparation and cultivation, and with no tillage.
-------
o
o
U)
U1
I
T3
iH
0)
H
X
120
100
80
60
40
20
1972
NO-TILL
1971
CONVENTIONAL
100
200
300
400
Kg N/ha
100
200
300
400
Figure 12. Corn yields by years, receiving different rates of nitrogen fertilizer where no-till or conventional
planting and cultivation was followed.
-------
was evident in each of the three years. The drop in yields
with successive years is evident where the only nitrogen
applied was in the starter fertilizer, 15 kg/ha, [13 Ibs/a] .
In 1971 the yields with starter fertilizer alone were above
the state average. In 1972 yields of grain on both the no-
till and the conventional tillage methods were about 2000
kg/ha [more than 30 bu/a] below this average.
In 1973 the state average was 5,519 kg/ha [87.9 bu/aI. The
no-till plot receiving only 15 kg N/ha [13 Ibs/a] produced
only 1857 kg/ha [29.6 bu/a] and the conventional treatment
2841 kg/ha [45.3 bu/al. This is typical of yield loss when
nutrient removal is in excess of soil additions. The greater
reduction in yield on the no-till plots can be explained by
failure of the crop residues to release nitrogen and other
nutrients to the following crop when they are not
incorporated in the soil, but remain on the surface.
Currently there is interest in the use of reduced tillage to
conserve energy in crop production. These yield data show
that where cultivation is reduced on a claypan soil, that
additional nitrogen will be required to prevent a reduction
in grain yields. These results illustrate the role of
chemical soil amendments in recent years in improvement of
production on these claypan soils.
Response of the corn to additions of phosphates varied with
the tillage practices, Table 6. Plots 5 and 15 received
phosphate additions that are considered adequate for corn
production as shown by soil tests (22) generally used in the
mid-continent area. Where an extra 98 kg of P/ha [200 Ibs,
P20s/a] was applied annually the average yield on the no-till
plots was reduced 1175 kg/ha [18.7 bu/a]; but where the
conventional practices were followed grain production
increased 727'kg/ha [11.6 bu/a]. This difference was evident
in each of the three years. No explanation is available for
these difference in effect of high phosphorus level on
yields. It is possible that on the no-till areas some
essential element may have combined with the phosphate to
create a deficiency when high yields are produced.
Soybean production was not exceptional, but varied because of
some problems in obtaining stands. No yield tables are
included, but appearance of plots and yields of 2016-2352
kg/ha [32-37 bu/a] were similar to those obtained from farm
fields in the area of the McCredie station.
The yields of crops produced in the three years of this study
indicate the results should be representative of a variety of
field conditions. The lowest rate of nitrogen application
36
-------
was inadequate to sustain corn yields and production was
below average for both claypan soils and for all corn land in
the state. The highest rates of both nitrogen and phosphorus
applied were considerably larger than are currently used in
farm practice. Where the land was plowed and cultivated the
highest rates of nitrogen applied failed to increase yields.
The losses of nitrogen and phosphorus found in runoff water
should be indicative of the amount that would be lost from
farm fields under a variety of management practices.
Losses of Soil, Water and Nutrients
Table 7 gives the summary of runoff, erosion, and nitrogen and
phosphorus (in water) lost from seven representative plots.
Tables in the appendix include data for individual storms
from these treatments that represent a variety of crop and
soil management practices.
Runoff
The quantity of runoff from the experimental plots, with
different amounts of cover, is in agreement with data
obtained on claypan soils in the past (21). The average loss
of water, for the three year period, from a thick, well
fertilized meadow cover was 8.69 cm [3.4 in], which was the
lowest found in this group of seven plots. The highest loss
of 29.17 cm [11.5 in] occurred where corn was removed for
silage and the land was left bare over winter. Where a cover
crop was planted soon after the silage was removed, runoff
was reduced more than 50 percent to 13.88 cm [5.5 in]. This
runoff was near the same quantity as is reported in Table 7
for other crop management systems where the values ranged
from 12.69 to 18.88 cm [5 - 7.4 in]. Runoff from no-till
corn was 17.04 cm [6.7 in] for the three year period which
was more than the 12.69 cm [5 in! from the comparison,
conventional plot. Where residues remained on the surface
they provided a mulch that reduced evaporation. Frequently
when rain did occur, there was a higher moisture content in
the no-till areas and greater runoff occurred than where
soils were more deficient in moisture.
Rainfall in both 1971 and 1972 was below long time averages.
In 1973, when total precipitation was greater, the heavier
rains occurred when the soil was either protected by a
growing crop canopy or shredded crop residues. The average
runoff from these seven plots, for the three year period, was
16.6 cm [6.5 in] which is only slightly more than one sixth
of the average annual rainfall. From past studies on this
field it would be expected that over a longer period the
percentage of runoff from most plots would be greater.
37
-------
Table 7. Runoff, Soil and Nutrients (in water) Lost from Seven Representative Plots.
**
Crop Management
Meadow 112 kg N/ha
Continuous Corn
No-Till, 163 kg N/ha
Continuous Corn
Conventional
163 kg N/ha
Continuous Corn
Silage, 202 kg N/ha
Continuous Corn
Silage-Cover CropS
No-Till 202 kg N/ha
Continuous Soybeans
Field Cultivator
Continuous Soybeans
No-Till, Cover Crop@
Average 7 plots
Runoff (cm)
1971
2.54
5.18
5.44
11.38
4.67
7.11
9.83
6.59
1972
3.56
11.61
5.79
28.63
4.09
90.85
10.29
10.69
1973
19.96
34.32
26.85
47.50
32.87
29.69
36.53
32.53
Avg.
8.69
17.04
12.69
29.17
13.88
15.88
18.88
16.60
Soil Loss t/ha
1971
0
.09
2.00
5.45
.13
.43
0
1.16
1972
0
.11
.13
25.60
.09
.74
0
3.81
1973
0
.47
2.24
39.66
1.14
2.58
.11
6.60
Avg.
0
.22
1.46
L3.57
.45
1.25
.04
3.86
NO'+NH^-N
kg/ha in Runoff
1971
.44
5.90
3.22
5.01
2.08
4.52
3.13
3.47
1972
1.70
16.66
13.37
8.29
9.80
8.67
4.61
9.02
1973
2.61
11.82
12.33
12.00
16.32
13.12
8.54
10.96
Avg.
1.58
11.46
9.64
8.43
9.40
8.77
5.43
7.82
Phosphorus
kg/ha in Runoff
1971
.01
.44
.01
.07
.16
.13
.94
.25
1972
.46
1.55
.28
.90
.40
.50
1.87
.85
1973 Avg.
.96 .48
2.87 1.62
.40 .23
.65 .54
1.24 .60
.84 .49
3.39 2.07
1.48 .86
to
CO
*Detailed losses by storms listed in Appendix.
**Includes starter fertilizer applied to corn annually at planting, equivalent to 245 kg/ha of 6-10.5-20.5 (N-P-K) and
168 kg/ha at planting with soybeans. ~
@ Cover crops received 37 kg/ha (33 Ibs/a) N. Cover crops following corn received 168 kg/ha 6-10.5-19.9,(N-P-K) at
seeding. No starter applied with soybean cover crop.
-------
Soil Loss
The amount of soil lost from the different management systems
shows the effectiveness and need for soil cover to prevent
sediment from leaving cropped fields and entering reservoirs
and streams. Where corn was removed for silage and no cover
crop planted the total soil loss in 1971 was 5.45 t/ha [2.4
t/a]. The amount was 39.66 t/ha [17.7 t/a] in 1973, with an
average of 23.57 t/ha [10.5 t/a] for three years. In
contrast, the well fertilized meadow lost insufficient soil
for measurement in any of the three years. Where a cover
crop was seeded in soybeans no measurable soil loss was found
in 1971 or 1972 and only .11 t/ha [.05 t/a] in 1973. Where a
cover crop was planted after removal of corn for silage the
average soil loss for the three years was reduced to only .45
t/ha [.2 t/a].
The effectiveness of the surface cover in reducing sediment
loss is shown by comparing the two plots producing corn with
no-till and conventional practices. In each of the three
years erosion with no tillage was lower. For the three years
the no-till area lost an average of only .22 kg/ha [.1 t/a]
of soil while management that'included plowing and
cultivation resulted in an average loss of 1.46 t/ha [.65
t/aL
With the exception of the corn harvested for silage, and the
soil left unprotected the sediment losses measured are less
than is normally considered acceptable (26) for this type of
soil. Annual parent material weathering and soil renewal
would be greater than the amount lost under these better
management systems.
Nitrate and Ammonia Nitrogen in Runoff Water
Table 7 contains figures for the total of nitrate-N plus
ammonia-N lost during 1971, 1972 and 1973. The rates of
nitrogen fertilization are typical of the quantities used by
good farm managers. The amount of nitrogen applied varies
from only 6 percent N in starter fertilizers for soybeans, a
total of 168 kg/ha [150 Ibs/a] to corn or corn plus cover
crop where as much as 202 kg/ha [180 Ibs/a] of N were
applied. The smallest amount lost was from the continuous
meadow receiving 112 kg/ha [100 Ibs/a] of nitrogen annually.
The average loss over the three year period was only 1.58
kg/ha [1.4 Ibs. N/a]. Where soybeans were produced using a
field cultivator and a nitrogen addition of about 10 kg, N/ha
[8.9 Ibs. N/a] the N03+ NH4-N loss was 8.77 kg/ha [7.8
Ibs/a]. The loss from soybeans was reduced to 5.43 kg/ha
[4.8 Ibs/a] when a cover crop was seeded before harvest.
39
-------
Production of corn with nitrogen additions of 168-
202 kg N/ha [150-180 Ibs N/a] showed average combined losses
of these nitrogen containing ions of from 8.43 to 11.46 kg
N/ha [7.5-10.2 Ibs/a]. Under climatic conditions that
prevailed in these three seasons losses of soluble nitrogen
in runoff water from liberally fertilized corn was little
higher than from soybeans that received only nitrogen in
starter fertilizer. The total nitrate and ammonia nitrogen
contained in the runoff water from corn land varied from
about four to seven percent of the amount applied as chemical
fertilizer.
Phosphorus in Runoff
The quantity of soluble phosphates found in the runoff water
from these representative plots was a very small percentage
of the amount available for plant growth. This is to be
expected since there is rapid adsorption of soluble
phosphates on the colloidal fraction of claypan soils . As
shown in Table 7 the average loss of phosphorus for the seven
plots was .86 kg/ha [.77 Ibs/a]. The lowest average amount
was .23 kg/ha [.2 Ibs/a] for corn produced by conventional
methods. The highest was 2.07 kg/ha [1.84 Ibs/a] for soybean
land where a cover crop was seeded. The second highest was
1.62 kg/ha [1.44 Ibs/a] where corn was planted in the
previous year's residues with no-till practices. The
remaining plots showed losses between these two extremes.
The higher losses of phosphorus, where crop residues or a
killed cover crop remained on the surface, can probably be
explained by the leaching of the phosphate from the organic
materials. It has previously been shown these covers
probably reduced evaporation resulting in higher runoff. It
is believed the phosphates contained in the plant tissues
were leached and lost in the runoff before there was
opportunity for absorption by the soil. This theory is
supported by the small loss in the runoff from the cultivated
corn, where the organic matter was incorporated in the plow
layer.
Losses of phosphates were larger in the higher rainfall year
of 1973 than were measured in the drier seasons of 1971 or
1972. All quantities are small and the losses in water
during the 1973 season represent less than one percent of the
phosphates that were available to a growing crop. It is
probable that in seasons with greater precipitation and
runoff the losses of phosphates would increase.
40
-------
Table 8. Runoff and Soil Loss from Continuous Corn Receiving Different Rates of Nitrogen Fertilization.*
J Applied
Annually
kg/ha
15
89
163
237
348
Average
RUNOFF - cm
No-Till
1971
12.93
10.39
5.18
9.68
5.51
8.74
1972
17.04
15.14
11.61
13.44
12.90
14.01
1973
43.46
32.64
34. 32
34.52
35.41
36.07
Avg.
24.48
19.36
17.04
19.21
17.94
19.61
Conventional
1971
8.10
4.80
5.44
7.24
4.90
6.10
1972
9.86
10.85
5.79
10.19
12.34
9.81
1973
36.45
34.82
26.85
37.62
46.84
36.52
Avg.
18.14
16.82
12.69
18.35
21.36
17.47
EROSION - t/ha
No-Till
1971
.40
.31
.09
.18
.22
. 24
1972
. 78
. 31
.11
.20
.11
.30
1973
.87
.47
.47
.56
.45
.56
Avg.
.68
.36
.22
. 31
.26
.37
Conventional
1971
2.22
1.21
2.00
2.11
.85
1.68
1972
.27
.25
.13
.25
. 20
.22
1973
4.80
2.91
2.24
2.80
4.06
3.36
Avg.
2.43
1.46
1.46
1.72
1.70
1.75
All plots received adequate levels of phosphorus, potassium and calcium.
-------
Table 9. Nitrate and Ammonia Nitrogen in Runoff Water Prom Continuous Corn
Receiving Different Rates of Nitrogen Fertilizer (kg/ha).
N ^Applied Annually
kg/ha
15
89
163
237
348
Average
No-Till
1971 1972 1973 Avg.
5.08 9.74 6.04 6.95
8.38 15.95 10.51 11.61
5.90 16.67 11.82 11.46
18.86 18.65 19.01 19.01
15.62 27.41 31.54 24.86
10.77 17.68 15.89 14.78
Conventional
1971 1972 1973 Avg.
2.24 7.11 7.88 5.74
2.68 21.19 20.42 14.76
3.21 13.37 12.33 9.64
9.70 36.62 34.76 27.03
8.55 49.67 52.94 37.05
5.28 25.59 25.66 18.84
*»
N)
-------
Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Runoff and Erosion
Nitrogen was applied in increasing amounts to corn grown
under both no-till and conventional practices. Table 8 gives
the runoff and erosion that occurred from 5 rates of nitrogen
application over three growing seasons. Where only nitrogen
in starter fertilizer was added, 15 kg/ha, [13.4 Ibs/a]
runoff from the no-till treatments was 24.48 cm (9.6 in.].
This amount was higher in all three seasons than where
additional nitrogen was added. It was evident the adequate
nitrogen additions produced more residue and the soil was
provided with a better cover than where the inadequate
starter fertilizer did not promote vigorous plant growth.
Where conventional planting and cultivation was practiced in
1971 the greatest runoff also occurred from the lowest level
of fertilization. However, in 1972 and 1973 there were no
consistent differences in runoff that can be related to the
fertilizer treatment. This condition was also found with
other treatments (Table 7) where runoff was slightly higher
with no-till than with the residues plowed under.
Erosion losses from both tillage methods, for the three
years, were highest when inadequate fertilizer was added.
Although the amount of sediment lost from the no-till plots
was small, .37 t/ha average [.16 t/a] the added nitrogen
reduced the movement of soil. Where the soil was cultivated
erosion was greater, with an average loss of 3.36 t/ha [1.5
t/a] in 1973 and an average loss of 1.75 t/ha [.78 t/a] for
the three years. In 1973 the corn grown by conventional
methods with 15 kg of N/ha [13 Ibs/a] produced erosion in the
amount of 4.80 t/ha [2.14 t/a] but yielded only 2841 kg/ha
[45 bu/a]. Where 163 kg N/ha [145 Ibs/a] was applied the
yield was 10,428 kg/ha [166 bu/a]. Although the erosion
losses are not great the results from these 10 plots
demonstrate that adequate nutrient levels that produce
optimum crop yields can reduce the loss of sediments from
farm fields.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects.on Nitrogen Loss in Runoff Water
Nitrates are normally considered the principal form of
nitrogen lost from agricultural land. Although ammonia is
adsorbed on the soil complex, heavy and banded applications
of ammonium salts may be present in concentrations in excess
of the soils exchange capacity in limited areas. When soil
temperatures are too low for rapid conversion to nitrate,
ammonia in a substantial concentration may be lost in runoff.
In the transition year of 1970 (data not given) some ammonium
nitrate was broadcast on wet soil. Some early storm events
produced runoff that contained considerable ammonia. In the
years reported in this study much of the nitrogen was placed
43
-------
below the surface and little runoff occurred immediately
after application. Since both ammonia and nitrate can be
utilized by many plants, and biological reactions can convert
ammonia to nitrate, the data tabulated in Table 9 is a total
of the individual laboratory measurements for nitrate and
ammonia.
Table 9 contains data on nitrate + ammonia-N for the same
rate of nitrogen treatments included in Table 8 where runoff
and erosion data were tabulated. The lowest rate of nitrogen
application was 15 kg/ha [13 Ibs N/a]. As discussed under
corn yields, the first season produced yields near the amount
reported as average for the state. However, after three
years the return would not meet production costs. With this
treatment the combined average loss of nitrate and ammonia-N
was 6.95 kg/ha [6.2 Ibs/a] for the no-till land and 5.74
kg/ha [5.1 Ibs/a] with conventional management. Since the
runoff from these two plots was 24.48 cm [9.64 in.] and 18.14
cm [7.14 in.] respectively this would represent average
concentrations in the runoff water of 2.84 and 2.34 parts per
million N. This concentration is comparable to the amounts
found in water from large springs where there is little
habitation or the equilibrium concentration in reservoirs at
some seasons of the year (27).
Combined losses of nitrate and ammonia in runoff water were
similar for 1972 and 1973, but considerably higher than in
the lower rainfall year of 1971. Lack of correlation between
total runoff and nitrogen loss in the latter two years can be
explained by a substantial amount of the precipitation
falling before the fertilizer was applied or after the crops
had adsorbed a major portion of the nutrients required for
growth.
The amount of nitrate and ammonia lost was greater as the
rate of application was increased. There are variations in
individual seasons, but with both the no-till and
conventional methods of tillage the average losses are simi-
lar when the rate of application was 163 kg/ha [145 Ibs/a].
The average loss for the three years was 11.4 and 9.6 kg/ha
[10.2 and 8.6 Ibs/a] respectively. This loss was 7-8 percent
of the nitrogen applied in fertilizer. This was only
approximately twice the amount found where only starter fert-
ilizer was added. A portion of this nitrogen loss was from
non-fertilizer sources (soil humus or leachate from crop res-
idue) . It is not possible to make an accurate determination
of the amount of non-fertilizer nitrogen included in the
losses.
44
-------
Table 10. Soluble Phosphorus in Runoff Water from Continuous
Corn Receiving Different Rates of Nitrogen (kg/ha)
Nitrogen
Applied
Annually
kg/ha
15*
97
172
249
363
Average
No-Till
1971
.35
.53
.44
.41
.15
.38
1972
1.60
1.39
1.55
.87
.63
1.21
1973
3.88
3.14
2.87
1.02
1.66
2.51
ave.
1.94
1.69
1.62
.77
.81
1.37
Conventional
1971
.08
.01
.01
<.01
.01
.02
1972
.56
.36
.28
.38
.36
.39
1973
.86
.34
.40
.43
.33
.47
ave.
.50
.24
.23
.27
.23
.29
* Starter fertilizer only applied annually at planting,
equivalent to 245 kg/ha of 6-10.5-19.9 (N-P-K). Remainder
of plots received additional nitrogen as ammonium nitrate.
45
-------
Losses of soluble nitrogen increased where the 237 or the 348
kg/ha [212 or 310 Ibs/a] rates of nitrogen were added. The
data in Table 6 showed the yield of corn was increased some
by these higher rates of nitrogen addition where minimum
tillage was used, but slightly depressed grain production
with conventional cultivation. As an average for the three
years the total nitrogen loss for the no-tillage plots
receiving 237 and 348 kg/ha was 1.7 and 2.2 times res-
pectively the amount where the 163 kg/ha rate of N fertilizer
was applied. For the conventional cultivation the increases
in loss were 2.8 and 3.8 times the losses where the highest
corn yield were obtained. For the no-till plots the ammonia
and nitrate lost at these highest rates of application (3
year average) were about 8 and 7 percent respectively of the
nitrogen fertilizer added. For the conventional cultivation
the percentage loss figures were 11.4 and 10.6 respectively.
Combining the losses for all five of the no-till and
conventional plots for the three years the average nitrogen
losses were about .94, 2.5 and 2.4 percent respectively of
the annual nitrogen applications. This should compare with
losses from commercial fields where the rate of nitrogen
application would range from insufficient, to more than is
required for optimum growth. Although the increases in
nitrogen loss during the last two years may be associated
with time of rainfall and intensity of individual storms, it
is also probable there was accumulation of soluble nitrogen
in the soil or a higher concentration in crop residues from
previous years applications of the ammonium nitrate.
On the basis of three years data on this claypan soil losses
of soluble nitrogen in runoff from continuous corn was about
7-8 percent of the nitrogen applications that gave optimum
yield.
Soluble Phosphorus in Runoff from Continuous Corn
In the studies where rates of nitrogen application to corn
was the variable, the levels of phosphorus available to the
crop was uniform on all plots. Table 10 gives data on the
amount of phosphorus in runoff water from no-till and
conventional cultivation plots where five rates of nitrogen
were applied. This data shows uniformity in two factors:
a. In all three years except for the no-till system in
1971 the losses of phosphorus were lower where nitrogen, in
addition to the 15 kg/ha [13 Ibs/a] was applied.
b. There was less phosphorus in the runoff from
conventional cultivation than where the residues remained on
the surface.
46
-------
The soil testing methods used in this study (22) showed
average levels of phosphorus of 224 kg/ha [200 Ibs/a] of
phosphorus in the plow layer (17.8 cm. or 7 inches). In 1973
the no-till plot receiving only starter nitrogen showed a
phosphorus loss of 3.88 kg/ha [3.47 Ibs/a] which was the
highest value obtained. The three year average was 1.94
kg/ha (1.73 Ibs./a) or less than two percent of the
phosphorus available to the growing crop/ and more than
double the amount lost where the highest rates of nitrogen
produced the largest yields.
Where conventional cultivation was practiced and starter
treatment was the only fertilizer added the phosphorus loss
in runoff water for the three years was only .5 kg/ha [.44
Ibs/a]. This is approximately twice the amount found where
ammonium nitrate was side dressed at increasing rates.
The average value for all of these losses range from a low of
about .10 to less than two percent of the available soil
phosphate. These values should be representative of the
range that could be expected under practical farming
conditions where good soil management is practiced.
Although none of these values can be considered high it is of
interest that losses were greater in all cases where crop
residues were chopped and remained on the soil surface. It
is only possible to speculate on the reason for this finding.
The concentration of soluble phosphorus in plant tissue is
much higher than in soil. It is probable rain falling with
sufficient intensity to cause rapid runoff that the nutrients
were leached from the crop residues and were lost. Where the
crop vegetation had been turned under the runoff water was in
contact mostly with soil and very little plant material. The
quantity of phosphorus lost from the no-tilled systems was
very small. This increase is only of academic interest when
the effectiveness of a surface mulch is considered in the
reduction of soil loss.
Total Nitrogen in Sediment
Table 11 gives data on the quantity of total nitrogen
(Kjeldahl) found in the sediment from plots receiving
different rates of ammonium nitrate applied to corn. These
figures are based on calculations for erosion losses (Table
8) and a nitrogen content in the sediment of .3 percent.
Most of this nitrogen would be soil humus materials.
Nitrates were not included in the laboratory method used.
Larger pieces of undecomposed organic material were screened
out in the sample preparation. Some adsorbed ammonia could
47
-------
Table 11. Total Nitrogen (Kheldahl) in Sediment Lost From
Continuous Corn Receiving Different Rates of Nitrogen
Fertilizers**- (kg/ha)
N Applied Annually
kg/ha
15
89
163
237
348
No-Till
1971
1.2
.9
.3
.5
.7
1972
2.2
.9
.3
.6
.3
1973
2.6
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.4
Avg.
2.03
1.07
.67
.93
.80
Conventional
1971
6.7
3.6
6.0
6.3
2.6
1972
.8
.7
.4
.7
.6
1973
14.4
8.7
6.7
8.4
12.2
Avg.
7.03
4.33
4.37
5.13
5.13
* Calculated on basis of 0.3% total N for all plots.
** All plots received adequate levels of phosphorus, potassium and calcium.
48
-------
be present when storm events occurred soon after the nitrogen
fertilizer was applied.
Since erosion was higher where the conventional management
was practiced the total nitrogen loss was greater than where
the no-till system was followed. There were few severe
storms in any of these three seasons when the land surface
was not protected by crop residues or a vigorous crop. The
nitrogen losses are below those that would be expected in
seasons with higher rainfall, and particularly when the
storms occurred immediately after seedbed preparation.
The results do show that all losses of total nitrogen in
sediment was greater where there was insufficient nitrogen
applied to promote vigorous growth. In all cases nitrogen
losses were greater where only 15 kg/ha of N [13 Ibs/a] in
starter fertilizer was the only treatment. The average for
the three years for starter fertilizer treatment only was
2.03 kg/ha [1.8 Ibs/a]. Where additional nitrogen was
applied all values were lower. The comparable figure for
conventional tillage was about 2.5 times higher, 7.03 kg N/ha
(6.28 Ibs/a]. Also on the conventional treatments the added
nitrogen fertilizers reduced erosion and losses of organic
nitrogen. The average figure for all no-till plots for the
three seasons was 1.09 kg N/ha [.97 Ibs/a]. The amount for
all conventional tillage plots was 5.20 kg N/ha [4.64 Ibs/a].
The plow layer of this soil weighs about 2,242 t/ha [1,000
t/a]. With a nitrogen content of 0.3 percent this would be
6720 kg N/ha [6,000 Ibs/a]. The total amount lost in the
sediment is small. Little of this nitrogen would be from the
fertilizer application. Under conditions when erosion is
high the loss of organic nitrogen would be much larger. Any
treatment or management practice that will reduce sediment
loss would be useful in reducing the amount of low solubility
nutrients moving from land, as part of the soil mass.
Phosphorus in Runoff from Continuous Corn
Table 12 gives the amount of soluble phosphorus lost from
plots that supplied three rates of phosphorus. The first
plot received only starter fertilizer. The second plot
received additional phosphate in an amount required for
optimum growth. The third treatment consisted of an addi-
tional 98 kg P/ha [87 Ibs/a] annually. As shown in Table 6,
this additional phosphorus had only limited effect on yield.
There was an indication of a depression in yield on the no-
till plots and a slight increase where the soil was
cultivated.
49
-------
Table 12. Phosphorus in Runoff from Continuous Corn Receiving
Different Rates of Phosphorus Application (kg/ha).
P Applied*
21*
Soil Test *@
Soil Test *@ f
+ 98 kg P/ha
No-Till
1971
.35
.16
1.29
1972
1.60
.63
3.02
1973
3.73
1.66
7.86
Avg
1.89
.82
4.06
Conventional
1971
.08
.01
.01
1972
.56
.36
.56
1973
.86
.33
.61
Avg.
.50
.23
.39
* All corn received 245 kg/ha of 6-10.5-19.9 (N-P-K) as starter
fertilizer in bands near row at planting. The first treatment
received only 15 kg N/ha (13 lbs/a). The last two plots received
additional nitrogen in the amount of 348 kg/ha (310 lbs/a).
@ According to soil tests will eliminate phosphorus as a factor in
production.
50
-------
Adequate fertility, both phosphorus and nitrogen, reduced
runoff and the total amount of phosphorus lost. When an
excess of phosphorus was applied losses were about 5 times
greater on the no-till. Where the adequate treatment was
added to the no-tilled plots the average phosphorus lost in
runoff was .82 kg/ha [.73 Ibs/a]. Where the starter
fertilizer was the only treatment the phosphorus loss was
1.89 kg/ha [1.69 Ibs/a]. Where conventional cultivation was
practiced the losses were .23 kg/ha [.21 Ibs/a] and .50 kg/ha
[.44 Ibs/a] respectively. Where the additional phosphate was
applied the losses from the no-till land was nearly five
times the amount, 4.06 as compared to .R2 kg/ha [3.62 - .73
Ibs/a]. Where the optimum treatment was applied on the
cultivated land this extra fertilizer treatment showed
average loss of .39 kg P/ha [.35 Ibs/a]. Where treatment was
according to soil test the average loss was .23 kg/ha [.21
Ibs/a] .
These measurements show that where the phosphorus in the soil
is at a level to give optimum grain production of corn the
amount of this element in the runoff was relatively small.
The experiment also shows that phosphorus losses will be
increased if application of the fertilizer is greater than
plant requirements. Soil tests are a useful method to det-
ermine the amount of phosphorus needed to produce good yields
without adding extra that may be lost from the land.
51
-------
Available Phosphorus in Sediment
The phosphate ion in most agricultural soils is considered
immobile since most is held by the colloidal complex with
only a relatively small portion that can be extracted with
water. Most laboratory methods of determining the quantity
available to plants utilize extracting solutions, that
through field correlations will show soil levels and probable
response to added phosphorus. In the mid-continent area,
with high exchange capacity soils, the weak Bray extracting
solution (0.01 N NH..F and .025 N-HCl) is commonly used (22)
for determination or orthophosphate the phosphate ion
utilized by higher plants.
In this study the sediment in runoff water was removed by
filteration and dried at room temperature. Laboratory
analyses were made for available phosphorus on this sediment
utilizing the weak Bray method and following the same
procedure used on soil in determining need for fertilizer
phosphorus. Table 13 gives the amount of phosphorus removed
in three years from plots fertilized with three levels of
phosphorus and where corn was grown with no-till or
conventional management. The three levels of phosphorus are
(a) starter fertilizer only (nitrogen levels were inadequate
to sustain yields) (b) phosphorus and nitrogen applied at
rates utilized by good farm managers, and (c) where an
additional 98 kg/ha of P [200 Ibs P205/a] was added.
As previously discussed, erosion losses were low in all of
these three years when the land was protected by crop
residues. The figures in Table 13 give a high value for
phosphorus losses in sediment of .027 kg P/ha [.06 Ibs. /a
] with a number of the samples containing only a trace.
All amounts are low, but with the exception of the corn
receiving starter fertilizer only in 1971 with the no-till
management, losses of phosphorus were higher at the lower
rates of fertilization. This can be explained by the greater
erosion losses with nutrient levels that do not permit
vigorous growth. The excess phosphate fertilizer application
did show an increase in phosphorus loss. However, the amount
lost in these three seasons with below average rainfall is
only a fraction of a percent of the extra phosphate applied.
Although phosphorus is fixed on the soil the amount of loss
in sediment is considerably less in this study than was lost
in runoff, as previously discussed, with data presented in
Table 12. These results are opposite to most textbook
statements where most loss of phosphorus is in sediments.
Much of the results reported in the literature is from bare
soil. These results further demonstrate the effectiveness of
52
-------
Table 13. Available Phosphorus in Sediment Lost From Continuous
Corn, Receiving Different Rates of Phosphate Fertilizer
(kg/ha).
**
P Applied (kg/ha)
**
21
Soil Test **@
Soil Test **@
+ 98
No-Till
1971
.012
.009
.016
1972
.034
Trace
.011
1973
.003
Trace
.008
Conventional
1971
.027
.009
.015
1972
.011
.011
Trace
1973
.025
.015
.016
* Soil material (sediment) with Bray's (weak) reagent. (0.01 NNH.F
and .025 N-HC1).
** All corn received 224 kg/ha of 6-10.5-19.9 (N-P-K) as starter
fertilizer in bands near row at planting.
@ According to soil tests will eliminate phosphorus as a factor in
production.
53
-------
erosion control and vigorous plant growth to aid in
preventing the loss of phosphorus from farm land. Although
this excess of phosphorus did not have much effect on total
loss in sediment from this land, it is still advisable that
quantities of phosphorus amendments added should be no
greater than the amount needed for good crop yields.
Pesticides in Runoff
The data given in Tables 14, 15 and 16 show the concentration
and total amount of some pesticides in runoff water from
specific events. Since rainfall was low in the period
following application of these materials, many of the
analyses were made on supplemental water applied with the
sprinkler system. Had natural rainfall been the only source
of moisture, runoff and pesticide loss would have been less.
All materials were applied to corn and soybeans at rates
recommended by manufactures. Applications to corn or
soybeans were uniform over all plots for a single season.
Dates of application (shown in footnotes of individual
tables) varied with dates of planting, but in all years were
in late April, May or early June. Most materials were
applied as sprays. Plastic drag sheets were used to prevent
drift. Effort was made to make applications during calm
periods. Contamination is always a problem with small plots.
It is possible that some of the high concentrations in low
volumes of runoff soon after application could have been
drift that settled on collection equipment. It is also
possible that drift could account for the small quantities
found in runoff from plots that did not receive treatments.
Samples of runoff were collected from representative plots,
and from runoff events when concentration of pesticides would
be expected to be present in highest concentrations. The
results given for 1971 and 1972 are of filtered water
samples. In 1973 Aldrin and Dieldrin figures are for
filtered water, while Lasso, Atrazine and Furadan were made
on runoff that contained particles too small to settle after
refrigerated storage.
Rainfall during the 6-8 week period following planting and
application of herbicides was insufficient to cause much
runoff. Sufficient water was added to all plots to prevent
drouth damage. Because the possibility existed that there
would be no storm events in this period after planting that
would provide runoff from all treatments, supplemental water
was added with the sprinkler system to provide runoff. The
data for June 14 and July 19, 1971, June 21, 1972 and July
13, 1973 were from analysis of runoff water of this source
not rainfall. All determinations for pesticides in the water
54
-------
Table 14. Pesticides in Runoff from a Claypan Soil, 1971 (Filtered Water).
Plot
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
15
15
21
21
28
28
30
30
3
3
29
29
36
36
36
36
36
31
Date
6-14
7-19
12-15
6-14
7-19
12-15
6-14
7-19
12-15
6-14
7-19
6-14
7-19
6-14
7-19
6-14
7-19
6-14
7-19
6-14
7-19
6-14
ft ?Q
u £ y
7-12
7-15
7-19
7-12
Crop Tillage Method
Corn Conventional
11 M
tt
Corn No-Till
it ii
ii
i
H 1 ;
Corn Conventional
it ii
Corn No-Till
n i
Corn Conventional
M II
Corn Field Cultivator
M II II
Soybeans Cover Crop
M II II
Soybeans Field Cultivator
M n n
Corn No-Till
n n
i i
n
"-' '
Corn Silage
Runoff
cm
.61
.69
.10
.94
.71
.46
.99
3.10
1.04
.38
.43
.89
.56
.36
1.17
.43
1.17
1.17
2.82
.81
1.40
1.47
C 1
Jj,
.08
.13
2.29
.28
ALDRIN
ppb g/ha
.05
<. 02
<. 02
.03
<.02
'.02
.01
<. 02
<.02
.06
<.02
.02
<.02
.02
.06
.13
.02
.02
c. 02
.02
.03
.01
<. 02
<. 02
<. 02
^02
.003
<.001
<.001
.003
<.001
<.001
<.001
<.006
<. 002
.002
<. 001
.002
<.001
.001
.007
.006
.002
.002
=.006
.002
.004
.001
<. 001
<.001
<.005
<.001
DIELDRIN
ppb g/ha
.56
1.07
.22
.49
.35
.49
.50
1.20
.66
.68
.62
.74
.57
.29
1.55
2.07
1.25
.28
.48
.61
1.94
.47
.53
.79
.47
.53
.034
.074
.002
.046
.025
.023
.050
.372
.069
.026
.027
.066
.032
.010
.181
.089
.146
.033
.135
.049
.272
.069
.004
.010
.108
.015
LASSO
ppb g/ha
<15
< 6
< 6
< 15
< 6
< 15
< .90
< .40
< .06
<1.75
<1.69
<1.21
< 6 < .84
ATRAZINE
ppb g/ha
51
55
50
610
78
50
1290
90
50
33
38
< 15
32
65
30
45
38
< 15
48
<15
6
12
1 e
J. 3
22
22
38
22
3.11
3.80
.50
57.30
5.54
2.30
127.71
27.90
.52
1.25
1.63
< 1.33
1.79
2.34
3.51
1.94
4.44
< 1.75
13.54
< 1.21
< .84
1.76
< 7fi
^ » / O
.17
.29
8.70
.62
FURADAN
ppb g/ha
373
177
320
36
248
27
< 15
< 6
328
47
298
47
498
61
< 15
< 6
< 15
< 6
< 15
< l e
X3
< 15
< 15
< 6
< 15
22.76
12.21
30.08
2.56
24.55
8.37
_-
< .57
< .26
29.19
2.63
10.73
3.50
21.41
7.14
<1.75
<1.69
<1.21
< .84
<2.20
< 7fi
. / v
< .12
< .19
<1.37
< .42
Ul
Ul
Corn: Aldrin @ 11.2 kg/ha (10 lbs/a of 20% material) 4-20; Atrazine @ 3.25 kg/ha (2.9 lbs/a 80% material) 5-5;
and Furadan 11.2 kg/ha (10 lbs/a of 10% material), 6-2. No Lasso applied to corn in 1971.
Soybeans: Paraquat @ 2.9 1/ha (1.25 q/a) and Lasso 5.07 1/ha (2.17 qts/a), 5-18. Paraquat applied only to plot
with rye cover. No Aldrin, Atrazine or Furadan applied to soybeans.
-------
Table 15. Pesticides in Runoff from a Claypan Soil, 1972 (filtered water).
at
Plot
6
6
5
21
30
28
4
15
3
29
36
Date
5-15
6-21
6-21
6-21
6-21
6-21
6-21
6-21
6-21
6-21
6-21
Crop Tillage Method
Corn No-Till
it n
n n
n ii
Field
Corn Cultivator
Corn Conventional
n n
n n
Winter
Soybeans Cover-Rye
Field
Soybeans Cultivator
Soybeans No-Till
Irrigation Water
Minimum Detectable
I
Runoff
cm
.10
3.30
3.25
3.35
.84
1.12
.71
2.46
2.08
1.80
.79
ALDRIN
ppb g/ha
12.0 .12
1.4 .46
1.5 .49
.8 .27
.7 .59
.9 .10
1.0 .07
.8 .20
2.6 .54
1.2 .22
1.6 .13
ND
0.1
DIELDRIN
ppb g/ha
0.1
3.2 1.06
2.9 .94
3.9 1.31
5.0 .42
5.2 .58
1.8 .13
2.4 .59
2.0 .42
1.8 .32
2.8 .22
0.1
0.1
LASSO
ppb g/ha
1100 11.0
25 8.2
20 6.5
10 3.3
10 .8
40 4.5
35 2.5
40 9.8
ND
30 5.4
40 3.2
ND
5.0
ATRAZINE
ppb g/ha
3100 31 .0
230 75.9
230 74.7
180 60.3
230 19.3
250 28.0
500 35.5
350 86.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
25
FURADAN
ppb g/ha
ND
310 102.3
290 94.2
290 97.1
230 19.3
290 32.5
310 22.0
230 56.6
ND
ND
ND
ND
100
Corn: Aldrin a 11.2 kg/ha (10 Ibs/a of 20J5 material), 5-5; Atrazine a 3.25 kg/ha
(2.9 lbs/a of 8055 of material) 5-10; and Lasso 5.07 1/ha (2.17 qts/a)5-10
and Furadan 11.2 kg/ha (10 lbs/a of 10J5 material), 5-31.
Soybeans: Paraquat a 2.9 1/ha (1.25 q/a) and Lasso 5.07 1/ha (2.17 qts/a) 5-18,
Paraquat applied only to plot with rye cover. No Aldrin, Atrazine,
or Furadan applied to soybeans.
-------
Table 16. Pesticides in Runoff Water from a Claypan Soil, 1973.
Plot
4
5
6
15
21
28
30
5
6
4
5
6
15
21
28
30
36
3
29
36
Date
5-29
5-29
5-29
5-2.9
5-29
5-29
5-29
6-6
6-6
7-13
7-13
7-13
7-13
7-13
7-13
7-13
5-29
7-13
7-13
7-13
Crop Tillage Method
Corn Conventional
Corn No-Till
Corn No- Till
Corn Conventional
Corn No-Till
Corn Conventional
Field
Corn Cultivator
Corn No-Till
Corn No-Till
Corn Conventional
Corn No- Till
Corn No-Till
Corn Conventional
Corn No-Till
Corn Conventional
Field
Corn Cultivator
Soybeans No-Till
Winter
Soybeans Cover-Rye
Field
Soybeans Cultivator
Soybeans No-Till
Minimum Detectable
Runoff
cm
.33
.64
.P'i
.23
.25
.13
.03
.05
.?o
.7°
4.P5
?.1R
4.75
3.53
1.Q8
3.91
.05
3.53
2.74
4.39
ALDRIF*
ppb
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.2
g/ha
DIELDPIN*
PP*
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.4
O.P
1.0
3.0
0.3
.?.o
O.R
2.0
2.0
ND
0.5
0.9
0.7
0.4
g/ha
.016
.025
.02.5
.011
.012
.006
.003
.002
.012
.079
.970
.174
.050
.282
.3P6
.782
.176
.247
.307
L£SSO**
ppb
250
360
230
200
225
200
180
80
40
5
10
2.n
20
ND
10
10
750
8
40
ND
5
g/ha
8.25
23.04
14.49
4.60
5.62
2.40
0.54
0.48
0.80
0.40
4.P5
4.36
9.50
1.0R
3.90
3.75
2.82
10.^6
_ _
ATPA7.IFF**
ppb
875
1700
1200
750
1?00
900
700
P50
1100
250
140
240
170
an
o 1 n
190
70
210
190
?0
5
g/ha
28.9
10P. 8
76.8
17.3
32.5
10. P
2. 1
". 3
??.o
10.7
67.9
5?'.-»
P.0.£
31. P
41. C
74.3
0."
7".1
52.1
P.P
FUPAPAN**
ppb
ND
10
ND
ND
10
NP
ND
1"
ND
finn
300
3un
?4n
?r>n
2«0
pon
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
g/ha
_ _
0.6
0.2
0.5
47."
1U5.5
74.1
1«1.5
102.4
*5.ii
2?4.6
_
U1
Determination on *Filtered Water, on **Unfiltered Water
Corn: Aldrin a 11.2 kg/ha (10 Ibs/a of 20% material) 5-14. Atrazine a 3.25 kg/ha
(2.9 Ibs/a of POJ5 material) 5-17 and Lasso 5.07 1/ha (2.17 qts/a)5.17 and
Furadan 11.2 kg/ha (10 Ibs/a of 10" material) 6-6.
Soybeans: Paraquat a 2.9 1/ha (1.25 q/a) and Lasso 5.07 1/ha (2.17 qts/a) 5-23.
Paraquat applied only to plot with rye cover. No Aldrin, Atrazine or Furadan
applied to soybeans.
-------
used for supplemental irrigation showed amounts below the
limits of detectibility.
Aldrin
In 1971 the amount of Aldrin found in runoff occurring in
June and July from corn plots was only slightly higher than
from soil growing soybeans that had not received this
compound. In all measurements the combined loss for two
events was less than .01 g/ha. In 1972, .10 cm of runoff
from plot 6 on May 15 (10 days after application) contained
10 ppb of Aldrin but this amounted to only .12 g/ha. The
amount of Aldrin, in the runoff that occurred on June 21,
1972 was higher than in 1971. However, some of the corn
plots showed lower total loss than did companion plots
producing soybeans. Plot 3, growing soybeans in rye with the
no-till system gave an Aldrin analysis in the runoff from
June 21 of .54 g/ha, while all of the corn plots except 30
(field cultivator with a .59 g/ha loss) were lower. The only
explanation for these small quantities showing Aldrin in
runoff, where the compound was not applied, could be drift
that settled on aprons of sampling devices.
In 1973 the amount of Aldrin in runoff samples collected in
May, June and July were all below the level of detectibility.
Dieldrin
Dieldrin in low concentration, was present in all samples in
all three years. The concentration ranged from .22 to 2.07
ppb in 1971. Total loss from a single runoff event for the
corn plots sampled varied from .002 to .372 g/ha. This was
the largest amount found. Plots 3 and 29, growing soybeans
and receiving no Aldrin, showed detectable quantities of
Dieldrin on both June 14 and July 19.
In 1972 the water collected on May 15 from plot 6
showed no Dieldin. The runoff on June 21, 1972 from the
seven samples from the corn plots removed from .13 to 1.31
g/ha of Dieldin. Determinations for Dieldin in the 1973
season showed a range of .003 to .025 g/ha of Dieldin from
the low volume runoff of May 2915 days after application.
On July 13 when runoff was greater, Dieldin lost in the
runoff water from seven corn plots varied from a low of .079
to .970 g/ha.
Lasso
Lasso was applied only to soybeans in 1971, but to both corn
and soybeans in 1972 and 1973. The determinations showed
58
-------
concentrations in runoff losses below the limits of
determination by the laboratory. In 1972 the .10 cm of
runoff from plot 6 on May 15 (Lasso applied May 10) contained
1100 ppb. which amounted to 11.0 g/ha. This high
concentration in this small amount of runoff suggests
contamination in addition to loss from soil. Determinations
for Lasso were made from the runoff of 10 plots on June 21.
Plots 6.and 15 lost the most, 8.2 and 9.8 g/ha respectively.
The remaining plots lost smaller amounts, ranging down to .8
g/ha from plot 30 (corn-field cultivator) and none from plot
36 (soybeans-no-till). No Lasso was detected in the
irrigation water. In 1973 samples collected on May 29 (six
days after application) contained from 180 to 750 ppb of
Lasso. Using the volume of runoff in the calculations the
total loss ranged from .54 to 23.04 g/ha. Since the volume
of runoff on this date was small this concentration could
have resulted in a high level in a small stream or reservoir
where the ratio of the watershed area to the receiving water
was wide. Runoff was considerably higher from the July 13
water application in 1973. The concentration of Lasso in the
runoff from this event was much lower, ranging from none
(plots 21 and 36) to 40 ppb (plot 29). The largest loss on
this date was 10.96 and 9.50 g/ha on plots 29 and 15
respectively.
Atrazine
Atrazine was found in the runoff water from most of the corn
plots where this chemical was applied. Small quantities were
detected in the runoff from soybeans (plots 3 and 29)
receiving the application on July 19, but none on June 14 in
1971. None was detected in these same plots in 1972 but
significant amounts were reported by the laboratory in 1973.
No explanation is offered. In 1971 the runoff on June 14
from plot 6, growing corn with the no-till system, contained
1290 ppb (127.71 g/ha) in .99 cm of runoff. On the same date
plot 5 with similar crop, and soil management had a value of
610 ppb (57.3 g/ha) from .94 cm of runoff. On all other
samples collected in 1973 on June 14 or July 19 the
concentrations ranged down from 90 ppb. The laboratory
determinations of runoff occurring on December 15, 1971 on
plots 4, 5 and 6 showed concentrations of Atrazine of 50 ppb.
Since runoff from the no-till land (plots 5 and 6) was 4.6
and 10.4 times respectively that with conventional tillage
(plot 4), there was greater loss from the land with minimum
tillage. In 1972 the :10 cm of runoff that occurred, from
plot 6 on May 15 (5 days after application) had a
concentration of 3100 ppb, and amounted to 31.0 g/ha. On
June 21 the 3.30 cm of runoff from plot 6 had a concentration
of this chemical in the amount of 230 ppb, which was a loss
59
-------
of 75.9 g/ha. Some of the concentrations found from other
plots on this date were higher, but with a lower volume of
water loss, the total amount of chemical leaving the plots
was less. Only plot 15 with a concentration of 350 ppb lost
more than plot 6, 86.1 g/ha. The total loss of Atrazine from
plot 6 on May 15 and June 21 was 106.9 g/ha. This would have
been approximately 4.5 percent of the active ingredients
applied. Plots 4, 28 and 30 showed smaller losses than did
5, 6, 15 and 21. However, this data would suggest when heavy
runoff occurs soon after surface application of Atrazine that
significant amounts could be lost to surface waters. The
results obtained in 1973 are in general agreement with the
findings in 1971 and 1972. It is evident that in runoff
samples taken on May 29, 1973, six days after application,
the concentration of Atrazine was high in the low volume of
runoff. The greater amount of water loss on July 13 produced
lower concentrations, but the total loss from the corn plots
on this date ranged from 19.7 to 80.6 g/ha. Atrazine
apparently is not as strongly adsorbed on these soil colloids
as are some other pesticides. The residual effects of this
chemical on fall seeded small grain following corn is well
known.
Furadan
Furadan was applied on June 2 in 1971 at the rate of 11.2
kg/ha [10 lbs/al of 10 percent active material. Analyses
were made of runoff on June 14, July 19, and December 15.
There are variations in losses between different plots.
Concentration and total amount of this chemical lost was
substantially higher when the runoff occurred on June 14 than
when measurements were made in July. None of this material
was detected in the December runoff. In 1972 none was
detected in the irrigation water or in^a sample collected
from plot 6 on May 15, (Furadan applied May 31). Analyses
made on runoff that occurred on June 21 contained from 230 to
310 ppb, with total loss from this event ranging from 19.3 to
102.3 g/ha. This would have been from 1.8 to 9.1 percent of
the active ingredients applied. (According to the laboratory
making the analyses the limit of accuracy would be about 0.9
percent of the applied material.) Analyses of runoff water
in 1973 made before Furadan was applied showed only trace
quantities present. The determinations made on runoff
occurring July 13, following application on June 6 showed
concentrations of 280 to 600 ppb. The total lost in runoff
from individual areas during this one event ranged from 47.4
to 234.6 g/ha.
60
-------
Pesticide Loss Summary
The amounts of these chemicals that were lost from corn and
soybeans produced under practical farm management conditions
in these three seasons are probably less than would occur in
many seasons with above average amounts of precipitation.
The rainfall and runoff in the 4-8 weeks after application of
these chemicals was lower than occurs in many seasons. If
supplemental water had not been applied the losses measured
from both corn and soybeans in June and July would have been
much smaller. It can be theorized that when rainfall is
adequate in June and July the losses could be substantially
greater than was found.
The amount of loss was associated with the volume of runoff.
Management systems that wi-ll reduce water movement and loss
would also lower the amount of these chemicals that are lost
from fields. Where materials are adsorbed on the surface of
soils colloids, the reduction of erosion would also be
effective in limiting losses. It can be expected that the
incorporation of these materials in the soil, rather than
application to the surface, particularly if soil moisture is
near field capacity, would reduce losses.
Atrazine was the only material used where the runoff in the
fall months, after crop harvest, contained substantial
amounts of the chemical.
These results are in general agreement with other studies
(16, 28). These investigators worked with some different
compounds, and on different soil types. There is evidence
that soil properties including organic matter, pH and cation
exchange capacity were regulating factors in the reactions
between pesticides and soils. On the Ida silt loam (28) data
was obtained where runoff was much heavier than was found in
this study, and losses were much larger. The variation that
have been obtained in these different conditions show that
care should be exercised in forecasting losses under widely
different soil conditons.
Although measurements are 'needed where summer rainfall is
above normal these results do indicate that significant
losses can occur when there is runoff soon after application.
Both reduction in surface water pollution and economics in
production can be effected by applying no more of these
chemicals than is necessary for pest control.
61
-------
SECTION VI
REFERENCES
1. Department of Agronomy, Cornell University, Ithica,
N.Y., "Management of Nutrients on Agricultural Land for
Improved Water Quality," E.P.A. 13020 DPB, (August
1971).
2. Figure used by principal investigator (based on long-
time field soil fertility experiments) and generally
accepted by United States Agronomist.
3. Fertilizer Crisis, Kansas City Times, (December 13,
1973), page 2a.
4. Hargett, Norman L. , Fertilizer Summary Data - 1972,
Tennessee Valley Authority, 126 pages, (1973).
5. Baker, W. L., Missouri Fertilizer Tonnage Report 1973,
Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, 8 pages,
(1974) .
6. Wheeler, Edwin M., Testimony of the Fertilizer
Institute before the Federal Power Commission,
Washington, D.C., 11 pages, February 26, 1973.
7. Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc.,
"Nitrates in Soils," SIE data Bank System, 36840-36991,
Batch 04090, (1972).
8. Commoner, Barry, "Threats to the Integrity of the
Nitrogen Cycle": Nitrgoen Compounds in Soil, Water,
Atmosphere and Precipitation. AAAS, Dallas, Texas,
(December 26, 1968).
9. Accumulation of Nitrate National Academy of Sciences.
Library of Congress, Catalog Card No. 72-84111, 106
pages, (1972).
10. Aldrich, S. R., "Illinois Pollution Control Board
Decision on Plant Nutrients," 42 pages, (March 30,
1972).
I
11. Willrich, Ted L. and Smith, George E., (Editors)
"Agricultural Practices and Water Quality, Iowa State
University Press, Library of Congress Card 70-114798,
415 pages, (1970).
62
-------
12. Jones, David, C., "An Investigation of the Nitrate
Problem of Runnels County, Texas. E.P.A. R-2-73-267,
214 pages, (June 1973).
13. Smith, George E., "Fertilizer Nutrients as Contaminants
in Water Supplies," Agricultural and the Quality of Our
Environment. Pub. 85, Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (1967).
14. Water Resources Research Catalog. WIRSIC, USDI, Vol.
4, pages 2-206 2-210, Washington, B.C. (1973)..
15. Nicholson, H. Page, "The Pesticide Burden and Its
Significance, Agricultural Practices and Water
Quality," Iowa State University Press, pp. 183-193,
(1970) .
16. Evans, John O. and Duseja, D. R., "Herbicide
Contamination of Surface Runoff Water." E.P.A. R-2-73-
266, pp. 99, (1973).
17. Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc.,
"Movement of Pesticides in Soil," SIE Data Bank System,
3673936947, Batch 04090, (1972).
18. Scrivner, C. L., Baker, J. C., and Miller, B. J. , "Soil
of Missouri A Guide to Their Identification and
Interpertation," University of Missouri, Bui. C 823, 47
pages, (1966) .
19. Whitaker, F. D.., Jamieson, V. C. and Thornton, J. R. ,
"Runoff and Erosion Losses Mexico Silt Loam".
20. Duley, F. L. and Miller, M. F., "Erosion and Surface
Runoff Under Different Soil Conditions," Missouri
Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 63, 1923,
pages 47-59, (1967).
21. Jamieson, V. C., Smith, D. D. and Thornton, J. F.,
"Soil and Water Research on a Claypan Soil," U.S.D.A.
Tech. Bulletin 1379, 111 pages, (1968).
l
22. Graham, E. R., "An Explanation of Theory and Methods of
Soil Testing," Missouri Agricultural Experiment
Station Bulletin 734, 20 pages, (1959).
23. Bremner, J. M. , "Inorganic Forms of Nitrogen in Methods
of Soil Analysis," Agronomy No. 9, Part 2, pages 1179-
1239, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin,
(1965) .
63
-------
24. Olson, S. R., and Dean, L. A., "Phosphorus in Methods
of Soil Analysis - Agronomy No. 9, Part 2, pages 1035-
1049, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wise.,
(1965).
25. Wischmeier, Walter H., and Smith, D. D., "Predicting
Rainfall-Erosion Losses from Crop Land East of Rocky
Mountains," U.S.D.A. - A.R.S., Handbook 282 (with
Purdue University). 47 pages, (1965).
26. Smith, D. D., Whitt, D. M., "Evaluating Soil Losses
from Field Areas." Agricultural Engineering No. 29,
pages 394-398, (1948) .
27. Keller, W. D., Smith, George E., "Groundwater
contamination by Dissolved Nitrate," Special paper 90,
The Geological Society of America.
28. Ritter, William Frederick, "Environmental Factors
Affecting the Movement of Atrazine, Propachlor and
Diazinon in Ida Silt Loam, Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa
' State University, Ames, 234 pages, (1971).
64
-------
SECTION VII
GLOSSARY
Banding of Fertilizers - Placing fertilizer separate from,
and below, seed in bands at time of planting.
Bray's Strong Reagent - A soil extracting solution of
0.1N-HC1 containing O.OSN-NH^F. Removes phosphorus re-
serves from soil, not necessarily available to immediate
crop.
Bray's Weak Reagent - A soil extracting solution of 0.025N
HC1 containing O.OSN-NH^F. Removes phosphorus from soil
that is considered active or available to crops.
Conventional Tillage - Land prepared by turning with a mold-
bbarcT plow, discing, harrowing and cultivation of row crops
(the long time method of corn and soybeans production in the
mid-continent area).
Coshocton Wheel - A runoff sampler that divides the flow
from an experimental area and retains a proportional part
of it in a storage tank.
Fertilizer Formula - (as 6-24-24) Containing 655 nitrogen,
24% P2^5 and 245? K20. Also expressed on elemental basis as
N-P-K (6-10.5-19.9). P205 is 43.795 P and K20 is 83% K.
Field Tilled - L^nd prepared by tilling with a cultivator
that does not invert the soil. Seed usually planted without
further preparation. Weed control may be cultivaton or
Herbicides.
Meadow - A mixture of adapted perennial grasses and
legumes that provides thick ground cover. Harvested for hay
in this investigation.
Minimum Tillage - System of row crop production where the
least amount of seed bed preparation and cultivation is
practiced.
Mixed Fertilizer - A fertilizer containing two or more
essential elements.
Monoculture - Where a single crop is grown continuously
on the same land without rotating or changing with other
crops.
No-Till - System of row crop production where crop residues
65
-------
from previous years are chopped and remain on surface.
Seed is planted through these residues with no additional
land preparation. Weeds controlled by use of herbicides.
Starter Fertilizer - Usually a mixed fertilizer containing
more than one element, that is placed near (but separate
from) seed of row crops, that promotes early growth, but is
usually insufficient for all of a crop's need.
66
-------
SECTION VIII
APPENDICES
Individual Storm Data Page
Meadow, Plot 2 68
Corn - Conventional, Plot 4 69
Corn - No-Till, Plot 21 70
Soybeans - Field Cultivator, Plot 29 71
Corn - Silage - No Cover, Plot 31 72
Corn - Silage - No-Till, Plot 32 74
Soybeans - No-Till, Plot 35 75
67
-------
l.^ic:".", Hrosion, KitroiTon ami Phocphoru3 Lossea by Storms; Mexico Silt Loam, McCredie, Mo., 1971, If72 and 197j.
t>i^j2 CrocrMeadow Tillage: None StarterfFert. None k,7/ha. N: 11? kc/n.i
Clean
Date
1971
1-4
2-4
2-26
12-15
12-30
137i_
2-14
3-13
3-16
4-20
4-24
5-1
11-14
12-12
J.2-22
12-27
1973
1-3
1-19
1-22
2-2
2-13
3-7
3-12
3-15
3-26
3-30
4-2
4-12
4-17
7-23
7-24
7-26
10-15
11-27
12-5
7
>
Sair.
Date
/2-3
/3-4
/21-
22
2/13-
2/S9-
-30
/8~io
/12n
11
/19
/2°21
/30-
iyb-
1/3
i/ie
V21-
/1-2
2/12
3/4-?
3/10?
3/13-4
3/2425
3/28-9
3/36-
31
4/
,/14ffi
'tfS
7/23
7/24
LO/J&
Li/226
L2/3s-
cm
3.30
2.90
1.93
4.32
2.05
snow
4.98
1.90
6.58
1.29
2.56
anow
snow
anow
snow
2.29
1.85
1.85
1.40
1.98
6.78
4.17
2.41
4.06
1.19
3.30
2.39
3.18
8.86
3.07
1.22
3.73
3.76
4.60
< 1 5
o
7
cm
1.12
.89
.48
.02
.02
.36
.69
.33
.61
.02
.02
.23
.08
1.04
.18
.69
.43
.89
.13
.33
4.93
2.95
1.17
1.17
.03
1.40
.46
.69
.69
1.09
.10
.66
.28
1.50
Nitrate-N
ppa
.9
1.3
.7
T
T
3.7
13.4
6.1
.6
1.5
4.5
.6
1.3
.8
.2
.54
.62
-3?
.38
.22
2.20
.48
.52
.40
.13
.17
.49
.24
lies'
1.85
1.85
,63
.37
1.58
kg/ha
.10
.12
.03
T
T
.13
.92
.20
.04
T
.01
.01
.01
.08
T
.04
.03
.03
.01
.01
1.88
.14
.06
.05
T
.02
.02
.02
.13
.20
.02
.04
.01
.24
ace
Vj/ha
.10
.22
.25
.25
.25
.13
1.05
1.25
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.41
1.42
.04
.07
.10
.11
.12
1.19
1.33
1.39
1.44
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.50
1.63
1.83
1.85
1.89
1.90
2.14
n
9
10 I 11
1? 1 13
14
5
Runoff Losses
Ammonia N
ppm
.54
.54
.54
11.80
10.80
1.34
.97
.29
.11
.17
24.50
.56
.04
.10
.02
,.06
.11
.28
.08
.24
.50
.13
.14
.15
.05
.10
.38
.04
.20
.20
.20
.31
.12
.10
kg/ha
.06
.05
.03
.03
.03
.05
.07
.01
.01
T
.06
.01
T
.01
T
T
T
.02
T
.01
.25
.04
.02
.02
T
.01
.02
T
.01
.02
T
.02
T
.02
68
kK?ha
,a<
.13
.14
.n
.2C
.05
.12
.13
.14
.14
.20
.21
.21
..22
.22
.00
.00
.02
.02
.03
.28
.32
.34
.36
.36
.37
.39
.39
.40
.42
.42
.44
.44
.46
Total N
kg/ha
.16
.17
.06
.03
.03
.18
.99
.21
,05
T
.07
.02
.02
.09
T
.05
.04
.05
T
.02
2.16
.18
.08
.07
.02
.03
.04
.03
.14
.22
.03
.06
.02
.26
acc.N
ke/ha
.se
.33
.39
.42
.45
.18
1.17
1.38
1.43
1.45
1.52
1.54
1.56
1.65
1.67
.OS
.09
.14
.16
.18
2.30
2.62
2.76
3.17
3.17
3.22
3.28
2.33
2.60
4.02
4.06
4.16
4.18
4.68
.
Phosphate
ppm
.02
.02
.02
.10
,04
2.25
2.25
2.18
.49
.07
.07
.91
.70
.77
.71
.54
.60
.62
.58
.80
.44
.30
.15
.21
.14
.06
.17
.14
.90
.68
.84
1.47
1.13
.86
kg/ha
.003
.003
.003
T
T -
.08
.15
.07
.03
T
T
.02
.01
.08
.01
.04
.03
.Ofi
.01
.03
.22
.09
.02
.02
T
.01
.01
.01
.06
.07
.01
.10
.03
.13
ffiftft
.003
.006
.009
.009
,009
.08
.23
.30
.33
.33
.33
.35
.35
.43
.44
.04
.07
,11
.14
.17
.39
.48
.50
.52
.53
.54
.55
.56
.62
.69
.70
.80
.62
.95
i
ir,
17
IP
Soil Losses
ace
. t/ha
N
kg/ha
(CLEAR)
(CLEAR
p
kg/ha
1
?
i
i
i
.(assd
)
|
1
i-
t
\ ~
I
1
i
i
i
_ .,.
-------
Runoff, Erosion, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses by Storms; Mexico Silt Loam, MeCredle, Mo. , 1971, 1972 and 1973.
Pin* "* Croc ; corn Tillage :conventional starter Fert: 6-10. 5-19. 9 g 245 k«/ha, I: 148 k«/ha
1
"lean
Jctr-
1971
V*
2/4
2/26
5/10
5/12
5/24
6/15
7/19
12/15
1972
_3&3
1/16
4/20
4/24
?/l
6/21
11/2
11/14
12/12
12/22
12/30
1973
1/3
1/19
1/22
2/2
2/13
2/14
3/2
3/7
3/12
3/15
3/26
3/30
4/2
It/12
It/17
V24
5/9
5/29
7/13
J/23
7/2*1
7/26
7/31
10/1
10/3
11/2
11/2
12/5
12/2
?
3
Bain
Date
1/2-3
2/3-lt
"Zfc
>"io
5/11
W^
6/lit
7/19
^-tt
^-i-
*h-r
yi?
20-23
4oA
6/20
10/31
Hfe-l
12/11
S
S
1/3
1/18
L21-22
*i-2
^2-13
^2-13
3/1-2
3/4-7
Vn
&-14
J24-2
^28-29
^30-3
U6-9
"(it 1
^1-?
5/5-8
526-2
7/12
f/0-2
7/23(
T/24
7/10
IfiJlS
Wfo
"W-P
^26
L2/3-.
L2/18-
1Q 21
2
cm
3.30
2.90
1.93
1,57
2.67
?.(,?
2.54
5.1*9
4.32
4.93
1,90
6.58
1.30
2.57
I
5.31
5.36
4.19
S
S
2.29
1.85
1.85
1.40
1.98
1.98
I
6.78
U.17
2.1.1
4.06
1.14
3.30
2.39
i ifl
1.07
It. 11
3.12
I
8.86
3.07
1.22
1.47
3.73
1.42
1.70
3.76
4.60
2.46
A
cm
. 1,32
1.19
.23
,30
.64
..16
.91
.69
.10
.38
58
.51
.20
T
.71
.56
.99
.18
1.45
.23
.13
.66
.71
.41
.15
.23
.10
2.24
3.05
1.42
.94
.28
1.35
.89
1.02
.15
.33
.33
.79
4.01
1.63
.66
.25
1.52
.10
.23
1.78
1.45
.05
5
6
a
9
in 1 11
1? 1 13 1 14
1L
Runoff Losses
Nitrate-N
ppm
1.20
1.70
6.20
1.40
.90
1.7
8.6
19.0
2.5
9.8
12.0
51.0
40.0
21.9
80.0
6.7
1.6
1.55
1.68
5.70
2.6
6.0
5-5
5.5
6.4
7.2
12.2
2.4
.8
.4
1.5
.4
.4
1.3
.7
2.7
40.0
46.0
l.f
6.2
6.2
6.2
1.1
i.q
21.:
,<
2.1
4.7
1.2
kg /ha
.It
.2C
.15
,01
.06
.Ctf
.53
1.3C
.0:
.37
71
2.59
.82
5.69
.37
.16
.02
.25
.13
.03
.35
.39
.22
.10
.16
.12
5:
.2C
.06
.ll(
.01
.0
.13
.01
,ol
1.32
. 1.52
.11
2.4;
1.0]
.43
.0
.1
.2<
.0
.ki
.6£
.0:
aec
ki^/hR
.16
.36
50
.54
.60
.66
1.19
2.48
2.52
.37
1.08
3.66
4.48
10.17
10.54
'10.71
10.72
10.96
11.09
.03
.42
.81
1.03
1.13
1.29
1.41
1.94
2.19
2.25
2.39
2.40
2.45
2.56
2.63
2.67
3.99
5-51
5.65
8.14
9.15
9.56
9.59
9.74
9-96
9.98
10. 4c
11.09
11.10
Ammonia N
ppm
.54
.54
.54
.81
.81
1.00
3.26
1.19
15.40
.74
.37
36.13
6.85
4.83
2.7
.16
.13
.22
.15
.20
.07
.11
.13
.07
.42
.08
.16
.11
.06
.05
.13
.05
.05
.18
.08
.15
2.10
2.40
6.6
.6
.6
.6
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
kg/ha
.07
.07
.01
.02.
.04
_.01
.20
.08
.16
.02
.02
1.84
.13
19
.01
.01
.00
.02
.00
T
.01
.01
T
.01
.00
.00
.03
.02
.01
.01
.00
.01
.02
.01
T
.07
.08
.52
.26
.10
.04
.01
.01
.00
T
.01
.01
T
ace
kK/he
.01
.!
.1!
.11
.22
.2<
M
.53
6<
.02
.04
1.8E
2.0:
2.03
2.21
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.26
2.27
T
.02
.0:
.0:
.01
.0'
.oi
.01
.09
.!(
.11
.11
.11
.13
.14
.14
.21
.29
.81
1.07
1.17
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.2
1.23
1.2!
1.25
T
Total N
kg/ha
.22
.27
.16
.07
.11
.10
.72
1.39
.18
.39
.73
4.42
.95
5.88
.38
.17
.02
.27
.13
.04
.40
.40
.22
.11
.16
.12
.56
.27
.07
.15
.01
.05
.13
.08
.04
1.39
1.60
.66
2.75
1.11
.45
.04
.16
.22
.02
.43
.69
.01
acc.N
K&ULEL
.22
.49
.65
,72
.83
t93
1.65
3,01
3.23
.39
1.12
5.54
6.50
12. 3£
12.76
12.92
12.95
13.22
13.35
.04]
.44
.8lJ
1.06,
1.17
.1.33
1.45
2.01
2.28
2.35
2.50
2.51
2.56
2.69,
2.77
2.81
4.20
5.80
6.4(
9.21
10.32
10.71
10.8]
10.91
U.1S
11.23
11.61
12.34
12.35
Phosphate
ppm
.003
.003
.003
.018
.010
.096
.061
.010
.007
1.02
9<
.72
.42
.10
1.2C
.0:
.12
.!>
.2;
.41]
.09
.14
.09
.Of
.16
.03
.10
.27
.05
.04
.04
.03
.0;
.04
.0<
.It
.07
.3f
.13
.!(
1.0:
.12
.Oi
.Of
.0!
.1!
.01
.06
.01
kg/ha
T
T
T
.000
.001
.003
.003
T
.000
.039
.056
.036
.009
.085
.0011
.011
.002
.033
.009
.00
.01
.03
.00
.00
.00
.00
.06
.02
.01
.00
.00
.01
.00
.01
.00
.00
.01
.03
.04
.11
.01
.oc
.03
T
T
.01
.01
T-
acc.P
T
T
T
.000
.003
.004
.007
.010
.007
.039
.095
.133
.14
.225
.227
.237
.24C
.27:
.282
.00
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.08
.10
.11
.11
.11
.12
.12
.13
.13
.13
.14
.15
.19
.36
.37
.37
.38
.39
.40
.40
If,
17
19
Soil Losses
t/ha
.60
.13
.22
1.00
.04
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.25
.36]
.16
.04
.02
.07
.02
T
.02
.04
.04
T
.65
.18
.07
.04
.07
T
T
.07
.09
N
kg/ha
1.20
.50
.52
2.07
.00
.09
.09
.06
.05
.06
.06
.05
.05
.73
1.05
.48
.12
.05
.23
.05
T
.06
.16
.12
T
1.97
.55
.23
.14
.19
.26
P
kg/ha
,P05
.001
.002
.014
.001
-------
T>jnojT, Frosion, nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses by Storms; Mexico Silt Loan, McCredie, Mo., 1971, 1972 and 1973.
Plot- 21 Cropi torn TllldRe; Ha-Tlll Starter Fert.: 6-10.5-19.9 6245te/ha H: l48_kc/hn
-
Date
1971
JA
2/5
5/12
6/15
/go
12/15
1972
3/13
3/16
4/20
4/24
5/1
6/21
11/2
11/4
12/12
12/22
12/30
1973
1/3
1/19
1/p?
2/?
2/13
2/14
3/7
3/12
3/15
3/26
3/30
4/2
4/12
4/17
5/9
5/29
7/13
7/24
7/26
10/15
11/21
n/27
12/5
?
->
Rain
Date
2*1-22
5/11
S/14
T/19
ii-15
.
s{2_n
'{4-15
4/19
'^0-21
^o^i
6/20
10/30
-^2-1:
L2/11-
1/3
1/18
1/21,
2/l-?
2/l|-
2/12-
3/U-7
J/1?T
3/1?E
i/ah
^M
3/3§l
.75-9
'^jfi
>/5~8
5/2fjj
7/12
r/2g-
7/24
LO/^
U.7_2
11/2JI
12/24 m,
\ &
1
cm
90
.93
.67
.54
.49
.32
4.98
1.91
6.58
1.30
2.57
I
5.31
5.36
4.19
SN
SH
2.29
1.85
1 Rq
1.4o
1.98
1.98
6.78
4.17
2.41
4.06
1.19
3.30
2.3?
3.18
4.11
3,18
-a .
11.94
1.22
3,73
1.70
3.T6
4.60
2.46
« 1 5
6
7
8 I 9
10 1 11
1?
13 1 14
15
Runoff Losses
cm
_,30
.48
.74
.89
.56
.36
.76
.58
.57
.03
.41
.35
.25
L.80
.03
.69
.15
.36
.66
Oil
.15
T
.02
6.43
3.61
1.50
1.80
.03
1.75
.56
.86
.76
.25
a, »
5.03
.46
1.65
.05
1.83
1.91
.20
Nitrate-K
ppm
.70
3.10
7.9
0.5
5.9
2.6
2.8
9.2
7.3
6.8
5.6
6.2
2.8
5.6
3.1
1.3
.8
5.3
4.1
5.0
b b
5.2
T
T
1.1
.5
.8
.9-
1.4
1.4
2.7
1.4-
3.1
38.0
7.4
2.5
2.5
7,4
4.1
3.9
4.6
.4
g/ha
.06
.40
38
2.25
1.41
.15
.10
.70
.43
1.75
.01
.25
11.00
70
.56
.00
.06
.06
.15
.33
bl
.06
T
T
.73
.18
.12
.16
T
.25
.15
.12
.23
.97
s.fii
1.26
.11
1.22
.01
,71,
.88
.01
vfy'ha
.06
.46
.09
.50
.65
.75
.70
1.13
2.88
.89
3.14
i4.l4
14.84
15.40
15.40
15.46
15.54
.15
.48
.80
.97
.97
...,97
1.70
1.88
2.00
2.16
2.16
2.41
2,56
2.68
2.91
3.88
6,"f9
7.75
7.86
9,08
9.09
o.BO_
L0.69
Ammonia N
ppm
,54
.54
7*
3.80
3.53
1.78
8.8
.72
.41
.06
3.12
6.1)1
2.7
.18
.28
.12
.38
.21
.15
.00
.06
T
.T
.07
.08
.09
.08
05
05
.06
,P6.
.90
1.4.00
.7?
.12
.12
J-3
.03
.(»'.
,96.
.20
kg/ha
05
07
03.
.28
.31
.10
.31
.06
T02
.02
.03
.05
91
.03
.00
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
T
T
T
.04
.03
.01
.01
T
.01
T
.01
.07
.36
.25
,06
.01
02^
t
T
,3°
T
1 «
1
ace
kB/hs
.05
.12
.15
.43
.74
.84
.15
.06
.08
.10
.13
.18
1.09
1.09
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.14
.01
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
07
.J.O
.11
.13
.12
.13
43-
.21
.57
.57
.82
.88
,69
.91
Ull
L 11
Total H
kfi/ha
.11
.47
.41
2.53
1.72
.25
.41
.76
"5
1.77
.04
.30
11.91
.70
.59
.00
.06
.08
.16
.34
.42
.08
T
T
.77
.21
.13
.18
T
.26
.16
.30
1.33
3,96
1.3;
.12
1.24.
.01
,72
1.08
01
ac&N
JcgZha.
.11
.58
.99
3.52
5.24
5.49
5.90
.7.6
1.21
2.98
3.02
3.32
15.23
15.93
16.52
16.52
16.58
16.66
.16
.50
.92
1.00
1.00
1,00
1.77
1-97
2.11
2.28
2.26
2.54
2.7p
2.82
3.12
4.45
T.
-------
Runoff. Erosion, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses by Storms; Mexico Silt Loam, McCredie, Mo. , 1971, 1972 and 1973.
rP1nt.f Pa . Croc :s^^h»«t,0 .TUlaae- vi .1 A * it. Starter Fert. fi_in "^10. o f> 2I.S v»/ha Hi Ho*, ke/ha
1
Clean
Date
ipfi"
1/4
2/5
2/26
5/13
6/15
7/20
L2/15
.2/30
1972
3/13
3/16
4/21
4/24
5/1
6/22
11/2
LI/14
L2/12
L2/22
L2/26
L2/27
L2/29
1973
1/3
1/19
1/22
2/2
2/13
2/14
3/7
3/12
3/15
3/26
3/30
U/2
U/12
4/17
4/24
5/9
7/16
7/26
7/31
10/li
11/2
11/2
12/5
12/21*
2
3
Rain
Date
/2-3
/3-4
"to
/ll
6/1U
7/80
"+*
"ft
lU'p
*'&
Kny-
4/ai
H/Y
B/21
LO/31
Li/n
L2/11-
1/3
l/l8
I/1 2^,
2/1-
2712-
2/12-
3/4-7
37l£j
37l?l|
3^V
3/!3f
3/3,0-
4/8-
k/Vfr
k'%-
5/5-
7/13
tf«jfc
Tfft
10/Ji
u/«
iiyg
L2/^
li/ip
121(
cm
3.3(
2.90
1.9:
2.61
2.5'
6.7;
4.32
2.0(
4.98
1.9:
T.3li
.5:
2.57
I
5.33
5.^6
4.19
SN
SN
SN
_£5_
2.29
1.85
1 8?
1.40
1.98
1.98
6.78
It. 17
2.U1
It. 06
1 19
3. SO
2.39
1.18
i.or
U.ll
i
13.1
1.4
1.7
3.7
It. 6
9 It
4 I £ I 6
7 1 8 1 c
10 1 11
J2
13 1 14
1r,
Runoff Losses
cm
1.45
l.ltO
.51
.53
.81
i.4o
.36
.05
.46
.74
1.25
.21)
.43
1.80
.94
1.8n
.38
1.50
.113
.1*6
.28
.25
.28
.91
71
.02
.10
3.00
3.86
1.88
1.1*0
36
1.91
1.02
.79
.13
.71
2.7U
U.17
j. .13
.10
1.25
2. 77
.28
Nltrate-N
ppm
.UT
3.1*0
8.70
1.70
10.80
6.90
2.20
3.1*0
10.30
8.30
U. 60
3.80
2.1tO
26.90
2.32
.27
1.50
.98
.1*8
.18
.53
.61
2.7!
1.9(
8.2(
___
1.2
.3
.1*1
.6
.01
.OlJ
1.38
.32
.66
1.20
10.00
1.42
1.25
l.Of
1.52
1.1*6
kg/ha
.07
.1*7
.1*1*
.09
.87
.96
.08
.01
.1*7
.62
..57
.10
.10
4.85
.21
.04
.06
.13
.02
.01
.01
.02
.08
.17
.02
.39
.14
.08
.09
.00
.00
.ll*
.03
.01
.09
5,119
"»,1T
. .02^
.01
.13
.1)2
.01*
trg/hR
.07
.54
.98
1.07
1.94
2.90
2.98
2.99
.47
1.09
1.66
1.76
1.86
6.71
6.92
6.96
7.02
7.15
7.17
7.18
7.19
.02,
.10
.27
.27
.29
.29
.68
.82
.90
.99
.99
.99
1.13
1.16
1.17
1.26
6.75
10.92
10. OU
11.78
11.91
12.33
12.37
Ammonia N
ppm
1.09
l.OS
1.0<
.81
6.2;
1.1$
12. 6C
3.7<
3.8<
1.83
4.49
1.4J
3.0?
4.00
.08
.13
.22
.05
.35
1.60
.08
.26
.14
.66
.18
.11
.32
.16
.04
,04
.09
.11
.03
.05
.19
.18
.IS
.36
.08
.13
.56
kg/ha
.16
.16
.Of
.04
5(
.17
.45
.02
.18
.13
.56
.03
.13
.72
___
.01
.00
.03,
.00
.01
.04
.00
.01
.01
T
.05
.04
.06
.02
T
.01
.01
.01
T
T
.05
,08
T
j^
flk
.01
.31
,02
fSTh.
.16
.32
.38
.1*2
.92
1.09
l.Slt
1.56
.18
.31
.87
.90
1.03
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.8U
.00
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.07
.11
.17
.19
.19
.20
.21
.22
.22
.22
.27
t25
..**
,*3
.1*1.
75
.77
Tots.
kR/ha
.22
.6;
.^
.1;
1.3S
1.1:
.5:
.0:
.6:
.75
1.12
.1-1
.ait
5.57
.21
.06
.06
.n
.0!
.0:
.06
.02
22.
.J.8
.02
.lilt
.18
.lit
.11
T
.01
.15
.Ob
.01
.09
??*
U,2J
.U2
B7
,p^
.11*
-73
.06
H
^aetH
kuhA.
.22
.85
1.3U
1.U7
2.86
3.99
1*.52
1*.55
.65
1.1*0
2.53
2.66
2.^0
8.U7
8.68
8.7"*
8.80
8.97
8.99
9.01
9.07
.02
.11
^29
.29
.31
.31
.75
.93
1.07
1.18
1.18
l.-l?
1.31*
1.38
1.3?
1.1*8
7.02
U.27
L1.20
IS If
kaf.ai
ia.35
L3.08
mi
Phosphate
ppn
.02
.02
.02
.U5
.18
.66
.01
.00
.77
.77
.30
.07
.ItO
,52
.27
.32
.27
.1)6
.53
.1*8
.lU
.22
.25
.18
25
.08
.12
.16
.11
.12
.21.
.09
.Ob
.26
.22
..1*2
i31
.27
«;
1.56
.55
.55
.89
kg/ha
.002
.002
.001
.025
.OlU
.093
T
T
.035
.057
.037
.002
.017
.091*
.026
.057
.010
.068
.022
.022
.003
.01
. .01
.02
T
.02
.05
.03
.02
T
.05
.01
T
T
.02
.12
.13
T
.nfi
.02
.07
.15
.09
ace.*
.002
.006
.006
.030
.01*1*
.138
.139
.139
.035
.092
.129
.131
.11.6
.21(2
.268
.325
.336
.uoi*
.1*28
.It 1*9
.1*52
.01
.02
,0l|
.OU
.01*
.OU
.06
.11
.11*
.16
.16
.21
.22
.22
.22
.21*
.36
,«t9
.V)
-^
-J2
.66
.81
.90
Ifi 1 17
1R
Soil Losses
t/ha
.25
.02
.07
.13
.20
.02
.02
09
.07
.16
.02
.16
.02
.1*5
.67
.52
.09
T
.22
.02
.02
T
.11
tto
T
T
.01*
.09
H
kg/ha
.76
.09
.19
.ItO
.61t
.06
.09
.25
.23
.116
.08
.1<6
.08
1.36
2.01
1.53
.26
.03
.65
.05
.09
.03
.36
1.50 ,
°3 ,
_^2.
.11*
.28
P
kg/ha
.007
.001
.003
.006
.010
.001
.002
.003
.OOU
.007
.006
.004
.003
.005
-------
Runoff, Erosion, Hitrogen and Phosphorus Losses by Storms; Mexico Silt Loam, McCredle, Mo.,
£!(..(. . 31 Cron- Corn Tillaee-No till silage Starter Ferti 6-10. "5-10. Q f> 2US ks/h
1
Clean
Date
1971
1/U
2/5
2/2<
5/1]
5/1:
5/2'
6/lt
6/il
6/ll
6/1!
7/1!
7/1!
7/2(
8/1:
i 9/lt
10/U
10/21
11/2
12/6
12/1C
12/1!
12/3(
W7*
2/lU
3^13
3/16
V21
1*/2U
5A
5/15
5/30
6/22
7/19
7/25
9/1
?/8
9/ll<
9/21
10/2U
11/2
11/10
11/lU
12/1
12/22
12/23
L2/27
L2/29
L2/30
2 \ 3
Bain
Date
/2-3
/3-U
£a-22
7-10
5/ri
3-2k
6/1C
6/12
6/ll»5
6/H
7/9
iu-i:
7/2C
8/lt
15.1*
LZ/
?-.-*
ty-Z
ii/:
S.M.
L^10
L&i:
L^-3C
2/8-1!
3/2-i:
Jli-15
'i9-2i
It/21
'W>1
&-13
&-29
6/21
7/18
7/21*
9/1
9/7
9/13
9/20
10/21
10/31
11/9
i^12T
%
W*
ii
11
it
ti
cm
3,3j
2.9C
1.9:
1.6:
.2.6,
2.62
l.Ol
i.o;
l.0«
2.51
1.3!
1.8:
6.7:
1.6S
1.1(0
1.6:
2.U
.97
1.7E
3.3(
k.3i
2.0(
S.H
It. 98
1.93
7.31
.5!
2.5
2.3f
2.0:
I
3.0
I
2.2
l*.8
2.6
2.5
U.3
5.33
1.1
__5.3
U.10
^1(3
R H
S.H
S.H
S.H
4 5 6 7 | 8 9 10 | 11
12 13 1 H 1 15
Runoff Losses
cm
.8:
1.1(2
l.OJ
.U]
.75
.61
.1C
.0;
.71
1.1(7
.2E
.2;
8<
.OJ
.1:
.0!
.1:
.2£
.1:
.7<
2.1:
l.ll
.58
1.79
.89
3.81
.U3
1.35
.13
.08
2.39
.Ik
.6k
1.27
2.1*1*
1.02
.81
i.Uo
U.3U
.36
2.69
.61*
.76
.1(3
.76
.15
.13
Hitrate-N
ppm
.22
1.1(0
6.80
1.80
2,20
2.11(
7.8
7.8
1.8
1*.7
1.6
1.1*
.79
2.1
l.U
1.9
3.2
3.5
1.8
.31
.30
.10
It. 80
.56
.96
1.30
.9k
2.70
20.00
12.30
5.60
.6U
2.80
2.70
2.50
2.20
3.75
1.18
.76
12.00
.10
.91
1.11
.52
1.12
2.29
2.92
kg/ha
.02
.20
.69
.07
.17
.13
.08
.03
.13
.69
.Olt
.03
.07
.01
.01
.01
.OU
.13
.02
.02
.07
.01
.28
.09
.Ok
.36
.26
.09
.75
.OU
.18
.35
.60
.22
.30
.52
.32
.1*3
.02
.06
.08
.02
.09
.03
.03
kj/hfl
.02
.21
.91
.99
1.15
1.29
1.37
1.1(1
1.55
2.2U
2.27
2.32
2.39
2.UO
2.U2
2.U3
2.1(6
2.56
2.59
2.61
2.68
2.69
.28
.U7
1.0
1.37
1.62
1.71
2.U8
2.52
2.70
3.03
3.65
3.87
It. 17
lt.69
5.01
5.M*
5.1(8
5.53
5.62
5.6lt
5.72
5.75
5.80
Ammonia H
ppm
.5k
.5k
.5k
3.80
1.U8
1.63
8.15
6.25
6.25
2.72
1.63
1.09
1.19
1.20
1.20
56.20
.00
.00
1*1*. 80
2.00
.5k
3.UO
1.0
.11*
.k5
.05
1.22
.52
It. 00
3.50
3.00
3.00
2.70
It. 50
3.00
1.60
1.80
.86
.03
.03
.16
.17
.16
.50
.85
.50
.25
kg/ha
.Olt
.08
.06
.16
.11
.10
.08
.03
.It6
.ItO
.OU
.02
.10
.01
.01
.28
.57
.16
.11
.39
.Of
.0!
.0:
.02
.Of
.0'
.01
.0!
.uq
.22
.r
.51
.7
.1
.1
.37
.0
T
.0
.01
.0
.02
.0
.03
T
aec
ke/hf
.Ok
.12
.18
.32
.k5
.55
.63
.66
1.12
1.52
1.57
1.60
1.70
1.71
1.72
2.01
2.59
2.73
2.85
3. 21*
.06
.08
.12
.15
.19
.27
.31
.33
.75
.96
l.ll*
1.71
2.kk
2.61
2.76
3.12
3. lU
3.11*
3.18
3.19
^ or\
3.22
3.29
3.30
3.38
, 7 »
Total H
kg/ha
.06
.28
.75
.22
.29
.21*
.16
.07
.59
1.10
.09
.07
.18
.02
.03
.29
.01*
.10
.59
.18
.18
.UO
.31*
.12
.12
.52
.10
.1(3
.30
.11
1.15
.27
.35
.92
1.33
.38
.k5
.52
.3k
.1*3
.07
.07
no
.ok
.16
.oU
.03
uaS&N
ktf/ha
.06
.3k
1.09
1.31
1.60
1.8U
2.00
2.07
2.67
3.76
3.85
3.90
U.08
U.ll
k.lk
k.k5
k.ka
U.58
5.17
5.35
5.53
5.92
.3k
.1(6
.58
1.10
1.31
1.73
2.0k
2.03
3.19
3.57
3.92
U.72
6.06
6.1(1*
6.89
7.1(1
7.75
8J.8
8.2-5
8.32
1iM
8.U5
8; 60
8.6U
8.68
Phosphate
ppm
.003
.003
.003
.031
.050
.189
.175
.005
.005
.005
.096
.035
.096
.067
.067
.05k
.096
.101
.000
.025
.000
.031
1.85
1.80
.99
.31
.56
.31
.01
.08
.08
.20
~:t&
A5
.2k
.30
.26
.21
.09
.37
.10
.03
.02
.12
.06
.11*
kg/ha
.000
.000
.000
.001
.003
.012
.002
T
.000
.001
.002
.001
.009
.000
.001
.000
.001
.002
.002
.003
.069
.209
.088
.105
.025
.OM.
.000
.000
.019
.015
.ofll
.057
.058
.030
.021
.029
.038
.013
.026
.002
.001
.009
.001
.002
acc.P
r£/h&ii
.000
.001
.001
.002
.006
.018
.020
.020
.020
.021
.021*
.025
.03U
.03k
.035
.035
.036
.039
.oUo
.01*5
.069
.279
.367
.1*71*
.W
.53$
.539
.539
.559
.575
-37B-
.633
.691
.721
.71*3
.772
.811
821*
.851
.852
.859
.868
869
.871
1971, and 1972
a. N: 168 kB/ha
1(5 17 1 18
Soil Losses
t/ha
.12
.38
.09
1.57
.22
.78
.07
.Ok
.09
2.29
.01*
.01*
. T
.12
T
.02
3k
T
.13
.99
1.18
.Ok
k.13
2.58
ll(.B
2. 44
1 1.H61
.16
.07
.16
.27
.62
.1*0
.02
2.U1*
1.70
1.30
.07
.91*
__
.13
H
kg/ha
a?
1.21.
.27
U.71
.66
2.35
.21
.15
.27
6.81*
.12
.12
.0
.3k
.03
.07
1.0
.03
.1(0
2.99
3.57
.Ik
Ik. 20
7.71
UU.39
7.33
5.61
.1(8
.19
.50
.82
.05
.09
.05
7.32
5.11
3.89
1 .23
2.82
.39
P
kg/ha
.002
.008
.002
.032
.00
.016
.002
.002
.003
.038
, .001
.001
T
.003
T
.009
.003
.026
.030
.002
.171
.093
.536
.088
.068
.006
.002
.006
.OlU
.001
.002
.001
.072
.059
.01(5
.003
.032
__ -
.005
-------
Runoff, Erosion, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses by Storms; Mexico Silt Lc
ci«+ 31 CrOD Corn Tillage No till 8ilaSeStarter Fert. 6-
1
Clean
Date
1973
1/3
1/17
L/19
1/22
2/2
2/13
2/21
3/2
3/7
3/12
3/15
3/26
3/30
U/2
U/12
U/17
U/pn
U/2U
5/2
5/9
5/10
5/30
6/6
7/16
7/26
7/31
9/10
9/2U
10/1
10/U
LO/15
LO/31
LI/21
.1/27
12/5
12/2U
]2/25
2 3
Rain
Date
1/3
I
1/18
1^21-
/1-2
2/H"
*!{§
3/1-2
3/U-Tj
3/lfol
^/iis
3'|iH
2/2l^
3/3P-
U/8-9
It/lU,
U/10
1*/222
5/1
5/5-8
5/10
5/§&~
6/l*-5
7/13
313fa.
7/4
7/30
9/8-9
9/23
9/2§o
10/3-
10/12
10/30H
1/1 If
?2/3-5
12-18
M.S.
cm
2.25
I
1.8:
1.8'
1.3;
' l.9f
.20
i
6.7!
i».n
2.i*a
1*.0(
1.19
3.30
2.39
3. If
.30
1.07
1.30
U.ll
.1*6
1.19
1.78
I
13.K
1.U7
2.89
2.26
2.13
1.93
3-73
1.U2
1.70
3.76
U.60
2.UU
M.S.
4 5 6 7 | 8 1 9 10 | 11 1 12
am, McCredie, Mo. ,
0.5-19.9 6 2U5 k«/h
13 1 14 I l!i
Runoff Losses
cm
2.39
.05
.U8
.91
1.12
1.70
.15
.10
5.69
8.05
1.17
1.85
.56
1.1*2
1.12
1.1*2
.13
.69
.36
1.1*0
.20
.61
.10
1.1U
6.60
.1.1
.66
.61
.97
.71
.7U
2.01
.05
,29
l.OU
1.93
.33
.15
Hitrate-H
ppm
1.35
10.1*
.30
.98
3.25
6.U
22.0
9.U
U.2
2.39
1.50
1.3U
.16
.16
2.85
3.00
11.00
3.95
5-20
1.10
6.00
10.30
7.61
1*.6
1.0
1.2
1.06
1.02
2.U8
1.02
1.1*
8.8
1.1
.1.0
.1*9
2.52
2.18
kg/ha
.32
.05
.01
.09
.36
1.09
.31*
.10
2.39
1.93
.18
.25
.01
.02
.32
.1*3
.ll*
.27
.19
.15
.12
.63
.08
.53
.66
.05
.07
.06
.21*
.07
.10
1.77
.01
.01
.05
.1*8
.07
k?7ha
.32
.37
.38
.1.7
.83
1.92
2.26
2.36
U.75
6.68
6.86
7.11
7.12
7.11*
7.U6
7.89
8.03
8.30
6.1*9
8.61*
8.76
9.39
10.00
10.66
10.71
10.78
10.81*
11.08
11.15
11.25
13.02
13.03
13. OU
13.09
13.57
13.61.
13.61.
Ammonia H
ppm
.17<
.1*7:
.06(
.121
.70
.26
.32
.28
.02;
.097
.37
.16
.08
.08
.17
.11*
.2U
.21*
.02
.15
.1*2
1*J
2.U6
.17
.25
.07
.172
.lltf
.1*7
1.03
.31
.08
.10
.2*5
.17
.008
.U70
kg/ha
.01
T
T
.01
.Of
.ou
T
T
.01
.08
.OU
.03
T
.01
.02
.02
. T
.02
T
.02
.01
.27
.02
.02
.17
T
.01
.01
.05
.07
.02
.02
T
.01
.02
.3U
.02
kS/'lw
.01*
.OU
.OU
.05
.13
.17
.17
.17
.18
.26
.30
.33
.33
.3U
.36
.38
.38
.UO
.1*0
.U2
.1*3
.70
.72
.7U
.91
.91
92
.93
.98
1.05
1.07
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.12
1.U6
1.1.8
i.ua
Total N
eg/ha
.36
.05
.01
.10
.1*1*
1.13
.3U
.10
2.1*0
2.01
.22
.28
.01
.03
.3U
.1*5
.lU
.29
.19
.IT
.13
.00
.10
.55
.83
.05
.08
.07
.29
.11*
.12
1.79
.01
.02
.07
.82
.09
____
irirffih
.36
.Ul
.1.2
.52
.96
2.09
2. 1.3
2.53
It. 93
6.9U
7.16
7.UU
7.U5
7.U8
7.82
8.27
8. Ul
8.70
8.89
9.06
9.19
10.09
10.19
10.7lt
11.57
11.62
11.70
11.77
12.06
12.20
12.32
lit. 11
ll*.12
lU.lU
111. 21
15.03
15.1?
15.12
Phosphate
ppm
.01
.01
.11*
.07
.09
.06
.01
.11.
.10
.05
.06
.06
.07
.03
.05
.06
.09
.06
.08
.07
.17
.13
.10
.01.
.U2
.09
.11
.1.0
.29
.07
.13
.11
1.00
.01
.37
____
kg/ha
.002
.007
.006
.010
.010
.000
.08
.081
.006
.011
.003
.010
.003
.007
.001
.006
.002
.011
.002
.010
.001
.011
.023
.011
.028
.006
.011
.029
.021
.lU
.001
.003
.101*
.003
.100
CCjP
.002
.002
.009
.015
.025
.035
.035
.035
.115
.196
.202
.213
.216
.226
.229
.236
.237
.2U3
.2U5
.256
.258
.268
.26?
,2,80
.30
3U2
3U8
.359
.388
.1*09
.1*13
.UaU
.1.27
.531
?3U
.61.3
.61.3
1973
a H: 168 ke/ha
Ifi 1 17 1 18
Soil LOB sea
acc
t/ha
.16
T
.07
.29
.72
1.16
.02
11.07
6.97
6.91
1.3U
.13
2.67
.3U
.58
.02
.SB
.1*6
1.01
.22
.UO
.Oh
.07
3.1.3
-09
.20
.11
.36
.36
.16
.36
.07
.13
.27
__
N
kg /ha
.1.8
.01
.23
flfl
2.17
3.U8
.07
33.22
20.88
20.72
U.OU
.37
8.01
1.02
1.73
.05
1.73
1.38
3.05
.68
1.22
.13
.21
:io.30
.25
.62
.31
1.10
1.12
.1*8
1.10
.21
.37
.81.
______
P
kg^ha
_ _
_____
.060
.030
.055
.003
.002
.005
.001*
.020
T
T
T
.035
.019
j
-------
Runoff, Erosion, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses by Storms; Mexico Silt Loam, McCredie, Mo. , 1971, 1972 and 1973.
Cl «+
1
Clean
Date
1971
1/4 '
2/5
2/26
6/15
7/20
12/15
1972
2/14
3/13
,/1fi
4/21
U 7 A
5/1
6/22
9/8
5714
JJ/21
Ijyi
12/1
12/2
12/2
12/31
1973
1/3
1/19
1/22
2/2
2/13
2/14
3/7
3/12
3/15
3/26
3/30
4/2
4/12
4/17
5/9
5/30
1/16
7/26
7/31
10/15
12/5
J2/24_
32 CrOD. corn Tilla<«:MO «" sij.agegtarter perti 6-10.^10.0 9 2US kn/1
2 3
Bain
Date
/2-3
/3-4
/2Jj
6/14
7/20
12/i:
2/fj-
{""
3/"
4fl»
4/21
*^7"l
6/21
9/7
9/13
9/20
L1{J2
12/11
1/3
1/18
1/2J5
2/1-2
2/lJ5
2/12-
3/4-7
3/1ll
"'ft
3/24,-
^§9
3/3§j
4/8-9
4/14-
5/5-8
>/26-
1/13
2^-84
7/30
LU'±3
L2/3-
12/18-
24
cm
3.30
2.90
1.93
2.54
6.73
4 32
S.H.
4.98
1
-------
Runoff, Erosion, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses by Storms; Mexico Silt Loam, McCredie, Mo., 1971, 1972 and 1973.
r PI "* 35 TOO, Soybeans .TiUaae.Nn-iMii »int., ~~,., Starter Perti 6-10.
*T!lf
r/in
LOA&
LL/&.
b/21
«/<
cm
J.JO
1.93
2,69
2.5U
6.73
It. 32
2.06
am
5.03
1.91
7.3U
53
2.57
I
5.31
2.29
1.85
1.85
l.ltO
1.98
1.98
I
6.78
It. 17
2. Ill
It. 06
1.19
3.30
2.39
3.18
1.07
U. 11
I
13.16
1.117
3.7-*
1.70
3.76
U.60
2 llU
4 1 5 1 6
cm
1,88
1.65
1.J6
.25
1.U7
3.56
.23
.18
.20
.76
.76
2.16
.25
5B
1.83
.71
2.82
.15
2.11
.33
.25
.15
.7U
.76
.91
58
.51
.10
.05
6.99
3.18
l.Uo
10.16
.18
2.01
.76
1.32
.05
1.2"t
3.UO
7.21
.79
1.2U
.01
1.27
1, 83.
.76
7 1 a
9 1 10
Runoff Losses
Nitrate-H
ppm
,ft
2.90
T5
lit. 70
5.30
1.10
1.30
1.7Q
5.10
2.20
1.10
.90
1.10
l.UO
12.20
8.80
2.10
2.80
1.50
.30
1.05
U.UO
1.20
2.39
1.65
1.50
2. U5
3.05
.52
.59
.U6
.16
.38
.38
1.00
.30
.29
8.UO
U.UO
U,20
2.60
27.70
L0.17
.69
.30
kg/ha
.11
.ue
.06
,37
.78
.39
.03
.03
.10
.17
.08
.19
.02
.08
2.2U
.63
.59
.05
.33
.01
.02
.07
.09
.18
.15
.09
.12
.02
.36
.19
.06
.16
.01
.08
.08
.03
.00
2.86
3.18
^33
.32
.07
1.29
.13
.02
ace
kg/ha
-11
.59
6?_
1.02
1.80
2.19
2.22
2.25
.10
.27
.35
.5U
.56
.6U
2.88
3^51
U.io
U.15
U.U8
U.ltg
U.51
U.58
.09
.27
.U2
.51
.63
.63
.65
1.01
1.20
1.26
1.U2
1.U3
1.51
1.59
1.62
1.62
1.62
U.U8
7.66
7.oq
8.31
8.38
9.67
9.8p
9.82
Ammonia R
ppm
.27
.27
.27
2.17
1.36
1.U8
U.OO
3.90
1.25
.U9
.10
.22
.57
2.70
1.50
3.30
.21
1.30
1.U2
2.25
.10
.10
.52
.03
.22
.86
.90
.56
.3U
.3U
, .50
.11
.10
.10
.13
.06
.It5
.18
.35
.03
,18
.29
.21
.80
.12
.02
kg/ha
n't
.OU
.02
,06
.20
.53
.09
.07
.02
.03
.01
.OU
.01
.16
.27
.2lt
.06
.02
.30
.08
.00
.00
.OU
T
.02
.05
.05
T
.2U
.11
.07
.11
T
.02
.01
.01
T
.02
.12
.02
,03
,OU
.00
.10
.M
T
75-
ffl*
.ok
.08
.10
,16
.36
.89
.98
1.05
.02
.05
.06
.10
.11
.27
.5"»
.78
.8U
.86
1.10
1.18
1.18
1.18
.OU
.OU
.06
.11
.16
.16
.Uo
.51
.58
.69
.69
.71
.72
.73
.73
.75
.87
.89
^92
,9«
.96
1.06
J^T
1.U7
ii 1 i?
n
U 1 15
Total N
kg/ha
.17
.53
.08
^
.99
.92
.12
.10
.12
.20
.09
.2U
.03
.2U
2.51
.86
.65
.07
.63
.09
.02
.07
.13
.18
.17
.lU
.17
.02
.60
.30
.13
.27
.01
.10
.09
.OU
T
.02
2.98
3.20
' .36
,3$
.06
1,29
SL
.02
acc.N
.17
.70
.78
1.21
2 20
1.1?
Jl+Sk
3.3U
.12
.32
.Ul
.65
.68
.92
3.U3
U.29
U.JU
5.02
5.£L
S.7P
5.7U
5.81
.13
.31
,U8
.62
.79
.81
l.Ul
1.71
1.8U
2.11
2.12
2.22
2.31
2.35
2.35
2.37
5.35
8.55
9.91
9.27
9-33
12,6
TIJ?
11.29
Phosphate
ppm
.T,
T'
.72
1.9U
1.6U
1.1U
.27
.2ll
2.20
2.20
1.71
.81
.53
1.13
.80
1.28
1.18
1.50
1.93
1.71
2.23
.91
T°
1.10
,78
.99
.85
.U3
.58
.63
,Uf
.36
.22
.27
.12
.38
.35
1.39
l.UO
1.6U,
l.uo
2.99
2.26
1-53
2.26
kg/ha
.11
.12
.06
.OU
j2U
.Uo
.01
T
.OU
.17
.13
.18
.01
.07
.15
.09
.39
.02
.UO
.06
.06
.01
.05
.08
.07
.06
.OU
.30
.18
.09
.U6
.01
.OU
.02
.02
T
.OU
.U7
1.01
_."
,17
.01
.29
.28
.17
acc.P
rg/hft
25
.31
.35
.5?
.<)<)
1.00
1.00
.Oil
.21
.3U
.52
.53
.60
.75
.8U
1.23
1.25
J..65
1.71
1.77
1.78
.05
.13
.20
.26
.30
.30
.30
.60
.78
.87
1.33
1.3U
1.38
l.UO
1.U2
1.U2
1.U6
1.93
2.9U
3,07
3..21*
3.2?
l.tt
3,82
3.99
16 1 17
18
Soil Losses
t^ha
.22
H
kg/ha
TO
P
kg/ha
T
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
1. Report No.
w
4. Title
Soil
ofi fertilizers and Pesticide*
Claypan
1. Author(s)
E. Smith, ffie.d' V. Whitaker and
H. G. HeMiejmann
University 0$ IMj>t>ouAi and U.S.P.A.-A.R.S. North
Central Regional WateM>he.d ReAe.ax.ch Unit, Columbia,
Mi&tousu. 65201
5. Reporl Date
6.
"8. Performing Organization
Report No
13020 GFK
R-S01-666
J ':>. ; ype of Report and
Period Covered
12. Sponsoring Organization '-
15. Supplementary NVics
Environmental Protection Agency report number, EPA-660/2-7^-068, July 197^
16. Abslracl
ofa tuno^ and &e.dimomo. &pe.ci&ic.
e^ie de£eMmine.d vaheAe. 6&nti£izeA. tteatmentA , chapping and cuttusiat
va>iie.d. The. nm>uJit& t>how the. £oJUL management that will pfiodu.ce. optimum yie£d& o£
gftain cnap* with a. minimum contamination o£ tizcziving voater by chemical*.
17a, Descriptors
Water pollution, agricultural pollution, ^ertilizen>, nitfiateA, phosphate*, pesticide*,
Ae.dime.ntt>, erosion, tuwo^, e.utfwphicatlon
17b. Identifiers
17c. COWRR Field & Group
18. Availability tl&;lSeeudt£Cla^ . . :
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